Full text of "A new and general biographical dictionary; containing an historical and critical account of the lives and writings of the most eminent persons in every nation; particularly the British and Irish; from the earliest accounts of time to the present period .."

NYPL RESEARCH LIBRARIES

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A NEW AND GENERAL

BIOGRAPHICAL

I CTI ON AR Y,

1798.

VOL. I.

A .

NEW AND GENERAL

BIOGRAPHICAL

D ICTI ON ARY;

CONTAINING

AN HISTORICAL AND CRITICAL ACCOUNT

OF THE

LIVES and WRITINGS

OF THE

Moft Eminent Perfons

IN EVERY NATION;

PARTICULARLY THE BRITISH AND IRISH}
From the Earlieft Accounts of Time to the prefent Period,

VC H F P'E IN')

Their remarkable ACTIONS 'and'- SUFFERINGS,

- . .

Their VIRTUES, :FiXRT^, and LEARNING,

ARE AGC.UHATELY;., D,IS,JPLAYED.

- . - - -,-,..

With a CATALOGUE cf their LITERARY PRODUCTIONS.

A NEW EDITION, IN FIFTEEN VOLUMES,

GREATLY ENLARGED AND IMPROVED.

VOL. I.

LONDON:

Pwnted for G. G. and J. ROBINSON, J. JOHNSON, J. NICHOLS, J. SEWELI, ?

H. L. GARDNER, F. and C. RIVINGTON, W. OTRIDGE and SON,

G. NICOL, E. NEWBERY, HOOKHAM and CARPENTER,

R. FAULDER, W. CHAPMAN and SON, J. DEICHTON,

D. WALKER, J.ANDERSON, T.PAYNE, J.LOWNJ>KS,

P. MACOJUEEN, J. WALKIR, T. EGERTON, T.

CADELL, jun. and W. DAVIES, R.EDWARDS,

VERNOR and HOOD, J. NUNN, MURRAY

and HIGHLEY,T.N. LONGMAN, LEE

and HURST, and J. WHITE.

1798.

ASTOR, LENOX AND
;4 FOUNDATIONS
1fc

N the progrefs towards perfeftion, every ftre-
nuous effort, though far from attaining: the

o o

ultimate point in view, is attended with pleafure

and advantage. Among, the fubier.s leaft capable

/ - ..'' .

of being exhaufted by filch dffortsps-that of general

Biography. So minute' a! hiilory, extending- to all

Z> L J J O

a ;es, and all countries^c^miot eafilv be completed.
The abundance of materials proceeding from fome
quarters, and the difficulty of procuring any
from many others, at once perplex and baffle
the" compiler. Even while his pen is on the
paper, he hears of recent deaths among thofe
\\ ho have a claim to fuch a monument ; and the
information which can be gained of a perfon very
lately dead, is feldorn either accurate or im-
portant. The biographical works compofed in
various countries, even thofe which profefs to
be general, are ufually overloaded with names of
men belonging to thole nations, where the books
refpeftively appear; but who neither have, nor

ought

vi AD VERTI SEME NT-

OUght to have, much fame beyond the limits of
their native foil. The bufinefs. therefore, of
each compiler, is to felecl among the perfons
celebrated in each country, thofe who are moft
worthy of univerfal notice. Yet, in making
fuch a feleclion, how many latent caufes of
error muft for ever operate againft him. How
little can he appreciate very diftant merit, ex-
cept by the aid of general fame, which itfelf
often wants correction. How imperfectly muft
any man decide on merit, in a fcience which he
has not ftudied, or attributed to a perfon whofe
works he has not read; or, whofe actions he be^

holds only through a fmgVe- medium.

As far as thefe and . other obftacles would

permit, it has been the- -endeavour of thofe by

'..''
whom the prefenc edition of the GENERAL

BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY has been revifed
and augmented, to fupply all deficiencies : and
that in fo doing they have exerted no fmall dili-
gence, will be feen at once by an infpe&ion of
the general Table of Contents, where the new

O '

lives are marked by afterifks. Yet they will not
pledge themfelves that ftudents verfed in particu-
lar branches of fcience may not occafionally find
a foreigner omitted, or too flio-htly mentioned^

o o *

whom they may know to deferve more parti-

ticular attention. Among the names belonging

to our own country, fome will doubtlefs be found

4 who

ADVERTISEMENT. VU

who will hardly be thought deferving of a place
in a work of general Biography. But conceiv-
ing this to be the natural tendency of fuch works,
and thinking it very allowable for authors ill
every nation to write more particularly for their
countrymen than for any others, we have not been
greatly felicitous to avoid it. At the fame time,
we have not omitted to confider, that if every
perfon who attains a certain rank in the learned
or active profeffions, were admitted to claim a
place in fuch a repofitory, its extent would be-
come too enormous to be ufeful.

Befides adding the names which were deficient,
attention has been employed throughout to im-
prove the ftyle, and correct the prominent errors of
the former work. That thefe various ends might
be attained within a moderate time, the propri-
etors divided the care of the undertaking be-
tween three literary men. For the firft five
volumes one gentleman is entirely relponfible ;
the remaining ten were configned to two writers,
who, for no very important reafon, chofe to
take them alternately. Though the work is ap-
parently extended only by the addition of three
volumes, the actual augmentation is much greater;
the volumes being not only, in general, thicker
than before, but fo printed, as to contain in each
page four or five lines more, than a page of the
preceding edition. On the whole, the work is

prefented

INDEX.

AcMllihi, Phil.

C dude

* Acoluthus, Andrew
Acontius, James

* Vcofh, Gabriel

* Gabriel

* Jufeph.

Uriel

* Acron

* Acron or Aero
Acropolis, George

* Conftamine

* Acluarius

* Acu^as

* Ad-lard

* Adaibtron, Afceli-

nus
Adam, M<:khior

* scotus

* Lambert Sigif-

bert

* Ada rr, Nicholas

* or Brebmea

* Bil auc

* _R ; b-rt

* Ad arm, Sir Tho.

* _ ThoHias

* Kicha d

Ad am ton, Patrick
Addifon, Lancelot

Joieph

* Adelgr eif, John
Albrecht

* A die? man

* Adelphus

* Ader, William

* Ad h el me

* Adhemar, William

* Adi mar'-, Raphael

* Alefcinder

* Adierfeidt-, Guftavus

* Adon

* Ad .ne, -Francis

* Adrees, Francis de

Ee.mniont

* Adrian

* Adrichomia, Cor-

nelia

Adrkhomius, Chrif-
tian

* Ad (on

* ./"Eg "ares, John

* ./lu'idiu,', Petrus

* Alhienfis

* Athenienfis
yy,inats, Paul us

* ^Eginhard
Alfred the Great

), Claudius

s, Meccius
: , Paulus
;, Gazeus

Taclicus

the philo
fopher
the orator

vbe hiftorian

Cl'-dius
* /Echerius

* Aframus

* Afriearms, Julias

Ai;iro, Anhar

* Aga'harchices

* Agaihaicnits
Agathias

* Agatho

* Agathdcles

* Ageliu , Anthony

* AgeinotH

* Aggas, Robert

PublioS

IV, Pope

deCaitcllo
Adriani, joanni Bat-

tifU '

* Agnellus

* Agoult, Gnille-

aume de

* Agreda v Mariede

* AgrefliS, Julius

* Agricoh, George

* Michael

Agrippn, Henry-
Cornelius

* _ Herod

* AguefTeau, Henry

Francis de

* Agylee, Henry
*Ajala,MartinPerezde

* Aikman, William

* Aimoin
Ainfvvorth, Henry

Robert

* Airault, Peter

* Rene

* Airay, Henry

* Chriftbpher

* Alton, William

* Aitzcma, Leovaii

* Akakia, Martin

* Martin
Ak't-nfide, Mark

* Aiain de 1'fle

* Nicholas

Chartitr
Alarrianni, Lewis
Alamo?, Bulthafar
Alan, VVilliam

* of Lynn

* Aland, 'Sir John

For eicue

* Alankava

* Alard
Alaric

* Aiava, Diego Ef^

quiel de
Alban, St.
Albani^ Francis

* John Jerom

* Albategnius

* Albemarle, Anne

Clarges, ducheis of
Alberoir-, Jvilius

* Aiberic -

* de Rofate

* Alb'ert. Erafmus

* Jofeph.de

* Alberti , AriftotHe

* Andrew

* lohn

'* Leander

* Leone Battifta

* A 1 ben m'', Francis

* Alberms

Albertuf,

INDEX.

.- "V

Albertuf, Magnus
*'Albi, Henry

* Albicius

* Albinovanus

* Albinus, Bernard

* Bernard Sigfred

* Eleazer

* p c ter

* Albis, Thomas de

* Albjzi, Bartholo-

mew

* Albon, James de

* Albornos, Giles

Alyares Carilla

* Aibricus

* Albucaia

* Albumaz.ir

* Albuquerque, AI-

phonfo

* Edward de

* Alcafar, Louis ds

Alcendij James
Aichindus
Akiat, Andrew

* Alcibiades

* Alcidarnas

* Alcirnys, Latinus
Alcimus Alethius

ni an
* A'cmeon
Alcock, John

Alcyoniiu, Perer

* ^.Idegraet, Albert

* Aldereue, Bernard

and Joieph

* Aldmi, Tobias
Aldhelm, St.

* A'dred

* Aidric, St.

* Aid rich, Robert
Henry

* Aldringer
Aldrovandus, Ulyfies
y- /Vldus, Manutius
Aleancicr, Jerome

* Jerome
Alegambe, Phiiip

* Alegrinus, John

* Aleman, Levvis

Auguitine

?rr, Johnle
Rand d'
Alenio, Julius

* Alcotii, Jean Bap*

tilt
Ales, Alexander

* Alexander

* Alelio, Matthew

Perez de

* AU-ffi, Ga eas

* Aleiino, Benedetto
Alexander the Great

Neck ham

abAlexandfO

Noel

- William

* biihop

* Severus

* Poly hi it or

A. o

e C>r.

* FraUiar.us

* de S-.

* of Paris

* Dom James

* Nicho.aa

* Nevfkoi

* Alexandria!* de"

Neuftein, Julius
Alexis

* William

* Alexiu?, Michailo-

vitcb

* Pe'rovicch
Aleyn, Chnrles

* ALt'arganenfi-, An-

med Ben Co-
tbair

* Alfenus Varus

Publius

* Ahreu

* of Beverley

the Great. See
JE^red.

* Algardi, Alexander
Al^aiotti, .Francis

* Aigaxali

* Alhazen
*Ali

* Uey

* Alipus

* Aikmaar, Henry

Jean Chriitine
Saulat de
* Allais, Denys

* Allam,

* Al'ard, Guy
AliauuS; Leo

^ A It-gi'i, Antonio

* Allcin, Richard

* joleph
Allen, Tfiomas

* Th.'mHs
A'leiiry, Richard
Jacob

* Alley, William
Aileyn, Fdward
Al P , Peter

* AUory, A ! exaucJer

* AJ.i'. -ijo, James

* Almarui

* A'nieida, Francis

* Man el "d*
Almetoveen. Thomas

r /r

Janilen de

' * Trice, dor us Jan-
fonius ab

* Aimi-yacuid, Ifmail

* A load n

* Alph.fy, Mek!ph.er

Alph -nAi,. SireCaiiile.
, :'r lp-ro
-'ius, Corneliuj

: -ravus
AL >p, A nhony

dius. Henry

* A; ' ufiu , J..) i
Al: in.]-, Qji'ii-..

* Al ; ,y, (xlenibi

A'tvi.- 1 , Ja DCS
Alvar.s, Frj:iL!s
tie Luna

* de Fnz, J kl ,,=*

* Amaja, jF;ancis

Aina 'neu. , Jerome
* John <. p a
A .fc

XII

INDEX.

* Amaltheus, Cornel*
Amama, Sixtinus
Amand, Mark-An-

tnony-Gerrard

* Amaicus, Romulus

* Amatus,de ''ortugai

* Amauri, de Char-

tres
*! Am Wde, Francis de

* ' George de

* Michael de
Ambrofe, St.

* 'Camaldoli

* deacon

* de Lombez

* Ifaac

* Ambrofmi, Earth.

* Hyacinth

* Ambrofius, Catha-

rinus, Politus

* Amedeus
Amelius. SeePlotinus.

Amelot de la Houf-
faye, Nicholas

* Denis

* Amerbach, John

* Americas, Vefputius
Ames, William

Jofeph
Amhurft, Nicholas

* Amiconi, Giacomo

* Amman, Paul
* __ John Conrad

* Ammanati, Bartho-

lomew

* Laura Battiferri

* Ammianus, Mar-

cellinus

Ammirato, or Ammi-
rati Sapio

* Ammonius, Livinus

* Saceas

* Lithotome

* fon of Hermias
Andrew

Amontons, William
Amory, Thomas

* -r- I'homas, Efq.

* A.nour, W. de St.

* Lewis Gouria

deSt.

* Amphilochius, bi-

mop of Jconium

* Ampj!ngiu?j John

Ailuerus

* Amldorf, Nicholas

* Amy

Amyot, James
A my raw, Mofes

* Amyrutzes
Anacharfis^
Anacreon ;

* Anaftafius, Biblio-

thecarius

* Sinaite

* Anatolius

* A.iaxago.-as

* Anaxandrides

* Anaxarchus

* Anaximander

* Anaximenes, of

Lampfacus

* Ancharano, Peter de
Ancillon, David

* __ Charles
Ancourr, Florent-Car-

ton de

Anderfon, Sir Edmund
Adam

* James

* John

* Alexander

* Andrew

* Andier, des Rochers

John

* Andocides
Andrada, Diego

* Francis de

* Thomas de

* "Anthony de

* Andre, Nathanael
Andrea?, James

. John of Mugello
John of Xativa
Andreini, Ifabella
Andrelinu?, Publius
Fauftus

* Andrew of Crete

* of Pifa

* del Sarto

* Valerius

* _ Yves Mary

* Andrews, or An-

drewe, Eufebius
Lancelot

* Andromachus, of

Crete

* Andronicus, Livius

* Androuet du Cer-

ceau Jacques

* Andry, Nicholas
Anello, Thomas

* Ange de St. Jofeph,

Pere

* . de Ste Rofalie

* Angeli, Peter

* Bonavonture
x- __ Baldus

* Angelic, John
AngeJis, Dominico de

* An^elo Buonaroti,

Michael

* Thomas de

* Angeloni, Francis
Angelus, Chriftopher

* Angilbert, St.

* Angiolello, of Vi-

cenza

* Anglicus, Gilbertus

* Ric^rdus
Anglus, Thomas

* Anguillari, John

Andrew dell"

* Anich, Peter

* Annand, William
Annat, Francis

* Annefley, Samuel
Arthur

* Annius, de Viterbo
Aniegifus, abbot of

Lobias
Anfelm, archbifhop

* Anfer
Anfon, lord

* Anftis, John

* Antagoras, a poet

* Antelmi, Jofeph

* Antefignan, Peter

* Anthony, Francis

John

* Antine,MaurFran5.

* Antipater, Cadius

* of Sydon

* Antifthenes

INDEX.

Xlll

* Antifthenes
Antoniano, Silvio
Antonides, Vander

Goes John
Antoninus, Marcus
Aurelius

* Antonio, DeMeffine
Antonio, Nicholas
Amonius, Marcus,

Orator

MarcuSjTriumvir

* Liberalis

* Honorarus
* NebriiFenfis

* Anvari, King of

Khorafan

* Anville, John Bap-

tift Bourguignon

* Anyta

Apelles, heretick
* painter

* Apos, Marcus

* Aphtonius,
Apicius

* Apien, Peter

* Philip
Apion, grammarian
Apollinaris, C. Sul-

p'uius

See Sidonius

Apollodorus, gram-
marian

* architect

* Apollonius

geometrician

philofopher

* Collatius, Peter
Apono, Peter D.
Appian, hiftorian

* Peter
Aprofio, Angelico
Apuleius, Lucius
Aquinas, St. Thomas

* Aquino, Philip

* Aram, Eugene
~* Arantius, Julius

Caefar
Aratus

* ArbuckJe, James

* Arbuthnot, Alex-

ander

Arbuthnot, Dr. John
Arc Joan of. Seefoan.

* Arcere, Louis Eti-

enne

* Archias
Archilochus
Archimedes

* Arcbon, Louis

* Arcudius, Peter

* Arden, Edward

* Ardern, John

* Areagathus

* Arena, Anthony de

* Arefi, Paul
Areiseus
Arerin, Guy

Leonard

Francis

Peter

* Argall, John
Argens, Jean Baptifle

de Boyer, mar-
quis de

* Argentier, John

* Argentina, Thomas

* Argenville, Antho-

ny "fofeph De-
zallier de

* Avgoli, Andrew

* John

* Argonne, Dom. Bo-

naventure de

* Argues, Gerard des
Argyropylns, Joannes
Arians. See Arius.

* Arias Montanus,

Benedict

* Ariek, Jacob Jua
Ariotlo, Lodovico
Ariilarchus, philo-
fopher

grammarian
Ariftrcnetus
Ariftides, ^Elius

* Ariflippus

* Ariftophanes
Ariilotle
Ariftoxenus
Arius

* Arkwright, Sir

Richard

* Arlaud, James An-

tony

* Arlotto, of Magello,

in Tufcany
Arminius, Jar. es
Armftrong, John
Arnaid, Richard

* Arnail, William
Arnautl de Mryrveilh,

of Mcreuil

de Villa Nova
Anthony

D' Audilii, Robert

Anthony

* Henry
Arndt, Joan

* Jofhua

Arne, Dr. Thonias-

Augaftine

Arnifeas,' Henningus
Arnobius
Arnold

* Nich.Arnoldas
fr Jeffrey

* Arnnal

* Arnu, Nicholas
Arnulph, cr Ernalph

- Anuvay, Jonn
Arpino, Jofeph de

' f Ariagon, Jeanne de
Arrian

* Arrowfrnith, John
Artalis, Jofeph "

* Artaud, Peter [of-o.

* Artedi, Peter"
Artemidorus

* Artigni, Anthony

Gacket d>
*Arundel, Mary
*Afaph, St.
Afcham, Roger
Afconius, Padianuis

* Afelli, Gafpar,

Afellius
Afgill, John

* Alhe, Simeon
*A(hley, Robert
Afhmole, EH as

* Afhton, Charles

* Thomas

* Am well, George

S1V

INDEX.

* Afhwood,

lomew

* Aflnvorth, Caleb

* AHelin, Giles Tho-

mas
After of St. Qavid'?,

AfTerius Mee-

venfis
Afsheton, Dr.V/illiam

* Aflbuci, Charles

Coypeau
Aftelf, Mary

* Aftley John
Attruc, John
Athanafius, St.
Athenagoras

* Atkins, James
Sir Robert

* Atkyns, Richard
Alter bury, Lewis

' Lewis, Ton
- Francis
Atticus

* Avantio, John Ma-

rion

* Aubery, or Aubry,

John, AK.ericus

* Louis

* Aubeipine, of Sur-

* Charles

* Gabriel

* Magdalen
Aubigne, Theodore

Agrippa
Aubrey, John

* Aubriot, Hago

* Audebert, Germain

* Audran, Girird

* ~~ Claud

* John
Aventin, John
* Aven^xiar

* Avei'uiiiuS) JoiVph

* Bentd;a
Averroes

lli, John
Aurelius

,oi Auftin,St.
, St.

* Auguftine, Leonard
Augdftus.SeeOciavius.

* Auhadi-Maragah
Avicenna

* Avienus, Rufus

Feilus

* Avihij Loijis de

* Avila, Giiles Goii-

zaies de

* ^.viler, Auguftine

Charles de

* Aunoy, comtefTe de
Aurelianus. See Cae-

lius.

* Aurelli, or Arelli

John Mutio

* Auria, Vincent

* Aurrifi' us, or Ori-

ficius Bonfilius,
Nicholas

* Aurigny, Giles de

* ^Lurifpa, John

* Aurogellus, Mat-

thew

Aufonius, Decimus
Magnus

* Aureroche, Jean

Chappe dc

* Authoii, John de

* Autreau, Jacques de

* Auvigny, Cai-

tres de

* Auzout, Adrian

* Axtel, Daniel

* Aylett, Robert
Aylmer, John

Ayloffe, Sir Jofeph

* Aymon, John

* AyreSj John
-Vyicough, George

Edward

* Ayfcue, Sir George
*" Azorius, Joha

-r

\ART, Peter

* BabnkoLifchi
Babiugron, Gervaie

'* Bacalani

* Baccalar y Sanna

* Baccali
Baccin, Andreas

* Bachelire, Nicholas

* Bachini, Pernardine

* Bachylides

* Bacici, John Baptift

* Backer, James

* Bacon, Robert

Roger

Sir Nicholas

* Anne

* Francis

* Anthony

* Sir Nathanael

* Phanuel

* Bacoue, Leo

* Bacquerre, Benedict

* Badakfchi

* Badaifch

* Badcock, Samuel

* Bafkarkah
Bagford, John

* Bagizadeh
Baj/livi, George

* Bagnioli, Juliu^

Ciefar

* Bagfhaw, William

* Baguri

* Bah a

* Bahali

* Babar

* Bahier, John

* Baier, Jean Jacques

* Baif, jLazarus

* Bailies, William
Baiilcr, Adrian

* Bailli, Roche le

* B.iilie, Robert

* Baillou, William
Bainbridge, John

* Buius, Michael
Baker, Sir Richard

* David

-rr- Thomas, the
mathematician

Thomas, the an-
tiquarian

Henry

* Backhuifen, Lu

dolph
Balamio, Ferdinahd

* Balaihi

* Balbi

INDEX.

* Balbi, John

* Balboa, Vafco Nug

nes de

* Balbuena Bernard de

* Balde, James
Baldiniicci, Philip

* Baldock, R.ilphde

* Baldus, Bernard

* de Uoaldis
Bale, John

* Balechou, Nicholas
Bales, Peter

* Baley, Walter

* Balguy, John

* Bali Miuli Bali

* Balkini

* Ball, John
BalJanden, Sir John
Ballard, George

* Ballerini, Peter and

Jerom

* Ba-lexferd

* Bailin, Claude

* Balfamoh, Theodore

* Bahhafar, Chrif-

topher

* Balthazarini

* Bait us, John Fran-

cis

Baluze, Stephen
Balzac, John Lewis

Gnez de

* Bam'ooche

* Barichi, Seraphim

* Bar.ck, Lawrence

* Bancroft, Richard

* Bandana, -jonzales
* Bandeilo, Matthew

* 13 an din el! i, Baccio

* Banduri, Aniehn
Banier, Anthony
Banifter, John

* Richard
Banks, Sir John

* John
John

* Baptift, John

* Baptiltin, John

Baptift Struck

* Baranzano, Re-

demptus
Baratier, John Philip

* Barba, Alvarez

Alonzo

* Barbadillo

* Barbaro, Daniel
Rarharus, Hermolaus

* Barbazari, Stephen

* Barbeau, John Lewis
BarHerini, Francis

* Barbeu, James
Barbeyrac, John

* Barbier, John

* Mary Anne

* BarboUr, John

* Barbud'

* Barcali
Barclay, Alexander

Wi'Uiam

John

Robert

* Bard

* Bardefanes

* Bardhuii

* ! 'a din, Peter

* Barer i, Joteph

* Barezi

* Bar grave, Ifaac

* ISaridah

* Barini
Barkham, John

* Barki '
Bailaju?, Gafpardus

* - Lambert

* Barland, Adriaa
Barlowe, Thomas

William

* Barnard, Theodore

* _ John

bir John

* Barnes, Juliana

Robert
.* Joihua

% BarneveMt, John

d' Olden '
Baro, Peter

* Baroche, Frederic

* Baron, Bona venture

* Michael

* Hyaci nth
B.ironius, Gsefar

* Barral, Peter

* Barrelier, James

* Barrere, Peter

Barringtohjohn Shute

* Barros, John
Barrow, If'aac

* Barry, Spranger

* Barfuma

* Bartas, Guillaume

de Sallufte du

* Barth, John

* Barthelemi.Nitholal
Barthius, Cafpar
Bartholin, Caipar

Thomas

* Bartlet, John

* Bartoli, Daniel

* Bartolocci, Juliui
Ban-on, Elizabeth

* Barwick, John

* Barzerini

* Has
Bafil, Sr.

* Bafiiides

* Bafingftoke, John

* Bafire, John

* B.iikervilie, Jdhil

* Sir Simou
Bafnage,

Henry

BatTan, James d\Ji Pont

* Baffamin, Jarhes

* BaiTer, Pet^r

* Baffith al Khaiath

* Baffompier-'e,

Frar.gois

* Rafta, George

* Bollard, Thomas

* Baft n, Robert
Baftvvick, John

* Bare, John

George

Julius

* Batecumbe, William

* Ba;eman, William
Bates, William

* Bathalmiiifi
Bath ur ft, Ralph
Allen

* Batoni, Pompeo

* Battaglini, Mark

* Batrely,- jo'-n

* Batteux, Chiles

XVI

INDEX.

Battle, William

* Baub

* Baudelot, Charles

Caster

* Baudier, Mi-hael
Baudius, Dominic

* Bauoot, Nicholas

~ Baudouin, Benedict
< JSauh. ;us, Joha
* T Galpar
* Bauldri, Paul
"* Baulot, James
* Baume, James Fran.
"* Baurv John William

* Baufch

* Bauffiii
Bautru
-Baxter, Richard

William
Andrew

* Bayard

* Bayer, Theophiius

Sigifred
Biyle, Peter
Bayly, Lewis

Thomas

* Baynes, John

* Bazzaz

Be, Guiilaume le

* Beacon, Thomas
B^le, Mary

* Beard, John
Beaton, David

* James

* Beau, John Lewis le

* Charles le

* Beaucaire, Francis

* BeaiKha:ops, Pierre

Franc^.Oodard de
Beauchateau, Francois

Matt.Chatteletde
* Beaver, John
* Beaufils, Guillaume
* Beaufort, Margaret

* Beaulleu, Sabaitian

Pontault de

* John Baptifi Al-

lais de

* BeaumelleLavvrence

Angliviel de la
Beaumont, Sir John

Beaumont, Francis

* Jofeph

* Hardouin

* Bcaune, Florimont

* Beaurain, Jean de
Beaufobre, Ifaac de

* Lewis de

* Bcauvais,Guillaumc

* Beaavilliers, Fran-

9013 de
' Bebele, Henry

* Becan, Martin

* Beccadelli, Lewis

* Beccari, Auguftine

* Beccaria, JohnBapt.

* JameaBarthol.

* Becher, John t Joa-

chim

* Becker, Daniel
Becket, Thomas

* Beckingham, Char.

* Eeckington. Thomas

* Becquer, Antuine

* Bcftalh, Culi

* B^.^oz, Cl-iudede

* Bed a, Noel
Beda or Bede
Bedell", William

* B deric, He.iry
Bedford, Hilkiah
Thomas

* B^dloe, William,

* Bedreddin

* Beger, Lawrence
* Begon, Micha- 1

* Behaim, Martin
Behn, Aphra

* Beidhavi

* Beithar
Bek, David
Bekker, Balthafar

* B.I, J^an Jacques

* Bflcamp, John Van

* Belchier, John

* Belidi.i, Bern. rd Fo-

re it de

* Btliog, Richard

* B.-lius, Matthias
Bell, Beaupre
Bdlai, William du

Bellarmin, Robert
Bellay, Jean da

* ~- Martin du

* Jo .chim du

* Belle, E'ienne de la

* Alexis Simon
Belle. iu, Remi
IMletbrei, Francis de

* Bellegarde,JeanBap-

tirt Morvan de

* F^'lenden, \\ illiara

* Bellenger, Francis

* Peilst, Charles
Bellin, Gentil

* John

* Nicholas
Bellini, Lawrence

* Bellocq, Peter

* Betloi, Peter

* Peter Lawrence

Buyrette du

* Bellori, John Pete?

* Belon, Peter

* Belot, John

* BeKunce, M. de
Bern bo. P ter

* Benavidio

* Benbow, John

* John

Bendlovves, Edward

* Benedetto
Benedia. St.

* Abbot

* Benedidtus, Alexaa.
Benefiekl, Sehatliaq

* Benezet, Anthony
Bent, Paul

Benjamin of Tudela
-* Beniviene, Jerome

Bennet, Henry

Dr. Thomas

Chriflopher

* Robert

* Benoit, Elie
Benfciade, Ifaac de
B'-nfon, George
Bentham, Edward

* James
Bentivoglio, Guy
Bentley, Richard

* _- Thomas

* Benyow&i,

INDEX.

xvn

* Benyoffki

* Beoloco, Angelo

* Berauld, Nicholas

* Berengarius, Jacobus

* Berenger

* Berenicius

* Beretin, Peter

* Bergamo, J. Philip

* Bergham, Van

* Bergier, Nicholas

* Berigard, Claude

* Bering, Vitus
Berkeley, Dr. George

George
*Berkenru>ut,Dr.John

* Berkley, SirWilliarn
Bernard, Sr.

r I'd ward
James

* Catharine

* of Thurfngia
-* _ of Brnflels

* Peter Jofeph

* Francis

* Richard

* John
Bernardine, St.

* Bernazzano

* Bernia, Francis
Bernier, Francis

John

Bernini, J. .Lawrence
Bernoulli, James

* _ John

* Beroaldus, Philip

* Philip
Berquin, Lewis de
B^rriman, William

* Berruyer, Jofeph If.

* Berry, Sir John

* Berfmann, George

* Bertaud, John

* Bertheau, Charles

* Berthet, John

* Berthier, Guillaume

Fraiujois

* Berti, J. Lawrence

Bertier, Jol. Steph.

* Benin, Nicholas
Bertius, Peter

* Bertram, Cornelius

Buonaventure

* Bertrand, J. Baptift

* Berulle, Peter

* Beiler, Balll

* Belly, John

* Befplas, J >feph
BelTarion

* Better, Henry

* Betham, Edward
Betterron, Thomas
Beveridge, William
Beverland, Hadrian

* Beverwick, John de

* Beuf, John le
Beza, Theodore

* Bezour, Stephen

* Bianchi, Peter

* Bianchini, Francis

* Bibiena, Ferd Galli

* Bibliander, Th'eod.
Biddle, John

Bid loo, Godfrey

* Bielfield, James Fr.
baron de

* Bernoulli, Daniel

* Bifield, Nicholas

* Bigne, Gace de la

^ Marguerin de la

* Bignicourt, Sim. de
Bignon, Jerome

* Bilfinger, G. Bern.

* Billaur, Adam

* Billi, Jacques de
[ ' Jacques de

Billon, Thomas
Bingham, Jofeph

* Jofeph

* Binning, Hugh

* Bioernftahl
Bion (fee Mofchus)

* Bion

* Biondi, Francis
Birch, Thomas

* Bird, William
Birkenhead, Sir John

Bifler, Charles

* Bito,

* Bizot. Peter

* Blackbourn, Wm.
Blackball, Offspring

Blacklock, T'-omas
Black more, Sir Rich.
Blackftohe, Sir Wm.

Blackwall, Anthony
Blackwell, Thomas

Alexander

* Blackvvood, Adam
B'aden, Martin

* El ,cu, William
n? rave, John
Jofeph

* Blair, John

Janr-s

John

B xke, Robert

John Bradley

* B snc, Thomas le

John Bernard le
BJan chard, James

* Blancher, Tuomas

* Abhe

* Biand, Elizabeth

* Bleeck, Peter Van

* Bieterie, John Philip
Rene de la

Bloemart
Blonde!, David

Francis

John Francis

* Biondet
Blondns, Flavius

* B:ood, Thomas

nt.
h^H

Sir Thomas Pope

Charles
Blow, Dr. John

B!iueau,DomRaph.

B >bart, Jacob
Boccace, John
Boccalini, Trajan

' f Boccamazza, Angel.
B^cconi, Sylvio
B .chart, Samuel
Bochiu-, John

* Bocqmllot, Laz. A.
Bodin, J, hn
Bodley, S : r Thomas
Boeder, Jofm Henry
Boehmen, Jacob

B crhaavt, Hermah

* Boethie, Eteine
Boeikius,F,A.M.f.S.

Heftor
BofFrand Gerrrain

* Botiadin

Blount. Thomas
Sh^Henry

XV1U

I N D E X.

* Bohadin

* Boileau, Giles

* Jumes

* John James
Nicholas

* Boindin, Nicholas

* Bois, Jean du

* Gerard du

* Philip du

* Boifmorand, Ch.de

* Boifrobert, F. le M.
Boiffard, John Jamea

* Boiifij Louis de

* Boivin, Frangois de

* Jhn

* Bokhari
Boleyn, Anne
Bol'ec, Jerome

* Bolfwerd, Scheldt

* Bolton, Robert
Edmund

* Robert

* Bombcrg, Daniel

* Bon, Fran$ois Xav.
Buna, John

* Bonanni, Philip

* Bonarelli, G.Ubald.
Bonaventure, J. Fid.

: of Padua
Bond, John
Bonet, Theophikis
Bor. 'adius, James
Bonfinius, Authony

* Bonfrerius, James
Bongars, James

* Bonifacio, Balthazar

* Bonjour, Guillaume
r Bonnefons, John

B mner, Edmund

* Bonneval, Cl.Al.de

* Bonufurf

* Bontckoe, Cornelius

* Bontems, Madame

* Bontius, Gerard
Bon wi eke, Ambroid

* Boodt, Anfelm von

* Booker, John
Boorh, Barton
Henry

* George.

* Borbonius, Nicholas

* Borde, Andrew

* Bordenave, Touflf.

* Bordes, Charles

* Bordeu, Thecph. de
Bordone, P.uis

* Bore, Catherine von
BoreJ, Peter

Borelli, J. AIphonf>> v
BorgaruuuSj Profper

* Borghini, Vincent
Borgia, Coeiar
Borlace, Edmund
Borlafe, William
Borri, Jofeph Francis
Borrichius

* Borromeo, Charles
* Frederic

* Borromini, Francis
Bos, John Baptiit du
"* Lambert

* Bofc, Peter du
"* Bofcan, John

* Bofchaerts, T. W.

* Bofcovich, Jof. K.

* Bofio, James

* Anthony

* Boflr, Abraham
Boflii, Renele
Bolluet, James

* Bofton, Thorrfas

* Bofvvcl, James

* Both, John & An dr.

* Bothlan

* Bott, John de

Thomas

* Bovadilla, Franc, de
Bourchardon, Edmund

* Boucher, Ant. Gafp.

* Francis

John

* Boucher, John

* Bouchier, Thomas

* Bowdewins,Michael

* Boufiers, Louis Fras.
*Bouainville,M.D.F.

* John Peter de

* Sougeanr, G. VI.
'" Bouguer, Peter
Bou hours, Dominlck

* Bouilliiud^ Iftnael
Boulai, Caefar Eg. de
Boulainviilierr, H. de
Boulanger, N. Antbo.

* Boulay, Edmund da

* Boulleger, C. F. F.

* Boullier, David R.
"* Boullogne, Louis

* Bon
Boulter, Hugh

* Bourdeilles, Peterde

Claude de
Bourdelor, John
Bourdon, Sebaftian

* Bourgelar, Claude

* Bourguet, Louis
Bourdaloue, Louis

* Bourget, Dom John
Bourignon,' Antoinette
Bourne^ Vincent

* Bourfault, Edmund

* Bour/ier, Law. Fr

* Bovver, Archibald

* Bowie, John
Bowyer, William

* Boyd, Robert

Maik Alexander
Boyer, Abel

* Claude

* J. BaptiftNieh.
Boyle, Richard

Roger

Robert

Charles

John
Boyie, John,

Jofeph

Samuel
Boxhorn, Mark Z

* Boze, Claude G. dc

* Bracciolini, Francis
Brafton, Henry de

* Bradbury, Thomas

* Bradford, Samud

* Bradick, Waiter
Bradley, James

* Bradftiaw, Henry

* John

* Bradwardin, Thos.
Bradv, Dr. Nicholas
Brahe, Tycho

* Braillier, 'Peter

* Bramantij Lazarus
Bramhall, J"hn

* Brancas, Andrew F.

* Brandi, Hyacinth

I N D E X.

XIX

* Brandt, Sebaftian

* John

* SebalVian

Gerard

* Brafavola, Ant. M.
Bray, Sir Reginald

Thomas
Brebeuf, George de

* Bregy,C.S. deCh.

* Btemont, Francis de
Brent, Sir Nathanael
* Brentius, John
Brerewood, Edward

* Breton, Nicholas

* Breton neau, Francis
Breval, John Durand
Breugel, Peter

* Peter

John
Brevinr, Daniel

* Breyniuf, James

* Bridge, William

* Bridgrnan, Sir Orl.
Brietius, Philip
Briggs, Henry

- William
Brill, Matthew & Paul
Brindley, James
Briflbnius, Barnaby
Briflu>t, Peter

* J. P.
Britannicus, John

* Brito, Bernard de
Brit ton, Thomas
Brocardus, James
Brodeau, John
Brokefby, Francis

* Brome, Adam de

Alexander

Richard

* Brompton, John

* Brook, Ralph
Brooke, Sir Robert

* Frances

* Henrv

Broome, William

* Brofchi, Carlo

* Broflard, Sebafl. de

* Brofie, Guy de la
BroiVette, Claude
Broffier, Martha

* Bro tier, abbe

Broughton, Hugh

Thomas
Broukhufiu?, Jonus
Brouncker, William
Brouflon, Claude
Brouwer, Adrian
Brown, Robert

Thomas

* __ Mofes

* Ulyiles Max. de
John

* John

* __ Dr. John
Browne, George

William

. Sir Thomas
- Edward

Simon

Peter

Ifaac Hawkins
Sir William
Brownrig, Ralph

* Bruce, James

* Brucioli, Anthony
Brueyr, David Aug.

* Bruges, John de
Btuin, John de
Brumoy, Peter
Brun, Charles le

* Lawrence le

* Bruni, Anthony
Bruno, Jordano
Brufchius, Gafper
B-utus, John Michael
Bruyere, John de la

* Bruyn, Cornelius

* Bruys, Francis

* Bruzen, Ant. Aug.
Buc, George

Bucer, Martin

* Buchan, Elfpeth
B ichanan, Genrge

* Buckar'ulge, John
Budasus, William

* Bjddn'us, J. Fras.
Budj/eilj, Eultace
BufalmacOj Bonamico
Buffier, Claude

* Button. Count de
Bull, John

George
JBulIialdus, ffmael

C 2

* BuHef> John Baptift
Bulleyn, Wi liam
Bullinger, Henry

* Buhver, John
Bunel, Peter
Bnnyan, John

* Buonacorfi

* Buon.-.mici, Caft.

* Buonfiijlio, J. Con.

* Burchiello

* Bure, G. Fracjois de
*Burgh,Ulickde

James

* Burgoyne, John
Buridan, John

* Burigny, Levefq. de
Burkitt, William
Burlamaqui, J. James

* Burley, Walter
Burman, Peter

* John

* Burn, Richard
BuJner, Gilbert

Thomas

Dr. Thomis

* Burfough, Je.emiah

* Barrow, Sir James
Burton, Henry

William

Robert

* Ezekias

* William
* William

John

* Burzuie
Bufbequiusj Auger
Bufby, Richard

* Bufchetio

* Bufching, Frederic
B LI fly, Roger Rabutin

* Butler, William

* Charles

S'rnuel

Jofeph

* James

* Thomas

* Btmon, Jededjah
Buxrorf, John

John

* John

* B ./, Claude
yng, George

* Byrge,

INDEX,

* Byrge, Juftus

* B r ;n_, John
Bzovius, Abraham

A B, Ben Zoh.

Cabot, Sebaft.

* Cadan.i:)Ho, Lewis
Ca2liu c , Aureliamis
Csefalpinu-, Andrees
Casfar, Caius Julius

Julius
Cagliari, Paul

* Caglioftro, Alex.

* Cahufac, Louis de

* Caiet- Pierre Victor
Cajetan, Cardinal
Caille, N. Lewis de la
Caius, Dr. John

* Calabar, Quintus
Calamy, Edmund

Benjamin

Edmund

* Calanus
Calafio, Marius

* Calcar, John de

* Calderoni, Pedro
Calderwood, David
Caldwali, Richard

* C-dentius, Eiifms
Callimachus

* Callifthenes
Caliilh.s, Johannes
C allot, James
Calmet, Augufline

* Calmo, Andrew

* Calprenede, G. de la

* Calpurnius

* Calvart, Denys
Calverr, George
* James
Calvin, John
Calvifius, Sethus

* Cimbert
Camden, William
Camerarius, Joachim.
'* Joachim us (Ion)
Camoens, Lewis
Campanella, Thomas

* Campbell, Archib.

* George

* Campbell, Colin
> John

* Campi, Bernardin
Campian, Edmund

( ' Campiltron, JeanG.
*" C.unpo, Antonio

* Campra, Andrew

* Camps, Francois de

* Camus, Antoine

* Cancah

* Canifiiis, Hensy
Canitz, Baron

* Cann, John
Cantacuzenus, Johan.

* Cantarini, Simon

* Cantel, Peter Jofeph
Canteniir, Demetrius

Antiochus
Canterus, William
Canton, John

* Cantvvell, Andrew

* Caninius, Angel us

( ' Canus, or Cano, S.

* Capaccio, J. Carfare
e Cspecio, Scipio

'' Capel, Arthur

* Capell, Edward

* Capella, M.M.Fcl.
Capellus, Lewis

* Caporali, C^efar
Capperonier, Claude
Caracci, L. A. & Pla.

^ Caraccio, Anthony
fr Carafi

* Caramuel, John

* Carava^io
Cardan, Jerome
Carew, George

Thomas

Richard

George
Carey, Harry
Carleton, Sir Dudley

George

' Carlini, AgofHno

* Carl one, John

* Carmath

* Carmichael, Jerome

* Frederic
Carneades
Caro, Hannibal

* Carpenter, Natban,

* Carpenticr, Peter

* Carpocrates

* Carrera, Peter

* Carltares, William
Carte, Thomas

* Carter, Francis
Cartes, Rene des

* Camvrighr, Thos.

William

* Carvalho, Anthony

* Carver, Jonathan
Gary, Robert

Lucius

* Henry

* Caryll, Jofeph

J.-hn
Cafa, John de

* Cafanova, Mark An.
Galas, Bartho. de las

* Cafati, Paul
Cafaubon, Ifaac

Meric

* Cafchi

* Caf.hiri

* Cafe, Thomas

; ' Cafes, Peter James
Cafimir, Matthias So
Caflon, William

: " CaiTian
Caffini, J. Djminicus

* James

deThury,C. Fr.
Cailiodorus, Marc. Au.

* Callagno, Andr. del

* Caftaldi, Cornelius
Caftalio, Sebaflian

* Cafteels, Peter '

* Cailel, L. Bertrand'
Cafteil, Edmund
Cailelvetro, Lewis
Cailiglione, Balthazar
Cailille,A!phon.X. of

* Caftillo-y-Sa. A. del
Cuftruccio, Caftracani

* Catherine, Alexiev.

* Catinat, Nicholas
Cato, Marcus Portias
Citron, Francis
Catullus, Caius Valer.
Catz, James

Cave, Dr. William

Edward

Cavendifh

INDEX.

XXI

Cavendifh, Thomas

Sir William

. W.d. ofNewcaftle

W. t d.of Devonfh.

* Cauliac, Gui de
Cauffin, Nicholas

* Cawton Thomas
Caxton, William
Caylus, Count de

* Ceba, Amaldo
Cebes

Cecil, William
Cedrenus, George
Cellarius, Chriftopher
Cellini, Benvenuto
Celfus, Aurelius Corn.
Celfus

* Celtes, Conrad
Cenfurinus
Centlivre, Sufannah

* Centorio, Airanius
Cerda, John Lewis
Cervantes, feeSaavedra

* Cervetto

* Cefpedes, Paul

* Chabrit, Peter

* Chais, Charles
Chaife, Father de la
Chalcondyles, Demetr.

* Laonicus
Chaloner, Sir Thomas
r Sir Thomas

* Edward
Chamberlayne, Edw.

* John
Chambers, Ephraim
Chamier, Daniel

* Chamillarci, Stephen

* Chamoufiet, C. H.

Pierron de
Champagne, Philip of

* Champion, Jofepli

* Champlain, S. de
Chandler, Mary

Samuel
Chapelain, John
Chapelle, Cl. Em. L.
Chapman, George
*. Jehu
Chappel, William

* C haras, Moles
Chardin, Sir John

Chares

Charke, Charlotte
Charles XII.
Caa.ieton, Walter

* Charleval. Charles
*Charlevoix,P.F.X.

* Char nock, Stephen
Charpentier, Francis
Charron, Peter
Chattel, John

* Chateler, the march.
Chatttrton, Thomas
Chaucer, Geoffrey

* Chauiieu,Guillaume

* Chaunc,y, Sir Henry

* Chauifc, M. Angelb

* Chauveau, Francis

* Rene

* Chauvin, Stephen
Cha?,e!les, J. Matthew
Cheke, John
Chemnit, Martin

* C heron, El iz. Sophia
Chefelden, William

* Chefne, Jofeph da
Andre du

Chefterfield, fee Stan-
hope

* Caetwode, Knightly
Chevreau, Urban
Cheyne, George
Cheynell, Francis
Chiabrera, Gabrielo
Chichley, He.nry

* Chicoyneau,

* Francois, the fon
Chifflet, John James
Chilling worth, Wm.

* Chirac, Peter
Chiihull, Edmund

* Choifeul, S. Fr. due

* Choifi, Timoleonde

* Choul,Gai!laumede
Chriftina, Q.of Sweden

* Chriftie, William
Chriitophorfon, John
Chrylippus

Chryfoloras, Emanuel
Caryfoftom, John
Chubb, Thomas
Chudleigh, Lady Mary
Churchill, Sir

Churchill, John

Charles

* Churchyard, Thos.
Ciacconius, Petms

* Cvaconius. Alphonf.

* Ciampini, JohnjutL
Cibber, Colley

Theophilus

Sufannah Maria
Cicero, M. Tullius

Marcus

* Cignani, Carlo
Cimabue, Giovanno
Ciofani, Hercules

* Cipriani, J. B.

* Ciro-Ferri,
Clagett, William

Nicholas
Cluirault, Alexis

* Clancy, Dr. Michael
Clarke, Samuel

Samuel

William

* Edward

* Claude, of Loraine
John

Claudianiis, Claudius
Clavius, Chriftopher
Clayton, Robert

* Cleanthus

* C leghorn, George
Cleiveland, fee Cleve-
land.
>f Cleland, John

* Clemencet, Charles
Clemens, Romanus

Titus Fl^vius
Cieopatra
Clerc, Johnle

* Sebaftian le
Cleveland, John

* ClifFord, George

* Clinton, Sir Henry

* Clive, Robert

* Catherine

* Clopinel

* Ciowes, William
Cluverius, Philip

- Cobb, Samuel
Cobden, Edward

* Cocceius

^ Samuel

* Cocchi,

XXII

INDEX.

* Cocchi, Anthony

* Anthony Celertin

* Cochin, C.Nicholas

* Cochlaeu?, John

* Cocbran, Robert

* William

* Cockain, Sir Afton
Cockburn, Catherine

* Cocker, Edward
Codrington, Chrittop.

* Coeffeteau, Nicholas
* Cceur, James

* Coggefhalle, Ralph

* Cohorn, Memnon

* Cointe, Charles le

* Colter, Volchei us
Coke, Sir Edward

* Cjlardeau, C.Pierre
Cjlbert, John Baptift

* J. B. thefon
Cole, William
Coles, Elifna
Colet, Dr. John

* Coligni, Gafpar de

* Henrietta

* Collange,Gabrie] de

* Colic, Charles

* Colletet, Guiilaume
Collier, Jeremy

* Collings, John
Collins, John

;- Anthony
, William
Collinibn, Peter

* Colleies, Francois

* Coiman, George

* CalnmbiereiCI.de la
Coloraies, Paul

* Colonna, Fabio

* F. M. Pompeio
Colrane, Henry Hare
Colfton, Edward
Columbus,Chriftopher

* Realdus

* Bartholomew
Qolumella

* Columns, Guy
Cola' bus

* Colwil, Alexander
Combefif, Francis
Comber, Thomas

iia;, John Amos

* Comiers, Claude
Comines, Philip de
Commandinus, Fred.

* Cornmtlin, Jtromc

* C mmerfon, Phil.
Com modi an us
Commcna, Anna
Compton, Spencer
Henry
Conanr, John
Concanen, Matthew

* Concini

* Condamine, C.Maria

* Condor, John

* Condillac, S.Bonnot
Confucius
Congreve

Connor, Bernard

* Conrart t Val.ntine
Conrin^itis, Herman.
Conftanlin, R.obert
Conftanline the Great
*- Porphyrogenneta

* of Africa

* Contarini, Vincent

* Conti, Giufto di

* Anthony

* Con tb- Per tana, Jof.

* Conybeare, John

* Cook, James

Sir Anthony

* Robert

- Thomas
Cooper, Anth. Afhley

Anthony Afhley,

third earl 01
Shaftefbury,

* Mamice Alhley

Thomas

Siniuel

John Gilbert

* Miles

* Coote, Sir Eyre

* Cootwich, John

C >pernicus, Nicholas

* Coi]ueft, Gonzalo
Coraui, Thomas
Corbt't, Richard

* Cordemoi, Gera.de

* Cord us, Euricius

* Valerius
C.,relli, Arcangelo

* Corinna

* Corio, Bernardi^ie

* Cornarius, John
Cornaro, Lewis

Helena Lucretia
Corneille, Peter

Thomas

Michael

* Coronelli, Vincent

* Corradini de S; j zza
Corradus, Sebattian
Correggi, Antonio da

* Corfmi. Edward

* Cort, Cornelius
Cortez, Fernand

* Cortezi, Paul
Coryate, Thomas

* Cofimo, A. and P.
Cofin, John

* Coibnzo, Angelo di
Coilard, Gtorge

* Cofte, Peter

* Coller, Lawrence

* Coftha, Ben Luca
Cotclerius, J. Baptift
Cotes, Roger
Cotin, Charles

* Corolendi, Charles

* Cotir, John

* Ccmerel, Sir Charles

* Co-.ton, Peter

Sir Robert Bruce

Charles
Cove', Dr. John

* Coverdaie, Miles

* Coulon, Lewis

* Coupler, Philip
Courayer, P. Francis

* Courten, William

* Courtilz, Gariende

* Courtivron, marquis
Coufin, John

* Couftou, Nicholas

* William

* Coward, William
Cowell, Dr. John
Cowley, Abraham
Cowper, Wm. M. A.

* _ Wm. D. D.

* _ Wm. M.D.
Cox, Richard

* Cox,

INDEX.

xxm

* Cox, Sir Richard

* Leonard
Coxeter, Thomas

* Coyer, L'abbe
Coypel, C. Antoine

* Coyfevox, Anthony
Coytier, James

* Crab, Roger

* Crabb, Habakkuk

* Cradock, Samuel

* Craddock, Luke

* Ciaig, Nicholas

* Sir Thomas

* James

* John

-* VViliiatn

* Crakanthorp, R.
Cramer, John Fred.
Gabriel

* Crane, Thomas
Cranmer, Thomas
Cra(ha\v, Richard

* Crafib, Laurence

* Crates, Cynic phil.

* philofopher
Cratinus
Cratippus

* Craton, John

* Crawford, David
William

* Craycr, Gafpar de
Crebillon, P. Joliot

* Cl. Profper
Creech, Thomas
C.ellius, John

* Cremonini, Caefar

* Crenius, Thomas

* Crequi, Charles de

* Francois de
Crefcimbeni, J. Maria

* Crefcentiis. Peter de

* Crefley, Hugh Pau.

* Cretin, Guill.duBois

* Crew, Nachanael
Crcvier, J. B. Lewis

* CrithtOR, James

* Crillon,L.iteBerthon

* Creneiiu?, Chriitop.
Crinitus, Peter

* Crifp, Tobias

* Crifpus, John Bap.

* Croefe, Gerard

Croft, Herbert

William

* Crotton, Zachnry

* Croiz, du Maine F.
Francis i'etis

* Crump ton, William
Cromwell, Thomas

Oliver

* Cronegk, J. Fred.

* Crook, Sir George

* Crofby, Brafs
Crofs, Michael
Croufaz, John Peter
Crovvne, John
Croxall, Samuel
Croze, M. Veffiere al

* Cruden, Alexander
Crufuis, Martin

* Ctefias

* Ctefibius

Cud worth, Ralph

* Cuerenhert, i'heod.

* Cueva, Alfonfus de
Cuff, Henry
Cujacius, James

* Cullen, William

* Cullura, Sir John

* Culpeper, Nicholas
Cumberland, Richard

* Cuming, William
Cunseus, Peter

* Cuningham, Will.

* Cunitia, Maria

* Cunningham, Alex.

* John
Cuperus, Gifbert
Curcellaeus, Stephen

* Curio, C?liiiS S.

* Cur), Edmund

* Curopalate, John
Curtius, Quintus
Cufa, Nicholas de
Culpinian, John

* Cuthbert, Saint
Cutts, John, lord

* Cygne, Martin du

* Cyaeas

* Cypriaui
Cyprianus, T. Coecil.
Cyrano, Berg-.-rac
Cyrill, of Jerufalem
of Alexandria

Dacicr, Anne

* Dagoumer, Guiil.

* Dahl, Michael
Daille, John
Dalechamps, James

* Dalen, Cornelius

* D'Alibrai, Charles

* Dal in, Ola us van

* Dallington, SirRoh*

* Dalrymple, David

* Dalton, Michael
John

* Dalziel, Thomas
Damafcenus, John
Diimafcius
Damian, Peter
Damiens. i^ee Chaflel
Damocles

* Damocritus

* Darnpier, John
Dampier, Williaui
Danchet, Anthony
Dandini, Jerome

* P,etro

* Hercules Fran.

* Dandre-Bardon,

* Dandiieu, J. F.

* Danneau, Lambert

* Danes, peter
Danet, Peter

* Dangeau, L. C.

* Philip de C.

* Danican, Andre

* Daniel, ArnauJ4

* p cier

Gabriel
Dante

* Peter Vincent

* Vincent

Ignatius

John Baptifi

* Dantz, John Aadr.
Darcie, Caunc
Dor^onne, Bonavent.

^j *

* Dailier, John

Dafl'ouci

XXIV

INDEX.

Daflbuci
Dati, Carlo
Daval, Peter
Davenant, John

Sir William

Charles

William

* John
Davenport, Chriflop.

John

* David, Saint

* of Armenia
* de Dinant

George

* de Pomis
* Gantz
Davies, Sir John

Dr. John

John

* John

* Samuel
* Thomas
Davila

* Peter Francis

* Davis, Henry Ed w.
* Davifon, Jeremiah
* Daumias,. Chriftian

* Daun, Leopold

* D'Aunois, Countefs
Daurat, John
pawes, Sir William
Richard

* Day, John

* Thomas

* Deacon, James

* Deageant, Guichard
Dechales, CI.F.Milliet

* Decker, John

Thomas

* Dedekind, Frederic
Dee, John

* Dc-tefch, William
De Foe. Daniel

* I>gha>,

* Delany, Patrick

* Mary

* Delobel

Delrio, MirtinAntony

* Demades

* DemefteJohri,M.P.

* Demetrius, Poliorc.
Fhalercus

DeMifly, C^far
Democritus
Demoivre, Abraham

* Demonax
Demofthenes

* Dempfter, William
^ Thomas

Denham, Sir John
Dennis, John

Denny, Sir Anthony

* Demon, John

* Dentrecolie?, Fr.Xa.
Dereing, Edward

Derhm, William
Derrick, Samuel
Defaguliers, JohnTh.
Des Barreaux, J.de.V.

* Delbilions, Fra.Jof.

* Deihais, J.Bap.Hen.

* Defmahis, Jo K-.Ed.
De'maizeaur, Peter

* Defmares, Touffaint

* Defmaretf, Nicholas

* D'Efpagne, John

* Deipaatere, John

* Defplaces

* Defportes, Claude

* Francois
Deftoucbes, Andre

Philip Nericaut
Devereujr, Robert
D'Evves, Sir Symonds
De Witr, John

* Diaconus, Paulus

* D'Hofier, Peter
Diagoras

* Diaz, John
Dicearchus
Dickinfon, Fdmund

* Dickfon, David
Diclys, Cretenfis

* Diderot, Dionyfius

* Didvmus, Chalcentr.

ecclef. writer
Diemerbrcck, Jibrand

* Diepenbeck, Abrah,

* Dietry
Dieu, Lewis de
Digby, Sir Everard

Sir Ken elm

Lord George

John

Digge?, Leonard

Thomas

Sir Dudley
Dillenius, John Ja.
Dilworth, Thomas

* Din arch us

' Dingley, Robert
Dinocrates

* Dinoftrates
Dinoth, Richard

* Dinouart, A. J. T.
Dio Caflius

Chrylbiiom

'~ Diocletian, Ca.Va,
Diodati, John
Diodorus Siculus

of Anticqh
Diooenes

Laertius

* of Apollonia

* Diognetes
Dicni.-, Peter

* Dionyfjiis I.

* II.

the Peviegetic

Halicarnaflenfis

Areopagita

of Corinth

of Alexandria
Diophantus
Diolcorides, Pedacius

* Dippel, John Conr.

* Dithmar

*- JuftusChriftoph.
Ditton, Humphrey
Pivini, Euftachius

* Dlugofs, John
Dobfon, William
Dodarr, Denys
Dodd, Dr. William
Doddridge, Philip

* Dodoeris, Rambert
Dodfley, Robert

* Dodi worth, Roger
Dodwell, Henry
Dogger, Thomas

* Doiffin, Louis

* Dolben, John

* Dolce, Lewis
Doler, Stephen
Domat, John
Domenichino

Dominic,

INDEX-

XXV

Dominic, de Guzman

* Dominichini, LoJo.
Dominis, Mar.Ant.de

* Donate

* Jerom

* Alexander .

* Marcellus
Donatus

* of Africa

* Dondus, James
' Doneau, Hugh

* Doni, Anth. Fran.

* Doni d' Attichi, Le.
D.>nne, John

* Doolittle, Thomas

* Dorbay, Franois

* Dorfling

* Doria, Andre-.v

* Dorigny., Michael

* Nicholas

* Doring, Matthias

* Dornavius, Galpar

* Dofuhaeus

* Dove, Nathanael

* Douglas, Gawin

* _ William

* James
Doula, Janus

* Douvre, Thomas de

* Thomas the ion

* Ifabella de

* Dow, Gerard

* Dcw.ill, Will. Mac

* Downham, John

* Downing, Calibut

* Drabicius, Nicholas

* Draco

* Dragutrais
Drake, Sir Francis

James

Francis

Samuel

* _ William

* Roger

* Drakeiiberg, Ch.Ja,
Drakjehborch, Arnold.

* Draper, Sir William
Dray ton, Michael

* Drebei, Cornelius
Dielincourt, Charles
Di'efterus, Matthew

* D revet, Peer

* Dreux de Rad. J.F,

* Drinker, Edward

* Drolinger, Ch. Fr.

* Drouais, Hubert
Drummond William

* Drury, Robert
Druiius, John

* Dryander, John
Diyden, John
Duaren, Francis

* Dubraw, John

* Due, Fronron du

* Ducarel, Andr.Coltee

* Ducas, Michael
Duchal, James

* Duchan'je, Gafpard
Duchar, Jacob le

* DuchedeVancy,J.F.
Duck, Arthur

Stephen

* Dados, Char, Dine.

* Dadith, Andrew
D Lidiey , Kdin und

fohn

Amhrofe

Robert

Sir Robert
DufFet, Thomas
Dugard, William
Dugda'.e, Sir. William
Du^uet, fames Jofeph

* Dulvin, Lawrence

* Daifbourg, Pecerde
D.ijardin, Charles

, R.:cl)ard

* Duiiart, Herman

* D.imee, Jane

* Dumont, John

* Dun, Lord

* D.mbar, William
x- Duncan, iUuk

* Daniel

* William
Dun.com be, William

* John

* Dangal

* Duniop, Wiilii-.m
-x- Alexander

* Dtinod, Fr.Ignap'us
' x ' Dar-ois, John
Duns, John

* D unroii, Jbhn
y -' Dupaty
Dupin, Lewis Eiiis

* Dupleix, Sciplo

* jofeph
Duport, James
Duppa, Brian

' D up rat, Anthony

* Dupre, John.

V T* If

* iviary

* Louis

* Nicholas Francis

* Durant, Gilles

* Duranti, John Step.

* Durbash, Anne Lo.
Dureli, John
Dover, Albert

* Durer., Louis
D'.'ri'ey, Thomas

* Durham, James

:< - D; riri^r, Me chior
Dury, J J-n
D-ivai, Pet r

* Vaien . Jamerai

* Dyche, Thomas
Dyer, Sir James

* ' William

johe

' Dynamus

ACHARD, [ohn
* Earle, W.Benf.

* hbertus, Theodore

* Ebjon

Eccard, JohnGeorge
Eccb.eilenfis, Abraham

* Eccles, Solomon

* Echard, Jacques
Laurence

Eckius, John
*Eclu(e, Charles del'

* EcluiesD.LogesP.M.

* P^leimck, Gerard

* Edema, Gerard

* Eder, George

* Edmer, or Eadmer
Edmondes, Sir Thorn.

* Clement
Edwards, Richard

Thomas

* Edivardij

XXVI

INDEX.

* Edtvards, Joh

Jonathan

George

Thomat

* Thomas

* Eckhoute, A.vsm d.

* Eeckout, G.van den
E^erton, Thomas

* 1. John

* Eggeling, JohnHen.
Eginhart, fee^Eginhar

* E^mont, Lamoral

* Juftus van
Egnatius, John Baptiil

* Ei fee, Charles

* Eifengrein, Martin
*EifenfchmidtJ.Gafp.

* Elbene, Alphonf.d*

* Elbosuf, R.deLorra.

* Elbracht, John van

* Eleanor of Guiennc

* Elias, Matthew

* Elich, Lewis Philip
Elichman, John

* Eliezer

* Eliot, Thomas

* Sir John

* George Auguftus
Elizabeth, of England

* of Auftria

* Peirovna

* Eller, John Theod.

* Elliger, Ottomar

* the father

* Ellis, Clement

* John
Ellys, Anthony
Elmacinui, George

* Elmenhorft, Gever.

* "- * Henry

* Elphinftone, Will.
Elfheimer, Adam
Elftob, William

Elizabeth

* Etfwich, J.Herman
Elfynge, Henry

* EUves, John

* Elxai, of Elxaeus
Elliot, Sir Thomas

* Elys, Edmund
lzevir

* Emelraet

* Emeri, Sebaftian

* Emiliano, John

* Emerfon, William

* Emilius, Paulus

* Emlyn, Thomas
Emmius, Ubbo

* Empedocles

* Empereur

* Confttntine

* Einporius

* Encolpius

* Engelbrecht, John

* Enghelbrechtfen, C.

* Enghelrams, Corn.

* Englifo, Hetter

* Enjedim, George
Ennius, Quintus
Ennodius, Magn. Fel.

* Enfenada,Z.S.deSil.
Ent, George

* Entick, John

* Entinope

* Enzinas, Francis

* Eobanus, Eliai

* Eon, de TEtoilc

* Ephorus
Ephrem, St.
Epicharmui

* Epicie
Epidetus
Epicurua
Epimenides
Epiphanius

* the Scholaftic

* the Philofopher
Epifcopius, Simon

* Eppendorf, Henry

* Erafiftratus
Erafmus, Defiderius
Eraftus, Thomas

* Eratofthenes

* Erchembert

* Ercill-ya-cuniga

* Erckern, Lazarus

* Ercole
Eremita, Daniel
Erigena, John Scotus

* Erinna

* Erizzo, L. & M, A

* Sebaftiaa

* Erkirens

* Erlach, John Lewis

* Eroftratus
Erp-nius, Thomas

* Erlkine, Ralph

* Ebenczer

* Ralph

* James

* Eryceira, Ferdinand

* Francis Xavicr

* Erytrophilus,Rupert

* Es, James van

* E calo, Maftin de le

* Efcalquens, Wm.

* Efcobar, Bartholom.

* Marine d*

* Anthony

* Efcoubleau, Fra. dc

* Henry de

* Efpagnac, J. Baptift

* Efpagnandel, Matt.

* Efpagnet, John

* Efpagnolet, J. Rib.

* Efparron, d'Arcuffia

* Efpen, Z. Barnard

* Eipence, Claude dc

* Eiperiunte, P. Cal.

* Efprir, James

* Eflars, Pierre des

* Charlotte des
Eflenes

* Eflex, James
Eftampes, duchefs of

* Leonor de

* Eilcourt, Rickard
Eftoile, Pierre

* Claude

* Eflouteville, Wm.

* Ellrades, G. count

* Eftiees, John

* Francois Annib.

* Cafar

* Gabrielle

* Victor Marie

* Louis Caefar d.
Etheredge, George

* Ethryg, George

* Etflager, Chriftoph.
Ettmuller, Michael
* Michael Erneft

, * Evagoras

* Evagrius

* of Antioch

Evagrius,

INDEX.

XXVII

Evagrmt, Scholaft.
* Ponticus
*

* Evans, Cornelius

* Arife

Aoel

John

* Evantus

* Evax

* Eubceus

* EubulMes

* the Cynic

* the Philofophcr

* Eucadius

* Eucharius

* Eucherius

* Euclid, of Meeara

the Mathematician

* Eudaimon, J. And.

* Eudes, John
Ejaocia

* MacremboUtifla

* Feodorcvna

* Eudorus

* Eudoxius
Eudoxus
Evelyn, John

John, ion
Eugene, Prince Fran.
Euler, Leonard

* Eulogiu?, of Alex.

* of Cordova

* Eumathius

* Eumenes

* Eumeniua
EunapiuS
Eunomius

* Euphemia,F.^E.M.

* Euphemius

* Euphorion

* Euphrates
Euphranor
Eupoiis
Evremond, St. Ch. de

Sr. Denis, lord of
Euripides

* Eurydice, w.of Am.

* wife of Philip

* Eufden, Lawrence

* liufebia, Aurclia

* of Sr. Cyr
Eufebius, Pamphilut

* Pope

* of Berytui

* of Eniefa

* of Verctil

* of Samofata

* Euftachius, Barch.
Eulta-.hius, St.

* of Theflalonica

* Eufti>chiuni

* Eoftrat'us

* fcutbycrate*

* EuthvtPlui

* *- Zigabenus

* Eutocius
Eutropius, Flavius

* the Eunuch

* Eutyches

* Eutychiantts
Eurychius of Cond.

* of Cairo f

* Euzoius

* Expilli, Claude de

* fexupcrius

* E) ck, Hubert van

* John, van

* Ezekiel

* Tragic us

T?
I 1

F.
ABER,John

* Antony '

- James See

N'icolas i" Favre.

Tanaq. t

* Faberr, Abraham

* Fabius, Rullianus

* Verrucofus

* Piaor

* Fabre, Jean Claude
Fa'>rei i, Raphael

* Fabri,

* Fabricius,

George

Jerome

* John Albert

Vincent

Fabricius, Baron
Fabrot, Ch. Hannibal

* Facciol t'i, Giacomo

* Facie, BartoloriKO

* Facundus
Faernus, Gabriel

* Fagan Ch. Barth.
Fagins, Paul

* Fsge, Raimond de la

* Fagon, GuiCrefcent

* Fahrenheit, G. D^n.

* Faille, Guil. dc la
Fa ; rf.ix, Edward
Faithorne, William

* Falcandus, Hugo

* Falconbcr^, c. of

* Falconer, W.lliam

* Falconet, Cnmille

* Falconia, Pioba

* Falda, G. BaptilU

* Faleti, Jeronimo

* Falieri, Ordelafo

* Marino

* Falkland. See Cary
Falie, Philip
Fallopius, Gabriel

* l-ais, Raimond

* FaWer, Chriftian
Fane >urt, Samuel

* Fannius, Caiot

* Qjadraius

* Caius

Fai (haw, fir Richard

* Fartleila, M. Angelo
Farrl William

* Farer, Nicholas
Faria, tman. de Soufa

* Farina*. cio, Prolper
Farinato, Paul
Farinelli. SteBrofchL
Far.ngdo", Anthony
Farnaby, Thomag

* f-arnel., Perer Louis

* Alexander

* Farnele, Alexander
Farntvvorth, Ellis
Farquhar. Gerge
Faltolff, Srjohn

* Favarr, :VJ J. Benoit

* Faucher, Cl ude

* Faucheur, Michelle
Fawlkncr, George

* Faroliui,

XXY111

INDEX.

* Favolius, Hugo
Favorinus

* Varinus

* Faur, Gui de

* Favre, Antoine

Clau. See Vaugelas

* Fault. See Full.

* Faufta, Fl. Maxim.

* Fauftina, Annia G.

* Annia

* Faultus
?Kwkes, Francis

* Favdir. Antelme

* IVer

* F,>yette> Louis tie la

Marie Madeleine
Featiy, Daniel

* Fechtius, John
Feckenham, John
Fdthius, Everard
I-Viihicn, Andrew

* John Francis
Felix, Min'jcius
Fell, 'Dr. John

* Ftller, Joa. Trcdeiic
Fenelon

Fen ton. Sir Geoffrey

Elijah

* Feuioufi, H.Ben.S.
Ferguibn., James

* Fermat, Peter
Fame!, John Franc"-

* Feiracino, Bartolo,
Ferrand, James

* Louis

* Antony

* James Philip

* Ferrandus, Ful^erf.

* Ferrari, A.M. Z.B.

Gctavian

Fran. Bernardino

Oc'tavio

* John Baptill
Fcrrars, George

* Ferrein, Antony
Ferreras, Don John of

* Ferreti. or Ferret us

* Emiiio

* Giovanni BathTa
Fern", Paul

Giro

Fcirier, Arm 2nd de

Ferrier, Jeremy

* Louis

* Fcrrieres, Claude de
*" Ferron, Arnauld du

* Ferte, marefchal de
Feltus, Pompeius
Fetti, Domenico
Fevardenties'j Francis
Ft uillee, Louis

Fcvrc, Jdco,ues le

* Nicolas le

* Tannegui le
Fevret, Charles

- dtFontette,C.M.

* Feydeau, Matthew
~ x ' Fichard, John
Ficinns, Marfilius

* FicoronI, Francefco
* Fid,mz.i_, Johannes

Fickle?, Richard
Field, Richard
Fielding, Henry

* Sarah

* Sir J'->hn
Fiennet, William

Nathanael
Fienus, Thmiias

* Ficfch?, John Louis

* Figrelius, Emundus
Fiiicaja_, Vencen. di

* Filnier;, Sir Robert
Finasus, Orontius
Finch, -Heneare, earl

* Duiiitl
~ Edward

Finer, Sir John
* Firenzuolf, An^elo
Firmicu c , Ma'. Jnhus
Firm'vi, 'I'i.oir.as

* Giles

FiH 1 , S mon
i ; .li;er, Juhn
Fitzherbtrt, Sir Anr.

Thomas

* Fii'ZJamcs, James

* Fitz-Stephen, Wm.

* Fi/.e?, Anthonv
F'^ccus, C. Valfrins

* Flame), N'rholas

* Fiaminio, G. Ant.

* Marc Af:f.onio

?, Titus
Flam! teed, John

* FlalTiins, Taraudct
Flatman, Thomas

* Flavian of Antioch
" ConOantinople

* Flavigni,Valei iends

* Fl.mrt, JeanBaptiftc
Flechit r, fcfprit
Fleck noe, Richard
Fleefwood, William

Bp.

* Fleming, Robert
Fktchur, Richard

Giles

John

* Phinehas

* Gilei

* Fleury, Claude

* Andre Here, dc

* Flink, Godfrey

* Flodoard
Florio, John

* Floris, Francis
Fiorus, L. Annacus
Fludd, Robert
Foelius, Anutius

* Foglieta, Ubert*
Fohi

* Foix, Odet de
Folard, Charles

* Folengo, Theoph.
Folkes, Martin

* Fon'feca, Antony de

* Font, Jolephde la
* Pierre de la
Fontaine, John de la
-x- Nicolas
Fontaines, Ptt. Francis

* Fontana, Do-ienico

* foncanges, diuchcia
Fontaniui, Jufte
F"onte-Moderata
F'ontenay, J. B. Bl. de
Fonienelle, Bernard

* F<v,ter,u, L. Franc.

* Fontiit?, Batholom.
Fuote, Samuel
Foihes, Patrick

- John

* Duncan

* For bin, Claude

Furbifiier.

INDEX.

XXIX

Forbifher. f. Frobifher

* Force, duke of la
Ford, John

* Fordun, John
Fordyce, David

* Foreft, Peter

* John

* orForeih, J.Ph.

* Formofus

* Forfter, John

* Forrtner,C'iriftoph.

* Fort, Fiancis le
Fortefcue, Sir John

* Fortiuuen a, Nicolas

O r

' Fortius, Joachim

Fofcari, Francis
: Fofcarini, Michael
' Fofle, Charles de la
fr Antony de la
Fofter, Samiitl

Dr. James

John
Fothergill, Dr.George

John

* Foucaultj Nic. Jof.

* Foucquet, Nicolas

C. L. Auuuftus

- Foulon, William
Fountaine, Sir Andr.
Fourquieres, James

* Four,du.yiongrue.
Fcurmont, Stephen
Fournier, Peter Simon

Fourny, H. C. de
^ Fourquevaux,Raim.
Fowler, John

Chrifiopher
~ Edward
Fox, Edward

John

George

Fracaftorio, Girolamo
Frachetta, Girolamo
Fraguier, Claude Fr.
Francefca, Peter

' Francefchini, M. A.
Francia, Francdco
Francis of AiT.li

* of Paulo

* Xavier

de Sales

Philip

* Franco, Nkolo

* Francois, abbe L.

* Francowitz, Matth.

* Franck, Francifcus

* Francifcjs
Frnr.cklin, Thomas

* Franklin, Benjamin

* Frnnk-Floris./iFloris

* Frantzius, Wolfga.

* Fred ei- an us

* Frederic II.

* Fregofo, Baptift
Freher, Marquard
Freigiu?, J. Thomas
Freind, John
Freinfhemius, John

' Freire, Hyacinthe
' ! Freminet, Martin

* Freret, Nicohs

* Freror, Elie Cath.

; " Frefnaye, -J. Vanq.
trefne, C. du Cange
Frefnoy, C. Alpli. du
Frefny, C. Riviere da
Fnfchlrri, Nicodemus
Frobenius, John
Frobifher, Sir Martin
Froiffard, John
Frontinus, Sextus Jul.

* Fro n to, M.Cornelius
Frovvde, Philip

* Frugoni,C.[nnocent

* Frumemius
Fryth, John
Fugger, Huldric

* Fuchfias, Leonard
Fulgenrius, St.
Folk, William
Fuller, Nicholas

Thomas

Ilaac
Fulria

* Funccius, J. Nicolas
Furetiere, Antony

* Furius, Bibaculus

* Furft, Walter

* Fuft, or Fauft, John

* Fuzelier^ Louis

ABPJEL, Ja.
* Gabrino. Ste

Gacon, Francis

* Gaddefden, John of
Gaffarell, James
Gagnier, John
Gaguin, Robert

* Gaillard, de Lonju.

* Gainas

* Galas, Matthew

* Galateo, Ferrari A.
Gale, Thomas

John

Theophilus

Thomas

Roger
Galeano, Jofeph
Galen, Claudius

* Galeoti, Martio
Galigai, Eleonora
Galile?, Galileo

* Galland, Auguflus

Antony

* Gallienus
Galligai. See Galigai

* Gallitzin, Bafil

* M. Michaelowitz

* Gal loch e, Louis
Gallois, John

* Gallonio, Antonio

* Gallucci, Tarquinio

* Giov. Paulo

* Angelo
Gallus, Cornelius

* V. Trebonianug
Gaily,, Henry

* Gam a, Vafco

* Gamaches, S.Simon
Gam bold, John

* Ganganelli.y. Clem.
Garamonde, Claude
Gar a He, Francis
GarcilafFo
Ga r diner, Stephen

* Garengeot, R. J. C.

* Gailande, Jean de
Garnet, Henry
Garnier, Robert

* John

* Gaiofalo, Benven.
Garrard, Mark
Garrick, David
Garth, Sir Samuel

* Garzi, Louis

Gaflcigne,

XXX

INDEX.

Gafcoigne, Sir Wm.

* George
Gafparini
Galiendi, Peter

* Gaftaud, Francis
Gallrell, Francis
Gataker, Thomas

* Gaubil, Antoine

John
, Gilbert

* Gauthier, Jean-Bap.
G.iv, John

* Gayot de Pitaval
Gaza, Theodore

* Ge'ner, John
Ged, William
Geddes, James
Gedoyn, Nicholas

* Gelnoz, Francois

* Grlaiiu?,of Casfarca

* ot Cyaicus

* J.
* II.

G Idenhaure, G. Eob.

* Gelee, Claude
Gelenius, Sigifmund

* Gellert, C'ir.Furch.
Gelli, John Baptiir.
Gellibrand, Henry
Gellius, Aulus
Gaminiani, Francefco
Gemirtus, George

* Gemma. Reinier

* Gendre, Louis

* Gilbert Charles

* Nicolas le

* Genebrard, Gilbert

* Genefius, Jofephus

* Geneft, Ch. Claude

* Gengis, Khan
Gennadius of Conft.

* ot Marseilles

* Genferic

* Gcntilis, Scipio
Gsntilefchi, Horatio

* Geoffroi, St. Francis

* George ot Trrbifond
VGerard,TomorTung
. Balthazar
Gtrrbelius, Nicolau*

* Gerberon, Gabriel
Grrbicr f Sir Balthazar

* Gerbillon, John Fr.

* Germanicu.-, C*far
G^rfon, John
Gefner, Conrad

* Solomon
* Solomon

* John Matthew

* Geta, Sepiimius
Gethin, Lady Grace

* Gethirg, Richard
Gevariius, John Gaip.
Ghilini, Jerome
Ghirlandaio, Domen.

* Giannoni Peter

* Gibbon, Edward

* Gibbs, James

* Gibalyn, LeComptc
Gibfon, Edmund

Richard

William

Edward

* __ William

* Thomas

* Thomas
Gifanius, Hubertus
Gilberv, William

* Thomas

* Sir Humphrey

* Jefery

* Gildas

* Gildon, Charles

* Giles, John

* Gill, Alexander

* Alexander (fon)

* Dr. John

* Giliefpie, George
Gilpin, Bernard

* Richard

* Giolito, Del Farrari

* Gioia, Fiavio
Giorjjione

Giofeppino

Giotto

Giraldi, L^lioGregorio

* J. Baptill Cintio
Giralaus, Silvelter

* Cambrenfis

* Giron, D. Pierre

* Giry, Louis

* Gilelinus
Glain, N. Saint
Giandorp, Matthias

Glanvil, Jofeph

* Glapthorne, Henry

* Glafs, John

* John (fon)

* Glaphyra

* Glafer, Chrillopher

* Glaubert,Rodolphut

* Glen, John

* Glicas or Glycas
Giiilbn, Francis

* Giouceiler, Rob. of

* Glover, Richard
Gmelin, S. Gottlieb

* John George

* Goar, James

* Gobier, Charles

* Gocleniu?, Conrad

* Rodolphus
Goddard, Jonathan
Godeau, Anthony

* Godfrey, Sa-E- Bury

* of Boulogne

* Godiva
Godolphin, John
Godwin, Thomas

Francis

Dr. Thomas

* Gotrec, William

* Goertzs, J. Baron of

* Gotfiu?, William
Goez, Damian de
Goff, Thomas

* Gogava, A.Hennan.
Gogue^, Anto'y-Yvcs
Goldi.fl, \1. H^iminf.

* Goldhagen, j.Eufta.

* Goldman, Nico'as

* Goldimith, /fancit
Oliver

Golius, James

* Peter
Goltzius, Henry

Hubert

* Gomar, Francii
Gombauld, J.Ogierdc

* Gomerfal, Robert

* Gomez de Cividad

* DeCaftroAlvartz

* Magd. Angelica
Gondi, John Paul
Gongora, Lewis de

* Gondrin, Louis Ante.

* Goner,

INDEX.

XXXI

* Goner, John B^ptiil

* Gonnelli, John

* Gonfalva

* Gomhi^r

* John and Leonard
Gonzaga, Lucretia

* Gonzalez, Thytfus

* Gool, John Var.

* Goodall, Walter

* Goodwin, John

* Thomas

* Gordianus, the elder
Gordon, Thomas

Alexander

* James

* Robert"

* Gore, Thomas

* Gorelli

* Gorgias, Leontinus

* Gorius,A.Francifcus
Gorlasus, Abraham

* David

* Goropius, John

* Gorreas

* Goflelini, Julian

* Godefchalc

* Goflelin, Antony
Goth of red

Theodolius

James

Dennis

John

* Gotti, Vincent Louis

* Gottleber,J.Chtifto.

* Goude!in or Goudoli

* Goudimel, Claudius

* Govea, Martial

* Andrew

* Antony

* Gouge, William

* 1 homas
Goujet, Claude Peter

* Goujon, John
Goulart, Simon

* Goullton, Theodore

* Gould, Robert

* Goulu, John

* Goupy, Jofeph
Gournay.Mary dejars

* GounvilleJ.Her.iuld

* GoufTet, James

* Gurhieres, James
Cower, John

* Gouye, John
Graaf, Regnier de
Grabe, John Ernell

* Gracian, Balthafar

* Gracchus, T. and C.

* Gradenigo, Peter
Grseme, John

* Graflio

* Grafigny, Frances

* Grafton, Richard
Graham, George
Grain, John Baptift le

* Graindurge, Andr.
Gram aye, John Bapt.

* Grammo.id, Gabriel

* Gramont, Antony,

* Fhilibert

* Grancolas, John

* Grand, Antony le

* Joachim le

* Marc Antony le

* Louis

* Grander, Jofeph
G randier, Urban

Grandin, Martin

r Granduat, Charles

* Graudius, Guido
Graaet, Francis

* GranojcJ.deChancel
* N.

* Granger, James
Grant, Francis

* _ Patrick
Grauville, George

* Gr3paldiis,F.Marius

* Gia?, Antony le

* Graiwinckel, Theo.

* Gratarolus, William

* Gratian

* Gratiani, Jerome
Gr.idus, Paliicus

* Onuinus

* Gravelot, H. F. B.

* Graverol, Francis
GraveOnde, Will.jam.
Gravina^ Peter

John Vincent

* Graunr, Edward

Graunt, Jo^n
Gray, Thomas

* Grazzini, Anto. Fr.
Greatrakes, Valentine
Greaves, John
Green, Robert

John

EdwardBurnaby

* Matthew
Greene, Maurice
Greenhill, John

* Greenville, SirRich.
Gregory

James

David

John

* Edmund

Nazianzen

Nyflcn

Theodoras

* Gregorius, G. F.

* Gregory, Peter

* Grenan, Benigrus

* Grenee
Grcfham, Sir Thomas

* GrefTet, J. B. Louis
GretftT, James

* Grevenbroeck
Greville, Folk

* Grcviu, James
Grevius, John George

* Greuze
Grew, Obadiah
Neherniah
Grey, lady Jane

Dr, Znchary

Dr. RicharJ
Grtbaldus, Matthevv

* Gribner, Mic! i .Hen.
Grierfon, Conitantia

* Griffet, Henry

* Griffier, John

* Griffin, Prince of W.

* Grignon, Jaqnes
Grimaldi, J. Francis

* Grimaielr, Leonard

* Gritnoux

* Grinda!, Edmund

* Gringonneur, Jacq.

* Grin.^ore, Peter

* Gri Taunt, William

* Griv^, John de U

Grooyr,

XXX11

I N D E X.

Grocyn, William

* Grcdirius,Staniflaus
.Gronovius, J. Fred.
James

* Cropper, John

* Groie, Peter

* _ Nicolas

* Francis

* Grofley, Peter John

* Groftetefte, Robert

* Grotteite, Claude
Grotius, Hugo

* William

* __ peter

* Grove, Henry

* Gruchius, Nicolas

* Grudins, N.Everard

* Grne, Thomas

* Gruget, Claude

* Grucier, J. Frederic
Gruterus, Janus

* Peter
Grynaeus, Simon

* Thomas

* Gryphiarder, John
Gryphius, Sebailian

* - Andrew

* Chriftian
Guadagnolo, Philip

* Gua^nin, Alexander

* Gualbert, S. John

* Gualdus, Prioratus

* Gualterus,Rodolph.

* Guarin, Peter

* Guarini

John Baptift

* Guafco,

* Gviazzi, Stephen

* Mark
Gudius, Marquard

* Gotilob Frederic

* Guercheville, M. ot
Guerano

* Gueret, Gabriel

* Guerin, Francis

* Guerimere, F.Robi.

* Guefclin, Bertrand

* Guettard, J.Stephen
Guevara, Antony de
Louis Vciez de

* GueulettCj T.Simon

* Guglielmim

* Guichard,Claudede
GuiccJErdini, Francef.

* Louis

* Guicheron, Samuel
Guidi, Alexander
Guido, Reni

* Guido'ti, Paul
Guignard, John

* Guild, Dr. William

* Guillandius, Mel.

* Guillemeau, James

* Guillet, Debt. Geo.
Guillirn, John
Guife, Henry

* Guifcard, Robert

* Charles

* Guile, William

* Guitton, d'Arezzo
Guldenftaedt, J.Am.

* Gundling, Nic, Jer.
Gunning, Peter
Gunter, Edmund

* Gunther

* Gurtler, Nicolas

* Gufman, Lewis

* Guflanvillan, Peter

* Guiiavus, Vafa

* Adolphus

* Guthrie, William

* Gutremberg, John
Guy, Thomas

* Guyard, Dr.Berville
Guyet, Francis

Guy on

* Claude

* dwynn, Eleanor

* G Wynne, Matthew

*TJABAKKUK
JCj. * Habert,H.L.

* Habicot, Nicolas
Habiagtprt, William

* Hacker, William
John

* Hackfpan, Theodore

* Haddock, birRichard
H action, Dr. Walter
Hadrian VJ.

* Haen, Antony dc

* Hagedorn

* Haquenier, John

* Hahn, Simon Fred,
Haiilan, Bern, de Gir.
Haines, Jofeph

* Haktm

Hnkewill. George
Hakluyt, Richard
Halde, John B.iptitldtt
Hale, Sir Matthew
Hales, John

Stephen
Hali-beigh
Hall, Jofeph

John

Henry

* John

* Jacob

* Richard
Halle, Peter

* Antony.

* Claude Guy
Haller, Albert
Halley, Edmund

* Hal! i fax, Samuel

* Hambergcr, G. A.

* George C'briftop.
Hamel, John Baptifte

* Hamilton, Antony

* George

* Hamlet
Hammond, Dr. Henry

Antony

James

' Hamon, John
Hampden, John

* Hamfa

Handd, Geo.Frederic

* Hankiu?, Mas tin
Hanmcr, Sir Thomas

* Hanneken, Mennon

* Philip Louis

* HmnibalianuSjF.C,

* Hanno

* Hannfachs

* Hanneman, Adrian

* Kanway, Jonas
Harding, Thomas

, Nicolas
* Hardiosx

INDEX.

XXXIll

* Hardion, James
Hardoviin, John
Hardwicke, Earl of

* Hardy, Alexander

* Charles
Hare, Francis
Harior, Thomas
Harley, Robert

* Harmer, Thomas

* Harmodius

* Harold

* Harpalus
Harpocration, Valer.
Harrington, Sir John

James
Harris, William

James '

Harrifon, William

John

* Colonel
Hartley, David

* Hartungus, John
Harvey, William

Gideon

* Harvvood, Edward

* Hafe, Theodore de

* James

* Haffelquift, Frederic

* Haftings, Elizabeth

* Hatton, Sir Chrif.
Havercamp, Sigebert

* Hauiiead, Peter

* Haute-feuille, John
Hawkefworth, John

* Hawke, L. Hawke

* Hawkins, Sir John

* ~~ Sir John

* Hawkfmoor, Nicol.
Hawk wood, Sir John
Hay, William
Hayes, Charles
Haynes, Hopion

Samuel
Hayward, Sir John
Heurne, Thomas
Heath, James

Benjamin

* Hebenftreit, J. Ern.

* Hecht, Chriltian

* Hecquet, Philip

* Hedelin, Francis

* Hedericus, Ben],

* He^mfkirk

* Heidegger, J. Hen.

John James
Hemeccius, J. Got.

* Heinecken, C. H.
Heiniiu- 1 , Daniel

Nicolas

* Hele, Thomas

* Helena
Heliodorus

* Hellanicus
Helmont, J. Bap. van
Heloife

* Helfham, Richard
Helvetius, Adrian

John- Claude

* Claude-Adrian
Helvicus, Chriitopher

* Helyor, Pierre
Hemelar, John

* Hemmingford, W.
Hemikirk, Martin

* Hem merlin, or M.F.

* Hemfterhuis, Tib.
Henault, John de

Chailes J. F.
Henley, Antony

John

* Hennuyer, John

* Henry JI. Planrag.

* IV. of Bourbon

Philip

Matthew

* Robert

* David
Heraclitus

Herbclot, Barthol. de
Herbert, M^ry

Edward

George

Wiliiarn

Thomas

* Herbinius, John

* Heritier, Nicholas le

* - Marie Jeanne ie

* Herman, Paul

* Hermann, James

* Hermant, Godefroi
Hernias, Pallor
Hermes

* Hermogenes of Tar.

Hermogenes, Heretic

* Herod the Great
Herodian
Herodotus

* Heropholus

* Herrera Tor. An. de

* Herreras, Ferdinand
Herring, Tho. abp.

* Henienr, Charles
Hervey, James
Hcrrvey, Aug. John

* Herwart, J.hn Fr.

* Heihufius, Tillem*
Hefiod

* HeiTels, John
Hefychius
Hevelius, John
Heurniu?, John

* Heufinger, J. Mich}

* James Frederic
Heylin, Dr. Peter
Heyvvood, Joha

Thomas

Eliza
Hickes, George

* Hiero I. k. of Syria

* Hiero II.
Hierocles, ofBythinia
the Platonic
Hieronymus

* HifFerman, Paul

* Hidden, Ralph

* Higgins, John
Higgonsj Sir Thomas

Bevil
Highmore, Jofeph

* Nathaniel
Hilarious, or Hilary

* of Aries
Hildebert
H.ldifiev, Mark

* Hill,

lir John

* Robert

* Hiliel the Elder
*" the Prince
Hil iard, Nicholas
Hi menus

Hi nek ley, John

* Hiucmar

XXXlY

INDEX.

* Hincmar
Hipparchia
Hipparchus

* of Nice
Hippias./ Hipparchus
Hipprocares

* Hipponax
Hire, Philip de la

* Hifcham, or Hisjam
Hoadley, Ben. biihop

Dr.

John
Hobbe?, Thomas

* Hochfletter, An. A.
Hodges, Nathaniel
Hody, Humphrey

* Hoe, Matthias deH.

* Hoeltzlinus, Jerem.
Hoefchelius, David
Hoffman, Maurice

John Maurice

Frederick

* Daniel

* John James
Hogarth, William
Holbein, John

* Holberg, Louis de

* Holder, Henry
Holder, William
Holdfwonh, Edward
Hoiinfhed, Raphael
Hollar, Wentzel
Hollis; Thomas
Holmes, George
Kolftenius, Lucas
Holr, fir John

* Holyday, Barten
Hclyoke, Francis

* Horn berg, William

* Home, David

* Henry
Homer

* Homme, Charles F.

* Honderkoeter, Mel.

* Hondius, Jeffe

* Hone, Georpe Paul

* Honeftis, Petrus de

* Honoratus

* Honorius I.

* Hontan, baron

* Hoofr, Petrus C.

* Hoogeveen, Henry

Hoogftraten, D. van

* Hoogugj Remain de
Hooke, Robert

Nathaniel
Hooker, Richard
Hooper, Dr. George
Hoper, John
Hoornbeeck, John,
Hopkins, Ezekiel

Charles

John
Horapollo
Horatius,

* Home, George
Horneck, Dr. Antho.
Hornius, George
Horrox, Jeremiah

* Horlley, John
Horrtius, James
George

* Hortenfius, Quin.

* Lambert

* Hofius, Staniflaus
Hofpinian, Rodolphus

* Hofpital, M. de le

W. F. A.
Hotman, Francis
Hottinger, J. Henry

* Houbigant, C. F.

* Hoveden, Roger de
Hough, John
Houlieres, A. cie la G.

* Houteville, Cl. Fr.
Howard, Henry

fir Robert

* _ John
Howe, John
Howell, James

* Hozier, Pierre de
Huarte, John

* Huber, Uiric

* Zacharias

* Mary

* Hubert, Matthew

* Hubner, John
Hudfon, capt. Henry

Dr. John
Huer, Peter Daniel
Hughes, John

Jabez
*

* Hugo of Cluni

* Hugo, Herman

* Charles Louis

* Hulfemann, John
Hume, David
Humphrey, Laurence

* Huniades, J. Cor.

* Htmnius, Giles

* Hunter, Robert

William, M. D.

* John
Huntington, Robeit
Huntorft, George

* Hure, Charles
Hufs, John
Hutchefon, Dr. Fran.
Hutchins, John
Hutchinfon, John,
Hutten, Ulricde

* Jacob

* Huttcr, Elias

* Leonhard
Huygens, ChrilHan
Hyde, Edwaid

Dr. Thomas

Henry

Hvginus, Caius Julius
Hypatia

* Hyperides

* Hypficles

* Hyrcanus, John

Jaaphar, Ebn Toph.
Jabloniki, Dan. E.

Theodore -

* Paul-Erneft
Jacetius, Fran, de Cat,
Jackfon, Thomas

John

Jacob, Ben Naphtali

Ben Hajim
Jacobaus, Oliger

* Jacopone, da Todi

* Jacquelot, Ifaac
Jasger, John Wolfgang
Jago, Richard
famblicus

James, Thomas

Richard

Dr. Robert
Jamyn, Amadis

IN D E X.

XXX?

* Janitjon,Fran.Mich.
Janfen, Cornelius
Janfon, Abraham
Jaquelot. f. Jacquelot

* Jarchi, S. Ben Ilaac
Jurdins, Mary C, des
J.irry, L. Juillard du

* Jay, Gui Michel le

* Jantbnius. f. Jenlbn

* ibas

Ibbot, Dr. Benjamin

* Jeannin, Pierre
Jebb, Samuel

* John
JefFery, John

of Monmouth
Jeffreys, Lord George

George
Jenkin, Robert
Jenkins, Sir Leoline
Jennens, Charles

* Jenfon, Nicolas

* Jenyns, Soame

* Jeremiah

Jen >m.y] Hieronymus.
Jerome, of Prague

* Jervas, Charles
Jelua, Levita

* Jeune, Jean le
Jew, the wandering
Jewel, John
Ignatius

Hive, Jacob

Illyrius, Matt. Flacius

* Imberr, John

* _ Jofeph Gabriel

* Irahoff, James Wm.
Imperial], John Baptift

* John

* Giufeppe-Renato
Inchofer, Melchior

* Inguimberti, Dom.

* lugulphua

* Innocent III.

Invege?, Augufline
Joan, pope

* Joachim
Jobert, Louis
John, of Salisbury
Johnfon, Samuel

Cornelius

Martim

Johnfon, Charles

Maurice

* Samuel
Jonfton, Arthur
Joinville, John, Sirede
Joly, Claude

Guy

Jonas, Anagrimus
Jones, Inigo

William

Henry

* Griffith

* John

* Sir William

* Sir Thomas

* Richard

* Jonin, Gilbert
Jonfius, John
Jonfon, Benjamin
Johnfton, John

* Jordan, Sir Jofeph
Charles Stephen

* Thomas

* John Chriftoph.
Jordano, Luca
Jordans, James

* Jorden, Edward

* Jornandcs
Jonin, Dr. John
Jofephus, Flavins

* Jofeph, Ben Gorion

* of Paris

* father

* Jofhua

* Jovinian
Jouberr, Laurence

* Francis
Jovius, Paul

* Benedicts

* Jouffe, Daniel
Joiivency, Jofeph
Jouvenet, John

* Joyeufe, Anne de

* Fraocis de
Joyner, W. alias Lyde

* Juan, George

* Juba
*

Jrenseus St.

* Ireton, Henry

* Iievifa, John

e 2

* Irnerius
Ifaac, Karo
Ifseus

lielin, J. Chriflopher
Uidore, Saint
If crates

* Ifrael, Menafleh B.
Ittigitts, Thomas
Juda, Hakkadolh

* Juda-Ching
Judex, Matthew-
lyes, or Yves
John

* Juglaris, Aloyfius

* Jugurtha

* JuJia

* Domaa
Julian

* Saint
Juiio, Romano
Julius II.

* Juncker, Chriftiaa

* Jungerman^ Godfrey

* Lewis

* Junilius
Junius, Adrian !

Francis

Francois du Joha

* Juntas

* Junta, Thomas

* Juret, Francis
Jurieu, Peter
Jurin, Dr. James

* Juflieu, Antony de

* Bernard
Juftel, Chriftopher

Henry
Juitin

the martyr
Juftinian
Julliniani, St. Law*

Bernard

Auguftin
-x- Fabio

* Juvara, Philip
Juvenal, Decius Junius

* dtCarlencasFelix

* Juvencus, C. V. A.

* Juxon, William

kxxvi

INDEX,

, John
Keating, Jeff.
Keble, Joleph
Keckerman, Barthol.
JCeene, Edmund
Keill, Joha
James
Keith, James

* Keller, James
Keliey, Edward
Kelly, Hugh
Kern pis, Thomas a
Ken, "Thomas
Kennedy, John

* fames'
Kennet, White

* King;, Sir Edmund

* John Glen, D.D.
Kircher, Athanafius
Conrad
Kirchman, John

* Kirchmager, J. Gaf,
Kirftenius, Peter

Kneller, fir Godfrey
Knij'.hi, Samuel
Knolles, Richard

* firRobm
Knotr, Edward
Knowier, William
KDOX, John

* John
Knuzen, Matthias

Kennicott. Ben. D. D.
Kenrick, William

* Kent, William
Kepier, John

* Lewis

* Kerckring, Thomas

* Keri, Fran. Borgia

* Kerkhtfiiere, J. G.

* Kerfry, John *

* KerviUars, J. M.dc

* Ketel, Cornelius .1

* Kfitt, William
Ketilewell, John
Keyfler, John George
Kr>mikor, Michael
Khilkof, Prince

K elder, D . Richard

* Keepings. Alexander

* Kilian, Cornelius
Kibegrevy,. Catharine

William .
* Thomas

Henry ; . ,

Anne

* j-f. Margaret
Kimchi, Rabbi David
Kin?, John

Henry

Edward

r- Dr. William

abp. . .
rr- Feter

* Dr. Willbm

Koempfer, Engelbert
Koenig, Daniel
Samuel
Konig, Geo. Matthias

* Emanuel

* Kornm^nn, Henry
KorthoU, Chriflian

* C ri'iian
Kotter, Cbri Gopher
Kouli Kn.m, Tnamas
Krantz, Albert
Kuhlman, Quirinus
Kuhniu-, Jodchim

* Kuncket, John
Kufter, Ludolf

* Kvd, Thomas

^ *

* Kyciermynfter,Rich.
Kynadon, John , ,

* Kyrie.* John

Labadie, John
Labat, f. Baprift

* Lab^-e, Philip.

* r- Louifa . .

* Labco.Q^intus Fab.
^ Aatiitius . ; , ,,
Laberiys

Laboureur, John le
Lac-irry, G les

f Lacombe, James

* del^rexeijHonore
JLanftatius, Firmian .-

* Lacr, John

* Lacydas

Ladvocat ,John Bapt,
*Laelius, Cams

* Laer, Pt ter
Laet, John de
Laevinus, Torrentinus

* Lasvius

Lafirau, Jofeph Fran

* Perer Francis

* Jjagerloor, Perer

* Laguna, Andrew
Lainez, Alexander
LairefTe, Gerard
Lais

* LalH, John Baptifl:

* Lally, T. A. Court
Laiubecius, Peter
L<imbertj 3\larquife de

* ^ John

* L-mbert, Cl. Fran.

* George

* John Henry
Lam bin, Denys
Lambrun, Margaret

* Lami, Bernard

* '-Dom. Francis

* John
Lamia

* Lampe, Fred. Ad.

* Lampluyh, Thorn.
Lampridius, jElius

Benedict
Lancatter, Nathaniel
Lancelot, Claude

* Lancjean, Remi
Lancifi, : John Marca
Laucret, Nicholas
Lanciinck, Prof. Hen,

* Landa, Catharine

* Landini,Lhriftopher

* La^do, Hortenfio

* L.mdri .

* Lane, -Jane
Lifttranc, archbifliop

* John
Lanfranco, Giovanni

* Langallerie, P.deG.
Lansj^aine, Gerard .

Gerard, thefon

* Lange, J -leph

* Charles Nicolas

* Lange 9

INDEX.

XXXVll

* Lange, Rodolphus
Langelande, Robert
Langhorne, John
Langius, John

* Langland, John

* Langlev, Batty
Langton, Stephen
Languet, Hubert

Jofeph Bap. Jofeph

* John Jofeph
JLanier

* Lannoy, Charles de

* Lanfberghe, Philip

* Lapide, Cornell us a

* Lardner, Na r haniel
Largilliere, Nicolas de

* Larrey, Ifaac de

* Larrogue, Mat. de
<* Daniel de
Lalcars, Conflantine

* John
L fki, J hn

na, Peter

Lat mer, Hugh
Laud, William
Liuder, William

* L-iUgit-r, M. Antho.

* Laviiitte, Louis A.

* Launay, Francis de
Launoi, John de
Laur, Fihppo

* Laura

* Laurens, Andrew

* Laurentio, Nicolas
Lawes, Henry

* William

* Lavvfon, fir John

* Lazarelli, J. Fran.

* Leake, Richard
- fir John

S-ephen Martin

* Leapor, Mary

* Lebid

* Le Blanc, Marcel

* LecY:u?, James
Lee, Nathaniel

* Legrge, George
Leibnitz, G. VV.de
Leigh, ftr Edward

* Charles
Leighton, Robert

* Alexander

Leland, J. antiquary

of Dublin

* Le Long, James
Lely, iir Peter
Lemery, Nicholas

* Louis, tbefon

* Lemnius, Lajvinius

* Lsmoine, Francis
LernJos, Ninon de
Lenfant, James
Lmglct, N. du Fref.

* Leonard, Sampfon

* Lens, Bernard
LeoX.

* I.Em.oftheEaft

* the Sixth

* __ abp. of Thcffal.

* _ Pilatus

* L-^o or Modena

* Leoni, Giacomo
Lennuenus, Nicolas

* Leoni das
Leontium

* Leotaud, Vincent
Leowicq

* Lepicier, Bernard

* Lepidus, Mar. ./Em.

* Le Qiiien, Michael

* L-mutius, John

* L fbonax

* Lelcailie, Cdtharine
Lelley, John
Leflie, iJr. John

C'iar'es

* Lefling, Got. Eph.
L'Eftrange, fir Roger
Lethieuliier, Smarc
Leri, Gn-gorio

* Leucippus
Lt^unclavius, Johannes
Leufden, John

* Levinglton, James

* Leyden, Lucas van

* Leybourn, William
Leuwenhoek, An. de

* Lever, fir Amton

* Ley, fir James
Lhuyd, Edward
Lhvvyd, Humphrey
Libanius

Licems

* LicinkiSj Tegula

* L'cinius, Calms

* Caius I lavius V

* L' utaud, Jofeph

* Ligarius Quintus

* Liger, Lewis
LSghtfoor, John

* Lignac, Jot. Ad. de
L ihu ne, John

* Li iental, Michael

* L llo, George
LiXy, A. alhologer
Li \, W. giammarian

George

Peter
L'n.borch, Philip

* LiT-nasus, John

L i acre, Dr. Thomas

* Linaiit, Michael

* Lindaniis, William

* Lindenbruch, Fred.
Lihdfay, John

* fir David Knight

* Da^id
Linger ack, John

* Liniere, Francis
Linnseus, Charles Von

* L'nrruii, Severinus

* Liotard, JohnSteph.
Lipfius, Juilus

* Li von, John

L ile, Guillaume de

* iir George

* JoiepliNicolasde

* Liioia, Francis de
Liiler, Martin

* fir Matthew

* LithgoWj William
Littleton, Thomas

Adam

Edward

* Li via DrufiHa

* Livmeius, John

* Livingfton, John

* Livius, Andronicus

Titus
Lloyd, William

Robert

* Lobineau, Guy AI,

* L bo, Jerome

* Rodriguez Fran,

* Lockart, Alexander
Locke, John

Locker,

xxxviii

INDEX.

Locker, John
Lockman, John

* Lockyer, Nicolas

* Locibrog, Regner
Lodge, Thomas

* Loges, Mary Brun.

* Lohenftcin, D.G.de
Loir, Nicholas

* Lokman, the wife
Lollard, Walter

* Loir,, JoiTu Van
L">rnbard, Peter

* Lomenie, H. Louis

* L-.nde, F.R.dela
Lcnir, Jetties ie

* Lcn^ben d, William

* LOT : i r- ? U. B.
L ngi " s, Ln >nyfius
Lxi-jomon an 1 ";, Ch.

* Lo :ue : ,',G -)v-rtde

* Chrilto her de
L'avuerhc, L^uisce
L gus

* L- n:cerus, John

* A iam

* Loredano, J. Fran.

* Li>renzetti, Amb.
Lorit, Henry
Lorm, Philibert de

* John de

Chafes de
Lorrain, Robert le

* Charles of

* Lorris, William de

* Lorry, Anne Charles
Loten, John

Love, James

* Chiiilepher
Lovelace, Richard
Lowe, Peter
Lower, Dr. Richard

fir William
Lowth, William

* Robert
Loyal a, Ignatius of
Lubienietlki, Stanif.
Lubin, Eilhard

* Auguftin
Luean, Marc. Annxus

* Lucas, Tucknfis

* Lucas van Leyden

* Lucas Brugenlis, F.
Lucas, Richard

Paul
Lucian

* Lucifer, bp. of Cag.
Lucilius

Lucretius, Titus Carus
Ludlow, Edmund
Ludolph, Job

Henry William
Lugo, John ,

- Francis
*Luifmo, orLuifini,F.

* Luifinus, Aloyfius

* LuitprandusotPavia

* Lulle, Raimond
Lulli, John Baptiil

* LuiTan, Margaret de
Luther, Martin
Lutti. Benedetto

* Luxembourg, d. of
Lycophron

* L carpus of Sparta

* Athenian orator
L\''e. Ste Joiner
Lydgai:e, John
Lvdiat, homas

j f

* Lye, Edvi'ard
Lyily, John
Lynde, fir Humphrey
Lyons, Ifrael

* Lvferus, Polycarp

* JLhn
Lyiias

Lyfippus of Sicyon
Lvttelton, Edward

rf /

George

Charles

ABILLON, J.

.* Mably, B. de

* Mabufe, John

* Macarius St. of Alex.

* the younger

* Macautay, Cath.

* Mace, Francis
Mace, Thomas

* Macedo, Francis
Macedonius

Macer, ./Emilius

* Machault, Jean de
Machiavel, Nicholas
Mackenzie, lir George
Maclaurin, Colin

* Macpherfon, James

* Macquer, Philip

* Alacrinus
Macrobius, A. Au. T.

* Madan, Martin.
Madden, Samuel
Maddox, Ifaac
Maeiox, Thomas
Maecenas, Caius Cil
Maeftiinus, Michael

* MafFei, Vegio

* John Peter

* Francis Scipio
Magellan, Ferdinand
Magi us, Jerome
Magliabechi, Antony

* Magnon, Jean

* Magnus, John

* Olaus
Mahomet
~1I.

* \laier, Michael
Maigaan, Emanuel

* Maiila, J eph

* MailiaH, Oliver

* Mailleboi-, mar. of

* Millet,

Maimbourg, Louis
Maimonides, Moles
Mft.n tenon, Mad. de

* Major, John
Majoragius, M.An,

* Mairan, John

* Maire, John le

* Mairet, John

* Mai ft re, Antoine le

* Louis ifaac le

* Maitland, John

* __ William
Mairtaire, Michael

* Maius, orMayJ.H.

* Malachi the prophet

* Malagrida, Gabriel
Maldonat, John
Malebranche, Nicolas

* Maldas,orMalalas J.

* Makzieu,Nicolasde

Malherbe,

INDEX.

Malherbe, Francis de

* Malingre, Claude
Mallet, David

* Kdmunde

* Mallinkrctt, Bernard
Malpighi, Marcello
Malvezzi, Vergilio
Mambrun, Peter

* Mancinelli, Antonio
Mandevile, fir John
MandevillejBernard de

* Mane?, the heretic
Manet ho
Manfredi, Euflachio

* Mangeart, Thomas
Manger, John James
Mangey, Thomas
Manilius, Marcus
Manley, Mrs.

* Manners, John

* Mannozzi, John

* Manfard, Francis

* Mansfeld, Erneft de

* Mansfield.yiMurray.

* Manftein, C. H. de

* Maniegna, Andrea
Mantuan, Baptifl
Manutius, Aldus

Paul

Aldus

* Mapes, Walter
Mapletoit, Dr. John

* Maracci, Louis

* Maraldi, James Phil.
Marana, John Paul

* Maratta, Carlo

* Marbodus
Marca, Peter de
Marcellinus, Ammia.

* Marcellus

* March, Aufias

* Marchand, Profper

* Marche, Oliver de la

* Marchetti, Alex.
Marcilius, Theodore
Msrcion, the heretic

* Mare, Phil, de la

* Nicolas de la
Marets, John des

Samuel des
Margaret, c. of Rich.

of Valois

Margaret, d. of Newc.

* Margon, William
Mariana, John

* Marin, Mich. An.
Marinella, Lucretia
Marino, John Baptift
Marivaux, P. Carlerde
Markham, Gervafe
Markland, Jeremiah
Marloe, Chriftopher

* Marmion, Shakerley
Marolles, Michel de
Marot, John

Clement
Maracci, Luigi

* Marfais, C'acfar
Ma rih, Narcitfus
Marshall, Thomas

Nat hansel
Marfham, fir John
Marligli, Luigi

* Marfollier, Jacques
Mariton John

* Marfy, Fran. Marie

* Martel, Francois

* Martelli, Luigi

* Giacomo

* Martenne, Edmonde
Martialis, M. Valerius

* Martial, d'Auvergne
Martianay, Jean

* Martisjnac, fieur de

* Martin, David

* Dom Jacques

Thomas

Benjamin
Martini, Raymond

* Martin

* Martiiiiere.yiBruzen

* Martinufius, George
Martyr, Peter
Marvel!, Andrew
Marullus Tacitu*

Michael Tarchan.
Mary, q. of England

qeenu. of S^ots

Il.w.of Wm. III.

* Mas, Louis du
Mafcardi, Auguftin
Mafcaron, Juiius

* Mafclef, Frangois

* Mafcrier, J. Bap.de

* Mafervius, James

* Mafham, lady Dam;

* Mafius, Andrew

* Mafo, Thomas

'* Miflac, Jean Bap.
Maffieu, Guillaume

* Maffiilon, Jean Bap.
Maffinger, Philip
Maffon, Papirias

John
Maifuet, Rene
' Marani, Antony
Mather, Dr. Cotton

* Matignon, Jac. de

* Matthew, of Wed.

* Matthieu, Peter

Matthiolus, P. And.

* Matri, DonEmman.
Maty, I*ilatthew

* Paul Henry

* Maucroix, Fran, de

* Mauduit, Michael

* Ifrael
Maugin, John
Maupertuis, P. Louis

* Maur, St.

* Maurepa-, count of
Mauriceau, Francis

* Maurolico, Francis

* Maurus, Terentian.

* MaufTac, Phil. Jam.
' Mautour, Phi). Ber.

Maxim us of Tyre

* Maximiliam I.
May, Thomas

* Louis du
Mayennej duke of v

* Maver. John Fred

* Tobias
Mayerne, firTheo. de
Maynard, Francis
Mayne, Jafper
Mayn waring, Arthur

* Mayow, John
Mazarine, Julius

* Mazochi,Alex.Sym.

* Mazzuchelli, Giam.

* Mazzuoli,Francefco
Mead, Richard

* MeadowcourtjRich.
Mede, Jofeph
Medici^ Cofmode

Medici s,

INDEX.

M dici, Lorenzo de

* Vlehegan, W Alex.
M ibomius

* Henry

* Ma.cus

* Meie , G. Frederic

, Pomponius
nclhon, Philip

* Melrtha, \rnoldde

* M eager

* Meletius
M.'hto

* Mt-l'an, Claude
Melmoth, William

* Melor, Jean Baptifl
M.''vil fir James
Menage, Giles
Menander
Menanr'rino, Marfilio

* Menard, C aude

* Dom N. Hugues

* Leo
Mencke, Otto

* John Burcard
Mendoza, Gon. P. de

John Gonzales

* Menedemus

* __ thr Cynic

* Meneftiier, J. B. le

* Claude Fran$ois

* Meng?, Ant. Raph.

* Meninlki,Francifcus

* Menippus, the Cynic

* MenzikotF, Alexan.

* Menzini, Benedict
Mercator, Gerard

Nicolas

* Mercier, Jean
Mercurial s, Jerome

* Mere, George Brof.

* Merian, Maria Sib.

* Merlin, Ambrofe

* Memck, James
Meifennus, Marin

* Merville, M. G. de
Merula, George

Paul

* Meienguy, F. Phil.

* Mefna'rdiere,H.J.P.

* Mefiis, Quintin

* Mellon, William

* Mctaftafio, Pietro

* Metelli, Auguftino
Me-hodius, bifhop

* Met trie, J. O. dela

* Me-zuel, Gabriel
Menrfius, John

* Meulnier, Philip

* Mcve', James
* Felix

Mt j zerai, Fran E. de
M zirac, C. G. B.
Michael

* Mi.radis, J. David

* Mickle, Win Julius
M cielius John
Middleton, fn Hugh

Conyers

* Miel, Jean

* M;eris, Francis

* William

Mi gnat d, Nicolas

* Peter

* M gnon, Abraham
M I bourne, Luke
Mill, John

Henry
Miller, James

* Philip
Milletiere, Th. Bra.

* M' Hot, C.F. Xavier
Milton, John
Mimnermus

* Minellius, John

* Mirabaud, J. Bap.

* Mirabeau, comtede
Mirandala, earl of

prince of
Miraeus, Aubertus
Miflbn,.F. Maxim.
Mitcheli, Jofeph
Modrevius, And. Fric.
Moine, Stephen le

* Peter le

Francis le

* Moivrc de

* Mola, Pietro Fran.

* GiovanniBattiita
M lefworth, Robert
MoJiere, J. B. P. de

* Molinaeus

* Peter du Moulin

* Molinet, John

* Molinet, Claud du
Mo;inos, Michael

* Molles, Daniel W.

* Moller, John
Molloy, Charles

* Molo

Molfa, Francis Maria

Tarquina
Molyneux, William

* Samuel

* __ Sir William

* Mombricius, M.

* Monamy, Peter

* Monantheuil,Henry
M nardes, Nicolas

* Monceaux, Francis

* Monconus,Balthafar

* Monerif, Francis
Mongault, Nicolas
Monk, George
Monk, the hon. Mrs.
Monnoye, Bernard

* Monnoyer, John B.

* Monro, Alexander

* John

* Alexander, D.D.
Monfon, Sir William
Montague, Dr. Rich.

Charles
Montague, Edward

* lady M. Wortley

* Edward Wortley
Montaigne, Michael

* Montalbani, Ovid
Montanus

Benedict Aries

John Baptift

* Montarrago, Mafca.

* Montaufier, Julie

* Montbelliard,Phil.

* Montecuculi, R.

* Monte Mayer, G.rlg

* Montenault, Charles
Montefpan, Madam de
Monteiquieu, Charles

* Montszuma
Montfaucon, Bernard

* Montforr, Simon
Montgaillard, Bernard

* Momgercn, Louis

* Montgomery, G. .

* Montgon, Charles

* Monti,

INDEX.

xli

* Monti, Jofeph

* Monjofieu, Louis de
Montmaur, Pcrer de

* Montmorency,Anne

* Charles de

* Montrofe, marquis
Moore, Philip

Sir James

* Robert

* Moiabin, James

* Morales, Ambrofe
Moranr, Philip
Morata, Olympia Ful.
Mordaunt, Charles
More, Sir Thomas
. Dr. Henry

Alexander
* Dr. John

* St. Antonio

* Moreau, James

* Moreelfe, Paul
Morel, Wm. and Fred.

Andreas

* Merely, Lord
Moreri, Lewis
Mores, Edward Rowe
Morett

Morgagni, John Bapt.
Morgues, Matthew de
Morhof, Daniel G.
'* Morice, Sir William

* Morillo, Bartholom.
Morir, John Baptiil

John

Simon

Stephen

* Henry

* Peter
* Lewis

* John

* Moriniere, Andrian
Morifon, Robert

Morifot, Claude B.

* Moreland, Samuel
Morley, Dr. George

* Morlin, Joachim

r Mornac, Anthony
Mornay, Philip de
'' Mortimer, John H.
Morton, Thomas

James, earl of

* William

VOL. I.

* Mofchopulus, E.

* Manuel
Mofchus and Bion

* Mofes, Mendelmon

* M : .conti
Mofheim, John L.
Mof?, Dr. Robert
Mothe le Vayer, Fran.

* de Boutigni
Motte, Antone Houd.
Motteux, Peter Ant.
Motteville, Frances
Motcley, John

* Moucheron, Ifaac
Moufet, Thomas

* Moulin, Peter du

* Peter du (fon)

* Gabriel du
Mountrorr, William

* Mouret, John Jof.

* Mourges, Matthew

* Michael

* Mouvans, Paul R.
Moyle, Waiter

* Moyfe, Henry

* Muet, Peter le

* Muggleton, Lodo.

* Muis, Simon de

* Muller, John

* John

* Mummius, Lucius

* Muncer, Thomas

* Muncker, Thomas
Munday, Anthony

* Mund.nus

* Munich, BurchardC.

* Mun nicks, John
Munfter, Sebaftian

* Muniing, A.braham
Muratori, Lewis Ant.
Muretus, Marc Anth.

* Murilio, Barthoiomy

* Men ay, James

* James

* James, earl of
-x- _ William

* _ W. earl of Man f.

* Mufa, Antonius
Mulaeus

Mufchenbroeck, P.de
Mufculus, Wolfangus

* Andrew

Mufgrave, Dr. Will.

* Mulius, Cornelius

* Muffate, Albenim

* Muflo, Cornelius
Mufurus, Marcus

* Mutian, Jeremy

* Mutius, Caelius

* > H LI brie

* Myrepfus, Nicolas

* Myfon

N^EVIUS,Cneios
* Nahum

* Nalton, James
Nani, John Baptift

* Nannius, Peter
Nantueil, Robert

* Naogeorgus, Thomas

* Napier, John
Nares, James
Naih, Richard

* Thomas

* Nathan, Ifaac

* Nattier, John Marc

* Laurence

* Navagiero_, Andrew

* Navagero, Bernard

* Navaretta,Ferdinand

* Bakhafar
Naude, Gabriel

Philip
Nayler, James
Neander, Michael
* Nearchus

* Nee ho

* Neckam, Alexander

* Neclarius
Needham, March a.

* John Tuberviile

* Needier, Benjamin

* Thomas
Neefs, Peter

* Nehemiah
Nelfon, Robert

* Valentine
Nemeiianus, Aurelius
Nemefius
Nemours, Marid'Orl.

* Nennius
Nepos, Cornelius

* Neri,

xlii

I N D EX.

*Neri, Philip de

* Nero, Claudius

* Nerva, Cocceius

* Ntlbir, Thomas
Neftor, ofRuffia
Netfcher, Gafpard
Neve, i imothy
Newcomb, Thomas
Newton, John

Sir liaac

Richard

Thomas, bp.

* Thomas
Nicaife, Claude
Nicander

* Nicaufis
Nicephoru-, Gregoras

Caliltus

Blemmidas
Niceron, John Francis

John Peter
Nicetas, David

Serron

Arhominates

* Nicholas, Abraham
Nichols, William

* Nicholls, Frank
* Nicolas
Nicole, John

Claude

Peter
Nicolfon, William

* Nicon

* Nicot, John

* Nicuhott, John de
Nieuwentyt, Bernard

* Niger, C. Pefcen.
Nigidus Figulus,Publ.

* Niphus, Auguilm

* Nifbet, Sir John
Nizolius, Marius
Noailles, Louis Antony
Noldius, Chriftian

* Nollet, John Anth.

* Nollikins, Jofeph F.

* Nonius, Marcellus
Nonnius, Lewis

Peter

Panoplites
Noodt, Gerard

* Nordbery, J. A.
Norden,FrederkLewi6

* Norden, John

'* Nores, Jafon de

* Norgate, Edward

* Noris, Henry
Norris, John

* _ John

North, F. lordGuildf.

Dr. John

George

* F. e. of Guild ford
Norton, Thomas

* Jhn

Noftradamus, Michel
Novat, or Novacus

* Noue, Francis de la

* Nowel, Alexander
Noy, William

* Nuck, Anthony
Nye, Philip

* . Nathanael

* ABATES, Titus
V^/Obrechr, Ulric

Obfequens, Julius

Obfopzrus, John

Occam, orOccham,W.

Occellus

Ochinus, Bernardin

Ockley, Simon

Oftavia

* Odazzi, John
Odell, Thomas

* Odenatus

* Odin
Odo, Saint
Odoran
Oecobrnpadius, John

* Oecumenius

* Otia

Ogden, Samuel
Ogilby, John

-' Oifel, James

* Okolfki, Simon

* Olahus, Nicolas
Oldcaftle, Sir John
Oldenburg, Henry

* Oldenburgen, P. A.
Olderman, John
Oldfield, Anne

Old ham, John
Oldmixon, William
Oldys, William
Odearius, Godfrey

Godfrey (fon)

Adam,

* Olen

Oliva, Alexander

John

* Oliver, Peter

* of Mdlmftury

* - William
Oliver, Jofeph
Oliveyra, Francis de

* Olybrius, FlaviusA.

* Olympiodorus
Olzoff-ki, Andrew

* Oneficritus
Onkelos

- Onomocritus
Onofancler
Onuphrius, PanviniuS

* Oort, Adam Van

* Ouil:, Jacques Van

* Opitius, Henry

Martin
Opits, Martin
Oporinus, John
Oppian

* Opfopscus, John
Optalus

* Orellana, Francis
Organa, Andrea

* Oribaiius
Origen

* Origny, PeterAdarr,

* Orleans, Lewis de

Peter Jofeph
Orobio, Baichafar
Oroiius, Paul
Orpheus
Orfato, Sertorio

* John Baptift

* Orli, John Jofeph

* Fr. J. Auguitinc
Ortelius, Abraham
Orville, James Philip
Oiborne, Francis

* Ofiu?, or Ofio, Felix

* Ofraond, St.
Oibrio, Jerome
Jerome

Offat,

I N D E X-

*
xlm

Oflaf, Arnaud de

* Oflian

Ortade, Andrian Van
Oftervald, John Fred.

* Ofwald, king

* F.rafmus

* Qfymandyas

* Otho

Venius
Ott, Henry

* Otter, John
Otvvay, Thomas
Oudin, Cafimir
Overall, John
Overbury, Sir Thomas

* Oudry, John Baptiit
Oughtred, William
Ovidius, Publius Nafo
Owen, Dr. John

John

* Dr. Henry

* George

* Charlts

* Ovvtram, William
Ozanham, James
Ozdl, John

|ACE, Richard
Paehymeius, G.

* Pacificus, Maxim us
Pacuvius, Marcus
Pagan, compte de

* Peter
Pagi, Anthony
- Francis
Pagninus, San&es

* Pajot, Louis-Leon
Fa!?e -non, Q^ Rhemm.

* Pala^ologus, Michael

* Palasphatus
Palaprat, John

* Palati

Palearius, Aonicus
Pal fin, John
Palingenius, Marcellus

* Pahify, Bernard de
Palladio, Andrew
Palladius
Pallavicini, Ferrante

Sforza

Palfgrave, John

Paraelius, James

Panard,Charles Francis

Pancirollus, Guy

Paniaenus

Panvinius, Onuphrius

Papias

Papin, Ifaac

Papinian

Pappus

Papyrius, Maflbn

* Parabofco>Girolamo
Paracelfus

* Para^in, William
Pardies, Ignarius G.

* Pare, Ambrofe
David

- Philip
-^ Daniel
Parent, Antoine

* Parfair, Francois
Paris, Matthew

* Francis
Parker, M mhew

Samuel

* Parkin fon^ John
Parmenides of Elcea

* Parmegiano, Mazi.

* Parmentier, Jean

* Parnell, Thomas
Parr, Catherine
Parrhalius ofEphefus

Janus

a rry, Richard
Parfon?, Robert

James
Parthenay, John de

Catherine de
Parma, Paul
x ^Pa=, Antoine de
Pafcal, Blaife
Pafor, Matthias

* Palquier, Stephen
PafTerat, John

* Pafferi,Giov.Battiite

* Giufeppe

* Giov. Battifta

* Pailionei, Dominico
" x " Patel of France
Paterculus, C.Velkius
Patin, Guy

Charles

Patrick, Simon

* Patiix, P^ter
Patru, Oliver
Pattifon, William

* Pavilion, Stephen
Pnil, Mark

" x " Sarpi
Paulinas

* Paulimer, James
Paufanias

* Pays Rene le
Pearce, Zachary
Pear Ion, John

* Pechantre,Nico!as ds

* Pechmeja, John de
Peck, Francis

Pecquet, John
Peeie, George
Peirefc, N. C. Fabfi
Pelagiu c ,thelierefiarch

* Peletier, Claude de
Pell, John

* Pelieg'in, Simon }.
Pelleerino, TitaUu

of Modena

* Pcllenn, J ; feph

* Pelletier, Jacques

* PelliiTon-Fontanief
Pembroke, Thomas

* Penington, liaac
Penn, William

* William
Penni, G. Francefco

* Penry, John
Pepu!cn,J.Chriftnphcr

* Perau, G.L.Calabre
Perefixe, Hardouin

* Perez, Antony

* P^rgolefi, G.Bartifta
Petizoniu?, James
Perrauir, Claude

Charles
Perrier, Francis

Charles
Perron, J. D.ivy du
Perrot, Nicolas
Perry, John

Per fuss, Aulus Flaccus

* Perugino, Pietro

* Peruzzi, Balda flare

* PefTelier, Charles S.
Pttavius, Dionyfius

Peter

xliv

INDEX.

Peter the Great
Petis de la Croix, Fr.

* Pttit, Samuel

Peter

Peter
Petitot, John

* Petiver, Jam p s
Petrarch, Francis
Petronius Arbiter, T.
Petty, William

* Peucer, Gafpard

* Peiuinger. Conrad

* Peyer, J. Conradus
Peyrtre, ](aac

* Pezay,Maflbn,TTiarq.

* Pezena=, Efpric
Pezron, Paul

* Planner, Tobias
Preffercorn, John

* Pfeifter, Auguihis

* Pfifter, Louis
Piuvdra?, theThracian

Thomas

* Phaer, Thomas
Phalaris of Aftypalea
Phidias

* Philelphu 6 , Francis

* Philemon

* Philip II.
Philips, Fabian

Catherine

John

Ambrofe
P i!o

Philolaus of Crotona
Pbiloponus, John
Philoilorgius
Philoftratus, Flavins
Phlegon, Trallianus

* Photinu- of Ancyra
Photius of Conftaht.

* Phrea-/Tr>^-!s/[r;hn
Pi izza, H- Barthol.

* Pi brae. See Faur
Picard, [or. a

im, Alex.

* P'coiomini, Francis

* Pider, Bened a

* Picus;. SeeMirandula
Pierce, Ed.v.^rd

Vcge

Pierius.See Valerianus

* Pigalle, JeanBaptifte
Pighius, Stephen V.
Pignorius, Laurentius
Piles, Roger de
Pilkington, Laetitia

* Pilpay

Pinaeus, Severinus
Pindar of Thebes

* Pineda, John

* Pinelli,JohnVincent
Pinturiccio, Bernard.
Piper, Francis le

* Piranefi, Giambatt.

* Piron, Alexis

* Pifan, Chriftina de
Pitcairne, Archibald
Pithou, Peter
Pitifcu-, Samuel
Pits, or Pitfeus, John
Pitt, Chiilopher

* William

* Pittacus

* Pizarro, Francis

* Placcius, Vincent

* Placentinus, Peter
Plucetie, Jean de la
Flantin, Chriftopher
Planudes, Maximus
Piatina, Barto. Saccbi
Plato the pbilofopher
Piatus, M.Accius
Playford, John

* PleftVRichrlieu
PliniuSecanduS,Caius

C. Secundu-,Caius
Plot, Robert
Plotinos

* Plowdi-n, Edmund
Piuch?, Antoine

* Plukener_, Leonard

* Plumie', Charles
PI march of Chctronea

* Pluvinel, Antoine
Pococke, Edward

Richard
Poggi^, Bracciolini

* Poilly, Francis

* Poinfinet.A.A.Hen.

* Pciret, Peter
Po'e, Reginald

* Pulemberg, Cornel.

PoHdoro, da Caravag,
Polignac, Melchior de

* Politi, Alexander
Politiano, Angelo
Pollux, Julius
Polyasnus

Polybius of Megalop.
Polycarp

* Pombal.S.J.Carvall.

* Pomet, Peter

* Pomey, Francis
Pomfretj John

* Pompadour, J. A, P.

* Pompey, Cneius

* Pompignan,J.J.leF.
Pomponatius, Peter

* Pomponius, L.Julius

* Pontanus, J. Jovian
Poole, Matthew
Pope., Alexander

* Popham, Cr John

* Pordenone, G.A.L^
Poree, Charles
Porphyrius of Tyre

* Porta, John B^prifta

* Portes, Philip des

* Poflevin, Antony

* Poftel, William

* Poftlethwayte^Mala.
Potenger, John

* Pott, Percival
Potter, Chriftopher

* or Poter, Paul
John

* Potiger, Francis Ame
Pourbus, P.andFrancis
Pouffin, Nicholas

* Gafpar

* Powel, David
Powell, William Sam.

* George

* Pozzo, Modefla
Pradon, Nicolas

* Praxiteles

* Premoutval, P. le G.
*Preftrele SeeVauban
Prefton, Thomas

* Prevotd'Exiles,A v F.
Pric^Ufj John

* Price, Richard
Prideaux, John

INDEX.

xlr

Primaticcio, Francefco

* Prince de Beaumont
Pringle, fir John
Priolo, Benjamin
Prior, Matthew
Prifcianus

* Prifcillian

* Pritz, John George
Proclus of Conftanti.
Procopius of Caefaiea
Prokopovitch
Propertius, S.Aurelius
Protogenes

Prudentius, Q^ Aurel.
Prynne, William
Pfalmanaza, George

* Pfellus, M. Con flan.
PtolemEEus, Claudius
Puffcndorf., Samuel de
Puoret, Perer

* Pulci^ Luigi

* Pulmannus, Theod.
Pulteney, William
Purcel), Henry
Purchas, Samuel
Purver, Antony
Puteanus, Erycius

* Putfchius, Elias
Puy, Peter de

* Puy-Segur, J. de C.
Pyle, Thomas

* Pynaker, Adam
Pyrrho
Pythagoras

OUADRATUS
Quarles, Francis
Quellinus, Erafmus

* Quenftedt, J. An.

* Querenghi, Antony

* Querlon,A.G.Meuf.
Quevno, Carnillo

* Quefnay, Francis
Quelhel, Pafquier
Quevedo, Francifco de
Quien, Michael le
Quillet, Claudius
Quin, James
Quinault, Philip
Quintilianus, M. Fab.

Quin tin Marfys
Qu'ntinis, John de la

* Quirini, Ang Maria

RABELAIS, Fran.
Racan, marquis
Racine, John
Radcliife, Alexander

John
Rainold 1 , John
Ralph, James
Ramazni, Bernarditi
Rameau, John Philip
Ramfey, And. Michael

* ._- Charles Lewis

* Allen
Ramus, Peter
Randolph, Thomas

* Thomas

* Pianrzan, Jofias
Raphael

* Kaphalengius.Fran.

* Rapin, Nicholas
* Renatus

deThoyrnSjPaul

* Rattal, John

* William

* Ravennas,Angellus
Rawlc^h, Sir \Valrer
Rawley, Dr. William
Ravviinion, Thomas

Thomas

Richard

Chriftophcr

* Rawiins, Thomas
Ray, or Wray, John

Benjamin

* Kaynal, Wm.Thos.

* Rauwolf, Leonard

* Read, Alexander
Real, Ccfar VichardSt.
Reaumur

* Reboulet, Simon

* Rede, William
Redi, Francis
Regiomontanus
Re^is, Peter Syivain

* Regius

Regnard, John Francis
Regnier, Math ui in

-' Regnler de Marers
'* Regulus,M. Auilitis
' x ' Reineccius, Reinier
Reinefius, Thomas
: Reinhold, Erafmus

* Ri-rifk , John Janus
RcUiiJ, Hidtian
Renibrant, van Rein

* Renauriot, Th.
Euiebius

* Rden'"u=, Peter John,

* Relfius, Rutger
Reuchlin, John

* Revet, Edward

* Reyneau, Char. Rene

* Reyner, John

* Reynolds, fir (ofhua

* R.eys, Antoinedes
'" Iliiaz's, Mohamed
Rhenanus, Beatus

* Rhefe, John David

* Rheticus, Geo. fda.

* Rhodiginus,Lnd.C.
' Rhodius, John

Rhodoman, Laurent.

* Rhoienamer, John

* Rihadeneira, Peter

* Ptibera

P*.i< au:, fir Paul

* Ricci, Sebailian
Riccioli, JohnBuptifla

* Richatds, Nathanael
llicharcion, Samuel

-x- John

* [onathan
Kurheiet, Caefar Peter
ili c helieu, J. A. a a Pie .

* Ricius, Paul

* Ricoboni, Antony
" x " Krdgely, Thomas
Ridley, Dr. Nicolas

* Ridpatb, George

* B. ; elcy, Henry
Rienzi, Nic. Gab. de
Rij/akius, Nicolas

* Rigaud, Hyacinthus
^ ivincoiu Antoniadel

* liinuecini, Oclavio

* Ripley, George
' ; Riiley, Thorn us

Riuerhulius, Conradus
Rizzio, David

Robert ion,

xlvi

INDEX.

R.obertfon, William

* George

* William
Robins, Benjamin

* Robinibn, Robert

* Robertelio, Francis
Rochefoucault, Francis
Rocheiter, J. Wilmot

* Rodney, lord
Roe, fir Thomas
Roemer. Ola us

* Roger, of Hexham
Rogers, Dr. John
Rohan, Henry duke of
Rohault, James

* Rolle, Michel
Rollin, Charles

* Rollius,ReinholdH.

* Rollock, Robert
Romano, Julio
Roniard, Peter de
Rooke, Sir George

* Lawrence
Roome, Edward

* Ro'a, Alba Cariera
Rolcommon, earl of
Rofmus, John

* Rois Alexander

* Roufe, John
Roufft-au, JohnBaptid

J -hn James

* Jamts
Rowe, NLholas

Elizabeth

* John

* Rowley

* William

* Samuel
llowning, John

* Royfe, Dr. George

* Job

Rubens, Sir Peter Paul
Rue, Charles de la

* . Charles de la

* Rufus, Ephefius

* Ruddiman, Thomas
Ruin art, Thierry

* Rule, Gilbert
Rufhwortb, John

* Rufltl, Alexander
Rutherforth, Thomas

* Rutillia

Ruym, Frederic
Ruyfdall, Jacob
Ryan, Lacy
Ryer, Peter du
Rymer, Thomas

* Ryves, Sir Thomas

* Bruno

_ * Sabellicus, M.A.

* Sabellius
Sabinus

Sabliere, Rambouiilet
Sacchi, Andrea
Sacheverell, Henry

* Sacchini, A.M;Gaf.
Sackvilie v Thomas

Charles

* Sacy leMaitre, L.I.

* Sadder

Sadleir, fir Ralph
Sadler, John
Sadolet, James
Sage, Alain Renele

* S.).redo, John
Saiute-Aldegonde
S:v.n r -Andie, Nathan.
Saint- Aulaire, marquis
Saint Cyran

Saint John, Henry

Sanadon, Noel-Steph.
Sanches, A.N.Ribeiro
Sanchez, Thomas
Sancho, Ignatius

* Sanchoniatho
Sancrott, \\ illiam
Sanclorius

* Sandeman, Robert

* Sanders, Robert

* Nicolas
Sanderfon, Dr. Robert

Robett
Sandrart, Joachim
Sandys, hdwin
Sandys, Sir Jldwin

George
Sannazarius James
Sanfon, Nicolas

* San ten I, J. Baptiftde

* Sandlorius
Sappho

Sar.iin, John Francis

* Sardanapalus

* Sarjeai.t, John
Sarilbury, John of

* Sarpi, P^ni
Saito, Ardraea del

* Scevole

* Sahrio
Sale, George

* Sai.fbu;}, John of

* -^ Rob.Ceci!,earlof
Sallengrc, Aib. H. de
Sallo, Denis de
SalluiVius

* Salmanazar
Salmafius

* Salmon, William
N.itha ael

Salter, Samuel
Salvator, Rofa
Salvian

Salviati, Francifco
Giofeppe

* Salvini, An. Marie

* Samplon, Henry

Savage, Richard

J hn
Savary James

* N.

Savile, Sir Henry

S.r Geoige

* Saun iers
Saunderfon, Nicolas
Savonarola Jrroni
Saur'n, J<imes

* J ieph

* Sa ye', ^ir Robert
S xe, i\rturice,compte
x ' -axo, Grammaucus
Say, Samuel

Si-.aia, Ba> -f'-eml

* Altxai' ina

r, Ju.-.us Caefar
Juthis

* Sc rbou ugh, Sir C.

* Scapula John

* Scatron, Paul
Schaef, Charles

* Schallcen

INDEX.

xlvii

* Schalken
Schefftr, John
Scheiner, Chriftopher
Schiavone,, Andrea
Schmidc
Schoepflin, Fred, duke

* Sen oner, John
Schorel, John
Schottus, Andreas
Screvelius, Cornelius
Schu'tens, Albert
Schurman, AnnaMaria

* Schwanz Berthokt
Scioppius, Galper

* Seiner, Wiliiam
Scor, Heynolde
Scott, Dr. John

* Daniel

* Michael

* David

* John

* Scougal, Henry

* Scriverius, Petrus
Scudery, George de

Magdeleine de

* Seba, Albert
Sebaftiano

Seckendorf, Gui Louis
Seeker, Thomas
Secundus, John

* Securis, John
Sedley, Sir Charles

* Sedulius

* Seed, Jeremiah
Segrais
Selden, John

* Semiramis
Seneca
Sennertus, Daniel

Andrew

* Sepulveda

* Serapion, John of

* Sere n us

* Sertio, Sebaftian
Serranus

* Seryandoni, J. Nic.
Servetus, Michael
Servius

* Settle, Elkanak

* Serverus, Sulpicius

* Sulpicius
Cornelius

Sevigne, marquiffe de
Sevvell, William

George
Sextus Empiricus

* Sforza, James

* Francis
Shadwell, Thomas
Shakefpeare, Wiliiam

* Shamgar

Sharp, James, abp.
Sharpe, Gregory
Sharp, John

* Sharrock, Robert
Shaw, Thomas
Sheffield, d. of Bucks.
Sheldon, Gilbert

* Shelley, George
Shenftone, William

* Snepreve, John
Sherburne, SirEdvvard
Sherebatof, Prince
Sheridan, Thomas

Frances
Sheilock, William

Dr. Thomas

* Richard
Shirley, James

* Henry

* Shore, Jane
Shovel, Sir Cloudefley

* Shower, John

* Shrewlbury, count.

* Shuter, Edward

* Sibbald, Sir Robert

* Sirinus Dentatus
Sidney, Sir Philip

Algernon
Sidonius
Signorelli. Luca
Siuonius, Carolus

* Silanion

Silius Italicus, Caius

* Simeon, Stilites
Simon, Richard

* Mag vis

* of Durham

* Simoneau, Charles
Simonides
Simplicius
Simpfon, Thomas

* John

* Robert

Sirmond, James
Sixtus V.

* Skelton, John
Skinner, Stephen
Sleidan, John

* Slingeland, J. P. van
Sioane, Sir Hans

* Sluyf, James Vander
Smalridge, George

* Smart, Chriftopher

* Smeaton, John

* Smellie, William
Smith, Sir Thomas

John

Thomas

John

Edmund

* John

*" George

* Adam
Smollett, Tobias
Smyth, James-Moore

* Snorro, S:urlefonius
Sayders, Francis

* Sobielki, John III.
Sod n us, Laelius

Fauftus
Socrates, philofopher

of Conitantinople

* Solander, D.Charles

* Sjli-gnac, Peter Jof.

* Soliman II.
Solimene, Francis
Solinus, Caius Julius
S'ii'8, Antonio de
Solomon,BenJobJalla
Solon or Athens
Somers, John lord
Somervile, William
Scm. er, William
Sophocles of Athens
Soranus of Ephefus

* Sorbait, Paul
Soroiere, Samuel

* Sorbonne, Robert de

* S.>to, Dominic

* Souchi, Jean Bapt.

* Soufflot, James Ger.
South, Robert
Southern, Thomas
Sozomen, Hermias

* Spa^nolettc>, J. R.

* Spagnoii.

xlviii

INDEX.

* Spagnoli./".Mantuan

Spanheim, Frederic

Ezekiel

Frederic
Speed, John
Spelman, Sir Henry
Spence, Joieph
Spercer, John

* Spener, Phi!. James
Spenfer, Edmund
Sperone, Speron
Spinckes, Nathanael

* Spinello, Aretino

* Spin? la. Ambrofe
Spncza, Benedict de
Spon, Chailcs

Jarr.es

Spondanus, Joannes
- Henricus

Spoti wood, Jchn
Sprangber, Bmhol.
Spra% Tho.T.as
Squire, Samuel

* Steal, madame de
Stackhoufe, Thomas

* Siahl, Geon;eErneft

* Stanhope, George

* Pnilip Dormer

* StaniflauL-, Leczinfki
Sranley, Thomas

Thomas

* Stanyhurft, R : chard

* Staplet< n, Thomas
Statiu?, Pub. Papinius
Stave] y, Thomas
Sreele,' Sir Richard
Stella, James

* Steno, Nicholas
Stephana Byzantinus
S'ephens, Flenry

Robe vt

Henry

* Paul

Robert
Stepney George
Sterne, Laurence
Sternhold, 1 homas
Stefu horus of Himera
Stillingfleer, Edward

Benjamin
Stobasus,, Joannes

* Stock, Chriflian

Stone, John

* Edmund

* Stork, Abraham
S r owe, John
Strabo

Strada, Famianus

* John
Straight, John

* Scrange, Sir Robert
Sweater, Robert

* Sirozzi, Titus Here.

* Cyriaco

* Struvius, G. Adam

* Burch. Gotihelf
Strype, John

* Stuart, James

* Gilbe.t
Stubbe, Henry
S-ubbs, oeorge
Srukeley, William

* Suinica, J. Lopez
Sturmius, James
John

* JohnChriftopher

* Suarez, Francis
Suckling, Sir John
Sueroniu?, C. S.Tran.
Sueur, Euflache le

* Suger of Touri
Suicer, John Gafpard
Suidas

Sully, duke of
Sulpicia
Sulpicius Sevetus

* Sulzer, John George
Sumcrokof. Alexander

* Surenhufius, Win.

* SuicliiTe, Matthew
Sutton, Thomas
Suze, Hen.deColigni
Svvammerdam, John

* Swedenborg, Em an.
Swift, Jonathan

Deane

* Svvinton, John
Sybrecht, John
Sydenham, Thomas

* Floyer
Sylburgius, Fredericus
*Syiveikr, Jofhua
Sylvius, James
Symmachus

Synefius
Synge, Edward
Syrus, Publius

* Tachard, G.
Tacitus, Caius Cornel.

* Tacqi.er, Andrew

* Taffi, Andrea

* Ti.liacotius, Gafpar

* Tallard, count of
Xallis, Thomas

* Tamerlane
Tanner, Thosvas

* Tat.fi. !o, Luigi

* Tarin, Pierre

* Tartini, Giuleppe
Tolio, Torquato

* Taflbni, Aleflandro
Tare, Nabum
Tatian of Aflyria
Tatifichef, Vaffili
Tatius. Achilles
Tauhman, Frederick
Ta vernier, John Bap,
Taylor, Jeiemy

John

* BiO'k

* Tell, William

* Te liier,F.M icliael de

* Tcnipcuii, Antonio
Tenip'e, fir William
Temple finan, Peter

* Ter;cin,C!.Alexand
Teniers, David

* David
Tenilor, Dr. Thomas

* Ter burgh, Gerard
Terentius, Poblius
TerraiTon, John

* Tertre, F.J.Duport
Ter tuilia 0,0.8. Florens

* Telia, P.etro

* Tex'or. bee Tixier
Themiftius

* Themiitocles
Theobald, Lewis
Theocritus

Theodore,

INDEX.

Theodore, of Corfica
Theodoret
Theognis

Theophanes, Prokop.
Theophilus
Theophraftus
* Theophylaft
Thevenot, Melchifedec

* Thiers., JohnBaptift
Thtrlby, Styan
Thomas, William

William

Mrs.

* Antony Leonard
Thomfon, James
Thore{by, Ralph

* Thorius, Raphael
Thornhill, fir James
'* Thornton, Bonnei
Thuanus, J.Auguftus
Thucydides
Thurloe, John

* Thyfius, Antony
Tibullu*, Albius
Tickell, Thomas

* Richard

* Tillemans, Peter
Tillemont, S. le Nain
Tillotlon, John
Tindal, Dr. Matthew
-. Nicholas
Tintoretto, Giacomo

* Tiraqueau, Andrevv
Titian, or Titiano
Titley, Walter

* Tixier, John
Todd, Hugh
Toland, John
Tollius, jacobus

* Cornelius

* Alexander
Tooke, Andiew

George

Thomas
Torrentius, Lcevinus

* John
Toricelli, Evangelifte

* Totila

* Tup, Jonathan
Tournefort, J. Pitt.de
Tolzetti, [. Targioni
Tralian, Alexander

Trapezuntius, Georg.
Trapp, Jofeph
Tremellius, Immanuel
Trenchard, John
Triilino, John George

* Trcgus, Pompeius

* Trommius,Abraham

* TrurnbulJ, William
Tryphiodorus
Tucker, Abraham
Tunftall, James
Tull, Jethro
Turnebus, Adrian
Tye, Chriflopher

* Tyers, Thomas
Tyndale, William

Tyrannion
' /

Tyrtaeus

* Tyrwhitt, Thomas

* Tytler, William
Tzetzes, John

VAILLANTJ.F.
* J. Fra. Foy

* Sebaitian

* Vaiilete, Jofeph

* Valens

* Valentin

* Valen-ine
Valerianus, Pierius
Valerius, Maximus
Valeliu e , Henricus

Adrian

* Valincourt, J. B. H.
Valla, Laurentius

George
^Valfalvia, Ant. Maria

* Valverda, Johannes

* Vanaken, Joieph
Vanbrugh, Sir John
Vandale, Antony
Vander-Linden,J.Ant.

* Vander-monde,C.A.
Van Dyck, Sir Anth.
Van Huyfum, John
Vane, Sir Henry
Vaniere, James
Vanini

* Vanloo, Carlo

* Michael

* Vanloo, J. Baptift

* Charles Andrew
Varenius, Bernard

Varillas, Antoine

* Varius

Varro, M. Terentius

* Atacinus
Vafari, Georgius
VavafTor, Francis
Vaugelas, Cl. Favre de

Veil, de Compeigne

* Veiflieres,M.delaC.
Velferus, Marcus

* Venner, Thomas

* Tobias

* Vere, Sir Francis

* Sir Horace
Vergil, Polydore

* Verheyen, Philip

* Vernet

* Vernon, Edward
Verrochio, Andrea

* Verfkovis, J.Francis

* Verftegan, Richard
Verfchuring, Henry

Vertot 5 ReneAubert de
Vertue, George
Vefalius, Andreas

* Vicary, Thomas

* Viclor, of Utica

Sextus Aurelius

* Viftorius, Benedict

Peter

Vida, M. Hieronymus

* Vigand, John

* Vigilius "

* Vignoles, Sreph. de

* Vignole, J.Barozzio

* Villaret, Claude

* Villena, marquis of

* Villcncuve, G. Suf.
Villiers,G.d. of Bucks.
George, Di to

r < Vincent, Nathanafei
Vinci, Leonardo da

* Viner, Sit Robert
Vines, Richard

* Vinnius, Arnold
Virgil, P. V. Maro

* Vitellio

* Vitringa, Campege
Vitruvius, M. V. Pollio

Vives,

INDEX,

Vives, Joh. Ludovicus
Viviani, Vincentio
Voetius, Gilbert

* Voifin, Dan. Francis
Yoiture, Vincent
Volkof, Feodor

* Volmar, Ifaac
Voltaire, M. F. Arouet

* Vondel, JolTe da

* Vopifcus, Flavius
Vorftius, Conrade

* Vos, Martin de

* Voffius, John Ger.
Ifaac

* Dionyfius

* Gerard
Vouet, Simon

* Vroon,H. Cornelius
Urceus, Anth. Codrus

* TJrfmus, Zachary
Urfus, N. Rairnarus
Ufher, James

* Utenhovius, Charles

'Adfworth, T.
Wagenfei!, |.
Wagner. John James
WagftafFe, Thomas
Wake, Dr. William

* Sir Ifaac

* Wakefie.'d, Robert

* Walker, Robert

* George

* Samuel

* Obadiah

* Wall, Dr. Martin
WalUr, Edmund
\VallU, John

Wai pole, Sir Robert
VValfh, William

* Walfyngham, Tho.
Sir Francis

Walton, Brian

Ifaac

* Wanley, Nathanael

Humphrey
Wanfleb, J. Michael
Warbvmou, William

* Ward, Samuel

* Edward

Ward, John
Ware, Sir James
Wargentin, Peter
Warham, William
Warner, Ferdinando

* Warton, Th >mas

.* Warwick, Sir Philip
Waterland, Dr. Daniel
Wa.tfon, John

* Thomas

* James

* David
Watteau, Anthony
Watts, Dr. Ifaac
Webb, Ph. Carteret
'" Benjamin

* Webiier, William
Wechel, Chriftian

Andrew

* Weever, John
Welles, Samuel

* Wells, Edmund
Welded, Leonard

* Weiwood, James
-x- Thomas
Wentworth, Sir Tho.
Wefley, Samuel

Samuel, junior

* John

* Cnarles
Weii, Gilbert

James

* Elizabeth

Thomas

* Weflfield, Thomas
Weftein, John James
Wharton, Henry

duke of

* Whately, William
Wheare, Degory
Wheeler, Sir George
Whichcot, Benjamin
Whifton, William

* \vhitaker, William
Whitby, Daniel

* White, John, bp.

* Richaid
* Francis

* Thomas

* Anglus
Nathanael

Whitehead, Paul

* Whitehead, William

* Whirehurfr, John

* Whitelocke, Sir J.

Builtrode
Whitgifr, John

* W T hitting'.on,Robert

* Richard
Wick lift, John
Wi<quefbrr, Abr. de

Wida, Herman de

* Wild, Henry

* Wildr, William
Win es, Thomas

* Wilaman, Major J.
Wilkins, John

David

* tVilkinfon, Henry

* Williams, Sir C.H.

John

Anna

* Dr. John

* Didan

* William deNangius
Willis, Thomas

* - Browne
Willoughby, Francis
Wilibn, Aithur

Bp. Thomas

Dr. Thomas

* Florence

* Wimpina, Conrad
Winchellea, countefs
Winkelman, Abbe

* Winfchomb, John
-x ' Window, Ja.Benig.

* Winftantev,WilliB

* Win (Ion, Thomas

* Wing, Vincent

* Winiown, Atidrew
Winwood, Sir Ralph
Wirk-y, WiU'ain
Wile, Francis

* Wifehart, William

* Wifcheartj George
Witling, William

* Withers, George
Witfius, Herman
W r o fH n g to n , Ma rg a ret
Wolfe, Gen. James
Vv'o'ff, Cbiiftian
Wollarton, William

* \Voilebius, John

Wolfeley,

INDEX.

Wolfeley, Robert
Wolfey, Thomas
Wood, Anthony

Robert

* . Ifaac

* James

* Woodhall, John

* V. oodcote, Robert
WoodTord, Samuel

* Woodheaci, Abraham

* Woodville, Elizab.
Woodward, John

Henry
Woolfton, Thomas

* Wooton, John
Wormius, Olaus
Worfdale, James

* Worthington, John
William

Wotton, Sir Henry

William

* Edward
Wouverman, Philip

Wray, Daniel
Wren, Chriitopher
Matthew

* Matthew (fon)
Wrighte, Sir Nathan
Wright Samuel

* Edward

* Abraham

* Wyat, Sir Thomas
Wycherley, William

* VVvck "
Wykeham, Wm. of

* Wynantz

* Wyndham, William

* Wyvill, Robert

XENOPHON
Xenophon, Eph.
Ximenes, Francis
Xylander, Gulielmug
Xyphilin, Joha

YALDEN, Tho.
V^oung, Edward

* Young, Robert

ZACUTUS
* Zechariak

* Zeno

* Zenobia
Zeuxis

* Zefha, John

* Zoilus
Zonaras, John
Zoroafter
Zofimus

* Zouch, Richard

* Zouft, Gerard
Zucchero, Taddeo
Frederico
Ziiinglius, Ulricas

A NEW

NEW- AND GENERAL

BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY

A (PETER VANDER), a bookfeller at Ley den, was living
in 1729. He publifhed an Atlas of 200 charts made
after the long voyages from 1246 to 1696. Thefe charts are
defective in point of accuracy. They may be had feparate, or
conjointly with a large collection of prints, reprefenting the
towns, cities, houfes, habits, and ceremonies of different people,
with the animals and vegetables, &c. that are to be found in
different parts of the world. This immenfe work is intituled
Galerie agreable. du Monde, in 66 vol. fol. though generally
bound in 35. No letter-prefs of explanation or defcription is
added either to the maps or the plates ; ib that it is calculated
lefs for the ufe of the learned than to amufe the curiofity of the
ignorant. He continued Gnevius's Thefaurus, or an account
of the modern Italian writers, in fix ether volumes, with the
Thefaurus Antiquitatum Sicilise.

AAGARD (NICHOLAS and CHRISTIAN), brothers, born at.
Wieburg in Denmark, the beginning of laft century. The
former is known for his philofophical works and feveral traces,
difputations upon Tacitus in particular j the latter for his ex-
cellent poetry.

AALST (EVERARD), a dutch painter, born at Delft in 1602,
Succeeded in fruit pieces and armory, died in 1658.

AALST (WILLIAM), his nephew, is faid to have excelled
his uncle ; his pictures are moft known in Holland. He was
born in 1620, and died in 1679.

AARON (SCHASCHON), a celebrated rabbi, author of the
Law of Truth, printed at Venice 1631, fol.; birth and death
uncertain.

VOL. I. B AARON,

2 A A R S E N S.

AARON, a prefbyter of Alexandria, the author of thirty
books on phyfic in the fyriac tongue, which he called the Pan*
decls. They were fuppofed to be written before 620, and were
translated out of the fyriac into arabic, by Maferjawahius, a
fyrian Jew, and a phyfician in the reign of the calif Merwan,
about A. D. 683; for then the Arabians began to cultivate the
fciences and to ftudy phyfic. In thefe he has clearly defcribed
the fmall-pox, and the mealies, with their pathognomonic fymp-
toms, and is the firft author that mentions thofe two remarkable
difeafes, which probably firft appeared and were taken notice
of at Alexandria in Egypt, foon after the Arabians made them-
felves mafters of that city, in A. D. 640, in the reign of Omar
Ebnol Chatab, the fecond fucceflbr to Mohammed. But both
thofe original Pandects, and their tranflation, are now loft , and
we have nothing of them remaining, but what Mohammed
Rhazis coUe&ed from them, and has left us in his Continens ;
fo that we have no certain account where thofe two difeafes
firft appeared; but it is moft probable that it was in Arabia
Fcelix, and that they were brought from thence to Alexandria
by the Arabians, when they took that city.

AARON, the Caraite, furnamed HARISCON, practifed phyfic
at Constantinople in 1294 : he is author of a Commentary on
the Pentateuch, extant in MS. in the french king's library,
tranflated by John Danz,i 7 1 0, fol. ; a Hebrew Grammar, printed
1581 at Conftantinople ; and MSS. Annotations on Joftma,
Judges, Samuel, Kings, Ifaiah, and the Pfalms, wherein he fol-
lows almoft every where the literal fenfe.

AARON (HACHARON), ?'. e. pofterior, to diftinguifh him
from the laft named, was born in 1346, at Nicomedia. His
writings are much valued by the Caraite Jews, who hold his
opinions for oracles. His principal work, intitled the Garden of
Eden, contains the doctrines and cuftoms of his nation. There
are fome MSS. of his {till in being, on the Law. The time of
his death uncertain.

AARON, Levite of Barcelona, author of 613 precepts on
Mofes, Hebr. Venice 1523, 410, died 1292.

AARON (BEN CHAIM), chief of the fynagogue of Fez and
Morocco, at the beginning of the I7th century, author of a Com-
mentary on the Prophets, intituled the Heart of Aaron ; one
on the Syphra, and another on the Law, all three printed at
Venice, in fol. 1609.

AARON (BEN ASFR), a celebrated rabbi, faid to have in-
vented the hebrew points and accents, towards the 5th century.
Bomberg printed his Hebrew Grammar in 15 15, fol. It is alio
in the Biblia Rabbinica, fol. 1518.

AARSENS (FRANCIS), lord of Someldyck and Spyck, was
one of the greateft negotiators the United Provinces ever had.

Cornelius

A A R S E N S. 3

Cornelius Aarfens his father was regifter to the ftates ; and
being acquainted with Mr. du PlefTis Mornay at the court of
William prince of Orange, prevailed upon him to take his fon
under him, with whom he continued fome years. John Olden
Barnevelt, who prefided over the affairs of Holland and all the
United Provinces, fent him afterwards agent into France [A];
where he learned to negotiate under thofe profound politicians,
Henry IV", Villeroy, Rofny, Silleri, Jeannin, &c. ', and acquitted
himfelf fo well, as to obtain their approbation. Soon after he
was appointed ambaffador, being the fir it who was recognized
as fuch by the French court ; at which time Henry IV. de-
clared, that he fhould take precedence next to the Venetian
miniltcr. He refided in France fifteen years ; during which time
he received great marks of efteem from the king, who created
him a knight and baron ; and for this reafon he was admitted
amongft the nobles of the province of Holland. However, he
became at length fo odious to the french court, that they de-
fired to have him recalled [u]. He was afterwards deputed to
Venice, and to feveral gcrman and Italian princes, upon occa-
(5on of the troubles in Bohemia: this was in 1620, and it is to be
obferved, fays Mr.Wicquefort[c], " that the french king ordered
the duke of Angouleme, the count of Methune, and abbs des
Preaux, his three ambaffadors, not to receive vifits from Mr.
Aarfens, who came from the fcates of the United Provinces to
negotiate with fome german and Italian princes, upon the fame
affairs of Bohemia for which the ambaffadors of France had
been deputed. The order fent for this purpofe fignified, that
it was not intended as any indignity to the Hates, with whom
the king was defirous to live always in friendfhip, but entirely
upon account of Mr. Aarfens, for his having a6ted in a manner
inconfiftent with the intereft and dignity of his majefty [D]."
Mr. Aarfens was the firft of three extraordinary ambaffadors
fent to England in 1620 ; and the iecond, in 1641 [E]. In this
lait embaffy his colleagues were the lord of Brederode firft arn-
baffador, and Heemfvliet as third ; they were to treat about the
marriage of prince William, fon to the prince of Orange. He was
alib ambaffador extraordinary at the french court in 1624^];
:>nd cardinal Richelieu having juft taken the adminiftration into
his hands, and knowing he was an able man, employed him to
ierve his own purpofes. Aarfens died in a very advanced agej

A] Du Mauriei's memoirs^ p. 377. in his name to the ftates general, of a da-

s] Ibid. fainatory libel, v/ritten, (igned, and pub-

c] Wicquefort's treatife on ambaf- luhed by Francis Aarfens, to the gteat

fadors, torn. i. p. 658. fcandal ar.d difhonour cf the member of

[_"n J This paffage in Wicquefort maybe his majefly's council ; for which no fatif-

illulLrated by the following in Du Maurier: faulion could then be obtained."

*' In the year i6i8/'fays he, " the king [tl Wicquefort, vol. i. p. 650. 7-0.

commanded Mr. De Boiiufe to complain ['FJ Da Mauricr, p. 3^6.

B 2 and

4 AARSENS.,

and his fon, who furvived him, was reputed the wealthieft marl
in Holland. He has left very -accurate and judicious memoirs
of all thole embaflies in which he was employed ; and it mult be
obferved, that the various initrucYions given him by the ftates,
and all the credential letters he carried in his later embaflies,
were drawn up by himfelf : whence we may conclude, fays Mr.
Wicquefort [G], that he was the ableft pcrfon in all that country,
not only for conducting negotiations, but for instructing am-
bafladors what to negotiate upon.

Du Maurier, in his Memoirs [H], fays, " that he was of a fpirit
the mod dangerous that ever arofe in the United Provinces, and
the more to be dreaded, as he concealed all the malevolence and
artifice of foreign courts under the appearance of dutch blunt-
nefs and fimplicity , that he was vehement and perfuafive, could
advance arguments in favour of the woril caufes, had an in-
triguing genius, and had kept a fecret correfpondence with fome
great men in France, whofe conduct was not only fufpetled, but
highly offenfive to the king , and that, having bribed the french
ambalTador's iecretary at the Hague, he difcovered the mod
fecret defigns of the french court." By this account we may
fee, that Aarfens was a man of great abilities, and had an ex-
cellent turn for political negotiations : but whilft Du Maurier
inveighs fo warmly againft this flatefrnan, he lets us into a cir-
cumftance, which may teach us not to give too much credit to
his invectives -, for he informs us, that there was an irrecon-
cilable enmity betwixt his father and Aarfens.

AARSENS, or AERSENS (PETER), called by the Italians
Pietro Longo from his rallnefs, was a celebrated painter, and
born at Amfterdam in 1519 [T]. His father, who was a ftocking-
maker, had intended to train him in his own way ; but the
mother, fin-ding in him an inclination towards painting, was re-
iolved that her fon mould purfue his genius, even though flic
always were forced to fpin for her livelihood : and to this the
good man her hufband, we fuppofe for peace fake, at length
contented. His iirll: mailer was Alart Claefler, an eminent painter
in Amfterdam ; under w'hom he fo diftinguiihed himfeif, that
he toon engaged the attention of the great. When he was about
eighteen, he went to Bofiuin Hainault, to view the pieces of
feveral mailers ; thence to Antwerp, where he married, and en-
tered into the company of painters. He excelled very particu-
larly in reprefenting a kitchen : but indeed he excelled upon all
kinds of fubjecTts. An altar-piece of his, viz. a crucifix, fetting
forth an executioner breaking with an iron bar the legs of the
thieves, &c. was prodigiouily admired. This noble piece was

fc"| Vol. ii. p. 435. [i] Baldinucci r.otizie de profeflbri,

[a] P. 376. &o. lorn. i. printed a: Florence, 1728.

8 deftroyed

A B A R I S.

deftroyed by the rabble in the time of the infurreHon anno
1566, although the lady of Sonneveldt in Alckmaer offered 200
crowns for its redemption, as the furious peafants were bring-
ing.it out of the church : but they tore it to pieces, and trod it
under foot. What pain to an artift, to fee his matter-piece de-
molifhed ! and indeed he afterwards complained of it to the
populace in terms of fuch feverity, that more than once they
were going to murder him. He died in 1585, leaving three fons,
who fucceeded in his profeffion. He had a mean afpecl, which
he did not amend by any attention to the exterior j for he always
appeared very meanly drefled.

AARTGEN, or AERTGEN, a painter of merit, was the
fon of a wool-comber, and born at Leyden in 1498. He work-
ed at his father's trade till he was eighteen, and then, having
difcovered a genius for defigning, he was placed with Cornelius
Engeihechtz, under whom he made a confiderable progrefs in
painting. He became fo diftinguimed, that the celebrated Fran-
cis Floris went to Leyden out of mere curiofity to fee him.
Finding him lodged in a poor half-ruined hut, and living in a
very mean ftyle, he follicited him to go to Antwerp, promifihg
him wealth and rank fuitable to his merit ; but Aartgen refufed,
declaring that he found more fweets in his poverty, than others
did in their riches. It was a cuftom with this painter, never to
work on mondays, but to devote that day with his difciples to
the bottle. He ufed to {troll about the ftreets in the night,
playing on the german flute ; and in one of thofe frolics he was
drowned in 1564 [K].

ABA, afcended the throne of Hungary in 1041 or 1042. He
was brother-in-law to Stephen, the fnrft chriftian king of that na-
tion. He defeated Peter, furnamed the German, nephew and
fuccefibr to Stephen, atid obliged him to retire into Bavaria.
The exactions and extortions of Peter occafioned him to lofe the
crown. Aba^ elected in his place by the grandees of the king-
dom, was guilty of great cruelties, and ravaged both Auftria
and Bavaria ; but, being vanquifhed in battle by the emperor
Henry III, furnamed the Black, he was put to death by his own
fubjecls, in 1044, as an outrageous tyrant.

ABARIS, a celebrated fage of antiquity, whofe hiftory and
travels have been the fubjet of much learned difcuuion. Such
a number of fabulous ftories were told of him, that Herodotus
himfelf feems to fcruple to relate them. He tells us only, that
this barbarian was faid to have travelled with an arrow, ami to
have taken no fuflenance : but does not acquaint us with the
marvellous properties which were attributed to that nrrov.* $ nor
that it had been given him by the Hyperborean Ape llo. - ith

[K] Baldinucci notizie de profeHori, &c. ,i?'nsforc.

B 3 regard

6 A B A R I S.

regard to the occafion of his leaving his native countrv, Harpo-
cration tells us, that the whole earth being infefted with a deadly
plague, Apollo, upon being confulted, gave no other anfwer than
that the Athenians fhould offer up prayers in behalf of all other
nations : upon which, feveral countries deputed ambafladors to
Athens, among whom was Abaris the Hyperborean. In this
journey, he renewed the alliance between his countrymen and
the inhabitants of the iiland of Delos. It appears that he alfo
went to Lacedrernon ; fince, according to fome writers, he there
built a temple confecrated to Proferpine the Salutary. It is af-
ferted, that he was capable of foretelling earthquakes, driving
away plagues, laying ftorms, &c. He wrote feveral books, as
Suidas informs us. Himerius the fophiil applauds him for fpeak-
ing pure Greek ; which attainment will be no matter of wonder
to fuch as conficler the ancient intercourfe there was between
the Greeks and Hyperboreans. If the Hebrides, or weftern
iflands of Scotland (fays Mr. Toland), were the Hyperboreans
of Diodorus, then the celebrated Abaris was of that country ;
and likewife a druid, having been the prieil of Apollo. Suidas,
who knew not the diftinction of the infular Hyperboreans, makes
him a Scythian -, as do fome others, milled by the fame vulgar
error -, though Diodorus has truly fixed his country in an iiland,
and not on the continent. Indeed the fictions and miftakes con-
cerning our Abaris are infinite : however, it is by all agreed that
he travelled quite over Greece, and from thence into Italy, where
he converfed familiarly with Pythagoras, who favoured him be-
yond all his difciples, by inilructing him in his doctrines (efpe-
cially his thoughts of nature) in a more compendious method
than he did any other. This diftinclion could not but be very
advantageous to Abaris. The Hyperborean in return prefented
the Samian, as though he equalled Apollo himfelf in wifdom,
with the facred arrow, on which the Greeks have fabuloufly re-
lated that he fat aftride, and flew upon it through the air, over
rivers and lakes, forefts and mountains ; in like manner as our
vulgar dill believe, particularly thofe of the Hebrides, that wi-
zards and witches fly w r hitherfoever they pleafe on their broom-
fticks. The orator Himerius above mentioned, though one of
thofe who, from the equivocal fenfe of the word Hyperborean,
feem to have miftaken Abaris for a Scythian, yet describes his
perfon accurately, and gives him a very noble character. " They
relate (fays he) that Abaris the fage was by nation an Hyper-
borean, appeared a Grecian in fpeech, and refembled a Scy-
thian in his habit and appearance. He came to Athens, hold-
ing a bow in his hand, having a quiver hanging on his fhoul-
ders, his body wrapt up in a plaid, girt about the loins with
a gilded belt, and wearing trowfers reaching from his wain:
downward." By this it is evident (continues Mr. Toland)

that

ABASSON. 7

that he was not habited like the Scythians, who were always co-
vered with fkins ; but appeared in the native garb of an aborigi-
nal Scot. As to what relates to his abilities, Himerius informs
us, that ' c he was affable and pleafant in converfation, in dif-
patching great affairs fecret and induftrious, quick-fighted in
prefent exigencies, in preventing future dangers circumfpecl:,
a fearcher after wifdom, defirous of friendfhip, trufting little
to fortune, and having every thing truited him for his pru-
dence. " Neither the Academy nor the Lycaeum could have
furniflied a man with fitter qualities to travel ib far abroad, and
to fuch wife nations, about affairs no lefs arduous than impor-
tant. And if we further attentively confider his moderation in
eating, drinking, and the ufe of all thofe things which our natu-
ral appetites inceffantly crave ; joining the candour and fimplici-
ty of his manners with the folidity and wifdom of his anfwers,
all which we find fufnciently atteiied ; it muft be owned, that
the world at that time had few to compare with Abaris.

ABAS (SCHAH) the Great, feventh king of Perfia, of the
race of the Sophis, third fon of Cobadendi a great perfian
prince, fucceeded his father at 18 years of age in 1585 ; he re-
itored the affairs of his country, and took feveral provinces from
the Turks and Tartars. In 1622, April 25, with the affiftance
of the Englifh he took the iiland and city of Ormus, poffeffed by
the Portuguefe from the year 1507 : but death fet a period to
his victories in 1629, after a reign of 44 years. Though natu-
rally cruel, his memory is highly honoured by the Perfians, who
regard him as the reilorer of their (late. He made the city of
Ifpahan the capital of Perfia.

ABAS (SCHAH), great grandfon of the former, and the ninth
king of Perfia of the race of the Sophis, fucceeded his father in
1642, at 13 years of age. At 18 he took the city of Candahar,
ceded to the Mogul in the reign of his father, and kept it though
befieged more than once with 300,000 men. He protected the
Chriftians, holding it a maxim, that " God alone was Lord of
the confciences of men ;" that " it was his duty to watch over
the government of his ftate, and feejuflice impartially dealt
to all his fubjecls of whatfoever perfuafion." This was
worthy of a chriflian prince. He had formed great defigns, for
which he was equal j but died of the lues venerea, Sept. 25,
1666, aged 37 years.

ABASSON, a famous irnpoftor, notorious for pafling for a
perfian prince in France, and obtaining large fums of money
which he fpent in debaucheries. He pretended to be the grand-
fon of Abas the Great. The grand feignior beftowed a confi-
derable pcnfion upon him when he was at Conflantinople, but
he refufed it ; and being ibon after difcovered, he was beheaded
with three of his affociates.

B ABAUZIT

S ABAUZIT.

ABAUZIT (FiRMiN) was born at Uzes on the i ith of No-
vember i679[L His father diedin the fecond year after the birth
of his fon. As his parents were proteftants, the mother removed
him from F . < , to prevent his being educated in the romifh
faith. It wj - .Hcult to find a fecure retreat : he was fent from,
one place to another, and at laft was obliged to wander among
the mountains of Cevennes, and to change his refidence as often
as his concealment was discovered [M j. At length he found a fafe
afylum in Geneva. In the mean time his mother was confined
in the caftle of Somieres \ but nothing could fhake her fortitude,
or alter her refolution to have her fon educated in her own per-
fuafion. Her health was much impaired by confinement, under
which (he probably muft have died, had not a fortunate occur-
rence required the commander of the fort to vifit Paris. His
brother, who occupied his place, interested himfelf in behalf of
his prifoner, and obtained her enlargement. Having furmount-
ed various perils, (he arrived at Geneva two years after her fon.
The fmall {hare which flie had been able to fave from the wreck
of a fortune which once had been confiderable, fhe expended in
the education of young Abauzit ; nor was it beftowed in vain.
He made a very rapid progrefs in his ftudies. Mathematics and
natural hiftory chiefly attracted his attention ; but he pervaded
almoft every department of literature. In 1698 he vifited Hol-
land, where he became acquainted with the moft celebrated lite-
rary characters of the place, Bayle, Jurieu, and the Bafnages,
From Rotterdam he went to England, where he converfed with
St. Evrcmond and fir Ifaac Newton. With the latter he after-
wards engaged in an epiftolary correfpondence, and received
a compliment which muft be efteemed highly honourable.
" You," fays fir Ifaac, " are a very fit perfon to judge between
Leibnitz and me."

William III. invited Abauzit to fettle in England, and order-
ed Michael le Vaffor [N] to offer fome advantageous propofals ,
which, however, were not accepted. Filial affection, or attach-
ment to the country in which he had obtained a refuge, recalled
him to Geneva. In 1726 he loft his mother, with whom, from
his infancy, had fubfifted a mutual fondnefs. In the fame year
lie was admitted a citizen of Geneva, and appointed librarian to
the city. He profited by fuch a favourable opportunity to im-
prove inufeful literature. Principally attached to antiquities, he
now dedicated to his newly adopted country the fruit of his la-
bours and his talents. In 1 730, he pubiiihed a new edition of the
Hiftory and State of Geneva, which had been originally written

[LJ Micrologic. and then fubpreceptor to the duke of

FMJ Vie d'Abauzit. Glouceiter.

[N] Author of the hift. of Lewis XIII,

A B A U Z I T. 9

by David Spon, and printed in two vols. I2mo. The work
having already pafled through three editions? was committed to
Abauzit. Not contented with the mere republication, he cor-
rected the errors, gave two diflertations on the fubjeft, and an-
nexed the public acts and memorials that were neceflary as
proofs and iiluftrations. To thefe were added a copious variety
of learned and ufeful notes, in which he gave an ample detail of
facts which were but imperfectly related in the text. Modeft
himfelfj he was not ambitious of fame, but affiiled others by his
labours. Among thofe who received a benefit from his learn-
ing and refearches, M. de Meiran alone had the gratitude to ac-
knowledge his obligation. The labours of Abauzit were affidu-
ous, and his knowledge was extenfive. While he declined public
notice his name was known, and his communications were fre-
quent to mofl of the celebrated mathematicians, philofophers,
and divines in Europe. Notwithstanding the fimplicity of his
manners, this modeil philofopher was not perhaps without a
final! ihare of vanity. For he employed himielf in difcovering
what to his apprehenfion feemed errors in the different tranila-
tions of the Bible [o]. He could believe nothing but what he faw,
or was fuggefted by his own ideas, or could be reduced to ma-
thematical demonflration. In confequence he wifhed to dived
the fcriptures of feveral miracles. He even made fome efforts in
poetry ; but they were foon forgotten. He is acknowledged to
have excelled more in diligence, accuracy, and precifion. than in
tafte or genius. Voltaire, who had as great an averfion to mi-
racles as Abauzit, efteemed and confulted him. As a citizen of
Geneva the philofopher was active in the diflenfions of 1734.
He exerted himfelf in fupport of the ariflocrafic party, though
he had much of republican zeal. His induftry was indefati-
gable, and he feemed to have written and acted from the con-
viction of his own mind. In religion he adopted and fupported
the doctrines of arianifm. Though declining praife, he acquired
the eilcem of many of the moft eminent characters in Europe,
and received an elegant compliment from Rouileau : " No,"
fays he, " this age of philofophy will not pafs without having
produced one true philofopher. I know one, and I freely own,
but one ; but what I regard as my fupreme felicity is, that he
refides in my native country, it is in my own country that he re-
fides : (hall I prefume to name him, whofe real glory it is to re-
main almoft in obfcurity ? Yes, modefl and learned Abauzit,
forgive a zeal which feeks not to promote your fame. I would
not celebrate your name in an age that is unworthy to admire
you. I would honour Geneva by dHlinguiming it as the place
cf your refidence : my fellow-citizens are honoured by your pre-

[o] Vie d'Ab?uz;t.

fence.

io A B B A D I E.

fence. Happy is the country where the merit that feeks con-
cealment is the mere revealed." Thus far we have tranfcribed
the panegyric of Roufleau. The reader will appreciate the me-
rit of Abauzit, in proportion to the value at which he prizes the
efteem of Voltaire or the praifes of Roufleau. He, however,
who could gain the approbation of two fuch oppoflte characters,
could have been no ordinary perfon. He died as he had lived,
with the ferenity and refignation of a philoibpher, on the 2oth
of March 1767.

ABBADiE (jAMEsJ, an eminent proteftant divine, born at
Nay, in Berne, in the year 1658, as Niceron affirms in his hifto-
ry of illuflrious men, though fome fay he was born in 1654. He
ftudied at Saumur, at Paris, and at Sedan ; at which laft place
he took the degree of D. D. Thence he went to Holland, and
afterwards to Berlin at the clefire of count d'tfpenfe ; where he
was made minifler of the french church, lately eftabiifned by
the elector of Brandenbourg. He refided in this city for many
years, and was always in high favour with the elector. The
french congregation at Berlin was at firft but thin ; but, upon
the revocation of the edict of Nantes, great numbers retired to
Brandenbourg. They were received with the greateft humanity,
fo that Dr. Abbadie had in a little time a great charge j of which
he took all poffible care, and by his intereft at court did many
fervices to his diftrefled countrymen. The elector dying in
1688, Abbadie accepted of marfhal Schomberg's propofal to go
with him firft to Holland, and then to England with the prince
of Orange. In the autumn of 1689, he went with the marfhal
to Ireland , where he continued till after the battle of Boyne,
in July 1690, in which his great patron was killed. This occa-
fioned his return to London, where he was appointed minifter
of the french church in the Savoy ; and fome time after he was
promoted to the deanry of Killaloe in Ireland, which he enjoyed
for many years. Having made a tour to Holland, in order to
publifh one of his books ; foon after his return, he was taken ill
in London, and died in the parifh of Mary-le-bone, Sept. 23,
1727. He was ftrongly attached to the caufe of king William,
as appears by his elaborate defence of the revolution, and his
hiftory of the afTaffination-plot. He had great natural abilities,
which he cultivated with true and ufeful learning. He was a
molt zealous defender of the primitive doctrine of the proteft-
ants, as appears by -his writings; and that ilrong nervous elo-
quence, for which he was fo remarkable, enabled him to enforce
the doctrines of his profeflion from the pulpit with great fpirit
and energy [p].

ABBAS

[p] The account of his writings, in the I. Leiden, i68:>. Scrr/jons on fevera'l
order they were publifhed, is as follows: texts of fcripture, 8vo.

2. R_.ttci-

ABBAS, IT

ABBAS (HALLi), or All Ebnol Abbas, as Abulpharagius calls
him in his Hid. Dyn. or, as he is ufually called, Magus, as being
one of the Magi, the followers of Zaradufht or Zoroafter , and
not for his learning, as the learned Dr. Freind fuppofes. He
was a perfian phyfician, and ftudied under Abu Maher, another
perfian dotor, who probably was of the magian religion alfo ; he
wrote his book, or Royal Work, at the requeft of Bowaia the foil
of Adado'ddaula the calif, to whom he dedicates it in the ori-
ental manner, in lofty hyperbolical language, about A. D. 980.
It was tranflated into latin by Stephen of Antioch in 1127, in
which language we now have it. He feems to have copied
Rhazis, which he might eafily do, as he lived about 50 years af-
ter him, and might without difficulty come at his writings.

ABBAS, fon of Abdalmothleb, uncle of Mohammed, at firft
made war againfl his nephew, whom he regarded as an impoflor
and a traitcr to his country ; but, being conquered and taken
prifoner at the battle of Bedr, which was fought in the fecond
year of the hegira, a heavy ranfom was demanded for him. On
complaining of which to Ivlohammed, he faid to him : " Do you
think it reafonable to reduce your uncle to a difgraceful poverty,
and to force him, to the infamy of your family, to beg his bread
from door to dcor ?" Mohammed, who had learnt that Abbas had
money concealed, made anfwer : " What then is become of the

2. Rotterdam, 1681. A panegyric on 6. A defence of the revolution in Eng-
the elector of Brandcnbourg. land.

3. Rotteidam, 1684. A treatife of the 7. Hague, 169$. A panegyric on Mary-
truth of the chriftian religion. This has queen of England.

gone through feven editions. The abbe 8. An account of the late confpiracy in

Hauteville fpeaks of it in thefe terms : England. This piece was written by or-

" The moft fhining of thefe treatifes for der of king William I II. and the matert-

defence of the chriftian religion, which als were furnifhed by the earl of Portland,

were publifhed by the proteftants, is that arid iir William Trumbull, fecretary of

written by Mr. Abbadie. The favourable ftate.

reception it obtained, the almoft unexam- 9. 1708. The truth of the reformed

pled praife it received on the publication, religion. Dr. Henry Lambert, bifhop of

the univerfal approbation it ftill preferves, Dromore, translated this piece into Eng-

render it unneceilary for me to join my liih, for the inltruclion of the roman ca-

commendations, which would add fo little tholics in his diocefe.

to the merit of fo great an author. He 10. Amfterdam, 1723. The triumph

has united in this book all our cnntrover- of providence and religion, or the opening

fies with the infidels. In the firft part, the feven feals by the fon of God,&c. M.

he combats the atheifts ; the deifts in the Voltaire fpeaks contemptuoufly of this

fecond ; and the focinians in the third, performance in his lift of writers in the

Philofophy and theology enter happ'ly in- age of Lewis XIV. He was celebrated,

to his manner of compofing, which is in lays that author, for his treatife on the

the true method, lively, pure, and elegant, chriftian religion; but he afterwards dif-

efpecially in the firft books." Difcours credited that work by his " Opening of

hiftorique et critique fur la . melhode des the feven feals."

principaux auteur?, &c. p. 187. Befides what we have mentioned, he

4. Hague, i6Ss. Reflections on the real publifhed feveral {ingle fermons, and fome
prefence in the facrament. other little pieces, which met with general

5. Rotterdam, 1692. The art of kno%v- ^ approbation,
ing one's felt, or ar. inquiry into the

fources cf morality.

bass

12 ABBAS.

bags full of gold that you left in your mother's keeping when
you quitted ivlecca ?" Abbas, greatly furprifed at finding that
Mohammed was acquainted with a ctrcumftance he thought to
be a perfect fecret, began to have a better opinion of his ne-
phew, and promifed him not only to pay him the ranfom, but
alfo to embrace his ne\v religion. Some years afterwards, he
even declared that God had rendered him a hundred fold for
what he had then dilburfed, which he confidered as an effet of
the grace of mufulmanifm.

Abbas, in the fequel, became one of the principal captains in
the fervice of Mohammed, and fought clofe befide him in the
battle of Honain, againfl the Thakefites, in the 8th year of the
hegira, after the taking of Mecca. It was on that day that
Mohammed was in great clanger of his life; and he would
have b3en left on the field, had not Abbas, with a loud
voice, which was naturally of great flrength, rallied the flying
troops by thefe words : " Whither are ye running, ye fer-
vants of God ? Know ye not that his prophet is here ? O you
with whom acacia grows ; and who feed your camels upon it ;
what are you thinking of ? You are the faithful people of whom
the prophets fpeak, and to whom the promifes of God are made."
The voice of Abbas was fo powerful, that the mufulmans re-
turned to the charge, and difengaged their prophet who was
on the point of falling into the hands of his enemies. But this
perfonage was not only a general, he was alfo one of thofe
doctors of mufulmanifm who became learned in a very fhort
time : for all their fcience confided then in underilanding and
explaining thofe verfes of the Koran, which Mohammed de-
clared to be defcended from heaven from time to time, and in
remembering certain apocryphal (lories, which have fince palled
among them for prophetical traditions. But Abbns was far fur-
palled in this fcience by his fon, generally known under the
name of Ebn Abbas. Abbas was always in very great venera-
tion with the mufulmans; and the califs Omar and Othman
never palled before him on horfeback without difmounting to
falute him. He died in the 32d of the hegira : and 100 years after
his death one of his grandfons, Abulabbas, furnamed Saffah, was
proclaimed calif, in whom commenced the dynafty of the Ab-
bafiides, who poffeffed the caHfate 524 years. There have been
37 califs of this famil", fuccelnvely facceeding eacli other with-
out interruption. Ebu Abbas Abciallah, coufin german of Mo-
hammed, was grandfon of Abdalmothleb, uncle to the prophet.
He is the moft confiderable of all the doctors of mufulmanifm,
who are called Sahabah by way of excellence, that is to fay, the
companions of the prophet > and his authority is the higheit of
all in regard to traditions. It is related of him that the angel
Gabriel, who had brought the Koran to Mohammed, appeared

A B B O N. 13

to him before he was ten years of age, and gave him a perfeft
knowledge of that book : from whence he was honoured with
the title of Targiuman al Koran, the interpreter of the Koran.
He died in the year 68 of the hegira, and was every where
lamented with cries that the grand rabbani, or doctor and grand
mailer of the mufulmans, was dead.

ABB ASS A, filler of Haron Rafchild, fifth calif of the race
of the Abbaflides. The calif her brother gave her in marriage
to Giafer, his favourite, on condition that they fhould never co-
habit together -, but the mutual love they bore each other was
fuch, that, forgetting the command of the calif, they foon had
a ion, whom they privily fent to be educated at Mecca. This
coming to the ears of the calif, was the occafion of great mif-
fortunes. Giafer loil the favour of his mailer, and fhortly after,
his life. AbbafTa was turned out of the imperial palace, and
reduced to a miferable condition ; from which (he was feveral
years afterwards relieved by the bounty of a female friend. It is
related in the divan entitled Saba, that this princefs had a*great
talent in poetry, of which we have a fpecimen in a book written
by Ben Abou Hagelah. They are addrerled to her hufband
Giafer, whofe converfe (he could not enjoy by the rigoroua in-
junction of her brother, who had only married her to his fa-
vourite in order to admit him to the feraglio, and by that means
to make him partaker of his pleafures. They are fix lines in the
arabic, of which the following is a faithful tranflation :

I had refolded to keep my love concealed in my heart;

But it efcapes, and declares itfelf in Ipite of me.

If you do not yield at this declaration, ray mcdefty will be loft with my fecret ;

But if you reje.dt it, you will fave my lite by your refuial.

Whatever happens, at leaft ! {hall not die unrevenged,

For my death will fufricientiy declare who has been my afiafiin.

ABBON, a monk of St. Germain-des-Pres, compofed, in Bar-
barous latin verfes, the relation of the fiege of Paris by the Nor-
mans towards the clofe of the pth century. This verifying ga-
zetteer, who was himfelf a '.Norman, was a witnefs of this (lege ;
and though certainly not a good poet, is yet a faithful hiilorian.
He enters into the minute ft particulars, with a great appearance
of impartiality. His poem contains upwards of 1200 verfes, and
is divided into two books. It is to be found in the ad vol. of
Duchefne's collection, and has iince been more correctly
printed, with notes by Dupleffis, in 1753.

ABBON (DE FLEURY), was born in the territory of Orleans.
He devoted himfelf with equal ardour to every art and all the
fciences : grammar, arithmetic, poetry, rhetoric, mufic, dialectic,
geometry, aftronomy, theology. After having fhone with un-
common luftre in the fchools of Paris and Rheims, he was
elected abbot of the monaftery of Fleury, of which he was a

monk.

I 4 ABBOT.

monk. He experienced many vexations from fome of the bifhops,
againft whom he averted the rights of the monaftic order. His
enemies charged him with fome acrimony againfl his perfecu-
tors. In his j unification, he wrote an apology, which he ad-
dreffed to the kings Hugh and Robert. Some time afterwards
he dedicated to the fame princes a collection of canons on the
duties of kings and the duties of fubjects. King Robert, having
fent him to Rome to appeafe the wrath of Gregory V, who had
threatened to lay the kingdom under an interdict, the pope
granted him all he requefted. Abbon, on his return from this
expedition, fet about the reform of the abbey of Reole in Gaf-
cony. He was here flam in a quarrel that rofe between the
French and the Gafcons, in 1004. The colleclion of his letters
was publifhed in 1687, in folio, from the manufcripts of Pierre
Pithou ; to which were added his collection of canons, and his
apology.

ABBOT (GEORGE), archbifhop of Canterbury, was born
O6t. 29, 1562, at Guilford, in Surrey [oj. He received the
rudiments of his education at the place of his nativity, under
the care of Mr. Francis Taylor, matter of the free fchool at
Guilford founded by Edward VI. Thence he was removed to
Baliol college, Oxford. Nov. 29, 1563, he was elected pro-
bationer fellow of his college ; and having foon after entered
into orders, he became a celebrated preacher in the univerfity. In
J 593, he took his degree of B. D. and was admitted dotor in that
faculty in May 1597; and in the month of September of the
fame year he was elected mafter of Univerfity college [R]. About
this time fome differences arofe between him and Dr. Laud,
which fubfifted as long as they lived, and proved equally a fource
of uneafinefs to both. On March 6, 1599, he was inftalled dean
of Wincheiler : the year following he was chofen vice-chan-
cellor of the univerfity of Oxford, and a fecond time in 1603.
In 1604, that tranflation of the Bible now in ufe was begun by
the direction of king James ; and Dr. Abbot was the fecond of
eight divines of Oxford, to whom the care of tranilating the
\vholeNewTeftament(excepting the Epiftles) was committed [s],
The year following, he was a tiiird time vice-chancellor [T]. In

_] His father Maurice Abbot was a each other, he at the age of 86, and fhe 80.

clothworker, and fettled at Guildford, Th,ey left behind them fix fons ; among

wheie he married Alice Marfti : he fuffered which were George, afterwards the arch-

a great deal for his ftedfaftnefs in the pro- bifhop ; Robert their eldeft, and Maurice

teftant religion, through the means of Dr. the youngelt, who will be the fubjedls of

Story, who was a great perfecutor of fuch the two following articles.

perfons in the reign of queen Mary. The [R] Heylin's life of archbifhop Laud.

conclufion of their days, however, was fol. Ib88, p. 53.

more fortunate. They lived together q8 sj Ant. Wood. Fafti Oxon. vol. L

years, and enjoyed a very fingular felicity c. 157 & 165.

in the fuccefs of their children. Both died [T j Fuller's ch. hill. lib. x. fol. 46. 57.
in the fame year, 1606, within ten days of

ABBOT.

1608, died his great patron Thomas Sackville, earl of Dorfet,
lord high treafurer of England, and chancellor of the univerfity
of Oxford [u]. After his deceafe, Dr. Abbot became chaplain to
George Hume, earl of Dunbar, and treafurer of Scotland ; with
whom he went to that kingdom, to ailift in eilabliming an union
betwixt the churches of Scotland and England [x] , and in this af-
fair he behaved with fo much addrefs and moderation, that it
laid the foundation of all his future preferment [y]. When he
was at Edinburgh, a profecution was commenced againd one
George Sprot, for having been concerned in Gowrie's confpiracy
eight years before. A long account of this affair, with a narra-
tive prefixed by Dr. Abbot, was published at London, to fatisfy
the public about this matter, which had hitherto appeared doubt-
ful and myfterious. Abbot's behaviour in Scotland fo much
pleafed king James, that he ever after paid great deference to his
advice [zj : there is extant a letter from his majefty to him, re-
lating to the convocation, which he had confulted about thelaw-
fulnefs of efpoufmg the caufe of the United Province^, when the
king was engaged as a mediator between Holland and Spain [A].

Upon

[u]T. Lewis's comp. hift. of the tranfl.
of the bible and tell. 8vo. p. 3 1 1.

[x] Heylin's hift. of prefbyterians, f.
1672, p. 3 3^.

[vj King James had fuffered fo much
by the fpirit and power of the prefbyteri-
ans in Scotland, that he was very defirous
of relloring the form of government by
hifhops in that kingdom; the care of
which was entrufteJ to the earl of Dun-
bar. This noble lord had proceeded fo
far, two years befrne, as to obtain an act
for the reftitution of the eftates of bi-
(hops. The prefbyterians, however, had
made fo flout a refinance, that the whole
affair was in the utmoft danger of being
overthrown; but, by the good manage-
ment of Dr. Abbot, many difficulties w,-re
removed, and the clergy of Scotland were
brought to a better temper ; for the earl of
Dunbar, who was wholly guided in this
matter by the advice of his chaplain, pro-
cured an att in the general affembiy,
" That the king fliould have the indiction
(or calling) of all general aifcmblies. That
the bithops, or their deputies, fhould be
perpetual moderators of the diocefan fy-
iiods. That no excommunication or abib-
lution fhould be pronounced without their
approbation, 'i hat all prefentations of be-
nerices iho'.'U belong to them. That every
miuiiler, at his admiffion to a benerice-,
ihou.d take the oath of fupremac/ auJ
canonical obedience. That the vifiution

of the diocefe fliould be performed by the
bilhop or his deputy only : and finally,
that the bifhop fhould be moderator of all
conventions, for exercifings, or prophefy-
ings, which fhould be held within their
bounds." All which articles were ratified
by the parliament of that kingdom.

[z j Calderwood's hift. of the church of
Scotland, p. 443.

[A] Here follows a copy of the letter,
tranfcribed from the New Gbfervator, vol.
iii. No. 12. the author of which tells us,
the original is in the hands of an eminent
perfon ; the four lait lines in the king's
own hand, and the rdt in the fecretary's :
" Good Dr. Abbot,

*' I cannot abftain to give you my judg-
ment on the proceedings in the convoca-
tion, as you will call it ; and both as rex
in folia, and unm gregls in ecclefia, I am.
doubly concerned. My title to the crown
nobody calls in queftion, but they that love
neither you nor me, and you may guefs
whom I mean : all that you and your
brethren have faid of a king in porleffion,
(for that word, I tell you, is no mere than
that you make ufe of in your canon j con-
cerns not me at all. I am the next
heir, and the crown is mine by all rights
you can name, but that of conquer! ; and
Mr. Solicitor has fufficiently expreiled my
own thoughts concerning the nature of
kingfhip, and concerning the nature ot it
ut in mca ferj"ona ; and 1 believe you

we; 3

A B B O

Upon the death of Dr. Overtoil, bifliop of Lichfield and Co-
ventry, the king named Dr. Abbot for his fucceflbr : and he was
accordingly confecrated bifhop of thofe united fees in Dec.
1609. About a month afterwards, he was tranilated to the fee
of London, vacant by the death of Dr. Thomas Ravis. Upon
the deceafe of Dr. Richard Bancroft, archbifhop of Canterbury,
en Nov. 2, 1610, his majefty had a new opportunity of teftify-
ing his efleem for Dr. Abbot, and accordingly raifed him to the
archiepifcopal fee [B]. He became now in the hlgheft favour both
with prince and people, and was concerned in all the great af-
fairs both of church and ftate. Yet he never appeared over-fond
of power, nor did he endeavour to carry his prerogative as pri-
mate of England to any great height ; though he fhewed a fteady
refolution in the maintenance of the rights of the high-commif-
fion -court, and would not fubmit to lord Coke's prohibitions [c].
Being a man of moderation in his principles, he greatly difpleaf-
ed Come of the high churchmen j but he had as great concern
for the church as any of them, when he thought it really in dan-
ger. His great zeal for the proteftant religion made him a ftre-
nuous promoter of the match between' the elector palatine and
the princefs Elizabeth, which was accordingly concluded and
folemnized Feb. 14, 1612, the arcbbifhop performing the cere-
mony on a ftage erected in the royal chapel. On the loth of

were all of his opinion ; at lead, none of
you faid any thing contrary to it at the
time he ("poke to you from me : but you
know all of you, as I think, that my ica-
fon of calling you together was to give
your judgments, how far a .chriitian and a
proleftant king may concur to affift his
neighbours to (hake off their obedience to
their own fovereign, upon account of op-
preiTion, tyranny, or what elfe you pleafe to
name it. In the late queen's time, this
kingdom was very free in afiifting the
Hollanders both with arms and advice;
and none of your coat ever told me that
any (crupled at it in her reign. Upon my
coming to England, you may know that it
came from fcrne of yourfelves to raife
fcruples about this matter; and albeit I
have often told my mind concerning jus
regium in fubdilos, as in May laft, in the
Irar-chamber, upon the cccafion of Hales's
pamphlet ; yet I never took any notice of
thele fcruples, till the a flairs of c .pain and
Holland forced me to it.' All my neigh-
bours cnil on me to concur in the treaty
between Holland and Spain ; and the ho-
nour of the nation will not fuffer the Hol-
landers to be abandoned, efpecialiy after
fo much money and men fpent in their
quarrel ; there sore I was of the mind to
call my clergy togciiitr, falisfy not fo

much me, as the world about us, of the
juftnefs of my owning the Hollanders at
this time. This I needed not to have
done, and you have forced me to fay, I
wifh I had not ; you have dipped too
deep in what all kings referve among the
arcana imperil ; and whatever avcrfion
you may profefs againil God's being the
author ot fin, you have (tumbled upon the
threshold of that opinion, in faying upon
the matter, that even tyranny is God's
authority, and fhould be remembered as
fuch. If the king of Spain mould return
to claim his old pontifical right to my
kingdom, you leave me to feek for others
to fi^ht tor it; for you tell us upon the
matter beforehand, his authority is God's
authority if he prevail.

" Mr. Do dor, I have no time to exprefs
my mind further OH. this theory bufinefs ; I
fhali give you my orders about it by Mr.
Solicitor, and until then, meddle no more
in it ; for they are edge tools, or rather like
that weapon that is laid to cut with one
edge, and cure with the other. I commit
you to God's protection, good Dr. Abbot,
and reft your good friend, JAMES R."

[B j Regift. ipfius, fol. I.

[cj Winvvood's meiacrials, vol. iii- p.
281.

April,

ABBOT. 17

April, his ele&oral highnefs fet out for Germany : before his
departure, he made a prefent of plate to the archbimop, of the
value of a thoufand pounds ; and as a mark of his confidence,
he wrote a letter to him from Canterbury, informing him of the
grounds of that difcontent with which he left England [n]. The
king, it appears, had interfered in the religious difputes of Hol-
land, fo far as to attempt the removal of Conrad Vortius and
Arininius. About this time, the famous Hugo Grotius came
over to England, to endeavour to give his majefty a better opi-
nion of the remonitrants, as they then began to be called : we
have a very fingular account of the man, and of his negotiation,
in a letter from the archbimop to fir Ralph Winwood [E.] In
the following year happened the famous cafe of divorce betwixt
the lady Frances Howard, daughter of the earl of Suffolk, and
Robert earl of EfTex : this affair has been by many confidered as
one of the greated blemimes of king James's reign, but the con-
duel: of t^e archbifhop on the occafion added much to the re-
putation he had already acquired for incorruptible integrity [F].
In 1618, the king publifhed a declaration, which he ordered to
be read in all churches, permitting fports and paftimes on the
Lord's day : this gave great uneafmefs to the archbifhop ; who,
happening to be at Croydon when it came thither, had the cou-
rage to forbid its being read [G]. On April 5, 1619, fir Nicho-
las Kempe laid the firft ftone of the hofpital at Guilford ; the
archbimop, who was prefent, afterwards endowed it with lands
to the value of three hundred pounds per annum ; one hundred
of which was to be employed in fetting the poor to work, and
the remainder for the maintenance of a mailer, twelve brothers,
and eight filters, who have blue clothes, and gowns of the fame

[D] Winwood's memcrials, vol. iii. fpeech, becaufe the king ordered them to

p.' 4.54. deliver their opinions in few words. He

E] Ib.p. 459. continued, however, inflexible in his opi.

[F] This affair was by the king refer- niun; and when fen tence was pronounced,

red to a court of delegates. It was drawn the court was divided in the following

out into a great length, and many acci- manner :

dents happened in the ccurfe of it, which The commiffioners who gave fentence

gave the archbifhop difquiet. He law in the lady's behalf, were the bifhops of

plainly, that the king was very defirous Winchefter, Ely, Lichfield and Coventry,

the lady fhould be divorced; but he was, Rocheiter ; and fir Julius Caefar, iir Thos.

in his own judgment, diredtiy againft the Parry, fir Daniel Dunn, dodlors of law.
divorce. He laboured all he c uld to ex- The commiffioners diflenting,

tricate himfelf from thefe difficulties, by Archbifhop of Canterbury, bifliop of

having an end put Co the caufe fome other London ; fir Joh-n Bennet, Francis James,

way than by kntence ; but it was to no Thomas Edwards, doctors of law. The

purpofc ; for thole who drove on this af- king was very delirous the lady mould be

fair had got roo great power to be retrain- divorced; the archbifhop, being againlt

ed from bringing it to the conclufion they it, drew up his reafons, which .he king

defirei He prepared a fpeech, which he thought fit to anfwer himfelf. See Saun-

intended to have fpoken, againft the mil- derfon's hiftory of king James, p. 390.
lity of the marriage, in the court at Lam- [G] Heylln's hilt, of the fabb. p. 493.
beth ; but he did not make ufe of this

VOL. I. C colour,

i8 ABBOT.

colour, and half-a-erown a week each. O&. 29, being tne Sfl*
niverfary of the bifhop's birth, is commemorated here, arid the
archbifhop of Canterbury for the time being is vifitor of the hof-
pital [H]. Towards the end of this year, the ele&or palatine ac-
cepted of the crown of Bohemia, which occafioned great dif-
putes in king James's councils : fome were defirous that his ma-
jefty mould not interfere in this matter, forefeeing that it would
produce a war in Germnny ; others again were of opinion, that
natural affection to his fon and daughter, and a juft concern for
the protellant intereil, ought to engage him to fupport the new
election. The latter was the archbiihop's fentiment ; and not
being able at that time to attend the privy council, he wrote his
mind with great boldnefs and freedom to the fecretary of flatefij.

The

HJ Aubrey's antig. of Surrey, vol. iii. appear to the world, that we are awake

f. aSz. when God in this fort calleth us.

[i] " Good Mr. fecretary, I have never ** If I had time to exprefs it, I could be
mroe defired to be prefent at any confulta- very angry at the fhuffhng which was ufed
tiou than that which is this day to be han- towards my lord Doncafter, and the flight-
died, for my heart, and all my heart, goeth ing of his embafTage Co, which cannot but
with it; but my foot is worfe than it wai touch upon our great matter, who did fend
m Friday, fo that, by advice of my phyfi- him : and therefore I would never have a
cian, I have fvveat this whole night paft, noble fon forfaken for refpeft of them,
and am directed to keep my bed this day. who truly aim at nothing but their own

" But for the matter; my humble advice purpofes.

Js, that there is no going back, butacoun- "Our ftriking. in will comfort the Ho-
tenancing it againftall the world; yea, fo hemians, will honour the Palfgrave, will
far as with ringing of bells, and making ftrengthen the union, will bring on the ftates
f bonfires in London, fo foon as i (hall be of the Low Countries, will ftir up the kingof
certainly underftood that the coronation is Denmark, and move his own uncles the
paft. I am fatisfied in nay confcience that piince of Orange and the duke de Bouvi!-
the caufe is juft, wherefore they have re- Jon, together with Tremovillc (a rich
je<ftedthat proud and bloody man : and fo prince in Fiance) to caft in their fhares ;
much rather, becaufe he hath taken a and Hungary, as I hope (being in that fame
eourfe to make that kingdom not elective, caufe) will run the fame fortune. For
but to take it from the donation of another the means to fupport the war, I hope ^re-
nan. And when God hath fet up the prince i-idebit Dens : the parliament is the old
that is chofen to be a mark of honour and 'honourable way, but how allured at
through all chriftendom, to propagate his this time I know not; yet I will hope the
golpel and to protect the opprefled, I dare beil : certainly, if countenance be given
not for my part give advice, but to follow to the action, many brave fpirits will vo-
where God leads. luntarily go. Our great matter, in fuffi-

" II is a great honour to the king our cient want of money, gave fome aid tothe

matter, that he hath fuch a fon, whofevir- duke of Savoy, and furnifhed out a pretty

tues have made him thought fu to be made army in the caufe of Cleve We mult try

a king ; and methinks I do in this, and once again, what can be done in this bufi-

that of Hungary, forefee the work of God, nefs of a higher nature ; and all the mo-

that by piece and piece the kings of the ney that may be fpared is t<5 be turned that

earth that gave their power unto the beaft way. And perhaps God provided the jew-

(all the word of God muft be fulfilled) els that were laid up in the tower, to be

ihall now tear the whore and make her de- gathered by the mother for the preferva-

folate, as St. John in his revelation has tion of her daughter; who, like a noble

foretold. I pray you therefore with all princefs, had profeffed to her hufband, not

the fpirits you have, to put lite into this bu- to leave herfelf one jewel, rather than not

finefs: and let a return be made into Ger- to maintain fo- religious and righteous a

many with fpeed and with comfort; and c.iufe. You fee that lying on my' bed I

lt it be really prfecuted, that it may have gone too far; but if I were with you,

(his

ABBOT. 19

The archbifhop, now in a declining ftate of health, ufed in the
fummer to go to Hampfhire for the fake of recreation j and, be-
ing invited by lord Zouch to hunt in his park at Branzill, he
met there with the greateft misfortune that ever befel him ; for
he accidentally killed my lord's keeper, by an arrow from a crofs-
bow, which he fhot at one of the deer [K]. This accident threw
him into a deep melancholy ; and he ever afterwards kept a
monthly fa ft on Tuefday, the day on which this fatal mifchance
happened [L]. He alfo fettled an annuity of 20 1. on the widow.
There were feveral perfons, who took an advantage of this mif-
fortune, to leiTen him in the king's favour; but his majefty faid,
" An angel might have mifcarried in this fort." His enemies
alleging, that, having incurred an irregularity, he was thereby
incapacitated for performing the offices of a primate, the king
directed a commiflion to ten perfons, to enquire into this matter.
The points referred to their dectfion were, i . \Vhether the arch-
bifhop was irregular by the fact of involuntary homicide. 2.
"Whether that act might tend to fcandal in a churchman. 3. How
his grace fhould be reftored, in cafe the commiffioners fhould
find him irregular. All agreed, that it could not be otherwife
done, than by reftitution from the king ; but they varied in the
manner. The bifhop of Winchefter, the lord chief juftice, and
Dr. Steward, thought it fhould be done by the king, and by him
alone. The lord keeper, and the bifhops of London, Rochefter,
Exeter, and St. David's, were for a commiflion from the king
directed to fome bifhops. Judge Doddridge and fir Henry Mar-
tin were defirous it fhould be done both ways, by way of
caution. The king accordingly parted a pardon and difpenfa-
tion ; by which he affbiled the archbifhop of all irregularity^
fcandal or infamation, and declared him capable of all the autho-
rity of a primate [M]. From that time an increafe of infirmities
prevented his adiilance at the council. But when, in the laft
illnefs of James I, his attendance was required, he was atten-
tive to the charge till the 27th of March 1625, the day on which
the king expired. Though very infirm, and afflicted with the
gout, he affifted at the ceremony of the coronation of Charles I.
v/hofe favour, however, he did not long enjoy. His avowed
enemy, the duke of Buckingham, foon found an opportunity to
make him feel the weight of his difpleafure. Dr. Sibthorpe had
in the lent aflizes 1627 preached before the judges a fermon at

this fhould be my language, vvhich I pray [K] Heylin's life of archbifhop Laud,

you humbly and heartily to reprefent p. 83

to the king my matter, telling him, that [L] Fuller's ch. hift. cent, xviii.b. X.

when I can Hand. I hope to do his majef- p. 87.

ty fome fervice herein. So commending [M] Saunderfon's contin. of Rymer's

me unto you, I remain your very loving fczdera, vol. xvii. p. 337.
fnend, GEOK GF. CANT."
Cabala, 3d ed. p. loz.

C 2 Northampton^

20 ABBOT.

Northampton, to juftify a loan which the king had
This fermon, calculated to varnifh over an obnoxious mea-
fure, was tranfmitted to the archbifhop with the king's di-
rection to licenfe it , which he refufed, and gave his rea-
fons for it : the fermon however was licenfed by the bifhop
of London, after the pafTages deemed exceptionable had been
erafed [N]. On July 5, lord Conway, who was then fecre-
tary of ftate, made him a vifit j and intimated to him, that the
king expected he Ihould withdraw to Canterbury. The arch-
bifhop declined this propoial, becaufe he had then a law-fuit
with that city j and uefired he might 'rather have leave to retire
to his houfe at Ford, five miles beyond Canterbury [o]. His re-
qucft was granted , and, on Oct. 9 following, the king gave
a commilTion to the bifhops of London, Durham, Rochefler,
Oxford, and Bath and Wells, to execute the archiepifcopal au-
thority , the caufe affigned being no more than this, that the
archbifhop could not at that time in his own perfon attend thofe
fervices which were otherwife proper for his cognizance and
direction [pj. The archbifhop did not remain long.in this fitu-
ation ; for, a parliament being abfolutely necefTary, he was re-
called about Chriitmas, and reftored to his authority and jurif-
diction. On his arrival at court he was received by the archbi-
ihop of York and the earl of Dorfet, who conducted him to the
king, and his regular attendance was from that time required.
He fat in the fucceeding parliament, and continued afterwards
in the full exercife of his office. On the 24th of Auguft, 1628,
the archbifhop confecrated to the fee of Chichefter Dr. Richard
Montague, who had before been active in fupporting the pre-
tence of irregularity, which had been alleged againfl him.
Laud, bifhop of London, one of his former enemies, alfo affifted
at the coniecration. When the petition of right was difcufTed
in parliament, the archbifhop delivered the opinion of the houfe
of lords at a conference with the houfe of commons, offering
fome proportions from the former, and received the thanks of
fir Dudley Diggs. Dr. Manwaring, having preached before
the houfe of commons two fermons, which he afterwards pub-
lifhed, and in which he maintained the king's authority in raif-
ing fubfidies without the confent of parliament, was brought be-
fore the bar of the houfe of lords, by impeachment of the com-
mons. Upon this occafion the archbifhop, with the king's con-
fent, gave the doctor a fevere admonition, in which he avowed
his abhorrence of the principles maintained in the two difcourfes.
The intereft of bifhop Laud being now very confiderable at
court, he drew up initructions ; which, having the king's name,

N] Ruftiworth's colleft. voh i. p. 438. [tl Ib. vol. i. p. 41 ?.

J T| . 4 iw k J 4 *J *

Ib. vol. i.p.435.

were

ABBOT. 21

were tranfmitted to the archbifhop, under the pompous title of
*< His majefty's inftrucHons to the mod reverend father in God,
George, lord archbifhop of Canterbury, containing certain or-
ders to be obferved and put in execution by the feveral bifhops
in his province.' 7 His grace communicated them to his fuftra-
gan biihops ; but, to prove that he Mill intended to exercife his
authority in his own diocefe, he reftored Mr. Palmer -and Mr.
Unday to their lelurefhips, after the dean and archdeacon of
Canterbury had fufpended them. In other refpefts he endea-
voured to foften their rigour, as they were contrived to enforce
the particular notions of a prevailing party in the church, which
the archbifhop thought too hard for thofe who made the funda-
mentals of religion their iiudy, and were not fo zealous for
forms [oj. His conduct in this and other refpecls made his
prefence unwelcome at court ; fo that, upon the birth of the
prince of Wales, afterwards Charles II. Laud had the honour
to baptize him, as dean of the chapel. It appears from almoft
the lad public act of his life, that he was not fo regardlefs of
the ceremonial parts of religious duty in the church of England
as his enemies have repreiented him , for he iiTued an order,
dated the 3d of July 1633, requiring the parifhioners of Cray-
ford in Kent to receive the facrament on their knees, at the fteps
afcending to the communion table. On the jth of Auguft, in
the fame year, he died at Croydon, worn out with cares and
infirmities, at the age of 71, and was according to his own di-
rection buried in the chapel of Our Lady, within the church de-
dicated to the Holy Trinity at Guilford. A (lately monument
was erected over the grave, with the effigy of the archbifhop in
his robes. He fhewed himfelf, in mod circum (lances of his life,
a man of great moderation to all parties ; and was defirous that
the clergy mould attract the cfleem of the laity by the fanclity
of their manners, rather than claim it as due to their funclion.
His public fpirit, fays a late writer, ought certainly to have been
fet in a clearer light than it has hitherto been by the friends of
the church. His notions and principles, however, not fuiting the
humour offome writers, have drawn upon him many fevere re-
lleclions. Heylin afferts, " That marks of his benefactions we
find none in places of his breeding and preferment ;" an afper-
fion which is totally groundlefs [R]. Dr. Wellwood has done
more juftlce to the merit and abilities of our prelate : " Arch-
bifhop Abbot, fays he, was a perfon of wonderful temper and
moderation ; and in all his conduct (hewed an unwillingnefs to
flretch the acl of uniformity beyond what was abfolutely necef-

HeyTm's life of abp. Laud, p. 19 '. made by him for the regulation of his hof-

[kj See along lift of his benefactions pital at Guilford, with his character by

in the Biographia britannica, vol. i. p. zi. the late right hon. Arthur Onflow, were

archbilliop's will, and the ftatutes pubhfhed in 1778.

C 3 fary

ABBOT.

fary for the peace of the church, or the prerogative of the
crown, any farther than conduced to the good of the ftate Be-
ing not well turned for a court, though otherwife of confiderable
learning and genteel education, he either could not, or would
not, ftoop to the humour of the times , and now and then, by an
unfeafonable ftifthefs, gave occafion to his memies to reprefent
him as not well inclined to the prerogative, or too much ad-
dicted to a popular intereft , and therefore not fit to be em-
ployed in matters of government." Pofterity in i) oilimate the
learning and abilities of this prelate from hi;, v, iltings on vari-
ous fubjects : a lift of them as they were publifhed is here fub-?
joined [s].

ABBOT (MAURICE), youngeft brother to the archbifhop, was
born at Guilford[r], and bred to trade in London, where he
became an eminent merchant, and diftinguifhed himfelf in the
direction of the affairs of the Eaft India company, and in the
mod public-fpirited extenfion of the national commerce. He
was employed as a commiiTioner in the treaty concluded July 7,
1619, with the dutch Eaft India company refpec~ting the com-
merce to the Molucca iflands, one of the moft memorable tranf-

[s] I. " Qureftiones fex, totidem prae-
ledtionibus in fchola theologica Oxoniae pro
forma habitis, dilcuffae et difceptat^e, anno
1597, in quibus e facra fcriptura et pa-
tribus quid ftatuendum fit definitur ; Ox-
oniae, 1598, 4to; Francoforti, 16 6, |io.

2. " Expoiition on the prophet Jonah .
London, 1600.

3. " His anfwer to the c]'H-ftions.of the
citizens of London, in January 1602, con-
cerning Cheapfide c-cfs ; London, 641."
Thecrofsin Cheajifide was taken down in
the year i6co, in order to be rc-pai d ;
and upon this occafion the c'lizeasof Lon-
don defircd the advice of both univ f .rfities,
Whether the crofs fhoald be re-erected or
rot ? Dr. Abbot, as vice-rhanceliorof Ox-
ford, faid, that the crucifix with the dove
upon it fhould not be again fet up, but ap-
proved rather of a pyramid, or fome other
fimple ornament. This determination was
cotififtent with his own practice, when in
ins faid office he caufed feveral fuperfti-
tious pictures to be burnt in the market-
place in Oxford.

4. " The reafons which Dr. Hill hath
brought for the upholding of papiftry, un-
maiked and fhewed to be very weak ; Ox-
on. 16^4.

5. " A preface to the examination of
George Sprott.

6. ' A fermon preached at Weftmin-
fter, May 26, 1608, at the funeral of Tho-
inas earl of Dorfet, late lord high treafurer
of England, on Ifaiahxl. 6. London, 1608.

7. " Tranfl^tion of part of the New
teftament, v/ith the reft of the Oxford
divines, 16 1 1.

8. " Some memorials touching the nul-
lity betwixt the earl of ElTex ai^d his lady,
p'Onoun:ed Sept. 25, 1613, at Lambeth,
jnd the difficulties endured in the fame.'*
To this is added, " Someobfervable things
fmce September 25, 1613, when the fcn-
tence was given in the caufe of the earl of
Elfex, continued unto the day ot the mar-
riage, December 26, 1613," which ap-
pears alfo to have been wrote by his grace ;
and to it is joined, the fpeech intended to
be fpoker. at Lambeth, September 25,
i6r;, by the archbifhop, when it came to
his turn to declare his mind concerning the
nullity of the marriage.

9. " A orief description of the whole
\vorkl; London, 16*4.

10. ** A fhort apology for archbifhop
Abbot, touching the death of Peter Haw.
kins, dated October 8, 1621.

11. " Treatife of perpetual visibility
and fucceffion of the true church in all
ages ; London, 16:14, 410.

12. " A narrative containing the true
caufe of his fequeltration and difgrace at
court, i 6.'-7-

i^. " Hiftory of the maflacre in the
Valtoline.

14. His " Judgment of bowing at the
nameofjefus; Hamburgh, 1632."

[T] Biographia britannica.

aclions

ABBOT. 23

aHons of that reign, and in confequence of that treaty accom-
panied fir Dudley Diggs to Holland in 1620., to negotiate the
recovery of the goods of fome en-glim merchants. In 1623, he
was one of the farmers of the cuiloms, and in 1624 one ^ tne
council for fettling and eftabiifhing Virginia. When Charles I.
afcended the throne, Mr. Abbot was the firft perfoa that was
honoured with knighthood. In 1625 he was elected into par-
liament for the city of London ; and in 1627 was chofen meriff.
In 1635 he erected a noble monument at Guilford to the memory
of his brother the archbimop. In 1638 he was lord mayor of
London, and died January 10, 1640 ; leaving one fon, George, of
whom fome account is given in a note [u]. He was a man of
an amiable chara&er ; and that his love for trade was rewarded
with proportionate fuccefs, appears from a dedication [xj to
him, when governor of the Eait India company.

ABBOT (ROBERT), elded brother to the archbifhop, was born
alfo in the town of Guilford in 1560; educated by the fame
fchoolmafter ; and afterwards fent to Baliol college, Oxford, in
1575. In 1582 he took his degree of M. A. and foon became
a celebrated preacher ; to which talent he chiefly owed his pre-
ferment. Upon his firft fermon at Worcefter, he was chofen
lecturer in that city, and foon after retor of All Saints in the
fame place. John Stanhope, efq. happening to hear, him preach
at Paul's crofs, was fo pleafed with him, that he immediately
prefented him to the rich living of Bingham, in Nottingham-
fhire. In 1594 he became no lefs eminent for his writings than
he had been for his excellence in preaching. In 1597 he took
his degree of D. D. In the beginning of king James's reign he
was appointed chaplain in ordinary to his majefty ; who had
fuch an opinion of him as a writer, that he ordered the do&or's
book " De Antichrifto" to be reprinted with his own com-
mentary upon part of the Apocalypfe. In 1609 he was eleted
mailer of Baliol college ; which tvuft he difcharged with the
utmoft care and afliduity, by his frequent lectures to the fcholars,
by his continual prefence at public exercifes, and by promoting
temperance in the fociety. In May 1610 the king nominated
Dr. Abbot one of the fellows in the college of Chelfea, which

u]j George Abbot was elefted proba- ried a daughter of col. Parefoy, of Calde-

tioner fellow of Mcrton college, 1624, and cote-hall, Warwickshire ; whofe houfe he

admitted i.L. B. 1630. Wood, in his life gallantly defended, by the help cc the

of archbifhop Abbot, mentions a third fervanrs only, againft the attacks of the

George : but there is reafon to luppofe, princes Rupert and Maurice with iS

that the two Georges he fpeaks of were troops of horfe. He died Feb. 4, 1648,

the fame perfon, who appears to have in his 44th year. See his epitaph, with

been author of, I. " The whole book of fome further particulars, in the ** Hiftory

Job paraphrafed, &c. Lond. 1640." 2. of Hinckley, by Nichols, 1782," 4to.

44 Vindiciaefabbati, 1641, "410. 3. "Brief p. 237.

notes upon the whole book of Pfalms, [x] Prefixed to a book, intituled,

and forae other things. Jtic mar- " Cochin China, &c. 1633," 410.

C 4 had!

24 ABBOT.

had been lately founded for the encouragement and promotion
of polemical divinity. In November 1610 he was made pre-
bendary of Normanton in the church of .Southwell-, and in
1612 his majefty appointed him regiu r . profefTor of divinity at
Oxford ; in which ftation he acquired the character of a pro-
found divine, though a more moderate calvinift than either of
his two predeceflbrs in the divinity-chair, Holland and Hum-
phrey : for he countenanced the (ublapf irian tenets concerning
predeftination [Y]. In one of his fermons before the univerfity,
where he was profeiTor, he thus points out the oblique methods
then practifed by fome perfons, who fecretly favoured popery, to
undermine the reformation. u There were men, fays he, who,
under pretence of truth, and preaching agamft the puritans,
flruck at the heart arid root of that faith and religion now efta-
blifhed amongfl us ; which was the very practice of Paribns'
and Campian's counfel, when they carne hither to feduce young
ftudents \ who, afraid to be expelled if they fhould openly pro-
fefs their converfion, were directed to fpeak freely againft the
puritans, as what would fuffice; fo thcfe do not expect to be
accounted papifts, becaufe they fpeak only againft puritans, but
becaufe they are indeed papifts, they fpeak nothing agaimt them :
or if they do, they beat about the buih, and that foftly too, for
fear of difquieting the birds that are in it." Dr. Laud> then pre-
fentj was fo much fufpeled to be one of thofe perfons to whom
the allufion was made, that the whole auditory applied thefe re-
flections to him ; nay, Laud himfelf wrote a letter to the bifnop of
Lincoln, complaining, " that he was fain to fit patiently at the
rehearfal of this fermon, though abufed almoft an hour together,
being pointed at as he fat ; yet would have taken no notice of
it, but that the whole univerfity applied it to him ; and his
friends told him he fhould fink in his credit, if he anfwered
not Dr. Abbot in his own : neverthelefs, he would be patient,
and defired his lordfhip would vouchfafe him fome direction."
But as Laud made no anfwer, it is likely the bifhop advifed
him againft it [z]. The fame of Dr. Abbot's lectures became
very great ; and thofe which he gave upon the fupreme power
of kings againft Bellarmine and Suarez fo much pleafed his
majefty, that when the fee of Salifbury became vacant, he named
him to that bifhopric; and he was conlecrated by his own brother
at Lambeth, Dec. 3, 1615 [A]. When he came to Salifbury, he
found the cathedral running to decay, through the negligence
and covetoufnefs of the clergy belonging to it : however, he
found means to drzw 500 1. from the prebendaries, which he

[v] Atben. Ox. 1721, vol. i. col. [A] Fuller's worthies of England, in
43- " S;;rrey.

z] Rufhworth, vol. i. p. 62.

applied

ABDALMALEK,

applied to the reparation of this church [B]. He then gave himfelf
Up to the duties of his funclion with great diligence and affiduity,
vifiting his whole diocefe in perfon, and preaching every funday,
whilil health would permit, which was not long ; for his fe-
dentary life, and clofe application to ftudy, brought upon him
the gravel and (lone, of which he died March 2, 1617, in the
58th year of his age. He did not fill the fee quite two years
and three months ; and was one of the five bifbops which
Salifbury had in fix years. He was buried oppofite to the oimop's
feat in the cathedral. Robert had been twice married, and his
fecond marriage gave fome difpleafure to the archbifhop. He
left one fon, and one daughter -, Martha, who was married to
fir Nathanael Brent, warden of Merton college in Oxford ("c].
Their daughter Margaret was married to Dr. Edward Corbet,
r-e&or of Hafely in Oxfordfhire, who is mentioned in the note
below.

ABD ALLAH, father of the prophet Mohammed, was a Have,
and driver of camels. The Mohammedans, for elevating the
Qrigin of the fon, affirm that the father was fought for in mar-
riage by the faireft and mod virtuous of all the women of his
tribe. He was then 75 or 85 years of age ; and, what is more
extraordinary full, is that, on his wedding-night, a hundred
young girls died in defpair at feeing one female more fortunate
than they. His wife remained a long while barren, but at lail
fhe brought forth a fon who made a great alteration in the af-
fairs of the world.

ABDALMALEK, or ABDELMELIK, fon of Marvan, fifth
calif of the race of the Ommiades, began his reign in the year
65 of the hegira, 685 of J. C. and fmimed it in 86. He was
given the furname of Rafch al Hegiarat, that is, the fweat of the
ilone, oir account of his extreme avarice, and that of Abulzebab,
becaufe of his breath, which was fo ofFenfive, that it killed the
Hies that fettled on his lips. He furpafled in power all the
califs his predecefibrs ; it being under his reign that the Indies
were conquered in the eail, and his armies penetrated as far as
Spain to the weft.

This calif alfo extended his empire fouthwards, by rendering
himfelf mailer of Mecca, where Abdalla, fon of Zobair, was in
cantonment, and afterwards defeated Mafaab, brother of the
fame Abdalla. He was in the caftle of Coufa, when the head of
Mafaab was brought him, who had been defeated and flam by
his troops, and one of them that were about his perfon faid to
him : " 1 am now reflecting on an adventure that appears to me

[B] Featiey's life of biihop Abbot, He alfo left behind him feveral manu-

j>- _49- fcripts, which Dr. Corbet preferred to the

[c] Dr. Abbot wrote feveral pieces con- Bodleian library.
C'rning the controverfies of thofe times.

very

26 A B D I A S.

very fmgular ; which is, that I have feen brought into this carUe*
the head of Houflain, fon of All, to Obeidalla, who had de-
feated him, that of Obeidalla to Mokhtar his crrqueror, that of
Mokhtarto Mafaab, and that of Mafaab, which i^ :\ow preferred
to you." Abdalmalek was furprifed, and troubled at this fpeech,
and gave orders immediately to have the caftle dernolifhed in
order to avert the ill omen. Abdalmalek reigned 21 years, and
was fucceeded by his fon Valid, who was the eldeft of fixteen
male children he left behind him, of whom three others, Soly-
man, Yezid, and Hefhham, alfo came to the fovereignty. He
was buried without the gate of Damafcus, and tns moderation
is remarked in that he would not take by force from the chrif-
tians a church that he had requefted of them, and which they
refufed to give him.

A.BDAS, a bifhop in Perfia, who, in the time of Theodofius
the younger, by his inconfiderate zeal, was the caufe of a very
terrible perfecution againil the chriiiians, who till then enjoyed
a full liberty of confcience in Perfia. Abdas was the firft martvr
on the occafion, if we may fo call a man, who by his rafhnefs
brought fo many misfortunes on the church. The clergy, who
had long forgot one of the mo ft efiential parts of chriftian hu-
mility and patience, had recourfe to a remedy which occafioned
another deluge of blood. They called in the afiiftance of Theo-
dofius, which kindled a long war between the Romans and Per-
fians. It is true, the latter were worfted : but was there any
certainty that they fhould not overcome the Romans ; and that,
being fmmed with victory, in (lead of perfecuting only the
chriitians in Perfia, they would not exercife a general per-
fecution againft all the other churches ? Thus we fee what
mifchiefs the inconfiderate zeal of one man may occafion. The
fury of the perfccutors could fcarce be fatisfied in the 'fpace of
30 years [D]. Such are the unavoidable inconveniencies to
which they expofe themfelves who maintain fo warmly, that
the power of trie fecujar arm ought to be made ufe of for the
eftablimment of orthodoxy.

ABPIAS, of Babylon, a legendary writer, only known by
an apocryphal work, which has been tranflated into latin, and
publifhed by Wolfgang Lazius : it is intituled, Hiftoria certaminis
apoilolicj. Bafil, 1551. He boafled he had feen Chrift, was
one of the 72 difciples, and had been an eye-witnefs of the
actions and deaths of feveral of the apoftles ; that he had fol-
lowed St. Simon and St. Jude into Perfia, where he faid they
had made him firft bifliop of Babylon. But his forgery is eafily
detected, for he mentions Hegefippus, and Jul. Africanius, one
of whom lived about 1 30, and the other 221 years after the afcen-

[D] Theodoret. hifl. ccclef. lib, T. cap. 39. Socratishift, ccckf. lib, vii. cap.iS.

4 fion.

ABEL.'

lion. The original MS. of this work was difcovered in the monaf-
tcry of Oiliach in Carinthia, and is infertcd in the Bibl. Patr.

ABEILLE (CASPAR), was born at Riez in Provence, in.
the year 1648. He came up to Paris early in life, where he
v/as much admired for the brilliancy of his wit. The mare-
chal de Luxembourg took notice of him, and gave him the
title of his fecvctavy. The poet followed the hero in his
campaigns. The ir.arihai gave him his confidence during his
life, and at his death recommended him to his heirs as an
efr.inmble niuii. The prince of Conti and the duke de Vendome
YGuchfaifd him their familiarity, and they found great pleafure
in his lively and animated converfation. The witticifms which,
would have been common in the mouth of any other man, were
gendered ftriking in him by the turn he gave them, and by the
grimaces with which he accompanied them. A countenance
remarkably ugly and full of wrinkles, which he managed at
pleafure, liood him in ilead of a variety of itiafks. Whenever he
read a ta4e or a comedy, he made a ludicrous ufe of this move-
able phyfiognorny for diftinguifhing the perfonages of the piece
he was reciting. The abbe Abeille enjoyed a priory, and a
place in the french academy. "We have of him fome odes, fome
epiitles, feveral tragedies, one comedy, and two, operas. A cer-
tain prince obferved of his tragedy of Cato, that, if Cato of
Utica fhould return from the grave, he would be no more Cato
than that of the abbe Abeille. To which one might add, that,
if the author of Cato fhould revifit the world, he would be re-
ceived in it neither as a Racine nor as a Corneille. He under-
ftood well enough what was neceflary to the formation of a good
poet : but he was not one himfelf. His ftyle is feeble, low and
languid. In his verification he difcovers none of that dignity
he had in his character He died at Paris the 2 1 ft of May, 1718.
A french critic, fpeaking of the two tragedies, Solyman and
Hercules, written by Jean Juvenon de la Thuillerie, fays, the
reader will be able to judge of their merit when he is informed
that they were attributed to the abbe Abeille.

ABEILLE (SciMo), brother of the foregoing, has left an ex-
cellent hiftory of the bones, 1685, in I2mo; together with
verfes which prove that poetry was a family talent. He died
in 1697. He had been furgeon-major of the regiment of Pi-
cardie. There is extant by him a treatife relative to that employ.
He pubiifhed it in 1669, in I2mo. under the title of The com-
plete army-furgeon.

ABEL, king of Denmark, was fon of Valdimar II, who left
the throne to Eric, his eldeft fon, crowned in 1241. Divifions
foon arofe between the two brothers , Abel declared war againfl
Eric ; and, after alternate fuccefles and defeats, they concluded
a peace in 1248, This reconcilement was only in outfide ap-
pearance.

A B E L A R D.

pearance. Abel having invited his brother to a repaft, caufccf
him to be aflaffinated, and took pofFeflion of his throne in 1250.
A heavy tax, eftabliihed under pretence of paying the national
debts occasioned by the former war, gave rife to a revolt nmong
the Frifons. Abel fet out at the head of an army to- reduce
them in 1252 ; but he was vanquifh^d and put to death by the
rebels, in revenge for the murder of his brother. This prince,
no lefs treacherous than cruel, had the art of concealing the
natural ferocity of his character under the fpecious appearance
of kindncfs and friendfhip.

ABEL (CHARLES FREDERIC), whofe great mufical ability was
an honour to the age in which he lived. His overtures, quartets,
and other works will be always in high eftimation. Among thofe
who are capable of difcerning the infpiration of genius, the
fubjetts of his movements, and the elegant combinations of .his
harmony, will for ever be attended with admiration. His in-
Itrurnental performance was much diilinguifhed for his elegance
and fine feeling. His powers on the viol di gamba were par-
ticularly great. He died, after three days fleep, on the 2oth of
June, 1787.

ABEL A (JoHN FRANCIS), commander of the order of Mal-
tha, is known by a very rare and curious book. He publiflied
it at Maltha in 1647, in folio, under the title of Maltha illuf-
ttata. This work, divided in four books, contains the defcrip-
tion of the ifle of Maltha and its principal antiquities.

ABELARD (PETER), one of the molt celebrated doctors of
the 1 2th century, was bom, 1079, in the village of Palais, fix
miles from Nantz in Britany. Being of an acute genius, he
applied himfelf to logic with more fuccefs than to any other
itudy , and travelled to feveral places on purpofe to exercife
himfelf in this fcience, difputing wherever he went, discharging
his fyllogifms on nil fides, and feeking every opportunity to fig-
nalize himfelf in difputation. He fmimed his lludies at Paris ;
where he found that famous profeflbr of philofophy William de
Champeaux, with whom he was at firft in high favour, but did
not continue fo long; for this profefibr, being puzzled to an-
fwer the fubtle objections ftarted by Abelard, grew at laft out
of humour, and began to hate him. The fchool foon ran into
parties j the fenior pupils, envious of Abelard, joined their
raafter : which only heightened the preemption of our young
philofopher, who now began to think himfelf completely quali-
fied to inftru6t others, and for this purpofe erected an academy
at Melun, where the french court then refided. Champeaux ufed
every method in his power to hinder the eitablifhment of this
fchool ; but his oppoiition only promoted the fuccefs of his
rival [E]. The fame of this new logical profeflbr fpreud greatly,

[E] Abselard. epiftc i. p. 5.

and

A B E L A R D. 2-9

Sml eclipfed that of Champeaux ; and Abelard was fo much
elated, that he removed his fchool to Corbeil, that he might
liarafs his enemy the clofer in mere frequent difputations : but
his exceffive application to ftudy brought upon him an illnefs,
which obliged him to remove to his native air. After two years
flay in Britany, he returned to Paris ; where Champeaux, though.
he had refigned his profeflbrfhip, and was entered amongft the
canons regular, yet continued to teach amongft them. Abelard
difputed againfl him, on the nature of univerfals, with fuch.
ftrength of argument, that he obliged him to renounce hia
opinion, which was abllracted fpinozifm unexplained. This
brought the monk into fuch contempt, and gained his antagonift
fo much reputation, that the lectures of the former were wholly
deferted ; and the profcfibr himfeif, in whofe favour Cham-
peaux had refigned, gave up the chair to Abelard, and became
one of his hearers. But no fooner was he raifed to this dignity,
than he found himfeif ftill more expofed to the darts of envy.
The canon-regular procured the difcharge of the profefTor, who
had given up the chair to Abelard, under pretext of his having;
been guilty of fome bad practices ; and one who was a violent
enemy to Abelard fucceeded. Abelard, upon this, left Paris,
and went to Melun, to teach logic as formerly ; but did not
continue there long : for, as foon as he heard that Champeaux
was retired to a village with his whole community, he polled
himfe'lf on mount St. Genevieve, and there erected his fchooi
like a battery againft the profefTor, who taught at Paris. Cham-
peaux, finding his friend thus befieged in his fchool, brought
back the canons-regular to their convent ; but this, inflead of
extricating him, was the caufe of his being deferted by all his
pupils ; and foon after this poor philofopher entered into a con-
vent. Abelard and Champeaux were now the only antagonifts,
and the fenior was far from having the advantage. Before the
context was rimmed, Abelard was obliged to go to fee his mo-
ther ; who, after the example of her huiband, was about to retire
to a cloifter. At his return to Paris, he found his rival pro-
moted to the bifliopric of Chalons ; fo that now having it in his
power to give up his fchool without the imputation of flying
from the field [F], he rcfolved to apply himfeif wholly to the
ftudy of divinity ; and for this purpofe removed to Laon, where
Anfelm gave lectures on theology with great applaufe. Abelard,
however, having heard him, and conceiving no opinion of his
capacity [G] j therefore, inltead of attending his lectures, refolved

[?] Si qusritis hujus from his long practice and experien^,

Fortunampugnas, nonlumfuperatus ab illo. than from genius or memory. If any one

[c] *' I went to this old man," fays confulted him upon a doubtful point, he
hs,, '* who hatJ acquired a reputation more was fure te come away more dubious ani

perplexed,

A B E L A R IX

to read divinity to his fellow ftudents. He accordingly explained
the prophecies of Ezekiel in fuch a fatisfaclory manner, that he
foon had a crowded audience : which raifed the jealoufy of An-
felm to fuch a degree, that he ordered Abelard to leave oif his
lectures. Abelard accordingly returned to Paris, where he ex-
plained Ezekiel in public with fo much fuccefs, that in a Ihort
time he became as famous for his knowledge in divinity as in
philofophy ; and his encouragement was fo confiderable, that he
was enabled to live in great affluence. Abelard was now the
famionable do6tor. To the talents of the man of letters he
added the agreeable manners of the politeft ranks. Admired by
.the one fex, he was no lefs nattered by the other. Tha the might
enjoy all the fweets of life, he fixed his affeclions on Heloife,
a canon's niece, preferably to a number of virgins and married
women, into whofe good graces, he fays, he could eafily have
Infmuated himfelf [nj. The canon, whofe name was Fulbert,
had a great paflion for money, and yet was vehemently defirous
of having Heloife a woman of learning : which difpofition of the
uncle, Abelard contrived to make fubfervient to his defign.
*' Allow me (faid he to Fulbert) to board in your houfe ; and I
will pay you whatever fum you demand in confederation thereof."
The fimple uncle, thinking he mould now furnifh his niece with
an able preceptor, who, inftead of putting him to expence, would
pay largely for his board, fell into the fnare j and requ^fled
Abelard to inftruct her day and night, and to ufe compulfion
in cafe fhe fhould prove negligent [i]. The preceptor gave
himfelf no concern to fulfil the expectations of Fulbert ; he foon
fpoke the language of love to his fair difciple ; and, inftead of
explaining authors, amufed himfelf in kifling and toying with his

perplexed. He appeared wonderful in the own words : " Tanti quippe tune nominis

eyes of fuch as vvere only auditors, but con- eram ; et juventutis, et formae gratia pras-

temptiblc to thofe who put queftions to minebam ; ut quamcunque feminarumnof-

hirn. He had alurprifing fluency of words, tro dignarer amore, nullam vererer repul-

but thofe without fenfe or meaning. His fam." For I was then in fuch high re.

difcourfe refernbled a fire, which enli-gbtens putation, and excelled fo much in the

not the houfe, but tills it with fmoke ; a graces of youth and perfon, that I feared

tree abounding wholly in leaves, and ap- no repulle from any woman whom I fhould

pearing beautiful at a diftance ; but thofe, think worthy of my love. Abselardi opera,

who came near and examined it narrowly, p. 10.

found it barren. Accordingly when I went [ij Abelard makes the following re-

up to pluck of its fruit, I found it like the flection on the canon's fimphcity : '* I

figtiee which our Lord curfed, or that old v-as no lefs furprifed," fays he, " than if

oak tto which Lucan compares Pompey. he had delivered up a tender lamb to a

Stat magni nominis umbra, &c." Abadardi famifhed wolf. And as he not only delired

opera, p. 7. me to teach her, but to ufe the mod com-

[H] Abelard had no fmall fhare of va- pulfive means, if neceifary, what was this

nity. Being handfoine, an-d in the bloom but yielding her to my wifhes, and giving

ot life; having a genius for poetry, and us an opportunity, whether we would or

abounding in money ; he flattered himfelf not ; fmce he gave me a power to ufe

very woman he adureifed would receive threats, and even ftripes, if gentlenefs

hici favourably. The following are his failed?" Tb. p. n.

lovely

ABELARD. 31

lovely pupil [K]. f * Under pretence of learning (fays lie) we de-
voted ourfelves wholly to love , and our fludies furnifhed us
with that privacy and retirement, which our paffion defired. We
would open our book, but love became the only leffon ; and
more kiffes were exchanged, th;\n fentences explained. I put
my hand oftener to her bofom than to the book ; and OUT eyes
were more employed in gazing at each other, than looking at
the volume. That we might be the lefs fufpeclcd, I fometimes
beat her, not out of anger, but love ; and the ftripes were
Tweeter than the moil fragrant cintments." Having never tafted
i'uch joys before, they gave themfelves up to them with the
greatell tranfport ; fo that Abelard now performed the functions
of his public office with great remiffhefs, for he wrote nothing
but amorous verfes. His pupils, perceiving his lectures much
altered for the worfe, quickly guefled the caufe j but the fimplc
Fuibert was the laft perfon who difcovered Abelard's intrigue.
He would not at firft believe it ; but his eyes being at length
opened, he obliged his boarder to quit the family. Soon after,
the niece, finding herfelf pregnant, wrote to her lover, who
advifed her to leave Fuibert. She complied with the advice of
Abelard, who fent her to his filter's houfe in Britany, where
fhe was delivered of a fon, whom they named Ailrolabiss ; and,
in order to pacify the canon, Abelard offered to marry Heloife
privately. This propofal pleaied the uncle more than the niece ;
who, from a iirange (ingularity in her paflidn, chofe rather to be
the miftrefs than the wife of Abelard [L]. At length, however, (lie
confented to a private marriage ; but, even after this, would, on
fome occafions, affirm with an oath that (he was ftill unmarried.
Fuibert, being more defirous of divulging the marriage, to wipe
off the afperfion brought upon the family, than of keeping his
promife with Abelard not to mention it, often abufed his niece,
when (he abfolutely denied her being Abelard's wife. Her huf~
band thereupon fent her to the monastery of Argenteuil ; where,
at his defire, me put on a religious habit, but not a veil. Heloife's
relations, apprehending a fecond piece of treachery in Abelard,
were tranfported to fuch a degree of refentment, that they
hired ruffians, who, forcing into his chamber by night, deprived

[K] Abrelard. epift. p. ir. feil plerif<jue tacitis quibus amorem con-*

[L] Mr. Pope, in his hercvc epiftle on jugio, libertatem vinculo prsterebam.

the lubjeft of this amour, icarcely departs Deum teftem invoco, fi me Augullus, unU

anr farther from the fentiments contained verfo prsfidens mundo, matrimonii hu-

in fome of her letters, than is neceffary to r.ore dignaretur, totumque mihi orbera

a poetical tranflation : confirrnarec in perpetuo prsfidendum, cha

Curfe on all laws but thofe, &c. rius mihi et dignius vid.tur tua dki me-

retnx, quarn illius imperatrix : non enira

Ubi et rationes nonnulias, quibus tc a quo quifque ditior five potentior, ideo et
conjugio noftro, infaultis tlialamis, revo- melioi' ; forluns illwd eit, hoc virtutis.
care conabar, exponere uon es aledignatus-:

him

A B E L A R D.

him of his manhood [M ]. This infamous treatment forced Afofc*
lard to a cloifter, there to conceal his confufion ; fo that it w ;
fhame, and not devotion, which made him aflfume the habit in
the abbey of St. Dennis. The diforders of this houfe, where
the abbot exceeded the reft of the monks in impurity as well
as indignity, foon drove Abelard from thence ; for, having taken
upon him to cenfure their behaviour, he became fo obnoxious,
that they defired to get rid of him. He retired next to the territo-
ries of the count of Champagne, where he gave public Ie6lures j
and drew together fuch a number of hearers, that the other
profeflbrs, whofe pupils left them to attend on Abelard, being
itung with envy, began to raife perfecutions againft him. Some
authors affirm that the number of his fcholars amounted to 3000.
He had two formidable enemies in Laon, who perceiving the pre-
judices done to their fchools in Rheims by his great reputation,
fought an opportunity to ruin him ; and they were at lad fur-
niihed with one by his treatife on the trinity, where they pre-
tended to have difcovered a moft dreadful herefy [N]. Accord-
ingly they prevailed on their archbifhop to call a council at Soif-
fons, in the year 1 121 j which, without allowing Abelard to make
his defence, fentenced him to throw the book into the flames,
and to (hut himfelf up in the cloifter of St. Medard. Soon after
he was ordered to return to the convent of St. Dennis : where
happening to fay, that he did not believe their St. Dennis to be
the Areopagite mentioned in fcripture, he expofed himfelf to
the abbot ; who was overjoyed with- the opportunity of blending
a ftate crime with an accufation of falfe doctrine. The abbot
immediately called a chapter ; and declared, that he was going
to deliver up to the fecular power a man, who had audacioufly
trampled on the glory and diadem of the kingdom. Abelard,
knowing thefe menaces were not to be defpifed, fled by night
into Champagne , and, after the abbot's death, obtained leave to
lead a monadic life wherever he pleafed. He now retired to a foli-

[M J This cruel misfortune is alluded to Still on that breaft enamour'd let me lie,

in the following lines o{ the fame epiftle : Still drink delicious poifon from thy eye,

Pant on thy lip, and to thy heart be prefs'd,

** Alas, how chang'd 1 what fudden hor- Give all thou canft and let me dream the

rorsrife! reft."

A naked lover bound and bleeding lies ! [N] It was alleged that Abelard admit-
Where, where was Eloife ? her Voice, her ted three Gods, though it is certain he was

hand, orthodox with regard to this myftery. The

Her poinard had oppos'd the dire com- comvarifon he drew from logic, tends ra-

mand. ther to make the divine perfons one, than

Barbarian ,ftay 5 thatbloodyftrokereftrain; to multiply the effence of God to three ;

The crime was common -, common be the and yet he is not accufed of fabellianifm,

pain. but of tritheifm. This is his compr.rifon :

1 can no more; by fhame, by rage fup- As the three propofitions of a fyllogifmare

pi-eft, but one and the fame truth ; fo the Father,

Let tears and burning blufhes fpeak the Son, and Holy Ghoft are one and the fame

effence.

tude

A B E L A R D* 33

tude in the diocefe of Troyes, and there built an oratory, which
he named the Paraclet ; where great numbers of pupils reforted
to him. This revived that envy, by which he had been fo often
perfecuted 5 and he now fell into the moft dangerous hands :
for he drew upon himfelf the fury and malice of St. Norbert
and St. Bernard, who pretended to be reftorers of the ancient
difcipline, and were enthufiafts whom the populace followed as
new apoltles. They raifed fuch calumnies againft him, as hurt
him greatly with his principal friends ; and thofe, who itill con-
tinued to efteem him, durlt not (hew him any outward marks
of their friendfhip. His life became fo uneafy, that he was upon
the point of flying to fome country where chriilianity was not
profefled ; but fate determined otherwife, and he was brought
anew amongft chriftians, and monks worfe than turks[o]. The
monks of the abbey of Ruis, in the diocefe of Vannes, having
chofen him their fuperior, he now hoped he was got into a quiet
afylum ; but it foon appeared, that he had only exchanged one
evil for another. He endeavoured to reform the corrupt man-
ners of the monks, and took the revenues of the abbey out of
their hands ; fo that they' were now obliged to maintain their
concubines and their children at their own expence. This flricl
though laudable behaviour raifed much malice againll him, and
brought him into many dangers [pj. About this time the abbot of
St. Dennis having expelled the nuns from Argenteuil, Abslard, in
pity to Heloife their priorefs, made her a preient of the Paraclet ;
where (lie took up her refidence with fome of her filler nuns.
After this he made feveral journies from Britany to Champagne,
to fettle Heloife's affairs, and to relax himfelf from the cares and
uneafmefs he experienced in his abbey 5 fo that, notwithftanding
the horrid ufage he had received by means of Heloife's relations,
they {till fpread malicious calumnies againft him [o^J. In 1140,
he was accufed of herefy before the archbifhop of Sens. He
defired he might be permitted to make his defence ; and a council
was accordingly fummoned for that purpofe, at which king
Lewis VII. was prefent, and St. Bernard appeared as his accufer.
They began by reading in the aiTembly feveral proportions ex-
tracted from the works of Abelard, which fo alarmed him, that
he appealed to the pope. The council nevertheltefs condemned
the proportions, but determined nothing in regard to his per-

[c] Abelard. epift. p. 3;. u:is more afraid of a dagger than of poifon ;

j_p] The monks attempted feveral times fo that he ufed to compare himfelf to ths

to poifon him ; but not being able to effect man, whom the ficilian tyrant placed at

that by his ordinary food (for he wis aware table with him, under a drawn fword, fu(-

t their defignj they tried to poifon him pended only by a thread. Abelard. epiih

with the facramental bread and v/ir.e. One p. ;^

day he abftained from a difli which had [Q^] Though his enemies knew his in-
been prepared for him, and his companion capacity, they yet affirmed that fome. re-
vvho ate it died inftanrly. Abelard ex- mai-.s of fenfual delight tlill engaged him
communicated the moft rebellious of his to his miftrefs.
monks ; but to no purpofe : for at laft he

VOL. I. D fon ;

34 A B E L A R D.

fon ; and they fent an account of their proceedings to pope
Innocent II, Paying him to confirm their determination. The
pope complied with their requeft ; ordered Abelard to, be con-
fined, his book to be burnt, and that he fhould never teach again.
His holinefs, however, fome time alter, foftened the rigour of
this fentence, at the interceiTion of Peter the Venerable , for
Peter, an enlightened and compafiionate man, had not only re-
ceived this heretic into his abbey of Clugni, but had even brought
r.bout a reconciliation betwixt him and St. Bernard, who had
been the chief promoter of his perfecution in the council of
Sens. In this fanchiary at Clugni, Abelard was treated with
the utmoft humanity and tendernefs ; here he gave lectures to
the monks j and his whole behaviour mewed the greateft hu-
mility and induftry. At length, being grown infirm from the
prevalence of the fcurvy and other disorders, he was removed
to the priory of St. Marcellus, a very agreeable place on the
Saon, near Chalons ; where he died April 21,1 142, in the 636.
year of his age. His corpfe was fent to Heloife, who depofited
It in the Paraclet. Abelard and Heloife are names fo famous,
fince their memory has bsen revived by Pope in his famous
epiftie, and in imitation of him by the poets of fo many other
nations, that even the fmalleft circumftances relating to them
excite our participation, or at lead our curiofity. Their bones
have Iain in the abbey of the Paraclet, in the diocefe of Troyes in
France, ever fince 1 142 and 1 163. They have been at feveral times
and in different centuries, moved to other parts of the church. The
lad tranfpofition was made by order of the prefent abbefs madame
de Roucy, in the year 1 780, with the following ceremonies. The
relics of this fond pair were taken up out of the vault, and laid
by a pried in a leaden coffin feparated into two divifions, in
order that they might not be mixed, which was expofed to view
for a quarter of an hour, and then foldered up. After which
the coffin was borne, attended by the ladies of the convent
fmging anthems, firft into the choir, and then to the place cf
its deftination under the altar; vihere, after prayers had been
faid over it, it was folemnly interred. The abbefs has caufed a
monument of black marble to be erected on the fpot, with the
following infcription :

Hie
fub eodem marmore jacent

hujus ruorullerii
conditor, PETRU3 AI^ELARDUS,

et abbatifla pnma HELOISA,
olim ftudiis, ingenio, amore, infauftis nnptiis,

tt j-.cenitentia ;
nunc sterna, quod fperamus, felicitate

conjundi.
Petru? obiitxx prima Apr. anno 1141.

Heioila, xvii Mali, 1163.

Curls Cirola; de Roucy, Paraded abbalilTae

M.DCC.LXXX,

ABELL

A BEND AN A. 35

ABELL (JOHN), [R] an cngliili mufician, was celebrated for a
fine counter-tenor voice, and for his flqll on the lute. Charles II,
of whofe chapel he was, and who admired his fmging, had formed
a rcfolution of fending him to the carnival at Venice, in order to
ihew the Italians what Er^l:,t,d could produce in this way; but
the fcheme was dropped. Abell continued in the chapel till the
revolution, when he was difcharged as being a papiic. Upon
this he went abroad, and diftinguifhed himfelf by fmging in
public in Holland, at Hamburgh, and o':hcr places ; where, ac-
quiring plenty of money, he fet up a fplendid equipage, and
affected the man of quality : though at intervals he was fo re-
duced, as to be obliged to travel through whole provinces with
his lute flung at his back. In rambling he got as far as Poland,
and at Warfaw met with a very extraordinary adventure. He
was fent for to court ; but evading to go by fome flight excufe,
was commanded to attend. At the palace he was feated in a
chair, in the middle of a fpacious hall, and fuddenly drawn up
to a great height ; when the king with his attendants appeared
in a gallery oppofite to him. At the fame inftant a number of
wild bears were turned in; when the king bid him choofe, whe-
ther he would fmg, or be let down among the bears ? Abell chofe
to fing, and declared afterwards, that he never fung fo well in
his life.

After having rambled for many years, it feeins that he re-
turned to England; for, in 1701, he publimed at London a
collection of fongs in feverai languages, with a dedication to
king William. Towards the end of queen Anne's reign he was
at Cambridge with his lute, but met with little encouragement.
How long he lived afterwards, is nbt known. This artift is
faid to have pofieiTed fome fecrets, by which he preferved the
natural tone of his voice to an extreme old age.

ABELLI (LEWIS), biflicp and count of Rhodez, born in the
Vexin Francois in 1603. He quitted his bifhopric in 1667, three
years after his promotion, and retired to St. Lazare, where he
died in 1691, aged 88 years. He is moPc known to us by his
Medulla theologica, 2 vols. I2mo. This is the book which the
proteftants have often quoted againft EofTuet, becaufe it fur-
nifhed them with weapons againit the catholic zeal of convert-
making ; for he became the protector of the mod extravagant
notions on the devotion of the Virgin, by which he defeated the
bifhop's argument. He wrote befides other works in latin and
french.

ABENDANA (JACOB), a learned fpanifli Jew, nafi, i. e.
prefect of a fynagogue in London ; known by a fpicilegium of
explanations on felet paflages of the SS. in hebrew, fol. Amft.
1685. Died 1685.

[R I Hiltory of muftc, by fir John Hawkins- vol. iv. p. 445.

I) 2 ABENEZRA

A B E E. N E T H Y.

ABENEZRA (ABRAHAM), a celebrated rabbi, born at Tole-
do in Spain, called by the Jews, the wife, great, and admirable
doctor, was a very able interpreter of the holy fcriptures, and
was well fkilkd in grammar, poetry, philofophy, ailronomy, and
in medicine. He was alfo a perfect mailer of the arabic. His
principal work is Commentaries on the old teilament, which
are much eileemed : thefe are printed in Bomberg's and Bux.-
torf's hebrew bibles. His ilyle is clear, elegant, concife, and
much like that of the holy fcriptures ; he almoil always adheres
to the literal fenfe, and every where gives proofs of his genius
and good fenfe : he however advances fome erroneous fenti-
ments. The fcarceft of all his books is entitled Jefud Mora,
which is a theological work, intended as an exhortation to the
fludy of the Talmud. He died in 1 174, aged about 75.

ABENGNEFIL, an arabian phyfician., author of a fcarce trea-
tife De virtutibus metlicinarum et ciborum, Venice, 1581, in
folio, flourifhed in the I2th century,

ABEN-MELEK, a learned rabbi, of whom we have The per-
fection of beauty, Amilerdam, 1661, in folio, in hebrew ; and
tranflated into latin, in 4 to and in Svo. Under this fingular title
he has given a commentary on the bible, in which he confines
himielf to the explication of the grammatical fenfe.

ABERCROMBY (THOMAS, M.D.) Was born at Forfar,
in the county of Angus, 1656, and educated in St. Salvator's
college in the univerfity of St. Andrews, from whence he went
over to Leyden, where he took the degree of doclor of phyfic in
1685. Returning to Scotland, he renounced the proteftant re-
ligion at the requeft of King James 3L and was by him appoint-
ed one of the court phyficians. In confequence of the revolu-
tion he was difcarded on account of his political and religious
principles. It does not appear that ever he made any diilin-
guiimng iirrure in the phyfieal profefTion ; for foon after the re-
volution he attached himfelf to the ftudy of antiquities, and
\vrote The martial achievements of Scotland, in two vols. folio.
The firil volume of that work hr.s fo much of the marvellous,
that a real difpaffionate critic cannot read it with any degree
of patience. The fecond volume is well worthy die perufal of
every nerfon who would defire to be acquainted with the pro-
blematical partsof the britifh hiftory during the fourteenth and
fifteenth centuries. Lciides the above, he wrote A treatife on
\vit, -which at pvcfcnt is not mi; cmed. He died at Edin-

bur t ;i M in 1720. aged 70, and was buried in the abbey church
of Hoiyrcodhoufe.

ABi.:il\'E THY (Jc-HK,) an eminent diflenting minifter in
Ireland, was born Ocl. 19, it Bo : his father a diflenting mini-
fter in Colraine, his mother a Walkinlhaw of Renfrewihire in
Scotland. In 1089 he was feparated from his parents; his fa-
ther

ABERNETHY. 37

ther having been employed by the prefbyterian clergy to folicit
fome public affairs in London, at a time when his mother, to
avoid the tumult of the infurre'fUons in Ireland, withdrew to
Derry. He was at this time with a relation, who in that gene-
ral confufion determined to remove to Scotland ; and having no
opportunity of conveying the child to his mother, carried him
along with him. Thus he happily efcaped the hardfhips of the
fiege of Derry, in which Mrs. Abernethy loll all her other chil-
dren. Having fpent forne years at a grammar fehool, he was re-
moved to Glafgow college, where he continued till he took the
degree of M. A. His own inclination led him to the ftudy of
phyfic, but he was diffuaded from it by his friends, and turned
to that of divinity ; in purfuance of which he went to Edin-
burgh, and was fome time under the care of the celebrated pro-
feiTbr Campbell. At his return home, he proceeded in his flu-
dies with fuch fuccefs, that he was licenfed to preach by the pref-
bytery before he was 21 years of age. In 1708, having a call
by the diffenting congregation at Antrim, he was ordained. His
congregation was large, and he applied himfelf to the paftoral
work with great diligence. His preaching was much admired ;
and as his heart was fet upon the acquisition of knowledge, he
was very induilrious in reading. In 1716, he attempted to re-
move the prejudices of the native Irifh in the neighbourhood of
Antrim, who were of the popiih perfuafion, and bring them over
to the proteftant faith. His labours were not without fuccefs,
for feveral were induced to renounce their errors,

About the time the Bangorian controverfy was on foot in
England, and a fpirit of chriltiaii liberty prevailed, a confiderable
number of minifters and others, in the north of Irelaad, formed
themfelves into a fociety for their improvement in ufeful know-
ledge; by bringing things to the teit of reafon and fcripture,
without having a fervile regard to any human authority. Aber-
nethy went into this defign with much zeal, and conflantly at-
tended their meetings at Belfaft, whence it was called the Bel-
fad fociety. Debates foon 'grew warm, and difTeniions high
among them, on the fubjet of requiring fubfcriptions to the
"Weftminiler confeflion. This controverfy, on the negative fide
of which Abernethy was one of the principal leaders, was brought
into the general fynod, and ended in a rupture in 1726. 'Fhe
fynod determined, that thofe miniRers, who at the time of this
rupture, and for fome years before, were known by the name of
non-fubfcribers, mould be no longer of their body : the confe-
quence of which was, that the minifters of this denomination
found every where great difficulties arifmg from jealoufies fpread
among their people. The reputation which Abernethy had ac-
quired, and which was eftablifhed by* a long courfe of exempla-
ry living, was no fecurity to him from thefe. Some of his peo-

D 3 pie

38 .ABLE.

pic forfook his miniftry, and went to other congregations : and
in fometime the number of the fcrupulous and difiatisfied fo in-
creafed, that they were by the fynod ereded info a diftinft con-
gregation, and provided with a miniftcr. There happened about
this time a vacancy in the congregation of Wood-ftreet in Dub-
lin : to this Abernethy had an invitation, which he accepted.
When he came to Dublin, he applied himfelf to ftudy and to
the compofing of fermons with as great induftry as ever. He
wrote all his fermons at full length, and conrtantly made ufe of
his notes in the pulpit. Here he continued his labours for ten
years with much reputation : and while his friends, from the
ftrength of his confutation and his perfect temperance, promifed
themfelves a longer enjoyment of him, he was attacked by the
gout, to which he had been fabjedl, in a vital part, and died,
Dec. 1740, in the 6othyear of his age. He left behind him fe-
yeral volumes of rnifpellaneous fermons in MS. a fpecimen of
which was pubhihed in London in tv/o vols. Svo. 1748. To
thefe the editor has prefixed fome memoirs of his life, from
which the above particulars are extracted.

ABGARUS, the name of a king of EdeiTa, in Mefopotamia,
faid to have been contemporary with Chrift. He is famous by the
letter pretended to our Saviour, and the anfwer fome fay he re-
ceived from him : but the whole ftory is rejected by Spanheim,
clu Pin, and others of the catholic party. Dr. Cave in his Hift.
lit. and Pear foil in his Vindication of Ignatius are of another mind.
Dr. Lardner, in his Enquiry into the antient authorities, has fuffi-
ciently confuted this foolifh legend, which was fir ft propagated
by Eufebius, the ecclefiafUcal hiftorian, v/ho faid he copied it
from the records of the city of Edefla.

ABIOSI (JOHN), an Italian phyfician and aftronpmer, flour ifh-
cd towards the end of the I5th century and beginning of the
j6th. Some of his works are much efleemed. His Dialogue up-
on aftrology, 4 to, Venice, 1494, has been put in the Index ex-
purgatorius.

ABLANCOURT. SeePerrot.

ABLE, or ABEL (TPIOMAS)[S], was admitted B. A. at Oxford,
July 4, H j 13, and took his degree of M. A. June 26, i $ 16 [T].
He was afterwards appointed chaplain to queen Catherine, wife
to Henry VIII. Mr Bouchier [uj thus fpeaks of him : " Vir longe
docliilimus, qui reginre aliquando in muficarum tactu & linguis
operam fuam navafet j" a man of great learning, v/ho ufed fome-
times to teach' the queen mufic and the languages. He greatly
diflinguimed hiinfeif by oppofing the divorce of the queen [x],

"si V/"ood's fafti oxon. vol. i. p. 19. been maintained by feveral emipent per-

"T] Ib. p. 24.. fons, whole opijjions have been fully re-

u 1 HUt. ecclef. de martyr. futeid in bifliop Burnet's Hiftory of the

x] The lavvfulaefs of this divorce has re'foimation, and in feveral other books.

anc

A B O U G E H E L.

and was a violent enemy to the king in all his unlawful proceed-
ings. He wrote a treatife, " De non diflblvendo Henrici et Ca-
therine matrimonio." In the year 1534 he was attainted of
inifprifion, for being active in the affair of Elizabeth Barton, the
holy maid of Kent [Y]. He was afterwards fentenced to die for
denying the king's fupremacy, and, was accordingly execuced
July 30, i $40. It is thought that he wrote feverai pieces : but
they have been loft. When in prifon he was confined very
clofely -j and the keeper of Newgate was once fent to the Mar-
fhalfea fcr allowing him and Dr. Powel to go out upon bail.

ABOUGEHEL, one of the greatefl enemies of Mohammed
and his religion. Jn the chapter of the Koran intituled Anaam,
God fays : I will caufe him who is dead to. revive. The inter-
preters tell us, that this verfe was pubHfhed on account of two
idolatrous Arabs, of whom one was Abougehel) and the other
Omar, becaufe that Mohammed, having one day feen them toge-
ther, prayed the Lord that he would grant the grace to one of
them of being a mufulman. Omar was the perfon that was en-
lightened, and Abougehel remained in the darknefs of infidelity j
the one was vivified, the other continued dead. Jofeph, fon of
Abdelber, in his treatife intituled Hegiat al megiales, or, The
converfations of the companies, relates that Mohammed, in a
vifion, thought himfelf in paradife, where he faw a machine
much ufed in the Levant for drawing water out of the wells,
called by the Latins, tollens, and confiiting of a long lever fixed
on a poft. Mohammed inquired to whom this machine belonged i
and was anfwered, that it belonged to Abougehel. Mohammed,
very much furprifed at hearing his name, replied : " What has
Abougehel to do with paradile ? he is never to enter there."
It happened, however, fome time after this dream, that Acra-
mas, fon of Abougehel, became a mufulman. Mohammed was
greatly rejoiced at it, as it furnidied an explication to his dream :
for Abougehel had ferved as the machine which God made ufe
of for drawing his fon from the bottom of the pit of infidelity,
while he himfelf was plunged into it. The mufulmans, for
ihewing the contempt they have for this perfon, cail coloquin-

YJ Lord Herbert of Cherbury gives that notwithftanding the danger that was

the following account of that importer : to give ear to a prediction of hers, that

te Elizabeth Barton had almotl ftirred up Henry VIII. Ihould not live one month

more than one tragedy ; for being fuborn- after his marriage with Mrs. Bolen, fhe

d by the monks to ufe fome ftrange gef- was cried up with many voices; Silvefter,

ticulations, and to exhibit divers feigned Antonio, Pollicari, and Darius, the pope's

miracles, accompanied with fome wizard- agents, giving credit and countenance

ly unfooth-fayings, Ihe drew much credit thereunto. But the plot being at laft dif-

and concourfe to her, infomuch that no covered, (lie was attainted of treafon, and

mean perfons, and amongil others War- executed, with her chief accomplices, at

ham late archbilliop of Canterbury,' and which time {he confdfed their names, who

Fifher bifhop of Rochefter, and fir Tho- had inftigated her to thefe praitices." Life

mas More, gave fome belief to her: fo and reigu of Henry VIII.

D 4 ' tida,

4 o ABOU-H ANIF A H.

ticla, which the Latins term cucumis afininus, the melon, or the
cucumber of Abougehel.

ABOU-H AN IFAH[z], furnamed AL-NOOMAN, was the fbn of
Thabet, and born at Coufa in the year of the hegira So. He is
the moft famous of all the doctors of the orthodox mufulmans,
concerning the matters of their law ; for he held the firft place
smo.ng the four chiefs of particular fects, who may be followed
implicitly in their deciiions en points of right. Pie was not,
however, in high eftimation during his life ; nay, the calif Al-
manzor had him put into prifon at Bagdat, for refilling to fub-
fcribe to the opinion of abfolute and determinant predeftination,
which the mufulmans term cadha : but Abu-Jofeph, fovereign
judge, and a fort of chancellor of the empire under the calif
Hadi, brought his doctrine into fuch reputation, that, for being
2. good mufulraan, it was neceffary to be a hanifite. Neverthe-
lefs he died in the prifon of Bagdat; and it was not till 335
years after his death that Melikfhah, fultan of the race of the
.Selgiucides, caufed to be built for Him in the fame city a noble
maufoleuin, to which he added a college particularly for thofe
who made profeffion of his feel:. This was in the year 485 of
the hegira, of the vulgar sera 1092. Several of the moft illuflri-
ous authors among the mohammedans have written, in a ftyle of
commendation, the life of this doctor ; Zamakhfchari, Korderi,
Marghinam, Deinouri, Sobahazmouni, are of that number : and
feme of them have even found his name in the Old teflament,
and ailert that he was foretold in the facred writings, as well as
their prophet. All the hiftorians agree, that he excelled not only
in the knowledge, but alfo in the practice of the muiulman law:
for he led a life of great aufterity, entirely detached from the
manners of the world \ which has caufed him to be considered
as the firft chief and iman of the law by all the orthodox, and he
is only rejected by the (hikes, or followers of Ali. The author
of Rabialabrar relates the opinion of this doctor concerning the
authority of tradition in thefe terms : As to what regards the
things we have received from God and from his prophet, we re-
fpect them with perfect fubiniiTion : as to what is come down to
us from the companions or contemporaries of the prophet, we
felect the beft of it ; but as to what the other doctors who fuc-
ceeded them have left us, we look upon it as coming from per-

\_z~\ The principal writings of this doc- to the faith, never becomes the enemy of

tnr are, The Mefnad, i. e. The fupport, in God, though he fall into many fins ; that

which he eftabliflies a!l the points of mu- fins do not caufe a man to lofe the faith,

fulm.inifm on the authority of the keran, and that grace is not incompatible with fin.

and that of tradition. A treatife, Filke- Thofe propofmons, and others of a like

lam, on fchohiHc theology ; and a cate- nature, gave a handle to Vazai to write

chifm, or inftruftion, under the title of againft him the book Ehktelaf Abi Hani-

Moallem. that is, The mafter ; in which fah, The contradictions of Abou-Hani-

he maintains that the faithful who adheres fah.

fpna

ABOULAINA. 41

fons who were men like us. HoulTain-Vaez, expounding that
verfe of the chapter of Amram, where God lays he has prepared
pavadife for thofe who reftrain their anger and pardon fuch as
have trefpafied againft them, relates a facl: of Abou-Hanifah that
deferves to be noted. That doctor, having received a blow on
the face, faid to him who had the audacity to ftrike him : I might
return you injury for injury; but I will not do it. I might
carry my complaint to the calif; but I will not complain. I
might at leaft lay before God in my prayers the outrage you
have done me ; but I will not. Laflly, I might, at the day of
judgment, require God to avenge it ; but, far from doing fo,
if that terrible day were to arrive this moment, and my inter-
ceflion might avail, I would not enter into paradife, except in
your company. One of their poets has faid on this fubjecl: :
Think not that the worth of a man confifts folely in courage and
in ftrength. If you are able to get the better of your anger, and
to forgive, you are of ineltimable value.

ABOU-JO3EPH, the fame with JACOB BEN IBRAHIM BEI*
HABIB AL-K.OUSI, who was the companion of Gioneid, and dif-
ciple of the famous doctors Amafh and Yahia Ben Said al-An-
farii The califs Hadi and Haron Rafchid appointed him
grand-jufbiciary of Bagdat, and it was he who fir 11 bore the title
of ksdhi al kodhat, that is, judge of the judges, a dignity ap-
proaching to that of chief juilice or chancellor among us. It
was he likewife who gave a particular habit to the doctors of
the law, and who brought into repute the doctrine and the feet
of Abou-Hanifah. He amafled great riches in a very mort time;
and he owed them more to his induftry than to his good
fortune ; for he was decifive and fertile in expedients ; of
which ieveral examples are recorded. This doctor, having one
day confefled his ignorance on a queftion that was propofed to
him, fomebody reproached him with receiving very large pen-
fions from the royal treafury, and yst he did not acquit him-
felf of his duty, by not deciding on the points of law on which
he was confulted, gave this pleafant anfwer : I receive frpm the
treafury in proportion to what I know ; but were I to receive in
proportion to what I know not, all the riches of the califat
would not fuffice to pay rne.

ABOULAINA, a celebrated doctor among the mohamme-
dans, and remarkable for his wit. As an iniiance of this, we
are told, that Mofes, fon of the calif Abdalmal^k, having fecret-
ly put to death in prifon one of the friends of this doctor, and
fpread a report that he had efcaped ; Aboulaina, on being afked
one day what was become of his friend, anfwered in the words
of the hiftory of Mofes the lawgiver, concerning the ^Egyptian
whom he killed, Mojes /mote him, and he d'u'd. The prince being
informed of what Aboulaina had laid, fent for him, and threaten-
ed

42 A B R A B A N E L.

en to pumfli him if he did not bridle his tongue : Aboulaina,
without being difconcertedj replied by the verie that follows in
the fame hiftory : Wilt thou kill me to-day as thou duljl kill the
eiJ:c'r man yefterday ? The prince found this citation fo ingenloufiy
applied, that he checked his anger, and chofe rather to Hop the
mouth of the doctor by prefects than by threats, Aboulaina
was very poor, and went every day to pay his court to the vizir
Ifmaelj fon of BelaL One day, his daughter, who was no lefs
diftinguifhed by her beauty than her wit, faid to him, Father,
you go every day to the vizir, do you never fpeak to him of your
neceiBties ? Yes \ returned the father, but he does not hear me.
But, replied {he, Does- he not fee your poverty ? How ihouid he
fee it ? anfwered the father j he does not even look at me. On
this the daughter very aptly quoted to him this verfe againft
idols : ^Thoujbate nat'fente thai which heareth not y that which feeth
not ; and that which brings thee no profit.

ABRABANEL (!SAAC), a famous rabbi, was born at Liibon
In J437 of a family who boafted their defcent from king David.
He raifetl himfelf confiderably at the court of Alphonfo V. king
of Portugal, and was honoured with very high offices, which he
enjoyed till this prince's death ; but, upon his deceafe, he felt
a flrange reverfe of fortune under the new king. Abrabanei
was in his 45th year, when John II fucceeded his father Al-
phonfo. All thofe who had any (hare in the adminiftration of
the preceding reign were difcarded : and, if we give credit to
cur rabbi, their death was. fecre.tly refolved, under the pretext
of their having formed a defign to give up the crown of Portu-
gal to the king of Spain. Abrasanel', however, fufpecling no-
fliing, in obedience to the order he received to attend his ma-
jeiiy, fet out for -Lifbon with all expedition ; but having, on his
journey, heard of what was plotting againil his life, fled intme-
diately to his caftilian m?.jeily's dominions. A party of foldiera
%rere tlifpatched after him, with orders to bring him dead or
alive : however, he made his efcape, but all his pofleffions were
co:ilifcatcd. On tlm occailon he loll all his books , and alfo the
beginning of his Commentary upon the book of Deuterono-
my, which he much regretted. Same writers [A] aflirm, that
the caufc oi his difgrace at this time was wholly owing to his
bad behaviour ; and they are of the fame opinion in regard to
the other perfecutions which he afterwards fullered [B_|. But

however
>

PA] They affirm, that AbrI>nnel juftly [B] They slfo fay. that by negotiating

tkferved this ill ufage ;' and that he would bills of exchange (which was the bufineis

have been treated with greater fevcrity, he. followed in Gaftille) he got introduced

had not king John, in his wonted clemen- at the court of Ferdinand and Ifabel ; that

cy, contented himfelf with bnniihing him. he a mailed prodigious wealth, by pradti-

T hey add farther, that he left Portugal fing the feveral arts and frauds of the jew-

from a confcioufhefs of guilt. Ad. linf. ifli people; that he oppreffed the poor,

v. 1686. p. 529. and by his uiury made a prey of every

thing ;

A B R A B A N E L, 43

however tins may be, upon his fettling in Caftille, he began to
teach and write. In 1484, he wrote his Commentary upon the
books of Jofhua, Judges, and Samuel. Being afterwards fent for
to the court of Ferdinand and Ifabel, he was advanced to pre-
ferment -, which he enjoyed till the year 1492, when the Jews
were driven out of the fpanifh dominions. He ufed his utmofb
endeavours [c] to avert this dreadful ftorm ; but all proved in-
effectual, fo that he and all his family were obliged to quit the
kingdom, with the reft of the Jews. He retired to Naples ; and,
in 1493, wrote his Commentary on the books of the Kings.
Having been bred a courtier, he did not neglect to avail himfelf
of the knowledge he had acquired at the courts of Portugal and
Arragon, fo that he foon ingratiated himfelf into the favour of
Ferdinand king of Naples, and afterwards into that of Alphonfo.
He followed the fortune of the latter, accompanying him into
Sicily, when Charles VIIL the french king, drove him from,
Naples. Upon the death of /-Uphonfo he retired to the iiland of
Corfu, where he began his Commentary on Ifaiah in 1495 5
andj about this time, he had the good fortune to find what he
had written en the book of Deuteronomy. The following year
he returned to Italy, and went to Monopoli in Apulia, where he
wrote feveral books. In 1496 he fmifhed his Commentary on
Deuteronomy ; and alfo compofed his " Sevach Pefach," and
his " Nachalath Avoth." In the fucceeding year he wrote his
" Majene Hajefchua," and in 1498 his " Mafchania Jefchua,"
and his Commentary on Ifaiah. Some time after he went to
Venice, to fettle the difputes betwixt the Venetians and Portu-
guefe relating to the fpice trade ; and on this occafion he dif-
played To much prudence and capacity, that he acquired the fa-
vour and efteem of both thofe powers. In 1504 he wrote his
Commentary on Jeremiah ; and, according to fome authors,
his Commentary on Ezekiel, and the twelve minor prophets.
In 1506 he compofed his Commentary on Exodus; and
died at Venice in the year 1508, in the 7 ift year of his age.
Several of the Venetian nobles, and all the principal Jews, at-
tended his funeral with great pomp. His corpfe was interred at
Padua, in a burial-place without the city. Abrabanel wrote fc-
veral other pieces, befides what we have mentioned, the dates of

thing ; that he had the vanity to afpire at (ion. Soloman Ben Virga relates it alfo

the moil illuftrious titles, fuch as the in his hiftory of the Jews ; where he gives

nobleft houfes in Spain could hardly at- a defcription of the dreadful calamities

tain ; and that, being a fworn enemy to the which befel the 300,000 Jews, who were

chnftian religion, he was the principal all obliged in one day to leave the domi-

caufe of that ftorm which fell upon him nions ot his catholic majefty. Comment,

and the reft of his nation. Ibid. p. 530. in libros regum apud Nicol. Anton. BibL

[c] He himfelf mentions, in one of his hift. torn. i. p. 627.
performances, what he did en this occa-

which

44 ABRAHAM.

which are not fettled ; and feme have not been printed [D] ? He
was a man of fo great a genius, that moll perfons have equalled
him, and fome even preferred him to the celebrated Maimoni-
<les. The jews let a high value upon what he has written to re-
fute the arguments and objections of the chriftians ; and the
latter, though they hold in contempt what he has advanced up-
on this head, yet allow great merit in his other performances,
wherein he gives many proofs of great genius, learning and pe-
netration. He does not blindly follow the opinions of his fupe-
riors, but cenfures their miilakes with great treedom. The per-
iecutions of the jews, under which he had been a conliderablc
fuiFerer, affected him to a very great degree ; fo that the re-
membrance of it worked up his indignation, and made him in-
veigh againft the chriltians in the ftrongeft terms. There is
hardly one of his books where he has omitted to 1'hew his re-
ientment and deiire of revenge ; and whatever the fubject may
he, he never fails, fomehow or other, to bring in the diftrefled
condition of the jews. He was mo ft aiuduous in his (luclies, in
which he would fpend whole nights, and would fail for a con-
fiderable time. He had a great facility in writing ; and though
he difcovered an implacable hatred to the chriftians in his com-
pofitions [E], yet, when in company with them, he behaved
with great politenefs, and would be very cheerful in converfa-
tion.

ABRAHAM (NICHOLAS), a learned jefuit, was born in the
diocefe of Toul in Lorrain, in 1589 ; he entered into the Tociety
of Jefus in 1609, and took the fourth vow in 1623. He taught
the belles leures, and was made divinity profeffor in the univer-
fity of Font a Mouflbn, which place he enjoyed 17 years, and
died Sept. 7, 1655. He publiihed feveral books which are only

[~r>] The following are mentioned in notations on Hofea, with a preface on the

the Leij fie journal, \iz. twelve minor piophets, wers tranflated in-

i. Commentaries on Genefis, Leviti- to frei.ch by Francis ab Hufen, and pub-

cus, and Numbers. 2. Rach Anr.m:i. 3. liflied at Leyden. In 16^3 Mr. de Veil,

Sepher Jefchuoth Mofchici. a trearife on a converted jew, pubiifned at London A-

<hc ti-aditions relating to the Nkunh. 4. biabauel's preface to Lev'uicus.
Zedek Olammitn, upon future rewards [E] His commentaries on the fcrip-

znd punifliments. v Sepher JemothOlam, tures, eipecially tho:e on the prophets,

a hiiiory from the lime of Adam. 6. Ma-, are filled \vith fo much rancour againft our

amer Viachafe Schaddai, a treatife on pro- Saviour, the church, the pope, the cardi-

phecy and thevHion of Ezekiel, againlt nils, the whole clergy, and all chriftians

rabbi Maimoriides, 7. Sepher Ateieth Se- in general, but in a particular manner a-

kenim. X. Miphaloth Hlobim, works of ^ainft the reman catholics, that father

God. 9. Sepher Schamaim Chadafchjin. Bartolocci was defirous the jewsfnould be

10. Labakath Nebhiim. 'His commentary forbid the perufal of them. And he tells

en Haggai was traflated into lyuia by us that they were accordingly not allowed

Adam Ghevzeius, and inkrted in the Tri- to read or to keep in their houfes Abnv-

folium orieutale, publiftcd in Leipfic in banel's commer.taries on the latter prc-

1663, where his Commentary on jolhua, phets. Bibhoth. Rabbin, torn. iii. p. 8/6.

Judges, and Samuel, was allo printed in 879.
-folio in 1686. In this fame year his An-

A B S T E M I U S. 45

to be found in cloiflers and great libraries, and moftly in the
theological tafte of the age he lived in. He wrote fome com-
mentaries and notes on fome of the daffies ; particularly two
large vols. in folio, on fome of Cicero's orations, wherein the
text is drowned in an ocean of comment.

ABRAHAM (BiiN CHAIIA), a famous fpanifh rabbi, who
fludied aftrology, and predicted that the birth of the median,
expected by the jews, would be in 1358. We have a treatife of
his on the figure of the earth.

ABRAHAM (USQUE), a portuguefe jew, though Arnaud
thinks him a cKriftian, joined with Tobias Athias in giving a
fpanifh tranflation of the Bible in the i6th century. The title
of this famous verfion is as follows : Biblia en lengua efpagnola,
traduzida palabra por pakt.br a de la verdad hebraica, por mui
excellentes letrados, en Ferrara, 1553. folio, in gothic charac-
ters. Thoueh the nouns and the verbs are tranflated according

. . . "

to the ftriteft rules of grammar, this tranflation is looked upon

as nothing more than a compilation from Kimchi, Rafci, Aben-
ezra, the chaldee paraphrait, and fome antient fpanifh glofles.
This verfion is extremely rare and much fought after. Another
edition has been made for the ufe of the fpanifh chriftians,
which is neither lefs fcarce nor lefs inquired for. The curious
are defirous of having both, in order to compare them toge-
ther. Notwithstanding their apparent conformity, the difcre-
pancies are very obfervable in the various interpretations of fe-
veral pafiages, according to the belief of thofe for whom they
were printed. One mark more fenfible and more ftriking is
the dedication. The verfion for the ufe of the Jews, which is
the mcfl in requeft, is addreffed to Sennora Gracia Naci, with
the fubfcription d' Athias and d'Ufque ; the other is dedicated
to Heicules d'Eit, and figned by Jerome de Vargas and Duarte
Pinel

ABSTEMIUS (LAURENTIUS), an Italian writer, was born at
Macerata, in La Marca de Anconn, and devoted hiinfclf early to
the ft ud y of polite literature, in which he made a furprifing pro-
grefs. He taught the belles lettres at Urbino, where he was
Librarian to duke Guicio Ubaldo ; to whom he dedicated a fmall
piece, explaining fome dark pafTages in the ancient authors [F],
He publifhed h: under the pontificate of Alexander VI. and ano-
ther treatife alfo, intituled " Hecatomythium," from its contain-
ing a hundred fables, which he inicribed to QvStavian Ubaldiui,
count de Mercatelli. His fables have b-rcii often printed with
thofe of jiSifop, Phajdrus, Gabrias, Aviciius, :c. lie has thtfe
ancient mythologiits generally in view, but does not always
ftricUy follow their manner j fcmetimes intermixing his fable

[F] Gruteri thefaur. critic, torn. i. 1^878.

with

46 A B U B E K E R.

with a merry ftory, and now and then fomewhat fatirical upon
the clergy [G]. Some of his conjectures on particular paflages
in the ancients are inferted in the firft: volume of Gruterus's
Thefaurus criticus, under the title (of Annotationes varise ; but
they are few in number. He wrote alfo a preface to that edi-
tion of Aurelius Victor publifhed at Venice, 1505.

ABUBEKER, firft calif, and fucceflbr of Mohammed. The
death of the prophet being divulged, a party of the inhabitants
of Medina, who among the mufulmans go under the name of
Anfar, that is to fay, auxiliaries or protectors, becaufe they fa-
voured and aflifted Mohammed on his retreat to their city, af-
fembled for the purpofe of electing a fuccefibr, and firft cad
their eyes on Saad, one of their countrymen ; but the principal
people of Mecca, who are ftyled Mohageroun, that is, the refu-
gees, becaufe they were driven from Mecca with Mohammed,
came to them ; and remonftrated that they on their fide might
have proceeded to an election without them, fince their right
was inconteftable , however, they did not choofe to do it, in or-
der to avoid giving rife to two factions in mufulmanifm, which
might not only have weakened it by fuch divifion, but at length
have entirely deftroyed it. Concluding with declaring it to be
their fentiment to preferve all the mufulmans in one compact
body, who in common confent fnould e!el a fucceflbr without
diftinclion of proteclor or of refugee. This bufinefs did not
end without great contefts : but at lail Abubeker, who had mod
contributed to the pacification of both parties, was unanimoufly
chofen on the very day the prophet died, by all the chiefs of
mufulmanifm ; and the day following was generally acknow-
ledged by the people at large. The partifans of AH however
perfift in maintaining that Ah never gave his confent to this
election, any more than to thofe which followed, of Omar and
of Othman. In the mean time the death of Mohammed having
caufed a great revolution in the minds of the Arabs, feveral of
their tribes deferted the new religion to refume the ancient faith ;
fo that the firft care of Abubeker was to chaftife thefe apoftates,
or to bring them back to the profeflion of mohammedanifm.
To this end he fent one of the braved commander's of his na-
tion, named Khaled, fon of Valid ; who, partly by force and
partly by addrefs, reduced them to obedience. This expedition

[cj His ic>4th fable of the Talents fidious facrilegious villain, for having thus

multiplied is a proof of this. A prieft, as defiled the temples of the Holy Ghoft.

we are there told, was ordered by his bi- " Lord," faid the prieft, " thou deli-

ftiop to fuperintend a monaftery, where veredft unto me five talents^; behold I

there were live nuns, by each of whom he have gained, befides them, five talents

had a fon before the year was out. The more." The prelate was fo taken with

bifhop, hearing of this, was highly en- this facetious anfvrer, that he gave, the

raged; and, fending for the prieft, repri- piieft plenary abfolution,
mandcd him feverely, calling him a per-

being

A B U B E K E P.. 47

being ended, and the authority of Abubeker being firmly efta-
bliilied in Arabia, the mufulmans immediately turned their at-
tention to foreign conqueils. Abubeker difpatched the fame
Khaled with good troops to fupport Mothanna, who had already-
advanced very far into Irak, or Chaldea, at that time poflcfted
by the Perfians. Thefe two generals made themfeives mailers
of the cities of Hira, of Anbar, and fome others, where Mo-
thanna remained to keep the command of them, and Khaled
received orders to march with his troops into Syria, for engaging
with thofe of Heraclius, who had colle6ted foixes from all parts
to oppofe the Arab;, who had already refufed to pay him the
cuftornary tribute. Khaled had then only 36,000 men, who
were encamped on the banks of the river Barmuc. in nVht of

* O

the army of the Greeks, which was faid to be 200,000 ftrong ;
he was on the point of giving battle to them, when he received
a courier from Medina, informing him of the death of Abu-
beker. The prudent general wifely concealed the intelligence,
and publiihed throughout his camp that he had received advice
of the march and the fpeedy arrival of twelve thoufand horfe :
knowing that his army had great need of this reinforcement,
for reviving that courage which had been abated by the vait
fuperiority of the enemy. This done, Khaled fecretly alked the
courier feveral queftions j and, among others, who was ap-
pointed fucceffor to Abubeker. The courier having told him
that it was Omar : I am then no longer general of the army,
anfwered Khaled ; for he knew that he was not in favour with.
the new calif. The courier replied that he guefTed as much ;
for that Abou Obeidah was to take his place. This, however,
did not prevent Khaled from immediately giving battle to the
Greeks ; whom he entirely defeated, and feized on their bag-
gage, which he found to contain immenfe booty. After fo com-
plete a victory, and before he divided the i'poil, he went to Abou
Obeidah, informed him of the news, and refigned to him the
command of the army. The fpoils of the Greeks were then di-
vided : a fifth part was fent to Mecca, and the other four were
diftributed among the chiefs and the foldiers. Abubeker was at-
tacked by a flow fever in the igth year of the hegira ; and, per-
ceiving the diforder to increafe, he refolved to declare his fuc-
ceffor. To this end he call his eyes on Ornar, but his choice
at firft met with fome opposition on the part of his relations ;
however, having got the better of thefe, he feemsd to refign
himfeif to death with greater calmnefs and compofure. After
his departure Omar made a folernn prayer for him, and caufed
his body to be interred in the houfe of Aifcha his daughter, by
the fide of the tomb of Mohammed his fon-in-law. He died at
the age of 63, having reigned onlv two years and three months.

His

4 3 ABULFARAGIUS.

His genealogy unites with that of Mohammed in the perfon of
Hamza, his anceftor, in the fifth degree of afcent.

ABUDHAHER, father of the Karmatians, a feel which took
Its rife in Arabia, propagated his doctrine both by preaching and
by the fword. He caufed Mecca to be pillaged, put the pilgrims
to death, and carried off the black Jione^ which was believed to
be defcended from heaven. He then brought his horfe ro pol-
lute the temple, adding mockeries to outrage. His impieties did
not make the mufulmans relax in their devotions : the temple
of Mecca was frequented as before. The Karmatians reftored
the ftone, on finding that it was of no fervice to them. Abud-
haher, though fo violent a perfecutor of the faithful mufulmans,
died, the peaceful pofleflbr of an extenfive territory, in the
year 953.

ABULFARAGIUS (GREGORY) [H], fon to Aaron a chriftian
phyfician, was born in 1226, in the city of Malatia, near the
fource of the Euphrates in Armenia. He followed the pro-
fefiion of his father, and praclifed with great fuccefs ; numbers
of people coming from 'the mod remote parts to aik his advice.
However, he would hardly have been known at this time, had
his knowledge been confined to phyfic ; but he applied himfelf
to the fludy of the greek, fyriac, and arabic languages, as well
as philofophy and divinity ; and he wrote a hifbory, which does
honour to his memory. It is written in arabic, and divided into
dynafties. It confiits of ten parts, being an epitome of univerfal
hiflory from the creation of the world to his own time. Dr.
Pococke publifhed it, with a latin tranilation in j 663 , and added,
by way of fupplement, a mort continuation relating to the
hiftory of the eailern princes.

. Abulfaragius was ordained bifnop of Guba at 20 years of
age, by Ignatius, the patriarch of the Jacobites [i]. In 1247
he was promoted to the fee of Lacabena, and fome years after
to that of Aleppo. About the year 1266 he was elected primate
of the Jacobites in the eail [K]. As Abulfaragius lived in the
1 3th century, an age famous for miracles, it would feem ftrange
if fome had not been wrought by him, or in his behalf : he him-
felf mentions two [i/J. One happened in eafter holidays, when
he was confecrating the chrifm or holy ointment ; which, though
before confecration it did not fill the veiTel in which it was con-
tained [M], yet increafed fo much after, that it would have run

[H] Pococke mentions two palTages, [ i] See his Syriac chron. p. ii. f. ^22.
wherein our author is called Mar Gre- [K] The AiTyrhms called Chalden and

gorius, and another \vhere he has the Ailyria the Eait, and Syria and Mefopo-

name of Mor Gresorius. Others have tamia the Weft. Ailemanus, Biblioth.

caikd him Mark Gregory. Mr. Eayie orient, torn. ii. p. 344.
fays, they have miftaken Mar, a title of [L] Aflem. Bib. orient, torn. ii. p. 245.
honour aniwcring to Sir, for Mark. [M] In tert, pane Chronic!, p. z6j.

over,

ABULFEDA. 49

Over, had they not immediately poured it into another [N]. The
other happened in 1285. The churcli of St. Barnagore having
been deftroyed by fome robbers, Abulfaragius built a new one,
with a monaitery, in a more fecure place, and dedicated it to
the fame faint ; and as he defired the relics of the faint fhould
be kept in the new church, he fent fome perfons to dig them
out of the ruins of the old one : but they not finding the relics,
the faint appeared to fome chriftians, and told them, if the pri-
mate himfelf did not come, they would never be found. Abul-
faragius, hearing of this, would not believe it ; and feigning to
be fick, (hut himfelf up in his cell from friday till the funday even-
ing ; when a glorified boy [o] appeared to him, and told him, the
relics were depofited under the altar of the old church. Upon
this the primate went immediately with his brother and two
biihops in queft of thofe holy remains, which they found ac-
cording to the boy's direction.

The eaftern nations are generally extravagant in their ap-
plaufe of men of learning [p] ; a circumilance, which is either
owing to the few learned men they have amongil them, or to
the particular turn of their minds. They have accordingly be-
flowcd the higheil encomiums and titles upon Abulfara-
gius [Qj.

ABULFEDA (!SMAEL), prince of Hamah, a city of Syria,
fucceeded his brother in the year of the hegira 743, which an-
fwers to 134.2 of ' our chronology, and died three years after,
aged about 72. He was a lover of ftudy, and particularly of
geography, as may be gathered from a work intituled, Choraf-
mire & Mawaralnahrse, hoc eft, Regionurn extra fiuvium Oxum
defcriptio, ex tabulis Abulfed-je Ifmaelis, principis Hamah. A
defcription of Chorafmia and Mawaralnahre, or the regions be-
yond the river Oxus, from the tables of Abulfeda Ifmael^ prince
of Hamah. It was printed at London in 1650. The author
quotes a great number of arabian authors. It was compofed

[N] Affemanus endeavours to account written in the gocth year of the hegira:
for this miracle in a natural way : " The " Dixit dominus nofter pater fandlus, exi-
temple being little,'"' fays he, c ' and full of mius, doclrina et eruditione infignis, doc-
people, this, with the wax tapers and torum rex, excellentium excellentiffimus,
burning of incenfc, might heat the air to temporum fuorum exemplar, faeculi phce-
fuch A degree as to dilute and ratify the nix. fapientfirn gloria, doctor divina ope
balfam, that it might run over the veffd fuffultus Mar Gregorius., Abul Pharai,
without any miracie." Affeman. Bi'olioth. films excellentis fapientis Aaronis Medici
p. lie-. . Malatienfis." That is, " Thus faid Mar

[oj Nor will Affemanus allow this mi- Gregory, A'iulfaragius, fon to the fkilful

racle: " This," fays he, " muft have been Aaion, phyfician of Malatia, our lord, our

a dream of Abulfaragius., or a ftory in- holy excellent father, famous for his learn-

yented to raife the piety of the people." ing and erudition, the prince of the learned,

[pj In tert. parte Chronici, p. 260, the moft excellent of thofe who moft ex-

261. eel, the example of his times, the phoenix

[q_] Dr. Pococke found what follows of his age, the glory of wife men, the

pieflxed to a manuscript of Abulfaragius, dodor fuftained by the divine aiTuta nee.'

VOL. I. E long

50 A B U L G A S L

long before he afcended the throne, fince it is remarked at the
end of the book, that it was fmifhed in the year of the hegira 721,
which anfwers to 1321 of the vulgar sera. We are obliged to our
learned countryman John Gravius for the London edition. He
added to the original, which is in arabic, a latin tranflation, with
a preface which informs us that he conluked five different ma-
nufcripts. Abulfecla paffed fome time in England.

ABULGASI, Bayatur khan of the Tartars, worthy of a place
in this dictionary as well on account of his literary talents as
from the circumftance of his being the only tartar hiftorian
with whom the nations of Europe are acquainted. Abulgafi
Eayatur khan was born in the city of Urgens, capital of the
country of Kharafm, in the year of the hegira 1014, anfwering
to the year 1605 of the chriftian sera. He was the fourth, in order
of birth, of feven brothers, and defcendcd in a direct line, both
on his father's and his mother's fide, though by different branches,
from Zino;is khan. His youth was marked by misfortunes, which
contributed not a little to form his character, and to fit him for
the government of his ftates when he came to the fovereignty
of trie country of Kharafm [n], which happened in the year of
the hegira 1054. He reigned 20 years > and by his conduct
and courage rendered himfelf formidable to all his neighbours.
A fhort time before his death he refigned the thione to his foil
Anufha Mohammed Bayatur khan, in order to devote the re-
mainder of his life to the fervice of God. It was in his retreat
that he wrote the famous genealogical hiflory of the Tartars ;
but being attacked with the mortal clifeafe that put an end to
his life in the year 1074 of the hegira, correfponding to 1663 of
our ?era, before he could complete it. when dying he charged
his fon and fucceflbr to give it the finishing hand, which he did
accordingly two years afterwards. As a fpecimen of the ftyle
and manner of this hiftorian the reader will not be difpleafed to
fee the preface to that work, which in englifh is as follows :

PR"] The country of Kharafm, in its tarian princes of the fame lineage, of
prefent ftate, borders to the north on whom, however, but one bears the title
Turkeftan and the dominions of the Con- of khan, with a fort of fuperiority over
taifh grand khan of the Kalmuks ; to the the others, according as he has fpirit to
e aft on great Bucharia or the country of difplay it, and has i. is refidence in the city
Ma-urenner ; to the fouth on Perfia, and of Urgens, or jn its environs towards the
particulaily the provinces of Aftrabat and frontiers of Perfia. The inhabitants 01 the
Chorafan, from which it is feparated by country of Kharafm are ufually termed
the river Amu. famous in antiquitv under tartars of Chiva, becaufe the camp, of
the name of Oxus, and fundy deferts of their khan, who ordinarily pitches rt
prodigious extent ; and to the wert on the during the fuminer on the banks of the
fea of Mafanderan, otherwise called the Amu, is called Ghiva. This khan reigns
Cafpian. It may be about =;6o englifh arbitrarily over his dominions, and is no-
miles in length, and nearly as much in wife dependent on the khan of great Bu-
breadth. Being iituated between the ^3th charia, though the Perfiaiis, confounding
and 43d degrees of latitude, it is extremely the tartars of the country of K harafm wth
fertile and well watered. This country is thofe of great Bucharia, give them the
ufually divided among divers petty tar- common appellation of Ufbec Tartars.

*' There

A BtJLG ASI. 51

fs There is but one God ; and before him none other did ever
txift, as after him no other will be. He formed feven heavens,
feven worlds, and 18 creations. By him, Mohammed, the friend
of God, was fent, in quality of his prophet, to all mankind. It
is under his aufpices that 1, Abulgafi Bayatur khan, have taken
in hand to write this book. My father, Arjep Mohammed khan,
defcenued in a direft line from Zingis khan, nd was, before
me, foverelgn prince of the country of Kharafm. I mail treat
jn this book of the houfe of Zingis khan and of its origin -, of
the places where it was eilabliihed, of the kingdoms and pro-
vinces it conquered, and to what it arrived at lafr.. It is true,
that before me many writers, both Turks and Perfians, have
employed their pens on this fubjer. fs] ; and I have in my own
poileilion 18 books of thefe feveral authors, feme of which are
tolerably well compofed. But, perceiving that there was much
to correcl: in many places of thefe books, arid in other places a
number of things to be added, I thought it necefiary to have
a more accurate hiftory : and, efpecially as our countries are
very barren in learned writers, I find myfelf obliged to under-
take this work m'yfelf j and notwithftanding that before me no
khan has thought proper to take this trouble upon him, the
reader will do me the juftice to be perfuaded that it is not from,
a principle' of vanity that I fet up for an author, but that it is
neceflity alone that prompts me to meddle in this matter : that,
if I were defirous of glorying in any thing, it could at mod
be only in that conduct and \vifdom which I hold as the gift
of God, arid not from myfelf. For, on one hand, I underftand
the art of war as well as any prince in the world, knowing how-
to give battle equally well with few troops as with numerous
armies, and to range both my cavalry and my infantry to the
beft advantage. On the other hand, I have a particular talent
at writing books in all forts of languages, and I know not whe-
ther any one could eanly be found of greater ability than myfelf
In this fpecies of literature, except indeed in the cities of Perfia
and India ; but, in all the neighbouring provinces of which we
have any knowledge, I may venture to flatter myfelf that there
is nobody that furpafTes me either in the art of war or in the
fcience of good writing j and as to the countries that are un-
known to me, I care nothing about them. Since the flight of
our holy prophet till the day that I began to write this book
there have elapfed 1074 years [1663 of the chriitian sera]. I
call it A genealogical hiftory of the Tartars y and I have divided
it into nine parts, in conformity with other writers, who univer-
fally hold this nunber in particular regard. The fir ft part con-

[s]J An abridgment of (he hiilory of a at the end of the hiftory of Zingis khan,
pait of the turkilhand per'lan authors who by M. Petit de la CroiX; print id at Pans
have written on this fubjedt, is to be found in 1710.

E 2 tain.*

52 A B U L G A S I.

tains the hiflory of the generations of the Tartars, from A^arrt
to Mongoul, or rather Mungl khan. The fecond part contains
the hiftcry of the generations of the Tartars from Mungl khan
to Zingis khan [T], who did not defcend in a direct line from
the princes fucceffors of Mungl khan. The third part contains
the hiftcry of the reign of Zingis khan from his birch to his
death. The fourth part contains the hiftory of Ugadai khan,
third fon of Zingis khan, and of his fuccefibrs in the empire
of the Mongoles of the posterity of Zingis khan. The fifth part
contains the hificry of Zagotai khan, fecond fon of Zingis khan,
and the princes of his posterity who reign- d over the cities of
the kingdoms of Kafhgcer and of Ma-urenner. The fixth part
contains the hiflory of Taiilai khan, youngeft fon of Zingis khan,
and of his defcendants who reigned in the country of Iran. The
feventh part contains the hiftory of Zuzi khan, elded fon of
Zingis khan, and of his defcendants who reigned over the
Kiptzaks. The eighth part contains the hiftory of Sheybani
khan, fon of Zuzi khan, and of his defcendants who reigned in
the country of Ma-urenner, in the Crimea and in the country of
Turv-n. Tlie ninth part contains the hiftory of the defcendants
cf Sheybani khan, who reigned in the country of Kharafm."
Having thus concluded his preface, Abulgaii opens his hiftory
with an account of the creation of the firft man, evidently taken
from that of Mofes, but mixed with fanciful interpolations from
the tenets of mohamrnedanifm, the detail of which would be
unintereflittg to the generality of readers, and fwell this article
beyond the limits that can be fparedto it with propriety in fuch
a work as this.

1 [r]The word khan is only in life among family of the khan. Ncvenhekfs, as the

the Tartars, both rnohammedans and pa- right of the ftrcngeft is fupreme in this

gar,s, and properly figtnfies a reigning chief nation, it often happens that a khan is

or prince. They give this title indifferently thruft cut and put to death by his next

to the princes who reign over vaft pro- akin, without regarding the new khan on

vir.ces and thofe that poffefs a fmall ex- that account as an ufurper. In which they

tent of country, and even to fuch as are are much favoured by ihe doc/trine of ab-

tributary to other princes Thus, the em- folute predeftination, which is well k'.own

peror of China, as being of tartar ex- to be a favourite dogma with the greater

tradion, is called khan, neither more nor part of the rr,ohammedans, and therefore

3efs than the khan of the Kalka Mon- it is that this fpecies of violence more fre-

goks, who are under his ; roteclion, and quently happens amorg the rnohammcdan

divers other petty khans cf the Mongolts Tartars than the Kalmucs and the Mon-

dweliirg about the fource-; of the river goles, who are pagans From thefe obler-

Yeniffei, who nre tributary to the khan vations it is fufficiently evident that the

of the Kalka Mongoles ; and for bearing . diitinftion which forAe authors pretend to

this title of honour among the Tartars it make between the title of kawn and that

is fuffkient to be acknowledged reigning of khan, alleging that die former has a

prince of a certain tenitory- however great great fuperiority over the latter, ^ merely

or fmall. But, except the reigning prince, imaginary ; it being at preient cut of

it is not permitted to any oilier ot his doubt, at leaft in refpedt to thofe v.ho are

houfe, how powerful and rich ibever he at all acquainted with the cuftoms ot thefe

may be, to take the title of khan and he people, that the Tartars know of no other

mult be contented with the title of fulfil, title of fovereignty or oflordiuip, than that

\\liich is annexed to the princes of the oi khan.

ABUL

A C A C I U S. 53

ABUL OLA AHMED, one of the moft celebrated of all the
arabian poets, was born at Maara, a town of Syria, in 973.
Though he loft his fight by the fmall pox at three years of age,
his descriptions are extremely lively and agreeable. Ke died in

ABU MOSLEM, a governor of the province of Khorafan, and
a great mufulman captain, who in the year 746 made the
dignity of calif pafs from the race of the Ommiades to that
of the Abaffiades. It is faid, that by this revolution he occa-
iioned the death of above 6oo } oeo men ; but after he had done
the calif Almanfor the moil fignai fervices, that piince in the
year 754 caufed him to be thrown into the Tigris-

ABUNDIUS, bifhop of Come in Italy, died in 469, was fent
legate to the council of Cdnftantinople by St. Leo, and caufed
the fathers of that afiembly to adopt the letter to Flavian. He
was a prelate of great piety and learning.

ABUNQWAS, a celebrated arabian poet, born in the city of
Bafra in the year 762. The calif Haroun al Rafchid had fuch
a regard for him, that he gave him an apartment in his palace,
with Mafab and Rekami, two other admirable poets. His prin-
cipal works have been collected into one body by feveral peribns ;
on which account there is a great difference between the copies
of this author. He died A. D. 8 10.

ABU SAID EBN ALJAPTU, furnamed alfo BEHADER
KHAN, fultan of the race of Zinghis-khan, fucceeded his
father in 1317. He was the laft monarch of that race: he
died in 1335, ^nd after his death the empire was made a fcene
of blood and defolation.

ABUTEMAM, or HABIB EBN Aws AL-HARETH EBN KAIS,
furnamed AL TAYI, from his being of an arabian tribe named
Tay, is coniklered as the prince of the arabian poets, and none
but Al Motanabbi can difpute precedence \vith him. He was
born either in 842 or 846, at Yafem, a fmall town between
Damafcus and Tiberias. He fung the eulogiurns of feveral califs,
who were ail extremely liberal to him, and collected all his
poetical compofitions into a volume.

ABYDENE, a clebrated hiftorian, author of the hiftory of
the Chaldeans and the Aflyrians, of which only form fragments
have been handed down to us by Eufebius, in 1 is Prceparatio
evangelica.

ACACIUSj furnamed Luscus, from his having but one eye,
the difciple of Eufebius bifhop of Cxfarea, whom he fucceeded
in the year 338 or 340. Though fcarce inferior to the former
in erudition, eloquence, and reputation, he was depofed by the
council of Sardica, together with feveral other bilhcps, who h.ul
declared themfelves oi his opinion-, and who afterwards afTembled
at PhilippoiiS; in Thrace j where, in their turn, they fulminated

E 3 againil

54 ACCA-JLAURENTIA;

againft Athanafius, pope Julius, and the reft of their antagonists.
Acacius had alfo a great (hare in the banifhment of pope Liberius,
and bringing Felix into the fee of Rome. He gave his name to
a fe6l who were called Acaciani, and died about the year 365.
He wrote the life of Eufebius, and feveral other works.

ACACIUS, patriarch of Conftantinople, fucceeded Genna-
dius in that fee in 471. He maintained that his fee ought tQ
have the pre-eminence over thofe of Alexandria, Antioch, and
Jerufal^m ; and, to compafs this defign, prevailed on the emperor
,eo to reftore and confirm all the privileges which the churches
once enjoyed, and efpecially that of Conftantinople. He was
afterwards excommunicated by pope Felix III, and in return he
erafed the pope's name out of the facred diptics, or the lift of
thofe bifhcps whcfe names were mentioned in the public prayers :
but being fupported by the emperor of the eaft, he enjoyed his
bifhopric quietly till his death, which happened in 489.

ACACIUS, bifhop of Beroea in Syria, in the fourth and be-
ginning of the fifth century, was at the council of Conftanti-
nople, held in the year 381, in which were prefcnt 150 bifhops.
He was the friend of Epiphanius Flavianus, and the enemy
of John Chryfoftom, bifhop of Conftantinople, whom he caufed
to be depofecl. He alfo, when 110 years of age, wrote to the
emperor Theodofius the younger, to advife him to confirm the
fentence pronounced againft Cyril, bifhop of Alexandria, who
had been depofed ;n a conventicle of fchifmatics. Notwithftand-
Ing thefe rigorous proceedings, Theodoret aflures us that he
was eminent both for his wiidum and the fanclity of h;s life.
He died about the year 432.

ACADEMUS, or Ec/\DE?aus, citizen of Athens, whofe
boufe was employed as a fchool for philofophy, lived in the time
of Thefeus. His name devolved upon a feel of philofophers,
or rather three feels, called academics. Plato was the chief
of the old academy. ArceQlas, one of his fucceffors, made fome
alterations in tlie platonic philofophy, and by this reform gave
rife to what was denominated the fecond academy. Laftly,
Garneades had the honour of eftabliihing the third. [See
the articles of thefe three fages.] Cicero gave the name of
Academus to one of his country houfes, fituated near Putzo-
lanum, on the margin of the lake Avernus, Here were porticos.,
and gardens planted with trees, in imitation of the academy cf
Athens, it is thought that Cicero here compofed one of his
philofophlcal works called Qjjseftiones academics. It v.-as for-
bidden, under pain of expuliion, to laugh in the academy of
Athens.

ACCA-LAURENT1A was wife of the fhepherd Fauftulus,
and nurfe to Remus and Romulus. Some writers give her the
furnavne of Lupa, having iirit made her a courtefan. In the

fequcl

ACCIAIOLf. 55

fequel (he was deified by the Romans, to whom the flamen of
Jupiter once a year offered facrifice on a holiday inftituted to
her honour.

ACCIAIOLI (DoNATUs), a Florentine of great learning,
Jived in the I5th century. He was honoured with many con-
fiderable employments in his native country ; but notwith-
ftanding his public engagments he found means to devote part
of his time to iludy. He had been a difciple of Argyropylus
the Byzantine ; and he published commentaries on this pro-
fe flbr's latin tranflation of Ariftotle's ethics. He acknowledges*

O 9

in his epiftle dedicatory to Cofmo de Medicis, that he collected
thefe commentaries from the lectures of Argyropylus -, and that
he had only enlarged the explications which he had heard. Si-
mon Simonius [u] and Gabriel are therefore in the wrong, after
fuch a declaration, when they accufe him of publishing in his
own name a work of Argyropylus. He tranflated the lives of
Alcibiades and Demetrius from Plutarch ; to which were alfo
added thofe of Annibal and Scipio, which fome have imagined
to be likewife from Plutarch ; but this muft be a miftake, fmce
\ve find neither of thefe two generals in that author. He wrote
an abridgment of the life of Charlemam j and fome other works
are alfo afcribed'to him [x].

He was fem to France by the Florentines, to fue for fuccour
from Lewis XI againft pope Sixtus IV, but died on his journey
at Milan ; his body was carried to Florence, and buried in the
church of the Carthufians [Y]. The fmall fortune he left his"
children is a proof of his probity and difmtereilednefs. His
daughters, like thofe of Ariftides, were married at the public
expence, as an acknowledgment of his fervices. His funeral
eulogium was pronounced by Chriftopher Landini [z] ; and the
following epitaph by Politian was infcribed on his tomb :

" Donatus nomen, patria eft Florentia, gens mi
Acciajola domus ; clarus-erarn eloquio.

[u] Simon. Simon ii comment, in Arif- 6. Notes on the ethics and politics of

tot. eth. Naudei bibliograph. polit. p. (6. Arirtotle; for which he was partly indebted

[xj The following are mentioned by to Argyropilus, his nephew.
the author of The hiftory of the florentine He alfo tranflated into his native Ian-
writers : guage Leonardo Aretino's twelve books

1. Three books treating of the foul. of the hiftory of Florence; which was

2. A funeral eulogium on Francis Vai- dedicated to the magistrates of that city,
voda, who was killed in the war againll and printed at Venice in 147'). In the
the Turks. library belonging to the Strozzi family in

1. Orations which he delivered as am- Florence, there is preferved a manufcript

bafTador from his republic to Paul II, folio volume of original latin letters, by

Sixtus IV, the french king, &c. Accuioli.

4. A treatife on private oeconomy, de- f_v] Jovius 5a elogiis, c. 16.

dicated to John Oricellarius. [zj Ibii.

;. Concerni ug good |nd bad works: ad-
dreflcd likewife to Jolm Oricellarius.

E 4 Francorurn

56 A C C I U S.

Francorum ad regem, patrise dum orator abirem ;
. In duels Anguigeri mcenibus occubui.
Sic vitam impend! patrix ; quas me inde relatum
Inter majorum nunc cineres fepeiit[A ]."

At Florence born, Donatus was my name,

From Acciajoli's race I claim'd defcent :
Renown'd for eloquence, elate with fame,

To plead my country's caufe to France I went ;
When at Milan I met my final doom :

Arrefted in my courfe, 1 ilill was blefl ;
My grateful countrymen here rais'd this tomb,

And 'midil my kindred aihes gave me reft.

ACCIAIOLI (ZENOBIO), a learned florentine dominican,
was born in 1461, of the fame family with the foregoing. He
was library-keeper to pope Leo X, in which office he continued
from the year 1518 till his death, which happened in 1537.
He tranflated feveral of the fathers into latin, as Eufebius againfl
Hierocles ; Theodoret's 12 books De grsecarum afFectionum
curatione, and Juftin Martyr. He left poems, and fermons upon
the epiphany -, and fome orations in commendation of Leo X,
but his poems are not -printed. Some letters of his written to
Picus Mirandula ; a treatife De laudibus urbis Roma?, A
panegyric upon the town of Naples, fpoken at a general chapter
of his order, and A chronicle of the convent of St. Mark at
Florence, were all publifhed. He likewife collected a volume
of Politian's greek epigrams, and jDubiiihed them in 1495.

ACCIAIOLI or ACCIAJUOLI (AKGELO), cardinal, legate,
and archbifhop of Florence, his native country, died in 1407.
He compofed a work in favour of Urban VI, and had the
addrefs to keep the Florentines in their obedience to that pontiff,
from which the cardinal de Prata wanted to feduce them in
order to make them fubmit to Clement VII. The tendency of
this piece of cardinal Acciaioli' is to devife means for healing
the fchifm that then rent the bofom of the church.

ACCIAIOLI (RENATUS), of a noble and ancient family of
Florence, achieved the conqueft of Athens, of Corinth, and a
part of Boeotia, at the commencement of the i.5th century.
His wife EuboYs having left him no male iffue, he bequeathed
Athens to the Venetians, Corinth to Theodofius Paleologus, who
had married the elded of his daughters ; and gave Bceotia, with
the city of Thebes, to Anthony his natural fon, who made
himfelf matter of Athens ; but Mohammed II retook it from
his fucceffors in 1455.

ACC1US (Lucius), a latin tragic poet, the fon of a freed-
man, and, according to St. Jerome, born in the confullhip of

[A] Iftoria degli fcrittori ftorentini, del P. Guilio Negri, in Ferra. 1722* folio.

A C C I U S. 57

Hoftilius Mancinus and Attilius Serranus, in the year of Rome
583; but there appears fomewhat of confufion and perplexity
in this chronology. He made himfelf known before the death
of Pacuvius, a dramatic piece of his being exhibited the fame
year that Pacuvius brought one upon the ilage, the latter being
then So years of age, and Accius only 30 [B '. We do not know
the name of this piece of Accius, but the titles of feveral of his
tragedies are mentioned by various authors [c]. He wrote on
the moll celebrated (lories which had been represented on the
Athenian Ilage, as Andromache, Andromeda, Atreus, Clytem-
neilra, Medea, Meleager, Philocletes, the civil wars of Thebes,
Tereus, the Treacles, &c. He did net always, however, take
his fubjetts from the grecian ftory j for he compofed one dra-
matic piece wholly roman : it was intituled Brutus, and related
to the expulfion of the Tarquins. It is affirmed by fome, that
he wrote alfo comedies ; which is not unlikely, if he was the
author of two pieces, The wedding, and The merchant, which
have been afcribed to him [D]. He did not confine himfelf to
dramatic writing ; for he left other productions, particularly his
Annals, mentioned by Macrobius, Frifcian, Fell us, and Nonius
Marcellus. Decimus Brutus, who was conful in the year of Rome
615, and had the honour of a' triumph for feveral victories gained
in Spain, was his particular friend and patron. This general was
fo highly pleafed with the verfes which Accius wrote in his
praife, that he had them infcribed at the, entrance of the temples
and monuments raifed out of the fpoils of the vanquifhed.
Though this might proceed from a principle of vanity, and
may not be fo much a proof of his affection for the poet as his
love of applaufe -, yet it is thereby evident, that Brutus had an
opinion of Accius' s poetry, and Brutus was far from being a
contemptible judge. He has been cenfured for writing in too
harm a flyle, but in all other refpecls efteemed a very great
poet. Aulus Gellius [E ! tells us, that Accius, being on his way
to Afia, palled through Tarentum, where he paid a vifit to Pacu-
vius, and read to him his play of Atreus j that Pacuvius told
him his verfe was lofty and fonorbus, but fomewhat harfn and
crude. " It is as you obferve," faid Accius, " nor am I forry for
it, fmce my future productions will be better upon this account ;
for as in fruit fo in geniufes, thofe which are at firll harm and
four, become mellow and agreeable -, but fuch as are at firft
foft and f\veet, grow in a ihort time not ripe, but rotten."
Accius was fo much efteemed by the public, that a comedian
was punifhed for only mentioning his name on the ilage. Cice-
ro [" F] fpeaks with great derifion of one Accius who had written

B] Cicero in Bruto.

c] Nonius Marcellus, Varro, Aulus

Gellius,

Voffius de poet, latin, p. 7.

r Ej Nodes attic, xiii. 2.
"f J Rhetoric, lib. ii.

a hiflory ,

A C C O L T I.

a hiftory; and, as our author had wrote annals, fome infift that
he is the perfon cenfured ; 'out as Cicero himfelf, Horace, Qmn-
tilian, Ovid, and Paterculus, have fpoken of our author with fo
much applaufe, \ve cannot think it is he whom the roman orator
cenfures with fo much feverity.

There v/as alfo in this age a good orator of the fame nnme,
2 gam ft. whom Cicero defended Cluentius. He was born in Pifau-
rum, and perhaps was a relation of our poet.

ACCIUS TULLIUS, prince or chief of the Volfci in Italy,
an inveterate enemy of the Romans, who engaged Coriolanus,
on his taking refuge with him, to accept of the command of an
army he had ordered to march againft them.

ACCIUS (PISAURIENSIS), a famous orator of Rome, again ft
whom Cicero defended Auius Cluentius. It is the fame that
is praifed by him in his books De oratore.

ACCIUS (ZuccHUs), an Italian poet of the i6th century, is
only known to the learned- He has paraphrafed in Italian fon-
nets the fables of JEibp, put into elegiac verfe by Romalius, a
Jntin poet of the 131)1 century. Thefe fables, reprinted at Frank-
fort, with other fabiflifts, in 1 660, in 8vo, appeared fir ft at Verona
in 1479, and at Venice in 1491 in 41.0. Julius Scaliger beftows
great commendation on this performance ; but we are not to take
too literally either the praiies or the-cenfurcs of this critic.

ACCO.LTI (BENEDICT), a celebrated lawyer, born at Florence
in 1415, of a noble family, originally of Arezzo, fucceeded Pog-
gius in the pod of fecretary to the republic in 1459. He has
left, i. A hiitory, very well written, of the war carried on by the
chriftians again ft the barbarians for recovering the fcpulchre
of Chrift in Judaea, in three books, Venice 15^2, in 410. This
work, which ferves as the ground plot to Tailo in the compo-
(ition of his Jerufalem delivered, was tranflated into french
1620, in 8vo. 2. Of the famous men of his time ; printed at
Parma 1689, in I2mo. He was of fo happy a memory, that,
one day, having heard the latin harangue of an ambaflador from
the king of Hungary to the fenate of Florence, he repeated it
afterwards word for word. He died in i -j.66.

ACCOLT1 (FRANCIS), brother to the preceding, was ftyled
the prince of lawyers, and was profefior of jurisprudence in
feveral academies. He poffefled a victorious eloquence in the
public difputations, and an excellent judgment in the cabinet,
The confideration in which he was held was fuch, that on the
elevation of Sixtus IV to the pontificate, he expected to obtain
the purple ; it was however refufed him : but the pontiff thought
j? necefiary at lead to clothe his denial in a pretence extremely
honourable, by declaring, that he would willingly have granted
it to him, had he not feared that his promotion, by ravifhing
him from his difciples, would be hurtful to the progrefs of

jurifpru-

A C C O E. D S. 59

jurifprudence.T The treafures he am a fled by a fordid parfimony
tarnimed his reputation. He died about the year 1470. Several law-
books of his, very badly written, are Mill extant ; and forry tranfla-
tions of many of the works of St. John Chryfoftom. As he was
originally of Arezzo, he is alfo known under the name of Aretin.

ACCOLTI (PETER), cardinal, born at Florence in 1497, was
fon of Benedict Accolti, taken notice of by the popes and em-
ployed by them. He died at Florence in 1549. We have a
treat iie by him, on the rights of the pope over the kingdom of
Naples. Benedict Accolti, duke of Nepi, his brother, addicted
himfelf to poetry and the drama. His Virginia, a comedy,
1553, in 8vo. and his Verfes, Venice, 1519 and 1553* were
much applauded by his contemporaries.

ACCOLTI (BENEDICT) was at the head of a confpiracy
?.gainft pope Pius IV. His accomplices were Peter Accolti, his
kinfman, count Anthony di Canoila, the chev. Pehccione,
Profper di Ettore and Thaddeus Manfredi, all men of defperate
fortunes and of turbulent fpirits. The pretext of this plot was
thatPiusIVwasnot truly pope. They intended toaffaffinatehimin
order to put another in his place. Accolti pro. mi fed great rewards
to his companions. Pavia was to be given to Antjiony, Cremona
to Thaddeus, Aquileia to Peliccione, and a revenue of 5000
crowns to Profper. Their project tranfpired. Accolti was fir ft
fufpecled by the pope, on his demanding too frequent audiences.
He was taken with his companions, and they were brought to
capital puniihment in 1564.

ACCORDS (STEPHEN TABOUROT, feigneur des), advocate
in the parliament of Dijon in France, and king's advocate in
the bailiwic and chancery of that city, was born in the year 1549.
He was a man of genius and learning, but too much addicted
o trifles, as appears from his piece, intituled, " Les bigarrures,"
printed at Paris in 1582 [G]. This was not his firfl production,
for he had before printed iome fonnets. His work, intituled
f f Les touches" was publifhed at Paris in 1585 [H] ; which is

[c] The fu ft book of the " Pigarrures" on french verfe ; and the work cnndudes

is divided into r. ; chapters, which treat, with a difcourfe on wizards and their ira-

stiiion^il other tilings, of the rehufss of poltures

I'icardy, of doubles entendres. of aati- [H] This piece is divided into three

ftrophe-, of retrograde verfes, or fuch as books ; the iivlt beii> dedicated to Pontus

read the fame backward and forward, of de TyarJ, lord of Eilr/, and bifhop nf

allufions- of acroitics, of the echo, of Ico- Chalons. The author boafts he wrote itii

nine verfes, of other forts of verfe wag- tvvo months at Verdun upon 'the Scare in

giilily and ingeniously cjntrived, of epi- 15^5. Itcpnfiftschiefly of epigrams, which

taphs, &c. may with propriety be called touches:

The lo.irth bcok is of a more ferious " ikcauie," lays the author, " it is a

turn than the three firit, and is divided flight kind of fencing, in which, by parry-

into three chapters : die firlV contains ufe- i^g with the file, 1 give fuch a touch or

ful inftrudtjons for the education of ciiil- thruil as fcarce raifes the (kin, and cannot

ciren ; the fecond relates to altering one's pierce deep into the ilefh. " Deuication to

furuaine .; the third, fcver.il obieiyauons The icucLes.

indeed

60 A C H I L L 1 N I.

indeed a colle&ion of witty poems, but moft of them upon
ohfcene fubjects ; and worked up rather in too loofe a manner,
according to the licentious tafte of that age. His Bigarrures are
written in the fame ftrain. He was cenfured for this way of
writing, which obliged him to publifh an apology. La Croix du
Maine [i] fays in one place, that Accords wrote a. dictionary of
french rhimes ; but he afterwards corrected himfelf, having
found that John le Fevre of Dijon, fecretary to cardinal De
Givre, and canon of Langres, was the author thereof [K]. Ac-
cords himfelf mentions him as the author, and declares his in-
tention of compiling a fupplement to his uncle Le Fevre's work ;
but, if he did, it never appeared in print. The lord (hip of Ac-
cords is an imaginary fieri or title from the device of his ancef-
tors, which was a drum, with the motto a tens accords, chiming
with all [L]. He died July 24, 1561, in the 46th year of
liis age.

ACHILLINI (ALEXANDER), a native of Bologna, a philofo-
pher and phyfician, profelTed both thefe fciences with great
reputation. He had fcholars from all parts of Europe. He died
in his o\vn country in 1512 at the age of 40, with the pompous
furname of The great philofopher, after having published various
pieces in anatomy and medicine. To him is afcribed the in-
vention of the hammer and anvil, two little bones in the organ
of hearing. He adopted the fentiments of Averroes, and was
the rival of Pomponacius. Thefe two philcfophers mutually
decried each other, according to the cuilom that has prevailed
from time immemorial among the learned , but in thefe dif-
putes Pomponacius had always the upper hand, as he had the
talent of mixing witticifms with his arguments, for the enter-
tainment of the by-ftanders. Add to this, that Achillini lowered
himfelf with the public by his fmguiar and flovenly drefs. HU
works were collected in folio, at Venice in 1545. See CCCLES.

ACHILLINI (PKILOTHEUS), kinfrrian and countryman of
the former, is author of a poem intituled II viridario, in which
we find .the eulogy of fever al Italian literati, and fever.il Icilbns
of morality ; it was printed at Bologna in 15 13, 410.

ACHILLINI (CLAUDE), grand-nephew of Alexander; born
at Bologna in i 574, and died in 1640 , was a man of profound
erudition in philofcphy, in medicine, in theology, and efpecialty
in jurifprudence. He profefled this lad fcience for feverai years

':] Biblbtheque franjoife, p. 156. a tons accsras, this lady fir ft nicknamed

KJ Ib. p zi. rne, in her anfwer, Seigneur des actyrds \

L] He had fent a fonnet to a daughter byuh-ch title her father alfo called me

of Mr. Bt^it, ihe g r eat and learned pre- feverai times. For this resign i chofe this

fident of Burpundv, ' : who," fays he, furname, not only in all my writings com-

" did me the honour to love me. And pofed at that time, but even in thefe

inafrrmch," continues he, " I hjd f'.b- books."
icnbed my fonnct with only my device,

7 with

A C ON T IU S. 61

v.-Uh great celebrity, fir ft at Parma, then at Ferrara, and laftly
at Bologna, the place of his nr/tivity. Kis vail erudition was
fo admired, that, even in his life-time, an infcription to his
honour was put up in the public fchools. Both popes and car-
dinals gave him great hopes of making his fortune -, but thefe
hopes were all they gave him. Achillini held a diftinguifhed
rank among the poets of his time. The declared friend and
partiian of the cavalier Marini, he fcrove to form himfelf on
that model, and fucceeded : that is to fay, we find in his poetry
the fame bad tufte in metaphors, inflation and points, that had
got poffeffion of the italian poefy in the lad century. The well-
known fonnet he compofed on the conquefts of Louis XIII in
Piedmont : Sudate o fuochia preparar metalli, &c. procured
him from the cardinal de Richelieu a chain of gold to the
value of i oco crowns. Far better performances have been far
lefs recompensed, or gone totally unrewarded. His poems ap-
peared at Bologna in 1632, 410. To his poetry fome pieces in
profe have been added, which were publifhed together in i2mo,
under the title of Rime e profe, at Venice, 1662.

ACOLUTHUS ( AN' DREW), archdeacon, profefibr of the
oriental languages at Breflau, his native place, and member of the
academy of Berlin, publiihed in 1682 in 4to a treatife De aquis
amaris. He had given a,t Leipfic in 1680 a latin tranflation in
4 to of the armenian verfion of the prophet Obadiah. He died
at Breflau in 1704.

ACGNTIUS (JAMFS\ a famous philofopher, civilian, and
divine, born at Trent in the 1 6th century. He embraced the
proteftant religion ; and going over to England in the reign of
Elizabeth, he met with a very friendly reception from that
princefs, as he himfelf has teftined in a work dedicated to
her[Mj. This work is his celebrated collection of the Stra-
tagems of Satan, which has been fo often tranflated, and gone
through fo many different impreffions. It was firfl printed at
Bafil in 1565 ; and the author died foon after in England [N].
James Graflerus publifhed another edition of it in 1610, ac the
fame city. In this we meet with Acontius's letter '' Be ratione
edendorum librorum," wherein he gives mod excellent advice
to authors; but his treatife of Method [o], a valuable piece,
and publifhed as an eflay, is not inferted. He wrote alfo a work

[M] He give? her the following titles : [N] GraiTerus in epift. ad leftcrsrn initio

" Divinae Eiizabethae, Angliae, Franciae, Stratagematum Satana?.

Kibeiniaj, reginae. " He declares, ;hat [o] This piece, which is intituled,

he dedicates it to her as a mark of his Methodus, five reclia inveftigandarum tra-

gratitude : " Infignum memoriamque arati dendaj-umq'ue artium & fcientiarum rat^o,

animi ob partur/i ejus iiberalitate qnum in was inferted in a culle&ion of diflertations,

Angliam propter evangelicse veritatis pro- " De l-udiis bene inftituendis," -printed at

feffionem extorris ap'p61iflet, luimanillime- Uiretht in j6_jH.
excepms eilet, iitfrrarium otium."

...

62 A C O S T A.

in Italian, Oft the manner of fortifying cities, which he traiif-
lated into latin during his refidence in England ; but \ve believe
it was never publifned. He wa^ alfo about a treatife of logic [p] 5
but death prevented his bringing it to a conclufion, which was
certainly a public lofs ; for being a man of a juft apprehenfiony
and endowed with great penetration, he had formed the mo it-
rational idea of this work [Q_] ; and thought he was obliged to
be the more careful rn writing it, as he faw the fucceed'ing age
would be more enlightened than that in which he lived [R];
His religious principles differed in fome particulars from thofe
of Calvin ; for he was a great friend to toleration, and main-
tained certain maxims which drew upon him the odium of
feveral proteflant divines [sj. Vv"e meet with few particulars-
relating to his life. He himfelf informs 1 us tranfiently, that he
had fpent a considerable part of his time in ftudying Bartolus,
Baldus, and fuch like barbarous authors , and that he had been*
feveral years at court. His letter, publiihed in 1696, (hews that
he had an acute genius, and that he was a great matter in true
logic. It is dated from London, June 5, 1565, and ferves to
clear up an aiTertion of his, which had been cen'fured, in regard
to Sabellius. It muft be obferved, that notwithstanding mo ft
prcteftant divines hold him in the utmoil detfeftation, yet by'
feme he has been highly applauded [T].

ACOSTA (GAERIEI/, canon and profeiTor of theology at

"p] Acont. epift. ad WolHum, p. 410. Satan, which', according to Simon Goular

"<$__] Ibi'd. p. 411. (TriglaMd. hift. ecclef, p. 2^2.), is thb

*R] Our author, af:er hnving, in his wcdr of all bad books that ever \veie

epillles, touched upon the o.her reafons written. And Vcetius declares (Polit.

\vhich rendered the execution of his plan ecclef. part. iii. in indice & p. 31. 798. ),'

valtly difficult, goes on to the following that he ignorantly or defignedly attempted

purport : " 1 am fenfible," fays he, " that s. confeffion of faith, which the very arians"

I live in a more than ufually enlightened might have fubfcribed.
age ; yet I do not fo much dread the judg- [T] Ifaac Junius, minifter of Delft,

ment of thofe who are now the reigning looked upon Acomius as in the fame

critic?, as the rifing light of a more refined clafs with Socinus and the remonitrants :

age than the prefent. For though the age he confidered him as a man who was (or 1

we now live in has produced, and ftill con- reducing all feels into one, and including

tinues to produce, many great men : yet them in one ark, as Noah (hue up ail forts

methinks I perceive fome what greater will f animals in his, where they were pre-

arife." Aeon. ep. ad Wolf. p. 412. ferved, though they lived on different food.'

[3] A protdlant minilter at the Hague (In Examine apologize remonftrantium,

(Saldenus de libris, &c. p. 3,7.), f^cak- P- 4 ; -)

ing of Acontius, affirms, that what was He has bsen highly commended, not

faid of Origen may be ju'.Hy' applied to oniy by Arminius awd Grevinchovius, but

him, viz. " where he is right, nobody zlfo by Amefius and George Pauli. Ar-

better; and where he is wiong, nobody rriinius fays, " Acontius eft divinum pru-

worfe;" That he was a truly learned dentise ac moderationis lume-n." Amefius

man, of a quick genius, but of too much fp 631 '" ^ ^' m ^ n && words : " Id?.m.

boldnefs and freedom: that he was too Acontius eft OZ;KX,TWT:XTO$ Iv-raTs } p --.(fc.^^

much inclined to produce a kind of fcep- qui ferrieiitem ecclefiae anglicanse calore'

tic'ifm int6 divinity itfclf, as appears evi- et roie caaiefti fovit fedulo."
dent from his treatife of the Stratagems of

Coirnbra^

ACOSTA. 63

Coirnbra, known by a large commentary in latin on part of the
old teitament, fol. Lugd. Bat 1641, died in 1616.

ACOSTA ( JOSEPH), a celebrated fpanifh author, born at
Medina del Campo, in 1547. He was a miflionary, and became
provincial of the jefuits in Peru, and died at Salamanca in
1600. His mod famous work is his Natural and moral Hiftpry
of the Weft Indies, fir ft printed in fpanifh in Bvo, 1591, which
is very fcarce. It was tranflated into French, and printed in
that language in 1600. We have befides, his tieatife De pro-
curanda Indorum falute, Svo, Salam. 1588. De Chrifto Revela-
to> 4-to, Rom. 1 590. De vera fcripturas interpretandi ratione >
in the commentaries of Menochius, 5cc. Some attribute to him
the Decretals of the. council of Lima.

ACOSTA (URIEL), a Portuguefe, born at Oporto towards
the clofe of the ilxteenth century. He was educated in the ro-
miih religion, which his father alfo lincerely profeffed, though
defcehded from one of thofe jewiQi families who had been in a
manner forced to receive baptifm. Uriel had a liberal educa-
tion, having been in (trucked in feveral fciences ; and at laft he
ftudied the law. He had by nature a good temper and difpofi-
tion \ and religion had made fo deep an imprefiion on his mind,
that he ardently defired to conform to all the precepts of the
church, in order to avoid eternal death, which he greatly feared.
He applied with conftant affiduity to reading the fcriptures and
other fpiritual books, carefully consulting alfo the creed of the
confenbrs ; but the more he dived into thefe matters, the more
difficulties occurred, which perplexed him at length to fuch a
degree, that, unable to folve them, he fell into the inofl terrible
agonies of mind. He thought it as impoffible to fulfil his duty,
with regard to the conditions required for abfolution, according
to good cafuifts 5 fo that he defpaired of falvation, if he could
find no other means of attaining it ; and it proved difficult to
abandon a religion in which he. had been bred up from his in-
fancy, and which had been deeply rooted in his mind by the
force of perfuafion. However, he began to enquire, whether fe-
veral particulars mentioned about the other life were agreeable
to reafon ; and, upon enquiry and deliberation, he imagined
that reafon fuggefted many arguments againft them. Acofta
\vas about two-nnd-twenty when he was thus perplexed with
doubts -, and the refult of his reflections was, that he could not
be faved by the religion which he had imbibed in his infancy.
Neverthelefs he profecuted his ftudies in the law , and at the
age of five-and-twenty was made treafurer in a collegiate church.
Being naturally of a religious difpontion, and now made uneafy
by the popiih doiStrines, he began to ftudy Mofes and the pro-
phets ; where he thought he found more fatisfaction than in
the gofpelj and at length became convinced that judaifm was

the

A C O S T A.

the true religion : but, as he could not profefs it in Portugal,
yefoived, to leave the country. He accordingly refigned his place,
and embarked for Amiterdam with his mother and brothers ;
whom he had ventured to initrut in the principles of the jew-
i(h religion, even when in Portugal [u]. Soon after their ar-
rival in this city they became members of the fynagogue, and
were circumcifcd according -to curtom ; and he changed his
name of Gabriel for that of Uriel. A little time was fuiBcient
to {hew him, that the jews did neither in their rites nor morals
conform to the law of lYTofes, of which he could not but declare
his difapprobation : but the chiefs of the fynagogue gave him to
tmderftand, that he mult exactly obferve their tenets and cuf-
toms ; and that he would be excommunicated if he deviated
ever fo little from them. This threat, however, did not in the
leaft deter him j for he thought it would be a in oft mean be-
haviour in him, who had left the fweets of his native country
purely for liberty of conference, to fubmit to a let of rabbis
without any proper jurifdiction : and that it would fhew both
want of courage and piety, if he ihould ilifle his fentiments on
this occailon. He therefore perfifted in his invectives, and in
confequence was excommunicated : the effect of which was fuch,
that his own brothers durit not fpeak to him, nor falute him
when they met him in the ftreets. Finding himfelf thus fituat-
ed, he wrote a book in his justification ; wherein he endea-
vours to ihew, that the rites and traditions of the pharifees are
contrary to the writings of Mcfes ; and foon after adopted the
opinion of the fatlducees : for he prefemly faw, that the rewards
and punifliments of the old law relate only to this life ; became
Mofes no where mentions the joys of heaven, or the torments of
hell. ' His adversaries were overjoyed at his embracing this tenet ;
foreseeing, that it would tend greatly to juvtify, in the fight of
chriitians, the proceedings of the fynagcgues againrl him. Be-
fore his book was printed, there appeared a piece upon the im-
mortality of the foul, written by a phyiician,in 1623, wno omit-
ted nothing he could fuggeft to make^Acoita pafs for an atheiit.
The v'ery children were even fpirite'd up to infult him in the
ftreets, and to baiter his houfe with {tones'; all which however
did not prevent him from writing a treatife againft the phyfi-
cian, wherein he endeavoured to confute the doctrine of the
foul's immortality. The jews now made application to the ma-
giflruies of Amiterdum ; and informed againit him, as one who

u] He himfelf tells us, that he gave ir.itted to leave the kingdom without '1,3

vp an honourable and profitable employ- king's fpecial leave. ('b.p 31"). tis

ment, nnd a fine hcufe which his father fays, had ir been known he difcouded with

had built in the beft part of the cfty. (A- his mother and brother in favour of the

colt a in Exemplar! virge humanze, p. 346.} jev.-ifh religion, it mult have proved his

He mentions the danger of his embarka- ruin. .
, no one of jcvrifli extraction being pel--
wanted

A C O S T A/ 65

Wanted to undermine tjie foundation of both jewlfh and chrifti-
an religions. Hereupon he was thrown into prifon, but bailed
out within a week or ten days after ; however, all the copies
of his pieces were feized, and he himfelf fined 300 florins. Ne-
verthelefs, he proceeded ft ill farther in his fcepticifm. He now
began to examine, whether the laws of Mofes came from God ;
and he at length found reafons to convince him, that it was on-
ly a political invention. Yet, infteacl of drawing this inference
from thence, " I ought not to return to the jewiih communion,"
he thus argued with himfelf, u AYhy ihould I continue all
my life cut off from the communion, expofed to fo many in-
conveniences, efpecially as I am in a country where I am a
firanger, and unacquainted with the language ? Had I not better
play the ape amongft apes ?" He accordingly returned to the
jewiih church, after he had been excommunicated 15 years;
and, after having made a recantation of what he had written,
fubfcribed every thing as they directed. A few days after, he
was accufed by a nephew, who lived in his houfe, that he did
not, as to his eating and many other points, conform to the laws
of the fynagogue. This acculation was attended with very bad
confequences ; for a relation of Acofta, who had got him re-
conciled to the fynagogue, thought he was in honour bound to
perfecute him with the utmoft violence [xj. The rabbis and
the reft of the jews were animated with the fame fpirit j efpe-
cially when they found that Acofta had difTuaded two chriftians,
who had come from London to Amfterdam, from turning
jews. He was fummoned before the grand council of the
fynagogue ; when it was declared to him, that he muft be
again excommunicated, if he did not give fuch fatisfacjion
as fhould be required. He found the terms fo hard, that he
could not comply. The jews thereupon again expelled him.
from their communion ; and he afterwards fufFered various
hardihips and great perfecutions, even from his own relations.
After remaining feven years in a molt wretched fituation, he at
length declared he was willing to fubmit to the fentence of the
fynagogue, having been told that he might eafily accommodate
matters -, for, that the judges, being fatisfied with his fubmiflion,
would foften the feverity of the difcipline. Acofta, however,
v. r as caught in a fnare ; for they made him undergo the penance
in its utmoft rigour [y]. Thcfe particulars, relating to the life

[x] Acofta was juft going to marry a ta's brother to keep al] the goods in his

fecond wife : he had great part of his ef- poflefTion, and to trade no longer with

feels in the hands of one ot his brothers ; him.

and it was his intereft that ihe trade car- [Y] The penance he underwent, as he

ried on betwixt them ihould continue. 'The himfelf defcribes it, was as follows: (Ex-

iclation above-mentioned hurt him greatly emphr vitae humanae, p. 349,3-0.) A

in thefe particulars ; for he got the match valt crowd of men and women being af-

*obe broken pffj and he pejiuaded Acof- fembled at the fynajogue, Acofta entered;

VOL. I, f

66 A C R O P O L I T A.

cf Acofta, are taken from his piece, intituled, " Exemplar hu-
manae vitae," publifhed and refuted by Limborch [z j. It is
fuppofed that he compofed it a few days before his death, af-
ter having determined to lay violent hands on himfelf. He ex-
ecuted this horrid refolution a little after he had failed in his
attempt to kill his principal energy ; for the piflol, with which
he intended to have mot him as he pafled his houfe, having mif-
fed fire, he immediately fhut the door, and mot himfelf with
another piftol. This happened at Amfterdam, but in what
year is not exactly known [A].

ACRON, a celebrated pbyfician of Agrigentiim in Sicily,
flourished, according to Prieftley, 439 B. C. In his time
Athens was vifited by the plague, which he is faid to have ex-
pelled by burning perfumes to purify the air, a maxim he per-
haps learned in ^Egypt. He wrote fome phyfical tracts in the
doric dialed!:, which time has long deftroyed.

ACRON or ACRO, the name of an ancient fcholiaft on Ho-
race, who flourifhed in the feventh century. His work is {till
found in an old edition of Horace, printed at Bafil in 8vo, in
1527.

ACROPOL1TA (GEORGE) [B], one of the writers in the by-
zantine hiftory, was born at Conftantinople in the year 1220, and
brought up at the court of the emperor John Ducas, at Nice.
He ftudied mathematics, poetry, and rhetoric under Theodorus
Exapterygus, and learned logic of Nicephorus Blemmidas. In
his one-and-twentieth year, he maintained a learned difpute
with Nicholas the phyfician, concerning the eclipfe of the fun,
before the emperor John. He was at length appointed great
logothete, and employed in the moft important affairs of the
empire* John Ducas fent him ambaffador to LarifTa, to eilablifh
a peace with Michael of Epirus. He was alfo conftituted judge

an<Ji at a time appointed, afcended the pul- making him fit upon the ground, declared

pit. Here he read aloud a writing, where- him abfolved from the excommunication ;

in he confeffed he had deferved a thoufand fo that the gates of paradife were no longer

deaths for not keeping the fabbath-day, or fhut againft him. Acofta after this put on

the promife he had made ; and for having his clothes, and laid himfelf on the ground

diffuaded fome perfons from embracing at the door ot the fynagogue, where all wh

the jewifh religion; and that, as an atone- came out walked over him.

ment for thefe crimes, he was ready to [zj Mr. Limborch has placed it at the

fuffer whatever they fhould command, and end ot his " Arnica collatio cum junaeode

-proraifed never to be juilty of the like of- veritate religionis chriftianae."

fences. Being come down from the pulpit, [A.] It is highly probable that he killed

ne was ordered to retire to a corner of the himfelf foon after the ceremony of his ab-

fyjiagogue ; where heftripped himfelf to folution, being exafperated at the treat;-

the waift, and pulled off his (hoes and ment he had received. It ii fuppofed in

iteckings. The door-keeper then fattened the Bibliotheque univerfelle, that he hil-

his hands to the pillar, and the mafter- led himfelf about the year 1647; but, ac-

chanter gave him exactly 39 lafhes with a cording to others, it was in 164?, torn, viii.

Vhip; for in thefe cafes they are always p. ^7

careful not to exceed the number prefcrib- B J Alb. Fab. vol. vi. p. 449.
ei by law. Then the preacher came, who,

A D A L A R D. 67

by this emperor, to tr- Michael Comnenus on a fufpicion of
being engaged in a cer/puucy. Theodorus Lafcaris, the fon of
John, whom he had taught logic, appointed him governor of
nil the \veftern province; of his empire. "When he held this
government, in the year 1255, being engaged in a wai with
Michael Angelus, he was taken prifoner by him. In 1260, he
gained his liberty by means of the emperor Palseologus, who
fent him ambaffador to Con ftan tine prince of Bulgaria. After
his return, he applied himfelf wholly to the inftrucHon of youth,
in which employment he acquitted himfelf with great honour
for many years ; but being at lad weary of the fatigue, he re-
figned it to Holobolus. In 1272, he fat as one of the judges
upon the caufe of John Vecchus, patriarch of Conftantinople [c].
The year following he was fent to pope Gregory, to fettle a
peace and reunion between the two churches, which was ac-
cordingly concluded ; and he fwore to it, in the emperor's name,
at the fecond council of Lyons, in 1274. He was fent ambafla-
dor to John prince of Bulgaria in 128?, and died foon after his
return. He left behind him feveral works in the greek tongue.
Gregory Cyprian, patriarch of Conftantinople, in his encomium
upon him, prefixed to Acropolita's hiftory, is perhaps fomewhat
extravagant in his praife, when he fays he was equal to Ariftotle
in philofophy, and to Plato in the knowledge of divine things and
attic eloquence.

ACROPOLITA (CONSTANTINE), fon of George, acquired the
furname NE(^- MeraQfaKTiS, i- e. The younger Metaphrafles, was
great logothete, or chancellor, and flourished at Conftantinople
in the time of Mich. Palxologus, and his fon Andronicus,
about 1270.

ACTUARIUS, a celebrated greek jew phyfician. His father's
name was Zachari. He lived and pra&ifed at Conftantinople
in the 131!! century, according to Prieftley ; and has left us fix
medical treatifes in tolerable good greek, though the fubftance
of them is chiefly taken from Galen, Etius, and Paulus, and mod
probably from fome of the Arabians ; he is the firft greek
author that mentions the cooling and milder purging medicines,
as manna, fena, caffia, rhabarbarum, and my robalans, which were
firft ufed by the Arabians, near 300 years before. His works
are in Stephens's Medic je artis principes, fol. 1567.

ACUSILAS, an old greek hiilorian, of Argos, lived before
the pcloponnefian war. Some writers have made him one of
the fever, wife men. He is often quoted by the ancients

ADALARD, or ADELARD, born about the year 7-53, was
fon of count Bernard, grandfon of Charles \lartel, and cou-
fin german of Charlemagne. This prince having repudiated

[_cj See Du Fin, Nouv. bib], des aut. eccl. totn.- y. p. 93* Paris 1702.

F %

63 ADAM.

Ermengarde, daughter of Dideric king of the Lombards, Ada-
lard was fo fennbly touched at this divorce, that he abandoned
the court for the religious habit at Cc v b<e. The e.nperor nomi-
nated him to this abbey ; and when he eftabliihed Pepin king of
Italy, he gave him Adalard for his prime mimfter. Bernard,
king of Italy and nephew of the empercr Louis Is debonnairc,
having revolted in 817; \Yala, prince of the blood, who had
poffciTed a great fliare in the government, was implicated in !\is
difgrace, and banifned to the ifle of Hero, at prefent iNoir moo-
tier. At the end of five years he wasre-eitabliihed in his abbey,.
in 822 the emperor even recalled him to court. Adalard, in
823, founded the celebrated abbey of Corwey, or New Corbie,
in Saxony- His death, which happened the 2d of January 826,
at the age of 72, was much lamented by the virtuous and the
learned. He was mailer of the latirij the tudefque, and french
languages. He was ftyled the Auguftine of his age. Only frag-

/"!* 1 T ~ * *

ments or his writings are come down to our times, rus princi-
pal work was, A treatife concerning the order or the ftate of the
palais, and of the whole french monarchy.

ADALBERON (ASCELINUS) was confecrated bifhop of
Laon in the year 977. He 'was an ambitious prelate and a fer-
vile courtier ; hs had the bafenefs to deliver up to Hugh Capet,
Arnoul, archhiihop of Rheirns, and Charles duke of Lorrain >
competitor of Hugh, to whom he had given an afylum in his
epifcopal city. He died in 1030. He is the author of a fatiri-
cal poem in 430 hexameter verfes, dedicated to king Robert,
Adrian Valois gave an edition cf it in 1663, in 8vo, at the end
of the Panegyric on the emperor Berenger. It contains feveral
curious hiftorical facts.

ADAM (MELCHIOR) lived in the I7th century. He was
born in the territory of Grotkaw in Sileiia, and educated in the
college of Brieg,* where the dukes of that name, to the utmoil of
their power, encouraged learning and the reformed religion as
profefled by Calvin [D]. Here he became a firm proteflanr,
and was enabled to purfue his {Indies by the liberality of a per-
foil of quality, who had left feveral exhibitions for young ilu-
dents He was appointed reclor of a college at Heidelberg,
where he publifhed his firft volume of illuftrious men in the
year 16*5 [E] This volume, which confifted of philofophers,
poets writers on polite literature, hiftorians, &c. was followed
by three others ; that which treated of divines v/as printed in
1619 , that of the lawyers came next ; and finally, that of the
phyficians : the two lail were publiflved in 1620. All the learned
men, whofe lives are contained in thefe four volumes, lived in

MeIch,A3am in epiil. dsdicat. Cer. [EJ Joachim. Bergerus ; his epift. de
f. (j.iatoryto his German fhiiofophers.

the

ADA M. 69

the 16th, or beginning of the lyth century, and are either Ger-
mans or Flemings ; but he pxibliihed in 1618 the lives of twenty
divines of other countries in a feparate volume. All his divines
are profeftants. He has given but a few lives, yet the work colt
him a great deal of time, having been obliged to abridge the
pieces from whence he had materials, whether they were lives,
funeral fermons, eulogies, prefaces, or memoirs of families. He
omitted feveral perfons who deferred a place ($] in his work as
veil as thofe he has tnken notice of. 'The L'utherans were not
pleafed with him, for they thought him partial [G ! ; nor will
they allow his work to be a proper ftandard, wh-ereby to judge
of the learning of Germany. He wrote other works befides his
Lives i H], and died in 1622.

ADAM SCOTUS, a famous forborne doftor, flourifhed in
the i >th century. This author, who is well known as a monk-
ifn writer, and a voluminous author of biography, was born in
Scotland, and educated in the monaftery of Lindisferna, now
calif cl Holy IfL>nd, a few miles fbuth of Berwick on Tweed, at
that time one of the moil famous ferninaries of learning in the
north of England. He went afterwards to Paris, where he fettled
feveral years, and taught fchool divinity, or rather fophiftry, in
the Sorbonne. In his latter years he returned to his native
countrvj and became a monk in the abbev of Melrofe. and after-

S * J *

wards in that of Durham, where he wrote the life of St. Co-
lumbus and the lives of fome other monks of the iixth century.
He likewife wrote the life of David I. king of Scotland, who
died 1153; and confequently he muft have furvived that period
fjme time. His works were printed at Antwerp in fol. 1659.
ADAM (LAMBERT SIGISBERT), an ingenious french fculp-
tor, born at Nanci in 1700. Fie went to Berlin, where he exe-
cuted two groups reprefenting the fports of hunting and fifhing,
in which he difplayed the power of his chifel. In the hotel de
Soubife, the figures of poetry, painting, mufic, juftice, hiflory

[F! This he himfelf confefTes, " Q^s- The fame I defire may be understood con-

dam mi h~i monendus aut rogandus es, ini ce.ning the lives of the lawyers, ftatefmen,

lector. Primum, &c." i. e. "Reader, I phyficians, and philofophers." Melch.

rr.iirt acquaint you with fome things, or re- Adam, prscfat Theolog. germanorum.

queft them of you. Firft, that you would fcj Morhofus polyhiitor. p. 192, 209,

not complain of my having paffed over or [HJ Viz. i. '' Apographum monumen-

omitred many perfons who were no: un- torum heidelbergenfmm.

vorthy of a place in this work. The fault, 2. '' Notse in orationem Julii Caefaris

my good reader, muft not be imputed to Scaligeri proM.T. Cicerone contra Cice-

tne, but to the fcarcity of materials, which ronianum Erafmi.

I could by no means procure. 1 chofe 3. " Parodiseet metaphrifes 'oratian3?.

therefore to be wholly filent about -many Diarium biograph. Henningi Witts.

excellent perfons, rather than fay a very In the Catalogue of the boilcian library,

little, or ufe thofe trite expreffions ; He he i$ faid to have been the author of Hi-

was born, he died. Yet this deficiency ftoria ecclefiaftica hamburgeniis et bretoen-

may be fupplied, if good men and loversof fis ; but this work, according to Mr. Bayle,

their country will contribute their alfift- was written by one Adam, a canon of

ar.ce to the fecond volume of this work. Bremen, who lived in the nth century,

F 3 and

70 ADAM.

and renown, in plaifter ; at Verfailles, the Neptune nnd Am-
phytrite ; and nt Saint Cloud, the Seine, and the Marne are all
of his hand, His Prometheus, though much pdmired by fome,
is celebrated for nothing but the infinity of labour beftowec! up-
on it. His group of five figures and five animals, .it Verfiilles,
in bronze Mars carefied by Love, at Bellevue The enthufiafm
of poetry St. Jerome, in marble, for the Invalids Abundance
turning her gifts towards the earth, at Choifi, are all of his
hand. Died in ^759.

ADAM (NICHOLAS), his fon, ha? done the maufoleum of the
queen of Poland, at bon-fecours. The two figures in the front
of the chamber of accounts : The aiiumption for the chapel of
the college of Grammont : The annunciation in the front of the
oratory, in the flreet St. Honore, arid th-^ Indian religion, are his
beft works.

AD^M of BREHMEN was canon of that city towards the
end of the \ ith century, hie ,1s only remembered by his Hifto-
ria ecclefiaftica ecclefize hambiTrgenfis et bremenfis, which he
compofed in his youth. Ir is divided into four books, beginning
witN the reign of Charlemagne ?nd ending in the time of the
ernperor Henry IV. At the end he has added a fmall tracl; on
the fituation of Denmark. The lail edition of this work- was
printed at Helmftad in 1670 in 4:0.

ADAM (JBILLAUT), better known by the name of Mafter
Adam, was a joine" of Nevers, and flourifhed during the mini-
ftry of cardinal Richtiieu, who gave kim a pen (ion for his in-
gerrity. He made hhr.iHf known firlt in his own country,
and to the princeffes Gcnzaga, Iviary and Anne, the former-
of whom was queen of Poland, and refided fome time in their
duchy of Nevers. He came to Paris, where he made fome con-
fiderable patrons, and b a ne well known at court, where he
got the furname of Vngile au Rabot. His poems, which
are now forgotten, intituled Chevilles de maitre Adam, 4to,
Rabot et Ville brequin, i2mo, with a great number of poems
made by writers of that age'ia his praife, are hard to get at.

AD/^M (ROBERT;, architect, was born in 1728 at Kirkaldy
in Fifefl'iire, and received his education in the univerfity of
Edinburgh. After his return from a vifit to Italy, Mr. Adam
was appointed architect to his majeily in the year 1762;
which office, being incompatible with a feat in parliament, he
refigned in 1768, on his being elected to reprefent the county
of Kinrofs. Mr. Adam produced a total change in the architec-
ture of this country : and his fertile genius in elegant ornament
was not confined to the decoration of buildings, but has been
difrufed into almofl every branch of manufacture. His talents
extended beyond the line of his own profeffion ; he difplayed in
Jus numerous drawings in landfcape a luxuriance of compofi-

tion,

ADAMS. 71

tion, and an eiTet of light and fhndow, which have fcarcely
ever been equalled. At the time of his death, March 3, I7Q2>
the new univerfity of Edinburgh, and other great public works,
both in that city and in Glafgow, were creeling from his defigns
and under his direction. To the laft period of his life, Mr.
Adam difplayed an increafing vigour of genius and refinement
of tafte j for in the fpace of one year preceding his death, he
deiigned eight great public works, befides 25 private buildings,
fo various in their ilyle, and fo beautiful in their composition,
that they have been allowed by the bed judges fufficient of
themfelves to eflablifh his fame unrivalled as an artift. His
death was occafioned by the breaking of a blood veffel in his
ftomach. His remains were interred in the fouth aifle of Weil-
minfler Abbey.

ADAMS (SiR THOMAS), citizen and lord mayor of London,
was a man highly efteemed for his prudence and piety, his loy-
alty and fufFerings, and his als of munificence : he was born at
Wem, in Shropmire, educatq^in the univerfity of Cambridge,
and (Fuller fays) bred a draper in London. In 1609 he was
chofen merifF, when he gave a linking proof of his public fpirit 5
he immediately gave up his bufinefs, and applied himfelf wholly
to public affairs This (hews he muft have been opulent. He
made himfelf complete mailer of the cuiloms and ufages, rights
and privileges of the city of London, and fucceeded to every ho-
nour his fellow-citizens had in their power to beftow. He was
chofen mailer of the drapers company, alderman, and prefident
of St. Thomas's hofpital, which inilitution he probably faved
from ruin, by difcovering the frauds of a dimonetl fteward. He
was often returned member of parliament ; but the violent po-
litics of the times would not permit him to fit there. In 164$
he was elected mayor of London, in which office he gave a
finning example of difintereflednefs, by declining the advantages
ufually made by the fale of places which become vacant. His
loyalty to Charles I. was fo well known, that his houfe was
fearched by the republican party to find the king there. Mr.
Adams was the next year committed to the Tower by the
fame party, and detained there fome time. However, at length
he became the oldefl alderman upon the bench, and was confe-
quently dignified with the honourable title of father of the city.
His affection for his prince was fo great, that during the exile
of Charles II. he remitted him io,oool.

When the reiloration of the king was agreed on, Mr. Adams,
then 74 years of age, was deputed by the city to accompany ge-
neral Monk to Breda in Holland, to congratulate and accom-
pany the king home. For his fignal fervices the king knighted
him at the Hague ; and foon after the reiloration advanced him
to the dignity of a baronet, on the nth of June 1-66 1.

F 4 His

fa , A D A M S O N.

His merit as a benefactor to tl:e public is highly confpicuoiis :
he gave the houfe of his nativity, at Wern, as a free-fchool to the
town, and liberally endowed it ; he founded an arable profeflbr-
fhip at Cambridge; both which took place before his death.
By defire of his friend, Mr. Whee!ock 3 fellow of Clare-hall, he
was at the expence of printing the gofpels in perfian, aud (end-
ing them into the eaft. He was equally benevolent in private as
in public life , his hands were open to all objects in want : and
although he fufFered great loffes in his eftate, he gave liberally in
legacies to the poor of many parifhes, to hofpitals, and minilters*
widows. He was particularly diilinguilhed for his chriftian pa-
tience and fortitude in adverfity.

In his latter years he was much afflicted with the ftone, which
haftened his end; he died the i/^th of Feb. 1667, at 81 years
of age. The {lone was taken from the body, and was of fuch
extraordinary magnitude as to weigh 25 ounces, and is pre-
ferved in the laboratory at Cambridge. He felt no reluctance
at the approach of his dificlutior^nd feerned perfectly prepared
for death ; often faying, Solum mihi fupereft fepulchrum ; All
my bufineis is to fit me for the grave. His funeral fermon was
preached at St. Catharine Cree church, before his children and
many of his relations. His defcendants enjoyed the title down
to the late fir-Thomas Adams, who died a captain in the royal
navy.

ADAMS (THOMAS), A.M. He was a fellow of Brazen-nofe
college, Oxford, and during the time of Oliver Cromwell a very
eminent tutor, fome of the fir ft families in the kingdom having
committed their children to his care. He was ejected 1662,
and afterwards became chaplain to fir Samuel Jones of Shrop-
fhire, with whom he lived fome years, and then retired to the
family of lady Clare in Northamptonfhire. He died Decem-
ber i ;, 1670.

ADAMS (RICHAS.D), A. M- He had his education in Bra-
zen-nofe college, Oxford, where he took his degrees, and after-
wards was prefentecl to the living of St. Mildred's, Bread- ftreet,
London. He ccnnaued there till he was ejected, 1662, when
<Mb retired and lived privately at Hoxton. He died 1684, but
has no works extant except a few fermons ; he was one of
the centers of Charnock's works, and ailiited in completing
Pool's annotations en the bible.

ADAfciSON (PATRICK), a fcottifh prelate, archbifhop of St.
Andrews. He was born 1543, in the town of Perth, where he
received the rudiments of his education, and afterwards ftudied
philofophy, and took his degree of M, A. at the univerfity of St.
.Andrews. In the year 1560 he fet out for Paris, as tutor to a
young gentleman. In the month of June in the fame year, Mary
queen of Scots, being delivered of a fon, afterwards James VI.

A D A M S O N. 73

fcf Scotland, and .Firft of England, Mr. Adamfon wrote a latin
poem on the occafion. This proof of his loyalty involved him
in fome difficulties, caufing him to be arrefted in France, and
confined for fix months ; nor would he have got off fo eafily,
had not queen Mary and fome of the principal nobility inter-
efted themfelves in his behalf. As foon as he recovered his li-
berty, he retired with his pupil to Bourges. He was in this
city during the maffacre at Paris ; and the fame bloody perfe-
cuting fpirit prevailing amongft the catholics at Bourges as at
the metropolis, he lived concealed for feven months at a public
houfe, the matter of which, upwards of 70 years of age, was
thrown from the top thereof, and had his brains darned out, for
his charity to heretics [ij. Whilft Mr. Adamfon lay thus in his
fepulchre, as he called it, he wrote his latin poetical verfion of
the book of Job, and his tragedy of Herod, in the fame lan-
guage. In 1573 he returned to Scotland, and, having entered
into holy orders, became minifter of Paifiey [K]. In 1575 he
was appointed one of the comjlifiioners, by the general alTembly,
to fettle the jurifdiction and policy of the church ; and the fol-
lowing year he was named, \vith Mr. David Lindfay, to report
their proceedings to the earl of Moreton, then regent. About
this time the earl made him one of his chaplains, and, on the
death of bifliop Douglas, promoted him to the archiepifcopal
fee of St. Andrews, a dignity which brought upon him great
trouble and uneaiinefs , for now the clamour of the prefbyterian
party rofe very high againit him, and many inconfiftent abfurd
fiiories were propagated about him. Soon after his promotion
he publifhed his Catechifm in latin verfe, a work highly ap-
proved even by his enemies ; but, neverthelefs, they ftill conti-
nued to perfecute him with great violence. In 1578 he fubmit-
ted himfeif to the general ailembly, which procured him peace
but for a very little time ; for, the year following, they brought
frefh accufations againlt him In the year 1582, being attacked
with a grievous diieafe in which the phyficians could give him
no relief, he happened to take a firnple medicine from an old
woman, which did him fervice. The woman, whofe name was
Alifon Pearfone, was thereupon charged with witchcraft, and
committed to prifon, but efcaped out of/her confinement ; how-
ever, about four years afterwards, fhe was again found, and
burnt for a witch. In 1583 king James came to St. Andrews ;
and the archbimop, being much recovered, preached before him,
and difputed with Mr. Andrew Melvii, in prefencc of his maje-
fty, with great reputation, which drew upon him frefh calumny
and perfecution. The king, however, was fo well pleafed with

[i] Prsef. in Job. [K] Calderwood's Hill. oftheCh. of Scotland, fol. 1680, p. 55.

74 A D D I S O N.

Kim, that he fent him ambafiador to queen Elizabeth, at whofe
court he refided for fome years. His conduct, during his em-
baiiy, has been varioufly reported by different authors. Two
things he principally laboured, viz. the recommending the king,
his mafter, to the nobility and gentry of England, and the pro-
curing fome fupport for the epifcopal party in Scotland. By his
eloquent preaching he drew after him iuch crowds of people, and
railed in their minds fuch a high idea of the young king, his
mailer, that queen Elizabeth forbade him to enter the pulpit
during his flay in her dominions [L]. In 1584 he was recalled,
and fat in the parliament held in Auguft at Edinburgh. 1 he
prelbyterian party were Hill very violent againft the archbifhop.
A provincial fynod was held at St. Andrews in April 1586 ; the
archbifhop was here accufed and excommunicated , he appealed
to the king and the flates, but this availed him but little ; for the
mob being excited againil him, he durit fcarce appear in public
in the city of St. Andrews [M]. At the next general afTembly a
paper being produced, containing the archbifhop's fubmiffion,
he was abfolved from the excommunication. In 1588 frefh ac-
cufations were brought againll him. The year following he
publifhed the Lamentations of the prophet Jeremiah, in latin
verfe, which he dedicated to the king, complaining of his hard
ufage. In the latter end of the fame year he publifhed a tranf-
iation of the Apocalypfe, in latin verfe, 'and a copy of latin
verfes, addrefled alfo to his majeity, when he was in great dif-
trefs. The king, however, was fo far from giving him affift-
ance, that he granted the revenue of his fee to the duke of
Lenox : fo that the remaining part of this prelate's life was very
wretched , he having hardly fubfiftence for his family. He died
in 1591. A volume of this prelate's works has been published
in 4 to.

ADDISGN (LANCELOT), Con of Lancelot Addifon a clergy-
man, born at Mauldifmeabur-ne in the parifh of Crofby Ravenf-
worth in Westmoreland, in 1632, was educated at the gram-
mar fchool of Appleby, and afterwards fent to Qjaeen's college,
Oxford, upon the foundation. He was admitted 13. A. Jan. 25,
1654, and M. A. July 4, 1^57. As he now had greatly diilin-
guiihed himfelf in the univerfity, he was chofen one of* the
terrs filii for the act celebrated in 1658 ; but, his oration ha-
ving been very fatirical upon the pride, ignorance, hypocrify,
and avarice of thofe then in power, he was compelled to make
a recantation, and to aik pardon on his knees. Soon after he
icft Oxford, and retired to Petworth in Suiiex, where he refided
till the reiteration. The gentlemen of Suiiex having recommend-
ed him to Dr. King, biihop of Cheiter, as a man who had fuf-

Vit. Pat. Adamfon. . [M] Calderwood, p.

fered

ADD I SON. 75

fered for Ms loyalty and attachment to the conflitutlon of
church and ftate ; the biihop received him kindly, and in all
probability would have preferred him, had he not, contrary to
his lordfhips ?pprobacion, accepted of the chaplainfhip at Dan-
kirk [N], wliere he continued till 1662, when, the place being
delivered up to the French, he returned to England. The year
following he weni. chaplain to the garrifon at Tangier, where he
refided feme yea 1 ^ ; and came back to England in 1670, with a
resolution to return to Tangier. He was appointed chaplain in
ordinary to his majeity ibon after his coming over , he had no
thoughts, however, of quitting his chaplainTnip at Tangier ; ne-
verthelefs it was conferred upon another, whereby Mr. Addifon
became poor in his circumftances. la tLis (ituation of his affairs,
a gentleman in Wiltfnire beftowed on him the reclory of Mil-
flon, in Wilts, worth about 120!. per annum. Soon after he
was alfo made prebendary of Minor pars altaris, in the cathedral
of Sarum ; and took the degrees of B. and D. D. at Oxford, July
6, 1675. ^ s preferments, though not very confiderable, en-
abled him to live in the country with great decency and hofpita-
lity ; and he difcharged his duty with a moll conscientious dili-
gence. In 1683 the commiffioners for ecclefiaftical affairs, in
confederation of his former fervice at Tangier, conferred upon
him the deanry of Lichfield, in which he was inftalled July 3 ;
was collated to the archdeaconry of Coventry Dec 8,1684, an( i
held it with his deanry in commendam. In the convocation,
which met Dec. 4, '689, dean Addifon was one of the com-
mittee appointed by the lower houfe to acquaint the lords, that
they had confented to a conference on the fubject of an acldrefs
to the king. He died April 20, 1703, and was buried in the
church-yard of Lichneld, at the entrance of the weft door, with
the following epitaph : " Hie jacet Lancelotus Addifon, 8. T. P.
hujus ecclefice decanus, nee non archidiaconus Coventrise, qui
obiit 20 die Aprilis, ann. Dom. 1703, setatis fuse 71." Dr. Ad-
difon wrote feveral learned and ufefui treatifes.

ADDISON (JOSEPH, [o], fon of Dr. Addifon mentioned in
the laft article, was born May i, 1672, at Milfton near Ambrof-
bury, Wiltfhire, where his father was rer.or. Appearing weak
and unlikely to live, he was chrilcened the fame day. Mr. Tyers
fays, that he was laid out for dead as foon as he was born. He
received the firli rudiments of his education at the place of his
nativity, under the rev. Mr. Naifh ; but was foon removed to
Salifbury, under the care of Mr. Taylor ; and thence to Lich-
field, where his father placed him for fome time, probably not
long, under Mr. Shaw then mailer of the fchool there. From

[N] Weed's Alhen, oxon. vol. ii. col. [o] The greateft part of this article it
97^ abridged Irom Dr. Johnfon.

Lichfield

76 ADDI5O:;.

Lichfield he was fent to the Charter-houfe, where he purfued
his juvenile iludies under the care of Dr. Ellis, and contracted
that intimacy with fir Rich. Steeie, which their joint labours
have fo effectually recorded. In i ^Cy he was entered of Queen's
college in C:.f rdj vhcre, in K>,j.3, the accidental perufal of
fome latin verfes gained him the pitronage of Dr. Lancafter,
by whofe recommendation he war. elected into Magdalen college
as demy. Here he took the degree of M. A. Feb. 14, 1693 ;
continued to cultivate poetry and criticifin, and grew fir ft emi-
nent by his latin compositions, v/hich are intitled to particular
praife, and feem to h/.ve had much of his fonclnefs ; for he Col-
lected a feconcl volume of the Muix anglicanx, perhaps for a
convenient receptacle, in -which all his latin pieces are inferted,
and where his poem on The Peace has the firft place. He after-
wards prefented the collection to Boileau, who from that time
conceived an opinion oi the engliih genius for poetry. In his
22ci year he firil (hewed his power of englifh -poetry, by fome
verfes addreiTed to Dryden j and foon afterwards publifhed a
tranflation of the greater part of the fourth Georgic upon Bees.
About the fame time he compofed the arguments prefixed to the
feveral books of Dryden's Virgil ; and produced an effay on the
Georgics, juvenile, fuperficial, and uninftructive, without much
either of the fcholar's learning or the critic's penetration. His
next paper of verfes contained a character of the principal eng-
lifh poets, infcribed to Henry Sachevefell, who was then, if
not a poet, a writer of veries ; as is (hewn by his verfion of a
fmail part of Virgil's Gecrgics, publiihed in the Mifeellanies,
and a latin encon:iurn on quetn Mary, in the Mufre ariglicana?.
At this time he was paying his addrefies to SacheverelFs filter.
Thefe verfes e>h;b : t all the fondnefs of friendfhip ; but, on one
fide or the other, in. . o was too weak for the malignity of
faction. la this poem is a very confident and difcriminativc
character of Speller, v.uofe work he" had then never read. It
is neceiTary to inform the reader, that about this time he was
introduced by Congreve to Ivlimtarue, then chancellor of the
exchequer : Addilbn was nov/ learning the trad-.: of a courtier,
and fubjoined Montague r v.-tical name to thofe of Cowley

and of Dryden. By ihe inlluence <. r. Montague, concurring
with his natural modefty, he was diverted from his original de-
fi^n of entering into holy orders. IVrv.tague alleged the corrup-
tion of men \, . in civil employments without liberal
'/ucation ; and dechred, that, though he w-as reprefented as an
enemy to the church, lie would never do it any injury but by
\vithhciding Arhlifm from it. Soon after, in 1695, he wrote a
poem to king Y/llliam, with a kind " m i'^g introduction ad-
dreffed to lord Somers. King William had no regard to elegance
or literature j his itudy was only war j yet by a choice of mini-

flers

A D D I S O N. 77

fters whofe difpofition was very different from his own, he pro-
cureci, without intention, a very liberal patronage to poetry.
Addifon wis careiTed both by Somers and Montague. In 1697
he wrote his poem on the peace of Ryfvvick, which he dedicated
to Montague, and which was afterwards called by Smith " the
bell latin poem iince the JEneicl." Having yet no public em-
ployment, he obtained in i^pc; a peilfion of 300!. a year, that
he might be enabled to travel. He ftaid a year at Blois, probably
to learn the french language ; and then proceeded in his jour-
ney to Italy, which he furveyed with the eyes of a poet. While
he was travelling at leifure, he was far from being idle ; for he
not only collected his observations on the country, but found
time to write his Dialogues on medals, and four a&s of Cato.
Such is the relation of Tickell, Perhaps he only collected his
materials, and formed his pl.m. Whatever were his other em-
ployments in Italy, he there wrote the letter to lord Halifax,
which is juilly conlidered as the moft elegant, if not the moil
fublime, of his poetical productions. But in about two years
he found it necelTary to haften home ; being, as Swift informs
us, u ditlrelTed by indigence, and compelled to become the tutor
of -a travelling fquire," At his return he publifned his tra-
vels, with a dedication to lord Somers. This book, though a
while neglected, is faid in time to have become fo much the fa-
vourite of the public, that before it was reprinted it rofe to five
times its price. When he returned to England in 1702, with a
meannefs of appearance which gave teflimony to the dii?.culties
to which he had been reduced, he found his old patrons out of
power ; but he remained not long neglected or ufeiefs. The
victory at Blenheim 1704 foread triumph and confidence ever
the nation ; and lord Godolphin, lamenting to lord Halifax :.' /
it had not been celebrated in a manner equal to the fubjeit, de-
fired him to propoie it to feme better poet. Halifax named
Addifon ; who, having undertaken the work, communicated it
to the treafurer, while it was yet advanced no further than the
limile of the angel, and was immediately rewarded by fucceed-
ing Mr. Locke in the place of cpmmiffioner of appeals. In the
following year he was at Hanover with lord Halifax ; and the
year after was made under-fecretary of ftate, flrft to iir v harks
Hedges, and in a few months more to the earl of Sunderland.
About this time the prevalent talie for Italian operas inclining
him to try what would be the effect of a mufical drama in our
own language ; he wrote the opera of Rofamond, which, when
exhibited on the itage, was cither hilled or neglected ; but,
trading that the readers would do him more juftice, he publifhed
it, with an infcription to the duchefs of Marlbotough. His re-
putation had been fomewhat advanced by The tender hufband,
A comedy which Steele dedicated to him, with a confciTioii that

A D D I S O N.

he owed to him feveral of the moft fuccefsful fcenes. To thi's
play Addifon fupplied a prologue. When the marquis of Whar-
ton was appointed lord lieutenant of Ireland, Addifon attended
him as his fecretary ; and was made keeper of the records in
Berrningham's tower, with a falr.ry of 300!. a year. The ollice
was little more than nominal, and the falary was augmented for
his accommodation. When he was in office, he made a law to
himfelf, as Swift has recorded, never to remit his regular fees
in civility to his friends " I may have a hundred friends j and
if my fee be two guineas, I ihalj by relinquishing my right lofe
200 guineas, and no friend gain more than two." He was in
Ireland when Steele, without any communication of his defign,
began the publication of the Tatler , but he was not long con-
cealed : by inferting a remark on Virgil, which Addifon had
given him, he difcovered himfelf. Steele's firft Tatler was pub-
lifhed April 22, 1709, and Addifon's contribution appeared May
26. Tickell obferves, that the Tatler began and was concluded
without his concurrence. This is doubtlefs literally true ; but
the work did not fuffer much by his unconfcioufnefs of its com-
mencement, or his abfence at its cefTation ; for he continued his
afliftance to Dec. 23, and the paper flopped on Jan. 2. Hc
did not diftinguim his pieces by any fignature.

To the Tatler, in about two months, fucceeded the Spectator;
a. feries of effays of the fame kind, but written with lefs levity,
upon a more regular plan, and publifhed daily [r]. The next

year,

[p ] The author of the Diflertation fur '< Thisfpecies of inftruftion was conti-

la poefie angloife, in the Journal literaire, nued, and perhaps advanced, by thi French ;

fpeaking of this work, fays, " The fineft among whom La Brcyere's Manners of

geniufes in England have exerted in the the Age, though written without connec-

Spelator all the force of their reflexions, tion, deferves great praife. Befoie the

all the delicacy of ftyle, and all the fire of Tatler and Spectator, if the writers for the

imaeination that can be conceived. It is an theatre are excepted, England had no maf-

admirable work ; and it has preferved a ters of common life. No writers had yet

great part of its original graces and beauty undertaken to reform either the favagenefs

in the french translation. There is fuch a of negled, or the impertinence of civility ;

prodigious variety in it, bo f h with regard to teach when to fpeak, or to be filent;

to the ftyle and the fubjefts which it treats how to refufe, or how to comply. We

of, that we julily affirm, the french nation wanted not books to teach us more im-

has nothing to oppofe to this work, that portant duties, and to fettle opinions in

can be conlidered equal to it. Tom. ix. philofophy or politics ; but an arbiter ele-

p. 159* 160. gantiarum, a judge of propriety was yet

" To teach the minuter decencies and wanting, who ihould furvey the track of

inferior duties, to regulate tlie practice of daily converfation, and free it from thorns

daily converfation, to correct thde depra- and prickles, which teafe the pafler,

vities which are rather ridiculous than though they do not wound him. For this

criminal, and remove thole grievances purpofe nothing is fo proper as the fre-

which, if they produce no lailing calami- quent publication of fhort papers, which

ties, imprefs hourly vexation, was firft at- we read not as ftudy but amufement. If

tempted in Laiy by Cafa in his Book of the fubjedt be flight, the treatife likewife

Manners, and Caftiglione in his Courtier, is fhort. The bufy may find time, and

two books yet celebrated in Italy for purity the idle may find patience,

and elegance. " The Tatler and Speftator reduced,

ADDIS ON. 79

year, 1713,111 which Cato came upon the ftage, was the grand
climacteric of Addifon's reputation. Upon the death of Cato,
he had, as is faid, planned a tragedy in the time of his travels,
and had for feveral years the lour iirft acts fmifhed, which were
Ihewn to fuch as were likely to fpread their admiration. By a
requeft, which perhaps he wiihed to be denied, he deiired Mr.
Hughes to add a fifth act. Hughes fuppofed him ferious; and,
undertaking the fupplement, brought in a few days fome feenes
for his examination ; but he had in the mean time gone to work
himfelf, and produced half an -act, which he afterwards com-
pleted, but with brevity irregularly difproporticyaate to the fore-
going parts. The great, the important day came on, when Ad-
difon was to iland the hazard of the theatre. That there might,
however, be left as little to hazard as was pollible, on the laft.
night Steele, as himfeif relates, undertook to pack an audience.
The danger was foon over. The whole nation was at that time
on fire with faction. The whigs applauded every line in which
liberty was mentioned, as a fatire on the tories ; and the tories
echoed every clap, to (hew that the fatire was unfelt. When it
was printed, notice was given that the queen would be pleafed
if it was dedicated to her ; " but as he had defigned that compli-
ment elfewhere, he found himfelf obliged," fays Tickell, " by
his duty on the one hand, and his honour on the other, to fend
it into the world without any dedication."

At the publication the wits feemed proud to pay their at-
tendance with encomiaftic verfes. The bed are from an un-
known hand, which will perhaps Jofe fomewhat of their praife'
when the author is known to be Jeffreys. Cato had yet other
honours. It was cenfured as a party play by a fcholar of Oxford,
and defended in a favourable examination by Dr. Sev/el. It was
tran dated by Salvini into Italian, and acted at Florence ; and by
the jefuits of St. Omer's into latin, and played by their pupils.
While Cato was upon the ftage, another daily paper called the
Guardian was publifhed by Steele.; to which Addifon gave great
ailiftance. Of this paper nothing is neceflary to be faid, but
that it found many contributors, and that it was a continuation
of the Spectator, -with the fame elegance, and the fame variety,
till fome unlucky fpark from a tory paper fet Steele's politics on
fire, and wit at once blazed into faction. He was foon too hot for
neutral topics, and quitted the Guardian to write the Englith-
man. The papers of Addifon are marked in the Spectator by

like Cafa, the unfettled prafrice of daily they fuperadJed literature and criticifm,

intercouifc to propriety and politenefs ; and lometimes towered far above their

and, like La Bruyere, exhibited the cha- predeceffoi's, and taught, with great juft-

rafters and manners of the age. rds of argument and dignity of language,

" But to fay that they united the plans the moffc important duties and fublime

of two or three eminent writers, is to give truths, 1 ' JOHNSON.

a fmall part of their due praife \

i one

80 A D D I S O N.

one of the letters in the name of Clio, anct in the Gunrdian oy
a hand. Many of thefe papers were written with powers truly
comic, with nice difcrimination of characters, an accurate ob-
fervation of natural or accidental deviations from propriety ;
but it was not fuppofed that he had tried a comedy on the
ilage, till Steele, alter his death, declared him the author of
<c The Drummer ;" this however he did not know to be true by
any cogent teftimony ; for when Addifon put the play into his
hands, he only told him it w T as the work of a gentleman in the
company ; and when it was received, as' is confeffed, with cold
difapprobation, he was probably lefs willing to claim it. Tickell
omitted it in his collection ; but the tellimony of Steele, and
the total filence of any other claimant, have determined the public
to affign it to Addifon, and it is now printed with his other
poetry. Steele carried " The Drummer" to the playhoufe, and
afterwards to the prefs, and fold the copy for 50 guineas. To
the opinion of Steele may be added the proof fupplied by the
play itfelf, of which the characters are fuch as Addifon would
have delineated, and the tendency fuch as Addifon would have
promoted. He was not all this time an indifferent fpecrator of
public affairs. He wrote, as different exigences required, in
1707, " The prefent ftate of the war, and the neceility of an
augmentation j" which, however judicious, being written on
temporary topics, and exhibiting no peculiar powers, has na-
turally funk by its own weight into neglect. Phis cannot be faid
of the few papers intituled " The whig examiner," in which is
exhibited all the force of gay malevolence and humorous fatire.
Of this paper, which jufl appeared and expired, Swift remarks,
with exultation, that " it is now down among the dead men."
His " Trial of count Tariff," written to expofe the treaty of
commerce with France, lived no longer than the; queilion that
produced it.

Not long afterwards an attempt was made to revive the
Spectator, at a time indeed by no means favourable to literature,
when the fucceffion of a new family to the throne filled the
nation with anxiety, difcord, and confufion ; and either the tur-
bulence of the times or the fatiety of the readers put a flop to
the publication, after an experiment of 80 numbers, which were
afterwards collected into an eighth volume, perhaps more va-
luable than any one of thofe that went before it: Addifon pro-
duced more than a fourth part, and the other contributors are
by no means unworthy of appearing as his affociates. The time
that had paffed during the fufpenfion of the Spectator, though
it had not leiTened his power of humour, feems to have increafed
his difpofition to ferioumefs : the proportion of his religious to
his comic papers is greater than in the former feries. The
Spectator, from its recommencement, was publifhed only three

times

ADD ISO NT. Si

times a week, and no difcriminative marks were added to the
papers. To Addifon Tickell has afcribed 23. The Spe&ator
had many contributors'; and Steeie, \vhofe negligence kept him
always in a hurry, \vhcn it was his turn to furnim a paper,
c uled loudly for the letters, of which Adtlifon, whofe materials
were more, made little ufe ; having recourfe to (ketches and
hints, the producl of his former ftudies, which he now reviewed
and completed : among thefe are named by Tickell the " EfTays
on Wit," thofe on the " Pleafures of the Imagination," and the
" Criticifm on Milton."

When the houfe of Hanover took pofleflion of the throne, it
was reafonable to expect that the zeal of Addifon would be
fuitably rewarded. Before the arrival of king George he was
made Secretary to the regency, and was required by his office
to fend notice to Hanover that the queen was dead, and that
the throne was vacant. To do this would not have been difficult
to any man but Addifon, who was fo overwhelmed with the
greatnefs of the event, and fo dii^rafted by choice of expreffion,
that the lords, who could not wait for the niceties of criticifm,
called Mr. Southwell, a clerk in the houfe, and ordered him to
difpatch the meiTage. Southwell readily told what was neceiTary,
in the common ftyle of bufinefs, and valued himfelf upon having
done what was too hard for Addifon. He was better qualified
for the Freeholder, a paper which he publimed twice a week,
from Dec. 27, 1715, to the middle of the next year. This was
undertaken in defence of the eftablifhed government, fometimes
with argument, fometimes with mirth. In argument he had
many equals \ but his humour was fmgular and matchlefs.

On the 2.d of Auguft 1716, he married the countefs dowager
of Warwick, whom he had folicited by a very long and anxious
courtihip. He is faid to have fir ft known her by becoming tutor
to her ton. The marriage, if uncontradic?ced report can be
credited, made no addition to his happinefs ; it neither found
them nor made them equal. She always remembered her own
rank, and thought herfelf intitled to treat with very little cere-
mony the tutor of her ion. It is certain thai: Addifon has left
behind him no encouragement for ambitious love. The year
after, 1717, he rofe to his higheft elevation ; being made fecre-
tary of ftate : but it is univerfaily confefled that he was unequal
to the duties of his place. In the houfe of commons he could
not fpeak, and therefore was ufelefs to the defence of the go-
vernment. In the office he could not iflue r.n order without
lofing his time in quefl of fine expreffions. What he gained in
rank he loft in credit: and, finding by experience his own in-
ability, was forced to folicit his difmiffion, with a penfion of
1500!. a year. His friends palliated this relinquifhment, of
which both friends and enemies knew the true reafon, with an

VOL. I. G account

82 ADDIS ON.

account of declining health, and the neceffity of recefs and
quiet. He now returned to his vocation, and began to plan
literary occupations for his future life. He propofed a tragedy
on the death of Socrates ; a ilory of which, as Tickell remarks,
the bans is narrow, and to which love perhaps could not eafily
have been appended. He engaged in a noble work, a defence
of the chriftian religion, of whi h part was published after his
death ; and he defigned to have made a new poetical veriion of
the Pfalms. It is rtlaied that he had once a defign to make an
englifh dictionary, and that he considered Dr. Tillotfon as the
writer of higheft authority. Addiion however did not conclude
his life in peaceful ftudies j but relapfed, when he was near his
end, to a political queilion. It fo happened that, 1719, a con-
troverfy was agitated, with great vehemence, between thofe
friends of long continuance, Addifon and Steele. The fubjecl:
of their difpute was the earl of Sunderland's memorable act,
called " The peerage bill," by which the number of peers
fhould be fixed, and the king reftrained from any new creation
of nobility, unlefs when an old family mould be extinct. Steele
endeavoured to alarm the nation by a pamphlet called " The
Plebeian :" to this an anfwer was publifhed by Addifon under
the title of " The Old Whig." Steele was refpedful to his old
friend, though he was now his political adverfary : but Addifon
could not avoid discovering a contempt of his opponent, to
whom he gave the appellation of " Little Dicky." The bill
was laid afide during that fefiion, and Addifon died before the
next, in which its commitment was rejected. Every reader furely
muft regret that thefe two illuftrious friends, after fo many
years pait in confidence and endearment, in unity of intereft,
conformity of opinion, and fellowfhip of ftudy, mould finally
part in acrimonious oppofition. The end of this ufeful life was
now approaching. Addifon had for fome time been opprefled
by fhortnefs of breath, which was now aggravated by a dropfy j
and finding his danger prefling, he prepared to die conformably
to his own precepts and profefllons. During this lingering decay,
he fent, as Pope relates, a meffage by the earl of Warwick to Mr.
(' iy, denring to fee him. Gay, who had not vifited him for fome
time before, obeyed the fummons, and found himfelf received
with great kindnefs. The purpofe for which the interview had
been follicited was then discovered : Addifon told him, that he
h;:d injured him ; but that, if he recovered, he would recom-
penfe him. What the injury was he did not explain, nor did
Gay ever know j but fuppofed that fome preferment defigned
for him had by Addifon's intervention been withheld.

Lord Warwick was a young man of very irregular life, and
perhaps of loofe opinions. Addifon, for whom he did not want
refpe&j hu-1 very diligently endeavoured to reclaim him $ but

his

A D D I S O N. 83

his arguments and expostulations had no effect 5 one experi-
ment, however, remained to be tried. When he found his life
near its end, he directed the young lord to be called 5 and, when
he defired, with great tendernefs, to hear his laft injunctions,
told him, u I have fent for you that you may fee how a chriftian
can die." What effect this awful fcene had on the earl's behaviour
is not known : he died himfelf in a fhort time. Having given
directions to Mr. Tickell for the publication of his works, and
dedicated them on his death-bed to his friend Mr. Craggs, he
died June 17, 17:9, at Holland-houfe, leaving no child but a
daughter who was (till living in 1783.

Of the courfe of Addifon's familiar day, before his marriage,
Pope has given a detail. He had in the houfe with him Budgell,
and perhaps Philips. His chief companions were Steele, Budgell,
Philips, Carey, Davenant, and Col. Brett. With one or other
of thefe he always breakfafted. He ftudied all morning j then
dined at a tavern, and went afterwards to Button's. From the
' coffee- houfe he went again to the tavern, where he often fat
late, and drank too much wine. Dr. Johnfon's delineation of
the character of Addifon concludes by obferving with Tickell,
that he employed wit on the fide of virtue and religion. He
not only made the proper ufe of wit himfelf, but taught it to
others ; and from his time it has been generally fubfervient to
the caufe of reafon and truth. He has diffipated the prejudice
that had long connected gaiety with vice, and eafmefs of man-
ners with laxity of principles. He has reftored virtue to its
dignity, and taught innocence not to be afhamed. This is an
elevation of literary character, " above all greek, above all ro-
man fame." No greater felicity can genius attain than that of
having purified intellectual pleafure, Separated mirth from in-
decency, and wit from licentioufnefs ; of having taught a fuc-
ceflion of writers to bring elegance and gaiety to the aid of
goodnefs ; and, to ufe expreffions yet more awful, of having
" turned many to righteoufnefs." Asa defcriber of life and man-
ners, he muft be allowed to itand perhaps the firft of the fore-
men: rank. His humour, which, as Steele obferves, is peculiar
to himfelf, is fo happily diffufed as to give the grace of novelty
to domeftic fcenes and daily occurrences. He never " outfteps
the modefty of nature," nor raifes merriment or wonder by the
violation of truth. His figures neither divert by diftortion, nor
amaze by aggravation. Pic copies life with fo much fidelity,
that he can be hardly faid to invent ; yet his exhibitions have
an air fo much original, that it is difficult to fuppofe them not
merely the product of imagination. Asa teacher of wifdom he
may be confidently followed. His religion has nothing in it
enthufiaftic or fuperftitious ; he appears neither weakly credu-
lous nor wantonly fceptical j his morality is neither dangeroufly

S 4 ADELGREIFF.

lax, nor impracticably rigid. All the enchantment of fancy and
all the cogency of argument are employed to recommend to the
reader his real intereiL, the care of pleafmg the author of his
being. Truth is (hewn fcmctimes as the phantom of a vifion,
fometimes appears half-veiled in an allegory ; fornetimes attracts
regard in the robes of fancy, and fometimes fteps forth in the
confidence of reafon. She wears a thoufand dreffes, and in all
is pleafmg " Mille habet ornatus, inille decenter habet."

His profe is the model of the middle ftyle j on grave fubjects
not formal, on light occafions not grovelling ; pure without
fcrupulofity, and exal without apparent elaboration ; always
equable, and always eafy, without glowing words or pointed
fentences, Addifon never deviates from his track to fnatch a
grace ; he feeks no ambitious ornaments, and tries no hazardous
innovations. His page is always luminous, but never blazes in
unexpected fplendour. It feems to have been his principal en-
deavour to avoid all harfhnefs and feverity of diction ; he is
therefore fometimes verbofe in his tranlitions and connections,'
and fometimes clefcends too much to the language of converfa-
tion , yet if his language had been lefs idiomatical, it might
have loll fomewhat of its genuine anglicifm. What he attempted,
he performed ; he is never feeble, and he did not wifh to be
energetic ; he is never rapid, and he never Magnates. His fen-
tences have neither ftunied. amplitude, nor affected brevity: his
periods, though not diligently rounded, are voluble and eafy.
Whoever wifhes to attain an englifh ftyle, familiar but not
coarfe, and elegant but not oftentatious, mult give his days and
nights to^the volumes of Addifon.

"ADELGREIFF (JOHN ALBRECHT), natural fon of a prieft

near Elbing, diitinguiihed himfelf by his folly. He gave out

that feven angels had revealed to him, that he was the vicar of

God on earth, for exterminating all the evil in the world, and

for chaftizing fovereigns with a rod of iron. In confequence of

winch he adopted thefe titles: " We, John Albrecht AdelgreifF,

Svrclos, Amadous, Canamat.i, Kiki, Schmalkilmandis, Eloris,

archfovereign, pontiff, emperor, king of the whole of the divine

kingdom, prince of peace throughout the univerfe, judge of the

living and the dead, god and father, in the glory of whom Chrifl

_ome at the laft day to judge the world, lord of all lords, and

kiny; of ?A.\ liings." In the year ^636 he was. brought prifoner

to Konigfberg : he confciTed that he had been publicly whipped

in Tranfylvania for the crime of adultery. In (lead of being

treated as a madman, he was condemned to die for blafphemy

and magic. When his femence was read to him, he replied,

.hcut any figns of emotion : <c Since it could not be other-

fe, it muft be thus." He added, that he was certified his

In. three davd would rife again from the duft.

ADELMAN,

A D I M A R I.

ADELMAN, bilhop of Brefcia in the nth century, \vrote a
letter to Berens^er concerning; the eucharift ; what renders it

O O '

extraordinary for thofe times, it is written with moderation.
This letter is found in a collection on the eucharift, published
at Louvain in 1561, in 8vo. and in the Bibliotheca patrum.
He died towards 1062.

ADELPHUS, a platonic philofopher, who adopted the prin-
ciples of the gnoflics as fo many amplifications of platonifm.
He got together feveral of the books of Alexander the Libyan,
andMthe pretended revelations of Zoroafter, which he mingled
with the principles of platcnifm and thofe of the gnoflics. Of
this medley he compofed a body of doctrine which was em-
braced by great numbers of people in the 3d century. He pre-
tended to have gone deeper than Plato in the knowledge of the
fupreme being. Plotinus lectured and wrote againft him.

ADL J ,R (WILLIAM), a phyfician of Touloufe, author of a
treatife printed in 1621, under this title: De segrotis & morbis
evangelicis. In this piece he examines, whether the maladies
which our Saviour removed could have been healed by medi-
cine. He decides in the negative ; and affirms that the infirmities
healed by the mefiiah were incurable by the phyfician's art. We
are told by Vigneul Marville that Ader was faid to have com-
pofed this book merely to efface the remembrance of another in
which he had maintained the contrary. He lived at the be-
ginning of the i yth century. He was a man of profound eru-
dition-

ADHELME was the fon of Kenred, and nephew to Ina king
of the Weft Saxons. After having been educated abroad, he be-
came abbot of Malmfbury, and held it 30 years. It is faid of
him, that he was the firil Englishman who wrote in latin ; the
firfl who introduced poetry into England, and the fir ft bifhop of
Sherburn. He is honourably mentioned by Bede, Cam den, and
Bale ; and his life has been written by William of Malmefbury.
He died in 709, and according to the cuflom of the times he was
canonized, and marvellous miracles told of him. His works are
in the Bibl. patr.

ADHEMAR (WILLIAM), a gentleman of Provence, cele-
brated for his genius, obtained the efteem and friendfnip of the
emperor Frederic BarbaroiTa and his emprefs Beatrix. To this
princefs he dedicated a poem on illuftrious ladies. He left be-
hind him other pieces of poetry, and died about 1 190.

ADIMARI (RAPHAEL), -born at Rimini about the clofe of
the 1 6th century, devoted his pen to the hiftory of his native
country, which appeared at Brefcia in 2 vols. 4to, 1616, under
the title of Sito riminenfe. This hiflory is in tolerable repute,
though the Italians prefer to it that of Clementini. See that
article.

G 3 ADIMARI

86 A D R E T S.

ADIMARI (ALEXANDER) was born at Florence in 1579, and
was greatly efteemed by the learned. He was a member of the
academy cf the Incogniti atVenice, and acquired great reputation
by his poems. He died in 1649, in the joth year of his age.

ADLERFELDT (GUSTAVUS) born near Stockholm, ftudied
with great applaufe in the univerfity of Upfal, and then made
the tour of Europe. On his return Charles XII gave him the
place of a gentleman of his chamber. Adlerfeldt accompanied
this prince both in his victories and his defeats. He profited
by the accefs he had to this monarch, in the compilation of his
hiftory. It is written with all the exactitude that might be ex-
pected from an eye-witnefs. This fwediih officer was killed by
a cannon ball at the battle of Pultava, in 1709. It is on this
famous day that his memoirs conclude. A f ranch tranflation
of them was made by his fon, and printed in 4 vols. I2mo, at
Amfterdam in 1740.

ADON, archbiihop of Vienne in Dauphiny in 860, had been
brought up from his childhood in the abbey de Ferrieres. He
died the i6th of December 875 at the age of 76 His vigilance
over his clergy, his care in the inftmction of his flock, his fre-
quent vifitations throughout his province, did not prevent him
irom finding time for both prayer and itudy. This prelate is
the author of, i. An univerial chronicle, cited by the moil ac-
curate authors. It was printed in 1522 at Paris, folio, in
gothic characters, with a part of Gregory of Tours ; and fince
at Rome in 1745, folio. The author has divided it into fix
ages, and brought it down to his own time. 2. A martyrology,
of which the jefuit Rofweide gave an edition in 1613.

ADORNE (FE.ANCIS), a jefuit of an ancient Genoefe family
fruitful in great men, wrote, at the felicitation of Charles IX,
king of France, a treatife on ecclefiaftical difcipline. He died
January 13, 1586, aged 56.

ADRETS (FRANCOIS DE BEACTMONT, BARON DES), of an
ancient family in Dauphiny, of a bold and enterprifihg fpirit, as
if born for being the head of a party. After having ferved in
the army, with great diftin&ion, he efpoufed the caufe of the
Huguenots from refentment to the duke of Guife in 1562. He
took Valence, Vienna, Grenoble, and Lyons, fignalizing himfelf
lefs by his prowefs and his activity than by his atrocious acts of
vengeance. The catholic writers fay, that in regard to perfons of
t.heir communion he was what Nero had been of old to the
primitive chriitians. Ke put his invention to the rack to find
out the moil fantaftic punifhments, and enjoyed the barbarous
fatisfaclion of inflicting them on all that fell into his hands.
(See AUGER.) At Montbrifon and at Mornas, the foldiers that
were made prifoners were obliged to throw themfelves from
the battlements upon the pikes of his people.. Having reproached

one

A D R E T S. 87

one of tliefe wretches with having retreated twice from the leap
without daring to take it: u Monf. le baron, faid the foldier,
with nil your bravery, I defy you to take it in three." The com-
pofed humour of the man faved his life. His cruelties were
far from being approved even by the mod violent of his party.
The admiral de Coligny wrote, that he muft be employed as a
furious lion, and that his fervices ought to be a pafs-port to
his licentiouinefs. The government of the Lyonnois was con-
ferred upon another. Piqued at this, Des Adrets was upon the
point of turning catholic ; but he was feized at Romans, and
he would have been brought to the fcaffold, if the peace, juft
then concluded, had not faved him. He afterwards put his
defign in execution, and died defpifed and deteiled by both
parties, in the year 1587. He left two fons and a daughter,
who had no ifliie. Some time before his death, Des Adrets,
being at Grenoble, where the duke de Mayenne then was, he
wanted to revenge the affronts and threats that Pardaillan had
given him on account of the murder of his father. He repeated
feveral times, that he had quitted his folitude to convince all
fuch as might complain of him, that his fword was not grown
fo rufty but that it could always right him. Pardaillan did not
think himfelf obliged to take any notice of this bravado of a
fwordfman then in his Both year : and Des Adrets went back
again content with his rhodomontade. The ambaiTador of Savoy
once meeting him on the high road alone, with only a flick in
his hand, was furprifed at feeing an old man, notorious for his
barbarous executions, walking without a companion and quite
defencelefs, and afked him of his welfare. " I have nothing to fay
to you," anfwered Des Adrets coldly, " unlefs it be to defire you
to acquaint your mafter, that you met the baron des Adrets, his
very humble fervant, on the high road, with a white ftick in
Ins hand and without a fword, and that nobody faid any thing
to him." Thefe memoirs are taken from his Life written by
Guy Allard. Grenoble, 1675, I2m - ^ ne of the fons of the
baron des Adrets was engaged in the mafiacre of St. Bartholomew.
He had been page to the king, who ordered him one day to
go and call his chancellor. The magiftrate, who was then at table,
having anfwered him, that as foon as he had dined he would go
and receive the commands of his rnajefty : " What !" faid the
page, " dare you delay a moment when the king commands ?
Rife, and inftantly begone !" Whereupon he took hold of the
table-cloth by one corner, and drew the whole of the dinner
down upon the floor. It is M. de la Place who relates this
anecdote (rather improbable it muft be confeiled) in his Pieces
intereflantes, torn, iv j who adds, that the flory being told to
Charles IX by the chancellor, the monarch only laughed, and
faid " that the fon would be as violent as the father."

G 4 ADRIAN,

S3 ADRIAN.

ADRIAN, an author of the 5th century, compofed in greek
sn introduction to. the fcriptures, printed at Augfbiirg in 1602,
4 to, by Hoefchelius. A latin tranilation of it may be feen in
the Opufcula of Lottinus, Belluno, 1650, foJio.

ADRIAN, an ingenious and learned carthufian, is the author
of a treaTife intituho, De remediis utr;ufque fortune ; the nrfl
edition whereof, published at L'oiogn 1471, 4to, is fcarce, and
much fought after. In order to avoid confounding this treatife
with that of Petrarch on the fame fubjedt, it is neceflary to
know, that the title fays : Per quemdam A. poetam prseftantem,
necnon S. Th profcffbrem exhnlum.

ADRIAN, or HADRIAN (FuBLius ^LIUS), the Roman
emperor, was born ?.t Rome J?ji. 24, in the year of Chrift 76.
His father left him an orphan, at ten years of age, under the
guardianfhip of T v ipm, and C^elius Tatianus, a Roman knight.
He began to ferve v~ry early in the armies, having been tribune
of a legion before the death of Domitian. He was the perfon
chofen by the ^rrny of Lowe; -fia, to carry the news of
!Nerva' death to Trajan, fucceflbr to the empire. The extrava-
gances of his youth deprived him cf this emperor's favour ; but
having recovered i: by a reformation in. his behaviour, he was
married to Sabina, a grand niece of Trajan, and the emprefs
Plotina became his great friend and patronefs. When he was
qujeftor, he delivered an ovation i:i the fen ate ; but his language
was then fo rough and unpolifhed, that he. was Iiified : this
obliged him to apply to the itudy of the latin tongue, in which
he afterwards became a great proficient, and made a confiderable
figure for his eloquence. He accompanied Trajan in mod of
his expeditions, and particularly diftinguimed himfelf in the
fecond war again ft the Daci ; and having before been qureftor, as
well as trib- ' the peopk, he was now fuccefiively f^etor,

governor of Pannonla, and conful. After the fiege of J . tra in
Arabia was raifed, Trajan, w r ho had already given him the govern-
ment of Syria, left him the command cf the army ; and at length,
when he found d^ath approaching, it is fc'id he adopted him.
The reality of this adoption is by fome difputed, and is thought
to have been a contrivance of Plotina ; however, Adrian, who
was then in Antiochia, as foon as he received the news thereof,
and of Trajan's death, declared himfelf empercr on the i ith of
Augult 1 1 7. No fooner had he arrived at the imperial dignity,
than he made peace with the Perfians, to whom he yielded up
great part of the conquers of his predeceiTcrs foj; and from
generofity ; or policy, he rernj&l ..1 the viebts of the roman people,

_ r.utro, ias is of opinion, that the that the irnpcffi.'aHry or difficulty cf keep.

yielding \;p of chefe conqueils proceeded ing the conquered provinces determined

from Adrian's envying; Trr.nrrs ;!ory, Adrian to reiign them. In Adriano.
lib. viii. p. 90, But Spart;a;i fujpofes,

which,

ADRIAN. 89

which, according to the calculation of thofe who have reduced
them to modern money, amounted to 22,500,000 golden crowns;
and he caufed to be burnt all the bonds and obligations relating
to thofe debts, that the people might be under no apprehenfion
of being called to an account for them afterwards [R]. He went
to viiit ail the provinces, and did not return to Rome till the year
118, when the fenate decreed him a triumph, and honoured
him \vr.h the title of Father of his country ; but he refufed both,
and defired that Trajan's image might triumph [s]. The fol-
lowing year he went to Mcefia to oppofe the Sarmatse, In his
abfence feveral perfons of great worth were put to death ; and
though he protefted he had given no orders for that purpofe,
yet the odium fell chiefly upon him. No prince travelled more
than Adrian , there being hardly one province in the empire
which he did not viiit. In 120 he went into Gaul, and thence
to Britain, where he took care to have a wall or rampart built,
as a defence againft the Caledonians who would not fubmit to
the roman government [T]. In 121 he returned into France;
thence he went into Spain, to Mauritania, and at length into
the eait, where he quieted the commotions raifed by the Par-
thians. After having vifued all the provinces of Afia, he re-
turned to Athens in I2C, where he palled the winter, and was
initiated' in the myfteries of Eleufmian Ceres. He went from
thence to Sicily, and faw mount -/Etna. He returned to Rome
the beginning of the year 1 29 , and, according to fome, he went
again the fame year to Africa ; and, after his return from
thence, to the eaft. He was in Egypt in the year 132, revifited
Syria the year following, returned to Athens in 134, and to
Rome in 135. The perfecution againft the chriftians was very
violent under his reign ; but it was at length fufpended, in con-
fequence of the remonftrances of Quadratus biihop of Athens,
and Ariftides, two chriftian philoiophers, w r ho prefented the
emperor with fomev books in favour of the chriftian religion.
He conquered the Jews ; and, by way of infult, creeled a temple

[RJ M. de Tillemont, Hift. des emp. larging their bounds, he delivered up to the

torn. ii. p. 4-8, /o), edit, of Bruffels. Caledonians all the lands lying between

[s] Notes on the hiftory of Adrian, the two Friths and the Tyne ; and at the

Spart- in Adriano, Dio, li u . 69. fame time, to fecure the roman province

[T] " In the mean time," favs Mr. from their incurfions, threw up a rampart

Rapin, " the Caledonians continuing of earth, covered with a green turf, from

their inroads, the emperor Adrian re- the mouth of the Tyne to Solway-frith,

folved to go over in perfon, and fubdue 80 miles in length, and quite crofs the

thefe iieice and troublefome people. Up:n country from call to weft. Having thus

his arrival, they retired towards the north : fettled matters in Britain, he returned to

he advanced however as far as York, where Rome, where he was honoured with the

he was diverted from his intended conqueft t'ule of Relrcrer of Britain, as appears by

by the defcription fome old foldiers he fome medals." Hiftory of Kngland, vol. i.

found there, who had fervcd under Agri- lib. i. p. Go. Tindai's tranlUtion, otlavo

cola, save him of the country. In hopes, edition,
theieiore, of keeping them quiet by en-

9 o

ADRIAN;

to Jupiter on mount Calvary, and placed a ftatue of Adonis in
the manger of Bethlehem [u]: he caufed alfo the images of fwine
to be engraved on the gates of Jerufalem.

Adrian reigned 21 years, and died at Baise in the 63d year
of his age. The latin verfes he addrefied to his foul on his
death-bed [x], fhew his uncertainty and doubts in regard to
the other world. He was a prince adorned with great virtues,
but they were mingled with great vices. He was generous, in-
duilrious, polite, and exacl: ; he maintained order and difcipline ;
he adminiftered juilice with indefatigable application, and
punilhed rigoroufly all thofe who did not faithfully execute the
offices with which they were entrusted : he had a great (hare
of wit and a furprifing memory ; he was well verfed in moft of
the polite arts and fciences, and is faid to have written feveral
works [Y]. On the other hand, he was cruel, envious, lafci-
vious, fuperftitious, and fo weak as to give himfelf up to the
ftudy of magic : and what can be more infamous than his
paffion for Antinous ?

Adrian having no children by Sabina, adopted Lucius Au-
relius Annius Ceionius Commodus Verus ; but Lucius dying
the i ft of January 138, he then adopted Titus Antoninus, on
condition that he mould adopt Marcus Annius Verus, and the
fon of Lucius Verus.

ADRIAN IV. (POPE), [z] the only Englifhman who ever
had the honour of fitting in the papal chair. His name was
Nicholas Brekefpere ; and he was born at Langley, near St.
Alban's, in Hertfordfhire. His father having left his family,
and taken the habit of the monaflery of t. Alban's, Nicholas
was obliged to fubmit to the loweft offices in that houfe for
daily fupport. After fome time he defired to take the habit in
that monaltery, but was rejected by the abbot Richard : " He

ful See Tiilemont's Hift. of Adiian. orations, feveral quotations out of them
[xj Beginning thus : being Itill extant. (Photius, p. 276.) But

the chief work of this emperor was the

Ammuia vagula, blandula i -, c ,- ,-,- , ,-_, , r

LI < c niltory ot his own me : r.e did not choo'e

to put his own name to it, but that of

Mr. Pope has tranfated it. The Phlcgor., one of his freed-men, and a very

fame excellent poet having received a learned perfon. Sp.ut. p. rqr. He com -

letter from Steeie, defiring him to write pofed fome books in imitation of Anti-

an ode, asof a cheerful dyingfpirit, confift- machus, a. sreek poet (ibid. p. 152). It is

r.g of two or three ftanzas, for irmtic, he faid by Gefner, that he wrote iikewife con-

complied with his requeft in the letter ceining the military art; but Voffius proves

that may be feen in the works of Mr. this to be a miliake. De hilr. grace.

Pope, which are in the hands of every p. 215. And fome pretend, that the woik

ene. ot Urbicius upon tactics was Adrian's, ex-

[v] There are fome fragments of his cepting only Urbicius's additions. Salmaf.

latin poems extant. See Spartian. Ste- in Spart. p. 85.

phanur, Byzantinus quotes a latin poem, in. [z] Leland. Comment, de fcript. brit.

tituied, " Alexandreis," of which Adrian vol. i. p. 220. Mat. Paris, Vit abbat. S.

is faid, by fome, fo have been the author. Alban. edit. 1640, vol. i. p. 66.
He wrote Iikewife fome difcourfes and

was

ADRIAN. 91

was examined," fays Matthew Paris, " and being found infuf-
iicient, the abbot civilly enough faid to him, Wait, my fon, and
go to fchool a little longer, till you are better qualified [A]".
But if the character given of young Brekefpere by Pitts be a
juil one, the abbot was certainly to be blamed for rejecting a
perfon who would have done great honour to his houfe : he
was according to that author a handfome and comely youth, of
a (harp wit and ready utterance ; circumfpecl: in all his words
and actions, polite in his behaviour, neat and elegant ; full of
zeal for the glory of God, and that according to fome degree
of knowledge ; fo pofTefled of all the moft valuable endowments
of mind and body, that in him the gifts of heaven exceeded
nature : his piety exceeded his education j and the ripenefs of
his judgment and his other qualifications exceeded his age [B],
Having met with this repulte, he refolved to try his fortune in
another country, and accordingly went to Paris ; where, though
in very poor circumftances, he applied himfelf to his ftudies
with great aiTiduity, and made a wonderful proficiency. But
having (till a ilrong inclination to a religious life, he left Paris,
and removed to Provence, where he became a regular clerk in
the monaftery of St. Rufus. He was not immediately allowed
to take the habit, but palled fome time by way of trial, in re-
commending himfelf to the monks by a flricl attention to all
their commands. This behaviour, together with the beauty of
his perfon, and prudent converfation, rendered him fo accept-
able to thofe religious, that after fome time they entreated him
to take the habit of the canonical order [c]. Here he dif-
tinguifhed himfelf fo much by his learning and ftrict obfervance
of the monadic difdpline, that, upon the death of the abbot, he
was chofen fuperior of that houfe ; and we are told that he re-
built that convent. He did not long enjoy this abbacy : for the
monks, being tired of the government of a foreigner, brought
accufations againft him before pope Eugenius III, who after
having examined their complaint, and heard the defence of
Nicholas, declared him innocent : his holinefs, however, gave
the monks leave to choofe another fuperior [D]; but being fenfible
of the great merit of Nicholas, and thinking he might be fervice-
able to the church in a higher flation, he created him cardinal-
biiliop of Alba, in 1 146.

[A] " Qui cum examinatus eft infuf- [r>] The pope, pioufly and prudently
fkiens inveniretur, dixie ei abbas fatis ci- confulting the good of both parties, faid,
viliter ; Expecla, nli, et adhuc fcholam ** I know, brethren, where Satan fixes his
exerce, ut aptior habearis." Mat. Paris, abode; 1 know what has rnifed the late
Vit. abb. St. Alban. edit. 1640, vol. i. florm amongft you: go, choofe a fupe-
p. 66. rior, with whom you may, or rather will,

[B] See Pitts, De illuft. Angl. fcript. live in peace; ns for this man, he fhall be
ami. 1159. no longer a burden to you.'' Gul. Neu-

[c] See Gul. Neubr. De reb. angl. brig. ib.
lik.ii. c. 6.

92 ADRIAN.

In 1 148 Eugenius fent him legate to Denmark and Norway;
where, by his fervent preaching and diligent inftructions, he
converted thofe barbarous nations to the chriftian faith ; and
we are told, that he erected the church of Upfal into an archie-
pifcopal fee. On his return to Rome, he was received by the
pope and cardinals with great marks of honour : and pope
Anailafius, who fucceeded Eugenius, happening to die at this
time, Nicholas was unanhnouily chofen to the holy fee, in No-
vember 1154, and took the name of Adrian. When the news
of his promotion reached England, Henry II fent Robert, abbot
of St. Alban's, and three bimops, to Rome to congratulate him
on his election [E] ; upon which occasion Adrian granted very
confiderable privileges to the monaftery of St. Alban's [F]. Next
year, king Henry having, folicited the pope's confent, that he
might undertake the conqueft of Ireland, Adrian very readily
complied, and fent him a bull for that purpofe, of which the
following is a translation : " Adrian, bifhop, fervant of the fer-
vants of God, to his moil dear fon in Chrift, the illuilrious king
of England, fendeth greeting and apoftolicai benediclion. Your
magnificence is very careful to fpread your glorious name in the
world, and to merit an immortal crown in heaven, whilil, a'i a
good catholic prince, you form a defign of extending the bounds
of the church, of inilruciling ignorant and barbarous people in
the chriftian faith, and of reforming the licentious and im-
moral ; and the more effectually to put this defign in execution,
you defire the advice and afiiilance of the holy fee. We are

[E] His holinefs receive^ the ambaf- on ao:ou-t of their excellent workman-

fadors with great marks of refptdt : when fhip, but refufe4 the other prefents, faying,

they had executed their commiffion, the in a jocular manner, " I will not accept of

three biftops returned home, leaving ab- your gifts, becaufe, when I defiredto take

hot Robert behind them. King Henry the habit in y :r monafterv, you rejected

fent the pope a letter by thofe ambaila- me." " Sir," faid the abbot, " we could

dors, exprefiing his good v.i(hes, and ho'-v by no means receive vou, it being repug-

'u'fr;ous he was, that this crcht; mv-ht nant to the will of God, whofe providence

anfwer the expectations of his llation, referved you for greater tilings." The

and that he might act vkoroufly for the pope replied, " I thank you ior this po-

intef eft of Chriftendom, and fo govern the lite and obliging anfwer:" and added,

churches of God, that' a!! fuc.cet:uir;g gene- " Deareft ab'r-or, aik boldly whatever you

rations might efteem him an honour to the deliie; I (hall .cv/ays be- ready to feive

country which gave him binh. Matt. Fari.-, St. Alban, who am myfelf his difciple."

ubi fupra. Some davs after, abbot Robert, being in

[rj Abbot Robert being left at Eerie- private converfation with the pope, made

ventum with the pope, thought he h<id grievous complaints concerning the vari-

now a favourable opportunity of endea- ons oppreffions ot ,the bifhop of Lincoln ;

vouring to recover fome dignities and pri- which fo moved his holinefs, that he

viieces of his abbey, which had been in- granted to the church of St. Albr.n the

Vided by the biihop of Lincoln. He had fingular privilege of beii.g exempt from all

brought with him feveral prefents tur his epiicopai jurifdiclion, excepting that of

hoiinefs, and am^ncft the reil three rich the fee of Rome, with many other valu-

mitres, and fome fandals, the workman- able liberties and immunities. Matt. Paris,

fhip ot Chriltiana prif>refs of Markcate: ubi fupra.
Adrian accepted of the mitres and fandals,

confident,

ADRIAN.

confident, that, by the blefling of God, the fuccefs will anfwer
the wifdom and difcretion of the undertaking. You have ad-
vertifed us, dear fon, of your intended expedition into Ireland,
to reduce that people to the obedience of the chriitian faith ;
and that you are willing to pay for every houfe a yearly acknow-
ledgment of one penny to St. Peter, promifmg to maintain the
right of thofe churches in the fulleit manner. We therefore,
being willing to a in ft you in this pious and laudable defign, and
conferring to your petition, do grant you full liberty to make a
defcent upon that ifland, in order to enlarge the borders of the
church, to check the progrefs of immorality, and to promote
the fpiritual happinefs of the natives : and we command the
people of that country to receive and acknowledge you as their
fovereign lord ; provided the rights of the churches be inviolably
preferved, and the Peter pence duly paid : for indeed it is cer-
tain (and your highnefs acknowledges it) that all the iilands,
which are enlightened by Chrift, the fun of righteoufnefs, and
have embraced the doctrines of chriftianity, are unquestionably
St. Peter's right, and belong to the holy roman church. If,
therefore, you refolve to put your defigns in execution, be care-
ful to reform the manners of that people ; and commit the go-
vernment of the churches to able and virtuous perfons, that the
chriilian religion may grow and flouriih, and the honour of
God, and the prefervation of fouls be effectually promoted ; fo-
fhall you deferve an everlafting reward in heaven, and leave a
glorious name to all pofterity." His indulgence to this prince
was fo great, that he even confented to abfolve him from the
oath he had taken not to fet a fide any part of his father's
willfc].

Adrian, in the beginning of his pontificate, boldly withflood
the attempts of the roman people to recover their ancient liberty
under the confuls, and obliged thofe magiftrates to abdicate
their authority, and leave the government of the city to the
pope. In 1155, he drove Arnold of BrefTe, and his followers,

[o] Geoffry Plantagenet, earl of An- Kirn, but for fome time he refufed tofwear

jou, had, by the ernprefs Maud, three to a v/r.tin^, with the contents of which

fons, Henry, Geoffry, and William. This he was unacquainted. However, being re -

priisce, being fenfible that his o^vn domi- pronched with the fcandal of letting his fu-

nions would of courfe defcend to his eldeft ther lie u:;buried, he at laft took the oath

fon Henry, and that the kingdom of En- v. ith great reluctance. But after his ac-

gland, and duchy of Normandy, would cefiion to the throne, upon a complaint to

iikewife fall to him in right of his mother, pope Adrian, that the oath was forced

thought fit to devi'e the earldom of An- upon him, he procured a Jiicenlation from

jou to his fecond fon Geoffry ; ami to ren- his holinefs, abfoiving him fiom the obli-

der this the more valid, he exacted an gation he had laid himfclf under : and ia

oath of the bifhops and nobility, not to confequence thereof, he difpoiieffed his

fuffer his corpfe to be buried, till his fon brother Geoffry of the dominions of An-

Henry had fworn to fulfil every part of his jou, allowing him only a yearly penfion

will. When Henry came to attend his for his maiiitena-ice. Gul, Neubrig. de

father's funeral, the oath was tendered to reb, 'n> a \. lib. ii. cap. 7.

I OUt

94 ADRIAN.

out of Rome. The fame year he excommunicated "William king
of Sicily, who ravaged the territories of the church, and abfolved
that prince's fubjects from their allegiance. About the fame
time, Frederic king of the Romans having entered Italy with a
powerful army, Adrian met him near Sutrium, and concluded
a peace with him. At this interview, Frederic contented to hold
the pope's flirrup whilft he mounted on horfeback. After which
his holinefs conducted that prince to Rome, and in St. Peter's
church placed the imperial crown on his head, to the great mor-
tification of the roman people, who alTembled in a tumultuous
manner, and killed feveral of the imperialists [H]. 1 he next
year a reconciliation was brought about between the pope and
the ficilian king, that prince taking an oath to do nothing farther
to the prejudice of the church, and Adrian granting him the
tide of king of the two Sicilies. He built and fortified feveral
caftles, and left the papal dominions in a more flourifhing con-
dition than he found them. But notwithstanding all his fuccefs,
he was extremely fenfible of the difquietudes attending fo high
a Ration, and complained of them to his countryman John of
Salifbury [i]. He died Sept. I, 1159, in the fourth year and
tenth month of his pontificate, and was buried in St, Peter's
church, near the tomb of his predecefTor Eugenius [K]. There
are extant feveral letters, and fome homilies written by pope
Adrian.

ADRIAN (DE CASTELLO)[L], bifhop of Bath and Wells in
the reigns of Henry Vi I. and VIII. was defcended of an ob-
fcure family at Cornetto, a fmall town in Tufcany ; but foon
diitinguiflied himfeif by his learning and abilities, and procured
feveral employments at the court of Rome. In 14*48 he was

fHJPlatina de vit. pontif. Hadrian IV. would not have been, had it been attended

ij He allured him, "that all the with fuch extraordinary circumftances.
former hardships of his life were mere a- To juftify the memory of Adrian, fays

mufement compared with the misfortunes Vertot, we are indifpenfably obliged to ob-

of the popedom ; that he looked upon St. ferve that this pontiff, one of the moft dif- t

Peter's chai* to be the molt uneafyfeat in interefted popes that ever fat upon the

the world, and that his crown Teemed to be throne of St. Peter, iar from enriching his

clapped burnirg on his head." Baronius, family by the treafures of the holy fec a

Annal. torn. xii. an. 1154. gave not the leaft inure of them to his re-

[K] Matthew Paris tells us (Vit. abbat. lations ; that he carried his difinterefted-

S. Alban.p. 74.) he was poifoncd by the nefs even t> an unwarrantable rigour; and

Romans, becaufe he, refufed to confecrate though his mother, wh furvived him, was

a citizen's fon a bifhop, who was unworthy reduced to extreme poverty, a) I that he did

of that dignity. Joannes Funcius fays, lor her was by his will to recommend her

Baleus, De fcript. brit. ceutur. 2. n. 64. in to the charity of the church of Canterbury,
appendice, that as Adrian was one day This pope's epitaph, written by himfeif,

walking with his attendants, a fly got into is very remarkable: " Adrianus fixtus

his throat, and the furgeons not being able hie litus eft, qui nihil fibi infoelicius in

to extract it, he was futiocated. It is re- vua, quam quod imperaret, duxit."
markable, however, that Platina and Le- [i.] Aubery, Hift. generale des cardi-

land are filent as to the manner of his naux^ Pans 1645, 410, torn. iii. p. 76.
death> which, in all probability, they

appointed

ADRIAN. 95

appointed nuncio extraordinary to Scotland, by pope Innocent
VIII. to quiet the troubles in that kingdom ; but, upon his ar-
rival in England, being informed that his prefence was not ne-
ceffary in Scotland, the contefts there having been ended by a
battle, he applied himfelf to execute fome other commiffions
with which he was charged, particularly to collect the pope's
tribute, or Peter-pence, his holinefs having appointed him his
treafurer for that purpofe. He continued fome months in Eng-
land, during which time he got fo far into the good graces of
Morton archbifhop of Canterbury, that he recommended him
to the king ; who appointed him his agent for englilh affairs
at Rome ; and, as a recompenfe for his faithful fervices, pro-
moted him firit to the bifhopric of Hereford, and afterwards to
that of Bath and Wells. He was enthroned at Wells by his
proxy Polydore Vergil, at that time the pope's fub-collelor in.
England, and afterwards appointed by Adrian archdeacon of
Wells [M]. Adrian let out his bifhopric to farmers, and after-
wards to cardinal Wolfey, hirnfelf refiding at Rome, where he
built a magnificent palace, on the front of which he had the
name of his benefactor Henry VII. infcribed : he left it after
his deceafe to that prince and his fucceflbrs. Alexander VI.
w r ho fucceeded Innocent VIII, appointed Adrian his principal
fecretary, and vicar-general in fpirituals and temporals [ N] ; and
the fame pope created him a cardinal-prieft, with the title of
St. Chryfogonus, the 3iftofMay, 1503. Soon after his crea-
tion, he narrowly efcaped being poifoned [o] at a feaft, to which
he was invited with fome other cardinals, by the pope and his
fon Csefar Borgia.

In the pontificate of Julius II. who fucceeded Alexander,
Adrian retired from Rome, having taken fome difguft, or per-
haps cliftrufling this pope, who was a declared enemy of his
predecelTor : nor did he return till there was a conclave held for
the election of a new pope, where it is likely he gave his voice
for Leo X. Soon after, he was unfortunately privy to a con-
fpiracy againft Leo [p]. His embarking in the plot is faid to

have

[M] Polyd. Vergil, hift. angl. edit. L. brought on frequent convulfions, and after-
Bat, hb. xxvi. p. 736, 737. wards a kind of lethargy. Aubery, ib.

[N] Aubery, ib p. 77. p 78-

[o] Csefar Borgia had refolved (o take [pi Mr. Aubery fays (p 79.) thatcar-

this opportunity to cut off fuch of the car. dir.al Petrucci w,is the chief of the con-

dinals as he chiefly envied; for which fpirators, and Adrian one of thofe to whom,

purpofe he prepared fome poifoned wine : he imparted his defign. According to Po-

but the cup-bearer, millaking one flaggon lydore Vergil, the pope had taken under

for another, gave the poifoned liquor to his protection the inhabitants of Sienna,

the wicked contriver of this defign, who and deprived cardinal Alfonfo Petrucci,

drank it off without fufpefting the miliake. and his family, of the principality they had

Adrian having iuadveitently talted the long enjoyed there, in order, as his holi-

poifoned wine, was feized with the: moil nefs declared, entirely to root out the feeds

tormenting pains in his bowels, which of faction with which that city was dif-

turbed.

ADRIAN.

have been chiefly owing to his crediting and applying to him-
felf the prediction of a fortune-teller, who had allured him,
" that Leo would be cut off by an unnatura 1 -'-.ath, and be fuo
ceeded by an elderly man named Adrian,, of obfcure birth, but
famous for his learning, and \vhofe virtue and merit alone had
raifed him to the hi;/ eft honor- of the church." The confpi-
racy being difcovered [oj, Adrian was condemned to pay 12,500
ducats, and to give a folemn promif^ that he would not ftir out
of Rome. But being either unable to pay this fine, or appre-
hending ftill farther feverities, he privately withdrew from
Rome ; whereupon, in a confiftory held the 6rh of July 1518,
he was declared excommunicated, and deprived of all his bene-
fices, as well as his ecclefiaftical orders. A^bout four years be-
fore, he had been removed from his office of the pope's collector
in England, at the requeft of king Henry VIII, and through the
inftigation of cardinal Woifey [u]. The heads of his accufation,
drawn up at Rome, were, " That he had abfented himfelf from
that city in the time of Julius II. without the pope's leave ; that
he had never refided, as he ought to have done, at the church of
St. Chryfogonus, from which he had his title , that he had again
withdrawn himfelf from Rome, and had net appeared to a legal
citation ; and that he had engaged in the confpiracy of cardinal
Petrucci, and had figned the league of Francis Maria, duke of
Urbino, againft the pope." He was at Venice \vhen he re-
ceived the news of his condemnation ; what became of him af-
terwards is uncertain : A.ubery fays, he took refuge amongft the
Turks in Afia. Polydore Vergil tells us, there is to be feen
at Riva, a village in the diocefe of Trent, a latin infcription on
one Polydorus Cafamicus, the pope's janitor, written by cardinal

turbed. This behaviour highly enraged duced to make a public confeffion of their
the cardinal againit the pope, xvhom he L.C- iauit; and Adrian owned he had heard
cufed of ingratitude, in thus requiting the Petrucci fay, that he would kill the pope ;
afliftance he had given him in his election : but that he paid no regard to what he faid,
he publicly expreffed his cle'eftation of that en account of his youth. Ibid, ubi fupra.
pontiff, and imprecated a thoufand deaths [R] Woifey, afpiring at a cardinalfhip,
on him. He happened to vent his rage in folicited Adrian to ufe his intereft for him
the hearing of the cardinals Adrian and at the court of Rome ; but finding that,
Francis Volaterran, and this furnifhed a inftead of ferving him, he did him ill of-
pretence for an accufation againft them, fices, he got him turned out of his place.
The pope was fo exafperared at Petrucci, by his influence with Henry VIII. In Ry-
that he ordered him to be apprehended, mer's Fcedera we have a letter from Leo-
and thrown into prifon, where he foon af- X. dated at Rome, October 31, 1514, in
ter died. Hift. Angl. lib. xxvii. p. ..5, anfwer to one from king Henry'. The pope
edit. Lugd. Bat. 16^1, Svo. tells him, " that he had Cundefcendcd to
Q/] Dr. Aubery fkys, that the three remove the cardinal from the office of col-
principal confpirators having been arrefted, lector, for no other reafon but hecaufe the
it was found from their depofitions, that king had dsfired it; and that he would do
the cardinals Soderini and de Caftello even more ior him, if it was not plain
were their accomplices, having been pre- that he acted only at the inftigation of
fent at their fecret conferences. A con- another, and not of his own accord. 1 *
fiftory being held thereupon, thcfe two Vol. xiii. p. 467.
cardinals, with great difficulty, were in-

Adrian ;

ADRICHOMIUS. 97

Adrian ; in which ho laments his own wretched condition, ex-
tolling the happinefs of his friend, whofe death had put an end
to his miferies. Polydore Vergil gives Adrian a high character
for his uncommon learning, his exquifite judgment in the
choice of the propereft words, and the truly clailical iiyle of his
writings; in which he was the firft, Liys that author, fince the
age of Cicero, who revived the purity of the latin language, and
taught men to draw their knowledge from the fources of the belt
and moft learned authors.

ADRIAN! (JOANNI BATTISTA), born of a patrician family
at Florence in 1511. He wrote a hiftory of his own times in
Italian, which is a continuation of Guicciardine, beginning at
the year 1536 [s]. The work is executed with unufual judg-
ment, candour, and accuracy ; he was furnilhed with feveral
memoirs by Cofmo duke of Tufcany, a prince no lefs confpicu-
ous for his great genius than his confummate prudence. Thua-
nus acknowledges he was much indebted to his hiftory, and that
no work of this kind had furnifhed him with more materials [T],
Befides this hiftory, there are fix funeral orations compofed by
Adriani, viz. one on the emperor Charles V. another on the em-
peror Ferdinand : a third on Eleonora of Toledo, the wife of Cof-
mo duke of Florence , a fourth on Ifabel queen of Spain ; the
fifth on Cofmo grand duke of Tufcany ; and the laft on Joan of
Auftria, wife of Francis de Medicis [u]. He is thought alfo to
have been the author of a long letter on ancient painters and
fculptors, prefixed to the third volume of Vafari. He died at
Florence in 1579.

ADRICHOMIA (CORNELIA), a nun of the order of St. Au-
guftine, of the noble family of Adrichem in Holland, publifhed
a poetical verfion of the pfalms of David in the i6th century.
She compofed the following epitaph for herfelf, which will give
an idea of her talent :

Corpus humo, animam fuperis Cornelia mando ;

Pulverulenta caro vermibus efca datur.
Non lacrymas, non fingultus, triftefque querelas,
Sed Chrifto oblatas nunc precor umbra preces.

ADRICHOMIUS (CHRISTIAN), born at Delft in Holland
in the year 1553. He was a zealous advocate for the religion he
profefled, and applied himfelf to his ftudies with great affiduity.
He was for fome time director of the nuns of St. Barbara ; but
the civil wars which broke out on account of religion, having

Adriani's hiftory is carried down dedicated it to Francis de Medicis grand

to 1^74. It confiits of (wen ty-two books. duke of Tufcany. Spond. ann. ad ann.

It was printed in toiio at Florence, by the 1534.- num. xviii. p. 426.

Giunti, in 1583 ; and at Venice, in two [T~] Thuan. hilt. lib- Ixviii.

volumes, in 1587. M.ircello Adriani, the [u] Rilli, concerning the illuftriousmsa

author's Ion, published das hiftory, and of the academy ofFlorence, p. 45.

VOL. I. H obliged

G I D I U S.

obliged him to quit his country, he withdrew to Brabant, and
afterwards to Cologne, where he began a confiderable work,
which was printed after his death. It is intituled Theatrum ter-
rae fanclae, and was printed with geographical maps at Cologne,
in the year 1593. He gives a defcription of the holy land in
general, and of the city of Jerufalern in particular. It contains
likewife a chronicle of the old and new Teftament, which is
pretty much efteemed ; but he is thought to rely too much on
the Manetho, the Eorofus, and fuch other writings of the monk
Annius of Viterbo. Adrichomius fometimes afTumed the name
of Chriftianus Crucius ; and under this title he publimed, at
Antwerp, the life of Chrift, and an oration De chriftiana beati-
tudine, which he had fpoken in a general chapter. He died at
Cologne, in the year 1585, in the i3th year of his exile, and was
buried in the convent of the canonefles of Nazareth, where he
had been director for fome years [x].

ADSON, abbot of Luxeuil in 960, wrote a book of the mi-
racles of St. Vandalbert, third abbot of Luxeuil, which is found
in the collections of the lives of the faints. This work, like all
the reft of the fame kind, is compofed in the true fpirit of credu-
lity and fuperftition. There remains alfo by him a treatife con-
cerning antichriftj printed with the works of Alcuin and of
Raban, and which docs not belie its author.

JEGEATES (JOHN), a prieft of the feel of neftorians, who
fiourifhed, according to Voffius, under the emperor Zeno, about
the year 483. He wrote an ecciefiaiiical hiftory, which began
with the reign of Theodofius the younger, and ended with the
reign of Zeno : he wrote alfo a treatife againft the council of
Chalcedon.

.^EGIDIIJS (PETE.US ALBIENSIS), was fent by Francis I. to
vifit the celebrated places in the eait, and learn the (late and
fituation of Greece, Afia in general snd Africa. He was taken
by pirates , but afterwards made his efcape, and died of a forfeit
in 1555} aged 65 years. KJs works are, Defcriptio Bofphori
Thraciae, Defcriptio urbis conftantinopolitanse, De pifcium mafli-
Jenfium nominibus gallicis et latinis, De elephanto. He like-
wife tranflated into latin, Theodoret's Commentary upon the
twelve minor prophets and ./Elian's Sixteen books of the hiftory
of animals.

yEGlDIUS (furnamed ATHENIENSIS,) a grecian phyfician and
philofopher, who flounihed in the eighth century, under the em-
peror Tiberius II. He turned benedi6line at laft, and left a
great many tracts behind, fome of which have been in fo much
credit as to be read in th^ fchools. The principal are De pulfi-
bus and De venenis. Some think there is another of this name

[x] Vdler. And. bibl. belg. p. 131.

and

GINETA. 99

and profeffion, a benedidline alfo, and phyfician to Phil. Auguf-
tus king of France, to whom they attribute a work in latin hexa-
meters, on the fame fubjecl, Paris, 1528, in 410 ; but this is
perhaps only another verfion. Being accidentally wounded with
an arrow, he would not fuller the wound to be drefled, that he
might have an opportunity of exercifmg his fortitude againil
pain.

-ZEGINETA (PAULUs), a native of the ifland yEgina, whence
he has his name. According to Le Clerc, he flouriihed in the
fourth century ; but with more truth he is placed by Abulfara-
gius, who is allowed to give the beil account of thofe times, in
the feventh. Yet he could not live late in it, as is plain from
his own writings ; where, fpeaking of collyriums, he mentions
one which he happened upon in Alexandria. That he had been
in this city is pail all doubt (though not as a iludent, as Dr.
Freind would have it), and probably before it was taken and
plundered by Amrou, which happened no later in the feventh
century than the year forty. For it is not likely that he would
vifit Alexandria after it had been facked, and all the libraries and
other monuments of learning burnt by order of the caiif* And
as a farther proof of this, Abulfaragius places him fome time be-
fore Othman was made calif, which was in the year 643, two
years after Heraclius's death : fo that he does well to make him,
flourifh fome time in the reign of Heraclius, as about the year
620. His works are defervedly famous, and it appears that his
knowledge in furgery was very great , for Fabricius ab Aqua-
pendente, one of the beil chirurgical writers now extant, has
thought fit to tranfcribe him in an infinite number of places.
Indeed the doc~lrine of Paulus ./Egmeta, together with that of
Celfus and Albucafis, make up the whole text of this author.
His inferences and observations confiil chiefly in explaining thefe
two writers-, and thefe are the triumvirate, to whom he prin-
cipally Hands indebted for the affiilance he received in compof-
ing his excellent book. In ihort, the furgery of Paulus has been
the fubjecl -matter of moil of the books of that profeffion down
to this time. And yet this author, valuable as he is, is one of
thofe which Le Clerc and others, for want of being better ac-
quainted with, have been pleafed to condemn as worthlefs writ-
ers. He is the fir ft author that takes notice of the cathartic
quality of rhubarb. He begins his book with a defcription of
women's difeafes, and treats profefledly of diftempers incident to
that fex [,Y] -, and, according to Dr. Mil ward, he is the firil in
all antiquity that dcferves the title of man-midwife. His writ-
ings and the various editions of them are as may be feen be-
low [z].

jEGINHARD,

Y] Leitertofir Hans Sloane, p. 261. opera omnia ; Gi"f?> Venetiis; 1522,"
z] ;. " Libri vij. De re roedica, feu fol,

H i 2. The

ioo ALFRED.

^GINHARD, the celebrated fecretary and fuppofed fon-
in-law of Charlemagne. He is faid to have been carried through
the fhow on the (boulders of the affectionate and ingenious Im-
ma, to prevent his being tracked from her apartments by the
emperor her father : a (lory which the elegant pen of Addifon.
has copied and embelliihed from an old german chronicle, and
inferted in the third volume of the. Spectator. This happy
lover (fuppofing the (lory to be true) fecms to have pofTeiTed a
heart not unworthy of fo enchanting a miftrefs, and to have re-
turned her aire&ion with the moil faithful attachment ; for
there is a letter of ^Eginhard's (till extant, lamenting the death
of his wife, which is written in the tendered ftrain of connubial
affliction ; it does not, however, cxprefs that this lady was the
affectionate princefs, and indeed fome late critics have proved
that Imma \vas not the daughter of Charlemagne. But to return
to our hiftorian : he was a native of Germany, and educated by
the munificence of his imperial mailer, of which he has left the
mod grateful teflimony in his preface to the life of that mo-
narch. ./Eginhard, after the lofs of his lamented wife, is fup-
pofed to have palled the remainder of his days in religious re-
tirement, and to have died foon after the year 840. His life of
Charlemagne, his annals from 741 to 889, and his letters, are
all inferted in the fecond volume of Duchefne's ScriptoresFran-
corum. But there is an improved edition of this valuable hifto-
rian, with the annotations of Hermann Schmincke, in 4to, 1711.

ALFRED, or ALFRED (the Great), the youngeil fon of JE-
thchvolf king of the weft Saxons, was born in the year 849, at
Wannatlng, or Wanading, which is fuppofed to be Wantage in
Berkfhire [A]. JEthelvvolf having a great regard for religion,
, and being extremely devoted to the fee of Rome, fent Alfred to
that city at five years of age ; where pope Leo IV. adopted and
anointed him, as fome think, with a regal unction, though others
are of opinion he was only confirmed [B]. Soon after his re-
turn,

2. The fame, " Ex interpretatione et unclion could have had no other cor.fe-
cum annotationibus Jcannis Guinterii An- quence than that of making him obnoxious
do ma*::, Venet. 1542. ''Svo. to his brethren. But notwithstanding thefe

3. The fanv, to which are added, objections, many authors fpeak of ./El-
*' Annotationes Jacobi Goupyli, ex edi- fred's journey to Rome, and of his unc-
tion e et cum Icholiis Jo. Baptiftae Camotii, tion. Affer biShop of Sherborne, who was
Veaet. i ^;;.'' tivo. intimate with king Alfred, in the me-

f AJ Annal. rcr. geil. ./Elfridi mag. rnoirs he wrote of that prince, hath thefe

auct. Afferio Mi-neven. p. 7. words : (De rebus geftis ^E if red. p. 7.)

[B] There are many reafons why the " The fame year king j^Ethelwolt fent

anointing TEltied to be king is lorupled. his fon Alfred to Rome, attended by

(See Leland, p. 14'.) i. He was his fa- many of the nobility and perfons of the

ther's younger fen, ar.d had three, at leaft, lower rank. I eo IV. then poffeffed the

if not four brethren between him and the apoftolic fee, who appointed the faid in-

crown. 2- He was but five years old, and fant JE fred as a king, confirmed him,

therefore it is unlikely his father (hould and adopted him as his own ion." /Bthel-

iniend him for a vice-king. 3. Such an red, a monk of the royal tamily, who

lived

ALFRED. lor

turn, his father being in the decline of life, and going to vifit
the holy fee, took his favourite fon with him ; where he had an
opportunity of feeing and hearing many things, which made fuch
ftrong impreflions on him, as remained during his whole life.
JEthehvolf had five fans, and u daughter 5 of whom jEthelllan,
the eldcft, was king of Kent in his father's lifetime, and died be-
fore him. JEthelbald, the fecond fon, railed a rebellion againil
his father, when he rtturned from Rome-, who, to avoid a-;y
effufion of blood, confented to divide Us dominions with him.
^Ethelwolf did not long furvive this ; but, before his death, he,
by a full and dlftinct tei Lament, endeavoured to fettle all the
claims of his children. By this will JEthelbald and ^Ethelbett
had his kingdoms divide:! betv/ixt them ; and he left his private
eftate with ah the money in his coffers to his younger fons JE>-
thelred and Alfred. /Lthelwolf died in 858, and was fucceeded
by JEthelbald, who reigned but two years and a half. On his
demife ./Ethelbert feizcd -.he crown, which he held for five years,
and died in 866. He was fucceeded by his brother j3Ethelred ;
who, while he was a private man, had folemnly promifed Al-
fred to do him that juflice which had been denied by the two
former kings, by giving him what his father had bequeathed him.
On his acceflion ./Elf red demanded a performance of his pro-
mife , but the king excufed himfelf on account of the trouble-
fome times, and allured him that at his death he would leave
him all. Alfred having given proofs of his courage in the for-
mer king's reign, JEthelred would never part with him, but em-
ployed him as his fir ft minifter and general of his armies.

In the year 866 a great fleet of the Danes, under the com-
mand of Hinguar and Hubba, fons of Lodbroch, a danifh king,
invaded England: in 871 they marched to Pleading in Berk-
fhire, where they received a considerable reinforcement, and
took that town and caftlc. -/Ethelrcd and his brother ^Elfred
came with an army to Reading, a week after it was taken : he
divided his forces into two bodies, one of which he afiigned to
Alfred, and the other he kept under his own command. Al-
fred rafhly engaged the danifh army, which being very nume-
rous, he was in great danger of being totally defeated, had not
the king come to his affiftance with a freih body of troops : this
changed the fortune of the day fo far, that the Danes were de-
feated, and loft great numbers of their men, Soon after, how-
lived very near thefe times, fays, (Chro- Henry Spelman, after mentioning fome
nic. lib. iii. fol. 478.) that after Leo had authorities, concludes that he was anointed
confecrated him king, he, from that ad:, king. (Life of Alfred, p. 10.) Alford, the
ftyied him his Ton, as bifhops, at the time jefuit, alleges he was both anointed king,
of confirmation, are wont to call thole and confirmed,, by pope Leo ; and that in
little ones their children. Robert of GL- refpect to this laft ceremony the pope was
cefter fays, (Chronicle, p. 2'j.i.) that he his god-father. Annal. torn. iii. p. 66.
was crowned king, and anointed. Sir

H 3 ever,

102 ALFRED.

ever, the Danes attacked and routed the two brothers at Merden,
near the Devizes. In this engagement .ZEthelred received a
wound, of which he died, after having reigned five years.

Upon his death Alfred fucceeded to the crown, agreeably to
the will of king yEthelwolf and the appointment of ^thelred^c}.
This happenevl in the year 871, raid the 22d of Alfred's age.
He had fcarce time to attend the funeral of his brother, when he
was obliged to fight for the crown he had fo lately received. He
engaged the danifh army at Wilton, and at the beginning of the
battle had the advantage ; but, in the purfuit, the Danes difco-
vering his weaknefs, rallied, and drove him out of the field.
Soon after there was a treaty, but the Danes paid little regard to
it; roaming up and down the country, and pillaging wherever
they came. They at laft put an end to the kingdom of Mercia,
and obliged Burrhed the king not only to quit his dominions,
but the iiland. JElfred fitted out a fleet to guard the coafts ; and
a fquadron of five danim mips coming on the coaft, one of them
was taken. However, a considerable army of Danes having land-
ed, marched as far as Grantbridge, and quartered thereabouts.
Next fummer they advanced to Werham ; here ./Eli red met
them with all the forces he could raife ; but not finding himfelf
ftrong enough to engage them, he concluded a peace, and the
Danes fwcre never more to invade his dominions. But in a little
time they broke their faith [D] , for being on the road to Mer-
cia, they met a body of englifh horfe, advancing in a carelefs
manner, by reafon of the treaty being concluded ; of whom they
flew the greater part, and foon after furprifed Exeter. The

[c] Before JEthelrcd came to the [D] AI! the ancient hiftorians agree in

crcnvn, there had been a treaty between charging the Danes with numerous afts

him and Alfred, concerning their refpec- ofperiiiiy. "Their want of faith (fays

five eftates ; and /Elhelred, in prefence the author of the Biographia br'itannica)

of divers of the nobility, acknowledging feens to have been the effect of their bar-

./Elhed's right to certain demefnes left b'arifm, from making it their cohftant prac-

him by his father, which were then, as it tice to bum and deftroy whatever they

appeal s> withheld from him, promifed in could not carry away. By this means they

a folemn manner, if ever he came to be were quickly ftraitened in their quarters ;

king, h'e would not only permit JElfred to and thus being obliged to fliift them often,

enjoy quietly the lands bequeathed to him, they foon found themfelves in fuch a fitua-

but likewife give him a {bare of all the tion, as to have no means of fubfifting

territoi ie- which they fhould gain from the without obtaining it by force from thofe

enemy. But when the crown fell to JE- with whom they had lately made peace,

theired, being required to perform his T& this was owing the wretshed condition

agreement, he refund, Alleging he could in which this whole ifland then was ; all

not divide his dominions, but would leave its belt towns, many of its fineft monafte-

them entire to .ZEifred, if he Qiou'd fur- rieS, and the far greateft parts ofitsvil-

Vive. Alfred, though kept from his Jages being but fo many heaps of ruins,

right, gave his brother all the affiftance in The want of cultivation alfo produced

his power ; and, upon his death, was de- dreadful famines; and thefe, as ufual,

fired by the archbifhop, nobles and com- were followed with confuming plagues, as

anons of weft Saxony, to take the govern- we read in AfTerius and other ancient

inentupon himfelf, which he accordingly writers.'' AiTer. Menev. Chroil. Sax.
did, and was crowned at \Vinchclv:r. Spcl-
p. 44.

ALFRED. 103

king marched againft them with what forces he could collect,
and befieged them in that city. While things were in this fi-
tuation, his majcfty's fleet, having engaged a numerous one of
the enemy, funk many and difperfed the reft , which, attempt-
ing to gain fome of the EngliQi ports, were driven on the coafts,
and all miferably periihed. This fo terrified the Danes, that
they were again obliged to fue for peace, and give hoftages.
However, in 877, having obtained new aids, they came in fuch
numbers into Wiltfhire, that the Saxons giving themfelves up to
defpair, would not make head againft them j many fled out of
the kingdom, not a few fubmitted, and the reft retired every
man to the place where he could be bed concealed. In this
diftrefs, Alfred, conceiving himfelf no longer a king, laid afide
all marks of royalty, and took fhelter in the houfe of one who
kept his cattle [E]. He retired afterwards to the ifle of jEthelin-
gey in Somerfetfhire, where he built a fort for the fecurity of
himfelf, his family, and the few faithful fervants who repaired
thither to him. When he had been about a year in this retreat,
having been informed that fome of his fubjetts had routed a
great army of the Danes, killed their chiefs, and taken their ma-
gical iiandard [i], he ifnied his letters, giving notice where he
was, and inviting his nobility to come and confult with him.
Before they came to a final determination, ./Elf red, putting on
the habit of a harper, went into the enemy's camp ; where
without fufpicion he was every where admitted, and had the
honour to play before their princes. Having thereby acquired
an exacl knowledge of their fituation, he returned in great fe-
crecy to his nobility, whom he ordered to their refpeclive homes,
there to draw together each man as great a force as he could ;
and upon a day appointed there was to be a general rendezvous
at the great wood, called Selwood, in Wiltlhire. This affair was
tranfaled fo fecretly and expeditiouily, that in a little time the
king, at the head of an army, approached the Danes before they
had the leaft Intelligence of his defign. JElfred, taking advan-
tage of the furprife and terror they were in, fell upon them, and

[E] While he remained in this retreat, was a banner with the image of a raven

a little adventure happened, of which moft magically wrought by the three filters of

of our hiftories take notice. The good wo- Hinguar and Hubba, on purpofe for their

man of the houfe, having one day made expedition, in revenge of theirfather Lode-

fome cakes, put them before the fire to broch's murder, made, they fay, almofl in

toaft, and feeing /EtYed fitting by, trim- an inftant, being by them at once begun

rning his bow and arrows, fhe thought he and finiftied in a noontide, and believed by

would of courfe take care of the bread ; the Danes to have carried great fatality

but he, it feems, intent on what he was w th it, for which it was highly eiteemed

about, let the cakes burn ; which fo pro- by them. It is pretended, that being car-

voked the woman, that me rated him ried in battle, towards good fuccefs it

roundly, telling him he would eat them would always feem to clap its wings, and

fart enough, and ought therefore to have make as if it would fly; but towards the

looked alter their toafting. Affer. p. 30. approach of mimap, it would hang down

rj "This (fays fir John Spelman) and not move." (die of Alfred, p. 6 z.

H 4 *"ally

104 j L F R E D.

totally defeated them at JEthendune, now Eddington. Thofe
who efcaped fled to a neighbouring caftle, where they were foon
befieged, and obliged tofurrender at clifcretion. JElfred granted
them better terms than they could have expecled : he agreed to
give up the whole kingdom of the Eait- Angles to fuch as would
embrace the chriflian religion j on condition that they fhould
oblige the reft of their countrymen to quit the ifland, and, as
much as it was in their power, prevent the landing of any more
foreigners. For the performance thereof he took hoftages ; and
when, in purfuance of the treaty, Guthrum, the danifh captain,
came with thirty of his chief oilcvrs to be baptized, Alfred an-
fvvered for him at the font, and gave him the name of ^Ethel-
ftan ; and certain laws were drawn up betvvixt the king and
Guthrum for the regulation r.rid government of the Danes
fettled in England. In 884 a frefh number of Danes landed in
Kent, and laid fiege to Rochefler; but, the king coming to
the relief of that city, they were obliged to abandon their defign,
JElfred had now great fuccefs, which was chiefly owing to his
fleet, an advantage of his own creating. Having fecured the
fea-coails, he fortified the rejl of the kingdom with cafiles and
walled towns 5 and he befieged and recovered from the Danes
the city of London, which he refolved to repair and keep as a
frontier [G j.

After fome years refpite JElfred was again called into the
field ; for a body of Danes, being worf:cd in the weft of France,
came with a fleet of 250 fail en the coail of Kent-, and having
landed, fixed themfelves at Appletrec. Shortly after, another
fleet of eighty verleis coming up the Thames, the men landed
and built a fort at JNliudieton. Before Alfred marched againir.
the enemy, he obliged the Danes, fettled in Northumberland
and EiTex, to give him hoftages for their good behaviour. He
then moved towards the invaders, and pitched his camp between
their armies to prevent their junction. A great body, however,
moved off to Eliex ; and, croiling the river, came to Farnham in
Surry, where they were defeated by the king's forces. Mean-
while the Danes fettled in Northumberland, in breach of treaty,
and notwithftanding the hoflages given, equipped two fleets \

fc] The Danes had poffeffed them- dor. And obferving that, through the con-
felves of Lou 'Jon in the time of his father, fufion ot the limes, many, both Saxons and
and had held it till r.ow as a convenient Danes, lived in a looie disorderly man-
place for them to land at, and fortify them- ner, without owning any government, he
felves in ; neither was it taken f r om them offered ihem now a comfortable eftablifll-
but by a clofe vkf,e. However, when it ment, if they would kibmir, and become
came int the king's hands it was in a mi- his fubje<ls. This proportion was better
ierable condition, fcarce habitable, and all received than heexpefted; for multitudes,
its fortifications ruined. 1'he king, moved growing weary of a vagabond kind of life^
by the importance of the place, and the joyfully accepted fuch an offer. Chvon.
defire of ftrengthening his frontier againft Sax. p. 28.
the Danes, leftored it to its ancient fplen^

and,

JE L F R F D. I0j

r ter plundering the northern and foutnern Goads, failed to

Exeter, and befieged it. The kin?, as foon as he received intel-
ligence, inarched againft rhern - ., : ^iore he reached Exeter,
they had got pofle' 1 ne kept them, however, blocked

up on all ildjs, ; _auced them at la ft to fuch extremities,

that they w . ^iged to eat their horfes, ^d even ready to de-
vour eacl . i;er. Being at length r .... aefperate, they made
a gentT..: iiilly on the befiegers, ! ^:.L \vcre defeated, though with
gr^dt iofs en the king's fide. The remainder of this body of
Danes fled ir>t\:> SfTex, to the fort they had built there, and to
ih.-ir (hips. Before TSIfred had time to recruit himfelf, another
danifh leader, whofe name was Laf, came with a great army out
of Northumberland, and deftroyed all before him, marching on
to the city of V/erheal in the weft, which is fuppofed to bs
Chefter, where they remained the reft of that year. The year
following '.hey invaded north Wales ; and, after having plun-
dered and deftroyed every thing, they divided, one body return-
ing to Northumberland, another into the territories of the eaft
Angles ; from whence they proceeded to Effex, and took pofief-
fion of a frnall iiland called Merefig. Here they did not long re-
main ; for having parted, feme failed up the river Thames, and
others up the Lea-read ; where drawing up their (hips, they
biJ.it a fort not far from London, which proved a great check
upon the cit'i?-; s, who went in a body and attacked it, but were
rep ul fed witli great lofs. At harveft- time the king himftlf was
obliged to encamp with a body of troops in the neighbourhood
of the city, in order to cover the reapers from the excurfions of
the Danes. As he was one day riding by the fide of the river
Lea, after fome obfervation, he began to think that the danifh
{hips might be laid quite dry ; which he attempted, arid fo fuc-
ceeded therein, that the Danes deferted their fort and fhips, and
marched away to the banks of the Severn, where they built a
fort, and wintered at a place called Quatbrig [H]. Such of the
danifh fhips as could be got oft", the Londoners carried into their
own road ; the reft they burnt and deftroyed. The Danes in a
little time began again to invade the territories of the weft Sax-
ons both by land and fea ; but they did more mifchief as pirates
than as robbers; for having built long and large {hips, they be-
came mafters at fea, and depopulated all the coaft. Alfred built
fome large gallies, and fent them to cruize on the coafts of the
lile of Wight and Devonfhire, the fea thereabouts being greatly

[H] The king's contrivance is thou;ht to the method the king purfued, in laying

to have prodaccid the meadow between dry the danifii Ihips ; Dugdale fuppofes

Hertford and Bow; for at Hertford was that he did it by itraitening the channel;

the Danes' f rt, and from thence they butHenryof Huntingdon alleges, that he

made frequent excursions on the inha'.-it- cut feveial canals, which exhaufted its

ants of London. Dugdale's Hift. of im- water. Flor. Wigorn. Hen. Huntingd.

banking, p. 14. Authors aie not agreed as hift. lib. v. p>35i,

infefted

io6 ALFRED.

infefied by fix piratical vefiels, which were all taken or deftroyed
except one : and fuch of the Danes as landed when their (hips
'ran aihore were taken prifoners, and brought before the king at
Winchefter, who fentencecl them to be hanged as piratical mur-
derers and enemies to mankind.

Alfred enjoyed a profound peace during the three lafl years
of his reign, which he chiefly employed in eftablifliing and re-
gulating his government for the iecurity of himfelf and his fuc-
cefTors, as well as for the eafe and benefit of his fubjer,s in ge-
neral. Before his reign, though there were many kings who
took the title, yet none could properly be called monarch of the
englifh nation ; for notwith (landing there was always, after the
time of Egbert, a prince who held a kind of pre-eminence over
the reft, yet he had no dominion over their fubjects, as JElfred
had in the latter part of his reign j for to him all parts of Eng-
land, not in the pofTemon of the Danes, fubrnitted, which was
greatly owing to the fame of his wifdom and mildnefs of his
government. He is faid to have drawn up an excellent fyftem
of laws, which are mentioned in the Mirror of juitice, publifhed
by Andrew Home, in the reign of Edward I. as alfo a collection
or judgments ; and, if we may credit Karding's chronicle [i],
they were ufed in Weftminfter-hall in the reign of Henry IV.
In the chronicle faid to be written by John Brompton, we meet
fome laws afcribcd to king ^Elfred. They are in number 51 ;
and before them is a preface, therein the king recites many
tilings concerning the excellency and ufe of laws. In tiie clofe
he fays, he collected from the laws of his anceftor king Ina, fuch
as feemed to him mod reafonable ; and having communicated
them to the learned men of his kingdom, he, with their ailent,
publifhed them to be the rule of his people's aclions. Thefs
laws borrowed from kin-r Ina were, if we believe himfelf, many
of them taken from the Britith contlitutions ; and thofe, if cre-
dit is to be given to their -authors, were excerpt from the gnek
and trojan laws. Although there remain but few laws which
can be positively afcribed to Alfred, yet we are well informed,
that to him we owe many of thofe advantages which render
our conftitution fo clear and valuable. We are indebted to him for
trials by juries [KJ : and if we rely on fir John Spelman's con-
jecture,

i] Kin?: Alii^c's ihe laws of Trove and Brute,
Lawj Mv.i'ii.'iiyij'j.- a:id Mercians congregate,
With Ja.'iiih lawes, that were well contribute,
And greekifhe alfo \,<-\\ made and approbate,
In englifiie tongue he didiiiemal] t:v.nfia:e,
Which yet Ke called the laws of Alurede,
At Weitmyn'.ler remcmbred yit indede.

Harding's chron fol ^. b.

[K] This is inferred from a law of /El- peers; as the purgation of another thane
fred. which obliged one of the king's was by eleven of his peers and one ot the
haaes to pur^e hicifei: by t\velve of his kiag's thanes. He is alfo faid to have lie-

vi fed

ALFRED. 107

je&ure, his inftitutions were the foundation of what is called
the common law, fo ilyled either on account of its being the
common law of all the Saxons, of bccaufe it was common both
to Siixons and Danes [L!. It is faid aifo, but this is a difputed
point, that L ^ v.-as the firft who divided the kingdom into (hires :
\vhnt is afcribed to him is not a bare divifion of the country,
but the fettling ;; ncv/ form of judicature; for after having di-
vided his dominions into (hires, he fubdivided each (hire into
three parts, called tything?, which though now grown out of
date, yet there are fome remains of this ancient divifion in the
ridings of Yorkfhire, the laths of Kent, and the three parts of
Lincoinfnire. Each tything was divided into hundreds or wa-
pentakes, and thefe again into tythings or dwellings of ten
houfeholders : each of thefe houfeholders ftood engaged to the
king, as a pledge for the good behaviour of his family, and all
the ten were mutually pledges for each other ; fo that if any
one of the tything was iufpeted of an offence, if the headbo-
roughs or chiefs of the tything would not be fecurity for him,
he was imprifoned ; and if he made his efcape, the tything and
hundred were fined to the king. Each (hire was under the go-
vernment" of an earl, under whom was the reive, his deputy,
fince, from his office, called (hire-reive, or (heriff[M]. Alfred
alfo framed a book called the Book of Winchefter, and which
contained a furvey of the kingdom \ and of which the Doomf-
day Book, {till preierved in the exchequer, is no more than a fe-
cond edition [N].

In the management of affairs of (late, after the cuilom of his
anceftors the kings of the weft Saxons, he made ufe of the great
council of the kingdom, confiding of bifhops, earls, the king's
aldermen, and his chief thanes or barons. Thefe, in the firft
part of his reign, he convoked as occafion ferved , but when
things were better fettled, he made a law, that, twice in the
year at leaft, an aflembly or parliament fhould be held at London,
there to provide for the well-governing of the commonwealth :
from which ordinance his fucceffors varied a little, holding fuch
aflemblies not in any place certain, but wherever they refided, at
chriftmas, eailer, or whitfuntide. As to extraordinary affairs,
or emergences which would not admit of calling great councils,
the king acted therein by the advice of thofe bifliops, earls,
and oiBcers in the army, who happened to be about his perfon.
He was certainly a great and warlike prince \ and though the
nation could never boaft of a greater foldier, yet he never wil-

vifed the holding men to good behaviour L] Spelman's pofthiimous works, p.

by obliging them to put in fureties ; as al- 5:. ; and Life of Alfred, p. 107.
fo the calling a voucher to prove a proper- M! oelden, Analeft. lib. ii. cap. 5.
ty in goods at the time of fale. Spelman's { N] Leg. Edv. in praef. et cap. 8.
life of ,/Elfred, p. 106, 107.

lingljr

icS JE L F R E D.

lingly made war, or refufed peace when defired. He fecured
his coafts by guardihips, making the navy his peculiar care ;
and he covered his frontiers by caftles well fortified, which be-
fore his time the Saxons, had never raifed. In other affairs he
was no lefs active and indufirious ; he repaired the cities de-
molimed by the Danes ; he creeled new ones, and adorned and
embelliihed fuch as were in a decayed condition [o]. It is affirmed
that one fixth part of his revenues was applied to the payment
of his workmen's wages, who had befides meat and drink at the
king's expence. In refpeci to religious foundations, as Alfred
was remarkable for his piety, fo he excelled moft of his prede-
cefibrs in this particular; for, befides re-edifying and reftoring
aimoft every monaflery in his dominions, which the poverty of
the times or die fury of the Danes had brought to ruin, he built
many, and improved more, befides other a-fls of munificence
towards the church [pj. He is faid by fome to have founded
the univerfity of Oxford ; yet this matter is warmly difputed,
and has employed feveral learned pens ; but Anthony V/ood has
infifted upon it : fo much however is certain, that -/Elf red fettled
gnd reftorecl that univerfity, endowed it with revenues, and
plnced in it famous profefibrs [c^]. Though he had always a very

numerous

fe] HP is thought to have been the
founder of Shaftefbury : for William of
Ivlalmefbury miorms u:>, the;e was du out
of ruins a ftone with Lhis infcription : An-
no dominkse incarnation is Slio /Tllfredus
rex fecit hanc urbem regnifuiSo. Intheyear
SSc, being the eighth of bis reign, kii.g
Alfred founded this city." De Gttl. Punt.
Angl. p 251. He is alfo fa id to have been
the founder of Middleton and Balford, in
Kent; of the Devizes, inWihth.'iT; and
ot /Elfreton, in Derbyshire. He ieit.i;i:d
*jid rebuilt Malmefoury, which had been
burnt and d-'ftroyed by the Danes : and
there is a coin which teems to intimate,
that he did as much tor the city of Nor-
\vich. Hearne'snotes on SpfchaaiK p. 164.
bpeed's Chronicle, p. 38.;.

[?] He demolifhed the caftle which he
had built in (he ifle of Atheli.ey- .;nd with
the materials rettored an a-.-cicnt inoi.af-
tery, which he adorned and reiutiiied.
When he liad fini'hed it, beii:?; at a lu!3
;. r perlons to icfide therein, he feut for an
anUot from Saxony, and iiiviled feveral
nouks from France; nnd 10 make up rlie
cumber, lie added alfo feveral englifh
youths. (Will. Malmfb. lib. ii.) The
next religious houfe he founded was a
jiuiuiery, in> the town of ShaHeibury, at
the eaft gate thereof: this he tilled with
' nuns, all of noble defcent, and he made

his daughter /Ethelgeot their abbefs. (R.
Hied. Polychr. Z'^.} In conjunftion with
]i\ - queen /Eifwith, he founded a nunnery
at Wincheiler; and a little before his
death, he defined and laid the foundation
of a new monaftery, called The new mo-
naliery, in the fame city. He confirmed
the grant made by Guthrum king ot Nor-
thumberland to the bifhopric ot Durham,
of all the country between the Tiv.e and
Tife. He likewifc granted much to the
abbey of Glaftonbury ; and fent to the ca-
thedral church of Sherburn feveral pre-
cious itonr-s, bronchi to him from th.e
Indits. The abbey of Wilton was at fir ft
f <r an abbefs and twelve nuns } he in-
creafed their number to 26, on the ac-
couin of a victory he obtained over the
Danes near that place. Leiand. Co led.
vcl ii. p. T o ^.

[qj The fchools eieded by /Elfred at
Oxfiir.d, v.-cre the C^rcat Hail,- the LclTer
Hall, and the Litt'e Hall. In the Great
Hail was taught divinity only, and on this
foundation theie were 26 fcholavs ; in the
Leffer Hal! they tau-.-ht logic, mufic, aritli-
metic, geometry, and aftronomy, and en
this Kiind.ition tliere were alfo 26 fcholars:
in the Little Hall there was nothing taught
but grammar; however there were 16
f/:holars alfo entertained here. The firft
divinity profefibrs were St. Neotus and St.

Grhnbaid.

ALFRED. 109

numerous court, and took particular plcafure in feeing his no-
bility about him; yet he found out a method of doing this
\vithout prejudice to the public. He formed three different
households, each under a feparate lord chamberlain : and thefe
waited in their turns, a month every quarter -, fo that during
the year, each of the king's fervants was four months at court,
and eight at home.

In private life, ./Elf red was the moft amiable man in his
dominions ; of fo equal a temper, that after he had once taken
the crown, he never fuffered any fadnefs or unbecoming gaiety
to enter his mind; but appeared always of a calm, yet cheerful
difpofition, familiar to his friends, juft, even to his enemies,
kind and tender to all. He was a remarkable ceconomift of his
time ; and AfFerius has given us an account of the method he
took for dividing and keeping an account of it. He caufed
fix wax-candles to be made, each of 12 inches long, and of as
many ounces weight : on the candles the inches were regularly
marked; and having found that one of them burnt juil four
hours, he committed them to the care of the keepers of his
chapel, who from time to time gave him notice how the hours
went : but as in windy weather the candles were wafted by the
impreflion of the air on the flame ; to remedy this inconveni-
ence, he invented lanthorns, there being then no glafs in his
dominions [R]. When Alfred came to the crown, learning was
at a very low ebb in his kingdom ["sj ; but by his example and
encouragement, he ufed his utmoft endeavours to excite a love

GrimbaH. At the requeft of the former, it bred to letters, and made great i mprove-

is faid, ^Elfred erected thefe fchoos ; and merits in the valuable parts of learning;

the latter he fent for from abroad to pre- that, by the advantage of fuch a learned

fide, in them. The firft reader in logic, education, the precepts of religion and

mufic, and arithmetic, was John, a monk loyalty were well obferved, the ftate

f St. David's ; the reader in geometry flourished, and the government was fa-

and aftronomy was another monk of the mous for its conduct in foreign countries,

fame name, who was companion to St. And with regard to the clergy, they were

Crimbald : After the monk read in gram- particularly eminent for their inftrudions,

mar and rhetoric. As to the time in which for acting up to their chaiT.6r.er, and dif-

thefe fchools were founded, it is not eafily charging all the parts of their function ;

determined; very probably they were not fo that firangers ufed to come hither for

all built at once, but by degrees, as the learning, difcipline, and improvement. JJut

king's finances would allow. ^Elfred is now the cafe is miferably altered, and we

univerfally acknowledged the founder of have need of travelling to learn what we

Univerfity college at Oxford, and there is ufed to teach ; in fhoit, knowledge is fo

ftill a very ancient pidure of this prince entirely loft among the Englifh, that there

in the matter's apartments ; there is alfo a are very few on this fide the Hurr.ber, who

very old bull of him in the refectory in can either translate a piece of latin, or fo

Bvazen-nofe college. Ingulph. hilt. p. zj. much as underftand their common prayers

Annal. Wint. A. D. 886. in their muher-tongue : there were fo

[.] After. Men. de geft. reg. Ang. few who could do this, that I do not ra-

p. 4.;. member one on the fouth iide of the

[s] This appears from his letter to Thames, when I came to the crown."

bilhop Wulfsig, prefixed to his tranllation Prjef. /EHredi regis, publifhed in Mr.

of St. Gregory's Partoral. In this letter Wife's edition of AlTtnus Msnevenfis,

he tells the biihop, " that both the clergy Oxon, 1712, p- 87,
and laity of the Englifh were formerly

for

ALFRED.

for letters nmongft his fubjefts. He himfelf was a fcholar ; and
had he not been illuflrious as a king, would have been famous as
an author [T]. Whenwe confider the qualifications of this prince,
and the many virtues he poflefTed, v/e need not wonder that he
died univerfally lamented, which happened after a reign of above
28 years, and on the 2Sth of October, A. D. 900, as fome writers
inform us ; though there is a difagreement in this particular,

rjr] Alfred is faid to have been 12
years old before he could read his mother-
tongue, and then he was allured to it by
the queen. She had a book or faxon poems,
beautifully adorned, which happening to
ihew to her fons, and perceiving them
mightily pleafed therewith, fhe promifed
to beftow them on him who fhould firlt
get it by heart: this tafk ./Elfred under-
took; and, without initruftor or affiftant,
applied himfelf fo vigoioufly to the book,
that he never left off till he could read and
repeat it to his mother, and theieby gave
nn early proof of his induftry in acquiring
knowledge. (Affer. men. p 16.) He after-
wards arrived at a gieat proficiency in all
forts of learning : for he was a good gram-
marian, an excellent rhetorician, an acute
philofopher, a judicious hiftorian, a fkilful
mufician, and an able architect. (Maria-
n us, A. D. 884.) Of all this he left ample
teftimony to pofterity, by many admirable
works and elegant tranflations, of which
we fhall give an account :

I. The firft book mentioned by Bale is
'* Breviarium quoddam colletum ex le-
gibus Trojanorum, lib. i. A breviary' col-
lected out of the laws of the Trojaas,
Creeks, Britons, Saxonr,-md Danes, in one
book." Leland law this book in the f,;x:a
tongue, at Chrift-church in Hampshire.
Comment, de fcript. p. iqo. 2. " Vifi-
faxonum leges, lib. i. The laws of the
weft-faxons, in one book." Pitts tells us,
that it is in Benet college library, at Cam-
bridge. ?. " Ir.ilituta quaedam, lib. i.
Certain infiitutes." This is mentioned by
Pitts, and feems to be the fecond capitu-
lation with Guthrum- Brompt, chr. col.
819. 4. " Contra {ndices iniquos, lib. i.
An invedive agaiiift unjuft judges, in one
hook." 5. " Afta m.igiftratuum fuorurn,
lib. i. Afts of his ma^illrateSjin one book."
This is fuppofed to be the book of judg-
ments mentioned by Home : and was in all
probability, a kind of reports, intended for
the ufe of fucceeding ages. 6. " Regum
fortunze varise, lib. i. The various for-
tunes of kings, in one book '' 7. ' Dicla
fapientum, lib., i. The fayings of wife
men, in one book." 8. " Parabobe et
fales, lib. i. Parables and pleafant layings,

in one book." 9. " Colle&iones chroni-
corum. Collections of chronicles." 10.
" Kpifblce ad Wulfsigiu'm epifcopum.
Epiltles to bifhop Wulfsig, in one book.'*
11. " Manuale mediutionurn. A Ma-
nual of meditations."

As to his tranflations, they were thefe :
12. *' Dialogus D. Gregorii. A dialogue
of St. Gregory." r^. " Paftoraleejufdem
Gregorii. The paftoral of Gregory."
14. " Hormeftam Pauli Orofii, lib. i." Of
this work an englifh tranflation was pub-
lifhed by Mr. Barrington in 177^, with
Alfred's Anglo-faxon. i <;. <l Boetius
De confolatione, lib. v. Boetius's Confo-
lations of philofophy, in five books." Dr.
Plot tells us, king ^Elfred tranflated it at
Woodftock, as he found in a MS. in the
Cotton library. Nat. hilt, of Oxfordfhire,
chap. x. ^ 1 18. i 6. *' Aiferii fententiae,
lib. i. The fayings of Afferius, in one
book." 17. " Martians Leges, lib. i.
The laws of queen Marthia, widow of
Guithelinus, in one book." 18. " Mal-\
mutinae Leges, lib. i. The laws of Mal-
mutius, in one book." -ig. " GeftaeAn-
glorum Bedae, lib. v. The deeds of the
englifb, in five books, by Bede :" a copy
of which is in the public library at Cam-
bridge, with the following diltich. (Spel-
man's Life of j?Elfred, p. 211.)

Hiftoricus quondam fecit me Beda lati-

num,
Alfred rex Saxo tranftulit ille prius.

20. " AL(op\ fabulce. flop's fables :'*
which he is laid to have tranfia'ed from
the greek both into latin and faxon.
2i. " Pfalterium Davidicum, lib. i. Da-
vid's Pfalter, in one book." This was the
laft work the king attempted, death fur-
prifing him before he had finifhed it; it
was however completed by another hand,
ar,d published at London in 1640, in
quarto, by lir John Spelman.

Beiides all thefe, Malmefbury mentions
his tranfluing many latin authors; and the
old hiftory of Ely aflerts, that he tranflated
the Old and New teftaments. Malmfb.
De geft. reg. Ang. p. 45. HilL Elien.
lib. ii.

even

ALFRED. , in

even amongft our beft hiftorians. He was buried in the cathe-
dral of Winchefter ; but the canons of that church pretending
they were difturbed by his ghoft, his fon and fuccefibr Edward
caufedhis body to be removed to the new monaftery, which was
left unfinifhed at his death. Here it remained till the diflblution
of monafteries, \\hen )r. Richard Fox, bifhop of Winchefter,
caufed the bones of all our faxon kings to be collected and put
into chefts of lead, with infcriptions upon each of them, {hew-
ing whofe bones they contained ; thefe chefts he took care to
have placed on the top of a wall of exrjuifite workmanfhip, built
by him to inclofe the prefbytery of the cathedral. Henry of"
Huntingdon honoured the memory of this prince with the fol-
lowing copy of latin verfes :

Nobilitas innata tibi probitatis honorem,
Armipotens ./Elfrede, dedit ; probitafque laborem ;
Pcrpctuumque labor nomen ; c\ii mixta dolore
Gaudia femper erant, femper fpes mixta timori.
Si modo vi&or eras, ad craftina bella parabas ;
iSi modo vi&us eras, ad craftina beila parabas,
Cui veftes fudore jugi, cui ficca cruore
Tinftajugi, quantum fit onus regnare probarunt,
Non fuit immenfi quifquam per climata mundi.
Cui tot in adverfis, vel refpirare liceret ;
Nee tamen aut ferro contritua ponere ferrum,
Ant gladio potuit vitae finiffe labores.
Jam poll tranfa&os vitge, regnique dolores,
Chriftus ei lit vera quies, fceptrumque perenne.

Thus tranflated by fij John Spelman :

Thy true nobility of mind and blood

(O warlike Alfred!) gave thee to be good.

Goodnefs induftrious made thee ; indullry

Got thee a name to all pofterity.

'Twixt mixed hopes and fears, 'twixt joy and grief,

Thou ever felt'il diftrefs, and found relief.

Victor this day, next day thou doft ne'erth'lefs

V the field difpute thy former day*s fuccefs.

O'ercome this day, next day, for all the blow,

Thou giv'it or tak'ft another overthrow.

Thy brows from fweat, thy fword from blood ne'er dry,

What 'twas to reign, fo to us fignify :

The world cannot produce fo much as one,

That through the like advcrfities has gone.

Yet fnind'it thou not the reft thou foughtell here,

But with a crown Chrift gives it thee elfewhere.,

./ELIAN (CLAUDIUS), born at Pnenefte in Italy [u]. He

[uj Suidas iu lexico.

taught

M I L I U S.

taught rhetoric at Rome, according to Perizonius, under the
emperor Alexander Severus. He was furnamed M*iy*u<r<r- 9
Honey-mouth, on account of the fweetnefs of his ftyle. He
was likewife honoured with the title of fophift, an appellation
in his days given only to men of learning and wifdom. He loved
retirement, and devoted himfc'f to ftudy ; and his works (hew
him to have been a man of excellent principles and ftrict inte-
grity. He greatly admired and fludied Plato, /- riflotle, Ifo-
crates, Plutarch, Homer, Anac-'ec.n, ArchilochuS, &c. and,
though a Roman, gives the preference to the writers of the
greek nation. His two moft celebrated works are his " Various
hiftory," and that u Of animals." He wrote alfo an invective
ngainit Heliogabalus, or, as fome think, Domitian ; but this is
not certain, for he gives the tyrant, whom he ladies, the fictitious
name of Gynnis. He cornpofed likewife a book " Of provi-
dence," mentioned by Euftathius ; and another on divine ap-
pearances, or the declarations of providence. Some afcribe to
him alfo the work intituled u Talica, or De re militari j" but
Perizonius is of opinion, that this piece belonged to another
author of the fame name, a native of Greece. There have been
feveral editions of his u Various hiftory [x]."

JELIANUS MECCIUS, a phyfician praifed by Galen. Ha
was the firit that employed treacle as a remedy and prefervative
cgainft the plague ; and found it to fucceed in a time of that
calamity. We learn that this phyfician to his extenfive know-
ledge added great poHtenefs.

JEMILIUS (PAULUS), a native of Verona. The reputation he
had acquired in Italy, made Stephen Poncher, bifhop of Paris,
advife king Lewis XII to engage him to write in latin a hiftory
of the kings of France. He was accordingly invited to Paris,
and a canonry in the chathcdral church was given him [yj. He
retired to the college of Navarre, to compofe this work ; yet aftqr
about 30 years of application to this his only employment, it

[x] The greek text was publifhed at He followed the translation of Vulteius?

Rome in I"4$> by Camillus Perufcus. which he rectified in many places, toge-

Jurtus Vulteius gave a latin tranfhtion, ther with the greek text, illuftrating the

which was printed fepararely in I ^48 ; and moft intricate paffages with learned notes,

joined to the greek text in a new edition, The next edition of this work is that of

by Henrlcus Petrus, at Bafil, m.z. It Abraham Gronovius, who has given the

contains' likewile the works of feveral greek text and verfion ot Vulteius, as cor-

other authors, who have treated on fuch refled by Perizonius, togc-ther with the

fubjects as ^Elian. John Tornaefius pub- notes of Conrade Gefner, John Schefferus,

lifted three feveral editions at Lyons, in Tanaquil Faber, Joach, Kuhnius, and

1587, 1610, and i6->^. AH thefe were |ac. Perizonius; to which he has added

eclipfed by that of John Schefferus, in (hort notes of his own, and the fragments

1647 and i66z: he rectified the text in of ./Elian, which Kuhnius collected trom

many places, and illullrated the whole Suidas, Stobaeus, and Euftathius.

with very learned notes and aninudver- [v] Lannoius Hift. Gymn. Navarrae,

fions. Perizonius gave a new editkn in p. 13.
two volumes odlavo, at Leyden, ^70;.

was

/EMI LI US. 113

was not completed at his death. The tenth book, which con-
tained the beginning of the reign of Charles VIII, was left un-
fmifhed. But the hiftory was continued by Arnoldus Ferronius,
who added nine books, which include the fupplement to the
former reign, and end at the death of Francis I. This con-
tinuation was publifiied at Paris in 1650. He is faid to have
been very nice and fcrupulous in regard to his works, having
always fome correction to make : hence Erafmus imputes the
fame fault to him that was objected to the painter Protogenes,
who thought he had never fmiihed his pieces : " [z] That very
learned man Paulus jEmilius (fays he) gave pretty much into
this fault ; he was never fatisfied with himfelf ; but, as often as
he revifed his own performances, he made fuch alterations, that
one would not take them for the fame pieces corrected, but for
quite different ones : and this was his ufual cuftom. This made
him fo flow, that elephants could bring forth fooner than he
could produce a work ; for he took above 30 years [A] in writing
his hiftory." Lipfms was mightily pleafed with this perform-
ance : " Paulus ./Emilius (fays that author) is almoft the only
modern who has difcovered the true and ancient way of writing
hiftory, and followed it very clofely. His manner of writing is
learned, nervous, and concife, inclining to points and conceits,
and leaving a ftrong impreffion on the mind of a ferious reader.
He often intermixes maxims and fentiments not inferior to thofe
of the ancients. A careful examiner, and impartial judge of
facts ; nor have I met with an author in our time, who has lefs
prejudice or partiality. It is a difgrace to our age, that fo few
are pleafed with him ; whence it would appear that there are
but few capable of relifhing his beauties. Among fo many per-
fections there are however a few blemiihes ; for his ftyle is
fome what unconnected, and his periods too fhort. This is not
fuitable to ferious fubjects, efpecially annals, the ftylc of which,
according to Tacitus, mould" be grave and unaffected. He is
alfo unequal, being fometimes too ftudied and correct, and
thereby obfcure ; at other times (this however but feldom) he
is loofe and negligent. He affects alfo too much of the air of an-
tiquity in the names of men and places, which he changes and
would reduce to the ancient form, often learnedly, fometirnes

[z] Erafmus, Apoph. lib. vi. p. rn. ^54. presented fo him before he wore the clofe

[A] Mr. Bayle thinks it w;is an error cro'.vn. /!' n liu was invited into France,

in Erafmus, to affert. that .^Eniilius was 30 in order to compufe this work, by

years about his hirtory. " There is (fays Lev. is XII. Now the reign of this prince

he) in the king of France's libriry, aa be^an hut in 14 ' ; and tad he fent for

edition, containing the lirlr. four books of ihis author immediately after his acceflion.

P.iulus ^Eniilius, printed at Paris wiih- to the crown, j^milius could not have

out a date ; but it mult have been before employed above 1 8 years at molt in writing

the ycir i ^2 , and in the beginning of the the hiilory of France."
reign ot Francis I, this copy having been

VOL. I. I vainly,

ii 4 JE M I L I U S.

vainly, and in my opinion always unbecomingly [B]."
hitlory is divided into ten books, and extends from Pharamond
to the fifth year of Charles VIII in 1488. The tenth book was
found among his papers in a confufed condition ; fo that the
editor, Daniel Xavarifio, a native of Verona and relation of
_/Emilius, was obliged to collate a great number of papers full
of rafures, before it could be publimed. He has been cenfured
by feveral of the french writers, particularly by M. Sorel : " It
does not avail (fays this author) that his oratorial pieces are
imitations of thofe of the Greeks and Romans : all are not m
their proper places ; for he often makes barbarians to fpeak in
a learned and eloquent manner. To give one remarkable cir-
cumftance , though our moil authentic hiflorians declare, that
Hauier, or Hanier, the counsellor, who fpoke an invective, in
prefence of king Lewis Hautin, againft Enguerrand de Marigny,
came off poorly, and faid many filly things j yet Paulus -/Emilius,
who changes even his name, calling him Annalis, makes him
fpeak with an affected eloquence. He alfo makes this Enguer-
rand pronounce a defence, though it is faid he was not allowed
to fpeak - 9 fo that what the hiftorian wrote on this occafion was
only to exercife his pen f c]." He has been alfo animadverted
upon, for not taking notice of the holy vial at Rheims. " [D] I
{hall not (fays Claude de Verdier) pafs over Paulus ^Emilius of
Verona's malicious filence* who omitted mentioning many
things relating to the glory of the french nation. Nor can it be
faid he was ignorant of thofe things, upon which none were
filent before himfelf ; fuch as that oil which was fent from
heaven for anointing our monarchs ; and alfo the lilies. And even
though he had not credited them himfelf, he ought to have de-
clared the opinion of mankind ' Here it ought not however to-
be omitted that Voflius commends his filence in regard to thefe
idle tales. Julius Scaliger mentions a book containing the hiilory
of the family of the ScaHgers, as tranflated into elegant latin by
Paulus JEmilius ; and in his letter abouc the antiquity and
fplendor of the family, he has the following paffage ; " By the
injury of time, the malice of enemies, and the ignorance of
writers, a great number of memoirs relating to our family were
loft ; fo that the name of Scaliger would have been altogether
buried in obfcurity, had it not been for Paulus ./Emilms of Ve-
rona, J.at moft eloquent writer and preferver of ancient pedi-
grees ; v/ho having found in bavaria very ancient annals of our
family, written, as he him ft: if tells us, in a coarie flyle, polifhed
and tranflated them into btin. From this book my father ex-

[B] Lipfins, Not. ad lib. i. Folit'co- [c] Sore! BibliothecjueFrancoife, c.viil.
rum, C2\,. <). p. m. zi7, torn. iv. Operum, [ cj Claud- Verdierius in Au&. cent*
cdit.Veial. 1675.. p. 88.

tracled

JE N E A S. 115

tacled fuch particulars, as feemed to refleft the " gre'ateft
nour on our family [E]." Scaliger fpeaks alfo of it in the firii
edition of his commentary on Catullus in 1576; and in the
fecond, in 1600, but in fuch a manner as differs fomewhat
from the paffage above cited. Scioppius has feverely attacked
Scaliger on account of thefe variations ; he obferves, that no
mention being made of the place, where this manufcript was
pretended to be found, nor the perfon who poflefled it, and fuch
authors as had fearched the Bavarian libraries with the utmoft
care, having met with no fuch annals j he therefore affcrts, that
whatever the Scaligers advanced concerning this work, was all
impofture [F]. ^Emilius, as to his private life, was a man of
exemplary conduct and untainted reputation. He died in 1529,
and was buried in the cathedral at Paris,

AENEAS (GAZEUS), or J&NEAS of Gaza, a fophift by pro-
feffion, was originally a platonic philofopher, but afterwards
became a chriftian, and flourimed about the year 487 [G]. His
age is afcertained from his alluring us, that he faw the African
confefibrs, whofe tongues were cut out by Hunneric king of the
Vandals, in 484, under the reign of the emperor Zeno : and in
this we may believe him. But can we fo fafely believe him,
when he affirms, that he heard thefe confeflbrs fpeak very plainly
and diftinftly, after their tongues were indeed cut out ? He
wrote a dialogue, intituled, " Theophrafbus," concerning the
immortality of the foul, and the refurrettion of the body ; which
he has enlivened with many Curious enquiries into the fenti-
ments of the philcfophers, and with many agreeable (lories.
This dialogue was firft tranflated into latin, and publifhed at
Bafil in 1516: afterwards in greek and latin at Bafil in 1560,
with other pieces : afterwards at Leipfic 1658, with a tranflation
and notes by Barthius, in quarto.

AENEAS (SYLVIUS), or Pius II, was of the family of the
Piccolimini, born in the year 1405, at Corfigny in Sienna,
where his father lived in exile. He was educated at the grammar
fchool of that place ; but his parents being in low circumftances,
he was obliged, in his early years, to fubmit to many fervile
employments. In 1423, by the affiftance of his friends, he was
enabled to go to the univerfity of Sienna, where he applied him-
felf to his ftudies with great fuccefs, and in a fliort time pub-
limed feveral pieces in the latin and tufcan languages. In 1431
he attended cardinal Dominic Capranica to the council of Bafil
as his fecretary. He was likewife in the fame capacity with
cardinal Albergoti, who fent him to Scotland to mediate a peace

[E] Jofeph Scalig. in Epiftola de vetuf- mreo, fol. 40, verfe.

tate et fplendore gentis Scaligerae, p. 8, 9. [o] Fabric. Bibl. Graic. lib. ii. c. 10,

[F] Scioppius in Scaligero hypoboli- Cave's Hift. literar.

I 2 betwixt

n6 J N E A S.

betwixt the Englim and Scots ; and he was in that country
when king James I was murdered. Upon his return from Scot-
land, he was made fecretary to the council of Bafil, which he
defended againft the authority of the popes, both by his fpeeches
and writings, particularly in a dialogue and epiitles which he
wrote to the rector and univerfity of Cologn. He was likewife
made by that council clerk of the ceremonies, abbreviator, and
one of the duodecemviri, or twelve men, an office of great im-
portance. He was employed in feveral embailies ; once to
Trent, another time to Frankfort, twice to Conftance, and as
often to Savoy, and thrice to Strafburg, where he had an in-
trigue with a lady, by whom he had a fon ; he has given an
account of this affair in a letter to his father, wherein he en-
deavours to vindicate himfeif with confiderable humour and
gaiety [H]. In 1439 he was employed in the fervice of pope

Felix ;

H} The following is a copy of the
letter: " ./Eneas Sylvius the poet to his
father Sylvius. You write to me that you
are doubtful whether you ought to rejoice
or to be forry, becaufe God has given me
a fen : for my own part, I fee reafon for
joy, but none for Ibrrow ; for what greater
pleafure is there in life than to beget
another like one's felt, to extend one's
own blood, and to leave aperfon who may
furvive you ? what is more agreeable than
to fee one's fon's fons ? To me it is the
higheft fatisfac~r.ion that my feed is propa-
gated, and that I have produced fomething
before 1 die, which may furvive me ; and
1 return thanks to God, who has formed
the fetus into a male, that the little. boy
may divert you and my mother, and at-
foid you that comfort and afTiitance which
it was my duty to do. If my birth was
any pleafure to you, why mould not the
birth of my fon be fo likewife ? will
not the fight of the little infant give you
fome fatisfadlion, when you fhall fee my
image in his countenance ? will it not be
agreeable to you, to have him hang about
your neck, and fhew his little fondnefs for
you ? But you fay you are forry for my
crime, becaufe 1 have got this child in an
unlawful \vav. I cannot imagine, fir, what
opinion you have formed of me ; it is cer-
tain that you, who partake of flefh and
blood, did not beset me of a' rigid infenfihle
conftitution ; you are confcious to yourfelf
what a man of gallantry you was. For my
part, I am neither an eunuch, nor impo-
tent ; nor an hypocrite, in choofing to feem
good, rather than re:diy be fo : 1 frankly
wn my fault, becaufe I am nehl-er more
holy than king David, nor wi:'er than

Solomon. This is a crime of very ancient
ftanding, and I cannot tell who is exempt
from it. This plague is very extenfive (if
it be a plague to ufe one's natural powers) ;
fo that I cannot fee why this appetire
fhould be fo much condemned, fince na-
ture, which does nothing amifs, has im-
planted it in all creatures, in order to pre-
ferye the fpecies. But you feem to fay,
that there are certain limits within which
this is lawful ; and that this appetite fhould
never be indulged beyond thejuft bounda-
ries of marriage. This is very true ; and
yet even in the married ftate there are
frequent crimes committed. There is a
certain rule and meafure for eating, and
drinking, and fpeaking ; but who obierves
them ? who is fo riehtesus as not to fail
feven times a day ? Let the hypocrite
fpeak, and declare himfeif to be coiifcious
of no fin: 1 know there is no merit i::
me, and only depend upon God's goodnefs
for mercy, who knows that we are liable
to fall, and to be hurried away by irregular
pleafures; he will never (hut up from me
the fountain of pardon, which is open to
all. But I have faid enough on this point.
And fince you afk my reafons, why I think
this child my own, leir. you fhould main-
tain another man's inftead ot mine, I will
give you a fhort account of the whole affair.
It is not two years fiuce I was ambaffador
at Strafburg. While I was there at leifure
for feveral days, a lady, who came from.
England, and had beauty and youth about
her, lodged in ;he fame houfe with me :
fhe being very well Ikilled in the italian .
tongue, addrtffed me in the tufcan dia-
led; which was fo much the mo;e agree-
able to me, as it was very uncommon in

that

JE N E A S.

117

Felix; and being foon after fent ambailador to the emperor
Frederic, he was crowned by him with the poetic laurel, and
ranked amongft his friends. In 1442 he was fent for from
Bafil by the emperor, who appointed him fecretary to the em-
pire, and railed him to the fenatorial order. He could not at
fir ft be prevailed on to condemn the council of Bafil, nor to go
over abfolutely to Eugenius's party, but remained neuter. How-
ever, when the emperor Frederic began to favour Eugenius,
-/Eneas like wife changed his opinion gradually. He afterwards
reprefented the emperor in the diet of Nuremberg, when they
were confulting about methods to put an end to the fchifm, and
was fent arnbaffador to Eugenius : at the perfuafion of Thomas
Sarzanus, the apoilolical legate in Germany, he fubmitted to
Eugenius entirely, and made the following fpeech to his holinefs,
as related by John Gobelin, in his Commentaries of the life of
Pius II. " Molt holy father (faid he), before I declare the em-
peror's commiffion, give me leave to fay one word concerning
myfelf. I do not queftion but you have heard a great many
things which are not to my advantage. They ought not to
have been mentioned to you ; but I muft confefs, that my ac-
cufers have reported nothing but what is true. I own I have faid,
and done, and written, at Bafil, many things againft your in-
terefts ; it is impoflible to deny it : yet all this has been done

that country. I was charmed with har
wit and gaiety, and immediately recol-
lected that Cleopatra had engaged Antony,
as well as Julius Caefar, by the elegance of
her converfation : 1 faid to myfelf, Who
will blame me, inconfiderate as I am, for
doing what the greatest men have not
thought beneath them ? I fometimes
thought upon the example of Mofes, fome-
times that of Aritiorle, and fometimes that
of chrillians therr.felves ; in fhort, plea-
fure overcame me, I grew fond of the
lady, and addrefTed her in the fofteit terms ;
but file refilled all my applications as firmly
as the rock repels the waves of the fea, and
for three days kept me in fufpenfe : Ihe
had a daughter rive years old, who was re-
commended to our landlord by Melinthus
the father, and the lady was very fearful
left our landlord fhould perceive fomething
of the affair, and turn the child out of
doors, becaufe flic might follow her mo-
ther's example. The night came on, and
fhe was to go away the next day ; fo that I,
apprehenfive left I Ihould lofe my prey,
defired her not to bolt the door at night,
and told her I would come at midnight :
fhe denied me, and gave me no manner of
hopes : I urged her, but fhe ftill perfifted
in L'.;r denial. She went to bed : I re-
folved with myfelf to fee whether fhe had

done as I defired her. I recollected the
ftory of Zimathe Florentine, and imagined
fhe might follow the example of his mif-
trefs. Upon this 1 was determined ro try :
when I found every thing filent in the
houfe, 1 went to her chamber; the door
was fhut, but not bolted; I opened it and
went in, and obtained the lady's favour,
and from hence came this fon : the mo-
ther's name is Elizabeth. From the ides
of. February to the id:s of November there
isjuft the number of months which is the
ufual term from a woman's firft pregnancy
to the birth ; Ihe told me this when fhe
\v:.s afterwards at Bafil : and though I had
procured her favour not by gifts, but by
the utmolt follicitation and courtfhip, I
imagined fhe faid this with a defign to get
money from me, and I did not believe
her : but fince 1 fee ihe affirms this now,
when fhe can have no hopes of obtaining
any thing of me, and the circumrrance of
the name and time agree, I believe the
child is mine ; and 1 defire you to take
him, and bring him up till he is capable
of coming under my care and inftruclion :
for you have no rcafon to fuppofe that, a
rich lady would tell a falfity in the cafe
of her fon." Wharton's append, to Dr.
Cave's hill, literaria, p.i 14, anno 1458.

not

iiS IE N E A S.

not with a defign to injure you, but to ferve the church. I have
been in an error, without queftion ; but I have been in juft the
fame circumftances with many great men, as particularly with
Julian cardinal of St. Angelo, with Nicholas archbimop of
Palermo, with Lewis du Pont [Pontanus] the fecretary of the
holy fee ; men who are eiteemed the greateft luminaries in the
law, and doctors of the truth; to emit mentioning the univer-
fities and colleges which are generally againft you. Who would
not have erred with perfons of their character and merit ? It
is true, that when I difcovered the error of thofe at Bafil, I did
not at firil go over to you, as the greateft part did ; but being
afraid of falling from one error to another, and by avoiding
Charybdis, as the proveib exprefles it, to run upon Scylla, I
pined myfelf, after a long deliberation and conflict within my-
felf, to thofe who thought proper to continue in a ftate of neu-
trality. I lived three years in the emperor's court in this fituation
of mind, where having an opportunity of hearing constantly the
difputes between thofe of Bafil and your legates, I was con-
vinced that the truth was on your fide : it was upon this motive
that, when the emperor thought fit to fend me to your clemency,
I accepted the opportunity with the utmoft fatisfaction, in hopes
that I ihould be ib happy as to gain your favour again : I throw
myfelf therefore at your feet; and fincelfmned out of ignorance,
I entreat you to grant me your pardon. After which I fhall
open to you the emperor's intentions [i]." This was the prelude
to the famous retraction which ./Eneas Svlvius made afterwards.

The pope pardoned every thing that was part ; and in a fhort
time made him his fecretary, without obliging him to quit the
poft which he had with the emperor.

He was fent a fecond time by the emperor on an embafTy to
Eugenius, on the following occaHon : the pope having depofed
Thierry and James, archbiihops and electors of Cologn and
Treves, becaufe they had openly declared for Felix and the
council of Bafil, the electors of the empire were highly offended
at this proceeding; and at their defire the emperor fent Ericas
Sylvius to prevail on the pope to revoke the fentence of de-
poiition.

Upon the deceafe of pope Eugenius, ^Eneas was chofen by
the cardinals to prefide in the conclave till another pope mould
be elected. He was made bifhop of Targeftum by pope Ni-
cholas, and went again into Germany, where he was appointed
counfellor to the emperor, and had the direction of all the im-
portant affairs of the empire. Four years after he was made
archbiftiop of Sienna; and in 1452 he attended Frederic to
Rome, when he went to receive the imperial crown,

[i] Raynald. Cor.tin. Annal. Baronii, 1445* n. 25.

upon

^E N E A S. 119

sport Ills return, was named legate of Bohemia and Auftria. About
the year 1456, being fent by the emperor into Italy, to treat
with pope Callixtus III about a war with the Turks, he was
made a cardinal. Upon the deceafe of Callixtus, in the year
1458 he was elected pope by the name of Pius II. After his
promotion to the papal chair he publifhed a bull, retracting all
he had written in defence of the council of Bafil ; and thus he
apologizes for his former conduct : " We are men (fays he),
and we have erred as men; we do not deny, but that many
things which we have faid or written, may juftly be condemned :
we have been feduced, like Paul, and have perfecuted the church
of God through ignorance ; we now follow St. Auftin's example,
who, having fuffered feveral erroneous fentiments to efcape him
in his writings, retracted them j we do juft the fame thing : we
ingenuoufly confefs our ignorance, being apprehenfive left what
we have written in our youth mould occafion fome error, which
may prejudice the holy fee. For if it is fuitable to any perfon's
character to maintain the eminence and glory of the firft throne
of the church, it is certainly fo to ours, whom the merciful
God, out of pure goodnefs, has raifed to the dignity of vice-
gerent of Chriit, without any merit on our part. For all thefe
reafons, we exhort you and advife you in the Lord, not to pay
any regard to thofe writings, which injure in any manner the
authority of the apoftolic fee, and aflert opinions which the holy
roman church does not receive. If you find any thing contrary
to this in our dialogues and letters, or in any other of our works,
defpife fuch notions, reject them, follow what we maintain
now ; believe v/hat I aflert now I am in years, rather than what
I faid when I was young : regard a pope rather than a private
man ; in ihort, reject ./Sneas Sylvius, and receive Pius II. Nee
privatum hominem pluris facile, quam fummum pontificem ;
^Eneam rejicite, Pium accipite [K]."

Pius behaved in his high office with great fpirit and activity.
He fupprefTed the war which Piccinus was raifmg in Umbria ;
and recovered Aflifi and Nucera. He ordered a convention of
princes at Mantua, where he v/as prefent himfelf ; and a war
was refolved upon againft the Turks. Upon his return to Rome,
he went to Viterbo, and expelled feveral tyrants from the terri-
tories of the ecclefiaftical ftate. He excommunicated Sigifmund
duke of Auftria, and Sigifmund Malatcfta ; the former for im-
prifoning the cardinal of Cufa, and the latter becaufe he refufed
to pay the hundredths to the church of Rome : and he deprived
the archbifhop of Mentz of his dignity. He confirmed Ferdi-
nand in the kingdom of Naples, and fent cardinal Urfini to
crown him king. He made a treaty with the king of Hungary

[K] Labbe's Colleflion of Councils; torn. xiii. p- 1407.

120 yE N E A S.

and commanded Pogebrac king of Bohemia to be cited before
him. During his pontificate he received ambafTadors from the
patriarchs of the eait : the chief of the embafly was one Mofes
archdeacon of Auftria, a man well verfed in the greek and fyriac
languages, and of a diilinguifhed character. He appeared before
his hoiinefs in the name of the patriarchs of Antioch, Alex-
andria, and Jerufalem ; he told his hoiinefs, that the enemy who
fows tares having prevented them till then from receiving the
decree of the council of Florence, concerning the union of the
greek and latin churches, God had at laft infpired them with a
refolution of fubmitting to it ; that it had been folemnly agreed
to, in an affembly called together for that purpofc , and that
for the future they would unanimoufly fubmit to the pope as
vicegerent of Jefus Chrift. Pius commended the patriarchs for
their obedience, and ordered Mofes's fpeech to be tranilated into
latin, and laid up aniongft the archives of the roman church [L].
A few days after the arrival of tneie ambafiadors from the eaft,
there cavr.e others alfo from Monohafle, or Monembuifle, a
city in Peloponnefus, fituated upon a mountain near the fea :
thefe offered the obedience of their city to the pope, who re-
ceived them in the name of the church of Rome, and fent them
a governor.

Pius, in the latter part of his pontificate, made great pre-
parations againft the Turks, for which, purpofe he fummoned
the afliftance of the feveral princes in Europe ; and having raifed
a considerable number of croiffes and others, he went to Ancona
to fee them embanked , where he was feized with a fever, and
died the i/j-th of Auguft, 1464, in the 59th year of hia age,
having enjoyed the fee of Rome 6 years, n months, and 27
days. His body was carried to Rome, and interred in the Va-
tican. Spondanus, in his Ecclefiaftic annals, fays, that he was
inferior to none in learning, eloquence, dexterity, and prudence.
The cardinal of Pavia, in his fpeech to the conclave concerning
the choice of a fuccefipr, gives this eulogium to Pius II, that lie
was a pope who had ail the virtues in his character j and that
he had defcrved the v utmoft commendation by his zeal for re-
ligion, his integrity of manners, his folid judgment, and pro-
found learning. His fecretary, John Gobelin, publimed a hiftcry
of his life, which is fuppofed to have been written by this pope
himfelf : it was printed at Rome in quarto in 1584 and 1589 ;
and at Francfort in folio in 1614. We have an edition of
./Eneas Sylvius's works, printed at Bafil, in folio, in 1551.

Pius was famous for his wife and witty fayings, fome of
which are as follow : That there were three perfons in the
Godhead ; not proved to be fo by reafon, but by confidering

[t] Fleury, torn, xxiii. p. n8, 119.

who

JS CHINES. 121

who faid fo. That to find out the motion of the ftars, had
more pleafure than profit in it. That as a covetous man is
never fatisfied with money, fo a learned man mould not be with
knowledge. That common men mould efteem learning as filver,
noblemen prize.it as gold, and princes as jewels. That the laws
had power over the commonalty, but were feeble to the greater
ones. A citizen mould look upon his family as fubjecl: to the
city, the city to his country, the country to the world, and the
world to God. That the chief place with kings was ilippery.
That as all rivers run into the fea, fo do all vices into the court.
That the tongue of a fycophant was a king's greatefl plague.
That a prince who would trufc nobody was good for nothing ;
and he who believed every body, no better. That it is neceflary
that he who governs many, mould himfelf be ruled by many.
That thofe who went to the law were the birds, the court the
field, the judge the net, and the lawyers the fowlers. That men
ought to be prefented to dignities, not dignities to men. That
a covetous man never pleafes any body, but by his death. That
it was a ilavifh vice to tell lies. That lull fullies and ilains every
age of man, but quite extinguifhes old age.

./ENEAS (TACTICUS), one of the moil ancient greek authors
who have written on the art of war, lived about 3 36 years before
the chriftian sera. Cafaubon published his work in greek and latin.

.^ERIUS, a prefbyter of Sebaflia in Pontus, and a follower
of Arius's notions, flourished about 385. Some have thought the
prefbyterians, fo ccnfiderable at this day, took their rife from
him. A great deal of envy may be difcovered in his conduct :
being difappointed of the biihopric of Sebafua, Euftathius being
advanced to that dignity in preference to him, he left the bifhop's
communion, and drew a party after him, whom he perfuaded,
in order to make them adhere to him in oppofition to their own
bifhops, that bifhops and prefbyters were of the fame order,
and that there is no act of religion, which a prefbyter is not as
capable of peforming as a bifhop. For this opinion, chiefly, he
is ranked among the heretics by Epiphanius, his contemporary,
who calls it a notion full of folly and madnefs. They were
driven out from all churches, and out of all the towns and
villages, and were obliged to aiTemble in the woods, caverns,
and open fields.

./ESCHINES, a focratic phiJofopher, the fon of Charinus a
i'aufage-maker. He was continually with Socrates, which oc-
cafioned this philofopher to fay, that the faufage-maker's fon
was the only perfon who knew how to pay a due regard to him.
It is faid that poverty obliged him to go to Sicily, to Dionyfms
the tyrant, and that he met with great contempt from Plato.
We are informed of this by Diogenes Laertius, in his life of

./Efchines,

122 & S C H I N E S.

jEfchines, v/ho repents the fame in his life of Plato [M]. This
however is inconfiftent with a pafTage of Plutarch, in his book
" Concerning the difference between a friend and a flatterer/ 51
where this author introduces Plato recommending ^Efchines to
Dionyfms ; who, upon Plato's recommendation, treats him in the
moft friendly and honourable manner. ^Efchines was extremely
well received by Ariftippus j to whom he (hewed fome of his
dialogues, and received a handfome reward from him. He
would not venture to profefs philofophy at Athens, Plato and
Ariftippus being in fuch high eileem ; but he fet up a fchool to
maintain himfelf. He afterwards wrote orations for the forum.
Laertius tells us, that Polycritus Mendreus affirmed, in his firft
book " Of the hiftory of Djonyfius [N]," that ^fchines lived
with the tyrant till he was depofed upon Dion's coming to Syra-
cufe ; and there is extant an epiftle of his to Dionyfms. Phry-
nicus, in Photius, ranks him amongft the beft orators, and
mentions his orations as the ftandard of the pure Attic ftyle.
Hermogenes has alfo fpoken very highly of him.

jfEfchines had fo faithfully copied the doctrines of Socrates,
and his dialogues were fo exactly agreeable to the genius and
manner of that great philofopher, that Ariftippus fufpected, and
Menedemus accufcd him of having aflumed to himfelf what had
been written by Socrates. According to Suidas, -/Efchines wrote
the following dialogues, Miltiades, Callias, Rhinon, Afpafia,
Axiochus, Telauges, Alcibiades, Acephali, Phacdon, Polaenus,
Eryxias, Erafiftratus, Scythiei, and one Concerning virtue. Of
thefe there are cnly three extant: i. "Concerning virtue,
whether it can be taught." 2. " Erixias or Erafiftratus, concern-
ing riches, whether they are good." 3. " Axiochus, concerning
death, whether it is to be feared." They were translated into
latin by Rutlolphus Agricola, Sebaftian Corradus, and John
Serranus -, but their verfions being, according to Mr. Le Clerc,
too remote from the original meaning, he undertook a new
tranflation, which he publifhed in 1711, in octavo, with notes,
and feveral diflertations, intituled u Silvse Philologicae 5" in the
fecond chapter whereof he examines the doclrine of ^Efchines*
fir ft dialogue. In the Axiochus there is an excellent paiTage
concerning the immortality of the foul ; the fpeakers are Socrates,
Clinias, and Axiochus. Clinias had brought Socrates to his
father Axiochus, who was fick, and apprehenfive of death, in
order to fupport him againft the fears of it. Socrates, after a
variety of arguments, proceeds as follows : u For human nature
(fays he) could not have arrived at fuch a pitch, in executing
the greateft affairs, fo as to defpife even the ftrength of brute

[M] If. CafauVon ad Meuagii not. in [N] I,aert. Hefych. Stanley's Lives,
1X03. Lieit. Vit. ^Efchin. Vit. /Efch.

creatures^

S CHINES. 123

creatures, though fuperior to our own ; to pafs over Teas, build
cities, and found commonwealths ; contemplate the heavens,
view the revolutions of the ftars, the courfes of the fun and
moon, their riling and fetting, their eclipfes and immediate re-
ftoration to their former (late, the equinoxes and double returns
of the fun, the winds and defcents of mowers ; this, I fay, the
foul could never do, uniefs poiTerled of a divine fpirit, whereby
it grans the knowledge of fo many great things. And therefore,
Axiochus, you will not be changed to a ftate of death or annihi-
lation, but of immortality ; nor will your delights be taken from
you, but you will enjoy them more perfectly ; nor will your
pleafures have any tincture of this mortal body, but be free
from every kind of pain. When you are difengaged from this
prifon, you will be translated thither, where there is no labour,
nor forrow, nor old age* You will enjoy a ftate of tranquillity,
and freedom from evil, a (late perpetually ferene and eafy. >
" Axioch. You have drawn me' over, Socrates, to your opinion
by your difcourfe ; I am now no longer fearful of death, but
ambitious of it, and impatient for it : my mind is tranfported
into fublime thoughts, and I run the eternal and divine circle.
I have difengaged myfelf from my former weaknefs 5 and am
now become a new man." Philoilratus, in his epiilles to Julia
Augufta, fays, that ^Efchines wrote an oration concerning Ther-
gelia, and that he imitated Gorgias in it. Menage tells us, that
Athenxus mentions a dialogue of ^Efchines, which he intituled
noA&x?, but Mr. Le Clerc could not find any fuch pafTage in
Athenaeus.

^ESCHINES, a celebrated orator, contemporary with De-
rnofbhenes, and but juft his inferior. Some fay that Ifocrates,
fome fay that Socrates, fome that Gorgias, was his mailer.
Being overcome by Demofthenes, he went to Rhodes, and
opened a fchool there ; and afterwards removed to Samos, where
he died at the age of 75. There are only three of his orations
extant, which however are fo very beautiful, that Fabricius com-
pares them to the three graces. One is againfl Timarchus his ac-
cufer, whom he treated fo feverely, as to make him weary of life ;
and fome have faid, that he did actually lay violent hands upon
himfelf. Another is an " Apology" for himfelf againil De-
mofthenes, who had accufed him of perfidy in an " Embafiy' 5
to Philip. The third " againft Ctefiphon," who had decreed the
golden crown to Demofthenes. This excellent oration, together
with that of Demofthenes againft it, was tranflated by Cicero
into latin, as St. Jerome and Sidonius inform us. The three
orations were publifhed by Aldus 15 f?, and by Henry Stephens
among other orators 1575, in greek. They are, as might necef-
farily have been expected, infcrted in Reiflce's valuable edition
of the grccian orators. There arc alfo attributed to ^Efchines

124- AESCHYLUS.

12 epiftles, which Taylor has added to his edition of the orations
of Demofthenes and ./Efchines. They have alfo been publiflied
\vith various readings by I. Samuel Sammet, Leipfic, 1772, 8vo.
"Wolfius has given them, in his edition of Demofthenes, with a
latin verfion and notes.

JESCHYLUSj the tragic poet, was born at Athens. Authors
differ in regard to the time of his birth, fomc placing it in the
65th, others in the 7Oth olympiad ; but according to Stanley,
who relies on the Arundelian marbles, he was born in the 63 d
olympiad. He was the fon of Euphorion, and brother to Cyne-
girus and Aminias, who diftinguiihed themfelves in the battle
of Marathon, and the fea fight of Salamis ; at which engagement
JEfchylus was likewife prefent. In this laft action, according to
Diodorus Siculus, Aminias, the younger of the three brothers,
commanded a fquadron of mips, and behaved with fo much
conduct and bravery, that he funk the admiral of the perfian
fleet, and fignalized himfelf above all the Athenians. To this
brother our poet was, upon a particular occafion, obliged for
faving his life. ./Elian relates, that TEfchylus being charged by
the Athenians with certain blafphemous expremons in fome of
his pieces, was accufed of impiety, and condemned to be floned
to death : they were juil going to put the fentence in execution,
when Aminias, with a happy prefence of mind, throwing afide
his cloak, {hewed his arm without a hand, which he had loft at
the battle of Salamis, in defence of his country. This fight made
fuch an irnprefRon on the judges, that, touched with the re-
membrance of his valour, and the friend (hip he mewed for his
brother, they pardoned ./Efchylus. Our poet however refented
the indignity of this profecution, and refolved to leave a place
where his life had been in danger. He became more deter-
mined in this refolution, when he found his pieces lefs pleating
to the Athenians than thofe of Sophocles, though a much
younger writer. Simomdes had likcwife won the prize from
him in an elegy upon the battle of Marathon. Suidas having
faid that /Efchylus retired into Sicily, becaufe the feats broke
down during the reprefentation of one of his tragedies, fome have
taken this literally, without considering that in this fenfe fuch
an accident did great honour to jEfchylits ; but, according to
Jofeph Scaliger, it wa j a phrafe amongft the comedians , and
he was faid to break dovv*n the feats, whofe piece could not
{land, but fell to the ground [o]. Some affirm, that ^Efchylus
never fat down to compofe but when he had drunk liberally.
This perhaps was in allufionto his excelTive imagination, which
was apparent in an abrupt, impetuous, and energetic ftyle. They

[o] Subfellia frangere dice v >atur ; qui, doftilTimo Jofepho Scaligero jamdiu mo-
ut comici loquuntur, non ftetir, fcj ex- nitum eii. Suiileiusin /Efchyluin, p. 7 "7.
cidit : hoc eft, non placuit, ikut a viro

who

JESCHYLUS. 125

who could not relim the fublimer beauties of language, might
perhaps have afcribed his rapid and defultory manner, rather to
the fumes of wine than to the refult of reaibn. He wrote a
great number of tragedies, of which there are but feven re-
maining [p] : and notwithftanding the {harp cenfures of fome
critics, he muft be allowed to have been the father of the tragic
art. In the time of Thefpis there was no public theatre to acl:
upon , the (Irollers drove about from place to place in a cart.
jEfchylus furnifhed his a&ors with mafks, and dreiTed them
fuitably to their characters. He likewife introduced the bulkio,
to make them appear more like heroes.

Ignotum tragicre genus invenifie camenre
Dicitur, et plauilris vexiile poemata Thefpis,
Qm canerent agerentquc, perun&i frecibus ora.
Poll hunc perfonas pallaeque refertor honeftae
jEfchylus, et modicis inilravit pulpita tignis,
Et docuit magnuinque loqui nitique cothurno.

HOR. Art. Poet. ver. 75.

Thefpis, inventor of the tragic art,

Carried his vagrant players in a cart;

High o'er the crowd the mimic tribe appeared,

And play'd and fung, with lees of wine befmear'd.

Then /Efchylus a decent vizor us*d,

Built a low flage, the flowing robe dirFus'd ;

In language more fublime his ators rage,

And in the graceful buikin tread the ilage.

FRANCIS.

The antients give JEfchylus alfo the pralfe of having been
firM who removed murders and fliocking lights from the eyes
of the fpe6lators. He is faid likewife to have leilened the
number of the chorus; or rather this reformation was owing
to an accident : in his Eumenides, the chorus, which confided
of 50 perfons, appearing on the ftage with frightful habits, had
fuch an efFecl: on the fpeclators, that the women with child mif-
carried, and the children fell into fits , this occaiioned a law
to be made to reduce the chorus to 15. Mr. Le Fevre has
obferved, that ^fchylus never reprefented women in love,
in his tragedies, which, he fays, was not fuited to his genius ;
but in representing a woman tranfported with fury he was in-
comparable. Longinus fays, that YEfchylus has a noble boldnefs
of expreffion ; and that his imagination is lofty and heroic. It

rp~| The v are as follow : r, Fl;o- 4. Ay*a=ayfy, Affamemnon.

* J ^ j '

I/.YIS'JC Sicrpuir,:, Prometheus bound, 5. XoyZof.oi, The infernal regions.
2. ETT^O, 7rt Qrotic, Seven againfl 6. Ev/*eri&, The furies. 7. IY,I~
Thebes. 3. llsp^-at, the Pedians. 1*ae,-, The fuppiiants.

muft

126 M S C H Y L U S,

muft be owned, however, that he affected pompous words, and
that his fenfe is too often obfcured by figures, which gave Sal-
maims occafion to fay, that he was more difficult to be under-
ftood than the fcripture itfelf[qj. But notwithftanding thefe
imperfections, this poet was held in great veneration by the
Athenians, who made a public decree that his tragedies ihould
be played after his death. When ^Efchylus retired to the court
of Hiero king of Sicily, this prince was then building the city of
JEtna, and our poet celebrated the new city by a tragedy of the
fame name. After having lived fome years at Gela, we are told
that he died of a fra&ure of his fkull, caufed by an eagle letting
fall a tortoife on his head [R] , and the manner of his death is
faid to have been predicted by an oracle, which had foretold that
he fnould die by fomewhat from the heavens. This happened,
according to Mr. Stanley, in the 6gth year of his age. He had
the honour of a pompous funeral from the Sicilians, who buried
him near the river Gela ; and the tragedians of the country per-
formed plays and theatrical exercifes at his tomb ; upon which
was infcribed the following epitaph :

Euphorion's /Efchylus, whom Athens bore,

Lies here interr'd, on Gela's fruitful fhore.

The plains of Mafathon his worth record,

And heaps of Medes that fell beneath his fword [sj.

He has been juftly compared to Shakefpeare for energy of
flyle and fenttment, for expreilion of character and paffion often
by the happieft ufe of trivial circumftances.

The following are the editions of ^fchylus : i. Venetiis,
apud Aldunij 1518, 8vo. 2. Lut. Parif. ex Offic. Ad. Turnebi,
1552, 8vo. 3. Fr. Robertelli, Venetiis, 1552, 8vo. In this
edition the tragedies of Agamemnon and the Coephoroi, which
in the two former had been blended into one, were now fepa-
rately diitinguimed. To this were added, in the following year,
Scholia in A,fchyli Trag. ornnes, printed alfo at Venice in 8vo.
4. Petri Viclorii ex Offic. Hen. Stephani, 1557,4^0. In this
edition the text of Agamemnon was corrected and improved by
the collation of two manufcripts. 5. Gulielmi Canteri, Antv.
1580, 32mo. 6. Corp. Poetarum Gnec. Gen. 1614, fol. ^Efch.
Trag. 7. Gnec.et Lat. Interpret. Jo. Sauromanno. y. T. Stanlei,

Quis ^Efchyltim poCit adfirmare fais Hebraifmis, et Syriafmi?, et tota Hel-
Orece nunc fcu-nti maris patere explicabi- leniltica fupelleftile vel farragine. DC
lem quam evangelia aut epiftolas apolloli- Helleniilica, p. 37. Epift. dcdicat.
cas ? unus ejus Agamemnon obfcumate fu- [K] Val. Maa. lib. ix. 12. Plin. lib. X.
jerat quantum eit Hbrorum faciorum cum cap. 3.

s- A i<rt>\ov E.v(poi(i>vo$ *Afi*}i'flC*Q* TOOS

S C H Y L U S. 127

Lond. 1663, fol. In this ed