The new horoscope of missions

^SUf PRINCETON, N. J. *#

Purchased by the Hamili Missionary Fund.

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The New Horoscope of Missions

The New Horoscope
of Missions

x

By JAMES S. DENNIS, D. D.

Author of " Christian Missions and Social
Progress" " Centennial Survey of Foreign Mis-
sions" and "Foreign Missions After a Century"

New York Chicago Toronto

Fleming H. Revell Company
London and Edinburgh

Copyright, 1908, by
FLEMING H. REVELL COMPANY

New York: 158 Fifth Avenue
Chicago: 80 Wabash Avenue
Toronto: 25 Richmond Street, W.
London: 21 Paternoster Square
Edinburgh: 100 Princes Street

The John H. Converse Lectures on Missions

Being the First Course o?i that Foun-
dation, delivered at the McCormick
Theological Seminary, Chicago,
Illinois, November, 1907.

To the Reverend
James G. K. McClure, D.D., LL. £>.,

President of the McCormick Theological
Seminary >, this volume is inscribed as a trib-
ute of high esteem and sincere friendship.

PREFACE

THE immense significance of the mis-
sionary enterprise not only as a re-
ligious ministry to mankind, but as
a fruitful source of beneficent helpfulness to
the world, is claiming the attention of the
Church and the general public as never be-
fore in Christian history. The cause of mis-
sions seems to be finding itself anew in the
hearts of Christ's followers, and to be invok-
ing a sane and intelligent appreciation on
the part of the universal Church, to an extent
which justifies a well founded assurance of
the coming expansion of Christendom to
world-wide proportions.

In the lectures which form the subject
matter of this volume an attempt has been
made to summarize from a missionary point
of view the significance of the new era which
has come with such startling suddenness in
the contemporary history of nations long
9

IO PREFACE

regarded as non-progressive and negligible.
There is a mingling of promise and portent
in the present outlook, and especially there is
a call to the Christian Church the historic im-
port of which has probably never been sur-
passed in any age of human progress.

The " New Horoscope," if read aright,
may be regarded as portraying an enlarged
missionary outlook, manifested in the awak-
ening world-consciousness of the Christian
Churches, and the providential significance
of the opportunity abroad. It may be inter-
preted as voicing the claims of the universal
kingdom of God in this critical hour of its
history, and as pointing to the signs of a
larger loyalty to the comprehensive aim of
the Gospel, to a deeper consciousness of
power which has come to the Church in its
cosmopolitan environment, and to the irre-
sistible evidence which we have in our present
day that He is with us "alway, even unto
the end of the world." The moral uplift
which missions are bringing to the nations,
their value as a racial asset in the progress
of mankind, their efficacy in hastening that

PREFACE II

reign of righteousness — individual, social,
and national, — for which the good of all ages
have prayed and toiled, and the significant
impulse to unity which they are giving, may
all be included as clearly written in the
scroll of destiny which the missionary prog-
ress of the twentieth century is swiftly un-
folding before the vision of Christian faith
and hope.

The author has ventured to include as an
appendix an address delivered at the Parlia-
ment of Religions, on "The Message of
Christianity to Other Religions/' since it
deals with a theme which is of permanent
missionary interest, and toward which many
thoughtful minds, in our day, are turning in
a spirit of wistful inquiry.

CONTENTS

LECTUKE I
A New World- Consciousness . . 15

LECTUKE II

Strategic Aspects of the Missionary

Outlook 57

LECTURE III
A New Cloud of Witnesses . . 103

LECTURE IV

Fresh Annals of the Kingdom . . 155

APPENDIX

The Message of Christianity to Other 205
Religions

Index

233

13

LECTURE I
A NEW WORLD-CONSCIOUSNESS

The Christian Church is slowly coming to its right mind.
For proof, we note how hostility has effervesced in suspicion,
and suspicion has changed to indifference, and indifference has
become interest, and interest has leaped into loyalty, and,
finally, loyalty has been transformed into a notable pride in the
fruits of the toil of a singular type of man. We have known
too little of him. We ought to know vastly more of him and
his works. This man is unique among men. He swings down
the centuries with a free and powerful stride. His right to the
path he has not allowed any one long to dispute. He claims
to have but one business, and to breathe but one consuming
passion. He is a messenger of the King of kings, and has his
eye on the uttermost shores of earth.

The missionary has always had his eye on the nations of the
future. He has never failed to divine the regnant qualities
that lie latent in certain races. He must needs work for the
distant goal of the kingdom through those peoples, who, by
reason of their rapid growth, their instinct for expansion, their
industrial supremacy, and their masterful ability in government,
and the long call of God, are to control the next half hundred
and the next half thousand years. He is after the masters of
men, to bring them to the Master of all.

We dare not get away from this view of the world-move-
ment. The missionary is in line with the thought of a universal
Gospel. He links hands with the Master in His closing words
in St. Matthew's Gospel ; he grasps the hand of St. Paul in
Athens ; he echoes St. Peter's hope of the new world in which
dwelleth " righteousness "; he anoints his eyes with the apocalyp-
tic splendours of Revelation : " The kingdoms of this world
are become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ."
— Prof. Richard T. Stevenson , Ph. D.

LECTURE I

A NEW WORLD-CONSCIOUSNESS

THE missionary ideal of Christianity-
is impressive in its simplicity, and
almost startling in its grandeur. Its
aim is to win the world for Christ. Nothing
less than this will satisfy the heart of our
Lord, or be accepted as an adequate dis-
charge of His great commission. It be-
comes, therefore, the plain duty of the
Church to aim at world conquest. It is her
privilege, as well as her inspiration, to
cherish the ideal of universal dominion, to
cultivate a certain world-consciousness as a
spiritual atmosphere in which she can dream
and hope and serve. This can always be
done without any disloyalty to the claims of
parochial duty, or the exactions of a local
consciousness. The Church must never fail
to discharge faithfully the obligations of her
17

18 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

immediate environment, but at the same time
her sympathies should be world-wide, and
the goal of her destiny should be nothing
less than world victory. The statement that
the Church belongs to all ages would hardly
be questioned. Have we not quite as good
reason to regard this age-long institution as
belonging to all races and all lands ? Her
home is in the Christian hearts of all the
centuries, and, for substantially the same rea-
son, her native air is the encircling atmos-
phere of the whole planet.

The deeper, larger, nobler consciousness
of Christian discipleship can never be con-
tent with narrow or provincial limitations,
and this for very much the same reason that
national citizenship can never be bounded
by a state line, or confined within county or
municipal limits. Patriotic citizenship de-
mands a consciousness which reaches to the
utmost boundary line. Christian disciple-
ship, if true to its higher significance, cher-
ishes a world-consciousness as broad as hu-
manity, and as far-reaching as the love of
Christ.

A NEW WORLD-CONSCIOUSNESS 1 9

The sense in which I shall use the expres-
sion world-consciousness in this lecture may
need further explanation. In its more gen-
eral and secular aspects it cannot be regarded
as a new experience in human history. Great
conquerors have often felt the thrill of it, and,
fascinated by its allurements, have followed
hard after the prizes of militant ambition.
Great empires have caught the inspiration of
it, and have nourished those ideals of destiny
to which it has given birth. Great states-
men have yielded to its sway, and under its
impulse have outlined their imperial pro-
grammes. In the projected Holy Roman
Empire of the Middle Ages we have an illus-
tration of the blending of political and eccle-
siastical ideals of universal rule under sup-
posed theocratic auspices. In modern times,
however, the development of national con-
solidation and colonial expansion, which is
represented in the so-called Great Powers of
Christendom, has checked somewhat the
ambitious suggestions of imperial aspiration.
This balance of rival nationalities has there-
fore proved a quieting influence to other-

20 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

wise aggressive programmes of all-inclusive
expansion.

Happily, this colonial relationship, with the
measure of world-consciousness which it im-
plies, has been in many instances, although
with some dark and dismal exceptions, an
undoubted benefit to backward and unde-
veloped races. It has brought to many dis-
turbed portions of the earth the boon of
orderly government; it has introduced ad-
ministrative training; it has banished de-
generate and cruel customs ; it has intro-
duced educational facilities, modern methods
of transit and communication, and has es-
tablished valuable philanthropic agencies. It
has, to be sure, in some respects proved
disastrous to native industries; yet at the
same time it has opened new and wide com-
mercial doors, and created a demand for
industrial employment far more remunerative
and expansive than the old lines of toil could
ever promise. This impulse of colonial ex-
pansion, including as it does the necessity
of race contact, is regarded by Mr. James
Bryce as involving some of the most momen-

A NEW WORLD-CONSCIOUSNESS 21

tous questions of our times, and in his Romanes
Lecture of 1902, on " The Relations of the
Advanced and the Backward Races of Man-
kind," he deals with it with statesmanlike
insight and humane sympathy.

There are, however, certain aspects of
modern world-consciousness which are more
germane to our subject than any which are
identified with either politics or commerce,
and which cannot be classed with schemes
of colonial expansion or military conquest.
I mean that perspective of the world outlook
which may be described as the growth of a
spirit of universal brotherhood, the increase
of a tendency to racial rapprochement, the
awakening of a sympathetic interest in the
social betterment of alien and distant peoples,
and the cultivation of friendly relations be-
tween nations, when there appears to be little
else than a common humanity to cement the
tie. We may include also the better mutual
understanding of races hardly acquainted
with each other a few generations ago, the
intellectual and scholarly rapport which has
resulted from research and intercourse, and

22 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

the mutual enlightenment which has followed
upon travel and observation. Then, there
are the more or less official visits of high
functionaries, government commissions, or pri-
vate parties, arranged for the express purpose
of making a serious study of the institutions
and the social and industrial life of other
nations. These may all be considered as as-
pects of a world-consciousness which is
based, to a noticeable extent, upon the con-
viction that as nations and races we are
members one of another. The oneness of
Christians in Christ, and in each other as
members of Christ's body, while it is a su-
preme illustration of spiritual brotherhood, is
not after all the only example of the unity
which binds man to his brother man. The
unfoldings of modern history indicate with a
new and startling emphasis that we are
linked one to another, as men, as races, as
nations, as factors in the world's progress, as
workers together with God in the historic
development of human life and destiny, and
as members of one great human family.
We have approached now to that partic-

A NEW WORLD-CONSCIOUSNESS 23

ular phase of world-consciousness which has
always been characteristic of Christianity,
but at the present time is rapidly assuming
a commanding and prominent place in the
spiritual economy of the world's higher life.
I mean that unique interest of the Christian
heart in the heart-life of man throughout the
earth, which we are accustomed to designate
by the general title of missions. It may be
further described as a desire to distribute
everywhere the universal blessings of the
Gospel of Christ, to impart to all races the
good news of that great and glad fact of the
Incarnation, to introduce Christ in the im-
manence of His marvellous indwelling into
the consciousness of universal humanity, to
minister in His name to the race — the whole
of it — which He came to save, to make the
love of God in Christ a part of the experience
of all the sinful and lapsed millions of man-
kind. Can we dream of anything nobler and
finer than this divine commission which our
Lord gave to His Church ? Is there any ex-
ploit of chivalry, any glory of military achieve-
ment, any attainment of scholarship, any

24 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

service of culture, even any height or depth
of patriotic or humanitarian sacrifice, which
can compare in simple beauty, grandeur, and
worth with this superb ministry, in God's
name, and at Christ's command, to the soul
life of humanity? It is just this which is
back of the Incarnation ; it is just this which
is enfolded in the mystery of the Cross ; it
is our Lord's outstanding command at the
close of His earthly life ; it is destined to be
the crowning triumph of His eternal reign.
Earth and heaven wait for its consummation,
and long for the exultant joy of its achieve-
ment.

This world-consciousness has in some
measure taken possession of all alert and
earnest students of the religious progress of
the times. Those who expect to serve in the
ministry must have felt its power and in-
spiration ; those who may have already com-
mitted themselves to service in the foreign
field will find their minds and their hearts
adjusting themselves more and more to its
absorbing, yet happy, thraldom. Every
earnest worker for Christ in this luminous

A NEW WORLD-CONSCIOUSNESS 25

age of the kingdom has, with more or less
distinctness, his vision of the world for which
Christ died, and hears the many-voiced call
of that great deep of humanity, whose rest-
less tumult awaits the calming voice of Him
who alone can say to its troubled moanings,
" Peace, be still."

We should never forget that this cos-
mopolitan spirit and purpose of the Gospel
— this vivid consciousness of a world mission
— has been bequeathed to us as a direct and
authorized inheritance from our Lord. It is
writ large in what we may count as His last
will and testament. He introduces it with a
solemn fervour, as if He had said : " In the
name of God, Amen ! Go ye into all the
world, and preach the Gospel to every
creature." Have we noted carefully how
fully this large-hearted interest in all man-
kind can be discovered in the aspirations and
aims of Christ's own life? When He min-
istered to that Roman centurion, and ex-
claimed : " I have not found so great faith,
no, not in Israel," He immediately added, as
if giving utterance to a gladdening and com-

26 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

forting thought that suddenly took possession
of His mind, " and I say unto you, that many
shall come from the East and West, and shall
sit down with Abraham, and Isaac, and
Jacob, in the kingdom of heaven." Upon
another occasion, the Greeks who " would
see Jesus" were no doubt kindly and gra-
ciously received, just as in after years He wel-
comed to the Christian fold, at the hands of
His disciples, " devout Greeks not a few."

Recall, moreover, His broad and untram-
melled commission to carry the Gospel to the
Gentiles: "For so hath the Lord com-
manded us," reports Paul, "saying, I have
set thee to be a light of the Gentiles, that
thou shouldest be for salvation unto the ends
of the earth." How explicit, how unmistak-
able, how characteristic of the mind of Christ !
In that last tender prayer for His disciples,
recorded in the seventeenth chapter of John,
mingled with His affectionate remembrance
of those whom He loved then in the flesh, are
these significant petitions : " Neither pray I
for these alone, but for them also which shall
believe on Me through their word ; that they

A NEW WORLD-CONSCIOUSNESS 27

all may be one ; as Thou, Father, art in Me,
and I in Thee, that they also may be one in
us : that the world may believe that Thou
hast sent Me." We seem to have fallen into
a complacent habit of applying to ourselves
these affectionate references to outside be-
lievers, or at least limiting them to Christen-
dom as we know it, as if we Gentiles who up
to our present year of grace have become
Christians are the legitimate heirs of the
promises to the Gentile world ; but could we
have searched the consciousness of Christ
when He spoke of " them also which shall
believe on Me," is it not more than likely
that we should have discovered that His
generous thought extended to all ages and
all races ?

This universal significance of the person-
ality and work of Christ may be properly
deduced also as a necessary inference from
the fact that, being a revelation of the Father,
He may therefore be regarded as represent-
ing in the range and intent of His service to
man the universal love and the impartial
sympathy and tenderness of Divine Father-

28 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

hood. The full import and the inclusive
purpose of the Incarnation may thus be in-
terpreted in terms of a universal Fatherhood.
" He that hath seen Me hath seen the
Father," Christ declares, and we may not
hesitate, therefore, to read into our Lord's
attitude to the world the implications of a
heavenly Father's love for all His children.
We have, moreover, Christ's own interpreta-
tion of this thought, when He says, in His
Sermon on the Mount : " That ye may be
the children of your Father which is in
heaven : for He maketh His sun to rise on
the evil and on the good, and sendeth rain on
the just and on the unjust." The very pur-
pose of Christ's coming was to fulfill the
ancient promise of God the Father, that in
Abraham " shall all families of the earth be
blessed."

We may note also another word of Christ,
which identifies the world-significance of His
mission not only with the divine Fatherhood
which He revealed, but with the Holy Spirit
whose coming He announced : " But ye
shall receive power," He said to His disciples

A NEW WORLD-CONSCIOUSNESS 29

just before His ascension, "after that the
Holy Ghost is come upon you : and ye shall
be witnesses unto Me both in Jerusalem, and
in all Judea, and in Samaria, and unto the
uttermost part of the earth.' ' It was the
same Holy Ghost who said a little later, at
Antioch : "Separate Me Barnabas and Saul
for the work whereunto I have called them."
Is it not manifest that in Christ's magnificent
outlook over all ages and all races, " there is
neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither bond
nor free, there is neither male nor female : for
all are one in Christ Jesus " ? We find this
sympathetic and large-hearted attitude to-
ward all mankind further accentuated in that
favourite title, " the Son of Man," which He
seemed to love to apply to Himself.

Christ Himself has thus given the initial
impulse to universal Christian missions.
When the world knew nothing of any
imperial ideal which was not born of military
ambition, representing the lust of power, the
spoils of ruined nations, and the thraldom of
subject peoples, Christ was cherishing that
unique and marvellous conception of a

30 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

universal empire of love, in which all men
were to be brothers, the imperial bond being
attachment to His own kingly personality,
and the supreme ideal of service being to link
all men to Him, that they might eventually
share with Him in the glory of a transformed
and godlike humanity. His ideal was cosmo-
politan ; His programme was coextensive with
the earth ; it included all races ; and the ex-
press purpose, for the fulfillment of which He
has promised, " Lo, I am with you alway," is
that the scattered nations and the wandering
tribes of men should be brought into oneness
in Him.

The thrill of that world-consciousness
lingered in the Church, and wrought with
power, until it brought the Roman Empire
under the sway of the Cross. In spite of the
fact that a world-embracing missionary pur-
pose failed to maintain its leadership, it has
never lost its hold upon hearts that were
linked by spiritual bonds to Christ. It
wrought in those early missions in the
British Isles, in the days of Columba,
Augustine, and Paulinus ; in medieval efforts

A NEW WORLD-CONSCIOUSNESS 3 1

to convert pagan Europe, through the serv-
ices of Ulfilas, Severinus, Columbanus,
Willibrord, Boniface, Ansgar, and others;
and again, in the days of Cyril and Metho-
dius, among the Slavs. It was the inspira-
tion of St. Francis of Assisi, of Raymond
Lull, of Hans Egede, and of the heroic and
devout Moravians. Heurnius was in the
Dutch East Indies in the seventeenth cen-
tury ; Ziegenbalg, Plutschau, and Schwartz
were in India early in the eighteenth cen-
tury ; and we come at length, just as the
nineteenth century dawns, to that hero of
modern missions, William Carey.

It is interesting to read of that humble
cobbler's shop, immortalized now in the
history of missions, and of that rude map
of the world made by Carey's own hands,
and hung in full view of the industrious
workman, seated on his bench, at Moulton.
It is inspiring to think of those marvellous
dreams of Christian duty to the nations, as
he toiled on amid the throes of a deepening
world-consciousness, and of the convictions
he cherished concerning the debt of the

32 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

Church, and his own personal duty to the
unevangelized races. He seemed to realize
what many, even in our day, are slow to
recognize, that there is no great organized
movement in human history, and no relation-
ship of trust and responsibility, which has a
better right, or a more direct and supreme
authorization, to cherish a world ambition,
and plan for a world victory, than the Church
of Christ, the world's Redeemer. Carey's
busy hands were at that time still at work
on the rough shoes of a rustic community ;
yet, in the light of his subsequent life and
influence, can we not easily picture him as
even then shaping with noble earnestness of
thought and purpose the footwear of that
great army of missionaries, shod with the
" preparation of the Gospel of peace," who,
following his example, were to tread the
highways and byways of distant lands, on
their errands of enlightenment and love ?

The dimness of the world-consciousness of
some of the leading minds in the ministry of
that day was revealed in the reproach heaped
upon Carey, when he ventured to suggest as

A NEW WORLD-CONSCIOUSNESS 33

a subject for discussion at a meeting of
clergymen held at Northampton, in 1786,
"whether," to quote his own words, "the
command given to the apostles to teach all
nations was not obligatory on all succeeding
ministers, to the end of the world, seeing
that the accompanying promise was of equal
extent." Listen now to the rebuke of the
Chairman, in reply to Carey's suggestion:
"You are a miserable enthusiast," he ex-
claimed, " for asking such a question. Cer-
tainly, nothing can be done before another
Pentecost, when an effusion of miraculous
gifts, including the gift of tongues, will give
effect to the commission of Christ, as at
first." Carey was chagrined, but was not
daunted, and by no means silenced.

It is right, however, that we should note
just here, while giving due honour to Carey,
that no such preeminence should be assigned
him in this matter as to regard his as the
solitary mind which had pondered this great
theme, and given expression to missionary
convictions in the centuries preceding the
nineteenth. The story of medieval missions,

34 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

as we have seen, disproves this, and so also
does the undoubted missionary spirit notice-
able in the plans and hopes of many of those
who sailed westward to American shores in
our colonial days, and even still earlier in
the minds of some of the most distinguished
explorers in the preceding age of discovery.
The formation of the " Corporation for the
Propagation of the Gospel in New England,"
in 1649, the "Society for Promoting Chris-
tian Knowledge," in 1698, the "Society for
the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign
Parts," in 1701, the "Danish-Halle Mission,"
and the Moravian awakening, in the early
part of the eighteenth century, of which we
have already spoken, all furnish evidence of
a living missionary purpose in many hearts.

To Carey, however, belongs the distinc-
tion of enlisting, in the face of many discour-
agements, the sympathy and cooperation of
his Baptist brethren in organizing the first
of the great English societies for the explicit
purpose of propagating the Gospel among
the heathen. He was an example of Chris-
tian world-consciousness when there were few

A NEW WORLD-CONSCIOUSNESS 35

indeed who cherished generous convictions
of evangelistic duty to the race. His stirring
watchword, " Expect great things from God ;
attempt great things for God," was uttered
first in the sermon he preached at Notting-
ham, in May, 1792, and was acted upon in
the formation of the Baptist Missionary
Society at Kettering, on October 2d, of the
same year. The organization of the London
Missionary Society quickly followed, in 1795,
of the Missionary Societies of Edinburgh and
Glasgow, in 1796, of the Church Missionary
Society, in 1799, of the British and Foreign
Bible Society, in 1804, and of the Wesleyan
Methodist Society, in 18 13, although the
Wesleyans had long been engaged in mis-
sion work before their formal organization.
Our American Board of Commissioners for
Foreign Missions was founded in 18 10, and
we shall soon celebrate its centennial.

The close of the eighteenth, and the begin-
ning of the nineteenth centuries, represent an
era of struggling world-consciousness in the
Christian churches, which may be counted a
worthy historic supplement to the Day of

36 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

Pentecost. It was a dim and far-off echo of
that Macedonian call which summoned Paul
into Europe, and it has proved an epoch-
making experience in the history of Christ's
universal kingdom. The movement has gath-
ered headway slowly, amid timid, apathetic,
and curiously perverse hindrances, but it
has moved on with unflinching persistency,
prayerful constancy, and staunch loyalty,
until it may fairly be said to have won over
the nineteenth century, and to have entered
the twentieth with cheering prospects of
steady advance. The prayers and songs of
its friends and converts now follow the sun-
rise round the earth every day of the year.
There was an average of at least 2,600 com-
municants admitted to Christian churches in
mission fields every Sunday of last year.
We could have taken possession of one of
our large church edifices, and packed it to
the doors morning and afternoon every Sab-
bath for the past twelve months with a fresh
throng of communicants at each service,
claiming their places for the first time at the
Lord's Table. If you could have slipped

A NEW WORLD-CONSCIOUSNESS 37

into some quiet seat in the gallery at any one
of those services, and gazed upon that hushed
and reverent assembly, strangely varied in
colour and garb, but one in hope and tender
love to your Saviour and mine, would you
not have found your heart in thrilling sym-
pathy with Christ's joy, and cheered with
glad assurances of His victory ? Would it
be easy, do you think, for the next globe-
trotting man-of-the-world to paralyze your
faith in missions, and convince you that he
was a walking oracle concerning something
about which he knows practically nothing ?

One of the things in which our young
century takes particular pride is that it is
up to date ; it would be horrified to be found
behind the times ; it is very much offended
if it is pronounced slow. We speak with
fine scorn of a dead medievalism, and con-
trast its musty dullness with the refreshing
novelty of modern conditions. This is often
much emphasized, and in many respects
justly so, as an offset to the extremes of
scholastic dogmatism, as a caviat against the
vagaries of fantastic tradition, and as a be-

38 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

coming attitude of receptivity toward the
now illuminated realm of scientific research.
The world in a thousand ways has moved
leagues onward out of medievalism ; but
there is one aspect of happy discovery and
alert appreciation of the signs of our times
concerning which the movement has not
kept pace with the advance in other direc-
tions. It is hard even now to kindle a sus-
tained enthusiasm on the subject of missions.
The new knowledge in every other depart-
ment seems to grow apace, to receive a
hospitable welcome, and often to attain a
dominant influence in its own special sphere,
while the interests of the kingdom at large
are looked upon by many as a negligible
quantity. It is seemingly not so much the
duty of the up-to-date scholar to know the
present outlook in missions as it is to know
the latest developments in theology, in criti-
cism, in science, or in social theories. The
otherwise alert and well-informed student
may entertain very inept and inexact views
on the subject of mission duty and progress,
and yet be highly esteemed in educated lay

A NEW WORLD-CONSCIOUSNESS 39

society for scholarship and intelligent mo-
dernity, and be counted as only very mildly
aberrant and retrograde in the clerical ranks.
We must not, however, allow ourselves to
become pessimistic ; there are aspects of the
missionary enterprise in our day which are as
cheering as they are notable. Its friends
throughout the Church are more intensely
loyal than ever ; they are constancy itself,
devoted, unwavering, responsive to Christ's
command, loving His leadership, and joy-
ously consecrating themselves to His service,
in the hope of contributing to the extension
of His kingdom. I doubt if there is any
firmer or more tender bond between Christ
and human hearts than that mystic sympathy
which exists between our Lord and His faith-
ful helpers in winning the world to Himself.
No one, unless he be historically blind and
coldly ungrateful, can fail to appreciate the
service rendered during the past century by
the loyal friends of missions in so cheerfully
supporting the cause during its sluggish and
unfruitful pioneer years. They have led the
Church on with a devotion and liberality

40 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

which have been undaunted by difficulties,
and unwearied by halting and disappointing
progress. We have come to these golden
years of opportunity as the result of their
fidelity. Their patient prayers, their unfalter-
ing faith, and their unfailing gifts, have
made our present outlook, and our present
privileges possible. Let us give them all
honour as the founders and patrons of a new
era in the history of the Church, and as
worthy labourers together with God in the
general progress of enlightenment and civili-
zation in the world.

It is our privilege at the present moment
to note the signs of a rising tide of world-
consciousness which is flooding young hearts
throughout the Church with a fresh enthusi-
asm for universal missions. Is it not true
that no great vitalizing and inspiriting force
in the religious life of Christendom can be or-
ganized in our time without instinctively ex-
panding itself into world-wide activities ?
The Young Men's Christian Association has
entered the foreign field with enthusiasm and
marvellous efficiency ; the Young Women's

A NEW WORLD-CONSCIOUSNESS 41

Christian Association is responding with in-
tense and beautiful devotion to this call of
distant need. The World's Student Chris-
tian Federation may almost be regarded as a
foregleam of the " Parliament of Men." It
has recently (April, 1907) met for its biennial
conference at Tokyo— the first international
gathering ever held in the Far East. The
Student Volunteer Movement was organized
for the express purpose of enlisting recruits
for missionary work in every corner of the
planet. The Young People's Society of
Christian Endeavour has its banners in-
scribed in every great language of the earth ;
and we may say substantially the same thing
of the Epworth League, the Luther League,
the Baptist Young People's Union (at least in
its special courses of mission study), and all
the various brotherhoods, orders, seminary
alliances, and children's unions. The Sun-
day-school also is rallying to the missionary
call. At the recent convention in Rome the
duty and privilege of universal missions be-
came a note of power. The watchword of
the whole gathering in its attitude to

42 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

the kingdom seemed to be, " Regions Be-
yond."

Our universities, as Yale, Harvard, and
Princeton, are identifying themselves with
some specialized form of service in mission
lands. The Young People's Missionary
Movement, in which various denominations
cooperate, is interesting many thousands of
the young, and also of the old, in a compre-
hensive study of foreign fields. Its confer-
ences, its Mission Study Classes, and its
carefully prepared text-books, chiefly on
foreign missions, are useful accessories to the
cause. The Laymen's Missionary Move-
ment, recently organized, while not confined
to the younger element, is alert with the
vigour of youth, and is significant as repre-
senting a desire on the part of the lay mem-
bership of the Church to participate more in-
telligently and helpfully in an interdenomina-
tional support of foreign missions. The
Foreign Missionary Convention for Men,
held at Omaha, Nebraska, under Presby-
terian auspices, in February, 1907, was char-
acterized by a spirit which promises a new

A NEW WORLD-CONSCIOUSNESS 43

era in missions. A like enthusiasm was
manifested in the Protestant Episcopal Con-
vention held at Richmond in October, 1907,
and especially in the remarkable Men's For-
eign Missionary Convention, under the aus-
pices of the Presbyterian Board, held at Phil-
adelphia in February, 1908. The various
Mission Study Classes for the young (a new
and surprisingly successful effort to awaken
interest in the foreign work) seem to be de-
vouring mission literature with astonishing
avidity ; while every summer brings an en-
larged list of schools and conferences for
mission study, scattered over this country
and Great Britain. That unreality which has
so long shadowed and hampered missions in
the minds of many good people is coming to
an end. To the finer Christian consciousness
of our times, missions, both at home and
abroad, are becoming more and more the real
thing in the religious history and prospects
of the world.

The fact is that the young, alert, impres-
sionable element in the religious life of our
day cannot be kept out of the world arena.

44 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

There is something inspiring and fascinating
in this all-round-the-earth campaign for the
Master which captivates the imagination of
young enthusiasts. Long ago the Bible and
Tract Societies were busy in the many
strange languages through which we have
access to the minds and hearts of men ; and
then the vast missionary enterprises of the
Church, what a story of consecration they
represent during all the past century ! How
they have gained in momentum, power,
extent, and victorious advance, until the
brightest and most triumphant annals of
Christianity in our present time are written
in foreign missionary achievements! The
Church has been slow to recognize this ; it
has seemed incredible that Christianity is
being vindicated and honoured by its progress
in mission fields even more than by its ad-
vances in Christendom. I believe that I am
quite within the bounds of truth in saying
this. Each ordained foreign missionary
of the northern branch of our American
Presbyterian Church had an accession of
thirty-four communicants opposite his name,

A NEW WORLD-CONSCIOUSNESS 45

in 1906, while each minister in the home
field of the same Church had ten. A church
life which honours foreign missions and re-
fuses to be self-centred, has been demon-
strated by experience to be the safest, sound-
est, most wholly loyal, and most richly
self-rewarding policy which a Christian
congregation can adopt. Local interests,
however pressing and exacting, will never be
neglected by Christians who love the uni-
versal kingdom of Christ.

A further interesting feature of this new
world-consciousness of which we are speak-
ing is the changed estimate which the Church
is making of the value of Christian fellow-
ship with alien races. There was a time,
not so very long ago, when the sentiment of
pity was in the forefront as a very prominent
feature of the motive which inspired mis-
sions. The missionary appeal was largely
emotional, laying much stress upon the duty
of compassionate ministry to a suffering and
doomed world. Missionary service was re-
garded as a kind of slum work among
sunken, degraded, and altogether degene-

46 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

rate races. We would not say one word to
disparage the influence of compassionate
sympathy as a helpful stimulus to missionary
zeal, nor would we question the dire need of
non-Christian races for the Gospel of Christ,
but we would call attention to the fact that
missions are no longer merely a helping
hand held out to save sinking races, who were
regarded as of doubtful value even when
pulled out of the depths of their decadence.
A new appreciation of the value of these neg-
lected nations is taking possession of the
Church. A more intelligent judgment has
been formed of their capabilities, their
powers, their capacity to aid and cooperate
in the upbuilding of Christ's kingdom. They
are beginning to be appreciated for what
they are in themselves, and for what they may
become, as fellow-labourers in the kingdom of
God. The contribution they may make to
the vitality, the resourcefulness, the spiritual
charm, and the courageous loyalty, of the
Church is more fully and gladly recognized
than ever before. " It is impossible," writes
Professor Gwatkin, " that- the new-born

A NEW WORLD-CONSCIOUSNESS. 47

energy of Japan should never have anything
better to teach us than the mere craft of war.
The ancient wisdom of India may well have
a new career before it. . . . More than
this, I can well believe that some of the
noblest work of a not distant future may
come from peoples on whose ancestors we
ourselves look down as proudly as of old
imperial Rome looked down upon our own."
Who would have thought a generation ago
that England would ever seek an alliance
with Japan? Who can measure now" the
immense increment of vigoufand hopefulness
which Christianity would derive from an
alliance with the great nations of the East,
when they shall become loyal to Christ, and
consecrated to the extension of His kingdom ?
The subject is one of such present-day
interest that a recent extended volume, en-
titled, " Mankind and the Church," makes a
formal attempt to estimate the potential con-
tribution of some of the great non-Christian
races to the fullness of the Church of God,
when they shall have been brought into the
kingdom.

48 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

There is still another aspect of modern
missions which, though it can hardly be
classed under world-consciousness, is never-
theless surely akin to it in the sphere of
church life and ecclesiastical progress. We
refer to the interdenominational conscious-
ness which has sprung up in missionary
circles abroad, and has no doubt quickened
and encouraged the plans for federation and
the movements for practical cooperation
among the Churches of Christendom. Very
manifest progress in the direction of church
unity is involved in the recent successful
Conference on Church Federation and Inter-
denominational Cooperation. This has re-
sulted, as we all know, in the organization
of a permanent representative committee,
with instructions to plan for further advances
in the cultivation of a deeper consciousness
of brotherhood. The missionary in the
foreign field has confessedly set the pace in
this new and happy rapprochement in
church fellowship at home. There is some-
thing cosmopolitan, large, and fine, after the
pattern of the one eternal kingdom, in this

A NEW WORLD-CONSCIOUSNESS 49

union of hearts, this simplification of aims,
this conservation of forces, this concentration
of power, which are represented in the
federation movement. If we are all, speak-
ing with the reverent boldness of Paul,
" workers together with God," why can we
not be partners with each other in a sym-
pathetic, harmonious, cooperative, and mu-
tually helpful service for the glory of His
kingdom, and the good of our fellow men ?
The recent Centennial Conference at Shang-
hai was marked by a remarkable exhibition
of the strength and depth of that spirit of
unity which is beginning to dominate mis-
sionary hearts, and large plans were made
for practical cooperation and future harmony
in the organized development of a Chris-
tian Church in China. There is surely what
we might call a new ecclesiastical conscious-
ness both at home and abroad, in this grow-
ing spirit of fraternization and coordination
of service. We shall have something more
to say on this special aspect of our subject
in another lecture, so we will not deal with
it at any length here.

50 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

What is needed in the Church at home in
our present generation is a large apprehen-
sion of the unprovincial, world-comprehend-
ing, race-inclusive character of the kingdom
of the Son of Man. The great missionaries
of the Church have ever been moved by pro-
found recognition of the world-conquering
destiny of the Gospel, and so the missionary
Church of the present must cultivate and
cherish with devout enthusiasm a sym-
pathetic understanding of that all-generous
impulse which dominates the mind of the
world-conscious Christ. Paul was ever
dreaming and planning an extended, and
yet more extended programme on behalf of
Christ's kingdom ; so the missionary Church
of this unrivalled age of opportunity should
be casting out its lines, making and extend-
ing its itineraries, and, in the person of its
missionary representatives, taking its pas-
sage to the uttermost parts of the earth. A
church, even a single individual church,
which in our day is content to delimit its
frontiers, confine its sympathies, and narrow
its life, to its local environment, may per-

A NEW WORLD-CONSCIOUSNESS 51

haps, if it long survives, be a useful provin-
cial instrument, but it is sure to lose its place
of honour in the history of the larger life and
the imperial advances of the eternal king-
dom. If a church desires a grateful recogni-
tion in the consciousness of our Lord, and
an honourable place among present-day in-
strumentalities for the spread of the king-
dom, it must at least consecrate a measure
of its sympathy, its liberality, and its prayer,
to the furthering of the world purposes of
the Redeemer.

Where is the true man's fatherland ?

Is it where he by chance is born ?

Doth not the yearning spirit scorn
In such scant borders to be spanned ?

O yes ! his fatherland mustjbe

As the blue heaven wide and free !

Where'er a human heart doth wear

Joy's myrtle-wreath or sorrow's gyves,

Where'er a human spirit strives
After a life more true and fair,

There is the true man's birthplace grand,

His is a world-wide fatherland !

Where'er a single slave doth pine,

Where'er one man may help another, —
Thank God for such a birthright, brother, —

52 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

That spot of earth is thine and mine !
There is the true man's birthplace grand,
His is a world-wide fatherland !

Politically it is difficult for Christendom to
adjust itself to the world point of view, for we
belong to different and scattered nations, and
there is no universal State ; it hardly exists
even as a political ideal. There is some-
thing almost eccentric in any one declaring
himself a citizen of the world, and priding
himself on the dignity of belonging to the
planet. Religiously, however, it should not
be a strange and forced attitude to regard
ourselves as disciples of a world religion,
subjects of a universal kingdom, citizens of a
spiritual commonwealth, without material
boundaries or racial limitation. Our religion
is intended to be universal ; it is given to all
humanity, and its purpose, its destiny, is to
draw all men into unity of faith. The heaven
where we expect to spend our eternity is a
place of many mansions, and a haven of
many souls. World-consciousness is natural
to the Christian. Are we right, it might be
asked, in calling this a new world-conscious-

A NEW WORLD-CONSCIOUSNESS 53

ness in the experience of the Church ? No,
it is not new if we consult the mind of Christ,
and search the deeper significance of all the
prophetic interpretations of what the king-
dom stands for. In every age, too, there
have been leaders, and men of spiritual in-
sight, who have cherished the ideal of a re-
deemed race, and toiled for the upbuilding
of a universal kingdom. It is new rather in
the reach and power of its present sway over
Christian hearts, in the recognition it is
claiming, in the facilities it can command, in
the programme it outlines, in the prominence
assigned to it in the thought of the Church,
and in the shaping of practical plans for
growth and expansion.

The time has come when the humblest
disciple of the Church, the smallest giver to
mission funds, the most obscure member of
Christ's body, as well as those who occupy
responsible positions, and give out of abun-
dant means for the furtherance of the cause,
have all open before them, if they will, the
pages of the world-wide record of mission
progress. Into the most modest and shrink-

54 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

ing soul among Christ's people, in the quiet
hours given to the perusal of some bright
and interesting missionary magazine (and
there are many such at the present time), or
the study of some favourite missionary
biography, or stirring story of heroism and
unselfish toil, there can come a consciousness
of the world's need, a knowledge of mission
progress among the nations, and a devout
and sympathetic prayerfulness for the world's
redemption, which it was hardly possible to
attain until within recent decades. Into
many lives not favoured with the privilege
of higher education has been introduced an
element of culture, an experience of soul ex-
pansion, through an awakened interest in
world missions. Here is the opening, we
may say, of a new era of world-conscious-
ness, which spreads ennobling and broaden-
ing themes before the minds and the hearts
of the entire membership of our Christian
Church, if they will but turn their attention
to the fascinating story it unfolds.

It is not difficult for us to recognize the
fact that the United States at present has a

A NEW WORLD-CONSCIOUSNESS 55

new and vivid consciousness, politically and
commercially, of the existence of Japan, and
so all Christendom has awakened to a new
relationship not only to Japan, but to China,
to India, in fact, to all Asia and Africa.
Nations are realizing as never before the re-
sponsibilities of empire. Christian England
is becoming more conscious than ever of the
growing urgency of her religious duty to the
hundreds of millions within the boundaries
of the Greater Britain. A little volume re-
cently published, entitled, " Church and Em-
pire," is all aglow with the imperial call to
the Church of England to dedicate herself
anew to a strenuous service beyond the seas.
A similar spirit is surely beginning to inspire
the larger Christendom, awakening in all our
churches a new consciousness of nations and
races ready for the touch of the universal
Gospel, responsive to the call which summons
them to a nobler career, and beginning,
dimly perhaps, to discover a new vision of
destiny. The Church is lifting up her eyes
and making a fresh discovery of the fact that
world-fields are already " white to the harvest."

56 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

It seems to be a time when those who are,
or those who intend to be the pastors and
spiritual teachers of souls should covet the
inspiration and cheer of a full knowledge of
God's wonderful workings in the world, and
open their hearts to the comfort and strength
which familiarity with missionary advances
will give. Let us all cultivate the historic
spirit, keep in close touch with the large heart
of Christ, and the majestic plans He cher-
ishes. Let us receive into hospitable minds
and welcome with responsive feelings, the
tidings which greet us on every hand of the
progress of Christ's kingdom in the world.
It will cheer our hearts, and give us an unfal-
tering courage in the midst of perplexing
difficulties and arduous toils, to maintain an
intelligent and ever deepening interest in the
larger vision of the kingdom, and an ever
growing consciousness of the certainty of its
coming victory.

LECTURE II

STRATEGIC ASPECTS OF
THE MISSIONARY OUTLOOK

" The world generally seems a long way from conversion —
thus it appears to the carnal eye ; and yet the heathen nations
everywhere are white breadths ready for the sickle. The Jews
thought the Samaritans very unripe, and yet Christ showed how
ready they were for the richest blessing, and we see the same in
the Acts of the Apostles. The Samaritan woman represents sus-
ceptible heathendom ; and her nation itself was typical of the
great pagan nations of to-day. The Samaritans had their tem-
ples, festivals, scriptures, as India and China have to-day — a
strange jumble of truth and error, spirituality and necromancy,
was their religion, as is the current religion of the Chinese,
Japanese, and Hindu. And yet He who knew what was in
man, to whom all hearts are open, saw these Samaritans bend-
ing like bearded grain for the harvester.

The world waits for the Church to go in and gather the living
corn. Do you ask where is the sowing ? It is done. The
New Testament represents the Church as a reaper, not as a
sower; Christ is the Sower. He moves in His Spirit among
the million, scattering living germs in the red furrows of human
hearts, and the Church is to follow, reaping where it has not
sown, gathering where it has not strawed. Do you ask where
the ripening forces are ? They have done their work already.
The sun acts where it does not shine. The roots of trees are
vitalized by the sunshine, although they are not bathed in it !
So, in the kingdom of souls, the Light of the World acts where
He does not manifestly shine. We are not waiting for God ;
God is waiting for us, and the harvest is spoiling through our
sloth and unbelief."— JF. L. Watkinson, D. D.t LL. D.

LECTURE II

STRATEGIC ASPECTS OF THE
MISSIONARY OUTLOOK

THAT these times in which we live are
making history of extraordinary in-
terest and large constructive portent
is a statement which few would be inclined
to question. We are living under the pres-
sure of great responsibilities, in the presence
of serious problems, and with mighty issues
hanging upon the decisions we make, and the
action we take. It is an era of rapid prog-
ress and swift changes in almost every de-
partment of the world's activities. The alert-
ness of the times is wonderful. Statesman-
ship feels the tension and strain of its duties,
and keeps closely in touch with changing
world conditions ; the intellectual life of our
age is keenly responsive to the new light
which is illuminating the scientific, artistic,
59

60 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

and cultural progress of our day ; the inven-
tive genius of our age is giving itself with
unwearied diligence to the study of the secret
forces of nature, and not even the faintest
gleams of light are regarded with indifference,
or allowed to pass without searching scrutiny.
The signs of the times in all departments of
knowledge, in every realm of practical en-
deavour, and in every sphere of commercial
and industrial activity are closely inspected
and carefully analyzed by those who are
watchful for opportunity, and ambitious for
success. Much more might be said of this
general tenor concerning the growing in-
tensity of life, and the broadening interests
of culture and intellectual application in this
our day.

In connection with the subject we have
in hand — the new outlook in missions — a
very pertinent question suggests itself, as to
whether we are giving due attention to the
signs of God's mighty activities in this sphere
of effort, and are seeking diligently to realize
the significance of the contemporary annals
of the kingdom. Are we not, as children of

STRATEGIC ASPECTS 6l

the kingdom, as stewards of divine grace,
workmen whose duty it is to handle those
mighty spiritual forces which have guided
and glorified the higher life of the race,
bound to study the signs of the times, and
in our own realm of service to show the same
alertness and intelligent use of opportunity
which characterize the statesman, the soldier,
the merchant, the scientist, the student, and,
in fact, every keen expert of our day ? Let
us by no means ignore the fact that we are
undoubtedly face to face at the present time
with an outlook in mission fields which has
never been surpassed in its optimistic signifi-
cance. It is quite within the bounds of truth,
I think, to say that the kingdom of God is
in action throughout the earth to-day to an
extent rarely, if ever, exceeded in its mystic
energies and its many-sided contact with
humanity,

I am well aware that there are many diffi-
culties and hindrances which handicap mis-
sions among alien peoples. I have not the
time, however, to dwell upon this aspect of
the subject. We will take it for granted that

62 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

many embarrassing obstacles and much fa-
natical opposition must be met. We will
bear in mind at the same time that what may
truly be said of progress and encouragement
is all the more cheering and significant, be-
cause it represents success in the face of
grave difficulties. It stands for victory over
alert and determined opposition on the part
of ignorant and unregenerate man, as well as
vigilant hostility on the part of the powers of
darkness.

Let us ask what is there which would now
fix our attention could we have a vision of
the kingdom of Christ in its progress among
the non-Christian nations of the earth ? The
scene is surely one of exceptional interest ;
the outlook is alive with mighty move-
ments ; centenary and bi-centenary celebra-
tions, marked by joyous enthusiasm, are in
the foreground. It was in 1706 that the
Danish missionaries, Ziegenbalg and Pliits-
chau, landed in India, where the bi-centenary
of this event has recently (1906) been cele-
brated. We are living in an era of mis-
sionary centennials. We have had several

STRATEGIC ASPECTS 63

already to commemorate the founding of the
great British societies, and now we are be-
ginning to hold these centenary festivals in
our own country. The echoes of the Hay-
stack celebration are still lingering in our
ears, and before us, in 19 10, is the one hun-
dredth anniversary of the founding of the
American Board. Over in China there has
been held at Shanghai (1907) the Centenary
Conference commemorative of the arrival of
Morrison, the first missionary of the modern
era to China, who landed there in 1807. It
was indeed a strategic church council, deal-
ing with the spiritual welfare of a constitu-
ency of possibly four hundred million souls.
These centennial festivals are also beginning
to be kept under local auspices in our foreign
fields, as recently at Nagercoil, in South
India, where the London Mission has com-
memorated the beginning of its work in that
region. Amid the darkness, ignorance, and
deep degradation of that section of India the
Mission has been at work for a hundred
years, and behold a despised pariah com-
munity uplifted, transformed, and in large

64 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

measure delivered from the humiliation and
suffering of their lot, with over 350 churches,
attended by over 71,000 worshippers, and
with educational facilities which would be a
blessing to any people 1

Turning to the more general outlook, we
can hardly realize to what an extent, in
numerous and varied lines of progress, ours
is an age of great and momentous activities.
We find this to be true in national and inter-
national affairs, in politics, commerce, discov-
eries and inventions, improved facilities, in-
dustrial progress, philanthropic projects, re-
form movements, military and naval arma-
ments, and, at the same time, influential
movements in the interests of universal
peace. The world seems to be tremulous
with excitement, and tumultuous with change.

In the midst of it all, despite the signs of
unrest and the measure of unreality which
characterize much of the religious life of our
day, I cannot but believe that in the hearts
and lives of many dear disciples of Christ
may be found a depth of earnestness, a
wealth of liberality, and an outlay of practical

STRATEGIC ASPECTS 65

activity, which form a quite sufficient answer
to the pessimistic complaint that the Chris-
tianity of our time is either tainted or de-
generate. On the contrary, I believe that
the recognition of an altruistic obligation,
the duty of stewardship broadly and gener-
ously interpreted, is an outstanding char-
acteristic of the loyal church life of to-day,
as well as a marked feature of the spirit
of the age. This recognition of a duty to
the world, as one of the noblest as well as
the most urgent obligations of the religious
life, especially where sin and suffering call
for the ministry of love and pity, is not only
a ruling motive in the activities of the Church,
but it is winning its way to a commanding
influence in our secular life. That we owe
much to alien and backward races, in the
spirit of human brotherhood, and in the
discharge of altruistic claims, is a conviction
which is slowly dominating the imperial
policy of nations. It can be detected even
in international diplomacy ; it may be dis-
covered in the growing sense of fraternity
between races and nations which a half

66 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

century or more ago were looked upon as
having hardly anything in common. It
inspires private beneficence, and it even
dictates State papers, as when a famine in
China makes its mute appeal for aid, or
Congo atrocities call loudly for international
intervention. Then, as regards the religious
activities of our times, are they not altruistic
to an unprecedented extent, not simply as
regards home responsibilities, and the press-
ing demands of the great needs of our im-
mediate environment, but in their readiness
to respond to the call of the world for re-
ligious light and guidance, and helpful
ministry ?

It is not too much to claim, moreover, that
the great and resistless Christian apologetic
of our day is missions. I do not refer
simply to the evidence which is based upon
success in the foreign fields, although that
alone would seem to be sufficient, but I
mean to include the determined and un-
wavering loyalty of the Christian Church at
home to the missionary aim of Christianity.
So long as Christian people here and through-

STRATEGIC ASPECTS 67

out Christendom are responsive to this
world-wide duty to the extent which marks
the religious spirit of the times, and so long
as the success in mission fields is what it is,
we may go quietly and patiently on our
way, with a song of gratitude in our hearts,
and an assurance of triumph in our souls.
Christianity is safe ; God is breaking a new
seal of evidence, which will comfort and
support His people, and which will convince
the age. Is it not clear that if we were
thoroughly loyal, and ready to put forth the
power which is lodged in the Church as a
whole, we might achieve results, and gain
victories, the significance of which it would
be impossible to ignore ?

Have you noticed, let me ask, the remark-
able change in the tone of the secular press
of this country, as well as in that of Great
Britain, during the last ten years, in its
favourable references to the missionary
enterprise, and to the missionary himself?
Read the article on missions in China, by the
Hon. Chester Holcombe, in the Atlantic
Monthly for September, 1906; read Dr.

68 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

Barton's article in the North American Re-
view for October 19th of the same year,
and the editorial comments upon it in the
same number. The Daily Mail of London
has recently published an article entitled,
" The Great Missionary Question," by its
special correspondent in the East, Mr. F. A.
McKenzie, in which he calls the missionary
movement in China to-day, to quote his own
words : " One of the most splendid exhibi-
tions of Anglo-Saxon altruism the world has
ever seen." Another article by the same
writer, in the issue of the Sunday Strand for
February, 1907, is a vigorous and discrimi-
nating endorsement of missions in the Far
East. You are no doubt aware of the fact
that a newspaper syndicate sent a special
correspondent, Mr. William T. Ellis, around
the world to investigate missions, and write
for publication in various journals an abso-
lutely impartial and dispassionate report of
his inspection of what one newspaper calls,
" the biggest American enterprise abroad."
In his first article, which appeared in the
New York Tribune, as well as in numerous

STRATEGIC ASPECTS 69

other journals, Mr. Ellis writes : "I am on
the trail of the American missionary. His
footprints are large and deep and many,
and I shall certainly come up with him.
Then we shall know what sort of an indi-
vidual he is ; whether a haloed saint, as the
religious papers represent, or a double-dyed
knave, as many other papers and people
assert, or a plain, every-day American, trying
to do an extraordinary job to the best of his
ability." Mr. Ellis has since returned, hav-
ing written many letters which refer in terms
of admiration to the missionary and his work.
It is easy to read between the lines of his
communications, and discover the impression
which missions have made upon this ob-
servant journalist, who sailed away with a
syndicate commission in his pocket, under
orders to write the unvarnished truth about
the missionary business. His able addresses
since his return express a conviction, based
upon personal investigation, that missions
have a unique value to the world, and are an
efficient agency for promoting the all-round
betterment of mankind. A discriminating

yo THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

reader can hardly fail to note that the secular
press of our day, if we are to believe evidence
which is appearing on every side, is fast be-
coming the friend and supporter of the mis-
sionary enterprise. We might name prom-
inent papers in different sections of our coun-
try, and in Great Britain, which could be cited
as illustrating this changed point of view, in
some instances to a surprising as well as
gratifying extent. To be sure, the educa-
tional and philanthropic side of missions is
emphasized and especially commended, but
the moral and reformatory influence is no
longer disparaged, and may we not hope
that the religious benefits will also be rec-
ognized and approved? In fact, I believe
that the mighty power of the press in Chris-
tendom will eventually be largely won over
to the support of missions, and will become a
valued helper in the great cause. The crit-
ical or disparaging animus observable in the
past was no doubt due in part to lack of in-
formation, for which the keen scent for news
when once it discovered the trail of the mission-
ary has happily supplied a sufficient remedy.

STRATEGIC ASPECTS 7 1

Have you read also the cumulative testi-
monies favourable to missions from men in
high stations throughout the world — men of
character, dignity, intelligence, and official
position, having full opportunity to speak as
first-hand observers ? I shall refer again to
these witnesses in another lecture. We may
note here that Mr. Wm. J. Bryan and Sec-
retary Taft, returning from journeys round
the world, speak with frank enthusiasm of
the service missions are rendering, while,
among other names well known to us all, we
may mention President Angell, of the Univer-
sity of Michigan, and Messrs. John Barrett,
Alfred Buck, Edwin Conger, Charles Denby,
John W. Foster, John Wanamaker, Julian
Hawthorne, Hamilton King, George F.
Seward, Lloyd C. Griscom, Luke E. Wright,
Thomas H. Norton, Gov. George R. Carter,
and Commodore Wadhams. A list equally
distinguished could be given of British
residents who have spoken in terms of great
respect and high commendation concerning
missionary work. We may name, the
Honourable James Bryce, Sir Charles U.

72 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

Aitchison, Sir Henry Mortimer Durand,
the late Mrs. Bishop, Sir Philip Currie,
Lord Curzon, Sir Bartle Frere, Sir Robert
Hart, Sir William Hunter, Sir Harry
H. Johnston, Sir Frederick Lugard, Sir
Alexander Mackenzie, Lord Napier, Lord
Northcote, Lord Radstock, Prof. William M.
Ramsay, Sir Henry M. Stanley, Robert Louis
Stevenson, Sir Richard Temple, Lord Mount-
morres, Sir William Mackworth Young, Sir
William McGregor, Sir Charles Elliot, Col.
G. K. Scott-Moncrieff, Sir Frederick Nichol-
son, Sir Andrew H. L. Fraser, Sir Arthur
Lawley, Sir John Woodburn, Lord William
Gascoyne-Cecil, and Sir Ernest Satow.
These testimonies are from those who have
visited and lived, and almost all of them
served, on foreign fields, in the presence of
missionaries, and I have especially restricted
the list to such names, in order that there
might be no question of the dignity and
trustworthiness of the witness, and of his
ability to know whereof he speaks. Our
outlook at the present time is through the
eyes of such witnesses, and from every one

STRATEGIC ASPECTS 73

of them we may gather assurance sane and
strong that missionary work all over the
world, with possibly here and there individual
exceptions in the case of freak missionaries,
is worthy of admiration and confidence.

Once more, have you studied for your-
selves the facts which the contemporary
literature of missions yields in such abun-
dance, and with such clearness, force, and au-
thoritative import? If so, you must surely
be convinced that the present outlook is sug-
gestive of a sturdy and well founded opti-
mism. The evangelistic progress in some of
our mission fields seems to give promise of a
coming national Pentecost. We have had
our " night of toil " ; may we not hope for an
era of " bursting nets " ? Churches are multi-
plying everywhere, and growing strong and
aggressive. Japan is entering upon an in-
dependent, self-governing, and largely self-
supporting era, with a Christian leaven
throughout the empire which is full of
spiritual energy. The kingdom of heaven
in Japan may be as yet like to a grain of
mustard seed, but who will venture to deny

74 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

that when it is grown it will not be regarded
as "the greatest among herbs?" It is only
thirty-five years ago that the death penalty
still hung over Christianity in that empire,
and to-day there is a large and dignified
company of native clergy and laity, who
would be an honour to Christianity in any
land. Japanese education bids fair to be-
come practically universal, since over ninety
per cent, of the children of both sexes, of
school age, are under instruction. The ed-
ucational system of the empire requires com-
pulsory school attendance between the ages
of six and fourteen. It is not at all an ex-
travagant forecast to say that before the end
of the present century Japan, if her progress
is marked by sanity, wisdom, and self-con-
trol, will be one of the most intelligent and
powerful nations of the earth.

Korea is building churches, and filling
them, too, with a rapidity which is not un-
like the celerity with which we erect sky-
scrapers here in America. As Mr. Ellis
writes, the Christian Church has now the
" opportunity of the centuries " in Korea.

STRATEGIC ASPECTS 75

One of our Presbyterian stations — Pyeng
Yang, — which was opened only twelve years
ago, has already in the city itself a church
membership of about 1,400 in its four
churches, with a regular attendance of 1,200
native Christians at the weekly prayer-meet-
ing of its Central Church, and is the centre
of a large outlying work in adjacent regions.
Nineteen new church buildings were erected
in that part of Korea during 1906, and out of
fifty-two old church edifices located in that
section there was a call for enlargement in
the case of twenty-seven. In the mission
churches of the various stations connected
with our Presbyterian Board there was a
total average of fifty-four additions to the
communicant membership every Sunday of
1906. In the Syen Cheun station, opened
in 1 90 1, only seven years ago, there are now
12,000 Christians, nearly one half of these
being church-members. For every dollar of
the Board's money used in native work in
that province during the year 1906, the
Korean Christians gave $10.60.

It is only twenty-four years since Protes-

76 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

tant missions entered Korea, in 1884. There
are now fully 25,000 baptized Christians,
an average increase of over one thousand
per year since the first utterance of the
Gospel message to the Korean people.
Fifteen years ago, and there were only two
congregations, and about sixty baptized be-
lievers ; at present there are more than 1,500
Protestant worshipping assemblies every
Lord's Day, an average increase of about
one hundred per year. If the number of
the Protestant adherents, baptized and un-
baptized, be reckoned, it will be well over
100,000. All this has happened in a land in
which the Bible is not yet fully translated, the
New Testament only having been completed
in 1899, by a missionary committee of trans-
lators ; a final revision of which was issued
during the year 1906. While the version of
the New Testament prepared by the Rev.
John Ross of Manchuria, and published in
1885, should not be overlooked, as it served
a useful purpose in Northern Korea, yet it did
not prove available for the southern section
of the country, and it has therefore been sup-

STRATEGIC ASPECTS 77

planted by a version more suited to the uni-
versal needs of the people. If the political
experiences through which the people of
Korea are at present passing, however dis-
appointing they may be to national pride,
and however depressing to national hopes,
shall lead them as a people to seek solace in
Christianity, and become that nation whose
God is the Lord, we may be sure that they
will not be forsaken, and they will no doubt,
as time goes on, have occasion to give
thanks to God for some marked providential
tokens of His favour.

The outlook in China is one of extraordi-
nary interest. It is coincident with the cele-
bration of its modern missionary centennial
at Shanghai in April, 1907. What a century
this has been since Morrison landed there in
1807 1 The solitary missionary has become
nearly four thousand, if we include both
sexes, and in place of the cheerless loneliness
and the almost prohibitive ostracism of his
day we have now throughout China a small
host of ten thousand native co-labourers, and
a Christian community of nearly half a mil-

78 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

lion, of whom about two hundred thousand
are communicants in Protestant Churches.
The Christian Churches of China sent to the
Conference of the World's Student Christian
Federation recently held at Tokyo a delega-
tion of fifty-seven students, four of them
being women. We should not fail to note
also the educational, literary, and medical
service, under missionary auspices, of large
proportions and signal efficiency. China has
seen no such years since the birth hour of
the Land of Sinim, nor has she during the
lethargic complacency and self-admiration of
three thousand years ever dreamed of a dec-
ade so bewildering in its whirl of change, so
amazing in its administrative spasms, its
educational advances, its social reforms, and
its evangelical fruitage, as has marked the
last ten years. The Chinese are setting a
pace which has never been attained even in
the history of Western Christendom. There
will be reactions, of course, — we expect them
— but just now these celestial plungers seem
to be forging ahead with an almost reckless
passion for reform and change, and the goals

STRATEGIC ASPECTS 79

toward which they are pressing would have
seemed a few years ago far outside the range
of possible attainment. Other nations must
be counted slow in comparison with the
Japanese, and now also we may say the
same of the Chinese. It may have seemed
futile for any outsider to try and " hustle the
East," but it has become clear that the East
is now hustling itself, and with results which
leave no doubt in one's mind that some, at
least, of the Orientals are wonderfully suc-
cessful hustlers when they get busy along
that line of effort.

Is not this true ? I refer you to the daily
papers of the last ten years. The tele-
graphic columns, as well as letters from cor-
respondents, have reported many interesting
items from the Far Eastern news budget.
Those time-honoured government examina-
tions in China have been literally shaken to
pieces, and put together again after Western
models ; the Chinese educational reforms
have planned for universities in every prov-
ince ; colleges and higher schools in large
numbers have been established throughout

80 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

the empire, while village schools have been
recently opened by the thousands. The
project of making education compulsory is
under consideration by the government.
After the Renaissance came the Reforma-
tion. Will history repeat itself in China ?
It is a significant fact that several responsi-
ble officials in positions of great influence
have recommended to the people over whom
they rule that the money which they are ac-
customed to spend in paying costly honours
to their ancestors should be devoted rather
to the education of their descendants, in
order that the living might be better pre-
pared to serve their country, and do worthy
work in their day and generation. Others
have interested themselves in the distribution
of Christian literature. There has been an
efflorescence of Chinese journalism within
the last decade, and there is to-day through-
out the empire a scramble for literature with
a Western flavour, and modern in its subject
matter. Railroads, telegraphs, engineering
and mining projects, electrical appliances,
commercial enterprise, military and naval

STRATEGIC ASPECTS 8 1

progress, and, in fact, the whole gamut of a
national awakening, are included in the story
of China's renaissance.

More wonderful still is the edict abolishing
foot-binding, a reform which began years ago
in our mission schools ; following this has
come the drastic manifesto of the govern-
ment against the opium traffic, another
reform for which missionaries have been
battling for a generation or more. To all
this we may add that the Medical Missionary
College at Peking having been formally
recognized by the government, its graduates
will be officially examined, and granted gov-
ernment diplomas. There are other matters
still more strange, of which we may take
cognizance, if we may believe our eyes and
our ears. Listen to the strange tidings which
reach us from the Far East — undisguised
agitation about a representative scheme of
government, after the model of a Western
parliament, and an official promise that it
will not be long delayed. Democracy is not
altogether unknown in China ; it forms a
basis for local or village suffrage, but the

82 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

great empire has had only a paternal or au-
tocratic government for unknown centuries ;
yet to-day there is much discussion of im-
perial citizenship, constitutional restraints,
legislative debate, laws otherwise than by
fiat, democracy in place of the Dragon, en-
larged liberty, and finer patriotism; and
all this involving by implication a new
Chinese nationality sitting clothed and in
its right mind among the nations of the
earth.

Surely these are times of which to take
note, and whatever may be said of the
secular and historic causes which have stirred
the East to this unwonted extent, it cannot
be denied that the intellectual and spiritual
enlightenment of the people has had much to
do with it, and it cannot be denied also that
the light has come in large part from the
evangelical, educational, literary, and philan-
thropic campaign of missions during the past
hundred years. Is it not equally plain that
the opportunity which this situation offers to
missions is unprecedented ? China, we must
remember, has fully one quarter of the

STRATEGIC ASPECTS 83

world's population within the bounds of its
vast empire. It has been a heroic struggle
to make any impression upon these throng-
ing millions; yet the result of the century
just closed, we may say practically of the
past fifty years, is represented by 178,000
church-members, and in mission schools and
colleges there are nearly 60,000 pupils. The
fanatical province of Hunan, haughty, inac-
cessible, and bitterly intolerant, ten years
ago, has now one hundred missionaries within
its boundaries. This quiet work in China,
which has hardly ruffled the surface of
church life at home, has thus resulted in an
average annual ingathering of some three
thousand converts during the past fifty years,
and this is merely a symbol of other multi-
form, diversified, and interlaced results which
defy tabulation.

The situation in India is complex, but full
of interest and promise. A vast country,
practically under one government sway, is
yet, in spite of its many races, its diverse
religions, and its historical antagonisms,
gradually yielding itself to the moulding in-

84 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

fluences which missions have introduced. A
new India is in sight ; a new society is in the
making ; new intellectual forces are at work ;
aggressive and yet not unnatural political
aspirations are asserting themselves ; a re-
fined religious consciousness, evangelical in
its deeper trend, and dominated more or less
by the ethics of the Bible, is gaining ascend-
ancy over the minds of vast multitudes, who
as yet are hardly able to interpret its lead-
ings, or to comprehend its significance.
This religious and moral leaven is stimulat-
ing great mass movements toward the light
and hope of the Gospel. It has already, in
some measure, shaken the faith of India in
its idolatry, and has deadened, and to some
extent destroyed, the Hindu allegiance to
caste. Even if we had no visible results in
churches established, and in communities of
professing Christians, the moral and social
changes which are in process, the intellectual
uplift, the aspirations, yearnings, and strug-
gles, of millions of our fellow-mortals,
awakening to the consciousness of a higher
life, and a nobler destiny, would be a basis

STRATEGIC ASPECTS 85

for trustful patience, unfaltering optimism,
and further unwearied toil.

We are not obliged, however, to walk in
faith as regards the prospects of missions in
India ; the converts are there by the hun-
dreds of thousands, beautiful examples,
many of them, of the sweet, transforming
power of the Gospel over human lives.
There are still, in addition to these, unknown
multitudes who are beginning to believe,
perhaps as yet but vaguely, and with only a
dim hope, in the power of the missionary
evangel. They can hardly understand just
what they are longing for, or realize just
what they need, but God knows that the
desire of their hearts fully interpreted is to
come under the influence of the Gospel, and
share in its blessings. Very remarkable signs
of spiritual tumult and physical excitement
have been reported here and there by
reliable witnesses, as marking these recent
stirrings of the religious nature in India.
Whatever explanation may properly be given
of them, they surely indicate an awakened,
alert, and fervid temper of the soul, which, if

86 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

guided by evangelical teachings, and
nourished by the Spirit of Life, will lead men
at last to a sane and happy vision of unseen
realities, and a conscious experience of a life
hid with Christ in God.

In the wild recesses of the Khasia Hills,
in Bengal, especially among the Kols, in
the homes for widows and orphans con-
ducted by Pundita Ramabai, at Aurunga-
bad, Ratnagiri, and at numerous points in
the Madras Presidency, have been witnessed
what some one has described as "prayer
storms," sweeping with the resistless power
of a whirlwind through vast audiences, and
accompanied by violent outbursts of contri-
tion and confession, which would often quiet
down suddenly into the soft and tender music
of some hymn of solace and hope. When
the soul reached its limit of emotion, it
seemed to sink exhausted into the arms of
song, and was lulled to rest by " Just as I am
without one plea," or "When I survey the
wondrous cross on which the Prince of Glory
died." It is not for us from a conserva-
tive Western standpoint to criticise or view

STRATEGIC ASPECTS 87

askance these inward convulsions of Eastern
natures under deep religious conviction. It
is often the case that stolid personalities, if
they come suddenly into contact with reality,
as exhibited, for example, in an earthquake,
a threatened shipwreck, or some alarming
prospect of impending peril, are brought
at once to their knees in deep distress and
fervid supplication. We are told that no one
can see God and live, and who can measure
the effect of a vivid spiritual vision of the
eternal, such as opens up to the heart and
the conscience the awful vista of realities
which lie beyond the dull routine of our
ordinary experience? Among other out-
standing features of the situation in India
at the present moment — and we may say the
same also of other mission fields, especially
Japan, China, and Korea — is the spirit of
church union throughout the peninsula, and,
moreover, there are fresh and welcome
signs of a missionary consecration in
the Indian Christian community, as the
result of which we have tidings of a
National Missionary Society of India, or-

88 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

ganized over a year ago, under purely native
auspices.

From India we may cross the Indian Ocean,
and take our seats in the carriages of that
wonderful railway from Mombasa to the
Victoria Nyanza — a railway where in case
of an accident the danger is not so much of
fire in the wreckage as of a raid of hungry
lions from the forest. At its terminus we
embark in a beautiful steamer, and cross the
lake to Uganda, now a British Protectorate.
We find ourselves face to face with a mis-
sionary enterprise which dates back only
about thirty years, and yet there is now
enough evidence to convince us that in that
dark region of the earth a Christian nation
in the making is before us. The destiny of
Uganda, unless all signs fail, is to be Chris-
tianized within perhaps another half century.
It may claim already that it is a fairly credit-
able outpost of Christendom. Thirty-one
years ago, when the Church Missionary So-
ciety entered it, in 1877, it was a land of incred-
ible cruelty, where mutilation, flaying, and
burning alive, were royal amusements, and

STRATEGIC ASPECTS 89

where a holiday was likely to involve a human
holocaust. Upon the death of a king, hun-
dreds, even thousands, of lives were sacri-
ficed. Bishop Tucker of the Church Mis-
sionary Society staff in Uganda speaks of
the pathetic evidence which many Christian
converts of to-day reveal of the atrocious
cruelty of the past. " Here is a man," he
writes, " without lips, without nostrils, with-
out ears, mutilated in the old days. Here is
one led of another, blind, his eyes put out in
the old days by order of the king. And
there, kneeling at the table of the Lord, is
one who can only take the consecrated bread
between the stumps of his two arms — the
hands cut off in the old days, by order of the
king."

In those pioneer times, from three to four
months of toilsome and dangerous travel
were required to reach Uganda from the
coast, while to-day steam facilities are at our
command, and the journey is only a matter
of three or four days. If we look about us in
what we might call this land of missionary
magic, we shall find there a self-supporting

90 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

Church, of over sixty thousand baptized
Christians, and of this number at least fifty-
six thousand — over five-sixths — have been
added within the last ten years. The num-
ber of baptisms, according to a late report,
now exceeds nine thousand annually. The
Protestant Church organization of the king-
dom of Uganda receives no financial help
whatever from England, except the salaries
of the British foreign missionaries. It builds
its own churches, which already number
nearly eight hundred, and also supports its
own Christian schools, numbering over fifty,
paying the salaries of the native teachers.
On the heights near Men go, an immense
cathedral has been reared, which will accom-
modate between three and four thousand
worshippers, and is usually crowded at
special services. The social life of the coun-
try has been greatly purified and uplifted,
even to the extent of placing polygamy
under the ban of public opinion, and secur-
ing the voluntary abandonment of slavery.
The young king is a Christian, and many
of the highest officials of the government are

STRATEGIC ASPECTS 9 1

men of evangelical faith, while liberty of
conscience is recognized as a religious
privilege and a social law. Uganda will
soon be a radiating centre of evangelistic
effort, from which an entrance will be made
from the south into the Soudan, along paths
which foreign missionaries would find it
difficult to tread in conducting on a perma-
nent basis ordinary missionary operations.

There are many other sections of Africa
where missions have maintained themselves,
and in the face of almost overwhelming diffi-
culties have vindicated their power to en-
lighten, uplift, and transform native com-
munities. Were it possible without unduly
taxing your patience, I might give you de-
tails of the unwavering tenacity and the
brilliant achievements of those splendid
Scotch Missions in the British Central Africa
Protectorate, around Lake Nyassa. I might
speak of the French Evangelical Mission
among the Barotsi, near the head-waters of
the Zambesi, the scene of Pastor Coillard's
labours, where King Lewanika has abolished
slavery by a recent royal decree. A dread-

92 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

ful war, somewhat over a generation ago,
was the price of the abolishment of slavery
in this country; but in Uganda and in
Barotsiland the magic wand of missions
waves over a slaveholding community,
hitherto wild and cruel, and the shackles are
peacefully and willingly loosed. I might
dwell also upon the outcome of the mission-
ary campaign in South Africa, and there is
much besides to say of the work in the
Congo Valley, in Nigeria, and on the West
Coast. In the Congo region, unfortunately,
we have the white trader and administrator
at his worst, tyrannizing over the natives
with grievous cruelty, and presenting a
formidable hindrance to missionary' success.
There are other great and important fields
which might be included in our outlook, did
time permit. There are Dutch Missions in
the East Indies, where a remarkable work
has been accomplished among Moslems.
There are the South Sea Islands, where out
of the soil of savagery the Christian life has
come to a noble fruitage. Then, there are
Siam and Laos, Ceylon and Madagascar. In

STRATEGIC ASPECTS 93

the latter island the signs of promise are bright,
despite the present harassing unfriendliness
of French officials, and we can never for-
get that there the Gospel has already won
victories of renown. In order to compre-
hend the situation of all these mission fields,
we must have a view-point which commands
also the toilsome and dauntless past. In the
light of the historic struggles and toils of
modern missions, the present outlook is won-
derful and full of promise, with hardly an
exception, in whatever direction we may turn
our gaze.

Even in Moslem lands there are vanishing
shadows giving place to hopeful gleams of
light. The great work among the Oriental
Christian sects in the Turkish Empire, is a rep-
etition of the Reformation of the sixteenth
century among lapsed Christians who were
not at that time brought under the influence
of that stupendous transformation. This
restoration of the evangelical element in
Oriental Christianity is planting powerful
evangelistic and educational forces in a
crumbling empire, where momentous changes

94 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

may at any time come suddenly and unex-
pectedly, adding another to those world
surprises which, in the Providence of God,
have greeted the nations in the present
generation. A Missionary Conference, held
in Egypt in April, 1906, to consider the
status and needs of the Moslem world, was
one of the significant events of that year.

In the neighbouring Moslem empire of
Persia, where missions have been toiling for
the restoration of the old Nestorian Church
to an evangelical faith, there has been work-
ing a leaven of religious and political ferment,
which has produced the revolt from Islam
known as Babism, and has now, in combi-
nation with other causes, kindled political
aspirations for a constitutional form of gov-
ernment, in place of the autocratic despot-
ism of centuries. The movement may seem
as yet chaotic and unstable, but it is a sign
of great changes which are coming. The
granting of the constitution by the late Shah
was a mighty break with the traditional
past. In the very heart of these Persian
upturnings has been planted the living forces

STRATEGIC ASPECTS 95

of Gospel reconstruction, working through
the Church, the school, the printing-press,
the hospital, the Christian home, and the
regenerated individual character.

Is it not plain as we review the present
progress of missions that it is down these
" ringing grooves of change " that the whole
great world of backward races is now spin-
ning, with increasing momentum and bright-
ening promise? This old world of ours is
coming more and more into touch with us
every year ; it seems to be condescendingly
adjusting itself to the hitherto restricted
scope and the far too narrow outreach of our
Christian consciousness. The time has now
come when, in the Providence of God, the
world is fitting itself to our range of vision,
placing itself, as it were, within our reach,
and there is less excuse in our day than ever
before, should we fail to cooperate heartily
in a campaign of universal Christian effort.
We cannot but be cheered that so much
has been already accomplished, and that the
world's redemption is taking rank as one of
the foremost duties of the followers of Christ.

96 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

It is, or it should be, an ennobling ministry
to our religious natures, a broadening in-
fluence upon our Christian characters, and
an exhilarating factor in our church service,
that we are living in this era of incalculable
missionary privilege. Christ has put the
interests of His kingdom in our care, and
commended His great work of universal re-
demption to our devotion in this our time,
under conditions which have never been
surpassed in attractiveness and grandeur in
the world's history.

" For never yet there burned
In the soul's sky,
So ample, so unearned,

So pure, so high,
Such hope, so well discerned,
Of victory."

We are truly heirs " of all the ages " of
splendid privilege ; we are " in the foremost
files of time," as leaders in the world's
destiny, and arbiters of human hopes. Never
has the Church faced such responsibilities,
and never has she had such encouragement
in the discharge of her duty as the world-

STRATEGIC ASPECTS 97

wide interpreter and messenger of the
Incarnation. Never have her activities had
such range and potency, such outreaching
power in human society, and such open
doors of access to all mankind, as she enjoys
to-day. As if to emphasize and glorify the
call of obligation, and magnify the signifi-
cance of our opportunity, we find ourselves
in many distant and perhaps obscure posts
of missionary service, not only ambassadors
of Christ, and bearers of His spiritual gifts
to men, but the forerunners also of the
material blessings of a higher civilization.
The ever precious message of forgiveness,
the glad tidings of peace, and the lessons of
righteous living, are also accompanied by
the introduction of many of the wonders of
this age of science. Missions are in fact sub-
sidized by the inventive genius, the mechan-
ical skill, and the almost superhuman com-
mand of natural forces, which characterize
our times. We speak of Christ in some un-
enlightened and alien community, and in the
same breath we heal a disease, or execute
some marvel of surgery; we summon the

98 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

soul to spiritual victory, and at the same
time we bring a revelation of masterful
power over natural forces. Our preaching
is, as it were, attended by signs and
wonders ; our message of spiritual , in-
struction being reinforced by the resources
of the modern age, of which we become in
our missionary environment largely the inter-
preters and heralds.

The people strictly within the limits of the
territory occupied by Presbyterian missions,
and dependent for evangelization upon the
northern branch alone of the Presbyterian
Church in the United States, all of them, we
may say, accessible through the missions of
our Foreign Board, exceed in number the
entire population of the United States.
Statements perhaps equally startling and
significant might be made concerning all
great missionary boards and societies. The
missionary literature of to-day, we may say
nearly every page of it, in books, period-
icals, newspapers, and personal letters from
the field, fairly shines and glows, and, it is
hardly an exaggeration to say, almost

STRATEGIC ASPECTS 99

explodes with the dynamic urgency of the
Church's opportunity.

Consider also the ease and security and
effectiveness with which money, even the
smallest sums, can be systematically devoted
to usefulness in this great cause. One val-
uable function of money is to put capital in ac-
tion, to facilitate the use of otherwise stagnant
financial resources, to the advantage of all
concerned. The Church of Christ has an im-
mense investment of capital in the foreign
fields. The personality of its missionaries,
its fine equipment for effective work in
evangelization, education, literary produc-
tion, industrial training, philanthropic min-
istry, and social influence for the betterment
of mankind — here is a wealth of capital,
ready for use, having unknown possibilities
of great spiritual and moral dividends, and
every dollar, yes, every dime, put into an
ordinary contribution box for foreign mis-
sions, sets some of this great mass of capital
in motion, and enables it to work out its des-
tiny as the almoner of blessings to the
world. No generation that has preceded

IOO THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

us has ever enjoyed to the same extent the
marvellous facilities which are now at the
disposal of the Church. Ought not every
contributor, even of the smallest sum, to the
cause of foreign missions, to hand in his of-
fering as a cheerful giver and a happy-
hearted helper in the extension of our Lord's
kingdom? Your single dollar gives a cer-
tain measure of momentum to capital, which
represents not a mere collection of earthly
cash, but the priceless service of Christian
men and women in distant lands, and, we
may include also in this aggregate of mission
resources that contribution of spiritual support
and reserve power which the Great Silent
Partner on High has incorporated as an in-
exhaustible surplus to this marvellous cap-
italization of the noblest enterprise of human
history.

The situation is one which calls for serious
and devout attention ; it should stir us to a
holy and fervent passion for the coming of
Christ's kingdom. " Thy kingdom come,"
we pray daily, and behold here it is, in all its
potential promise; here it is as a possible

STRATEGIC ASPECTS IOI

reality, if we are true to our duty. It is quite
within the bounds of reason, and in harmony
with already demonstrated facts, to say that
we have it fully within our power to secure a
larger, finer, sweeter, and nobler life to the
world. The triumphs of the Gospel over
individual lives will insure this ; since the
multiplication of citizens in the spiritual com-
monwealth of God means the sure establish-
ment of a kingdom of righteousness among
men.

LECTURE III
A NEW CLOUD OF WITNESSES

" For shining examples of faith, courage, patience, and zeal,
and for a great multitude who have finished their course in the
faith and love of the Lord Jesus, we render our humble thanks-
givings to God, by whose grace they were enabled to over-
come. . . .

" Whereas it is frequently asserted that Protestant Missions
present a divided front to those outside, and create confusion
by a large variety of inconsistent teaching, and whereas the
minds both of Christian and non- Christian Chinese are in
danger of being thus misled into an exaggerated estimate of
our differences, this Centenary Conference, representing all
Protestant Missions at present working in China, unanimously
and cordially declares :

" That, holding the Scriptures of the Old and New Testa-
ments as the supreme standard of faith and practice, and hold-
ing firmly the primitive Catholic faith summarized in the
Apostles' Creed and sufficiently stated in the Nicene Creed;
and in view of our knowledge of each other's doctrinal sym-
bols, history, work, and character, we gladly recognize our-
selves as already one body, teaching one way of eternal life,
and calling men into one holy fellowship. . . .

" We frankly recognize that we differ as to methods of ad-
ministration and Church government; that some among us
differ from others as to the administration of Baptism; and
that there are some differences as to the statement of the doc-
trine of Predestination or the Election of Grace. But we
unite in holding that these exceptions do not invalidate the as-
sertion of our real unity in our common witness to the Gospel
of the grace of God.

" That, in planting anew the Church of Christ on Chinese
soil, we desire only to plant one Holy Catholic Church, under
the sole control of the Lord Jesus Christ, governed by the
Word of the Living God and led by His guiding Spirit."
— Resolutions of Shanghai Centenary Conference, igoj.

LECTURE III
A NEW CLOUD OF WITNESSES

IN the first verse of the twelfth chapter of
Hebrews the author of that epistle
writes : " Wherefore, seeing we also are
compassed about with so great a cloud of
witnesses, let us lay aside every weight, and
the sin which doth so easily beset us, and let
us run with patience the race that is set be-
fore us." The word translated witnesses in
the first clause of this verse, taken in con-
nection with the figure of a race, would seem
to refer to spectators intently observing an
athletic contest. We may note, however,
that in the eleventh chapter the word is used
in a connection which seems to suggest that
it also refers to witnessing in the sense of
testimony rendered. In the second verse of
that chapter it is stated, " For by it the elders
obtained a good report," and in the thirty-
ninth verse it reads, " And these all, having
105

106 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

obtained a good report." In both instances
the original word translated " a good report "
is from the same root as the one which is
rendered " witnesses," in the first verse of the
twelfth chapter, and from the same root our
word martyr is derived, since a martyr is
primarily a witness to the faith. The cloud
of witnesses referred to may very properly be
those who having testified by their fidelity
and loyalty, and by their devoted lives of
service, and having many of them sealed their
fealty to Christ by martyrdom, and thus
" obtained a good report," are represented
in picturesque symbolism as looking down
upon those who are still engaged in the
struggle. We shall, therefore, venture to
use the expression "cloud of witnesses" as
signifying those who have borne witness to the
faith. We seem justified in this, since the
entire eleventh chapter of Hebrews recounts
the victories and the heroic testimony of
those who by faith " subdued kingdoms,
wrought righteousness, obtained promises,
stopped the mouths of lions, quenched the
violence of fire, escaped the edge of the

A NEW CLOUD OF WITNESSES 107

sword, out of weakness were made strong,
waxed valiant in fight, turned to flight the
armies of the aliens." This Biblical narrative
refers to those who in ancient times were
faithful witnesses to truth, and loyal servants
of God. Have we in modern times, and
especially in mission fields, converts whose
character, trustworthiness, and fidelity in
service will bear comparison with those early
heroes of the faith. In other words, are our
modern mission converts worth winning?
We believe that they are, and that they are
fast becoming a new " cloud of witnesses,"
many of whom belong to our own gener-
ation.

A new eleventh of Hebrews could have
been written many times, perhaps in every
century since the apostolic age. The story
of heroic fidelity to religious conviction, of
true and unwavering allegiance to Christ,
constitutes one continuous chain of testimony,
extending to our present day. It is too long
a recital to sketch even in outline here, and it
is, moreover, familiar to every student of
Christian history. Our attention will be con-

Io8 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

fined rather to the recent chapter which
modern missions have added to that story of
heroic devotion and sacrificial obedience
which the ages have recorded concerning
those who have served and honoured God.
We shall further supplement this by asking
your attention to another kind of witnessing,
namely, the testimony of outside observers to
the success and value of missions in distant
lands. I refer to statements from men of
high positions and unquestioned veracity,
who have spoken in terms of admiration and
commendation of mission work in foreign
fields. These testimonies have now ac-
cumulated to such an extent that goodly
volumes have been collated, devoted entirely
to recording what has been said. Those
whose evidence is thus quoted are fast be-
coming literally a " cloud of witnesses," not
only as onlookers, but as ready also to testify
to the spiritual, ethical, and humanitarian
success of missions.

Without attempting to claim other than an
approximate accuracy, we may estimate the
number of Protestant church-members in

A NEW CLOUD OF WITNESSES 109

mission churches at the present time as
1,800,000, not including those converts who
have died in the faith during the past
century. Out of this "cloud of witnesses"
we may glance only here and there at a
personality, chosen either from among the
living or the dead, whose life-story happens
to have found its way into mission literature.
We would not be understood as intimating
that the testimony of all these nearly two
million church-members has been equally
valuable or admirable in quality, nor would
we seek to hide the fact that a certain per-
centage of those who have made a Christian
profession have failed to honour it. There
is good reason, however, for the assurance
that the outcome of character and conduct in
mission converts has been as a rule extremely
creditable, and as much to the honour of
Christianity as we are accustomed to find it
among professed believers in Christendom.

There are many traits of religious char-
acter which all men agree in respecting, but
we may select four aspects of a Christian
profession which are regarded as especially

IIO THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

worthy of honour, and whose evidential value
ranks high. We may name them as loyalty,
sincerity, sacrifice, and stability. Converts
who are loyal to Christ and His truth, in the
face of temptation and peril, who are also
sincere in their conscientious convictions, be-
lieving in the Gospel for its own sake, with
no sordid or ignoble motive, who are, more-
over, ready to suffer loss, to endure hardship,
and to obey, whatever sacrifice may be in-
volved, and, finally, who persist with un-
wavering allegiance and unwearied patience
in holding fast to God's Word as their rule
of life, may by general consent be counted as
worthy witnesses to the power of the Gospel.
No one would claim that all mission converts
have equally fulfilled these conditions. The
tares grow with the wheat, and cannot be
safely or wisely uprooted until the harvest
time.

We do contend, however, that, all things
considered, the spiritual and moral record
of the communicant membership of native
churches in mission fields will not suffer by
comparison with the standard of Christian

A NEW CLOUD OF WITNESSES III

living in our home churches. Even if the
proportion of the lapsed were proved to be
greater in mission churches than at home,
though there are no convincing data for con-
ceding this, a sufficient and very natural
explanation might be found in the fact that
such mission converts have come out of
gross and depressing ignorance, and have
known only a heathen environment, with
its degeneracy and laxity. In the apos-
tolic churches to which the New Testament
epistles were addressed, there was much
genuine piety ; yet it is evident that vicious
and degenerate tendencies would assert
themselves in the lives of many of their
converts. Let the tests be searchingly ap-
plied to mission converts, but not more
searchingly or exactingly or pitilessly than
we would apply them to ourselves or to
others in a happy and helpful environment,
where the power of a wholesome public
opinion, and the sympathy of Christian fel-
lowship make it comparatively easy to re-
main firm and true in a religious life. The
Christianity of mission fields is ready to be

112 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

tested, although any test which we at a dis-
tance are able to make must be on a basis of
imperfect knowledge. In the white light of
the great assizes, it seems to those who have
lived among native Christians that the " Well
done, good and faithful servant," may be
expected to greet mission converts as often
as any other class of Christians.

During the past century the noble army of
martyrs has been recruited almost entirely
from among mission converts, or from mis-
sionaries who have died in the foreign serv-
ice. The fifth seal in the Book of Revelation
is in honour of martyrdom, and refers ex-
clusively to "the souls of them that were
slain for the Word of God." This is the
acme of loyalty ; it is the last test of sin-
cerity ; it is the limit of sacrifice, and the
crowning evidence of stability. The roll-call
of martyrs has been increasing with every
century since the death of Stephen. The
modern missionary era has added the names
of many servants of Christ in foreign lands —
Williams and the Gordons of Erromanga,
Patteson of Melanesia, Hannington, Smith,

A NEW CLOUD OF WITNESSES 1 13

and O'Neill, of Uganda, the martyr bands of
Kucheng and Lienchow, Chalmers of New
Guinea, and, with the close of the last cen-
tury, many whose earthly home was in China
have entered heaven crowned with victorious
fortitude and sublime devotion. This is not
so much a matter to excite our astonishment
so far as our missionaries are concerned ; they
would all of them die for their country, and
we may well believe that they would die also
for their Lord.

Let us turn to the record of mission con-
verts, and inquire how they have stood the
terrors of this ordeal. No student of mis-
sionary history can overlook Madagascar,
Uganda, Persia, Syria, Asia Minor, New
Guinea, and the Pacific Islands. China is
still fresh in our memories, and not alone the
one hundred and eighty-eight (including
wives and children) who were sacrificed from
the ranks of Protestant foreign missionaries,
and the forty-four of Roman Catholic con-
nection, but the forty thousand native Chris-
tians, according to a trustworthy estimate,
including Roman Catholics, who perished in

114 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

the Boxer uprising, give a sublime emphasis
to the heroic witness-bearing of one of our
most prominent mission fields. The Chris-
tian Chinese were hunted, harried, tortured,
and slain, with every accessory of heartless
cruelty ; yet the story of their fidelity has
added an inspiring chapter to Christian his-
tory. A word, a sign, a motion, an abjura-
tion recognized as merely temporary, an
acceptance of a false certificate from the
magistrate, stating that they had recanted,
would have saved many of them. Hundreds
of them died literally " not accepting deliver-
ance," choosing to join that goodly company
on high " who came through great tribula-
tion, and washed their robes in the blood of
the Lamb," rather than escape by any easy
device of outward conformity.

The young wife of one of the native
preachers in Manchuria, when she faced
death, in that hour of peril prayed, " Oh,
Lord Jesus, give me courage to witness for
Thee, until the end," and when asked to
burn a stick of incense to the gods, with the
promise that by this act of concession her

A NEW CLOUD OF WITNESSES 115

life would be saved, she replied, " Never."
In this case the surrender of life was not
exacted, for, happily, her courage had excited
the admiration of the crowd, and, while her
persecutors had their attention turned in an-
other direction, she succeeded opportunely in
making her escape. An aged Christian,
named Chiang, when seized and told that
he must die, said calmly: "Very well, but
first give me a little time to pray." He fell
upon his knees, and began, " Father, forgive
them," and with these words his petition was
ended, as he was ruthlessly murdered on the
spot. Men were sometimes put to strange
tests, like that Chinese Christian before whom
a circle was made upon the floor, with a cross
drawn within it, upon which he was com-
manded to spit. He refused, and was
thereupon immediately ordered away to ex-
ecution. Another, while being bound to a
pillar in a heathen temple, kept on preach-
ing to his persecutors, to show that the
Word of God was not bound, and only death
finally silenced that heroic evangel. A young
schoolboy, when commanded to worship some

Il6 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

idolatrous tablets, replied, " I cannot do it,"
and survived his bold refusal only for a mo-
ment. The stories of torture connected with
the Boxer persecutions are too terrible to re-
peat in detail ; many were burned alive,
beaten to death, dismembered, disembowelled,
drowned, cut to pieces inch by inch under
the sharp blade of a straw-cutter, hurled from
precipices, saturated with oil and set on fire,
or buried alive.

There are, moreover, accounts of faithful
Christian helpers and servants who were
done to death rather than betray the hiding-
places of the missionaries. A prominent
Christian, with his mother, sister, and wife,
were bundled into a cart, and taken to a
vacant lot outside of the village, singing
meanwhile, " He Leadeth Me," as they thus
journeyed to their death. One by one they
were slain, each in turn refusing to recant.
There is a certain realism about the faith of
some of these Chinese Christians, which is
both touching and inspiring, as in the case
of that member of the North Church at
Peking — Hsieh by name, — who insisted upon

A NEW CLOUD OF WITNESSES 117

donning his best clothes, as if for a festal
occasion, when he was led out to his mar-
tyrdom. " I am to enter the palace of the
King," he said, " and the best clothes I have
should be used." No wonder the Chinese
dug out his heart, to see if they could dis-
cover the secret of his courage. The early
martyrs of Christian history have proved a
valuable asset to Christianity, and to the
Christian Church of our day the heroism of
Chinese Christians has become a spiritual
treasure, the value of which it would be
difficult fully to estimate.

We must not linger over this story of
martyr testimony. There is also the witness
of devoted lives of loyal service, of moral
victory, of meekness under provocation, of
gentleness and humility in the presence of
revilings, of patience in suffering, and of
resignation in sorrow. There are trans-
formed characters, restored souls, luminous
records, shining examples, consecrated lives ;
there are stories of simplicity, sacrifice,
fidelity, heroism, self-denial, unassuming
piety, and loving toil. There are multi-

Il8 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

tudes of Christian witnesses in modern
mission lands, whose lives have been gar-
landed with the graces, the joys, the hopes,
and the virtues of the Gospel. Many who
have lived worthily have died the death of
the righteous, and their reward is written on
high.

We need not delve into older mission rec-
ords, and revive the well-known stories of Af-
ricaner, Crowther, and Tiyo Soga, in Africa,
of Krishna Pal in India, of Kothahbyu in
Burma, of Epeteneto in the New Hebrides,
and Pomare in Tahiti. These examples, with
Neesima of Japan, Asaad-esh-Shidiak of
Mount Lebanon, Kapiolani of Hawaii, Clem-
ent Marau of Melanesia, and many others,
have served a useful purpose in former
years. We have now fresh material to
bring forward ; men and women, many of
them of our own generation, whose record
as witnesses is equally inspiring and effective.
We shall select only a few bright person-
alities from a luminous cloud of those who
have witnessed well for Christ in the midst
of a hostile and harassing environment.

A NEW CLOUD OF WITNESSES 119

Prominent among them is Khama, the good
South African king, a foe to intemperance
and polygamy, and a lover of peace and
justice. There is Daudi Kasagama, the
King of Toro, a country lying west of
Uganda, the royal evangelist, and the friend
of social order and virtue, who writes that
he wants very much to arrange all the
matters of his country for Christ only, " that
all my people," to quote his own words,
" may understand that Jesus Christ, He is
the Saviour of all countries, and that He is
the King of Kings." In Uganda is its
Prime Minister, Apolo Kagwa, the Christian
statesman, and on the West Coast of Africa
we meet with the pastors Marshall and
Anaman, Sir Samuel Lewis, and Bishop
Phillips, the two latter recently deceased — all
men of distinction and fine Christian records.
These are strong witnesses, gathered out of
the depths of African savagery, several of
them from the ranks of those who have had
to face the alluring temptations of power,
and to beat down the fierce assaults of per-
sonal pride and tribal hostility.

120 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

In the Congo State — it seems a mockery
just now to call it "Free" — there has re-
cently died a native evangelist, the son of
a chief, named Paul, the story of whose
conversion and faithful service is full of
witnessing power. His early education was
secured largely through his own persevering
diligence, and, after a course of training as
an evangelist, he chose as his field of labour
a large town which had for ten years stoutly
resisted the entrance of the Gospel. In two
years, in spite of hostility and threats of
violence, he had gathered a congregation
of several hundred. Finally, when this
church was strong enough to care for itself,
he left it in charge of volunteer workers, and
journeyed from outpost to outpost, planting
the seeds of other permanent churches. His
enthusiasm was contagious, and several of
his converts followed his example.

On the island of Madagascar, off the east
coast of Africa, there died in 1905 a native
pastor, whom Mr. James Sibree, of the
London Missionary Society, calls "my old
friend and fellow worker ; one of the few re-

A NEW CLOUD OF WITNESSES 121

maining links with the times of early persecu-
tion." His name was Rainitrimo, and he was
converted about the year 1830, early in the
reign of Ranavalona I, the persecuting
queen. During those dark days he was
fined, imprisoned, sold as a slave, put
through the poison ordeal, and finally con-
demned to labour without pay for many
years in the construction of the enormous
tomb of the Prime Minister's family, at
Isotry, and was not set free until the death of
the queen, in 1861. He served after that as
a native pastor for forty-one years, and
lately died, at the age of ninety-three. His
Christian character " developed and deepened
with age," his public prayers were full of
earnestness and trustful confidence in God's
nearness and God's love, while his sermons
were brief and to the point, aiming with
supreme desire to glorify God and save men.
"The last time I met the old veteran,"
writes Mr. Sibree, "I was going down the
hill to preach at Amparibe ; he was walking
up a rather steep ascent to morning service,
bright and cheerful, as I had ever known

122 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

him, and bearing his two and ninety years
with but little sign of old age ; but now he
has gone to join his friends who not only suf-
fered, but died for Christ many years ago."
The first martyr of them all in Madagascar
was Rasalama, who was executed in 1837.
Her great sin was that she prayed to the
Christian God, and when led out to execu-
tion she still begged for one more opportunity
to pray, and, kneeling on the ground, calmly
committed her spirit into the hands of her
Redeemer, and while in this attitude she was
speared to death. Thus began the grim
story of what they are accustomed to call the
" killing times in Madagascar."

South of the equator seems to be a region
of pathless oceans. From Madagascar we
may journey due east over a vast waste of
waters, along the track of that vague bound-
ary line between Asia and Oceania, through
Torres Strait into the South Pacific, with its
populous island world. From these realms
of primitive savagery we can gather numer-
ous witnesses for Christ, whose record is full
of faith and courage. We cannot pass New

A NEW CLOUD OF WITNESSES 1 23

Guinea without recalling its noble mission-
aries, Macfarlane, Chalmers, Lawes, Abel,
and others, nor can we fail to pay our tribute
of respect and honour to those faithful native
preachers and teachers from the South Sea
Islands, mostly from the Samoan and Loyalty
groups, who have responded so willingly to
the call for help in the perilous and trying
pioneer work of opening New Guinea to the
Gospel. They were converts in the missions
of the Wesleyans and the London Mission-
ary Society in the South Seas, and in all, in-
cluding their wives, about three hundred of
them have entered New Guinea as native
missionaries. Of this number no less than
one hundred and twenty have perished with
fever, or suffered a violent death.

Out of a heredity of cannibalism and
bloody tribal wars came Gucheng, a convert
to the Gospel in the island of Lifu. He was
taught by the missionaries, and when, in 187 1,
Dr. Macfarlane, then in Lifu, was delegated
to open a mission in New Guinea, the call
was given for volunteers from the native
converts to accompany him. The entire

124 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

native pastorate of Lifu, and all the students
in the mission seminary, offered themselves for
the service. Gucheng and one other were se-
lected. The story of his pioneer devotion is full
of heroism. It was to him and to many of the
other native teachers who afterwards engaged
in the service, a foreign missionary sphere of
work — distant, unknown, perilous ; yet there
was no break in the steady procession of
volunteers. In two years after the first
entrance, that little mission cemetery at Port
Moresby, in New Guinea, had eighteen
graves of teachers who had yielded up their
lives in consecrated loyalty. Gucheng was
ever ready for any duty, however threaten-
ing the outlook, and would join any exploring
expedition into dangerous regions to search
for a more healthful and suitable locality for
mission stations. Finally, when it became
evident that the permanent evangelistic and
teaching force must be recruited from the
natives of New Guinea, rather than from
South Sea aliens, he became the head of a
Papuan Training Institution, and in this posi-
tion he aided in educating native students to

A NEW CLOUD OF WITNESSES 1 25

continue the work which he and his comrades
were not physically fitted to perform. While
establishing a new mission station, to be
manned by his pupils, he was suddenly
stricken with fever, and died. His name is
hardly mentioned in Christendom, nor is that
of Ruatoka, another South Sea native of ex-
ceptional value to the Mission, yet their
record as witnesses for Christ, and servants
in the extension of His kingdom, is not one
whit less worthy of admiration than that of
our best known missionary heroes.

Some fifteen hundred miles due southeast
from New Guinea, across the Coral Sea, is
the group of Loyalty Islands, the scene of
the life-work of Pao, known as the Apostle of
Lifu. He, too, was in foreign missionary
service, as he was born in Polynesia, some
three thousand miles to the eastward of
Lifu. With faith and courage, and a conse-
crated spirit, he went to that island as a pioneer
evangelist among its wild cannibals. " Have
you a message for me from the Great
Spirit ? " inquired the powerful King of Lifu,
as the young stranger, who had landed alone

126 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

on that dangerous shore, was brought before
him. "Yes," said Pao, "and here it is,"
producing his Rarotongan New Testament.
There he lived, amid perils and discourage-
ments, until in later years he was called
home, leaving a native Christian community
to mourn him, and having opened the way
for the London Mission to establish itself in
the island. So mighty in its impressiveness
was his witness to the Gospel that many years
after his death the foreign and native com-
munities of Lifu united in raising a monu-
ment to commemorate his life and work.

Had we time to inspect this island world
more in detail — to visit the Fiji, Tonga,
Samoan, Hervey, and Society groups, and
possibly in returning westward through the
northern seas to call at the Micronesian and
Melanesian clusters, we should find witness-
ing thousands, who, like the elders of old,
have " obtained a good report." Every vil-
lage in the eighty inhabited islands of the
Fiji group has its church, and, all told, there
are about nine hundred places of worship
where the Fijians maintain the world's record

A NEW CLOUD OF WITNESSES 1 27

as to the percentage of regular attendants
upon church services, ninety-five out of every
hundred of the native residents going to church
with conscientious fidelity. Before the Gos-
pel entered, at the hands of the English
Wesleyans, in 1835, the Fiji group was such
a loathsome hotbed of vice and cruelty that
it has been appropriately called " an ante-
chamber to the bottomless pit."

We must now hasten on to Japan, and
while not forgetting to mention with respect
the name of Neesima, we will select more
recent witnesses who may be justly regarded
as worthy of our attention. Perhaps the
best known among them are the late Hon-
ourable Kenkichi Kataoka, the Christian
statesman and man of prayer, Ishii, the
philanthropist, Hara, the friend of discharged
prisoners, Sawayama, pastor and evangelist,
who has been called the " Modern Paul of
Japan," Honda, the educationalist, and Mo-
toda, the faithful rector, and head of a gov-
ernment school, who stipulated in accepting
the latter office that he should not be pro-
hibited from teaching Christianity, and thus

128 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

witnessing to his Master. Dr. Honda has
been recently chosen as the first native
bishop of the Methodist Church in Japan.
We may mention also Messrs. Ishimoto,
Ebara, Nitobe, Miyama, Matsuyama, Okuno,
Ibuka, Tomeoka, Ando, Miyake, Kozaki,
Tamura, Harada, Uchimura, Sato, Uemura,
Niwa, Shimada, Ebina, Miyagawa, Watanabe,
Makino, Hirata, Yamamoto, Haraiwa, Shim-
omura, Homma, and many others, whose
witnessing lives would be worthy of our
attention had we time to dwell upon them.

In Korea there are many witnesses, and
the latest reports from that field indicate that
multitudes are embracing Christianity. The
desire to enter the Christian Church and
know more fully the love of Christ and the
power of the Gospel seems to be phenom-
enal. Some one who has just been there
describes them as a" broken-hearted nation
turning to Christ." The statements of Mr.
W. T. Ellis, which I have already noted, call
attention to the very exceptional opportunities
there to win souls for the kingdom, and recent
letters from the field speak of revival scenes

A NEW CLOUD OF WITNESSES 1 29

which are evidence of intense feeling and
deep spiritual experience. It is possible that
Korea may become a witnessing nation of
special value to Christianity.

We have already spoken of the testimony
of Chinese martyrs, but there are many
whose lives without the seal of martyrdom
have witnessed faithfully for Christ. There
is Chang, the blind man, who walked a hun-
dred miles to Dr. Christie's hospital at Mouk-
den, and while there received the Gospel
gladly. He soon entered upon an evangelis-
tic service of great success, and, visiting
from place to place, won souls wherever he
went. There was Wang, another Manchu-
rian evangelist, whose life has been written
by Dr. Ross. It strengthens one's faith to
read of his devotion, his liberality, his read-
iness to endure hardship, his patience and
tact in meeting opposition, his ingenuity in
interesting his hearers, and his fidelity to the
Gospel message. Instead of taking offense
at opposition and insult, he was depressed
rather if his preaching was received calmly or
with no signs of irritation, and was inclined

130 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

to blame himself for some supposed unfaith-
fulness as the probable cause of such a peace-
ful attitude on the part of the powers of
darkness. In his earlier years, before his
conversion, he was much addicted to the use
of opium, and the poison was never fully
eliminated from his system, so that his work
was often done while suffering from great
weakness of body ; but so long as he could
stand upon his feet, he was a faithful witness,
and finally he died speaking of Christ with
his last breath.

Pastor Chiu of Amoy, where the English
Presbyterians have a mission, was converted
at the age of twelve, entered the ministry at
twenty, and served with unwearied zeal,
much of the time in difficult pioneer work.
His enthusiasm never failed him, and he be-
came popular with all classes ; his intellec-
tual force and heart power made him a per*
sona grata among the literati, the officials,
and the people. While the Church in China
produces such men as Pastor Chiu, we may
be confident that its witnessing power will
never fail. We read further of a certain

A NEW CLOUD OF WITNESSES 131

Pastor Chia, up in North China, in connec-
tion with the American Board Mission, a
portly, dignified, impressive personality, who
stands six feet in height, and has charge of
forty outstations in the Shantung Province.
Every native Christian in his district looks to
him as a sympathetic friend and adviser.
After the Boxer troubles he it was who was
commissioned to settle the indemnity claims
for the Christians of that region, and he went
through the ordeal to the satisfaction of all,
and with absolute honesty in his accounts.
His witness was characterized by love, fidel-
ity, brotherly kindness, and unblemished in-
tegrity.

At Amoy also we find the record of an-
other pastor, who served there forty years, in
connection with the Reformed Church Mis-
sion. The Rev. lap Han-cheong was or-
dained in 1864, being among the very first
natives then set apart for the ministry in
China. His fortieth anniversary to the pas-
torate was celebrated by the presentation to
him of four banners, each one seven feet in
length, made of crimson and blue silk, and

132 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

suitably inscribed with square yards of esteem
and loving appreciation. The occasion was
further marked by a substantial contribution
toward a memorial fund in his honour, to be
used for missionary purposes, in commemo-
ration of his life-work. Forty years ago
there were only two church organizations in
all that region, and no native pastors. To-
day there are thirty-eight pastors and eighty
churches, fifty-three of them being self-sup-
porting. The labours of this faithful native
pastor have no doubt had much to do in
promoting this advance. Pastor Hsi's bi-
ography, written by Mrs. Taylor, has made
us conversant with a singularly strong and
heroic witness for Christ. While preparing
this lecture I have become acquainted with a
little volume by Mr. W. P. Bentley, entitled
" Illustrious Chinese Christians." * It con-
tains brief biographical sketches, either writ-
ten by missionaries, or based upon data fur-
nished from the field, of twenty-two natives,
who in Christian character and loyal service

1 Published by The Standard Publishing Company, Cincin-
nati, Ohio, 1906.

A NEW CLOUD OF WITNESSES 1 33

furnish an example of witnessing fidelity
which is not only creditable to China, but an
honour to the Christian name.

In Siam we find the brief but noble record
of the Rev. Boon Boon-Itt, whose life-story is
told in a pamphlet issued by the Presbyterian
Board of Foreign Missions. He was edu-
cated in this country, at Williams College
and Auburn Theological Seminary, and on
his return to Siam was inducted into a re-
sponsible pastorate at Bangkok. He entered
upon his duties there with alacrity, giving
earnest attention to the spiritual interests of
the young men of the city. His success in
this special sphere reminds one of the work
of Henry Drummond among the young men
of his day. The early death of Mr. Boon-Itt
was a great sorrow to many friends in this
country, as well as in Siam. He seemed to
be just on the threshold of a long and useful
life, but his witness for Christ, though brief,
was inflexible, strenuous, and true.

Dr. Bunker of Burma has told us, in a
biography which he has published, the story
of Soo Thah, the indefatigable preacher

134 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

and temperance advocate. It is related that
he once succeeded in inducing an entire
village to abandon intoxicants, with the ex-
ception of one rich old resident, who per-
sisted in distilling and drinking rice whiskey,
and placing the temptation in the way of
the young people around him. After much
persuasion, this upper-class sinner finally
consented to yield to solicitation, and give
up his evil traffic. It happened that he had
a considerable quantity of rice and corn on
hand already boiled, mixed with yeast, and
in process of fermentation. Rather than des-
troy this valuable stock, he fed it all to his
pigs, with tragic dynamic effect. This start-
ling result suggested to the alert mind of
Soo Thah a pungent text, which in the spirit
of a homiletical opportunism, not altogether
unknown elsewhere, he used with telling
effect to enforce his next temperance ser-
mon. The witness of this brave man in-
cluded a perilous attempt to evangelize a
savage tribe, where no entrance to the Gos-
pel had ever been allowed. Success crowned
his efforts, and the victory over superstition

A NEW CLOUD OF WITNESSES 135

and hostility was complete. It was given to
him subsequently to be a leader in kindling
the spirit of national unity among the Karens,
and in allying them with the British Gov-
ernment at the time of the Burmese rebel-
lion. His witness was thus a strong one in
behalf of the Gospel as a saving power, and
also in the promotion of social order and
national progress.

We must hasten now to India, where
many faithful and trustworthy witnesses pre-
sent themselves as we scan the records of
Indian Christianity. Krishna Mohun Baner-
jea, Ram Chandra Bose, Lai Bihari Day,
and Nehemiah Goreh, may all be regarded
as representative Christian apologists. Baba
Padmanji, Thakur Dass, N. V. Tilak, Rallia
Ram, Navalkar, Joseph David, Samuel Paul,
T. K. Chatter ji, Dr. Ahmed Shah, Abdullah
Athim, and others, stand high among native
Christian authors. Abdul Masih, Abdul Rah-
man, Imad-ud-Din (noted for his Biblical
scholarship), Safdar Ali, and Jani Alii, are
prominent Christian witnesses from the ranks
of Islam. There are many native writers

136 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

whose witness to Christ has been embodied
in devotional hymns, some of them of un-
usual beauty. Jacob Biswas, in Bengali ;
Sastri, in Tamil ; Karmarkar, Tilak, and
Sangle, in Marathi; Safdar AH, in Urdu;
with K. M. Banerjea, Goreh, Navalkar, Bose,
and Day, as well, are all representative and
gifted hymnists. Many learned natives have
shared with distinction in the enormous la-
bours of Bible translation in India, as Arch-
deacon Koshi Koshi, in Malayalam ; the
Rev. D. Anamtam, and the Rev. P. Jaga-
nadhan, in Telugu ; Baba Padmanji, and
G. R. Navalkar, in Marathi ; Tara Chand, in
Urdu ; Shem Sahu, in Uriya ; and Imam
Masih, in Bengali. There are numerous pas-
tors and evangelists, like Messrs. Golaknath,
Pestonji, Sheshadri, M. N. Bose, D. L. Joshi,
Devasagayam, Chatterjee, W. T. Satthia-
nadhan, Khisti, Naoroji, Devadasan, and
John Williams, the latter among the wild
Waziris. These men, and many others, have
devoted their lives to a diligent testimony
concerning Christ and His Gospel. One of
those just mentioned, the Rev. Dhanjibhai

A NEW CLOUD OF WITNESSES 137

Naoroji, has recently celebrated the Jubilee of
his Christian service. In a document pre-
sented to him on that occasion, it is stated :
" You were the first and foremost of all the
Parsi converts to come out and join the
Church of Christ, and though your path lay
through many trials and persecutions, these
did not daunt your courage. Through God's
grace you stood firm, to be a glorious wit-
ness for Him in this land." There are states-
men and men of culture, like Sir Harnum
Singh, who represented the Indian Christian
community at the coronation of Edward VII.
In this list a conspicuous place must be as-
signed to that eminent Christian, and accom-
plished government official, Mr. Kali Charan
Banurji, deceased, we regret to say, since his
name was here inserted. We might name
also as worthy witnesses and public men of
distinction, Dewan Bahadur N. Subrahman-
yam, Dr. Pulney Andy, N. G. Welinkar, Rai
Bahadur Maya Das, and others.

There are professors and educationalists,
as Professor Ram Chandra of Delhi, Professor
H. L. Mukerji of Bareilly, Professor Golak

138 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

Nath Chatter ji of Lahore, and the lamented
Samuel Satthianadhan, LL. D., late Professor
of Mental and Moral Science in the Presidency
College, Madras. The personality of Dr. Sat-
thianadhan is known to many in England
and in this country, as during his recent visit
to America he delivered a course of lectures
at several theological seminaries, includ-
ing McCormick, on "Indian Philosophical
Systems as Related to Christianity." No
one who met him could fail to note the
gentleness and geniality of his personal ad-
dress, the accuracy and extent of his scholar-
ship, the fine tone of Christian courtesy in
his demeanour, his loyalty to evangelical
truth, and the presence of strong traits of
character, which, combined with religious
sincerity, made him a most attractive ex-
ample of what we may expect in educated
Indian Christians. His witness to Christ,
and to the ennobling power of the Gospel,
was of distinct value, here in America as well
as in India, and we all have a finer ideal of
the possibilities of Christian character, and
of the witness-bearing power of Indian Chris-

A NEW CLOUD OF WITNESSES 1 39

tianity from having met this winsome dis-
ciple, even though our intercourse with him
may have been but casual and transient.

We should not fail to name, moreover, in
this connection some representative Indian
women who are worthy of our respect and
admiration. Among them we may mention
Krupabai, the gifted writer, Ramabai, the
philanthropist of world-wide fame, Lady
Harnum Singh, the Sorabjis, Miss Lilivati
Singh, Miss C. M. Bose, Miss S. Chucker-
butty, the Chatter jees, Mrs. Shome, Mrs.
Bauboo, and Mrs. Satthianadhan, the accom-
plished editor of The Indian Ladies' Maga-
zine, These, with others who might be
mentioned, are witnesses of a high order to
the gracious influence of Christianity.

The witnessing power of multitudes gath-
ered into the Christian fold from the ranks
of Indian outcasts should by no means be
overlooked. The Pariah converts, pitiful in
their former degradation and suffering, be-
come evidential trophies of the power and
grace of the Gospel. The high caste Hindu
himself often wonders at the change which is

140 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

wrought by conversion, and is deeply im-
pressed with the gladdening, hope-inspiring,
self-respecting, efficacy of Christian enlight-
enment, so energizing morally, and so trans-
forming socially, among a sunken and seem-
ingly doomed class. Distinguished Brahmans
in high official position are recognizing the
fact that something is being done for the
outcast element which is altogether new in
Indian history. Its witnessing power is irre-
sistible. Outcast converts of Christianity
may yet become a " cloud of witnesses "
whose testimony to the uplifting helpfulness
of the Gospel will stir the heart of India.1

1In a recent report to the native Prince of Travancore,
India, a Brahman census commissioner paid the following
tribute to Christian missions and native Christian converts :

" The heroism of raising the low from the slough of degra-
dation and debasement is an element of civilization unknown
to ancient India. But for the Christian missionaries in the
country these humble orders would forever remain unraised.
The Brahman community of Southern India is not doing for
the lower classes what the casteless Britisher is doing for them.
The credit of the philanthropy of going to the houses of the
low and distressed and the dirty, and putting the shoulder to
the wheel of depraved humanity, belongs to the Christian. It
is a glory reserved to this century of human progress, the epoch
of the happy commingling of the civilization of the West with
that of the East."

A NEW CLOUD OF WITNESSES 141

Passing now very hastily to lands largely
under Moslem rule, we find in Syria the stren-
uous and outspoken witness of Michial
Meshakah, of Butrus Bistany, of Michial
Araman, of John Abcarius, of Ibrahim Sarkis,
and Rizzook Berbary. In Persia, Deacon
Abraham, the philanthropist, and Mirza Ibra-
him, the martyr, have added their valued wit-
ness to the transforming power of the Gospel.
Throughout Turkey there are scores who
have lived faithful lives, and whose characters
and services have made them as " living epis-
tles, known and read of all men." The ven-
erable pastor at Aintab, in Asia Minor, the
Rev. Kara Krikore, who has just celebrated
the fiftieth anniversary of his pastorate over
the church in that city, is a worthy example.

These men and women of faith and zeal
whom we have mentioned in this long calen-
dar of sainthood have never been canonized
officially ; they are only plain witnesses to the
sanctifying power and the unselfish impulses
of the Gospel ; but they have lived and com-
muned with Christ, in whatever environment
their lot has been cast, and they have borne

142 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

about in their spiritual natures " the marks
of the Lord Jesus " as truly as have many of
those religious zealots and heroes who have
been designated as saints by popular acclaim
or ecclesiastical decree. It was a true and
gracious instinct which led the late Dr. Ed-
win Hatch, the accomplished student of
Church Institutions, in his little poem, entitled
" All Saints," to include a reference to uni-
versal sainthood wherever Christ has been
loved and served, the world over.

" Saints of the early dawn of Christ,

Saints of imperial Rome,
Saints of the cloistered Middle Age,

Saints of the modern home ;
Saints of the soft and sunny East,

Saints of the frozen seas,
Saints of the isles that wave their palms,

In the far Antipodes ;
Saints of the marts and busy streets,

Saints of the squalid lanes,
Saints of the silent solitudes,

Of the prairies and the plains ;
Saints who were wafted to the skies

In the torment robe of flame,
Saints who have graven on men's thoughts

A monumental name."

We have dwelt at such length on the rec-

A NEW CLOUD OF WITNESSES 143

ord of these native converts who have wit-
nessed by their own lives and characters to
the redeeming and constraining power of the
Gospel, that we have little time left to speak
of the testimony of outside witnesses who have
had opportunities to observe mission work,
and have recognized its beneficent and helpful
influence. Dr. James L. Barton has recently
published a volume dealing with this aspect of
the subject. It is entitled, " The Missionary
and His Critics," and as the book is accessi-
ble to all, we will not repeat anything which
can be found therein. Statements which have
appeared within a few months since that book
was issued will be more than sufficient for
our present purpose.

We note that Lieut.-General MacArthur
has recently expressed his " appreciation of
the splendid work the missionaries are doing
in the Severance Hospital at Seoul," and, in
the same connection, he remarks : " I desire
further to speak in the highest terms of com-
mendation of the missionary work I saw else-
where in Korea." The Crown Prince of Siam
has said publicly within a few months: "As

144 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

my royal grandfather and my royal father
have befriended the Christian missionaries,
so I trust that I, too, shall have an opportu-
nity on proper occasions to assist them to the
limit of my power." Sir Andrew H. L.
Fraser, the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal,
in addressing a recent General Assembly of
the Church of Scotland, remarked that he had
been thirty-five years in India, and, contin-
uing, said : " I am glad of an opportunity of
expressing the deep sense of obligation which
as an officer of the government I feel to the
missionaries." His address was replete with
statements of a similar tenor, indicating his
high estimate of the value of missions in
India. In September, 1906, Sir Arthur Law-
ley, Lieutenant-Governor of Madras, visited
Coimbatore, and while there discharged the
pleasant duty of presenting to the Rev. Mr.
Brough, of the London Mission, the Kaiser-i-
Hind Medal awarded by King Edward for
services rendered during a recent visitation of
the plague. His address upon the occasion
was a hearty tribute to the worth of missions.
A few weeks later, at the ceremony of laying

A NEW CLOUD OF WITNESSES 145

the corner-stone of the new college building
of the American Board Mission at Madura,
South India, the same official, in the course
of an address glowing with sympathetic en-
thusiasm, remarked : " I hail with satisfaction
the opportunity which you have been good
enough to give me to-day of saying, as the
head of the government in this Presidency,
how highly I appreciate the value of your
splendid work, done so ardently and earnestly.
I hope that the work may grow and prosper.
I hope that here upon this height may grow
an institution worthy of the objects with
which it has been taken in hand, worthy of
those who made it possible to come to
achievement, worthy of the sons of that great
Anglo-Saxon nation who have shown them-
selves so well able to carry over the Western
seas, right up to the farthest corners of the
earth, the best and the noblest traditions of
the race from which they sprang. That God
may prosper them in their work is my most
deep and earnest prayer."

In a recent letter to the President of Madura
College, Lord Curzon, Ex- Viceroy of India,

146 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

writes : " While in India I was greatly im-
pressed with the excellent, devoted, and self-
sacrificing work that was being spontaneously
undertaken by American educational and
missionary institutions, and I regard them as
a valuable adjunct to the forces of govern-
ment in aiming at the moral and intellectual
development of the people." Sir Frederic
S. P. Lely, in a paper on the " Practical Side
of Famine in India," read recently before the
Indian Section of the Society of Arts, at a
meeting held in London, spoke in terms of
unstinted admiration of the services of mis-
sionaries on behalf of famine sufferers. He
said : " Given a wasted famine starveling,
and nothing will save him, but such care as
cannot be bought. The devoted Christian
women missionaries who sought out wretched
little ones, and mothered them back to life,
deserved, as they gained, the gratitude of the
people." He mentioned also by name three
missionaries, Messrs. Mulligan, Mawhinney,
and Thompson, who had done heroic and
loving, though to themselves fatal, service in
famine relief, and concerning them he said :

A NEW CLOUD OF WITNESSES 147

"I make no apology for mentioning these
names, for the blood of such men is the seed
— and the sap — of empire." Lord Curzon,
who was in the chair at the time, spoke also
of the " devotion of the missionaries, English,
American, Canadian, European, of every
nationality, women as well as men. They
literally stood for months between the living
and the dead, and they set a noble example
of the creed of their Master." Sir Frederick
Nicholson made an address at Northfield in
1906. He was in this country on official busi-
ness, but accepted the invitation to give his
impression of missions, derived during a resi-
dence of thirty-seven years in India. His
tribute, which you will find in the Missionary
Review of the World, for January, 1907, is
worth reading, as the testimony of one who
speaks advisedly of what he knows.

Mr. P. Whitwell Wilson, M. P., in a con-
tribution to the pages of the Chronicle of the
London Missionary Society, for March, 1908,
writes appreciatively of the influence of the
missionary in quickening the spirit of broth-
erhood in the imperial policy of nations.

148 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

" He is a guarantee," he writes, " that our
nation in approaching less civilized peoples
shall be actuated not merely by imperial am-
bition, or love of gain, but by real desire to
communicate to others the best life that we
have found ourselves." At the conclusion of
his article he states : " Under these circum-
stances, I am, as a mere politician, convinced
of the value, and indeed the necessity of
missions. One sees clearly that empires are
bound to expand. One also sees that such
expansion would be an awful and cruel
business, if it were not accompanied by a vein
of Christian sacrifice."

Sir Andrew Wingate, in a speech opening
a missionary exhibition held recently at Brom-
ley, near London, spoke of the opportunity
which the Church had for moulding the youth
of China and India for Christ. " The ominous
rumblings in India," he remarked, "show that
it is not education, but character, not books,
but the Bible, that play the greater part in
the highest education of a nation." He noted
the change of tone in men of business toward
missions, and their increasing inclination to

A NEW CLOUD OF WITNESSES 149

ask themselves whether the kingdom of
Christ is not the best investment for their
money. Sir Frederick Cunningham, who has
had long experience as a civil administrator
in India, in a recent address referred to " the
great value of the missionary's work in school
and hospital, in humanizing and elevating
the people. I for one can bear testimony to
its worth, both from the educational and po-
litical aspect." Sir Frederick spoke as one
who had known many missionaries intimately.
Sir James Bourdillon, an Indian official of note,
has also said in a recent address, that one of
the justifications of missions was " the value
of such work in the Church itself. Unless the
Church could put forth its power, and send
forth missionaries, it could not flourish, and
could not live."

The Right Honourable Winston Churchill,
of the English Cabinet, has recently visited
Uganda, and since his return to England he
has spoken with warm praise of missionary
work in that country. His address at the
National Liberal Club, in which he referred
to the benefits of missions in Uganda, was a

150 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

testimony of exceptional value. " Once in
Uganda," he remarked, "you went into
another world. You found there a com-
pletely established polity — a State with every
one in his place and a place for every one. You
found clothed, cultivated, educated natives.
You found 200,000 who could read and write,
a very great number who had embraced the
Christian faith, and had abandoned polygamy
in consequence of their conversion. You
found, in short, in Uganda almost everything
which went to vindicate the ideal which the
negrophile had so often held up before the
House of Commons, and in regard to which
he had so often in other places been disap-
pointed by the hard logic of facts and the dis-
appointing trend of concrete and material
events. We owed a great deal in Uganda
to the development, on, he thought, an un-
equalled scale of missionary enterprise. In
some other parts of the British Empire he had
found the official classes distrustful of mis-
sionary enterprise. In Uganda he found
them very grateful. Devoted Christian men
of different Churches, but of a common char-

A NEW CLOUD OF WITNESSES 15I

ity, had laboured earnestly and strenuously,
year in, year out, to raise the moral and spir-
itual conceptions of one of the most intelli-
gent races in the whole of the African Conti-
nent, and they had succeeded undoubtedly in
introducing a character of progress and de-
corum into the life of Uganda, which made
that State one of the most interesting of those
for which the British public had ever be-
come directly or indirectly responsible." Mr.
George Wilson, C. B., Deputy-Commissioner
of the Uganda Protectorate, referring to the
work of missions in that country, remarked
at a recent meeting of the Society of Arts that
" the missionary societies have . . . done
a magnificent work, and, let us hope and be-
lieve, as we may, an ever-enduring work in
the educational and moral upbringing of the
natives."

In the Contemporary Review for February,
1908, is a report on Christian Missions in
China, by Mr. F. W. Fox, Prof. Alexander
Macalister of Cambridge, and Sir Alexander
Simpson of Edinburgh, who have recently
visited China, with a view to gathering first-

152 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

hand information as to the status of missions
in that empire. The article leaves no doubt
in the reader's mind that these distinguished
visitors found the best reasons to approve and
endorse missionary effort, and that they re-
turned home with the determination to sup-
port and encourage the missionary enterprise
in the Far East.

The Acting-Governor of Nigeria, Mr. Fos-
bery, said in a public address not long ago :
" It is impossible to overestimate the good al-
ready accomplished in Southern Nigeria by
the Church Missionary Society." He gave
hearty assurance of his willing cooperation
and support in all measures tending to the
advancement of true religion and civilization.
Mr. Archibald R. Colquhoun, the author and
world-wide traveller, in his recent book on
" The Africander Land," gives ungrudging
testimony to the work accomplished there by
missionaries. Admiral A. T. Mahan, in his
volume issued not long ago, entitled, " The
Problem of Asia, and Its Effects on Interna-
tional Policies," deprecates the attitude taken
by hostile critics of missions, and speaks with

A NEW CLOUD OF WITNESSES 1 53

emphasis of the desirability of mission effort
in Far Eastern nations, especially China. The
striking address of Sir Henry Mortimer Du-
rand, at the Student Volunteer Convention
at Nashville, in the spring of 1906, is probably
familiar to all.

Three well-known newspaper correspond-
ents in the Far East have recently writ-
ten on the subject of missions, Mr. Fred-
erick McCormick, Mr. F. A. McKenzie,
and Mr. W. T. Ellis. Mr. McCormick says
at the close of a communication expressing
approval of missionary service in China:
"We must, as Americans, quit thoughtless
condemnation of missions, and give aid to all
kinds of efforts to reach the Chinese people."
Mr. McKenzie declares, in his recently pub-
lished volume, entitled, " The Unveiled East,"
that the missionaries "have been not only
teachers of religion, but the advanced agents
of civilization." Mr. Ellis, whose testimony
we have previously mentioned, has given us
repeated statements as to the value of mission
work in the lands he has visited in the Far
East, during his world tour of 1906-7.

154 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

This witness from without is growing
clearer and more decisive. Missions have
had to face much ignorant criticism and
supercilious disparagement in the past, but
there are signs that they are gradually com-
ing to their own, and that they will not only
be vindicated, but will win more fully than
ever before the admiring sympathy and the
loving support of the Church of Christ.

LECTURE IV
FRESH ANNALS OF THE KINGDOM

" We are to seek first the Kingdom of God. All organiza-
tions, even including the Church, are put secondary. One may
be loyal to the Kingdom and at the same time loyal to the
Church, because the Church is the means of which the King-
dom is the end. The Church will be the centre for influences
which reach out and permeate all life. But the Church will
eventuate in something more substantial than itself, namely, the
Kingdom of God. In recent times it is apparent that the idea
of the Kingdom is displacing, in part at least, that of the Church.
The great movements of reform, such as the abolition of slavery,
while having their roots in the teachings of the Church, are
largely conducted on extra-church lines. Thus, in Japan and
in China the Young Men's Christian Associations win a confi-
dence and support which are not given to denominations.
With apostolic fervour and the wisdom of sages these associa-
tions have won recognition of which they are well worthy.
The laity have shown themselves somewhat in advance of the
clergy in calling for essential Christianity, and, in large part,
the obliterating of many sectarian distinctions. Unless the
Church broadens its borders, and enlarges its conceptions, and
humanizes its operations, it will fail to maintain its important
position in the world. The power of the Church will grow as
it synchronizes its operations with the Kingdom, and learns to
work in a regulated and cooperative activity."

— Shanghai Centenary Missionary Conference.

LECTURE IV

FRESH ANNALS OF THE KINGDOM

THE missionary enterprise, as we have
long ago discovered, is a unique
potentiality in the world. It has
opened new chapters in history ; it has intro-
duced new forces into human life and racial
progress. In its initial stages, under Chris-
tian auspices, it grappled with the mighty
Roman Empire— that great symbol of mili-
tant world power and efflorescent pagan
culture,— and transformed it into a historic
influence, which has given a brighter colour-
ing, and a distinctly nobler tendency, to the
religious, social, and political development of
Christendom. In later centuries it entered
the British Isles ; it penetrated into the wilds
of Northern Europe ; it moulded Teutonic
and Slavic development ; it touched a nascent
Christendom at many points of vital growth
and crucial import. It sailed westward and
*57

158 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

eastward, enshrined in the hearts of aspiring
explorers and sturdy Puritans. It traversed
the caravan routes into distant China ; it
plowed its way through the Far Eastern seas,
landing on Indian, East Indian, and Japanese
shores. At times it has seemed to be baffled
and defeated ; yet it has never acknowledged
itself to be vanquished, nor accepted failure
as its portion.

In these latter years of history it has as-
sumed a more strenuous role of renewed
activities, and we have behind us a century
of missionary progress, which calls for grat-
itude, reveals large possibilities of future
advance, and opens vistas of hope in the
hidden realm of the Church's destiny and
final victory. We are at the present moment
evidently turning the pages of what may be
called a new chapter in the annals of the
kingdom. Its quality of newness does not
arise merely from the fact that it has become
aggressively missionary, since the mission-
ary spirit and aim have been characteristic
of Christianity from the beginning, even
though at times much hampered, and but

FRESH ANNALS OF THE KINGDOM 1 59

dimly revealed. Its newness is rather iden-
tified with matters of emphasis, and pertains
to the enlargement of activities. It reveals
itself in an alert coordination with world
changes, in fresh adaptation to the calls of
new racial contact, in incisive moulding
touches at points of ethical influence, relig-
ious enlightenment, intellectual quickening,
social reformation, and political readjust-
ment.

Each age of the Church seems to have
assigned to it some special service to render,
some profound principle to vindicate and
establish, some paramount duty to discharge,
or some ripe harvest to gather for the enrich-
ment of man's religious inheritance. The
sphere of service which may be regarded as
indicating the function of our own age might
be estimated differently from different stand-
points, but no intelligent student of the
progress of Christ's kingdom could fail to
recognize the vital responsibility which rests
upon the Church of our day to foster the
missionary enterprise as one at least of our
foremost duties to the kingdom and to the

160 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

world. We have been diligent students of
the past, and in the spheres of historic re-
search, literary scrutiny, and theological
study, we have been alert critics, and con-
servative reconstructionists, according to the
light and insight which have been given us.
In this stirring, unsettled, and at the same
time mobile, and swiftly advancing age,
we have a wonderful call of Christian oppor-
tunism. It becomes, therefore, our special
mission and duty to dedicate ourselves to a
noble forward movement in the progress of
Christ's kingdom, to a glorified evangelism
of world-wide proportions. It is the great
mission of the Church in our day not to ex-
ploit the past, or to fight over the old battles
of a highly scholastic dogmatism, but rather,
while holding fast to essential evangelical
truth, to improve and possess the present,
and make large plans for winning the future.
The watchword of the times is, " Go For-
ward." We can hear it as clearly as was
heard that command which was given to the
children of Israel on the shores of the Red
Sea, centuries ago.

FRESH ANNALS OF THE KINGDOM l6l

This fresh chapter in the missionary annals
of the kingdom into which we are now peer-
ing seems to be marked by three leading
aspects. It is cosmopolitan to an extent
hitherto unknown; it reveals unexampled
opportunities and calls of privilege; it pre-
sents a record of varied and notable achieve-
ments, which have changed the outlook of
humanity. Its enlarged cosmopolitanism, its
increasing opportunity, its striking achieve-
ments : in these three aspects of the present-
day progress of the kingdom do we not dis-
cover the turning of a new leaf in the history
of world-redemption ?

Its cosmopolitan newness is not the result
of any change in foundation principles or
characteristic aims ; it has come rather with
enlargement of vision, realization of responsi-
bility, opening of doors of access, and a fresh
consecration on the part of the Church to the
duty of spiritual prospecting among alien
races, and hitherto inaccessible peoples.
Since Carey landed in India, not, speaking
historically, as the first pioneer missionary,
but rather as a forerunner of the modern era :

162 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

since Morrison landed in China ; since Lig-
gins, Williams, and Hepburn entered Japan ;
and since the opening of the modern mis-
sionary campaign in other lands, an immense
development of the idea and plan of universal
missionary propaganda has taken possession
of the Christian consciousness.

To modern Christendom it has become
virtually a fresh revelation in the unfoldings
of the kingdom. A new library of mission-
ary literature has been issued in connection
with it, dealing with history, statistics, en-
vironment, difficulties, and successes. The
religious press, and especially missionary
periodicals, give us columns of detail and
incident. Dignified and specialized mission-
ary reviews lie upon our tables, containing
discussions of the more scholastic and aca-
demic aspects of the enterprise, and dealing
thoughtfully with the perplexing problems
and practical issues which are involved in its
successful advance. Mission study has now
become a comparatively easy matter ; in fact,
we can be almost surcharged with informa-
tion, if we are alert to find it. Contrast the op-

FRESH ANNALS OF THE KINGDOM 1 63

portunities of familiarizing ourselves with the
present status of missions in the world with
those accessible to Alexander Duff in 1824,
when, with a group of fellow-students at St.
Andrews University, he founded a Students'
Missionary Society in that ancient seat of
learning, with the avowed purpose, to quote
from the prospectus, " of studying foreign
missions, so as to satisfy themselves of the
necessities of the world outside of Christen-
dom." The books, magazines, and articles,
often found in secular as well as religious
journals, the leaflets, diagrams, charts, and
the voluminous special literature of various
missionary organizations, have become a dis-
tinctive feature of the literary output of our
day. Church conferences and ecclesiastical
assemblies give notable attention to foreign
missions ; numerous conventions, followed by
extended published reports, are gathered to
consider and promote their interests ; classes
for specialized study are formed in schools,
colleges, and churches ; forward movements
are working to stimulate an intelligent zeal ;
and mission study schools and assemblies

164 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

convene with the serious purpose of devoting
days to continuous study of the subject. A
Laymen's Missionary Movement not only ar-
rests the attention of our American Churches,
but invades Great Britain and receives a
noteworthy welcome ; and we submit that all
this is something new in the annals of the
kingdom.

There is a large cosmopolitanism also in
the outlook and scope of our missionary
agencies. They are in no sense self-centered,
narrow, and provincial ; they are world-wide
in sympathy ; they contemplate distant and
alien races as potential members of a uni-
versal Christendom, and regard them as
rightful heirs of the privileges and fruitions
of the Gospel. There is, moreover, an en-
larged conception on the part of the Church
of the extent and variety of the benefits
which may follow and attend successful
missionary effort The individualistic view
which prevailed in the early missions of the
Church, and which was, to a considerable
extent, still maintained in the early stages of
the missionary revival of the past century,

FRESH ANNALS OF THE KINGDOM 1 65

regarding as it did the individual convert as
its great, and perhaps sometimes almost its
only prize, has not, to be sure, been super-
seded or abandoned, and it is to be hoped
that it never will be discarded. Its culmi-
nating goal of church organization, and the
establishment of an objective society for com-
munion, culture, and service, will never grow
out of date, or cease to be essential as an
instrument of religious influence and spiritual
expansion. This is no longer, however, the
exclusive or limited aim, nor is it a suf-
ficiently satisfying interpretation of missions.
We have discovered abundant reason to ex-
pect larger results, and to hope for more
radical and comprehensive reconstruction in
the intellectual, social, industrial, and even
political and administrative life of backward
peoples. The view which regards the rescue
of the individual, and his identification with
the spiritual forces of the Gospel propaganda,
as a fundamental feature of missions, is not
discredited in the least, and is assuredly not
abandoned. It is still representative and
regnant, while at the same time its full

1 66 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

outreaching significance, and its expansive
import, have become more apparent, and
have rounded out our modern missionary
ideal with an auspicious and momentous
meaning.

In the same way the nationalistic or tribal
view of missionary progress, which was so
largely the governing aim in the medieval
period, has been still further expanded. It was
in its day a comprehensive and fructifying
spirit in the missionary purpose of that age ;
yet it would fail now to compass the range of
evangelistic effort in this our cosmopolitan
age. Barbarous races, heathen tribes, and
even whole nations, were included, to be sure,
in the magnificent plans of an Augustine, a
Columba, a Boniface, an Ansgar, a Cyril, a
Methodius, and other religious leaders of the
times. Mass conversions of king and people
were not unknown, in some few instances by
methods quite too militant to meet with our
approval ; yet it was thus that the founda-
tions of Occidental Christendom began to be
laid. We cannot in our present outlook spare
either the individualistic aim or the national-

FRESH ANNALS OF THE KINGDOM 1 67

istic hope in any adequate conception of our
missionary programme, but we have now ad-
vanced to a time in the growth of the king-
dom, and in the progress of missions, when
the whole round world looms up before us in
practical and realistic vision, as the great and
entrancing goal of effort. An ideal of the
universal kingdom begins to thrill us and al-
lure us. We are not intimating that this
breadth of vision and largeness of aim are
not found in the original charter of missions ;
they are there potentially, and the missionary
leaders in all ages have been under their
sway ; but they have never captured the con-
sciences and inspired the hopes of so large a
proportion of the serious and sincere element
in our whole Christian community as at the
present time. The entire outlook of missions
has been expanded, ennobled, and transfig-
ured in the eyes of the more devout and spir-
itual members of our Churches, and that con-
spicuously, within a generation, almost, I
might say, within a decade.

We are all interested and touched by the
individualistic incidents of the campaign, and

168 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

we find much that is inspiring and rewarding
in the study of the great nationalistic devel-
opments of medieval and modern history, es-
pecially that outcome of Christian civilization
which can be traced all through the Christian
centuries. As a feature of denominational
enterprise, our various ecclesiastical organi-
zations have become attached and specially
attracted to the missionary work which they
have conducted among different races. Each
Church has found a distinct inspiration, and
has secured a reward all its own in connec-
tion with the gifts, the prayers, and the sac-
rifices, as well as the hopes, which have cen-
tered largely in those special fields among
those chosen races where its missionary ef-
forts have been expended. But is it not true
that a larger interest and a broader vision is
now enlisting the attention of all the Churches?
The universal Christian heart is adjusting it-
self to the conception of a great world victory,
which is destined to become, as we are able
to bear it, the absorbing, inspirational motive
of the missionary movement of the whole
Church of Christ. Nothing, I take it, will

FRESH ANNALS OF THE KINGDOM 1 69

have a more irresistible influence in establish-
ing an interdenominational status of brother-
hood and federated cooperation than the call
of universal missions addressed to the united
hearts of all ecclesiastical communions.

We are thus being graduated from prelimi-
nary courses of study and training, and are
now facing new conditions, in which we enter,
not without grave responsibilities, upon an
era of momentous and united struggle for the
mastery of the world. In this campaign we
shall, it is to be hoped, enlist a native army
of zealous converts and evangelists to assume
with us in friendly cooperation the responsi-
bility and the high rewards of finally success-
ful achievement. It will be meanwhile, how-
ever, a time of testing for the home Church.
God's Providence is manifestly turning a page
in the unfoldings of the divine purpose, the
meaning of which is expansion. Will the
Church be alert and attentive? Our Lord,
who is sometimes represented as standing at
a closed door and knocking, now stands at
an open door and beckons. Will the Church
respond ? " Watchman, what of the night ? "

170 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

has usually been interpreted as addressed to
the foreign missionary at his outpost, waiting
and watching for the dawn to illumine the
darkness of heathenism. One is tempted to
ask, does not the question under present con-
ditions apply quite as well to the pastors and
leaders of Christendom, waiting and watch-
ing for increasing signs of spiritual earnest-
ness and sacrificial loyalty on the part of the
home Church ?

We can surely do far better than any past
record we have maintained during the
slumbrous and relaxed centuries which have
gone. " God is not in all his thoughts " was
a sign of spiritual degeneracy in the Psalmist's
day; in our present era of vastly extended
opportunity, and consequent responsibility,
would it not be quite as grievous a lapse if it
should be justly said of the Church, " God's
world is not in all its thoughts " ? The out-
look for missions to those who entered the
service a half century ago, was very different
from the prospect which opens to a candidate
accepting his appointment in 1908. The
new mission recruit at the present time steps

FRESH ANNALS OF THE KINGDOM 171

into the ranks at an hour of triumphant ad-
vance. He will keep step in the victorious
march of the new century.

Another, and a very striking feature of
this new chapter in the annals of the king-
dom is its wonderful unfolding of opportunity
to the Church. No such age has dawned in
the history of redemption as the one in which
we are privileged to pray and serve. " Eye
hath not seen, nor ear heard" might have
been said concerning this grand feature of
our age a few generations ago. There have
been periods which have witnessed events of
more crucial import ; there have been times
of culmination, fruition, and momentous
change in the providential unfoldings of re-
ligious history, which may have surpassed
the present in significance and promise ; but
for the lifting up of heads that the glory of
Christ's passing through the gates of world
conquest may appear, for the opening of
doors of access to all races of mankind, for
the testing and challenging of the spirit of
service and sacrifice in His people, for the
call of a world addressed to a spiritually en-

172 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

dowed, well equipped, and thoroughly com-
petent Church, this age surely takes pre-
cedence of every other in its facilities for
expansion, and its supremacy of privilege.

Whichever way we turn — north, south,
east, or west — we find a clear and open path
of opportunity away to the farthest horizon.
It is not always an easy path, nor is it free
from discouragements and perils, but it is
one which Providence has opened for us, and
it presents no obstacle which cannot be faced
and overcome by courage and zeal. The last
half century in Japan has thrown open a great
and puissant nation to the friendly entrance
of Christianity. Korea has been aroused as
by a bugle-call. The recent upturnings and
revolutionary changes in China have brought
that great empire into the swift current of
modern progress. India is awakened and
receptive ; its very restlessness being in part
a sign of moral and social discontent with
past conditions, and indicative of a vague
longing for uplift and betterment. Africa is
becoming more and more conscious of its
backwardness and degradation, while a great

FRESH ANNALS OF THE KINGDOM 1 73

light is falling silently into its darkness.
From every direction new possibilities beckon
the Church, and the way thus seems open for
earnest and hopeful appeal to the better nature
of all mankind. It is an age hospitable to re-
constructive forces and regenerating influ-
ences. The opportunity everywhere has
broadened, and it is more intensive, as well as
more extensive in its promise, and it was
never more potentially helpful. In the book of
the Revelation it is said of the Church in
Philadelphia : " Behold, I have set before
thee an open door, and no man can shut
it." The door of an accessible world set
open before the Church of our age is more
than a mere imaginative symbol ; it is a fact
majestic in its realism, and one of the most
impressive things which the Spirit in our
time saith to the Churches.

We have still to note as a marked charac-
teristic of this new chapter in the annals of
the kingdom the varied and notable achieve-
ments which may be identified with the
progress of missions. We are all more or
less familiar with the salient features of mis-

174 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

sionary success under the usual classifica-
tion of evangelistic, educational, literary,
philanthropic, and industrial lines of activity.
The record is spread before us in much de-
tail, and we can lay our hands upon a
voluminous literature dealing with every
important aspect of the subject. It has be-
come, in fact, a question whether this plethora
of books, magazines, newspaper articles,
leaflets, bulletins, diagrams, charts, illumi-
nated wall-cards, and special literature of
various missionary movements, with numer-
ous conventions, conferences, summer schools,
and study classes, does not at times almost
overtax a receptive mind. It seems to bulk
so large before diligent searchers for mis-
sionary information that the emblazoned de-
tails may sometimes have a paralyzing and
wearying effect upon the sensibilities. It has
seemed to me, therefore, that for our present
purpose it would not be inappropriate to pay
but scant attention to the ordinary routine of
missionary apologetics, and to endeavour in
the few moments remaining to direct your
attention to some of the less familiar aspects

FRESH ANNALS OF THE KINGDOM 1 75

of the successful campaign which missions
are prosecuting in many lands. We may-
take the time, however, to note hastily, in
passing, the dignity and value of the work
already done, and the magnitude of the agen-
cies and facilities which are just now dedi-
cated to missionary service throughout the
world. These missionary triumphs are as
worthy of our admiration as are all the cathe-
drals of Christendom.

The potential value of the native convert
as a self-propagating force in church exten-
sion is full of promise. Already communi-
cants approaching in number to very near
two million souls are trophies of a spiritual
conquest which confirms anew the unfailing
energy of the Gospel, while the intellectual
awakening which has stirred great nations,
or has started ancient, and, in some instances,
still savage races upon new careers of prog-
ress, forms a noble tribute to the educational
benefits of missions. Back of the vanishing
pall of ignorance which has shrouded so long
the mental progress of undeveloped yet capa-
ble races will lie historically the missionary

176 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

school and college. The same may be said
of the printed page, by which numerous lan-
guages, some of them given over largely
to emptiness and vanity, have been made
vehicles of instruction and inspiration. That
path of light which has grown broader and
brighter with the development of literary
capacity, and the growth of a modern in-
digenous literature in the great language
areas of the non-Christian world, found, in
many instances, its beginning in those first
faint flashes of illuminating truth which were
emitted from the preliminary proof-sheets
which some pioneer missionary seized long
ago, with joyous enthusiasm, from his little
mission press in the early spasms of its
activity. The enrichment of native litera-
ture by translations of the Bible, and the
infusion of the best thought of Western
Christendom, combined with the philological
and lexicographical achievements of mission-
ary students, with the resultant stimulus to an
all-round mental activity along modern lines
of study and research, now give promise of a
new intellectual era among backward races.

FRESH ANNALS OF THE KINGDOM 1 77

Again, in the sphere of philanthropy, what
a huge burden of pain and misery has been
lifted from suffering humanity. The medical
ministry of missions, with its vastly extended
facilities, destined to develop along lines of
permanent usefulness, has rendered a service
to smitten and helpless millions in distant
lands which it would be impossible adequately
to describe. Hospitals, medical schools, and
training schools for nurses are beneficent
features of the universal missionary pro-
gramme. In addition, kindly and generous
provision has been made for the orphan, the
abandoned child, the helpless widow, the
tempted, bereft, and struggling waif, the
leper, the imbecile, the inebriate, the blind,
the deaf and dumb, the opium victim, the
released prisoner, the freed slave, and, in
some instances, the defective and the insane.
There is something incomparably precious
and beautiful in what missions have done for
imperilled childhood throughout the worM.

We must not forget to note also the serv-
ice to economic progress which has been
accomplished in the quickening of indolent

178 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

lives, and the awakening in native communi-
ties of a readiness, and often a desire for
work. Missions have given a valuable stim-
ulus to industrial instincts where they have
been almost atrophied by neglect, and have
helped to solve the problem of a living wage
amid changing conditions. The spirit of
sober toil and honest labour has been in-
voked, to quench the passion for plunder,
and banish the habit of wasteful idleness.
A desire for wholesome occupation, and, in
many instances, an attachment to rewarding
toil, have been awakened. Hands which, if
not destructive, were practically useless have
been led to render valuable contributions
toward the extension of skilled industries,
and the promotion of social happiness and
comfort. Stagnant resources which have
lain imbedded in dormant native capacity
have been given scope in varied spheres of
activity, as well as in the wide realm of
artistic genius and inventive skill. The
riches of the soil and the treasures of under-
lying strata are being sought out by the
alert intelligence and busy hands of the

FRESH ANNALS OF THE KINGDOM 1 79

native disciples of missionary artisans and
instructors. These five lines of effort — evan-
gelistic, educational, literary, philanthropic,
and industrial — if traced in detail, will yield
abundant and ever fresh material for an in-
creasingly effective apologetic vindication of
the usefulness and far-reaching influence of
missions.

Parallel with these main lines, however,
and sometimes interlaced with them, are less
conspicuous, but closely allied, side lines of
influence, which can be traced in no insig-
nificant degree to missionary sources. No
complete horoscope of missions can be made
at the present stage of progress without
giving careful attention to the outreaching
power of these indirect and secondary re-
sults, which already indicate that the modern
missionary movement has developed into an
all-round reconstructive agency for promoting
human progress. Its ministry as an instru-
ment of social reform introducing an era of
progress has produced remarkable transfor-
mations in ancient customs and popular tra-
ditions. The improved domestic life, the

180 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

subtle recasting of public opinion, the quiet
uplift of standards of character, the trans-
figuration of personal habits, the stimulus to
personal virtues, are all illustrative of the
social helpfulness of missions. The disinte-
gration of cruel, vulgar, and vicious customs,
especially those which sadden and degrade
the lot of woman ; the ministry of tenderness
and protection rendered to childhood, in-
cluding the increasingly victorious campaign
against footbinding; the fight to overcome
the awful wrongs of slavery and the slave-
trade, and to banish brutal ordeals, human
sacrifices, and cannibal orgies ; the awaken-
ing of humane instincts toward the defec-
tive, afflicted, and dependent classes ; and
the sanitary purification of the disease-breed-
ing environment of uncleanly homes and
pestilential villages — are further examples of
the tendencies toward social renewal which
missions inaugurate. The general enlight-
enment of society, which enables it to banish
superstition, to discredit brooding fears, to
throw off the burdens of idolatry and witch-
craft, to escape from the incubus of ignorant

FRESH ANNALS OF THE KINGDOM l8l

and childish credulity, to break the spell of
the glorified cow, the transfigured monkey,
and the whole strange medley of inanimate
fetiches, as well as the entire brood of evil
spirits which throng the haunted imagination
of the sons of superstition — the enlighten-
ment, I say, which delivers the life of a
whole community from such delusions, and
their power to debase and afflict the social
life, becomes a blessing of incalculable
value.

The touch of missions upon national life
is also becoming more and more apparent.
Educated and enlightened citizenship is a
national asset of high value. The belated
call of destiny that now summons nations
which have long been left behind in the
world's advance includes a demand for better
men in places of trust, for more intelligent
agents in the promotion and conservation of
public interests, and for a more responsive
and alert citizenship to keep step in the march
of progress. If traditional methods of leg-
islation and old forms of administrative pro-
cedure are to be changed for the better, if

182 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

authority is to become a more sacred trust,
and the judicial function a more exacting and
responsible service, if patriotism is to be re-
fined, and liberty is to be chastened and made
an instrument of blessing — then a nobler class
of men must be produced and trained for
this nobler era. If modern civilization, with
all its marvellous resources, is to be grafted
upon an ancient national life, and become a
part of the sturdy growth of the wild tree
which has borne its own fruitful blossoms for
ages, then the nation manifestly needs men of
intelligence, sagacity, discernment, and clear
vision, to supervise, to execute, and to adjust
the popular temper and the national capabil-
ities to these new conditions. The alert
Japanese seeing this have put groups of their
most promising young men to school in the
Occident ; the missionary, however, does his
part, not less vital and important, by open-
ing an Occidental school, both of religious
and general culture, in the home environ-
ment of alien peoples, and by this means
developing an indigenous manhood and
womanhood, prepared to serve the nation,

FRESH ANNALS OF THE KINGDOM 183

and take up the nobler and more responsible
tasks of the new age.

Ancient Eastern nations, as well as those
rude races which are just emerging from
savagery, are old in years, and can probably
count their chronology by centuries, even by
millenniums, but in other respects, and judged
by modern standards, they are still immature
and undeveloped, having just reached that
age of transition from arrested national
development to an era of growth under
modern world conditions — corresponding to
the period which we are accustomed to re-
gard as so critical in individual experience,
when childhood and youth are being left
behind, and the growth into manhood or
womanhood begins. We can hardly take up
a book, or glance at an article in current
literature, treating of nations or tribes out-
side the boundaries of Christendom, which
does not ring the changes on the awakening,
quickening, progressive, and reconstructive
features of the times. Change and renewal,
revolution and reform, signs and portents,
are on every page of contemporary annals.

184 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

It is flowering time in the Far East ; the
hour of mighty renaissance has struck in the
consciousness of backward nations.

Native races which have hitherto been nar-
row and self-centered in their outlook have
had their vision enlarged, and out of ages of
brooding darkness has come to light a new
world of which they begin dimly, yet tena-
ciously, to discern that they are themselves a
part. They discover at the same time the
inspiring opportunity which is presented to
make the most of themselves, and to take
their allotted places among the progressive
nations of the world. It is at this critical
period that the message of modern missions is
ready, with its helpful and inspiring, as well
as chastening and refining influence. Na-
tions startled and dazed by the strange and
mysterious import of the times find that there
is already with them a preacher of good
tidings, a teacher of a new civilization, an
exemplar of a new code of living, an intelli-
gent and experienced guide along the un-
known path, standing ready to lead them.
They are coming to regard him as a disinter-

FRESH ANNALS OF THE KINGDOM 1 85

ested and sympathetic friend, with a wholly-
sincere and really helpful message, free from
any spirit of diplomatic intrigue, and not
imbued with aggressive political aims, or
with grasping commercial designs. The
missionary is now coming to his own among
the nations, as representing, however imper-
fectly, a sort of secondary incarnation, his
person and his life strangely luminous with
the reflected light of the great sacrifice, reso-
lutely identified with a new code of morals,
and charged with electric currents of love and
sympathy.

Then again, in this era of new internation-
alism we can discover in the influence and
power of the missionary evangel, great pos-
sibilities of a mediating function of special
timeliness and value. It will not be marked
by the formalities of diplomacy, but it will be
none the less persuasive and helpful as a con-
ciliating and mutually restraining influence,
not altogether dissociated, perhaps, from the
personal character and the kindly attitude of
the missionary himself, while much more ef-
fective in the Christian spirit it has infused

186 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

into the temper of native leadership, and the
more or less unconscious sway it exercises
over responsible statesmanship. It is highly-
important that the interchange of diplomacy
and commerce should not be separated from
the leaven of religious sympathy, and that the
kindly intercourse and mutual trust of nations
should be cemented by the spiritual forces of
Christian brotherhood. The world has grown
more compact in the present generation than
ever before A hitherto unknown solidarity
is creeping into national relationships. The
so-called Far East is really no longer the Far
East ; the brown man and his yellow confrere
cannot be considered in our present day iso-
lated and negligible factors in international
affairs. Let us not forget that it is possible
greatly to minimize peril and unrest in the
world's arena, if the brown man or the yellow
man should become a Christian brother, in-
stead of remaining the bigoted, possibly the
hostile disciple of an alien faith. China as a
heathen power, untouched by Christian in-
fluences, may become a yellow, yes, even a
blood-red peril to the world ; Japan under the

FRESH ANNALS OF THE KINGDOM 187

sway of motives and instincts such as lurk in
her past history may, under the stimulus of
national and racial ambition, become a for-
midable menace to the world's peace.

The new Japan has astonished and aroused
the nations ; the new China seems likely to
startle and profoundly to move the world.
There are very sobering problems lurking in
the Far East, and if Christendom would deal
wisely with them, there is no better, safer, and
easier way to forestall possible trouble than
to annex spiritually Eastern hearts in the
bonds of the Gospel, and thus to show in the
spirit of our own diplomacy that we are dis-
ciples of the Golden Rule. The delimitation
of frontiers between the brown man and the
white man, the adjustment of interests between
the yellow man and his Western neighbours,
will be a far less perilous task if across the
boundary-lines eyes that shine with the light
of brotherhood look into eyes that glow with
the love of Christ. The possibilities offered
in meeting an Eastern diplomacy controlled
by the Christian spirit may be profitably con-
trasted with those involved in facing Eastern

1 88 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

hordes, equipped with all the facilities of
modern warfare, under the fierce leadership
of some Genghis Khan of the twentieth cen-
tury. A new alignment is being swiftly-
formed among the nations. Who will inter-
pret the West to the East, and who will voice
the East to the West in terms each can under-
stand and appreciate ? Western civilization
or diplomacy, much less military prowess in
the spirit of exclusive and patronizing supe-
riority, cannot doit ; the political systems and
the commercial interests of the Occident are
greatly handicapped ; the social codes and
the intellectual concepts of the people of the
West are all more or less alien and strange ;
but the look, the voice, the very tones of the
inner spirit of Christianity are suggestive of
brotherhood. They kindle mutual sympathy
and appreciation ; they reconcile hearts ; they
lead instinctively to clasped hands.

One cannot but be impressed with the fact
that great changes are pending in the rela-
tionship of the East and the West. A mighty
struggle may be imminent, in which moral
forces will have a vital and strenuous part to

FRESH ANNALS OF THE KINGDOM 189

play. It will be worth much to both parties,
in case such an issue should come, if instead
of a wholly alien East, and an unsympathetic
and self-centered West, we may have a basis
of mutual friendship, and a neutral meeting-
ground of religious sympathy, where we shall
be able to say to one another, " Come now,
and let us reason together." Perhaps before
we know it native statesmen of Christian
training will step into high places of power in
Far-Eastern cabinets, and in the spirit of John
Hay serve the new internationalism. We
have already good evidence that the influence
of missions is sweetening and sanctifying all
our relations to alien races. Commercial
methods where the Christian spirit has its
own way are more considerate and fair ;
statesmanship is more sane and kindly ; im-
perial policies are more wise and restrained ;
national tempers are more patient and chari-
table; humanitarian movements are more
generous and spontaneous — because of the
international and interracial helpfulness of
missions. The menace of the Moslem, which
was once curbed at Tours, but even now

190 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

still threatens in such secret movements as
that of the Sinousis in Africa, may trouble the
world again, if a Pan-Islamic ambition cannot
eventually be checked by a Pan-Christian
friendship. The trend of events in this new
century will be identified with a solidarity of
races and a community of life, which will need
as never before in history the brooding in-
fluence of the Beatitudes and the benign sway
of the Golden Rule.

The race problems which already occasion
us anxiety, if left to ferment, and to develop
the latent antagonisms which underlie them,
may prove to be a grave peril to the peace and
happiness of the world. I submit that, if it
can have an opportunity to exercise its power,
there is nothing in the long run which
will secure a happier or a more effective
solution of racial perils than the spirit which
successful missionary service will awaken
between the nation which sends a group of
kindly and unselfish men and women to min-
ister to human hearts, in the name of Christ,
and the nation which receives their ministry
with responsive recognition of its value, and

FRESH ANNALS OF THE KINGDOM 191

at last gratefully acknowledges its helpful-
ness, and realizes effectually its self-propa-
gating and gladdening power. The time is
surely coming when great races eventually to
be Christianized will render honour to the
memory of the pioneer missionaries who first
came to them with the tidings of Christ. They
will no more think of heaping contumely
upon them than we good Americans would
be inclined to erect some dishonouring and
scornful monument to our Pilgrim Fathers.
In that vast arena of new international rela-
tions and new racial contacts we may even
now discover the Christ, with His undoubted
mastery of world conditions. He is con-
trolling and guiding those mighty but silent
spiritual forces which are represented in
modern missionary enterprise, for the ac-
complishment of His own designs among the
nations. It is not too much to say that the
ideal influence which a kindly and helpful
missionary service is capable of exerting may
be likened to a new international beatitude
voicing itself above the tumult and clash of
interracial struggles. " Blessed are the meek,

192 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

for they shall inherit the earth," might be
interpreted as signifying with only a slight
variation in the sentiment : " Blessed are
the missionaries, for they shall win the
world." " Blessed are the peacemakers, for
they shall be called the children of God,"
might in its international aspects be read :
" Blessed are the missionaries, for they shall
be called the messengers of God among the
nations." The best work which has been
done by Christian nations in the sphere of
colonial enterprise has been nobly supple-
mented, and even sometimes happily inspired
by the missionary spirit.

Had we time to dwell upon it, an effective
brief might be made out for missions as a
stimulus to commerce, and a helpful factor
in the development of trade. The contribu-
tions, moreover, which missionaries have
made to the scientific knowledge of the
world, especially by their service as explorers,
geographers, anthropologists, archaeologists,
lexicographers, philologists, and sociologists,
are worthy of careful attention. Their literary
labours as interpreters, historians, students of

FRESH ANNALS OF THE KINGDOM 193

comparative religion, and commentators on
the contemporary life of the world, issued in
our own as well as in foreign languages, are
already of high value to the student of world
conditions.

There is still another outcome of mission
progress, which is worthy of a more extended
notice than we can give it here. We refer to
its reflex influence upon home Christianity.
Missionary success has brought to our home
Christianity a measure of spiritual invigora-
tion, enhancing its apologetic power, enlarg-
ing its vision, coordinating it with world
changes, enriching and making more prac-
tical its theology, interpreting more fully the
heart of Christ, and glorifying the outlook
and the outreach of the Gospel. The most
conspicuous service in this sphere which mis-
sions seem to be rendering just at present is
the stimulus they are giving to plans of co-
operation and federation among our home
Churches. We have now almost forgotten
the strength of those currents of denomina-
tional zeal which a generation or more ago
set in the direction of a reproduction of a

194 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

Baptist, a Methodist, a Presbyterian, a Con-
gregational, a Lutheran, or an Episcopal
form of Christianity in mission fields. The
tendency to exclusiveness has not altogether
disappeared, but it is giving place more and
more to inclusive plans along the lines of
federation, rather than of segregation. Ec-
clesiastical delimitation is growing less at-
tractive, and is coming to be regarded as in
fact unnecessary and embarrassing. The
sectarian spirit in mission fields does not work
well. It may have been in the past a useful,
and possibly a necessary feature of church
expansion and doctrinal development in
Christendom, but there is after all something
narrowing, provincial, and divisive, from a
missionary standpoint, in the ideal of a uni-
versal Methodism, itself subdivided into vari-
ous branches, and the same may be said of
the rather imaginative conception of a world-
embracing but variegated Presbyterianism,
or an all-absorbing Episcopalianism.

Sectarian effort, especially in its ultra and
eccentric developments, spells confusion of a
very embarrassing and troublesome kind in

FRESH ANNALS OF THE KINGDOM 1 95

the mind of the average convert in mission
fields. It means also very cumbersome
methods of work, and a needless increase of
expense. It will no doubt be desirable and
necessary, for a somewhat indefinite period,
to maintain the old lines here at home, and to
work through denominational boards and
organizations, since we can hardly conceive
at present of any other way of enlisting the
energy and esprit de corps of the Churches ;
yet, while this may be wise, there seems to
be no good reason why we should not all
cordially cooperate in minimizing denomina-
tional differences, and magnifying evangel-
ical agreement. In the foreign field, how-
ever, it would be wiser, according to an
almost universal consensus of missionary
opinion, for the Church to give up trying to
perpetuate the scholastic doctrinal contro-
versies, and the historic denominational dis-
tinctions of the West. The federation idea
at home is a hopeful move in the direction of
a larger, simpler, more inclusive, and more
cooperative Christianity. We must expect
that the Church of Christ in mission fields

196 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

will go a step farther, and seek for spiritual
freedom, and plan to a greater or less extent
for a church development released from the
denominational restraints of the West.

The Churches of mission fields, happily,
have as yet escaped the embarrassments of
State control, and we must take it for granted
that under the influence of a fresh and un-
trammelled comprehension of the Gospel in
its Biblical simplicity they will formulate for
themselves a simple creedal basis, with a
more or less modified polity, suited to their
environment and tastes, and thus enter upon
their own course of spiritual culture and
evangelistic service. Our particular formulae
of doctrine, our various elaborate systems of
polity, our methods of worship and work,
and our wealth of spiritual experience, as
embodied in our literature and history, will
no doubt be invaluable in their suggestive-
ness, but we must not be disappointed if
mission Churches should follow ecclesiastical
lines of their own choosing, and interpret
Christian truth in terms of their individual
insight. They will have their own problems

FRESH ANNALS OF THE KINGDOM 197

and perils, and they must find their way to
a goal of spiritual stability and impregnable
conviction, not through servile imitation of
the West, but along lines of personal expe-
rience and spiritual growth, in prayerful de-
pendence upon God, who giveth life, light,
and guidance to all who seek His aid. The
watchword of missionary ecclesiasticism has
become a broadly evangelical unification of
creed and polity, or if not altogether as
radical as this, then at least a practical
cooperation and unity of working agencies.
An undenominational Christianity for all
Japan, for all Korea, for all China, for all
India, would seem to be the comprehensive,
though as yet distant, ideal toward the reali-
zation of which missionary and native leaders
are working.

This development in mission fields is con-
fessedly exerting a powerful reflex influence
in shaping the tendency of ecclesiastical
movements in the home Church. The re-
union of Christendom, so far at least as its
Protestant elements are concerned, has long
been sought after wistfully, discussed academ-

198 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

ically, idealized rhetorically, and cherished
vaguely as a millennial hope, in religious
circles at home ; but in our foreign mission
fields the ideal has begun to throb in the heart
life of brothers in Christ, of whatever Church
fold or whatever national allegiance. It has
stretched itself out in hands of cooperation ;
it has realized in a measure the possibility
of such a consummation, and has stirred the
sensibilities of Christendom to practical effort
in the same direction. Is the reunion of
Christendom, we cannot help asking, finally
to come as a reward for the missionary de-
votion and sacrifice of the Church ?

Once more, is there not destined to be a
reflex gain of as yet unknown value in the
contribution which our mission fields in their
spiritual growth and fully developed culture
may make to the sum total of Christian his-
tory, and the cumulative impress of Chris-
tianity upon mankind ? It was the judgment
of some of the Western delegates to the
recent conferences at Tokyo and Shanghai
that if, by any almost unthinkable chance,
some disastrous disability, some enfeebling

FRESH ANNALS OF THE KINGDOM 199

collapse, should come to Western Christen-
dom, Oriental Christians, even though as yet
but a Gideon's Band, are already prepared
to fight a good fight on behalf of Chris-
tianity, and lead it on to its final victory. It
is a question whether there is not in the
Oriental nature, at its best, a capacity for
glorifying religious life, especially in its as-
pects of reverential worship, of contemplative
insight, of sympathetic attachment to the
unseen, and of responsive loyalty to Christ,
which may enable it to contribute an added
charm and a winsome attractiveness to the
Christian world. Bishop Westcott once re-
marked that, in his judgment, the adequate
commentary upon St. John would never be
written until India is converted. We have
reached surely a psychological moment in
the unfoldings of Christian history.

We have been accustomed to look upon
foreign missions as wholly sacrificial on the
part of Christendom, and with no prospect
of adequate return. The Churches of the
home land have been regarded as merely
generous, possibly to some minds magnani-

200 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

mous, bearers of gifts to the non-Christian
races, with little hope of any present or per-
sonal reward. The idea that anything of
stimulating helpfulness or practical useful-
ness would be received in exchange has
hardly been entertained ; but of late quite a
new conception has seemed to enter the con-
sciousness of the Church. The need of in-
spirational vigour in Western Christianity is
beginning to be keenly felt ; will it come to
us from our mission fields ? It is confessedly
an age of intellectual unrest, unsettling doubt,
and grave peril to the spiritual life ; shall we
have a lesson of faith, a message of hope, an
example of loyalty, a bugle-call to courage,
from the Christians of other lands? Is Ex
Oriente Lux to come true once more ? Is it
not an hour when we may wisely, and with
devout expectation, adapt Tennyson's prayer,
applying it to the whole Oriental world ?

"O Father, touch the East, and light
The light that shone when Hope was born."

Who can adequately estimate the effect
upon the home Church of great evangelical

FRESH ANNALS OF THE KINGDOM 201

awakenings in mission lands — mighty spirit-
ual movements which would touch the heart
of all India, arrest the attention of all China,
win the allegiance of all Korea, and capture
the soul of Japan ? Are we prepared as yet
fully to appreciate the measure of spiritual
vitality which Christianity has derived from
the contemplation of martyrdom as a test
which can still be successfully applied to the
Christianity of modern days, as was exempli-
fied in that dread ordeal of 1900 in China?
It is worthy of note, too, that Chinese Chris-
tians were selected to bear this test, rather
than the cultured children of light in Chris-
tendom. God, surely, seems to believe in
the mission convert, and is ready to trust
him. Then again, missions are offering an
enlarged and inspirational sphere of activity
to the fresh and youthful enthusiasm of the
Church. The Young Men's Christian Asso-
ciation, and so also the Young Women's, the
Student Volunteer Movement, the Society
of Christian Endeavour, and other similar
organizations which have given scope to
much of the latent energy of the Church,

202 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

have been led to a deepening of consecration,
a broadening of aim, and an enthusiasm in
service, especially as rendered among young
and impressionable hearts in the Orient,
which has assuredly quickened the vitality
of the Churches. There is also much latent
energy which the Church needs in the awak-
ening evangelical and evangelistic spirit of
the Orient. Taking the Oriental at his best,
and regarding him not as a hopeless spiritual
degenerate, but rather as a man of immense
religious capabilities, may we not hope that
as a believer in Christ he will reinforce Chris-
tianity in any possible struggle which may
be coming, and prove a valued and valiant
defender of its mystical claims ?

If this seems like idealizing missions, read
again your Isaiah, turn the leaves of your
Psalms, seek the " goodly fellowship of the
prophets " in their exultant moods, when they
sing their songs of hope and cheer. God
Himself is surely the great idealizer of mis-
sions in both the Old and New Testaments.
We can trace as yet only in dim outline the
vision which He unfolds in His prophetic

FRESH ANNALS OF THE KINGDOM 203

Word. The conversion of the Gentile world
is still to us an obscure, and somewhat un-
real contingency, regarded by many as wholly
visionary within the limits of our present age,
though perhaps possible in the millennium.
We are not, to be sure, so dazed and startled
by the unflinching tones of Scripture on this
subject as were the Jews when Paul preached
to them the incoming of the Gentiles, but to
many in the Church of to-day the whole ques-
tion of missionary duty and success, if not
tinged occasionally with something like
Jewish resentment, is one of languid interest
or passive scepticism.

It becomes, then, one of the highest and
timeliest duties of the pastorate in this age
to arrest the attention, awaken the sympathy,
and enlist the zeal of the Churches in the
world interests and the world progress of the
kingdom. I think I discover in our theolog-
ical seminaries a freshly responsive attitude
to this cosmopolitan opportunity of the age.
Men are entering the ministry as servants of
the kingdom both at home and abroad.
They are cultivating a sense of partnership

204 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

with Christ in His great campaign for world
victory, and whether they serve in the home
Church or the foreign field, they serve in the
spirit of allegiance to a Master who loves all
men, and who seeks the help of His follow-
ers in winning the heart of the race, and in
making eventually a godlike humanity in a
redeemed world.

APPENDIX

THE MESSAGE OF CHRISTI-
ANITY TO OTHER RELIGIONS

{An Address delivered at the Parliament of Re-
ligions, Chicago, Illinois, l8pj)

" In Christianity the soul breathes the native air of the world
for which it was born, and meets the announcement and expe-
rience of the truth for which it was made. Consequently it is
the lower elements in the soul's life that draw it away from
Christ, while the worthiest elements are responsive to His
touch. Christ calls for the best and worthiest that man is capa-
ble of, and every one that is of the truth hears His voice. This
power in Christianity to win the response of the best in man is
good evidence that the voice is indeed the voice of truth.

" Truth becomes effective by being felt to be truth. Stated in
accurate forms it has a very neat appearance, and is convenient
for reference and consultation, but there is no inward necessity
that we should do anything about it. Not until some one feels
that something is true does that something go out with effective
power into the world.

" The power of Christianity resides in the twofold fact that
Christianity is true, and is felt as true. There is reality, and
there is sense of reality, — and then there is power. The reality
that we have in Christ is worthy to be profoundly felt, and the
sense of such reality as this ought to be sufficient to move the
world. When it was anything like adequate, it has moved the
world."— William Newton Clarke, D. D.

APPENDIX

(Address at the Parliament of Religions)

THE MESSAGE OF CHRISTIANITY TO
OTHER RELIGIONS

CHRISTIANITY speaks in the name
of God. To Him it owes its exist-
ence, and the deep secret of its dig-
nity and power is that it reveals Him. It
would be effrontery for it to speak simply
upon its own responsibility, or even in the
name of reason. It has no naturalistic philos-
ophy of its own evolution to propound. It
has a message from God to deliver. It is not
itself a philosophy ; it is a religion. It is not
earth-born ; it is God-wrought. It comes not
from man, but from God, and is intensely
alive with His power, alert with His love,
benign with His goodness, radiant with His
light, charged with His truth. It is, there-
fore, sent with His message, inspired with
His energy, regnant with His wisdom, instinct
with the gift of spiritual healing, and mighty

with supreme authority.
207

208 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

It has a mission among men whenever or
wherever it finds them, which is as majestic as
creation, as marvellous as spiritual existence,
and as full of mysterious meaning as eternity.
It finds its focus and as well its radiating cen-
tre in the personality of Jesus Christ, its great
Revealer and Teacher, to whom before His
advent all the fingers of light pointed, and
from whom since His incarnation all the
brightness of the day has shone. It has a
further and supplemental historic basis in the
Holy Scriptures which God has been pleased
to give through inspired writers chosen and
commissioned by Him. Its message is much
more than Judaism ; it is infinitely more than
the revelation of nature ; it is even more than
the best teachings of all other religions com-
bined, for whatever is good and true in other
religious systems is found in full and authori-
tative form in Christianity. It has wrought
in love, with the touch of regeneration, with
the inspiration of prophetic vision, in the mas-
tery of spiritual control, and by the transform-
ing power of the divine indwelling, until its
own best evidence is what it has done to up-

THE MESSAGE OF CHRISTIANITY 209

lift and purify wherever it has been welcomed
among men.

I say welcomed, for Christianity must be
received in order to accomplish its mission.
It is addressed to the reason and the heart of
man, but does no violence to liberty. Its
limitations are not in its own nature, but in
the freedom which God has planted in man.
It is not to be judged, therefore, by what it
has achieved in the world, except as the world
has voluntarily received it. The sins of
Christian nations cannot be rightly charged
to Christianity, for it does not sanction, but
forbids them. So-called Christian nations
sometimes do frightfully unchristian acts,
or at least allow them to be done, and for this
they will be called to give an account by the
God of justice and judgment. Where Chris-
tianity is not known, or where it has been ig-
nored and rejected, it withholds the evidence
of its power, but where it has been worthily
accepted it does not shrink from the test,
but rather welcomes scrutiny. Its attitude
toward mankind is marked by gracious
urgency, not compulsion ; by gentle conde-

2IO THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

scension, not pride ; by kindly ministry, not
harshness ; by faithful warning, not taunting
reproaches ; by plain instruction, not argu-
ment; by gentle and quiet command, not
noisy harangue; by limitless promises to
faith, not spectacular gifts to sight.

It has a message of supreme import to
man, fresh from the heart of God. It records
the great spiritual facts of human history ; it
announces the perils and needs of man ; it re-
veals the mighty resources of redemption ; it
solves the problems and blesses the discipline
of life ; it teaches the whole secret of regenera-
tion and hope and moral triumph ; it brings
to the world the cooperation of divine wisdom
in the great struggle with the dark mysteries
of misery and suffering. Its message to the
world is so full of beneficent inspiration, so
resplendent with light, so charged with power,
so effective in its ministry that its mission can
be characterized only by the use of the most
majestic symbolism of the natural universe.
It is indeed, as revealed in the person of its
Founder, the " Sun of righteousness arising
with healing in His wings."

THE MESSAGE OF CHRISTIANITY 211

We are asked now to consider the message
of Christianity to other religions. If it has a
message to a sinful world, it must also have
a message to other religions which are seek-
ing to minister to the same fallen race and to
accomplish in their own way and by diverse
methods the very mission God has designed
should be Christianity's privilege and high
function to discharge.

Let us seek now to catch the spirit of that
message, and to indicate in brief outline its
purport. We must be content simply to give
the message ; the limits of this paper forbid
any attempt to vindicate it, or to demon-
strate its historic integrity, its heavenly wis-
dom, and its excellent glory.

THE SPIRIT OF THE MESSAGE
Its spirit is full of simple sincerity, exalted
dignity, and sweet unselfishness. It aims to
impart a blessing, rather than to challenge a
comparison. It is not so anxious to vindicate
itself as to confer its benefits. It is not so
solicitous to secure supreme honour for itself
as to win its way to the heart. It does not

212 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

seek to taunt, or disparage, or humiliate a
rival, but rather to subdue by love, attract by
its own excellence, and supplant by virtue of
its own incomparable superiority. It is itself
incapable of a spirit of rivalry, because of its
own invincible right to reign. It has no use
for a sneer, it can dispense with contempt, it
carries no weapons of violence, it is not given
to argument, it is incapable of trickery or
deceit, and it repudiates cant. It relies ever
upon its own intrinsic merit, and bases all its
claims upon its right to be heard and hon-
oured.

Its miraculous evidence is rather an excep-
tion than a rule. It was a sign to help weak
faith. It was a concession made in a spirit
of condescension. Miracles suggest mercy
quite as much as they announce mastery.
When we consider the unlimited scope of
divine power, and the ease with which signs
and wonders might have been multiplied in
bewildering variety and impressiveness, we
are conscious of a rigid conservation of energy
and a distinct repudiation of the spectacular.
The mystery of Christian history is the sparing

THE MESSAGE OF CHRISTIANITY 213

way in which Christianity has used its re-
sources. It is a tax upon faith which is often
painfully severe to note the apparent lack of
energy and dash and resistless force in the
seemingly slow advances of our holy religion.
Doubtless God has His reasons, but in the
meanwhile we cannot but recognize in Chris-
tianity a spirit of mysterious reserve, of mar-
vellous patience, of subdued undertone, of
purposeful restraint. It does not " cry nor
lift up, nor cause its voice to be heard in the
street." Centuries come and go, and Chris-
tianity touches only portions of the earth, but
wherever it touches it transfigures. It seems
to despise material adjuncts, and to count
only those victories worth having which are
won through direct spiritual contact with the
individual soul. Its relation to other religions
has been characterized by singular reserve,
and its progress has been marked by an unos-
tentatious dignity, which is in harmony with
the majestic attitude of God, its Author, to all
false gods who have claimed divine honours,
and sought to usurp the place which was His
alone.

214 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

Christianity is said to be intolerant. I do
not think the word is well chosen ; it would
be more true to say that Christianity is uncom-
promising, and it is uncompromising because
it is true. It is as absurd to complain of the
uncompromising nature of Christianity as it
is to speak contemptuously of the inflexible
character of natural law. Christianity at the
same time that it is uncompromising is toler-
ant of the convictions of others in a kindly
and generous spirit, and, if true to itself, it
would be the last religion in the world to stifle
liberty of conscience, or deny all proper free-
dom of speech. Its tolerance should ever be
marked by gentleness, patience, and courtesy ;
its exclusiveness should be characterized by
dignity, magnanimity, and charity. It should
be the steel hand of truth encased in the
velvet glove of love.

We are right then in speaking of the spirit
of this message as dissociated from the com-
monplace sentiment of rivalry, entirely above
the use of spectacular or meretricious meth-
ods, infinitely removed from all mere device
or dramatic effect, wholly free from cant or

THE MESSAGE OF CHRISTIANITY 215

double-facedness,with no anxiety for alliance
with worldly power or social eclat, caring more
for a place of influence in a humble heart
than for a seat of power on a royal throne,
and as utterly intent upon claiming the lov-
ing allegiance of the soul, and securing the
moral transformation of character, in order
that its own spirit and principles may sway
the spiritual life of men.

It speaks then to other religions with un-
qualified frankness and plainness based upon
its incontrovertible claim to a hearing; it
has nothing to conceal, but rather invites
to inquiry and investigation ; it recognizes
promptly and cordially whatever is worthy
of respect in other religious systems ; it ac-
knowledges the undoubted sincerity of per-
sonal conviction, and the intense and pathetic
earnestness of moral struggle, in the case of
many serious souls who, like the Athenians
of old, "worship in ignorance"; it warns
and persuades and commands, as is its right ;
it speaks as Paul did in the presence of cul-
tured heathenism on Mars Hill, of that ap-
pointed day in which the world must be

216 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

judged, and of " that man " by whom it is to
be judged ; it echoes and reechoes its in-
variable and inflexible call to repentance ; it
requires acceptance of its moral standards,
and exacts submission, loyalty, reverence,
and humility.

All this it does with a superb and un-
wavering tone of quiet insistence. It often
presses its claim with instruction, appeal, and
tender urgency, yet in it all and through it
all would be recognized a clear, resonant,
predominant tone of uncompromising insist-
ence, revealing that supreme personal will
which originated Christianity, and in whose
name it ever speaks. It delivers its message
with an air of untroubled confidence and
quiet mastery. There is no anxiety about
precedence, no undue care for externals, no
apology for mysteries, no bargaining for
compliments, no possibility of being patron-
ized, no undignified spirit of competition. It
speaks rather with the consciousness of that
simple, natural, incomparable, measureless
supremacy which quickly disarms rivalry,
and in the end challenges the admiration

THE MESSAGE OF CHRISTIANITY 21 7

and compels the submission of hearts free
from malice and guile.

THE PURPORT OF THE MESSAGE
This being the spirit of the message let us
inquire as to its purport. There is one im-
mensely preponderating element here which
pervades the whole content of the message
— it is love for man. Christianity is full of it.
This is its supreme meaning to the world —
not that love eclipses or supplants every other
attribute in God's character, but that it glori-
fies and more perfectly reveals and interprets
the nature of God and the history of His
dealings with man. The object of this love
must be carefully noted — it is mankind — the
race considered as individuals or as a whole.
Christianity unfolds a message to other relig-
ions which emphasizes this heavenly prin-
ciple. It reveals therein the secret of its
power and the unique wonder of its whole
redemptive system. " Never man spake like
this man," was said of Christ. Never re-
ligion spake like this religion, may be said
of Christianity.

218 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

The Christian system was conceived in love ;
it is wrought out by love ; it brings the pro-
vision of love to fallen man ; it administers
its marvellous functions in love ; it introduces
man into an atmosphere of love ; it gives
him the inspiration, the joy, the fruition of
love ; it leads at last into the realm of eternal
love. While compassing this end, it, at the
same time, convicts of sin ; it melts the soul
in humility ; it quickens gratitude ; it purifies
and sanctifies the heart ; it glorifies the char-
acter ; it inspires to obedience ; it implants
the instincts of service ; it introduces a regen-
erating agent into social life ; it teaches un-
selfishness as the great lesson of heaven to
earth, and it proposes love as itself the su-
preme remedy for the woes and wrongs of
the world. It has also its message of warn-
ing and judgment, which must not be ignored.
It speaks in the name of justice, holiness, and
eternal sovereignty of the final issue of that
folly which rejects its proposals and appeals,
and defies its authority. In this it also re-
veals God and vindicates His honour, and it
is sadly true that he who slights its message

THE MESSAGE OF CHRISTIANITY 219

of love must finally face its sentence of
condemnation.

Let us look at this message more in detail.
In presenting it under present auspices our
purpose is not so distinctively controversial
as declarative. We do not seek to challenge
or rebuke, much less to denounce and con-
demn other religions, but rather to unfold in
calm statement the essential features of the
message which Christianity is charged to
deliver. This is not the place or time to sit
in judgment ; it is rather an opportunity for
each religion to unfold its distinctive tenets,
and to declare its innermost secrets of wisdom
and spiritual helpfulness to man, in that spirit
of courtesy which is becoming in what may
be regarded as a conference upon compara-
tive religion. We who love and revere
Christianity believe that it declares the true
counsel of God, and we are content to rest
our case upon the simple statement of its
historic facts, its spiritual teaching, and its
unrivalled ministry to the world. Christi-
anity is its own best evidence ; its very pres-
ence is full of power ; its spiritual contribu-

220 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

tion to the thought of the world is its su-
preme credential ; its exemplification in the
life of its Founder, and, to a less conspicuous
degree in the lives of all who are truly in His
likeness, is its unanswerable apologetic.

I have sought to give the essential outlines
of this immortal message of Christianity by
grouping its leading characteristics in a series
of code words which when presented in com-
bination give the distinctive signal of the
Christian religion which has waved aloft in
sunshine and storm during all the centuries
since the New Testament Scriptures were
given to man.

FATHERHOOD
The initial word which we place in this
signal code of Christianity is Fatherhood.
This may have a strange sound to some
ears, but to the Christian it is full of sweet-
ness and dignity. It simply means that the
creative act of God, so far as our human
family is concerned, was done in the spirit of
fatherly love and goodness. He created us
in His likeness, and to express this idea of

THE MESSAGE OF CHRISTIANITY 221

spiritual resemblance and tender relationship
the symbolical term of fatherhood is used.
When Christ taught us to pray, " Our
Father," in the spirit not only of natural but
of gracious sonship, He gave us a lesson
which transcends human philosophy, and has
in it so much of the height and depth of di-
vine feeling that human reason has hardly
dared fully to receive, much less to originate,
the conception.

BROTHERHOOD
A second word which is representative in
the Christian message is, Brotherhood. This
exists in two senses— there is the universal
brotherhood of man to man, as children of
one Father in whose likeness the whole
family is created, and the spiritual brother-
hood of union in Christ. We are all brother
men, would that we were also all brother Chris-
tians. Here again the suggestion is love as
the rule and sign of human as well as Chris-
tian fellowship. The world has drifted far
away from this ideal of brotherhood ; it has
been repudiated in some quarters even in the

222 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

name of religion, and it seems clear that it
will never be fully recognized and exempli-
fied except as the spirit of Christ assumes its
sway over the hearts of men.

REDEMPTION
The next code word of Christianity is Re-
demption. We use it here in the sense of a
purpose on God's part to deliver man from
sin, and to make a universal provision for
that end, which if rightly used insures the re-
sult. I need not remind you that this pur-
pose was conceived in love. God as Re-
deemer has taken a gracious attitude toward
man from the beginnings of history, and He is
" not far from every one " in the immanence
and omnipresence of His love. Redemption
is a world-embracing term ; it is not limited
to any age or class. Its potentiality is world-
wide ; its efficiency is unrestrained, except as
man himself limits it ; its application is de-
termined by the sovereign wisdom of God,
its Author, who deals with each individual as
a possible candidate for redemption, and de-
cides his destiny in accordance with his spir-

THE MESSAGE OF CHRISTIANITY 223

itual attitude toward Christ. Where Christ
is unknown God still exercises His sover-
eignty, although He has been pleased to
maintain a significant reserve as to the possi-
bility, extent, and spiritual tests of redemp-
tion where trust is based upon God's mercy
in general, rather than upon His mercy as
specially revealed in Christ. We know from
His Word that Christ's sacrifice is infinite.
God can apply its saving virtue to one who
intelligently accepts it in faith, or to an infant
who receives its benefits as a sovereign gift,
or to one who not having known of Christ so
casts himself in penitence and dependence
upon God's mercy that divine wisdom sees
good reason to grant forgiveness, and apply to
the soul the saving power of the great sacrifice.

INCARNATION
Another cardinal idea in the Christian sys-
tem is Incarnation — God clothing Himself in
human form and coming into living touch
with mankind. This He did in the person of
Jesus of Nazareth. It is a mighty mystery,
and Christianity would never dare assert it,

224 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

except as God has authorized and enjoined
it. Granted the purpose of God to reveal
Himself in visible form to man, He must be
free to choose His own method. He did not
consult human reason. He did not ask the
advice of philosophy. He did not seek the
permission of ordinary laws. He came in
spiritual majesty in the glory of the super-
natural, but He entered the realm of human
life through the humble gateway of nature.
His Incarnate Messenger came not only to
reveal God, but to bring Him into contact
with human life. He came to assume per-
manent relations to the race. His brief life
among us upon earth was for a purpose, and
when that was accomplished, still retaining
His humanity, He ascended to resume His
kingly dominion in the heavens.

ATONEMENT
We are brought now to another funda-
mental truth in the Christian message — the
mysterious doctrine of Atonement. Sin is a
fact which is indisputable. It is universally
recognized and acknowledged. It is its own

THE MESSAGE OF CHRISTIANITY 225

evidence. It is, moreover, a barrier between
man and his God. The divine holiness, and
sin with its loathsomeness, its rebellion, its
horrid degradation, and its hopeless ruin,
cannot coalesce in any system of moral gov-
ernment. God cannot tolerate sin or tem-
porize with it, or make a place for it in His
presence. He cannot parley with it ; He
must punish it. He cannot treat with it ; He
must try it at the bar. He cannot overlook
it ; He must overcome it. He cannot give it
a moral status ; He must visit it with the con-
demnation it deserves. Atonement is God's
marvellous method of vindicating once for all
before the universe His eternal attitude toward
sin, by the voluntary self-assumption, in the
spirit of sacrifice, of its penalty. This He
does in the person of Jesus Christ, who came
as God incarnate upon this sublime mission.
The facts of Christ's birth, life, death, and
resurrection, take their place in the realm of
veritable history, and the moral value and
propitiatory efficacy of His perfect obedience
and sacrificial death in a representative ca-
pacity become a mysterious element of limit-

226 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

less worth in the process of readjusting the
relation of the sinner to his God. Christ is
recognized by God as a substitute. The
merit of His obedience and the exalted dig-
nity of His sacrifice are both available to faith.
The sinner, humble, penitent, and conscious
of unworthiness, accepts Christ as his Re-
deemer, his Mediator, his Intercessor, his
Saviour, and simply believes in Him, trusting
in His assurances and promises, based as they
are upon His atoning intervention, and re-
ceives from God, as the gift of sovereign love,
all the benefits of Christ's mediatorial work.

This is God's way of reaching the goal of
pardon and reconciliation. It is His way of
being Himself just, and yet accomplishing
the justification of the sinner. Here again we
have the mystery of love in its most intense
form, and the mystery of wisdom in its most
august exemplification. This is the heart of
the Gospel. It throbs with mysterious love ;
it pulsates with ineffable throes of divine feel-
ing ; it bears a vital relation to the whole
scheme of government; it is in its hidden
activities beyond the scrutiny of human reason,

THE MESSAGE OF CHRISTIANITY 227

but it sends the life-blood coursing through
history, and it gives to Christianity its superb
vitality and its undying vigour. It is because
Christianity eliminates sin from the problem
that its solution is complete and final.

CHARACTER
We pass now to another word of vital im-
port— it is Character. God's own attitude to
the sinner being settled, and the problems of
moral government solved, the next matter
which presents itself is the personality of the
individual man. It must be purified, trans-
formed into the spiritual likeness of Christ,
trained for immortality. It must be brought
into harmony with the ethical standards of
Christ. This Christianity insists upon, and
for the accomplishment of this end it is gifted
with an influence and impulse, a potency and
winsomeness, an inspiration and helpfulness,
which are full of spiritual mastery over the soul.
Herein is hidden the secret of the new birth
by the Spirit of God. Christianity thus re-
generates, uplifts, transforms, and eventually
transfigures the personal character. It is an

228 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

incomparable school of transcendent ethics.
It honours the rugged training of discipline,
and uses it freely but tenderly. It accom-
plishes its purpose by prompting to loving
obedience, by teaching submission, by help-
ing to self-control, by insisting upon practical
righteousness as the law of life, and by
introducing the Golden Rule as the code of
contact and duty between man and man.

SERVICE
In close connection with character is a word
of magnetic impulse and unique glory which
gives to Christianity a helpful and practical
power in history. It is Service. Here is a
forceful element in the double influence of
Christianity over the inner life and the out-
ward ministry of its followers. Christ, its
Founder, glorified service and lifted it in His
own experience to the dignity of sacrifice. In
the light of Christ's example service becomes
an honour, a privilege, and a moral triumph ;
it is consummated and crowned in sacrifice.
Christianity, receiving its lesson from Christ,
subsidizes character in the interest of service.

THE MESSAGE OF CHRISTIANITY 229

It lays its noblest fruitage of personal gifts
and spiritual culture upon the altar of philan-
thropic beneficence. It is unworthy of its
name if it does not reproduce this spirit of
its Master. Only by giving itself to benevo-
lent ministry, as Christ gave Himself for the
world, can it vindicate its origin. Christianity
recognizes no worship which is altogether
divorced from work for the weal of others.
It endorses no religious professions which
are unmindful of the obligations of service
to God and man ; it allows itself to be tested
not simply by the purity of its motives, but
by the measure of its sacrifice for the exten-
sion of the kingdom of Christ, and the re-
demption of man. The crown and the goal
of its followers is, "Well done, good and
faithful servant."

FELLOWSHIP
One other word completes the code. It is
Fellowship, of which the Spirit of God is the
blessed medium. It is a word which breathes
the sweetest hope, implies the choicest priv-
ilege, and sounds the highest destiny of the

230 THE NEW HOROSCOPE OF MISSIONS

Christian. It gives the grandest possible
meaning to eternity, for it suggests that it
is to be passed with God. It illumines and
transfigures the present, for it brings God
into it, and places Him in living touch with
our lives, and makes Him a helper in our
moral struggles, our spiritual aspirations, and
our heroic, though imperfect, efforts to live
the life of duty. It is solace in trouble, con-
solation in sorrow, strength in weakness,
courage in trial, help in weariness, and cheer
in loneliness ; it becomes an unfailing in-
spiration when human nature left to its own
resources would lie down in despair and die.
Fellowship with God implies and secures fel-
lowship with one another in the mystical, spir-
itual union of Christ with His people, and His
people with one another. An invisible society
of regenerate souls, which we call the King-
dom of God among men, is the result. This
has its visible product in the organized society
of the Christian Church, which is the chosen
and honoured instrument of God for the con-
servation and propagation of Christianity
among men.

THE MESSAGE OF CHRISTIANITY 23 1

This, then, is the message which Christian-
ity signals to other religions as it greets them
to-day: FATHERHOOD, BROTHERHOOD, RE-
DEMPTION, INCARNATION, ATONEMENT,
CHARACTER, SERVICE, FELLOWSHIP.

It remains to be said that Christianity
through the individual seeks to reach society.
Its aim is first the man, then men. It is
pledged to do for the race what it does for
the individual man. Its plans are elastic,
expansive, inclusive ; it preempts the round
earth as its sphere of activity ; it ignores no
class or rank ; it forgets no tribe or nation ;
it is charged to minister in God's name to the
world. It is commissioned, aye, commanded
by its great Founder to disciple all nations.
In this service it blesses and is blessed ; in
this ministry it uplifts and is itself uplifted ;
in the accomplishment of this noble mis-
sion it will finally be forever vindicated and
crowned.

"Fly, happy happy sails . . .
Fly happy with the mission of the Cross ;
Knit land to land, and blowing havenward
With silks, and fruits, and spices, clear of toll,
Enrich the markets of the golden year."

INDEX

Abcarius, John, his witness to

Christianity in Syria, 141
Abel, Rev. Charles W., his
missionary service in New
Guinea, 123

Abraham, Deacon, the Persian
philanthropist, 141

Africa, missions in Uganda, 88-
91, 149-151; in other sec-
tions of, 91, 92; African
Christian witnesses, 119, 120;
missions in Nigeria, 152;
new possibilities for missions
throughout the continent of,
172, 173

Africaner, Chief, an early Afri-
can witness, 118

Ahmed Shah, Dr., a prominent
Indian Christian author, 135

Aintab, Rev. Kara Krikore of,
141

Aitchison, Sir Charles U., his
testimony to value of mission-
ary service, 72

Ali, Moulvie Safdar, an Indian
Christian witness from the
ranks of Islam, 135; his
Urdu hymns, 136

Alii, Rev. Jani, a prominent
Christian witness in India,
from the ranks of Islam, 135

Altruistic obligation, recogni-
tion of, in our day, 65, 66

American Board, approaching
centenary of, 35, 63 ; its mis-
sion in Shantung, 131 ; its
new college building at Ma-
dura, 145

Amoy, Pastor Chiu of, 130; ac-

count of celebration prepared
for the Rev. lap Han-cheong,

*3h 132

Amparibe, mission station in

Madagascar, 121
Anaman, Rev. Jacob B., a wit-
ness to Christianity on the
Gold Coast, Africa, 119

Anantam, Rev. D., his services
toward Bible translation into
Telugu, 136

Ando, Hon. Taro, a Christian
government official of Japan,
128

Andy, Dr. Pulney, a distin-
guished Indian Christian, 137

Angell, President James B.,
his testimony to value of mis-
sionary service, 7 1

Ansgar, mission of, 31 ; mis-
sionary aims of, 166

Apolo Kagwa, Sir, Christian
statesman of Uganda, 119

Araman, Michial, his witness to
Christianity in Syria, 141

Asaad-esh-Shidiak, his martyr
witness on Mount Lebanon,
118

Athim, Abdullah, a prominent
Indian Christian author, 135

Augustine, mission of, 30 ; mis-
sionary aims of, 166

Aurungabad, revival in, 86

Babism, in Persia, 94

Banerjea, Rev. Krishna Mohun,
a representative Indian Chris-
tian apologist, 135; hymn
writer, 136

233

234

INDEX

Banurji, Kali Charan, Indian
Christian government official,

137

Baptist Missionary Society of
England, formation of the, 35

Baptist Young People's Union,
mission study classes of, 41

Barotsi, The, French Evangel-
ical Mission among, 91

Barotsiland, missions in, 91

Barrett, Hon. John, his testi-
mony to value of missionary
service, 71

Barton, Rev. James L., his ar-
ticle in the North American
Review, October, 1906, 68;
his volume on " The Mission-
ary and His Critics," 143

Bauboo, Mrs. Tabitha, a repre-
sentative Indian Christian, 139

Bentley, W. P., his volume on
" Illustrious Chinese Chris-
tians," 132, 133

Berbary, Rizzook, his witness to
Christianity in Syria, 141

Bible Societies, missionary
work of, 44

Bible Translations, 176

Bishop, Mrs. Isabella Bird, her
testimony to value of mission-
ary service, 72

Bistany, Butrus, his witness to
Christianity in Syria, 141

Biswas, Rev. Jacob, Bengali
hymn writer, 136

Boniface, mission of, 31 ; mis-
sionary aims of, 166

Boon-Itt, Rev. Boon, record of,
133 ; witnessing power of his
life, 133

Bose, Miss C. M., a prominent
Indian Christian education-
alist, 139

Bose, Rev. M. N., an Indian
Christian hymnist and faith-
ful pastor, 136

Bose, Rev. Ram Chandra, a
noted Indian Christian apolo-
gist, 135

Bourdillon, Sir James Austin,
his testimony to value of mis-
sionary service, 149

Boxer Uprising, 1 14, 116

British and Foreign Bible So-
ciety, organization of the, 35

British Central Africa Protec-
torate, Scotch Missions in
the, 91

British Isles, early missions in
the, 30, 157

Brotherhood, growth of the
spirit of universal, 21, 22, 65

Brough, Rev. A. W., Kaiser-i-
Hind medal awarded to, 144

Bryan, Hon. William J., his tes-
timony to value of missionary
service, 71

Bryce, Hon. James, references
to race contact in his Ro-
manes Lecture of 1902, 21 ;
his testimony to value of mis-
sionary service, 7 1

Buck, Col. Alfred E., his testi-
mony to value of missionary
service, 71

Bunker, Rev. Alonzo, his bi-
ography of Soo Thah, 134

Burma, witness of Soo Thah,
133. *34

Carey, William, early mis-
sionary convictions and aspi-
rations of, 31 ; his heroic con-
secration to the missionary
aim, 31-35; his arrival in
India, 161

Carter, Gov. George R., his tes-
timony to value of missionary
service, 71

Cecil, Rev. Lord William Gas-
coyne, his testimony to value
of missionary service, 72

INDEX

235

Centenary Celebrations, 62, 63,

77

Chalmers, Rev. James, martyr-
dom of, 113; his missionary
service in New Guinea, 123

Chand, Rev. Tara, his services
toward Bible translation into
Urdu, 136

Chandra, Prof. Ram, an early
and remarkable Christian
convert of the Society for the
Propagation of the Gospel,

l37

Chang, Chinese convert, 129;
his services as an evangelist,
129

Chatterjee, Rev. K. C, a
prominent Indian clergyman
of Hoshyarpur, 136

Chatterjee, The Misses, promi-
nent Indian Christians, 139

Chatterji, Prof. Golak Nath, a
prominent Indian Christian
educationalist, 137, 138

Chatterji, Rev. T. K.,an Indian
Christian editor and author,

x35

Chia, Pastor, a prominent wit-
ness for Christianity in Shan-
tung, 131

Chiang, Christian martyr in
China, 115

China, the missionary outlook
in, 77-83 ; missionaries in,
77 ; statistics of, 77, 78, 83;
great changes in, during the
last decade, 78-83; educa-
tional reforms in, 79, 80;
literary progress in, 80 ; edict
abolishing footbinding, 81 ;
efforts to suppress the opium
traffic, 81 ; recognition of
medical missionary graduates,
81 ; agitation concerning a
representative scheme of gov-
ernment, 81 ; democracy in,

81 ; intellectual awakening
of, due largely to missions,
82 ; changes in the fanatical
province of Hunan, 83 ; aver-
age annual conversions during
the past fifty years, 83 ; noted
Chinese Christians, 1 29- 1 33;
report of China Emergency
Committee on missions in,
151 ; revolutionary changes
in, 172.
Chiu, Pastor, his services _ at
Amoy, 130; the witnessing
value of his life, 130
Christendom, changed attitude
of, toward alien races, 55 ;
alien races potential members
of a universal, 164
Christian Endeavour. See
United Society of Christian
Endeavour
Christianity, the missionary
ideal of, 17; new world-con-
sciousness of, 17-47 ; cosmo-
politan outlook of, 24-30;
universality of, 50-53; its
progress in foreign fields, 44,
73-98 ; is a pessimistic view
of, justified ? 65, 67 ; a new
"cloud of witnesses" to, in
mission fields, 105-154; the
missionary character of, 157-
159 ; reflex influence of mis-
sions on Christianity at home,
193-198, 200; the message
of, to other religions, 207-
231 ; essential features of,
217-231
Christie, Dr. Dugald, his hos-
pital at Moukden, 129
Chucker butty, Miss S., a prom-
inent Indian Christian, 139
Church, The Christian, its new
missionary responsibilities in
these times, 96, 97 ; special
missionary duty of the Pres*

236

INDEX

byterian Church, 98 ; call of
the Church to special service
in each age of history, 159;
one of its foremost responsi-
bilities in the present age,
159, 160; will the Church re-
spond to the present call of
missions? 168-170; enlarged
opportunity of, at present
time, 171-173

Church Missionary Society, or-
ganization of the, 35 ; its en-
trance into Uganda, 88 ; its
successful work in South
Nigeria, 152

Church of England, missionary
spirit of the, 55

Churchill, Rt. Hon. Winston,
his appreciation of the results
of mission work in Uganda,
149-15 1

Clarke, Rev. William Newton,
quoted, 206

Coillard, Rev. Francois, his
missionary labours among
the Barotsi, 91

Coimbatore, address of Sir Ar-
thur Lawley at, 144

Colonial Expansion, some bene-
fits of, to backward races, 19,
20 ; the missionary motive in
the early settlement of New
England, 34

Colquhoun, Archibald R., fa-
vourable testimony of, to
missions in South Africa,

Columba, mission of, 30 ; mis-
sionary aims of, 166

Columbanus, mission of, 31 ;
missionary aims of, 31

Commerce, missions as a stim-
ulus to, 192

Conger, Hon. Edwin H., his
testimony to value of mission-
ary service, 7 1

Congo Free State, troubles in
the, 92

Contemporary Review, The, for
February, 1908, article in,
upon " Christian Missions in
China," 151

Contributions, facilities for mak-
ing them available in mission
work, 99

Converts, average number of
communicants admitted to
mission churches every Sun-
day of the year, 36 ; the wit-
ness of faithful lives of, 117—
142 ; able to bear the tests
of worthy discipleship, ill,
112 ; value of, in evangelistic
service, 169, 175 ; estimated
number of, 175 ; value of, to
the Christian Church, 107,
202

" Corporation for the Propaga-
tion of the Gospel in New
England," formation of, 34

Crowther, Rt. Rev. Samuel
Adjai, his witnessing life, 118

Cunningham, Sir Frederick, his
testimony to value of mission-
ary service, 149

Currie, Sir Philip, his testimony
to value of missionary service,
72

Curzon, Lord, Ex-Viceroy of
India, his testimony to value
of missionary service, 72,
146, 147

Cyril, mission of, 31 ; mission-
ary aims of, 166

Danish-Halle Mission, or-
ganization of the, 34

Das, Rai Bahadur Maya, a dis-
tinguished Indian Christian,

137
Dass, Rev. G. L. Thakur, a

INDEX

237

noted Indian Christian au-
thor, 135 ,
David, Rev. Joseph, a noted
Indian Christian author, 135
Day, Rev. Lai Bihari, a repre-
sentative Indian Christian
apologist, 135; a writer of
hymns, 136
Denby, Hon. Charles, his testi-
mony to value of missionary
service, 71
Devadasan, Rev. J. N., a prom-
inent native pastor of Madras,
136
Devasagayam, Rev. John, the
first ordained native clergy-
man of the Church Missionary
Society in South India, 136
Diplomacy, relations of missions

to, 186-192
Domestic Life, improvements
effected by missions upon,
179, 180
Drummond, Henry, reference
to his work among young
men, 133
Duff, Dr. Alexander, Students'
Missionary Society at St. An-
drews University founded

by, 163
Durand, Sir Henry Mortimer,
his testimony to value of
missionary work, 72, 153

East Indies (Dutch), mission
of Heurnius to the, 31 ; mis-
sion success among Moslems
in the, 92

Ebara, Hon. Soroku, a promi-
nent Christian in Japan, 128

Ebina, Rev. D., a Congrega-
tionalist pastor of Japan, 1 28

Economic Value of Missions,
177-179

Edinburgh Missionary Society,
organization of the, 35

Educational Benefits of Mis-
sions, 175

Egede, Hans, missionary serv-
ices of, 31

Egypt, missionary conference
held in 1906 in, 94

Elliot, Sir Charles, his testi-
mony to value of missionary
service, 72

Ellis, William T., his report of
his visit of investigation to
missions around the world,
68, 69 ; quoted, with reference
to missions in Korea, 74,
128; testimony to value of
missionary work, 153
Epeteneto, a distinguished wit-
ness to the Gospel in the New
Hebrides, 118
Epworth League, The, in for-
eign mission lands, 41
Erromanga, martyred mission-
aries of, 112

Federation, cooperation on
mission fields a stimulus to
the federation movement,
48; its growth in mission
fields, 193-197 5 its progress
in Christendom, 197, 198
Fiji Islands, churches and
religious services in the,
126; holds the world's rec-
ord for large percentage of
church attendance, 127
Footbinding, edict abolishing,
in China, 81 ; victorious cam-
paign of missions against, 180
Fosbery, W. F. W., his tribute
to work of Church Missionary
Society in Southern Nigeria,
152
Foster, Hon. John W., his testi-
mony to value of missionary
service, 71
Fox, Francis William, his Re-

238

INDEX

port upon Christian missions
in China, 151, 152

Francis, St., of Assisi, mission-
ary services of, 31

Fraser, Sir Andrew H. L., his
testimony to value of mis-
sionary work, 72, 144

French Evangelical Mission,
among the Barotsi, 91

Frere, Sir Bartle, his testimony
to value of missionary service,
72

Glasgow Missionary So-
ciety, organization of the, 35

Golaknath, Rev. Mr., an early
example of an Indian Chris-
tian clergyman, in connection
with the Church Missionary
Society, 136

Gordon, Rev. George N., mar-
tyrdom of, 112

Gordon, Rev. James D., mar-
tyrdom of, 112

Goreh, Rev. Nehemiah, a
prominent Indian Christian
apologist, 135 ; a writer of
hymns, 136

Griscom, Hon. Lloyd C, his
testimony to value of mission-
ary service, 71

Gucheng, native pastor in Lifu,
124; his work in New
Guinea, 124

Gwatkin, Prof. Henry Melvill,
quoted, 47

Han-cheong, Rev. Iap, cele-
bration of the fortieth anni-
versary of his pastorate, 131,
132

Hannington, Rt. Rev. James,
the martyrdom of, 1 12

Hara, T., friend of discharged
prisoners in Japan, 127

Harada, Rev. Tasuku, a Con-
gregationalist clergyman in
Japan, 128

Haraiwa, Rev. Yoshiyasu, a
Methodist pastor of Japan, 128

Hart, Sir Robert, his testimony
to value of missionary service,
72

Harvard University, foreign
mission work of, 42

Hatch, Dr. Edwin, his poem,
" All Saints," 142

Hawthorne, Julian, his testi-
mony to value of missionary
service, 71

Hay, Hon. John, spirit of his in-
ternational diplomacy, 189

Haystack Celebration, 63

Hepburn, Dr. J. C, entrance
of, into Japan, 162

Heroes of the Faith, examples
of, among native converts,
107-142 ; value of martyr
testimony as an asset of
modern Christianity, 117

Heurnius, Justus, his mission to
the Dutch East Indies, 31

Hirata, Rev. Yoshimichi, a wit-
ness for Christ in Japan, 1 28

Holcombe, Hon. Chester, his
article on Missions in China,
in the Atlantic Monthly, for
September, 1906, 67

Home Missions, should never
be neglected, 17, 43 ; mutual
helpfulness of Home and For-
eign Missions, 50, 51, 54, 56,
96, 97. 167-170, 173. *93»
194, 197-202

Homma, Mr. S., a Japanese
Christian social reformer, 128

Honda, Rev. Yoichi, educa-
tional work of, in Japan, 127 ;
chosen as first native Bishop
of the Methodist Church in
Japan, 128

INDEX

239

Hsi, Pastor, biography of, 132
Hsieh, a Chinese Christian

martyr, 1 16
Hunan, remarkable changes in

attitude of, toward missions,

83

Hunter, Sir William, his testi-
mony to value of missionary
service, 72

Ibrahim, Mirza, martyrdom
of, 141

Ibuka, Rev. K., a well-known
Christian teacher in Japan,
128

Imad-ud-Din, Rev. Dr., Biblical
scholarship of, 135

Imperial Responsibilities, inter-
preted in their higher sig-
nificance by missions, 29, 30 ;
new recognition of, among the
nations, 55

India, early missionaries to, 31 ;
Christian missions in, 83-88 ;
social changes in, 84; mass
movements to Christianity,
84, 85 ; revival incidents in,
85-87 ; formation of the Na-
tional Missionary Society, 87 ;
Christian witnesses in, 135—
140 ; the awakened and re-
ceptive condition of, 172

Indirect Results of Missions,
179-203

Industrial Missions, personal
virtues encouraged and pro-
moted by, 177, 178 ; economic
value of, 178

International Affairs, influence
of missions upon, 185-192

Interdenominationalism, the in-
fluence of missions in pro-
moting an interdenomina-
tional consciousness, 48 ; the
tendency to ecclesiastical de-

limitations passing away, 193-
198

Ishii, Juji, philanthropic work
of, 127

Ishimoto, Prof. Sanjuro, a rep-
resentative Japanese Chris-
tian, 128

Islam, revolt from, in Persia,
94 ; movements of the Si-
nousis, 190 ; the menace of
Pan-Islamism, 189, 190

Isotry, tomb of Prime Minister
of Madagascar at, 121

JAGANADHAN, REV. P., his'
services toward Bible transla-
tion into Telugu, 136

Japan, progress of Christianity
in, 73, 74 ; education in, 74 ;
forecast of its national great-
ness, 74 ; distinguished Chris-
tians in, 127, 128; progress
of religious liberty in, during
the past half century, 172;
Japanese young men sent to
Western lands to be educated,
182

Johnston, Sir Harry H., his
testimony to value of mission-
ary service, 72

Joshi, Rev. D. L., a prominent
Indian Christian, in connec-
tion with the Church Mis-
sionary Society, 136

Kapiolani, Queen, a cour-
ageous witness to the truth in
Hawaii, 118

Karens, The, influence of Soo
Thah in promoting national
unity among, 135

Karmarkar, Rev. S. V., hymn
writer in Marathi, 136

Kasagama, Daudi, his Christian
rule as King of Toro,H9

240

INDEX

Kataoka, Hon. Kenkichi, Chris-
tian statesman of Japan, 127

Kettering, formation of the Bap-
tist Missionary Society at, 35

Khama, King, his beneficent
rule, 119

Khasia Hills, revival among
the natives of the, 86

Khisti, Rev. Hari Ramchandra,
a faithful Indian pastor in
connection with the mission
of the American Board, 136

King, Hon. Hamilton, his testi-
mony to value of missionary
service, 71

Kingdom, fresh annals of the,
157-204; relation of the
Church to the Kingdom, 156

Korea, progress of Christianity
in, 74-77 ; remarkable re-
cent developments in, 75, 76,
128; Bible translation in, 76,
77; revival scenes in, 128;
the wonderful arousing of,
172

Koshi Koshi, Archdeacon, his
services toward Bible transla-
tion into Malayalam, 136

Kothahbyu, his faithful Chris-
tian witness in Burma, 1 18

Kozaki, Rev. H., a Congrega-
tionalist pastor in Japan, 128

Krikore, Rev. Kara, fiftieth an-
niversary of his pastorate at
Aintab, Turkey, 141

Krishna Pal, an early witness to
the truth in India, 118

Krupabai, See Satthianadhan,
Krupabai

Kucheng, Christian martyrs of,
"3

Lawes, Rev. W. G., his mis-
sionary service in New
Guinea, 123

Lawley, Sir Arthur, his testi-

mony to value of missionary
service, 72, 144, 145

Laymen's Missionary Move-
ment, its interdenominational
support of foreign missions,
42 ; its establishment in Great
Britain, 164

Lely, Sir Frederic S. P., his fa-
vourable testimony to the work
of missionaries in India, 146,

147
Lewanika, King, his decree

abolishing slavery, 91
Lewis, Sir Samuel, a prominent

African Christian, 119
Lienchow, Christian martyrs of,

113 • ,

Lifu, missionary service of

native converts of, 124; pio-
neer service in, 125

Liggins, Rev. John, entrance
of, into Japan, 162

Literature, Christian, introduc-
tion of, upon mission fields,
176; increase of missionary
literature at home, 162, 174

London Missionary Society, or-
ganization of the, 35 ; its suc-
cessful work at Nagercoil, 63,
64

Loyalty Islands, native preach-
ers and teachers from the,
123

Lugard, Sir Frederick, his tes-
timony to value of missionary
service, 72

Lull, Raymond, missionary serv-
ices of, 31

Luther League, The, in foreign
mission lands, 41

Macalister,. Prof. Alexan-
der, his Report upon Chris-
tian missions in China, 151,

l52

MacArthur, Lieutenant-Gen-

INDEX

24I

eral Arthur, his appreciation
of missions in Korea, 143
McCormick, Frederick, his ap-
preciation of foreign missions,

*53

Macfarlane, Rev. Samuel, his
missionary service in New
Guinea, 123

McGregor, Sir William, his
testimony to value of mission-
ary service, 72

Mackenzie, Sir Alexander, his
testimony to value of mis-
sionary service, 72

McKenzie, F. A., his apprecia-
tion of foreign missions, 68,

153

Madagascar, victories of the
Gospel in, 92, 93 ; the Chris-
tian record of Rainitrimo,
120-122; Rasalama, Chris-
tian martyr of, 122; " killing
times " in, 122

Madras Presidency, religious
awakening at various places
in the, 86

Madura, American Board Mis-
sion at, 145

Mahan, Admiral A. T., favour-
able testimony of, to mission-
ary efforts in the Far East,

152, 153

Makino, Rev. To raj 1, a witness
for Christ in Japan, 128

" Mankind and the Church,"
reference to volume thus en-
titled, 47

Marau, Rev. Clement, his early
witness to Christianity in
Melanesia, 118

Marshall, Rev. Thomas J., a
distinguished African Chris-
tian witness, 119

Martyrs, the " noble army " of,
in modern times, 112; mis-
sionaries who have been, 112,

113; native converts who
have stood this test, 113, 114;
the martyr roll of China, 113-
117; estimate of their num-
ber, 113

Masih, Rev. Abdul, a promi-
nent Christian witness from
the ranks of Islam, 135

Masih, Rev. Imam, his services
toward Bible translation into
Bengali, 136

Matsuyama, Rev. F., a witness
for Christ in Japan, 128

Mawhinney, R. B., heroic serv-
ice of, in famine relief in
India, 146

Medical Missions, philanthropic
results of, 97, 177

Mengo, cathedral at, 90

Men's Foreign Missionary Con-
ventions, at Omaha, 42 ; at
Philadelphia, 43 ; convention
of the Protestant Episcopal
Church at Richmond, 43

Meshakah, Michial, his witness
to Christianity in Syria, 141

Methodius, mission of, 31 ; mis-
sionary aims of, 166

Mission Study Classes, 42, 43

Missions, the new horoscope of,
10, II; true aim of, 23, 24 ;
worthy of closer attention of
scholars, 38, 60, 61 ; loyalty
of friends of, in the past, 39 ;
the rising tide of interest
throughout the Church at the
present time, 40-44, 162;
their remarkable progress,
44; changes in the mission-
ary appeal, 45-47 ; strategic
aspects of the missionary out-
look, 59-101 ; difficulties and
hindrances of, 61, 62; apolo-
getic value of, 66, 67 ; favour-
able testimonies to, 71, 72,
143-153 ; optimistic aspects

242

INDEX

of, at the present time, 73-
96 ; their historical progress,
157—159 ; leading aspects of,
at the present time, 161; in-
creasing literature of, 162 ;
facilities for study of, 162,
163 ; the individualistic view
of, 165 ; nationalistic view of,
166, 167 ; cosmopolitan view
of, 168-17 1 ; modern achieve-
ments of, 173-179; social re-
sults of, 90, 133, 134, 179-
181 ; racial influence of, 181-
185 ; international scope of,
185-192 ; more general re-
sults of, 192; reflex influence
of, 193 ; stimulus of, to feder-
ation and unity, 193- 1 98;
contribution of, to the sum
total of Christian forces in the
world, 198-202 ; are we un-
duly idealizing them ? 202 ;
duty of the pastorate to pro-
mote, 203

Missionary Review of the
World, The, cited, 147

Miyagawa, Rev. Tsuetaru, a
Congregationalist pastor of
Japan, 128

Miyake, Rev. A., a Christian
Endeavour leader of Japan,
128

Miyama, Rev. K., a witness for
Christ in Japan, 128

Mombasa, as a railway termi-
nus, 88

Money, its investment in mis-
sions brings large returns, 99

Moravian Church, early mis-
sionary work of the, 31, 34

Morrison, Rev. Robert, centen-
nial commemoration of his
arrival in China, 63, 77 ; his
entrance into China, 162

Moslems, missions among the,
in the Dutch East Indies, 92

Motoda, Rev. S., his loyalty to
Christianity in Japan, 127

Moukden, medical work at, 129

Mountmorres, Lord William,
his testimony to value of mis-
sionary service, 72

Mukerji, Rev. Prof. H. L., a
prominent Indian Christian
educationalist, 137

Mulligan, William, heroic serv-
ice of, in famine relief in
India, 146

Nagercoil, centennial of Lon-
don Missionary Society at, 63

Naoroji, Rev. Dhanjibhai, the
celebration of jubilee of his
Christian ministry, 136, 137

Napier, Lord Francis, his testi-
mony to value of missionary
service, 72

Nashville, Student Volunteer
Convention at, 153

National Life, influence of mis-
sions upon, 181-185

National Missionary Society of
India, formation of, 87

Navalkar, Rev. R., a prominent
Indian Christian author, 135 ;
hymns written by the, 136 ;
his services toward Bible
translation into Marathi, 136

Neesima, Rev. Joseph Hardy,
his noble witness to Chris-
tianity in Japan, 118, 127

Nestorian Church in Persia, 94

New Guinea, prominent mis-
sionaries in, 123 ; faithful
missionary service of South
Sea native Christians in, 123-
125 ; the roll of martyrdom
in, 123, 124

Nicholson, Sir Frederick Au-
gustus, favourable testimony
of, to missionary service, 72,
147

INDEX

243

Nigeria, Church Missionary So-
ciety missions in, 152

Nitobe, Prof. Inazo, a well-
known Japanese Christian,
128

Niwa, Mr. S., a Japanese Y. M.
C. A. Secretary, 128

Northcote, Lord Henry Staf-
ford, his testimony to value of
missionary service, 72

Northfield, address of Sir Fred-
erick Nicholson at, 147

Norton, Thomas H., his testi-
mony to value of missionary
service, 71

Nyassa, Lake, Scotch missions
around, 91

Okuno, Rev. M., a prominent
Christian pastor in Japan, 128

Omaha, convention of Presby-
terian laymen at, 42

O'Neill, T., martyrdom of, 1 13

Opium, efforts in China to sup-
press traffic in, 81

Oriental, religious capabilities
of the average, 202

Outlook, The Missionary, op-
timistic features of, 73-96;
its cosmopolitanism, 161-171

Padmanji, Rev. Baba, a noted
Indian Christian author, 135 ;
his services toward Bible
translation into Marathi, 136

Pan-Islamism, the menace of,
189, 190

Pao, the "Apostle of Lifu,"
125 ; monument erected to
memory of, 126

Pariahs, The, effects of Chris-
tian missions among, 63, 139,
140

Parsis, The, jubilee of a promi-
nent convert among, 137

Pastors, missionary information
a source of inspiration to, 56

Patteson, Rt. Rev. John Cole-
ridge, martyrdom of, 112

Paul, native evangelist in the
Congo, 120

Paul, Rev. Samuel, a noted In-
dian Christian author, 135

Paulinus, mission of, 30

Peking, Medical Missionary
College at, 81

Persecution, the sufferings of
victims in the Boxer uprising,
114-117

Persia, missions in, 94 ; political
changes in, 94 ; Deacon Abra-
ham and Mirza Ibrahim as
Christian witnesses in, 141

Pestonji, Rev. Hormazdji, an
Indian pastor, in connection
with the Baptist Missionary
Society, 136

Philadelphia, convention of
Presbyterian men at, 43

Philanthropy of Missions, 177

Phillips, Rt. Rev. Charles, a
distinguished African Chris-
tian, 119

Plutschau, Henry, entrance into
India of, 31 ; bi-centenary
celebration of his landing in
India, 62

Pomare, King, his early witness
to the Gospel in Tahiti, 118

Port Moresby, mission cemetery
at, 124

" Prayer Storms," as a feature
of religious excitement in
India, 86

Presbyterian Board, its mission
in Korea, 75, 76

Presbyterian Church in the
United States of America,
great numbers of people
within its foreign mission ter-
ritory, 98

244

INDEX

Press, changed tone of secular
journals in their references to
missions, 67-70; more fre-
quent references to missions
in the public, 162, 163

Princeton University, foreign
mission work of, 42

Pyeng Yang, churches in, 75

Race Problems, missions a
helpful solvent of, 190-192

Races, Non-Christian, changed
estimate of the value of their
cooperation in promoting the
progress of the Church, 45-
47 ; the contribution they
may make to the sum total of
Christian influence in the
world, 108, 202

Radstock, Lord Granville, his
testimony to value of mission-
ary service, 72

Rahman, Abdul, an Indian
Christian witness from the
ranks of Islam, 135

Rainitrimo, Christian convert in
Madagascar, 120-122

Rallia Ram, M. L., a noted In-
dian Christian author, 135

Ramabai, Pundita, revival ex-
periences in her homes for
widows and orphans, 86 ;
prominent as a philanthropist,

139

Ramsay, Prof. William M., his
testimony to value of mission-
ary service, 72

Ranavalona I, Queen, persecu-
tion of Christians during the
reign of, in Madagascar, 121

Rasalama, the first Christian
martyr in Madagascar, 122

Ratnagiri, revival in, 86

Richmond, Protestant Episcopal
Convention at, 43

Roman Empire, Holy, political

and ecclesiastical ideals of

the, 19
Ross, Rev. John, Korean New

Testament prepared by, 76 ;

his biography of Wang, the

Manchurian evangelist, 129
Ruatoka, native evangelist in

New Guinea, from the South

Sea Islands, 125

Sahu, Rev. Shem, his serv-
ices toward Bible translation
into Uriya, 136

Sainthood, the roll-call of
modern saints, 141 ; Dr.
Hatch's poem on, 142

Samoan Islands, native preach-
ers and teachers from the, 123

Sangle, K. R., Marathi hymn
writer, 136

Sarkis, Ibrahim, his witness to
Christianity in Syria, 141

Sastri, Vedanayaga, Tamil
hymn writer, 136

Sato, Dr. S., a Christian educa-
tionalist of Japan, 128

Satow, Sir Ernest, his testimony
to value of missionary serv-
ice, 72

Satthianadhan, Krupabai, an
Indian Christian authoress of
distinction, 139

Satthianadhan, Mrs. Samuel, a
prominent Indian Christian,
editor of The Indian Ladies*
Magazine, 139

Satthianadhan, Prof. Samuel,
Christian personality of, 138,
139 ; his lecture course in
America, 138; an Indian
witness to Christianity of ex-
ceptional value, 138

Satthianadhan, Rev. W. T., a
prominent Tamil clergyman,
in connection with the Church

INDEX

245

Missionary Society, until his
death, in 1892, 136
Sawayama, Rev. Paul, a dis-
tinguished preacher of Japan,

I27

Schwartz, Christian Friedrich,

entrance into India of, 31

Science, contribution of mis-
sionaries to, 192, 193

Scott-Moncrieff, Col. G. K., his
testimony to value of mission-
ary service, 72

Sectarianism, out of place in
mission fields, 193-198 ; wan-
ing power of, in home
Churches, 197, 198

Seoul, Severance Hospital at,

143
Severance Hospital, commenda-
tion of work at the, by Lieu-
tenant-General MacArthur,

143

Severinus, mission of, 31

Seward, Hon. George F., his
testimony to value of mission-
ary service, 71

Shanghai, Centenary Confer-
ence at, 49, 63, 77 ; resolu-
tions of Conference quoted,
104 ; quotation from Records
of Conference, 156

Sheshadri, Rev. Narayan, a
noted Indian Christian pas-
tor, 136

Shimada, Hon. Saburo, a
Japanese Christian journalist,
128

Shimomura, Prof. K., a Japanese
Christian educationalist, 128

Shome, Mrs. Nirmalabala, a
distinguished Indian Chris-
tian, 139

Siam, record of the Rev. Boon
Boon-Itt, 133 ; Crown Prince
of, quoted with reference to
Christian missionaries, 144

Sibree, Rev. James, quoted,
I20, 121, 122

Simpson, Sir Alexander Rus-
sell, his Report upon Christian
missions in China, 151, 152

Singh, Lady Harnum, a promi-
nent Indian Christian, 139

Singh, Miss Lilivati, a repre-
sentative Indian Christian,

139

Singh, Sir Harnum, Indian
Christian statesman, 137 ;
delegate to the coronation of
Edward VII, 137

Sinousis, The, secret movements
of, 190

Slavery, abolition of, in Uganda,
as a result of missions, 90; in
Barotsiland, 91, 92

Slavs, The, early missions
among, 31

Smith, Lieutenant Shergold,
martyrdom of, 112

Social Reforms, promotion of, by
missions, 179-18 1

Society for Promoting Christian
Knowledge, formation of, 34

Society for the Propagation of
the Gospel in Foreign Parts,
formation of, 34

Soo Thah, his witness to Chris-
tianity in Burma, 133— 135

Sorabji, Mrs., and her daugh-
ters, representative Indian
Christian women, 139

South Sea Islands, results of
Christian missions in the, 92,
126, 127

Stanley, Sir Henry M., his tes-
timony to value of missionary
service, 72

Stevenson, Prof. Richard T.
quoted, 16

Stevenson, Robert Louis, his
testimony to value of mission-
ary service, 72

246

INDEX

Student Volunteer Movement,
missionary efforts of, 41, 201,
202

Subrahmanyam, Dewan Ba-
hadur N., a distinguished In-
dian Christian, 137

Summer Schools and Confer-
ences, 43

Sunday-school Convention at
Rome, 41 ; interest in mis-
sions at, 41

Superstition, missionary influ-
ence in banishing, 180, 181

Syen Cheun, Christians in, 75

Syria,Christian witnesses in, 141

Taft, Hon. W. H., testimony
to value of missions, 71

Tamura, Rev. N., a Presby-
terian clergyman in Japan,
128

Taylor, Mrs. Howard, her
biography of Pastor Hsi, 132

Temple, Sir Richard, his testi-
mony to value of missionary
service, 72

Tennyson, Lord Alfred, quoted,
200, 232

Testimonies favourable to mis-
sions from men in high sta-
tions throughout the world,
71, 72, 108, I43~IS4

Tests of Christian character,
the evidential value of, 109,
1 10 ; applied to the member-
ship of native churches, no,
in; native converts able to
bear the tests of worthy dis-
cipleship, in, 112

Thompson, Rev. C. S., heroic
service of, in famine relief in
India, 146

Tilak, Rev. N. V., a prominent
Indian Christian author, 135 ;
hymns by, 136

Tiyo Soga, a native African
witness, 118

Tokyo, Conference of World's
Student Christian Federation
at, 41, 78

Tomeoka, Rev. Kosuke, a
Japanese Christian social re-
former, 128

Toro, the Christian king of, 119

Tours, Battle of, 189

Tract Societies, work of, 44

Tucker, Rt. Rev. Alfred Robert,
quoted with reference to for-
mer cruel customs in Uganda,

89
Turkish Empire, missions
among the Oriental Christian
sects in the, 93 ; faithful Chris-
tian witnesses in the, 141

Uchimura, Rev. Kanzo, a
well-known Japanese Chris-
tian, 128

Uemura, Rev. M., a Presby-
terian clergyman of Japan,
128

Uganda, results of Christian
missions in, 88-91 ; now a
British protectorate, 88; im-
proved means of transit to,
88, 89 ; atrocious cruelties in,
before the entrance of mis-
sions into, 88 ; signs of
rapid Christianization in, 88,
90 ; native support of mis-
sions in, 90 ; the Mengo Ca-
thedral, 90 ; remarkable so-
cial transformations in, 90,
91 ; the king and many of-
ficials of, are Christians, 90,
91 ; testimony of Rt. Hon.
Winston Churchill with refer-
ence to remarkable results of
missions in, 149-15 1 ; favour-
able comments upon mission-

INDEX

247

ary work in, by Mr. George
Wilson, 151

Ulfilas, mission of, 31

United Society of Christian En-
deavour, foreign missionary
service of, 41, 201, 202

Unity, movements in mission
fields in the interests of, 48,
49 ; increasing interest in, at
home and abroad, 193-198

Universality of the Gospel, its
world-wide purpose as taught
by Christ, 25-30, 50 ; as
taught by Paul, 50 ; Chris-
tians and the universal king-
dom, 52; cosmopolitan pro-
gramme of modern missions,
161-171

Vajiravudh, Prince Chowfa
Maha, Crown Prince of
Siam, his appreciation of
Christian missionaries, 144

Victoria Nyanza, railway to the,
88

Wadhams, Com. A. V., his
testimony to value of mission-
ary service, 71

Wanamaker, Hon. John, his tes-
timony to value of missionary
service, 71

Wang, Manchurian evangelist,
129, 130

Watanabe, Judge N., a promi-
nent Christian leader of
Japan, 128

Watkinson, Rev. W. L., quoted,

58

Waziris, The, ministry of the
Rev. John Williams (an In-
dian Church Missionary So-
ciety clergyman), among, 136

Welinkar, Prof. N. G., a dis-
tinguished Indian Christian,
137

Wesleyan Missionary Society,
organization of the, 35

Westcott, Rt. Rev. Brooke
Foss, remark of, with refer-
ence to the conversion of
India, 199

Williams, Rt. Rev. C. M., en-
trance of, into Japan, 162

Williams, Rev. John, martyr-
dom of, 112

Williams, Rev. John, Indian
Christian, his ministry among
the Waziris, 136

Willibrord, mission of, 31

Wilson, George, his favourable
testimony to missionary work
in Uganda, 151

Wilson, Philip Whitwell, quo-
tation from his article on the
value of missions, in the
Chronicle of the London Mis-
sionary Society for March,
1908, 147, 148

Wingate, Sir Andrew, his testi-
mony to value of missionary
service, 148, 149

Witnesses, the testimony of
many, to the value of mis-
sions, 71, 72, 108, 143-153;
a new " cloud " of, 105-154;
meaning of the word, as used
in Hebrews 12 : I, 105-107 ;
our mission converts worthy
witnesses, 107, 110-112;
martyr witnesses in China
and elsewhere, 1 12-125;
martyr witnesses among mis-
sionaries, 112, 113; the wit-
ness testimony of faithful
lives of native converts, 117-
142 ; in New Guinea, 123 ;
in Lifu, 125 ; in the South
Sea Islands, 126; in Japan,
127, 128; in Korea, 128,
129; in China, 129-133; in
Siam, 133; in Burma, 133-

248

INDEX

135; in India, 1 35-140 ; in
Syria, 141 ; in Persia, 141 ;
in Turkey, 141

Woodburn, Sir John, his testi-
mony to value of missionary
service, 72

World-consciousness, deepen-
ing of, in the Church, 17-56

World's Student Christian Fed-
eration, Conference of, at
Tokyo, 41, 78

Wright, Hon. Luke E., his tes-
timony to value of missionary
service, 71

Yale University, foreign

mission work of, 42
Yamamoto, Mr. T., a Japanese

Christian social reformer, 128
Young, Sir William Mackworth,

his testimony to value of mis-
sionary service, 72

Young Men's Christian Associa-
tion, foreign mission work of
the, 40, 156; enthusiasm of,
in missionary service, 201,
202

Young People's Missionary
Movement, mission study
classes and conventions of,
42

Young Women's Christian As-
sociation, foreign mission
work of the, 40, 41, 201,
202

ZlEGENBALG, BARTHOLOMEW,

his entrance into India, 31 ;
bi-centenary celebration of
his landing in India, 62

By JAMES S. DENNIS, D. D.

The New Horoscope of Missions

12mo, cloth, $1.00 net.

Lectures delivered at McCormick Theological
Seminary on the Converse Missionary Founda-
tion. Prepared for book form they will be rec-
ognized as a valuable addition to the literature
on missions, of which the author has already con-
tributed several volumes.

Christian Missions and
Social Progress

A Sociological Study of Foreign Mis-
sions. 3 vols., with over 200 full-page
illustrations. Each vol. 8vo, cloth,
gilt top.

Now Complete. Vol. I— 4th edition, 2.50 ; Vol.
II— 2d edition, 2.50; Vol. Ill, 2.50 net.
General Table of Contents, Vol. I., The
Sociological Scope of Christian Missions. The
Social Evils of the Non-Christian World. In-
effectual Remedies, and the Causes of their
Failure. Christianity the Social Hope of the
Nations. Vol. II, The Dawn of a Sociological
Era in Missions. The Contribution of Christian
Missions to Social Progress. Vol. III. The
Contribution of Christian Missions to Social
Progress.

Centennial Survey of
Foreign Missions

A Statistical Supplement to Christian
Missions and Social Progress, being a
Conspectus of Achievements and Re-
sults at the Close of the Nineteenth
Century. Maps, illustrations. 4.00 net.

Foreign Missions after a Century

Eighth Edition. 8vo, cloth - - 1.50

ENCYCLOPEDIC

Christian Missions and Social Progress

JAMES S. DENNIS, D.D.

Three vols., fully illustrated, 8vo, Cloth: Vol. I., $2.50;
Vol. II., $2.50; Vol. III., $2.50 net.

General Table of Contents, Vol. I., The Sociological
Scope of Christian Missions. The Social Evils of the Non-
Christian World. Ineffectual Remedies, and the Causes of
their Failure. Christianity the Social Hope of the Nations.
Vol. II., The Dawn of a Sociological Era in Missions. The
Contributions of Christian Missions to Social Progress. 'Vol.
III., Contribution of Christian Missions to Social Progress.

The completion of this third volume gives the student
a full view of Christian Missions in what is agreed by every
writer to be the most thorough study of the subject ever writ-
ten. ''A great advantage of the book over most others is its
catholicity of spirit. There is nothing 'denominational' about
the study. Everything that is done for the cause of Christ
in non-Christian lands, by whatever church or set, is its
theme." — The Churchman.

Centennial Survey of Foreign Missions

JAMES 5. DENNIS, D.D.

Illustrated, Maps, Oblong, Cloth, $4.00 net.

A Statistical Supplement to Christian Missions and Social
Progress, being a Conspectus of Achievements and Results at
the Close of the Nineteenth Century. A panoramic presen-
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presses and periodical literature; orphanages, asylums, rescue
and reformatory institutions; associations for general improve-
ment; native organizations for reform; missionary organiza-
tions, missionary steamers, etc.; closing with a full directory
of the foreign Missionary Societies of the world.

Mohammedan World of Today

Edited by JAMES L. BARTON, D.D,, S. T\. ZWEMER,
D.D., E. M. WHERRY, D.D.

Illustrated, Maps, 8vo, Cloth, $1.50 net.

A symposium on the present conditions and outlook of
Mohammedanism from the point of view and from the experi-
ence of Christian Missionaries at the centers of Mohammedan
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in its information concerning this greatest of rivals of the
Christian religion — it is authoritative, comprehensive and
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Missions and Politics in Asia

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Studies of the spirit of the Eastern peoples, the present
making of history in Asia, and the part therein of Christian
Missions. Students' Lectures on Mission' Princeton, 1898.

HISTORICAL

The Missionary Expansion Since the
Reformation

J. A. GRAHAM, 11. A.

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Mr. Graham is a missionary of the Scotch Young Men's
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Nineteen Centuries of Missions

MRS. WILLIAM W. SCUDDER

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"A Handbook primarily prepared for Young People."
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Studies in Early Church History

HENRY T\ SELL, D.D.

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In seven earlier volumes all the important epochs of Bible
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Foreign Missions After a Century

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'A careful review of the work, not only in its results but
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Primer of Medical Missions

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Centennial Statistics

JAnES S. DENNIS, D.D.

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The statistics presented at the Ecumenical Conference on
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HISTORICAL

Outline of a History of Protestant Mis-
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QUSTAV WARNECK

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Authorized translation from the 8th German Edition,
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Missions and Modern History

ROBERT E. SPEER

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The Growth of the Kingdom of God

SIDNEY L. GULICK

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Apostolic and Modern Missions

CHALMERS MARTIN, A n.

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Students' Lectures on Missions, Princeton, 1895.

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ENCYCLOPEDIC

Our Moslem Sisters J a symposium.

Edited bvi S* M- ZWEMER, P. R. G. S.
caitea by } and ANNIE VAN sommer

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Strategic Points in the World's Conquest

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Missionary Principles and Practice

8vo, Cloth, $1.50 net ROBERT E. SPEER

A Discussion of Christian Missions and some Criticisms
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"Throughout the Spirit of God is honored and exalted,
and if this book does not call attention to the one sovereign
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work and our spirit, we know not where such remedy is to
be found." — The Missionary Review of the World.

Method in Soul Winning, °n Homf ££ Foreign

iamo, Cloth, 75c net. HENRY C. MABIE, D.D.

"Dr. Mabie shows clearly that all one man can do for an-
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clearly as a lawyer presenting a brief." — The Standard.

"Do Not Say"

J. HEYWOOD HORSBUROH, M. A.

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The Church's Excuse for Neglecting the Heathen.

Now

,2mo, Paper, 10c. HENRY C. HABIE, D.D.

The Missionary Watchword for each Generation, or the
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PRINCIPLES OF MISSIONS

Universal Clements of the Christian Re-
ligion

CHARLES CUTHBERT HALL, D.D.

l2mo, Cloth, $1.25 net.

-' Dr. Hall delivered the course of Barrow's Lectures on
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HENRY Co MABIE

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Missions from the Modern View

ROBERT Ac HUME, D D.

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phasis and in his outlining of practical policies, Dr. Hume
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The Attraction of the Cross

JOHN ANGELL JAMES

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