LI3RARY {Wjri
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3 1822 01063 7403
A NEW
MEDICAL DICTIONARY.
RECOMMENDATIONS AND PRESS NOTICES
GouLD's Medical Dictionary
" One pleasing feature of the book is that the reader can almost invariably find the
definition under the word he looks for, without being referred from one place to another,
as is too commonly the case in medical dictionaries. The tables of the bacilli, micrococci,
leucomaines and ptomaines are excellent, and contain a large amount of information in a
limited space. The anatomical tables are also concise and clear. . . . We sliould
mihesitatmgly recommend this dictionary to our readers, feeling sure that it will prove of
much value to them." — AmeHcan Journal of Medical Science, Sept., i8go.
" Again and again we have submitted the book to tests, and we have found it relialjle
and full, every page giving proof of careful editing and research. It is sufficiently large
to meet the requirements of any ordinary practitioner. Of course the bespectacled, poly-
syllabic, home-from- Berlin young man could not take pleasure or feel satisfied in anything
short of a multi-voluminous work ; but, like the Heathen, he is a law unto himself, and
may safely be left out of calculation in practical therapeutics. In addition to the dictionaiy
proper we have elaborate tables of bacilli, micrococci, leucomaines and ptomaines, and all
such infinitesimal creatures as we to-day build laboratories to hatch; tables with analyses
of American mineral waters, some of which waters will soon, we believe, be found in our
midst; and tables of vital statistics. All this great mass of information is excellently
arranged, so that the reader has no difficulty in at once finding what he wants, and the
type is beautifully clear, there being no blurring, so that reading is a pleasure. As we
turn over the pages we are grateful for the free trade system that admits, free of duty,
such a useful and desirable book." — T/ic Dziblin Journal of Medical Science, A'ov., iSgo.
" We know of no work in which so many important and yet isolated facts may be
obtained without great expenditure of time. The tables of muscles, nerves, arteries, etc.,
seem to be very complete, and in looking through the dictionary, we were struck by the
good presswork, clear type, and handsome paper, while no one of the many words which it
occurred to us to look for have been found absent." — Therapeutic Gazette, May i^th, iSgo.
"As a handy, concise and accurate, and complete medical dictionary it decidedly
claims a very high place among works of this description. In fact, taking handiness and
cheapness into account, we certainly think this is the general practitioner's model dictionary,
and we cordially recommend it to our readers. The definitions are for the most part terse
and accurate, and the derivations up to modern lights." — British Medical Journal, Lon-
don, Sept., iSgo.
" I find it an excellent work, doing credit to the learning and discrimination of the
author." — Dr. J. M. Da Costa, Pj-of of Practice of Medicine, Jefferson Medical College.
" In Gynaecology, Ophthalmolog}% Otology and Tar>-ngolog)' ; in Biology, Embrj'ology,
Physiology and Pathology ; in Electro-therapeutics, and in the newly-developed fields of
Bacteriology, Ptomaines and Leucomaines, the aim has been evidently to issue an authori-
tative text-book, one that should be ample in its vocabulary, concise in its definitions,
compact in its arrangement, and convenient of size for the everyday use of busy practitioners
and as a handbook for medical students. The author, in this respect, is to be congratulated
upon his success, and so far as a careful examination enables us to judge, it faithfully
represents the medical literature of to-day." — Jourtial of American Modical Association.
" The work of Dr. Gould claims to be essentially a new work, all definitions being
framed ' by the direct aid of new, standard and authoritative text-books.' It certainly
l>ears very little resemblance to previous works of the kind, in nearly all of which a great
deal of space is devoted to obsolete terms. . . . More complete and more up to date
than any other medical dictionary of similar dimensions in our own, or, indeed, as far as
we know, in any other language." — London Lancet, July 20th, iSgo.
ANEW
Medical Dictionary
INCLUDING ALL THE WORDS AND PHRASES GENERALLY
USED IN MEDICINE, WITH THEIR PROPER PRO-
NUNCIATION AND DEFINITIONS.
BASED ON RECENT MEDICAL LITERATURE.
BY
GEORGE iM. GOULD, B.A.. M.D.,
OPHTHALMIC SURGEON TO THE PHILADELPHIA HOSPITAL AND CLINICAL CHIEF
OPHTHALMOLOGICAL DEPARTMKNT, GERMAN HOSPITAL,
PHILADELPHIA.
WITH ELABORATE TABLES OF THE BACILLI, MICROCOCCI, LEUCOMAINES, PTOMAINES,
ETC.; OF THE ARTERIES, GANGLIA, MUSCLES, NERVES AND I'LKXUSES; OK
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES, THERMOMETERS, ETC.; AND APPENDICES
CONTAINING CLASSIFIED TABLK:S WITH ANALYSES, OF THE
WATERS OF THE MINERAL SPRINGS OF THE U. S.,
AND TAULE.^ OF VITAL STATISIICS.
PIIII.ADnLPHIA:
P. BLAKISTON, SON & CO.
I o I 2 Walnut S r k i-. i : r.
1 891.
Copyrighted, 1S90, by P. Blakiston, Son & Co.
WM. F. FELL & CO.,
Electrotvpers and Printers,
1220-24 sansom street, philadelphia.
PREFACE.
Throughout the preparation of this Dictionary my work has been shaped
to meet the following distinct purposes: —
1. To include those New Words and Phrases created during the past
ten years — a period rich in coinages — which appeared destined to continuous
usage. There are certainly thousands of these; and in their compilation I
have especially endeavored to cover the latest results in the study of Bacteri-
ology, Ptomaines and Leucomaines, Electro-therapeutics, Physiology, Path-
ology, and in the various special branches of medicine, such as Ophthalmology,
Otology, Laryngology, Gynaecology, Antiseptic Surgery, etc.
2. To frame all Definitions by the direct aid of New, Standard and
Authoritative Text-Books, instead of making a patchwork of mechanical
copyings from older vocabularies.
3. To OMIT Obsolete Words not pertinent to medicine, except in a remote
or factitious sense, while neglecting nothing of positive value.
4. To make a volume that will answer the needs of the medical student
and busy practitioner by its compactness and logicalness of arrange-
ment, its conciseness of definitions, its elimination of the useless, and
its convenience of size and price. It would not have been half the labor
to make a volume double or treble the size of this one.
I have to express my appreciation of the services rendered the work
by Professor Jacques W. Redway, in the compilation of the departments of
Chemistry, Materia Medica and Physical Science; by Professor A. P. Brubaker,
with continuous advice and help ; by Dr. Judson Daland, in unreservedly giving
the results of long study and labor concerning the mineral springs of the
United States ; by Professor J. W. Holland, Dr. J. M. Keating, Professor Henry
Lcffmann and others.
GEORGE M. GOULD.
it() South Snentecnth St., Philadelphia.
February, l8(}0.
ABBREVIATIONS.
I. ABBREVIATIONS USED IN GENERAL MEDICINE.
aa ana Of each.
Abdom Abcloincn The belly.
Abs. feb Abseiitc fcbre When fever is absent.
Abstr Abslractuni Abstract.
Ad .-Vdde Add.
Ad lib Ad libitum To the desired aincunt.
Admov Adtnoveatur Let it be apjilitd.
Ad pond, om .Ad pondus omnium To the weight of tlio whole.
Alt. dieb Alterius diebus Every other day.
Alt. hor Alterius horis Every other hour.
Alv. adstrict Alvo adstricta The bowels beiiiR confined.
Alv. deject Alvi dejectiones The evacuations.
Aq Aqua Water.
Aq. bull Aqua bulliens Boilinjj; water.
Aq. dest Aqua dcstillata • . . Distilled water.
Aq. ferv Aqua ferveiis Hot water.
Aq. font Aqua fontis Sprinj; water.
Aq mar Aqua marina Ocean water.
B. A., or B. S Balneum arena; Sand bath.
Bals Balsamum Balsam.
Bib Bibe Drink.
Bis ind Bis in dies Twice daily.
Bol Bolus A large pill.
Bull Bulliat Let it boil.
B. V Balneum vaporis Vapor hath.
C Coiigius, Centigrade A gallon ; centigrade.
c.c Cubic centimeter.
Cap Capiat Let him take.
Cm Cras mane To-morrow morning.
cm Centimeter.
C m. s Cras mane sunieiidus To be taken to-morrow morning.
C. n Cras noctc To-morrow night.
Cochl Cochleare Spoonful.
Cochl. ampl " amijlum A tablespoonful.
" infant " infantis A teaspocjiiful.
" mag " magnum A tablespoonful.
" med " medium A dessertspoonful.
" parv " parviim A teaspooiitul.
Col Cola Strain.
Colat Colatus Strained.
Comp Compositus Compound.
Cong Congius A gallon.
Contin Conlinuatur Let it be continued.
Cont. rem Continuetur remedium . . . . Let the medicine be continued.
Coq Coque Boil.
Cort . . Cortex ... Bark.
Crast Crastinus For to-morrow.
Cuj Cujus Of which.
Cyath Cyathus ' A glassful.
D Dosis A dose.
Decub Decubitus Lying down.
De d in d De die in diem From day to ilay.
Destill Dcstilla Distill.
Det Detur Let it be given.
Dieb. alt Diebus alterius On alternate days.
tert " tertius Every third <lay.
Dil Diluc Let it be dissolved.
Dilut Dilutus Dilute.
Dim Dimidius One-half.
Di»t Dislilla Distill.
Div Divide Divide.
D. in p. aeq Divide in partes ii-<iual<-s . . . Divide into equal parts
Donee alv. lol. fuerit. . . Donee alviis solnta fiierit . . . Until the bowels be opt ti.
D. P Direclione propria ..... . With a proper direction.
vii
viii ABBREVIATIONS.
Ejusd Ejusdem Of the same.
Enem Enema Enema.
Ext Extractum Extract.
Exhib Exhibeatur Let it be given.
F Fahrenheit Fahrenheit.
Feb. dur Febre durante The fever continuing.
F. ; Ft Fac, Fiat Make.
Filt Filtra Filter.
Fid Fluidus Fluid.
Flor Flores Flowers.
F. m Fiat mistura Make a mixture.
Fol Foliae Leaves.
F. p Fiatpotio Make a potion.
F. pil Fiat pilulae Make pills.
F. s. a Fiat secundum artem Prepare skillfully.
Gr Granum . Grain.
Gtt Guttas Drops.
Guttat Guttatim By drops.
Hor. decub Hora decubitus At bed time
H. s Hora somni At bed time.
Inj Injectio An injection.
Liq Liquor Liquor.
M Misce Mix.
Mac Macera Macerate.
Mass. pil Massa pilularum Pill mass.
Mod. prescript Modo prajscripto In the manner directed.
Mor. sol More solito In the usual way.
Muc Mucilago Mucilage.
No Numero Number.
Noct Nocte By night.
O Octarius A pint.
Ol Oleum Oil.
Ol. res Oleoresina Oleoresin.
Ol. oliv Oleum olivse Olive oil.
Cm Omni mane Every morning.
Omn. bih Omni bihora Every two hours.
Omn. hor Omni hora Every hour.
Omn. noct Omni nocte Every night.
Oz Uncia Ounce.
Part seq Partes sequales Equal parts.
P. B Pharmacopeia Britannica . . . British Pharmacopeia.
P. G " Germanica . . German Pharmacopeia.
Pil Pilula • . . Pill.
Pond Pondera By weight.
Pot Potassa Potassa.
Ppt Preparata Prepared.
P. rat. setat Pro rata setatis In proportion to age.
P. r. n Pro re nata When required.
Pulv Pulvis Powder.
Q. 1 Quantum libet According as required.
Q. p " placeat At will.
Q. s " sufficit A sufficient quantity.
I;t Recipe Take.
Rad Radix Root.
R Reaumur Reaumur.
Rect Rectificatus Rectified.
Rep Repetatur Let it be repeated.
Sp. Gr • Specific gravity.
S Signa Label.
Sig Signetur Let it be labeled.
Sig. n. pr Signa nomine proprio .... Label with common name.
Sing Singulorum Of each.
Si non val Si non valeat If it do not answer.
Si op. sit Si opus sit '. . . . If requisite.
Solv Solve Dissolve.
Sp., or Spir Spiritus . . Spirit.
Ss SemijSemissis One-half.
St . Stet Let it stand.
Sum Sumat Let him take.
Syr Syrupus Syrup.
T. d Ter in die Three times a day.
Tr. Tinct Tinctura Tincture.
Ung Unguentum Ointment.
Vesic Vesicatorum A blister.
ITl Minimum Minim.
3 Drachma Drachm.
3 Scrupulum Scruple.
S Uncia Ounce.
ABBREVIATIONS.
IX
II. ABBREVIATIONS L'SEU IX HLECTKOTHERAPEUTICS.
.\iii(de.
.\nodaI Closure Contraction.
AiKuial Duration.
Anodal Opening.
Anodal Opening Contraction.
Cathode.
Cathodal Closure.
Cathodal Closure Contraction.
N'arious Uejjrees of Contraction.
Cathodal Opeiiint; Contraction.
C. S. . . . Current Strength.
D Duration.
D Density.
De. R. . . Reaction of Degeneration.
E Electromotive Force.
K K.ithode.
A.
, or An.
A.
C. C. .
A.
D. . . .
A.
O. . . .
A.
O. C. .
C.
C.
C. . . .
c
C. C. .
c.
c . C-. .
c.
O. C. .
Kl Klang (Sound).
K. C. . . . Katliodal Closing.
K. C. C. . Katliodal Closing Contraction.
K. C. T. . Katliodal Contraction, Tonic.
K. D. . . . Kathodal Duration (or Period of
Closure of Circuit).
K. D. T. . Kathodal Duration Tetanus.
Ma. . . Milliampere.
O Opening of Circuit.
Te.
Tetanic Contraction.
R Resistance.
Z Zuckung (Contraction).
-f Anode or Positive Pole.
— Kathode or Negative Pole.
> Greater than, as, A' >W.
< Less than.
III. ABBREVIATIONS USED IN OPHTHALMOLOGY.
Ace. . . . Accommodation.
Ah Hyperopic .Astigmatism.
Am. . . < Myopic Astigmatism.
As Astigmatism.
cm Centimeter.
Cyl. . . . Cylinder, Cylindrical Lens.
D Diopter.
E Emmetrupia, Emmetropic.
F Formula.
H Hvperopia, Hyperopic.
L. E. . . . Left Eye.
M Myopia, Myopic.
mm. . . . Millimeter.
CD.... Right Eye.
O. S. . . . Leit Eye.
p.p. . . . Punctum proximum, Near Point.
p. r. ... Punctum remotum, Far Point.
R. E.
Sph.
Right Eye.
Spherical, Spherical Lens.
V Vision. Visual Acuity.
+ , — , = . Plus, Minus, Eiinal to.
00 Intinity, 20 ft. distance.
C Combined with.
o Degree.
IV. SUNDRY ABBREVIATIONS.
Adj. .
Adv. .
Am. .
Arab.
A. S. .
Bot. .
Celt. .
Chem.
Colloq.
Comp.
Dim. .
r. g. .
Elec. .
Eng .
Etym.
Fr. . .
A • •
Geoe.
Geol.
Geom.
Gcr. .
Gr. . .
Heb.
Ichth.
It. . .
Adjective.
Adverb.
American.
,\rabic.
Anglo-Saxon.
Botany, Botanical.
Celtic.
Chemistry, Chemical.
Collo<iuial.
Compounded, Compound.
Diminutive.
For example.
, Electricity.
. English.
. Etymology, Etymological.
, French.
, Feminine.
, f'leography, Gcogranhical.
. tieology, (Jeologir.al.
. (ieometry. Geometrical.
. German.
. Greek.
. Hebrew.
. Icluhyology.
. Italian.
Lat. .
. . Latin.
Masc.
. . Masculine.
Math.
. . Mathematics.
Med.
. . Medicine, Medical.
Nat. Hist. Natural History.
Neg.
Negative.
Obs.
. . Obsolete.
Ophth
. . Ophthalmology, Ophthalmological
Path.
Pathologv, Pathological.
Phil.
. . Philosophy, IMiilosophical.
Phys.
. . Physiology, Physiological.
pi. . .
. . Plural.
priv.
. . Privative.
Pron.
. . Pronounced, Pronunciation.
Lx.
. . (Quod vide) which see.
. . Saxon.
Sing.
. . Singular.
Sp. .
. . Spanish.
Surg.
. . Surgery, Surgical.
Unof.
. . Diiollicial.
V. . .
. . Verb.
V. 1.
. . Intransitive verb.
V t.
. . Transitive verb.
Zool.
. . . Zoology, Zoological.
PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES USED IN MEDICAL TERMS.
I. PREFIXES.
A-, an-, called alpha privative (Gr. a, av, or a/u.). The equivalent of our prefix, un-, or in-; denotes,
an absence or want of the thing or quality expressed by the principal, e.g., adynamia,
ancErobic, aphasia, apraxia, apyrexia, astigmatism, atony, etc. a, is used before consonants,
an, before vowels, and, rarely, am before bl, or br. (To be distinguished from ana, below.)
Amphi- (or amph-) {a^^i) upon both sides, in two ways, as in amphiartiirosis, amphibia, etc.
Ana- (afa). Up, through again, e.g., anabolism, anasarca, a^iatomy, etc.
Anti- (or ant-) (avri). Against, opposed to, opposite of, as aiitaphrodisiac, antipyretic, antiseptic, etc.
Apo- (ano). Off, away, upon, e.g., aponeurosis, apoplexy, etc.
Dia- (Sia). Through. Examples: Diabetes, Diagnosis, Diaphragm, Diarrhoea, etc.
Dys- (6us). Difficult, defective, painful, e.g.. Dysentery, Dyspnoea, Dysuria.
Ec-, Ex-, Ecto- (eK, ef, 6KT05). Out, outside, away from. As in Ecchymoses, Ecdemic, Eclampsia,
Exostosis, Exanthema, Ectiopion, Ectoderm.
En-, Em- (ev, e^i). In, within. As in Embryo, Embolism, Endemic, etc.
Endo-, Ento- {ivho%, ei-ros). Within, internal, e.g.. Endarteritis , Endoscope, Entoblast , Entoptic.
Entero- {ivTipov). The intestine. As in Enterocele, Enterostomy, etc.
Epi- (cTTt). Upon, over, above, e.g., Epiblast, Epicranium, Epistaxis, Epidemic, etc. '
Extra- (Lat.). Outside, e.g.. Extravasation, Extroversio?i.
Gastro- (-yao-TTjp). The stomach; relation to the stomach, e.g., Gastrocele, Gastrocnemius, Gas-
troenterostomy, etc.
Hsema-, Hsemato- or Heme- (at/aa). The Blood ; pertaining to the blood. See Hamatomesis,
Hczmatoma, Hirmorrhage, etc.
Hemi- (ij/xi-tjuio-ds). Half. As in Hemiachromatopsia, Hemicrania, Hemiplegia.
Hetera- i^'i.-npo'i). Different; opposite, e.g., Heteroinfection, Heterologous, Heteiopathy.
Hydro-, Hydr- (uSwp). Water; resembling or relating to water, dropsy, etc., as in Hydremia,
Hydragogue, Hydrate, Hydrocephalus, etc.
Hyper- (i/n-ep). Excess; exaggerated abnormality in amount, size, quality, etc. S&e. Hyperes-
thesia, Hypermetropia, Hyperpyrexia, Hypertrophy, and others.
Hypo- (i/TTo). Diminution as to degree, amount, size, quality, etc., or that located under or beneath.
e. g., Hyposthenia, Hypoblast, Hypochondriac, Hypodermic, Hypoglossal.
Hystera-, Hystero- (ucrrepa). The uterus or womb ; relation to the same, e.g., Hysterectomy,
Hystero-epilepsy, Hysteropexia, etc.
Im,- In- {In). Privative; negative, as Imperforate, Incarceration, Insane, Incontinence.
In- (ei'). In, within, upon, by ; as Incubation, Infarction, Inflammation, Inoculation, etc.
Infra- {Infra). Beneath, Below; e.g., Inframaxillary, Infrascapiilar.
inter- {Inter). Between. See Intercellular, Intercostal, hitertrigo, and others.
Leuco- (AevKo?). Whiteness, e.g., Leiichcrmia, Leucocyte, Leucomaines, Leucorrhcca.
Lith-, Litho- (Ai^o?). Pertaining to stone, calculus, or lithic acid. See Lithcrmia, Lithiasis,
Lithotripsy, etc.
Macro- (|U.a«pos). Largeness, Hypertrophy, as in Macroglossia, Macromelia.
Melano- (jueAa?). Blackness, Pigmentation, e.g.. Melancholia, Melano-sarcoma.
Meso- f/neo-os). The middle. See Mesoblast, Mesocolon, etc.
Meta- (nera). With, amidst, e.g.. Metabolism, Metatarsus.
Micro- (luiorpo?). Smallness. e.g., J\/icrococcus, Microglossi 1, Microscope.
Mon-, Mono- (/ixoi'os). Singleness. For example, Monamine, Monomania, Monorchis.
Multi- {uiullus). Number, many. ^. g., Multilocitlar, Multiparous.
Myelo- (/nveAo?). Referring to the brain or spinal cord, as in Myeloid, Myelitis.
Myo- (p-u!). Pertaining to a muscle or muscularity. See Myocarditis , Myoma, Myopathia.
Neuro- {vtvpov). Relating to a nerve or neurology. As, e.g., Neuralgia, Neurastheiiia, Neuri-
lemma, Neuroglia.
Odonto- (060U5). Of the teeth, as in Odontology, Odontalgia.
Oligo- (oAiyos). Fewness or lack of, as Oligocythamia.
Ophthalmo- (o<f)0aApos). Pertaining to the eye, as in Ophthalmia, Ophthalmoplegia.
Osteo- (oo-Teoi'). Referring to bone. See Osteoblast, Osleoinyclitis, Osteoplastic.
Oxy- (ofir?). Denoting the presence of oxygen, or acidity, as in Oxygen, O xyheemoglobin.
Para- {irapa.). Through, near, by, by the side of, abnormality. Examples : Paracentesis, Parcrslhe-
sia. Parenchyma, Parotid.
Peri- (n-ept). About, around. See, e. g.. Pericardium, Perimeter, Perinccum, Perineoplasty,
Periosteum.
Poly-, Pol- (ttoAus). Many, much, e.g., Polycoria, Polygalactia, Polyuria.
Prae-, Pre- {Prcp). Before, e.g., PrcEcordia, Prepuce.
Pro- (Trpo). Before, down, as in Process, Procidentia, Prolapse, Proptosis.
Pseudo- (i/(evSr)?). False, spurious, as in Pseudarthrosis, Pseudocyesis.
Pyo- (-n-vov). Pertaining to pus, or purulency. e.g.. Pyogenic, Pyosalpinx.
Pyr-, Pyro- {nvp). Concerning fire or heat, or inflammation, e.g., Pyrogenous, Pyrexia.
Retro- {A'etro). Backward, behind, e.g., Petroflex, Retroversion.
Sub- {.Sub). Beneath, under; and also Partialty or Deficiency of, as. Subclavian, Subluxation.
Super- {.Super). Above, upon ; excess of. e. g., Supercilium, Superfecundation.
Supra- {.Supra). Above, U|)on, superior to, as Supraorbital, Supiaspinatus.
Sym-, Syn- (a-vv). With, together, same. See, e.g., Symblepharon, Symphysis , Synalgia, Synchon-
drosis.
X
PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES USED IX MEDICAL TERMS. xi
II. SLFFIXES.
-aemia (oi/ia, blood). Denotes a condilinii of ilie blood, or ingredient in the same expressed by
l>rccciliiig word, e.g., Hyiiia-mui, l.ilhtrmui, Pyii-niia, L'm-iiiia.
-agogue i^ayai, lo bear oft", carry away). Signifies an agent stimulating the function of excretion or
secretion of the product. Thus, Emnu-iiagoguf, Hydtagogue, Siala^ogiit-, tic.
-agra (aypa, an attack, seizure). Denotes an acute attack ol pain in the part, as Arlhragta,
PoJai:ra.
-algia loA-yi?, pain). Pain in a part, expressed by the chief word, e.g., Cephalalgia, Castralgia,
.Xostalgia.
-atresia (arpijcria). Imperforate, as in Proctatresia.
-cele [Ki]\r)). \ tumor, hernia or protrusion. See Cyslocele, Hydrocele, Meningocele.
-ectomy ^txTtM''"))- Excision, exsection, as in Oophorectomy, JS'ephrectomy, i^plenectomy.
-graph, graphy (>pa.J)u), to write). An instrument; a treatise or description, e.g., iyphygmo-
g> apli, Jhmogiapliy.
-itis (iTit). An inllammation, as Gastritis, Otitis, etc.
-logy lAoyot, discourse). A treatise upon, as Bacteriology, Derinatology, Pathology.
-malacia (uaAaKos, soft). Abnormal softness, as in osteo-malacia.
-mania (/xana, madness). The chief word denotes tlie principal symptom of the mental afTection :
e.g., Etotomania, Kleptomania, etc,
-Gdynia (oSui-i), excessive pain). The principal word denotes the seat of great pain, as Coccyo-
liynia.
-Old (ei'ios, form). Similar in shape, etc., as xnChoroid, Cuboid, Sphenoid, Xiphoid.
-oma (ujfLo.). A tumor. See Glioma, Sarcoma.
-opia [u)Jj). Pertaining to the eve or vision, as in Amhhopia, Myopia, etc.
-pathy (iraSo?). A condition of disease, and also a method of cure. As, e.g.. Adenopathy, Psycho-
pathy, Honuvopathv, Hydropathy.
-phobia ((^odo?, fear). Excessive fear or dread, as Agoraphobia, Photophobia.
-plasty irkacraui, to form). Surgical plastic operation upon a part, e.g., Blepharoplasty, Rhino-
plasty.
-rhaphy (pai^ij, a suture). A stitching or suturing of a part, as Enterorrhaphy, Perineorrhaphy.
-rhagia (pijyruM', to burst forth). A hemorrhage or excessive discharge, e.g., Blennorrhagia,
Metrorrhagia.
-rhoca (ptui, to flow). An excessive discharge or excretion, as in Blennorrhcea, Diarrha-a, Leucor-
rhita.
-scopy (dKOTTfui). An examination, as Ophthalmoscopy. The instrument by which the examina-
tion is made takes the termination scope, as in Laryngoscope.
-tomy (T«/iru), to cut). Incision, e.g., Laparotomy, Tenotomy.
-uria (oi'peu), to urinate). Abnormalities of the urine or of urination. As Albuminuria, Polyiti ia.
CONCERNING PRONUNCIATION.
The syllable marked with a single acute accent, is the accented syllable.
Quantity of I 'owels.
Accented vowels are usually long, except i followed by a consonant and ;', as in inhibition,
imbibition, beneficial, etc.
Diphthongs are usually long, but in a few words, such as haemorrhage, which are often spelled
with a single vowel, the ^is short.
In words ending in ite, the / is long.
In words ending in itis, the » of the i>eindt is always long, as bronchitis, neuritis, etc.
Final i, o, and « are long; final e, uidess silent, is long. It is marked with a grave accent if
sounded.
A vf)wel which is obscure in <iuantily has usually the long sound.
A vowel before two or more coiiSdii.ints, ex<ept as previously noted, is short.
The I in words eiuliiig in ine is short.
The vowel /at ihi- end of an iniacccnled syllable is short.
When in one syllable a vowel is followed by a coiisunant, the vowel li:is the usual s1ii«i t Ivnglish
soun<l, as in man, m/rn, f»n, not, stwIT, mjstery. e.g., nmcula, p^'ctoral, d/ploe, li'lnilus, suppurate,
sj-steniic.
Quality of Vowels,
l-inal a has the Italian sound of a, as \n father.
In words ending in aine, such a^ ptomaine, the a has the Italian sound.
//• and ir are pronounced as e, in mete.
au (fliplithoiig) has the sound (i( a7t' in sa7i>.
eu (diphthong) h.is the sound nf /-re \\\yew,
CONSONANTS.
In words of Latin and C.ri-ek deriv.Ttion ch is hard, like k.
The Idlers//', represenling the (',rci-k </>, havi- ihe sound ofy.
In Creek words /// has the soft souml, as in Ihm.
The combination phth, <(><♦, has the sound of/ at the beginning of a word.
Itefore e,i.y, if, and <r, c hnsthe sound of t, and v: . of j. f.g , ciiliac, cephalic, gynecology,
ginglynuis. In other cases c and/,' have tin- li;iid siiiiiid.
INDEX OF TABLES.
PAGE
Abbreviations used in General Medicine, . vii
Abbreviations used in Electro-therapeu-
tics, ix
Abbreviations used in Ophthalmology, . . ix
Abbreviations, sundry ix
Prefixes and Suffixes used in Medical
Terms, x
Arteries, 53
Bacilli, 65
Ganglia 169
LeucomaVnes, 237
Micrococci 263
Muscles, 280
Nerves 299
Plexuses 350
Ptomaines 367
Spectacle-lenses, numbering of, 40S
Thermometers, comparison oi 437
Tumors 447
Wave-lengths of Light 464
Weights and Measures, 465
Weights and Measures — comparative
scales, 467
Mineral Springs of the U. S., 473
Vital Statistics, 506
NEW DICTIONARY
OF
Medical Words AND Phrases.
A (a, av, or au, without). The Greek letter
alpha, called alpha privative, equivalent to
the prelix ttn or ///. It denotes absence
or want of the thing or quality expressed
liy the root of tlie word, a- is used before
consonant, and an- before vowel sounds ;
am is sometimes used before bl or be.
Also, the s}'mlx)l of anode.
Aa {ava., of each). An abbreviation, writ-
ten aa, used in prescriptions to denote repe-
tition of the same quantity for each item.
Ab {ab, from). A Latin prefix signifying
J I 0111.
Abacf'us Venter [abigcre, to drive out).
An abortion procured by artificial means.
Abaptis'ton (a, not, jiaTr-iaror^ immersed).
A trephine so shaped that penetration of
the l)rain is imjXDSsible.
Abarticula'tion {ab, from, articulatio,
joint). Same ^s diarthrosis, a. term more
frequently used.
Aba'sia (a neg., I^nrjir, a step). Motor in-
c:o ordination in walking. See Astasia.
Abbe's Apochromatic Lenses. See
Af'i'' lirciiiiilii- /,, iisrs.
Abbrevia'tions. See List of Abbrcvia-
tii'H\, p. vii.
Abdo'men {abJrrr, to hide). 'Ihe large
inferior cavity of the trunk, extending from
the pivic cavity to the dia|)hragm, and
Ixjunded in front and at the sides by the
lower ribs and aUlominal mu.stles; behind
by the vrrtebral (oluinn, p.soas and quadra-
tus lumlioruin mustlis. It is artificially
dividi-d into nine regions by two circular
2 17
lines, the upper parallel with the cartilages
of the ninth ribs, the lower with the iliac
crests, and by two lines from the cartilages
of the eighth rib to the center of I'oupart's
ligament. The regions thus formed are,
above, the right hj-pocliondriac, the epigas-
tric, and the left hypochondriac; secondly,
the right lumbar, umbilical, and left lum-
bar; and below, the right inguinal, the
hypogastric and the left inguinal. Pen-
dulous A. A relaxed and pendulous
condition of the alxlominal walls.
Abdom'inal. Pertaining to or connected
with the abdomen. A. Aorta. See r/z/frr.
A. Ganglia. See Ga/ix^/ia. A. Gesta-
tion. S(.e J'/Yi;/iaiirv, Extra-iiti:niu\ A.
Muscles, tlie Internal and External
C)bliques, the Transversalis, Rectus, Pyra-
midalis, and Quadratus Lumborum. A.
Reflex, an involuntaiy contraction of the
abdominal muscles when the skin over the
abdomen is stinnihitcd. A. Regions. See
Abdomen. A. Respiration, R. earned
on chiefly by the diaphragm and abdominal
muscles. A. Ring, External, a triangu-
lar opi'ning in the fibres of the aponeurosis
of the external oblique nuiscle transmitting
the S[)ermalic cord of the male and the
rouiitl ligament of the female. A. Ring,
Internal, an oval aperture in the fascia
transver.salis which transmits the si)ennalic
cord of the male and the round ligament
of the female.
Abdominos'copy (abdomen, ffAoTrw, to
examine]. I'.xainination of the abdomen
ABDUCENS
18
ABORTION
for diagnostic purposes, by inspection, pal-
pation, measurement, percussion, etc.
Abdu'cens {ab, from, diuo, to lead). A
term applied to certain muscles, or their
nerves, that draw the related part from the
median line of the body. Also, the sixth
pair of nerves supplying the external recti
of the eye. A. Oculi. See Muscle.
Abdu^cent. See Abduceiis.
Abduct^or. Same as Abduccns, q. v. A.
Auris. See Muscle.
Aber^'rant [ab, erro, to wander). Deviating
from the normal or regular type, in ap-
pearance, structure, course, etc. e. g., aber-
rant duct of the testis or liver, aberrant
arteries, etc.
Aberra'tion [ab, en-o). Deviation from the
normal, especially mental derangement,
foetal malformation, vicarious menstruation,
escape of the fluids of the body by any
unnatural channel. In optics, any imper-
fection of focalization or refraction of
a lens. A., Chromatic, the dispersion
arising from unequal refraction of light of
different parts of the spectrum. The violet
rays being more refrangible than the red
rays, are brought to a focus nearer the lens,
and the image is surrounded by a halo of
colors. A., Spherical, the excess of re-
fraction of the peripheral part of a convex
lens over the central area, producing an
imperfect focus and a blurred image.
A^bies. A genus of coniferous plants, in-
cluding the tir, hemlock and spruce.
Abiogen^esis [a neg., (iio^, life, ycyvofiaij
to beget). The production of living by
non-living matter. The older term was
spontaneous generation. Other synonyms
of the word are generatio lequivoca,
gencratio piimaria, archlgenesis, arche-
biosis, etc. The theory has been supported
by Pouchet, Haeckel, Huxley, Bastian
and others. Those opposed to the doctrine
are called panspermists or heterogenists.
The dispute is one of the most fundamental
in biology.
Abirrita^tion [ab, Irrito, to irritate). Di-
minished tissue irritabihty, synonymous
witli asthcitla.
Ablacta^tion [ab, from, lacto, to give suck).
The end of the suckling period. The
weaning of a child.
Abla^tion [ablatio, removal). Removal
of a part of the body, as a tumor, by am-
putation, excision, etc.
Ableph^aron [a, ftlt^apov, the eyelid).
Congenital al^sence of the eyelids.
Ab^luent [abluo, to wash away). Deter-
gent. That which cleanses or washes away.
Ablu''tion. Washing or cleansing the
body. Separation of chemical impurities
by washing.
Abnorm'al [ab, away from, norma, a law).
A term used to describe anything opposed
to the natural order or law, as A. Pigmen-
ta'tion, any excess, deficiency or uncom-
mon distribution of the natural pigment
cells in the rate mucosum. Sometimes
caused artificially either by mechanical
means, such as tattooing, or by the reduc-
tion and deposition under the epidermis of
metallic salts administered as medicine,
such as nitrate of silver, etc.
Aboma^sum [ab, o/nasuni, the paunch).
The fourth, or true stomach of ruminating
animals, called also the rennet, which is
used for coagulating milk.
Abort^ [aborior, to pass away). To mis-
carry ; to expel the foetus before it is
viable. Also, to prevent the full develop-
ment of a disease, as in abortive small-
pox or varioloid, in which the eruption is
limited to the vesicular stage.
Abort'icide [abortus, a miscarriage, cccdo,
to kill). The killing of the unborn foetus.
Abortifa''cient [abortus, facio, to make).
A drug, or agent inducing the expulsion of
the foetus. Ergot, rue, cotton-root, digitalis,
etc., are examples. They act by causing
uterine contractions. See oxytocic and
ecbolic.
Abor^tion [abortus). The expulsion of the
foetus before it is viable. By some authors
expulsion of the ovum during the first three
months is abortion; from this time to via-
bility, it is termed immature delivery, or
Diiscarriage, and from the period of viability
to that olvx3.\.\x\\V'y, pre mature delivery. A.,
Artificial, that produced intentionally. A.,
Criminal, when not demanded for thera-
peutic reasons. A., Embryonic, up to
the fourth month. A., External causes
of, those acting from without to pro-
duce A., as violence, pressure, injections,
etc. A., Foetal, taking place subsequent
to the fourth month. A., Incomplete,
when the membranes or placenta is re-
tained. A., Inevitable, is when the em-
bryo or foetus is dead, or when there is an
extensive detachment or rupture of the
ovum. A., Internal Causes of, are
those due to abnormal conditions or dis-
eases of the mother. A., Missed, the
death of the foetus and not followed with-
in two weeks ijy its expulsion. A., Ovu-
lar, that occurring during the first tliree
weeks after conception. A., Paternal
and Maternal Causes of, those due to
ABOULOMANIA
19
ABSORBENTS
disease of the fatlicr or of the mother re-
spectively. A., Spontaneous, that not
induced by artiticial nuaiis.
Abouloma'nia (ii prW. , .ii)v?.rf,v,-\\\, /lavia,
niadncss). A disease of the mind charac-
teri/.ed by imperfect or lost will-power.
Abrach'ia ^a priv., ,3/)(i\/tj»', the arm).
The ccindition of an armless monster.
Abra'sion [c:/> priv., nit/o, to rub). E.xcori-
atiun of tlu' cutaneous or mucous surface
by mechanical means. In dentistry ap-
plied to the destruction of the dentine and
enamel, or the cutting edges of the teeth,
whether by mechanical or chemical means.
A 'brine. The chemical ferment or jroison-
ous principle of jeijuirity, eiToneously sup-
poseil to be due to a sj>ecitic microbe.
A'brus. Jequirity. The seeds of ^. />re-
ciitorius, or wild liciuorice. Properties are
Uiought to be due to the presence of cer-
tain ferments. Non-sterilized infusions
applied to the conjunctiva or to any mucous
surface induce violent purulent inllamma-
tion with growth of false membrane. It is
used in producing artiticial conjunctivitis.
A. Infusum : semina iij, aqua dest. ^.ss.
Macerate and add acj. 5 ss. All unoflicial.
Ab'scess {abscesstis, 2ide\)3iri\xre or separa-
tion — of the matter). A pus formation
within some cavity of the body, the result
of localized inflammation. According to
location, abscesses are named Dorsal, Iliac,
Mammary, Ischio-rcctal, Peri-typlilitii, Re-
Iro-pharyui^cal, Urethral, etc. A., Alve-
olar, abscess in the gum or alveolus. A.
of Brain, due to local injury, or to supi)u-
rative inflammation near or distant, such,
especially, as diseases of the ear. The
symptoms are those of pressure, impaired
function of the part affected, meningitis,
headache, optic neuritis, etc. A., Bursal,
abscess in the bursx', the most frequent
being in the bursa; patella;, commonly
called Ihniii'maid's Knee. A., Chronic,
or Cold Abscess, one of slow and a])pa-
rcntly noninflammatory development, usu-
ally aUjut a iK^ne, joint, or gland. A.,
Congestive, the pus appears at a ix)int
distant fmm where it is fomied. A., Con-
stitutional, due to some systemic disor-
der. A., Critical, occurring^ at some
critical [x-ri'xl of an acute disia.se. A.,
Embolic, formnl iti the clot <jf an cinbol-
isin. A., Fecal, <jne developing in the
rectum <jr large intestine. A., Gangre-
nous, one :itti'[idi-d with death of adjacent
jKirLs. A., Lacunar, one in tin- la< un;e of
the untliri. A., Metastatic. .Sec /'r,r-
tnia. A , Miliary. .See J'yiciiiia. A.,
Milk, or A., Mammary, one in the female
breast. A., Multiple. See PytCDtia. A.,
Perforating, one perforating the cornea,
the lung or other containing wall. A.,
Phlegmonous, an acute A. A., Point-
ing of, the point where the abscess tends
to break through its external confining wall.
A., Psoas, one arising fVom disease of the
lumbar or lower dor.^al veitebnv, the pus
descending in the sheath of the psoas
muscle, and usually pointing beneath I*ou-
part's ligament. A., Pysemic. See Py-
u-mia. A., Residual, about the products
of some old result of inflammation. A.,
Stercoraceous. See Fecal A. A.,
Symptomatic, one indicative of some
other affection. A., Thecal, in the
sheaths of tendons.
Ab'scess Root. The root of Polcmcnium
rcptaiis. Alterative, astringent and ex-
pectorant. Dose of lid. ex. ^ss-ij. Unof
Abscis''sae (I'Y. ahscisse'). The transverse
lines cutting vertical ones at right angles,
to show by a diagram the relations of two
series of facts, as, e. g., the number of
pulse-beats, or the temperature record in
given periods of time.
Abscis'sion {ab, from, scindo, to cut off).
Removal of a part, as the prepuce, or a
fractured bone, by cutting. Applied par-
ticularly to a surgical operation upon a sta-
phylomatous cornea, in which the bulging
portion is excised, the parts brought to-
gether so that the posterior and chief j)art
of the globe forms a "stump" for an arti-
ficial eye.
Absinthe. See Absinthium.
Absinth'ism. A disease similar to alco-
h(jlism, the result of the excessive use of
absinthe. It is characterized by general
muscular debility and mental disturbances,
which may proceed to convulsions, acute
mania, general softening of the brain, or
general ])aralysis.
Absinth'ium. Wormwood. The leaves of
Artemisia absinthium. Contains a vola-
tile oil and an intensely bittt-r principle,
Absinthin, CiglL^^O^, which is a narcotic
poison. A. increases cardiac action, |)ru-
duces tremor and e|)ileptiform convulsions.
I )osc gr. xx-xl. Absinthe, a I'Vench
li<|uor, is an alcoholic solution of the oil
exhibited with oils of anise, marjoram and
other aromatic oils.
Absorb'ents (ab, sorbere, to suck). In
phy^iologv, an organ or i)ait which absorbs,
witliilraws, or takis uj). .\ leriii applird
to the lacteals and lyin/>h,itics, t/.i'. In
inatciia niediia, a name applied to a drug
ABSORPTION
20
ACCOMMODATION
or medicine which produces absorption or
exudation of diseased tissue. In surgery,
applied to substances which mechanically
take up excreted matter, as A. Cotton,
A. Sponge, etc. A. Glands. See Lymph-
atics.
Absorp^tion. The permeation or imbibi-
tion of one body by another. The process
whereby nourishment, medicines, morbid
products of tissue metamorphosis, etc., are
taken up by the lymphatic and venous sys-
tems. In ophthalmology the process by
which the lens is disintegrated and carried
off after the capsule has been ruptured.
A. Lines or Bands, the lines of the
spectrum, called Fraunhofer's lines ; they
are dark lines caused by the arrestation or
absoiption of the ethereal waves of certain
lengths and rapidities, mainly by vapors of
the sun's atmosphere.
Abste'mious (^abs, from, tcinetiim, wine).
Abstinence from wine. Temperance, or
moderation in matters of diet.
Abster^gent {abs, tergeo, to cleanse).
Cleansing, detergent. See Detergent.
Ab^stinence [abs, tineo, to hold or keep).
Privation or self-denial in regard to food,
liquors, etc.
Ab^stract (abstraho, to draw from). A
preparation containing the soluble princi-
ples of the drug evaporated and mixed
with sugar of milk. It represents twice
the strength of the drug or its fluid extract.
Abstrac^tion (^abstraho). Blood-letting.
In pharmacy, the process of distillation.
Also, attention to one idea to the exclusion
of others. Generalization or classiiication
of the qualities common to the individuals
of a group.
Abstrac^tum. See Abstract.
Abu^lia (a priv,, j3ov?.>}, will). Loss or
defect of will power.
Aca^cia. Gum Arabic. A nearly white
transparent gum exuding from several
species of acacia. Soluble in water.
Used in manufacture of mucilage. Con-
tains Arabin, CjjHjjOjj, identical in com-
position with cane sugar. A. Mucilage,
acacia 34, water lOO parts ; incompatiljle
with alcoholic tinctures. A. Syrup, muci-
lage 25, syrup, simp. 75. Used in vari-
ous mixtures, as a demulcent, and to sus-
pend insoluble powders.
Acard^ia (a neg., Kapdia, heart). A mon-
strosity without heart, developed simulta-
neously with a normal fcetus.
Aca'rus (« neg., Keipu, to cut [because so
small]). The mite or tick, a parasite of
man and animals. A. Autumnalis, the
harvest-bug. A. Scabiei, the sarcoptes
scabiei, or itch parasite.
Accel'erans Nerve. A nerve from the
accelerans center in the medulla to the
heart, intermediating acceleration of its
rhythm.
Accelera'tor Urinae. A muscle of the
penis whose function is to expel the last
drops in urination, to expel the semen and
to assist erection. The sphincter vaginae
is its analogue in the female.
Acces^sion {ad,X.o, ccedo,\.o draw). The
insult, beginning, or onset of a disease, or
of a stage of the same ; applied especially
to periodical diseases.
Acces'sory. A term applied to certain
muscles, ducts, nerves, arteries, etc., that
are often inconstant, but always auxiliary
in function, course, etc., to the principal.
A. of the Parotid, the socia parotidis.
A. Willisii, the spinal accessory nerve,
named after the discoverer. A. Gland of
the Pancreas, Brunner's glands.
Accident'al Hemorrhage. See Hemor-
rhage.
Acclimatiza''tion (ad, clima, climate).
The act of becoming accustomed to the
climate, soil, water, etc., of a country to
which a plant, animal, person or a people
have removed.
Accommoda'tion of the Eye [accon-
niodo, to adjust). That function of the
ciliary muscle and lens whereby objects at
different distances are clearly seen. It
depends upon the inherent elasticity of the
lens, which when the ciliary muscle of an
emmetropic eye is at rest, is adapted to the
proper focalization of parallel rays of light,
or of such rays as proceed from an infinite
distance, or from the horizon of the ob-
server. Objects nearer, to be clearly seen,
require a greater refracting power on the
part of the eye because the rays from such
objects are more divergent. This addi-
tional refracting power is gained by an
increased antero-posterior diameter of the
lens brought about by the contraction of
the ciliary muscle which occasions, a
loosening of the suspensory ligament and
a thickening of the lens by its own elas-
ticity. ^., Absolute, the accommoda-
tion of either eye separately. A., Anom-
alies of, departures from the normal in
the action of the mechanism of accommo-
dation. A., Negative, the eye passive
or at rest. A., Paralysis of, ]>aralysis of
the ciliary muscle. A. Phosphenes, the
peripheral light streak seen in the dark
after the act of accommodation. A.,
ACCRETION
21
ACHEILIA
Range of, the distance between the /■unr-
tu»i proximuni, or nearest of distinct vis-
ion, and the punctuin reiuotissimum, or
most distant jx)int.
Accre 'tion (</</, to, crcscere, to increase). A
tirni denoting the manner by which ciys-
talline and certain orijanic forms increase
their material substance. Also, the ad-
lierence of jiarts that are normally sepa-
rate.
Accouchee (Fr. <7,to, lOuchc, a bed). A
woman delivered of a child.
Accouchement (r7</,to,<'^//<7/<\ abed). The
l-'rench tmn lor lai>or, or delivery of a
child. The act of childbirth. A. Force,
rapid and forceful deliver)- with the hand
durinn severe hemorrhage.
Accoucheur. A man-midwife.
Accrementi'tion ((/(/, craccrc). A term
ap])lied to grow ths in which increase takes
place by interstitial development from
blastema, and also by reproduction of
cells by fission.
Accoucheuse. A midwife.
A. C. E. Mixture. An anesthetic mix-
ture, not so depressing as chloroform : al-
cohol, 1 part; chloroform, 2 parts; ether,
3 Jiarts.
Acepha'lia (a neg., Ke<j>aXT/, head). A
monstrosity without a head. The tenn is
compounded with others to denote the ab-
sence of the head and some other part.
Thus: Acephalobra'chia, without head
and arms. Acephalocar'dia, without
head and heart. Acephalochei'ria,
without head and hands. Acephalogas'-
tria, without head and belly. Acepha-
lopo'dia, without head and feet. Aceph-
alora'chia, without head and vertebral
column. Acephalothora'cica, without
head and chest.
Aceph-'alocyst (/ctwr/r, a bladder). The
bladder-worm. A headless, sterile hyda-
tid, found in the liver and other organs.
A. Racemosa, the hydatid mole of the
uterus.
Acerb'ity (ncfrbita:^, shaqjness, sourness).
Acidity combined with astringency.
Acerv'ulus Cerebri. A term applied by
Sommering to certain concretionary matter
nearthcba.se of the pineal gland, consist-
ing of alkaline phosphates and carlxjnales,
with amyloid matter.
Aces'ccncc (acaeo, to grow .sour). A
di.scase of wines, whereby they liecomc sour
owing to (he agency of Niycotirrnia accti.
Acetab'ulum [iiirtiihultim, a vinegar cu|>).
'l"h<- eup-.sha|Md cavity whicli receNes the
S<x:ket of the bip-lx>nc.
Ac'etal {iiccttim, vinegar). Ethidene di-
ethylate, a colorless liquid having the
composition CpII,^(>.„ fonned by the oxida-
tion of common alcohol.
Ac'etate. Any salt of acetic acid.
Acetan'ilide. See Antifcbrin.
Acet'ic. Pertaining to acctitm or vinegar;
sour. See Aii\/, .Li/ir.
Acet'ic Ac'id and Ferrocyanide Test
for Albumin. Strongly acidulate the
sample of mine and add a few droi)S of
recently prepared potassic ferrocyanide
solution. (It precipitates hemialbumose,
but does not affect peptone.)
Acetom'etry {<u\'tiiiii, fierfMv, mcnsure).
The quantitative estimation of the amount
of acetic acid in vinegar. Usually made
by an acctoiiu-ter.
Acetonae'mia (acetone, ai^ia, blood). The
presence of acetone in the organism. It
may result from a number of diseases, but
is characteristic of chronic diabetes, and is
associated with dyspnoea, subnomial tem-
perature, lowered pulse-rate, etc. The
patient finally falls into coma. The treat-
ment consists in increasing the secretions
and by removing the causes of the disease.
Ac'etone [ucco, to be sour), CjHgO. Di-
methyl Ketone, Methyl Acetyl. A color-
less, inllammable liquid prepared by dry
distillation of the acetates. It is develojied
in the body by the feniientalion of organic
matters, and is found in such diseases as
diabetes, some febrile diseases, alcoholism,
etc.
Acetonu''ria {acefoite, ovpov, urine). Ace-
tone in the urine.
Acetphenit'idin. See P/ieit(j<et/>ie.
Acetophe'none. Hypnone. A hyjinotic
and antiseptic. Without satisfactoiy re-
sults.
Ace'tum. Vinegar. An impure, dilute
acetic acid produced by acetous fermenta-
tion of wine, cider or other fruit juice.
See Fermcutatiou. In phannacy a .solu-
tion of the active principles of certain dnigs
in dilute acetic acid. There are fonrofticial
acr/<i, each of which contains the soluiije
prineipUs of lo per cent, of its weight.
Ac'etylene. A name given to a series of
hydrocarbons having the structure Cn llan
— J. Al.so, applied to i-t/iine, the .second
meml)er of the .series, a gaseous sul stance
fonned during the incomplete combustion
of hytlrocarlwn fuels.
Ache (r/ yor, allliction). Any continuous or
throbbing pain.
Achci'lia [<i, without, V"^"C. ^ lip)- The
congenital absence of lips.
ACHEIRIA
22
ACID
Achei''ria (a, without, x^'Py^^^^*^)- The
congenital absence of hands.
Achei^rus. See Acheiiia.
Achillea {^Achilles, its reputed discoverer).
Milfoil, Yarrow. The herb A. niillefoHum.
Properties due to a bitter, aromatic, astrin-
gent, tonic extractive, (?f////A7«, and a vola-
tile oil. It has long been used as a vul-
nerary, and has been highly recommended
for intermittents, and in low, exanthematous
fevers. Dose of an _^j to Oj infusion, «</
lib. ; of the extractive, ^ j- 3 iij ; of the vola-
tile oil, gtt. v-xv. Unof.
AchiPles Tendon. See Tendon.
Achlorops^ia [a neg. , ;<;Aupof , green, o-\\>Lq,
vision). Green-blindness. See Blindness.
Acho'lia (a priv., x^'^^U bile). Non-secre-
tion or non-excretion of bile.
Acho'lous (a, JO'^-'A bile). Pertaining to
Acholia, q. v.
A''chor (ajup, chaff, scurf, or dandruff).
Crusta lactea. A small pustule, followed
by a scab, upon the heads of infants.
Acho^rion («j(jp.) A name given to
several species of fungous (or fungoid)
organisms (possibly modified forais of
Petiicilimn glauciini), found in the skin,
especially the hair-follicles. A. Kerato-
phagus, the form causing onychomycosis,
q. v. A. Lebertii, the parasite of tinea
tonsurans. A. Schbnleinii, the species
occurring in ringworm or tinea favosa.
Achroi'a (a, without, xi>°'-"-i surface color).
Same as Achro/na, q. 7'.
Achro'ma (a, ;t;/)w/^a, color). Absence of
color. Pallor. Paleness, from whatsoever
cause. A., Congenital. See Albinism.
Achromat'ic (a, XP'^F^)- Pertaining to
achroma ; without color. A. Lens, one
whose dispersing power is exactly neutral-
ized by another lens having the same
curvature but of unequal refractive index.
See also Aberration.
Achro'matin. The substance in the nu-
cleus of a cell prior to division. So called
because not readily stained by coloring
agents. See Cell Body.
Achro^matism (a, xP^^I-t")- Absence of
chromatic aberration.
Achromatops''ia (a, j/i6j//«, oijitg, eyesight).
Color-blindness, Daltonism, dyschroma-
. topsia. See Blindness.
Achroodex''trin. A reducing dextrin
formed by the action of the diastatic fer-
ment of saliva upon starch or glycogen.
Achylo'sis (« neg., ;^;i'Aof, juice). De-
licient chylification.
Achymo'sis (a neg., ;i,'i'//of, chyme). De-
ficient chymification.
Acic'ular (acus, a needle). Needle-like.
Ac'id [acere, to be sour). A name loosely
applied to any substance having a sour
taste. A compound of an electro-negative
element with one or more atoms of hydro-
gen which can be replaced by electro-posi-
tive or basic atoms. Acids vaiy in their
terminations according to the quantity of
oxygen or other electro-negative they con-
tain. Those having the maximum of oxy-
gen end in -ie ; those of a lower degree in
-o:es. WTiere there are more than two com-
binations the preposition liyper- is prefixed
to the highest, and hypo- to the lowest.
Acids which end in -ic, as sulphur/c acid,
form salts terminating in -ate ; those end-
ing in -ous form salts terminating in -ite.
Physiologically, acids in concentrated form
act as caustics ; diluted and in medicinal
doses they check acid-producing and in-
crease alkaline secretions. A., Acetic,
an acid solution composed of 36 parts of
absolute acetic acid, C2H^02, and 64 parts
water, f las strong acid properties. Mis-
cible with water and alcohol. A., Acetic,
Glacial, the absolute acid in ciystalline
form. A., Acetic, Dilute, contains 6 per
cent, of absolute acid. Dose 3J-ij. An
impure foim obtained by the destructive
distillation of wood is known as wood vine-
gar, or pyroligneous acid. A., Arse-
nious, and Arsenic. See Arsenic. A.,
Aromatic, a name applied to certain or-
ganic acids occurring in the balsams, resins
and other odoriferous principles. Also, in
pharmacy, a dilute mineral acid reinforced
by aromatic substances in order to modify
their flavor. A., Boric. See Boron. A.,
Butyric [biityriim, butter), an acid, C^Hg
Oj, having a viscid appearance and rancid
smell. It is obtained commercially by the
fermentation of a mixture of sugar and
butter or cheese in the presence of an alka-
line carbonate, but occurs in various plants.
Combined with glycerine as glyceryl buty-
rate it is essentially butter. The ether de-
rived from butyric acid is the natural flavor
of the pineapple. A., QaxhoWc, phe7iy lie
alcohol, or phenol, an alcoholic product of
the distillation of coal-tar having the com-
position CgHg*^). It occurs in pinkish
acicular crystals, highly soluble in water,
alcohol, ether, glycerine, and oil. It is a
powerful antiseptic and germicide, and a
violent poison. Internally it is useful in
nausea and phthisis. Dose gr. \^. A.,
Carb., Glycerite, contains acid I, gly
ceriive4}mrts. A., Carb., Solutions.', arv
from I to 5 per cent, in water. A. Carb.,
ACID
23
ACID
Unguent, contains acid lo, ointment
90 parts. A., Chromic, CrO^, used as
an escharolic for the desti-uciion of syphi-
litic warts and similar growtlis. A solu-
tion of I : 40 is used as an antiseptic wash
for putrid sores and wounds. See J\>f<is-
siitni. A., Citric. See I.imoii. A., Flu-
oric, I IF, gaseous and soluble in water.
The dilute acid, I : 200, is used as an in-
ternal remedy in goitre. Dose TT\_xx-xxx.
A., Formic ( forrnicn, an ant), an organic
acid, Cli./).^, and the first of a series
formed by the oxidation of alcohols. It is
secreted naturally by the ant, and is also
thought to be identical with the venom of
the bee. A., Gallic, lICJIjO^, an acid
prepared from nutgalls. Similar in ])ro-
perlies to tannic acid, </. 7>. Occurs in fme
acicular crystals. Astringent and disin-
fectant. Useful in night sweats, diabetes
and chronic diarrhiY?a. A., Gallic, Un-
guent, benzoaied lard 90, gallic acid
ID. A., Pyrogallic (unofficial), obtained
from gallic acid by heating the latter.
Recommended locally in phagedenic chan-
cres. A., Hydrobromic, 1 1 Br, the dilute
acid, which is the chief form used, consists
of 10 jjer cent, acid and 90 per cent, water.
A good solvent for quinine. Useful in
hysteria, congestive headaches and neural-
gia. Is recommended as a substitute for
potassium and sodium bromides. Dose
n\^xx-_:5ij. A., Hydrochloric, jy//r/V?//<r
Acid, IlCl, a licjuid consisting of 32 per
cent, of II CI gas in 68 jjer cent, of water.
Colorless, pungent and intensely acid. Val-
uable as an aid to digestion. A., Hydro-
chlor.. Dilute, a 10 {>er cent, solution of
al)S^jlute acid in water. Dose ULiij-x. A.,
Hydrocyanic, Dilute, I'ntssic And,
IICN, a li<iuid consisting of 2 jjcr cent, of
the acid with 98 jier cent, of water and
alco!)ol. I'russic acid is found in the hitter
almond, the leaves of the peach, and in
the cherry laurel, from the leaves of which
it is distilled. It is the most violent |X)ison
known, death from complete asjjhyxia
Ijcing almost instantaneous. Valuai)le for
its sedative and antis|)asmoflic effects in
vomiting, wIi<)r)|)ingcough, and spasminlic
affeclicjns. Dose n\j-v. 'I'iie following
prcjKirations are empioyrd : Ai/ttu I.anro-
cerasi, water distilled from the leaves of
the cherry laurel. Dose n\^v-xxx, with
caution. Schei-Ws Dilute //vtinuyiiuir
Acid, in 4 or 5 per rent, solution ; dangcr-
oas. Amyn^dalii atiiiira, oil f)f i)itter al-
mond ; u.scd in cosmetics. A., Lactic,
IIC3H/),, a liquid containing 25 [icr cent.
of absolute acid in 75 [ler cent, of water.
I'rtHluced in the fennentation of milk.
Generally lound impure from subsequent
fennentation except when freshly made.
Useful in aiding digestion, in diabetes, and
as a solvent of false membrane in dij)h-
theria. Dose ^ss-^ss. A., Muriatic.
)r^QQ Acid llydroihloiic. A., Nitric, IINO3,
a li<|uid consisting of about 64 per cent,
absolute acid in 31 per cent, of water.
The pure acid is colorless, fuming, and
highly caustic. A very powerful escharotic,
used in cauterization of chancres and
phagedenic ulcers. A., Nit., Dilute, con-
tains 10 per cent, ab.solute acitl. Dose
ITLiij-xv.well diluted. A., Nitro-hydro-
chloric, A(pi(i A'cj^-ia, a golden yellow,
finning mixture of 4 parts nitric and 15 iif
hydrochloric acid. A ready solvent of
goKl. Valuable in alTections of the liver.
Dose TTLv-xx, very dilute. A., Oleic,
IIC,yIl3.,0.2, a constituent acid present in
many fats and oils. Obtained in the manu-
facture of stearine candles. Soluble in
alcohol, benzol and the essential oils; in-
soluble in water. Saponifies when heated
with alkaline bases. A., Osmic, the
oxide of osinitini, one of the rarer elements.
Has been recommended for hypodermatic
use in sciatica, strumous glands, and can-
cer. A., Oxalic, a colorless crystalline
solid, C^H.^O^, obtained by treating sawdust
with caustic soda and potash. In I2 g"".
doses a depressant to respiratory centers.
In large doses a violent poison. Unof A.,
Phosphoric, Orthophosphonc Acid, H3-
PO^, contains 50 per cent, aa acid and
water. Of value in strumous alTections,
and thought to be serviceable in dissolving
phosphatic deposits. Has none of the
effects derived from free phosjihorus or
the hyix)phosphites. A., Phosphor., Dil.,
contains 10 per cent, of absolute acid.
Dose n\^v-xxx. See Si'di/tw, /Wiissi/tm,
C(ilcium,etr. A., Picric, Caibazotic Acid,
CgH.,(N0.^)30, oi)lained by the action
of nitric on carbolic acid. A saturated
solution is of some value as a wash in ery-
sipelas. An excellent test for albumen and
sugar in urine. Dose gr. v-xv. A., Pyro-
gailic. .See A., (in/Zic A., Sulphu-
ric, Oil of Vitriol, H.^SO,, a heavy, oily,
corrosive acid, consisting of not less than
()U per cent, sulphuric anhyilride and 10
per cent, of water. ( If value in lead poi-
soning. Sonutinu's used as a caustic. A.,
Sulph., Dilute, contains 10 per cent,
strong acid to 90 of water. I lose tTLx-xv,
well diluted. A., Sulph., Aromatic, con-
ACID-ALBUMIN
24
ACOLOGY
tains 20 per cent, acid, diluted with alcohol
and rtavored with cinnamon and ginger.
Dose TT\^v-xv. A., Sulphurous, H.^S03,
a colorless acid containing about 3^^ per
cent, of sulphurous anhydride in 96 j^ per
cent, of water. The gas (SOj) is a very
valuable disinfectant. The acid is used as
a spray or lotion in diphtheria, stomatitis,
and as a vi^ash for indolent and syphilitic
ulcers. The various hyposulphites are
mainly valuable in that they decompose
and give oft sulphur dioxide. Dose Tr^v-
3J. See, also, SoJiuin, Potassiuni, and
Magnesium. A., Tannic, Tannin^ Cj^-
H,(,Og, an astringent acid obtained from
nutgalls, occuiTing in yellowish, scaly
crystals. Soluble in water and alcohol.
Internally it is an antidote in poisoning by
alkaloids and tartar emetic, and in hemor-
rhoids and catarrh of mucous membrane.
Useful mainly as an astringent lotion in
many skin diseases. Dose gr. j-xx. A.,
Tan., Unguent, a 10 per cent, ointment
of the acid incorjMrated with benzoated
lard. A., Tan., Troches, each contain
I gr. of tannic acid. A., Tan., Sup-
positories, I part of tannin to 20 of Ijutter
of cacao. A., Tan., Glycerite, i part
tannin in 4 of glycerine. A., Tartaric,
HjQH^Og, the acid principle of the grape
and many other fruits. Obtained in color-
less, transparent crystals ; chiefly employed
in refrigerant drinks and in baking powders ;
20 grains neutralize 27 of potassium dicar-
bonate, 22 of sodium dicarbonate and 15 j^
of ammonium carbonate. Dose gr. x-xxx.
Acid-Al^bumin. A derived albumin. A
proteid, having been acted upon or dis-
solved in the stronger acids, and yielding
an acid reaction.
Acidim''etry [acidus, acid, /xerpoi', a
measure). Determination of the free acid
in a solution, by an acidimeter, or by
chemical reactions.
Acid Phenyl Sulphate. A solution of
3 grammes of phenol in 20 c.c. of strong
sulphuric acid. Used for the detection of
nitrates in water.
Ac^idum. See And.
Acine^sia {a, without, Kivr/a/r, motion). A
name used to denote loss of motion in
any or all parts of the body. Also, the
interval between consecutive throbs of the
heart. See also Diastole.
Acin^iform (^acinus, a grape). Grape-like.
Aci''nus (//. acini). The smallest lobules
of conglomerate glands; the saccules of
compound racemose glands; the lobules
of the liver, etc.
Acleitocard^'ia (a/c?i.f<rof , unclosed, Kapc^ia,
the heart). A term applied to the imper-
fect closure of the foramen ovale, a fatal
opening between the auricles of the heart,
vi^hich prevents perfect aeration of the
blood. It is thought to be connected
with the disease variously known as
cyanapathy, " Blue Disease," " Blue Jaun-
dice," etc.
Ac^me {uK/LiTf, a point). The critical stage
of a disease; the crisis. The highest
point or degree of anything.
Ac^ne. Varus. A general term used to
designate lesions arising from pustular
inflammation about the sebaceous glands
and hair follicles. The forms commonly
distinguished are A. /rosacea, A. J'ari-
olifoniiis, and A. Vulgaris. A. Ade-
noid, a disseminated form of A. ]^ul-
garis, q. v. A. Adolescentum. See
Acne Vtdgaris. A. Albida. See Alili-
uvi. A. Atrophica. See Acne Varioli-
formis. A. Disseminata. See Acne
Vulgaris. A. Erythematosa. See
Ac7te Rosacea. A. Frontalis. See
Acne Vanolifo7-niis. A. Hypertrophica,
Whiskey N^ose, an extreme development
of A. Rosacea, q. v. A. Keloid. See
Dc7-iiiatitis Papillaris Capillitii. A.
Keratosa, a form of A. Vtdgaris, dis-
tinguished by a horny plug in the hair fol-
licle. A. Rhinophyma, an extreme
development of Acne Rosacea, q. v. A.
Rosacea, a chronic congestion of the
skin and subcutaneous tissue of the face,
attended with seborrhcea, and resulting in
permanent vascular dilatation. May hyper-
trophy the tip and sides of the nose
[A. hypertrophica, "whiskey nose''), or
expand it into a pendulous tumor i^A.
rhinophyma). A. Sebacea. See Sebor-
7-hcea. A. Varioliforme. See Molliis-
cum Contagiositm. A. Varioliformis
(not to be confused with A. Varioli-
forme). A pustular eruption confined
mainly to the face and scalp, which
leaves pitted scars. The papules and
pustules are indurated and grouped. A.
Vulgaris, stone pock; an inflam-
mation of the sebaceous glands, arising
from obstructed or retained secretion.
Occurs mainly in children or youth.
May be indurated, punctate or pustular
in form.
Acce^lius (a priv., Koilaa, the belly).
Without a belly ; applied to those ex-
tremely emaciated.
AcoFogy (a/fof, remedy, Aoyoq, a dis-
course). The science of remedies.
ACOMIA
25
ACTION
Aco'mia {aKfior, bald). Baldness. A
general temi applied to the deficiency of
hair, arising from any cause.
Aconite, or A''conite.
Acon'itum. The root of Aion;titr?i tia-
pcllus. Possesses a bitter, pungent taste.
I'rtKluces numbness and persistent tingling
in the tongue and lips. \'iolently jKiison-
ous. E.xerts great depression of the heart,
respiration, circulation and ners'es. The
active principle is .h-onitine. Highly bene-
ficial in fevers, acute throat affections and
intlammation of the respiratoiy organs.
Dose gr. ss-ij. A. Abstractum, has
double the strength of the i>o\vdered dmg
or its fluid ext. Do.se gr. %-]. A. Ex-
tractum. Dose gr. '^-'j. A. Ext.
Fluid., has a strength of one drop to the
grain of powdered dmg. Dose H^J2-'j-
A. Tinct., contains, aconite 40, tartaric
acid 0.4, alcohol loo parts. Dose \\ '^-ij-
The following are unofficial : Aconitia
(aconitine), an amoiphous solid. Dose gr.
5 Jjj— -'5. AioiiitiH(t-, Olcatiiiii, a 2 per cent.
solution of aconitine in oleic acid. Napcl-
lina. Dose gr. \-\. St. Jacob's Oil, a
weak aconite liniment.
Acor'mus («, /io/|//of, the trunk). A mon-
ster without a trunk or body.
Ac'orus. See CuIiuiihs.
Acou'meter, or Acouom''eter {okovu, to
hear, /if -/<oi, a measure). An instrument
for measuring the acuteness of hearing.
Acous'tic. Relating to the ear or sense
of he.ning. A. Tetanus, the rapidity of
the induction shocks in a frog's nerve-muscle
preparation, as measured by the i)itch of a
vibrating rod. A. Nerve, ])ortio mollis
of the seventh ])air. See A'c/7>c's.
Acous'tics. The science of sound.
Acquired Movements. Those brought
un<li-r the inlUience of the will only after
con.scious and attentive effort and i)racticc,
in (ii.stinclion from reacciuired movements,
those rcin.st.itcd in their former proficiency
after injury to the motor regions of the
brain.
Acra'nia {n priv., Kftaviov, the skull). The
condition of a mon.iter with partial or com-
plete ai^scnce of the cranium.
Acrature'sis (nKj>aTnn, without strength,
(ivitiiiir, micturition). Inability to mictu-
rate from atony of the bla/ldrr.
Acrodyn'ia (nKimr, an exlr -mity, oih'vrj,
pain). A <lisease clo.sely allii-d t(» pellagra
and ergoti-m; attended with acute hy|H'r-
a .stiiesia of the |)aliiis and soles, troubles
of motility, di.sorden-d nutrition of the .skin
ftn<l muc<jus membranes, followed by an
erythematous eruption, with excess of dark
brown jiignientation. Thought to be caused
by diseased grain.
Acro'leine ((/ctr, sharp, (?/(•///;/, oil). Acrylic
Aldeliyde. A highly volatile li(iuid hav-
ing the composition C'.,1I^(); derived from
the decomi osition or the destructive dis-
tillation of glycerine.
Acromega'lia {aKpng, ^eyalo^, large). Ab-
normal development of the extremities.
Aero 'mien [nKpov, a summit, utio^, the
shoulder). The triangular-shaped process
at the summit of the scapula, which fonns
the attachment of the deltoid muscle.
Acrompha'lus [anpov, nii(j)a'Aog, the navel).
The center of the umbilicus, to which the
cord is attached.
Acro'nyx (uKprn', oi-i'^, a nail). The in-
growing of the nail.
Ac'rotism («, without, Kimrog, striking). A
tenn used to designate any defective beat-
ing of the pulse.
Actin'ic (UKnc, a ray). Referring to those
wave-lengths of the spectrum corres]xind-
ing to the violet and ultra-violet jiarts of
the same which produce chemical changes
in the haloid salts of silver, and arc there-
fore valuable in photograjihy.
Actinom'yces [uKTir, fivhor, mucous).
\'egetable parasites, the origin of the dis-
ease actinomycosis. Called also the Juiy
/''//)/i;'//s.
Actinomyco'sis {aKTig, ftvKrjg, a fungus).
A parasitical, infectious, inociilable dis-
ease lirst observed in cattle, also in
man, due to the presence, in ab.scesses
and sinuses, of the leptotlinx-strcptotlirix.
The most frequent, and most curable, fonn
is when the abscesses form abcmt the jaws
and teeth. The treatment is prophylactic,
guaifling, by the choice of meat and by its
pro]ier cooking, against the transference of
the parasite ; and curative, the evacuation
an<l antisejitic treatment of abscesses, sin-
uses, carious teeth, etc. When the ]iara-
site has found a nidus in the lungs or di-
gestive tract, all treatment is .so far use-
less.
Actinospo'ra Charta''rum. .\ parasitic
fungus developing on ])aper and lionks.
Actinozo'a [iiKTir^ fwoi', an animal). One
of the two divisions of the cielenlerata,
including the sea anemones, stone corals,
etc. ; called also antho/oa.
Ac'tion {('i^o, to do or ju-rform). In
pliysiolog)', a teiTU used tn denote the
function of an organ. A., Reflex, a
movement of an organ or pail of the Uxly
resulting frnm an impressiun carried by a
ACTIVE
26
ADENOGRAPHY
sensoiy or afferent nerve to a subordinate
center, and then sent back by an efferent
nerve to some point at or near the source
of irritation.
Act'ive.' In medicine, a tsrm applied to
treatment the reverse of passive, that is,
where the pathological conditions are
acted upon directly rather than partly
controlled.
Active Insufficiency of Muscles. See
Insiifficioicy.
Act'ual Caut^ery. See Cautery.
Acu^ity {aciio, to sharpen). Acuteness or
clearness of visual power in the percep-
tion of small or distant objects.
Acupres^sure {aciis, sharp, pre/no, to
press). An operation to stop ha;moiThage
or aneurysm by the compression of a needle
inserted into the tissues upon either side,
either above or below the vessel.
Acupunct^ure [aciis, pungo, to prick).
Puncture of the skin or tissue by one or
more needles for the relief of pain, the
exit of fluid, the coagulation of blood in
an aneurysm, etc.
Acute' (acHs). Used of disease, and
signifying rapid and severe onset, pro-
gress and termination. When applied
to pain, sound, vision, etc., means sharp,
keen.
Acutenac'ulum. A needle-holder.
Acute'ness. Pertaining to the acute stage
of a disease. Referring to vision, used as
a synonym for keenness or acuity.
Acyanops''ia. See Blindness.
Acye'sis (a, without, Kyr/aig, pregnancy).
Sterility of the female.
Ad [ad, to). A Latin prefix of words and
terms, signifying to, toward, at, etc. Ad
didiqnium, to fainting. Ad libittvn, at
pleasure, or, according to discretion.
Ad, or Add. A contraction of Adde, or
Additur, meaning, add, or let there be
added : used in prescription- writing.
Adacf'ylous {a, without, 6aKTv7\.oq, a
finger). Without fingers. In biology,
certain crustaceans the arms of which
are without claws.
Ad'arn's Apple. See Poniiun Adami.
Addepha'gia. See Bulimia.
Ad^dison's Disease'. Melasma supra-
renale, Dermato-melasma-supra-renale, or
cutis aerea (" bron/ed skin "), adisease of
the supra-renal capsules, first described Ijy
Dr. Addison, and characterized by tuber-
cular infiltration of the capsules, discolora-
tion of the skin, progressive anremia and
asthenia, ending in death from exhaus-
tion.
Adduc'tion [adduco, to bring toward).
Movements whereby a part is brought
toward another or toward the median line
of the body.
Adduct'or. Applied to muscles effecting
adduction.
Adelomorph'ous. See Delomorphous.
Ademo'nia (o, Stjuovia^ trouble, distress).
Mental distress.
A'den [adi/v, an acorn, a gland). A gland,
a bui)0.
Adenal'gia (ad?/p, aZyof, pain). Glandular
pain.
Adenecto'pia [aSr/v, ektotzoq, away from
a place). A condition in which the gland
does not occupy its proper position.
Adenemphrax'is ((l6>iv and efu^pa^tg, to
obstruct). Glandular obstruction.
Ade'nia. See Lymphadenoina.
Aden'iform [aSijv, forma, resemblance).
Of the shape of a gland ; glandlike.
Ad'enine [a6r]v, a gland, — first discovered
in pancreatic glands). A leucomaine, dis-
covered in 1885 by Kossel; the simplest
member of the uric acid group of leuco-
maines. A relation exists between hydro-
cyanic acid and all the members of this
group, and the base Adenine seems to be
fonned by polymerization of hydrocyanic
acid. It occurs, with other bases, as a de-
composition product of nuclein, and may
be obtained from all animal and vegetable
tissues rich in nucleated cells. It exists
largely in the liver and urine of leuco-
cythremic patients, as a result of the
breaking up of the nucleated white blood
corpuscles. It appears to be necessary
to the formation and building up of
organic matter, playing an important part,
together with guanine, in the physio-
logical function of the cell nucleus. Non-
nucleated cells, though capable of living,
are incapable of reproduction ; the nucleus
appears to be the seat of the functional
activity of the cell, indeed, of the entire
organism. Nuclein, the parent of ade-
nine and guanine, has been credited
with a direct relation to the re])roductive
powers of the cell. Adenine is not poi-
sonous. Its physiological action is not
definitely known.
Adeni'tis [a(hjv and itis, inflammation).
Infiamniation of a gland. See Bubo.
Ade'no-. A Greek prefix to denote rela-
tion to glands.
Aden'ocele. See Adenoma.
Adenodyn'ia. See Adenalgia.
Adenog'raphy {aAiiv, ypai^u, to write). A
treatise on the glandular .system.
ADENOID
27
ADVENTITIA
Ad'enoid (^«('vi',f"'"f, resemblance). Re-
sembling a gland. A. Body, the pros-
tate gland. A. Tissue. See Aninial
y 'issue.
Adenol'ogy yufiijv and /.o^.cf, a discourse).
Tlic science of the glandular system.
Adeno'ma (nJr/i', o^ia, tumor). A tumor
that has sprung from a gland, or con-
structed after the type of a secreting
gland.
Adenomyxo'ma [a^i{\\ fiv^n, mucous). A
composite growth having the characters of
adenoma and myxoma.
Adenop'athy (^aJ;/r, -a(^of, disease). Dis-
t-ax' of glands.
Adenophleg'mon (a^^,<p?.eyfxov^). Sup-
purative inflammation of a lymphatic gland
complicating a wound.
Adenosarco'ma {aSi/v, sarcoma). A
tumor with the characters of adenoma and
sarcoma.
Adenosclero'sis (aSr/v^sc/erosis). A hard-
ening of a gland, with or without swelling.
Adeno'ses [aS/jv). Chronic abnormalities
of the glands.
A'deps. Lard. The fat obtained from the
alxiomen of the pig. Composed of 38
per cent, stearin and margarin, and 62
per cent, olein. Forms 70 per cent, of
CL-ratum, and 80 of unguentum, //. ?'. A.
Anserinus, goose grease. A. Benzoa-
tus contains 2 per cent, of l)en/oin. A.
Ovillus, mutton suet. Adipis Oleum,
a fixed oil expressed from lard.
Ader^'mia (a priv., Sepua, skin). Ab-
sence or defect of the skin.
Adhe'sion {ii<///irro, to slick to). Abnor-
mal union of two surfaces as a result of
abrasion, inflammation, £>/<-. A., Primary,
called also Hi-aliiii; by First Intrn/ioii, and
by Iiniitediate Union, a rtiethod of healing
of wounds by the production of lymj)!!,
followed by the vascularization and cica-
trization of the exudate. A., Secondary,
or I/ealinj^ by Sei-ond /nh-iitioii, or bv
Granulation, is that mode of healing at-
tended by the production of |>us and the
formation of granulations. A. Plaster.
See Kiitplaslruin .
Adhe'sive Plaster. See Resin and J-'.in-
p/iistrunt.
Adiaphore'sis (« priv., (hrulxiprvij, to per-
s|>iri-). iJi-dcicnt sweat.
Adiapneus''tia («, (W«Ti't(j, to perspire). A
wurcl used to denote stopp;»ge of |>ersi)i-
ralion.
Adiathe'sia (a, Aia^iair, condition). A
tirtn u.si-d lo denote a condition or partic-
ular disc-ojie which is not coni^eniiul.
Ad'inine. See Adenine.
Ad'ipic Acid. An oxidation product of
the fatty acids, having the comjxisition
^.^'^ 1 ii"4- ^' '* diba.-ic and diatomic.
Ad''ipocere [adeps, fat, cera, wax). A
wax-like substance formed by the exjx)-
sure of fleshy tissue to moisture, with the
exclusion of air, i. e., in the earth or under
water. It consists of the fatty acids in
coml)ination with the alkaline earths and
ammonium. Human botlies in moist burial
places often undergo this change.
Adipog''enous ((7</e/>s, fat, genero, to pro-
duce). That which produces fat and adi-
pose tissue.
Ad'ipose. Patty. A. Tissue, fat cells,
united by connective tissue ; distributed
extensively through the body. It is com-
po.sed of triolein, tripalmitine and tristear-
ine, and is liiiuitl during life or at the tem-
perature of the living body.
Ad'juvant [aJjm'o, to assist). A medi-
cine that assi-sts the action of another to
which it is added.
Adoles'cence ((^/(»A'.frv>, to grow). Youth,
or the period between puberty and ma-
turity, usually reckoned as extending in
males from about 14 to 25 years, anil in
females from 12 to 21.
Ado'nis Estiva'lis. A plant much used
in Italy as a cardiac tonic. Similar pro-
perties possessed by A. Vernalis. Dose
tal)lespoonful of ^^j to i^ xl. Unofficial.
Adoscula'tion (</</, to, osculor, to kiss).
Impregnation by external contact without
intromission.
Adre'nals {ad, pn>, the kidney). The
supra-renal capsules.
Adru'e. Anti-emetic root. The root of O'-
/<ents artieulatus. Strongly recommended
to check black vomit of yellow fever. Dose
of tlie fld. ext. gtt. xx-xxx. I'nof.
Adult' {adoleseo, to grow). Mature.
Adultera'tion [adu/tero, to counterfeit).
The admixture of inferior, imjuire, inert,
or less valuable ingredients to an article
for gain, dece])tion or concealment. Medi-
cines, wines, foinls, etc., are largely adul-
terated, the latter to a shameless extent.
Advance'ment. An ojjeration to remedy
straliismus, generally in conjunction with
tenotomy, whereby the opposite tendon
from the over-acting one is aUo cut and
brought forward, so that, growing fast in a
more advanced jxisition, it shall have more
|x)wer to act u|ion the globe o( the eye.
Adventi'tia (aih'entitim, fonigii). The
evlein.il covering or coat of the blootl-
vessels.
ADVENTITIOUS
28
AFTER-BIRTH
Adventi^tious. Accidental, foreign, ac-
(|uired, as opposed to natural or hereditary.
Adyna'mia (^a priv., (Svi'afin^, power).
Deliciency or loss of vital or muscular
power.
.^dcEag''raphy (^aiSoMj the generative
organs, ypcKpu, to write). A description
of the generative organs.
.^doeoFogy [aidoia^ '/^^oyoc, a discom-se).
A treatise or monograph on the organs of
generation.
.^gagro'pili (ni^ [gen. c}")f], aypiog, a
wild goat, TTt/iOf, hair). Intestinal concre-
tion fonned of hair, found in animals and
occasionally in man. A bezoar.
^gilops (a^f, uibj eye). Abscess with per-
foration at the inner canthus of the eye,
supposed to be a result of lachrymal fistula.
See Anchylops.
.^goph^ony {atS,, (jxjvtj, the voice). In
auscultation, a term meaning a modification
of bronchophony in which the voice sounds
sharjj and tremulous, like that of a kid.
.^quabiFiter just'o ma'jor, or mi'nor
PeFvis. See Pelvis.
A^erated (n///), the atmosphere). Impreg-
nated or charged with carbon dioxide.
Aerhaemocto'nia (a?/p, air, aijia^ blood,
KTovoq, killing). Death by the entrance of
air into the veins.
Aero'bia (a/;p, air, /5«of, life). The quality
of living in the presence of oxygen. A.,
Facultative, normally or usually anae-
robic, but under certain circumstances
acquiring terobic power.
Aero'bic. Pertaining to microbes I'equiring
oxygen (air) in order to live.
.ffiroco^mia Sclerocarpa. A South Ameri-
can plant, very popular as a remedy in
leucorrhcea, diarrhrea and albuminuria. It
is astringent. Unof
Aerom^eter [arip, fierpov, a measure). An
instrument for ascertaining the density of
gases.
Aeropho''bia (a?;/), (pojSog, fear). Dread
of a current of air. A symptom of hydro-
phobia and hysteria.
A^eroscope (a///), oko-eu, to observe). An
instrument for the examination of air
dust. Also, an instrument for estimating
the purity of the air.
Aerotherapeu^tics. A mode of treating
disease by varying the pressure or the
composition of the air breathed.
Aerterivef'sion (fw/p, r?/pfw, to hold, 7>tvVo,
to turn). A method of arresting hajmor-
rhage by everting the cut end of an artery,
invaginating the vessel in itself and lixing
the parts by a needle.
.^s^culin. A glucoside in the bark of the
horse chestnut having the composition
.^s^thesin (a/fn?//crif, sensibility). A name
given by Thudichum to an anhydrous
compound of sphyngosin and neurostearic
ether occurring in brain-tissue.
i^sthesiom^eter. An instrument for
measuring tactile sensibility.
.^sthesod^ic [aicdr/cig, odog, path). Re-
lating to the gray substance of the cord
that conducts sensory impressions to the
brain. Kinesodic parts conduct the motor
impulses from the centers to the muscles.
.^stua'rium [trsha, heat). A vapor-bath.
Also a stove designed to apply warm, dry
air to all parts of the body at the same
time.
yE-'ther. See £t/ier.
JEtioVogy. See Etiolos^y.
Affec^tion [afficio, to affect). A synonym
of disease.
Af^ferent (ad, \.o,fcro, to cairy to). A term
applied to vessels, nerves, ch-., that con-
vey their contents or impulses from the
periphery to the center. An efferent
nerve, impulse or current is in the reverse
direction.
Affin^ity (afflnis, akin to). Relationship;
a synonym of attraction. A., Chemical,
the force exerted at inappreciable dis-
tances, and between definite and invari-
able weights of two or more combining
substances, whereby bodies of dissimilar
nature unite to form new compounds.
Contradistinguished from cohesion, which
is an attraction between molecules. A.,
Elective, the preference of one sub-
stance for another rather than for a third
or fourth.
Af ^flux [iiffltio, to flow toward). The flow
of the blood or other liquid to a particular
part.
Affu^sion (affiindo, to pour upon). Pour-
ing water upon a substance to cleanse it,
or upon the body in fevers to reduce tem-
perature and calm nervous symptoms.
African Lethargy. A " sleeping sick-
ness " affecting negroes of the West
African coast. Increasing somnolence is
the characteristic symptom. Veiy fatal.
Death after emaciation follows in from
three to six months. The cause is un-
known, and post-mortem examination has
revealed only hyperemia of the arachnoid.
No treatment avails.
After-birth. The popular designation of
the placenta, cord and membranes, some'
times called the secundines.
AFTER-IMAGES
29
AGRVPNIA.
Arter-images. Continued retinal im-
pressions after the stimulus of the light or
image has ceased to act. A fositii'c after-
image is a simple prolongation of the sen-
sation ; a nei^ative aftcr-iniiii^c is the ap-
jxjarance of the im;ige in complementaiy
colors. After-sensations may be also e.\-
jx^rienced with other senses.
After-pains. See Piiins.
After-sensation. A sensation lasting
longer than tlie stimulus jiroducing it.
Agalac'tia (a, }«/«, milk). Failure or
insulliciency of the mother's milk after
childbirth.
Agamogen'esis (nyaim^, without mar-
riage, }fi'f(j/f, generation). Reproduction
without fecundation, as, e.g., by gemma-
tion. See Piirt/u-nogt')icsis.
A'gar-a'gar. A Ceylon moss. A kind of
glue made from certain mosses, used in
medicine to make suppositories, and in
bacteriological studies to make a solution
in which micro-organisms are bred or kept.
See Gclose.
Agar''icine. The active principle of Ai^ar-
iitts all'us. It has proved useful in the
night sweats of phthisis, where atropia has
failed. Dose gr. tV~i*s- Unof.
Agar'icus. A genus of the family of
Agaricini or mushrcHDm. The edible va-
riety, A. Campestris, is characterized
by a brownish color, which does not
change when cut, and an agreeable taste.
A. Albus, Purging Agaric, unof , a fun-
gas parasitic upon the European larch ;
contains an alkaloid agaricin and agaric
Olid. Used as a drastic purgative, valuable
in night sweats. Dose gr. xxx-^jj. A.
Cheirurgorum, a parasitic fungus for-
merly u->ed fur moxa, ij. v. .Soaked in .so-
lution of pota.ssium nitrate it forms spiivk.
A. Muscarius, a poisonous mushroom,
containing an alkaloid muscarim', q. v.,
a {xjWL-rful cardiac depressant. Dose of
the alkaloid gr. %-\]. Munarine nitrate,
a>ed hy]XKlermically. Dose gr. -j^y-f.
Age. A jK-riod of life. The age of
infancy, up to the third year; of child-
hiKxl, from 3 to I2; of adolescence, fmni
alxjul 12 to 25; of maturity, from 25 to
50; of decline or .senility, from 50 to
death. The word is sometimes used to de-
note the la.st period alone. Other divi-
.sions may Ik; made, as, <•. g., thosi- of em-
brj'onic life, of inunaturity, of maturity,
of sti-rility, etc.
Agene'^sia («, ywiair, generati(jii). A
lenn vjmewhat lix»sely used to designate
abnormal or imj>crfect development. Also
imjx)tence and sterility. In 1 otany, the
asexual development of the llower.
Agens Morbi. See IMorhi.
A'gent (ago, to act, to do). A substance
or force that by its action effects changes
in the human body.
Ageu'sia (a, ytvaig^ taste). Abolition of
the sense of taste.
Agglutina'tion (i/gg/t/ti/io, to glue ujwn
or to). A joining together; applied to the
healing of wounds; it is called imnte-
liitite, if by the lirst intention; mediate, if
through the inteiposition of some sub-
stance in the lips of the wound.
Agglu^tinatives. Substances with adhe-
sive properties, fitted to retain the edges
of wounds in apposition. Such are caout-
chouc, Collodion, etc.
Aglobu'lia (a negative, and glMniliis, a
globule). A decrease in the cjuantity of
red blood coipuscles, with corresponding
increase of serum.
Aglos^sia (a priv., y^Moaa, the tongue).
Congenital alisence of tongue.
Ag'minate Glands. See Glands, Pey-
cr' s.
Ag^'nail. Hangnail.
Agna'thia (a jsriv., yvnf^og, a jaw). Ab-
sence or defective development of the
jaws.
-ago'ga, -agogues [nyuyog, one who
leads). A suflix, denoting agents that
drive out other substances, as enimena-
gogues, lithagogues, ete.
Agorapho^bia [(lyopa, a market-place,
(f>Oj3og, fear). A symptom of mental dis-
ease characterized by a morbid fear of
open places or spaces.
-agra {ciypa, a seizure). A Greek word
added as a suffix to various roots to denote
seizure, se7iere />ain ; as jxjdagra, ete.
Agram'matism (a, ypafifirj, a word). A
j)henomenon of aphasia consisting in the
inability to form words grammatically, or
the suppression of certain wurtls of a
phr;i>e.
Agraph'ia (a neg., ypndu, to write). In-
aliility to express ide;is l)y writing. In
.some cases not a single leder can be
formed; in others, wt)rds, and a luiinber
of words, without meaning, can be written.
See Af'liiisia.
A'gria (nypwr, wild). A ceilain pustular
erupt ioti.
Ag'rimony. The r(K)t of .Igrimonia en-
patoria. A mild a>tringent. Dose of lid.
ext. _^ss-ij. Unof.
Agryp'nia (ayfimc, restless, vkviic. sU-ep).
Loss of sleep, sleeplessness, insomnia, y. v.
AGUE
30
ALBUMIN
A''gue {^nciifus, sharp, acute, Fr. (iii,ni).
Malarial or intermittent fever, character-
ized by paroxysms or stages of chill, fever,
and sweating at regularly recurring times,
and followed by an interval or intemiission
whose length detennines the epithet, quo-
tidian, tertian, etc. In some cases there is
a double paroxysm, and hence called,
double quotidian, double tertian, etc. In
dumb ague the paroxysms are masked.
Splenic enlargement follows ague, and is
called A. -cake. A. -drop, a solution of
the arseniate of potash, and for which
Prowler's solution is substituted.
Ailan^thus. The bark oi A. glandulosa,
commonly known as Tree of Heaven.
Properties due to an oleoresin and a vola-
tile oil. A nauseant and drastic purgative,
constituting an excellent anthelmintic
against tape-woiTn. A., Ext. fld., dose
TTLx-gj. A., Tinct., dose TTLx-^ij.
Ain^hum (negro word, meaning to sau').
A disease in Guinea and Hindostan, pe-
culiar to negroes, in which the little toes
are slowly and spontaneously amputated
at about the digito-plantar fold. The pro-
cess is very slow, does not affect other toes
or parts, is unaccompanied by any consti-
tutional symptoms, and its cause is un-
known. Sometimes attacks the great toe.
Air (cE/), from aw to blow or breathe).
The chief part of the atmosphere. At-
mospheric air consists of a mixture of 77
parts by weight, or 79.19 by volume, of
nitrogen, and 23 parts by weight or 20.81
by voliune of oxygen, with 3.7 to 6.2 parts
by volume of COj in 10,000 parts. 100
cubic inches weigh 30,935 grains. The
pressure of the air at sea-level is about 14^4^
fts. upon the sq. in. A., Complemental,
is that that can still be inhaled after an
ordinary inspiration. A., Reserve or
Supplemental, that that can still be ex-
haled after an ordinary expiration. A.,
Residual, that which remains in the lungs
after the most complete expiration possible.
A., Tidal, that taken in and given out at
each respiration. A. Vesicles, the
rounded tenninations of the bronchial
tuljes, the alveoli. See Atmosphere.
Air-space. A space in tissue filled with
air or other gases arising from the separa-
tion, rupture, or absorption of cells.
Ajo^wan. Bishop's Weed. The fmit of
A. Carum. Carminative and antiseptic.
Has been recommended in colic, diarrhoea,
etc. Dose of the fld. ext. TTLx-xxx.
Akanthaesthe^sia (anavOa, a thorn, aiaO//-
ciq, sensation). A form of parai'sthesia or
perverted sensation in which there is a
feeling as of a shar]) point.
Akatapha^sia (a, without, Kciraipan'u^ to
declare). Inability to utter or to form a
complete sentence, arising from a .syntactic
disturbance of speech.
Akin'esis (n neg, Kiveu, to set in motion).
Absence or imperfection of movement.
Applied to the heart's diastole.
Akroposthi^tis {oKpng, point, nnaOia, fore-
skin). Inflammation of the foreskin. See
Bala>iitis.
Akyanops''ia. See Blindness.
AI. The Arabic definite article, the. Pre-
fixed to many words to designate preemi-
nence, etc., as alkali, alcohol. In chemi-
cal nomenclature it is used as a suHix to
denote similarity to or derivation from an
aldehyd, as chloral, butjTal, etc.
A^las (pi. of ala, a wing). Applied to
various wing-shaped parts or appendages.
A. Auris, the pinna of the ear. A. Nasi,
the lateral cartilages of the nose. A.
Vespertilionis, the broad ligaments of
the uterus. A. Vulvae, the labia of the
pudendum. Applied also to the armpits,
parts of the sphenoid, vomer, etc.
Ala^lia (a ne:^., "kaXeu, to talk). Impaired
or lost articulation from paralysis of the
muscles of speech.
A^lar i^ala, wing). 'Winglike. A. Liga-
ments, lateral synovial folds of the liga-
ment of the knee-joint. A. Odontoid
Ligaments, lateral ligaments of the
odontoid process. Alaria ossa, lateral
processes of the sphenoid bone. Alares
musculi, the pterygoid muscles.
Albicans {^albico, to grow white), white.
Applied to the corpora albicantia at the
base of the brain.
Al'binism [at/>us, white). Congenital
leucoderma, congenital leucopathia, con-
genital achroma. The congenital absence
or abnormal deficiency of pigment in the
skin and other tissues. Alay be complete
or partial.
Albugin'ea {a/in/s). White, or whitish.
A. Oculi, the sclerotic coat of the eye.
A. Ovarii, and testis, the tunica albu-
ginea of the ovary and testicle.
AFbumen [albus). The white of egg.
See Albumin.
Albumim'eter(rt'/(^;<w2«,;«erpov, measure).
An instrument for determining the quanti-
tative estimation of albumin in urine.
AFbumin {^albiis, white). A proteid sub-
stance, the chief constituent of the body.
Its molecule is highly complex and varies
widely within certain limits in diff"erent
ALBUMINATE
31
ALE
Cleans and conditions. It contains the
following percentages: C;irlK)n 51.5 to
54.5; hydrogen 6.9 to 7.3 ; nitrogen 15. 2
to 17.0; oxygen 20.9 to 23.5; sulphur
0.3 to 2.0. Its approximate formula is
C7,H,,,N,^< X_,,S. Albumen, white of egg,
often called albumin, is largely comjxised
of it. Dther varieties are called after
their sources or characteristic reactions,
as acid-allmmin, alkali-altnmiin, muscle-,
serum-, ovum-, vegetable-albumin, etc.
A., Circulating, that found in the fluids of
the lK.Kly. A., Organic, that forming an
integnil part of the tissue. See, also,
Protiids and Niitive Albumins.
Albu'minate. The compound of albumin
and certain bases, as albuminate of iron,
or of iron and ]x>tassium, etc.
Albu'minoid {tilliiiniin, rifniq, form). Re-
sembling albumin. Ajjplied to certain
compounds having many of the character-
istics of albumin.
Albu'minoids. Substances resembling
true proteicis in their origin and comjiosi-
tion. They are amoqjhous non-cr}'Slalline
colloids, occurring as organized constitu-
ents of the tissues, and also in fluid form.
Mucin, Nuclein, Keratin, Fibroin, Spon-
gin, Elastin, Gelatin, Chondrin, etc., are
the ])rincipal members of the group.
Albuminu'ria {albumin and ovpov, urine).
The presence of albumin in the urine.
The term is not now used, as it formerly
was, as synon)Tiious with Blight's disease.
All)umin in the urine may result from a
number of caases, e. t,'., mechanical inter-
ference with renal circulation ; from* toxic
substances in the blood ; from changes in
the blood due to various diseases ; from
lesions and diseases of the kidneys them-
selves, etc. A., Tests of. See .Ubumi-
meter, .Acetic Acid uiul Fcrrocyanide, Boil-
inj^, EsbaclC s Method, Heller, Picric Acid,
Ix'lurt',' Pediment, Pan ret.
Al'bumoses. The first products of the
splitting up of proteids by en/ymes, inter-
mL-diate between the food-albumin-, and the
typical peptones. After the precipitation
and filtering off of the para-peptones, e. ;'.,
in the [K-ptic digestion of fibrin, the cK-ar
solution of albuin<)s<-s thus olitained, treated
with .sfxlium chloride, yields in precipitate
form, J'roto-albutnose, Dys-albumose and
Heteroalhumoie ; a fourth, Deulero-ulbit-
tnoic, remains in solution. The iJeutero-
alliinno~i- i> the ncan-st to pi-ptones. A.,
Vegetable. Sci; J'/iytiilbumnus.
Al'chcmy (.\rabir, of doubtful derivation),
'i'he sujij»>)St.-d art of the transmutation of
metals (into gold) and of finding a remedy
for all diseases. Modern cluinistiy is the
development of this chimerical mediaeval
dream.
AFcohol (Arab, al, the, ko/iol, finely pow-
dered antimony). Ethyl alcohol, C.llgO.
A lii|uid obtained by the distillation of fer-
mented grain or starchy sub.-tance. Used
in pliamiacy as a solvent for resins, and as
a base for all tinctures. Commercial alco-
hol contains 91 per cent, of absolute alco-
hol, with 9 ])er cent, of water. Is in-
flammable, colorless, and jiossesses a pun-
gent otior ami burning taste. Sometimes
used externally as a stimulant lotion. In-
ternally, it is a powerful cerebral excitant ;
in large doses a depressant, narcotic poison,
producing muscular incoordination, deli-
rium and coma. A food within the limits
of 3J-5J per day; continued use is
apt to result in epilepsy, amblyojna and
insanity. In form of wine, whisky or
brandy, it is invaluable in diphtheria, ady-
namic fevers, and ])oi>oning by cardiac
depressants. A., Absolute, spirit contain-
ing no water. A., Ethyl. See Alcohol.
A., Methyl, CII^O, commonly known as
"Wood Spirit.' A., Amyl, C'/H,./), com-
monly known as " Potato .Spirit" and
"Fusel Oil." A., Phenic. See Acid
Carbolic. A., Dilute, composed of equal
parts each of alcoliol and water.
Al'coholism. The morbid results of ex-
cessive or prolonged use of alcoholic
liquors. The term acute A. has been
used as a synonym for inebriety. The
chronic form is associated with severe
lesions or disturbances of the digestive,
respirator)' and nervous systems. Delirium
tremens is a common result of alcoholism.
Al'dehyde [al, the first syllable of alco-
hol, dchyd, from deliydratus). Alcohol
deprived of two atoms of hydrog,en, or
acetic aldehyde. It is a colorless, limpid
liquid, with a characteristic odor, having
the comi)o>ilion C.;I1^(). Interi>ally it
produces intoxication, aiuvstlusia and as
jihyxia. A., Benzoic, the oil of bitter
almonds, C'^IIuO. Chemically, the alde-
hydes are iKwlies containing the group CO,
associated witii a monatoiiiic alcohol radi
cal, and with hydrogen. Tliey are easily
converted into the corres|X)nding acid by
oxidation, or into the corres|H)iuliiig alco-
hols by nascent hyilrogen. They are
|)owi-rfiiI reducers.
Ale. .All alcoholic beverage brewed from
malt and hops. It contains from 3 to 7
per ciiit. of alcohol. .See A/alt /.ii/uors.
ALEMBIC
32
ALLEN'S TEST
Alem''bic (Arab, al, afilii^, a cup). A
vessel used for distillation.
Alep'po Boil, or Evil. See Furimculus
Orieiitalis.
Ale^tris. Star Grass, Unicorn Root, Star-
wort, Colic Root. The root of A. farinosa.
Tonic, diuretic and anthelmintic. Formerly
a popular domestic remedy in colic, dropsy
and chronic rheumatism. Dose of fid. e.xt.
Tl^x— XXX ; of aletriii, the extractive, gr.
X-iv.
Unof.
Alexan'der's Operation. An operation
consisting in shortening the round ligament
of the uterus in order to bring the uterus
into its normal position.
Alex^ia (a, "kt^iq, word). Word-blindness.
A form of aphasia and a special type of
psychical blindness, in which the patient
is unable to recognize ordinary written or
printed characters.
Alexipharm^ic (a^.E-fw, to repel, (pap/itaKov,
a drug). A medicine neutralizing a poi-
son.
Alexipyrefic (aZefw, Tvviierog, a fever).
A febrifuge.
Aleze^ (aAefw, to protect). A cloth to
protect the bed from becoming soiled from
excreta, efc.
Al'gae {^al^^oi; coldness). A group of
acotyledonous plants, of simple vegetable
construction, living mostly in the water.
Al'garoth (It. A/garotti, the Veronese phy-
sician). A name formerly used to desig-
nate an oxychloride of antimony.
Alge'do [aXyo^^ pain). A name applied to
severe pain in the generative and extend-
ing to the urinary organs, sometimes arising
from a sudden stoppage of gonorrhoea.
-algia {aTiyoq). A suffix denoting pain,
as odontalgia, neuralgia, etc.
Algid {^a/gidus, cold). Cold, chilly. A.
Fever, a pernicious intermittent fever, with
great coldness of the surface of the body.
A. Cholera, Asiatic cholera.
Aliena^tion (alieno, to withdraw). Men-
tal derangement, insanity.
A'lienist. One who treats mental diseases ;
a specialist in the treatment of insanity.
AFiment {aUmcntiim, from alo, to nour-
ish). Nourishment, food. A substance
that, acted upon by the digestive and as-
similative organs, yields the sources and
repairs the losses of heat, force or the tis-
sues of the body.
Aliment^ary. Nourishing. A. Bolus,
the food after mastication and just prior
to swallowing. A. Tube, System, or
Canal, the digestive tube from the lips to
the anus, with its accessory glands.
Alimenta''tion. The process of the recep-
tion and conversion of food into material
fit for nourishment.
AFizarine. The red coloring principle
occurring in the madder plant, Ruhia tinc-
torium, and in "anthracene, a coal-tar pro-
duct. Its composition is Cj^HgO^.
Al'kali (Arab, al, and kali, the plant from
which soda was first obtained). The term
includes the hydrated oxides of the alkali
metals; these are electro-positive, are
strong bases, uniting with acids to form
salts, turn red litmus blue and saponify
fats. A., Caustic (usually potash), when
so concentrated as to possess caustic pro-
perties ; potash and soda are called fixed
alkalies, because permanently solid ; soda
is called a mineral, potash a vegetable,
and ammonia a volatile alkali.
AFkali- Albumin. A derived albumin;
a proteid having been acted upon by dilute
alkalies and yielding an alkaline reaction.
Alkalim'eter [alkali, and ^erpeu, to mea-
sure). Alkalimetry, the measurement of
the amount of an alkali in a substance.
Alkaloid [alkali and euhQ, likeness).
Resembling an alkali. The alkaloids are
nitrogenous organic compounds, basic and
alkaline in character, highly complex in
chemical constitution and usually of vege-
table origin. Most are solid and ciystal-
lizable ; but nicotin and conein are liquid.
Most are toxic. A., Putrefactive. See
Ptomaines.
AKkanet (Arab, alkanah, a reed). The
root of AncliHsa tinctoria, now used in
medicine as a coloring material.
AUanti^asis {al7M^, a sausage). Sausage
poisoning, due to putrefactive changes in
imperfectly cured sausages, or in those
made from bad materials.
Allant^oin. C^HgN^Og. Occurs in
traces in normal urine, and prepared from
uric acid by oxidation processes.
AUant^ois (aAA«f, eidoq. like). One of
the fetal appendages or membranes, de-
rived from the mesoblastic and hypoblas-
tic layers. Its function is to convey the
blood-vessels to the chorion. The lower
part finally becomes the bladder, the rest,
the urachus.
Allant''o-tox''icon (a?.Z«f, to^ikov, a poi-
son). A name applied to a poisonous sub-
stance, probably a ptomaine, which devel-
ops during the putrefactive fermentation
of sausage, especially that made of blood
and liver.
Allen's Test for Zinc. A few drop-; of
potassium fcrrocyauide added to boiling
ALLIACEOUS
33 ALPHA-OXVNAPHTHOIC ACID
water slightly alkaline yields a white pre-
cipitate if zinc be present.
Allia'ceous ((//////w, garlic). Resembling
garlic or pertaining to the same.
Al'ligator Pear. The seeds of Piisc-a
^ratissirna, or Avocado pear. A Mexican
remedy for intercostal neuralgia, and, in-
ternally, an anthelmintic (?). Dose, in-
ternally, of the tld. ext. tTLxxx-;^j.
Al'lium {d/.eu, to avoid). Garlic. The
bulb oi .4. satiium. Cont:uns a pungent
volatile oil^allyl sulphide), which is found
also in the leek and the onion. The tubers
of each are used both as a food and as a
condiment, and are stimul.ants to digestion.
A. Syr., contains, garlic 15, sugar 00, dil.
acetic acid 40 parts. Dose 3 j-.^ iv.
Allochi'ria («/./■.<){■, other, x^'lh hand).
An infrequent tabetic symptom, in which,
if one extremity be pricked, the patient
locates the sensation in the corresjxjnding
member of the other side. The better
name, al/irst/u-sia, has been suggested.
Allop'athy (a'/./jo^, other, TvaOng, affection).
According to Hahnemann, the inventor of
the tenn, that method of the treatment of
disease consisting in the use of medicines
whose action upon the body in health pro-
duces morbid phenomena different from
those of the disease treated. Opposed to
homivopathy. It need hardly be said that
modem scientific medicine is based ujxin
no such theoiy, or definition, as that sup-
plied by homa^opathy. See Regular.
Allorhyth'mia (a/v.flC, pvfi/ioc:, rhythm).
Variation in intcr\-al of the pulse. See
Pulse and J^u/stts.
Allotrioph'agy {n7.7x)Tptoq, strange, (^ayw,
to eat). Depraved or unnatural ajjpetite.
The Italian epidemic disease called /'ica.
Allot'ropism (n/./of, TpoTro^, method).
The term expresses the fact of certain
elements existing in two or more condi-
tions with differences of physical ]iro{x:rties.
Thus carlxin illustrates allotropism by ex-
isting in the forms of charcoal, ])lumbago,
and the diamond. See homi-ric.
AUox'an. An oxidation jirotluct (C^IIj-
NjO,) of uric acid. 1'a.sses into alloxanic
acid, C'^N.^II^O, by the action of alkalies.
Occurs in the intestinal mucas in case of
di.irrh'i-a.
All'spice. See Pimenta.
Al'lyl. < ,H^- A non-saturated univalent
alcohol-radical of the oils olitained from
alliaceous plants. A. Alcohol, (',!I^II().
A. Aldehyde, ' ",! 1/ ), a synonym o{ Acro-
Ifin. A. Sulphide, (<'jl I j)j.S, the essen-
tial oil of garlic.
3
Al 'men's Test. A test for haemoglobin
or blood in urine. Add to urine freshly
prepared tincture of guaiacum and ozo-
nized ether ; a blue color indicates the
presence of blood.
Al'mond. See Aniyj^dahi.
Al'nus. Akler Bark. The bark of the
American Alder. A. Serrulata, contains
tannic acid. Decoction of bark and leaves
is astringent, and used as a gargle and as
a lotion for wounds and ulcers. Dose of
powtlered bark gr. x.
Al'oe [a/or/, gen. a/.aijq). The inspissated
juice of several species of aloe, of which
the A. Socotriiia, A. Bml'iKhnsis, and
A. C(7/>t'nsis are most conmionly used.
Properties due to a glucoside, <j/(fn. A
tonic astringent, useful in amenonhoea,
chronic constipation, and atonic dyspepsia.
Dose gi-. j-v. A. Purificata, the com-
mon drug purified by solution in alcohol
antl evaporation. Dose gr. j-v. A. Ext.
Aquosum, prepared by mixing i with
10 parts boiling water, straining and evapo-
rating. Dose gr. ss-v. A., Tinct., con-
sists of aloes 10, glycyrrhiza 10, dil. alco-
hol 100 jaarts. Dose ^ss-^ij. A. et
Myrrh, Tinct., aloes 10, mynh 10, alco-
hol 100 parts. Dosejss-jij. A.,Vin.,
has aloes 6, cardamon I, ginger I, -str.
white Avine loo parts. Dose 3J-3'^'-
A., Pil., aloes and soap aa gr. ij. A. et
Asafostida, Pil., aloes and asafa-tida aa
gr. I \^. A. et Ferri, Pil., contains gr. j
each of aloes ami ferrous sulphate incoipo-
rated with confection of roses. A. et
Mastich, " Lady Webster's" jjill, contains
each aloes gr. ij, mastich and red rose gr.
ss. A. et Myrrh, Pil., contains each aloes
gr. ij, myrrh, gr. j, aromatic powder gr. ss,
mixed with syrup. A. et Canellae, Pulv.,
contains powdered bark of Canella alba.
Dose gr. v-xx.
Aloin. See .-l/ot'.
Alopc'cia (aPt-Tz/f, a fox). A general
term to designate all forms of baldness.
May be congenital, seniK-, idiopathic pre-
mature, or symptomatic jircmature. A.
Area'ta, Porrit^o Dciith'iiits, I'iiua Dc
cithuiiis. Area Cr/si. A. Circumspecta,
an atrophic affection of the hair marked
by the appearance of circumscribed bald
s|K)ts. It soinitimes affects the beard, eye-
brows and pulics, and is thought lobr non-
parasitic. A. Pityro'des Universalis.
See Sriwrrhifti.
Arpha-Oxynaphtho'ic Acid. .\ <leri-
vativf of iiaplilliol. Solulile in glycerine
and oils only. A disinfectant. L'nolVicial.
ALSTONIA CONSTRICTA
34
AMAUROSIS
Alsto'nia Constricta. See Ditta Bark.
Altera'tion Theory. See Difference
Theory.
Alterative [ciller, another). A medicine
that alters the processes of nutrition and
excretion, restoring, in some unknown way,
and witliout sensible evacuation, the nor-
mal functions of an organ or of the system.
It seems to be a necessary or convenient
term covering our ignorance of the modus
operandi of certain medicines, as mercury,
iodine, etc. A. Compound, a domestic
remedy consisting of bamboo, brier-root,
stillingia, burdoclv-root, and poke-root, aa
fl. ext. ^iij, prickly-ash bark fl. ext. ^j.
Recommended by Sims in scrofulous affec-
tions. Dose 3J-ij.
Alterna'tions of Generation. That form
of reproduction in which some of the
members of the cycle can produce new
beings non-sexually, while in the final stage
reproduction is always sexual. Taenia or
tapeworm, is an example. The segments,
Proglottides, are hermaphrodite, and are
evacuated with the fceces. From the egg,
fertilized after it is shed, is developed
the embryo, that is swallowed by another
animal, in whose tissues it forms an en-
cysted stage {Cysticercus, Ccemirus, or
Echinococcus^. To undergo further de-
velopment the cysticercus must find an-
other host, where it forms new seg-
ments.
Althae'a. Marsh-mallow. The peeled root
of A. officittalis, a plant of the mallow
family. Consists about one-third of vege-
table mucus and starch, together with the
alkaloids Asparagin and Althein. Em-
ployed as a mucilaginous drink. A.
Syrupi, contains 4 per cent, althaea. Dose
indefinite. Asparagin possesses sedative
and diuretic properties. Useful in ascites
and gout. Dose gr. ij-iij.
AFum or AFumen. See Aluminium.
Alumin^ium. Al = 27. Quantivalence 11,
IV. A silver white metal distinguished
by its low specific gravity, about 2.6. A.
Hydrate, Al2(H0)g, a tasteless white
powder, feebly astringent. Dose gj. iij-
XX. A. Sulphate, Al2(SO^)3, an anti-
septic and astringent used as a lotion in
5 per cent, solution. A. Potassium
Sulphate, K2Al2(S04)4, alum of com-
merce, a valuable astringent used in ca-
tarrh, leucorrhoea, gonorrhoea. Dose gr.
x-xx. In teaspoonful doses, an emetic.
A. Exsiccatum, alum deprived of its
water of ciystallization. Dose gr. x-xx.
Used also as an escharotic. A. Acetate,
unof ; a disinfectant. A. Acetotartrate,
unof ; a disinfectant.
AKum Root. The root of Heuchera
aiiiericana. Properties due to gallic and
tannic acids. Very astringent. Dose of
fld. ext. gtt. x-xx. Unof.
Alve^olar {^alveolus, a small hollow). Per-
taining to the alveoli or sockets of the
teeth. A. Abscess, a gum-boil. A.
Arch, the alveolar surface of the jaw. A.
Artery, a branch of the internal maxillary.
A. Process, the border of the superior
maxilla in which the alveoli are placed.
Alveola^rium (alveus, a bee-hive). A
name sometimes applied to the external
meatus of the ear. It is so called because
the wax of the ear gathers in that place.
Alve^'olez. An extractive from Eztphorbia
heterodoxa, having diuretic properties. It
is highly recommended as a topical appli-
cation in cancer. Unof.
Alve^olus, pi. Alveoli. The bony socket
of a tooth. A. of the Stomach, or the
alveolar structures, are depressions, like
honeycomb cells, found in the stomach,
intestines and oesophagus. A. of the
Lungs, are the air cells. A. of Glands,
the ultimate sacs of a racemose gland.
AFveus {iilveus, a trough). A trough, tube
or canal, applied to ducts and vessels of
the body. A. Communis, the utricle.
A. Hippocampi, certain structures in the
cerebral hemispheres.
AFvine (alviis, the belly). Pertaining to
the belly. A. Discharges, the faeces.
AFvus. The belly, or its contents.
Am^adou. Geniian tinder or touchwood,
a fungus found on old tree-trunks, used to
stanch local hemorrhage, as a dressing of
wounds, etc.
AmaFgam (a//a, together, yafieu^ to wed).
A combination of mercury with any other
metal, used for filling teeth.
Ama^ra [amai-us, bitter). Bitters.
Amaranth'us Spino'sa. Fresh root of
the shrub used in India as a specific in
gonorrhoea. Dose indefinite. Unof.
Ama'rin. A bitter alkaloid, C2iHjgN2,
derived from bitter almonds.
Amas^tia (a, /naarog, breast). The condi-
tion of being without mammae or nipples.
Amauro'sis [n/Mvpou, to darken). A
term that, from its vagueness, is happily
becoming disused, signifying partial or
total loss of vision. When partial, the
word amblyopia is now used; when com-
plete, blindness. The word is still some-
times used to express blindness when the
cause is unknown or doubtful.
AMAZIA
35
AMINES
Ama'zia. See Amastia.
Am'ber. See Sitcciiiuin.
Am'bergrease, or
Am'bergris \^unbt-r and Fr. i^ris, gray).
A substance excreted by the sperm whale,
Physeter viacroiephaltis. It is not known
whether it is a pathological j^rocluct or the
thickened, insoluble part of the fx'ces.
Exhales a fragrant, musky odor when
warmed. Used in adynamic fevers, chronic
catarrh and nervous diseases. Dose, gr.
j-iij. Unuf.
Ambidex'trous (^ninfh', Ixath, </,x/rr, the
riglit hand). Able to use l)oth hands
eijually well.
Amblyo'pia (^afi,3?.vg, dulled, uiji, eye).
Sulinormal acuteness of vision, due neither
to dioptric abnonnalism nor to visible or-
ganic lesion. It may be lon^t-ni/al ; or
from disuse {^cx(ino/>si(i)\ from the use of
tobarco or alcohol or other loxic influences ;
from traumatism; or it may be hysterical.
Nyctalopia or day-blindness, and hcmcral-
opia or night-blindness, are other forms ;
it may arise from cntoptic phenomena, such
as mtiscic ~<o!itantes, micropsia, megalopsia,
mctamorphopsia, etc. It may take the form
of contracted fields of vision, of color-
blindness, or aiucslhesia of the retina.
Amboy'na Button. See Frambasia.
Am'bulance {tuitbulo, to walk alxjut). In
Euro|>e the term is applied to the surgical
staff and arrangements of an army in
ser\'ice. In the U. S. the word is re-
stricted to a vehicle for the transference
of the sick or wounded from one place
to another.
Ambus''tion {iimbtistio, a bum). A burn
or scald.
Amc'lia [a ncg., fiF?/>r^a limb). Absence
of the limljs from arrested develoimient, or
atrophy.
Am'elus (a priv., /zt/of). A monstrosity
without limbs.
Ame^nia. Sec Amenorrhna.
Amenoma''nia (ama-nit':, agreeable, //aivrt,
madne.v->). A mild form <jf mania in wliich
the symjjtoms are manifested under the
form of gayety, fondness of dress, exaggera-
tion of sfKial condition, etc.
Amenorrhoc'a {a priv., /irfv, mouth, /V<j,
to tlow). Absence, irregularity or sup-
pression of menstruation when it should
normally Ijc present. The secretion may
not take place, or lie retained, or be sup-
pressed during menstruation. Primitive,
is a tirtri applied to tho.se cases when the
catami'tiia have not ap|x-ared at the proper
time, and secondary, when the discharge
has been arrested after it has existed, and
during the reproductive ]H'riod of life.
Amen'tia (aneg., ///(//.f, mind). Defective
intellect ; a vague term synonymous with
idiocy, imbecility.
Amer'ican Colum'bo. The root of Fra-
sera carotinensis. Tonic, ajierient ; in
large doses, purgative. Dose of the I'd.
ext. n\,xx-5J. Fraserin, a concentrated
extract. Dose gr. j-iij. Unof.
Amer'ican Pvy. The twigs and bark of
Ampelopsis qitiuijuefolia. Alterative, tonic,
astringent and expectorant. Dose of the
fid. ext. TT\_xxx-3J. Anipelopsin, the con-
centrated ext. Dose gr. ij-iv. Unof.
Amer'ican Spike'nard. The rhi/omeof
Aralia raconosa. Aromatic, diuretic and
alterative. Used in rheumatism, dropsy
and scrofulous affections. Dose of the
decoction, indelinite. Unof.
Amertume {French). A disease of wine,
characterized by bitterness, and caused by
a specific bacillus.
Ametrom'eter. An instrument for meas
uring ametro]iia by means of the diffusion
circles fonned by two small llamcs.
Ametro^pia (a neg., /uerpov, a measure).
Ametropia exists when an imperfect image
is formed uixin the retina, due to defective
refractive power of the media, or to abnor-
malities of form of the eye. In myopia
the antero -posterior diameter is too gcpat,
or the jx)wer of the refractive media is too
great ; hypermetropia (or hyperopia) is the
exact reverse of the last; astigmatism is
due to imperfect curvature of the cornea,
or of the retina, or to inequality of refract-
ing power in different j)arts of the lens;
presbyopia is due to the growing inelas-
ticity of the lens, producing insufficient
acconnnodalion ; aphakia, or absence of
the lens, produces both insuflicient refract-
ing ])Ower and loss of accommodation.
Am'ides. Organic compounds derived
from annnonia liy the substitution of acid-
radicals for hydrogen. Most nitrogenous
animal i)ases are amides. NIl.^, their
hypothetical radical, is called amidoi^en.
Am'idin (Fr. amidon, starch). Starch in
a state of solution, or altered by heat into
a horny, transpari'iit mass.
Am'ido-my'elin. See Myelin.
Amid'ulin. Solulile starch.
Amim'ia (n, (iiiior, a mimic). An a|)hxsic
symptom consisting in loss of the |iowerol
imitation or nl pantomime speech.
Am'incs. Hasir (()m|«>iniils, regarded as
dciivatives of annnonia by the substitution
of alcohol radicals. They are called mona-
AMMONIA
36
AMPERE
mines, diamines, triamines, etc., according
to the number of amidogen molecules,
NHj, substituted for H. The lower mem-
bers are gases, the higher, oily liquids.
Ammo^nia. See Ammonium.
Ammoni^acum. Ammoniac. A gum
resin obtained from a Persian plant, Do-
rema annnoniacum. A stimulating expec-
torant and laxative, resembling asafcetida.
Employed in chronic bronchial affections.
Dose gr. x-xxx. A. cum Hydrargyro
Emplastrum, ammoniac 72, mercuiy 18
per cent., with sulphur, acetic acid and
oil, q. s. A. Emplastrum, 100 parts of
ammoniac, digested with 140 parts of acetic
acid, dil., strained and evaporated. A.
Mistura, a 4 per cent, emulsion in water.
Dose ^ ss-j .
Ammoniae^mia {ammonia and aifia,
blood). The theory explaining the pro-
duction of uraemia as due to a decomposi-
tion of urea in the blood, yielding ammo-
nium carbonate.
Ammo'nium (from the name of Jupiter
Amnion, because first discovered near his
temple in Libya). A hypothetical alkaline
base, having the composition NH^. Exists
only in combination. Occurs most com-
monly in the foiTn of ammonia gas, NH3,
which, dissolved in water, is the water of
ammonia of commerce. Inhalation of gas
causes suffocation and oedema of glottis.
The salts first stimulate and then paralyze
the motor nerves. Useful as a stimulant,
as an antagonist in cardiac depressants,
and locally in bites and stings of venomous
reptiles and insects. Ammonia Aqua,
water of ammonia, a solution containing 10
per cent, of the gas in water. Dose tTLv-
^ss, well diluted. A. Aqua Fortius,
contains 28 per cent, of the gas in solu-
tion. A., Aromatic Spt., spirit of ammo-
nia, with A. carb., A. Aq., Ol. Lemon,
Lavender and Pimenta, Alcohol and water.
Dose Jss-ij. Ammonii Acetas Liq.,
dilute acetic acid neutralized with ammo-
nia. Dose 3J-oJ- A. Benzoate. Dose
gr. v-xv. A. Bromide. Dose gr. x-
_:^ss. A. Carbonate, a mixture of car-
bonate and dicarbonate. Dose gr. v-x. A.
Chloride, sal ammoniac. Dose gr. j-xx.
A. Chloridum Trochisi, each lozenge
contains gr. ij of the salt. A. Glycyrrhi-
zate. Unof An expectorant. A. Iodide.
Dose gr. ij-x. A. Liniment, A. Aq. 30,
cottonseed oil 70 per cent. A. Spt.,
a 10 per cent, solution of aqua ammonia
in alcohol. Dose Tt\^x-_5J, diluted. The
following salts and their preparations are
official : A. Nitrate, used only in preparing
nitrous oxide. A. Phosphate. Dose
gr. v-xx. A. Sulphate, used only in the
preparation of other ammonium salts. A.
Valerianate. Dose gr. j-v. RaspaiPs
Ean Sedatif (unof), am. aq. "T^x], sodium
chloride ^^ij, spt. vini camph. ^iij, aq.
^xxxij. For local use.
Amne^sia (afivrjaia, forgetfulness). Defect
of memoiy. Loss of the memory for
words.
Am'nion [afiviov, the membrane of the
fcetus). The inner membranous layer
surrounding the foetus and inclosing the
liquor amnii, or amniotic fluid. It is a
double non-vascular membrane, the inner
layer or sac derived from the epiblast, the
outer from the mesoljlast. The cavity of
the inner folds is called the true amnion,
that of the outer, the false. A., Dropsy
of the, excessive secretion of li(|uor
amnii.
Amni'ota. Animals with an amnion and
allantois, comprising mammals, birds and
reptiles.' Those without an amnion are
called anamnia.
Amnioti^tis. Inflammation of the am-
nion.
Amoe'ba (a«e</3w, to change). A color-
less, single-celled, jelly-like protoplasmic
organism found in sea and fresh waters,
constantly undergoing changes of form,
and nourishing itself by surrounding ob-
jects. The white corpuscles of the blood
perform amccboid movements, i.e., changes
of form, consisting of protrusions and with-
drawals of its substance.
Amcenoma^nia (ama-nus, pleasant). A
symptom of monomania or partial insanity
in which the feelings and hallucinations
are mirthful or pleasant.
Amorph'ous (a neg., [lop^Tj, a form).
Formless, shapeless, non-crystallized.
Amorphous quinine, Quinoidine, its salts
being non-crystallizable.
Amor^phus (a, fiopfi/,). An acardiacus
without head or extremities.
Ampere (a French physicist). A.'s Laws,
relate to the forces between conductors
carrying electric currents. AT'ogadiv's
lav/, that equal volumes of a gas when
under the same conditions, contain the
same number of molecules, is also called
Ampere's Law. In honor of Ampere,
the unit of measurement of an electric
current is called an Ampere. It is the
electro-motive force of one volt produced
in a circuit with one ohm of resistance,
equal to ^^ C. G. S. (Centimetre-Gramme-
AMPHI-
37
AMVLENE
Second) electro-magnetic unit. It is suflfi-
cient to deposit .3 grain of copper jier
minute on the plate of a copper voltameter,
or decompose sufiicient acidulated water to
generate 10.32 c.c. of mixed hydrogen and
oxygen j^er minute. A. -Hour, the equiva-
lent of 3600 coulomljs.
Am 'phi- (a/i^/, both). A Greek prefix,
signifying about, on both sides, around, etc.,
a.s amphi-arthrosis, amphibia, tte.
Amphiarthro'sis (nfOi, afn^pDai^, articu-
lation). A fonn of mixed articulation
in which the surfaces of the tones are con-
nected by broad discs of fibro-cartilage,
or else they are covered with tibro-car-
tilage and connected by external liga-
ments. Di.stinguished by limited flexion
in every direction, as, <•. ^^, between the
vertebr.e.
AtTiphib^'ia {afii^i, 3to^, life). A class of
the I'crtcbrata, living during their life both
in the water and upon the land, as the
frog, newt, etc.
Amphi-cre'atine. One%f the muscle-
leucumaines. In its properties it resem-
bles creatine, and Gautier thinks it may be
a combination of creatine with the base
Amphicreat'inine. A member of the
creatinine group of leucomaines said to
have toxic (|ualities.
Amphidiarthro'sis {ni'<pi, (^ia(>6puci^, an
articulaliun). The articulation of the lower
jaw, as it partakes of the nature both of
ginglymus and artlirodia.
Ampho-pep'tone. See Peptones.
Amphor'ic ('iiioopnr, a two-handled ves-
sel). A. Resonance, in auscultation, a
metallic sound like that of blowing into a
l)Ottle,caased by the reverberation of sound
in a cavity of the lung.
Amphoter'ic {n//(fn)Trpnr^ Ixjth of two).
Sulistantes neither acid nor alkaline, as
glucose, gums, etc.
Am'plitude {amplitudo, the extent of a
thing). The range or extent, as of vibra-
tions and undulations, the pulse, etc.
Ampul'la. A Roman wine jug. The
trumix.t mouthed or dilated extremity of a
canal, a.s of the lachrymal canal, tlie recep-
taculum chyli, the J-allopian tul)es, mam-
mary ducLs, semi-circular canals, vas de-
ferens, etc. ('hemically, the term denotes
a largelx-Ilied Ixjttle.
Ampula'tion ((//;//>«/(?, to cut away). The
removal of a limb or part of the Inxly, by
the knife, ligature or other means, or a.s a
result of gangrene, constriction {e. ^^, of
the curd, in the futas) or the diseiuse,
ainhtim. It is tenned primary, if done
very soon after an injuiy ; secondary, if
after the limb has passed through the stage
of inflammation. In the circular method
the division is vertical to the jilane of
tlie limb ; in the cutaneous, the (laps are
composed exclusively of the integuments;
in the Jlap method, the soft paits are cut
obliquely and are comjiosed of both skin
and soft parts. Spontanecus aiupu/ation
occurs in the ftetus, and in ainhum; sub-
periostea/ is when jieriosteal flaps are made
to cover the cut end of the bone.
Amy'elus (a neg., five/.oq, marrow). A
fcetal monstrosity, with partial or ccmplete
absence of the sjjinal cord.
Amyenceph'alus {t^KKpa7oi\ the brain).
A fietal monstrosity with absence of the
spinal cord and brain.
Amyg-'dala. Almond. The seeds of .7.
amara and .-/. du/cis, containing the
principle Emulsin or Synaptase. The
former contains Amygdalin. The ex-
pressed oil of the sweet almond is a de-
mulcent useful in skin affections; in doses
of 3J-ij, a mild laxative. That of A.
amara is used in ctisinetics and is jioisoii-
ous internally. A. Amara, Aq., a 1 : 100
solution of the oil in water. I )ose in-
deflnite. A. Amara, Ol., a volatile oil
bitter to the taste Contains 3-I4 jier cent,
of hydrocyanic acid. Dose ITLJ4-J. A.
Expressum Ol., oil of .sweet almonds.
A. Mistura, oil of sweet almonds 6 per
cent., sugar, water, and acacia q. s. Dose
.^j-,^ss. A. Syr., contains oil of bitter
almonds 3, sweet almonds 10, syrup 87 per
cent.
AmygMalae. A term used to denote the
tonsils.
Amyg'dalin. .See Amyi^dala.
Am'ykos. An antiseptic fluid used in
Russia and Sweden, comjiosed of I oric
acid and thymol. Of reputed service in
gononhoa and catarrhs. Unof.
Am^yl. The hy]X)thetical radical C5II,, of
amyl alcohol, tlic fifth term of the scries
of alcohol radicals, C'„H.,n-f,. A. Alco-
hol. See .-l my lie .-I /echo/. A. Nitrite,
nitrite of amyl, C",, II,,N( ),^, a clear, yel-
lowi.sh liquid, ethereal, aromatic, volatile ;
produces vascular dilatation and great car-
diac activity, and hence is useful in angina
]H(loiis, respiratory ncurosi'S, etc.
Amyla'ceous {nmy/itm, .starch). Con-
taining starch ; starch like.
Am'ylene. C,_H,„. ,\ transjiarenl. li<|uid
hydrocarbon, having an:isll)etic ])roperties,
but dangerous to u.se. A. Hydrate, a
AMYL HYDRATE
38
ANESTHESIA
tertiary alcohol having hj-pnotic effects.
Dose rrLxxx-gj. Unof.
Am'yl Hydrate, or
AmyFic Alcohol. Fusel Oil. Potato
Starch Alcohol. Amyl Hydrate. An al-
cohol having the composition CjHi.jO.
Occurring in the continued distillation of
fermented giain. The pure substance has
considerable value as a hypnotic. In large
doses it suppresses tactile sensibility, and
produces motor paralysis. It is employed
with advantage in mental disorders. Dose
n\^ I5~7S- Unof. It was formerly much
used to adulterate whiskey.
Am^yloid (amylum, starch, u8oq^ form).
Starchlike. A. Bodies, pathological pro-
ducts resembling starch grains found in
the membranes of the brain and other
nervous tissues, the prostate, etc. A. De-
generation, waxy, fatty or lardaceous de-
generation ; a disease occurring in most of
the organs of the body, and indicative of im-
paired nutritive function. It is a nitrogenous,
not starchy body, of uncertain composition.
Amylolyt^ic {aniyhiin, Tivu^ to loosen).
Pertaining to ferments, like the saliva and
pancreatic juice, that convert starch into
sugar.
Amylop^'sin. See Ferments.
Amylo'ses. One .of the divisions of the
carbohydrates, comprising starch, glycogen,
dextrin, inulin, gum, cellulose and tunicin.
Amy^lum. Starch, CgHj^Og. The internal
cells of Triliciim vulgaris, common wheat,
all other cereals and many tubers, piths,
and roots, such as potato, cassava, etc. ;
constitutes nearly the whole of arrow-root,
tapioca, and sago. Converted into glu-
cose by boiling with mineral acids. The
most valuable nutrient. Inert medicinally.
A. Glyceritum, a jelly for external ap-
plication. Starch lo, glycerine 90 per
cent. A. lodatum, contains starch 95,
iodine 5 P^i" cent., triturated with rose
water and dried. Dose 3;j-5ss.
Amyosthe^nia (a neg., five, muscle,
adevoc, force). Deficient muscular power
without obvious disease or lesion.
Amyosthen'ic. Pertaining to amyosthe-
nia. Also, a medicine or agent depressing
muscular action.
Amyotroph'ic (a, /uvg, rpo0?/, nutrition).
Muscular atrophy. A. Paralysis, that
which is due to muscular atrophy.
Am^yous (a, without, /«'f). Weak ;
deficient in muscle or muscular strength.
Ana («i'a). A Greek preposition signify-
ing tZ/rouq-//, tip, again, etc. In prescrip-
tions contracted to aa, meaning of each.
Anabi''osis (a!'a,/3(ow, tocome to life again).
The phenomenon of a restoration of vi-
tality possessed by certain organisms after
drying, or even after heating to 140° C.
Anab^olism [avaba'Alu, to throw or build
up). Synthethic or constmctive metabol-
ism. Diminished activity and repair of
function. Opposed to KataboUsm. The
process by which simpler elements are
built up into more complex. See Meta-
bolism.
Anacar''diuni. The oil of the pericarp of
the cashew, nut. Of reputed value in
leprosy. Unof.
Anac^rotism (ava/cporew, to lift up and
strike together). A peculiarity of the
pulse-curve, when a series of closely-
placed elastic vibrations occur in the upper
part of the line of ascent, so that the apex
appears dentate and forms an angle with
the line of descent. It takes place in
dilatation and hypertrophy of the left ven-
tricle, when extensibihty of the arterial
wall is diminished, in great diminution in
the velocity of the blood-stream, after lig-
ature of an artery, etc.
Anadicrot'ic {civa, upward, ^Lq, twice,
KpoTot;, a stroke). Dicrotism of the venous
pulse-wave occurring in the upward stroke.
Anae^mia [av neg., ai/ia, blood). Defi-
ciency of blood, or deficiency of the rela-
tive number of its red coipuscles, the latter
being the most generally understood mean-
ing and use of the term. Idiopathic, pcr-
iiiciojis, essential, progressive, malignant,
etc., are terms denoting a t}p)e resisting all
treatment and of fatal prognosis.
Anae''mic [av, aiua). Pertaining to anamiia.
A. Murmur, blood murmur, or soft mur-
mur heard at the base of the heart over the
great vessels.
Ansemot^rophy [av priv., aiua, Tprxp?/^
nourishment). A deficiency of blood
nourishment.
Anaero'bia (a neg., ar/p. air, fiioq, life).
The ([uality of living without oxygen. A.
Facultative, normally or usually living
in the presence of oxygen, but under cer-
tain circumstances acquiring anaerobia.
Anaero'bic. A term used of microorgan-
isms, leucomaines, ptomaines, etc., that
are produced or that live in the absence
of oxygen (or air).
Anaesthe^sia [avaicBrjaia, want of feeling).
A condition of insensibility or loss of feel-
ing clue to pathological conditions of the
centres, conducting paths of the nerves, or
the peripheral terminations of the same, or
to artificial production by means of anoesthe-
AN.tSTHESIMETER
3d
AXAMNIA
tics. A., Bulbar or Central, due to
central disease. A. Dolorosa, loss of
touch but preservation of pain in the part.
A., Local, of a limited part of the boily.
A., Muscular, loss of muscular sense.
A., Peripheral, depending upon conili-
tions of the end organs of the nerves. A.,
Surgical, by means of amvsthetics for the
purpose of preventing pain, producing re-
la.vation of muscles, or for diagnostic pur-
jx)ses.
AnsesthesinT'eter. An instrument to mea-
sure the amount of an ana-sthetic adminis-
' tered in a given time.
Anaesthet'ic (a privative, aicdavouai^ to
lecli. A substance which produces insen-
sibility to feeling or to acute pain, dimin-
ished muscular action, and other ]>he-
nomena. May lie local, general, partial
and complete. The following are the sub-
stances mo.st conmionly used : Car/>on
Tetrachloride, not so irritating to organs of
respiration, but far more dangerous than
chloroform. Chloral hydrate, action indi-
rect and incomplete. Rarely, if ever, used.
Chloroform, by inhalation. largely em-
ployecl in general surgery. Fatal i : 3000
in 500 cases. Death by cardiac paraly-
sis. Cocaine. Local, and of short dura-
tion. Used mainly in eye, throat, and
mucous tissues. /:V//(7-, by inhalation. I're-
cjuently cau.ses spasmodic action and sus-
pension of respiratory action. Twenty
cases (1 : 16,000) of death reported from
its u.se. Ethylene Chloride, chlorinated
muriatic ether; clo.sely re.'iembles chloro-
form, but less of a cardiac depressant.
Safer than chloroform, and recovery from
the effects prompt. Ethylene Dichloride.
Dutch liquid ; chloric ether. Rapid and
powerful in its effects. Paralyses respira-
tory centers. Nitrous Oxide, by inhala-
tion, much used by dentists for extraction
of teeth. Symjjloms resemble those of a.s-
phyxia. A., Local, an anaslhetic which,
locally applicfi, pro<luces absence of sensa-
tion in the organ treated. Methylene Di-
chloride. Not much used. .Several deaths
(cardiac paralysis) having occurred from
its emjiloyment. A. Mixtures, those for
pro<iucing an.isthesia. The following are
considered among the In-st : Xiiss/iinini's —
ether 3, tliloroforrn I, alcohol I ; Vienna
Gen. J/ospilal — ether 9, chloroform 30,
alcohol 9; *^ I'ientia Mixtnre"—c\.hcr 3,
chloroform I; MedicoChiruri^ical Soc. of
I.ouili'n—*-\\\i-\, 3,<hloroforrn 2, alcohol I.
Anagal'lis Arven'sis. riniiierncl. .An
herb having .some local reputation on the
Pacific coast as a remedy for rheumatism.
Unof.
Anaku''sis {av^ okvoUj to hear). Xervous
dcafuos.
A'nal {iiniis, the fundament). Pertaining
to the anus.
Analep'tic {avah/xjug, recovery). Agents
restoring strength after illness, as nouri.sh-
ing foods antl tonics.
Analge^sia (ar, without, a/; oc, pain). In-
scii>iliility to or absence of pain.
Analge'sic. A remedy which relieves pain
either by depressant action on the nerve-
centres or by impairing the conductivity of
nerve fibres.
Anal'gia. Paralysis of the sense of pain.
AnaFogous (ora>o)of, confonr.able). Con-
forming to, proportionate, answering to.
See, al.so, Analoi^iw. A. Tissues, mor-
bid tis.sues similar to the elementary and
normal tissues of the body.
An'alogue. A part or organ having the
same function as another, but with a differ-
ence of structure. The correlative term
liviiioloi^ue, denotes identity of stioicture
with difference of function. The wing of
the butterfly and that of the bird are analo-
gous, but the wing of a bird and the arm
of a man are homologous.
Analysis [ava7vu, 1 unloose). The reso-
lution of compound bodies into simpler,
or constituents. A., Gasometric, the de-
termination of the constituents of gaseous
com|X)unds, especially the determination of
the amount of oxygen in .samples of atmo-
spheric air. A., Gravimetric, the ([uan-
titative deteniiination by weight of the
elements of a body. A., Organic, the
determination of the elements of matter
formed under the influence of life. The
analysis of animal and vegetable ti.ssues.
A., Proximate, the determination of the
sinipkr compound elements into which a
substance may be resolved. A., Qualita-
tive, the determination of the nature and
number of elements which comj)Ose a body.
A., Quantitative, the determination of
the proi)Oiti(in:ite parts ot the various ele-
ments of a com|)ound. A., Ultimate,
the resolution of a compound, not into
its simpler constituents, but its ultiniale
elements. A., Volumetric, the (|uan-
titativc determination of a ( <)n^tilU(■nl
by ascertaining the volume of a licjuid
which is re()uired to complete a given
reaction.
Anamnes'tic {avn, again, /irtimr, memory).
l\<(.illiiig 1(1 mind; remembering.
Anam'nia. See .Imniota.
ANAPEIRATIC
40
ANENCEPHALUS
Anapeirat''ic [aimTTeipao/uaij to do again).
A general term for such affections as
writers' and telegraphers' cramp, or pa-
ralysis.
Anaphrodis''iac [av, a(ppoSiT?j, Venus). An
agent which allays sexual passion.
An^aplasty [avmrAaacro), to form again).
Operation for the renewal or restoration of
lost parts, commonly called "grafting," or
a '■'■plastic operation.''''
Anap^nograph (avaTzvorj^ respiration,
ypa(po)j to write). Ap apparatus register-
ing the movements ot inspiration and ex-
piration, together with the quantity of air
inhaled.
Anar''thria [avapdpia, want of vigor). Par-
tial aphasia from partial destruction of the
paths of the motor tracts of speech.
Anasar^ca (ai'a, through, cap^, the flesh). ■
An accumulation of serum in the areolar
tissues of the body. General dropsy. If
the affection be local it is called oedema.
Anaspa^'dias (ai'a, upward, (777aw, to draw).
An urethral opening upon the upper sur-
face of the penis.
Anastotno'sis {^avaarofiocj, to bring to a
mouth). The junction or intercommuni-
cation of vessels. Anastomotic arteries
of the thigh, etc., branches of the brachial,
femoral, etc., whereby the collateral circu-
lation is established after ligatui'e for
aneurysm, etc. The term has been in-
accurately used of the junction of nerve-
filaments.
Anat^omy (^avaTSfivu, to cut up). The
dissection of organic bodies in order to
study their structure, the situations and
uses of their organs, etc. A., Compara-
tive, the investigation and comparison of
the anatomy of different orders of animals
or of plants, one with another. A., Mor-
bid or Pathological, is a study of dis-
eased structures. A., Regional, a study
of limited parts or regions of the body, the
divisions of which are collectively or pecu-
liarly affected by disease, injury, operations,
etc.
Anazotu'ria [an negative, azotum, nitro-
gen, tiria, the urine). A name applied
to that form of chronic diuresis in which
urea is deficient or alisent from the urine.
Anchie''ta Saluta^ris. Vegetable mercury.
The root of a violaceous plant growing in
Brazil. Highly recommended as an altera-
tive in syphilitic affections. Possibly iden-
tical with Manaca, q. v.
An^chilops. See Aiichyhps.
Anchyloglos''sia. See Ton^ne-fie.
An^chylops (aj^j^, near, wi/;, eye). Abscess
at the inner angle of the eye, prior to
rupture.
Anchylo^sis. See Ankylosis.
Anchylostomi^asis i^ayKvloq, curved,
OTopa, mouth). A peculiar anaemia pro-
duced by the parasite Dochmius Duode-
nalis sucking the blood from the walls of
the duodenum. Especially prevalent among
brickmakers and other workmen in Europe.
Called also Brickmakers' Anaemia, Tunnel
Aniemia, Miners' Cachexia, Egyptian Chlo-
rosis, Tropical Chlorosis, etc. Male fern
and thymol expel the worm.
Anchylosto^mum. A worm found in the'
human intestine. The duodenal variety
is common in Italy and Egypt. See Anchy-
lostomiasis.
An''con («7/c(ji', the elbow). Originally the
olecranon process; applied to the elbow
generally.
Anco''nad. Toward the olecranon or
elbow.
Ancona''gra. Arthritic pain at the elbow.
Anco''nal. Pertaining to the elbow.
Ancone^us. A small muscle, an extensor
of the forearm, inserted into the olecranon.
Anco^noid. Resembling the elbow.
Ancyloglos''sum. See Tongue-tie.
An^da Assu. The oil expressed from the
seed of a plant found in Chili. Laxative.
Unof.
AndrcE''cium {avrjp, a man, oiKca, a house).
Male spores taken collectively.
Androg^yna {av7/pj man, yvvri, woman).
An hermaphrodite ; a female in whom the
genital organs are similar to those of the
male.
Androg^ynus. A male with genital or-
gans similar to those of the female.
An'drum. A form of elephantiasis Arabum,
characterized by oedema of the scrotum.
Anelectrot'onus (av neg., ri?.eiiTpov, elec-
tricity, Tovog, tension). The condition of
diminished excitability at the positive pole
when a nerve is traversed by a current of
electricity. See Electrotonus and Catelec-
trotonus.
Anemia. See Amemia.
Anemom'etry (aw/zof, wind, /nerpov, to
measure). The art of measuring the ve
locity and direction of the wind, princi-
pally by means of the anemometer.
Anem^onin. The active principle (Cj^-
HjjOg) of the anemone. See Pulsatilla.
Anenceph'alus [av, without, evK£(paXoQ,
brain). A monster with a rudimentary or
brainless head, and with an an^est of de-
velopment of the vertebral column, the
spinal cord being absent.
ANEROID BAROMETER
41
ANGULAR
An''eroid Barom'eter. See Barometer.
Anerythrop'sia (av neg., epiHpng^ red,
oi/'/i", sight). Subnormal color perception of
red. See B/int//icSs.
An'eurysm [atTVfnvua^ an aneurysm). A
tumor con>isting of a dilated arter)' or com-
municating with an artery. In the eaily
stages there is expansive pulsation of the
tumor, and a systolic nmrmur. In the later
stages the laminated coagulum increases,
so that pulsation may be ab>ent, and there
may be secondan,- troubles from pressure
upon adjacent organs. It may be caused
• by the rupture, wound, disease or weakness
of the arterial walls. Cardiac dilation is
sometimes sjxiken of as aneurysm of the
heart. A., Cirsoid. "S^q \'anx. Arterial.
A., Diffused, follows ruptiu-e of all the
arterial coats with intiltration of sunound-
ing tissues. A., Dissecting, when the
blood forces its way between the media
and adventilia. A., False, or spurious,
indicates a ruptiue of one or more coats ;
true, when there is only a dilatation. A.,
Varicose, opens both into a vein and an
artery.
Anfractuos'ity [aiifractus, a l)ending
round). The furrows or sulci between the
cerebral convolutions.
Angeiec'tasis (avyeiov^ a blood vessel,
tKziiair^ dilatation). Abnormal dilatation
of a vessel, as in aneurysm, etc.
Angeioglio'ma (avyetcrv^ 7^'^, glue, o/ja).
A gliomatous vascular tumor of the spinal
cord.
Angei'ograph {avyeiov, ypa(^^ to write).
A form of sphygmograph invented by
I-amiois.
Angeioleuci'tis (nv^'nov^ a vessel, 7.evKo^^
while, irir). Inliammation of the lym-
phatic vessels.
Angeid'ogy [nvynov, '/oyoq, account).
A description
lymphatics.
Angeiolympho'ma.
lymphatic ves.sels.
Angeio'ma. A tumor formed of blood
ve^sl•l■,. ( "all<-d also rircitile or Vascular
Tumor. Cavernous A., with commu-
nicating alveolar spaces. See I'arix,
Cirsoid. Capillary and venoas angeio-
mata are calle<i A'/-?'/, or Mothers' Marks.
Angeioncuro'sis. A neurosis of the
bI(Kxl vt-isi-ls ; a disturbance of the va.so-
motor syst<rn, — a symptom of many dis-
eases.
Angeioparal'ysis. Vasomotor jKiralysis.
Angciosarco'ma. .\ vascular sarcoma of
the .spinal cord.
of the blood-vessels and
A tumor formed of
An''geiospasm. A convulsive neiu-osisof
the blood vessels ; a vasomotor s|'asm.
Angelica. The seeds and root of ./;<//-
a>ii:^elica officinalis and other species. An
aromatic stimulant and ennnenagogue.
Dose of the tld. ext. : Seeds n\_v -x ; root
^:5ss-j. Unof.
Angi'na {a/ix'o, to strangle). A sense of
choking or suffocation ; a symptom of in-
tlammatory affections of the pharvnx. A.
Acuta or Simplex, simple sore throat.
A. Parotidea, mumps, or parotitis. A.
Pectoris, a paroxysmal neurosis with in-
tense pain and oppression about the heart,
Tlie exact cause is unknown. A. Ton-
sillans, quinsy.
An'gio-. See Am^eio-.
Angiodef'ma Pigmento'sum. See At-
ropliodertna.
Angiograph. See Angeio;.^raph.
An'gio-myo'ma. See Myoma.
Angle [aiii^itlus). The degree of diverg-
ence of two lines that meet each other ;
the space between two such lines. A.,
Alpha, the angle formed by the intersec-
tion of the visual line and optic axis.
Cephalic angles, measurements for com-
paring tlie skulls of different races. A.,
Facial, that formed by a horizontal line
from the external auditory meatus to the
aheolar liorder of the up]ier jaw, with
another from the most ])rominenl j^art of
the forehead to the edge of the alveolar
border of the u]iper jaw opjiosite the in-
ci,sor teeth. A. of Incidence and of Re-
flection (of light or sound), that between
the incident anil the rellected ray res]:ec-
tively, and tlie pei-])endicular to the reflect-
ing surface. A, of Refraction, that
made by a ray of light in passing through
a transparent .sulistance with a line at right
angles to it. A., Visual, that between
lines drawn from the extremities of an
object to the ncxlal point. The smallest is
al)out 30 seconds.
Ang^licus Su'dor. Engli.sli Sweating
Fever. A contagious malignant fever, also
known as J-.plienti ra malii^iia, character-
i/iil by black or dark-colored sweat.
A n'gor ((///;'«;-, a strangling). Synonymous
with .Ini^ina. Api)lied by some to epi-
gastric pain.
Anguil'lidae [ani^uilla,tmfc\). 'i'lu-smiill
nematdid worms that live in \inegar and
Sdur past<\
An'gular (angulus, an angle). I'ertainiiig
t(i an angle. A. Artery and Vein, the
terminal branclK'S of tlii' facial artery and
vein. A. Gyrus or Convolution, the
ANGULARIS SCAPULA
42
ANKLE
pli coiirbe, a convolution of the brain. A.
Processes, the external and internal ex-
tremities of the orbital arch of the frontal
bone.
Angularis Scapulae Muscle. The Le-
vator nnguli scapula.
Angustu''ra. The bark of Galipea cus-
paria. A stimulant tonic and febrifuge.
In large doses emetic. Dose of fld. ext.
Tr\^x-xxx. Unof.
Anhalo'nium Lewin'ii. The active
principle of the cactus of this name.
Intensely poisonous. Resembles strych-
nine in action. Unof.
Anhela^tion [anhelo, to pant). Shortness
of breath ; dyspnoea.
Anhidro^sis (av neg., tJpcjf, sweat). Ab-
sence or deficiency of sweat.
Anhidrot^ic. An agent that checks
sweating.
Anhydrae''mia. The opposite of hydroe-
mia, or an abnormal decrease in the rela-
tive proportion of the water and salts of
the blood.
Anhy'dride ( av^ v(^up, water). In chem-
istry, any oxide, either basic or acid, un-
combined with water.
Anhy^drous (av, without, wTup). In
chemistry, a term used to denote the
absence of hydroxyl or of constitutional
water.
Ani''dous (av neg., ei6og, form). Foetal
monsters, formless, from general arrest of
development.
Anidro'sis. See Ankidrosh.
An'iline (Port, anil, indigo). A thin,
colorless liquid alkaloid, having the struc-
ture CgH^N, derived from coal-tar. Com-
bined with chlorine, the chlorates and
hypochlorites, the various aniline dyes are
produced. Poisonous. Unof. A., Red.
See Fuchsin.
An^ilism. An acute or chronic disease
produced in workmen in aniline factories,
by the poisonous fumes.
An'imal {anima, the spirit, breath or life).
An organic being having life and power of
motion. Pertaining to the same. The ani-
mal kingdom is composed of the Vertebrata ,
Jllolliisca, Articulata and Radiata. A.
Charcoal, bone-black, ivory-black, etc.,
is the product of calcining bones in close
vessels. A. Chemistry, that concerning
itself with the composition of animal bodies.
A. Magnetism, mesmerism, hypnotism,
etc. A. Starch. See Glycogen.
AnimaPcule (dim. of animal). An or-
ganism so small as to require the micro-
scope for its examination.
Animaliza^tion (rt;^/wa//.f, animate). The
process of assimilating food to the tissues
of the body.
An'imal Tis^sue. A general name for
any of the textures which form the ele-
mentary structures of the body. T., Ade-
noid or Retiform, a variety of tissue found
in the lymphatic glands. T., Adipose, a
variety of areolar tissue constituting a re-
servoir for fatty substances. T., Areolar,
Cellular or Connective, a tissue of easily-
distended meshes, used to bind the various
parts of the body together. T., Cartilagi-
nous. See Cartilage. T., Erectile, tissue
of a spongy nature, which is expanded
when turgid with blood or other fluid. T.,
Fibrous, the membranous tissue covering
the bones and cartilage. T., Gelatinous,
or Mucoid, a form of tissue found chiefly
in the fcetus. T., Muscular. See Muscle.
T., Nervous. ^eeNe>-ve. T., Osseous.
See Bone.
Anima^tion [animare, to have life or ex-
istence). To be possessed of life. Formerly
used to denote the effect of the vital principle
by which the foetus acquires the power of
continuing its existence. A., Suspended,
a condition marked by interrupted respira-
tion and consciousness ; caused by strangu-
lation, the inhalation of carbon dioxide or
other gases, etc.
An^ion [ava.^ up, «//<, to go). A word
employed in electrolysis to designate an
electro-negative element. See Ion.
Anirid^ia [av neg., iris). Absence or de-
fect of the iris.
Anischu^'ria (an neg., ischuria). A word
sometimes used to denote enuresis or in-
continence of urine.
Anisoco'ria. See Isocoria.
Anisometrop^ia' (av neg., iao(;, equal,
jxerpov, a measure, wi/', the eye). A differ-
ence in the refraction of the two eyes.
Anisofropous (aviGog, unequal, r/3£7rw,to
turn). Pertaining to the ])Ower of doubly
refracting a ray of light, like Iceland spar.
An''isum. Anise. The fruit of Anisiiin
piiiipinella. Properties due to a volatile
oil. Slightly stimulant to heart action.
Useful chiefly to liquefy bronchial secre-
tions, and is therefore a favorite ingredient
in cough mixtures. Dose, gr. x-xx. A.
Aqua, oil of anise I, water 500 parts.
Dose indefinite. A. Oleum, an ingre-
dient in tinct. opii camph. Dose TTLJ-v.
A. Spt., a 10 per cent, solution of the oil
in alcohol.
An'kle. The joint between the tibia and
fibula above and on the sides, and the
ANKYLOBLEPHARON
43
ANTEVERSION
astragalus. It is a ginglymus joint, with
three Uganients, the anterior, internal and
external. A. Clonus, " foot-clonus,"
" foot-[)henomenoii,'' a clonic series of
sjMisniodic contractions elicited by putting
the extensors of the ankle joint on a con-
tinuous stretch. They are uniform and
number from si.x to nine contractions per
second.
Ankylobleph'aron {aynv/n, a thong or
ktij), .i/.t<;>(if)in\ fvelid). The adhesion of
the ciliary edges of the eyelids.
Ankyloglos'sia. See 7\»tifuc--/i\'.
Ankylo'sis {(r.Kv/.og, curved). Union of
the bones, forming a joint resulting in a
stirtjoint. A., False, or Spurious, is
due to the rigidity of surrounding parts.
A., True, or Bony, when the connecting
material is bone. A., Ligamentous, when
the nudiiim is fibrous.
Ankylos''tomum [a-}Kv?.or, aro^a, mouth").
A nematoid worm inhabiting the duodenum
of man.
Ankylo'tia (a>7cvAof, ore, o^^og, ear). Union
of the walls of the meatus auditorius.
Annat'to. See Annotto.
Annot'to. Annatto, arnotto. A coloring
matter obtained from the pellicles of the
seeds of Bixa orellatta. Used to color
plasters. Also employed as an artificial
color for butter.
An'nual [tifiiit/s, a year). Yearly. In
botany, plants that mature and die in one
year.
An''nular [aniin/us, a ring). Ringlike.
A numl)er of ligaments of the joints are
called annular, as those of the ankle, wrist,
eU. A. Muscle of Miiller, the circular
fibres of the ciliary muscle. A. Carti-
lage, the cricoid cartilage. A. Process,
or Protuberance, the jxins varolii.
An'nulus (dim. of annus, a ring). A
ring-sha|)ed or circular oix-ning. A cir-
cular or rounded margin. A. Abdomi-
nalis, the external and internal abdominal
rings. A. Abdominis, the inguinal ring.
A. Fibrosus, the external ]):irt of the
inicrvi-rtebral discs. A. Membrani
Tympani, an incomplete Ixjny ring which
forms the f<L-tal auditory ])r(x:css of the
tem[)oral Ixane. A. Ovalis, the rounded
or oval margin of the fcrcii/irn (Walis. A.
Umbilicus, the umbilicid ring.
An'ode («iyi, up, ofW, a way). The posi-
tive |)oic of a galvanic battery.
An'odyne {iiv, oi^wr/, a |>ain). A medicine
that given relief from pain. From their
tendency to pnxluce sleej) they are called
kypnotus. A., Hoffman's. .See J:tlier.
Anom^alous (a.vuua>Mq, not equal). Ir-
regular, deviation from the common order.
.\ UKinster is an anoina/y.
Anonych'ia [av neg., ori-f, nail). Ab-
sence or defect of the nails of the hngers
or toes.
Anophthal'mos [av, o(pda}.^io^, eye).
Congenital absence of the eyes.
Anops'ia [(iv neg., oftq, vision). Disuse
of the eye, not from retinal or cerebral
disease, but because of defects of the
media, strabismus, errors of refraction, etc-.
A. Amblyopia, ex-, amblyopia from
disuse.
Anor'chus [av neg., op\ir, the testicle).
A person in whom the testicles are absent
or not descended. The adj. is anorchous,
the condition, anarchism.
Anorex'ia (av neg., opeiig, appetite). Ab-
sence or diminution of appetite.
Anos'mia («r neg., oa/trj, smell). Partial
or complete loss of the sense of smell.
Anosto'sis {av neg., oareov, bone). De-
fective development of bone.
Anoves'ical. Pertaining conjointly to the
anus and bladder.
Ant-, Anti- {avri, against). Prefixes to
comjwund words signifying ojiposed to,
against, counteracting, eU.
Antac^id {nrTt,act</ns, add). A substance
counteracting or neutralizing acidity ; an
alkali.
Antag'onist {avrayoriarer, counteracting).
A term a])])lied to drugs that neutralize the
thera])eutic effects of one another. In
anatomy, muscles that act in op]X)sition to
each other. Applied also to diseases that
seem to exclude each other. See Dm^.
Antal'gic {avri, a?.yog, pain). Remedies
relie\ing pain.
Antal'kaline. An agent neutralizing alka-
lies, as acids.
Antaphrodis'iac (avn, acpprx^iaia, sexual
desire). Agents lessening the venereal
desires. '
Antarthrit'ic {am, nfyHpiTi^, the gout).
.Mcijicincs for the relii'f of gout.
Antasthmat'ic [avn, aaH/in, short breath).
Remedies for the relief of xsthma.
Anteflex'ion {an/r, before, //,r/o, to bend).
A bending forward. A. of Uterus, a con-
dition in which the fundus sinks between
the eersix and the neck of the bla<l<ler. ,.
Anten'nae {unfrnna, a yard-arm). 'Hu'
paired feeler like a])|K-ndages of certain
insects.
An'te Part'um (I-at.). Mefore delivery.
Antcver'sion ({intr, ;v/A', to turn). A
turning forward. A. of Uterus, the fun-
ANTHELMINTIC
44
ANTIDOTE
dus is bent toward the symphysis pubis,
the cervix toward the sacrum.
Anthelmin'tic [avri, against, e/fiivc;), a
worm. A vermicide. An agent either Ivill-
ing or rendering powerless intestinal para-
sites ; a vermifuge expels worms.
An^themis. Chamomile. The flower-
heads of A. mobilis. Properties due to
a volatile oil, a camphor and a bitter
principle. Useful in coughs and spas-
modic infantile complaints. An excellent
stomachic tonic. Infusion of C^ iv to Oj,
given in doses of 5 j-ij- No official prepa-
rations. A. 01., the volatile oil of chamo-
mile. Dose, n\^ij-x, in sugar.
Another [avO/^pog, in full bloom). The male
sexual organ in plants ; the summit and
essential part of the stamen. It contains
the pollen or fecundating substance of the
flower.
An'thony's Fire, St. A popular name
for Erysipelas.
Anthracnc'sis. Black rot, a fungus dis-
ease of vines, caused by the Plwnia zivi-
cola, or Sphaceloma a?iipe/iiii!t.
Anthracom^etry [avOpa^, carbon, /lerpov,
measure). The determination of the
amount of carbon dioxide in air.
Anthraco''sis {av6pa^, carbon). Carbun-
cular disease. An affection of the lungs
in miners from the inhalation of coal-dust.
Anthraro^bin, A derivative of alizarine,
similar to chrysarobin. A soluble alkaloid
useful in psoriasis. Unof.
Anthrax [avftpaS, a coal or carbuncle). A
carbuncle ; a painful, dark-colored tumor
of the cellular tissue, ending in mortifica-
tion of the part and the discharge of a
foetid, bloody pus. The benignant variety
has no fatal consequences. The malig-
nant, called also malignant piisttde, is
caused by the infection from animals suffer-
ing from splenic apoplexy, and is due to a
specific bacillus, which, fi-om a single cen-
ter, may extend over the body and invade
the intestinal tract, producing in this way,
or by direct infection of diseased meat, the
intestinal type of the disease. See Bacillus
(anthrax).
Anthropog''eny [avOpomog, man, yevvau,
to produce). The study or science of the
descent of man.
Anthropog'raphy [avOpuTvo^, ypa(pu, to
write). A treatise upon the human struc-
ture or organism.
An'thropoid [avdpuTro^, £i6og, form). Re-
sembling man.
Anthropology {avOpuno^, T^ojoc, dis-
course). The science of the nature, physi-
cal and psychological, of man and of man-
kind.
Anthropom''etry [avOpuTzog, fierpov, a
measure). The determination of the
measurement, weight, strength and pro-
portions of the human body.
Anthropoph'agy [civBpupog, (jiaysiv, to eat).
Cannilialism.
Anthropophc'bia [avftpuiroc;, (poiSot;, fear).
A symptom of mental disease consisting in
fear of society.
Anti- (sometimes contracted to ant-) {civtl,
against). A prefix of compound words sig-
nifying counteraction, opposition, etc.
Anti-aFbumin. According to Kiihne, one
of the preformed substances existing in the
proteid molecule. The other he calls
hemi-albumin. Gastric juice first con-
verts them into anti-albumose and
hemi-albumose, and these finally into
anti-peptone and hemi-peptone.
Anti-albumose. See Anti-albumin.
Antia^rin (Javanese, antiar or antschar').
The active principle, Cj^HjuO. -|- 2H,^0,
of Antiaris toxicaria or Upas antiar, the
Javanese poison-tree. It is used as an
arrow-poison, and is intensely poisonous.
Antiarthrit^ic [avri, ap&pirig, the gout).
A remedy against gout.
Antibra'chium [a//ti and brachiuni, the
arm). The foreaiTn.
Antibro'mic [(ipu/uag, a stench). A drug
that destroys offensive smells. A deodorizer.
Antic^ipating {a)iticipo, to take before).
Applied to the occurrence of periodical phe-
nomena in disease or health, before their
customary time, as in intermittent fever or
the catamenia.
Anti^cus (rtz/Z/V/M, that in front). Anterior,
in front of.
An'tidote [avTi&oroc,, from avri, against,
6L()u)fii, to give). An agent preventing or
counteracting the action of a poison. A.,
Chemical, changes the chemical nature
of the poison so that it becomes insoluble
or harmless. A., Mechanical, prevents
absorj^tion by holding the poison in
mechanical suspension or by coating the
stomach. A., Physiological, supplies its
own peculiar and neutralizing effect upon
the system. The ofRcial A., Arsenical,
of the German Pharmacopeia is prepared
by dissolving loo parts of the hydrated
sulphate of iron in 250 parts of water, to
which add (without heat) 15 parts of burnt
magnesia and 250 parts of water. A.,
Universal, a mixture of one part of dis-
solved iron sulphate in two parts of magne-
sia water. See Drug.
ANTI-EMETIC ROOT
45
ANTISEITIC
Anti-emet'ic root. See Adnie.
An'ti-fat. See Fiutis Wsiculosus.
Antifeb'rile (avri, against, /£'(^r/7/>, a fever).
An agent reducing a fever ; a febrifuge.
Antifeb'rin. Phcnyl-acetamid acetanilide.
A white, crystalline powder insoluble in
water, freely soluble in alcohol. An anti-
pyretic alleged to be more powerful than
quinine. Eft'ects manifest in one hour,
passing away in 3-10 houre. Efficacious
in fevers characterized by high teni|)era-
ture. Dose gr. iv-.\v. Unof.
Antigalac'tic (air*, ya/.a, milk). Agents
lessening the secretion of milk.
Antihe'lix [nvri, t'/t^, a coil). The semi-
circuhir piuminence of the external ear,
opix)>ite the helix, or outer circle.
Antihydrop'ic (avri, i'(5/)wi/', dropsy). A
medicine used for the relief of dropsy.
Antihydrot'ic. An agent lessening the
secretion of sweat.
Antilep'sis [arri'/.r/tj'ig, a receiving in re-
turn). The treatment of disease by the
application of the remedy to a healthy
]>.irt.
Antilith'ic {aiTi, TuOog, a stone). Agents
preventing the deposit of urinary calculi or
sediment.
Antilob'ium (avrt, ?/)/3f)?, the lobe of the
ear). The tragus or part of the ear opjx)-
site the IoIjc.
Antimo'nium. Antimony. Sb = 122
([uaniivalence I, HI, V. A non-metal,
having a metallic luster. Only the com-
binations are VLsed in medicine. Anti-
monial salts are cardiac depressants. Pro-
mote rai)id excretion of waste jiroducts
ofthelxxly; in large doses produce vomit-
ing and purging, with .symptoms similar to
those of cholera. Valuable in inllamma-
tory ailments of the respiratory organs,
pueqxiral |>eritonitis and muscular rheu-
matism. A. et Potass. Tartrate, tar-
trate of antimony and |X)tassiuni, '• tartar
emetic." iJose gr. ■j',;— }. A. Vini, wine
of antimony, boiling water 60, tartar
emetic 4, stronger white wine looo |iail^.
A gfKxi exjxTtorant. Itose H\_v-xv. Syr.
Scillae Comp., (ox's hive mixture, hive
.syrup. E:ii !i '^j contains gr. i,^ of tartar
emetic. A. O.xide, Sb^Oj, soluble in
hydrochloric an<l tartaric acids. Dose
gr. j-ij. A. Pulvis, |)f,>wder of antimony,
James' |xjwder, consists of antiinonious
oxide H, and calcium phosphate, 67 parts.
A prom|)t diaphoretic. Do.se gr. iij-viij.
In larger dos<s, emetic and cathartic. A.
Sulphide, black sulphide of antiniony.
Dose gr. %-]. A. Sulph. Purificatum.
Dose gr. %-]. A. Sulphuratum, the sul-
phiile w ith a small but indefinite amount
of the oxide. Dose gr. j-v. A. Comp.,
Pil., Plummer's pills, contain calomel and
antimony .sul])huratum, aa gr. ss.
Antiparasit'ics {avrt, nu/iuaiTdr, a jjara-
site). Agents destroying or preventing in-
crease of parasites. Insecticides.
Antip'athy [avri, Tratfo^, aflection). Aver-
sion. Aitlif<allnc is applied to the treatment
of disease by agents producing symptoms
of an opposite nature to those of the affec-
tion. Synonymous with Allopathic.
Anti-pep'tone. See Peptones.
Antiperiod'ics. Remedies breaking up
the periodicity of certain diseases. (Qui-
nine is the best known.
AntiperistaFsis. See Peristalsis.
Antiphlogistic (avTi, <pAoyuaig, inflam-
mation). An agent subduinij or reducing
inflammation or fever. A. Treatment,
consists in bloodletting, the application of
cold, administration of antipyretics, etc.
Antiplast''ic {aiT<,7r/,ac7aw, to form). Un-
favorable to granulation or the healing
process. Also, agents impoverishing the
blood.
Antiprurit'ic {J>n/rittis, itching). A drug
which relieves the sensation of itching.
Antipyre''sis {avri, TTVfnToq, fever). The
empluyment of antipyretics in fever.
Antipyret'ic [av-i, Trvpe-oq). An agent
reducing the temperature of fever; any
antifebrile medicine, or febrifuge. Most
such also reduce the normal bodily tempera-
ture slightly. They act either by prevent-
ing oxidation processes, or encouraging the
ratliation of heat.
Antipy 'rin. Dimethyl- oxy chinicine,
C,,11,.,N.,0. An alkaloidal product of the
destructive distillation of coal-tar. It is a
grayish crystalline jiowder, slightly bitter,
.soluble in water ; adult dose gr. v-x,
every hour for two or three hours. It re-
duces the temi)eralure 3-5 degrees in
fevers, causes sweating, sometimes vomit-
ing, but no serious result.
Antipyro'tic (al•^^ -vftuxjir, a burning).
.\l;( Ills ( urativi' of burns.
Antiscorbu^tic {aiiti, scorhiitiis, scurvy).
A remedy for or ijrevenlive of scurvy;
mainly v<-getable acids.
Antisep'tic ("it/, (Tz/tw, to make putrid).
Having iH>W(r to prevent or destroy jnilre-
faclion, or, what is the same thing, the
bacteria u|)on which putrefaction dei^nds.
The principal in use are corrosive subli-
mate, carliolic acid, iiKloform, thymol, sali-
cylic acid, Ixjric aciil, ftc. A. Gauze,
ANTISIALICS
46
APHASIA
open cotton cloth charged with carbolic
acid, resin, and paraffin. A. Ligature,
catgut or other material rendered aseptic
by soaking in antiseptic solutions. The
antiseptic treatment of wounds looks
to thorough asepsis and antisepsis as re-
gards the wound, the instniments, the
operator's hands, the dressings, etc. See,
also, Listeria7i Method.
AntisiaKics. Substances that lessen the
secretion of saliva.
Antispasmod'ic {avTL,GJvaafio^, a spasm).
An agent allaying or relieving convulsions
or spasmodic pains, as the narcotics, the
nitrites, etc.
Antispas''tic. That which counteracts
spasm. An antispasmodic.
Antisyphilit'ic. A remedy directed
against, or used for the relief of syphilis.
Usually an alterative.
Antithe''nar [avri, devap, the hollow of
the hand or foot). Opposite to the thenar.
A. Eminence, the border of the palm
of the hand from the base of the little fin-
ger to the wrist. A. Muscles, of the toe
and of the thumb : the adductor pollicis
pedis, and the flexor brevis pollicis manus.
Antitra''gus (avr<, rpftyof, the tragus). An
eminence of the external ear opposite the
tragus. The antitragicus muscle arises
from it.
Antizymot^ic (avTi, Cv/iwr/Kof, causing to
ferment). An agent preventing the process
of fermentation.
Ant^lia [antiia, a pump). A syringe or
pump. A. Lactea, a pump for drawing
milk from the breast. A. Mammaria,
same as A. Lactea.
Antri^tis (antrum, a hollow place, -itis,
inflammation). A word denoting inflam-
mation of any of the cavities of the body,
especially the A. Ilig/unoriamim.
An'trophore. A soluble, medicated bougie.
An''trum (autnuti). A physiological cavity
or hollow place, especially in a bone. A.
Ethmoidale, the ethmoidal sinuses. A.
Highmorianum, Antrum of Highmore,
a cavity in the superior maxillary bone.
A. Pyloricum Willisii, the cavity of the
pylorus.
Anu^'ria [av neg., ovpoi>, urine). Absence,
deficiency, or retention of the urine.
A^nus [anus, the fundament). The ex-
tremity of the rectum ; the lower opening
of the alimentary canal. A., Artificial,
an artificial opening, the natural for any
reason being closed. A., Fissure of,
rupture of the skin at the side, due to pas-
sage of hardened fceces. A., Fistula of,
a sinus, or fistulous ulcer opening from the
rectum into the connective tissue about the
rectum, or discharging externally. A., Im-
perforate, absence of the anus, the natural
opening being closed by areolar tissue or a
membranous septum. A., Pruritus of,
persistent itching of the anal orifice. A.,
Prolapse of, protrusion of the rectum
or its mucous membrane.
Aor^ta [aopTTj). The great arterial vessel
arising from the left ventricle and ending
with its bifurcation into the two common
iliacs at the fourth lumbar vertebra. 77n'
arch, that extending from the heart to the
third dorsal vertebra, is divided into an
ascending, a transverse, and a descending
part. The thoracic portion extends to
the diaphragm ; the abdominal, to the bi-
furcation. The diseases of the aorta are
acute aortitis, due to traumatism, throm-
bosis, etc. ; and the chronic form, or athe-
roma of the aorta ; fatty degeneration ;
stenosis ; aneurysm. See Artery.
Ap^athy (« priv., Tradog, feeling). In-
sensibility, want of passion or feeling.
Aper'ient (aperio, to open). A mild pur-
gative; a laxative, or aperitive.
Aperistal^sis. See Peristalsis.
Ap'erture (apertura, an opening). An
opening.
A^pex [apex, the extreme end of a thing).
The summit or top of anything ; the point
or extremity of a cone. A. Beat, the
impulse of the heart felt in the fifth inter-
costal space about 2)% inches from the
middle of the sternum. A. Murmur, a
murmur heard over the apex of the heart.
Apices of the Lungs, the upper extremity
of the lungs behind the border of the first
rib.
Apha''kia [a neg., (paKog, a lentil, and the
crystalline lens). Condition of an eye
without the lens, whether the result of con-
genital defect, luxation, traumatism or cata-
ract operation.
Apha^sia (a, (paaig, speech). Partial or
complete loss of the power of expression
or of comprehension of the conventional
signs of language, from no lesion of the
peripheral organs or nerves, but from le-
sions of the cortical centers concerned. If
sensory, it may be either of two varieties :
I. Word-deafness, in which spoken words
are not understood (there is usually some
paraphasia or imperfection of speech con-
nected with this form); 2. lVord-bli?idness.
in which written or printed words are not
understood. If motor, it may be either —
I. Motor aphasia, or afhemia, consisting
APHEMIA
APOCYNUM
in a loss of language, or inability to ex-
press thoughts by articulate language ; or,
2. A-^rapltia, or "aphasia of the hand,"
inability to write. Charcot sup|X)ses the
center for articulate language divided into
four sub-centers, a vi.-.ual center for words,
an auditory center for words, a motor cen-
ter of articulate language, and a motor
center of written language. Lesions of
one or more of these centers produce the
characteristic fonns of aphasia al>ove given,
which have had clinical e.xemplilications.
A., Ataxic, loss of sjjcech owing to in-
ability to execute the various movements
of the mouth necessary to speech, the mus-
cles lieing not paraly/ed but not coordi-
nated, owing to disease of the cortical cen-
ter. A., Amnesic, loss of memory of
words. Parapha''sia, inability to connect
the ideas with the jiroper words to express
the ideas. Agram'matism, inability to
form words grammatically. Ataxapha''sia,
inability to arrange words synthetically
into sentences. Bradypha'sia, aljnormal
Slowness of speech, from pathological
cause. Tumultus Sermonis, a stutter-
ing manner of reading, from pathological
cause.
Aphe'mia (a, (?7yU<, to speak). Motor
aphasia; inability to articulate words or
sentences from focal and not from periphe-
ral disease of the organs of speech [A/a/ia).
Apho'nia (a, ^wi';/, the voice). Dumbness,
due to some peripheral lesion.
Aphore''sis (n, (^o/jz/a^f, carrying). Separa-
tion or ablation of a part, either by excision
or .iminitation.
Apho'ria (a, <*)opeu , to bear). Sterility of
thi- female.
Aphra'sia. A sj'non)in iox Aphasia.
Aphrodis^iac (a(f>po(iiaia, venery). An
agtnt stimulating the sexual passion.
Aph'thae ((Kplla, from a-ru, to set on fire).
The small, white ulcers, .sjx)ts or vesicles
of the mouth, characteristic of the infantile
disease. Thrush. Aphthoid and Aphthous
are adjectival forms.
Aphthong''ia (n neg., ^o}70f, sound). A
jx-culiar form of aphasia due to spasm of
the muscles supplied by the hyixjglo.ssal
ncr%"e.
A'pices (plural of ^7/,-.r). Summits.
A'piol. A non-volatile, oily liquid of acid
pri)|><-rties, <l(rivc<l from c<jmin<>n j)arsley,
/'i/rosr/iinirii sativum. < arniinative, diu-
retic, and in larger closes an cmmriiagogue.
F.m|)loyed in intermittent fever, amenor-
rh'>-a and dysm<-norrh<i-a. .Somewhat
fashionable a.s an al>ortifacicnt, but worth-
less. Dose ^iij-x. In doses of IT^xxx
is n;iJCOtic Unof.
Aplanat^ic (a, ^7.avau, I wander). Not
waiuicring; rectilinear. A. Lens, a lens
corrected for all aberration of light and
color. A rectilinear lens.
Apla'sia (a neg., -/rtfffTu, to form). A t\-pe
of incomplete structure by reason of the
non-formation of a necessary cell-group
during the developmental stage. Called
also Jhptplasia.
Aplas'tic ((/, 7r?.(/fTCT(.)). Structureless, form-
less. A. Lymph, one of the products
of inflammation or disease. A non-tibrin-
ous material incapable of coagulatioia or
organization.
Apleu^ria («, 7r?.ei'p«, a rib). A word
employed to denote congenital absence of
ribs.
Aplotom''ia (a-?.orc, simple, roiir), section).
Simple incision.
Apneumato^sis (a neg., TriTiy/arojcr/f, in-
flation). L'ollapse of the air cells of ^oxn&
parts of the lung caused by blocking of the
bronchial tubules, and resulting in a condi-
tion of non-inflation whereby the lung tis-
sue is reduced to a condition similar to that
of atelectasis, or congenital apncumatosis.
Apnce^a (n, -kveu, to breathe). Breath-
lessness. Difficult respiration ; partial or
complete suspension of breathing. Sy-
nonymous with ,-/.\//')'.i7Vz. A. Neonato-
rum, of the new-born child, caused by
diflicult labor, pressure u])on the cord, etc.
Apo-. A Greek prefix denoting y)(W/, a-vay^
separation.
Apocen'osis (aTo/cfiow, to drain). An
increased flow or evacuation of blood or
other humors.
Apochromat'ic Lens {a-o, from, away,
off). A lens for micro.scopic and optical
j)ur]K)ses, wiili high correction of spherical
and chromatic aberrations, and better "de-
finition." Professor Abbe, through Dr.
Sciiott, of Witten, in \Vestphalia, as a re-
sult of extended research, di.scovered crown
and flint glass in which the dispersions for
tiie different regions of the spectnmi should
ap])r()xiniateiy |)ossess the same ratio, and
thus avoid li)e "secondary s|)ectnun." A
maiuifactory hxs been established in Jena
for tiie production of these lenses.
Apoc'ynum. ( anadian llenip. The rofU
of -'/. cauUiihinuin. Properties due to
an alkaloid, a/'orynin. In full doses an
emetic and cathartic. \'aluable in dropsy.
Dose gr. v-xx ; of the alkal()i<l, gr. j^-f'i.
.Should not U' confoundeil with Cannabis
Jndiia. Unof.
APOLAR
48
APRAXIA
Apc'lar (n neg., TTo\og, the end of an
axis). Having no pole. A. Cells, nerve-
cells vi'ithout processes.
ApoUina'ris Water. A German alkaline
mineral water, highly charged with car-
bonic acid, largely used for gout, rheuma-
tism, etc. See Mineral IValer.
Apomorph^ia or Apomor^phine (a/ro,
morphia). Cj^Hj^C^N,^ morphia — H2O.
An artificial alkaloid, derived from mor-
phine. The hydrocJilorate is the salt used,
and is a grayish crystalline powder. It is a
systemic emetic acting directly upon the
vomiting center, and is the quickest, most
certain and least irritating of all emetics.
Unof.
Aponeuro'sis (aT\:o, from, vevpov, a ten-
don). A fibrinous membranous expansion
of a tendon giving attachment to muscles
or serving to enclose and bind down mus-
cles. Remarkable for their size or import-
ance are the iiifra-spinous, enclosing the
infra-spinous muscle ; that of the arm, of
the deltoid muscle, of the external oblique
or abdominal, of the foreartn, of the leg,
of the transvcrsalis, of the head, etc., etc.
Apoph'ysis [a-rro^vo), to put forth). A
bony protuberance or process of bone;
when separated by cartilage it is called
Epifihvsis.
Apoplectig^enous [a-KOTz'kt^ia, ytwcuS).
That which produces apoplexy or cerebral
hemorrhage.
Ap'oplexy i^aKOir'ktj^ia). The symptom-
complex resulting from cerebral hemor-
rhage, affusion, or from the plugging of a
cerebral vessel. Modern writers mostly
describe the post-mortem appearances by
other terms, as cerebral hemorrhage, effu-
sion, thrombosis, etc. The chief symptom
is sudden loss of motion, sensation and
consciousness, the patient falling and lying
as if dead. The bursting of a vessel in the
lungs, liver, etc., is sometimes called apo-
plexy of the lungs, liver, etc. A., Capil-
lary, from rupture and effusion of capil-
laries.
Aposte'ma [aTvoar/i/ia). A term formerly
employed to denote an abscess.
Apothe^ca [aTvoOf/icr/, a store, shop). A
store or shop where medicines are sold.
Apoth'ecaries' Weight. A system of
weights and measures used in compound-
ing medicines. The Troy pound of 5760
grains is the standard. It is subdivided
into 12 ounces. The ounce is sut:)divided
into 8 drachms, the drachm into 3 scru-
ples, and the scruple into 20 grains. For
fluid measure the quart of 32 lluid ounces
is .subdivided into pints, the pint into 16
fluid ounces, the ounce into 8 fluid drachms,
and the fluid drachm into 60 minims. The
following abbreviations are used :—
]\[, nmiim.
gU.,^u/ia, a drop.
3,scr?epii/Hs, a sltu
pie (20 grains).
5, d r a c h m a, a
drachm (60 gr.).
3, icncia, an ounce
(480 grains).
K), libra, a pound.
O., octarius, a pint.
gv.,_S^)-a>iu»t, a grain.
ss., se?nis., one half.
See IVeights and Measures.
Apoth'ecary. A druggist. One who pre-
pares and sells drugs, fills prescriptions,
etc. In Great Britain the apothecary is
also a physician, filling his own prescrip-
tions. In the United States it frequently
happens that an authorized practitioner is
also an apothecary, but without the degree
of M. D. the practice of medicine is illegal.
Apoth^'ema (oTro, from, QEjia, a. deposit).
A brown powder formed by the open-air
evaporation of a vegetable infusion or
decoction.
Apoz^ema (a/ro, ffu, to boil). A decoc-
tion.
Appara''tus {apparatus). The instruments
used in any science, art or surgical opera-
tion. Anatomically the word is used to
designate collectively the organs effecting
any specified work or action. A. Liga-
mentosus Colli, the occipito-axoid liga-
ment, a broad band at the front surface of
the spinal canal, which Covers the odontoid
process.
Appendici'tis. Inflammation of the ap-
pendix vermiformis.
Append^ix (pi. appendices) (appendo, to
hang upon or to). What is accessory to
or dependent upon another. An append-
age. A. Auricularis, the auricular ap-
pendage, a process of the auricles of the
heart. A. Caeci Vermiformis, a worm-
shaped process of the c^cum. A. Epi-
ploicae, pouch-like, fatty projections of
the peritoneum of the large intestine.
Ap^perts' Pro^cess. The preservation
("canning") of meat, fruits and vegetables
by exclusion of air and germs ; effected by
hermetically sealing the substances in tin
cans after lieating the contents to 110° or
more.
Ap'petite {appcto, to desire). The desire
for food ; also any natural desire ; lust. A.,
Perverted, that for unnatural and undi-
gestible things, frequent in disease and
pregnancy. Anorexia, loss of appetite ;
Bulimia, insatiable appetite ; Hunger, the
strong desire and need of food.
Aprax'ia (« neg., npaaau, to do). De-
fective thought and memory associated
APRON, HOTTENTOT
49
ARBUTIN
with aphasia; especially concerns the use
of objects and methculs of doing things.
A'pron, Hottentot. Aniticially elongated
labia minora.
Aprosex'ia [a, -poaexu^ to give heed).
A niontal disturbance consisting in inability
to tix the attention ujxjn a subject.
Aproso'pia (a, -poau-ov, the face). A
fetal monstrosity with partial or complete
absence of face.
Apselaphe'sia (a, \l<ri7M<i>Tjaiq, touch). Pa-
nilysis of the tactile sense.
Ap'titude {aplitudo, titness). Fitness,
tendency. The natural proneness of an
organism toward certain functions or patho-
logical conditions.
Apty'alism (a, without, TrrfaZ/CtJ, to spit).
A tenn applied to a condition marked by
deficiency or absence of saliva.
A'pus (n, -oi'f, foot). A monstrosity con-
sisting in absence of the lower limbs, or feet.
Apyrex'ia [a neg., rrvptacu, to have a
fever). Without fever; especially used of
tlie intermission-periods of ague, e/c.
A'qua. Water. An o.xide of hydrogen
having the composition H.^0. Is a solid
below 32°, a liquid between 32° and 212°,
vaporizes at 212° at the sea level (bar. 760
mm.), giving oflf vapor of tension equal to
that of the air. Covers four-lifihs of the
surface of the earth, but is never pure in
nature, containing from a trace of soluljle
matter, in rain water, to 26 per cent, of
soluble mineral salts, in the Dead Sea.
Water is an essential constituent of all ani-
mal and vegetable tissues. In the human
Ixxly it forms 2 per cent, of the enamel of
the teeth, 77 per cent, of the ligaments,
78 per cent, of the blood, and 93 per cent.
of the urine. Kxtemally, water has a
stimulating effect upon the skin, either by
direct or reactionary means. Cold water
when continued too long may lower the
general lemix;rature of the body so as to
praluce .serious depression of circulation
and mascular power. Hot water and
vapor increase circulation and profluce
dia|)horesis. Its too long-continued use
deijililates. Internally, water is a diuretic.
It is the most usiful of all the solvents
in pharmacy. The following arc the offi-
cial preparations anrl forms. A. Bulliens,
Ixiihng water. A. Communis, coininou
water. A. Destillata, di^iillol water. A.
Fervens, lir)l watir. A. Fluvialis, river-
water. A. Fontana, well or spring- water.
A. Marina, s<.a water. A. Pluvialis,
rain water. Sec also Mitifral If'd/rr.
In pharmacy, a s(.>lution of a volatile
4
soluble substance in water. There are
15 official aqua:, all of arbitrary strength.
Also, A. Fortis. See AciJ, Nitric. A.
Regia, a mixture of hydrochloric acid 3,
and nitric acid I part. A solvent of gold
and platinum. A. Vitae, spirit, q. v. In
anatomy, A. Labyrinthi, the clear liquid
existing in the labyrinths of the ear.
Aqueduct'us {aqua, water, ductus, a lead-
ing). Used of ducts or canals in various
parts of the body. A. Cerebri, the in-
fundibuluni. A. Cochleae, aqueduct of
the cochlea. A. Fallopii, the canal of the
portio dura in the petrous portion of the
temporal bone. A. Sylvii, the acjueduct
of Svlvius from the third to the fourth
ventricle. A. Vestibuli, aqueduct of the
vestibule of the ear.
A'queous. Referring to water. A. Cham-
ber of the Eye, the space between the
conica and the lens; the iris divides it into
an anterior and a posterior chamber. A.
Extract, solid preparations of drugs made
by evaporation of ac|ueous solutions. A.
Humor, the fluid tilling the anterior cham-
ber of the eye.
Aquocapsuli^tis {aqua, capsula, a small
l)ox). A disused name for what is now
classed as Serous Iritis, q. v.
Ar^abic Acid. One of the constituents
(C,.^H.^2^^ii) of acacia, or gum arabic, a
gummy exudation of Acacia.
Arachni'tis {apaxviov, a spider's web, itis).
Inflammation of the arachnoid membrane
of the brain.
Arach^noid {apaxviov, eiSoc, form). Re-
semliling a wel). A. Cavity, the sjiace
between the arachnoid numbranc and the
dura mater. A. Membrane, the deli-
cate serous membrane of the brain and
cord between the dura and pia mater.
Sub-arachnoid fluid. See Ccrebro-
spiiuil J-luiii.
Ar'ack {/iit/.). A spirituous licjuor dis-
tilled from rice or cocoanut juice, used in
India.
Araeom'eter {(i/>ai(>c, light, thin, fierpov,
measure). ,\n instnmient for estimating
tile s])eeiric gravity of fluids.
Aran'tii. See Corpora.
Afbor Vi''tae. A term applied to the
arborescent ap]>earance of a section of the
cerebellum, and also to a similar ap|)ear-
ance of the folds of the interior of the cervix
uteri.
Arbu'tin. A bitter glucoside, Cj^II,.^0|j.
11/ ), obtained from U7',i ursi, or jjcar-
berry. It is lU'Utral, crystalline, and re-
solvable into glucose and liydn)quitu)ne.
ARCANUM
50
ARGYRIA
Arbutin is an efficient diuretic. See Uva
Ursi.
Arca'num [arcanwn, a secret). A medi-
cine wliose composition is kept secret.
Arch (L. arcus, a bow). A term applied
to the curved shape of several various parts
of the body. A. of Aorta. See Aorta.
A. of Colon. See Colon. A., Crural.
See Poitpart's Ligament. A., Palmar,
the arch formed by the radial artery in
crossing the bones of the metacarpus.
Archebi^osis [apxv, the beginning, fSitoai^,
life). The theory of the origin of living
organisms from non-living matter. See
Generation, Spo)itaneoiis, and Biogenesis.
Archegen^esis. The same as Archebiosis.
Archespo'rium [apx>?, a beginning, airupa,
a seed). The cells from which spore
mother-cells are immediately derived.
Arch^etype (apje, chief, tvkoq, a type).
A word employed in comparative anatomy
to denote an ideal type or form to which
other individuals or classes may be com-
pared. A standard type.
Archiblast^ic (apxi, the beginning, (ilaa-
Toq, bud). A term used by His, of the
three layers of the embryo, in contra-
distinction to Parablastic cells or ele-
ments that he thinks wander in between
the epiblast and hypoblast from the margins
of the blastoderm, from which are devel-
oped the blood vessels, blood and con-
nective tissue.
Ar^chil. A coloring matter somewhat like
litmus, chiefly obtained from the lichen
Rocella tinctoria ; used for staining animal
tissues.
Arcta^'tion [arcto, to draw close together).
Contraction or lessening of an opening or
of the lumen of a canal.
Arcua^tus [areas, a bow). Bent or curved
in an arched form. A. Morbus, a former
name for jaundice.
Arc^us («;r«^). A bow or arch. A. Den-
talis, the dental arch. A. Senilis, the
ring of fatty degeneration of the corneal
tissue about the periphery. A. Zygoma-
ticus, the zygomatic arch.
Ar''dent Spiralis. AlcohoHc liquors. vSee
Spiritus.
Ar^dor (ardor, to burn). Violent heat,
burning ; applied to fevers and the sexual
passion. A. Urinae, burning pain in the
inflamed lu-ethra in micturition.
A^rea [area, an open space). Any space
with boundaries. A. Celsi. Set Alopecia
areata. A. Germinativa, or Embryonic
Spot, the oval germinating spot of the
^mbiyo. A. Pellucida, the light central
portion of the last. A. Opaca, the opaque
circle about the same. A. Vasculosa,
the vascularization of the A. Opaca.
Are^ca Nut. See Betel.
Ar^ecin, An organic base (CjjH^gNoO)
isomeric with brucin, derived from cinchona
bark.
Arefac^tion [arefacere, to make dry). Ex-
siccation or desiccation. The removal of
structural or constitutional water from a
substance. Applied to the process whereby
certain watery medicines may be reduced
to a dry powder.
Arena'tion {arena, sand). A sand-bath.
The application of hot sand to a limb or
part of the body.
Are^ola (dim. of area, an open space).
The brownish space surrounding the nipple
of the female breast. This is sometimes
called Areola papillaris. A secondary
areola, smrounding this, occurs during
pregnancy. The pigmentation about the
umbilicus is called the tunbilical areola.
A. Tissue, connective tissue.
Areom^eter (apaioq, thin, light, /usTpov,
measure). An instrument for estimating
the specific gravity or strength of liquids,
especially alcoholic liquids.
Argen^tum. Silver. Ag = io8 ; quanti-
valence, I. A malleable and ductile
metal of brilliant white luster. Tarnishes
only in presence of free sulphur, sulphur
gases and phosphorus. An excellent sub-
stance for vessels used in pharmacy, and
for sutures used in surgery. The follow-
ing salts are used : A. Cyanidum, used
in the jjreparation of hydrocyanic acid.
A. lodidum, sometimes used internally in-
stead of A. nitrate. Dose gr. ^-j. A.
Oxidum, explosive when treated with am-
monia. Dose gr. j^-ij. A. Nitras,
" nitrate of silver," argentic nitrate, " lunar
caustic," a powerful astringent and an
escharotic of moderate strength. Stains
skin and other tissue black when applied
in strength. In small doses stimulates
heart and nerve centers. Too long con-
tinued, leaves a slate-colored, insoluble
deposit of silver under the skin (Argyria).
Dose gr. y^-^z- A. Nitras Fusus,
" stick caustic." Contains 4 per cent, of
silver chloride. Used locally. The miti-
gated or dilute stick is fused with an e<iual
weight of potassium nitrate.
ArgiKla [apyiXkoq, potter's clay). White
or potter's clay, alumina.
Ar^gol. See Tai-tar.
Argyll Robertson's Pupil. See Pupil.
Argy^ria (L. argentum, silver). A form
ARISTOLOCHIA
51
ARTERIA
of chloasma or discoloration of the skin
and mucous membrane produced by the
prolonged administration of nitrate of silver,
the molecules of silver being deposited in
much the same position as those of the
natural pigment of the skin. It may be
gi-nvral, from internal administration, or
/(><(7/, from its local application.
Aristolo'chia. See Sdrpcntaria.
Aristolo'chin. A bitter principle found
in \ irijinia snake-root. See Scrpcntaria.
Aristotle's Experiment. The double
feeling exijerienced by the fingers when a
single pebble is placed between the crossed
fingers of one hand.
Arm (^Sax. Arm, G. Arm, Lat. Armits).
That part of the upper extremity from the
shoulder to the wrist.
Armamenta'rium (Lat., an arsenal). The
outfit of medicines or instruments of the
physician or surgeon.
Arma'rium. See Armamentarium.
Ar'mature (armatura, equipment). A
ma>s of soft iron at the extremity of a
magnet. Also, the core of iron around
which coils of insulated wire are wound
or disposed.
Ar''nica. A plant commonly known as
" Leopard's bane," — A. moutana. Both
flowers and root are used in medicine.
Proixjrties probably due to an alkaloid,
tri-methyl-amine. In small doses a car-
diac stimulant ; in larger doses a depres-
sant. In toxic doses frequently causes
death. A popular remedy, when locally
apj>lied, for sprains, bruises and surface
wounds. Valuable also in t>'^)hus and
tj-phoid fevers as an antipyretic. A.
Tinct., 20 per cent. Dose ITLv-xxx. A.
Infusum, 20 parts flowers, loo parts
water. Suix-rior to tincture for local use.
A. Ext. Radicis. Dose gr. j-iij. A. Ext.
Rad. Fid. Dose TT^v-xx. A. Tinct.
Rad., 20 percent. Dose tl\^v-xxx. A.
Emplastrum, contains ext. of root 50,
lead pla-tcr ICO parts. 'J'rimelhylaviine
(unof. ). Dose gr. ij-iij in syrup.
Ar'nicin, C^gH^^O^. A brownish, bitter
glucoside extracted from the flowers of
Aiuiiii montana.
Arnot'to. See Anatto.
Aro'ma (n{xma, s|>ice). The im])ondcr-
abli- fragrant or o<loroas emanation of
vegetable suljstances.
Aromal'jc {npu/ia, spice). A sul)stance
th.ir.u teri/ed liy a fragrant, spicy taste and
o<ior, a.s cinnamon, ginger, the essential
oils, efc. A stimulant to the gastro intes-
tinal mucou.<i membrane. A. Acids, those
of the benzine group of hydrocarbons. A.
Group, a series of hydrocarbons having
the composition C,gH,5. A. Vinegar,
any mixture of aromatic oils iu vinegar.
Used as a stimulating agent.
Ar''rak. See .Iraii.
Arrecfor Pi^li Muscle. A fan-like ar-
rangement of a layer of smooth muscular
fibers surrounding the hair follicle, whose
contraction erects the follicle and produces
cutis-aiiscrina or " gooseskin."
Arrest^ (ar/, to, rt'j/c, to withstand). Stop-
page, detention. Arrested development,
is when an organ or organism fails in its
normal evolution, stojiping at the initial or
intermediate stages of the process. Ar-
rested head, when in parturition the child's
head is hindered but not impacted in the
pelvic cavity.
Ar'row-Poison. See Curare.
Ar'rowroot. (Doubtful derivation.) A
kind of starch derived from Maranta
arundiitacea of the West Indies, South-
em States, etc. It is a jxjpular remedy for
diarrh(va; widely used as a food.
Ar'senic, Arsen'icum, or
Arsen'ium. As =75; quantivalcncc iii,
V. A non-metal having a metallic lustre
and crystalline structure. In small doses
a stomachic and general tonic, promoting
appetite and cardiac action, and stinm-
lating mental activity. Of great value in
irritative dyspepsia. Sometimes used in-
ternally to blanch and clear the skin. In
larger doses creates skin eruptions, and
becomes a violent corrosive poison, acting
with cumulative eflect. Externally, is a
jx)werful escharotic, used in cancer. Only
the salts and oxides are used in medicine.
A. Acid., arsenious acid, white arsenic,
"ratsliane," As./)3. Dose gr. ^'jf— ^^. A.
Acid., Liquor, a l per cent, sululidn of
tlie acid in hydrucliUiric acid and distilled
water. Potassii Arsenit., Liq., Eow-
ler's solution, contains A. acid i, jx)ta.ss.
dicarbonale I, comp. tinct. lavender 3, and
distilled water i\. s. ad 100 parts. Dose
Tt\,ij-x. Sodii Arsenias. Dose of the
dried salt gr. tj^-ti- Sodii Arseniat.,
Liq. Dose TTLij-xv. A. lodid. Do.se
gr. ^V-i- A. et Hydrargyri lod., Liq.,
lii|uor of the iodide of arsenic and mer-
cury, Donovan's solution, contains A.
iodide I, mercuric iinlidc I, di.stilknl
water loo parts. Dose ll\,ij-x. Sec
A'.iusch's Test, Marsh's Test anil J'ieit-
vinnu's Ti'St.
Artc'ria (ufiTiiua, the trachea). Tlie plural
was applied to the bronchial tubes. The
ARTERIOGRAM
52
ARTIFICIAL
ancients supposed these filled with vital
spirit during life. See Artery.
Arte^riogram. See Sphygmogram.
Arterio^lae Rectae. The small blood ves-
sels which supply the medullary pyramids
of the kidneys.
Arteri''tis {artery and itis, inflammation).
Inflammation of an artery. The acute
form is generally consecutive to trauma,
thrombosis, or embolism, and may be pura-
lent in character; the chronic, more prop-
erly endarteritis, arterial sclerosis, leading
to athej'oma or atheromatotis changes, is a
frequent disease of the aged. A. De-
formans, the result of atheromatous
changes producing ci'umpling or irregu-
larities of the walls. A. Obliterans, an
increase of connective tissue ending in ob-
literation of the lumen.
Ar^tery {arteria, arjp, air or spirit, TTjpEu,
to preserve, because supposed to contain
the spirit or soul). Arteries are the tube-
like vessels through which the blood is
propelled by the heart to the peripheral
organs. They end in arterioles and capil-
laries. They are composed of three layers :
the outer, or tunica adventitia ; the middle,
or tunica media, the muscular coat ; the
internal, or i^itima, composed of nucleated
epithelial cells, connective and elastic tis-
sue. A table of the chief arteries is ap-
pended (pp. 53, 54, 55). _
Arthralgia [apOpov, a joint, alyog, pain).
Pain in a joint ; gout ; arthritis ; rheuma-
tism.
Arthri^tis [apdpov, -ltiq, inflammation).
Inflammation of the joints. A. Defor-
mans, chronic inflammation of the bone-
tissue of a joint with deformity. A.,
Rheumatic, acute rheumatism of the
joints with gouty complications.
Arthrocla^sia [apOpov, klau, to break).
The breaking down of ankyloses in order
to produce free movement of a joint.
Arthro^dia (apOpou, to fasten by a joint).
A form of joint permitting a gliding move-
ment. See Diarthrosis.
Arthrodyn^ia [apdpov, o6vv7], pain). See
Arthralgia.
Arthroempy''esis [apdpov, efinvrpiq, sup-
puration). Suppuration in a joint.
Arthrog^raphy [apdpov, ypacpeiv, to write).
A description of the joints.
Arthron^cus [apOpnv, oKog, an eminence).
The cartilaginous body or bodies which
occasionally form within the knee-joint.
Arthropath''ia [apOpnv, Traffof, disease). A
peculiar disease of the joints similar to
rheumatoid arthritis, but, according to Char-
cot, a distinct disease. It belongs to the
prodromal stage of tabes ; rapidly destroys
the joint ; is painless, without fever or
inflammation ; prefers the large joints ; and
is connected with hydrarthrosis and swell-
ing of the joints.
Arthro^sis [apOpoo), to fasten by a joint).
Articulation or jointing.
Arthrot^omy [apOpov, TCfivu, to cut). In-
cision of a joint.
Ar^tiad [aprial^u, to be even). In chemistry,
a term used to designate atoms having an
even quantivalence, as oxygen, which is
bi-, iron quadri-, and sulphur hexivalent.
Artic^ular [articiilaris, of the joints). Per-
taining to an articulation or joint.
Artic^ulate [articulo, to divide in joints).
Divided into joints, distinct. A. Speech,
the communication of ideas by spoken
\Yords.
Articula''tion (rtr/zV^^/^ifi-, a joint). A joint
or arthrosis ; a connection between two or
more bones, whether allowing movement
between the two or not. The articulations
are divided into : I. Syn' arthroses, iuimov-
able, subdivided into schindy' leses, or
grooved )6vs\\s,,gompho' ses, in sockets', as the
teeth, and siitu'ra, as in the bones of the
skull; 2. Di' arthroses, ox movable joints,
subdivided into the arthro' dia, or gliding
joints, the gingly' mus, or hinge-like, the
en' arthroses, or ball-and-socket joints ; 3.
Am'phiarthroses, or those of a mixed
type.
Articula''tion. The enunciation of spoken
speech. Confluen4: A., the clipping of
words, ot running syllables together — a
symptom of certain cerebral diseases.
Articula^tion Positions. See Consonants.
Artic^ulo Mortis (Lat.). The moment of
death. In the act of dying.
Artifi''cial [artificialis). Made or imi-
tated by art. A. Anus, an opening in
the abdomen to give exit to the faeces ; an
opening made in case of imperforate anus.
A. Eye, a film of glass, celluloid, rubber,
etc., made in imitation of the front part of
the globe of the eye and worn in the
socket or over a blind eye for cosmetic
reasons. A. Joint, ox false joint, ^-\&noTx-
united ends of a broken bone. A. Leech.
See Leech. A. Vitreous. See E^nscer-
ation. A. Pupil, removal of a piece of
the iris [iridectomy, iridodialysis, etc.), to
allow the light to pass through the open-
ing. A. Respiration, the aeration of the
blood by artificial means. A method of
inducing the normal function of respira-
tion when from any cause it is temporarily
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C
ARYTENOID
56
ASPARAGIN
in abeyance, as in asphyxia neonatoram,
drowning, etc. Hall sMethod, by turning
the body alternately upon the side or face.
Harvard's Method, by pressure upon the
lower ribs every few seconds. Sylvester's
Method, chiefly by movements of the
arms.
Arytc'noid [apvraiva, a pitcher, scSog, like-
ness). Resembling the mouth of a pitcher.
A. Cartilages, two cartilages of the
laiynx regulating, by the means of the at-
tached muscles, the tension of the vocal
cords. A. Muscle, arises from the pos-
terior surface of one arytenoid cartilage
and is inserted into the corresponding parts
of the other. It is composed of three
planes of fibres, two oblique and one trans-
verse. It draws the arytenoid cartilages
together.
Aryth^mic. Irregular; without rhythm.
Asafcef'ida. Asafetida. A resinous gum
obtained from the root of Ferula nai-thex
and F. scordosoma. Somewhat soluble
in alcohol, and forms an emulsion with
vi^ater. Properties due to allyl sulphide,
CgHjgS. A powerful antispasmodic,
stimulant and expectorant. Very service-
able in hysteria and bronchial affections.
Dose gr. v-xx. A. Tinct., strength 20
per cent. Dose ^ss-ij. A. Emplas-
trum, asafcetida 35, lead plaster 35, gal-
banum 15, yellow wax 15, alcohol 120
parts. A. Mistura, a 4 per cent, emul-
sion. A. at Magnesiae Mist., Dewer's
carminative, magnesium carb. 5) tinct. asa-
fcetida 7, tinct. opii I, sugar 10, aq. dest.
ad 100 parts. Dose^ss-^ss. A. Pil-
lulae, contain each gr. iij of asafcetida
and gr. j of soap. Dose j-iv. A. et
Aloes Pil., have gr. i^ of each ingre-
dient. Galliani PH., comp. See Gal-
batiuvt. Ammo7iicE Fcetidus Spt., con-
tains asafcetida l'^, liq. ammonite fort. 2,
spirit 20 parts. Dose Jss-j. Unof
Ascar''icide. A medicine that kills asca-
rides.
Ascaridi^asis. The existence of ascarides
in the intestine.
As''caris (plural Ascarides) [aoKapi^u, to
jump). A genus of the family Ascarida.
A class of parasitical worms inhabiting the
bodies, and especially the intestine, of most
animals. A. Lumbricoides, is found
in the ox, hog and man. It inhabits the
small intestine, especially of children. A.
Vermicvalaris (the thread worm), a syno-
nym of Cryz^rw VertJiicitlaris. A. Mys-
tax, the round worm of the cat, and A.
Alata have rarely been foimd in man.
Asci''tes [aaKiTTjg, from atjKog, a bag). An
abnormal collection of serous fluid in the
peritoneal cavity. There is uniform en-
largement of the abdomen, fluctuation,
percussion dullness, etc.
Ascle^pias. Pleurisy Root. The root of
Asclcpias tuberosa. A popular remedy
in the Southern States for pleurisy. A
powerful diaphoretic and a moderate
emetic and cathartic. The infusion re-
commended has a strength of ^j of the
powdered root to ^ xxxij of water. Dose
teacupful every 3 or 4 hours. Unofh-
cial. Also, A. Curassavica, Blood
Flower. An herb common to tropical
America. Astringent, styptic and anthel-
mintic against the tapeworm. A popular
remedy for checking capillary hemorrhage.
Dose of fld. ext. 3J-ij. Unof
Ascococ^cvis (aanoq, a leather bag, KOKKog,
a kernel). A genus of the family of Coc-
cacees; with elements united in massive
colonies surrounded by tough, thick, gela-
tinous envelopes. A, Billrothii, found
in putrefied meat; its natural habitat is
the air. Details of culture, etc., are
wanting.
Ascomycc'tes (acKog, /.iVKrjg, a mushroom).
A large family of fungi, of whicli the
truffles, or Tuberacea, the ergot of rye and
mould of dried fniits are examples.
Ascoph^ora Muce''do. A microscopic
fungus, of which the mould of bread is an
example.
As^cospore {aaKog, airopa, a spore). A
spore developed within a sac-like fungus-
cell.
Asep''sis (rt neg., (J7]ku, to putrefy). The
condition of non-putrefaction ; absence of
all septic material or pathogenic micro-
organisms.
Asep^tic. Free from contaminating or
septic matter. The antiseptic treatment of
wounds, including aseptic and antiseptic
dressings, renders the wound aseptic.
Asep^tin. This term has been given to a
secret preparation containing lioric acid,
used for preserving articles of food.
Asep^tol, CgHgSO,, a reddish liquid, with
an odor of carbolic acid, recommended as
a disinfectant and antiseptic. Used ex-
ternally I : 1000, and internally in about
the same dose as carbolic acid.
Asit^ia (a, without, atrog, food). The want
of food. Also a loathing for food.
Aspar^agin. A crystalline organic princi-
ple, C^HgN.^O^, found in asparagus and
many other plants. It is diuretic, and
sedative to the circulation. See Althcea.
ASPARAGUS
57
ASTHMA
Aspar'agfus. Tlie green root of Aspara-
i^iis officinalis. A mild diuretic. Dose
q{ lid. ext. "^ ss-j. Unof.
Aspaf'tic Acid. C^I^NO^. A dibasic crys-
talline substance obtained from asparagin.
It occurs in the body as a result of the
action of the pancreatic juice on the fibrin
of the bkxxl.
Aspergil'lus (aspcrs^o, to scatter). An
order of fungi. A. Auricularis, a fungus
found in the wax of the ear. A. Glaucus,
the bluish mould found, ('. g., upon dried
fruit. A. Mucoroides, a species found
in tuberculous or gangrenous lung tissue.
Asperm'atism (n neg., a-epjia, seed).
Non-emission of semen, whether owing to
non-secretion or non-ejaculation.
Asper'sion {aspcrgo, to sprinkle). The
act of besprinkling, medicines being some-
times thus applied.
Asphyx^'ia (aneg.,CT^i'f/f, thepulse). The
effect upon the body of the non-oxygena-
tion of the blood ; the suspension of vital
phenomena when the lungs are deprived
of air. The excess of carbon dioxide in
the blood at first stimulates, then paralyzes
the respiratory center of the medulla. Arti-
ficial respiration is therefore re'juired in
cases of sudden asphyxia. A. Neonato-
rum, the inability of new-bom infants to
begin respiration spontaneously, or to con-
tinue it.
Aspidiosper^mine. An alkaloid extracted
from OuLhraih\ q. v.
Aspid'ium. The rhizome of several spe-
cies of A., especially A. vtarginalc. Pro-
perties due to a resin containing filicilic
acid. Valuable chiefly as a vermicide
against tapeworm. Dose Jss-^ss. A.
Oleoresina, an ethereal extract. Dose
As'pirates. Sec Consonants.
Aspira'tion (ad, to, spiro, to breathe).
U>e<l as a synonym of inspiration, also of
imiiibition. The act of using the aspira-
tor. A method of withdrawing the lluids
and gases from a wound to prevent con-
tamination. A. of Cataract Extrac-
tion. See Extraction of Cataract, Suc-
tion Met ho J.
As'pirator. .An instrument for withdraw-
ing the contents of an al»scess, tumor, etc.,
wilhoui the atimission of air.
Assafoc'tida. See Asafatida.
Assimila'tion (as^itnulo. to maki' like).
The jiroMss of Iraii^fonning fi><«l into such
a nutrient condition that it is taken up by
the circulatory system, and forms an inte-
gral jjart of the economy; synthetic or con-
structive metabolism; anabolism. A., Pri-
mary, that concerned in the conversion
of food into chyle and blood. A., Sec-
ondary, that relating to the fonn;ition of
the organized tissues of the body.
Associa'tion [associatio). The act of com-
bining; union with. Associated Move-
ments, coincident or consensual move-
ments of other muscles than the leading
one, and which by habit or unity of pur-
pose are involuntarily connected with its
action. P.oth eyeballs move alike in read-
ing, though one be a blind eye. Move-
ment of the normal ami will sometimes
produce slight motion of the ojiposite para-
lyzed ami. An uniformity of innervation
is usually the cause of these movements,
and such an example as the rigidity of the
jaw in lifting a heavy weight should hardly
be called an associated movement. Asso-
ciated Paralysis, a common paralysis of
associated muscles.
As^surin. A name given liy Thudichum
to a complex substance occurring in brain-
tissue. Properties not investigated.
Asta^sia (a neg., oraotg, standing). Motor
incoordination for standing. See Abasia.
Asteato'des (a neg., areap, tallow, uth]q,
fullness). Delicient or absent secretion of
sebaceous matter by the sebaceous glands.
As'ter. .See A'aryol-inesis.
Aster^ion. See Sku/l.
Astern'al (a neg., arfpiw, the breast bone).
Not connected with the stemum. A.
Ribs, the five lower pairs, because not
joinc<l directly to the stemum.
Astern^ia. Absence of the sternum.
Asthe^nia (a neg., aOevng, strength^, den-
eral loss or absence of strength ; adynamia.
Astheno'pia (a neg., aOei'n^, urp, eye).
Weakness, speedy fatigue of the ocular
muscles or visual powers, due to errors of
refraction, insulliciency, over-use, anxmia,
etc. A., Accommodative, due to hy-
peropia, astigmatism, or a combination of
the two, ])roducing strain of the ciliary
muscle. A., Muscular, due to weakness
or strain of the external ocular muscles,
most commonly the internal recti — insuf-
ficiency. A., Retinal, or Nervous, a
rare variety, caused by retinal hyi>enesthe-
sia, anaesthesia, or other abnormality, or by
general nervous aflections.
Asth'ma (aaOfin, pairing). Paroxysnial
or int<nnittcnt dyspnea, generally acccim-
p:iiiii (1 by cough and broiuhial secretion,
a feeling of constriction and sullncation.
The etiology is obscure, being ascribed to
heredity, nasal disease, gout, exhalations
ASTIGMATISM
58
ATELECTASIS
of plants and atmospheric impurities, colds,
etc. It has been thought to be due to re-
flex neuroses and spasm of the muscular
tissue of the bronchial tubes. When de-
pendent upon disease of the heart, the kid-
neys, stomach, thymus, etc., it has been
designated cardiac, renal, peptic, thymic,
etc. A. Dyspepticum, due to nervous
reflexes through the vagus. A., Nervous,
from reflex stimulation of the pulmonary
plexus.
Astig^matism (a neg., aTiyp.a, a point,
because rays of light from a point are never
brought to a point by the refractive media
of the eye). That condition of the eye
wherein homocentric rays of light are not
brought to a focus by the media. It is
usually due to inequality of curvature of
the different meridians of the cornea (cor-
neal A.), but may be caused by imperfec-
tions of the lens (lenticular), unequal
contraction of the ciliary muscle, or may
perhaps be due to retinal imperfection. It
maybe acquired or congenital, and may
complicate hypermetropia or myopia, pro-
ducing either simple hypermetropic A.,
in which one principal meridian is emme-
tropic, the other hypermetropic ; or com-
pound hypermetropic A., in which both
meridians are hypermetropic, but one more
so than the other. Complicating myopia,
we may in the same way have simple
myopic or compound myopic A. In
mixed A., one principal meridian is
myopic, the other hypermetropic. Regular
A. is when the two principal meridians
are at right angles to each other. Irregular
A., when different parts of a meridian have
different refracting powers.
Astigmom^eter (a, criyiia, jitrpov, a meas-
ure). An instrument for the measurement
of astigmatism.
Astrag^alus (ftcrrpayrtAof, adie; the analo-
gous l)ones of the sheep were used by the
ancients as dice). The ankle-bone, upon
which the tibia rests. Also a genus of
leguminous plants from some varieties of
which gum tragacanth is derived. A.
MoUis^simus (Loco Plant). The active
principle of this plant has mydriatic proper-
ties. Unof.
Astrapapho^bia [aarpa-KT], lightning, ^o-
/3of, fear). A symptom of mental disease
consisting in fear of lightning and thunder.
Astric'tion {^ad,io,stringo,X.o bind). Con-
stipation or any condition resulting from
the use of astringents.
Astrin^gent. An agent producing con-
traction of organic tissues, or which arrests
haemorrhages, diarrhoeas, etc. Tannin,
alum, opium, alcohol, the salts of silver,
lead, etc., are examples.
Asy^lum (ajj/z/w, a place of refuge). An
institution for the support, safe-keeping,
cure, or education of those incapable of
caring for themselves, such as the insane,
the blind, etc.
Asym^metry (a, avfj./ierpLa,^ symmetry).
Unlikeness of organs or parts that are nor-
mally of the same size, etc., as e.g., Asym-
metiy of the two halves of the skull or
brain.
Asyner''gia (a, cwepyia, cooperation).
Faulty coordination of the different organs
or muscles normally acting in unison.
Atac'tic [aruKTog, irregular). Irregular.
Pertaining to muscular incoordination, es-
pecially in aphasia. Also used of atypical
fevers.
Afavism [atavus, a forefather). The
reapjiearance of an anomaly, physical,
mental or pathological, in an individual
whose more or less remote progenitors had
had it, but in whose immediate ancestors it
had not been shown.
Ataxapha''sia. See Aphasia.
Atax^ia, or
Atax^y (ara^'ia, want of order). The
word means primarily, irregularity or want
of order, but is most commonly used to
express incoordination of muscular action ;
an excess or deficiency in contraction of
the various muscles concerned in a given
action. Since innervation of many muscles
is required in a fixed position of the body
or of a limb, the term A., Static, describes
the failure of muscular coordination in
standing still or in fixed positions of the
limbs, whilst A., Locomotor, expresses
the same essential phenomenon as regards
movements, and especially in walking.
A., Hereditary, Friedreich's Disease, is
an inherited disease of children and the
young. See Friedreich'' s Disease. Both
static and locomotor ataxy are prominent
symptoms of tabes or disease of the pos-
terior columns of the cord, but it is absurd
to speak of ataxy, as if it were a disease
itself instead of being only one of many
symptoms of many diseases.
Atelec'tasis {aTtkrjq, imperfect, EKraaig,
expansion). Failure of dilatation of the
pulmonary air-cells in the new-born. The
condition is due not to disease of the
lungs, but to nei-ve injuries, weakness, etc.
In this case the lung has never been
inflated, whilst in apneumatosis it has
been.
ATELIA
59
ATROPA
AtelFa [aTe?^ia, iuiperfection). A tcrato-
Ic^ical term for imperfection or failure of
development of some ]iart of the Retus.
The word is comixmnded with others to
designate the member wanting, as a/e/o-
cardia, atelocheilia, ateloenceplialia, atelo-
ntyelia, ateloprosopia, etc., expressing such
a defect of the heart, lip, brain, spinal cord,
face, res]x^ctively.
Athelas'mus (a, d;/?.a(y/iog, a suckling).
Inaliility to give suck, from defect or want
of the nipples.
Athero'ma [nOapa, gruel). Primarily, a
soft encysted tumor; more commonly, tlie
fatty degeneration of the walls of the
arteries in consequence of chronic arteritis,
and called atheromatous dei^eneration.
Atheromatous (7/'j<r5J, resulting from chronic
arteritis, is a soft matter beneath the in-
tima, while an atheromatous ulcer is
formed by the abscess breaking through
the intima.
Ath'etoid. Pc-rtaining to or affected with
atlictosis. A. Spasm, an occasional
symptom of hemiplegia and after some
ctTcbral lesions.
Athetc'sis {^afhjrog, unfixed, changeable).
A disease characterized by continual change
of position of the fingers and toes, and
inal)ility to kee]) them still. It is due to
some lesion or functional derangement of
the brain or cord.
Athrep'sia (a, Tpetpc), to nourish). The
symptom-complex resulting from imj^erfect
nutrition in children, from whatever cause.
At'las. The up])ermost of the cer\'ical
vertebrre. Articulates with the occipital
l)one of the skull.
Atlod'ymus (<ir?.ng, Sifivfioq, double). A
monosomic dual monstrosity with two
heads and a single l;o<ly.
Atmi'atry (ar//of, vajwr, larpeia, medical
ireatmenl). Treatment of diseases of the
lungs or mucous membrane, by inhalation,
fumigation, or by directing a current of
va|)or or gas u|>on the part.
Atmom'eter, or Admidom''eter [ar/wg,
fiLTfxiv, a measure). An instrument to de-
termine the amount of water exhaled from
a given surface in a given time, in order to
determine the humidity of the atmosphere,
of a |)l:icc.
At'mosphere (nriinr, ci^aipa, a sphere).
'Ilie mixture of gas<-s, vajwr of water, and
other sus|)ended matters, surrounding the
earth, as an elastic fluid envelo|H-, to the
hiij^hi r)f aUjut 200 tniles.
Atmospher'ic. Pertaining to the atmo-
sphere. A. Moisture, the vajwr of
water mingled with the atmosphere. It
varies in quantity according to temperature.
A. Tension, the pressure of the air per
sciuare inch on the surface of a body. Nor-
mally, at the sea-level it is about 14.7 lbs.
per square inch, or ecjual to that of a col-
umn of mercury about 30 in. in height.
It decreases about ^^ in., or :,'j lb. per
stjuare inch for every 90 feet of altitude.
Above lOjOOO feet, the rarity of the atmo-
sphere is usually noticeable in quickened
breathing and j)ulse rate.
Ato'cia {aTOKoq, bairen). Sterility of the
female.
Afom (« neg., re/tvu, to cut). The ulti-
mate unit of an element; that part of a
substance incapable of further division, or
the smallest part capable of entering a
chemical compound, or uniting with an-
other to form a Molecule, — which last is
the smallest quantity of a sul)stance that
can exist free or uncombined. Atomic
Valence, Equivalence, or the Atom-
icity of an element, is the saturating
power of its atom as compared with that
of hydrogen. Atomic Weight, the
weight of an atom of an element as com-
pared with the weight of an atom of hydro-
gen. Atomic Heat of an atom is its
specific heat multiplied by its atomic
weight.
Afomizer. An instrument for transform-
ing a iKjuid into a spray or mist.
At'ony (a, roi'of, tone). Want of tone.
Deiiilily. Loss or diminution of muscular
or vital energy.
Atopomenorrhce''a {aTorrng, out of place,
/iiv, month, /^tw, to flow). Vicarious
menstruation.
AtrabiPiary {ater, black, />i7/s, bile). An
obsolescent term relating to melancholy and
hypochondriasis; abso referring to the rinal
and supra-renal glands, believed to j>ro-
duce i)lack bile, or atrabilis, the cause of
the gloomy disposition.
Atre'sia [a neg., r^zpntvu, to ])erforate.)
Imjxirforation of an opening or canal, as
of the anus, vagina, meatus auditorius,
]iupil, etc. The word is com|x)unded with
the name of the organ affected; <'. .4'.,
atrcsocystia, atresoi^astria, atresometria,
alretruteria, etc., denoting respectively,
in)]K-rforation of the bladder, stomach.
Worn!), intestine, etc.
A'trium {utrium, the fore-court or hall).
Tli:il ]).irt of the auriile of the heart into
wiiieli liie venous IiUmmI is |K)ured.
At'ropa ((iT/ioTTdg, one of the three I'ates,
who cut the thread of life, in allusion to
\
ATROPHIA
60
ATTENUATION
the poisonous effects of the plant). A
genus of the nat. ord. Solanaccce. A.
Belladonna, the deadly nightshade,
whence is obtained atropine. See Bella-
doiina.
Atroph^ia (a, without, rpocj)?/, nourish-
ment). Atrophy, (/. v. A term applied to
various diseases marked by wasting or
innutrition. A. Cutis. See Atropho-
dej-ma. A. Cutis Senilis. See Atropho-
dcDfia.
Atroph^icum Melanc'sis Progres^'siva.
See AtropJioderma.
Atrophoder^ma (a, rpoipr/, nourishment,
Ssp/ia, the skin). Atrophia Cutis, atrophy
of the skin, a wasting of the skin due
to innutrition. A. Pigmentosum, Xero-
derma Pigmentosum, Angioderma Pig-
mentosum, Atrophicum Melanosis Progi'es-
siva, — a degenerative wasting of the skin
accompanied by a development or gather-
ing of pigmentary matter in patches. A.
Albidum, described by Kaposi as con-
fined to the inner parts of the thighs and
anus. The skin is white, thin, glistening,
and destitute of pigmentary matter, a con-
dition remaining stationary throughout life
(dif. from A. Scleroderma). A. Neuri-
ticum. Glossy Skin, an atrophy of the
skin in the area of a diseased or injured
nerve. Occurs most commonly on the ex-
tremities. A. Senile, Atrophia Cutis
Senilis, an atrophy of the skin due to old
age. A. Striatum et Maculatum, Stride
et MaculiB Atrophica;, a form of the dis-
ease occurring in streaks and spots. May
be idiopathic or symptomatic.
Afrophy [aTpo(j)ia, want of nourishment).
A retrogressive change in parts originally
well-formed and nourished, consisting in a
loss of weight, size and function of an or-
gan or tissue, owing to some disorder of
nutrition. A., Active, due to the inherent
inability of the cells of a tissue to assimi-
late the nutriment brought to them. A.
of the Bulb, progressive shrinking of the
eyeball. A., Muscular, affects the mus-
cles, and may be hereditary or acquired,
simple or progressive. A., Passive,
caused by diminished nutrition supplied
the part. A., Pigmentary, so called from
a deposit of pigment (yellow or yellowish-
brown) in the atrophied fat cells. A.,
Serous, that characterized by a transuda-
tion of serum into the tissue after the fat
has gone, giving it a gelatinous appear-
ance. A., Simple, the retrogressive pro-
cesses and shrinking due to pathological
causes, allied _ to the physiological retro-
gression of senility, but occurring, as it
were, prematurely. A., Trophoneurotic,
that dependent upon abnormality of the
nervous supply or control of an organ or
tissue, best illustrated in muscular atrophy
from injury of the proper nerves of the
muscle, or in disease of the anterior horns
of gray matter of the cord. A. of Hair,
a wasting or deficient growth of the hair.
Atropi^na or At^ropine. A crystalline
alkaloid, Cj7H23N03, obtained from Atropa
belladonna, and is the active principle of
the plant. The sulphate is a white powder
of bitter taste, neutral reaction, soluble in
water. Homatropine, CjgHjjNOg, is a de-
rivative alkaloid, the hydrobromate being
used by ophthalmologists as a mydriatic,
principally because its effects pass off more
quickly than those of atropine. Atropine
is an irritant narcotic, a mydriatic, anti-
spasmodic and anodyne ; in small doses a
cardiac, respiratory and spinal stimulant,
in large doses a paralyzer of the cardiac
and respiratoiy centers, the spinal cord,
motor nerves and voluntary muscles. It
produces congestion and dryness of the
mucous membrane of the mouth, nose,
pharynx and larynx, at first lessening the
gastric and intestinal secretion, to be fol-
lowed by an increase of the same. It is
extensively used in ophthalmic practice to
dilate the pupil, paralyze accommodation,
and also in various corneal, iritic and
other ocular diseases. Its therapeutic use
in general medicine is also manifold; e.g.,
in inflammatory affections and pain in
cerebral and spinal hyperemia, atonic con-
stipation, cardiac failure, h}'persecretions,
etc., and as a physiological antagonist in
opium poisoning.
At^tar of Rose. Oil of Rose. The volatile
oil distilled from the fresh flowers of the
Damascene rose. Comes mainly from
E. Roumelia. Generally adulterated with
other volatile oils. Used only as a per-
fume.
Atten^tion. The direction of the will or
thought upon an object or to a particular
sensation. A. Time. See Time.
Atten^'uant [atteniio, to make thin). A
medicine or agent increasing fluidity or
thinness of the blood or other secretions.
Atten^uating Medium. See Fractional
Cultivation.
Attenua^tion [attenuo, to make thin). A
thinning, naiTowing or reducing the strength
or size of a substance. A. of Microbes,
weakening the pathogenic virulence of
microbes by successive cultures and other
ATTOLLENS
61
AURICLE
methods, so that they may be used as a
vaccine to confer immunity from future
attacks of the disease. A., Sanderson's
Method of, by passing the virus through
the system of another animal {^.^., guinea
pig, in anthrax) so that it becomes modi-
fied in virulency. Toussaint and Chauveau
showed that heat is a valuable attenuation
method, while oxygen, sundry chemical
reagents, exposure to sunlight, c/f., have
also l>een used.
Attol'lens (^attol/o, to raise up). Applied
to nniscles raising or elevating the part, ;ts
the A. Auris, a muscle raising the exter-
nal ear.
Attrac'tion {attraho, to draw to). The
tendency of one particle of matter to ap-
proach another. Athnity. As existing
between celestial bodies it is termed
gravitation, while molecular attraction or
cohesion expresses the force aggregating
molecules into masses. A., Chemical,
the attraction of affinity, relates to the
attraction of atoms of one element to those
of others, resulting in chemical comjwunds.
A., Capillary, the tendency of a cun-ed
surface or a tube to exert traction on a
liquid. A., Electrical, the tendency of
bodies toward each other when charged
with opposite electricities. A., Magnetic,
the traction of a magnet upon certain
metallic substances, chielly iron.
Attra'hens {attraho, drawing). Applied to
muscles, as Attrahens auris, a muscle
drawing the ear forward and u]5ward.
Also used of medicines attracting lluids to
the part, as stimulants, epispastics, etc.
Attri^tion [attero, to rub against). An
abrasion or chafing of the skin. In physics,
any rubbing or friction which breaks or
wears the surface.
Atyp'ic (a neg., ti'ttoc, a tyi^e). Inegiilar;
not conformai^le to the type. A. Fever,
an intermittent fever with irregularity of
the paroxysm.
Aubernage (Fr.). A contagious disease
of the vine, called by the Italians the Black
Disease. It is doui>tful whether it is due to
a fungus or a bacterium.
Audiom'tter [aitJio, to hear, fjirpnv, a
measure). An instrument for measuring
the ,i( ul<-ni-ss of hearing.
Aud'iphone (audio, <p>-)yr/, a sound). An
instrument for improving the jxjwer of
h<-aring.
Audi'tion. 'Ilie act of hearing.
Aud'itory. Pertaining to the act or the
organs f(f hearing. A. After-Sensations,
continuing or occurring after the cessation
of the stimulus. A. Area, the cerebral
center for hearing, location not definitely
detennined. A. Aurae, auditory sensa-
tions preceding an attack of epilepsy. A.
Center, same as .-/. Area. A. Hairs, the
processes of the crista acustica, at jiresent of
indeterminate function. A. Meatus (exter-
nal and internal), the external and inlcnial
canals or openings of the ear. A. Nerve,
ihc /ortio mollis of the seventh pair. A.
Ossicles, the chain of small bones of the
middle ear. A. Sac, the lalyrinth pit
or depression in the epiblast, on both sides
of the cmbr)ological after-brain, \^hen
cut olT from the epiblast it is calletl the
vesicle of the labyrinth, or Primary
Auditory Vesicle.
Au'ra (ow, to breathe). A breath of wind ;
a soft vapor. A sensation like a gentle
cun-ent of air rising from the limbs or body
to the head ; a frequent forerunner of an
epileptic attack, aura epileptica. Also
applied to any slight sjTnptom preceding
an attack of any disease or paroxysm, as
the aura hysterica, aura verliginosa, etc.
Auran''tium. Orange. The fruit of Ci-
trus ztili^ai'is and C. aurantiuni. Both
the flowers and the rind of the fruit are
employed. The volatile oil from the rind
is aromatic and a mild tonic. Used mainly
as a flavor. A. Amara, Ext. Fid., bitter
orange peel, alcohol and water. Used as
a tlavor. A. Amara, Tinct., bitter orange
peel 20, dilute alcohol, q .s. ad 100. Dose
^^^j-ij. A. Corticis, Ol., the volatile oil
exjiressed from the rind of the orange.
I lose gtt. j-v. A. Dulcis, Tinct., sweet
orange peel 20, dilute alcohol, (|. s. atl loo.
Dose 3J-ij. A. Elixir, oil of orange I,
sugar 100, alcohol and water, q. s. ad 30x3.
A. Spt.,oil of orange 6, alcohol 94. Dose
according to iiuantity of alcohol desired.
A. Flores, Aq., fre.sh orange (lowers 40,
water 200. Distill to 100 parts. A.
Florum, Ol., " oil of neroli," a volatile oil
distilled from fresh orange tlowers. I )ose
gtt. j-v. A. Florum, Syr., orange water
35, sugar 65. A cdninum llavoring agent.
A. Syr., sweet orange peel 5, alcohol 5,
calcium j)hosphate precip. I, sugar 60,
water, f|. s. ad 1 00.
Aur'icle (auricula, the outer ear), 'i'hc
pinna and external meatus of the lar. The
auriclo of the heart are the two cavities
between the veins and the ventricles. The
Auricular arteries, anterior and jKistcrior,
are liranclies of the tiinporal nn<l <-xterhal
carotid supplying the auricle of the «ar;
auriculotemporal nerve, a branch of the
AURISCOPE
62
AUXOCARDIA
inferior niaxillary supplying superficial
parts about the auricle ; auriculo-'i'entricti-
lar opening, the opening between the auri-
cles and the ventricles of the heart.
Aur^iscope [auris, the ear, ckotteu, to
examine). An instrument for examining
the ear, and especially of the Eustachian
passage.
Aur^ist [aun's). A specialist in diseases
of the ear.
Aur^um (Gold). Au =: 197 ; quantiva-
lence. III. One of the metals character-
ized as "noble" by the ancients, because
of its weight and lustre. Has a brilliant
yellow color and will not ' tarnish. The
metal is sometimes used as a plate on which
artificial teeth are set. The chloride is the
only salt used. Locally it is an escharotic.
Internally its action resembles that of
mercuric chloride. In small doses pro-
motes digestion and stimulates the functions
of the brain ; in large doses it is a violent
poison. Useful in certain fomis of dys-
pepsia, hypochondriasis. A. et Sodium
Chlor., soluble in water. Dose gr. -jo-yV-
A. Chloridum (unof.). Soluble. Dose
Ausculta^tion (anscidfo, to listen to). A
method of investigation of the functions
and condition of the respiratory, circula-
tory, digestive and other organs by the
sounds they themselves give out, or that
are elicited by percussion. It is called
immediate, when the ear is directly applied
to the part, and mediate, if by the aid of
the stethoscope. Obsteti'ical auscultation
is practiced in pregnancy to detect or study
the fcetal heart-sounds, or the placental
murmur. See I\hirmw, Respiration, Rales,
Rhonchiis, Bronchophony, Pectoriloquy,
A^gophony, Bruit, Souffle, etc.
Aut'oclave (nv-of, self, clavis, key). An
instrument for sterilizing or killing germ-
life by steam-heat, the gauge indicating
automatically the pressure, and therefore
the degree of heat, to which the micro-
organism is subjected.
Autodiges''tion {avroq, digere, to digest).
Digestion of the walls of the stomach by
the gastric juice consequent upon loss of
the epithelium, or other gastric disease.
Aiitopepsia.
Autogen^esis (niTOf, yeveaiq, production).
Spontaneous generation ; self-production.
Autog^enous [avroQ^ jeveaic;). Pertaining
to diseases or conditions self-produced
and not derived from external or objective
sources ; to poisons generated in the body
by its inherent processes, — e. g., puerperal
fever has been supposed due to self-gen-
eration of the septic material.
Autoinocula^tion [avToc, inoculo, to im-
plant). Reinoculation by virus obtained
from the same person.
Autolaryngos''copy [avToq, ?Mfw}^, the
larynx, anoiieu, to examine). The exami-
nation of one's larynx by himself.
Automat^ic [avrofianqu, to act spontane-
ously). Pertaining to such functions as are
performed without the influence of the will.
Auton^omy [avroc,, vofiog, law). Self-law;
not subject to external rule.
Autopath'ic [av-oc, nadog, suffering). The
same as Endopathic.
Autopep''sia [avTog, ttetttu, to digest).
Autodigestion.
Autoph^agy [avrog, (payu, to eat). In
starvation the absorption of the tissues
themselves for nutrition. Life may be
thus continued until about half the body-
weight has been consumed.
Autoph'ony [avrog, <pcjv7j, voice). In
auscultation the peculiar quality of the
physician's own voice while listening to
the patient's chest sounds.
AutophthaFmoscope. See Ophthalmo-
scope.
Aut'oplas''ty [avroq, TrJ.aaau, to form). A
met'nod of repairing the effects of a wound
or lesion involving loss of tissue by graft-
ing or implanting fresh parts taken from
other portions of the patient's body, as
e.g., rhinoplasty, keratoplasty, etc., refer-
ring to the nose, cornea, etc., the special
part operated upon.
Aut^opsy (aurof, oi/^/f, seeing). Exami-
nation, or seeing one's own self, — self-
inspection. The word is strangely mis-
applied to the post-mortem study of the
body of another.
Aut^oscope [avToq, aKmveu, to see). An in-
strument, ('.^'■. ,the ophthalmoscope, arranged
for the examination of an organ by oneself
Autos^'copy. The examination of one's
own disease by means of the autoscope.
Aut'osite (ni)-of, cirog, food). Used to
designate that member of a double fcetal
monster that nourishes by its own organs
the life of the other, called the parasite.
Autosteth''oscope ( avrog, arifiog, the
breast, aKo-rreo), to examine). A stetho-
scope so arranged that one may by it listen
to his own chest sounds.
Auxocar''dia {av^?/, an increase, KapAia,
the heart). The normal increase of the
volume of the heart during diastole, in
distinction from meiocardig._. the diminu
tion during systole.
AVA-KAVA
63
BACILLUS
A'va-Ka''va. See A'ava-A'ara.
Ave'na Sati'va. Oat. The einl ino of the
seed of the common oat plant. Contains
starch, gluten, a ferment calleil diastase and
a small amount of alkaline phosphates. A
nutritious food. The j^K-ricarp contains an
alkaloiil with slight narcotic jx)wers. Unof.
Av'ens Root. Tlie root of Gemn rivn/e.
A tonic and astringent. Contains gallic and
tannic acid. Dose of fld. ext. ^ss-j. Unof.
Avoirdupois Weight (Fr., a-'oir, to have,
JuJ'oiJs,oi weight). The common English
weight u.sed for all commotlities e.\cept
precious metals, gems and medicines. The
pound is equal to 7000 grains Troy, or
453.54 granmies, or 16 ounces. The
ounce is divided into 16 drams, each of
437.5 grains. See U'a'i^hfs a.nd Mcasiirt's.
Avul'sion {avci/o, to clear away"). A
traumatic or surgical tearing or wrenching
away c>f a part, as a pt>lypus, a limb, cA-.
Ax'ial Current. See J'oiseiiilh-'s Sparc.
Axil'la ^duul'tful derivation). The armpit.
Ax'illary. Pertaining to tlie axilla. A.
Artery, the continuation of the subclavian
artery, extending from the Ixjrder of the
first ril) to the in.sertion of the pectoralis
majfir muscle, where it becomes the bra-
chial. A. Glands, the lymphatic glands
of the axilla. A. Plexus, the brachial
plexus formed by the last three cervical and
the first dorsal ncr%es. A. Space, the
irregular conical space of the axilla. A.
Vein, a continuation of the brachial, cor-
res|K)nding with the artery and terminating
in the subclavian.
Ax'is (a^wv, an axletree). An im.iginary
line passing through the center of a body.
Tlie second vertebra. A., Cerebro-
spinal, the central ner\ous system. A.
Cylinder (of a nerve), the conducting or
essential part of a nerve lying in the
centre and surrounded by the sheath, or
sheath of Schwann. A., Optic, the line
from the corneal ajxjx to the macula hitea.
A., Visual, the line from the olijcct through
the nodal point to the macula, — the two
last are not identical.
Azed'arach. The bark of J. vicHa.
Occurs in curved pieces or (|uills, having a
sweetish taste. The decoction, ^^ ij toOj,
is a gastro-intestinal irritant and anthel-
mintic. Unof.
Azobsperm'ia (a, ^ux), life, a-spfia, seed).
Want or deficient vitality of the sjierma-
tozoids.
Az'ote (n, C(jrj). A .synonym of nitrogen.
Azotic acid, nitric acid.
Azotu''ria (azotiim, nitrogen, itrina, the
urine). An increase of the urea in the
urine.
Az^ygos (rt, C^'/'T, yoke). Ajijilied to
jiarts that are single, not in j)airs. A.
Uvulae, a small mu.scle of the uvula. A.
Vein, a vein connecting the superior and
inferior venix; cav:e.
B
B. In chemical terminology the symbol
of I'oron.
B. A. A contraction of balneum aqua-, a
water-liath; also, of balnciivi airtuf, a
sandliath.
B. M. A contraction of balneum maris,
a s< -a water i>ath.
B. V. A contraction of balneum Z'aporis,
a vai)orbath.
Ba. 'Hie chemical symi<ol of barium.
Bab^s Oven. .See 0-:',n.
Ba'by-farm. An institution for raising
orjihan and pau|)cr inf.-inls.
Bac'chia {liachus, the go<l of wine). A
synonym for acne rosacea, often found iu
drunkards.
BaciUlum (dim. of A/<7//«;w, a stick). A
slick; a cylindrical troche; an instnuncnt
for carr)'ing a .sponge ; the rods in the layer
of rods and cones of the retina.
Bacil'lus {bacillum, a little rod). The
most im|xirtanl class pathogenically of the
schizomycetes, schizophytes, or bacteria.
They are microorganisnis, cylindrical or
club-shaped, straight, mobile or immobile,
and held to be (lirectly or indirectly the
cau.se of many diseases. B. of Cancer,
a fonn believed to be the sju'cilic cause of
cancer, though cultures and inocukiiion
exptriincnts are not delinitive. B. of
Charbon. See /A .-///////<;< />( /I/ZV^). B.
of Symptomatic Charbon. .See H.Chau-
BACK-STROKE OF HEART
64
BAG OF WATERS
vceiiyTable). B. of Cholera. SeeSpinl-
lum CholetcE. Comma-Bacillus. See
Spirilhiin Cholera:. B. of Green Diar-
rhcEa of Infants ; Lesage has isolated a
species whose pure culture products in
animals a disease similar to that of the in-
fant. B. of Diphtheria. Of a number
isolated and believed pathogenic, the
Krebs-Loffler variety is thought specific by
Klein. B. of Epidemic Dysentery;
inoculations upon animals of a B. isolated by
Chautemasse and Widal seemed conclusive
that it was the specific cause of the disease.
B. of Glanders. ?>eeB.Ma/lei{Tabk),—
proved specificity. B. of Hay, the B. Siib-
tilis, not pathogenic. B. of Hog Cholera.
See Table. B. of Jequirity, does not
exist ; the ocular imtation being due to an
alkaloid in the jequirity seed. B. Krebs-
Lbffler, see B. of Diphtheria. B., Lac-
tic. See B. Lacticiis ( Table). B . of Blue
Milk. See B. Syncyanus ( Table). B. of
Leprosy. Hansen and others have iso-
lated a B. they believe specific, but inocu-
lation experiments are not conclusive. B.
of Malaria. Lemaire, Klebs and Crudeli,
and others, have isolated forms believed by
them to be specific. Laveran first, and
Richard and Marchiafava and Celli found
in the l^lood three forms of protozoa, one
of which particularly produced intermit-
tent fever by inoculation. B. of Blue
Pus. See B. Fyocyatieus [Table). B. of
Rhinoscleroma, probably the same as
Micrococcus Pneiinwiiite, of doubtful spe-
cificity. B. of Measles of Hogs (see
Table), of proved specific nature. B. of
Syphilis. Lustgarten first, and a number
of others, have isolated a form believed
specific, but no cultures have so far been
successful. B. of Tetanus ; the l)acterial
origin of this disease seems established by
many observers, the B. discovered by Ni-
colaier being the specific cause. B. of
Tuberculosis. There seems to be no
reason to doubt the specificity of Koch's
B. B. of Typhoid, the typhic B. has
not been isolated from the air, but has been
isolated, and of its specific quality there is
little remaining doubt. B. of Whoop-
ing- Cough. Afanassieff believes an iso-
lated form specific, and injections in ani-
mals lends some support to the view.
A Table of the chief characteristics of the
principal B. is herewith appended (pp.
65-74)-
Back-stroke of the Heart. See Diastole.
Bacte^ria {jiaKTrjpiov, a little staff). A
generic tenn for microorganisms, or mi-
crobes. According to Colin (1872), divisi-
ble into four families, the Spherobacteria,
Microbacteria, Desmobacteria and Spiro-
bacteria. The classification of Zopf ranged
all forms also in four classes : Coccacees
(including Streptococcus, Micrococcus,
Merismopedia, Sarcina and Ascococcus) ;
Bacteriacees (including Bacterium, Spiril-
lum, Vibrio, Leuconostoc, Bacillus and
Clostridium) ; Leptothricees (including
Leptothrix, Beggiatoa, Crenothrix and
Phragmidiothrix) ; Cladothricees (Clado-
thrix). Mace's classification gives three
families : the Coccacees (including 4 gen-
era, the Micrococcus, Sarcina, Ascococcus
and Leuconostoc) ; the Bacteriacees (gen-
era : Bacillus, Spirillum, Leptothrix and
Cladothrix) ; the Beggiatoacees (with two
genera, the Beggiatoa and Crenothrix).
Bacteria''cees. The second family of the
order of Bacteria or Schizomycetes ; the ele-
ments are rod-shajjed, sometimes in short
cylinders or in filaments, but the length
always exceeding the breadth. Many have
true endogenous spores. The following are
the members of the family : The Bacillus,
Spirillum, Leptothrix and Cladothrix.
Bacte^ricide. See Germicide.
Bacterid^ia. Davaine's designation of
the Bacillus.
Bacterid^ium. According to Davaine, a
genus of Bacteriacees, characterized by
immol)iKty of the elements at all periods
of their existence. The distinction does
not now obtain.
BacterioKogy [(ianrripiov, 2,oyoq, science).
The science of microorganisms. Bacterio-
logical investigation consists in the study
by the microscope of forms present, the
artificial cultivation or culture of the same,
and the study of the effects of pure cul-
tures upon animals.
Bacteriopur''purine. The coloring matter
of Beggiatoa roseo-persicina, isolated and
studied by Ray Lankester. Insoluble in
water, alcohol, chloroform, ammonia, ace-
tic and sulphuric acids, etc.
Bacte^rium. An individual of the order
of Bacteria. B. Chauvaei. See Bacil-
lus ChauvcT-i. B. Chlorinum. See Ba^
cillus Chlorinus. B. Janthinum. See
Bacillus Janthinus. B. Phosphores-
cens. See Bacillus Phosphoreus. B.
Termo. See Bacillus Termo. B.Xanthi-
num. See Bacillus Synxa)ithus. [Table.)
Bag of Waters. The foetal membranes
enclosing the liquor amnii, projecting
through the os uteri, which usually nip
tares when the cervix is dilated.
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Produces propi-
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Spores form at
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when free.
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by o.s /u. ; fre-
quently united
in chains.
Rods 2 to 3 by 0.4
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ly mobile.
Immobile rods, 4
to 5 fi..
Short rods with
rounded ends,
with capsule.
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Troubled
greenish
liquid and
greenish
deposit.
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Dirty
yellow
layer.
Pellicle
dark blue,
then blue-
black.
Thick
layer ;
yellow,
with green
tinge.
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O
Large
greenish-
yellow cul-
ture ; buttery
consistence.
Culture
white and
opaque.
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The gelatin
becomes
viscid.
Rapid
liquefaction ;
whitish
deposit.
Jelly partly
liquefied ;
upper layers
tinged with
blue.
Does not
liquefy ;
whitish semi-
transparent
culture.
Does not
liquefy;
putrid odor.
Does not
liquefy ;
nail-shaped
culture.
tn
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Colonies of
whitish
concentric
rings, like a
tortoise shell.
Yellow-green
small round
colonies,
quickly
liquefying.
Small, trans-
parent islets
with yellow-
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sinuous
borders.
Thin grayish,
almost trans-
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Grayish
convex
colonies.
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Excrement
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putrefying
masses.
Animals
with symp-
tomatic
charbon.
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Intestine of
man and
animals ;
in water
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Saliva and
coating of
tongue.
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Aerobic. The
rods die at
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the spores
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rods with-
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the spores
110°.
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rods, growing
often in fila-
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a dirty red.
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Mobile rods.
Spores ovoid,
of same size.
Cloudy
liquid ■
greenish
sediment.
The dull
liquid
sooti
becomes
alkaline in
reaction.
At the sur-
face small
white
scales with
reddish
center.
Thickwhite
velvety
pellicle;
cloudy
liquid.
Green
culture
covering
surface.
Layer
reddish,
then brown.
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Numerous
radial fila-
ments from
the central
streak.
Does not
liquefy;
greenish
culture.
Does not
liquefy;
culture
whitish.
1^
Does not
liquefy ;
whitish
culture ; the
jelly tinged
green.
Does not
liquefy ;
numerous
whitish
filaments in
the jelly.
1.^
■"3
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Small
whitish
colonies ; do
not liquefy.
Small clear
spots
becoming
yellowish,
with darker
center ; later
they become
whitish.
Wrinkled
whitish
colonies with
brown center.
Whitish
islets, with
fine straight
or curved
prolonga-
tions.
Yellowish
colonies with
darker
center ;
hyaline
surface cells.
Intestine of
infant.
Diphthe-
ritic false
membrane.
Fermenl-
Caseine.
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B. Fitzianus.
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BAIN-MARIE
75
BANDAGE
Bain-Mahe (Fr.). An instrument for
immersing solutions, microorgiiuisms, etc.,
in water or chemical solutions, thus keep-
ing them at a desired temi^)erature.
Bakers' Itch. An ec/ematous alTection
uf the hands, caused by the irritation of
the yeast.
Bakers' Salt. A synonym for smelling
salts, or the subcarbonate of ammonia.
Bal'anic. Pertaining to the gland of the
[Kiiis or clitoris.
Balani'tis ( Jti/<irof, ghuis penis, tnq, in-
flammationV Inflammation of the glans
penis, sometimes called Balano-poithitis.
Phimosis is a frequent complication. See
Posthitis.
Balanoplas'ty (.?n?rti'Of ; T?.aff(ra),toform).
Plastic surgery of the glans penis.
Bal'anus (Ja}aiof, an acorn). The glans
ixriiis or glans clitoridis.
Balbu'ties [l>albutio, to stammer). Stam-
mering.
Bald. Wanting hair. A term applied to
one who has lo>t the hair of the scalp.
Bald^ness. Aloj^ecia, whether congenital
or acquired. When the loss of hair is
circumscribed it is called tinea decalvans ;
when general, it is called alopecia. Senile
baldness is called calvities. Premature
haltiiiess is caused by disease.
Ball-and-Socket Joint. See Diart/irosis.
Ballotte'ment (Kr. from A?//.)/'/^', a ball).
.\ method of diagnosticating pregnancy
from the fourth to the eighth month. A
push is given the uterus by the finger in-
serted into the vagina, and if the fnetus
be present, it will move up and fall again
like a heas-y Ixxly in water.
Balm {balsam urn, a balsam). A popular
synonjTn of bal.uimum. Any soothing
application or ointment. B. of Gilead.
See Balsam. See also Melissa.
Bal'mony. The herb Chelone glabra.
Cathartic and anthelmintic. Dose of fid.
cxt. "3^ ss-j. Chelonin, the concentrated
ext. Dose gr. j-iv. Unof.
Balned'ogy {Balneum, a bath, ?o}or, a
treatise). The science of baths and their
cTfccis u|)on the sy^t^•m.
Balneother''apy [/alneum, Oepaireia, heal-
ing). Systematic bathing for therapeutical
purposes.
Bal'neum. A bath. See BatA.
BaKsam {3a/frii/ioi'). The resinous, vola-
lili-, aromatic vcgi-table substance, li(|uid or
concrete, obtained fnjm certain trees by
natural exudation or by artificial extraction.
Bnlsams are divided into two clas.scs, those
with, and those without l>en/oic and cin-
naniic acids. In general they are mixtures
of various essential oils, resins and acids.
B., Canada ; a turpentine gathered from
the natural blisters of the bark of j^bies
balsamutn. It is much used as a mounting
medium by microscopists. B. of Copaiba.
See Copaiba. B. of Fir. Same as
Canada Balsam. B., Friar's. See Ben-
zoin. B. of Gilead ; the balm of the Old
Testament, an oleo-resin obtained from
the Balsainodendron Gileadcnsc. B. of
Peru ; the balsam obtained from Myro.vy-
lon pereinc, antiseptic ; stimulant to cir-
culation, and sedative to nervous system.
Generally a tonic, and expectorant in
bronchitis. Applied locally is useful in
chronic intlammalory skin diseases. Dose
of the emulsion rt\^x-xxv. B. of Tolu-
tan, or of Tolu, obtained from Myroxy-
Ion tolufera. Properties due to a volatile
oil, toluene. Possesses an agreeal)le odor,
and is a basis for many cough mixtures.
A fair expectorant. The tincture contains
lo per cent, of the balsam in 90 per cent,
of alcohol. Dose ITLx-xxx. The syrup,
balsam 4 parts ; simple syrup 96. Dose
Bamboo'' Brier. The root of Smilax
sarsaparilla. Habitat, Southern Slates.
Properties identical with those of sarsa-
parilla. Dose of the fld. ext. 3ss-ij.
Unof.
Banan'a. The root of the common banana,
JSIusa sapientum. .Said to be a valuable
alterative, and useful in strumous aflec-
tions. Dose of the fid. ext. n\^x-xxx.
Unof.
Band'age. Bandages are usually strips of
muslin or other material of var\-ing widths
and lengths used in surgery for the pur-
jx)se of protecting, compressing, etc., a part,
or for the retention of dressings and appli-
cations. A simple bandage or roller con-
sists of one piece ; a compound, of two or
more pieces. According to their tlircciion
they are classed as: i. OV(7//ar, circular
turns alx»ut the part. 2. /-igurr-of-S, the
turns crossing each other like that figure.
3. Oblique, covering the i>art by oblique
turns. 4. Recurrent, the turns leturiiing
successively to the jx)int of origin. 5. Spica,
the turns resembling the arrangement of
the husks of an ear of corn. 6. Spiral,
each turn covering one-half of the pieced-
ing. 7. Spiral reverse, the bandage is re-
versed in order to beltrr a<la|>t it to the
part. Handages are alsocl:is>etl according
to the |)art to which they are applied. Of
Bandages of the head we have : i. Cir-
BANDAGE
76
BAPTOTHECORRHCEA
cular, of the forehead, to retain dressings
to the head. 2. Circular, of the eyes. 3.
Crossed, of the eyes, to hold dressings to one
or both eyes. 4. Crossed, of the atigle of the
jaiv, to support the parts in fracture of the
angle of the jaw. 5. Knotted, of the head,
a double-headed roller with compress, to
make compression in wound of the tem-
poral artery. 6. Recurre^it, of the head,
single- or double-headed roller, to retain
dressings to the head. 7. Gibson's, for the
body of the lower jaw, to support the parts
in fracture. 8. Rhea Barton's, for the same
purpose. Of Bandages of the trunk
there are: I. Circular, of the neck. 2. Fig-
ure-of-8, of the neck and axilla, to retain
dressings over the shoulder or in the axilla.
3. Anterior figure-ofS, of chest, to draw
the shoulder forward and to retain dressings
on the anterior surface of the chest. 4.
Posterior figure-of-8 , of chest, to draw the
shoulders back in fractured clavicle, or to
retain dressings on posterior part of chest.
5. Crossed, of one or both breasts, to support
the breasts in excessive lactation or in
mammary disease. 6. Spica, of shoulder,
to retain the head of the humerus in place
after dislocation. 7. Spiral, of the chest, \.o
make compression in fracture of the ster-
num or ribs. 8. Circular, of the abdomen,
to support the abdominal walls. 9. Spiral,
of the abdomen, \.o compress the abdominal
walls or retain dressings. 10. Spica, of one
or both groins, to compress gi-oin or retain
dressings. 11. Spiral reverse, of the penis, \.o
retain dressings to the organ. The Band-
ages of the hand are : i. T\i& Spiral,
of the finger. 2. Spiral, of all the fingers,
or gauntlet. 3. Spiral, of palm, or denii-
gaunth't. 4. Spica, of thttmb — all used in
cases of fracture or to retain dressings.
The Bandages of the arm are: I. The
Circular, of the wrist. 2. Figure-ofS, of
7vrist, to compress the joint or retain dress-
ings. 3. Figure-ofS, of elbow. 4. Circular,
of arm or foreann. 5. Oblique, of arm or
forear7n. 6. Spiral, of arm, to retain dress-
ings. 7. Spiral reverse, of upper extremity,
to support the arm in dislocations, fractures,
etc. The Bandages of the lower ex-
tremity are : I. Figure-of-S, of ankle, to
cover the part or retain dressings. 2. Figure-
ofS, of knee, to cover the same or compress
it. 3. Figure-of-S, of thighs, to compress the
same after wounds or operations. 4. Spica,
^ zw/(/, to compress the parts. 5. Spiral
retierse, of whole lower extremity, to sup-
port the limb after fracture, etc. B. of
Scultetus, a compound bandage, similar
to a spiral reverse in appearance and
action, used in compound fractures, so
that the short pieces of which it is com-
posed may be removed without motion of
the limb. B., Recurrent, for stumps,
is used after amputations, to support the
flaps. Velpeau's B. is used to sup-
port the arm in fracture of the clavicle, the
neck, or acromion process of the scapula.
The hand of the injured side being placed
on the sound shoulder an oblique turn
is made from the axilla of the sound side
across the back of the chest to the shoulder
covering the fracture, down under the
elbow in front to axilla of sound side,
then across the back over the outside of the
point of elbow to axilla of sound side, thus
continuing the oblique and circular turns
alternately and advancing over the arm till
it is held firmly. Desault's Apparatus
consists of an axillary pad held by tapes
aliout the neck, a sling for the hand, and
two single-headed rollers. The foreann is at
right angles with the humerus, held in place
by many circular and oblique turns about
the shoulder and body. T-Bandages are
compound, and resemble that letter ; the
menstrual napkin is an example. Starch,
Plaster-of- Paris, Silica, Dextrine, Tripo-
lith, etc., etc., are used or recommended
for making a stiff and immovable dressing
or bandage.
Bandl, Ring of. The superior limit of
the cervical canal, in pregnancy at a level
with the pelvic inlet, marking the bound-
ary between the lower uterine segment and
the rest of the uterus.
Band^oline. See Cydonium.
Bang or Bangue. See Cannabis Tndica.
Bant^ingism. (From name of the in-
ventor.) A method proposed for the re-
duction of corpulence, by abstinence from
saccharine and farinaceous foods.
Baptis''ia. Wild Indigo. The root bark
of B. tinctoria. Properties due to an im-
pure resin, the so-called Baptisin. Laxa-
tive and stimulant in moderate doses;
emetic and cathartic in large doses. Valu-
able in amenorrhcea, typhus and ty])hoid
fevers. Excellent for local apjilication to
indolent ulcers and gangrenous .sores. B.
Extract. Dose gr. j-x. B. Ext. Fid.
Dose rrLij-xx. B. Tinct. Dose ttlv-xxx.
Dose of the resin gr. j-v. All unof.
Baptorrhce^a [(iaivro^, infected, pfw, to
flow). A generic term for any infectious
discharge from a mucous surface.
Baptothecorrhce''a (/JaTrrof, Otjkjj, vagina,
pe<j). Gonorrhcea in woman.
\
BAR.ESTIIESIOMETER
77
BASILAR
Baraesthesiom'eter (.Jopof, weight, aia-
Oqaiq, perception by the senses, fi^rpov, a
measure). An instrument for estimating
the sense of pressure in disturbances of
sensibility.
Barba'does Leg. See Elephantiasis
Arabuin.
Bar'berry. See Berbcrin.
Bar'biers. A paralytic afTection common
in India. Confounded with l)eriberi.
Bar'egine. Colonies of bi-;^giatoa floating
in the waters of suljihur springs.
Ba'rium (.iw/jif, heavy). 13a = 136. S;
Huantivalence II. A metal of the alkaline
group, of pale yellow color, characterized
by strong attinity for oxygen. Neither the
metal nor its salts are employd in nudi-
cine; all are poisonous. B. Carbonate,
used in llie preparation of the chloride.
B. Chloride, soluble, used as a reagent.
B. Monohydrate, caustic baiyta reagent.
B. Oxide, baiyta. B. Sulphate, used as
a |)igmcnt. All unof.
Bark. The cortex or covering surrounding
the wood of exogens. Sometimes used
as a sjnionsTn for cinchona or calisaya
bark.
Bar'ley (Welsh, bara Ifys, bread-plant). A
cereal belonging to the order Graminea: ;
the most common variety, Hordcum dis-
ticiion, is much used as a food, and also
in the prejiaration of malt. B., Pearl,
is the decorticated grain rounded and \Kt\-
ished. B. Water, decoct h in hordci, a
decoction consisting of 2 ozs. of Pearl ]}.
boiled in I '/j ])ints of water and afterward
strained. B. Sugar, saccharum liordca-
tuin ; practically a glucose. .Apijlied also
to an amorphous mass obtained by melting
cane sugar.
Barom''eter {,3apoc, weight, furpnv, a meas-
ure). An instrument for determining
weight and tension of the atmosphere, it
consists essentially of a glass tube atjout 36
inches long, closed at one end, fdled with
mercury, and inverted in a basin of mer-
cury. The mercury will sink in the tube
until it rests at a height of alxjiit 30 inches
at the .sea level, the height varying as the
atmosjjheric pressure incna.ses or dimin-
ishes. B., Aneroid, a metallic lx)x from
which the air has licen exhausted, the ten-
sion l>eing indicated by the c<jllapsing or
bulging of (he tliin corrugated cover, which
is connect'-d with a movable index.
Bar'oscope (iia(n>r, amtTiu, to observe).
/\ti instrument used ff)r determining the
loss of weight of a lKj<ly in air, compared
with iL> weight in a vacuum. A form of
baroscope was invented by Esbach for the
([uantitative determination of urea.
Baros'ma [fiapog, oofia, smell). A plant
of the order A'/itaccn-, native to Cape of
Cood Hope and vicinity ; several species
of which yield the Huchu of commerce.
Bar'renness. Sterility in the female.
Bartholi'ni's Glands. See Gland.
Barton's Bandage. See Bandage.
Barton's Fracture. See Fracture.
Baryglos'sia {,vipog, ■)}.Ljaaa, a tongue).
1 hick, slow utterance.
Baryphonia {jidpug, <jnjvi], a voice). A
ditticulty of speech.
Bary'ta, or Bary'tes. See Barium.
Ba'sal. rcrtiiining to or located at the
l>ase. B. Ganglia. See Ganglion.
Bascula^tion [¥r. bascu/cr, to swing).
The movement by which retroversion of
the uterus is corrected when the fundus
is pressed upward and the cervi.x drawn
downward.
Bascule Movement [Vr. bascule, a.svi'mg).
The recoil of the heart in its systolic motion.
Base [(Saai;, a foundation). The lower
part, as, the base of the brain. In c/iem-
istry, an element or radical which com-
bines with an acid to form a salt. The
electro-positive molecule or radical of a
compound. In dentistry, the plate upon
w-hich artificial teeth are held. In phar-
macy, the most important ])art of the j^re-
scription. B., Organic, a term including
a large number of organic com])ounds,
especially nitrogen comjxjunds, which, like
anmionium, unite with acids to fonn salts.
They are conmionly called alkaloids.
Ba'sedow's Disease. An exophthalmic
bronchocele ; called, also. Exophthalmic
(ioitre, and Craves' Disease. See Goitre.
Ba'sham's Mixture. See Ferrum.
Ba'sic. Having jirojierties the opposite of
those of aci<ls. An acid capable of uniting
with a single monad atom or radical is
called monobasic. One which will unite
with two monad or one dyad atom or radi-
cal, etc., is .said to be dibasic. This meas-
ure of the power of an acid is called its
basicity.
Basidiomycc'tes {pnair, a sli'p, /'|'^"';, a
mashroom). A jjarasitic, microscopic fun-
gus develo|)cd on the leaves of grasses;
the cereal rust.
Basihy'al. The two Ixines, one on each
siilc, wiiieh (i)rni the prinLi|)al lionesof the
hynid arch.
Bas^ilar [basiliiris). IVrlainiiig to the base,
u.sually of the skull. B. Artery, the lu-lery
cxteudiug along the Ijorder of the Tons \'a-
BASILIC
78
BAYCURU
rolii, which supplies the Pineal Gland, and
the valve of Vieussens. B. Aspect, the
vievi' of the head looking toward the base
of the skull. B. Membrane, a mem-
branous division-wall separating the scala
vestibuli from the scala tympani extending
from the base to the apex of the cochlea
and supporting the organ of Corti.
BasiKic {^iSaai'liKug, royal). Any structure
or medicine of importance (obsolescent).
B. Vein, a large vein of the arm on the
inner side of the biceps.
BasiFicon Ointment. An ointment com-
posed of yellow wax, yellow resin, and
Burgundy pitch aa I lb., olive oil fl.
5xvj, to which, when melted, turpentine
5 iij are added. Called also the " four
drug " ointment. There are several other
ointments bearing this name.
Ba^silyst [j^aaig, a base, ?,vacg, a loosen-
ing). An instrument for use in crani-
otomy, designed to perforate the cranial
vault and break up the base of the skull.
Basi-occip^ital (/ioa/f, occipitalis os). A
bone, separate in many of the lower ver-
tebrate animals, forming the central axis
of the skull.
Ba^sio-glos''sus. That part of the hyo-
glossus muscle which is attached to the
hyoid bone.
Ba^sion. See Skull.
Ba^siotribe {fiaaiq, rpilSu, to grind or
crush). An instrument used in craniotomy
for perforating or crushing the foetal
head.
Basiot^ripsy. The operation of crushing
the foetal head.
Ba^sis. Base, ^. v. The Latinized form
is used to designate the lower or funda-
mental part of any organ, as £. Cerebri,
B. Cordce, etc.
Basi-sphen^oid. The lower part of the
sphenoid bone.
Bass-deafness. Deafness to certain
bass-notes, the perception of the higher
notes being retained.
Bas^sorin. The active principle of Bas-
sora gum. It is an inodorous, white,
translucent substance becoming gelatinous
in water. Used to adulterate gum traga-
canth.
Bast (Sax. bcest^ a lime tree). The inner
bark of exogenous plants. The fibrous
parts of the bark which are used in mak-
ing cordage.
Bath (balneum). A bathing place or
room. The medium in which the body
is wholly or partly immersed. As thera-
peutic agents, baths are classified accord-
ing, as water, vapor, air, etc. is used;
according to the temperature, as hot, tem-
perate, cold, etc. ; according to the end de-
sired, as Jiutritional, medicinal, stimulant,
etc. B., Chemical, in chemistry, an ap-
paratus for regulating the temperature of
chemical processes by surrounding the
substance with water, sand, oil or mer-
cury, through which the heat is communi-
cated. B., Hot Air, one in which the
body is surrounded by air at a temperature
of ioo°-i30° F. Used as a sweating bath.
B., Medicated, a bath in which medicinal
substances, as mineral salt, sulphur, etc., are
dissolved or held in suspension. B.,
Pack, or Sheet, one in which the body is
wrapped in cloths. B., Russian, one in
which the air of the room is saturated
with steam by throwing water upon heated
mineral or metallic substance, after which
the bather is rubbed down, finishing with
a cold douche. B., Sea, a bath in sea-
water. B., Shower, or Douche, one in
which a fine spray is projected against the
body. B., Turkish, one in which the
bather is placed successively in rooms of
higher temperature, then shampooed or
rubbed and finally stimulated by a douche
of cold water. B., Vapor, one in which
the body is exposed to air saturated with
steam at a temperature of I22°-I45° F.
B., Water, a bath of water. It may be
cold (6o°-75°) or tepid (85°-95°).
Bat^tery. A term applied to a number of
connected Leyden jars or galvanic cells.
B., Galvanic, one or more jars or cells
containing a plate of zinc and one of cop-
per (or carbon) suspended in acidulated
water. When the plates of a cell are
connected, a current of electricity is gener-
ated. A current from twelve to twenty
cells will heat a coarse platinum wire,
several inches long, to whiteness. In this
form it is much used for cautery. See
Cautery.
Bat^tey's Operation. See Oophorectomy.
Bat^tledore Placen^ta. One in which
there is a marginal insertion of the cord.
Bau^hin, Valve of. The ileo-csecal valve.
Baun^scheidism. A mode (named from
tlie inventor) of treating rheumatism l)y
counter-irritation, the latter being pro-
duced by pricking the exterior of the
part affected by very fine needles dipped
in oil of mustard, formic acid or other
irritant.
Baycu'ru. The root of a S. American
plant, Statice Braziliensis. One of the
most powerful astringents known. Used
\
BAY RUM
for ulcers of the mouth and glandular en-
largements. Dose of the fld. exl., \\\
XXX. Unof
Bay Rum and Bay, Oil of. See Mynia.
Bay Tree. The Lattrus nobilis ; also
rruniis laurocerastis ; commonly called
the laurel and the cherry laurel.
Bdel'lium (^Heb. b'Jolach). A resinous
^um exuding from various species of bal-
samodenJron. B., Indian, somewhat valu-
able as an emmenagogue.
Bdellom'eter (,JJf/./.«, aleech). A me-
chanical substitute for the leech, consisting
of cupping glass, scarificator and exhausting
s)Tinge.
Beak'er. A wide-mouthed glass vessel
much used in chemical laboratories.
Bean. The seed of several sjjecies of
Ifi^iiminosie, especially that of the common
bean, Faba I'u/garis. B. of St. Ignatius.
See Ignatia.
Beard. The hair on the lips, cheeks and
chin of adult men and certain species of
apes.
Bear''ing-down. The feeling of weight
or pressure in the pelvis in certain diseases.
B.-d. Pains, uterine pain in labor.
Bears-foot. Leaf cup. A ix)pular remedy
for enlargement of the spleen, or the " ague-
cake" of malarious regions. B.,Ext. Dose
gr. .ss-j. B., Fid. Ext. Dose ITLiij-x.
B., Infus, tijj of a ^j to Oj. Unof
Beat. The pulsations of the blood in the
arteries, or the impulse of the heart. See
Pulse.
Bed. The couch or support on which the
body may rest in slee]); usually a mattress
of straw, hair or similar substance. B., Air,
a mattress of rubjjer or leather which can
be inflated with air. B.-bug an apterous
insect, Ciniex lecttilaritis, which infests
filthy bed.steads, and at times parasitic
U]X)n the human Ixxly. B.-case, a form
of hysteria or illness in which tlie patient
persistently remains in bed. B. Sore, a
sore produced on any projecting part f)f the
l)ody by ])roliji)g<-d pressure against tiie
lx.*d, an<l by nutritive changes in |jara]y/ed
jxirts. B., Water. See Watt-r Bed.
Bee. A genas of insects l)elonging to
the Ifymcnoptera, commonly used to des-
ignate the common I loiu-y Hee, Af>is mclli-
fica. B. Bread, a rt-sinous substance
with which l>ces line their liivcs ami till
ceriain cirlls. B. Poison, the irritating
.secretion <lischarged through the sling of
tlic liee. See l-ormic Acid.
Beef. The flesh of domestic cattle. Gofxl
beef should be of red color, ix)ssess firm
79 BELLADONNA
texture, and be free from unpleasant
smell. Beef consists mainly of water
73, librin 15, gelatin 4, albumen 3, fat and
other substances 5 per cent. B. Extract,
the soluble fibrin of lean meat p;\rlly des-
iccated. B. Tea, the soluble extractive
matter of beef, made by sleeping fuiely-
cut lean beef with its weight of water, and
straining.
Beer. See Malt Liquors.
Beer's Cat^aract Knife, a knife with trian-
gular-shaped blade, for making section of
cornea in the removal of the crystalline
lens.
Bees'wax. See Cera.
Beggiato'a. A genus of the family of
IScKgiatoacees, whose filaments are not
enclosed in a gelatinous envelope. B.
Alba, a very common variety in sulphur-
ous and stagnant waters, frequently in wells
and cisterns, fonning white mucoid flakes
that may extend to large masses. Spiril-
lum volutans may form one part of its de-
velopmental cycle. B. Arachnoidea,
also common in sulphurous and stagnant
water; likewise B. Leptomitiformis. B.
Mirabilis, common in sea water among
decomposing algx\ B. Nivea, found in
sulphmous waters. B. Roseopersicina,
the source of Bacteriopurpurinc, common
in fresh and sea water.
Beggiatoa''cees. A family of Bacteria,
comprising the genera Heggiatoa and Cre-
nothrix. The elements are in rods or flla-
ments with a basic part, often fixed, and a
free apex or top. Forms within its articu-
lations spherical bodies thai are probably
true spores.
Be'la. The dried, half-riiie fruit of Aes^le
iiuinneloo, or Bengal (|uince. It is a valu-
able remedy in chronic diarrhna and
dysentery. The ript- fniit is slightly laxa-
tive. Dose .^ss-j. L'nof
Belch'ing. The expulsion or throwing up
of wind violently from the stomach.
Enictation.
Belladon'na. Deadly Night-shade. A
perennial ])lanl of tlie order .Solnitace<c,
indigennus to .Southern Europe and Asia,
and cultivated in tlie U. S. Properties
due to two alkaloids, atropine and bella-
dotinitii\ the latter thought to lie identical
witli hyoscyamine. Hoth leaves and flowers
are employed. A mild narcotic and ano-
dyne and a |)owi-rful inydrialic. Valuable
in inflannnalion of rlicuinalisin, gout and
neuralgia. Dose of the root aii<l leaves
gr. j. B. Extractum Alcoholicum.
Dose gr. ^^-\. B. Tinct., 15 per cent
BELL'S LAW
80
BI
Dose n\j-xxx. B. Unguent., contains
extract lo, dilute alcohol 6, benzoated
lard 84 parts. Atropine Sulphate, an
excellent antidote in opium poisoning.
See Atropine. Dose gr. x2o~gV- ^lom-
atropine. See Atropine.
Bell's Law. The discovery that the an-
terior roots of the spinal nerves are motor,
and the posterior sensory. See also Wal-
lerian Degeneration.
Bell's Paralysis. Paralysis of the facial
nerve.
Belly. See Abdomen.
Belt. A girdle about the waist. B., Ab-
dominal, a broad, elastic belt worn about
the abdomen as a support during preg-
nancy. B., Magnetic, a belt consisting
of plates of metal fastened upon a strip of
felt moistened with dilute acid. It is a
cure-all largely sold by empirics.
Beng. See Cannabis Indica.
Benign^ {^benignus, kind). A term applied
to medicines which are characterized by
mildness. Used chiefly to distinguish tu-
mors which are not malignant [q.v.) or
cancerous.
Benne Oil. See Sesa^ne Oleum.
Benzi^num. See Benzol.
Ben^zoin. A resin obtained from Styrax
benzoin, a tree native to Sumatra and Siam.
Occurs in tears consisting of several resins
agglutinated by a balsam. Yields benzoic
and cinnamic acids. Antiseptic and disin-
fectant. Used mainly as a stimulant ex-
pectorant in chronic bronchitis. Sodium and
potassium compounds are sometimes used
in place of like salicylic acid compounds.
Adeps Benzoinatus, benzoinated lard,
contains 2 per cent, of benzoin. B. Tinct.,
20 per cent, of the resin in alcohol. Dose
^ss-j. B. Tinct. Comp., Friar's Balsam,
benzoin 12, aloes 2, styrax 8, balsam of
Tola 4, alcohol, q. s. ad 100 parts. Dose
5 ss-ij. Benzoic Acid, alcohol best solvent.
A constituent of opii, tinct. camphorat.
Dose gr. x— xxx. Ammonitim Benzoate,
water best solvent. Dose gr. v-xxx. LitA-
ium Benzoate, dose gr. v-xxx. Sodium
Benzoate, water best solvent. Dose gr.
Ben^zol. A hydrocarbon formed by the
dry distillation of organic substances. De-
rived chiefly from coal tar. Composition,
CgHg. Inflammable and very volatile. An
excellent solvent for grease. Used inter-
nally to destroy epizoa. Vapor used in
whooping-cough. Dose gtt. v-x.
Beriberis. Barberry. The root of B.
aquifolium, or Oregoti grape. Properties
due to an alkaloid, berberine. An astringent,
bitter tonic. In large doses a cathartic.
Used locally in conjunctivitis, and inter-
nally in malarial and typhoid fevers. B.,
Ext. Fid., dose v-xxx. B., Tinct., con-
tains 20 per cent, of the root. Berberine,
the alkaloid. Dose gr. j-x. B. Muri-
ate, an efficient injection in gonorrhoea.
All unof
Berga^mii Oleum. Oil of Bergamot. See
Bergamot.
Bergamot^, Oil of. An essential oil de-
rived from the rind of the Citrus hcrgatni.
Composition, CjqHjj. Used mainly as a
perfume.
Beriberi, or Beri Beri (Cingalese, beri,
weakness). A dropsical ailment charac-
terized by the appearance of multiple
neuritis, and accompanied by anaemia and
paraplegia. Prevalent in India and Cey-
lon. Possibly of microbic origin.
Bert's Experiment. Bert removed the
skin from the tip of the tail of a rat,
stitched it into the skin of the back of the
animal, and after union had taken place
the tail was divided at its base. Sensation
was preserved. Nerve-fibers were thus
proved capable of transmitting impulses in
both directions.
BestiaPity [bestia, a beast). Unnatural
intercourse with an animal.
Beta^ine. A ptomaine obtained from both
animal and vegetable substances. It has
been found in human urine and in poison-
ous mussel, but not in putrid mussel. It
has been procured from beet-root juice
and cotton seed. It is not poisonous;
belongs to the Choline group.
Beta-naphthol. See Naphlhol.
Battel. A masticatoiy used in the East.
A few grains of the nut of the Catechu
palm, Areca C, are rolled up with a
small amount of quicklime in a leaf of
Piper betel, and chewed. Tonic, astrin-
gent, stimulant and aphrodisiac. Increases
powers of endurance. Dose of fld. ext.
3J-iij. Unof
Beth Root. The rhizome of Trillium
erecta. Astringent and tonic. Dose of fld.
ext. rTLxxx-_^j. Trilliin, a concentrated
ext. Dose gr. ij-iv. Unof
Be^tol. Naphthalol. A salicylic ether of
naphthol. Of alleged value in rheumatism
and cystitis. Resembles salicylic acid in
properties. Dose gr. x-xv. Unof
Bezo^ar. See ALgagropili.
Bhang. See Cannabis Pndica.
Bi {bis, twice). A prefix signifying " twice"
or " two;" as <5?-cuspid, two cusps; (^/-lobed,
BIBULOUS
81
BIOrilAGUS
twice lobed; ^?'-valved, with two valves;
^/'-lateral, two-sided, etc. In chemistry the
prefix (//, is commonly employed.
Bib'ulous (hibere, to drink). Having the
proi)erty of absorbing moisture or other
liquids. B. Lapis, pumice stone. B.
Paper, blotting pajier.
Bi'ceps (/'/>, twice, caput, the head). A
term applied to several muscles, as B.
hrachii, B. extensor, B. Jlexor cruris. So
called from their double origin.
Bicip'ital. Pertaining to the biceps muscle.
Bi-con'cave. See Lens.
Bi-con'vex. See Lens.
Bicusp'id {f>i and cuspis, the point of a
sjx'ar). Having two cusps, as B. Teeth, the
fourth and fiftli teeth, which are di>tin-
pui>hed by having each two cusps or [xjints.
B. Valve, the mitral valve of the heart.
Bid'der's Gang'lion. A ganglion situa-
ted between the auricles and ventricles,
in the walls of the heart.
Bien'nial \^bi, two, annus, a year). Every
two years. In botany, plants that pro-
duce foliage and a root-stalk the first year,
flowering and maturing the second.
Bi'fid [dis, twice, yfwf/o, to cleave). Divided
in two; cleft, as the spina bifida.
Bifo'cal. With a double focus. Used of
a system of lenses or spectacle glasses
with two foci, for the correction of presby-
opia, when there is at the same time an
error of refraction for distant vision. The
distance lens is al)Ove that for near work.
.Sometimes called Pantoscopic lenses, and
also Franklin spectacles, because the de-
vice was first made by Benjamin F"ranklin.
Bile ( I>at. bilis, Gr. X"'^'l)- 1 he juice
secreted by the liver. H. is mucilaginous,
golden brown in man, golden red in car-
nivora, brownish green in herhivora, and
green in birds. Composed of biliary salts,
choleslerin, mucus and certain pigments.
The principal acids are taurocholic and
glychocolic, txjth commonly combined with
sixiium.
Bile Pigments. I'iliruljin and IJiliverdin.
B. P., Test for. See Gmelin I/eintz AV-
aetion.
Bilhaf'zia Haemato'bia. See Distoma.
Bil'iary. I'l-rtainiiig to the bile. B.
Acids, Cilycocholic and Taurocholic
AcifLs, formed in the liver. Tests for K.
A. in the urine. See Oliver s Test, /'rttrn-
kof.ys lest, and Hay's Test. B. Ducts,
the h<-|xitic, the cystic ami the duclus com-
munis choled<x:hus. The first liads from
the liver, the second from the gall-bladder.
'ITic third is a common excretory duct.
6
Bilicy'anin. A blue pigment obtained
frcmi bilimbin.
Bilifus'cin (Julis, fusciis,\y{o\s\\). A pig-
mentary matter occurring in bile, and in
human gall-stones.
Birious. A term popularly applied to
disorilers supjwsed to arise from a too free
secretion of bile. B. Fever, a term
kxisely applied to certain enteric and mala-
rial fevers.
Bilipra'sin {l>ilis, rrpaaox', a leek). A pig-
mentary substance occurring in gall-stones,
icteric urine and bile. It is bilirubin
-f 11,0 + o.
Biliru'bin {bilis, ruber, red). A pigment-
ary substance found in bile.
Biliver'din {bilis, viridis, green). A pig-
mentary substance found in bile.
Bima'na \J>i, two, /nanus, a hand). An
Older of the division of nianunalia in-
cluding man only.
Biman'ual. Two-handed. Ambidextrous.
Bi'nary (binus, a couple). In chemistry,
compounded of two elements. In anat-
omy, separating into two branches.
Binaur'al (bis, twice, auris, ear). Per-
taining to or having two ears.
Bind^er. A wide Ijandage about the abdo-
men, worn by women during or after labor,
to support the al)dominal walls.
Binoc'ular {bi, two, oculus, an eye). In
anatomy, having, or pertaining to two eyes.
In oi)tics, an instrument with two eye-pieces
for use with both eyes at once. B. Vision,
the faculty of using both eyes synchron
ously and without diplopia.
Biogen^esis (/J'of, life, ^eieaic, origin).
The doctrine that living things are pro-
duced only from living things — the reverse
of nbiox'enesis.
Biolog'ical Law. See F/iylos;eny.
BioKogy (/^">f, ^oyor, a discourse). The
science embracing the stniclure, function,
and organization of life forms.
BioPysis (..^of, /'.wj, to loosen). The
destruction of life. The devitalization of
living tissue.
Biom'eter (/'?<of, fierpov, measure). Dr.
I'arr si)eaks of the Life-Table (</. 7'.) as a
P., and of eijual importance in all iiv|uiries
connected with human life or sanitary im-
provements with the barometer or ther-
mometer, etc., in ])hysical research; and
the keystone or jiivot on which the whole
seience of life assurance rests.
Bioph''apus (,ii<i':< <I><'}(j, U) eat). A ukkIc
of mitrition of plants, in wiiich the organs
of the plant seize and di.s.solve the liodics
of insects.
BIOPLASM
82
BITUMEN
Bi^oplasm {[^loc;, irlacfia, form). Any liv-
ing matter. A matter possessing repro-
ductive vitality. See ProtopiasHi-.
Bi^oplast [jiioq,'K%aaau, to form). A mass
or cell of bioplasm which is a unit of living
matter.
Bios^copy (/3wf , gkotteu, to examine). Ex-
amination of the body to ascertain whether
life be extinct. B., Electro-, examination
by the aid of the electric current. The
muscular reaction is lost to Faradic stimu-
lation in about two hours after death in the
tongue ; 3-4 hours in the extremities ; 5-6
in the trunk. Galvanic reactions persist
somewhat longer.
Biot^ic [jiio^). Pertaining to life or to the
laws of animal and vegetable progress and
evolution.
Biot's Respira^tion. That occurring with-
out variation in the size of the individual
respirations, as, e.g., during sleep.
Bi^ped iybi, t-wo,J>es, a foot). With or hav-
ing two feet.
Bipo^lar. Having two poles. B. Nerve-
cells, nerve-cells which have two pro-
longations of the cell matter. Found
chiefly in the ganglia of the gray matter of
the brain.
Bird's Formula. The two last figures
of the specific gravity of urine nearly repre-
sent the number of grains of solids to the
ounce contained in the urine. The same
two figures multiplied by 2 (Trapp's Fac-
tor) give the parts per looo. Haeser's
Factor is 2.33.
Bird's-nest Cells. The cells of certain
fonns of epithelial cancer, distinguished by
the concentric arrangement of their cell
walls.
Bird's-nest, Edible. The nest of certain
species of swift, used by the Chinese as
food. Consists of marine algce, Gelidium,
cemented by salivary mucus of the bird.
Birth (Sax. beortli). The delivery of a
child. B., Plural, the birth of more than
a single child. B., Posthumous, a child
born after the death of its father. B., Pre-
cocious, the occurrence of natural labor
in a shorter time after coition than is usual.
B., Premature. See Labor. B., Still.
See Still-bom.
Birth-mark. See N'cevus Pigmcntosiis.
Bis^cara Button. See Furiinculus Orien-
talis.
Bisex''ual. Having the reproductive or-
gans of both sexes. Hermaphrodite.
Bish^op's Weed. See Ajowan.
Bis'kra Boil. See Furunculus Orien-
talis.
Bis^muth, or
Bismu^thum. Bi = 210 ; quantivalence I,
III, v. A pinkish-white crystalline metal.
Not used in medicine in its metallic form.
Commercial salts apt to contain arsenic.
The insoluble salts of B. are feebly astrin-
gent. Useful in disordered digestion,
acne, eczema, etc. B. et Ammonii
Citras, soluble in water. Dose gr. j-v.
B. Citras, soluble in water of ammonia.
Used only for pharmaceutical puiposes.
B. Oxychlorid., pearl white. Unof.
Used as a cosmetic. B. Subcarbonas,
insoluble. Best given in emulsion with
milk. Dose gr. x-^j. B. Subnitras,
the salt chiefly used in medicine. Used
also as a cosmetic. Dose gr. x— ^j.
Bis^tort. The rhizome of Polygon tun bis-
torta. An astringent. Dose of fld. ext.
TTLxx-xl. Unof.
Bist^oury(Fr. i>'M/6;//;7). A small (straight
or curved) knife used in surgery. B.-
cache, has the blade concealed for pass-
ing to the point to be incised, and by
pressure on the handle the blade is ex-
posed and the incision made.
Bit^ter (Sax. bitan, to bite). A peculiar,
well-known taste, of which quinine pre-
sents an example. B. Almond, the nut
of the Afiiygdalum amara. Contains
hydrocyanic acid. B. Apple, the fruit
of the colocynth. Purgative. B. Bugle-
weed, the herb Lycopiis EuropiEus. Alter-
ative and tonic. Dose of fld. ext. ^ss-j.
Unof. B. Cup, a cup made of quassia
wood. Tonic. B. Purging Salt, sul-
phate of magnesia. B. Root, the root of
Gentiana Catesbcei. Tonic. B. Tincture,
tincture of bitter almonds. B. Wine of
Iron, a solution of white wine, syrup, citrate
of iron and quinine. Tonic. See Feri-um.
Bit^ters. Medicines characterized by a
bitter taste. B., Aromatic, medicines
that unite the properties of aromatics with
those of simple bitters. B., Simple, medi-
cines that stimulate the gastro-intestinal
tract without influencing the general sys-
tem. B., Styptic, medicines that add
styptic and astringent properties to those
of bitterness.
Bit'tersw^eet. See Dulcamara.
Bitu^men [bitiiiiie?!, Gr. «(T^a/lrof). Min-
eral pitch or oil composed of various hydro-
carbons. In solid form it is usually called
asphalt; in liquid form, petroleum. An
intermediate form is known as mineral tar
or maltha. By distillation, bitumen yields
benzol, naphtha, paraffine, and various
other hydrocarbons, liquid and gaseous.
BIURET REACTION
83
BLENNORRIICEA
Biu''ret Reaction. A test for proteids — a
violet color by adding a few drops of Fehl-
inij's solution.
Biv'alent. See Quantivalence.
Biven'tral (A/, two, vcntrurn, a stomach),
llavinjj two stomachs.
Black (Sax. b/tci). Absence of color or
light. The appearance of an object from
whose surface none of the spectmm colors
are reflected. B. Alder. See Priiios. B.
Antimony, aiuimonium tersulphide, Sb-
S3. B. Pi.sh,\hchM'koi Fmxintis Siiinbuci-
folia, a mild tonic and a.vtrin.i^ent. Dose of
fid. ext. 3 ss-j. Unof B. Blood, venous
blood. B. Cancer. See .l/./i/^/ .y/.r. B.
Cohosh. See tV////W///i,''<r. B. Death. .See
Pla^ttc. B. Draught. See Sciiiui. B.
Drop See Opium. B. Eye. See Ecchy-
iiiosis. B.Haw. )^&t.\'iburnum. B. Hel-
lebore. .See Hellebore. B. Lead, a form
of carbon properly known as the mineral
graphite. B. Walnut, the leaves o{ Jug-
Inns nigra, a tonic, alterative and deobstru-
ent. i)ose of fld. ext. TT\^xx-xxx. Unof.
B. Willow, the buds of Salix nigra, a
bitter tonic with aphrodisiac properties.
1 lose of fld ext. rt\^xv-_:; j. Unof.
Blaclc'berry. See Riibus.
Black-Tongue. See Glossophytia.
Blad'der (Sax., blasan, to blow). The
membranous, sac-like reservoir or recep-
tacle of the urine. B., Atony of, inability
to expel the urine, from deficient muscular
]>ower. B., Catarrh of. See Cystitis. B.,
Extrophy or Extroversion of, absence of
the anterior wall of the H.,and more or less
deficiency of the corres]xin<ling part of the
abdomen. B., Fasciculated, the walls
thrf)wn into ridges by chronic cystitis. B.,
Herniaof. )r>(t& Cystoeele. B., Inflamma-
tion of. See Cystitis. B., Inversion of,
a jirotniiionor an invagination of the blad-
der through the urethra. B., Irritable, a
condition characterized by constant desire
to urinate. B., Neck of, the constricted
portion continuous with the urethra in front.
B., Paralysis of, the same symjitoms as in
atony, but more marked and due to nervous
or central disease. If affecting the neck
alone, thcrre is ineontinenee; if the Iwdyof
the organ, retention of urine. B., Saccu-
lated, |x>uches f(jrm<-<l between the liyiKjr-
tropliied mu.scular fibres.
Bladder-wrack. See Fuciis Vesiculosus.
Blae'sitas ( .i'/anjor, one limping). Stam-
mering or lisj)ing. Also the condition of
one with distorted limbs. Ap|)lied also to
one having an angular curvature of the
spine. The term is loosely used.
Blain. A blister; an elevation of the
cuticle containing serum.
Bland [blanilns, mild). A term applied to
mild and soothing medicines and applica-
tions.
Blank'et (Fr. blanc, white). A woolen
covering, so called because originally of
white color. B., Bath. See Bath, Sheet
or Paek.
Blastc'ma (.^/'.nffrrti'w, to germinate). The
fonnative lymph or paliulum of capillary
exudation. A synonym of protoplasm.
Blast'oderm i^^i'/xioravu, iStpua, skin). In
embr)'ology, the gemiinal membrane fonned
by the cells of the morula, lying on the
internal surface of the vitelline membrane
of the impregnated ovum. The whole hollow
sphere, with its surrouniling cells, is calletl
the blastodermic vesicle, and is formed
about the tenth day. The ectoderm (or
epiblast) and the endoderm {^entoderm or
hypoblast) layers are simply due to a pro-
liferation of the blastodermic cells aliout
the germinal a rea , wliereby the blastodenn
is doubled, thus forming these outer and
inner layers. The mesoblast or middle
layer is developed after the latter, and
probably from the h)-poblast. The Blasto-
pore is the point where the covering in of
the gemiinal area is temporarily incom-
]ilete.
Blast'omere. See Morula.
Blastopore. See Blastoderm.
Blast'osphere. The embrj'onic segmenta-
tion sphere formed by the union of the male
and female elements.
Blaf'ta Orienta'lis. The powdered body
of the cockroach. A jwpular remedy for
dropsy among Russian jx;asants. Increases
the amount of urine and diminishes the
amount of albumen. Dose gr. iv-xx. Unof
Bleach. To make white or jiale, to dimin-
ish the intensity of color. Bleaching
Powder, chlorinated lime, a mixtuie of
calcium cliloride and calcium hypochlorite,
containing free chlorine ^'as. Much used as
a disinfectant. Bleaching Fluid, eau de
Javelle, a similar comix)sition obtained by
pa.ssing chlorine gas into an enuilsion of
calcium hydrate.
Blear Eye. See Blepharitis Ulcerosa.
Bleb. See Bulla.
Bleed'ers' Disease. See Ilitmophilia.
Blennorrha'gia {^A'hvvw,, mucus, fviyvvfu,
to iturst forth). y\n excessive discharge
of muciLS from the urethra or vagina. .See
Ciouorrhiva.
Blennorrhcc'a {{V^rvvor,, ptu, to flow).
Same as Jilennorrhagia.
BLENNOSIS
84
BLOOD
Blennc'sis. A generic name for diseases
of the mucous membrane.
Blephari^tis [jfAeipapov, the eyelid). In-
flammation of the eyeUds. B. Ciliaris,
inflammation seated in the hair folhcles.
B. Marginalis, inflammation seated in
the marginal l;order of the lids. B. Ulcer-
osa, a catarrhal or ulcerous inflammation
of the eyelids, occurring as the sequel of
catarrhal conjunctivitis.
Bleph'aro-adeni^tis [[i?ie<l)apov, aSrp,
gland, LTLq). Inflammation of the Meibo-
mian glands.
Blepharophimo''sis {(jyiuucrig, a shutting
up). Abnormal smallness of the palpebral
opening.
Bleph^aroplasty ['!T?MaGu, to form). An
operation for the formation of any part of
the eyelid destroyed by wound or lesion, by
ingrafting or transplanting from a contigu-
ous healthy part.
Blepharople^gia. See Ptosis.
Blepharopto^sis. See Ptosis.
Bleph'arospasm {airaa/toi;). Spasm of
the orbicularis palpebrarum muscle.
Bleph^arostat {iottz/il, to stand). An in-
strument for holding the eyelids apart or
firm whilst performing operations upon
the eyes or lids.
Blessed Thistle. See Cardmis.
Blight. A partial paralysis of certain
facial nerves, arising from sudden or
extreme cold. B. of the Eye, an extra-
vasation of blood within the conjunctiva.
Blind (Sax. blind). Without sight. De-
prived of sight. B. Spot, that part of the
area of the fundus of the eye where the optic
nerve enters.
Blindness. Want of vision. Color-B.,
subnormal perception of colors. This con-
dition is found in about 4 per cent, of people,
is more frequent in men than women, and
is probably due to non-exercise of the color
sense. Complete Color-B. is very rare,
the different colors probably appearing as
different intensities or shades of white light.
In Partial Color-B., subnormal percep-
tion of red is the most frequent, green,
blue and yellow, respectively, being next in
order. Tests for Color-B., usually con-
sist in matching and classifying colored
yams. Cortical B., B. due to lesion of
the cortical center of vision. Day-B. See
Nyctalopia. Moon-B., a rare condition
of retinal anxsthesia said to be due to expo-
sure of the eyes to the moon's rays in sleep-
ing. Night-B. See Ilemeralopia. Psy-
chical B., loss of conscious visual sensa-
tion from destruction of the central area
of the visual center ; there is sight but
not recognition. Snow-B., photophobia
and conjunctivitis due to exposure of the
eyes to the glare of sunlight upon snow.
Blis^ter A vesicle resulting from the
exudation of serous fluid between the epi-
dermis and true skin. Also the agent by
which the blister is produced. B., Fly, a
beetle, Caiitkaris vesicatoria, the body of
which is used as a blistering agent. B.,
Flying, a blister which remains long
enough to produce only a redness of the
skin and not vesication.
Blood. The fluid which circulates through
the heart, arteries and veins, supjjlying
nutritive material to all parts of the body.
In the human being the blood of the arte-
ries is bright red; that of the veins dark
red. Blood consists of colorless plasma
in which are suspended the red and white
corpuscles. When exposed to the air it
coagulates, forming a red clot, and a yellow-
ish fluid called serum. Healthy blood
consists of 79 per cent, of water and 21
per cent, solids. B. Corpuscles, small,
circular, biconcave discs floating in the
blood. Red corpuscles are circular in
mammals (except the camel), and elliptical
in birds and reptiles. They are about
•j^'qq inch m diameter and y^ooo ''^'^^
thick. White corpuscles are about one-
third larger in diameter and comparatively
few. 1 hey exhibit a movement similar
to those of aiiiKba:. The coloring matter
of the B. is found in a substance known
as hamoglobin, and is said to be due to
minute quantities of the salts of iron. B.
Crystals, crystals of a substance known
as hjematoidin. B. Heat, a temperature
varying from 98° to 100° F. B., Loss of.
See Hemorrhage. B. Plasma, the liquor
sanguijiis, or fluid part of the blood. B.
Poisoning, a common term denoting any
ailment arising from the introduction of
decomposing organic matter or putrefactive
germs into the blood. See Anthrax, Pyce-
jiiia ind Septicdjuia. B. Plates, pale,
colorless, oval, round or lenticular discs of
variable size, found in healthy n* rmal
human blood, 18,000 to 250,000 per cubic
millimeter. Their function is not cer-
tainly known. Also called (Hayem) hre-
matoblasts. B. Pressure, the force of
compression exerted by the blood upon the
walls of the vessels under the influence of
the heart's action, the elastic walls, etc.
Various instruments have been devised to
estimate the amount of this pressure, the
Hceniady7iaino7neter of Poisetiille , L iidwig's
BLOOD-ISLANDS
85
BONE
Kynicgraph, tick's Spring Kymograph, v.
Bijsch's Sphygmomanometer, the Gradu-
ated Sphygmograph, etc.
Blood-Islands. A temi applied to the
groups of corpuscles develoj>ed in tlie fowl
during the first days of embrj-onic life,
within tiie large branched cells of the
mcsobLost.
Bloodless Operations. Surgical opera-
tions, such as amputations, in which the
menil>er is so bandaged by compresses and
elastic rings that the blood is expelled from
the part to be oj^erated ujxjn.
Bloodletting. The artilicial abstraction
of blood from the Ixxly. B., General,
venesection or phlelx)tomy ; it acis by re-
ducing the iieart's action and diminisliiiig
the quantity of blood. Occasionally used
with excellent results in pneumonia, sun-
stroke, etc. B., Local or Topical. See
(. 'tipping. Leeching or Scari/I, ,iti,'/t. Useful
in certain inllanimator)' conditions.
Blood-root. See Sangninaria.
Bloodshot. Extravasated witli blood.
Bloody. Having the nature of, or filled
with blood. B. Flux. See Dysentery.
B. Sweat. See Ephidrosis.
Blow'pipe. A short tube bent at one
end and tapering to a point, used in direct-
ing the tl.iine of a lamp in a fine conical
tongue. B., Oxyhydrogen, an appa-
ratus for producing intense heat by l)urn-
ing hydrogen or illuminating gas at the
end of a mixing noz/.le.
Blue. One of the colors of the spectmm.
B. Disease. See Cyanopathy. B. Flag.
See Iris. B. Gentian, the root of Gen-
tiana tv/A-j/'^z-/, tonic and stomachic. Dose
of lid. ext., n\,x-xl. Unof. B. Gum.
See Gingival. B. Gum Tree. Sec Aw-
calyplu^. B. Ointment. See //ydrarg\'-
riiiii. B. Pill. .See Hydrargyrum. B.
Stone. Sic Copper.
Boat-belly. See Scaphoid .Abdomen.
Body. The animal frame with its organs.
.\ls<j, a c.id.iver or coqwe.
Body Louse. Sec Pcdiculus.
Bcet'tcher's Test. For sugar. First
eliminate the albumin, if any pre.sent.
Add a small amount of bismuth subnitrate
to equal amounts, mixed, of suspected
urine and j)<'ta.ssium hydrate; Injil; if
sug.ir l<c present the wiiite jxjwder turns
gray, Ijfowii or l)lack, from re<luction to
metallic lii.sinuth.
Boil (Sax. I<yl). A furuncle, — a local
i/<-d inflnmm.ition of the skin and siibcu-
tani.-f)Us t<)nm-ttiv(r tissue altrniird by llic
fonnation of pus. B., Aleppo or B.,
Delhi, a peculiar ulcerative affection en-
demic in India, due to a specific and patho-
genic microbe. It has been proposed by
lleydenroich to call this Tropical Boii.
Other names are Penjdeh Boil and Boutott
Bishra.
Boil'ing. The vaporization of a liquid
when it gives off vajwr having the same
tension as the sunountling air. Most tis-
sues, animal and vegetable, are soflen'.-d
and rendered more or less soluble by boil-
ing. Albumin and most albuminoids,
however, are rendered insoluble. The
temperature of B. water at the level of the
sea is about 212° F. (100° C.) ; it de-
creases with increasing altitude.
Boiling Test. For albumin. Acidulate
an alkaline urine and heat upper half to
boiling. Turbidity indicates albumin.
Bois'sons {dr.). Cheaii fermented licjuors
niaile from raisins or otiier dried fruits to
which sweetened water is added and fer-
mentation allowed.
Bo 'la. See Myrrh.
Bol'do-glu'cine. An aromatic glucoside
ol'tained from B. fragrans and other
species. A hypnotic in doses of gr. xx-
3J. Unof.
Bol'dus. Boldo. The leaves and stems
of an evergreen, B. pete in us, native to
Chili and vicinity. Sometimes used in
anemia and general dcliility as a substi-
tute for ([uinine. B., Tinct., contains 20
per cent, of the drug. Dose n\^v-viij.
Bole (.?a>/'.of, a clod of earth). A trans-
lucent, soft variety of clay formerly much
useil in medicine, internally as an astrin-
gent, externally as an absorbent.
Bologn'a Phos'phorus. A sulphide of
Barium, having the ])roperty of emitting a
pale, feeble light in the dark.
Bo'lus. A mass of medicine exhil)ited
in the form of a large pill.
Bom'bus (jiofifiog, the lunnming sound of
bees). A ringing or bu/./ing sound in the
ears. Also a sonorous movement or
rmiibling tiatus of the intestines.
Bone. (.Sax. M/i). A hard ti>sue which
constitutes the framework or skeleton of
the Ixjdy. Comj^sed mainly of tri-caleium
])hosphatc and cartilage. A single articu-
lation of Utne usually consists of a compact
outer mass covered with periosteum, sur-
rounding a reticulated inner sinicture
which encloses a central cavity filU tl with
marrow. A transverse section shows lione
tissu(- lobe com|K).S((l of a numlK-rof nearly
circular /ones, eaih having a central tuU-,
the //(iTcniitn canal, through which the
BONESET
86
BOW
blood circulates. Surrounding the H. canal
are concentrically arranged belts of oblong
cells called lacituis. Each lacuna is the
outlet of a number of canaliciili, through
which the nutrition is conveyed to all parts
of the bone. B. Ash, the calcic phos-
phate remaining after bones have been
incinerated.
Bone^set. See Eupatorhim.
Bonnet's Capsule. Se^e Octtlar {Sheath).
Boot, Junod's. ^e.e Jitiiod^s Boot.
Borac^ic Acid. See Boron.
Bo^rage. The plant B. officinalis. A
demulcent, mild refrigerant and diapho-
retic. Dose of fid. ext. gj. Unof.
Bc'rax. See Boron.
Borboryg^mus. See Bombus.
Bo'ric Acid. See Boron.
Bor'neol. A principle derived from Drya-
balanops cajnphora:, a tree native to the
East Indies. It produces spasms of epi-
leptiform character.
Bo^ro-glyc^eride. A preparation made
by heating boracic acid and glycerine.
Used as a local application in eye and
skin affections. Unof.
Bo^ron. B = II; quantivalence III, V.
The base of boric acid and of the mineral
borax. Boracic, or, more properly. Boric
Acid, a crystalline substance, H3BO3,
found native in the volcanic lagoons of
Tuscany. Occurs in white, transparent
crystals, soluble in water and alcohol. A
powerful antiseptic, and much used in
parasitic diseases of the skin. Borax,
sodium diborate. Occurs in lacustrine de-
posits as white, transparent cystals, soluble
in water, alcohol and glycerine. Used as
an antiseptic wash for ulcers and indolent
lesions. Valuable also as an emmenagogue,
and in leucorrhcea. All unof.
Bot (botus, a belly-worm). The larva of
certain species of flies of the genus QLstras,
which are conveyed into the stomach of
man, where they hatch. Also the thread-
worm, Oxynrus verniicidaris.
BotalTi, Foramen of. ^ht foramen ovale
of the foetal heart.
Bot^any {(ioTavTj, an herb). The science
of plants — their classification and struc-
ture.
Bothrioceph''alus La''tus. See Tape-
7uor>?i.
Bot^ryoid [(ioTpvq, a cluster of grapes).
Resembling the shape of a bunch of
grapes.
Bott'ger's Test. See Ba-ttchei^s Test.
Bot^tle (povTi^, a flask, Pr. hoiiteillc'). A
vessel, usually of glass with a narrow neck.
B., Feeding, a flat flask with a nipple of
India rubber attached, used in feeding
infants. B. Nose, a common name for
Acne Roseola. B., Specific Gravity, a
Florence flask graduated to contain 500-
1000 grains of water, with the weight of
which any other equal volume of liquid
may be compared.
Botulin^ic Acid. An acid asserted to
exist in putrefying sausages, forming their
specific poison.
Bougie (Fr. bougie, a candle). A
slender, cylindrical instnmient made of
waxed silk, catgut, etc., for introduction
into the urethra or other passage, for the
purpose of dilation, exploration, c/r. Some-
times coated with preparations that are
thus conveyed to the inner mucous sur-
faces. B., Armed, a bougie with a piece
of nitrate of silver or other caustic attached
to its extremity. B., Filiform, whale-
bone or other bougies of very small size.
Bou^hou. A name given to a malarial
disease resembling dengue, which is preva-
lent in the Sandwich Islands.
Bou^illon (Fr.). An alimentary broth
made by boiling meat, usually beef, in
water. A soup. Also a liquid nutritive
medium made by boiling meat for the cul-
ture of microorganisms. Peptonized bouil-
lons and solutions of powdered meats have
also been used. B. of Liebig, made
by dissolving Liebig's meat extract, 5
grammes, in boiling water, loo grammes,
neutralizing with bicarbonate of soda and
filtering. It becomes more nutritive by
adding glucose.
Bounc^ing Bet. See Soapwort.
Bou'quet. The peculiar flavor of wines
which have been aged, supposed to be due
to oenanthic ether.
Bourdon^nement (Fr. bourdonncr, to
buzz.) Any buzzing sound. The mur-
mur which is heard when the stethoscope
is applied to any part of the body. Thought
to result from contraction of muscular
fibrillas. See, also, Bombus.
Boutonniere Opera^tion (Fr. bouton-
niere, button hole). An operation for
urethral stricture. The location of the
stricture is fixed by a catheter and an in-
cision is made in front of it ; a probe is
then passed to the bladder. The stricture
is then divided.
Boutons Terminals (Fr.). The enlarge-
ments of the free ends of certain sensory
nerves.
Bow. A bending. B. Leg, a bending
outward of the lower limbs.
BOWELS
87
BREAD
Bow'els [dc^Mis, a sausage). The intes-
tines.
Bowman's Glands. Peculiar tubular
glands in the olfactory region of the
nasal distribution of the olfactor\ ner\e.
B. Probe. Set Lac/iryma/. B. Tubes,
artilicial productions made by forcing air
or fluids between the conical lamella;.
Box Pulse-measurer. An instrument for
measuring the pulse by its action upon a
column of liquid when the exposed artery
is placed within an oblong box communi-
caliui; with the column.
Brach'ial t^l>rachiitni, the arm). Pertain-
ing to the arm. B. Artery, the con-
tinuation of the axillary which extends
along the inner side of the ami. B. Di-
plegia. Sec Piini/ysis. B. Glands, the
hinph.itic glands of the arm. B. Plexus,
the plexus of the tifth, sixtli, seventh and
eighth cer^ical and the first dorsal pair.
B. Veins, the veins of the arm which
accompany the B. artery.
Brach'ium (dnu/iium). The arm. An
extensor process of an organ. B. Cere-
bri, or B. of Optic Lobes, the bands
connecting the nates and the testes with
the optic tlialanius.
Brachyceph'alic [Spaxvr, .short, Ke<pa?.rf,
head). .Applied to skulls of an egg-like
sha|>e, the larger end behind. See Index.
Brachydac'tylous {^^{mxvq, 6aKTv7joq,
finger). Pertaining to an abnormal short-
ness ijf the lingers or toes.
Brachymetro'pia. See Myopia.
Bradycar'dia ( ipifhf, slow, Kapfiia, the
heart). \ term us--d 1-iy Eichhorst to indi-
cate the )jhenomcna as.sociated with slow
pulse — the op]X)site of tachycardia.
Bradyla'lia ( ^\mftv<:, hi/.ia, a babbling).
A slow and disordered utterance.
Braid'ism. The hypnotic state produced by
fixation of the eyes ujx)n a shining object.
Bradypha'sia. See Aphasia.
Brain >ax. lira\i;en). The general con-
tents of the cranium, especially the cere-
brum. B., Compression of, may arise
from injury or disease, from serous exuda-
tion, \AiKn\ cxtrava.salion, clc. B., Con-
cussion of, is tlie result of injury pro-
ducing symptiiins of loss of jxjwer an<l
function gi-ni-rally. B. Fever. See Men -
ittj^tis. B., Irritation of, follows injury
anrl is mark(<i by symptoms of irritaliility
and often convulsive phenomena. B.,
Little, tiic i.r.lillmn. B. Pan. the
cranium. B. Sand, a gritty niim ral mat-
ter found in and aUjut the pineal gland,
consisting mainly iT calcium and n)agnc-
sium carbonates and phosphates. Its func-
tion is not known.
Bran. The epidermis or outer covering
of the seeds of most cereals. Contains
woody matter 35, starch 22, albumin and
gluten 13, water 12, giuu 8, other matters,
including a small amount of siHca, 10 jx-r
cent. It contains, also, a diastatic ferment,
which converts the starch into dextrine.
B. Tea, a decoction of bran, used in
coughs.
Branch. A name given to the divisions
or oftshoots of blood vessels, lymphatics,
or nerves, from the trunk or main stem.
Branch''iae. The gills of fishes.
Branch'ial Openings. See Clefts, J'is-
ccra/.
Bran'dy. See Spin'tus.
Brash (Dutch luaakoi, to vomit). A
common name indicating almost any dis
order of the digestive system. B., ^A^ater.
See Pyrosis.
Brass. An alloy of copper with 25-40
per cent, of zinc.
Bras''sica. A genus of plants, Nat.
Order, Crttcifem, including the common
cabbage. B. Acidulata, .sour crout (or
sauer kraut). B. Asperifolia Escu-
lenta, the common turnip. B. Cauli-
flora (or Florida), the caulillower. B.
Cumana or Rubra, the red cabbage.
B. Napus, the rape plant. B. Nigra,
the black mustard. B. Sativa, the com-
mon cabbage.
Braye^ra. Kousso. The female flowers
of B. avthclinintica. Contains tannic
acid, a volatile oil and a crystalline prin-
ciple, Koitssin. In large do.ses ]iroduces
nausea and cmesis. \'alual'le mainly as
an anthelmintic against tapeworm. Dose
^ij-^^ss, in infusion of boiling water.
B., Ext. Fid., dose 3ij-.5J.
Bread (Sax. bredaii, to nourish, Lat.
panis, Gr. aprof). A mixture of flour
and water made jxjrous by carlion dioxide
and then baked. The Hour may be cif
wheat, com, oat or rye. The c;u-l on diox-
ide may be introduced by decomposing an
alkaline carbonate (sodium or pota.ssium)
by an acid ("cream of tartar"), or by
f( rini nting the starch with yeast. B.,
Brown, a kind of bre.ad made from
a mixture of com, rye and wheal flour.
B., Graham, made from unbolted wheat
flour; it lontains more gluten, diastase
and mill! ral phosphates than onlinary
bread. B., White, bread made from
l><)lted wheaten flour, and therefore defi-
cient in dia.sliUie, gluten ami mineral plios-
BREAD-PASTE
88
BRONCHITIS
phates. Other kinds, such as rye (or
black), corn, bran, barley, etc., indicate
their composition in their name.
Bread-paste. A cultm-e medium for
bacteria. Stale, coarse bread is dried,
ground to powder and made into a paste
with water. Well suited for the growth
of moulds.
Break. See Make.
Break-bone Fever. See Dengue.
Breast. The upper anterior part of the
body between the neck and abdomen.
Also the mamma.
Breath (Sax. brceth). The air exhaled
from the lungs. It has lost a part of its
oxygen and gained a certain but varying
amount of ammonia, aqueous vapor and
carbon dioxide from the oxidation of the
waste matter of the blood. Also applied
to the air inspired.
Breech Position. See Position.
Breeding-season. The period during
which certain species of animals, espe-
cially the lower fomis of vertebrates, beget
and rear their young.
Breeze. See Head-breeze and Static-breeze.
Brefeld and Nagele's Method. See
Fractional Cultivation.
Breg'enin (Low Ger. bregan, brain). A
name given by Thudichum to a soluble,
crystalline substance found in brain-tissue.
Breg^ma. See Skull.
Bren^ner's Form^ula. The feeble tone
heard when the anode is opened in gal-
vanic stimulation of the auditory nerve.
This tone corresponds with the resonance
fundamental tone of the sound-conducting
apparatus of the ear itself.
Brick-makers' Anse^mia. Stt Anc/iylos-
totniasis.
Bridge of Nose. A term applied col-
lectively to the nasal bones.
Bright's Disease. A name foiTnerly in-
correctly used as a sjTionym of albuminuria
and at present covering several forms of
disease of the kidney associated with albu-
min in the urine. May be either acute or
chronic. Considered by P^othergill as a
secondary condition arising from a ten-
dency toward the reversion to that pre-
anthropic type in which the liver per-
formed the additional office of excreting
uric acid.
Brim of Pelvis. See Pelvis.
Brim^stone. See Sulphur.
Broad-leafed Laurel. See Kalinia.
Broad Ligament. See Ligament.
Bro'mal Hydrate. A fluid of oily con-
sistence, having a structure similar to that
of chloral hydrate. More iritating and
narcotic than the latter. Dose gr. j-v.
Unof.
Bromid''rosis [jSpufiog, a stench, Wpwf,
sweat). Osmidrosis. Offensive sweating,
due to functional disorder of the sweat
glands or fermentation of the sweat after
excretion. Frequently symptomatic of
scrofula, rheumatism, ursemia, syphilis, etc.
Bromi'dum. Bromide.
Bro^mine, or
Bro^mum {[ipu/mi). Br = 80; quantiva-
lence l. A reddish-brown liquid, which,
at ordinary temperatures, gives off a
heavy, suffocating vapor. In its element-
ary form it is a very active escharotic,
and internally a violent poison. The salts
of bromine are cerebral and cardiac de-
pressants, and highly valuable as hypnot-
ics. The salts of the alkaline metals are
those most commonly used. Ammonii
Bromidum, prismatic crystals. Dose gr.
v-xx. Calcii Bromidum, granular and
deliquescent. Dose gr. v-^j. Ethyl
Bromide, useful in spasmodic coughs.
Ferri Bromidi, Syr., contains 10 per
cent, of the salt. Dose 3 ss-j. Lithii
Bromidi, granular and deliquescent. Dose
gr. v-xx. Potassi^i Bromidum, color-
less, cubical crystals. Dose gr. v-^j.
Sodii Bromidum, colorless, monoclinic
crystals. Dose gr. v-^j. Zinci Bro-
midum, granular, deliquescent powder.
Dose gr. ;?-ij.
Bro'moform. A bromide, CHBrg, having
a structure like that of chloroform, CHCI3.
A powerful anaesthetic. Use not followed
by vomiting. Causes irritation of con-
junctiva and respiratory organs. Unof.
Bronch^i {i3povxoc, the windpipe). The
two tubes into which the trachea divides
opposite the third dorsal vertebra, called
the right and the left bronchus.
Bronchiec^tasis (f/cracr^f, dilatation). A
term denoting the dilatation or relaxation
of the walls of the bronchi, arising from
inflammation and other causes.
Bron''chioles (dim. of bronchus^. The
smallest subdivisions of the bronchi.
Bronchi^tis. Inflammation of the mucous
membrane which lines the bronchial tubes.
Usually attended with soreness, cough,
alteration of the voice and febrile symp-
toms. B., Acute, the initiatory stage of
the disease. B., Capillary, a stage in
which the minute tubes of the lungs are
involved. B., Catarrhal, a form at-
tended with muco-purulent discharges.
B., Croupous or Plastic, attended with
BRONCHOCELE
89
BUDDING
expectoration of the casts of the bronchial
tubes. B., Mechanical or Potter's, a
form caused liy the inhalation of dust, etc.
B., Summer, synonymous with " Hay
rcver."
Bronch'ocele. See Goitre.
Bronchoph'ony (i^vrj, the voice). The
resonance of the voice within the bronchi
as heard and diagnosticated by the stetho-
scope.
Broncho-pneumo'nia. A term applied
to intlanunalion of the lungs, which, lie-
ginning in the bronchi, finally involves the
parenchyma of the lungs.
Bronchorrhce'a (/Ww, to flow). A fonn
of bronchitis attended by profuse expec-
toration.
Bronchot'omy {^povxog, te/ivu, to cut).
A surgical operation upon the bronchus,
trachea, etc.
Bronch'us. See Bronchi.
Bronzed Skin. A s}-mptom of Addison's
Disease.
Brood-cells. In cell-division, the mother-
cells enclosing the daughter-cells.
Broom. See Scoparius.
Brown'ian Movement. An oscillation
or agitation obser\-ed under the microscope
in very fine granules, drops, etc., when
sasp)en(.led in a liquid. The movement is
not locomotion, and is to be distinguished
from that of the self-motility of living
microorganisms. Its caase is not de-
finitely known, but it may be due to heat,
light, electricity, osmosis, etc.
Brown Mixture. See Glycyrrhiza.
Brow Presentation. See Position.
Bru''cine. See A'tix Vomica.
Bruise. See Contusion.
Bru'it (Fr., a noise or report). A term
ased by French physicians to designate Jie
various s[x;cific sounds of auscultation.
B. de Diable, a venous murmur, of a
whistling or ru>hing character, arising in
the bulb of the common jugular vein, and
due to an.emia, lead-poisoning, or other
specific disease, more common in the
young, and caased immediately by the
viljration of the blocni flowing from the
narrow ])art of the common jugular vein
into the wide, bull)ous jxirtion of the
vessel. See als<j Murmur.
Brunner's Glands. See Glnitd<:.
Bryg'mus. .Same as Oi/nnto/irisis.
Bryo'nia. I'.ryony. The root of //. ^//iJ^ ,•
indi^jcnous to l-.uropc. I'ropcrtii-s due to
an iiitcnst-ly bitter fjUicosidc lirymiin, a
Strong irritant when applied lo the skin
or mucous membrane, often producing
vesication. A remedy of great value in
pleurisy, pleuro-pneunionia and rheumatic
fever. An excellent agent in colds. Dose
of the root gr. x-xxx. B., Tinct., a lo
per cent, solution of the root in alcohol.
Dose TTLx-jj. B., Infusum (unof.),
has a strength of 5J to the Oj of water.
L)ose 5ss-ij.
Bryoplas'tic (;3pwv, moss, iz'/.aaau, to
form). A descriptive term loosely applied
to such abnormal growths of tissue as re-
semble vegetable forms.
Bu'bo (;}oi',?(ji', the groin). Inflammation
and swelling of a lymphatic gland, prop-
erly and generally of the groin, and usually
following chancroid, gonoirhcea or syphi-
litic infection. B., Parotid. See J\iro-
titis. B., Primary, a slight adenitis of
the groin due to mechanical iiritation,
or other cause ; formerly supposed to he
due to .sypliilis without a chancre having
preceded. B., Sympathetic, one caused
by irritation, friction, injury, etc., and not
from infectioue disease.
Bubon'ocele (/ioi'/^wv, ktjIt), tumor). In-
guinal hernia when the gut does not extend
beyond the inguinal canal.
Buc'cal [/>ucca, the cheek). Pertaining to
the clieek.
Buc'cinator. The thin, flat muscle of the
cheek. See Muscle.
Bu'chu. The leaves of several species of
Barosma, yielding a volatile oil, to which
its properties are probably due. Causes a
sensation of glowing wamith over the
body, stimulates the ajipetite, and increases
the circulation. Useful in urethritis and
affections of the genito-urinary mucous
membrane. Dose of the leaves, gr. xv-
XXX. B. Ext. Fid. I)osen\^x-5J. B.
Infusum (unof"), _^j toOj. Dose ^ss-ij.
Buck'bean. The rWw.omcoi Moiyant/ies
trifoliata. Tonic, antiscorbutic, and em-
menagogiie. Has been recommended as a
vermifuge. Dose of fld. ext. TTLxv-^j.
I'nof.
Buck'eye Bark. The bark of A-lsculus
jr/(ilim. Astringent and tonic. Ser\ice-
able in rectal irritation, prt)lai)sus, and va-
rious uterine deranf^ements. Dose of fld.
(•\t. f,'tt. iij-v. Unof.
Buck'thorn. See J'rani^uln.
Bucne'ma Tro'pica. See Elephnutiosis.
Bucne'mia ( ,<«i'. inere.xse, Kviifiii, the leg).
A kind of intliimmatinn of the leg character-
ized liy tenseness of swelling;.
Bud'ding. A form of repriHluclinn ur cell
<livisii>n, occurring anion),' the jxilyps and
infu.s<jri.e, in wliieli a bud is ^jiven off" by
BUGLEWEED
90
BUTYRIC ACID
the parent and comes to resemble the latter.
The bud may remain permanently attached
or may form a colony, each member ac-
quiring a differentiation of function, even
to the fonnation of male and female ele-
ments. The process is also called Gemma-
tion.
Bu''gleweed. The herb, Lycopus Virgini-
ctis. Narcotic and astringent. Dose of
fid. ext. ^ss-ij. Lycopin, concentrated
ext. Dose gr. j-iv. Unof.
Bu''hach. See Insect Powder.
Bulb {l3o?ii3og, a bulb). The expansion or
dilatation of a canal or vessel. B. of Aorta,
the dilatation of the aorta near its beginning.
B. of Corpus Cavernosum, the muscle
beneath the bulb of the urethra. B. of
Fornix. See Corpora. B. of Rachi-
dichus. See Medulla Oblongata. B.
of Urethra, the posterior expanded part
of the corpus spongiosum penis. B. of
Vena Jugularis, the dilatation at the
Ijeginning of the external jugular vein.
Bulb^ar. A descriptive term applied to
certain diseases, especially of the medulla
oblongata or bulbus rachidickus. B. Dis-
ease or Paralysis, a term applied to
the progressive and symmetrical paralysis
of the facial muscles about the mouth, in-
cluding those of the tongue, pharynx, and
sometimes those of the larynx. Called
also Labio-glosso-laryngeal paralysis.
Bulb''i Vestib^uli. A name sometimes
. given to the glands of Bartholini.
Bulbous Arterio^sus. Pertaining to a
stage in the development of the heart, in
which the upper aortic enlargement is so
called.
Bulim^ia [(iov, increase, lifiog, hunger).
Excessive, morbid hunger; frequently
occurs in idiots and insane persons.
BuKla {bulla, a bubble). A bleb or "blis-
ter," consisting of a portion of the epider-
mis detached from the skin by the infiltra-
tion of wateiy fluid. The bulla differs from
the vesicle mainly in size. B., Hemor-
rhagic. See Pwpura.
Bun^ion [fiovvog, a hillock). A swelling
of a bursa of the foot, especially of the
great toe.
BuphthaFmos. See Keratoglobus.
Burc^quism. See Metallotherapy.
Bur^dock. See Lappa.
Burette. (Fr.) A graduated tube designed
for measuring small quantities of a reagent.
Usually held vertically in a stand and pro-
vided with a stopcock.
Burn (Sax. boernan, to scorch). The de-
struction or injury of tissue by dry heat or
flame.
Bumper. A common name for a lamp or
heating apparatus used in laboratories for
chemical and pharmaceutical pui-poses.
B., Argand, uses gas or oil, and contains
an inner tube for supplying the flame with
air. B,, Bunsen, a form in which the
gas is mixed with a sufficient quantity of
air to produce complete oxidation before
ignition.
Burs'se (bursa, a purse). A name used to
designate small sacs intetposed between
parts which move one upon another. B.
Mucosae, situated in subcutaneous areolar
tissue. B., Synovial, found between
tendons and bony surfaces.
Burs^al. Pertaining to a bursa, sac or
follicle.
Bursi^tis. Inflammation of a bursa.
But^ter {butyrum, butter). The fatty part
of the milk obtained by rupturing the cells
of the fat globules by " churning " or
mechanical agitation. Also, various vege-
table fats having the consistency of butter,
as B. of Caca'o. See Theobroma.
Also applied to certain chemical products
having the appearance or consistence of
butter, as B. of Antimony, antimonious
chloride; B. of Tin, stannic chloride; B.
of Zinc, zinc chloride. See, also, Acid,
Butyric.
But^ternut. See Juglans.
But^tocks. The arse. The fleshy part
of the body posterior to the hip-joints,
formed by the masses of the glutei
muscles.
But^tonbush. The bark of Cephalanthiis
occidentalis. A tonic febrifuge and diu-
retic. Dose of fld. ext. ,^ss-j. Unof.
But^tonhole Operation. Ste Boutonniere
Operation.
But^ton Snakeroot. The root of Liatris
spicata. A stimulant tonic, diuretic and
emmenagogue. Dose of fld. ext. 3 ss-j.
Unof.
Bu''tyl Chlo''ral. See CJiloral Butylicum.
Bu''tyric Acid. See Acid, Butyric.
91
C^AREAN OPERATION
C. The chemical sjinbol of Carbon. Abbre-
viation of ccuti;.^radc.
C.C. Abbreviation of cubic centimeter.
cm. Abbreviation of centimeter.
C. M. Abbreviation of eras mane, to-
morrow morning.
C. N. Abbreviation of eras noete, to-
morrow night.
Cab'bage Rose. See Ji!osa Centi folia.
Cacae'sthesis \KaKoq, bad, aia6/^aig, sensa-
tion). A term used to denote morbid sen-
sation.
Caca'o. See Theobroma.
Cachex'ia [Kamq, bad, cf/f, a habit). A
term used to designate any morbid ten-
dency, dyscrasia, or depraved condition of
general nutrition, etc., used particularly of
scrofula, syphilis, cancer, etc. C. Strumi-
priva, the condition allied to, if not iden-
tical with, myxnedema, occasionally follow-
ing the extirpation or arrest of function of
the thyroid gland. It is a cretinoid state,
characterized in monkeys by hebetude, mal-
nutrition, muscular tremor, puffy oedema,
leucocytosis, and the presence of mucin in
the blood and connective tissues. C. Vir-
ginum. See Chlorosis.
Cacoe'thes (KaKoq, ifioq, a habit). A gen-
eral term used to designate any bad habit
or disorder.
Cacogen''esis {mKoq, yeveai^, origin). A
general term expressing a morbid, mon-
strous or pathological growth or product.
Cacot'rophy {Kfiaog, r/jf^tj, I nourish). A
term applied to disordered or defective
nouri.shment.
Cada'ver ( caJcre, to fall). The dead body,
especially that of man. A coqjse.
Cadav'erine. A ptomaine, isomeric witli
ncuridine, and, like it, occurring very
frequently in dccomjxssing animal tissues.
Obtained from human hearts, lungs, livers,
etc., after three days' decom[Kjsition in
ordinary tem]x.-rature, — al.so from horse-
flesh, from putrid nius.sei, from herring
and haddock. It is a constant product of
the growth of the comma bacillus, irre-
siK-ctive of the me<lium. It does not
occur in cultures from which bacteria are
al»^<:tlt. It is a lliick, water clear, syrupy
li'|uid, having an exceedingly unplea.sant
odor, .s<jmcwl)at re.sembling that of coniiiic
and semen. It is certainly identical with
wjcalled "animal coniinc." I'utrescine
und catlavcrine were Ixjlh formerly be-
lieved to be physiologically indifferent ; but
recent investigations show both bases calla-
ble of producing strong inflammation and
necrosis. The necrosis of the intestinal
epithelium in Asiatic cholera seems due to
their presence. They also have the jxnver,
even in small cjuantities, of preventing
blood from coagulating, and rendering it
"laky." Cadaverine is believed by Graw-
itz to hinder the growth of bacteria. Ca-
daverine hydrochloride, on dry distillation,
decom[X)ses into ammonium chloride, N 1 1.,-
IICI, and piperidine, CjII^N. Whether
this change, whereby the non-poisonous
cadaverine becomes a toxic l)asc, can take
place under the inlluence of bacteria dur-
ing putrefiction, is not known.
Cadaveriza'tion. The passage of a living
body to the state of a cadaver. Applied
to the algid and cyanotic stage of cholera.
Cade. See yuni/>ents.
Cad'mium. Cd ^ II2 ; quantivalence II.
A bluish- white metal resembling zinc in
its general properties ; only the .sulphate
and iodide are used in medicine. In
physiological action it is escharotic and
astringent, producing in large doses, emesis
and violent gastritis. C. lodid., used as
an ointment, I to 8 of lard. C. Sul-
phas, a valuable astringent in gonorrhcea
and in corneal opacities ; used in a lotion
in strength of gr. j or ij to 3J of water.
Unof
Cae'cal. Pertaining to the cajcum.
Cae'citas Verba'lis. See llWii-blinJ-
ness.
Cae'cum [ctrcus, blind). Tlie large blind
pouch or cul-de-sac in which the large
intestine begins.
Caesa'rean Operation [cu-do, to cut). Ex-
traction of the fcetus through an incision
made in the abdomen. Gastro-elytrot-
omy, an incision into the vagina (after
the alKlominal section) instead of into the
uterus, and if the child caiuiot be extracted
in this way, the incision of the os uteri is
made. Gastro-hysterec'tomy. See
J'orro's 0/<eration below. Gastro-hys-
terot'omy, a general name for the C ().,
according to the best nnnlern melluxls.
C. O., Improved. See .'^dni^cr, below.
Kchrer's Operation consist.s in a trans-
verse incision through the anterior convex
surface of the uterus at the level of the in-
ternal OS. Laparo-clytrot'omy. Sec
CESIUM
92
CALCIUM
G astro- elytrototny, above. Laparot''omy,
an incision into the abdominal wall ; im-
properly used as a synonym for any C. O.
Porro's Operation consists in compression
of the cervix prior to the prompt longitudi-
nal uterine incision, and the removal of
the child, after which the uterus is lifted
out of the abdomen, the cervix and broad
ligaments clamped, the utenjs, tubes and
ovaries removed. Porro-Miiller Opera-
tion, the uterine mass is raised out of the
abdomen before incising it. C. O., Post-
mortem, extraction of the child after the
mother's death. Sanger's Operation,
gastro-hysterotomy , Sanger having greatly
improved the technique of the operation.
Sigault's Operation, or Symphyseot^-
omy, delivery by the division of the pubic
joint. Thomas' Operation, consists in
certain improvements in gastro-clytrotomy.
Cae'sium. Cs ^ 132.6; quantivalence i.
A rare alkaline metal resembling potas-
sium in physical and chemical properties.
C. Chloride, unof , lowers pulse rate and
raises arterial pressure. Dose gr. ij-v.
CaPfea. Coffee. The seeds of C. Ara-
bica. The dried and roasted seeds are
almost universally used in infusion as a
beverage, forming a cerebral stimulant and
stomachic tonic. Valuable in promoting
digestion and allaying hunger and fatigue.
Frequently causes excessive palpitation of
the heart. Properties due to an alkaloid.
Caffein, identical with Thein. See Tea.
Dose of the alkaloid gr. j-v. C. Citrate.
Unof Dose gr. j-v.
Caf^fein. See Caffca.
Cais^son Disease. The symptoms due
to increased atmospheric pressure some-
times occurring in divers, caisson workers,
etc. Paraplegia, hemiplegia, anesthesia
or apoplectic attacks are common, but
paralysis of the legs is the most frequent
symptom, coming on only after return to
the normal atmosphere. The nature of
the lesion is obscure.
Cajupu'ti Oleum. Oil of Cajuput. A
volatile oil distilled from the leaves of
Jlle/aleitca cajiiputi. Resembles oil of tur-
pentine in its general effects, being iiri-
tant externally and producing a sense of
warmth internally, with accelerated pulse.
Dose TTLJ-v.
CaFabar Bean. See Physostigma.
Calage (Fr., wedging). A method of
prophylaxis or treating sea-sickness by
fixation of the viscera by pillows placed
between the stomach and wall of the
cabin and between the back and edge
of the berth, the patient lying upon the
side.
CaPamus. Sweet Flag. The rhizome of
Acorns calamus. Properties due to a vola-
tile oil, acorin. The root is an aromatic,
stomachic tonic, and a common ingredient
in many popular "bitters." C. Ext.,
Fid. Dose rr^xv-^j.
CaPamus Scripto'rius (a writing pen or
reed). The groove on the anterior wall
of the fourth ventricle, at the end of which
is the ventricle of Arantius.
Calca^neum (67z/x, the heel). A common
name for the as calcis or heel bone.
Calca^reous {^calx., limestone). Pertaining
to or having the nature of limestone. C.
Degeneration. See Degeneration.
Calcification {calx,Jio, to become). The
deposit of calcareous or other insoluble
crystalline matter within the tissues of the
body.
Calcina'tion. The process of driving off
the volatile chemical constituents from
inorganic compounds. The expulsion of
carbon dioxide from carbonates.
Calcine. To separate the inorganic ele-
ments of a substance by subjecting it to
an intense heat.
CaPcium. Ca = 40; quantivalence II.
A brilliant, silver-white metal, the basis of
lime and limestone, characterized by .strong
affinity for oxygen and isolated with great
difficulty. Best known in the form of
calcium oxide, quick lime ; C. Hydrate,
slaked lime ; and C. Carbonate, chalk.
The preparations of lime used in medicine
are usually alkaline and slightly astringent.
Calcium oxide is a powerful escharotic.
C. Bromidum. See Broviine. Calcis,
Liquor, lime-water, contains about ly^
parts lime in looo of water. Calx, cal-
cium oxide, quick lime, not used internally.
C. Carb. Precipitatus, insoluble in water,
but soluljle in acids, with effervescence.
Dose gr. v-xx. C. Chloridum, soluble
ia water. Dose gr. x-xx. C. Chlorinata.
See Chlorine. Creta, native calcium car-
bonate, chalk. C. Hypophosphis. See
Phosphorus. C. Linimentum, carron
oil, liniment of lime, contains equal parts
liquor calcis and cotton-seed oil. C. Mist.,
consists of C. pulv. comp. 20, cinnamon
water 40, water 40. Dose ^ ss. C. Phos-
phas. See Phosphorus. C. Preparata,
chalk freed from impurities by washing
and elutriation. Dose gr. v-xx. C. Pulv.
Comp., compound chalk powder, consists
of C. prep. 30, acacia 20, sugar 50 parts.
Dosegr.v-^j. C. Sulphidum. See SuJ-
CALCULUS
93
CAMPHOR
phur. C. Syr., saccharated syrup of
lime, contains 5 per cent, lime, 30 per cent,
sugar, 65 jx?r cent, water.
Cal'culus (dim. of calx, chalk). A cal-
careous or stone-like concretion found in
the bladder, kidney, etc. C, Cutane-
ous. See Mi/itini. C, Lacteal, or
Mammary, a calcareous nodule some-
times olistaicting the lactiferous ducts.
C, Mulberry, oxalate of lime variety,
resembling a inulberr)' in shape ami color.
C. Nasal. See Rhiuolilh. C, Pros-
tatic, in the prostate gland. C, Renal,
urrc acid calculus found in the kidney,
producing what has l>een called nephritic
colic. C., Salivary, forming in the
ducts of the salivary glands. C., Vesi-
cal, may have originally ilescended from
tlie kidney or formed primarily in the
bladder.
Calefa'cient (L., f<7//V//Af, warm, and facto,
to make). A medicine, externally applied,
which causes a sensation of warmtli.
Calend'ula. Marigold. The llowering
plant known as the garden marigold, C.
officinalis. C, Tinct. contains 20 per
cent, of the leaves and stems. Used ex-
clusively as a local application in wounds,
ulcers and lesions.
Ca'lices of the Kidneys. The cup-like
tul>es of the ureter which encircle the
apices of the Malpighian pyramids of the
kidneys.
Cal'ico Bush. See Kalniia.
Califor'nia Laur'el. The leaves of
Umbellaria Culifornica, common to the
Pacific slojie. Recommended by Mann in
nervous headaciies, cereltro-spinal menin-
gitis, neuralgia, etc. Dose of lid. ext. gtt.,
x-xxx.
Calisa'ya. See Cinchona.
Calisthen'ics {Ka'/j>q, l^eautiful, aihvoq,
strength). A term used to express various
rh)thmic movements of the Itody intended
to develop the muscles and produce grace-
fulness of carriage.
Callos'lty or Callos'itas (I-. rrt////r, hard
ness). Tylosis, Tyloma, Keratoma. A
hard, thickened patch on the skin pro-
duced by excessive accumulation of the
horny layers.
CaKlus {^callus). The exudative de[)osit
l>etwcen and almut the fracture of
a broken l>one. C, Permanent, the
permanent Ixjnd of Uiny unicin after the
re absoqition of the C, Provisional, or
cartil.jge like, phtstic material first tlirown
out. C. of Skin, induration and thicken-
ing of Dauic.
Calm'ative. That which produces a calm-
ing or depressing effect upon the various
centres of motor nerses.
Caromel. See Ilydrargvruni.
Calorim'eter \calor, heat, fterpoi', a mea-
sure). An instrument for transforming
the jxiteiitial energy of tlie food into heat,
and to measure the number of heat-units
proiiuced. Two forms are principally
used, the Water- and the Ice-C.
Calum'bo. Columlx). The root of C.
JiUconliiza, native to South Africa and
paits of E. Indies. An excellent example
of simple bitters. Is not astringent, and
may l)e prescribed with salts of iron. Use-
ful in atonic dyspepsia, and as a mild,
appetizing tonic in convalescence. C,
Fid. Ext. Dose n\,v-xxx. C, Tinct.,
contains ID per cent, of C. Dose ^ss-ij.
Calva'rium or Calva''ria {calvus, bald).
Tlie upper part of the skull.
Calvit'ies [calviis). Baldness.
Calx. The heel. In chemistrj', formerly
applied to any oxide of a metal, especially
an alkaline metal.
Ca^lyx [KaXv^, a cup). In anatomy, the
truncated extremities of the ureters in the
kidneys. C. of Ovum, the wall of the
Graafian follicle from which it has escaped.
In botany, the outer envelo]>e of the
flower, — the sepals taken collectively. In
biology, that part of a coral or crinoid
which surmounts the stem.
Cambo''gia. Gamboge. A resinous gum
from Garcinia Ilauburii, a tree native to
Southern Asia. Proi)erties due to i:^am-
bogie acid. A drastic hydragogue catliar-
tic, decidedly diuretic. Officially a con-
stituent of Pil. Comp. Cath. See
Colocynth. Dose gr. ij-v.
Cam'era {Kniinpa, an arched roof or
chamber). In anatomy, a chamlier or
vaulted structure. C. Cordis, the en-
veloping membrane of the heart, the peri-
cardium. C. of Cranium, tlie cliainberof
the skull. C. Lucida, a four sided prism
with sides cut at such an angle that rays of
ligiit entering it are divided, part continu-
ing in a right line, tlie remaining rays
being relleeti'd at an angle of 90°. C.
Oculi, the ciianil)cr of tlie eye. In op-
tics, tile tlianil>er or atlju.stalile d;u-k lox
of the apparatus used for |)liotography.
Cam'phor. A solid volatile oil obtained
from Ciinutiiioniiini cani/<liora, a tree in-
digenous to Kastern Asia. Yielils cam-
plu<ric and catnphrctic acids, also C.
Cymol when distilhd with zinc chloriile.
A valuable antispasmo<lic, anotlyne and
CAMPIMETER
94
CANNABIS
diaphoretic. Applied locally, is an ex-
cellent rubefacient. A moderate cerebral
excitant. Effectual in cholera, vomiting,
cardiac depression and affections requiring
an antispasmodic. C, Aqua consists of
camphor 8, alcohol l6, distilled water q. s.
ad looo parts. Dose 3J-iv. C, Car-
bolated, a mixture of 2)4 parts of camphor
with one each of carbolic acid and alcohol.
C. Ceratum, consists of camphor liniment
3, olive oil 12, simple cerate 85. C,
Chloral, a fluid prepared by mixing equal
parts of camphor and chloral hydrate. An
excellent solvent for many alkaloids. Used
externally. C. Linimentum, has cam-
phor 20, cottonseed oil 80 parts. C,
Monobromated, camphor in which one
atom of hydrogen has been replaced by an
atom of bromine. Resembles the bro-
mides in therapeutical action. C. Sali-
cylate, prepared by heating together 14
parts of camphor with 1 1 of salicylic acid.
Used as an ointment. C. Spt., contains
camphor 10, alcohol 70, water 20 parts.
Dose TTLv-xx. C. Tinct., Rubini's.
Unof. A saturated solution of camphor
in alcohol. Dose TTLiv-xx. Raspail's
Eau Sedatif. Unof. Contains aq. am
monia ^ij, sodium chloride ^ij, camph.
spt. wine 3 iij, water Oj. Used exter-
nally.
Campim''eter. See Perimeter.
Can^ada Snakc'root. The root of Asa-
rum Canadense. Aromatic stimulant and
carminative. Dose of fld. ext. TTLxv- ri ss.
Unof.
Can''adol. A transparent volatile liquid
resembling benzine in smell. It is an
excellent local anaesthetic for minor surgi-
cal operations. Unof.
Canal'', or CanaPis (raw;;;?, areed or tube).
A tube or duct for carrying the fluids of the
body. Also a hollow instrument used as a
splint. C. Arteriosus, the foetal arteiy
uniting the aorta and pulmonary artery. C.
of Cloquet, a tube in the vitreous humor
of the eye, transmitting, in the foetus, an
artery to the lens. C. of Corti, a canal
between the membraiia tectoria and lamina
basilaris of the cochlea. C. of Cochlea,
the spiral canal of the cochlea or anterior
part of the labyrinth of the ear. C. of
Fontana, a small canal in the eye of
lower animals formed by the pectiniform
ligament. C, Haversian. See Haver-
sian Canal. C, Hunter's, an aponeu-
rotic canal in the middle third of the thigh
containing the femoral artery. C. of
Nuck, a sheath surrounding the round
ligaments of the uterus. C. of Petit, the
space between the anterior and posterior
leaflets of the suspensory ligament of the
lens of the eye. C. of Schlemm, a cir-
cular canal in the sclerotic coat of the eye
close to its juncture with the cornea. C,
Semicircular, three bony canals of the
ear, the superior, posterior and external,
each enclosing the membranous canals.
C, Semicircular, Function of. See
Goltz's Statical Theory. C. of Stilling,
the same as C. of Cloquet. C, Verte-
bral, the canal extending longitudinally
through the vertebral column, which con-
tains the spinal cord.
Canalic'ulus (dim. of canalis). A small
canal ; especially that leading from' the
punctum to the lachrymal sac of the
eye, and in the plural, the minute canals
opening into the lacunae of bone. See
Bone.
Cancellous {cancelhis). Resembling lat-
tice work. C. Tissue. See Tissue.
CanceFlus [cancelli, lattice). A term
used to describe the spongy, lattice-work
texture of bone.
Can'cer. See Carcinoi7ia.
Can^croid Ulcer. See Rodent Ulcer.
Can'crum O'ris. Canker of the mouth,
gangrenous stomatitis, characterized by foul,
deep ulcers of the buccal surfaces of the
cheeks or lips.
Can''dlefish Oil. See Eulachoni Oleum.
Cane Sugar. See Sacchartim.
Canine'' {canis, a dog). Partaking of the
nature of, relating to, or resemliling a dog.
C. Fossa. See Fossa. C. Teeth, the
cuspid teeth next the lateral incisors, so
called from theii- resemblance to a dog's
teeth.
Canif'ies. (Lat.) Grayness of the hair. May
be due to old age, or, in young persons, to
intense emotion, illness, etc.
Cannab'inon. See Cannalns.
Can'nabis. Hemp. Indian hemp. The
flowering tops of C. saliva, of which there
are two varieties, C. Indica and C. Ameri-
cana, the former being the most potent.
Contain a resin, cannabin, an alkaloid, can-
nabinon (hypnotic. Dose gr. j-v), and a
volatile oil. An antispasmodic, anesthetic,
narcotic, and a powerful aphrodisiac. In
large doses produces mental exaltation, in-
toxication and sensation of doul^le con-
sciousness. A valuable hypnotic in de-
lirium tremens. Useful in painful affec-
tions of the bladder and in functional im-
j^otence. Bhang, Churnis and Ilaschisch
are the various Indian names by which
CANNULA
95
CAPSULE
the drug is known. C. Indica, Ext.,
dose gr. ](,-]. C. Ind., Ext. Fld.,;m al-
coholic preparation. Dose n\j-v. C. Ind.
Tinct., contains 20 j^er cent, of the drug.
Dose rr^x-x-^j. Cannabin Tannate,
the tannate, a glucoside containing cantta-
I'in. Dose as a hypnotic gr. v-x.
Can'nula ^dim. of cainia, a tul)e). A
surgical instrument consisting of a tube or
sheath obliquely pointed, and a stiletto.
Used for tapping and draining tumors and
ca\ities.
Canthar''ides. PI. of Catttharis.
Cantha'ris. Cantharides. Spanish Fly.
'ihe dried body of a species of beetle,
C. vcsicatoria (nat. ord. Coleoptera). Con-
tains a powerful poisonous principle, can-
tliariJiti. lxx:ally applied, cantharis i« a
ruK-facient and vesicant. Internally an
irritant, causing gastralgia and vomiting.
In toxic doses produces severe gastro-en-
teritis, strangury and priapism. Used
chiefly as an external counter-irritant in the
form of " blisters." C. Ceratum, can-
tharides 35, yellow wax 20, resin 20, lard
35, alcohol q. s. C. Charta, cantharides
I, Canada tuqx^ntine I, olive oil 4, .sper-
maceti 3, white wax 8, water 10 parts,
spread on pajjer. C. cum Collodio,
cantharides 60, flexible colknlion S5, chlo-
roform q. s. C. cum Picis Emplast.,
Burgundy pitch 92, cerat. canthar. 8
parts. C. Liniment., cantharides 15,
oil of tuqx.nline q.s. ad loo. C. Tinct.
contains 5 jxir cent, of tlie drug. Dose
TT\j-\x.
Can'thoplasty {Kcn-Oog, tlic angle of the
eye, -rr/Maau, to form). A surgical opera-
tion for increasing the si/.e of the palpebral
fissure by cutting the outer canthus.
Canthor'raphy [Kcn-fioc, pn(f>t/, a seam). A
surgical operation to reduce the si/e of the
palpebral fissure by a suture of the can-
thus.
Can'thus {KavOo^). The inner or outer
an^^li- formed by the juncture of the eyelids.
Canutil'lo. See 'I'epifote.
Caout'chouc (a Caribl>ean word). The
concrete, prepared juice of a Hra/ilian tree,
Siphitiia elustidj. N'aluable for its clastic
qualities. .Similar pro])crties are found in
the juices of other trees. See also Gutlii
IVr, hit, </. V.
Cap'illary (mpi/his, a hair). y\ miinite
blo<><l ves9<.-l c(jnnecling the smallest rami-
tications of the arteries with those of the
veins. Also a v<r)- minute- fissure- of the
skull. Also the iriteriillular biliary pass-
ages. Capillaries, Pulmonary, a name
used to designate the plexuses beneath the
mucous membrane, on the walls and septa
of the lungs. C. Naevus. See jWrvus
I'lsru/iiris.
Cap'ital {caput, the head). Pertaining to
the head, or to the summit of a bcxiy or
object.
CapiteKlum (dim. of caput). The rounded,
external siu-face of the lower end of the
humerus.
Capif'ulum (dim. of caput). A general
term applied to any protuberance of bone
received into the hollow part of another
bone.
Cap're. See Mulatto.
Caproylam''ine (Hexylamine). A pto-
maine found in the putrefaction of yeast.
CapryUic Acid. An acid combined with
glycerine, forming a glyceride existing in
various animal fats.
Capsel'la. The leaves and stems of C.
ditrsa-pastons, common in temperate cli-
mates. It is considered by Ehrenwell an
excellent hemostatic. Unof. See Lycoper-
don Gigantca.
Cap'sicum. Cayenne Pepper. The fruit
of 6". fastigiatuni, native to tropical Africa
and America. Odor and hot taste due to
a volatile oil, capsicin. Irritant to skin
and mucous membranes. Internally, a
stomachic tonic, diuretic and aphrodisiac.
Useful in atonic dyspepsia, flatulent colic,
and in intennittent fever. C, Emplas-
trum, prepared from the oleoresin and
resin plaster. C, Ext. Fid. Dose n\,v-
3J. C, Oleoresin, ethereal. Dose
n\j-v. C, Tinct., contains 5 per cent,
of capsicum. Dose n\,x-_:^j.
Cap^sular Lig'ament. The sac or mem-
branous bag which surrounds every mov-
able joint or articulation. It contains the
synovial fluid.
Cap'sule (dim. of capsa, a chest). A tunic
or b.ig which encloses a part of the l)0(ly
or an organ. Also, in phaiTnacy, a
small spheroidal shell com|K)sed of gly-
cerine and gelatine, divided so that the
jiarts lit together like box and cover. Used
for the administration of nauseous and re-
jHilsive medicines. C.-fiUer, a contrivance
consisting of a funnel tube and plunger, or
other device, used lor introducing ine<licine
into capsules. C. of Glisson, the celhilo-
va.scular membrane- envelo])ing the hepatic
vessels. C, Malpighian. See .)/a//<ig-
hiiiu /ii>,ti,s. C, Suprarenal, the duct-
less glan<lular IhmIv at the apex of each
ki<lney. C. of Tenon, the tunica ii/^a-
nalis, of the eye.
CAPSULOTOMY
96
CARDAMOMUM
Capsulot^omy {capsula, a capsule, refivu,
to cut). The operation of rupturing the
capsule of the crystalline lens in cataract
operations.
Cap''uron, Cardinal Points of. See
Fc/vis.
Caput (Lat.). The head; also the chief
part or beginning of an organ, as C.
Coli, C. Gallinaginis. See Vene-
viontanum. C. Succedaneum, a tumor
composed of a sero-sanguineous infiltra-
tion of the connective tissue situated upon
the presenting part of the foetus.
Car'amel. Cane sugar deprived of two
molecules of water. A viscid, brown-
colored liquid.
Car^away. See Canim.
CarboFic Acid, See Acid, Carbolic.
Car^bon. Charcoal. C=I2; quantiva-
lence ii, iv. A non-metal occurring in
the various forms of diamond, graphite or
" black lead," and charcoal. In medi-
cine only the last-named form is employed,
which may be, — C. Animal. Useful as
a deodorant and disinfectant. Readily
absorbs and aids in oxidizing many gases.
Used internally to absorb fermenting pro-
ducts of digestion. C. Animal., Purifl-
cat., purified animal charcoal. Dose gr.
xx-^:^]. C. Dioxide. The acid, gaseous
product having the composition of CO.^,
commonly known as " carbonic acid gas,"
or carbonic acid. It is a colorless gas
having a sp. gr. of 1. 52, soluble in cold
water, and possessing a pungent smell and
an acid taste. Inhaled, it destroys animal
life by asphyxiation. In solution, an ex-
cellent refrigerant and stomachic. Its in-
halation is fatal in a short time, even when
, diluted with 95 parts of air. It is a product
of respiration. C. Bisulphide, bisulphide
of carbon, CS.^, a colorless, transparent liquid
of offensive odor, highly inflammable, very
poisonous. A good solvent for caoutchouc.
Diluted spray recommended in diphtheria.
Dose TTLss-j. C. Ligni, wood charcoal.
C. Tetrachloride, anaesthetic, recom-
mended locally in asthma, by inhalation.
Unof
Carbonae'mia [carbon, ai/xa, the blood).
A word denoting the accumulation of
carbon dioxide in the blood.
Carbon^ic Acid. See Carbon Dioxide.
Carbo^nis Deter''gens Liq. See Fix.
Carboniza''tion. The process of decom-
posing organic substances by heat without
air, until the volatile products are driven
off and the carbon remains.
Car-'buncle, or
Carbun''culus [carbo, a live coal). A hard,
circumscribed, deep-seated, painful inflam-
mation of the subcutaneous tissue, accom-
panied by chill, fever and constitutional
disturbance. Differs from a boil in having
greater size, a flat top, and several points
of suppuration. Erroneously called an-
thrax.
Carcino'ma [napiuvoQ, a crab, from appear-
ance of the veins). A malignant tumor,
characterized by a network of connective
tissue whose areolae are filled with cell
masses resembling epithelial cells. It is
prone to affect the lymphatics. C, Chim-
ney-Sweepers'. See EpithcUoDia. C,
Colloid (Alveolar, or Gum), affects
chiefly the alimentary canal, uterus, peri-
toneum, etc. ; the delicate connective tissue
stroma are filled with colloid matter in
alveoli or cysts. C, Encephaloid, is of
rapid growth, small amount of stroma,
large alveoli, and greater amount of cells
and bloodvessels. C, Epitheliomatous,
or Squamous-celled, the cells resemble
squamous epithelium, and they invade the
adjacent tissue in a columnar manner. C,
Medullary. Same as Encephaloid. C,
Schirrus, or Hard, most commonly in
the breast ; has a stout fibrillated stroma,
closely packed with large nucleated cells.
Hivtnatoid (bloody). Melanotic (pigmen-
ted), Osteoid (in bones). Villous (papil-
lary), etc., are other varieties, encephaloid
in character. C. Lenticulare, C. Me-
lanodes, C. Tuberosum. See Carci-
noma Cutis.
Carcino^ma Curtis. Cancer of the skin.
(See also Epithelioma^. C. Lenticulare,
a form of scirrhous cancer, confined at first
to the skin, characterized by smooth, glis-
tening, pinkish-red papules or nodules, at
first separate, but finally involving adjacent
glands. C. Melanodes, similar to C.
Lenticulare, but marked by dark-blue,
brown or black papules, which break into
fungous growths. C. Tuberosum, a rarer
form, characterized by large tubercles which
usually break into ulcers.
Cardamo'mum. Cardamom, Cardamon.
The fruit of C. elettaria, cultivated in
Malabar. Properties due to a volatile oil.
An aromatic, carminative stomachic, used
as an ingredient in several "bitters." Use-
ful when combined with purgatives to pre-
vent griping. C. Infusum. Unof Consists
of cardamom "7^], water Oj. Dose wine-
glassful. C, Tinct., 15 per cent, strength.
Dose 3J-ij. C, Tinct. Comp., carda-
mom 20, cinnamon 20, caraway 10, coclii-
CARDAMON
97
CARPUS
neal 5, glycerine 60, dilute alcohol, q. s.
ad 1000 parts. Dose .^j-ij.
Car'damon. See Ciiniijmomum.
Car'dia \^Knp6ta). The heart. C. of
Stomach, a name sometimes used to
designate the cardiac oritice of the stomach.
Car'diac (^napi^ta). Pertaining to the heart.
C. Cycle, the total cardiac movement or re-
volution. C. Dullness, the ret;;iun cover-
ing the position of the heart, as shown by
percussion. C. Ganglia, lie in llie ij;rooves
and sulistance — the principal are Remak's
and Bidder's, the first on the surface of
tlie sinus venosus, and the latter (two) at
the auriculo-ventricular groove. C. Im-
pulse, the elevation in the fifth left inter-
costal space, caused by the movement of
the heart. C. Murmurs. See Mun/turs.
Cardial'gia (/capfWa, a?.) of, pain). A term
loosely used as a synon)-m of gastrodynia
in general, heartburn, and stomachic pains
on the left side.
Car'dinal [cardo, a hinge). A chief or
principal part. C. Flower, a common
name for several sj^ecies of lobelia. C.
Points. See Eye. Diagrammatic. C.
Veins, the venous trunks which, in the
embrj'onic stage, form primitive jugular
veins.
Car'diogram {KapSia, ypanfirj, a line). The
tracing made of the cardiac impulse by the
aid of the cardiograph.
Car^diograph (Kupdia, ypa<f>0), to write).
An instrument for registering graphically,
by curved lines, the modifications of the
IiulsatidMS of the heart.
Cardio-inhib^itory. Pertaining to the
diminution cf the heart's action. C.-i.
Center, located in the medulla. C.-i.
Nerves, the fibres of the spinal accessory
su])i)li< il to the vagus.
Cardio-pneumat'ic [KnpAta, m'sv/m, the
breath). Pertaining to the heart and the
breath. C. -p. Movements. Those move-
ments of the air in the lungs which are
caused by the pulsations of the heart and
the larger vessels.
Cardio-pneu'mograph (KapiSia, m'tv/ia,
-/pdou, to write). An instrument designed
for grajihically recording cardio-pneumatic
movi-incnts.
Car'duus. The seeds of C. murianits,
St. Mary's thistle, anfj C. briinlif tus,
ijlessed thistle. A ilecoction of the former,
J^ ij ad f )j, constitutes an old and prjpular
remedy in hremoptysis. The latter is als<j
a |K>puiar cure all, u.sod mainly as a touic
bitt<-r^. L'nof
Car'icin. Sec Papain.
7
Ca'ries [carlo, to rot). A chronic inflam-
mation of lione with rarefaction or absorp-
tion of l)ony tissue, followed usually by
pus-fonnation. C"alled, also, rarcfyim; os-
teitis. C. Fungosa, when there is great
rapidity of formation and extension of
granulation ti.ssue. C, Necrotic, when
portions of bone lie in a suppurating cav-
ity. C. of Spine, or Pott's Disease,
osteitis of the botlies of the verlebne and
intervertebral fibro-cartilage producing cur-
vature of the spine.
Ca'rious. Pertaining to caries.
Carmin'ative [r a r /n r it , a charm). A
calming or soothing medicine, fhielly for
children, that acts by relieving pain from
flatulence.
Car'mine. .\ coloring matter extracted
from coihincal, q. v.
Carnau'ba. The root of Corypha cerifera.
Used in Brazil as an alterative. Resem-
bles sarsaparilla in properties. Dose of
the fld. ext. n\^xxx-3J. Unof
Carnifica'tion {caro, flesh, fieri, to make).
A turm indicating the alteration of tissue
to an unnatural, fleshy appearance. Also,
the amyloid degeneration of certain tissues.
Car'nin. A leucomaine isolated from
American meat-extract, but not from mus-
cle-tissue itself, — also obtained from yeast
and wine. It is not thought to be very
poisonous, but experiments made by Briicke
showed it caused a fluctuation in the rate
of the heartbeat.
Carniv'orous [caro, voro, to devour). In
surgeiy, a name applied to caustic sub-
stances. In zoology, flesh-eating animals.
Car'nose (earnosus, fleshy). Resembling,
or ha\ing the consistence of flesh.
Caro'ba. The leaflets of Jaearanda pro-
eera. A [Kipular IJrazilian remedy as an
alterative and tonic in s}'])hilis. Dose of
the fld. ext. n^xv-gj. Unof
Carof'id (sa/jow, to produce sleej)). The
great arteries of the neck. (They were
tliought to give origin to sleep.) See
Artery.
Car'pal (<v/;y^//j, the wrist). Pertaining to
the wrist.
Carphol'ogy [Kap^q, chaff, and ^)w, to
collect). A term applied to that symptom
in delirious and clying persons consi.sting
in |ii( king at the bed clothes.
Carpozy'ma (^«/)Tor, fruit, s'i'//v, ferment).
An alcoholic ferment. C. Apiculata, a
widely diffused alcoholic fenmnt found in
all fruits.
Carp'us. Till- wri^t. The eight bones
collectively lorming the wrist.
CARRIAGE
98
CASTANEA
Car''riage. See Ward-carriage.
Car^ron Oil. See Linttm.
Car-sickness. The well-known symp-
toms of sea-sickness produced by journey-
ing in railway cars.
Car^thamus. American Saffron or Saf-
flower. The flowers of C. thtctorius. An
infusion, " Saffron tea," is a popular domes-
tic remedy as a diuretic in measles and
other exanthematous aflections. Unof.
Car^tilage. Gristle. A white, semi-opaque,
non-vascular tissue composed of a matrix,
containing nucleated cells. C, Hya-
line, distinguished by granular or homo-
geneous matrix. C, Fibro-, distinguished
by a fibrous matrix. When boiled, cartilage
yields a substance called ctumdrine, q. v.
Cartilages of Larynx. The cartilages
of the larynx produce the various modula-
tions of the pitch and intensity of the voice.
Consist of the thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis,
and a pair each of arytenoid, conticula
laryngis and ctmeiform. C. of San-
torini, a nodule at the apex of each aryte-
noid cartilage, the corniculum laryngis.
C. of Wrisberg, the cuneiform cartilages,
one on each side of the fold of membrane
stretching from the arytenoid cartilage to
the epiglottis.
Ca''runi. Caraway. The seeds of C. cariii,
indigenous to Europe and an allied species
native to the Pacific coast of America.
Odor and taste due to a volatile oil. Valu-
able in infant colic, but used chiefly as a
flavor. C. Infusum, unof , 3 j-ij, ad Oj.
Dose ^ ss-ij.
Carbuncle (dim. ca7-o, flesh). A small,
abnormal fleshy growth. C, Lachrymal,
upon the conjunctiva near the inner can-
thus.
Carun''culae [nttis, the skin). The nym-
phoe. C. Myrtifor^mes, the projections
of membrane near the orifice of the
vagina, thought to be the remains of the
hymen after its rupture. They have also
been found in the imperforated hymen.
CaryophyFlus. Clove. The unexpanded
flowers of Eugenia caryophyllata, distin-
guished by their pungent, spicy taste.
Properties due to a volatile oil, which is
antiseptic, stimulant and irritant. Useful
as a stomachic, and to prevent griping
when combined with purgatives. Used
also by microscopists to clarify preparations
and tissues for mounting. C. Infusum.
Unof. A strength of i to 40 recom-
mended. Dose 3J-ij. C. 01., contains
an acid and a phenol compound. Dose
Tivi-iv.
Cas''ca Bark (Sassy Bark, Ordeal Bark).
The bark of Erythrophlaitni Gidnense, a
tree native to Africa. Properties due to
an alkaloid. Produces nausea and vomit-
ing. Valuable in intemiittent fevers. C.
Tinct., 25 per cent, in strength. Dose
TT^x. Unof. Erythrophline, the active
alkaloid, unof., locally an ansesthetic.
Cas^cara Amar^ga. Honduras Bark. The
bark of a tree native to Mexico. Much
used as an alterative tonic in syphilis and
skin aff'ections. C, Fid. Ext. Dose
^ss-j. Unof.
Cas^cara Sagra^da (Chittem Bark, Sa-
cred Bark). The bark of Rhamnus piii'-
s/iiana, or California Buckthorn. Properties
due to' a volatile oil. Useful in treatment
of chronic constipation. C. Cordial, a
trade preparation. All unof.
CascariPla. The bark of Croton eluteria.
Native to the Bahama Islands. An aro-
matic bitter, increasing the natural secre-
tions of the digestive organs. A tincture
and an infusion, both I to 10, freshly pre-
pared and used in 3J-^j doses. Unof.
Casea^tion i^caseum, cheese). The precipi-
tation of casein during the coagulation of
milk. Also a fatty degeneration of pus,
tubercle, etc., in which the structure is
converted into a soft, cheese-like substance.
Ca^sein (cascu)n). A derived albumin ;
the chief proteid of milk, precipitated by
acids and by rennet at 40° C. It is closely
allied to alkali-albumin, but contains
more nitrogen and a large amount of phos-
phoras. It constitutes most of the curd of
milk. Two varieties of C, Vegetable
have been described, — Legumin, in peas,
beans, etc., and Conglutin, in hops and
almonds.
Ca^seous (^easeum). Having the nature or
consistence of cheese.
Cassa^va. The fecula of manioc, Jani-
pha maniJiot, separated from the juice.
Commonly known as bread fruit. Unof.
Casser^ian Gang'lion. A large crescent-
shaped ganglion of nerves, situated in a
depression in the petrous portion of the
temporal bone. It is the ganglion of the
larger or sensory root of the fifth nerve.
From it arise the oplithalmic, the superior
and inferior maxillaiy divisions. Called
also the Gasserian Ganglion.
Cas'sia. Purging cassia. The fruit of a
tree, C. fistula, growing in tropical regions.
The pulp in 3J-ij doses is a mild laxative.
Castan''ea. Chestnut. The leaves of C.
vesca. Contain tannic and gallic acids
and other principles whose value is not
CASTOR BEAN
99
CATHETER
known. I'sed in decoction as a remedy
for whooping-cough. C, Fid. Ext. Dose
Gas 'tor Bean and C. Oil. See A'liirii.
Castra'tion \^,<isO\', to cut oft). The ex-
cision of one or both testicles. C, Fe-
male, removal of the ovaries.
Casts. See 7///v Ctisfs.
Catacau'sis (Mira, kqiu), to bum). S|X)n-
tancous combustion.
CataC'lasis (Kara, k7mu, to break). A
di.-tortion of the eyelids. Also, a fracture.
Catacrot'ic (Kara, Kporog, a striking). Ele-
vations interrupting the line of descent in
a sphygmogram.
Cat'alepsy [Kara, ?Mfif3avu, to seize). A
spa^mcKJic disease marked* by suspension
of consciousness and sensation, with rigid-
ity of muscles, without material alteration
in circulation, ^U. See Sviinuiiiibiilism.
Catal'ysis (\a-n/.i'(j, to dissolve). In
chemistry, a reaction which takes place
owing to the mere presence of another
Ixxly which apparently undergoes no
change.
Catame'nia (\a7a, /;;;i', month). The re-
current tnonthly discharge of blood during
sexual life from the genital canal of the
female.
Catapha'sia (Kara^acr/f, assent). A con-
dition of imjxjrfect con.sciousness, in which
the jxitieiit repeatedly utters the same
word or words spontaneously, or in reply
to a question.
Cataphor'ic {Ka-a^ (popecj, to carry). Per-
taining to tlie transference of currents
through membranous sejita in the direc-
tion of a galvanic current.
Cataphore'sis (KaToipopto), to bear away).
The tran.^fer of medicaments by the cata-
phoric action of tiie diiTusion-electrode 'o
deep-seated tissues, as, e.g:, chloroform
into the suljstance of a nerve.
Cat'aplasm. See PouHiie.
Cat'aract [KnrapnKriiq, a falling down, or
over, as of Something ov^-r the vision).
Diminished transpxrenjy or an opacity of
the crystalline lens or of its capsule. C,
Black, the lens is pigment<-d, and of a dark-
brown color. C, Capsular, consi.sLs in
non-lranspan-nt de|K)sits nn the inner sur-
fac<; of the capsuh-. C, Cortical, o|)aci-
ficalion of the outer layers of tlu- lens.
C, Diabetic, is a.s.s<x:iated with <liabetes.
C, Discission of, an ojx-'ration prelinn'-
nary to aliM)rpliiin, <ir extraction by suc-
tion, coh>i^ling in rupturing the cajisule,
Vi that the aiiueous hutnor gains access to
the lens. C, Extraction of. Kemoval
of the cataractous lens by surgical opera-
tion. See Extraction of C. C, Imma-
ture, or Unripe, only a part of the lens-
sulstance is cataractous. C, Lamellar,
or Zonular; certain layers between the
cortex and nucleus are opaque, the remain-
ing layers being transparent. C, Mature,
or C, Ripe. The whole lens-substance
is cataracious. C, Morgagnian, when
a liyperiHittiire or oi'crripc C. shrinks and
leaves a nucleus floating in the dissolved
outer layers. C, Polar, (anterior or jws-
terior), the opacity is conlined to one
pole of the lens. C, Pyramidal, the
opacity is at the anterior pule and conoid,
the apex extending forw.uil. C, Recur-
rent Capsular, or Secondary. Capsular
cataract, appearing after the extraction of
the lens. C., Senile, the cataract of old
persons, the most frequent form, and that
understood when not specified as congeni-
ta/, jiroenile, traumatic, soft, etc. C,
Soft, is especially that of the young; the
lens-matter is of soft consistency and a
milky a])pearance.
Catarrh'' (Kurappsu, to flow down). In-
flammation of the mucous membrane, espe-
cially of the respiratory tract, but also used
of the bladder, etc. See Coryza, In/Iii, nza,
etc. C, Gastric, gastritis. C, intesti-
nal, enteritis. C, Nasal, con,-za. C,
Pulmonary, bronchitis. C, Vesical,
cystitis.
Cat'aschasm {Kara, uxarrun, scarified
part). Deep or thorough scarification.
Catastal'tic {KnraGrr'A/M, to contract
downward). Astringent.
Catat'ony. See Katatonia.
Catelectrot'onus {cathode, electro, rovog,
tension). The state of increased irritabil-
ity of a nerve near the cathode. See Ane-
lectroto)ius.
Cat-gut. The intestines of a sheep treated
to make ligatures. C, Carbolized, ren-
dered asejitic by soaking in an emulsion of
carbolic acid.
Cathar'sis (Kidhupu, to])urge). Purgation.
Cathart'ic {Kalhiipu). A medicine used
to iinnluce evacuations of the bowels. A
purgative.
Cathelectrofonus. See Catelcctrotomis.
Cath'cter {Kudtrr/p, a thing put down). A
tube like instrument for evacuating the
licjuid of a cavity, usually the bladder.
C, Eusta'chian, an instrument for ex-
amining the 1'.. tube, disleiidiiig or making
np|ilieatioiis to il. C. Fever, disturliance,
with fe\er, following inlriKluetion of the C
into the urethra.
CATHODE
100
CELL- BODY
Cath''ode. See Kathode.
Cat^ion {Kara, downward, Hfii, to-go). A
word employed in electrolysis to denote an
electro-positive element. See Ion.
Cat^ling. A pointed, two-edged knife for
amputating.
Cat^nep. The leaves and tops of the herb
A'epeta cataria. Stimulant and tonic. A
popular remedy in chlorosis, hysteria, etc.
Dose of fld. ext. 3J-ij. Unof.
Catop^trics {^KaToTrrpiKog, in a mirror).
The laws of the reflection of light. C.
Test, the diagnosis of cataract by means
of the reflection of images from the cornea
and lens capsules.
Caud^a Equi^na. The terminal extrem-
ity of the spinal cord from the second lum-
bar vertebra, resembling a horse's tail.
Caud^ate [cauda, a tail). Having, or re-
sembling a tail. C. Lobe of Liver, a
small elevation of the liver. C. Nucleus,
the intra-ventricular portion of the corpus
striatum.
Caul (Welsh caul, a covering for the
bowels). A portion or all of the foetal
membranes covering the head and carried
out in advance of it in labor.
Caus^tic {iiaiu, to bum). A substance
that disorganizes or destroys living tissue.
C. Alkali, a pure alkaline hydrate or
oxide. C, Common, argentic nitrate.
C, Dubois's, arsenious acid I, mercuric
sulphide l6, dragon's blood 8 parts. C,
Lunar, argentic nitrate or nitrate of sil-
ver. C, Mitigated, argentic nitrate made
less active by fusion with potassium ni-
trate or argentic chloride. C. Potash,
potassium hydrate. See Potassium. C.
Soda, sodium hydrate.
Cau^tery (imuo). Primarily, the applica-
tion of caustics, but more frequently now
the use of the galvanic cautery or hot
iron for counter-irritation, removal of tis-
sue, etc. C, Actual, the use of the white-
hot iron. C. Button, iron heated in hot
water. C. Gas, cauterization by a stream
of burning gas directed upon the part.
C, Galvanic, a platinum wire heated by
electricity. C, Paquelin's, or C, Ther-
mo-, a hollow platinum point kept at a
uniform temperature by a current of ben-
zene vapor. C, Potential, or C, Vir-
tual, the application of caustic substances.
Cav^alry Bone. A bony deposit in the
adductor muscles of the thigh.
Cav^ernous {caverna, a cave). Having
cave-like spaces or hollow places. C.
Bodies, the coqoora cavernosa of the
penis. C. Breathing, the reverberating
or hollow sound of bronchial breathing in
dilated or abnormal bronchi. C. Plexus.
See Flextis. C. Sinus, situate at the
side of the body of the sphenoid. C. Tis-
sue, erectile tissue. C. Tumor. See
Angeioi/ia.
Cay'enne Pepper. See Capsicum.
Ceboceph^alus [Kr/j3og, a kind of monkey,
ne^alT], head). A cyclocephalic monster
with a complete absence of the nose.
Ce^cum. See Ccccum.
Ce^dron. The seeds of C. siinaba. A
popular external remedy in tropical Amer-
ica for the bite of venomous insects and
serpents. Of reputed value in malarial
fevers. Dose of the fld. ext. n\j-viij.
Ceke (pronounced theke). A Feejee term
for elephantiasis of the scrotum.
Cel'andine. See Chelidonitan.
-cele {ta])ii]^ a tumor). A suffix denoting
a tumor.
CeFery. The stalks of common garden
celeiy. Contains apiol, an active prin-
ciple found in wild parsneps. Reputed to
be antispasmodic and nervine. Dose in-
definite. C. Seed, used to cover the taste
of other drugs. Unof.
Ce^lioscope. See Cocloscope.
Cell (L. cella, a small, hollow cavity). In
anatomy, the interstitial spaces and small
cavities of the bones. In biology, a nucle-
ated mass of protoplasm capable of repro-
duction. See Cell-body. C. of Corti,
the hair-cells on the outer surface of the
organ of Corti. C. of Deiters, cells with
fine processes resting on the basilar mem-
brane of the cochlea, beneath the air-cells.
C, Giant, the polynucleated bodies of
protoplasmic matter occuning in tubercu-
losis, sarcoma, etc. C. Multiplication.
Cytogenesis. A name given to the process
of reproduction of cells. May be endo-
genous, as when the cell-contents break
up by segmentation into separate nucleated
masses within the cell wall ; gcmiparous,
as when new cells bud from the mother-
cell ; and ftssiparous, as when the mother-
cell divides by cleavage into two or more
cells. C, Neuro-muscular, a name
given to certain cells of lower life-forms,
which act in part as nerves and in part as
muscles.
Cell-body. The mass of a cell, composed
of two substances, the mitoma, or cyto-
mitoiiia, and the para-viitoma. The first
is the thread-like basis of the C.-b,. the
latter the homogeneous filar and interfilar
substance. The nucleus is composed of
karyo-mitoma, or nuclear network, other-
CELLULITIS
101
CENTRUM
wise called the chromatin ; the nuclear
sap, or substances contained in the nioshes
of the cliromalin, anil from its non-slaining
quality called achromatin ; and the iiucUar
tiiembranc, made up of two layers, the
outer achromatic, the inner chromatic, or
staining. The nucleoli are usually mul-
tiple, and composed of more rcfractile
matter.
Celluli'tis (dim. cclla, itis). A diffuse
inllainmation of the cellular tissue, due to
some wound and introtluction of septic
material.
Cel'luloid. Zylonite, Xylonite. A sub-
stance made by heating trinitro-cellulin or
gun-cotton with cam|)hor, under pressure.
An excellent substitute for ivory and
tortoise-shell. Useful in various ways in
surgen.'. 1 lighly intlaramat)le. Unof.
Cel'lulose. The b;vsis of vegetable liber.
Identical in composition with starch.
Swedish tiltcr-paper is pure C.
Celot'omy (w/A//, tumor, teuvcj, to cut).
The operation for strangulated hernia by
incision of the stricture.
Cement'um. See Tooth.
Cenaesthe'sis {Koivnq^ common, 'aicBi^aiq,
feeling). Used latterly as a synonym for
the st-nsations of the visceral organs.
Center (wit/wi'). The middle point or line
of the Ixxly. The ganglion or plexus
whence issue the nen'es controlling a func-
tion. C. Accelerans, a probable C. in the
medulla SL-nding accelerating fibres to the
heart. They leave the cord through the
rami cominunicantes of the lower cervical
and upper six dorsal nen'es, passing thence
into the sympathetic. C, Ano-spinal,
controls defecation; at the 5-6-7th lumbar
vcrtebr.ie; but for the co-ordinated activity
it must remain in connccticjn with the
i^rain. C, Auditory, proi)ably in the
tem]xjros|}henoidal lobes, ujxjn each side.
C, Cardio-inhibitory, in the medulla,
carried by the vagus. C, Cilio-spinal,
connt.cted with the dilatation of the
pupil; lower cer\ical part of cord. C.
for Closure of Eyelids, in the medulla,
part of the I'acial Center. C, Cough-
ing, in medulla, alxjve Respiratory C.
C, Ejaculation, IJudge's Clcnito spinal
C!., 4tli luitiliar vertebra (raiibit). C,
Erection, is in the sjiinal cord, but con-
Iroll.d from the mi-dulla. C. for Masti-
cation and Sucking, I'acial and IIy|x>-
(»ll;s^al Outers. C. for Secretion of
Saliva, llo<x of fourth vcntriili-. C,
Gustatory and Olfactory, in ili<- um i
nail- gyru^. C, Hcat-rcgulating or
Temperature. Mas been assumed by
some. C, Micturition, the Vesico-spinal
C. of Budge, at the luniliar vertebne; co-
orilinatiun reijuires cerebral connection.
C, Parturition, at 1st and 2d lumbar
vertebne. C, Respiratory, in the me-
dulla, between nuclei of vagus and acces-
sorius; calleil by Floureiis the Xatid
Vital, or I'ital Point. C, Sensory, or
Psycho-sensorial Areas, occipital and tem-
poro-sphenoidal lobes, probably the same,
or intimately associated with, the motor
centers of the parts. C, Sneezing,
same as for nerves for muscles of expira-
tion. C, Spasm, in the medulla, at
junction with pons. C, Speech, in the
third left frontal convolution in right-
handed people. C, Swallowing, in
floor of 4th ventricle. C, Sweat, the
dominating C. is in the medulla, with
subortlinate spinal centers. C, Upper, for
Dilator Pupillse, in medulla. C, Vaso-
dilator, probably exists in medulla, with
function the opposite of that of the V'aso-
motor. C, Vaso-motor, in the medulla.
C, Vesico-spinal. See Micturition C.
C, Visual, in the occipital lobe, espe-
cially in the cuneus. C, Vomiting, iiy
means of auricular branch from the jugu-
lar ganglion.
Cent'igrade [centum, a. hundred, ^raJus,
a step). Abbreviation, C. Having too
steps or degrees. C. Thermometer, a
thermometer with zero as the freezing
p<jint and 100° as the boiling jwint of
water. To reduce C. to Fahrenheit regis-
tration, the following formula is useful : —
%° C. 4- 32 = F. See Thermometer.
Cenf'igframme. The hundredth of a
gramme, ei|ual to O.I 543 of a grain avoir-
du|)<)is, or one-sixth of a grain Troy.
Cent'ilitre. The hundredth of a litre ;
equal to 0.6102 of an English cubic inch.
Cent'imeter. The hunclredth part of a
metre, equal to 0.39371 (or al>out \) of an
English inch.
Cent'rad (,cntruiii, ail). Toward the cen-
ter, or median line.
Centrifugal [centrum, fu.^io, to fly). Re-
ceding from the center. C. Nerves,
those (mostly motor) conveying impidses
towaril the peri|)heral parts of the iiody.
Centrip'etal [centrum, peto, to seek).
Traveling toward the center. C. Nerves,
thoS(; (mostly .sensory) conveying impres-
sions from the |K-ripheral organs toward
the rerebro spinal system.
Ccnt'rum. llie cent<r or middle part.
C. Ovale Major, the large masses of
CEPHAL^MIA
102
CETACEUM
■white matter appearing when both hemi-
spheres are cut down to the level of the
corpus callosum. C. Ovale Minor, the
white matter appearing when the upper
part of a hemisphere of the brain is re-
moved.
Cephalae'mia {ke^o)-!], aifia, blood). An
abnormal determination of blood to the
head.
Cephalalgia [KE^a^r], aXyog, pain). Pain
in the head.
Cephalhsemato^ma (^Ke(^a7,,rj^ aifiaru/ja, a
bloody fungus). A bloody tumor of the
head. See Caput Siiccedanetivi.
Cephalhy^drocele. A tumor formed by a
collection of cerebro-spinal fluid under the
scalp as a result of cranial fracture.
CephaFic. Pertaining to the head. C.
Index. vSee Index. C. Vein, a vein of
the shoulder. C. Version. See Vejsion.
C. Tetanus. See A'opf- Tetanus.
Cephalog''raphy [KE(f>a?i7/, ypafu, to write).
A description of the head.
Ceph'aloid (^KE^altj, eidog, likeness). Re-
sembling the head.
Cephalol'ogy (^KE(pa?Lr)^ Pioyog, treatise).
The science of cranial measurements and
indications.
Cephalom'eter (^KE(pa2.rj, fiErpnv, a meas-
ure). An instrument for measuring the
head.
Cephalop''agus {^KEtpalrj^ head, Traystg,
joined). An ensomphalic monstrosity with
the heads united at the top.
Cephalot^omy (/ce^aA;/, To/itj^ section).
The crushing or breaking-down the head
of the fcetus in labor. It is effected by
the cephalotome, an instrument for this
purpose.
Ceph^'alotribe {KE(pa?.rj, -pifSu, to crush).
An instrument for crushing the fostal head
in ccphalotripsy.
Cephalotrip^sy {Ke<pa?.!j, TptjicS). The
operation of crushing the foetal head when
delivery is otherwise impossible.
Ce^ra (Lat.). Wax. A mixture of iri?w//r
acid, cerolein, and myricin, gathered by
the honey bee from the pollen of flowers
and the leaves of plants. C. Alba, white
wax, prepared by bleaching yellow wax.
Valuable as an ingredient of cerates and
ointments. C. Flava, yellow wax; pos-
sesses an agreeable balsamic odor. Solu-
ble in ether, hot alcohol, and chloroform.
Cer^asin. See Choke-chei-ry.
Cerate-. See Kerato-.
Cera''tum (cera, wax). A cerate. In
pharmacy an unctuous preparation of white
wax and lard. There are 8 official cerata.
Cercomo'nas Intestina^lis. An intesti-
nal infusorial parasite of men and animals.
Cerebellum (dim. of cere/inaii). The
inferior part of the brain, lying below the
cerel)rum.
Cerebrasthe-'nia. See Phrenasthcnia.
Cer^ebrin [cerebriiTn'). A nitrogenous glu-
coside obtained from brain-tissue.
Cerebrin^acides. Substances found m
brain-tissue, derived from or containing
cerebrose.
Cerebrin'ic Acid. A name given by
Thudichum to an organic acid found in
brain-tissue. Has feebly acid qualities.
Cerebri'tis (^cerebrum, irig). Inflamma-
tion of the proper substance of the cere-
brum, due to traumatism, contiguous in-
flammation, or septic influence. Headache,
possible vomiting and convulsions are the
most marked symptoms.
Cer^ebrose. A name given to a certain
crystallized sugar isomeric with glucose,
occurring in brain-tissue.
Cer'ebrosides. A name given by Thu-
dichum to a class of substances occurring
in brain-tissue, containing cerebrose.
Cer^ebro-spi'nal. Pertaining to the whole
of the brain and spinal structure. C. Axis.
See ylxis. C. Fluid, the fluid between
the arachnoid membrane and the spinal
cord. C. System, the brain, spinal cord
and nerves.
Cer^ebrum. The chief portion of the
brain, occupying the whole upper part of
the cranium.
Ce^rium. Ce := 140 ; quantivalence II,
IV. One of the rarer metals. The oxalate
is the only salt employed in medicine. A
gastric sedative, useful in the vomiting of
pregnancy. Dose gr. iv-v.
Ceru^men (^cera, wax). The wax of the
ear.
Cervical {^cervix, the neck). Pertaining
to the neck.
Cer^vix. The neck; also the posterior
part of the neck. Applied also to con-
stricted parts of other organs, as cervix of
the bladder, cervix of penis.
Cest^ode (KEorof, a girdle). Used of worms,
of wliich Tmnia is a type.
Ceta'cea [cefus, a whale). An order of
mammals living in the sea, as the whale,
dolphin, etc.
Ceta^ceum. Spermaceti. A fatty sub-
stance somewhat resembling paraffine in
its physical properties. Obtained from the
head of the sperm whale. Soluble in ether,
chloroform and boiling alcohol. Employed
only as an emollient. C. Ceratum, con-
CETRARIA
10.3
CIIEXOPODIUM
tains sjiemiaccti lo, white wax 35, olive
oil 55 jxirls.
Cetra'ria. Icilaiul moss. A lichen, ('.
Jslandka, found in Icclanil and other
northern countries. Contains a fonn of
starch which gelatinizes when boiled with
water. A feebly tonic demulcent, some-
times recommended in puhnonaiy affec-
tions. Well known under the name of
bliinc man^e, when allowed to simmer
with milk. Official decoction contains 5
per cent, of the lichen. Dose f^ ij-iv.
Chala'zae (^ v"^"-'''t hail). The two twisted
cords or layers of the outer denser part of
the albumin, extending from the poks of
the yolk of a hen's egg to near the outer
\x\\\ of the white.
Chala'zion ( \-a/oC"'i', a small hailstone).
A tumor of the eyelid from retained secre-
tion of the Meibomian glands. A Meibo-
mian cyst.
Chalico'sis (.Yn/*/;, gravel). A disease
of tlie lungs caused by the inhalation of
dust or sand by workmen.
Chalk (i-<7/jr, lime). Carbonate of lime. See
Calcium. C. Stone, gout-stone — deposits
in the hands and feet of gouty patients.
Chalyb'eate (^y''^-i"/'j iron). Containing
irun.
Cham'berland's Bougie or Filter. See
Filler.
Cham'omile. See Aiitlieinis.
Chan'cre (Kr., same). There is an un-
fortunate dilTerence and even absolute con-
tradiction in the definitions of authorities
regarding this term. The trend of opinion
seems to be to consider chancre as the
initial lesion of syphilis, a true infecting
sore, followed by constitutional .symptoms ;
and chancroid as a non-infecting sore. C,
Hard, Hunterian, Indurated, Infect-
ing, Non-suppurating, or True, the
ulcer of venereal origin, that is followed by
con.-itiuitioiial sy])hilis. C, Non-incuba-
tory, Non-infecting, Simple, or Soft,
a contagious, suppurating, non-sypiiililic
venereal ulcer, more properly called chan-
croid. C, Phagedenic, chancroid with
a tendency to erosion. C, Serpiginous,
a variety of the last that spreads superficially
in curved lines.
Chan'croid. .See Chancre.
Change of Life. A common term for the
C( ss.ilion of the catamcnia.
Char'bon. 'I'lie French term for anthra.v,
liX pifluli m i.'i yia.
Char 'coal. .S<-e Carbon.
Char'cot-Neumann Crystals. See
Spermine.
Char'cot- Robin Crystals. Crj-stals
forming ujKDn leucocythaniic blood when
allowed to stand exposed for a few days.
Char'cot's Disease. An alTection of the
joints, due to disseminated insular scle-
rosis.
Charp'ie [car/o, to pluck). Linen shreds
for tlressing wounds.
Char'riere's Guillotine. .\n instrument
fur excising the tonsils.
Char'ta (,va/J"'/C, paper). A paper. In
jiharm.icy, a strip of paper as an excipient,
the libers oi which are impregnated with tiie
prescribed medicinal substance. Of the
three ofi'icial chartic, two arc intended as
vesicants. C. Epispastica, blistering
paj^er. C. Sinapis, mustard paper. Also
a wrapper for holding powders or medi-
cines.
Chaulmoo'gra Oil. An oil expressed
from the seeds of Gynocardia odorata, a
tree native to the P2. Indies. Soluble in
alcohol. Pro[x;rties due \.o i:;ynocarJic acid.
Thought to be useful in leprosy. Recom-
mended in scaly eczema, psoriasis and
sy])hilitic skin affections. For external
use, gr. XX ad 3 j of petrolatum. Internally,
dose gtt. v-x of the oil, or gr. ss-iij of the
acid. All unof
Check'en. The leaves of C. myrtus. Pro-
perties due to an alkaloid and a volatile oil.
Diuretic and expectorant. Similar in ac-
tion to eucalyptus. Servicealile in chronic
catarrh, laryngitis, t'A". Dose^.ss-j. Unof.
Cheeks. Ihe sides of the face. Cora-
posed of fat, areolar tissue, muscles, etc.
Cheese-rennet. See Ladies' Bed-straw.
Cheil'oplasty iy\ii}joq, lip, ttAuctctu, to
form). Plastic operations u]X)n the lip.
Cheiroponr'pholyx. See Poinpholyx.
Chelido'nium. Celandine. The leaves
ancl stems of C. majiis. Properties due to
a number of alkaloids and acids. A drastic
cathartic, ami externally an irrilant. Of
service in jaundice, whLx)|)ing-C()ugh, ami
catarrhal pneumonia. Dose of the plant
gr. x-xxx ; of the juice tT\^v-xx. Unof
Che Moid. See Keloid.
Che'lonin. See Balmony.
Chem'istry (.\rab. all-imia). The sci-
ence of the molecular and atomic structure
of Ixxlies.
Chemo'sis {xw->'^'C)- Conjunctival and
sub cunjunclival swelling.
Chenopo'dium. American Wormsced.
The fruit (if ( '. am/>/vsi(iides,a plant native
to die Uiiilfd States. l'ro|M-rtic> diii- to a
volatile oil, the only prepuralion u»ed. A
mild cardiac stinnilant, piomnting the sc-
CHERRY
104
CHLORINE
cretions of skin and kidneys. A very
efficient anthelmintic against the round
worm. Dose of the oil n^v-xv.
Cher^ry. The bark of the common
cherry, Fntmis scrotina. A mild bitter
and tonic, containing tannin. Dose of fid.
ext. ^ss-j. /'/v/;;///, a concentrated ext.
Dose gr. j-iij. C. Compound, each Oj
represents cheny bark ^viij, lettuce ^iij,
horehound ^iijss, bloodroot, ^j. veratrum
viride ^ss. Dose Tr^xv-gj. All unof.
Chest. See Thorax.
Chest'nut. See Castanea.
Chew^stick. The bark of Gouania Do?mn-
gensis. A popular aromatic bitter in the
West Indies. Dose of the fld. ext. 3 j-iij.
Unof.
Cheyne-Stokes Respiration. See Res-
piration.
Chi^asm (;i;ia^w, to make a cross, as an X).
The optic commissure.
Chick'en-pox. See Varicella.
Chi^cot. Kentucky Coffee Bean. The
seeds of Gymnocladiis Canadensis. Con-
tains a volatile oil and a glucoside. Pro-
bably a cerebro-spinal stimulant. Some-
times used as a substitute for coffee. Unof.
Chignon^ Fun'gus. A name given to
the fomiation of nodular fungoid growths
on the hair. Probably due to bacteria.
Chig^oe. See Pulex.
Chil'blain (Sax. cele^ cold, blegan, boil).
An erythematous local inflammation and
swelling of the skin due to cold.
Child^bed. The popular term for the con-
dition of a woman during and after labor.
C. Fever. See Puerperal Fever.
ChiFi- Saltpe'ter. See Sodium.
Chimaph^ila. Pipsissewa, Prince's Pine.
The leaves of C. uinbellata, an evergreen
found in the U. S. An astringent tonic
and excellent diuretic. The bruised leaves
are used as a rubefacient. Valuable in
dropsy, several forms of kidney disease
and affections of the vuinaiy passage. C,
Fid. Ext. Dose ^ss-ij. C, Decoc-
tum. I to 17. Dose ,^j-iij. Unof.
Chi'na Grass. A soft, silky vegetable
substance used as a surgical dressing.
Chi^nium Amorph^ium Bo^ricum.
Amoiphous iJorate of Quinia. See Quinia.
Chin-jerk, 'iee Jazv-jerk.
Chinoid^in,or Chinoidin^um. Quinoidin.
A mixture of amorphous alkaloids ob-
tained in the manufacture of quinine. Has
the therapeutic properties of quinine.
Chinoli^na. Chinoline, Leucoline. An
alkaloid derivative of quinine and cincho-
nine, occumng also in coal tar. Now
generally prepared by heating aniline or
nitro-benzol with glycerine and a dehydrat-
ing agent. A valuable antiseptic and anti-
pyretic. Useful in pneumonia and typhus.
Commonly used in form of tartrate because
of the deliquescence of other salts. Dose
gr. v-xx. Unof.
Chira^ta. Chiretta. The leaves and lighter
stems of C. Ophelia. Resembles gentian
in its therapeutic properties. An excellent
tonic. Dose of the powdered plant gr.
xv-xxx. C, Fid. Ext., in glycerine and
alcohol. Dose tt\^xv-xxx. C., Tinct.,
ten per cent, in strength. Dose ^ss-ij.
Chiret^ta. See Chirata.
Chirop'odist [x^ip, the hand, Trovf [gen.
7ro(5of] the foot). A surgeon or person
who professionally treats diseases of the
hands and feet, especially corns, bunions,
ele.
Chirur''gia {x^ip, £pyov, work). Surgery.
Chirur^gical. Pertaining to surgeiy.
Chit^tim Bark. See Cascara Sagrada.
Chloas'ma. See Tinea Versicolor.
Chlo^ral, or Chloral Hydrate. A colorless
crystalline solid having the composition
C.,HCl3(H0),; the hydrate of chloral,
C.^HClaO, improperly called by the latter
name. A powerful hypnotic, antispas-
modic and depressant to the cerebral,
meduUaiy and spinal centers. To a lim-
ited extent an ancesthetic. Ser%'iceable in
fevers accompanied by cerebral excite-
ment, in chorea, convulsions, and all affec-
tions requiring a cerebral depressant. Ex-
cellent in delirium tremens, but should be
used with great caution. Dose gr. v-xx ;
smaller if combined with potassium or
sodium bromide. C. Butylicum, crolon
chloral. A solid occurring in crystalline
scales, resembling chloral hydrate, but
made with butyl, C^Hg, as a base, instead
of ethyl, CjHj. In properties parallel to
chloral but much feebler. Dose gr. v-xx
in syrup. Unof.
Chloralam^ide. A name inaptly applied
to chloral fomianidate. In doses of 45
grains it is a hypnotic.
Chlo'ric Ether. See Ethyl Chloride.
Chlo'rides, Test for. Add a few drops
of nitric acid, then gradually add a solu-
tion of nitrate of silver. A white precipitate
of silver chloride forms.
Chlo'rine (;):/opof, green). CI = 35.5;
quantivalence i. A non-metallic element.
At ordinary temperatures a greenish-yel-
low gas, prepared by decomposing sodium
chloride, NaCl. Highly irritative to the
skin and mucous membrane, producing
CHLORODYNE
10c
ciiolerinp:
spasmodic closing of the glottis. The
most valuable of disinfectants. Chlori
Aqua, chlorine water, contains 4 percent,
of the gas in solution. A gocx.! antiseptic
wa-h. Dose, internally, rt\^x-xxx. Calx
Chlorinata, " chloride of lime," a hypo-
chlorite of calcium containing free chlo-
rine. A valuable disinfectant. Dose, in-
ternally, gr. iij-vj. C. Chlorat. Liq. con-
tains I lb. of the salt i^er gallon of water.
Sodium Chlorat., Liq., Labarraquc s
S^'/uiion, scKlium carbonate lo, calx chlori-
nata 8, water ad loo. Dose tT\,x-3J.
Chlo'rodyne. A proprietary remedy pre-
pared i>y a physician of London. Supjxjsed
to contain chloroform, ether, morphine,
cannabis Indica, hydrocyanic acid, and
capsicum. The various imitations dift'er
widelv. Dose n\^\-xxx, 7oifh care. Unof
Chlo'roform. Methyl Terchloride, CHCI3.
A heavy, colorless li [uid oiitained by the
action of chlorinated lime on methyl alco-
hol. (Commercial article, C. Venule, con-
tains 2 per cent, of impurities and unlit for
administration. Internally, produces nar-
cosis and violent gastro enteritis.) C. is ex-
cellent in true cholera and similar diseases
of stomach and bowels. Externally, much
employed as an ingredient of rubefacient
and anodyne liniments. Mixed with at
lea^t 96'^ i)er cent, of air and inhaled,
it is the most valuable of general anaes-
thetics, but occasionally (i : 3000) caus-
ing death by cardiac paralysis. Deep
injections in the vicinity of the sciatic
nerve are recommended in sciatica. C,
Ammoniated, eiual parts of ammonia
in alcohol and chloroform; antipyretic and
anodyne. Unof C. Liniment, commer-
cial chloroform 40, soap liniment 60 parts.
C. Mistura, |)ure chloroform 8, cam|)ho.'
2, fresh yolk of egg 10, water 80 parts.
Dose .^j-5J- C. Spt., pure chloroform
10, alcohol 90 [>arts. Dose TT\^x- jj
Chlo'rophane. See Chromopluines.
Chlo'rophyll (x^xjfmr, <pt</.?nv, leaf). The
greirn coloring m.atter of leaves.
Chloro'sis (;f/'.<jpof ). The " green sick-
ness;" a disease of young women; con-
nected with anemia and menstrual abnor-
m ility, u--ually suppression.
Chlo'rum. See Chlorine.
Choke-cherry. The fruit of Prunu^{Ce-
nuns) I'lri^ininna, not the /'. I'iri^iniann
of the pharm.icoixiia ; common in the U.
.S. .Vntispasrnfxlic, tonic, ami slightly as-
tringent. Cent, in, a concentrated extract.
I)<>si- gr ij-viij. Unof
Choked Disc. See Papillitis.
Cholae'mia (jo?-'?, bile, atfia, blood). The
presence of liile pigment in the blooil.
Choragogue (,vo>.//, a)u, to expel). .\
purgati\e medicine which promotes the
ilow of bile.
Chola'lic Acid. See Choloidinic Acid.
Cholecystec'tomy {x'^'kij, Kvang, bladder,
eKTiiur/, a cutting out). Excision of the
gall-Madder.
Cholecystenteros''tomy (^'O''-'/, Kvartg,
n'Tepou^ intestine, arofia, a mouth). In-
cision of the gall-bladder and intestine
with suture of the intestinal wound to that
of the gall-bladder.
Cholecysti'tis. Inflammation of the gall-
blaililer.
Cholecystot'omy (,yo?.//, Kvcriq, re/irtj, to
cut). The operation of incising the gall-
bladder.
Chole'dochus (.f"^^'/, Sexo/iai, to receive).
Receiving or holding bile. C, Ductus
Communis, the common excretory duct
of the liver and gall-l)Iadder.
Chole'ic ix»'/.'/). Pertaining to the bile.
Chole'in ( v"''-'/)- ■'^" obsolete terra for a
mixture of several principles of the bile.
Chol'era {x"''-'/, P^<->, to flow). A disease
characterized by violent emesis, diarrhtea,
alxlominal pain and cramps. C, Asiatic,
a malignant form of the disease existing
in India during the whole year, and occa-
sionally spreading as an epidemic over
large areas. It is characterized by exces-
sive vomiting, alvine discharges resembling
flocculent rice-water, severe cramps, and
collapse. The cause is not with certainty
known, but is probai)ly of microbic origin.
Koch has discovered a bacillus (see Spiril-
lum Cliolenc), the cultures of which have
in some instances proiluced the disease, and
in others have failed. C, Bilious, a form
of the disease attended by excessive Ilow of
bile. C, Chicken, a very fatal epidemic
disease of fowls, marked by tumefaction of
the lymphatic glands, with inllainmationand
ulceration of the digestive organs and peri-
cart hum. There are none of the synipioms
peculiar to cholera. C. Infantum, the
"sunnner com])laint" of childnii, cliarac-
teri/ed i>y gxstric pain, vomiting, purgation,
fever and prostration. C. Morbus, an
acute catarriial inllamniation (jI ilie imuuus
membranes of the stomach and intestines,
witii enteric |)ain, jmrging, vomiting, s|)as-
nuxlic contractions of the nni.scies, e/c.
Very similar to .Asiatic C. in its syniptom-
alology.
Chol'crinc (dim. of ,//<»/,•;•,;). .\ term ap-
plied to the mild cases (jf choleraic diiu--
CHOLESTEATOMA
106
CHOREOID
rhoea. Also, the initiatory stage of malig-
nant cholera. Also, the zymotic cause or
virus of cholera.
Cholesteato'ma (jo2;;, arearu/m, a seba-
ceous tumor). A tumor consisting of a
spermaceti-like substance, occumng most
frequently at the base of the brain, but
occasionally in subcutaneous tissue.
Cholesterae^mia {^cholesterin, a^/za, blood).
The retention of cholesterin in the blood
instead of being excreted by the bile ; sup-
posed (probably erroneously) by Flint to
produce grave nervous symptoms.
Cholesferin (;i;ol??, arsapov, stearine). A
monatomic alcohol, a constituent of bile, a
normal ingredient of nei-vous tissue. Also
the fatty substance forming the acid prin-
ciple of biliary calculi.
Cholelithi^asis (;i:oA;7,A«^of, stone). For-
mation of calculi in the gall-bladder.
Cholet'elin. An amorphous, soluble, yel-
low pigment derived from bilirubin.
Cho'lic (;(;o/i?/). Pertaining to the bile.
Cho^lin. Same as Neurine, q. v.
Cho^line. A ptomaine found both in animal
and vegetable tissues. It has been obtained
from flesh, fish and eggs, and cultures of
vibrio-proteus and comma-bacillus ; it has
been found also in toad-stool {Agarictes
7niiscanus), in hops (and hence in beer),
in ergot, in numerous vegetable seeds, in
extracts of belladonna and hyoscyamus, in
beetroot-sugar molasses, in cotton-seed, etc.
It is believed that choline is derived from
the decomposition of lecithin, a complex
ether, and one of the most widely-distri-
buted compounds occurring, in greater or
less quantity, in all of the animal tissues. The
existence of lecithin in plants is no longer
doubtful. It is a remarkable fact that in
ordinary putrefaction, as choline disappears,
the diamines appear and increase in quan-
tity, according as the time of decomposition
is extended. Free choline ordinarily forms
a strongly alkaline syrup, which combines
readily with acids to form salts. Choline
possesses a toxic action when given in
large quantities, paralyzing like curara.
Atropine antagonizes the action of choline,
as well as of the far more poisonous neu-
rine.
Choline Group of Ptomaines. Four
ptomaines — Choline, Neurine, Beta'ine,
and Muscarine — have been thus classified.
All these bases may be considered as oxi-
dation products of trimethyl-ethyl-ammo-
nium hydrate.
Choloidin''ic Acid. Derived from Cho-
lalic Acid, and probably a mixture of this
with Dyslysin ; all three decomposition pro-
ducts of bile acids.
ChoFolith {x'^'kii, AiQoq, stone). A gall-
stone, or biliai-y calculus.
Cholu^ria (jo/,//, ovpov, the urine). The
presence of bile in the urine. Also the
greenish coloration of the urine.
Chon^drin (joz'rfpof, cartilage). A sub-
stance obtained from the matrix of hyaline
cartilage by boiling. Resembles gelatine
in general properties, but differs from it in
not being precipitated by tannic acid. The
substance yielding it is cJnmdrogen, prob-
ably an anhydride.
Chon^drogen. See Choiidrin.
Chondro'ma (^oirfpof). A cartilaginous
tumor. See Enchondroma.
Chondrofomy {^x'^'^'^po^i Tefivu^ to cut).
The dissection or anatomical analysis of
cartilage.
Chon^drus. Irish Moss. The substance
of the algae C. rrispus and C. viaviniillosus.
These yield, on boiling with water, a sol-
uble colloid consisting mainly of mucilage.
Demulcent and somewhat nutrient. Some-
times used in making blauc niaiige. Unof.
Cho^part's Operation. Medio-tarsal am-
putation of the foot.
Chor^da (Lat. a cord). A cord, tendon,
or filament of nerve. C. Dorsalis. See
A^otochord. C. Tendinae, the tendinous
strings connecting the camece cobivincE of
the heart to the auricular valves. C.
Tympani, a filament of the vidian nerve,
which enters the tympanum. C. Vocalis,
one of the vocal cords or th}'TO-aiytenoid
ligaments.
Chordae^ (;i;op(5;/', a cord). A symptom in
gonoirhoea characterized by painful erec-
tion and downward curvature of the penis.
Chore'a (;);ope/a, dancing). St. Vitus'
dance. A functional nervous disorder,
usually occurring in youth, characterized
by spasmodic and convulsive contraction,
and non-rhythmic action of the muscles
of the extremities, face, etc. It may
be caused by a number of conditions,
among which are fright and reflex irrita-
tions, but it is essentially a disease of the
later period of childhood, and affects girls
about three times as frequently as boys.
C, Electrical. See DitbinVs Disease.
C, Habit. See Spasm. C. Major, the
hysterical C. of the French, the movements
wide in range and regular in sequence,
causing regular oscillatory movements of
the parts. C. Minor, that first above de-
scribed.
Cho^reoid. Pertaining or similar to chorea.
CHORIO-BLASTOSES
lo:
CHRYSOPHANIC
Chorio-blasto'ses (chorium, skin, /J/lacr-
raru, to germinate). Anomalies of growth
of ihe corium and connective tissue of the
skin.
Cho'rio-capilla'ris. The inner layer of
capillary vcssjis >^i\ the choroid coat of the
eye.
Chorioidi'tis. See Choroiditis.
Cho'rion (^op^oi', the fcetal membrane).
The enveloping membrane of the fcetus,
external to the amnion, internal to the
decidua. C, Primitive, the Vitelline
inmbrane (or Zona pillttiJa) during the
time of the development of the hollow,
structureless villi ujwn its suilace. C,
Shaggy, or C. Frondosum, when cov-
ered by villi. C. Laeve, the smooth or
non-villous portion of the chorion.
Cho'rio-retini'tis. See Choroido-retini-
tis.
Cho'roid (yo/J'oi', the chorion, f»5of, like-
ness). The second or vascular tunic of
the eye continuous with the iris in front
and lying Ijetween the sclerotic and retina.
C. Plexus, a vascular plexus in the lat-
eral ventricles of the brain.
Choroidi'tis. Inll.unin.ition of the choroid.
Choroid'o-retini'tis. Choroiditis with re-
tinitis. C.-r., Ametropic, caused by
Ametropia.
Choroma'nia (:fo/)Oj", a dance, ftavia,
madness). A nervous disorder manife-it in
various times and places, a-id characteri/^ed
by dancing or other rhythmic movements.
Chris'tison's Formula. To estimate the
amount of solids in the urine : Multiply
the two last figures of a specitic gravity
expressed in four figures by 2.33 (or by
2, Trapp ; or by 2.2, Lubisch). This
gives the amount of solids in every 1 000
jarts.
Chromat''ic (Ypwun, color). Relating to
or jxjss -Sling color.
Chro'matin ( fpfj/zn). The delicate retic-
ular network or plexus of fibrils |)ermeat-
ing the achromatin of a typical cell in
process of division. Calletl also Nucleo-
plasm, Karj'oplasma, and Kar}omiton.
See Oil h Jv.
Chromatog'cnous [xpuua, yevvau, to Ijc-
get). I'ro<lucing color.
Chromatol'ogy. The .science of colors.
Also the sjxctroscopic investigation of
color.
Chromatopho'bia {xp<Jfia,<p<ii3iu, to ter-
rify). .Mmorm.d fear of colors.
Chro'matophore (Y/'wwa, <p<>iirij, to bear).
Sp.ices in the skin of ccphalo|XKla tilled
will) colored granules.
Chromatops^ia (xp<Jfiu, w^vf, vision). Ab-
normal sensations of color. It may be ilue
to disorders of the optical centers, or to
drugs, especially santonin.
Chromid'rosis [xijuua, <''pwf, sweat).
."-Itearrha'a Nigricans, Seborrhcea Nigricans,
Pityriasis Nigricans. Colored excretions
of sweat, usually black, or sepia in color.
Most commonly from the eyelids, but
sometimes also from the cheek. In some
instances has involved the axilhe and
groins. Of rare occurrence. Certain
forms of chromidrosis are due to the
presence of bacteria.
Chro'mium (^;/;w(/a). Cr=r 52.2 ; <iuan-
tivalence il and IV. One of the elements
of the iron grouji. The various salts of
chromium, especially chromic acid, Cr.^03,
are much used in the manuHicture of pig-
ments and in dyeing textile fabrics. Potas-
sium dichrom.ite (hichromite of potash),
K.,Cr.^()-, is used in various pharmaceutical
and chemical o[)erations.
Chro'mophanes (;j;/jw/ia, (paivu, to bring
into sight). Coloring matters derived from
the retina. There is a green, Chloro-
phane ; a yellow, Xanthophane, and a
red, Rhodophane.
Chromop'sia. .See Chronatopsia.
Chromoptom'eter (,y/jw//«, /zerpoi', a mea-
sure). A contrivance used by Weber for
determining the extent of development of
color-vision.
Chron''ic (,i'/'oi'"f. time). A term ajiplied
to the long-continued disease, as distin-
guished from the acute or violent stage of
disease.
Chron'ograph (,tpo^'of. )pn^", to write).
,\n instruniint for graphically recording
intervals of time.
Chronother'mal (.^pofof, Gep^ta, heat).
Pertaining to the theory that all diseases
are characterized by periods of intermitting
chill anil heat.
Chrys'alis (v^vfTor, gold). The pupa or
secondary stage in the transformation of
insects. So called from the golden color
of certain chry.salides.
Chrysaro'bin, or ChrysarC'binum. .\
sutislance iniproj>irly lallcd " chryMipliaiiic
acid," extracted by alkaline solutions from
Uva pinodcr, the product of the decay of
Andira ararobn, a Hra/ilian tree. A
gaslroiiite-.linal irritant, which is almost a
specific when aj)plied locally in psoriasis.
Hose, internally, gr. J-xx. C, Ung.,
contains lO per cent of the drug with yo
jK-r tent. Iicn/oated lard.
Chrysopha'nic. See Chiymiobin,
CHYLE
108
CINCHONINA
Chyle (;i;v/lof, juice). The milk-white
fluid absorbed by the lacteals during diges-
tion. On standing, separates into a thin,
jelly-like clot and a substance identical
with serum.
Chylifica^tion (;i;i;2oiT,y(7f/(', to make). The
process by which the chyle is formed,
separated and absorbed by the villi of the
small intestine.
Chylo-pericard^ium. An effusion of
chyle within the pericardium.
Chylorrhce'a (;^;Mof, pew, to flow). The
excessive flow of chyle. Also, a diarrhoea
characterized by a milky color of the faeces.
Chylu^ria (;^;^'/lof, ovpov, urine). The pas-
sage of milky-colored urine. Thought to
be caused by disordered condition of the
lacteals, and also connected with Filaria
sanguinis hominum.
Chyme {]Q)iioq, juice). Food that has
undergone gastric and intestinal digestion
from which chyle is absorbed. The con-
tents of the small intestines after having
been acted upon by the salivary, gastric,
biliary, pancreatic and intestinal secretions.
Chymifica^tion (jD/;of, facio, to make).
The change of food into chyme by gastric
and intestinal digestion.
Cicatri^cial Deformities. Abnormal con-
tractions caused by cicatrices.
Cicatric'ula. The Blastoderm of a hen's
egg-
Cica^trix (Lat., same). The scar or mark
left after the healing of a wound.
Cicatriza'tion. The process of healing.
Cicu^ta Viro''sa. See Cowbane.
CiFia [ciliiim, the eyelid or lash). The
eyelashes. Also, hair-like appendages of
certain epithelial cells, whose function it is
to propel fluid or particles along the pas-
sages that they line.
CiFiary [ciliw)i). Pertaining to the eye-
lid or eyelash, and also by extension to the
C. Apparatus, or the structures related
to the mechanism of accommodation. C.
Arteries, — anterior, posterior long, and
posterior short, branches of the ophthalmic
artery, supplying the recti muscles, the cili-
ary apparatus, and the posterior structures
of the eye, with the exception of the retina.
C. Body, the ciliary muscle and pro-
cesses. C. Ganglion, the ganglion at
the apex of the orbit, supplying the ciliary
muscle and iris. C. Muscle, the muscle of
accommodation, whose contraction lessens
the tension upon the suspensory ligament
of the lens. C. Nerves, branches of the
ophthalmic ganglion supplying the anterior
structures and accommodative apparatus.
C. Neuralgia, neuralgic pain of the eye,
brow, temple, etc. C. Processes, circu-
larly arranged choroidal foldings continu-
ous with the iris in front. C. Region,
the pericorneal or "danger" zone corres-
ponding to the position of the ciliary body.
Cilium. See Eyelash.
Ci'mex Lectula^rius. The common bed
bug. A disgusting insect which infests
beds, furniture, and the walls of bedrooms,
and which feeds on the human body, punc-
turing the skin and injecting an imtating
fluid to increase the flow of blood. Char-
acterized by the repulsive odor of its se-
cretion.
Cimicifu''ga. Black Snake Root, Black
Cohosh. The root of C. racemosa, nat.
ord. Ranunculacese. A stomachic, anti-
spasmodic, aphrodisiac, and diuretic. Acts
on the heart similar to digitalis. Efficient
as a tonic in many cardiac diseases, in
functional impotence, and ovarian neural-
gia. C, ext. fid. (alcoholic). Dose X(\y.-
"7^]. C, Tinct., 20 per cent, in strength.
Dose gss-ij. Macrotin (unof), a resin-
ous extract. Dose gr. _J^-ij.
Cincho^na. Peruvian Bark. • The bark
of several varieties of cinchona, a tree
native to the eastern slopes of the Andes
and cultivated in India, the most valuable
being C. calisaya. Other varieties are C.
sticcirnbra, red bark, C. condaminea, pale
bark, C. pitayensis, pitaya bark, and C.
7nicrantha. C. bark contains 21 alka-
loids, of which 4, quinine, cinchonine,
quinidine and cinchonidine are the most
important. Cinchona has the same physio-
logical action and therapeutic uses as its
chief alkaloid quinia. See Qiiinia. It is
also an astringent, bitter and stomachic
tonic, stimulating appetite and promoting
digestion, beneficial in atonic dyspepsia
and adynamia. C, Ext. Dose gr. j-v.
C, Fid. Ext. Dosen\^x-3J. C, In-
fusum, bark 6, arom. sulph. acid i, water
93 parts. Dose ^j-^j- C, Tinct., 20
per cent, of the bark. Dose 3;ss-ij. C,
Tinct., Comp., red bark 10, bitter orange
peel 8, serpentaria 2, alcohol 80 parts.
Dose 3J-^5ss.
Cinchonid'ia, or Cinchon^idine. An
alkaloid derived from cinchona. Resem-
bles quinia in general properties. C.
Salicylate (unof), has decided antima-
larial properties. C. Sulph., less bittei
than quinine and valuable as an antipyretic.
Dose gr. j-xx or more.
Cinchoni^na, or Cin'chonine. An otifi-
cial alkaloid derived from cinchona. Simi-
CINERARIA MARITIMA
109
CLARIFY'
lar to (]uinine in therapeutic effects, but
less active, producing much heat-lachc ami
some muscular weakness. C. Sulph.,
ditVicultly soluMe in water, but soluble in
aciilulati'd water. Dose gr. v-xx.\.
Cinera'ria Mariti'ma. The juice of this
plant has been long used in Venezuela for
the absorption of cataract. Unof.
Cineri'tious [r/'/ic-ns, ashes). Ash-like or
p<.'rtainii)g to ashes. Applied also to the
cortex of the brain, from the color of the
same.
Cin'nabar (Ktwai3api, a pigment). Mer-
curic >uli)liidf, HgS. See Jlydiarg^'ruDi.
Cinnamo'mum, i_>r
Cin'namon. 1 he iimcr liark of the shoots
of several species of CiniKiinomtiin, native
to Ceylon and China, the latter Ijeing
known in commerce under the name of
ctissiii. Proix;rties due to a volatile oil.
An agreeable carminative anil aromatic
stimulant. Useful comi-iined with opium in
tlatulence, cramp of the stomach, enteralgia,
etr. C, Aqua, 2 parts of oil in looo
of water. C, Ext. Fid. Arom., contains
arom.itic powder lo parts, alcoliol 8 parts.
C, Oleum, the volatile oil. Dose gtt. j-v.
C, Spt., ID per cent of the oil in spirit.
Dose tT^v-xxx. C, Tinct., lo per cent.
of the ix)wdered bark in alcoliol. Pul-
vis aromaticus, aromatic |X)wder, cinna-
mon, ginger a;i 35,cardamon,nutmL'gaa 15.
Dose gr. x-xxx.
Cioni'tis (k'/wi', the uvula). Inflammation
of the uvula.
Gionot'omy [muv, 70/^7, a section). Exci-
sinii of (lie uvula.
Circle of Diffusion. See Diffusion.
Circle of Willis. The passage between
the anteiior cereliral arteries anteriorly,
and the internal carotids and cerebral
arteries ]X)steriorIy, by communicating ves-
.scls.
Circula'tion. The passage of the blood
through the varioas vessels, distinguished
a^ capillar)', f'fial, jwrtal, pulmonary, t-fr.
C, Collateral, dial through branches and
sccondar)' channels after ^tojipage of the
principal route. C, First or Primitive,
that of the embryo, a closed system, carry-
ing luitrim'iit and oxygen to the embryo.
C, Second, the f<ilal circulation ri'|)!acing
the omphalom'-sentcric system. C, Third,
that of the a<lult.
CJr'cum-. A prefix meaning ntimn,l.
It hunt.
Circumcis^ion (rirninin'(li',U)c\xi around).
Excision of a circular piece of the pre-
puce.
Circumduc'tion. See Motion.
Cir^cumflex (</;-< 7/////?<vA', to bend about).
Sunuunding or enclosing; applied to a
niuiilicr of arteries, veins and nerves.
Circumpolariza'tion. The quantitative
estimation of sugar in a sus[x;cted li(|uid by
the amount of the rotation of jwlari/ed
light, sugar rotating the ray to the light,
all>uniin to the left.
Circumval'late (r/Vrz/wrv/Z/c, to surround
with a wall). Surrounded by a wall or
prominence. C. Papillae, certain papilkc
of the tongue.
Cirrho'sis (^Kippni;, reddish-yellow ; from
the cokir of the cirrhotic liver). Increase
and thickening of the connective tissue of
an organ, esjiecially of the liver.
Cir'socele (hv/jffof, a varix, kij7jj, tumor).
A varicose tumor, especially of the .^j)er-
matic cord.
Cir'soid [Kipanc;, firTof, likeness). Resem-
bling a varix, or dilated vein.
Cirsom'phalos [Kipaog, o/KpaXo^, navel).
A varicose condition of the navel.
Cirsot''omy [Kipaog, rt/zrw, to cut).. Ex-
cision of a varix.
Cistern of Pequet. See Rcciptaculuni
Chvli.
Cit'rine Oint'ment. See Ilydrar^ynn'i.
Cit'rus. -See .lui (Uilium.
Clad'othrix (/c/arJof, a branch, Bpi^, a
hair). A genus of the family Hacteriacees,
having long filaments, in jiseudo-ramifica-
tions, with true six)res. C. Dichotoma,
found in soft or brackish waters, a sapro-
phytic fungus, non-ijathogenic, i)recipilates
oxide of iron and calcareous concretions.
C. Forsteri, found in the lachrymal canal
in concretions; is proliably identical with
C. Dichotomy.
Clamp (Cier. A7a»i/',). \n instrument
for compressing the parts in surgical opera-
tions to fix them or to prevent hivmorrluige,
f(r.
Clap. A jx)pular designation of gonor-
rhu'a.
Clar'ificant [rlariis, clear). A substance
used for the purj^se of clearing .solutions
from insoluble matter.
Clarifica'tion {c/anis). The operation of
making a li |uid or naturally transparent
substance clear. May lie accomplislird liy
allowing the sus|>i'nded matter to subside,
I y (he addition of a clariticant or .substance
which precipitates su.spended matters, or
by nKHlcralc heating.
Clar'ify [Jurus). i'o free a linuid or .solu-
liim from insoluble or lictiiogcneous sub-
btuuces. Tc) make clear.
CLARIFYING REAGENT
110
CLONUS
Clar'ifying Rea^gent. Any preparation
used for purifying microscopic and ana-
tomical preparations tliat have been
mounted in gummy media. Oil of cloves,
turpentine, creasote, xylol, and oil of berga-
mot are the chief.
Clasp-knife Rigid^ity. A reflex spas-
modic action of the legs in increased myo-
tatic irritability of the cord, in which ex-
tension is completed with a "spring," as
in the knife.
Classifica'tion [c/assfs, a class, /ado, to
make). An orderly airangement of names,
objects, diseases, rfc, according to their
properties and peculiarities.
Clathrocyst^is [a/ajdpa, a trellis, kvotiq,
pouch). A genus of microbes with round
or oval cells, fomiing zoogloese in the foiTa
of circular layers.
Claus^trum \clanJo,\.o shut). A barrier;
used of several apertures that may be
closed against entrance. Also applied to a
layer of gray matter in the cerebmm near
the lenticular nucleus.
Clav^iceps {clava, club, caput, \y&zA^. A
genus of fungi. C. Purpurea, the fungus
producing sclerotis, or the ergot of rye.
ClaV'icle {clavus, a key). The collar-
bone. The bone fonning the anterior part
of the shoulder.
Cla'vus (c/az'us). A corn. A small, cir-
cumscribed, flat and deep-seated callosity
caused by thickening and excessive devel-
opment of the epideiTnis. Usually caused
by pressui-e, and occur most frequently on
the toes! Occurring between the toes,
• there is frequently considerable maceration,
causing the "soft" corn. C. Hysteri-
cus. A local neuralgic pain in hysteria,
anremia, etc., in the head, as if a nai/
were being driven in.
Claw-hand. A popular expression to
signify the condition of the hand resulting
from atrophy of the interosseous muscles.
(French, main-en-griffc.^
Cleans^ings. The lochia.
Cleav'ers. See GaHitni Aparine.
Cleft Palmate. A congenital malformation
of the palate, usually occurring with hare-
lip.
Clefts, Vis''ceral. The four slit-like open
ings each side of the cervical region, in
the foetus, sometimes called the Branchial
openings. The slits close (in the human)
except the upper, from which are devel-
oped the auditory meatus, tympanic cavity
and Eustachian tube.
Clei'do- (K?f/f, the clavicle). A prefix,
meanin<T a relation to the clavicle.
Clerk - Maxv>;eirs Experiment. See
LbzvSs /\iiig.
Climac^teric [K2.i/j.aKT7/p, the round of a
ladder). A period of the lifetime at which
the system was believed to undergo marked
changes. These were at yearly periods
divisible by seven. C. Age, in women
the time of cessation of the catamenia.
C, Grand, the 63d year.
ClimatoFogy [K/a/ua, ?ioyog, a discourse).
A treatise upon climate.
Clim^ato-ther^apy. The uses of residence
in different climates as a therapeutic agent.
Climbing Staff- Tree. False Bittersweet.
The bark of the root of Celastnts scandens.
Alterative, diuretic and slightly narcotic.
Has been advantageously employed in
syphilitic and scrofulous affections. Dose
of fld. ext. .^j-ij. Unof.
Clin^ic {lOaviKoq, pertaining to a bed).
Medical instruction given at the bedside,
or with the patient present, whose symp-
toms are studied and treatment considered.
Clinodac^tylous (/v?.;vw, to flex or lie,
6aKTv/MQ, finger). Pertaining to an ab-
normal flexure, deviation or curvature of
the fingers or toes.
Cli'noid {^ulivrj, a bed, f«5of, likeness).
Resembling a bed. Applied to sundry
bony stiTictures of the body, as the clinoid
processes, plate, walls, etc.
Cliseom^eter [K?ucng, inclination, /xerpov,
a measure). An instrament for measur-
ing the degree of inclination of the female
pelvis.
Clitoridec'tomy {^K7.eiropig, enTe/xvu, to
excise). Excision of the clitoiis.
Cli^toris (^K?ieiTopig). The analogue in the
female of the penis, attached by two crura
or branches to the ischio-pubic rami, which
meet in front of the pubic joint to form the
body, or corpus. The so-called " gland "
is such only in appearance or name. C.
Crises, paroxj^sms of sexual excitement in
women suffering from tabes.
Cloa^ca (^cloaca, a sewer). In early foetal
life the common orifice of the intestine and
the allantois. In surgery the long canal
of escape of pus from a necrotic seques-
trum. The chamber into which open the
large intestine and urogenital ducts of
birds, amphibians and monotremata.
Clon'ic (/cAovof, commotion). Applied to
convulsive and spasmodic conditions of
muscles in which alternate contractions
and relaxations occur involuntarily.
Clo^'nus {K/Mvoq). Involuntary, reflex,
irregular contractions of muscles when
put suddenly upon the stretch. Accord-
CLOQUET, CANAL OF
111
COCILLAXA
ing to the part stimulated, the jihenomenon
is sjx)kcn of as ankle, j\>ot, or >\ctus i,
etc. A valuable diagnostic sign in certain
cord lesions. See ankle C.
Clo'quet, Canal of. See Hyaloid Artery,
Clostrid'ium. See Bacillus Butyrictts.
Clot. See Coiii^uluin.
Clof'tage of the Ureters. Xx\ operation
proposed ill case of li.vniaturia from a kid-
ney hopelessly crushed or with advanced
carcinoma. The procedure consists iu
blocking or corking up the ureter with a
clot.
Cloud'herry. The leaves of Ruhus
clumuiinorus, much used in Russia as a
diuretic. Dose jj to a cupful of boiling
water. Unof.
Cloudy Swelling, rarenchymatous de-
generation, — a swelling up of the elements
of a tissue by imbibition or accretion, a
fonn of hypertrophy with a tendency to
degeneration.
Clove. See Ca>yo/>/tylliis,
Club-foot. See Talipes.
Club-hand. A deformity of the hand
similar to that of club-foot.
Clys''ter i^K/.vartip). An enema.
Cnido'sis. .'^ee Crticana.
Coag'ulative Necro'sis. See Necrosis.
Coag'ulum {coa^^ulo, to curdle). Clot.
A name applied to the mass of fibrin
that forms from the plasma of the blood
after the latter has been drawn from tiie
botly. .\l>o, the curd of milk, and the
insoluble form of albumin.
Coales''cence [coalesco, to grow together).
Tlie union of two or more parts or things.
Coapta'tion {cm, together, '//A*, to fit).
The proper union or adjustment of the
ends of a fractured booe, the lips of a
wound, e/c.
Coarcta'tion [coarcto, to put together).
A compression of the walls of a vessel or
canal, thus narrowing or closing the lumen.
Coarse Disease. .Macrosco|)ic organic
Iciions, such as tumor, hxinorrhage, etc.
Coat {coitus, a tunic). A cover, or mem-
brane? covering a jjart or substance. C,
Buffy, the U|);)or fil)rinous biyer of the clot
of coagulated blix^d, marked by its color,
and absence of red corpuscles. Coating
of the Tongue, a condition of the tongue
indicalivir of almormaiity of the <ligestive
tract. Coating of Pills, a covering of
varirjus .subsiances to render them teniixj-
rarily taslelos.
Co'ca. Sec Erythroxylou.
Co'caine. The chief alk.iloid extract of
Lrythroxylon Coca. Al first stimulant and
afterward narcotic. Resembles caffein in
its action on nerve-centers, and atropine
in itseflects on respiratoiy and circulatory
organs. Long-coniinued use (cocaine
habit) is followed by insonuiia, decay of
moral and intellectual [wwers, emaciation,
and de.ith. Locally, a jxjwerful anasthetic
to a limited area of surface. Acts most
rapidly on mucous tissues. Applied to
conjunctiva of the eye causes also dilata-
tion of pupil and paralysis of function of
accommodation. Applieil to tongue temj)0-
rarily destroys sense of taste. Dose gr.
^^-ij. C. Hydrochlorate, more properly
cocaine chloride, most commonly used for
local auLT^sthesia in 2-5 jicr cent, solution.
Dose, internally, gr. ^s-'j- C. Oleate, a
5 per cent, solution in oleic acid, for ex-
ternal use.
Cocca'cees (KOKKOf, a kernel). According
to Mace, the first family of Bacteria, includ-
ing as genera the ^Iicrococcus, Sarcina,
Ascococcus and Leuconostoc. The ele-
ments are normally spherical, reproduction
usually taking place by division, sometimes
by spores either in one or several direc-
tions.
Coccobacte'ria(«o««jr, a kernel,. ?rt/vT;/pmt',
a little rod). Ajjplied by Billroth to the
rod-like or spheroidal bacteria found in
putrefying liquids, and called by him C.
Septica. See Bacterium.
Coc'culus Ind'icus. See Picrofoxin.
Coc'cus {kdkkdc,). .\ cell or capsule. C.
Cacti, the cochineal insect. See Cochineal.
Coccyg^eal. Pertaining to the coccyx.
Coccygody'nia [kukkv^, oi^vi'i/, pain).
I'ain in the coccyx.
CoC'cyx {kokkl'^, the cuckoo) (resembling
the bill). The last bone of the sjiin.d
column, formed by the union of four rudi-
mentary vertebni;.
Coch'ineal. The dried insects of a species
of plant lice. Coccus cacti, parasitic ui>on
the cactus of Mexico and Central America.
Contains a rich red coloring matter, car-
Niifte. Used mainly as a coloring matter.
Thought to be valuai>le in infantile whoop-
ing-cough. Dose gr. '(.
Coch'lea (^'*i'/of, a concha shell). A cavity
of the internal ear resembling a snail .shell.
De.scril)es two and a half turns al)out a
central pillar called the inoiiiolusox coluni-
nclta, funning llie spiral ciinal, aliout I '^
inches in length. 'I'he latter is divided
into three canals or seal e, — the scale tyiii
panir, vestihuli and inci/iir.
Cocilla'na. The bark of asiK-ciesof Cun-
rea, of the family .Muli<uc,r, an emetic and
COCKLEBUR
112
COLLI DINE
purgative ; poisonous as an irritant narcotic
in over-doses. It acts locally upon the
mucous membrane when directly applied
or when absorbed. Commended in bron-
chial catairh. Dose of e.xt. Tl^^viiss. Unof.
Cock^lebur. The leaves of Xanthiitm
stnimarium. A popular domestic remedy
for bites of poisonous insects and reptiles.
An active styptic. Dose of the fld. ext.
,5j-ij. Unof
Co^co, or
Co''coa (Port, cacao). The fruit of Tlieo-
bi'ovia cacao, largely used as an article of
diet. See Theobroma.
Co''deine. An alkaloid extract of opium.
Mildly calmative. Dose gr. ss-ij.
Cod-liver Oil. See Morrhiia;.
Cce'lia [Koilaa.^ the belly). The belly.
Cce'liac. Pertaining to the belly. C,
Artery, same as C. Axis. See Artery.
C. Ganglion. See Ganglion Semilunar.
C. Plexus. See Plexus.
Coe'lom i^Koi?M/ja, a cavity). The body
cavity.
Cce^loscope [Kot?ua, the belly, ckottfu, to
observe). An instrument for examining
the cavities of the body, by means of the
electric light, enclosed in a flask and
mounted upon a glass shank.
Cce'nurus. See Alternations of Genera-
tion.
Coffee. See Caffea.
Cohabita^tion (^con, together, Jiabito, to
dwell). The living together of a man
and woman without legal marriage. Sex-
ual connection.
Cohe^sion {colmro, to stick together).
The force whereby molecules of matter
adhere to each other. The " attraction of
aggregation."
Cohn's Liquid. A culture liquid devised
by Cohn, composed of the following parts,
in grammes : Distilled water 200 ; tar-
trate of ammonia 20 ; phosphate of po-
tassa 20 ; sulphate of magnesia ID; tribasic
phosphate of lime o.l.
Co'hosh, Black. See Cimicifnga.
Coil'ing of the Cord. See Cord.
Co^itus (yioiti/s). The act of sexual con-
nection. Copulation.
Cola^tion {^colo, to strain). The operation
of straining.
Colch^icine. See Colc/iiciim.
Colch'icum. Meadow Saffron. The corm
and seed of C. autittnnale. Properties
due to an alkaloid, colchicine. An emetic,
diuretic, diaphoretic and drastic cathartic.
Valuable in acute gout, and used with
good results in gonorrhoea. C. Rad. Ext.,
dilute acetic acid 35, powdered root loo
parts, water q. s. Dose gr. ^-ij. C.
Rad. Ext., Fid. Dose TTiij-x. C. Sem.
Ext., Fid. Dose lt\,ij-v. C. Rad. Vini.,
40 per cent, in strength. Dose TTLv-xv.
C. Sem., Vini., 15 per cent, in strength.
Dose TTi^x— XXX. C. Tinct., prepared from
the seed; strength 15 per cent. Dose
tT\^x-xxx.
Cold (Sax. ceald). The comparative want
of heat. Used popularly for coryza and
catarrhal conditions of the respiratory
tract.
Cold-blooded. See Pcckilofhertnic.
Cold-spots. See Temperature Sense.
Colec'tomy (koTmv, the colon, ektojutj, cut-
ting out). Excision of a portion of the
colon.
CoFic [colicus). Pertaining to the colon.
The condition vulgarly called belly-ache,
or a severe griping pain in the bowels, or
adjacent organs, as, e.g., hepatic, nephritic,
etc. C, Lead, or C., Saturnine, that
due to lead poisoning. See below.
CoFica Picto^num. Painters' Colic. A
form of colic due to the absorption by the
system of lead in poisonous quantities. It
is common among those who use or work
with lead.
CoFic Root. See Alefris and Dioscorea.
Coli^tis {k.o7\.ov, the large intestine). In-
flammation of the colon.
CoFlagen (koAAo, glue, ytvvau, to produce).
A substance existing in various tissues of
the body, especially bone and cartilage;
converted into gelatine by boiling.
Collapse'' [coUabor, to fall together). Ex-
treme depression and prostration from fail-
ure of nervous force, as in cholera, shock,
haemorrhage, etc.
CoFlar Bone. See Clavicle.
Collect^ing Tubes of Kid^ney. A name
given to ducts discharging into the calices
of the kidneys.
Collect^or. A device by which any num-
ber of cells may be taken from or added to
an electric cunent.
CoFles' Fracture. See Fractttre.
CoFlidine. A name given to Nencki's
ptomaine-base, CgHj^N, isomeric but not
identical with aldehyde-collidine. The
ptomaine was obtained from pancreas and
gelatine allowed to putrefy together in
water. Its constitution is still unknown.
The free base is oily, and possesses a
peculiar, agreeable odor. Nencki lielieved
it an aromatic base. Its physiological
action appears to be doubtful. But an
isomer of it discovered in ox-blood fibrin
COLLINSONIA CANADENSIS 113
COLPOCELE
and l.i putrefied jelly-fish has a poisonous
effect resembling curara. Frogs poisoned
by the isomer give out an orange-tlower
odor. Nencki's coUidine is isomeric with
collidine obtained from coal-tar.
Collinso'nia Canaden'sis. Knob-root,
Horse-weed, Stone-root. A ]K>]iular do-
mestic remedy used in the Southern States
as a cure-all. Has antispasmodic proper-
ties. l)(.>se gr. xv-lx in decoction. Unof.
Colliqua'tion [co/liipic-o, to melt). The
liijuef;\ction or breaking down of a tissue
or organ.
Collo'dion (ko7J)jj>6jj^, glue-like). See Py-
roxylin.
Col'loid (Ko?.?.fl,glue). A non-cr}-stallizable
and generally soluble organic substance.
See Diii/ysis. Also, having the nature of
glue. In chemistiy, amorphous and non-
crystalline. C. Degeneration of the
Skin. A rare di>ease, occurring chietly
on the upper part of the face, in the form
of small, glistening, translucent, flattish ele-
vations, and yielding by pressure a small,
jelly-like mass.
Col'Ium (Lat.). The anterior part of the
neck.
Collyr'ium ( Kn/./.vpiov, an eye-salve). An
astringent, antiseptic or medicinal lotion
for the eyes.
Colobo'ma {ko7x>i3ou, to mutilate). A
cleavage or fissure of parts of the eye, of
congenital or traumatic origin. Con-
genital C. are due to imperfect closure
of tissurcs during fjetal development.
CoKocynth, or
Colocynth'is. Colocynth. The fruit of
C. Cilrullus, from which seeds and rind
have l>een rejected. IVoj)erties due to a
bitter glucoside, colocyiitltin. A tonic an<l
astringent purgative. Used mainly as an
ingredient in comjiound cathartic pills.
Somewhat u.seful in colic, sciatic rheuma-
tism and neuralgia. C. Ext., alcoholic.
Dose gr. ^^-ij. C. Ext., Comp., con-
tains colocynth extract lo, aUjts 50, car-
damon 6, resin of scammony 14, .soap 14,
aicfihol 10. Dose gr. v-xx. Pilulae,
Comp. Cathartic, compound cathartic
pills; contain «a<h, comj). cxl. of toliKynth
gr. 1.3, abstract jalap gr. j, calomel gr. j,
gamlxjgc gr. j. I Jo-<e j -iij pills. Laville's
Anti-gout Remedy, contains co!<Kynih
2 • J, ijuininc, cinchoninc aa 5, .S|)anish wine
8fX), al<oh(4 100, water lOOO parts.
Colo'gnc. Sec Spirits.
Co'lon {kii'/'iv, the colon). Tlie first or su-
[M-ridr part of the large inti-stine. In the
variou.s |jarts of it.s course it is known as
8
the ascefiJitig C, the (h-scciiJini;^ C, the
t?aiis7't'rse C, and the sig/iioidjlcxurc.
Coloph'ony. See A\si//.
Co'lor ((■('/('/■). The ditTerences in the ap-
pearance of a thing seen, other than diose
due to shape, relief, t'/r. The tint or hue
of an oliject, dependent upon the number
of vibralions of die ethereal stimulus.
C. -blindness. See B/iiii/iwss. C,
Complementary, any color that added
to another color, or to a mixture of colors,
produces white. C. Contrast, any two
that, when mixed, .su])plcnKiU tlie jirevail-
ing tone of the light. Colors, Mixed,
those produced wlun the retina is excited
by two or more simple colors. C, Simple,
those of the spectrum. C, Saturated,
those containing little or no white.
Color-blindness. See B/i>i(hu-ss.
Color-hearing. The hypothesis of the
excitation of the chromatic centers through
the auditory nerve.
Colorim'eter [color, fie-pov, measure).
An in.stnimcnt for determining the quan-
tity of coloring matter in a mixture.
Color-sensation. Depends on the num-
ber of vibrations of the ether, the same as
the pitch of a note depends on the number
of vibrations of the sounding body. Her-
ing's Theory of C.-s. predicates di.s-
assiniilation and assimilation (decomposi-
tion and restitution) of the visual sub-
stance in vision — white, red and yellow
representing the sensation of disassimila-
tion, black, green ami blue of restitution;
thus endowing the visual sut)stance with
three modes of chemical metalnjlism.
Young-Helmholtz's Theory, assumes
three kinds of nerve-elements correspond-
ing to the tlirce primary colors. Stimula-
tion of the first causes red, of the second,
green, of the third, violet.
Color-top. A top containing on the sec-
tors of its disc a number of colors to be
" mixed " by rapid whirling.
Colos'trum {lo/ostnini). The first milk
in the mother's breasts after the birth of
the child. It is laxative, and assists in
the exjjulsion of the meconium.
Colot'omy {ki>?()v, Tt/ivu, to cut). Incision
of till- colon, either liitiihnr or iii:;iiiii<i/,
aciordiiig to the region of entrance.
Colpeur'ynter [ko'/.-im;, vagina, Myirru, to
widen). An instrument for dilating the
vagina by means of an intlatable bag or sac.
Colpi'tis (aoXtoi). Intlammatiun of the
vagina.
Col'pocele {ko'Xttoi;, w/A/y, tumor). Ileniia
or tumor in the vagina.
COLPOHYPERPLASIA
114
COMPOUND OXYGEN
Colpohyperpla-'sia. A cystic hyperplasia
of the vagina.
Colpoperine^oplasty. Plastic operations
for abnormahties of the vagina and peri-
neum.
ColpoptC'sis (/co/lTTOf, TTTuaig, a falhng).
Prolapse of the vagina.
Colpor^rhaphy (/coATrof, pacp?/, seam). Su-
ture of the vagina.
Colt'sfoot. The leaves of Tiissilago far-
fara. Demulcent and tonic. Sometimes
prescribed in chronic coughs. Dose of
Jj to Oj decoction, a teacupful; of fld. ext.
3J-ij. Unof
Colum^bo. See Calumbo.
ColumeFla. The column-like rod of birds
and reptiles, a part of the organ of hear-
ing, corresponding to the auditory ossicles
of the higher animals. See Cochlea and
Modiolus.
CoFumn {columna). A pillar or column.
Applied to sundry column-like organs of the
body, and especially to certain parts of the
spinal cord. C. of Burdach, the postero-
external column of the cord. C. of Clarke,
a group of nerve cells in the inner part of
the neck of the posterior horn in the dorsal
and lumbar cord. C. of GoU, the postero-
median column of the cord. C. of Turck,
the anterior or direct pyramidal tract. Lat-
eral pyramidal, Direct cerebellar C, etc.,
are other columns or tracts of the cord.
Colum''na. A column or pillar. C. Bertini.
That part of the cortical stracture of the
kidneys which separates the sides of any
two pyramids, through which the arteries
and nerves enter, and the veins and lymph-
atics emerge. C. Nasi, the antero-pos-
terior septum between the nostrils. C.
Vertebralis, the spinal column. C. Car-
neae, muscular columns projecting from the
cardiac ventricles.
Co''ma (/CW//0, deep sleep). Abnonnally
deep and prolonged sleep, with the cerebral
functions in abeyance ; due to compression
of the brain, hemorrhage, etc. C. Vigil,
a comatose condition in which the patient
lies with open eyes, but unconscious and
delirious.
Co'matose. In a condition of coma.
Combus'tion [co»ibiiro,io burn up). The
process of oxidation, attended with the
liberation of heat, and sometimes light.
Loosely used as a synonym of inflammation.
C, Spontaneous, that due to heat from
chemical changes, such as the spontaneous
ignition of oiled waste or shoddy in woolen
mills, factories, etc. C, Spontaneous
Human, the supposed burning of the
body without the external application of
heat.
Com^edone [comedo, a glutton). Black-
head. A black-pointed cylindrical plug
formed by the lodgment of sebaceous mat-
ter within the orilice of the duct. Nearly
always occurs on the face, neck and chest.
Com^frey. The root of Symphytum offi-
cinale. Demulcent, slightly astringent and
tonic. A common ingredient in domestic
cough mixtures. Dose of decoction indefi-
nite; of fld. ext. 3J-ij. Unof.
Com^ma Bac^illus. See Spirillum
CholercE.
Comminu''tion (comminuo, to break in
pieces). The process by which a solid
body is reduced to pieces of varying sizes.
It includes the various operations of cutting,
rasping, grating, slicing, pulverizing, levi-
gating, triturating, elutriating, granulating,
etc. See, also, Fractwe, Comminuted.
Coni''missure {committo, to unite). A join-
ing or uniting together. C. Magna, the
corpus callosum. C, Optic, the union
and crossing of the two optic nerves in
front of the tuber cinereum.
Commu^nicans {communico^. Communi-
cating. C. Noni. See Nei-ve,
Com^mutator [commuto, to exchange).
An instrument for automatically interrupt-
ing or reversing the flow of an electric
current, making and breaking the same
with desired frequency.
Co^mose [coma, hair). Having much hair.
Com^pass Plant. See Rosi^i Weed.
Complement^al Air. See Air.
Complement^ary Colors. See Color.
Complex^us [complexus, complex). The
totality of symptoms, phenomena or signs
of a morbid condition. C. Muscle. See
l\Iuscle.
Complica''tion [complico, to fold together).
Used of intercurrent or succeeding disease
or morbid conditions that render treatment
of the principal affection difterent or more
difficult. Complicated Fracture. See
Fracture.
Composi^tion [conipositio, a putting to-
gether). Compounding; used of medi-
cines. The constituents of a mixture.
Com''pound Cathar^tic Pills. See Colo-
cvnth^
Compound''ing. The mixing, manipula-
tion, and preparation of the drugs ordered
in a prescription.
Com'pound Ox^ygen. A quack cure-all
consisting of a .strong solution of potassium
nitrate or' chlorate through which the air
to be inhaled is drawn.
COMPRESS
115
CONIUM
Com'press [camprcsstts, pressed together).
Folded clotlis wetted and applied firmly to
the part for relief of intlamniation. C,
Fenestrated, with a hole for drainage or
insj^ection. C, Graduated, the strip
applied directly is narrow, the others, pro-
gressively wider, cover it.
Compres'sion of Brain. See Brain.
Compres'sor {^coni/'rimo, to press together).
An instrument for compressing an arter}',
vein, «•/(•. Used of muscles ha\ ing a com-
pressing function, as the C. nar-is, C. vctta
d.'isiilis pinis,ctc.
Cona'rium. See Pineal Gland.
Concentra'tion (<-<>«, together, ccntnim,
the centre). Evaporation of part of the
water of a mixture, tlius rendering it re-
latively stronger.
Concenf'ric. Arranged in an equidistant
manner aluiut a centre.
Concep'tion (Av/iT/'/f', to conceive). The
fecundation of the ovum by the sjjermato-
zoid. !^ee Pregnancy.
Con'cha(/co};ia,ashell). A shell. Used of
organs having some resemblance to a shell,
as the patella, vulva, dVr.,and especially of
tlie C. Auris, or hollow part of the external
car. C. Narium, the turbinated bones.
Concoc'tion [coniO(juo, to boil together),
'llic act of boiling two substances together.
Con'crete [concresco, to grow together).
.S.iiidified or condensed.
Concre'tion. The solidification or con-
densation of a fluid substance ; used, also,
of union of parts normally separate, as the
fingers.
Concu'bitus {concubo, to lie together).
t'o])iilation.
Concus'sion of Brain. See Brain.
Cond^iment {lonJiinailtirn, sj)ice). Spice,
sauce, or other aj^jjeti/ing ingredients used
will) fixxl.
Cond'om, or CunMum (corrup. oi confon,
a |)hysician). A sheath worn over the
jKiiis, during copulation.
Conduction {cundmo, to draw together).
The |)a-«sage or transfer of force or mate-
rial from one i)art to another.
Conduran'go Bark. A remedy much
u.sid in .S. .America as an alterative in
sy|jliilis. Introduced into the U.S. as a
nmedy for cancer of the .stomach, with
uiii crtaiii results. Dose gr. x-xxx. Unof
Con'dyle (KovAv'/nr, a knuckle). The
routicjcd eminences in the joints of many
of the Ixjncs, esjjccially Uie fftnur, hit-
mrrus and jiiw.
Con'dyloid. Resembling or pertaining to
the condyle.
Condylo'ma {kov6v7.oc;). A wart-like
growth or tumor about the anus or pu-
dendum of either sex. Applied also to
syphilitic patches and discolorations.
Cone'in. .^ee Ccniitin.
Cones, Graduated. Cone-shaped bodies
used for measuring the size of orifices of
vessels, etc., especially In post-mortem ex-
aminations.
ConfeC'tion [ccnfcitio, a making). A
confection. In pharmacy a mass of sugar
and water, or of honey, as an excipient
with a prescribed medicinal substance.
There are two ofticial confcctiones.
Confec'tioners' Disease. A disea.se fre-
tjuintl)- occurring in the workpeople manu-
facturing candied fmits, nuts, etc. It is
confined to the nails of the fingers of the
hands; the nail loses its polish, becomes
black, the periungual jx)rtion becomes
loosened and raised up.
Confine'ment. The condition of women
during childbirth.
Con^fluent {conjiuo, to flow together). In
mc'dutnc, a term apjjlied to eruptions which
run together. Tiie opposite of discrete.
In anatomy, used of the blending of two
or more bones originally separate into one.
Congen'ital [con, together, gcnitus, born).
Existing from birth.
Conges^tion [congcro, to heap up). Ab-
normal collection of blood in a part or
organ. Used of other liquids besides
blood.
Con'gius (a Roman measure). A gallon.
Conglom'erate (conglonicro, to heap uj)).
A mass of units witlumt order. C.
Glands, synonymous with acinous glands.
Conglu'tin. See Casein.
Con'gress [congressns, a meeting together).
An assemblage for deliberative puiiw.se.
C, Sexual, coition, or carnal intercourse.
Con'ical Cor'nea. See A'erato-glo/'its.
Coni'um. Hemlock. The green, fiill-
grown fruit of the sjX)tted hemlock, ('.
viaculalum. Contains several alkaloids
and a volatile oil, I'roperties maiidy due
to alkaloids conine and niet/iy/i onine.
Produces motor ])aralysis \\ itlumt loss of
sensation or consciousness. In toxic doses
death ensues from jiaralysis of organs of
respiration. N'aluable in tetanus, bji-phaio-
s|)asm, asthma and whooping cough. C.
Abstract, made from conium 2cx), diliile
hydrochloric aciil 6, sugar of milk and
alcohol <|. s.,to make loo parts of abstract.
Dose gr. ss-iij. C. Ext., aUoholic, each
grain represeniing 1 gr. of <lrug. Dose
gr. ij-v. C, Fid. Ext., same strength us
CONJUGATE
116 CONTINUITY, SOLUTION OF
preceding. Dose TT\^ij-v-xl. C. Tinct.,
15 per cent, strength. Dose Tl\,x-^j.
Conine, unof., volatile alkaloid of conium.
Dose gr. -^q-^q- Coniine Hydrochlor.,
unof. , recommended in spasmodic affections.
All preparations uncertain in strength.
Con'jugate [iron, together, ji/gi/m, a yoke).
Yoked or coupled. C. Focus. See
J'oats.
Conjuga''tion. A form of reproduction or
cell-division in unicellular gregarinn;.
Conjuncti''va {conjmictivtts, connecting).
The mucous membrane covering the ante-
rior portion of the globe of the eye, re-
flected on and extending to the free edges
of the lids. Its parts are caWeA palpebral,
ocular or bulbar.
Conjunctivi^tis. Inflammation of the
conjunctiva. It may be catarrhal, croup-
ous, diphtheritic (or membranous), gonor-
rhneal, phlyctenular, purulent, etc., in char-
acter or origin. C, Egyptian, and C,
Granular. See Trachoma. See also Oph-
thai 1)12 a.
Con'nate. See Confluent.
Connective Tis''sue. See Animal Tis-
sue.
Consanguin''ity {con, together, sangui-
nis, blood). The relationship arising from
common parentage. Allied in blood descent.
Conser^va, or Conserve'' {conserve, to
keep). A confection, q. v.
Con^sonants {con, sono, to sound). Non-
vowel sounds produced in speaking at cer-
tain parts of the resonance-chamber. They
are sounded only with a vowel. They con-
sist of Explosives, Aspirates, Vibratives
and Resonants ; they are also divided into
four classes, according to the position in
which they are produced — the Articula-
tion Positions, — the first being between
the lips; the second between the tongue
and hard palate ; the third between the
tongue and soft palate ; the fourth between
the true vocal cords. Labials, made at
the lips, may be explosive {b, f), aspirate
{/, V, ivS, vibrative (the "burr"), and
resonant {m). These form the consonants
of the first articulation position. Those of
the second position are the explosives / and
d; the aspirates s, z, sch, th ; the vibrative
r; the resonant ft. Those of the third
position are the explosives k and g; the
aspirates are the unvoiced aspirates, un-
voiced ch and J; the vibrative, palatal r;
the resonant, palatal ;/. That of the fourth
position is the aspirate, the glottis-foiTned h.
Constant Battery, Element, or Cell.
One yielding a constant current. A gal-
vanic battery, of which the most common
types are those of Bunsen, Callaud, Daniell,
Grenet, Grove, Leclanche and Smee.
Constipa''tion [constipo, to crush tightly
together). Costiveness. Retention and
hardness of the freces, from functional
inactivity of the intestinal canal, or from
abnormalism of the biliary or other secre-
tions.
Constit^uents of Or^'ganism. The In-
organic C, are Water, fomiing 58.5 per
cent, of the body; Gases, such as oxygen,
marsh gas, etc ; Salts, of which the chief
are sodium chloride, calcium phosphate
(forming more than one-half of the bones),
sodium phosphate, sodium carbonate, so-
dium and potassium sulphates, potassium
chloride, calcium fluoride and carbonate;
Free Acids, as hydrochloric, sulphuric,
etc. ; Bases, such as silicon, manganese,
iron. The Organic C, comprise the
large classes of the proteids, albuminoids,
fats, etc.
Constitu^'tion {constitzio, to dispose). In
chemistiy, the atomic or molecular compo-
sition of a body. In phannacy, the com-
position of a substance. In physiology,
the general temperament and functional
condition of the body.
Constitu^'tional. Pertaining to the state
of the constitution. C. Diseases, in
pathology, such diseases as are inherent,
owing to an abnormal structure of the body.
Also, inherited diseases. Also, a condition
in which the disease pervades the whole
system.
Constrict''or {constringo, to bind together).
A name applied to any muscle that con-
tracts, tightens or straightens any part of
the body.
Constrin''gent. Same as astringent.
Consulta'tion {consulto, to take counsel).
Now applied to a deliberation between
two or more physicians concerning the
diagnosis of the disease of a patient and
the proper method of treatment.
Consump^tion {consiinio, to consume or
wear away). Wasting, denutrition or
atrophy. A term loosely used as a syno-
nym of phthisis, q. v.
Conta^gion {contitigo, to touch). A word
loosely used to designate the process by
which a specific disease is communicated
between persons, either by direct contact
or by means of an intermediate agent.
(See, also, Infection.^ Also the specific
germ or virus from which a communicable
disease develops.
Continu^ity, Solution of. See Solution.
CONTRACTILITY
11'
COrROLITH
Contractil''ity {cotftraho, to draw together).
That property of certain tissues, especially
a muscle, Tnaiiitesled in shortening under
the application of a stimulus.
Contrac'tion [ii>n/ra/io). Approximation
i)f the elements of a tissue or organ,
thus dinimi>hing its volume or content.
C. -remainder, the st;ige of elastic after-
vibration or residual contraction persist-
ing in a muscle after withdrawal of the
stimulus.
Contra-indica'tion [confra, against, in-
t/iio, to point out). A term applied to
that pathological or modifying condition in
which a rcmetly or a metlio<l of treatment
is forbidden which under ordinary cases
miijht be proper.
Contrayer''va. The root of Dorstenia C.
Stimulant, tonic and diaphoretic. Decoc-
tion mucilaginous. Serviceable in low
fevers and malignant eruptive diseases.
1 >ose 5 ss. Unof.
Con'tre-coup (Fr.). Counter-stroke, a
variety of injury by indirect violence.
Contu'sion [conftnido, to bruise). A bruise
or injur)- by a blunt weajx)n,or by collision,
withoul breaking the skin or covering.
Co'nus {kuvo^, a cone). A crescentic
patch of atrophic choroidal tissue surround-
ing the optic jjapilla.
Convalla'ria maja'lis. Lily of the \'al-
ley. All parts of the plant. Properties due
to cotn'allariu and cflit-i-a/lainarin, glu-
cosides. A prompt cathartic, diuretic, and
cardiac stimulant. \'aluai,le as a heart
tonic. Unlike digitalis, has no cumulative
etTect. C, Ext., soluble in water. Dose
gr. v-xxx. C, Ext., Fid., alcoholic. Dose
^ ss-ij. C, Infusum, prepared with three
times its weight of water. Dose J ss-ij.
Convallamarinum, soluble in water.
l)o>ic gr. '+-ij. All unof.
Convales'cence {co/iTn/i-sm, to l)ecome
well). A tenn applied to the recovery of
strength after the di.•^appearance of a dis-
ea.se or ailment.
Convolu'tion (cotiToho, to roll together).
A ti-nn aiijilird to the folding and turning
u|xjn itself of any organ, as the c<-relinnn
and the sinallir inti-stines. C, Broca's,
the third lift frontal, the speech-center in
right liand'd |)<-opIc.
Convol'vulus pandura'tus. Wild I'o-
talc). 1 he tuU:r is a mild cathartic. Dose
gr. xl. I'nof.
Convul'sant (ronvi-llo^ to pull together).
A ini-di' iiii- that caases convulsions.
Convul'sions. 'Hie manifestation of
nervous di.sorder comm<jnly called Ji/s.
Eclampsia. Loss of consciousness and
voluntary control of the muscles, with
clonic, tonic or mixed contractures, <•/<-.,
constitute the chief symptoms. May be
due to epilepsy, other functional or or-
ganic disease of the brain, circulation, :■(<:.
C, Infantile, due to a number of causes,
such as rickets, exhaustion, etc. ; sometimes
called " screaming fits." C, Puerperal.
See EcliJinpsia. C, Uraemic, due to the
altered state of the blood in disease of the
kidney. See, also, EpiUpiy.
Coordination (cw/, together, ordiiio, to
regulate). The hannonious function and
proper se(iuence of operation of the various
organs of the l)ody.
Copai^ba. 15alsam of Copaiba. The oleo-
resin of C. LangsdorJJii ; native to Sou h
America. A stimulant diuretic, and an
ex])ectorant. Much used in gonorrhtea,
but now considered of doubtful value. C.
Massa, copaiba 94, magnesia b parts.
Dose tTLx-_:5J. C. Mist. Comp., La-
fayette's mixture, unof., copaiba ^vij,
oil cubebs 3J, glyceriti vitelli 3 vij ; tri-
turate and add syr. aq. piperit. 5 iiss ; then
add, with constant stirring, li<[. [XDtass. .^ss,
tinct. cardamon comp. '7^ ij, spt. nitrous
ether 5 ss, aq. piperit. q. s. to make 5viij.
Dose _5J-5ss. C. 01. Dose TT\,x-xv.
C. Resina, mainly copaibic acid. Dose
Cop''per (Cu''prum). A reddish-brown
metal not usetl in medicine in its metallic
form, but represented by several salts.
The latter are gastrointestinal irritants,
producing nausea and eme>is. C. Acetas,
verdigris, used in pulmonary disca.ses, and
a^ a lotion in sUin dist-ises. Dose gr. 7',-s— I-
C. Aceto-arsenite, Paris (ireen, used as
a pigment and an insecticide. C. Ammo-
niatum, unof, annnonium carbcinate J,
io|)|)(r sidi)liate 4 parts. L'seful in chorea,
liy>lnia,(A . Dosegr. ' (j-j. C.,Potassio-
tartrate Sol., Fehling's solution, unof.,
co])per sulphate gr. 70, distilled water
irL400: al>o <li.ssolve Kochelle salt, gr.
41SS, in water n\^l6oo; when re(|uiicd,
mix and add watt r to make tT\^.?720.
Used as a test for glucose. C. Sulphas,
.soluble in water, valuable as an emetic.
Dose, as an emetic, gr. ij-v, as a tonic, gr.
Cop^peras (.///;■/ loui, rose of copjier [?])•
A common name for ferrt)us sulphate. See
/•'(•rriim.
Cop'rolith {horT/mr, dung, ?m'>(»c. stone). A
term applied to hard masses of fatal matter
wiiiih sometimes form in the IkjwcIs.
COPTIS
118
CORONA
Cop''tis. Goldlhread. The root of C.
tri folia. A simple bitter tonic resembling
quassia. Contains berberine. Dose gr. x-
XXX.
Copula''tion [copulo, to couple). The act
of sexual intercourse.
Coraco- [Kopa^, a crow). Pertaining to
muscles attached to the coracoid process,
as C. BracJiialis. See Aluscles.
Cor^acoid [Kopa§). A term applied to any
part having the shape of a crow's beak.
C. Ligament, a triangular, beak-shaped
ligament joining the coracoid process to
the acromion. C. Process, a beak-shaped
process of the scapula.
Corral Root. Crawley. The root of
Corallorhiza odontorhiza. A prompt and
powerful diaphoretic, much employed by
the "eclectic" school of pi'actitioners.
Used in fevers. Dose gr. xxx. C, Fid.
Ext. Dose iTLxv-xxx.
Cord (^chorda). Used as a synonym for
the Umbilical Cord, the vascular, cord-like
structure connecting the placenta and
foetus. C, Coiling of, loops about the
foetus or its members. C, Knots of, real
knots of the cord formed by the passage
of the foetus through a loop. False Knots,
accumulations of WTiarton's jelly at parti-
cular points. C, Presentation of, descent
of the cord at the beginning of labor be-
tween the presenting part and the mem-
branes. C, Prolapse of, descent at the
rupture of the bag of waters, incomplete,
if remaining in the vagina, complete, if
protmding therefrom. C, Torsion of,
twisting upon its axis. The blood vessels
make about 40 spiral turns. Wharton's
Jelly, the gelatin-like connective tissue of
the cord.
Cor^dial {cor, the heart). Pertaining to the
heart. In pharmacy, an aromatic spiritu-
ous stimiilant.
Corec^tomy. See Iridectomy, and Pupil,
Artificial.
Corecto^pia {nop?/, pupil, enTuirn^, mis-
placed). An anomalous position of the
pupil.
CorediaFysis {noprj, Si.a?ivu, to liberate).
The production of an artificial pupil at the
ciliary border of the iris.
CoreKysis {Kopr/, Xvaig, a loosening). The
detachment of iritic adhesions to the lens.
Coremorpho^sis. See Pupil, Artificial.
Coreom'eter {nopri, jieTpov, a measure).
An instrument for measuring the pupil of
the eye.
Cor'eplasty. See Pupil, Artificial.
Corian'der, or
Corian^'drum. Coriander. The fruit of
C. sati'i'a. An aromatic carminative and
stimulant. Used mainly to give flavor to
other remedies and as a corrective to griping
purgatives. Dose gr. x-xx. C. Ol., the
volatile oil. Dose IT^ij-v.
Co^rium {^corium, leather). The deep layer
of the cutis.
Corm [Kopiioq, the trank of a tree). The
bulbous underground part of certain plants,
as the crocus.
Corn [cornu, horn). Local induration and
thickening of the skin from friction.
Cor^nea [cornu). The transparent an-
terior portion of the eyeball, its area oc-
cupying about one-sixth the circumference
of the globe. It is continuous with the
sclerotic, and nourished by lymph from the
looped blood vessels at its peripheral bor-
der. It is lined posteriorly by Descemet's
membrane, and the conjunctiva is firmly
adherent to its substance in front. C,
Conical. See Keratoglobus. C, Leu-
coma of. See Leuconia. C, Tattooing
of. See Tattooing. C, Transplantation
of, the operation of engrafting a section of
transparent cornea from some animal into
the space of an excised portion of leuco-
matous human cornea.
Cornei^tis. See Keratitis.
Cornic'ula Laryn^gis. A small, hom-
shaped mass of cartilage on the arytenoid
cartilages; called also the Cartilages of
Sautoriiii.
Corn Smut. See Stigmata ATaydis.
Corn^u. (Lat.) A horn. A name applied
to any excrescence resembling a horn. C.
Ammonis, the liippocamptcs major oiXht.
brain. C. Cervi, hartshorn or ammonium
hydrate. C. Cutaneum. A horn of the
skin. A horny excrescence bearing a resem-
blance to the horns of lower animals.
May be any size from that of a pin's head
to that of the finger. Of rare occurrence.
C. Sacri, the prominence on each bone
of the sacrum.
Cor^'nus. Dogwood. The bark of the
root of C. fiorida. Properties due to a
crystalline principle, corniti. A simple
stomachic, bitter and somewhat antiperi-
odic. C, Fid. Ext. Dose ITLx-^j.
Corn^utin. One of the active principles
of Ergot. Unof
Cor^ona [corona, a garland). A crown.
C. Ciliaris, the ciliary ligament. C. Glan-
dis, the ridge of [he glans penis. C. Ra-
diata, the convolutions of the brain. C.
Veneris, syphilitic blotches occurring on
the forehead.
CORONAL SUTURE
119
CORROSIVE
Coro'nal Su'ture. The suture joining
the frontal with the two parietal bones.
Cor'onary. A term applied to vessels,
nerves, or attachments which encircle a
part or organ.
Cor'oner (corona/or, a crown, an oflRcer
appointed by the Crown). An olticer who
inquires by authority of the law into the
causes of deaths of sudden or violent oc-
currence. C, Inquest of, the legal
iuquir)' liefore a jurj- concerning the causes
of a .'iuddcn or violent deatli.
Coronil'la. The plant C. scorpeouh's,
abundant in southwestern Europe. Has
doubtful value in cardiac affections where
increased amplitude of pulsation is re-
([uiretl. Unof.
Cor'pora (pi. of corpus, a body). A gene-
ral tenn apj^lied to any part of the body,
especially of the brain, having a rounded
or ovoid shape. C. Albicantia or Mam-
millaria, the two roundetl masses of white
matter forming the bullisof the fornix. C.
Arantii, the tubercles, one in the center
of each segment of the .semilunar valves.
C. Cavernosa, the cylindrical bodies of
erectile tissue forming the chief part of the
penis. Also the two masses of erectile
tissue comix)sing the clitoris. C. Genicu-
lata, two small eminences projecting from
the optic thalami. C. Olivaria, the two
oval masses behind the pyramids of the
medulla oblongata. C. Pyramidalia, the
two bundles of white matter of the medulla
oblongata, situated l*clow the pons varolii.
C. Quadrigemina, the optic lobes of the
lirain, the four rounded eminences situated
under the corjius callosum. The anterior
pair are the nates, and the posterior the
testes. C. Restiformia, the large columns
or cord-like Ixxlies extending from the
medulla to the cerel)rum. C. Striata,
two organs in the lateral ventricles (jf the
brain, com])Osed of the cauflate and lenti-
cular nucleas. ITie first, or intraventricular
p<jrtion, extends into the lateral ventricle.
Corp'ulcncy (^corpulentns, a large body).
Obi-,ity, fatness of the lx>dy.
Corp'us (pi. corpora), {corptts, a body).
A lody; the human Ixxly. C. Aran-
tius, tJie cartilaginous tubercle of the
semilunar valves. C. Callosum. See
Comttii^uirrs. C.Cavernosum Vaginae,
tlif '-|>f'ngy tissue of the vagina. C.
Fimbriatum, the lateral thin edge of the
tiinia hi|)|KK'ampi. C. Luteum. Sc-i;
Corpus l.utcuni. C. Spongiosum, the
sjjfjngy Uxly enclosing tiie urethra, etc.
C. Striatum. Sec Corpora.
Cor'puscle (dim. of rorpiis). A name
loosely applied to almost any small,
rounded, or oval body. C. of Blood, the
minute, biconcave, Hat discs, circular in
man, elliptical in the camel, and oval in
birds and reptiles. Coqniscles of the blood
have been distinguished, according to their
sue — into normoblasts (normal in size),
megaloblasts (of excessive size),mikro-
blasts (abnormally small), and poikilo-
blasts, of irregular sliape and size. Tiie
red corpuscles in the blood of man are
about jiVij in. in diameter and yj.fjjTj in.
thick. They consist of a colorless stroma
(paraglobulin.cholestcrin, lecithin and ncu-
rin) intiltrated with coloring matter (hLvmo-
globin). The white corpuscles are
flattened, bi- or tri-nucleated cells, about
joVtf ^'^- ^" diameter, and exist in the ratio
of I : 400 compared with red coqiuscles.
They possess a contractile jxiwer, alter
their shape readily, and in general api>ear-
ances closely resemble amoilja;. They are
most numerous in venous blood. C. of
Krause, the spherical or ovoid corpuscles
occurring on the ends of the nerve tubules
which emerge from a nerve plexus. They
occur in the conjunctiva, the edges of the
lips and various mucous and glandular sur-
faces. C, Malpighian, a name applied
to the splenic coqnisclcs. Also to the
Malpighian bodies. C, Pacinian, certain
small coqjuscles occuiring in the subcuta-
neous cellular tissue of the fingers and toes.
C, Tactile, of Wagner, the small oval
boflies found in the paj)illa' of the skin
and enveloped by nene-iibers.
Corpuscula'tion. A condition in wliich
the coqiuscles of the blood have undergone
hyjx'rplasia, being more large and numer-
ous than in the normal state.
Corp'us Lute'um. The yellow body.
lly|)erlropliy of the me ml) ran a propria, or
reticulata of the ovisac, after the esca])e
of the ovule. C. L., False, that result-
ing when pregnancy does not occur, called
also the C. L. of Menstruation. C. L.,
True, that when pregnancy takes place,
called al>o the C. L. of Pregnancy, and
liilfcring in several res|>ects from the first.
Correct'lve {corrigo, to correct). A sub-
stance used to mcKlify (irmakemore pleasant
the action of a purgative or other renieily.
Correla'tion. Interdependence; relation-
ship.
Corro'sive {eon, rodo, to gnnw). A .sub-
stance that destroys organic tissue either
i)y direct chemical means or by causing
inllammation and suppuration.
CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE
120
CRAMP
Corro''sive Sub^limate. See Ilydrar-
gyruin.
Corruga^tor {corrugo, to wrinkle). That
which wrinkles. See JMuscle.
Cor^tex (Sanskrit k7-it, to split). The
bark of an exogenous plant. The external
layer of gray matter of the brain.
Cor''ti. A celebrated Italian anatomist. C,
Cells of, the external hair-cells of the
organ of Corti. C, Organ of, a series of
some 3000 arches contained on the floor of
the basilary membrane, within the ductus
cochlear is of the internal ear. C, Rods
of, the pillars of the arch of the organ
of Corti. C, Rolls of, the fibers forming
the inner limb of the arches of Corti.
Cort^ical {^cortex, bark). Pertaining to the
cortex or bark. Used of the gray matter,
cortex, of the brain.
Coryd^alis. Tmkey corn. The tuber of
C. fo7-mosa {^Dicentra Canadensis of de
Candolle). Tonic, diuretic and alterative.
Dose of-tld. ext. ITLx-xI. Corydalin, the
alkaloid. Dose gr. j-v. Unof.
Cory^za {nopvg, the head). Catarrh of the
mucous membrane of the nasal passages
and adjacent sinuses. Popularly called a
" cold in the head."
Cosmet^ic [Koa/jeu, to adorn). A remedy
designed to improve or to hide the defects
of the skin or other external parts. May
be a white powder, such as starch, mag-
nesic oxide, calcium carbonate (levigated),
zinc oxide, mercurous chloride, or bismuth
subnitrate applied externally ; it may be a
white substance dissolved in dilute alco-
hol, which is left upon the face after the
evaporation of the solvent ; or it may be a
stimulant to the skin used internally, such
as arsenic. C. Operation. A surgical
operation to give a natural appearance to
a defective or unsightly part.
Cos^moline. See Petrolatum.
Cos^tal (^costa, a rib). Pertaining to the
ribs. C. Cartilages. The 12 cartilag-
inous extensions of the ribs.
Cos''tiveness [constipo, to be bound). An
al)normality of digestion characterized by
retention and hardness of the faeces.
Cos''to- [costa, a rib). A prefix denoting
connection with the ribs.
Coto'ine. See Coto.
Cofto. Cotto Bark. The bark of a tree
native to Bolivia. Irritant to skin and
mucous membranes. Therapeutic proper-
ties not known. Recommended in diar-
rhoea and zymotic fevers. Dose gr. j-xv.
Cot^ton. See Gossypiutn.
Cot^ton-seed Oil. See Gossypium.
Cot''yloid CaV'ity. See Acetabulum.
Couch-grass. See Triticum.
Couch^ing (Fr. Coucher). The operation,
now fallen into disuse, of depressing a
cataractous lens into the vitreous chamber,
where it was left to be absorbed.
Cough^ing. A sudden violent expiratory
explosion after deep inspiration and closure
of the glottis. C. Center. See Center.
Cou^'lomb. The unit of measurement of
electrical quantity; the quantity of elec-
tricity that passes during one second in a
conductor having a resistance of one ohm,
with one volt of electromotive force. The
micro-coulomb is the millionth part of
this amount.
Count^er-exten''sion. See Extension.
Count^er-irrita^tion. Superficial and arti-
ficially produced inflammation, in order to
exercise a good effect upon some adjacent
or deep-seated morbid process. Generally
effected by vesicants, rubefacients, etc.
Count^er-o^pening. An incision made
in an abscess or cavity, opposite another,
generally for purposes of drainage.
Cours^es. See Menses.
Court Plaster. See Ichthycolla.
Couveuse''. See Inczibator.
Cow^'age. The external hairs of the pod
of iMucuna pruriens.
Cow^bane. Water Hemlock. The leaves
of Ciiuta virosa. An acrid narcotic, highly
poisonous to cattle, but not affecting sheep
and goats. Causes intoxication and spasm.
Sometimes used externally as an anodyne
in rheumatism.
Cow'per's Glands. See Glands.
Cow-pox. See Vaccination.
Cox^a [coxa, hip). The hip-joint.
CoxaPgia [coxa, alyog, pain). Pain in the
hip-joint. See Hip-joint Disease.
Coxe's Hive Mixture. See Scilla.
Crab Louse. See Fediculus.
Crachot^ement. A peculiar reflex follow-
ing operations upon the utero-ovarian or-
gans, marked by a desire to spit without
the ability to do so. It is usually accom-
panied by a tendency to syncope.
Cracked-pot Sound. A peculiar sound
elicited by percussion over a cavity of the
lung communicating with a bronchus.
Cra''dle. In surgery, a wire or wicker
frame so arranged as to keep the weight of
the bed-clothing from an injured part of
the body. Employed in fractures, wounds,
etc.
Cramp (Teut. kramp). A spasmodic con-
traction of the muscles attended with sharp
pain.
CRANE'S-BILL ROOT.
121
CROCUS
Crane's-bill Root. See Geranium.
Cra'nioclasm \K\mviov, the skull, K/.au,
lo break). The operation of breaking the
fetal head by means of the crunioclii^t.
Craniol'ogy i^Kpai-ioi\ /o; of , a discourse). A
treatise on the comparative study of skulls.
Craniom'eter \Hi>aiioi\ fttrfior, a meas-
ure). An instrument for gauging the dimen-
sions of the skull.
Craniom'etry. See Index.
Cranios'copy. See Phrenology.
Cranios'tosis [Kpaviov, oartov, a bone).
Congenital os-ihcation of the cranial sutures.
Craniot'omy [spaviof, rour/, a cutting).
The oi>eraiion of reducing the size of the
f<-L'tal head by cutting or breaking it up,
when delivery is otherwise impossible.
Cra'nium (K//ar/or, the head). The skull.
The cavity which contains the brain, its
membranes and vessels. Consists of 22
bones, of which 14 belong to the face, and
8 to the cranium proper. See Skull.
Crassamen'tum [erassus, thick). The
clot of the blood.
Craw - Craw. See Filaria Sanguinis
Iloniinis.
Craw 'ley. See Coral Root.
Cream of Tartar. See Potassium.
Creamom'eter. An instrument for esti-
mating the amount of cream in milk.
Crc'asote, or Creaso'tum {xpeag, flesh,
au^u, to preserve). The product of the
distillation of wood tar, consisting of a mix-
ture of phenol com]x>unds. .'\.n inllam-
malile oily liquid dilfering in this respect
from carlK)lic acid. Does not coagulate
albumin and collodion. Most of the com-
mercial creasote consists of carlx)lic acid
or contains a large jjercentage of it. Valu-
able for its antiseptic, astringent, styptic,
an 1 -tlictic and ocharotic pro|x-rties. C.
Aqua, a one per cent, solution. Dose
Cre'atin (Kpcag). A weak organic base
occurring in various tissues of the body,
especially in mu>cle.
Creat'inin («/<f«<;). See Kreatinin.
Creche (Kr. a crib). See Infant Shelter.
Cremas'ter (Kpr/tucj, to sup|xjrt). The
muscle which draws u|> the testis.
Cremaster''ic Re'flex. Retraction of the
lolicle on the same side by exciting the
skin on the inner side of the tliigh.
Crema'tion (eremo, lo bum). The de-
struction of the Ijfxly by burning, as dislin-
giiisli<-d from inlernient.
Crem'or (i-rentor, broth). Cream. Any
thick .sul»lancc formed on tlie surface of a
li'|ui(l.
Cre'nated {^ircna, a notch). Notched or
scalloped. In botany, leaves which are
serrated. See Crenation.
Crena'tion [erena'). A notched or mul-
berr)' appearance of the red corpuscles of
the blood ; may lie spontaneous or due to
poisoning with Calabar bean.
Cre'nothrix (k{iiivii, source, 'V^. hair). A
genus of the family Beggiatoacees, whose
Hlaments are enveloped in a gelatinous
sheath. C. Kuhniana, abundant in fresh
waters. The pathogenic role attributed to
this variety by Kiinsther in the production
of typhoid is unjustilied.
Cre'olin. A coal-tar product deprived of
carbolic acid. Ha-mostatic and highly anti-
septic. It is more active than carbolic
acid on pure cultures of pathogenic mi-
crobes, but less etiicacious in putrefying
masses. An excellent non-poisonous de-
odorizer.
Crepita'tion, or Crep'itus [crepito, to
crackle). The noise produced by escaping
flatus, by the grating of fractured bones, by
the crackling of the joints, and by tlie
pressure upon tissues containing an abnor-
mal amount of air or gas. Also the pecu-
liar murmur of respiration observed in
pneumonia.
Cres'cent, Myopic. See Myopia.
Crest. The surmounting part of an organ
or process.
Cre'ta. Chalk. See Calcium.
Cret^inism. (Doubtful etymology.) The
condition of a cretin. An endemic dis-
ease characterized by goitre, and a condi-
tion of physical, physiological and mental
degeneracy and non-development.
Crib''riform {eribrum, a sieve, forma,
form). Similar to a sieve in being pcr-
for.iteil, as the cribriform Plate of the
Ethmoid Bone.
Cri^co- (KpiKog, a ring). A prefix denoting
connection with the cricoid cartilage.
Cri'coid Cartilage. See Cartilages of
th,- I.aryn r.
Cri''sis \crisis). The turning ])oint in a
disease, fever, time of life, </< ., and in
disease, marking a change either for the
better or worse.
Crisfa Acus''tica (Lat.). A yellow ele-
vatinii pi()j((iiMg into the e(iuait)r of the
ampulla of the ear.
Crist'a GalTi. Cock's Crest. The sui)erior
triangular process of the ethmoid l)one.
Crit'ical {crisis ). Pertaining lo a cri>is in
disi-ase, jx-riod of life, etc.
Cro'cus. .Saffron. The stigmas of the
flowers of f. sativus. (Should not be coiv
CROSSED REFLEXES
122
CUBEBS
founded with American Saffron, Cartha-
mus tinctorius). An aromatic stimulant
and emmenagogue, commonly used as a
cooling agent. C. Tinct., lo per cent.
in strength. Dose 3J-ij; of the drug, gr.
v-xx.
Crossed Re^flexes. An exception to
the usual law of reflex movements, in
which, e. g., excitation of one fore limb
produces movement in the opposite hind
limb.
Cross-legged Progres^'sion. A method
of walking in which one foot gets over or
in front of the other. A symptom of cer-
tain cord lesions.
Crouton Chlo'ral. See Chloral Butylicum.
Croton-oil. See .Tiglii Oleum.
Croup (Sax. kropan, to cry aloud). A dis-
ease of the larynx, trachea, etc., of children,
of which prominent symptoms are a peculiar
cough, difficulty of breathing, and often
accompanied by the development of a
membranous deposit or exudate upon the
parts. There is doubt as to the real natui-e
of the disease, some contending that it is
either an acute spasmodic laiyngitis or a
laryngeal diphtheria, while others believe
it a special type of disease.
Cru'cial (^crux, a cross). Resembling
or pertaining to a cross, as a crucial in-
cision.
Cru^ra (pi. of crus, a leg). A name
applied to certain parts of the body from
their resemblance to a leg or root. C.
Cerebelli, the peduncles of the cerebellum.
C. Cerebri, the peduncles of the cere-
brum. C. of Diaphragm, the muscular
bundles arising from the vertebrte, etc., and
inserted into the central tendon. C. of
Penis, the corpora cavernosi.
Cru^ral [c7-tis). Pertaining to the thigh.
C. Arch. See Ligatuent. C. Hernia,
femoral hernia.
Crus [crus). The leg; structures resem-
bling a leg. See the plural. Crura.
Cruso-creafinine. A leucomaine, iso-
lated from muscle-tissue. In this and other
leucomaines of the Creatinine Group, as
well as in those of the Uric Acid Group,
hydrocyanic acid plays an important part
in the molecular structure of the bases.
Very little is yet known as to the function
of this Cyanogen Group in relation to the
vital activity of tissues, but recent investi-
gations seem to show that the seat of the
cyanogen formation lies within the nucle-
ated cell, and is intimately connected with
the functions of the nuclein molecule. A
number of leucomaines of fresh muscle-
tissue are credited with possessing an in-
tensely poisonous action ; and, if this be
the case, any accumulation of such bases in
the system, due to interference with elimi-
nation, may cause very serious disturb-
ances.
Crus^ta. The inferior part of the crura
cerebri. C. Lactea. See Achor. C.
Petrosa, a thin layer of bone covering the
fang of a tooth. C. Phlogistica, the
yellowish layer of the upper stratum of a
blood-clot coagulating slowly.
Crypt [KpvnTU, to conceal). A small sac
or follicle. Crypts of Lieberkiihn, mi-
nute tubular depressions of the mucous
membrane of the small intestine.
Cryptoceph^alus [kpvtvtoq, hidden, Ke(pa7.ri,
head). A monster fcetus with imperfectly
formed and concealed head.
Cryptoga^mia [KpvnrTog, ya//of, marriage).
A division of the vegetable kingdom com-
prising all plants with concealed sexual
organs, without pistils or stamens.
CryptophthaFmos {KpvTTTog,o^6a?ijuog, the
eye). Congenital union of the eyelids,
usually over imperfect eyes.
Cryptor^chid, or Cryptorchis (/<pf tttw, to
hide, op^i?, testicle). A person with re-
tained testicles, i. e., not descended into
the scrotum. Monorchid, with one re-
tained testicle.
Crysf'allin. The globulin of the crystal-
line lens.
Cryst^alline Lens. See Le7is.
Crystalliza''tion [Kpyaralloq, ice). The
process by which the molecules of a sub-
stance anange themselves in geometric
forms when passing from a gaseous or a
liquid to a solid state. C, Water of,
the water of salts that cannot be extracted
without destruction of their crystalline
nature.
Crystallog''raphy [KpvuTaTJ.og ypnipu, to
write). The science of crystals, their for-
mation, etc.
Crys^talloid {KpvaTa2.2.og, eiSog, likeness).
Having a ciystalline structure, as distin-
guished from colloid.
Cu'beba. The unripe fruit of C. ojfficiiialis,
cultivated in Java. Properties due to a
volatile oil and an organic acid. An aro-
matic stimulant, diuretic in small doses.
Useful in affections of the bladder and
urethra. A good remedy (applied by in-
sufflation or smoked in cigarettes) for
disease of the fauces, in catanh of the air
passages, ^i".;-. Dose gr. x-^ij. C, Fid.
Ext., alcoholic. Dose n^x-xxx. C.
Oleoresina, ethereal. Dose n\,v-xxx.
CUBIC SPACE
123
CURRENT
C. Ol., the volatile oil. Dose TTLv-xx.
C, Tinct., loper cent, in .strength. Dose
IT^x- 5 iij. C. Trochisci, oleoresin gr. }4,
oil sassafras gr. yV^' ^-^f- glycjTrhiza gr. iv,
acacia gr. ij, syr. tolu q. s., in each troche.
Dose j-iij.
Cubic Space (of air). The amount of
space retjuired by the patient in ho>i)itals,
f/c. Alx)ut looo cubic feet to each patient
is necessary to proper ventilation.
Cu'bitus [i-n/'i/its, the ellx>\v). The fore-
arm.
Cu'boid Bone. A hone of the foot situ-
ated at the outer anterior part of the
tarsus.
Cu'ca. See Erythroxylon.
Cud Weed. See Life Everlasting.
Cul-de-sac (Fr. <•///, the bottom, dc, of,
sac, bag). A cavity of the body closed at
one end. Douglas's C, a jxjuch between
the anterior wa-ll of the rectum ami tiie
posterior wall of the uterus formed by the
reflection of the peritoneum. Called, also,
the recto-uterine or retro-uterine C.
Cu'lex. A mosquito. A well-known in-
sect which punctures the skin to obtain its
focxl, the blood.
Cul'ture (<■<)/<>, cu/tum, to till, cultivate).
A name loosely and indiscriminately ap-
plied to the act, the liquid or solid me-
dium used, and the product of the process,
in culture ex])eriments upon micro6rj:;an-
isms. The culture media are of various
kinds: mineral liquids (see A'au/in's Li-
quid, Cohn's Liquid, etc.), bouillons of
various kinds, gelatinous fluids, gelose,
potato, serum, etc. These media are first
sterilized, usually by heat (see Oren, .Ster-
ilization), but possilily also by chemicals,
by filtration, by cold, by steam, etc. The
infectious matter is then taken upon a ster-
ilized platinum needle point, pipette, or
other instrument, and transferred to the
culture-medium. When the latter is of
semi-solid consistency, as gelatin, the inocu-
lation by the needle is called Stichcultur
((jr. ) or par piijilre ( Fr.), the needle being
lhru-.t into the suijslance. When sown
along the surface in a line it is called
Slriihcultur ( ( jr. ), or en stries ( I'"r. ). The
macrfiscopic features of the subse<|uent de-
velo|)ment give im|)ortant means of differ-
entiation. I'or example, when the iiiocu-
lati-d matter forms a mas> in the mc<lium,
IKjiiitcil Ix.-1<jw and rising like a nail iicail
aU)ve, it is callcrl en clou, nail-shapccl.
Tlien the medium may lie li(|uefud or not,
variously colored, fxiculiarly changed, .sedi-
ment de(x>sited or not, etc. Sub.sequent
microscopical examination of the culture-
product, inoculation experiments uixjn ani-
mals, etc., complete the study.
CuUver's Root. See Leptandra.
Cune'iform Bones (L. cuncus, a wedge).
The name of three wedge-shaped bones at
tlie anterior part of the tarsus.
Cune'us {^cu>/eus). A wedge-shaped con-
volution on the internal asjject of the cortex
of the occipital lobe.
Cu'pola [cupola, a dome). The dome-
shajjcd extremity of the canal of the coch-
lea. Also, the summit of a solitaiy gland
of the small intestines.
Cup'ping. The application of cupping
glasses; a method of blood-abstraction.
C, Dry, without the abstraction of bUxKi
— a form of counter-irritation. C, Wet,
with the abstraction of blood after scari-
fication.
Cu'prum. See Copper.
Cura're. Woorara. A vegetable extract
olitained from Paulinia C. and certain
members of the Strychnos family. A pow-
erful paralyzer of the motor nerves and
the voluntary muscles. Used in S. Amer-
ica and elsewhere as an arrow poison. In
toxic doses death occurs by paralysis of
the organs of respiration. Reported ef-
fectual in two cases of hydrophobia, and
has been successful in tetanus. Dose by
hyjxidermatic injection gr. n'lj-J.
Curd. The coagulum of milk which sepa-
rates on the adilition of rennet or an acid.
Curette (Fr.). An instrument sha|jed
like a sjxxjn or scoop, for detaching sub-
stances from one another, as the placenta
from the uterine wall, etc.
Cur'rent {curro, to run). In electricity, a
term api)lied to tlie transference of the
force, which is arbitrarily likened to the
flow of a liquid in a confined p;\ssage.
C, Action, that oidained when an in-
jured muscle contracts. C, Alternat-
ing, a term applied to a current which, by
means of an interrupter, is alternately di-
rect and reverse. This current is em-
ployed (in New York) for the execution of
capital sentences. C, Battery, a gal-
vanic current. C, Continuous, a con-
stant, unintermiitcd current in one tiirec-
tion. C, Demarcation, the muscle cur-
rent of Du IJois Raymond, the current
obtained from an injured muscle. C,
Galvanic, a current generated liy the
dec<)m|K)sition of aciduiati-d watir liy
means of met.allic plates. C, Induced,
or Secondary, a momentary current pro-
duced when a coil of insulated wire is in
CURTATE
124
CYSTICERCUS
troduced within the field of another coil
through which a continuous current is
passing. When the coil is removed from
the field there is a momentary current in
the opposite direction.
Curt^ate. See Expectation of Life.
Curv^ature of Spine. See Caries.
Cusp iyCHSpis, a point). The crown or pro-
jecting part of a tooth.
Cuta^neous {cutis, the skin). Pertaining
to the skin. C. Calculus. See A/ilium.
C. Horns. See Cornu Cutanetim. C.
Respiration, the transpiration of gases
through the skin.
Cu^ticle (dim. of ciitis, the skin). The
epidermis or scarf-skin. See Skin.
Curtis. The derma, or true skin. C,
Anserina. See Goose Skin.
Cut-off Muscle. A popular designation
of the compressor m^ethrae muscle.
Cyan^ogen {piavoq, blue, yevvacj, to pro-
duce). A radical molecule having the
structure CN, an acid compound of carbon
and nitrogen existing as a colorless, com-
bustible gas, exceedingly poisonous. Forms
with hydrogen, hydrocyanic or prussic
acid; with metals, the cyanides; with
oxygen, the compound known as fulminic
acid. Cyanogen and hydrocyanic acid
are usually distinguished by the odor of
almonds.
Cyanop''athy. See Cyanosis.
Cyano^sis («:«avof). A bluish discolora-
tion of the skin from non-oxidation of the
blood, caused by local or general circula-
tory diseases.
Cyanotic. Pertaining to Cyanosis.
Cycli^tis (/cuK/^of, a circle, ltic, inflamma-
tion). Inflammation of the ciliary body,
causing a pericorneal circle of congested
sclerotic tissue. A serious condition, often
implicating adjacent structures. May be
serous, plastic, or suppurative. Irido-
cyclitis, when the iris is also implicated
in the inflammatory process.
Cycloceph^alus («:D/c?.of, KE^cikri, head).
A monstrosity with a Cyclopean eye and
atrophy of the nose.
Cyclop'ia. See Synophthalmia.
Cyclople^gia (/ct)/c/,of, Tv'krjyrj^ a stroke).
Paralysis of the ciliary muscle of the
eye.
Cy'clops (/cm/lof, wi/;). A congenital mal-
formation consisting in a fusion of the two
eyes into one. See Rhinocephaliis.
Cyclot^omy [kvkAo^, TOf-iri, section). An
operation proposed for the relief of glau-
coma, consisting in an incision through
the ciliary body.
Cydo''nium. Quince Seed. The seeds of C
vulgaris. Employed mainly for the muci-
lage contained in the epithelial covering,
which consists of a compound of gum and
glucose. C. Mucilago, quince seeds 2,
macerated in water 1 00 parts. A bland
demulcent, known in commerce as Bando-
line, and used as a hair dressing.
Cylin'drical Lenses. See Lenses.
Cylindro^ma (/cvAii^rfpof, a cylinder). A
tumor peculiar to the orbit of the eye and
to the stomach, composed of cylindrical or
club-like hyaline processes.
Cynan'che (/<:i'ui',adog, ayx^^, to strangle).
An old name for cases of diphtheria,
croup, tonsillitis, etc., in which the patient
struggles for breath (as a panting dog). C.
Tonsillaris. See Quinsy.
Cynanthro^'pia (kvuv, avdpuirog, man). A
mania in which the patient believes him-
self a dog.
Cypho''sis. See Kyphosis.
Cypripe^dium. Lady's Slipper. The roots
of C. pubescens and C. pai'vifloriwi, Ameri-
can valerian. Properties due to a volatile
oil and acid. An antispasmodic and
stimulant tonic. Used instead of valerian,
which it resembles, in certain parts of the
U. S. C, Fid. Ext. Dose TTLx-xxx.
Cypnpedein, unof., an impure alcoholic
extract. Dose gr. ss-iij.
Cyrtoni''eter [Kvprog, curved, /lerpov a
measure). An instrument adapted for
measuring curves, and especially those of
the chest.
Cyst i^Kvartg, a pouch). A cavity contain-
ing fluid and surrounded by a capsule.
C, Cutaneous. See Dermoid C. C,
Dentigerous, containing teeth ; one form
is found in the ovaries. C, Dermoid,
congenital; the cyst- wall is like the skin.
C, Meibomian. See Chalazion. C,
Retention, fonned by closure of the ducts
of secreting organs, as in mucous or seba-
ceous cysts. C, Exudation, from increase
of exudation, or from exudation into a
closed cavity. C, Primary, newly formed,
not from distention. C, Secondary, a
cyst within a cyst. C, Sublingual. See
Ranula. C, Synovial, from the disten-
tion of bursae or synovial sheaths. C,
Tarsal. See Chalazion.
CystaFgia (/cwfr^f, akyoq, pain). Pain in
the bladder.
Cys^tic. Pertaining to a cyst, especially
of the urinary or gall bladder.
Cysticer^cus Cellulc'sae Cu''tis. See
Altrrnatio>t of Generation. A hydatid,
or immature form of Tcenia solium, which
CYSTIN
125
DANCE
is sometimes parasitic upon the sulKutane-
ous tissues of the skin.
Cyst'in. A substance, C5H,.,N._,S,0^, found
in urine in small amount. Test : boil with
a solution of lead oxide in sotlium hydrate.
If cystin is present, black lead sulphide is
precipitated.
Cyst'is. See Cysf.
Cysti'tis. Inflammation of the bladder.
Cyst'itome. See Lystotiune.
Cyst'ocele {kvgti^, a pouch, wyXv, tumor).
\'esical hernia.
Cyst'oplasty [^Kvari^, 7r?.aaa(o, to form).
Plastic operation ujwn the bladder, espe-
cially for vesico-vaginal fistula.
Cysfoscope (Ki-ffr^f, a/co-fw, to examine).
.\n instrument for examining the interior
of the bladder.
Cyst'otome (mvng, rriivij, to cut). A
knife used in cystotomy and in rupturing the
cap>ule of the lens in cataract operations.
Cystot'omy. Incision of the bladder.
Cythaemol'ysis (KiTog, cell, aifia, blood,
/iwr, dissolution). Dissolution of the
corpuscles of the blood.
Cy'tisin. A cr)'stalline alkaloid of Cytisus
laburuum. It has marked hypnotic pro-
{>erties, with diminution of pulse. It has
lieen used hy]>oilermically with advantage
in migraine. Dose of the nitrate gr. .,'^.
Unof.
Cy'toblast (KVToq, i3?.aa7og, germ). The
cell nucleus.
Cytoblaste'ma (hirrof, jVaaTi/iia, germ).
The genninalive liquid in which cells
grow.
Cytodier'esis (nvror, ihnii)rGi(;, division).
Cell stLjmcntation or divisiun.
Cytogen'esis. See CW/.
Cy'toid [KVTog, Eidog, likeness). Resem-
bling a cell.
Cytol'ogy (KiTof, ^oyog, account). The
science of cell formation and cell-life.
Cy'to-mito'ma. See Ccll-boiiy.
Cy'toplasma. See Protopiasin.
Cytozo'on [nvroq, ^uov, animal). Proto-
pla>mic cell masses, prol)ably parasitic in
nature, with indei^endent movement; found
by Ciaule in deiibrinated blood and other
structures.
D
D. Abbreviation of Dioptry and Dexter.
Dacryoadeni'tis {^nKp\H)x\ a tear, M(5;/r, a
gland). Inflammation of the lachr}'mal
gland.
Dacryoblenorrhce'a. Chronic inflannna-
tion and discharge of mucus from the
lachr)'mal sac.
Dacryocysti''tis {(^aKp\'nv, KvuTig, a sac).
Inflammation of the lachrymal .sac.
Dac'ryolite. .See Dacryolitlis.
Dac'ryoliths {iuKpvov, ?uOog, a stone).
Calcareous concretions in the Iachr)mal
jassages or |)aljK*bral conjunctiva.
Dacryo'ma (i^tiKfuxj, to weep). The clos-
ure or obstruction of the puncta /iir/irv-
malia, causing e|>i|)hora, or su|)erabundant
secretion of tears.
Dac'ryops ('W/jiwi', wi/i, sight). Cyst of
the dui ts of the lachrymal gland.
Dac'tylatc ('Jrtxrr/w, a finger). Resem-
bling a firigi-r. Possessing tivc rays or ap-
pendages.
Daemonoma'nia ((^aiiiuv, a devil, maniay
madness). A form of mailness in which
a person imagines hiin>elf iK).sScssed of a
devil.
Dalt'onism. \ synonym fur color-blind-
ness. See Blindness.
Damia'na. The leaves of Tttrncra aphro-
(/isidid, found in .Mexico anil l.ower Cali-
fornia. A stimulant tonic and said to t>e
a ])owerful a|)hrodisiac. The basis of a
great number of quack remedies. D.,
Ext. Do.se gr. ij-x. D., Fid. Ext.
Dose n\_x-^:5J. Dose of the leaves '^j
daily. .\11 unof.
Damp'ing Appara'tus. Tin- iniion of
the lymi)anic membraneof the ear with the
andit(jry ossicles acting as a damper to pre-
vent excessive sympathetic vibration for its
own fundamental note.
Dance ( I-'r., lAinsi-r). Any measur>'il tread
or system of sle|)S accompanied by nnisic.
Also, iuiy motion of the liotly caused by
DANCING MANIA
126
DECORTICATION
an abnormal nervous stimulus. D., St.
Vitus'. See Chorea.
Dan^cing Mania. See Choroinania.
Dan^delion. See Taraxacum.
Dan'druff. See Seborrhoca and Pityria-
sis.
D'Arsonvals' Oven. See Oven.
Darto^ic Myo'ma. See Alyoma.
Darf'os (6aproq, flayed). The contractile
fibrous layer beneath the skin of the scro-
tum.
Dar-'winism. The theory of descent by
evolution, as moditied by the doctrine of
the siu-vival of the fittest. Named after
Charles Darwin, a celebrated naturalist.
Datu^ra. A genus of Solanacese, or night-
shade family. D., Stramonium. See
Stramoniztm. D., Tatu^la, a plant be-
longing to the nightshade family, closely
resembling stramonium in its therapeutic
and physiological properties. Has been
smoked with advantage in asthma. Unof.
Daf'urine. See Stramonium.
Daugh''ter-Nuclei. See Karyokinesis.
Day-Blindness. See Hcnieralopia.
Deaf (Sax. deaf). Without the sense of
hearing. A condition of impaired heai'-
ing. D. -mutism, a condition of deafness
or impaired hearing, accompanied by im-
perfect development (congenital), or loss
of speech.
DeaPness. The condition of being deaf.
D., Paradoxical, called also Paracousia
Willissii, deafness for speech in silence,
but with ability, e. g., to hear the same
voice in a noisy car or street. Said to be
caused by compression of the labyrinth. A
form of otopiesis. D., Psychical, the
deafness from destruction of the central
area of the auditory center ( Munk) . Sounds
are heard but not recognized or under-
stood.
Death (Sax. death). The cessation of
life. D., Apparent, a term applied to
a cataleptic state in which respiration and
circulation are so feeble as to be unnotice-
able. D., Black, an exceedingly fatal
epidemic called the " Plague," which oc-
curred in Europe during the 14th century,
during which it is estimated that 20,000,-
000 people died. D. Rate, a term arbi-
trarily expressing the mortality of a place,
based upon the number of deaths for each
1000 of poj)ulation during a period of one
year. D., Signs of, certain indications
of death, such as cessation of the heart's
action, and respiration, vigor of the body,
healthiness of the tissues, etc. D., So-
matic, death of the organism as a whole.
in distinction from localized D., or necro-
sis, and gangrene.
Debove's Membrane. A deep, genni-
nal layer of flattened cells in the mucous
membrane of the trachea and extra-pulmo-
nary bronchi.
Debri'dement (Fr.). The enlarging of
a gunshot wound or a hernia with the
knife.
Dec^agramme. See Metric System.
Decalcific^ation {^De neg., calx, lime).
The loss of the lime constituent of bone
in some cases of osteitis.
Decalcifying Fluid. Solutions for the
puipose of depriving tissue of its earthy
salts. Chromic acid I grm., water 200 c.c,
then add 2 c.c. nitric acid, — is commended.
Decanta''tion. The operation of removing
the supernatant fluid from a sediment. It
may be poured off by means of a guiding
rod, or drawn off by means of a siphon.
Decapita''tion [de, from, caput, head). Di-
vision of the neck of the child in labor,
when delivery and turning are both im-
possible. Sometimes called decollation.
Decid'ua {dcciduus, a falling off because
shed at birth). The membranous envelope
of the ovum derived from the mother and
cast off at birth with the placenta, etc. D.
Reflexa, that part of the decidua growing
about the ovum and enclosing it as a sac.
D. Serotina, that part of the decidua vera
upon which the ovum lies, and where the
placenta is subsequently formed. D. Vera,
the thickened, vascular, spongy mucous
membrane of the uterus.
Decid^uous Teeth. The temporary or
milk teeth.
Dec^igramme, Dec'iliter, Dec^imeter.
See Ale trie System.
Decoc^tion [decoquo, to boil down). A
decoction, or "tea." In pharmacy, a
preparation obtained by boiling vegetable
substances in water. There are 2 official
dec acta.
Decolla^'tion. See Decapitatioii.
Decollator. An instioiment for decapita-
tion.
Decolora''tion. The operation of discharg-
ing the color of an organic substance,
usually by bleaching or by filtration
through animal charcoal.
Decomposi^tion {^de, from, compono, to
put together). The separation of the com-
ponent principles of a body, either by chemi-
cal analysis or by putrefactive fennentation.
Decortica''tion [cortex, the bark). The
operation of removing or stripping the
bark or husk of a plant.
DKCREriTATION
127
DELIRIUM
Decrepita'tion ^crepitus, crackling). The
crackling noise made by certain crystalline
bodies when their water of crystallization
is driven otT by heat. Caused by the con-
version of the imprisoned water into steam.
Decu'bitus [t/ccu/fid.\ to lie down). A
term denoting a recmubent or horizontal
position. Also, the position of a sick
per>on while in bed. D., Acute, a form
of Ixid-sore, due to cerebral ksion^.
Decus'sate [Jc\-ussi>, to divide crossways).
To intersect. A term applied to ner\'e and
to muscle libers which interlace.
Dedenti'tion [Jc-, and lA-ns, a tooth). The
shedding of the teeth, especially the milk
teetli.
Dee'linae O'leum. A highly relined
petroleum oil manufactured on the Dee
River. Said to be valuable for local appli-
cation in ec/ema, <A-. Unof.
Defaeca'tion [i/c-fu-t-o, to separate from
dregs). The evacuation of the bowels, or
discharge of fieces.
Deferens. See Fas.
Deferves'cence {de/en'esco, to cease boil-
ing). A term applied to periods during
the course of fevers in which the tempera-
ture falls.
Defibrina'tion [Jc, from, Jibriii). The
removal of hljrin iVom blood or lymph.
Defini'tion ydcfinio, to lx)und by limits).
In opiics, the jx)wer of an object-glass to
show clear outlines of area or structure,
free from al)crralion or distortion.
Deflagra'tion {d.-flinyro, to be consumed).
The oxidation of inorganic sul«lances by
mi.xing with an ea-ily decomposing oxide,
such as tlie alkaline chlorates and nitrates.
Usually attended with violent combustion.
Deflora'tion {dt\ and/lora, a llower). On
the part of the female the first se.\u;\l
connection effected by consent, not by
ra|x;. The loss of tliose marks or fea-
turts which indicate virginity, as rupture
of the hym^-n.
Deforma'tion iydeformo, to disfigure or
di-itnrt). A process by which the body or
any of its |>arts aci|uire an al)normal shape.
Deform'ity {defonno). That condition of
a i)o<ly or any part marked by abnormal
sha|K; or structure.
Degcncra'tion (^dtf^enero, to differ from
.1 Deterioration, degradation or
I ion of the molecular (»r cellular
structure of a ti>sue, organ (jr cell, so
thai it can no hnigcr maintain its funrtion.
Atrophy is a form. D., Amyloid or D.,
Albuminoid, now regarded as an infiltra-
tion (rom witliout, and not of a degenera-
tion of the proper cells and fibers. D.,
Calcareous, the deposition of in.soluble
comixjunds of lime and magnesia within
the tissues. Caseation, the proieiil con-
stituents imdergo dry fatty degeneration,
ani^L are converted into cheese-like masses.
Cloudy Swelling. See Cloudy Swelling.
D., Colloid, akin to mucoid, the dis-
organized material becoming of a struc-
tureless, serai-solid, jelly-like consistence.
D., Fatty, the conversion of the proteids
of a cell or fiber into oil. D., Hyaline,
the disorganized tissue liecomes shining
and translucent. D., Mucoid, hyper-
secretion followed by disorganization of
the mucus cells. D., Reaction of. See
Rtaction of Degeneration. D., System,
when the degenerative process affects a
system of fibers, in contradistinction to
insular or scattered D.
Degluti'tion [^deglutUio, to swallow). The
act of swallowing.
Degree' {de and gradtis, a step). Posi-
tion in a graded series'; quality. The units
or intervals of thermometric scales. Also,
a charter or testimonial of qualification
granted liy a medical or other college. In
trigonometry the j^j part of the arc of a
circle.
Dehydra''tion [de and v^up, water). The
removal of the constitutional water of an
organic substance, or the water of crystal-
lization of a chemical salt. Called, also,
aiihydration.
Dei'ters's Cells. Certain cellular struc-
tures between the outer hair cells of the
organ of Corti. Also certain nucleated
cells at the intersection of the fibers of the
white substance of nerves.
Dejec'tion {de andyar/o, to throw). The
discharge of f.ecal or other excremcntitious
matter. Also, a state of des|x>ntlency.
Delete'rious [iteleterius, baneful). Hurt-
ful, injurious.
DeUhi Boil. See Fttninculiis Orientalis.
Deliques'cence (I-. delit/itesco, to melt
away). The absorption of water from tin-
atmosphere, characteristic of certain suii-
stances. .Such substances are said to be
liyi^roscopic.
Delir'iant {de, out of, lira, the furrow).
.\n agent wliich acts on the brain, .so as to
iliMirder the mental faculties and priKliicc
C(jnfusinn of will jxiwer.
Delir'ium ((/<•, //>./). A disturbance of
the cerebral functions manifested in
tlie impaired action of the nt-rve centers,
characterized by halhu iiiatioiis, an inco-
herence of »i)eech, a staggering gait, etc.
DELITESCENCE
128
DENUTRITION
D., Alcoholic. See D. Tremens. D.
Ambitiosa, a condition of boastfulness
which is sometimes manifest in the deh-
rium of the insane. D., Febrile, the
dehrium of fever. D. Nervosum, the
delirium following severe surgical opera-
tions, or injmies. D., Senile, the delirium
of old age, dotage. D., Toxic, the deli-
rium caused by poisons. D. Tremens,
the delirium arising from alcoholic poi-
soning, manifested in trembling and hal-
lucination ; called, also, niania a potu.
Delites^cence [delitesco, to lie hid). The
sudden disappearance of inflammation by
resolution. Also, the period of incubation
of the virus of contagious diseases, such
as smallpox, etc.
Deliv^ery (Fr. delivrer). Parturition,
childbirth.
Delomorph^ous {drfkoq, conspicuous,
fiopip/j, form). With open or conspicuous
form. D. Cells of Rollet, collections
of large, oval or angular, well-defined,
granular reticulated, nucleated cells, be-
tween the membrana propria and the
adelomorphous cells of the fundus glands
of the gastric mucous membrane. Called,
also. Parietal cells of Heidenhain, or
oxyntic cells of Langley. The lining
of the secretory part of the tubes is by
cells called Adelomorphous, Central,
or Principal Cells.
DeFphinae O^leum. The oil of the
common porpoise. It is said to have all
the medicinal virtues of cod-liver oil with-
out the disagreeable properties of the
latter.
Delph''inine. See Staphisagria.
Delt^oid [delta, the Greek letter A).
Having the shape of a delta, or a triangu-
lar form, as the D. Muscle. See JMtisele.
Delu^sion [^de and hisiis, play). A term
signifying false judgment of objective
things, as distinguished from illusion and
hallucination. See Hallucination.
Demen'tia ((/<?, out of, mens, mind). A
mild fonn of insanity marked by imperfect
conception, illogical sequence of expres-
sion, loss of reflection and impaired per-
ception. Often a final stage of other forms
of insanity.
Demi-. A Latin prefix denoting one-half.
De^modex Folliculo'rum. An animal
parasite of the skin which infests the se-
baceous glands.
Demog''raphy {(hjiioq, the people, ypacjxj,
to write). The science of peoples col-
lectively considered. The individualism
of a mass of people.
De Moivre's Hypothesis. That the de-
crements of population are in arithmetical
proportion, and that of every 86 persons
born, one dies uniformly every year until
all are extinct.
DemuFcent [de wn Ice o, to smooth). Sub-
stances which protect the mucous mem-
branes. Generally of mucilaginous nature.
Demutiza^tion. The education of deaf-
mutes to speak and to understand spoken
language by the movement of the lips,
signs, etc.
Den'gue. A zymotic disease somewhat
resembling remittent fever, but much se-
verer. It is characterized by racking pain
in the head and eyeballs, arthralgia, ca-
tarrhal inflammation of those mucous sur-
faces that are exposed to the air, by
swollen salivary glands and measly erup-
tions.
Denis's Plas^mine. A precipitate of un-
coagulated blood with sodic sulphate, and
treated with sodic chloride.
Dens (pi. denies). A tooth. See Teeth.
Den^tal (dens'). Pertaining to the teeth.
D. Arch, the arch formed by the alveolar
process of each jaw. D. Arteries, the
arteries supplying the teeth. D. Canals,
the canals through which the dental
arteries pass. D. Caries, a carious or
putrefactive destmction of the teeth. D.
Cavity, the cavity in the interior of the
tooth, occupied by the pulp. D. Groove,
a fuiTow on the lower border of the upper
iaw early in foetal life, in which the teeth
are developed. D. Engine, an instru-
ment consisting of a treadle and puUies
which give a rotary motion to the drills,
files and cutters, used in preparing teeth
for filling. D. Nerve. See A^erve. D.
Pulp, the pulp of the tooth. D. Tubuli,
the tubules occumng in the structure of the
dentine.
Denies Sapientiae. The wisdom teeth.
A name given to the third molar tooth of
each half of the jaws.
Den^tifrice [dens, frico, to rub). A sub-
stance used for cleansing the teeth.
Denf'ine. The bony structure of the tooth,
lying under the enamel of the crown and
the pericementum of the root.
Denfistry [dens). The science and art
of the surgery of the teeth.
Denti^tion [dens). The cutting or first
appearance of the teeth in infancy. Also
the arrangement and evolution of the
teeth.
Denutri''tion [de, from, niitrio, to nourish).
The breaking down or atrophy of tissue
DEOBSTRUENT
129
DERMATITIS
arising from lack of nutrition. The oppo-
site of nulrilion.
Deob''struent (L. de and obstruere, to ob-
struct). A medicine which removes func-
tional obstructions of the body. An aperi-
ent. [^luJiJiiiitc and obsolescent^.
De'odand {deits, God, do, to give). A fine
funuLrly imix)sed on an inanimate thing
or animal that had caused tlie injury or
violent death of a person.
Deod''orant. A substance that removes
or corrects offensive odors.
Deoxida''tion {de, from, oxidatus, having
oxygen). The separation of an element
or com|X)und from the oxygen held in
combination. Reduction.
Depi'latory (L. de and pihis, the hair).
A substance used to destroy the hair, —
usually a caustic alkali.
Deple'tion {depleo, to empty). The pro-
cess of diminishing the quantity of any
tissue or fluid of the body, especially the
blood.
Depolariza'tion. Destruction of polarity.
The neutralization of the opjxjsite poles of
a magnet. The neutralization or recom-
bination of light-waves that have been
separated by means of a Nicol prism.
Depos''it {de, from, /^ono, to place). A
gatliering of particles that have been held
in suspension. A gathering of morbid
matter in any i)art of the lx)dy.
Deprava'tion {depmvo, to become viti-
ated). A deterioration or morbid change
in the secretions, tissues, or functions of
the body.
Depres'sant [deprimo, to press down). A
medicine which retards or depresses the
physiological action of an organ. A seda-
tive. D., Cardiac, lowers the action of
the heart. D., Cerebral, arrests the func-
tions of the ceretirum. D., Motor, lowers
the activity of the spinal cord and motor
ap|)aratus.
Depres'sion {Jepnnto'). In anatomy, a
hollow, or fos.sa. In surgery, pressure on
the l)rain l)y a fractured part of the cranium.
Oepress''or [deprimo). A name given to
a mu.scle or an instnuncnt which de|)resses.
.Sec Muscle. D. Fibers. See Pressor.
D. of Sims, an instrument for holding
liack the v.-iginal w;dl during exploration
with the >|)cculum. D., Tongue, an in-
strument for depressing the tongue in order
to examine the ihrrjat.
Ocpu'rant { purus, pure). A term s<'»me-
what Ujostly used to designate a incdicini;
which purifies the animal economy. In
pharmacy, to clarify.
9
De R. A contraction and symbol of the
term Kdiction of Degeneration, q. v.
Deradel'phus ((V/j//, neck, aSt'/.ipjg, bro-
ther). A monoccphalic dual monstrosity
with fusion of the bodies above the umbili-
cus, four lower extremities and three or four
upper.
Deradeni''tis {'^Fprj, aih/v, a gland). Inflam-
mation of the glands of the neck.
Derbyshire Neck. See Goitre.
Derenceph'alus {jStpr], evKE<f>a?.o^, brain).
An anencci)halic monster, the brain,
cranium, and occijHtal foramen being ab-
sent, and with a partial arrest of develop-
ment of tlie upper vertehnv.
Deriv'ative {deriz'o, to turn aside a stream).
A tenn fonnerly applied to certain medi-
cines or modes of treatment that changed
the form or symptoms of a disease.
Derm. See I)er»ia.
Derm^a [depva, the skin). The skin. The
true skin. See Cutis.
Derm'al [6epfia). Pertaining to the skin.
Dermatal'gia ((hp^ua, a?.yoc, pain). Neu-
ralgia of the skin. Rheumatism of the
skin. Pain in the skin not due to any
stmctural change in it.
Dermati^tis [ihp^ua, irig). A name used
loosely to include various inflammations
of the skin induced by external agencies.
D. Calorica, inflammations cau.sed by
heat, such as scalds, etc. D. Congela-
tionis, a name used by Van llarlingen
and others to denote chilblains. .See /-J/y-
tliema. D. Contusiformis. See Ery-
thema Nodosum. D. Exfoliativa. See
Pityriasis Rubra. D. Gangrenosa, a
disease marked by the formation of circu-
cular, erythematous sjwts, wliich Ijecome
gangrenous and eventually slough. D.
Gangrenosa Infantum. -See Sphacelo-
derma. D. Herpetiformis. See Jly-
droa. D., Malignant, Papillary, Paget's
disease of the nii)ple. Carcinoma of the
nipple. See Carcinoma. D. Medica-
mentosa, enijnions and inflannnalory
afl"ections of the skin cau.sed by the in-
gestion of substances used in medicine
and pharmacy. " I >rug truplions "' ( \'an
Il.iriingcn). D. Papillaris Capillitii.
Acne Keloid. A disease of the skin of
the occijiital region, marked liy enormous
papillomatous vegetations of granuhu" tis-
sue wliiih excrete a fetid discharge. D.
Traumatica, inflammations of tlie skin
caused by met liaiiii al agents, sucii as
brui.ses. D. Venenata, eruptions caused
by |X)i.sonous sulistances, such as jjoisou
ivy, jKjison oak, etc.
DERMATOID
130
DIABETES
Derm''atoid [(hp/xa, eiSog, resemblance).
Like or resembling skin.
Dermatology [depfia, loyog, a treatise).
A treatise on the skin, its nature, structure
and functions.
DermatoFysis [Sep/ia, Aiwf, a loosing).
A loosened and pendulous condition of the
skin. A name given to a rare form of
Fibro?na, q. v., marked by hyjDertrophy of
the skin, which is thickened by infiltration
into unsightly pendulous folds, soft and lax.
Dermato'ses [6ep/ia). Disorders or dis-
eases of the skin.
Dermatozo''a [Sepfia, l^uov, an animal.)
A term applied to animals parasitic upon
the skin.
Der^moid. See Dermatoid.
Uerodid^ymus (c^fp'/, neck, 6i6viioq,
double). A sysomic monstrosity with a
single body, two necks and heads, two
upper and lower extremities, with other
rudimentary limbs occasionally present.
Dassault's Apparatus. See Bandage.
Des^ault's Splint. See Splint.
Des^'cemet's Mem^brane. The internal
or posterior lining membrane of the cornea.
Descemetitis, inflammation of Descemet's
membrane.
Descend'ens (descendo, to go down).
Having a downward movement. D.
Noni, a branch of the hypoglossal nerve.
Descent'' (descendo). The act of going
down. D. Stage of Labor, one of the
stages in labor, consisting in the descent of
the foetal head into the pelvis. D. of Tes-
ticle. See Testicle. D. of Womb. See
Prolapsus.
Desicca^tion [desicco, to diy up). The
process of removing moisture from solids
and organic tissues.
Des''iccative [desicco). A medicine hav-
ing the property of drying moist tissues,
especially of drying ulcers and running
sores.
Desmobactc'rium [SeafioQ, a band,
(iaKTTjpiov, a small staff). A group of
microbes, so-called by Cohn, correspond-
ing to the genus Bacillus of Klein.
Desmog''raphy (fltcr/zof , a ligament, ■ypa(pu,
to write). The description of the ligaments.
Des^moid [Sfa/i?/, a bundle, eiSog, like).
Like a small bundle.
Despuma^tion [despumo, to skim froth).
The purification of a liquid by removal of
the scum or froth. Also, the formation of
froth.
Desquama''tion [desquamo, to scale off).
The exfoliation or falling off of the cuticle
in scales.
Deter-'gent (detergeo, to cleanse). A drug,
compound, or solution, used for cleansing
wounds, ulcers, etc.
Determina''tion (detertnino, to prescribe
bounds). The direction to a part or an
organ, as of blood to the head.
Detri'tion [detero, to wear off). The act
of wearing or wasting of an organ or part,
especially the teeth.
Detri''tus {deto-o). The waste matter re-
sulting from ulcerative processes.
Deutero-aFbumose. See Albiwwse.
Deuterop^athy {dEvrspo^, second, 7rai?of, a
disease). A disease that is secondary to
another, arising from sympathetic action or
influence of the first affection.
Deu''toplasm [pEvxEpoq, Tr'Aaafia, a fonn).
The granules of proteid and fatty matter
occuiring in the ova of certain echinoder-
mata.
Development (Fr. devclopper, to unfold).
The sequence of organic changes, by
which the vitalized ovum becomes the
mature animal or plant.
Devia'tion (devitis, out of the way). A
turning aside from the nomial. D., Pri-
mary. In strabismus the deviation of
the visual axis of the squinting eye. D.,
Secondary. That of the covered healthy
eye when the squinting eye fixes.
Devi^'talize [ile, from, vita, life). To de-
stroy vitality, as that of living tissue.
Dewees's Carminative. HeeAsafcetida.
Dexiocard'ia {6e^ioq, on the right, Kupdia,
the heart). Transposition of the heart to
the right side of the thorax.
Dex''ter (Lat.). Right ; upon the right
side.
Dex^trad. Toward the right side.
Dex''tral. Pertaining to the right side ;
right-handed.
Dex''trine {dexter, the right hand). A
mucilaginous substance produced by the
action of mineral acid on starch. Inter-
mediate between starch and glucose. Turns
polarized ray to the right. The adhesive
agent of postage stamps and gummed
labels.
Dex^trose. See Sugar and Glucose.
Diabe^tes [Slu, through, fimvu, to pass).
The common name for diabetes fnellitus.
D. Insipidus, a disease with many of the
symptoms of dial^etes mellitus, but without
glycosuria. D. Mellitus, a disease of
the metabolic functions of the system
without great or clearly defined anatomical
lesions, manifesting itself by glycosuria,
polyuria, thirst, and progressive loss of
flesh and strength. See Glycosuria.
DIABETIC
131
di£thvlamine
Diabe'tic (rf/a/J^r^f). Pertaining to dia-
Lt'ics. D. Gangrene. See Sp/i,u<:Iouerma.
Diach'ylon Plaster, oi Ointment. See
D iagnc/ sis (('/«, }T«j<T/i-, knowledge) The
distinguishing, tixation, or iuterpretalioa
of a di>eaic Irom its sj-mptoms. D., Dif-
ferential, the qualiuitive dislinguishing
lietwecn two diseases of similar character,
by coni])arative symptoms.
Dial'ysis (6ia, through, /rw, to loose).
The operation of separating crystalline
from colloid substances by means of a j30-
rous diapluagm, the former passing tiirough
the diapliragm into the pure water upon
which the dialyser rests.
Diamagnet'ic (J(a, fia-jVtjTt^, magnetism).
Tile ea--t- and -west orientation of certain
sub.-tances, notably antimony, copper, and
gold, wiien placed in the magnetic held.
Di'amine. See Ainiiic.
Diapede'sis ((5<a-//t(//ff/f, a jumping
through). The escape of the elements of
the blood, especially the while coqiuscles,
through the vessel wall in inflammation,
arrest of circulation, etc.
Diaphanom'eter. See Lactoscope.
Diaphanos'copy {iSia<^vi}q, translucent,
ff\()T((j, to see). The examination of
cavities of the body by means of an in-
candescent electric light introduced into
the cavity.
Diaphoret'ic [diaipopeu, to convey). A
medicine that induces perspiration or sweat-
ing.
Di'aphragm (iha, (^payfia, a wall). The
wall, muscular at the circumference and
tendinous at the center, which separates
the thorax and alxlomcn. The chief
muscle of respiration and expulsion.
Diaph'ysis. 1 he middle part or shaft cf
the long, cylindrical l»ones.
Diapoph'ysis {6ia, apophysis). The sujje-
rior or articular transverse ajwphysis, or
their homologucs.
Diairhce^a ('W«,/)((j, (oflow). An abnomial
frequency of evacuation of tlie feces, which
are watery and sometimes acrid.
Diarthro''sis ('5ui, ujitliiuaii, articulation).
A iorm of articulation characterized by
freely movable joints. 1 he various forms
are : Aitlirodia, in which the bdnes glide
U|xm plane surfaces; linarlhrosis, lx.'St
know n :ls Ijall-and-.socket joint, wilii motion
inalldirec:(ion'>; 6»7/^'/i'w//j, or hinge joint,
with backwaril and forward motion ; and
IK rofiiforiit, with pivotal movement.
Diastal'tic (»)/«, mi'/'/ju, to .start). A
synonym for rcllex action.
Di''astase (d/affracr/f, separation). A nitro-
genous vegetable ferment that is either
contained or develoix;d in the fermentation
of grain, which acts on the molecules of
starch, converting them into grape sugar or
glucose.
Dias'tasis. See Dislocation.
Diastat'ic Ferments. See Fenitotts.
Diaste'ma [^6taa~>/fia, a distance). A space
or cleft.
Dias^ter. See A'aiyokinesis.
Dias'tole (^6taaTo?.>/, a drawing apart). The
perioil of expansion or dilatation of the
iieait during its rhythmic cycle or beat.
Applied also to the dilatation of the arteries
by the heart's contraction.
Diastoric. Pertaining to diastole. D.
Impulse, the back-struke. D. Murmur.
See Murmur. D . Thrill, the vibration
felt in the region of the heart during
diastole of the ventricle.
Diather'mal (Jm, through, ^fp//^, heat).
A temi applied to certain .sul stances that
are transparent or diaphanous to the waves
of radiant heat.
Diath'esis (6ia, through, TiQjjtxi, to ar-
range). A state or condition of the body
whereby it is especially liable to certain
diseases, such as gout, calculus, diabetes,
etc. May be acquired or hereditary.
Diblast^ic ((5/r, double, li/.aarog, a sprout).
Referring to a theory of disease that as-
cribes it to a double agency.
Diceph'alous (J<f, Kega/j/, a head).
Double-headed.
Di'chroism (tWf, ,vp"«. color). The phe-
nomenon of dih'erence of color in bcnlies
when vi«wed by reflected or by trans-
mitted light.
Dicrot^ic (f5(K/)orof, double beat). Double
beating. D. Pulse, a term a])plied to a
pulse which imparts the sensation of a
double beat at each pulsation.
Dielec'tric (ihn, i/'/.tH-jxiv, amber). A non-
coni hiding substance that transmits elec-
tricity by induction.
Di'et [(SiniTd, a sy.stem or moile of living).
An arranged selection of food required to
meet the needs of the body.
Di'etary (<haiT(i). A system of food regu-
lation so as to meet the re<|uirements of the
animal economy.
Dietetic. Pertaining to diet.
Dietet''ics. A systematic regulation of
lh(; diet for liyt^icnic or tlnrapeulic pur-
|>OmS.
DicthyPaminc. .\ plom.ilnc, oblaim d
from |>ike-rish allowed to putrefy for six
tiays in sinnmer. It is an inflammable
DIFFERENCE THEORY
132
DILUENT
liquid of strong basic properties, soluble in
water, boils at 57.5°. Non -poisonous.
DiFference Theory. A theory to explain
the galvanic plienomena of living tissues.
The theory is an expression of the facts :
Protoplasm when- injured or excited in its
continuity becomes negative to the unin-
jured part ; when heated becomes positive ;
and the surface-polarization diminishes with
excitement and in the process of dying.
Called also Alteration Theory {Hermatiri).
Differen^tial. Pertaining to, or creating,
adifi'erence. D. Diagnosis, ^ee: Diag-
nosis. D. Rheotome. See Kheotome.
D. Tone, a tone produced by two pri-
mary tones when sounding simultaneously,
the number of whose vibrations corres-
ponds to the difference between the two
primaiy tones. D. Staining, a method
of staining tubercle bacilli, syphilitic ba-
cilli, etc., founded upon the fact that if
deeply colored, and especially with a mor-
dant, they retain the color in presence of
certain reagents that decolorize the sur-
rounding tissues. Koch, Ehrlich and
Weigert, Ziehl and Neelson, Fiitterer,
Gibbes, etc., have devised different methods
of D. S.
Differentia''tion. Specialization of tis-
sues, organs or functions. The gradual
change of homogeneous material into
special tissues or organs.
Diffrac^tion (de, apart, fractus, brokes).
The deflection suffered by a ray of light
when it passes through a narrow slit or
aperture. D. Grating, a strip of glass
closely ruled with fine lines; it is often
used in the spectroscope in the place of
the battery of prisms.
Diffuse^ {de, fiatdo, to pour over). Scat-
tered or spread about. In medicine, applied
to diseases that involve a large part of the
body. D. Aneurism, one caused by a
rupture of the walls of a blood vessel. D.
Inflammation. See InJJatiunation.
Diffu^sion {diffitndo, to spread). A spread-
ing or dissemination. D. Circle, the
imperfect image formed by incomplete
focalization, the position of true focus not
having been reached or passed.
Digas^'tric (rf/c, double, yaaTrip, the
.stomach or belly). Having two bellies. D.
Muscle. See Muscle.
DigC'rent (digero, to digest). A digest-
ant ; also a medicine which excites the
lualthy secretion of pus in wounds.
Digest^ant. A fennent or organic acid
that effects solution of the food in the
mouth, stomach and intestines.
Diges''tion i^digero). The action of the
organs of the digestive tract and of their
secretions upon the food. D., Artificial,
the production of peptones outside of the
body.
Digit (^digitus, a finger). A finger or toe.
Dig^ital. Pertaining to the fingers or toes.
D. Arteries, the arteries of the hands and
feet supplying the digits. D. Compres-
sion, the stoppage of a flow of blood by
pressure with the finger. D. Dilatation,
the enlarging of a cavity by means of the
finger. D. Examination, examination or
exploration with the finger. D. Nerves,
the nenes of the hands and feet. D.
Phalanges, the bones of the fingers or of
the toes.
Digita^lis (digitus). Foxglove. The
leaves of D. purpuiea. Contains an amor-
phous complex substance, digitalin, that
does not, however, represent the full prop-
erties of the leaves. A cardiac stimulant
and excito-motor. In larger doses causes
severe gastric disturbance. Employed
mainly in afiections of the heart where the
latter is rapid and feeble. Dose of the
leaves gr. ss-iij. D. Abstractum,
strength 200 per cent. Dose gr. %-}4.-
D. Ext. ; leaves yield 25 per cent, of ex-
tract. Dose gr. Ye-yi- D. Ext. Fid.,
strength 1 00 per cent. Dose Tl^j-iij. D.
Infusum, lyi per cent, in strength. Dose
^ss-j. D. Tinct., 15 per cent. Dose
ITLv-xv. Digitalin. Unof. Varies greatly
in strength. Dose gV^A-
Dig^itus (Lat.). A finger or toe.
Dilata^tion [dilato, to spread out). An
increase of size of the walls of a cavity or
vessel. D. of Blood-vessel. '&&& Tele-
angiectasis.
Dila''tor [dilato). An instrument for stretch-
ing or enlarging a cavity or opening.
Barnes' D., an instrument for dilatation
of the OS and cervix uteri, consisting of
a rubber bag that, being inserted, is dis-
tended by water. D., Intra-uterine,
for dilating the uterine cavity by means of
air or water. D., Laryngeal, an instru-
ment with two or three blades that may be
spread for freeing or dilating the laiynx.
Dilem^ma (rf/n, laf-tfiavu, to take). In
experiments to determine the reaction-time
of psychical processes, if the person is told
whicli side is to be stimulated, or what
colored disc is to be presented, etc., the
time is .shorter. Lack of such foreknowl-
edge is called the dilemma.
Dilu^ent [diluo, to wash away). An agent
that dilutes the secretions of an organ,
DILUTION.
133
DIPSOMANIA
or one which increases the lluidity of secre-
tions.
Dilu''tion. The process of mixing with a
neutral tluid or substance in order to attenu-
ate.
Dimethyramine. A ptomaine found in
putrefviiig gelatine, old deconijxjsing yeast,
certain forms of fish-decomposition, itc.
Not poisonous.
Dimid'iate. Half round.
Dimorph'ous (d/f, double, fiofxpT), a form).
Existing in two forms. In chemistry,
having th.e quality of two forms of crystal-
lization. In biolog)', having two forms
indei>endent of those of se.x.
Dinner Pills. A name applied to various
mild cathartic pills taken after meals.
Dice'cious (('/f.iwo, otKia, a house). Hav-
ing di-tinct sexis.
Diop'ter, or Dioptric. See Dioptry.
Diop'trics (f5(a, through, ottw, to see). A
branch of optics treating of the refraction
of light by transparent media, especially
by the media of the eye.
Diop'try {fna, o-ru). The new and most
commonly accepted unit of measurement
for optical lenses. A positive (or />///s)
spherical (biconvex) lens of one dioptry
has a focal distance of one meter ; one of
two dioptrics, a focal distance of one-half
a meter, t'/c-.
Dioscor'ea. Wild Yam, Colic Root.
The rhi/ome of D. villosa, a creeping
plant, indigenous to the eastern U. S. Con-
tains an extractive, Dioscorine. Claimed
to !« expectorant, diaphoretic and stimu-
lant to the intestinal canal ; in large doses
causing neuralgic [xiins and erotic excite-
mi,-nt. Used, successfully in bilious colic.
D., Fid. Ext., standard strength n\,xv-
XXX. .Ml unof.
Diphthe'ria [^loOepa, a skin or membrane).
An epidemic, infectious disease, generally
regarded as of six:cific cont;igious origin,
attacking the mucous membrane of the air
jKLvsages, and pro<lucing profound depres-
sion of the vital forces. It is characterized
specifically by the formation of layers of
whitish or yellowi.sh membrane, apparently
the z<jogl'eic or myco<lermic form of a
microbic organism. D., Gangrenous, a
gangrene of the skin and mucous mem-
brane sometimes accompanying the disease.
D., Laryngeal, a form involving the
larynx, thrc.iicnirig dcatli by suffocation.
D., Malignant, a very fatal fonn, U-giii
ning with rigor, vomiting, ami altrndrd with
tyfihoirl symptom-s. D., Nasal, a form in
which thcdi|»litlR-rilic membrane sjireadsto
the nasal passages, and is accompanied by
a fetid, brown discharge. D., Secondary,
a term designating the occuncnce of the
disease with other acute atTections, such as
typhoid fever, scarlatina, I'/c:
Diphtherit'ic ((5/^fpa). Pertaining to
diphtheria. D. Conjunctivitis, a fonn
of conjunctivitis attended wilii an intiitia-
tion of coagulabk- matter or intlanimatory
products. D. Membrane, the zoogl<ea,
mycoderma, or pellicle forming on the
parts involved. D. Paralysis, a paralysis
frecjuently atfecting the muscles of the soft
palate and larynx, after the healing of the
lesions of these parts.
Diphthon'gia [t/ts, twice, <f>f)o)yog, a
voice). The production of a double tone
of the voice by the incomplete unilateral
paralysis of the recurrent ner\'e, or by
some lesion of the vocal cords that causes
each jxjrtion of the glottis to produce its
own sound.
Diplacu^sis {6nr?.oo^, double, a/cv(T<f, hear-
ing). The hearing of a tone as higher by
one ear than by the other. Called D.
Binauralis.
Diplococ'cus [<h-h)og, kokkoc, kernel).
Micrococci whose cocci are united in a
double manner. See Miirococius.
Dip'loe [^6l-%oi], a fold). The cellular
osseous tissue between the tables of the
skull.
Diplomyel''ia [SlttTmo^, double, //vfAof, the
marrow). An apparent doubleness of the
spinal cord, produced by a longitudinal
fissure.
Diplo^pia (^Si-}Moq, wi/«f, sight). Double
vision, one object being seen by the eye
or eyes as two. D., Binocular, the most
frequent, is due to a derangement of the
visual axes, the images of the object being
thereby thrown u|X)n non-identical points
of the retinx. D., Crossed, the result
of divergent strabismus, the image of the
right eye a])pearing nyn^n the left side, and
tliat of the left ujKjn the right. D., Direct,
or D., Homonymous, the reverse of
Crossed D., due either to paralysis of the
external rectus or over-action of the inter-
nal. D., Physiological, that pnuluced
when an imi)erfect image is seen beyond
or within the distance of liie object accom-
modated for and transfixed by the visual
axes. D., Monocular, or D., Uniocu-
lar, diplopia with a single eye, usually
due to jxilycoria or other inijH-rfections of
the media.
Dipsoma'nia (''n/'r;, tiiirst, intvin, matl-
ness). The uncontrollable desire for spir-
DIPTEROCARPUS
134
DISPENSARY
ituous liquors. Generally considered a
disease.
Dipterocarp'us. See Giu-jiai Bahafn.
Direct^ [dircctus, straight). In a right or
straight line. D. Current. See Current.
D. Vision, the perception of an object
whose image falls upon the macule.
Direct^or [dirigo, to guide). D., Grooved,
an instrument grooved to guide the knife
in surgical operations.
Dis- [dig, twice). A prefix used to denote
two or double. Also, a prefix to denote
apart from.
Disarticula^tion (dis, apart, articultim, a
joint). To disjoint, or separate the bones
of a joint. A method of amputation.
Disc {discus, a quoit or round plate). A
circular, plate-like organ or body, espe-
cially the papilla of the eye, the entrance
of the optic nerve into the eyeball. Its
area corresj^onds with that of the blind
spot. D., Choked. See Papillitis. D.,
Cupping of. See Excavation of the Optic
Nerve.
Discis''sion. See Cataract.
Discrete^ {discretus, separated). A term
applied to exanthematous eruptions in
which the pustules or papules remain dis-
tinct. The opposite of confluent.
Dis^cus Prolig''erus [fnGKo<;, a quoit,
proles, offspring, gero, to bear). The ele-
vated cells of the meinbrana granulosa of
the ovum, whereby the ovum is attached
to the same.
Discu''tient (discuto, to shake apart). A
medicine supposed to have the power of
resolving tumors.
Disdi^aclasts [ptq, Sia, through, kTmolq, a
breaking down). Small doubly-refractive
elements in the contractile discs, changing
their position during muscular contraction
and relaxation.
Disease'' [dis negative, ease, a state of
rest). A condition of the body marked
by inharmonious action of one or more of
the various organs, owing to abnonnal
condition or structural change. D., Acute,
a disease marked by rapid onset and
course. D., Addison's. See Addison'' s.
D., Bright's. See Brig/it's. D., Chron-
ic, one that is .slow in its course. D.,
Constitutional, one in which a system
of organs or the whole body is involved.
D., Duchenne's, a pseudohypertrophic
paralysis, ^. v. D., Focal, a centrally
localized disease of the nervous system as
distinguished from peripherally localized
affections. D., Functional, abnormality
of function without discoverable organic
lesion. D., Graves. See Goitre. D.,
Hodgkin's. See Lyniphadenoma. D.,
Idiopathic, one that exi.sts by itself
without any connection with another dis-
order. D., Intercurrent, a disease oc-
curring during the progress of another.
D., Septic, one arising from the putrefac-
tive fermentation of some foreign sub-
stance within the body. D., Specific,
one caused by the introduction of a spe-
cific vims or poison within the body. D.,
Symptomatic, a disease caused by or
connected with another ailment of the
body. The opposite of idiopathic disease.
D., Zymotic, a term used to include the
whole class of germ diseases, or those
arising from the introduction and multipli-
cation of some living germ within the
body.
Disinfecfant [dis neg., infiiio, to cor-
rupt). An agent that destroys disease
germs and the noxious properties of fer-
mentation and putrefaction.
Disin^tegrate [dis, apart, integer, the
whole). The act of breaking up or de-
composing.
Disloca''tion [dis, divided, loco, to place).
The luxation or abnormal displacement of
one or more bones of a joint, or of any
organ from its natural position. D., Com-
plete, the bones entirely separated. D.,
Compound, the coverings of the joint
ruptured. D., Consecutive, the displaced
bone is not in the position as when originally
misplaced. Diastasis, dislocation of an
amphiarthrotic joint. D. of Eyeball, dis-
placement of the eyeball outside of the
lids. D. of Lens, the crystalline lens
thrown out of the capsule, or misplaced so
that it does not occupy its proper position
behind the pupil. D., Old, inflammatory
changes having ensued. D., Partial, or
Incomplete, the articulating surfaces re-
maining in partial contact ; called, also.
Subluxation. D., Primitive, the bones
remaining as originally displaced. D.,
Recent, no inflammatory changes having
ensued. D., Simple, without laceration
of the surrounding parts.
Dis^'parate [dispar, unequal). Not alike;
unequal or unmated. D. Points, non-
identical points of the two retinx". Diplopia
is produced when the images of a single
object fall upon such points.
Dispareu^nia [^vaTvapzm'QQ, ill-mated).
Painful or difficult performance of copula-
tion from physical incompatibility.
Dispens''ary [dispense, to distribute). A
charitable institution where medical treat-
DISPENSATORY
13n
DOXXfe'S TEST
ment is given the jxwr and medicines dis-
peiiM-d on prescription.
Dispens'atory (^i/is/c-zisti/onui//, an apothe-
cury's di.iry). A treatise on the conijx)si-
lion and prejxiration of medicines.
Dispens^ing. The measuring, weighing
aiid issuing the drugs ordered in a prescrip-
tion.
Disper^sion [Ji^/'crsus, scattered). The
scattering of an intlammation or other mor-
bid condition. In physics, the separation
of a ray of white hght into colored rays ;
also, any scattering of Hght, as that which
lias passed througli ground glass.
Dis'pirem. See A'aryokintsis.
Dis''pora Caucas'ica. See Bacillus Caii-
fdsicits.
Dissec'tion (disseco, to cut up). To dis-
sect and dissociate the organs of a body.
D., Aneurysm. See Aneurysm. D.
Wound, injury during dissection, with
consequent introduction of septic material.
It may become constitutional and result in
Se])tic.vmia, or may take the form of warts,
I'erruca necroi^enira. The sore resulting
directly from the prick or abrasion is called
J^ost- mo ft I rii pustule.
Dissemina'tion {ilis, apart, scniiiw, to
sow). Tlie scattering or dispersion of dis-
ease or disease germs.
Dissipa'tion [tiissipa/us, scattered). A
di.spersion of matter or of the morbid con-
ditions which cause disease.
Dissocia'tion (<//.f, apart, socius, fellow-
ship). In physiology, the separation of
the com[X)nent elements of a compound.
In chemistry, the decomposition of a com-
pound by means of high temperature.
Dissolu'tion (Jissolutus, loosened). A
solution of the continuity of a jiart. De-
com[Kisition arising from the death of the
liCKly or Its parts.
Dissolv'ent. A solvent.
Dis'sonance (dissono, to disagree in
sound). When the number of beats of
two tones are different by a less number
than 66 ; the maximum i). Ijeing when
the <litference is ^t,.
Dis''tal [disto, to Ijc at a distance). At
the greatest distance from the trunk, heart,
or medial line.
Distichi'asis {fiir, twice, oTixoq, a row),
I he condition of a double row of eyelashes,
the inner rubljing against the glolie.
Distilla'tion {destillo, to drop little by
little). llie double prtxess of vajx)riza-
tion and condi-nsation of the vaj)or. Used
mainly in purifying liquids by scjiarating
them from nonvolatile sub.stances. D.,
Destructive, the decom{X)sition of organic
substances l)y heat, and the condensation
of their volatile constituents. D., Frac-
tional, the successive separation, by dis'.ib
lation, of substances which vaporize at
ditterent temperatures.
Dis^toma ((5(f, twice, aroiia, a mouth). An
intestinal womi belonging to the family
Distoiihc, parasitic in its first stage, usually
upon a mollusk, and known in this form
as Ccrcariie. In its second stage it becomes
again encysted, and develojjs into the form
known as Distoma. It completes its de-
velopment as a parasite within the body of
a third host, frequently that of sheep or
cattle. Making its way to the liver, it be-
comes the dreaded liver-lluke, the cause
of the disease known as rot.
Di'ta Bark. The l)ark of Alstonia sclio-
Itiris, native to the Philippine Islands. Em-
ployed as a tonic and antiperiodic in intcr-
miltents. Dose ^]-iy. L nof.
Dita'na Digitifo'Iia. A Mexican plant
said to possess galactagogue properties.
Diure^sis ((ha, through, ovpru, to make
water). Abnormal increase in the secretion
of urine.
Diuref'ic [(ha, ovpe(j). A medicine that
increases the secretion and flow of urine.
Di'vers' ParaFysis. See Caisson Disease.
Divertic^ulum (dim. of divertus, turning
aside). A small cul-de-sac or pouch.
\'arialion from a normal stmcture ; mal-
formation. D., Meckel's, a sacculation
of the ileum, owing to the non-obliteration
of the vitelline duct.
Doch'mius Duodena''lis. See Anchylo-
sti'/iiiasis.
DoC'tor [doctor, a teacher). A teacher.
A title conferred by a university or college.
A licensed medical practitioner.
Dog Button. See Nux Vomica.
Dog'ma (f5oKf(j, to think). A tenet or
prineiple taught by authority. A statement
of medical science.
Dog'' wood. See Corn us.
Dolichocephal''ic. See Index.
Dolichohier'ic. See riatyhicric.
Dolichoperiic. See riatypellic.
Do'lor [doleo, to feel pain). Bodily pain
or sullering.
Dolo'res Presagien'tes. Precursory pains
fult by woiiuii in advance of labor.
Don'ne's Test. For pus in the urine.
Allow ])us to settle and decant ; stir a
piete of potassium hydrate into tin- <i(|><)-il.
Pus will grow thick, ttiugli and gilalinous,
while nnaus will form llakes and become
thin.
DONOVAN'S SOLUTION
136
DRUG
Don-'ovan's Solu''tion. See A>-sen{c.
Dor'sal [dorsum, the back). Pertaining
to the back, or to the posterior part of
an organ. D. Artery. See Artery. D.
Nerves. See Nerve.
Dor^so- [dorsum). A prefix used in con-
nection with the names of such organs as
have their attachment to or about the back.
Dor^sum. The back. The rounded part
of the back.
Dose [6oGig, a portion). The measured
portion of medicine to be taken at one
time. D., Divided, a mode of adminis-
tration in which the dose is to be taken in
fractional portions at intervals of a few
minutes. D., Maximum, the largest
portion of medicine ordered to produce a
given result, or the largest consistent with
safety. In this work both minimum and
maximum dosage is given under each
medicine or preparation.
Dosim^etry [Soaiq, ^lerpov, a measure).
The accurate and systematic measurement
of a dose or prescribed portion.
Do^sis. See Dose.
Doub^le [ifuo, two, f lien, a fold). Two-
fold. In pairs. D. Staining. In micro-
scopy, an ingestion of two colors into a
structure in order to show its details.
Bacteriologically the application of such
staining reagents as will stain the spores
one color and the rods another. D. Touch,
the exploration of the vaginal and rectal
walls by inserting the thumb into the one
cavity, and the index finger into the other,
so that, e. g., the presence of any abnormal
growth may be ascertained. D. Vision.
See Diplopia.
Douche (Fr. douche'). A stream of water
directed against a part, or one used to flush
a cavity of the body.
Doug^las, Cul-de-sac or Pouch of.
vSee Pouch.
Do''ver's Powder. See Opium.
Doyere, Eminence of. See Sarcoglia.
Drachm [(^paxi'V, a Greek weight). The
eighth part of the apothecaries ounce, equal
to 60 grains or 3.8 grammes. Also the
one-sixteenth part of the avoirdupois ounce,
equal to 27.34 grains. D., Fluid, the
eighth part of a fluid ounce, equal to 60
minims.
Dracun^culus. See Guinea Worm..
Drag'on Root. Indian Turnip. The root
of Arum tryphyllum. Acrid, expectorant
and diaphoretic. Do.se of fld. ext. Tl\,xv-
•2^}. Unof
Drain''age (Sax. drehnigcan, to strain).
The insertion of a tube or strands of other
material in a wound or abscess to withdraw
the fluids therefrom. D. Anchor, a rub-
ber filament inserted in an abscess or cav-
ity. D. Tube, a rubber tube with per-
forations. D. Tube, Decalcified, a de-
calcified bone (chicken, etc.), used as a
drainage tube.
Dras''tic [6pau, to draw). Powerful and
irritating purgatives, such as scammony and
gamboge.
Drench (Sax. drencan). In veterinary
practice, a draught of medicine.
Drepanid^ium Rana''rum. A (probably)
parasitic cytozoon of frogs' blood.
Dres''sing. The application of a bandage,
lint or other substance to a wound or
ulcer.
Drom^ograph (dpo//of, a course, ypacpu,
to write). An instrument for measuring
the velocity of the blood-current.
Dropped Hand, or Dropped Wrist. A
fonn of paralysis from lead-poisoning, con-
sisting in the inability to contract the ex-
tensors of the forearm.
Drop'sy [vSpuil', dropsy). See Hydrops.
D. of Belly, "i^^^ Ascites. D. of Brain.
See Hydrocephalus. D. of Chest. See
Hydrothorax. D. of Spine, ^ee Spina
Bifida. D. of Testicle. Set Hydrocele.
D. of Uterus. See Hydrometra.
Drug. A substance, simple or compound,
natural or prepared, single or mixed with
other substances, used as a medicine. D.,
Antagonistic, one that neutralizes the
action of another by a process other than
chemical. The following table of Brunton
gives the mutual antagonistic doses of the
principal powerful poisons with both lethal
and antagonistic doses, in grains per pound
weight of the animal : —
^^
rt
U^
°
ANTAGONISTS.
^8
-S HJ
in
■0 m
*^
-IQ
-JQ
D
^Q
I. n.
I.
II.
I.
II.
Aconitine and Atropine, . .
555
7
7fn
If
" Digitalin, . .
5sn
t
BOO
1
" " Strychnine, .
B05
lis
7S0
ik
Alcohol and Stryclinine, . .
5BB
...
Atropine and Aconitine, . .
7
B^B
...
" Chloral, . . .
7
7
...
" " Hydrocyanic
acid, ....
7
...
" " Jaborandi, . .
7
...
" " Muscarine, . .
7
" " Morphine, . .
7
3
" " Pilocarpine, .
7
" " Phytolaccine, .
7
...
...
...
" " Physostigniine
7
^.
" " Quinine, . . .
7
li
Bromalhydrate and Atropine
soo
7
...
DRUM -BELLY
137
DURATION OF LIFE
1 ^.
I_ .
u.'
wj
rt*—
H
15 o
o
1 °
•c u
— u
V
■S "
ANTAGONHSTS.
^S
^S
en
o
- o
-"Q
-JQ
a
4°
I. II.
I.
II.
1.
II.
Chloral and Atropine, . . .
7
7
...
...
" " I'icrotoxine, . .
7
• ••
" " Physostijiinine,
7
A
• ••
" " Strychnine, . .
7
...
...
...
Chloroform and Aniyl nitrite
7
7
309
DIgitaline and Acoiiitine, .
Tis
" " Muscaria,
...
V^0
...
• ••
" " Sapoiiia, . .
• >•
Gelsemium and (.)piuin, . .
4
ji
A
^
" " Atropine, .
3
7
3
f
Morphine and Catieine, . .
i
Ij
i
" " Chloroform,.
...
Muscarine and .Xtroijine, .
...
• <•
• •.
.••
Opium and .Vtropinc, . . .
7
>>>
• *•
" " Gelsemium, . .
7
..•
" " Veratrum viride
...
...
...
Drum'-belly. See Tympanites.
Drum'ine. .\ name given to the alkaloid
extractive of Euphorbia dnimmonJii, an
Australian plant. Said to be a local an-
aesthetic. Claimed, also, to be an impure
calcium oxalate. Unof.
Drum of Ear. See Tympanum.
Dry Belly-ache. .See Girdle Pain.
Dry Caries. See Onychomycosis.
Du'alism {duo, two). A system by which
all natural phenomena are explained by
two principles. D., Chancrous, the
theory of the existence of two forms of
chancre — the non-infecting, or soft chancre,
and the inf -cting, or true (hard) chancre.
Dubin'i's Disease. " Electrical chorea,''
a malady met with in Italy, differing from
chorea in the character of the movements,
which are sudden and shock like ; in the
course of the disea.se, which is progressive
and often fatal; and in the addition of
muscular palsy and wasting. Etiology and
pithokigy obscure.
Dubois''ia. The leaves of D. myoporoidesy
an Australian tree. Contains an alkaloid,
duboisin-, thought to be identical with
hyoscyamine. Resembles the active prin-
ciple of txrlladonna in |)hysiological and
thera|K-utic effects. D., Ext. Uose gr.
Yu-^i- D., Tinct. ho.se tTLv-xx. Du-
boisinac Sulphas. Dose gr. xJj— tjV-
Duchenne's Paral'ysis. See J'imdo-
bypi-rtrophic I'aralvsis.
Duct (duco, to leatl). A tulie for the con-
veyance of ci-rtaiii fluids of the liody.
D. of Bartholin, the ducts of the sub-
lingual glands, cMciiding along Wiiarton's
duct. D., Biliary, the biliaiy passages.
D., Cystic, the excretory duct of the gall-
bladder. D., Hepatic, the main tnmk
of the ducts of the liver. D., Prostatic,
the ducts of the [irosiaie gland. D., Tho-
racic, the trunk funned by the junction
of the absorbent vessels. D. of Steno,
the excretoiy duct of the parotid gland.
D. of Wharton, the excretory duct of
the sublingual gland. D., Vitelline, the
duct that leads from the umbilical vesicle
of the embryo to the intestinal canal.
Ducfus [duco, to lead). A canal or duct.
D. Arteriosus, a continuation in the
fcetus of the pulmonary artery. In after life
the atropliicil remains are found attached
to that vessel. Called also D. Botalli.
D. Choledochus Communis, the tulie
formed by the junction of the hepatic and
cystic ducts. D. Lachrymalis. See
Lachrymal.
Duhl'ing's Impeti''go. See fmpefigo.
Dulcama'ra. Bittersweet. The young
brandies of J'>. solanum. Contains sev-
eral glucosides and an alkaloid. Froper-
ties not well untlerstood. Causes nausea,
emesis and convulsive muscular movements,
and in toxic doses is a narcotic poison.
Now employed in psoriasis and similar
skin diseases. D., Fid. Ext. Dose.t^j.
D. Decoctum,uiiof., lo per cent, strength.
Dose 5J-ij.
Dumb (Sax. dumb'). Unable to utter ar-
ticulate sjieech. D. Ague, a popular ex-
pression for ague or malarial sickness
marked by obscure sym[)toms.
Duodenos'tomy [iluodenum, a-oua, a
UKiuih). The operation of opening the
duodenum, and its attachment to the walls
of the abdomen, in order to form an arti-
ficial mouth and to introduce nutriment.
Duode'num. (I^t.) The first part of the
small intestine beginning at the pylorus.
The inner surface is covered with folds of
mucous membrane called valvulie conni-
ventes.
Du'ra Ma''ter. The outer membrane of
the lirain and spinal cord.
Dura'tion of Life. Several methods of
ascertaining the duration of life are em-
ployed : I. The Me.an ;\ge at Death; 2.
the I'n)l)al)le 1 >uialion of Life; 3. the
Mean hurationof Life; 4. the l'-x])ecta-
tion of Life, or mean after-lifetime ; and
5. the number living out of which one
dies aniuially. According to the I'!iiglish
Life Table No. 3, the mean age at death
is 40.9 years, but this test is for several
reasons fallacious, though it is of excep-
tional interest when the deaths from vari-
oas diseases are considered. .See ProhabU
DWARF
138
DYSURIA
D. of L., Expectatio7i of Life, and Life
Table.
Dwarf (Sax. dweorg). A thing or person
of stunted or arrested growth. D. Elder,
the root of Aralia hispidia. A valuable
diuretic. Dose of fld. ext. .tJ-iJ. Unof.
Dy'ad. See Qnantivalence.
Dynam''ic (6vvaiii^, energy). Pertaining
to energy. In medicine, a synonym of
sthenic, q. v.
Dynamics. See Mechanics.
Dy^namite (Jwa^^f)- An explosive con-
sisting of nitro-glycerine incorporated with
infusorial earth, to give it consistency.
Dy^namo (Jvi'a/z/f). A word popularly
applied to an electrical machine in which
the current is generated by revolving coils
of insulated wire through the field of a
magnet intensified by the same current.
Dynamog^eny (dvvafUQ, yevvau, to beget).
The production of energy ; the physio-
logical generation of force.
Dynam^ograph {Svva/nQ, ypa(pu, to write).
An insti-ument designed to measure and
graphically record muscular strength.
Dynamom^eter (cWo///f , /u^rpoi', a meas-
ure). An instrument designed to measure
force. In physiology, one for the measure-
ment of muscular strength.
Dyne. A force sufficient to impart a ve-
locity of one centimeter per second to a
mass of one gramme.
Dysacou^sis. See HypcTakiisis.
Dysaesthe'sia (di'f, diihcult, aiadj]GiQ, sen-
sation. Dullness of any sensation, especi-
ally that of touch.
Dys-aFbumose. See Albumose.
Dysba'sia ((Jnf, jSaatc, a step). Difficulty
of walking. Proposed instead of abasia,
since in the affection there is rarely abso-
lute inaliility to walk.
Dyschromatops''ia {Svg, xP'^i^'^i "V"?)
sight). Subnormal color-perception.
Dyscor-'ia (duf, difficulty, aopi], pupil).
Abnormality of form of the pupil.
Dyscras^ia (rfvf, Kpaatc;, combination). A
term latterly restricted to an abnormal or
impure condition of the blood, due to
general disease.
Dys''entery {Svg, evrepov, the bowels). A
disease marked by inflammation of the
solitaiy glands and follicles of the large
intestine, with bloody stools. Prevalent in
all malarious regions.
Dyshidrc'sis, or Dysidro''sis. See Po»i-
phlox.
DyslaFia (fivq, "ka^Aa, speech). A defect
of speech due to organic changes or mal-
formation in the organs of speech.
Dys''lysin. See Choloidinic Acid.
Dysmenorrhce^a {6vq, ni]v, month, peu,
to flow). Obstructed or difficult menstru-
ation.
Dysorex^ia [6vq, ope^ig, appetite). A de-
praved or unnatural appetite.
Dysos^'mia {6vg. oafiij, odor). An un-
pleasant or fetid odor.
Dyspep''sia (rfiif, ketttu, to digest). Im-
paired or imperfect digestion. D., Atonic,
a derangement of the stomach, with dis-
order of its function, due to insufficient
gastric juice or impaired quality of the
same. May be due to reflex causes. D.,
Intestinal, due to defects in the pancreatic,
biliary or intestinal secretions, to deficient
peristalsis, etc.
Dyspep^tone. See Hemiprotein.
Dyssperm^ia (tJuf, oTvepfia, seed). An
imperfect or abnormal condition of the
semen.
Dysperistal''sis. See Peristalsis.
Dysphag^ia (()vg, ^«j w, to eat). Difficulty
or inability to swallow.
Dysphas^ia (6vg, ^aoiq, speech). Imper-
fect or disconnected speech arising from
loss of or faulty arrangement of words.
Dyspho^nia {Svq, ^uvij, voice). A condi-
tion of defective voice.
Dysphra^sia (tJvf, (ppaaig, speech). Im-
perfect speech. Kussmaul's term for a
mental condition in which the emotion is
opposed to the words designed to express
it.
DyspncE''a {Svg, nveu, to breathe). Diffi-
cult or labored breathing.
Dysta^sia [Svg, icittj/lu, to stand). Diffi-
culty in standing. Proposed for astasia,
since in the affection there is rarely abso-
lute inability to stand.
DysteleoFogy (tJi'f, rekeog, perfect, Xoyog,
a treatise). A term used by Hackel to
denote the study of rudimentary and use-
less organs, such as the vermiform appen-
dix.
Dystc'cia {6vg, difficult, roKog, birth).
Difficult labor. D., FcEtal, difficult labor
due to such foetal irregularities as dis-
placement of the arm, excessive size,
plural pregnancy, monsters, etc. D.,
Maternal, due to some defect upon the
side of the mother, pelvic deformity, dis-
ease, etc.
Dystroph^ia {Svg, rpocpTf, nourishment).
Imperfect or faulty nourishment.
Dys^trophy. See Dystrophia.
Dysu''ria (f^i'f, ovpov, urine). Partial or
painful urination ; may be due to calculi,
cystitis, spasm, stricture, etc.
139
ECSTASY
E. Al 'breviation of Eye, and Emmetropia.
E. M. F. Abbreviation of Electro-motive
F<,irce.
Ext. Abbreviation of extractttm.
Ear. The organ of hearing. Consists of
the outer or external ear, the middle ear
or tympanum, and the internal e;u- or
labyrinth. E.-ache. See Ottil^^ia. E.-
cough, refle.v coughing from irritation or
disease of the ear. E., Drum of. See
lympaniim. E., Inflammation of. See
Otitis. E. -trumpet, an instrument for
gathering a larger number of waves of
sound to a focus, and thus to improve the
hearing of those partially deaf. E.-wax.
."^ee Certinien.
Earths. Certain metallic oxides or sili-
cates, not soluble in water and not affected
by a great heat. E., Alkaline, the
oxides and hydrates of calcium, magne-
sium, strontium, barium and other metals
of the same group. E., Fuller's, a clay
used as an absorbent in sores.
Ear' wig. An insect {^Forficula auiicti-
/•iria), erroneously sujjposed to have a
fondness for secreting itself in the external
auditoiy m<'atus.
East'on's Syrup. See Ferritin.
EbuUi'tion. See Boiling.
Eburna'tion {chur, ivory). Increase of
the earthy constituents of l)onc causing
greater size and density of the same.
Ecbol'ic (eK.io/.i/, a throwing out). A sub-
stance used t<3 produce alxirtion.
Ecchondro'ma (f«, ;|fov(5poc cartilage).
A tumor growing from cartilage.
Ecchondro'sis. See Ecchondrovia.
Ecchymo'ma {iKX'^/'CJ.na). A tumor made
up of e\trava><ited blood.
Ecchymo'sis (tKxvuoo/jai, to extravasate
bjfxxl). Sanguineous extrava>alion of
blood into the areolar tissue of the lids, or
skin, the result of traumatism. Sec, also,
Pill pma.
Eccoprot'ic (ck, out of, KOTzpoc, dung). A
medicine that em|)ties the bowels without
causing lir|uid di.scharge.
Ecdem'ic {enArifior, away from home).
Used of diseases originating in a distant
locality or iM'opie.
Ec'dysis (»k(5'«j, to cast off). In zoulogy,
tlic slougliing or casting off the skin.
Echinococ'cus {fx^'^^* ^ hedgehog, kok-
Kitr, a Ixrry). An hydatid, or bladrler-
worm, one of the larval stages of growth
of the small tapeworm, Ticnia cchinococ-
ctis, of the dog and woll", infesting the hu-
man digestive tube. See .l/tenidtioiis of
Generation.
Echinorhyn''cus (f,Yn'of, pi'},V''f. a beak).
A worm parasitic within certain animals,
aiul occasionally fountl in man.
Echolal'ia (//.v^. echo, '/.d/.ia, talking).
An aphasic symptom consisting in a repe-
tition of words spoken to the patient by
others.
Echophot'omy ('/A'Cj <!"J"Of. light). The
production of the sensation of color by the
stimulus of a^ial waves, or sound.
Echo-speech. A peculiar method of ut-
terance in one type of hypnotism.
Eclamp'sia {£K?.aii-(j, to shine or burst
forth, from the suddenness of the attack).
I'uerperal convulsions. Convulsive or epi-
leptiform seizures suddenly coming on in a
woman prior to or during labor, or in the
puerperal state. The convulsions are first
tonic and then clonic, finally affect the in-
voluntary muscles as well as the voluntary;
consciousness is lost, and the attack is fol-
lowed by coma or sleep. The etiology is
obscure, the attack generally repeated, the
prognosis grave. The tenn E. is also used
as a general designation of convulsions,
and besides the puer[ieral form above de-
scribed there are the infantile and unemic
tjpcs. See Convulsions.
Eclecf'ic [eKlcKTiKoq). Pertaining to a
choosing or selection. Used by a certain
school of physicians, of themselves, to de-
note a principle or plan of selecting or
choosing that which is good from all other
schools.
Eclecficism. The doctrine and practice
of the Eclectirs.
Econ'omy [lUKia, house, i'o//of, a law). A
general name for the human being con-
sidered! as a whole.
Ecouvil'lon. Sec Ecoiri'i!lona;:;e.
Ecouvil'lonage (Fr.). The operation of
cleansing and carrying nu-dieinal agents
to the inside of the uterus by means of a
brush.
Ecraseur' (Kr). An in.stnnnent used in
amputation of parts, consisting of a eluiin
or wire loop, lightened by a mtcw, whireby
the tissue is slowly cru--lu(i apart rallier
than cut, thus rendering the o|Kration
easii-r and bloodless.
Ec'stasy {iharaair, a trance). .\ trance-
ECTASIS
140
ELASTIC
like, exalted condition of mind, with in-
sensibility, immobility, etc. A species of
hyp)2otism.
Ec^tasis {enTaair, extension). Abnormal
distention or dilatation of a part.
Ecthy^ma {eKOvjia, a pustule). An affec-
tion of the skin, considered by Crocker and
Tilbur}' to be a form of Impetigo contagiosa,
developed on tlie trunk and limbs.
Ecto- (e/vTOf, without). A prefix signifying
tuithaut, upon the outer side.
Ec^toblast (e/crof, ^7.aaToq, genu). The
outside membrane or envelope of a cell.
Ectocard^ia (f/vrof, Kciptha, the heart).
Aljnormality of position of the heart.
Ec^toderm. See Blastodei-in.
Ectop^agus {ektoc^, nayeig, united). A
monomphalic monstrosity united laterally
the full extent of the thorax.
Ecto^pia [sKTOTvog, displaced). An abnor-
mality of position. E. Cordis. See
Ectocardia. E. Lentis, dislocation or
congenital malposition of the crystalline
lens. E. Oculi, abnormal position of the
eyeball in the orbit. E. Vesicae, protru-
sion of the bladder through the wall of the
aljdomen.
Ectop^ic. Pertaining to ectopia. E. Ges-
tation. . See Gestation.
Ectozo'a (f/crof, fwov, an animal). Para-
sites of the external parts of the body, in
contradistinction from entozoa.
Ectrom^elus (e/crpwcr/f, abortion, //e/'.of,
limb). A monstrosity with an aiTested
development of all the limbs, which are
mere stumps.
Ectro^pium [eKrpsTru, to turn from). Ever-
sion of the eyelid and exposure of the
conjunctival surface.
Ec^zema (eKi^eu, to boil over). An in-
flammation of the skin or mucous surfaces,
accompanied Ijy papules, vesicles, pustules,
scabs, etc., and usually attended with the
discharge of serum. E., Diabetic, from
the irritation of diabetic urine. E. Erythe-
matosum, marked by ill-defined patches,
usually on the face. E. Hyper4rophi-
cum. See Mycosis. E. Palmare, a
form usually confined to the hands and
feet. E. Papulosum, or Lichen Sim-
plex, distinguished by papular eraptions.
E. Pustulosum, marked by pustular
eruption. E. Rubrum, an intense va-
riety, usually developed from the vesicular
or pustular form.
Edenta''tion [e, without, dens, a tooth).
A deprivation of teeth.
Ed^ible [edihilis, eatable). Food, the con-
dition of which is good and wholesome.
Efferent {effero, to bring out). Applied
to nerves or vessels carrying from the cen-
ter. See Centrifugal.
Effleurage. See Massage.
Efflores^cence (^cffloresco, to bloom). The
flowering of plants. The formation of
minute crystals on the stirface of certain
crystalline bodies, due to their loss of a
part or the whole of their water of crys-
tallization.
Efflu^vium {cffluo, to flow out). The
subtle emanations, especially those offen-
sively odoriferous, of a substance or per-
son.
Effu''sion {effundo, to pour out). A pour-
ing out. The abnormal secretion or trans
fer of a liquid from its natural organ or
place of secretion. Used of gases also.
Eges''ta (pi. of cgcsfuin, fcecal matter).
The discharges of the bowels.
Egg. See Ovule. E. Albumin, a native
albumin, or proteid constituent of the
human body, of which the unboiled white
of egg is the type. It is distinguished
from serum-albumin by its precipitation
when shaken with ether, and by its un-
changed reappearance in the urine when
injected under the skin or into the intes-
tine. E. Nog, a nutritious and stimulant
drink, consisting of an egg beaten up with
four or five ounces of milk, to which from
half an ounce to an ounce of whisky is
added. It may be sweetened and flavored
to the taste.
Egypt'ian Chloro''sis. See Anchylosto-
miasis. E. Ophthalmia, See Opkthal-
viia, Piiriiloit.
Eich^horst's Cor^puscles. A special
form of microcyte in the blood of those
suffering from pernicious antemia.
Ejacula'tion [ejacu/o!-). The ejection of
the semen in coition. E. Center. See
Center.
Eject^ion (cjicio, to throw out). The
process of casting out ; applied especially
to the excretions of the body.
Elabora^'tion [elaboro, to take pains with).
Careful and exact working. In physiology
the process of making crude food into
higher tissue products.
Ela^in. See Eleoptene.
Elas^tic [fkam^u, to urge forward). Re-
turning to the original form when sprung
from the same by external traction or force.
E. Bandage, an India-rubber bandage
exerting continuous compression of a part.
E. Stocking, a stocking of the same ma-
terial and acting the same way. E. Tis-
sue, a variety of connective tissue, of
ELASTIN
141
ELECTROTONUS
which some ligaments are composed, hav-
ing cla>tic jiroperties.
Elast'in. An albuminoid substance, the
fundamental element in elastic tissue. It
yields 36 to 45 per cent, of leucin and }4
per cent, of tyrosin.
Elat'erin, or Elate'rinum. A neutral
principle obtained from Elatcrium cchal-
liuni, or sijuirling cucumber. A jxDwerful
hydragogue cathartic. In toxic doses,
causes emesis, spasmodic respiration and
death. Dose gr. .vVrV- '^^ Trituratio,
elaicrin to, sugar of milk 90 parts, thor-
oughly mixed. Dose gr. ss-j.
El'bow. Tlie ellx)\v-joint. That part of
the ann adjacent to the elbow-joint.
El'der. Sec S<iwi>//<-/ts.
Elec'tion, Operations of. Considera-
tions of circumstances, such as age, condi-
tion in life, business, sex, c/c, determining
whether to proceed with a certain surgical
operation or not. Called, also, Operations
of ComplaiSiince.
Elec'trical (;//^k7/)oi', amber). Having the
n.iture of or produced by electricity. E.
Chore''a. See Duhint s Disease. E.
Shower Bath, a device for general elec-
tri/ation : ( )nc of the ix)les is immersed in
a tub containing an alkaline solution. The
patient l>eneath this reservoir stands on a
metallic stool connected with the other
pole. The falling water completes the cir-
cuit, dispersing the current over the whole
\«A\-. E. Sunstroke. See Suiis/roke.
Electric'ity (///.iK7/wr). One of the forces
of nature developed or generated bychom-
ism, magnetism, or friction, and |)rol)aijly
a mode of ethereal vibration, closely analo-
gous to and convertible into heat and liglit.
E., Faradic, that produced by induction.
E., Franklinic, friclional or static electri-
city. E., Frictional, that produced Ijy
friction. E., Galvanic, that which is
generaterl liy chemical action in a galvanic
cell. E., Inductive, that imxluced in a
Ixxiy by |)roximity, without contact, to an
clectrilied l)udy. E., Magnetic, that rle-
velo|)cd by bringing a conductor near the
IMili-s of a m.ignet. See Current. E.,
Medical, tliat used for theraixnitic pur-
|x>M-s. E., Static, friitional electricity.
E., Voltaic, same xs galvanic or chemical
electricity.
Elec'tro- (v?-r/(r/>oi'). A (Ireek word used
as a prefix to denote; connection with or
r<:lation to <•](■( tri<ily. E. -biology, tli<-
sticnce of the electrical nlalinns and lawr>
of organic l>cings. E.-bioscopy. .See
Bioscopy. E. -chemistry, the science
of the inter-relations and laws of elec-
tricity and chemistry. E. -magnetism,
magnetism induccil within iron, steel or
nickel, by introducing it within a coil
through which a current is passing. E.-
pathology, the diagnosis of a disease by
the aid of electric irritation. E. -physi-
ology, the study of electric reactions,
properties, and relations of organs and
organic tissues. E. -therapeutics, the
science and art of the application of elec-
tricity for therapeutical paqxises. See
Contractions.
Elec'trode [electricity, o(^oq, a way). The
a])plication of points or surfaces connecting
the Inxly with the poles of a battery. E.,
Brush, one end fitted with a camel-hair
pencil. E., Non-polarizable, zinc wires
treated and so arranged as to prevent elec-
trolysis. See Anode and Cathode.
Electrogen''esis. The results, after with-
drawal, of the application of a current of
electricity to the spinal cord, a nerve or
jiart.
Electrol''ysis [electricity, Ivu, to release).
The dissolution of a chemical compound
by an electric current. Used in the tieat-
ment of hydrocele, and other surgical dis-
eases.
Electro-massage. The transmission of
a cun-ent of electricity dirough the knead-
ing instrument.
Electrom'eter [rj'keKTpov, electro-, fierpov,
a measure). An instrument for the meas-
urement of the dilTerence of electrical
]«tential.
Electro-mo'tive. Pertaining to the me-
chanical or motor efl'ects of electricity. E.
Force, the potential, or tension of a cur-
rent. It is estimated in volts. See Volt.
Electromus'cular. Pertaining to the
action of electricity u]JOn muscles. E.
Contractility, the contractile resjxjnse of
a muscle to an electric current. E. Sensi-
bility, the imjjression u[>on a sensory nerve
by electric irritation.
Electropunctura'tion. The use of
needles as electrodes, which are thru.st
into the cavity of an aneurysm, with the
object of coagulating the contained bl<Kxl.
Electrosta'tics [electricity, aTnTimir, sta-
tionary). Tin; .scii-nce of static electricity,
or that devcloiK'd by friction and induc-
tion.
Electrot'onus (romr, tension). The
change of condition in a nerve during the
application of a current of i-leetrii ity. .See
Aneleetrotonus, Catelectrotonu, and Klec-
troi;enesii.
ELECTUARY
142
EMBRYONIC
Elecf'uary. A confection. See Confcctio.
Ele^idin. The gi-anules of the superficial
cells of the stratum granulosum of the epi-
dermis.
EFement [elementum, a first principle).
In chemistry, a body that cannot be decom-
posed into simpler substances. The ele-
ments now number about 75. Used in
biology of the ultimate microscopic struc-
tures of a tissue. In electricity, one of the
generating plates in a galvanic cell.
Elephant's Foot. The herb Eie-
phantopus (ometitosa. Diuretic, expecto-
rant and emetic. Dose of the fld. ext. n\^v-
XXX. Unof.
El'ephant Leg. See Elephatttiasis.
Elephanti^asis (e/le^af, an elephant). Ele-
phantiasis Arabum, Elephant Leg, Buc-
nema Tropica, Morbus Elephas, Pachy-
dermia, Barbadoes Leg. A chronic, spo-
radic, oedematous disease of the skin and
subcutaneous tissue, characterized by enor-
mous hypertrophy. Thought to be due to
a parasitic worm known as filaria, which,
entering the blood and lymphatics, obstructs
the latter, insulting in a chronic enlarge-
ment. Most common in leg and genitals.
Elephanti^asis Grasco^rum. See Lepi-a.
Eleopt^ene. The permanent liquid prin-
ciple of volatile oils. See Stearoptene.
EPevator {elevo, to lift). The same as
Lcvatoi-. See Muscle. An instrument
used in surgery and dentistiy.
Elimina^tion [e, out, limen, threshold).
Excretion; the process of putting forth or
out.
Elix^ir (Arab, el iksir, the philosopher's
stone). A sweetened, aromatic, spirituous
preparation, which is practically a flavored
syrup designed as an excipient for extracts
and tinctures. There are many elixira,
only one of which is official.
Elm. See Ulnuis.
Elocu^'tion (<>, loqiwr, to speak). The
choice, arrangement and delivery of words
and language, including the use of the
voice, the action of the lungs, diaphragm,
etc.
Elutria^tion [ehifrio, to wash out). A
water-sifting process whereby the coarser
particles of an insoluble substance are
separated from the finer.
Elytri^tis (eAvrpov, the vagina, iTLq). In-
flammation of the vagina.
Ely^troplasty [sTivrpov, n'kaaau, to form).
Plastic operation upon the vagina, espe-
cially for vesico- vaginal fistula.
Elytropto^sis [ihirpov, nTuatr, a falling).
Prolapse of the vagina.
Elytror^'rhaphy [eTivrpov, pa<pj], a seam).
Suture of the vaginal wall. An operation
to close the opening of the vagina in pro-
cidentia.
Emacia'tion {emacio, to make lean). Loss
of the fat and fullness of the flesh of the
body. Lean.
Eman^sio-men^sium (Lat.). Delayed
menstruation. Amenoirhoea.
Emascula^tion {emasculo, to make im-
potent). Removal of the testicles; impo-
tence.
Enibalm''ing (Fr. en, in, (5a2</«a, balsam).
The filling a cadaver with antiseptic and
preservative substances to keep it from
putrefying.
Embed^ding. The fixation of a tissue-
specimen in a firmer medium before freez-
ing, and section in order to preserve the
same intact.
Embe^lia Ri^'bes. The juice of a fruit
obtained in Asia Minor. Has reputed
anthelmintic properties. Unof.
Em^bolism (f///3o/lof, plug). The obstruc-
tion of an artery or capillary, usually by a
blood clot or embolus, brought from another
point by the blood cuirent. E., Air, by a
bubble of air. E., Multiple, numerous
small emboli. E., Pyasmic, the emboli
are purulent. E., Retinal, occurring in
the arteria centralis retinos, followed by-
sudden loss of vision. E., Venous,
occurring in veins, especially of the lungs
and liver.
Em'bolus [tu^okor). A clot of blood
brought by the blood cun-ent from a distant
artery, and forming an obstruction at its
place of lodgment.
Embroca''tion {Efi(3pExu, to soak in). A
fluid external application to some injured
or diseased part.
Embryon, or
Em''bryo (efijSpvov). The ovum and the
product of conception up to the fourth
month of pregnancy.
Embryocard^ia [eml/rj/o, Kaptha, the
heart). An affection of the heart, char-
acterized by a heart-beat like that of a
fo;tus. It is usually associated with tachy-
cardia, and a condition of collapse and
cyanosis.
EmbryoFogy i^efiftpvov, 7.oyo^, discourse).
The science of the evolution of the em-
bryo, or the study of fcetal development.
Embryon^ic. Pertaining to the embryo.
E. Area. See Area. E. Connective
Tissue, the primitive condition of connec-
tive tissue when first formed, consisting of
small, round cells. E. Spot. See Area.
EMBRYOTOME
143
ENCEPHALOID
Em''bryotome. An instrument used in
eml'rjotoniy.
Embryot'omy (f/z^piwc, to^t], section).
An operation for reduction of the size of
the fcftus to render possilile its transmis-
sion through the birth -canal, v^ee Cf/>/ia-
lotripsy, Cranioclasm, Biisio(n'i>c, Basilvaf,
Decollatioti, Decapitation, Exenteration,
Evisceration, Lamination, Perforation,
Spondylotomy, Transformation.
Em 'esis (f//t(J, to vomit). Vomiting.
Emet'ic [efjeriKog, causing vomiting). An
agent causing emesis. E., Direct, one
acting directly on the ncr\-es of the
stomach. E., Indirect, or E., Systemic,
one acting through the blood u\K>n the
vomiting center, or by relle.x action from
other peripheral sources.
Emeto-cathar'sis. \omiting and purga-
tinii at the s;uue lime, or produced liy a com-
mon agent.
Em'inence (emincntia). A rounded or
protuberant part of an organ, especially of
a bone. E., Ilio-pectineal, a ridge on
the upper surface of the pubic bone. E.
of Doyere. See Sarco^i^'-iia.
Eminen'tia. See Eminence.
Emis'sion (emitto, to send lorth). An
ejaculation, or sending forth.
Emmen'agogue (f//////i'«,ihe menses, a/w;
to expel). A medicine tliat .stinuiiatos the
menstrual flow. E., Direct, one acting
directly on the generative organs. E.,
Indirect, one acting only through other
functions .nnd indirectly.
Emissa'rium (Lat.). A term for any
canal or channel conveying a fluid outward.
Used e.>>|}ccially of the veins of the skull.
Em''issary Veins. See Emissarittm.
Emmetro'pia (rr, in; fierpov, measure;
uV, the eye). Normal or jierfect visian.
The condition of an eye whose shape and
refractive media are such that, with sus
pended accommodation, parallel rays of
light are brought to a focas upon the
retina. For practical tests, rays of light
from a |K>int 20 feet away are considered
as ])arall(d.
Em'met's Opera'tion. See Trachelor-
rlidph V.
EmoKlient (emollio, to .soften). A sub-
stance ust:<l by external application to .soften
the skin.
Emo'tional (e/mnu-o, to move away). I'er-
taining to the mental condition of feeling.
E. Insanity, characleri/ed by exagg«-ra-
tioii and exaltation of feelings.
Emphract'ic (///O/wrru, to obslnirt) A
term u-c'i I'V lli|<|)Otrates to designate any
agent which obstructs the fimction of an
organ.
Emphyse^ma {e/Kpvffau, to inflate). The
abnomial collection of air in the connective
tissue of apart, causing swelling and crepi-
tation.
Empir'ic {^t/irreipiKog, experiential, practi-
cal). One practicing medicine without
philo.sophical or scientific principles, simply
from the results of his own or others' expe-
rience. As commonly used, synonymous
with quack.
Emplas'trum ie/ii7z?.aaau, to plaster up).
A pUister. In pharmacy, a cohesive, tena-
cious substance, insoluble in water, as an
excipient containing a ])rescribed medicinal
substance intended to be spread thin upon
chamois, kid or muslin. The excipient
is usually lead oleate or Burgundy j)itch.
(See Leait and /'/>.) There are 17 official
emp/astra.
Emprosthot^onos [gfj-poaOfv, forward,
T£ivu, to stretch). A tetanic condition of
the muscles of the front part of the body
whereby the body is bent forward.
Empye'ma (fi', in, nvov, pus). Pus in
tlie pleural cavity or in the chest.
Empye'sis (efinvEu, to suppurate). Dis-
eases characterized by phlegmonous pim-
ples gradually filling with purulent lluitl.
Empy'ocele {n\ m - lor, pus,K7/?.f/,t\imvr).
A jjurulent scrotal tumor.
EmuFsin {emutgeo, to milk out). A fer-
ment contained in bitter almonds. Also
called Synaptase. Its union with amyg-
dalin forms hydrocyanic acid. See Amyg-
dnlin.
EmuPsion. Water in which oil, in minute
suiidi vision of its particles, is suspended.
Emunc'tory [^tminii^o, to blow the nose).
.\n excretory duct or organ.
Enam'el. See 'J'ceth.
Enanth'ema (n', avOtu, to blos.som). An
eruption within the body in distinction
from exanthcnta.
Enarthro'sis. See Diart/irosis.
Encan'this {n>, kuvHhc;, the angle of the
eye). A reddi.sh colored morbid growth
in the inner canthus of the eye.
Encephalic (eyKtcjxUof:, the brain). I'er-
lainiiig t(i the encephalon.
Enceph'alin. A nitrogenous glucoside
extracted from brain tissue.
Encephali'tis. (Jeneral inlkunmation of
the encephalon.
Enceph'alocele {i)Kr<pa7tir, ki/?i/, tumor).
.\ iieinia of tin- brain.
Enccph'aloid. Ke.sembling brain tissue.
.See Citi , ini'/na.
ENCEPHALOMA
144
ENDOSMOTIC
Encephalc'ma {syKE^aXog, una, tumor).
Tumor of the brain.
Enceph^alon (ev, in, Ketpakr], the head).
The contents of the cranium. The brain.
Encephalop'athy(£7/>;e0aZof,7rn^oc,pain).
A term for indefinite or general disease-of
the brain.
Enceph^alotome (evus^aTio^, rofui, sec-
tion). An instrument for slicing the en-
cephalon or a part for examination or pre-
servation.
Enchondro^ma [ev, ;;\;ovSpog, cartilage,
oma, tumor). A tumor arising from car-
tilage or resembling it in texture, etc.
Enchy^lema [ev, Xv?.o^, juice). The fluid
enclosed in the meshes of the chromatin.
En Clou. See CiilHire.
Encyst^ed [tv, Kvarig, a bag). Enclosed
in a cyst, or capsule. Aneurysms, hernioe,
tumors, etc., may become encysted.
End. The terminal point of a thing. E.
Bulb, the terminal bulb of a nerve in the
skin. £7td Bulb of Krause. See Cor-
puscle. E. Plate, the expanded terminal
of a motor nerve upon a bundle of muscu-
lar fibers. E. Organ, the general name
for the terminal organ or part of a sensory
nerve-fiber of whatever kind.
Endarteri^'tis (tvfiov, within, arteritis).
Inflammation of the intima, or innermost
coat of an arter)'.
Endem'ic (ti', in, ^iifioQ, a people). Used
of diseases that are not brought from with-
out a particular area or people, but that are
peculiar to it. E. Verrugas. 'S)tQ Fram-
liivsia.
EndemioFogy (ev, Srjiioc;, Tioyog, a treatise).
The science of endemic diseases.
Ender^mic (ev, (kp/ja, the .skin). Within
the skin. Pertaining to a method of admin-
istering medicines through the skin, by
rubliing, etc.
End^o- [£V(hv, within). A prefix, meaning
li^nthin.
Endo-ausculta''tion. A method of auscul-
tation devised by Bianchi by using the
ordinary oesophageal tube passed into the
stomach, to auscult the gullet and stomach,
and through them to a certain degree the
heart and lungs.
End^oblast {ev<)ov, ft^aarog, a germ). The
cell-nucleus.
Endocardi^tis [nnhv, napfiui, the heart,
<r/f). Inflammation of the endocardium
or lining meml)rane of the heart. Acute
rheumatism is the most frequent cause,
though pneumonia, gout and septic fever
may precede. The disease is prone to termi-
nate fatally or result in permanent injury
to the valves. Fibrinous deposits or vege-
tations project into the cavity of the heart ;
the thickened endocardium is liable to be-
come atheromatous, with chronic ulcera-
tion. E., Malignant, or Ulcerative, a
rapidly fatal type due to septic infection.
It has also been called Diphtheritic E., in
the sense of belonging to the diphtheritic
class of diseases. Microorganisms are
found in this form.
Endocard^ium [Evdov,KapSLa). The color-
less, transparent membrane lining the inte-
rior of the heart.
Endocolpi^tis. See Colpitis.
End'oderm. See Blastoderm.
End''ogen (ev&ov, yevvau, to produce). A
plant whose growth is by means of new-
matter deposited in the interior of the trunk
or branch. See Exogen.
End^olymph {tv6ov, fy/jpha,Vfaitx). The
fluid of the membranous labyrinth of the
ear.
Endometri^tis. Inflammation of the en-
dometrium. E., Cervical, of the cer
vical portion. E., Decidual, of the de-
cidual membrane of the impregnated
uterus. It may be <;//^/«^-(thickening and
development of connective tissue) or poly-
poid, with polypoid growths.
Endome^trium {ev6ov, fJ-ijTpa, uterus).
The lining membrane of the uterus.
Endomy^sium (evdov, fivg, muscle). The
extension of the perimysium between the
muscular fibers.
Endoneu^rium (evSov, vevpov, a nerve).
The delicate connective tissue holding to-
gether the fibrils of a bundle of nerves.
Endopath^ic (ei't5ov,7ra9of, suffering). Per-
taining to the rise of disease from condi-
tions or causes not derived from without.
See Exopathic.
Endopericardi^tis [ev^qv, ivEpi, around,
KapSia, the heart, iti(;, inflammation). Com-
bined endocarditis and pericarditis.
End^oscope (^ev^ov, within, anorreu, to ob-
serve). An instrument for examination of
a bodily cavity through its natural outlet.
Endos^copy [ev6ov, okotteu). The exami-
nation of cavities or organs within the body
by means of an endoscope.
Endosmom''eter. An instrument for
measuring endosmosis.
Endosmo'sis {ei'Sov, ua/jog, a thrusting).
The interchange and passage of two liquids
through a dividing membrane.
Endosmot^ic. Pertaining to endosmosis.
E. Equivalent, the weight of distilled
water that passes into the flask of the endos-
mometer in exchange for a known weight
ENDOSTEITIS
145
ENTODERM
of the soluble substance. This, e. g., for
salt is 4.3 ; for sugar 7. 1, etc. "
Endostei'tis (frt'or, ocTtov, a bone, iriq).
Inflammation of the endosteuni of Iwne.
Endost'eum. The vascular membranous
layer of connective tissue lining the medul-
lary cavity of Ixjnes.
Endothelio''ma. A tumor of the endo-
thelium.
Endothe'lium {e\-6ov, fh/?j), nipple). The
internal lining membrane of serous, syno-
vial and other internal surfaces; the homo-
loj^^e of epithelium.
En'ema [Evtt/ui^ to inject). An injection
v( a medicine or food into the rectum.
Enepiderm'ic [ev, e-jridep/ji^, the epider-
nii,-). Pertaining to the treatment of dis-
ease by applications to the skin.
En'ergy [cvep-}eu, to be active). The
jowcr or force displayed by an organism.
E., Conservation of, the law that the
various forms of energy can be transformed
one into the other without the loss of any
part. E., Kinetic, the ]X)\ver of a Ixxly
in motion. E., Potential, the possible
jx)wer of a body at rest. Physiologically,*
its meaiiure is the amount of heat that may
l)e obtained by complete combustion of the
chemical compounds representing the po-
tential energy.
En'ervate {e/ic-i-'o, to weaken). To
weaken.
Eneure'sis. See Enuresis.
Engage'ment Stage of Labor. See
Di\cenl-;lni^e.
English Sweating Fever. See Anglicus
.Slid r.
Engorg'ement (Fr. engorge ut en t, a chok-
ing ujj). Over'-distention of the ves.scls
of a part and stagnation of the circulation.
\'asi ular congestion.
Enophthal'mia {cv, o(f)Ma/./io^, the eye).
Retraction of the eyeliall in the orbit.
Enosto'sis (rv, oareov, Ixsne). A tumor
within the medullary canal of a bone, or
a lx)My tumor originating in Ixjne.
En PiqOre. See Culture.
Ens'iform Append'ix [ensis, a sword). A
sword-shajx-d, c;util;iginoas process of the
sternum.
Ensomph'alus {n>, ou(pn/itr, navel). A
diiulile munslrosity with practically com-
plete and functional organisms, iiut united
tfjgethcr by .some more or less suiK-rlicial
lond.
Enta^sia {rvrnntr, a straining). A generic
I'-nii iitr s[)asmrxlic muscular action.
EnteraPgia {n'rifniv, intestine, u7.yor,
|iain). Pain in the Ixiwels.
10
Enterec'tomy (cvrepov, intestine, tiarofiT],
excision). E.xcision of a pait of the intes-
tine.
Enter''ic (fiTf/)oi). Pertaining to the in-
testines. E. Fever, tyjihoid fever.
Enteri^tis {p'-vpoi', irt^, inflammation).
Intlanimation of the intestines.
Ent'ero- [eirepoi'). A prefi.x denoting
relation to the intestines.
Ent'erocele [evTepov, k7/?>/, a tumor). A
heniia containing a loop of intestine. E.,
Rectal, witli a covering of the rectal wall.
E., Vaginal, with a covering of the
vagina] wall.
Enterocly'sis {^evrepm', K7.vaig, a drench-
ing). Injection of nutrient material with-
in the intestine in cholera, collapse, etr.
Entero-coli'tis [nTepor, ko?mv, the colon).
Combined intlanimation of the intestines
and colon.
Entero-epip'locele. See Hernia.
Entero-gas^trocele {iv-tpov, yaa-j/p, the
belly, K>//j/, tumor). A hernia containing
gastric and intestinal walls.
Ent'erolith [evTepov, 7iill(>c, a stone). A
stony concretion formed in the digestive
tube.
Enterop^athy [evrepov, naffog, suffering).
Disease of the intestines.
Entero-peritoni^tis (errepov, irepirovaing^
iTig). Combined inflammation of the in-
testines and adjacent |x:ritoncum.
Ent^eroplasty (eiTepov, Tr?.nnaUj to form).
Pla.stic operations upon the intestine to re-
pair injuries of its walls.
Enterorrha'gia [t^mpov, pr/yvv^t, to burst
forth). Intestinal hemoirhage. Excessive
discharges of any kind from the intestine.
Enteror'rhaphy (trrFpov^ pcPl, ^ suture).
Suture of the intestine.
Enterost^omy (tmpav, arnun, mouth).
Incision of the small intestine and suture
of the same to the abdominal wall for in-
troduction of food by this artificial mouth,
in case of im]X)ssibility of food-entrance
by the normal route.
Enterot^omy [rvTepov, re/zvu, to cut). In-
cision of the intestine.
Enterozo''6n {n'repov, (uoVj an animal).
:\ |)ar;i.site of the intestine.
Enthet'ic {tyri(h//ii^ to put in). Coming
from without, usi'd es|)eeially of syphilitic
and other specific contagious di.seases.
Enfoblast ('iror, within, ji/acTog, germ).
The nucleolus, or germinal s|K)t.
Ent'ocyte (nTor, mtik;, cell). The con-
tents of a cell, including nucleolus, graiiu-
lati<ins, (•/(■.
Ent'oderm. See /i/astix/erm.
ENTOMOLOGY
146
EPIGENESIS
EntomoFogy (evTOfiov, an insect, 7\.oyoq,
treatise). Thie science of insect life.
Entomoph^ilous {^evTOfia, ^ueu, to love).
Insect-loving or attracting. E. Flowers,
flowers attracting insects by their secre-
tions and thus securing cross-fertilization
through the insects who carry the pollen
to other flowers.
Entop^tic {^svTog, OTrrcKog, pertaining to
vision). Pertaining to the internal parts
of the eye. E. Phenomena, visual phe-
nomena caused by peculiarities or imper-
fections of the eye itself, such as niiiscce
volitantes, etc.
Entofic (tvToq, oi»f, ear). Pertaining to
the internal ear. E. Phenomena, sounds
caused by abnormalities of the auditoiy
mechanism itself.
Entozo'on {tvroq, i^uov, an animal). A
parasite living within another animal.
Entro^pium (ev, in, Tpewu, to turn). In-
version of the eyelids, so that the lashes
rulj against the'- globe of the eye, produc-
ing inflammation, pannus, etc.
Enuclea''tion l^e, out of, nitcleus, a kernel).
Applied to the operation of exsecting or
shelling-out from its seat or capsule a
tumor, etc. E. of Eye, excision of the
eyeball from the orbit.
Enure^sis [evovpeu, to be incontinent of
urine). Incontinency of urine. E. Noc-
turna, involuntary emptying of the blad-
der during sleep.
Envi'ronment (Fr. environner, to sur-
round). The totality of influences acting
from without upon the organism.
En^zymes (ev, sv/^^, leaven). Hydrolytic
ferments as distinguished from organized
ferments, such as yeast. They act by
causing the body to take up a molecule of
water. They are most active between 30°
and 35° C, and are destroyed by boiling.
E'osin. See Fucksin.
Epend^yma (^cttevSv/Mj an upper garment).
The lining membrane of the cerebral ven-
tricles and of the spinal canal.
Ependymi'tis {^epcndynta, ltlq, inflamma-
tion). Inflammation of the ependyma.
Ep'hedra Antisyphilif'ica. See Tepopote.
Eph^edrene. The active principle of
Ephedra vulgaris. Proposed as a my-
driatic by Nagai. A cardiac depressant.
Unof.
Ephe^lides. See Lentigo.
Ephem''era Malig''na. See Angliciis
Sudor.
Ephem''eral {E(p7)fiepog, living a day).
Temporary. Applied to fevers that pass
away in a day.
EphiaFtes. See Nightmare.
Ephid^rosis. See Hyperidrosis. E. Cru-
enta, bloody sweat.
Ep'iblast (fTTi, upon, ^Xaarog, a sprout).
The external or upper layer of the blasto-
derm, called, also, the ectoderm or neuro-
epidermal layer, from which is developed
the central nervous system and epidemial
tissues, including the epithelium of the
sense organs.
Epicanth^us [t-Ki, Kavdog, angle of the eye).
A fold of skin passing from the nose to the
eyebrow over the inner canthus of the eye.
Epicard^ium. The visceral layer of the
pericardium.
Ep^icome (em, upon, KOfiTj, hair). A para-
sitic monstrosity with an accessoiy head
imited to the principal foetus by the sum-
mit.
Epicra-'nium (em, upaviov, the cranium).
The structures covering the cranium.
Epicri-'sis [eiriKpiaig, determination). The
phenomena of disease succeeding the
crisis.
Epicystof'omy {e-i, Kvorig, a bladder,
Tsuvcj, to cut). The suprapubic method
of incising the bladder.
Ep^icyte [eki, nvrog, cell). The cell-wall
or hyaline cuticle of cells.
Epidem^ic [etvi, 6//juog, people). Used of
diseases that reach a people, or spread over
an area from without, in contradistinction
to endemic.
Epidemiog^raphy (epidemic, jpa<j)u, to
write). A description of epidemic dis-
eases.
Epidemiol''ogy (epidemic, Tiojog, doctrine) .
The science of epidemic diseases.
Epiderm^is (etti, dEpfia, the skin). The
outer layer of the skin. The scarf-skin,
consisting of a layer of horny cells that
protects the true skin. Has neither l)lood
vessels nor nerve filaments. E., Append-
ages of, a generic name for the hair, nails,
etc., growing from the epiderm.
Epidermiza''tion. The formation of epi-
derm.
Epidid'ymis (SiSvfioi, the testes). The
small body lying above the testes. The
superior end is the globus major, the infe-
rior, the globus ininor.
Epididymi''tis. Inflammation of the epi-
didymus.
Epidu^ral Space. The space outside the
dura mater of the spinal cord.
Epigas''trium (ett^, yaartip, the stomach).
The epigastric region.
Epigen^esis (ETrcyiyvofiai, to be born after).
The generation of organisms by new and
EPIGLOTTIS
14-
EPOXYCHIUM
successive formations in contradistinction
to Syngenesis, in whicli each germ is
supposed to contain those of all subseciuent
generations.
Epiglot'tis. See Glottis.
Epigna'thus {t-i, yiaOoc, jaw). A para-
sitic monstrosity in which the jwrasite is
united to the sujjerior ma.xillary bone.
Epila'tion (<-, out of, />'7its, a hair). The
removal of hair.
Epilato'rium. .\n application for perma-
nently removing hair.
Epilep'sy [i-i'/J/il'ig, a laying hold of).
.\ ner\ous affection characterized by sud-
den loss of consciousness and [X)wer of co-
ordination of motion with tonic and clonic
convulsions, the fits lasting but a short
time. This form of the disease is the
"true" affection, or the haut mal of the
Erench. The petit mal [uliorthe epilepsy,
epileptic Viftij^o) is less severe, and may
consist of only a slight loss of conscious-
ness, with retained coordination of motion.
E. Cursiva, the fit preceded by a tend-
ency to run. E., Jacksonian, spasmodic
contractions in certain groups of muscles
due to local diseases of the cortex, always
confined to one-half of the body and with
retention of consciousness. E. Larvata,
or E., Masked, the less severe cases of
the true epilejjsy, in which the patient
does not fall. E., VasXAaX, Jacksonian E.
E., Procursive, there is propulsion of
the iKxly in some special direction. E.,
Reflex, liuc to some reflex neurosis.
Epilep'tic. Pertaining to or like epilepsy.
Also one affected with epilepsy. E. Cry,
the vocal sound or cry in ejiilepsy, from
lar)ngeal sjxism. E. Hemiplegia, some-
times follows the fit, especially after uni-
lateral convulsions. E. Mania, slight
maniacal tendencies following or taking
the place of the fit. E. Vertigo, giddi-
ness is a common sensation of epilepsy,
but is erroneoasly applied to attacks of
minor epilc|)sy.
Epilep'tiform {epHcp-iy, forma, likeness).
l<e~(iiil)liiig the >ymi>loms of ejjilep.sy.
Epileptog'enous {epilepsy, yevvau, to pro-
duce). I'nxlucing epilepsy.
Epi'lose (c neg.,///(W/., hairy). Without
hair ; bald.
Epineu'rium (»-<, vrvf>ov, nerve). The
nerve-sh'-ath.
Epipas'tic {rm:rntjau, to s|)rinkle). Per-
t. lining to plasters sprinkli-il witii s<jme
:i-^iiii, .IS earitharides, u>.ed as a vesicant.
Epiph'ora (im^ijxj, to burst u|)<)n). An
overflow of tears, due to ovcr-secrelion (jr
impeded outflow of the normal methods
of excretion. Lachryination.
Epiph''ysis (z~i,^vi^, to grow). A process
of bone attached to another bone by carti-
lage. E. Cerebri, the pineal gland.
Ep^iphyte (f ~', (^i'7or, a plant). A para-
^ilic plant living upon another plant. Used
also of a parasitic plant upon an animal.
Epip'locele. See Hernia.
Epip'loon [e-L-7.tu, to float upon). The
omentum. E. Gastro-colic, the great
omentum. E. Gastro-hepatic, the les-
ser omentum.
Episcleri'tis (em, atCkripoq, hard, «r<f). A
localized inflammation of the subconjunc-
tival tissues.
Episiofraphy {e-kioeiov, pubes, pa^i],
seam). An operation for the cure of pro-
lapsed uterus or procidentia.
Episiot''omy [i-iatiov, 7o«//, section). In-
cision linough the vulva in childl)irth to
prevent rupture of the perineum and facih-
tate labor.
Epispad''ias {tin, aira^u, to pierce). Ab-
normal opening of the urethra ujwn the
upper part of the penis.
Epispasf'ic [t-L,c~aaiq, a drawing ujxju).
A vesicatory or substance producing a
blister.
Epistax'is (e-iara^u, to distill). Hemor-
rhage from the nose.
Epithelio'ma. Carcinomatous formation
of the skin or mucous membrane, composed
of epithelial cells.
Epithc'lium [t-i, upon, rifti/ui, to place).
The cuticle or cellular structure of mucous
surfaces, and also the skin of tiie body.
E., Ciliated, a form in which the cells
bear vibratile filaments or cilice at their
free extremities. E., Columnar, distin-
guished by jirismatic-sliaped or colunmar
cells. E., Nucleated, consisting of cir-
cular or hexagonal cells, each containing
a nucleus. E., Pavement, cubical or
polygonal cells covering the surfact' like the
stones of a ])avement. E., Squamous,
the cells have been reduced to llattened,
scaly plates. E., Stratified, the cells are
arranged in distinct layers. E., Tessel-
lated. Same as /.'., /'aTewent. E., Tran-
sitional, inlermediate iK'tween simple and
stratified.
Epitroch'lea(fT^, Ti)nxii}i<i, a pulley). The
internal condyle of the humerus.
Epizo'on (iTTi, C<J"i'. an animal). .\n
animal living as a parasite U|)on another.
Epizoof'ic. A contagious disease alTect-
111^ animals.
Eponych'ium [em, ui-v^, a finger nail).
EPOSTOMA
148
ERYTHEMA
A homy condition of the epidermis from
the 2d to the 8th month of foetal Hfe, indi-
cating the position of the nail.
Eposto^ma {st^i, ogteov, bone). An ex-
ostosis.
Ep^som Salts. See Magnesium.
Epu''lis {em, ovla, the gums). A hard,
fibrous tumor of the alveolar processes of
the gums.
Ekiuilib''rium [csquus, equal, libro, bal-
ance). An even balancing of a body or
condition. E., Stable, when, after slight
disturbance, the body will return to its
original condition or position. E., Un-
stable, when it will not so return.
Equi^nia {equiis, a horse). Glanders.
P'arcy. A contagious, specific disease,
with both local and general symptoms,
derived from the horse or ass. Affects
chiefly the skin, mucous membranes and
lymphatics. Begins with purulent nasal
discharges, which extend to the respiratory,
ocular and oral membranes. Thought to
be of microbic origin.
Equiv^alence (aqinis, equal, valco, to be
worth). Of equal value. The saturating
power of an element as compared with
that of hydrogen.
Era'sion (c, out, 7-ado, to scrape). The
act of scraping.
Erect''ile {crigo, to set up). Pertaining to
stiffening, rigidity or erection. E. Tis-
sue, that intermediating erection, consist-
ing of a network of expansile capillaries
that under stimulus becomes engorged with
blood.
Erec'tion [erigo). The condition of full-
ness and firmness of the penis, clitoris, etc.,
due to sexual excitement, friction, e/c, the
mechanism consisting in an overfilling of
the blood vessels. E. Center. See Cejiter.
Erect''or i^erigo). Pertaining to muscles
whose function is to erect or elevate a part.
See Muscle. E. Pili, the unstriped mus-
cular fibers causing the erection of the hair
and the phenomenon called goose-Jlesh or
goose-skin.
Er^ethism {epedidfiog, irritation). An ab-
normal heightening of nervous irritability.
Erg. See C^nif.
Er^got, or Ergo'ta. A fungus, Clavi-
ccps purpuia (or Scbiini ccirinituDi), para-
sitic upon rye. Contains sphacelinic acid,
ergotinic acid, and cornutin, to which its
properties are due. A powerful excito-
motor, haemostatic, and gastrointestinal
irritant. Used most frequently to promote
uterine contraction in childbirth. Valu-
able internally in amenoiTha'a and atonic
spermatorrhoea ; externally in gonorrhoea,
conjunctivitis and inflammations of mucous
membranes. Effects most prompt by hy-
podennic injection. Dose gr. x-^j. E.,
Ext. Fid., prepared with dilute hydro-
chloric acid, alcohol, and water. Dose
^ss-ij. E., Ext., — Ergotin. Dose gr.
ij-xx. E., Vinum, 15 per cent. Dose
^j-_^j. Sclerotic Acid, thought to be
identical with ergotinic acid.
Er'gotism. The constitutional effects of
overdoses of ergot, or of the persistent use
of food containing ergot. These may be
acute, chronic, gangrenous, or spasmodic.
Erig'eron. Fleabane. The plant E.
canadense. Physiological action like that
of oil of turpentine, but less irritant. Effi-
cient as a hffimostat in menonhagia. E.,
01., the essential volatile oil of same.
Dose Ttl^x-^ss. Unof.
Eriodic'tyon. Yerba Santa. The leaves
of E. glutinostim, a shrub best known in
California. An excellent expectorant, and
valuable as an excipient for quinine, the
taste of which it largely conceals. Useful
in bronchial affections. E., Ext. Fid.
Dose n\,xv-5j. E., Ext. Dose gr. ij-x.
All unof.
Ero^sion (erodo, to eat into). Disinte-
gration of tissue by mechanical, chemical
or morbid action.
Erofic (epwf, love). Pertaining to the
sexual passion.
Erotoma'nia (fpoif, fLovia, madness).
Morbid, abnonnal exaggeration of love
generally; more limited to the imaginative
than to the carnal aspect of the sentiment.
See Nyviplioinania, Satyriasis.
Er^rhine (fi', in, /w, the nose). A medi-
cine which, applied to the mucous mem-
brane of the nose, increases nasal secre-
tions. A sternutatory.
Eructa''tion (^;y/(7'(', to belch). Belching.
Erup''tion {cnimpo, to burst out). A
bursting forth of any kind or from any
part, but applied especially to the chief
symptom of certain skin diseases, consist-
ing in pimples, vesicles, rash, etc.
Erysip'elas [epvOpog, red, TreTiTm, skin). A
constitutional febrile disease with a pecu-
liar redness and inflammation of the skin
and subcutaneous tissue, generally of the
face ; of possible bacterial origin.
Erysip''eloid. A peculiar affection of the
palms of the hands or soles of the feet,
characterized by zones of violaceous red
eruption with burning and itching.
Erythe^ma {spvOr/fia, a blush). An affec-
tion of the skin commonly known as " rose
ERYTIIR,\SMA
149
ETHER
rash "or " inflammatory blush." A con-
gestion or rcdncs-s of skin that with pres-
sure tennxjrarily disappe;irs. E. An-
nulare or Circinatum, a form marked
by ilie spreading of the disease in ring-
shaped or circular patches. E. Fugax,
a transitory redness sometimes appearing
on the faces and tnmks of children. Usu-
ally associated with wontis. E. Inter-
trigo, a congestion arising from the fric-
tion of adjacent parts of the skin. E.
Laeve, the redness frequently occurring in
drop>ical swelling of the legs. E. No-
dosum, a form marked by symmetrical,
notledike swellings over the tibi;e, con-
sidered an expression of rheumatism. E.
Papulatum, ;m inflammatory fonn marked
by p.ijRiles and vesicles. E. Paratrim-
ma, the red patches jireceding the a|>pear-
ance of bed-sores E. Pernio, a chil-
blain. E. Roseola, a form marked by
a dull ret! hue. .May be idiopathic, or the
symptomatic eruption preceding scarlet
fever, measles, cti-. E., Scarlatiniform,
somewhat like that of scarlet fever, imt
usually in defined patches. Frequently
accomjwnies septicaemia, puerperal fever,
etc. E. Simplex, congestion due to ex-
ternal irritation. E. Urticaria, the early
stage of urticaria, q. z'.
Erythras'ma (f/n'rt|jof). A vegetable para-
sitic di.sease producing brownish patches.
Appears usually on the folds of the a.xilke
and inguinal regions. Resembles Titu-a
Versicolor, but is more insignilicant. Due
to ver)- minute microspores.
Eryth'roblast. See Leucocyte.
Erythrochloro'pia (tin<MiJor, ;f?.wpof,
green, (ji/', eye). A form of subnormal
color perception in which green and red
are the only colors correctly distinguished.
Erythrodex'trin. A dextrin formed by
the action of saliva on starch. It gives a
red eolor with iodine.
Erythrogran'ulose. A granular sub-
stance, found in starch grains, coloring red
with iodine.
Erythromelal'gia Irpi'Opo^, /ie?.oc, limb,
u'/.yitf, |>ain). An affection of the extremi-
ties characterized by great redness ami
pain.
Erythroph'leine. See Cusca /i,iri:
Erythrops'ia (eiivOin^, uij'ir, vision). An
abnormality of vision in whicli all objects
a|i|M-3r red.
Erythrox'ylon. f'oca,C'ura. The leaves
of /:'. ciirii, a shrub indigenous to the
Andes Mountains. (Not to l« confouniled
with cocoa.) Contains an alkaloid, cocaine,
q. v., to which its properties are mainly
due. An aromatic tonic and cerebral
stimulant. Stimulates the brain, produc-
ing a remarkable power of enduring hun-
ger and fatigue. Large doses produce
hallucinations. Efl'ects similar to those of
cotVee, but more intense. Much used by
the natives for sustenance during long
journeys. The leaves, smoked, are bene-
ficial in hay fever. E., Ext. Fid. Uose
^ss-ij. Difticult to obtain good leaves.
^Vines and elixirs of coca are numerous.
Es'bach's Method. A test for all>umin
in urine, the albumin being precipitated by
a solution of picric and citric acids (10-20-
970 parts of urine) ; the number of grammes
per 1000 c.c. being indicated on the gradu-
ated tube of the albumimeter.
Es'char (fCT^«/w<j, to scab over). The
slough or scab following cauterization,
burns, etc.
Escharofic. A substance which, applied
to the skin, prcxluces an eschar. A caustic.
Es'culus Hippocasta'num. Horse-
chestnut. The fruit of the common
" buckeye," or horse-chestnut. Recom-
mended in hemorrhoids. Dose gi-. iij.
Unof.
Es''erine. An alkaloid derived from I'hy-
.sostigina, q. v.
Es'march's Bandage, or Apparatus.
The bandage is of elastic rubber, antl is
used u|K)n a limb to be amputated, in order
to drive the blood out of it iiy progressive
ai)plication of turns ai)out the limb toward
the trunk.
Esod'ic (£(T(j, within, ofV»;, way). Pertain-
ing to afferent or centripetal nerves, or
tliose conveying impressions toward the
Central nervous system.
Esopho'ria. See Hcterophoria.
Esoter'ic (mwrf/jof, within). Secret, mys-
terious. Arising within the organism.
Esotro'pia. See .Slrnhisiuiis.
Es'sence (essen/iir). That (|uality of a
thing giving it ])eculiaiity of iH)wcr. The
peculiar ([ualilies of a drug extracted and
reduced to a small compass.
Essen'tial. Pertaining to the essence of
a substance. Pertaining to the iH-culiar
and distinctive characteristic of a di>ea--e.
E'ther {,,///er, the u])|)er air). The tenu-
ous subtle fluid filling space and intir|K-ne-
trating all Inxlies, the medium of trans-
mission of the vii)ratory activities called
light, heat, eleclricily ami magnetism.
Used also to designate a large class of
organic com|K)un<ls. S|)«-lle<l al.so </•///</■.
Esther. A thin, colorless, volatile, luid
ETHEREAL
150
EUONYMUS
highly inflammable liquid, in composition
a di-ethylic oxide (C2H5)20. It is used
mainly as a solvent for fats and oils, and
as an anaesthetic. Internally it is anodyne,
antispasmodic, diaphoretic, and narcotic.
Inhaled it is an anaesthetic, and a cardiac
stimulant in toxic doses, paralyzing the
respiratory centers. E., Acetic, proper-
ties likeethylic ether. Dose V!\^ x-gj. E.,
Commercial, contains 94 per cent, of
ether. It is unfit for use except as a solvent.
E. Fortior, should contain 94 per cent, of
ethylic oxide. Dose Tf\,x-_:5J. E., Hy-
driodic, unof. Dose for inhalation tT\^xv.
E., Hydrobromic, unof Dose T\x-^].
E. Oleum, contains equal parts ether
and heavy oil of wine. E., Spt., Comp.,
commonly known as Hoffman's anodyne.
It consists of ether 30, alcohol 67, ethereal
oil 3 per cent. Dose Tt\^ v-^:^]. E., Spt.,
Nitrosus, sTiwet spirit of nitre, a solution
of ethyl nitrite in alcohol. Dose 3 ss- 5 ss.
Ethe^real. Pertaining to the ether or to
ether.
Etheriza^'tion. The administration of
ether to produce anesthesia. This is
effected by inhalation of the vapor.
E'therism. The symptoms of etherization.
Ethnics [r/0iKog, moral). The science of
human feelings, thoughts and actions rela-
ting to duty or morality. E., Medical,
the duties a physician owes to himself,
his profession and his fellow-men.
Ethmoceph'alus {ffifJO(;, ethmoid, KecpaT^rj,
head). A cyclocephalic monstrosity with
a rudimentary nose, the two eyes being
closely approximated.
Eth'moid [ifii^ioQ, a sieve). The cribri-
form bone of the nose, perforated for the
transmission of the olfactoiy nerves.
EthnoFogy [fOvoq, a nation, Aoyof, a dis-
course). The comparative study of the
races of mankind.
Ethoxy-caFfeine. A remedy recom-
mended to relieve the pain of herpes
zoster, and migraine. It is also said to
prevent the gastric pain often caused by
cocaine.
EthyFamine. A ptomaine formed in putre-
fying yeast, in wheat-flour, and in distilla-
tion of beet-sugar residues. It is a strongly
ammoniacal liquid, boiling at 18.7°, — mis-
ciljle with water in every proportion, — com-
bustible, and possesses strong basic proper-
ties. Non-poisonous.
Eth^yl Chlor^ide. Chloric Ether. An
anaesthetic resembling chloroform in action.
Use sometimes followed by corneal opacity.
Unof.
Eth''ylene. A hydro-carbon radical, having
the molecular structure C2H^. It is char-
acterized by strong affinities, especially for
chlorine, with which it unites to form an
oily compound. Hence its common name,
olefiant gas.
Ethylidenedi''aniine. A poisonous pto-
maine obtained from decomposing haddock.
Injections of the ptomaine in mice and
guinea-pigs produce aliundant flow of se-
cretion from the nose, mouth and eyes.
Pupils dilate and eyeballs project. Violent
dyspnoea follows and continues until death,
that does not take place for twenty-four
hours or more. The heart is stopped in
diastole.
Etiola^tion (Fr. etioler, to blanch). The
paleness or blanching, in plants or man,
from confinement in darkness.
EtioFogy (ama, a cause, "koyoQ^ a dis-
com^se). A treatise on or pertaining to
the causes of disease.
Eucalyp^tus. The leaves (lanceolate,
after 3 years' growth) of the E. globulus,
or Blue Gum, native to Australia, but now
cultivated in California. Contains a vola-
tile oil, which yields eucalyptol, a cam-
phor, by distillation. An aromatic bitter,
promoting digestion. Highly antiseptic
and anti-malarial. Valuable in atonic dys-
pepsia and in intermittent fevers. E.,
Fid. Ext., alcoholic. Dose rtl^x-gj. E.
01., the volatile oil. Dose TTLx-xxx, in
emulsion. E.,Tinct. Unof. Dose ^ss-ij.
Eudiom'eter {tv&ia, calm weather, /uerpov,
a measure). An instrument for ascertain-
ing the composition of tlie air.
Eudipleu^ra [ev, well, 6cg, twice, TT?i£vpa,
the side). In biology a designation of
those organic forms composed of two
equal and symmetrical halves.
Eu^genol. A product obtained from the
residue of the distillation of oil of cloves.
Antiseptic. Unof.
Eu'kalyn. A substance similar to inosit,
arising from the fermentation of melitose.
Eulach'ion Oil, or
Eulacho^ni Oleum. Candle-fish Oil. Eu-
lachon Oil. The oil of the fish T/m/e-
ichthys pacificus, or candlefish. Less dis-
agreeable than cod-liver oil, for which it is
often substituted. Dose ^j-iv. Unof.
Eu^nuch (evvovxoQ, guardian of the couch).
One from whom the genital organs have
been removed or mutilated so as to render
him impotent.
EuoiT'ymus. Wahoo. The bark of E.
atropnrpiircus. An astringent tonic and
purgative, resembling rhubarb, jalap, aloe,
EUPATORIUM
151
EXCLUSION
etc., but rather milder. Beneficially em-
ployed in dropsy and hepatic atVectioiis.
E., Ext. Dose gr. j-v. Euonymin,
unof., the essential principle. Dose gr.
ss-v.
Eupato'rium. Thoroughwort. Boneset.
The leaves and flowering tops of E. per-
foliatiim. A bitter tonic and diaphoretic,
of value in remittent and typhoid! fevers.
Thought, also, to be a ta-nifuge. E., Fid.
Ext. Dose Tr^x— _^j.
Euperistal'sis. See Pcn'stalsis.
Euphor'bia Pilulif'era. Has reputed
value in a.>thnia and cardiac dyspncea.
Dose of the extract gr. j. Unof
Eupho'ria (fioo/wK-, easily earned). The
sense of well-being or health.
Euphra'sia. Eycbright. A small an-
nual, formerly much used in eye affections.
Of utility as an a.stringent lotion in con-
junctivitis. Valuable in breaking up nasal
catarrh and in hay fever. E., Tinct.,
strengtli 1.9. Dose Tt\j-v.
Euplas'tic (fi', well, -'/.acGo, to form).
Pertaining to lymph of a healthy form,
consistency, efc.
Eupnce'a [tv, well, — vfw, to breathe).
Normal and easy respiration.
Eustach'ian Cath'eter. An instrument
for dilating the E. tube, introduced along
the floor of the nose.
Eustach'ian Tube. The canal extending
from the tympanum to the pharynx.
Euthana'sia (u', well, Haiarog^ death).
.•\n easy or calm death.
Euto'cia (romig, childbirth). An easy
n.atural delivery.
Evac'uant {tfaruo, to empty). A medi-
cine which increases the secretion or evacu-
ation of an organ, especially the bowels.
A purgative.
Evacua'tion {n-acuo). Defecation.
Evapora'tion (e, away, vapor, vapor).
In i)harmacy, the ])rocess of converting a
liquid into va|X)r by the agency of heat.
Eve^ning Prim'rose. The flowering tops
of (.Enothcra biennis. Recommended in
asthma with gastric irrital)ility. Dose of
the fid. ex t. Jss-^j. Unof.
Eventra'tion (<•, out of, Tcufer, the belly).
I'trrtainiiig to an extrusion of the alKlomi-
nal viscera; especially in a monstrosity.
Used also as a synonym of /\niin/ons
Abdomen.
Ever'sion of the Eyelid. A folding of
the lid u|K)ti itself for the |)ur|xjsc of ex-
|)Osing the conjunctival surface or sulcus.
Eviscera'tion (/■•, <mt,7'M<rr(/, the Imwels).
'ITie removal of flu; viscera. E., of the
Eye, removal of the entire contents of the
globe of the eye, leaving the sclerotic
intact. An operation in place of enuclea-
tion, and following which some operators
insert a glass or metal shell globe, called
artifiiial 7'ifnoiis, to preserve the shai)e,
etc., of the eyeball. E., Obstetric, the
removal of the alxlominal or thoracic
viscera, in embryotomy.
Evolu'tion (f-7/('A/£', to unroll). Thedevelop-
nicnt or unrolling of the organs and func-
tions, and the stages of growth of an organ-
ism. See Z>(7;-i'/«/.(w. E., Spontaneous,
a tenn expressive of the occurrence in child-
birth of a series of changes effected by the
organisms themselves, whereljy a shoulder
presentation is transfoniied within the
pelvis into a combined breech and shoulder
j)resentation and delivery eflected.
Evul'sion [eve/lo, to pluck out). Forcible
tearing or plucking away of a part, as a
polypus, tonsil, etc.
Exacerba'tion i^cxacerbo, to be violent).
Increased violence of the symptoms of a
disease.
Exan'thema, or Ex'anthem {e^nvdijiia,
eruption). An eniption of the skin.
Excava'tion of the Optic Nerve. A
hollowing or " cupping "' of the disc, or optic
nerve-entrance, that may be physiological
or congenital, and without particular signifi-
cance; ox pathological, the result of glau-
coma, optic atrophy, etc.
Excen'tric Pains. Radiating pains, symp-
tomatic of s]:)inal disease, due to irritati(.>n
of the jxDsterior nerve-roots. The pains are
felt to be in the peripheral organs, hence
the name al)ove.
Excip'ient [e.vcipio, to take up). In phar-
macy, any substance used to give an agree-
able or convenient form to the ingredients
of a prescription.
Excis'ion ((vn/^i/o, tocut off). The opera-
tion of removing a part or tissue by cut-
ting.
ExcitabiFity [excito, to rouse). The ([ual-
ity of reacting to stimulus.
Exci'tant. A remedy that stimulates the
activity of an organ.
Excito- (e.rcito). A Latin prefix denoting
stiniulition or excitation. E. -motor, ikt-
taining to nerves arousing motor function.
Also, a drug or agent that increases activity
cf the motor nerve centers. E. -reflex,
pertaining to a reflex action that ends in
muscular action.
Exci'tor. See Sympathetic Ophthalmitis.
Exclu'sion {excluilo, l<> shut out). A
sinitting out. E., Diagnosis by, the
EXCORIATION
152
EXPECTORATION
reaching a final or most probable diagnosis
by successively excluding one hypothesis
after another as, from a consideration of the
symptoms, impossible.
Excoria'tion (^.r, from, corium, the skin).
Abrasion of the skin, or removal, partial
or complete, of a limited portion of the
same.
Ex^crement {excerno, to sift out). The
fteces.
Excrementi''tious. Pertaining to the ex-
crement.
Excres''cence [excresco, to grow out). An
abnormal outgrowth upon the body.
Excre^ta {excej-no). The natural dis-
charges of the body, particularly those of
the bowels.
Ex'cretin. A substance extracted from
human fseces, related to cholesterin ; of un-
known history and constitution.
Excre^'tion {excerno). The separation of
the fluid waste products of an organ, or the
body as a whole, out of the blood. The
fluids so excreted.
Ex^cretory [excerno). Pertaining to ex-
cretion. E. Duct, a canal conveying the
excretion from the excretory organ to the
discharging point.
Exenceph'alus {e^,£-yKE(pa?iov). A mon-
strosity with the brain outside the cranial
cavity, associated with vertebral fissure.
Exentera^tion (ef, evrepov, intestine).
Removal of the intestines or thoracic
viscera in embryotomy.
Ex^ercise [exerceo, to keep busy). Func-
tional activity of the muscles. E.,
Active, that exerted by the will of the
patient. E., Passive, when the part is
moved by another, or acted upon, as in
massage.
Exfolia'tion [ex/o/?'o, to shed leaves).
The lamellar (or other) separation of bone
or other tissue from the living structure
in I?/y AWrosis, etc.
Exhala^tion [exhah\ to breathe out). The
vapor, subtle particles, etc., given off by
the body through the skin, lungs, etc.
Exhaust^'ion [exhaurio, to pour out).
Drawing out or emptying. Apj)lied espe-
cially to great loss of vital and nervous
power from fatigue, or protracted disease.
Exhib''it [exhibeo, to give). To adminis-
ter medicine.
Exhil'arant (exhilaro, to cheer). An
agent to enliven and cheer the mind. E.
Gas, Nitrous Oxide gas.
Exhuma^tion [ex, humus, ground). The
digging up after interment, or again bring-
ing a dead body out, for examination in
medico-legal inquiries, or for reinterment,
etc.
Exod''ic (ffu, out of, oSoq, a way). Ap-
plied to nerves transmitting impulses out-
ward from the central nervous system.
Ex''ogen (ffw, yevvau, to produce). A
plant whose growth is by means of ex-
ternal deposit upon the trunk or branch.
See Endogen.
Exom^phalos. See Hernia.
Exopath^ic (efw, nadoq, pain). Pertaining
to those causes of disease coming from
without or beyond the organism. See, also,
Endopathic.
Exophor^'ia. See Heterophoria.
Exophthalmic. Pertaining to exophthal-
mos. E. Goitre. See Goitre.
Exophthalmos (ef, otpPal/uoc). Abnor-
mal prominence or protrusion of the eye-
balls. E., Pulsating, that characterized
by a bruit and pulsation, due to an aneu-
rism that pushes the eye forward.
Exosmo'sis. See Osmosis.
Exosto'sis (tf, ooTEov, bone). Abnormal
enlargement or growth of bone, especially
a deposit of bony tissue upon the surface
preexisting bone.
Exoter^ic [e^u-EpiKoq, external). Synony-
mous w^ith Exopathic.
Exot^ic [e^uTiKog, foreign). Pertaining to
plants and products from another country.
Exotro'pia. See Strabismus.
Expec^tant (expecto", to look out for).
Awaiting or expecting ; applied to a plan
of treatment consisting in watching the
progress of a disease, and not interfering,
with therapeutical measures, unless war-
ranted by special symptoms.
Expecta^tion of Life. The average num-
ber of years that persons of a given age,
taken one with another, live, assuming that
they die according to a given table of the
probabilities of life. It thus has no rela-
tion to the most probable life of a single
given individual. E. of L., Complete,
the addition of one-half year to the Cur-
tate Expectation to allow for that portion of
a year lived by each person in the year of
his death. E. of L., Curtate, the average
number of whole or completed years lived
by each person.
Expecf'orant {ex, out, pectus, the breast).
A remedy that acts upon the pulmonic mu-
cous memljrane, to promote or modify its
secretions.
Expectora^tion [ex, pectus). The fluid or
semi-fluid matters from the lungs and air
passages expelled by coughing and spit-
ting.
EXPERIMENTUM MIRAHILK ir,3 EXTRACTION OF CATARACT
Experimen'tum Mirab'ile of Kirch-
ner. An hvpnutic phciionienou in ani-
mals; a lien, c". _^'., remaining in a fixed
position when the head is pressed down
and a chalk line made from its beak.
Ex'pert [<x/',-r/its, proved). A person es-
jx-cially qualified in a science or ait. E.,
Medical, a physician j^ieculiarly fitted by
e.\ixrience or especial learning to render
a true opinion in medico-legal or diag-
nostic questions.
Expira'tion {c-xpiro, to breathe out). The
act of breathing forth, or expelling air
from the lungs.
Explora-'tion {exploro, to search out). The
be;irching out the condition of a disea.sed
organ or part by means of auscultation,
palpation, percussion, t'A-. Also the search-
ing a wound to learn its nature, course,
etc., and if foreign bodies may be present.
Also the examination of the female geni-
tal organs by the finger or instrument for
diagn(.>slic purjwses.
Explor'atory. Pertaining to exploration.
E. Puncture, the puncture of a cavity or
tumor anil extraction therefrom of some of
the contents to leani the nature of the
same. E. Trocar, one especially adapted
for E. puncture.
Explor'er. An instnmient for use in ex-
ploration. E., Electrical, an instrument
for detecting a bullet by means of the elec-
tric current.
Explo'sives. See Consonants.
Expres'sion. \ pres'^ing out. The forci-
ble separation of linuids from .solids by
pressure. E. of Foetus or Placenta,
assisting the exjuilsion of the same by
pressure u]xin the abdominal walls.
Expul'sion, Sponta'neous. The extru-
sion of tin- fiutus or the placenta without
external aid.
ExpuKsive {expello, to drive out). Per-
taining to the extrusion or driving out of
the fd-tus in childbirth, the voiding of the
fa-ces, urine, i-tc.
Exsan'guine (ex, sanguis, WooCl). IJlood-
le-,^.
Exsicca'tion {ex, sicca, dry). The process
of depriving a .solid of its moisture (jr vola-
tile con.-ilitucnls by the agency of mo<lerate
heat.
Ex'strophy {iKtrrpxpu, to evert). Con-
genital ab.scnce of the anterior wall of the
bladder and alxlomcn, with extroversion
of the blarlder.
Extcn'sion {,tf,-n,/o,Ui stretch out). Trac-
tion made u|Kjn a fractured or (iJNlotated
limb in order to bring the jmrts in projjcr
apix)>ition. E., Angular, a miiluK.1 of
reilucing and maintaining old dislocations
of the hip. E., Counter, traction ujwn
the trunk or the tmnkend of a fractured
limb in adilition to extension. E., Double,
upon both limbs in hiji-joint disease, e/r.
E. Stage in Labor, one of tlie st;iges
of lalK)r, consisting in the bending of the
f(Vtal head, the occiput toward the back.
Exten''sor {rxh-m/o). That which stretches
out or extends. E. Muscles. See il///5r/i-.
E. Tet^anus. In general spasms the
extensor muscles overcome the llexors, and
the spasm thus becomes an £. T.
Extirpa'tion (cxtirpo, to root out).
Thinough excision or out-rooting of a part.
E. of the Eyeball, comjiletc removal of
the globe of the eye. Enucleation.
Extra-. A Latin prefix, meaning oulsidc,
7i'////i l(t.
Extraction of Cataract. Removal of the
cataractous lens by surgical operation.
The mothotls proi^sed or jiracticed are al-
most numberless. Daviel's Method, im-
proved by ySVtV-, was by a semicircular flap,
upward in Daviel's, downward in Heer's,
in the cornea, or at the margin, with rupture
of the capsule and expression of the lens.
This method is being revived and, with
modification, adopted by a large number
of modem ojienitors, and is called the Flap
Extraction. The Discission Operation
is used in .soft cataract, and consists in in-
troducing a needle, whereby the capsule is
broken and the anueous humor gains access
to the lens-substance, which then isabsorlied
or taken out by suction. In v. Graefe's
Peripheral Linear Method, the Oi-aefe
lance-knife enters the sclerotic 1. 5 nim.
from the corneal border, and 2 nun. below
the horizontal tangent of the upper border
of the cornea, and is at first directed down-
ward, but the counter])uncture is finally
made o])]X)site the ptjint of puncture. The cut
U])ward is then made jiarallel to tlu' plane
of the iris, fi)lk)wed by an iridectomy, ca|)-
sulotomy, and expression of the lens. The
change in v. Graefe's Modified Linear
Extraction consists chiefly in bringing
the section to the corneo sikral juiietion.
Needling, or the needle -operation.
See above, under Discission. The Sim-
ple Method, now advocated by many ()|th-
thaimic surgeons, consists in a (laj) fonn-
ing section an<l an <lMli■-^ioll of the iridec-
tomy. The Suction Method cdusisls in
the extraction of .soft cataracts by sucking
the lenlicidar matter through a syringe
nozzle intriKluced into the lens substance.
EXTRACTOR
154
EYETEETH
Extracfor [ex, traho, to draw). An instru-
ment for extracting bullets, sequestrse, etc.
E., Screw, armed with a screw attach-
ment ; a tii-efond.
Extract^um {extraho). An extract. In
pharmacy, a semi -solid preparation ob-
tained by dissolving the soluble parts of
drugs, and evaporating the solution thus
obtained. Alcohol and water are the most
common solvents. There are 32 official
extracta. E. Fluidum, a fluid extract.
An alcoholic extract or concentrated tinc-
ture of a strength such that I cubic centi-
meter represents the medicinal powers of
I gramme of the drug. Approximately
I minim of the fluid extract represents i
grain of the drug. In some of the fluid
extracts alcohol is used as the solvent;
in others alcohol and water, and in still
others alcohol and glycerine. There are
79 official extracta Jlitida.
Extra-pol''ar Region. That lying outside
the electrodes, as opposed to the Intra-
polar Region, or area, that lying within
or directly beneath.
Extra-u''terine (exfj-a, uterus). Without
theutems. E.-u. Pregnancy. See Fre^-
nancy. E.-u. Life, that after birth.
Extravasa^tion [extra, vas, a vessel).
Filtration or effusion of blood, serum or
fluid into adjacent tissues.
Extrin^sic [extrittsiciis, from without).
External, outward. E. Muscles, those
attached to the trunk and extending to the
limbs.
Extrover-'sion. See Exstrophy.
Exuda^tion [exudo, to sweat). Filtra-
tion or oozing of the serum of the blood
through the walls of the vessels.
Eye (Sax. edge, Lat. oculns). The organ
of vision. E., Accommodation of. See
Acco77imodation. E., Appendages of,
the eyelids, brows and lachrymal appa-
ratus. E., Apple of, formerly the eye-
ball; the pupil. E., Artificial, a thin
shell of glass, celluloid or other substance,
colored like the natural eye, placed in the
socket after enucleation. E., Compound,
the organ of vision formed of several crys-
tal spheres, as in the -lower crabs. E.,
Diagrammatic, of Listing, a diagram
of the eye for the more exact calculation
of the passage of rays of light through
the eye. E., Pineal or Epiphysial, the
rudimentary median eye in some lizards.
E., Schematic, an ideal or normal eye.
Eye^ball. The globe of the eye. E.,
Dislocation of. See Dislocation.
Eye^'bright. See Euphrasia.
Eye^brow. The supercilium. The con-
nective tissue, skin and hairs above the
eye. The hairs serve chiefly to prevent
the sweat from falling into the eye.
Eye''-cells. Cup-shaped cells of porce-
lain enameled black to place over the eye
after operations.
Eye-glass. A lens worn in one eye.
Eye-glasses, pince-nez, worn instead of
spectacles, and held in position by a spring
acting upon the bridge of the nose.
Eye^-ground. A synonym of the fundus-
oculi or internal aspect of the vitreous
chamber of the eye.
Eye'lashes. The cilia; the hairs of the
eyelid. E., Evulsion of, pulling out
the same. E., Transposition of, shift-
ing an excised strip of cilia and lid edge
containing the hair bulbs to a new position,
or otherwise altering the direction of the
lashes by operation.
Eye^lid. The protective covering of the
eyeball, composed of skin, glands, con-
nective and muscular tissue, the tarsus and
conjunctiva, with the cilia at the free edge.
Eye -strain. The excess and abnormalism
of effort with the resultant imtation, caused
by ametropia or insufficiency. Used also of
the effects of excessive use of normal eyes.
Eye'teeth. The canine teeth of the upper
jaw.
155
FAR I'OINT
F. Abbreviation of Fahreuheit : also of
Fac^ make, and of Fiat, let there be made.
Fl. or Fid. Abbreviation of Fluid.
Ft. Abbreviation of Fiat.
Face {/acies, the face). A name applied
to the lower and anterior part of the
head, including the eyes, nose, mouth,
cheeks, lips, «•/(•.
Fac'et (I-r.//. £•//<•, a little face). A small
plane surface. The articulating surfaces
of bones. Also, the flat surfaces occa-
sionally seen in calculi, caused by friction
upon each other. In Zoology, a segment
of the com}X)und eye of an insect.
Facial (/acics). I'ertaining to the face.
F. Angle, the divergence between a
line drawn from the upper jaw tangent
to the forehead, and another to the ex-
ternal auditory foramen. F. Artery. See
.■ir/c-ry.
Facul'tative { /acu/tas, capah'iWty). Per-
taining to functional or acquired power.
In bacteriology, ampliibious as to oxygen.
F. Aerobia. See Aerobia. F. Anaero-
bia. See Auaerobia. F. Hyperopia,
a division of manifest hyperopia. F. Para-
sites, those that develop in non-organ-
ized media. See, e.g., Kaulins' Liquid.
Fac'ulty ( facu/tas). A special action of
the mind through the instrumentality of an
organ or organs. Also, the corps of pro-
fessors and instructors of a university and
its colleges. F., Medical, the corps of
professors and instructors of a medical col-
lege.
Fac'cal {/ux, sediment). Pertaining to
th<- feces.
Fae'ces {fax). The dregs of a liquor, as
wine. Also, the alvine discharges or
excretions of the lx)wels.
Fahr'enheit'sThermom'eter. See T/ur-
tn inettr.
Faint (Jingo, to feign). A condition of
languor. Also, a state of syncope or
swo<jning.
Falc'iform (yCz/.r, a sickle). Having the
shajx: of a sickl*;. F. Process, a pro-
cess of the dura mater which separates the
liemi>|)lieres of the brain.
Fairing. Umpiiing; losing one's cqui-
lil>riui.'i. F. of Womb. .See I'tcnis.
F. Sickness, a cotnnion ttrm for e|)ilepsy.
Fallo'pian Tubes. See Ovidurts.
Fall'-rheotomc. An arrangement where-
by a weigiit injures a niu-scle, and also
breaks and makes a galvanometer circuit ;
by this instrument it was shown that the
demarcation cuirent took a certain time to
develop.
False [fai/o, to deceive). Not genuine.
Feigning or closely counterfeiting. F.
Bittersweet. See Clinibitig Staff-tree.
F. Gromwell, the root of Onos»iodiuin
virginiaiiuin. Reputed to be tonic and
diuretic. Dose of fid. ext. n\,xv-3ss.
Unof. F. Passage, a jiassage foiined by
the laceration of the urethra, caused by the
forcible introduction of a catheter or other
instiiiment in the wrong direction. F.
Ribs. See /v'//'j. F. Water, a collection
of tluid in catarrhal endometritis.
Falx (Lat.). A sickle. F. Cerebelli, the
sickle-like processes between the lobes of
the cerebellum. F. Cerebri, the sickle-
like process of the dura mater.
Fam'ily [familia, a household). The per-
sons ])elonging to a household. Inliiology,
a class of genera similar in organic struc-
ture.
Fam'ine {fa»iis, hunger). Severe and
continued hunger. Also, a general scarcity
of food, which results in the star^•ation of
many people. F. Fever. Same as Relap-
sing Fez'cr, q. v.
Fang. See Tedh.
Fan'tome. See Phantom.
Farad'. The unit of electrical capacity.
Practically, a capacity suft'icient to hold one
coulomb of current having a ]xjtential
of one volt. The micro-farad, ^500555
part of the theoretical farad, is conmionly
used. A practical form of condenser of
one farad capacity consi.sts of 300 leaves
of tinfoil, each 16 centimeters in diameter,
se])arated l>y leaves of mica. Tiie entire
surface is aUjut 1. 1 sq. meters area.
Farad'ic. The induced current, named
from its discoverer, Michael I'araday. See
( ttrreiit.
Faradiza'tion. The apjjlication of the
induced current to a diseased part, or in
disease.
Far''cy. See Equinia.
Fari'na {/arina). The ground or pow-
dered fecula of seeds, especially that of
corn, liarley, lye and wheat.
Farina'ceous {farina). Having the
nature of or yielding flour. Al.su, ap-
plied to very fine furfuraceous exfoliations.
Far Point. See J'liHituin Keiitolum.
FARRANT'S SOLUTION
166
FEEDING
Par^'rant's Solu^tion. See JMounting
Fluids.
Far-sight^edness. A colloquial term for
Ilyperuictropia .
Fas^cia {fascia, a band). The membran-
ous fibrous covering of muscles and other
organs. F., Anal. See F., Jschio-irc-
tal. F. of Arm [Brachial), invests the
muscles of the arm, attached to the clavi-
cle, acromion and spine of the scapula.
F., Cranial, a firm, dense layer, adherent
to the skin and occipito-frontalis muscle.
F., Cervical, Deep, invests the muscles
of the neck and encloses the vessels and
nerves. F., Cremasteric, forms a looped,
thin covering of the spermatic cord. F.,
Cribriform, the sieve-like covering of the
saphenous opening. F. Dentata, a
serrated band of gray substance of the
dentate convolution of the cerebrum. F.
of the Dorsum of the Foot, forms a
sheath for the dorsal tendons of the foot.
F., Iliac, lines the back part of the ab-
dominal cavity, covering the psoas and
iliacus muscles. F., Infundibuliform,
the funnel-shaped-membrane enclosing the
cord and testis in a distinct pouch. F.,
Intercolumnar, from the margins of the
external abdominal ring, forming a sheath
for the cord and testis. F., Ischio-rec-
tal, covers the perineal aspect of the leva-
■ tor ani muscle. F. Lata, the dense
fibrous aponeurosis surrounding the thigh,
called the Beep F. of the Thigh. F., Deep,
of Leg, continuous with the last, surrounds
the leg. F., Lumbar, the posterior
aponeurosis of the transversalis muscle,
divided into three layers. F., Obtura-
tor, continuation of the pelvic, surrounds
the obturator muscle. F., Pelvic, lines
the cavity of the pelvis, continuous with
the transversalis and iliac fascia. F.,
Perineal, the deep, called the triangular
ligament, closes the front part of the out-
let of the pelvis, attached to the pubes and
rami of the ischium. F., Recto-vesical,
the visceral layer of the pelvic F., invests
the prostate, bladder and rectum. F.,
Transversalis, continuous with iliac and
pelvic F., lies between transversalis muscle
and peritoneum.
Fascic^ulus (dim. of fascis). A little
bundle, as the fasciculus of fibers that com-
pose a nen'e.
Fat. See lissue and Oil.
Fatigue^ (faligo). \Vearincss, tiredness.
That condition of diminished capacity for
work produced in a muscle by prolonged
activity. F. -stuffs, the accumulation of
decomposition products in the muscular
tissue and to which fatigue is probably due.
Fat^ty Degen^eration. See Degenera-
tion.
Fau^ces (Lat.). The gullet or windpipe.
Ihe space surrounded by the palate, tonsils
and uvula. F., Isthmus of, the space
at the back of the mouth enclosed by the
margin of the palate, the back of the tongue,
the pillars of the soft palate and the tonsils.
F., Pillars of, the fold of mucous mem-
brane between the base of the uvula and
the posterior border of the tongue.
Fau^na [Fau/nes, the god of agriculture).
The animal life of a locality or epoch.
Fa^vus {favus, honeycomb). Honey-
comb Ringwonn, Tinea Vera, Tinea
Lupinosa, Porrigo Lupinosa, Porrigo Fa-
vosa. A contagious parasitic affection of
the skin characterized by sulphvu-yellow,
cup-shaped crusts within the epidenuis,
especially in the scalp and hairy parts of
the body.
Feb^rifuge [febris, {ever, f /go, to dispel).
An agent that lessens fever.
Fe^brile {febris, a fever). Pertaining to
or having the symptoms of a fever.
Fe^'bris. See Fever.
Fences. See Faces.
Fech^ner's Law. The more expanded
and accurate statement of Weber's Law
as to the relation between the intensity of
stimuli and the changes in the resulting
sensations, a constant ratio existing be-
tween the strength of the stimulus and the
intensity of the sensation. With increase
of the stimulus the sensation increases only
as the logarithm of the stimulus. As there
is a lower limit [threshold) or liminal in-
tensity of excitation, so there is an upper
or maximal height of sensibility. Between
the two is the Range of Sensibility.
Fec'ula (dim. of fcx, sediment). The
starchy part of a seed. Also the sediment
subsiding from an infusion.
Fecunda'tion [f-cii>idns, fi-uitful). Fer-
tilization ; impregnation ; the act of mak-
ing fmitful. F., Artificial, impregnation
by means of artificial intromission of the
spermatic fluid in the vagina or uteras.
Fecund^ity [fecunditas). The capability
of reproduction.
Feed^ing. The taking of food or aliment.
F., Artificial, the introduction of food
into the Ijody by means of artificial devices,
such as the stomach-pump or in the form
of an enema. F. Bottle, a glass flask
armed with a rubber nipple, used in feed-
ing liquid food to infants. F. by Rec-
FEIILIXG'S SOLUTION
157
FERMENTS
turn, the introduction of food into the rec-
tum in the fonu of an enema or supjwsi-
tor)-.
Feh'ling's Solu''tion. As this sohition
d<->cs net keep well, Prof. Ilolland ailvises
its manufacture as follows : To be kept in
two distinct parts. A. Take copj>er sulph.
34.64 gms. and water enoujjh to make
500 c.c. M. B. Pure Kochelle salt 173
gms.; sol. sodium hydrate (sp. g;r., 1. 33),
100 c.c, and water enough to make 500 c.c.
For use, mi.\ equal volumes, and thus m:ike
Fehling's solution. See Copper.
Feh'ling's Test for Sugar. Boil i inch
of l'ehling"s solutiun, and while hot add
urine and Unl again. If no red or yellow
color appears, add more urine until the
volume is 1^4 inches. Again raise to toil-
ing jxjint and set aside. If yellow or red
cuprous o.xitle appears, the urine is saccha-
rine.
Fel Bo'vis (Lat.). O.x-gall. The biliaiy
litjuid of the domestic ox. Bos taurns. It
is a dark-green, ropy sul stance, consisting
mainly of sotlium glycocholate and tauro-
cholate, together with cholesterine. A
tonic, antiseptic antl jiurgative, useful in
emulsifying the fatty jwrtions of food. F.
B. Inspissatum, 100 parts fresh ox-gall,
strained and cvajxirated to 15 parts. Dose
gr. v-xv. F. B. Purificatum, ox-gall
3, alcohol I jiart. Should stand 24 hours
before straining; then evajx^rate to con-
sistence of pilular mass. Dose gr. v-xv.
Fel'lic Acid. C^jH^qO^. A constituent
(.f the Mlc.
Fel'lows' Syrup of Hypophosphites,
proprietar)'. Unof. Each 3 contains hyjx)-
phosph. of iron gr. j, quinine gr. 3^, strych-
nine gr. -f}f, calcium and manganese &&.
gr. j, ])otassium q. s. Dose ^j.
Fel'on. See Paiouyrhia.
Fe'male [/iiiit//ii, a young woman). The
sex that brings forth the young of a
species. In surgery, that part of a doublc-
liml>ed instrument that receives the com-
plementary [lart. In Igtaiiy, the llower
that contain.* the ovary. F. Catheter, a
catheter having a short tul>e witli a slight
curve.
Fem'oral (finmr, the thigh l)one). Per-
taining to the femur. F. Arch, that
formed by Pou|iart\ liganniit. F. Artejy.
.Sc-e /{rti-ry. F. Ring, the alKlnniinal end
of the femoral canal, normally closed by
the crural septum and the p<rit(jneum.
Fe'mur (I at.). The thigh l<one, the
longest anil luaviest l»oni- of the IxKly,
articulating with the acetabulum and tibiu.
Fenes'tra (Lat., a window). In anatomy,
a name given to two apertures of the ear,
the /•". Ovd/is and /". A'o/i/fi(/<i.
Fen'estrate {^fenestra). Having apertures
or openings.
Fen'nel. See Fatiiiiiliitn.
Fermenta''tion [fciniiiit/ini, leaven).
The molecular decomposition of an or-
ganic stnicture by means of an organized
or unorganized ferment. F., Acetic,
the fermentation whereby weak alcoholic
solutions are converted into vinegar ;
caused by the Bacillus accti, etc. F.,
Albuminoid ; tlie agents of this decom-
position are the Bacil/iis iillniiiiiiiis, B.
ctitcnuln, B. clavifoniiis, B. dislortus, B.
filifonnis, B. gcnicuUitis, B. scaber, B.
tennis, B. uroccphalus, etc. F., Am-
moniacal ; the agent of the ammoniacal
fenntiitation of urine is the iMicrococcns
nrcc. F., Butyric, the conversion of
butter into butyric acid, due to a microbe,
Bacillus butyyiius. F., Gluconic ; glu-
cose is transformed by the action of the
li/icroioccus oblonL;'us. F., Lactic, the
decomposition or " .souring '" of milk, caused
liy the microbe. Bacillus lacticns. F.,
Propionic ; the Bacillus cavicit/a decom-
poses saccharine solutions, producing pro-
pionic acid. F., Putrefactive, the de-
comjKisition commonly known as putrefac-
tion, caused by various microbes, especially
the J/icrococcus pyogenes {albus, aureus,
citreus, tenuis, salivarius, etc.). F., Vis-
cous, the Jl/icrococcus viscosus, secreting
a gunmiy substance in the culture liquid.
See, also, Ferments.
Fer'ments [/eri/ientiini,\c:i\'c\\). Bodies
exciting chemical changes in other mat-
ters with which they are brought in con-
tact. F., Organized, or Living, grow
and multiply at tiic expense of tlie sub-
stances in which they occur, — but only .so
long as the ferment is living. Yeast is the
representative of the cla.ss, causing fer-
mentation by splitting u]) sugar into CX)^
and alcohol. See Fernienlalion. F.,
Unorganized, nf)n-li\ing, nitrogenous
ladies |)ro(luced williin the body by the
vital activity of the proto|)lasm of the cells.
They are soluble in water, glycerine, and
can be precipitated by alcohol. The fol-
lowing is a list of this cla.ss: Ptyalin, in
saliva, converts starch into maltose. Pep-
sin, in ga.stric juice, con\ erts proteids into
l^eplones in an acid medium. There are
also in ihe gastric juice milk-curdling,
fat-splitting, and lactic acid fernunts,
whose function is indicated l>y the niuncb.
FERN
158
FERRUM
In the pancreatic juice, there is F., Dias-
tatic or Amylopsin, converting starch
into maltose ; Trypsin, converts proteids
into peptones in an alkaline medium;
F., Emulsive, emulsify fats ; F., Fat-
splitting, or Steapsin, splits fats into
glycerin and fatty acids and F., Milk-
curdling. In the intestinal juice, there is
a F., Diastatic, changes maltose into
glucose ; F., Proteolytic, changes fibrin
into peptone; Invertin chai^ges cane-
into grape-sugar; and F., Milk-ciirdlhig,
and /'., Diastatic, are also found in blood,
chyle, liver, milk, etc. Pepsin and other
ferments are also found in muscle and
urine; and, lastly, a Fibrin-forming F.
is also found in blood.
Fern (Sax.y>ar«). A name given to the
cryptogamous plants of the order Filices.
See Aspidium.
Ferrein', Tubule of. See Pyramid.
Fer'ro- i^ferrunt, iron). A prefix used
with the names of certain salts of iron.
Fer^rum. (Lat.) [Geti. Ferri.) Iron.
Fc = 56. Quantivalence 11, iv. A metal
having a luster varying from silver white
to gray. In pharmacy, a fine non-elastic,
soft wire is used. F. Redactum, iron
by h)drogen, occurs in fine powder ob-
tained by the reduction of ferric oxide
by hydrogen. A constituent of the blood,
to the red corpuscles of which it gives
color. An irritant in large or long-
continued doses. In small doses a
stimulant and slightly astringent tonic.
Highly valuable in anaemia, but contra-
indicated in plethora. Externally many
of the soluble salts are excellent styptic
and astringent lotions. Dose gr. j-v.
Ferri Acetat., Liq., a 33 per cent, so-
lution in water. F. Acetat., Tinct., has
liq. ferri acetas 50, alcohol 30, acetic ether
20 parts. Styptic and stimulant. Dose
gr. X- 5 iij. F. Bromidi, Syr., contains 10
per cent, of ferric bromide. Sedative tonic,
recommended in nervous disorders. F.
Carb., Saccharat., contains 15 per cent,
of ferrous carbonate. Stimulant to diges-
tion. Dose gr. ij-x, with food. F. Carb.,
Massa, Vallet's mass; ferrous sulphate
100, sodium carbonate no, honey 36,
sugar 25, syrup and distilled water aa
q. s. ad fac. loo parts. F. Comp., Mis-
tura, Griffith's mixture; ferrous sulphate,
myrrh, sugar, aa 18, potassium carbonate 8,
spt. lavender 50, rose water 900. Essen-
tially a carbonate of iron. Dose gr. iij-v.
F. Pilulae, Comp., Griffith's pill, con-
taining each, ferrous sulphate gr. ^, so-
dium carb. gr. 3^, myrrh gr. jss, syrup q. s.
F. Chloridum, strongly acid, astringent,
haemostatic and styptic. Never used in-
ternally. F. Chlor., Liq., an aqueous so-
lution containing 38 per cent, of the salt.
Dose n\^ij-x ; rarely used. F. Chlor.,
Tinct., contains liq. chlor. ferri 35, alco-
hol 65 parts. "Very commonly used, and
one of the best tonic preparations. Dose
rT\^v-xx. F. Citras, soluble in water,
insoluble in alcohol. A mild stimulant.
Dose gr. ij-v. F. Citras, Liq., a solution
of ferri citras, 35 per cent, in strength.
Dose gr. v-xv. F. Citras, "Vinum, am-
monio-ferric citrate 4, tinct. orange peel,
syrup, aa 12, stronger white wine 72 parts.
Dose 5J-ij. F. Hypophosphitis, feme
hypophosphite, soluble in very dilute
hydrochloric acid. Dose gr. v-x. F.
lodidum Saccharat., soluble in water.
Tonic. Dose gr. v-x. F. led., Pil.,
contain reduced iron, iodine, liquorice,
sugar, acacia, and water, coated with
balsam of tolu in ether. Dose j-ij
p'lls. F. lodidi, Syr., contains 10 per
cent, of the iodide. Dose ITLv-xxx. F.
Lactas, ferrous lactate, — best solvent,
sodium citrate. Dose gr. j-iij. F. Ni-
tratis, Liq., aqueous, contains 6 per cent,
of salt, styptic and astringent. Dose IT^v
-XV. F. Oxalas. Dose gr. ij in pill.
F. Oxid. Hydratum, ferric hydrate,
prepared by adding aq. ammonia 8 parts
to a solution of ferric sulphate 10 parts.
An antidote for arsenical poisoning, pre-
pared when needed. F. Oxid. Hydrat.
cum Magnesia, prepared when needed
from sol. fenic sulphate 1000 gr., water
2000 grains, to which is added magnesia
150 gr. water ^ xxxij. An antidote for
arsenic. F. Emplastrum, strengthen-
ing plaster; ferric hydrate, dried Canada
turpentine. Burgundy pitch, aa 10, lead
plaster 70 parts. F. Trochisci, have
each of ferric hydrate dried gr. v, vanilla
gr. jL, sugar and mucilage of tragacanth
q. s. Dose j-iij each day. F. Phos-
phas, an adjuvant to laxative pills, gr. v
-X. F. Pyrophosphas, tasteless and
non-astringent. Dose gr. ij-v. F. Sul-
phas, copperas, proto-sulphate of iron, fer-
rous sulphate, astringent and irritating.
An ingi-edient of )>il. aloes et ferri, q. v.
F. Sulph. Precipitat., the foregoing pre-
cipitated from solution by alcohol. Dose
gr. ss-ij. F. Subsulph. Liq., Monsel's
solution, an aqueous solution of basic sul-
phate of iron, powerfully astringent, st\q)tic
and haemostatic, rarely given internally.
FERRUM
159
FEVER
Dose gj- iij-x. F. Sulph. Exsiccat.,
dried ferams sulphate, the most astringent
and irritating. Dose gr. ss-ij, in pill. F.
Valerianas, valerianate of iron, soluMe
in alcohol. Dose gr. i-iij, in pill. F.
et Ammonii Citras, citrate of iron 3,
water cif ammonia i part. Dose gr. ij-v.
F. et Ammonii Sulphas, anunonic-
sulphate of iron, ferric alum. Least astrin-
gent of sulphates. Dose gr. ij-v. F. et
Ammonii Tartras, amnionic tartrate of
iron. Deise gr. v-xx. F. et Potassii
Tartras, least disagreeable of all iron
prejjarations. Dose gr. v-x. F. et
Quininae Citras, has 12 per cent, of
quinine. Astringent and stimulant. Dose
gr. iij-v. F. et Quin. Cit., Liq., of
douliiful value. Dose ITLv-xv. F. Vi-
num Amarum, hitter wine of iron, con-
tains liq. citrate of iron and quinine 8,
tinct. orange peel 12, S)Tup 36, stronger
white wine 44. A gocnl sul'Stitute for the
various "elixirs of cali>aya and iron."
Dose 3J-iv. F. et Strychninae Citras,
contains I per cent of strychnine. Astrin-
gent and stimulating. Dose gr. j-iij. F. et
Ammonii Acetas, Mist., I'.asham's mix-
ture, contains tinct. fer. chloride 2, acetic
acid 3, liq. ammonii acct. 20, elixir au-
rantii 10, s)Tup 15, water 50 parts. Very
agreeable, tonic and diuretic. Dose 3 ij-v.
rNOFFICI.XL rREPARATIONS.
F. Dialysatum, dialysed iron, a ten per
cent, oxychloride in water. Astringent
and stj-jjtic, but only feetly chalybeate.
I)o.-5e n\^x-xxx. F. Arsenias (not to
lie confounded with arsen/A- <<( iif)n).
Do.se gr. yg-'. F. et Manganesii
lodidi Syr., containing in each tkl. 3 ,
50 gr. of i(xlides in prci|)ortion of 3 of iron
to I of manganese. I )ose TTLx-xxx- ^]. F.
et Manganesii Phosphat., Syr., syxup
of pliosjdiate of iron and manganese. Each
3 contains 2 gr. phosph. of iron and, I of
manganese. Dose ^]. F. Mistura
Aromat., pale cinchona 1 ark 4, ca-
lumba 2, cloves l.iron wire 2, tinct. carda-
mon comj). 12, tin(t. orange peel 2, water
of |«|i]Hnnint 50. Dose ,5J-ij. F. Mist.
Laxans, ferrous sulphate gr. ij, magnesia
sul|)hate 3J, dilute sulphuric acid n\iij,
.spt. chlorofomi TTLxx, water of ])eppermint
ari fac. ^j. Fcrro-salina, Mist., mag-
nesium suljihate _^j, |iolas^ium ditartratc
2J. dried sulphate of iron gr. x, water
,^xxxij. Dow a wineglassful. F. Phos-
phatum Quininz et Strychninae, Syr.,
Ea^loii's symp, unof llath ^j contains
gr. j phosph. of iron, gr. j quinia and gr.
^'5 strychnia.
Fer^tile {fertilh, fmitful). Prolific, fruit-
ful. In botany, applied to flowers having
a pistil.
Fertiliza'tion of the Ovum. See /v-
itinaation.
Feru'la. Giant fennel. A genus of the
order Umbellifem;. Also, a splint.
Festina'tion {/cstino, to hasten). A symp-
tom of paralysis agitans anil other diseases
in which the patient shows in walking a
tendency to take ciuicker and (juicker steps.
Propulsion or retropulsion are coincident
symptoms.
Fe'ver (/rdrts, a fever). A systemic dis-
ease or symptom of disease whose distinc-
tive characteristic is elevation of tem])era-
ture, accompanied also by quickened cir-
culation, increased katabolism or tissue-
wa.-te and disordered secretions. F.,
Abdominal. See Typhoid F. F., Af-
rican. See F., Yellow. F. and Ague.
See /•'., lutermitlent. F., Anomalous,
one whose s)Tnptoms are irregular. F.,
Ardent, a malarial fever to which immi-
grants to a tropical country are peculiarly
liable. F., Articular. See Dtm^'ue.
F., Asthenic, one with a low fever tem-
perature, weak circulation and great loss
of ner\ous force. F., Atypic. See /'.,
aitoi/iiiloiis. F., Bilious, one accom-
panying affections of the digestive organs.
F., Catarrhal, that with catarrhal aftec-
tions of the air passages. F., Catheter,
a se%'ere remittent fever sometimes follow-
ing the passage of the catheter. F.,
Cerebro-spinal, a malignant epidemic
fever characterized by spasmodic actions
of the muscles of the neck, retraction of
the head, hyperasthesia, rfr., with lesions
of the cerebral and spinal numbranes; due
to a si)ecil"ic poison. F., Congestive, a
malignant form of a remittent or intermit-
tent malarial fever. F., Continued, one
in which there is a slowly continuous rise
of temperature until a not high crisis is
reached, whence the fever ends fatally or
slowly subsides. F., Enteric. See /'.,
'J'yplioiil. F., Eruptive, that accom
panied or succeedeil by an eruption of the
skin. Examples are Scarlet F., Mt-asUs,
A"df/i('ht, SniiillpoXy V'lKiinnfion, Vnri-
celln, Fiysipdos, Dens^iif. F., Essen-
tial. See /'"., liliof.tlhif. F., Idio-
pathic, one in which no local alletiion
cau.ses the disorder. F., Inflammatory,
the .same as sim|)le Citi/iiiiml /. F.,
Intermittent, one in which the symjiloms
FEVER BUSH
160
FICUS
intermit, with intermediate periods of free-
dom from the febrile attack. F., Mala-
rial, remittent, or Fever and Ague. F.,
Jungle, a remittent fever of India. F.,
Malignant, a severe and fatal form. F.,
Pernicious, a malignant fatal type of re-
mittent or intermittent malarial fever. F.,
Relapsing, an epidemic, contagious type
due to a specific poison, similar to yellow
fever. F., Remittent, a paroxysmal fever
with exacerbations and remissions, but not
intermissions. F., Septic, due to the
admission of septic matter into the system.
F., Typhoid, or enteric fever, an acute,
self-limited febrile affection due to a spe-
cific germ, and having characteristic lesions
in Peyer's patches and the solitaiy glands.
F., Typho -malarial, a malarial fever
with typhoid symptoms. F., Typhus,
ship or jail fever, a contagious specific type
connected with filth and overcrowding.
F., Yellow, an acute, infectious, paroxys-
mal, malignant fever, characterized by
three stages^the febrile, the remission, and
the collapse; due to a specific poison.
Destioyed by frost.
Fe^ver Bush. Spice-wood. The bark
and fruit of Benzoin odorifcrum. An aro-
matic stimulant and tonic. Properties due
to a volatile oil. Dose of fid. ext. — bark
5J-ij, of the berries n\^xx-3J. Unof.
Fe^verfew. The herb Pyrcthrum par-
thciihtin. A stimulant tonic vv'ith emmena-
gogue and anthelmintic properties. Dose
of fld. ext. 3J-ij. Unof.
Fi''ber [Jibra, a thread). A filamentary or
thread-like organ or part of an organ. Ap-
plied to the thread-lilvc filaments of mus-
cular, cartilaginous and tendinous tissues.
F. of Corti, See Corti.
Fibbers of Tomes. Elongated and
branched processes of the odontoblasts of
the pulp, filling the dentinal tubules of
teeth.
FibriPla (dim. oi Jibra). A small fiber or
component filament of a fiber. A name
applied to minute nerve filaments.
FibriPlar. Pertaining to fibrilke. F. Con-
tractions, short contractions occurring
alternately in different bundles of muscular
fibers.
Fibrilla^tion. See Fibrillar Contractions.
Fi^brin {fibra, a fiber). A native albumin
or ])roteid, a substance that, becoming
solid in shed blood, plasma and lymph,
causes coagulation of these fluids. It then
exists in the shape of innumerable, excess-
ively delicate, closely-packed, microscopic,
doubly-refractive fibrils, entangling the
blood corpuscles, as in a spider's web, and
with them forming the blood cloior placenta
sanguinis. Fibrin forms about 0.2 per
cent, of the blood and is insoluble in water
and ether. It is changed into syntonin by
dilute hydrochloric acid.
Fibrin'ogen (yfi^rm, }evi'a«, to beget). A
native proteid of the globulin class, obtained
from blood plasma, serous transudations,
etc. According to Schmidt it is one of the
chief elements in the formation of fibrin
(the other being Paraglobulin), which
occurs dissolved in the plasma, aided by a
fibrin ferment.
Fibrinoplast^in. See Paraglobulin.
Fi^bro- (_/f(^rrt', afiber). A prefix used with
words to denote fibrous structure. F.-
blasts,the formation of new fibrous tissue.
F. -cartilage, a variety of cartilage having
fibrous structure. See Cartilage. F.-
myoma. See Myoma. F.-neuro-
myoma. See Neuroma. F. -plastic,
fiber-forming. F.-plastin. See Para-
globulin. F. -sarcoma, a tumor having
structural resemblance both to fibroma and
spindle-celled sarcoma.
Fi^broid [Jibra, eiSo^, likeness). A term
applied to such structures as possess a fib-
rous appearance, but cannot be separated
into fibers. Also, a fibroid tumor.
Fi^'broin. An albuminoid, the chief con-
stituent of the cocoons of insects and spider-
web.
Fibro^ma [Jibra, oma, a tumor). Fibroma
Molluscum, Molluscum Simplex, Mollus-
cum Pendulum, Molluscum Fibrosum. A
disease of the skin marked by the pres-
ence of soft tumors within the connective
tissue of the deeper layers of the corium
and subcutaneous tissue. They are usually
hemispherical, and vary in size from a pin's
head to that of an orange. Occur on all
parts of the body, and frequently extend
to the nerve trunks, where they have
been found in post-mortem examination.
Thought to be due to obstmction of the
lymphatics. F. Fungoides. See Mycosis.
Fib'ula (L. a buckle). The smaller or
splint bone at the outer part of the lower
leg articulating above with the femur, and
below with the astragalus and tibia. It
forms the external malleolus.
Fi''cus. (Lat. a fig-tree.) The fig. The
fleshy receptacle of F. carica, native to
Asia Minor, and cultivated throughout
Europe and tropical America. Contains
62 per cent, of grape sugar when dry.
Somewhat laxative and fairly nutritious.
Constituent of conjeclio settncE.
FIELD OF VISION ,
161
FIT
Field of Vision. Sometimes sjx)ken of
as simply the fielJ. The extent of indi-
rect vision with fixation of the visual axis
upon one jx)int. Its limit for white light
is alxDut 90° outward, 70° inward and
alK)ve, and 60° downward. The F. for
colors is more restricted, that for Mue is
nearly as large as white, red and green
more narrow. F., Testing, the. See
Perinutcr. F., Contraction of the, oc-
curs in certain retinal and cerebral aflec-
tions.
Fig. See Ficiis.
Fig' wort. The herb Scrophiiltiria nodosa.
Alterative, diuretic and anodyne. Some-
times u---ed in form of ointment in piles.
Dose of tld. ext. 3 ss-j. Unof.
Fil'ament {fii'uni, a thread). A small
thread-like structure or part of an origan,
as a muscle, nerve or tendon. F., Sperm-
atic, the caudal filament of the sperma-
tozoa.
Fila'ria [filtt/n). A genus of thread-like
worms lielonging to the order A'e»tah>dti.
Many, if not all of them, are parasitic. F.
Medinensis, the Guinea IVorm, q. v.
F. Sanguinis Hominis. Craw Craw.
A nematode worm native to the Guinea
coa>t of Africa, which, entering the blood
and lymphatics, causes lym]>h abscesses
and certain forms of Elephantiasis, </. v.
Fil'iform ( /f///w). Thread-like. F. Bou-
gie. St-e /^'o/ti^ir. F. Papillae, the small-
e.-.t and most numerous of tlie P. of the
tongue, occurring over its whole surface.
Fil'let, Ol'ivary. A fa.sciculus of nerve
fibers enclosing tlie olivary body of the
medulla.
Filo-pres'sure {filiim). Compression of
a vessel l>y means of a wire.
Fil'ter (ftUnun, felt). An apparatus for
.straining and removing from water or otiier
ii(|uid s<jlutioiis tlie impurities il may con-
tain. F., Chamberland's, or C.'s Bou-
gie, a filter of peculiar con.struction that
allows no microl)cs to pass.
Filtra'tion (fiiOum). The operation of
.straining tlirough IjIIjuIous pajK-r. The
l^'.st white filter paj)cr should l)e used for
filtiriiig alkaline or alkaloidal .solutions.
Fi'lum Termina'le. The terminal strands
of tlic spinal cord, extending from the
first luml>ar vertebra through the cauda
c'|tjina.
Fim'briac (ft»i/ina,a. fringe). Threads;
a fringe, f". of Fallopian Tube, the
fringe-like processes of the outer extremity
<if the oviduct.
Fing'ers. (Sax.) Tlic digits of the hand.
II
Fire-damp. See Marsh Gas.
Fire'weed. The hcvh ErccJithifcs Iiicraii-
folia. Infests peppermint fields of Michi-
gan. Tonic and astringent. Of reputed
service in dysenterj'. Dose of fld. ext.
_3ss-j. L'nof
First Inten'tion. See I/t-aliitg.
Fish'er's Test. See rhaiyl-hydrazin
Test.
Fish''-skin Disease. See lehthyosis.
Fis'sile yfiiuio, to split). That which may
be split or cleft.
Fis'sion {fiiido). Reproduction by split-
ting into two or more equal parts.
Fissipara'tion. See Cell.
Fissip'arous {findo). A sexual genera-
tion by (ission.
Fis'sure {fuulo). A groove or cleft. A
term applied to the clefts or grooves in
various organs, as F. of Bichat, the
transverse fissure of the brain. F. Gla-
serian, the fissure of the glenoid fossa.
F. Longitudinalis, the cleft in the
median line on the upper surface of the
brain. F. of Sylvius, the cleft between
the anterior and middle lobes of the brain.
Fist (Sax.yfrj/). The finiily-closed hand.
Fis'tula {fntilo'). A suppurating, tube-
like passage in the body. F., Aerial,
opening into the larynx, trachea, elc. F.,
Anal, about the anus. F., Blind, a va-
riety of anal, urinary or other fissure with
but one opening. F., Blind, External,
an anal F. with but one oi>ening external.
F., Blind, Internal, anal lissure with hut
one opening internal. F., Blind, Uri-
nary, suppurating tracks opening into the
urethra, but without external openings.
F., Biliary, of the biliary <lucts or gall-
bladder. F., Complete, with two open-
ings, internal and external. F., Fecal,
abdominal F., opening into the intestine.
F. in Ano. See .liial /•". F., Mam-
mary, or Milk, of the mamma or its ducts.
F., True, one that discharges the secreti^on
of an organ. In F. recto-labial, recto-
urethal, recto-vaginal, and recto-vesi-
cal, the gut connnunicates by a listulous
track witii tlie laliia niajora, tlie uretiira,
the vagina, or the bladder, resix'Ctively.
F., Thiry's, an artificial intestinal V.
made in the dog to obtain intestinal juice.
F., Vellas', the same, l>ut so made that
the 1<K)|) is sujjplied by its own 1)1ikk1 ves-
sels and nerves, isolated, and with an
up|KT and lower ajK-ilure.
Fit (Sax.//, a .song). A i)<)pu!ar name ap-
plied to any sudden paroxysm of ailisease,
but especially to one of epilepsy
FIXATION
162
FLUXION
Fixa''tion {Jixus, fixed). A making firm
or rigid. F. Forceps, those used for fix-
ing or holding a part in position during a
surgical operation.
Flank {^flacais, sofi). The part of the
body between the ribs and the upper bor-
der of the ilium.
Flap (O. E. Jlappan, to break). A loose
and partly detached portion of the skin or
other soft tissue. F. of Amputation.
See Amputation. F. Extraction. See
Extraction of Cataract.
Flat-foot. See Talipes.
Flafulence [Jlattcs, breath). A condi-
tion marked by the presence of gases in
the alimentaiy canal. It arises mainly
from the fermentation of the contents of
the stomach and intestines.
Fla''tus [flatus). A term applied to gases
in the stomach and bowels.
Flax-seed. See Linum.
Flea. See Pulex.
Flea''bane. See Erigeron.
Fleece of Stealing. An interlacing of
fibers passing from the cortex about the
dentate nucleus.
Fleischl's Law of ContraC'tion. That
the excitability of a ner\"e varies at certain
points in its course.
Fleit'mann's Test for Arsenic. Put
some strong potassium hydrate into a test
tube and a few pieces of pure zinc ; clasp
over mouth of tube paper wet with silver
nitrate and boil. If the paper is not
stained no arsenic is present.
Flesh (Sax. flense^. The soft tissues of the
body, especially the muscles. F., Proud,
a colloquial term for the soft and inflamed
granulation of the edges of a wound.
FlexibiFitas Ce''rea. (Lat.) A condition
of the limbs in catalepsy in which they
resist passive movement and seem as if
made of wax.
Flex''ible {flexus, bent). That which may
be bent. F. Catheter, a catheter made
of flexible substance. F. Collodion.
See Pyroxyline.
Flexile [flexilis, pliable). Easily bent.
Flex''ion [flexus). The operation or pro-
cess of bending. F., Forcible, in surgery,
a mode of treating aneurism by a forcible
bending of the limb so as to compress
the popliteal artery, thereby reducing the
volume of blood; also, of breaking up
adhesions of the joints by mechanical
bending.
Flex-'ion-stage of Labor. One of the
stages of labor consisting in a bending of
the head forward toward the chest.
Flex''or {flexus'). A name applied to those
muscles which bend a limb or part. See
Muscle.
Flex''ura (Lat., a bending). A bending or
curve in an organ.
Floating Ribs. See Hibs.
Floc^culus (dim. of floccus, a tuft of
wool). A small lobule of the cerebellum.
Flood''ing. A popular name for the
copious bleeding from the womb during
child-birth.
Floor of Pelvis. See Pelvis.
Floor-space. The distance apart of beds
required for proper ventilation of hospitals.
It should be not less than jJj o^ the cubic
space.
Flor'ida AlFspice. The leaves of Caly-
canthus fioridus. A pleasant aromatic
stimulant. Dose of fld. ext. gtt. x-xxx.
Unof.
Flou^ren's Doctrine. That the whole of
the cerebrum is concerned in every psy-
chical process.
Flow (Sax. fowan). The free discharge
of a liquid, as the blood.
Fluctua''tion [fuctuo, to float or roll).
Tlie wave-like motion of contained fluid
upon pressure, or by succussion.
Flu^id {fuo, to flow). A substance whose
molecules move freely upon one another.
Also applied to the liquid tissues of the
body.
Fluidrachm''. See Weights.
Fluores^cence {fuo). A property pos-
sessed by certain substances, consisting in
the emission of colors while light is being
passed through them. Quinine, fluorspar,
and several structures of the eye, possess
this power. See also Phosphorescence.
Fluorescein [fluo). An amoi-phous pro-
duct of the reduction of fluoresceine, the
latter an anhydride of resorcin. On account
of its neutral quality and green fluorescence,
it has been used to study the movements
of the intraocular fluids.
Flu'orine. F=: 19; quantivalence I. One
of the elements. It has not been isolated,
but is probably a gas. All the salts are
highly corrosive and poisonous in their full
strength. Ammonium fluoride is recom-
mended by Lucas in h}'pertrophy of the
spleen. Dose Ti:\^v of a gr. iv to 5J solu-
tion. Unof.
Flux {fuxus, flowing). An abnormal flow
of any of the excretions of the body, espe-
cially the foeces. Also, a synonym for
Dysentery.
Flux''ion ( fluxus'). Gathering of blood
or other fluid to one part of the body.
P'OCAL
163
FORCEPS
Fo^'cal {fih'us, a fire-place). Pertaininc; to
or ctcupying a focus. F. Disease. See
Disease. F. Haemorrhage, localized H.,
ill contradistinctiun t(.i diltuse or dissemi-
nated. F. Meningitis, involving but a
small area of the membranes. F. Mye-
litis, lucali/ed, in contradistinclion to
ditTuse or disseminated. F. Sclerosis,
the chronic indurating fonu, sumeiimes
called Scli-roHc Myelitis.
Fc'cus [focus). The princijial seat of a
disease. Thejx>int (called /;7;/c7/<;//^vw5)
whereto are gathered the rays of light by
a convex lens or a concave mirror. F.,
Negative, or Virtual, the imaginary
focus of an object i)]aced within tlie ])rinci-
]>al focus. Conjugate Foci, interdepen-
dent foci.
Foenic'ulum. Fennel. The fruit of F.
vulgare. Properties due to a volatile oil.
A mild stimulant and aromatic carmina-
tive. F., Aq., 2 parts of the oil in loo
of water. Dose 3SS-5J. F., Ol., the
volatile oil. Dose tTLij-v.
Fce'tal. Pertaining to the foetus.
Fce'ticide {/a-fus, unliom offspring, cado,
to kill). The killing of the foetus in the
worn!) by intent.
Fce'tid [fateo, to become putrid). Hav-
ing a foul odor.
Fce'tus (/<i/us, offspring). Tlie product
of conception from the fourth month of
intrauterine life to delivery. Often used
of the whole ]>eriod of intra-uterine life.
F., Altitude of, the general form and direc-
tion of the tiaink and the pc>sition of the
limbs in relation to it. F., Papyraceous,
a retained dead fetus inumniilied and
compressed. F., Presentation of. See
rrcsentation.
Fold. A temi applied to the plication or
doubling together of various parts of the
IxKly. F., Recto-vaginal, the fold of
the peritoneum descending in front of the
rectum. (Called in the male the rccto-
rf.ioil fold.)
Folie a deux (Fr.). See Insanity, Com-
tiiiiiiiiiiteil.
Fol'liclc (dim. oi follis,z. pair of bellows).
In anatomy a very small secretory cavity
or sar, as the follicles of I,iel>crkiihn. F.,
Graafian, the small vesicular i^odies in the
cnnii al layer of the ovarv', consi.sting of
flattened granular cells with oval nuclei
and memlirana |)ropria, each ab<iut yft'.-oy
inch in dianieier. F., Sebaceous, the
.sacs lying within the skin which secrete
the oily fluid with which the skin Ls soft-
ened.
Follic^ulose {follis). Full of follicles^
liaxing the appearance of follicles.
Fomenta''tion \^f>//ii)itiim). The appli-
cation of cloths .soaked in hot medicinal
solutions, to reduce intlanimation or allay
pain. Also, the application of hot dry
cloths. Also, the decoction applied.
Fons Pulsati''lis. See Foiitoitilh-.
Fonta'na's Markings. Delicate micro-
scopic transverse folds of ner\'e-fibers, to
which is due their non-retraction when
divided.
Fontana's Spaces. Those between the
jjrocesses of the ligamentum pectinatum
iridis.
Fontanelle'' (dim. oi foittaiiu, a spring,
from the ajipearance and feeling). The
membranous spaces of the infant's head,
from delayetl ossification of the cranial
bones. F., Anterior, that at the point of
union of the frontal, saggital and coronal
sutures. See also Brigmn. F., Pos-
terior, that at the point of junction of the
apex of the lami)doidal sagittal suluu?s.
Food (Sax. foda). Anything used for the
nourishment or formation of tissue. The
substances ordinarily employed as aliments.
Foods, Isodynamic. Ihose producing
an eipal amount of heat. F., Plastic, pro-
teids. F., Respiratory, fats and carbo-
hydrates. (The nomenclature of the two
last rests ujwn an eiToncous theory-.)
Foot (Sax. fdl)- "Hie organ at the ex-
tremity of the leg ; one of the organs of
locomotion. In bimana and C|uadrumana it
consists of the tarsus, metatar.sus, and ] ha-
langes, or toes. F. Clonus. See Cliiius.
Fora'men {foio,\.o ])ierce). A passage or
opening. F. Caecum, the blind jassage
al tiie root of the spine of the frontal 1 one.
Ajiplied also to other caeal foranuna.
F. of Magendie, an opening in the inferior
boundary of the fourth vintricle. F.
Magnum. That in the occipital bone
coninnniicating with the spinal canal. F.
of Monro, an opening under the arch of
the fornix. F. Ovale, an 0]>ening be-
tween the auricles of the fotal heart. F.
of Winslow, the aperture tliat extends
between the large sac of the omentum
and the cavity of the al donien.
Force {fortis, strong). That which pro-
iluees or arrests motion.
For'ceps {forceps, a pair of tongs). An
instrument with two blades atid handles
for pur|x")scs of seizing, traction, etc., in
surgical, obstetrical, and otlier operations.
F., Angular, fcrcej IS bent for insertion into
a canal. F., Arterial, specially adapted
FORCIBLE
164
FRACTURE
for seizing an artery ; many varieties are
named after inventors. F., Bone, ex-
ceptionally strong, for use in operations
upon bones. F., Bullet, of peculiar con-
struction, to extract bullets. F., Canula,
long, slender forceps enclosed in a tube,
that open by protruding the blades. F.,
Craniotomy ; the halves are crossed and
adapted to embryotomy. F., Dental,
adapted for extraction of teeth. F., Ec-
tropion, adapted for seizing the lid in ec-
tropion operations. F., Gouge, cutting
forceps for operations upon bone. F., Iri-
dectomy, delicate forceps for seizing the
iris. F., Midwifery, or Obstetric, for
seizing the foetal head in labor and by
traction aiding its exit ; a great number of
varieties.
Forc'ible. With force or power. F. Ex-
tension. See Extension.
For^cipressure i^ force, and presser, to
squeeze). The arrest of a minor haemor-
rhage by pressing the end of the divided
vessel with a pair of spring forceps, the
pressure being continued for 24-36 hours.
Fore-arm. That part of the arm between
the wrist and the elbow.
Fore -brain. The anterior of the encepha-
lic vesicles into which the primary nei-ve-
system of the embryo divides at an early
stage.
Fore-gut. The cavity in the raised cephalic
end of the embryo, called also Head-
gut.
Fore^head. That part of the face between
the orbits of the eyes, the hair above, and
the temples at the sides.
For''eign Bod''y. A substance in a wound
or cavity acting as an irritant.
Foren'sic i^forensis, belonging to the
fonmi). Pertaining to a court of law. In
medicine, that part of the science con-
nected with judicial inquiry. Also, medi-
cal jurisprudence.
Forc'skin. The prepuce.
Forma^tio Reticula^ris (Lat.). The in-
tercrossing of the fibers in the medulla.
Form''ative Cells. Large spherical, re-
fractive cells beneath the hypoblast.
Formica''tion i^forniica, an ant). A sensa-
tion like that produced by ants or other
insects crawling upon the skin.
Form''ula (dim. oi forma, a. form). A pre-
scribed method. In pharmacy, a list of
the names and respective quantities of sub-
stances entering into a com]30sition. In
chemistry, a method of representing the
gravimetric structure of a compound by
symbols. F., Constitutional, one that
shows structure and proportionate compo-
sition of its component parts. F., Em-
pirical, that showing the constitution of a
body without showing how the molecules
are grouped. F., Graphic. Same as
Constitutional. F., Rational. Same as
Constitutional.
For^nix {^fornix, ?es\ arch). The triangular
lamina of the white substance of the brain,
extending into the lateral ventricles and
arching downward.
Fortifica^tion Spect^'rum. A term used
of the appearance of a peculiar subjective
visual sensation in migraine. The luminous
shape of its outer edge assumes a zigzag
form, with angles like a fortification.
Fos^sa {fossa, a ditch). A depression, fur-
row or sinus. F., Canine, the depression
on the external surface of the superior
maxillary bone, forming the origin of the
levator anguli oris and compressor nasi
muscles. F., Cranial, any fossa of the
skull. F., Iliac, the smooth internal sur-
face of the ilium. F., Lachrymalis, the
depression in the frontal bone for the recep-
tion of the lachrymal gland. F., Nasal,
the nostrils. See Nasal Fossce. F.,
Navicularis, a fossa within the penis,
foiTned by a dilatation in the spongy por-
tion of the urethral passage.
Fossette^ (Fr ). A dimple or small de-
pression.
Fourchette^ (Fr., a fork). A fold of mu-
cous membrane at the junction of the
labia majora.
Fove^a [fovea, a small pit). Applied to
many depressions in the body or its organs,
but more particularly to \he fovea centralis
retince, a little pit in the macula lutea op-
posite the visual axis, the spot of distinct-
est vision, where the retinal cones are
massed together and the rods and some
other parts are absent.
Fowl'er's Method. See Urea.
Fowl'er's Solution. See Arsenic.
Fox-glove. See Digitalis.
Frac'tional Cultiva'tion. The isolation
of one variety of microorganism from a
mixture of several in order to study or cul-
tivate it. This is done by attenuation of
the medium so that a drop will proloably
contain but one organism. Distilled water
was first used as the attenuating medium,
but gelatinized media are now used. Bre-
feld and Nageli suggested the procedure,
and Lister isolated the first microbe, the
bacillus lacticus of Cohn.
Frac'ture {frango, to break). The break-
ing of a bone, either by external force, or
FR.ENUM
165
FRONTO-
by the action of the muscles of the body.
Applied also to the breaking of a cartihige.
F., Barton's, oblique, of the lower end
of radius, beginning in the articulating sur-
face. F.-Bed, a double inclined plane
for fractures of the hip. F., Capillary,
consistini; of only a line crack or fissure.
F., Comminuted, with shattering of the
bone. F., Colics', one of lower end of
radius with di>i)lacement backward. F.,
Complete, entirely through the bone. F.,
Complicated, with injur.- to adjacent
jiaris. F., Compound, with communi-
cating wouml of the skin. F., Depressed,
with dejiression of the fractured part be-
low the normal level, as in fracture of the
skull. F., Double, one bone is fractured
in two places. F., Dupuytren's, frac-
ture of the fibula with retraction and dis-
placement outward, and with laceialion of
the ligaments of the foot. F., Epiphy-
seal, with separation of the epiphysis of a
bone. F., Greenstick, one side of the
lone is broken, the other bent. F., Im-
pacted, with forcible compression of the
parts into each other. F., Pott's, same
as Dupuytren's, without laceration of
the inferior tiliio-fibular ligaments. F.,
Simple, without rupture of the skin or
mucous membrane. F., Spontaneous,
with but a slight force to cause it, as in
diseases of the bone.
Frae'num (Lat., a curb). A ligament,
fold of integument, or other part which
checks or limits the movement of any
organ, as F. Labiorum, the fourchettc or
lower commissure of the labia piiiiendi.
F. Linguae, the bridle of the tongue.
Fragil'itas (Lat.). Brittlene.ss. In phy-
siology, a want of flexile strength. F.
Cri'num, a brittlcncss of the hair, wliieh
breaks or s|iliis. F. Ossium. Abnormal
briitieness of the bones.
Fragmenta'tion [fragmentuni, a piece).
The suWivision into fragments. F. of
Calculi, Spontaneous, the exfoliation
and i»reaking u|) of a calculus i)y the action
of the uric acid or other morbid products
in the bladder.
Framboe'sia. Yaws, Plan, Amlxiyna But-
ton, I'arangi, Coco, Kndemic Verrugas.
A contagious disease of the skin character-
ized iiy dirty nr iiright red raspi)erry-like
tulK-rcle-s ; a|)|><aring usually on the face,
tfxrs anfl genital organs.
Fran'gula. i'.uckthom. 'I"he bark (one
year old) of /\/iiiiiiiiu! /'*., or ald<-r buck-
thorn. I'nsh iiark a violent irritant ; old
bark a non irritant purgative much used in
constipation of pregnancy. F., Ext. Fid.
Dose J ss-ij.
Frank'incense. A name given to a va-
riety of resinous aromatic substances, espe-
cially the exudation of Ai>ifs exiflsa.
Frank'lin Spec'tacles. iiee Bz/'oca/.
Fra'serin. See A»ic-ncan Columbo.
Frec'kles. See Lentigo.
Freea'ing. The congelation of liquids,
especially of water. F. Fluids, li(|uid
preparations, syrupy or gummy in con-
sistence, with boric acid, in which tissue
specimens are immersed prior to freezing
and section-cutting. F. Machine, an
apparatus for producing intense cold by the
eva^ioration of condensed gases. F. Mi-
crotome, a microtome attached to a con-
trivance for freezing artificially the tissue
to be sectioni/ed. Used with very st)ft
tissues. F. Mixture, a mixture of salts
which in undergoing solution absorb heat.
Frem'itus (I^t., a murmur). A tremor
caused by the sympathetic vibration of
the body in consonance with some other
vibrating body. Also a murmuring.
Fri'able {frio, to rub). Easily broken or
ci"umbled.
Fri'ar's BaFsam. See Benzoin.
Fric'tion {frico, to rub). The act of rub-
bing. Tlie process, in medicine, called
shampooing. Also the inunction of a
medicinal substance by rubbing. F.
Sound, the sound observed in ausculta-
tion, caused l)y the rubbing of adjacent
parts.
Fried'reich's Disease. Hereditary
Ataxia, or Hereditary Ataxic I'aiaplegia ;
depending on combined posterior and lat-
eral sclerosis of the cord, differing from
tabes and ataxic paraplegia in the early
age, hereditaiy nature and some other
s\mptoms.
Frigorif'ic [fngus, cold, facto, to make).
That which i>roduces extreme cold.
Fringe-tree. The bark of the root of
Chioiiitiitliiis I'irginica. A mild diuretic,
ajierient and reputed alterative. Dose of
(Id. ext. 3;.ss-j. Unof.
Fro'mann's Lines. Silver nitrate stain-
ings of the axis-cylinders of nerves at their
niHJeS.
Fronf'al {from.'). Pertaining to the an
teriori)art or aspect of an organ or body.
F. Bone, the anterior l)one of the skull and
suiH-rior of the face. F. Sinuses, tiie
cavities, one over each orbit, ol the frontal
liorie.
Fronto- {/rons). A prefix denoting an-
terior jxjsilion.
FROST-BITE
166
FURUNCULUS
Frost-bite. Injury to the skin or a part
from extreme cold, resulting in inliamma-
tion and gangrene.
Frost-wort. See Helianthemum.
Fructifica''tion [^fructus, fruit, facto, to
make). The fonnation and development of
the seed or fi-uit of a plant. Applied also
to animal reproduction.
Frugiv^orous [/ru.v, fruit, voro, to de-
vour). Fmit-eating.
Friihlingskatarrh. See Vernal Conjunc-
tivitis.
Fruit iyfructiis). The developed ovary of
a plant, and especially the succulent, fleshy
parts gathered about the same. Also ap-
plied to the offspring of animals. F.
Sugar. See Sugar.
Fuch^sin. Rosei'n, Magenta, Eosin, Ani-
line Red. The hydrochloride of rosanilin,
a lustrous, green, crystalline salt imparting
an intense red to solutions. In large doses
produces violent emesis and purging. In-
jected into a vein causes staggering and
trembling. Very efficient in reducing al-
buminuria. Dose gr. j^-iv.
Fu'cus Vesiculo^sus. Bladder-wrack,
Sea-wrack. A marine alga abundant on
the seashore. Alterative and tonic. Em-
ployed in goitre and glandular enlarge-
ments, but mainly as an empiric remedy
for the absoiption of fatty tissue in obesity.
An extract for such purpose is sold under
the name of anti-fat. Unof.
FuFminate ( fulinen, lightning). A com-
pound of fulminic acid with a base, usually
silver, gold or mercury ; characterized by
highly explosive qualities.
Fumiga^tion [fumigo, to smoke). Disin-
fection by exposure to the fumes of a vapor-
ized disinfectant.
Func^tion {fungor, to perform). The nor-
mal or special action of a tissue, organ or
part of the body.
Func'tional [jfungor'). Pertaining to the
special action of an organ, whether physio-
logical or pathological.
Fund^ament [fitndo, to be at the bottom).
The foundation or base of a thing. Also
the anus.
Fund'us [fundus, the bottom). The base
of an organ. F. Glands, microscopic
tul^ular glands of the cardiac portion of the
gastric mucous membrane. F. Oculi, the
posterior and interior portion of the eye
seen by the ophthalmoscope, comprising
chiefly the retina, papilla, retinal vessels,
etc.
Fun'giform (//w^^^, a mu.shroom). Hav-
ing the fonn of a mushroom. F. Papil-
lae, elevations over the middle and front
part of the tongue.
Fun'gus [fungus). An order of plants
without stems, leaves or roots, consisting
of juxtaposed cells, without chlorophyl.
They reproduce by spores. The chief
classes are the Hyinenomycctes, Basidiouty-
cetes, AscoiiiyceicSj and Ooinycetes. F. of
the Dura Mater, a tumor of the skull, of
malignant nature, originating in the layers
of osteal cells. F. of Brain, hernia
cerebri, F. Haematodes, a bleeding
tumor.
Fun'gus Foot. Madura Foot, Myceto-
ma, Ulcus Grave. An endemic disease
of India affecting the foot or the hand,
accompanied by mammillaled pustules, in
each of which is a deep-seated sinus. It is
now thought that the presence of fungoid
growths is an incidental feature and not a
cause.
Fu^nic [funis, a rope). Pertaining to the
funiculus.
Funic^ulus (dim. of funis). The sper-
matic or the umbilical cord.
Fu^nis. See Umiuiicus.
Fun''nel (Old Fr. fond). A wide-mouthed,
conical vessel ending in a tube, designed
for the speedy and safe transportation of
liquids from one vessel to another. Also
used as a .support for paper filters.
Furfura'ceous [furfur, bran). Resem-
bling bran. Applied also to dandriff-covered
skin.
Fu^'ror Uteri-'nus. See Nymphomania.
Furred (Old Fr. forre, a sheath). A
coating of granular or epithelial scales and
other matter upon the tongue.
Fur^rowr (Sax. furh). A groove or trench.
F., Genital, . a groove in the Wolffian
body, appearing about the sixth week of
pregnancy.
Furun'culous [furunculus,2,hd\\). Per-
taining to the continuous production of
furuncles.
Furun^culus (I,at.). A boil. A local
inflammatory affection, commonly invest-
ing a skm-gland or hair-follicle, ending
in necrosis and central suppuration of
adjacent parts. It begins with a painful
induration, followed by a swelling, that
finally sujjpurates and sloughs the " core."
F. Orientalis. Oriental Boil, Aleppo Boil,
Delhi Boil, Biscara Button, Gafsa Button,
Kandahar Sore, Pendjeh Sore, Natal Sore.
A local disease, marked by the successive
formation of papule, tubercle, scab, and
sharjDly circumscribed ulcer, on the face,
especially the cheeks and angle of the
FUSEL OIL
167
GALL
mouth. Common along Uie shores of the
Mediterranean Sea.
Fu'sel Oil. .See ALohol.
Fusible (/usus, melted). That which
can l>e easily fused or melted.
Fu'siform [J'ttsus, a spindle). Spindle-
shaped.
Fu'sion {/it>i(/<>, to ix)ur out). The process
of lii|utf\ ing a solid by the agency of heat.
Fustiga'tion {//is//i;ii, to heat). Fhigella-
tion. F., Electric, an ai^plication of elec-
tricity in which the .surface of the hotly
is rapidly tapped with the electrodes of an
induced current.
G. Abbreviation of ^^raww/£\
Gal. Abbreviation of gallon.
Gr. Abbreviation of grain.
Gtt. Abbreviation of gn/la or g7if((r.
Gad-fly {god, a goad). A dipterous insect
belonging to the genus Tabamis, .Mso, ap-
plied to riies of the genus CEstris.
Gad'inine (from GaJits callarias, had-
dock). .\ ptomaine obtained from decom-
ix»sing hatldock, — also from cultures of the
Ixicteria of iiuman f.eces. It acts as a de-
cided poison when given in large doses.
Gad'uin {gmlus, the codfish). A fatty
principle occurring in cod-liver oil.
Gaert'ner, Ducts of. Remains of the
Wolttian liodies jjersisting in certain ani-
mals.
Gaf'sa Button. See I'unininlm Orien-
talii.
Gag (Mid. Eng. gaggm, to suffocate). An
instrument placed between the teeth to
prevent the closing of the jaws.
GalaCtagogue ( } «/.«, milk, a) n, to bring).
An .-igi Ml that increases the secretion of
milk ill tlie Ireast.
GalaC'tia [y<i/.n). The family or class of
di.>>eases, according to (IcxkI's Nosology,
eml tracing defective or abnormal secretion
of milk.
Galac'tocele {yn?Ji, Krp.r/, tumor). A cystic
tumor of the female breast owing to the
closure of the milk duct.
Galactom'eter. See I.artonteter.
Galactoph''agus {^ya'/xi, <l>uyu, to eat).
Milk-caling.
Galactoph'orous {yn?M, tpopro, to lx?ar).
Milk-licaring. G. Ducts, the excretory
ducts of tli(- mammif.
Galactoph'orus. An artificial nipple
placed over the natural organ in order to
facilitate suckling and also to protect the
natural ni]iple when abraded.
Galacto-phthi'sis {ya?ia, <p6iaig, con-
sunijttion). Emaciation and debility due
to excessive secretion of milk.
Galactophy^gous (jaZa, <ptv)ij, to flee).
Having the jjower to reduce or arrest the
secretion of milk.
Galactopoiet''ic (ya^-ra, nottu, to make).
A term applied to agents or remedies that
induce the secretion of milk.
Galactopo'sia (jaTia, vivo, to drink).
" Milk-cure." The treatment of diseases
by the use of milk diet.
Galactorrhe''a (ya^a, pto), to flow). An
excessive secretion and flow of milk in a
nursing-woman.
Galact'oscope. See Lactoscope.
Galacfose (}rz/'.«). A carbohydrate ob-
tained by boiling lactose with dilute min-
eral acids. It crystallizes, is very ferment-
alile, and lias the reactions of glucose.
Galactother'apathy (jo/«, (hpa-tta,
treatment). The treatment of disea.se in
suckling infants by the administration of
the remedies to the mother or wet-nurse.
Galba'num. A gum resin of lurula gal-
hiinum, native to Asia. Expectorant,
stimulant and antisp.ismcxlic. Useful in
chronic bronchitis and catarrh. Dose gr.
x-xx. G. Pil. Comp. See Asaftitiita.
G. Emplastrum, galbanuin 16, turpen-
tine 2, ilurgundy pitch 6, lead pla-^ter 76
[larts.
Ga'lium Apar'ine. (loose ('.rass. A suc-
culeiu plant, the juice of which is a jM>pu-
hir remi'dy in strumous allections. I Jose
.f tl
le JUICC i, v.
Unof
Gall ( \'t>ii, bile). The liile. The jnicc
normally secreted by the liver. G. Blad-
GALLA
168
GASKELL'S CLAMP
der, the pear-shaped sac in the right lobe
of the Uver, constituting the reservoir for
the bile. G. Stones, the calcareous con-
cretions occasionally formed in the gall-
bladder and its ducts.
GaKla (Lat.). Nut-gall. An excrescence
on the leaves of dyer's oak, Quenus lusi-
tanica, caused by the deposited ova of an
insect. Contains tannic acid from 10-75
per cent., gaUic acid 5 per cent. G.,
Tinct., 20 per cent. Dose ^ss-iij. G.
Unguentuna, 10 per cent. See Add,
Tannic.
Gal'lic {galla, an oak-gall). Pertaining
to the oak-gall or nut-gall. G. Acid. See
Acid, Gallic.
Gallon. A standard unit of volumetric
measurement, having in the United States
a capacity of 231 cu. in., and equivalent
to a weight of 58,328.8 grains of distilled
water at maximum density. In Great
Britain its capacity is 277.27 cu. in.
Gallon's Whistle. An instrument for
testing the power of hearing shrill notes.
Galvan''ic {Galvani, an Italian physician
and scientist). Pertaining to galvanic or
chemical electricity. G. Battery. See
Battery. G. Belt, a belt composed of
alternate plates of copper and zinc sepa-
rated by pieces of felt moistened with
dilute acid. Designed to be worn around
the waist. G. Cautery. See Cautery.
Galvaniza'tion. The transmission of a
current of low electro-motive force through
any part of the body, for the purpose of
diagnosticating or curing disease.
Galvan''o- i^Galvani). A prefix denoting
connection with chemical or current-elec-
tricity. G. -cautery. See Cautery. G.-
puncture, the introduction of fine needles,
that complete an electric circuit, into the
skin or other tissue. Also a form of
galvano-cautery employing a current of
the necessary electro-motive force to heat
the needle to whiteness.
Galvanom''eter [fieTpov,a measure). An
instrument used for the qualitative deter-
mination of the presence of an electric
current.
Gamboge''. See Cainbogia.
Gang^liform {^ganglion and fonna, a
form). Formed like, or having the nature
of, a ganglion.
Gang^lion (ya}7/l<ov, a knot). A sepa-
rate and semi-independent nen'ous center
communicating with other ganglia or
nerves, with the central nervous system and
peripheral organs. Used also of an en-
larged bursa in connection with a tendon.
Ganglia, Basal, the ganglia at the base
of the brain, comprising the corpus stria-
tum (caudate and lenticular nucleus), optic
thalamus and corpora quadrigemina. Bid-
der's Ganglia, two ganglia at the auricu-
lar groove of the frogs heart. An alpha-
betical table is appended of the principal
ganglia, showing their location, roots and
distribution (see p. 169).
Gangrae''na Oris. See Sto?natitis.
Gan^grene [jayypaiva, a sore, from ypaivu,
to gnaw). Mortification or death of a part
of the body from failure in nutrition. The
putrefactive fermentation of a dead limb or
tissue. G., Constitutional, that dependent
upon systemic disease, such as diabetes, or
circulatory disease. G., Dry, shriveling
and desiccation from insufficiency of blood.
G., Embolic, caused by an embolus that
cuts off the supply of blood. G., Hos-
pital, a contagious form arising in crowded
conditions without antiseptic precautions.
G., Moist, with abundance of serous
exudation and rapid decomposition. G.,
Primary, without preceding inflammation
of the part. G., Secondary, with pre-
ceding inflammation. G., Senile, that
attacking the extremities of the aged. G.,
Symmetric, attacking corresponding parts
of opposite sides. Called, also, Raynaud^ s
G. See, also, SpJuiceloderma.
Gan''grenous. Pertaining to or being of
the nature of gangrene.
Gaps, Cra^nial. Certain occasional con-
genital fissures of the skull.
Garb^age. The refuse materials of kitch-
ens, cookery, etc.
Gar^gle (dim. of garga, the throat). To
rinse or wash the interior of the throat and
upper part of the pharynx. Also, a wash
for the throat.
Gar^lic. See Alliiirn.
Gar^rot (Fr. ga rotter, to bind). An in-
strument for compression of an artery
by twisting a circular bandage about the
part.
Garru-'lity. See Vuh'a.
Gar''rya. California feverbush. The leaves
of G. Fremotitii. A bitter antiperiodic,
popular on the Pacific coast as a remedy
in malarial diseases. Dose of the fld. ext.
TTLx-xxx. Unof.
Gas (Dutch, geest, a ghost). Any sub-
stance which is normally aeriform. Sub-
stances normally in a liquid or solid state
are usually called vapors when changed to
an aeriform condition.
Gas''keirs Clamp. An instrument for
compression of the heart so that the pulsa-
TABLE OF GANGLIA (ALPHABETICAL),
Name.
Location.
Roots.
Distribution.
Abdominal.
See Semilunar.
Andersch (Petrous
or Inferior).
Petrous Portion
Temporal Bone.
Hypoglossal.
Nerves at Base of Skull."
Arnold.
See Otic.
Cardiac (IVris-
Beneath Arch of
Aorta.
Cardiac Plexus.
Cardiac Plexus.
Carotid.
Carotid Artery.
Carotid Plexus.
Carotid Plexus.
Cervical (Inferior).
Last Cervical Ver-
tebra.
7th and 8ih Cervical, Mid-
dle Cervical.
Cardiac Nerves and Plexus, etc.
Cervic.-il (Middle or
Thyroid).
Opp. 5th Cervica
Vertebra.
Cervical and Spina
Nerves and Ganglia.
Cavernous Plexus, Laryngeal,
Cardiac, etc.
Cervical (Superior).
Opp. 2d and jd Cer-
vical Verlcbrie.
Cer\'ical, Petrosal, Pncu-
mogastric, Hypoglos-
sal, etc.
Suji., Inf., Ext., Int. Branches
Carotid and Cavernous Plex-
uses, etc.
Ciliary.
See Ophthalmic.
Diaphragmatic.
Under Surface Dia-
phragm.
Phrenic Plexus.
Inf. Vena Cava, Supra-renal
Capsule, Hepatic Plexus.
Gasserian.
Petrous Portion
Temporal Bone.
Fifth.
Oplnlialmic, Su >. Maxillary
and Inf. Maxi lary.
Jugular (or Supe-
rior).
Jugular Foramen.
Hypoglossal.
Continuation of Hypoglossal.
Lenticular.
See Ophthalmic.
Meckel.
See Spheno-Pala-
tine
Ophthalmic.
Back of Orbit.
Ophthalmic of the Fifth,
Third, Sympathetic.
Short Ciliary.
Otic {Arnold).
Foramen Ovale.
Inf. Maxill.-\iy,Int. Ptery-
goiti, Auriculo-Tempo-
ral, Sympathetic,
Glosso-Pharyngeal, Fa-
cial.
Tensor Tympani, Tensor Pa-
lati, Chorda Tympani.
Ribes.
Ant. Communicat-
ing Artery.
Cords of Sympathetic.
Cords of Sympathetic.
Semilunar.
See Gasserian.
5emilunar-3.
Front of Crura of
Diaphragm.
Solar Plexus.
Solar Plexus.
Spheno-Palatine.
Spheno- maxillary
Fossa.
Su|). Maxillary, Facial,
Sympathetic.
Ascending (Orbit\ Pcscciiiiing
(I'alalc), Internal iNosi), Pos-
terior (Pharynx).
Submaxillary.
Above Sub -maxil-
lary Oland.
Gustatory, Cliorda Tym-
paiii, Syinpalhi-tic.
Mouth and S u b in a x i 1 1 a r y
Gland.
Supra-renal. j
'unction of Great
Splanchnic.
Solar Plexus.
Su]>ra-rcnal Capsule,
Thyroid. !
5ee Cervical (Mid-
dle).
\WJ
GASP
170
GAULTHERIA
tions of the am-icles and ventricles may be
separately registered ; used in the study of
cardiac pulsation.
Gasp (Ice. gaispa, to yawn). To catch
for breath. To breathe spasmodically with
open mouth.
Gasse^rian. See Ganglion.
Gas''tero- (7a(Tr;?p, the belly). See Gastro.
Gas'tral {yaariip). Pertaining to the
stomach or abdomen.
GastraFgia [yaarjjp, aXyo^, pain). Pain
of the stomach. A mild form is sometimes
called gastrodytiia.
Gastrec^tomy {ja<jT7]p, ekto/.i?/, a cutting
out). Resection of the pyloric extremity
of the stomach.
Gas^tric '{^yaarrjp'). Pertaining to the
stomach. G. Digestion, that part of the
digestion of food performed by the gastric
juice ; the conversion of albuminous bodies
into peptones. G. Fistula, a perforation
or communication other than the normal
one, between the stomach and peritoneal
cavity, or with the outer part of the body.
G. Follicles. See Glands, Peptic. G.
Juice, the normal secretion of the tubular,
peptic glands of the stomach. A clear,
colorless liquid, having an acid reaction
containing from .5 to 2 per. cent, of solid
matter in solution. A small amount of
hydrochloric acid .2 to .4 per cent., and a
ferment called pepsin, are the essential
elements.
Gastri'tis (yaCTr;/^, (r<f, inflammation). In-
flammation of the coats of the stomach.
Gas^tro- [yaarr/p). A Greek prefix denot-
ing connection with or relation to the
stomach. G. -colic, pertaining to both
the stomach and the colon. G. -colitis,
concurrent inflammation of the stomach
and large intestine. G.-colpotomy, the
operation of the Cesarean section in which
the opening is made through the /inea alba
into the upper part of the vagina. G.-
duodenal, pertaining to the stomach and
duodenum. G.-elytrotomy. See Ca:sa-
rean Operation. G.-enteralgia, concur-
rent pain of the stomach and bowels. G.-
enteric, pertaining to both stomach and
bowels. G. -enteritis, concuirent in-
flammation of stomach and bowels. G.-
enterostomy, formation of a fistulous
connection between the .stomach and duo-
denum in obstruction of the pylorus. G.-
enterotomy, intestinal incision through
the abdominal wall. G. -epiploic, per-
taining to stomach and omentum. G.-
hysterectomy. See Cctsarean Operation.
G.-hysterotoniy. See Ccesarean Opera-
tion. G. -stenosis, a stricture or morbid
contraction of the stomach.
Gas^'trocele (yaarr/p^ mfki], hernia). A
hernia of the stomach.
Gastrocne^mius. See Muscle.
Gastrodyn'ia {yaaT7/p, odvvrj, pain). A
mild pain of the stomach. See also Gas-
tralgia.
Gas''trolith {yaarrjp, Tiidog, a stone). A
calcareous formation in the stomach.
GastroPogy {ynanjp, Aoyog, a treatise). A
treatise on the stomach and its functions.
Gastromala^cia [yacrn/p, /iia?MKia, soften-
ing). An abnormal softening of the struc-
tural tissue of the stomach.
Gastrop^athy [yaarr/p, nadog, suffering).
Any disease or disorder of the stomach.
Gastrorrha^gia [yaarrip, p//yvvfii, to break
forth). See Jleviateinesis.
Gastror''raphy {jaGT?]p,'pap], suture). Su-
ture of wounds of the abdominal wall or
stomach.
Gastrorrhce''a [yaarr/p, peu, to flow). A
regurgitant flow of gastric mucus or liquid
from the mouth.
Gast^roscope [yaaT?/p, gkowcu, to see). An
instrument for viewing the interior of the
stomach. Consists essentially of a tube with
incandescent electric light and reflecting
prisms.
Gastros''copy. The inspection of the inte-
rior of the stomach by means of the gastro-
scope.
Gastro''ses {yaaTrjp). A general term for
diseases of the abdomen or of the stomach
only.
Gastros''tomy {yoGrrjp, arofia, mouth).
The establishing a fistulous opening into
the .stomach.
Gastrot^omy (jaari/p, Ts/urtj, to cut). Inci-
sion of the abdomen or stomach.
Gastrox^ia [yaar/ip, o^vg, acid). Abnormal
acidity of the contents of the stomach.
Gas^trula [yuarf/p). In Haeckel's classi-
fication, the larval form of all animals
above the protozoa.
Gath^ering. A popular name for abscesses,
pustular inflammations and suppmating
sores.
Gaule's Experiment. See Cytozodn.
Gaulthe^ria. Wintergreen, Teaberry,
Methyl Salicylate. The leaves of winter-
green, G. procumbcns, an evergreen plant.
Properties due to a volatile oil, tliat is
also found in black birch and several other
plants. Stimulant, astringent, and antipy-
retic. Used in rheumatism and gout, or
where salicylate acid is indicated. G., Ol.,
oil of wintergreen, much used as a flavor.
GAUZE
171
GENITALIA
Dose n\_iij-x. G., Spt., oil of wintergrecn
3, alcohol 97.
Gauze. See Anfisr/<fii\
Gavage'' (Fr.). Forced feeding. Applied
to the feeding of weak infants by the aid
of an ( I'sophage.xl tube.
Gel'atine {g^/o, to congeal). An albuminoid
substance of jelly-like consistence, obtained
by boiling skin, connective tissue, and bones
of animals in water. The glue of com-
merce is an impure variety. G. Capsules,
ca[>suk'S of gelatine designed for containing
medicines of nauseating taste. G., Medi-
cated, a soft basis consisting of gelatine
3, zinc oxide 3, glycerine 5, water 9 parts,
to which antiseptic or other medicaments
may be added. IVeferable to greasy oint-
ments. All unof. G. Culture-medium,
a jelly made by a solution of the best com-
mercial food gelatine in the proportion of
6, 8 or 10 parts to loo of water, with i or
2 parts of dried peptones or glucose (the
latter not u-^ed if the culture is to be made
on slides), for increased nutritive value.
Bicarl)onate of soda is used to neutralize
the acid reaction. This in bacteriology is
simply known as Gelatine.
Gelat'inous. Resembling, or having the
nature of gelatine. G. Tissue. See
Animal Tissue.
Gel'Dse. A culture-medium used in bac-
teriological investigation. Gelatine lique-
fies at 23° or 24° C., and is thus inferior to
gelose, for those cultures that retjuire a
higher degree of heat for their proper devel-
opment. The base of gelose is a vegetable
mucilage, derived from an Indian sea-
weed, Gelidiuni spiniformc, of which a
jelly is made, 2 to 3 parts (to 100) of dried
I>eptones added; lo to 15 parts of this
sul)stance to 50 parts of water, with I to 5
of glycerine, forms the nutritive jelly called
gelose.
Gel'osine. A mucilage extracted from a
species of alga found in Japan. Soluble
in water and alcohol. An excellent ex-
cipient for jxjwders, tinctures and salts.
Unof
Gelsem''ium. ^'ellow Jasmine. The root
of G. senipen'irens,'!i\)\iw\M\\. in the .south-
em U. S. Pro[)erties mainly due to an
alkaloid, ^^/t^*////';/', a jx)werful motor de-
pressant, antispasmodic and <liaphorelic.
In toxic floses produces diplopia, extreme
muscular weakness, and an.estliesia, death
<KCurring from as|)hyxia. Useful in exal-
tation of nerve action, cerebros])inal men-
ingitis, etc. E.s|x:cially valuable in remit
tent and malarial fevers. Dose gr. ij-xx.
G., Ext. Fid., alcoholic. Dose IT^^ij-xx.
G., Tinct., 15 ix;r cent, in strength. Dose
n\^v-xxx. Gelsemina, the alkaloid. l)ose
Gemel'lus (dim. of >,'-<'w/;///.f, twin).
Double. In pairs. G. Muscle, the gas-
trocnemius muscle, on account of its double
origin. See Miiscle.
Gem'inate {^geviinus). In pairs. In
l>otany, i)arts that are disposed in pairs.
Gem'inous. Simic as Ge/ninate.
Gemma'tion. See Budding.
Gen'erate [genero, to beget). To beget,
to produce of the same kind.
Genera'tion (^'fwt'rf?//*', a begetting). The
begetting or production of otispring. G.,
Organs of, those that are functional in
reproduction; the genitalia. G., Spon-
taneous, the supposed production of or-
ganic matter or beings, from inorganic
matter. G., Alternations of. See Altcr-
iitj/ions of G.
Gener''ic {^gettus, a kind). Pertaining to
the same genus.
Gene''siai {yeveaiq, origin). Pertaining to
generation. G. Cycle, the periods of
ovarian, uterine, and mammary activity, into
which the reproductive life of the female
is divided; the first extending from puberty
to conception, the second from conception
to gestation, and the third from gestation
through lactation.
Gen^'esis ()ere(T/f). The act of begetting.
Generation.
Genefic (^eveaiq, generation). Pertaining
to generation. Also, anything inherited.
Genic'ulate Bodies. Two oblong, flat-
tened bodii-s on the outer side of the
coqiora nuadrigemina and under the back
part of the optic thalamus.
Gen'io- (yeviiov, the chin). A prefix denot-
ing connection with the chin.
Gen'ital {genitalis, pertaining to genera-
tion). Pertaining lo the organs of genera-
tion or to reproduction. G. Cord, tlie
union of the two ducts of Wolfl and of
Miiller to form a common cord in the
emi'iyo. G. Eminence, or Tubercle,
an eitvation appearing about the 6tli wei-k
of embryonic life, in front of tlie cloaca,
and from which the ]>enis or clitoris is
developed. G. Fissure, a fuirow extend-
ing from the genital eminence of the
embryo to the cloaca. G. Folds, two
plications at the side of the orifice of the
cl< aca. G. Sense, the degree of vigorous-
ness of the development of ovisacs.
Gcnita'lia {^^enitiilis). The organs of
generation.
GENITO-
172
GIACOMINI'S METHOD
Gen''ito- {^genitus, begotten, from gigno, to
be born). A prefix denoting connection
or relation to the genital organs.
Gen^tian, or Gentia'na. The root of G.
lutea, a European, and of G. catesbai, an
American species. A simple, non-astrin-
gent bitter. Highly esteemed as a sto-
machic tonic in convalescence from acute
diseases and malarial fever. G., Ext. Dose
gr. j-v. G., Ext. Fid. Dose ^ss-j. G.,
Infusum Comp., unof., gentian lo, bitter
orange peel 2^, coriander 2^, alcohol
40, water to make 320. Dose 3J-5J.
G., Mist. Alkalin., unof, dil. hydrocyanic
acid tT\^iij, sodium bicarb, gr. xv, infus. of
gentian comp. to make ^j. Dose 5J. G.
et Sennae Mist., unof., infus. of senna
^^^iij, comp. tinct. cai'damom ^j, comp.
infus. of gentian ^vj. Dose ^x. G.,
Tinct. Comp., contains gentian 8, bitter
orange peel 4, cardamom 2, dil. alcohol
to make 100. Dose ^ss-ij.
Gen^u (^f'/n^, the knee). Pertaining to the
knee. G. Extrorsum, outward bowing
of the knee, — bow-legs. G. Valgum, in-
ward curving of the knee, — knock-knees.
G. Varum. Same as G. Extrorsum.
Gen''uclast {^genu, tOiau, to break). An
instriiment for breaking irreducible adhe-
sions of the knee-joint.
Gen^u Cor''pus Callo'si. A name given
to the reflected part of the corpus cal-
losum.
Genuflex'' {^genu, flexus, bent). Bent at,
or like, the knee. Also, bent at any joint.
Ge'nus [genus, a family). A species or a
number of species marked by one or more
common characteristics that distinguish
them from the species of another family.
Genyplast^y [yevvg, the cheek, n-^aaau, to
form). The operation for reforming or
restoring the cheek imperfect either from
injury or from congenital malformation.
Geog^raphy (77/, the earth, jpa^u, to write).
In medicine, a description of the earth's
surface with reference to climatology, and
the distribution of disease, with relation to
origin and locality.
GeoFogy [jt], 7Myoq, a treatise). The sci-
ence treating of the structural development
of the earth.
Geom''etry [yrj, /lerpov, sl measure). That
branch of mathematical science treating of
the relations of magnitudes.
Geoph''agism [jt/, tpayu, to eat). The
practice of earth- or clay-eating, practiced
in a few localities.
Gera''nium. Cranesbill-root. The root
of G, maculatum. Properties due to tan-
nic and gallic acids. Useful in diarrhoea,
infant colic, etc. G., Ext. Fid. Dose
GeratoFogy (yrjpag, old age, Tioyoc, a treat-
ise). A treatise concerning old age.
Ger^Iach's Network. An exceedingly
delicate fibrous network of the finest nerve
fibrils in the gray matter of the cord.
Ger^lach's Theory. Pertains to the con-
nection of the nerve-fibers and ganglionic
cells of the cord.
Gardner's Disease. An affection (of farm-
hands) characterized by sudden paroxysms
of ptosis, vertigo, muscular paresis, and
cervico-occipital pain.
Germ [gerz/wn, a sprout). The ovum,
spore, or zoospore that, by fecundation,
is capable of developing into an organism
like that whence it was derived. G. of
Disease, the special virus or spore by
which a disease becomes communicable.
G. of Sac, the vesicle constituting the
blastoderm of mammals. G., Specific,
same as Germ. G. Theory of Disease,
the theory that contagious and infectious
diseases are communicated by means of the
transference to and development of a spe-
cific seed or spore within the organism of
the animal infected.
German Breast Tea. A decoction of
althaea, </. v.
German Chamomile. See Matricaria.
Germ Epithe^liurn. Cylindrical cells on
the surface of the median plate of the me-
soblast.
Ger^minal. Pertaining to a germ or the
genesis of a tissue or organ. G. Area,
the area gerniinaliva, or euibryonal shield,
a white round spot upon one side of the
vitelline membrane in which the blasto-
demi becomes double. G. Matter. See
Protoplasm. G. Membrane, the blasto-
derm. G. Spot. The nucleolus of the
ovule. G. Vesicle. The nucleus.
Germina''tion [germinatio, a sprouting).
The sprouting of a seed. The beginning
of the development of an ovum, spore or
germ.
Gero''ni Specic'sa. An Andean plant,
having a reputation as a local remedy in
syphilis and rheumatism. Unof.
Gerontox''on. See Arcus Senilis.
Gesta''tion [gero, to bear). Same as
Pregnancy.
Giacomini's Method of Preserving
the Brain. Immerse in a saturated solu-
tion of chloride of zinc ; turn several times
daily and inject 600 grms. of the liijuid
through the carotids. Remove membranes
GIANT
173
GLAND
in 48 hours. Allow to remain in solution
until it begins to sink, then immerse in
alcohol for lo days. Immerse in glycer-
ine until it sinks ; remove, allow to dry,
and varnish.
Gi'ant ( i,'-4'<;-f, lai^e or ponderous). An
adult of a sjiecies excessively developed in
stature and proportions.
Gibbos'ity {^nddosus). The condition of
being giblious.
Gib'bous {gil'bosus , hunchbacked).
Bunched or bulged out. Abnonnully
crot)ked.
Gi'Dert's Syrup. See Hydrargyrum.
Gid'diness (^Sa.\. i^'ddiati, to be merry).
A sensation of whirling or unsteadiness
of llie Iwdy, usually accompanied by more
or le.-is nau>ea.
Gig'gcr. See Piihw.
Gimbernat's Ligament. See Lii^ameni.
Gin. See Spiritus ; a.\>o,Juni/'t:rus.
Gin'ger. See Zingiber.
Gingi'va (Lat.). Ihe vascular tissue sur-
rounding the necks of the teeth and
covering the alveoli. In the plural it is
popularly known as the gums.
Gingi'va! [gingiva). Pertaining to the
gums. G. Line, the blue or purplish
line along the gums where they meet
the teeth, indicative of chronic lead-poi-
soning.
Gingivi'tis {gingiva). Inflammation of
the gums.
Gin'glymoid()7)7/'.i^,uof,ahinge). Resem-
tiling a liinge-joint.
Gin'glymus. See Diar't/trosis.
Gin'seng. The fleshy root of several spe-
cies of J'anax. An aromatic bitter with
tonic projXTties. Unof.
Giral'des, Organ of. The vasa aberrantia
of the Wolfilan Bodies.
Gir'dle (Sax. gyrJcl, a waistband). Any
band designed to go around the Ixxiy. G.,
Pelvic, the l>ones (or cartilages) form-
ing the supix)rt for the lower limbs of
vertelirates. In mammals they consist of
the ilium, ischium and os puliis. G. Sen-
sation, ux Pain, a sensation as thoiigli a
band liad been tied around the ])elvis, or
one of the limlis. A .symptom of atlections
of the spinal conl.
Giz'zard (Old Kr. Gisier). The strong
muscular stomach of l)irds.
Glabella (dim. of ;7(//v/-, sm<K)th). The
triangular spate l>clweeii tlie eyeiirows.
Gla'brous (glaher). .SukhjiIi. In Ixitany,
de.stitutc of hairs or down.
Gla'cial (x'/ac/Vj, ice). Icy Rcscml'ling
ice in a[)|x;arancc.
Glacia'tion [g/aciis). Assuming a condi-
tion like that of ice. Also producing ero-
sive elTects like those of moving ice.
Gladi'olin. A certain alkaloid occurring
in brain tissue.
Gladio'lus ^^dim. of gladius, a sword).
The middle or second piece of the sternum.
Glair'ine. See Banginc-.
Glai'ry [glair, the white of egg). Slimy.
.\lso, alliuminous.
Gland [g/ans, an acorn). A name given
to various small racemose or ovoid organs
of the i)ody, both secretive and excretive
in function, withdrawing from the blood
material for other puqKases, or that is
injurious or of no use to the economy. In
structure they may be sini])le, saccular or
tubular. Also, the bullions end of the penis
and clitoris. G., Arytenoid, the small
muciparous glands in front of the arytenoid
cartilage. G. of Bartholini, two small
glands, one on each side of the vagina,
opening through ducts on the iiuier surface
of the nymphce. Also, the .sublingual
glands. G., Bowman's, tubular glands
of the olfactoiy region. G., Brunner's,
the granular l)Oilies occurring in the duo-
denum. G., Buccal, the glands between
the buccinator muscle (of the cheek) and
the adjacent mucous membrane. G.,
Cervical, the lymphatic glands of the
neck, also called ceifica/ gang/ion. G.,
Ceruminous, the glands that secrete
the wax of the ear. G., Coccygeal, a
gland at the tip of the coccyx. G., Cow-
per's, two small glands anterior to the
prostate gland. G., Duodenal. See (7.,
Brunner's. G., Ebner's, serous glands
of the tongue. G., Epiglottic, the mu-
ciparous glands about tiie epiglottis. G.,
Gastric, the glands of the stomach — tuliu-
lar and peptic. G., Haversian, the
fatty bodies lying iichind the synovial
fringes of most joints. G., Iliac, the
glands, six or eight in number, lying on
both sides of the iliac vessels, that re-
ceive certain lymj)hatics and the ellerent
vessels of tiie inguinal glands. G., La-
bial, the racemose glands near the edges
ofthelii)s. G., Lachrymal. See /,(/,/// r-
tnal Glands. G., Laryngeal, the nuui-
parous glands scattered about the region
of the larynx G., Lieberkiihn's, the
columnar gbmds di.striiiuled over the
nmcous membrane of the inlistiiies. G.,
Lingual. See S.ilnuiry C'linds. G.
of Littri, the gl inds in the subnmeous
ti.ssue of the uretiira. G. of Luschka.
See Ccitygeal Gland. G., Mammary,
GLANDERS
174
GLIOMA
the milk-secreting glands in the breasts of
the female. G., Meibomian, the minute
follicles between the cartilage and conjunc-
tiva of the eyelids. G., Molar, the
glands between the masseter and bucin-
nator muscles of the cheek. G., Moll's,
sweat glands opening into the hair-follicles
of the eyelashes. G. of Naboth, the small
glandular bodies within the mouth of the
uterus. G., Nuhn's, mixed glands near
the tip of the tongue. G., Odoriferae, the
glands behind the cervix of the penis, ex-
creting the smegma. G., CEsophageal,
the glands in the submucous tissue of the
oesophagus. G., Pacchionian, the so-
called granulations clustered about the outer
■ surface of the dura mater, pia matar, and
certain sinuses of the brain. G., Palatine,
the small glands forming a continuous
layer near the surface of the hard palate
and about the soft palate. G., Parotid.
See Salivary Glands. G., Peptic, the
glands situated all over the mucous coat of
the stomach secreting the gastric juice.
G., Payer's, the clustered glands near the
lower end of the ileum. G., Pharyngeal,
the racemose glands of the pharynx. G.,
Pineal. See Pineal Gland. G., Pitui-
tary. See Pituitary Body. G., Pros-
tate. See Prostate Gland. G., Salivary.
See Salivary Glands. G., Sebaceous,
the minute saccular glands in the corium
of the skin, that secrete the sebum. G.,
Solitary, the glands scattered through the
mucous membrane of the smaller intes-
tine. G., Sublingual. See Salivary
Glands. G., Submaxillary. See Sali-
vary Glands. G., Sudoriferous, the
glands of the skin that secrete sweat. G.,
Suprarenal, the suprarenal capsules. See
Capsule. G., Thymus, a temporary organ
lying mainly in the neck, attaining its full
growth at two years and practically disap-
pearing at puberty. G., Thyroid, a lobu-
lated gland in the upper part of the trachea.
G., Tracheal, the minute ovoid glands
abundant in the posterior part of the trachea.
G. of Tyson. See G. Odorifercr. G.,
Uterine, the tubular follicles distributed
throughout the mucous membrane of the
uterus. G., Vulvo-vaginal, the gland
of Bartholini. G., Weber's, mucous
glands near the root of tongue.
Gland^ers. See Eqidnia.
Glans Pe^nis. The conical shaped body
forming the head of the penis.
Glass (Sax. gltzs). A brittle, hard, and
transparent substance consisting usually of
the fused, amorphous silicates of potassium
and calcium, or sodium and calcium, with
an excess of silica. When glass of a high
refractive index is required, lead silicate is
also added. G. -blowers' Disease, a
term formerly used to designate any infec-
tious disease of the lips, especially syplii-
litic eruptions. Also, applied to pulmo-
nary emphysema. G., Crown, a very
hard glass, made from sodium sulphate
and lime. Has a low refractive index but
considerable chromatic dispersion. Used
in lenses of optical instruments. G., Flint,
composed of lead and potassium silicates.
Has a very high refractive index. Used in
lenses of optical instruments. G., Solu-
ble, potassium or sodium silicate.
Glas^ses. A synonym of spectacles or
optical lenses.
Glau^ber's Salt. See Sodium.
Glauco^ma (jMlvko^, sea-green). A dis-
ease of the eye whose essential and char-
acteristic symptom is an abnormally height-
ened intraocular tension, resulting in hard-
ness of the globe, excavation of the pa-
pilla or optic nerve, a restriction of the
field of vision, corneal ansesthesia, colored
halo about lights, and lessening of visual
power that may, if unchecked, proceed to
blindness. The etiology is obscure. G. Ab-
solutum, or Consummatum, the com-
pleted glaucomatous process, with blind-
ness. G. Acutum, the first or the re-
newed attack, with the characteristic and
inflammatory symptoms, generally intermit-
ting after a few days. G. Fulminans,
an acute attack coming on with great sud-
denness and violence. G. Hsemorrha-
gicum, that associated with retinal haemor-
rhage. G., Secondary, that consequent
to other ocular diseases. G., Simplex,
without inflammatory symptoms.
Gleet (Sax. glidan, to slip down). The
chronic stage of gonoiThoea with muco-
puiiilent discharge.
Glen-'oid {yh/v?/, a cavity. A name given
to any part or organ having a shallow
cavity.
Gli^a Cells. See Deitcr's Cells.
Gli'adin. See Gluten.
Glio^'ma {ylia, glue). A name given by
Virchow to a variety of round-celled sar-
coma, consisting of a tumor of neuroglia
cells, occurring in the central mass of the
brain, or of the spinal cord. G. of the
Retina (" encephaloid of the retina "), a
glioma .springing from the connective tissue
of the retina, usually occurring in the young,
and involving the choroid, optic nerve,
and extending finally into the brain. G.,
GLIOMATOSIS
175
GLUCOSINE
Pseudo-, of the Retina, metastatic puru-
lent choroiditis, simulating the appearance
of retinal glioma.
Gliomato'sis. Exul)erant masses of glio-
ma-like tissue in S)Tingo-myelia.
Gliomyxo'ma. A term applied to tumors
having the character both of glioma and
viyx'»ia.
Gliosarco'ma. Such tumors as have both
the neuroglia cells of glioma and the fusi-
form cells of sarcoma.
Glis'son. See Capsule.
Globe of the Eye. The eyeball.
Glo'bin (x'^o/'ies, a globe). A native pro-
teid of the globulin class, one of the
products of the decomposition of hamo-
glol'in.
Glob'ular (dim. of ^^M'us). Having the
shape of a glol>e or sphere.
Glob'ule [dim. of j^'/o/'us). A small globe.
In biology, any minute spherical structure.
In phannacy, a small pill or pellet.
Glob'ules of Donne. See Blood-PIntes.
Glob'ulin. One of the native proteids of
the general class called glolmlins ; it is
obtained from the crystalline lens.
Glob'ulins. A class of native proteids
comprising (jlobulin, Vitellin, Para-, or
Serum-globulin, Filirinogen, Myosin and
Globin. They are ins<.iluble in distilled
water, but solul'le in dilute neutral saline
solutions. These solutions are coagulated
by heat, and precipitated by a large amount
of water. They yield acid-albumin when
acted upon by dilute acids, and alkali-all 'U-
min by dilute alkalies. Vegetable Glob-
ulins have l)een studied, and named 7<xv-
toble Myosin, I 'iUlliit, and Panv^lt liuliii, —
found in the seeds of plants.
Glo'bus (I .at.). A ball or globe. G.
Epididymis. See Kpididyiiiis. G.
Hystericus, the "lump" or choking
sensation occurring in hysteria, caused
prolialily by spasmodic contraction of the
frsfjphagus and pharyngeal muscles. G.
Major, the larger end or head of the epi
didymis. G. Minor, the lower end of
the epididymis.
Glom'erate {:;lo»trro, to wind around).
A descri|jtive term applied to any gland
consisting of vessels bunched together like
a iiall of thread.
Glomer''ulus, or Glom'erule (dim. of
f^loHiiis). A knot or small njundctl m.ass.
G. Malpighii. See Miilpif^hian Ihidifs.
Glos'sa {'I'fxjrnii). 'Hie tongue; al.so the
f.K ulty of articulate s|x-cch.
Gloss^al (y'/xjoaa). Pertaining to the
tongue.
Glossal'gia (jP-uctcto, a/.)Of, pain). Any
pain in the tongue.
Glossec'tomy [-^/uaaa, eKroin/, excision).
.Amputation or e.xcision of the tongue.
Glossi''tis {^Auaaa, iTtg, inflammation).
Inllammation of the tongue.
Glos''so- (jAtxTCTtt). A prefix denoting
connection with the tongue. G.-hyal,
pertaining conjointly to the tongue and
the hyoid bone. G. -pharyngeal, per-
taining jointly to the t(.ingue and the pharynx.
G. -pharyngeal Nerve. See A'crve.
G. -spasm, s|)asni of the tongue.
Glossog'raphy (j/wfrira, --/ijaijxj, to write).
A descriptive treatise upon the tongue.
Glossology [y/.uaaa, ?.o-}og^ a treatise).
A treatise concerning the tongue.
Glossophy'tia (}/<j(t<to, <pi<roi\ a plant).
l>lack Tongue. A dark discoloration of
the tongue, due to accumulations of .si>ores,
dead epithelium and accidental impurities.
Glossople'gia [y/.cjaaa, rrAT/yTi, a stroke).
Paralysis of the tongue.
Glossot^omy [^/.(jaaa, refivu, to cut).
The dissection of the tongue. Also, the
excision of the tongue.
Glos^sy Skin. See Alrophodervia.
Glot^tis (;/w77«, the tongue). The ritna
glottidis. The opening between the ary-
tenoid cartilages, or the interv^al betwein
the vocal chords. Over it is the e])iglottis,
a thin lamella of cartilage covering the
lary-nx during deglutition.
GIu''cose (; T^vKvq, sweet). Dextrose, Levu-
lose, Grape Sugar, Starch Sugar. A sub-
stance obtained from starch by the action
of the natural ferment diastase, and by the
catalytic action of mineral acids on starch.
Less soluble, and therefore less sweet than
cane sugar, but equally nutritious. Much
used as an adultiTant of cane sugar.
Dextrose differs from levulose in its beha-
vior to the ix)larized ray that is turned by
the former to the right, and by the latter
to the left.
Glu'coside {glucose, eifioq, like). A name
given to a series of com|>ounds that may
be resolved by the presence of acids into
glucose and another ])rinciple.
Glu'cosine. N'arious i)toiiiainc-bascs ob-
tained by the action of ammonia on glu-
cose. One of these, tn'lin^A*^ =^ ^)'
corresjxmds in fornuila and gmeral prop-
erties to a remarkable unnamed I ase
fonned during the alcoholic fermenlatiun
of sugar or molas.ses, — Morin's baj«,
C",H,„N.^: — a colorless, strongly refract-
ing, very mobile oil, with a nau.senus,
pyritline like odor. It prtKluces sluixir,
GLUE
176
GOITRE
paralysis, diminution of sensibility, dilata-
tion of pupils, lowering of pulse and
temperature, coma, and death. Alkaloidal
bases have also been found in petroleum,
paraffine-oil, chloroform, benzole, ether,
amyl alcohol, and in most solvents in com-
mon use.
Glue. An impure gelatine obtained from
the hides and hoofs of animals.
Glute^al [yXovTog, the buttock). Pertain-
ing to the gluteal muscles or to the but-
tocks. G. Artery. See Ariery. G.
Nerve. See Nei-ve. G. Reflex, a con-
traction of the gluteal muscles when the
skin over the buttock is stimulated.
Glu''ten ly gluten, glue). A substance re-
sembling albumin, with which it is proba-
bly identical. Occurs abundantly in the
seed of cereals in the form of cubical cells
surrounding the starchy fecula of the seed.
It consists mainly of gluten-fibrin, gluten-
casein, gliadin and mucedin.
Glyc'erine [^'\vkv<;'). Propenyl hydrate.
A viscous, syrupy, colorless substance de-
rived from certain fats — mainly palm oil —
by decomposing them with superheated
steam. Pure glycerine is an emollient; the
impure article an irritant to the skin.
Glyc'erine Cu''pric Test (for sugar).
To an inch of potassium hydrate in a test-
tube add a few droj)s of copper sulphate
and a few of glycerine. Boil and add
suspected urine by small amounts up to
less than one inch in the tube. Sugar
will throw out the cuprous oxide, red or
yellow.
Gly'cerite, or
Glyceri^tum. A glycerite, or mixture of
medicinal substances with glycerine. There
are two official glycerites.
Gly'cin. Called, also, glycocoll, amido-
acetic acid, or gelatin sugar; derived from
gelatin.
GlycochoFic Acid (j'kvK.vq, x^'^^Vt bile).
An acid found in the bile.
Gly^cocol. See Glycin.
Gly^cogen {y7\.vKvq, jEvvau, to produce).
A white amorphous powder, tasteless
and odorless, forming an opalescent solu-
tion with water, insoluble in alcohol. Com-
monly known as animal starch. Occurs
in the blood and the liver, by which it is
elaborated. Changed by diastasic ferments
into glucose.
Gly^conin. See Vitellus.
Glycosu^ria (^yTMKvq, ovpov, the urine).
The existence of grape sugar in the urine.
See Diabetes. G., Tests for. See Boctt-
cher's, Fehling's, Glycerine, Cupric, In-
digo-carmine, Favfs, Picrosacchari-
?netcr, Phenyl-hydrazin, Roberts' Differ-
ential Density, Saccharonieter, TnmiDiers.
Glycyrrhi^za. Liquorice Root. The root
of G. glabra. A demulcent and mild lax-
ative, of sweet taste. In combination with
other medicaments, an excellent expector-
ant. Much used as an excipient in pills,
troches, etc. G., Ext., the liquorice of
commerce, occurring in black rolls. G.,
Ext. Purum, made with aq. ammonia
and water by percolation and evaporation.
G., Fid. Ext., prepared with water and
alcohol. G., Mist. Comp., Brown mix-
ture, pure extract, sugar, acacia, aa 3 parts,
tinct. opium camph. 12, vin. antimony 6,
spt. nitrous ether 3, water 70. Dose 3 j- 5 ss.
G. et. Opii Trochisci, have each G. ext.
gr. ij, ext. of opium gr. ■^■^, acacia, sugar,
oil of anise q. s. Dose j-ij. G. Ammo-
niatum, the sweet principle of the root
made soluble by ammonia. Dose gr.
v-xv.
Gme''lin-Heintz Reaction. A test for
bile-pigments in urine. Nitric acid con-
taining some nitrous acid is added to the
liquid, and if bile-pigments be present, a
play of colors follows, beginning with
green and passing through blue, violet, red
to yellow.
Gme^lin's Test. See Gnielin-Heintz Re-
action.
Gnat (Sax. gmct). A dipterous insect, the
Cnlex pipiens, differing but slightly from
the common mosquito, with which it is
popularly included. The " bite " consists
in a piercing of the skin and the with-
drawal of a minute quantity of lilood. It
has no sting nor poison glands.
Gna'thic [yvaHoc;, the cheek bone). Per-
taining to the cheek or the upper jaw.
Goad^by's Solution. A solution of salt
and corrosive sublimate in water, for pre-
serving meat against putrefaction.
■ Gob'let Cells. Chalice-like cells lying
between the epithelial cells of the intestinal
villi.
Gog^gles (E. goggle, to roll the eyes).
Spectacles with colored lenses and wire or
cloth sides, to protect the eyes from ex-
cessive light, dust, etc.
Goi^tre [gut/ur, throat). Enlargement,
particularly if hjrpertrophic, of the thy-
roid gland. Called, also, Bronchocele and
Tracheocele. It generally accompanies
cretinism. G., Exophthalmic, a disease
characterized by one or more of three
symptoms — cardiac palpitation, goitre and
exophthalmos.
GOKRHU
177
GRACILLIS
Gok'rhu. The fruit of Pcdalium nturex,
found in East Indies. Much used by the
natives in enuresis and spemiatorrhoea.
Used in infusion of 3J to Dj of boihng
water. Dose mi lib. L'nof.
Gold. See Aurum.
Golden Rod. The leaves of Solidago
odcra. Aromatic stimulant and carmina-
tive. A volatile oil distilled from the |>iant
is used in llatiilence. Dose of the Hd. ext.
5J-ij ; of the oil n\^ij-x. Unof.
Golden Seal. See Hydrastis.
Gold'-thread. See Cof-tis.
Goltz's Balancing Experiment. Ani-
mals lose their jxjwcr of e(|uilil)riuni witli
removal of the midbrain or corjx)ra quad-
rigemina.
Goltz's Croaking Experiment. A pithed
male frog croaks when the skin of its back
or tlanks is stroked.
Goltz's Embrace Experiment. During
the breeding season the body of the male
frog between the skull and fourth vertebra
embraces even.- rigid object with which it
is brought into contact.
Goltz's Statical Theory. Every position
of the head causes the endolymph of the
semicircular canals to exert the greatest
jiressure upon some part of the same, thus
in varj-ing degree exciting the nerve-termi-
nations of the ampulkv.
Gompho'sis. See Synitrthrosis.
Gona'gra (yoi'v, the knee, ay()a, a seizure).
Gout of the knee or knee-joint.
Gonarthri''tis {yovv, apHpov, a joint). In-
Hammatinn of the knee-joint.
Gonarthroc'ace (;"Jt, aptlpov, kuktj, evil).
A cancerous or ulcerated afiection of the
knee-joint, popularly known as white swel-
ling.
Gonarthrof'omy (yorv, affipov, a jfiiit,
TtfjiD, to cut). Incision into the knee-
joint.
Gonecysf'ic {yn'j], semen, Kvarc^, a blad-
• Icr). Pertaining to the veiicidcB scniiiialcs.
Gonepoiet''ic {yovri, iroieu^ to produce).
I'crt.iining to the secretion of semen.
Gonococ'cus {yot>r/, kokko^, a kernel).
A micTol>e thought to be the specific cause
of gonorrh'ira.. See (Jonurrliaa.
Gon'ion. See Skull.
Gonorrhcc'a ( yr;/, /</(j, to flow). Etymo-
l<4;ically, an involuntary di.-.charge of se-
m<'n,but generally ap|)lii.-d lo an infectious
pus-ljke discharge from the genital organs.
The gonococcas of Neisscr is believed to
\k. the S[)ecific microlK.* of goiiorrhcea. It is
a diplococcus, found in clumps of from 10
to 2a, surrounded by a mucous envcloiie.
12
G. Balani, affects the glans penis. G.
Ophthalmia. See Ophthalmia. G.
Rheumatism, a rheumatic affection of
the joints ;is a scf|ucl of gonorrhti-a.
Gonos^cheocele (yoi//, oaxtor, the scro-
tum, K///J/, a tumor). A swelling of the
testicle with semen.
Gonyon''cus (}oi'i', the knee, oyKo^, a
tumor). A tumor or swelling of the knee.
Goose Grass. See Galium Apariue.
Goose Skin. Cutis Ansera, Goose Flesh.
A jx)pular name for a well-known condi-
tion of the skin marked by prominence
about the h.air follicles of acute papules.
See Arnrtor Pili Muscle.
Gor'get {j;ur<;'es, a chasm). A channeled
instmnient .similar to a grooved director.
It may be blunt, cutting, hooked, etc:
Gossyp'ium. Cotton. The hairs of the
seed of 6\ herbaceuvi. Freed from imi)uri-
ties, and deprived of natural fatty matter,
it becomes the absorbent cotton of surgery.
Soluble in an ammonio solution of copper
sulphate. The root is thought to have
emmenagogue properties ; the oil is an ex-
cellent substitute for olive oil. G. Rad.
Cortex, cotton-root bark. Dose gr. xxx-
5J. G. Rad. Ext. Fid., prepared with
glycerine and alcohol. DosetT\^ xxx-^j.
G. Seminis Ol., the expressed oil, consti-
tutes most of the so-called olive oil of
commerce. See, also, Pyroxylin.
Gouge (Fr.). An instrument for cutting
or removal of bone or of other hard struc-
tures.
Gou'lard's Extract. See Lead.
Gout [s^utta, a drop). A disease character-
ized by an excess of uric acid or alkaline
urates, esjjecially sodium urate, in the fluids
of the body. The latter is first dei)Ositi'<l
alx)ut the articular surfaces of the small
joints, but in time the arteries, cardiac
valves and connective tissue of the kidneys
may i)e involved. The metatarso-phalan-
geal of the great toe is, curiously, tiie
favorite ]X)int of attack, and the helix of
the ear is another favorite seat. To])hi form
al)OUt the alfccted part. To decreased
solui)ility of the urates, due to increased
acidity of the blood ; increased fonnation
of uric acid, and failure in function of the
kiilniy, — is ascrilicd the cause of gout.
Gow'ers' Method, — of counting tin- cor-
jniscks of the blood by the hiemacylo-
metcr.
Graaf^ian Fol'licles. See I'csicle.
Grac'ilis. See .Muscle. G. Experiment,
an cxijerinient ix-rformrd upon the ^jraciiis
muscle of the frog, showing that pure
GRADUATED CONES
178
GRAVITY
muscular excitation does not travel back-
ward from the muscle to' the nerve.
Grad^uate [gradus, a step). To take a
degree from a college or university. Also,
a person on vi^hom a degree has been con-
ferred. Also, in pharmacy, a glass vessel
upon which the divisions of liquid measure
have been marked.
Grad^'uated Com^press. A compress
made of pieces decreasing progressively in
size, the apex or smallest piece being ap-
plied to the focus of pressure.
Graduated Cones. See Cones.
Grafe's Symp^tom. In exophthalmic
goitre, when the eyeball is directed down-
ward, the upper lid does not, us usual, fol-
low, but remains in a state of spasmodic
elevation.
Graft (ypaOig, a style). A small portion of
skin, bone, periosteum, nerve, e/c, inserted
into or upon a raw surface or tissue deficient
in the special structure desired. G-,
Sponge, the insertion of antisepticised
sponge to act as a framework for the granu-
lations.
Grain (^gramim, corn). A general name
applied to starch-producing seeds, or those
of the cereals. Also, any small seed. In
pharmacy, a small pill. Also, the ^y g^f
part of the Troy pound.
Graminiv^orous [grainen, grass, voro, to
devour). Feeding upon grass.
Gramme [ypa/i/xa, a Greek weight). The
weight of a cubic centimeter of distilled
water at its maximum density. The gravi-
metric unit of the metric system of weights
and measures. See Metric System.
Gram's Method. See Grani's Solution.
Gram's Solution. A decoloring agent
used in bacteriological studies, consisting of
iodine i part, potassium iodide 2, water 300.
The preparation is taken from the color-
bath, washed and plunged into this solution
until it takes a blackish tinge, then washed
in alcohol until decoloration is complete.
This process is called Gram's Method.
Grana^tum. Pomegranate. The cortex
of the root of Pitnica G. contains a liquid
alkaloid, pelletierine. One of the most
efficient anthelmintics against tapeworm,
rarely failing to bring away the whole
worm. G., Fid. Ext. Dose ^ss-jss.
G., Decoctum, fresh bark gxvij, water
,^xvij, boiled to ^ xij and strained. Dose
t^ iv-vj. Pelletierine Tannas, tannate
of the alkaloid, known as a patent medi-
cine under the name of Tanret's Pelle-
tierine. Dose gr. ss-j, followed by a quick
purgative. All unof.
Grandry's Corpuscles. Occiu- in the
beak and tongue of the duck and goose, in
the epidermis of man and mammals, etc.
They are terminations of sensory nerves,
and are also called Tactile or Touch Cor-
puscles of Merkel.
Gran^ular Lids. See Trachoma.
Granula^tion (dim. of grauum, a grain).
The operation of reducing coarsely ciystal-
line substances to particles of uniform size
by solution and rapid evaporation, with
constant stirring. Some substances, like
ferrous sulphate, are best granulated by
filtering a strong solution into alcohol.
Granula^tions [grattuhim-). Papilla-, or
grain-like growths that spring up in the
healing of wounds and ulcers.
Gran^ule [graiittlum). In anatomy, any
small rounded grain, such as is found in
the Malpighian bodies of the spleen. Also
a spore or an isolated cell. In pharmacy,
a small pill. G., Elementary, irregular
protoplasmic bodies in blood, smaller than
ordinary corpuscles.
Granulo^ma {grnniilnm). A term used
by Virchow to include such neoplasms as
do not advance beyond the stage of granu-
lation tissue. G., Fungoides. See
Mycosis
Gran^'ulose. The starch granules or staixh
enclosed by coats of cellulose.
Gran^um. See Grain.
Grape Sugar. See Glucose.
Graining [grata). A frame or screen
composed of bars. Also a sound produced
by the friction of very rough surfaces
against each other. In optics, a glass ruled
with exceedingly fine parallel lines to pro-
duce chromatic dispersion in the ray of
light reflected from it.
Grattage'' (Fr.). A method of mild
scraping or curetting the internal walls of
the uterus by means of a brush.
Grav^el. In surgery, a common name for
the larger calculi or urinary concretions.
Also, any difficult or painful micturition.
G. Plant. See Trailing Arbutus. G.
Root, Queen of the Meadow, the root
of Eupatorium purpureum. Therapeutic
properties like those of Boneset. See
Eupatcn'ium.
Graves's Disease. See Goitre, Exoph-
thalmic.
Grav^id [gi-avo, to load). With child.
Pregnant. G. Uterus, the womb during
pregnancy or gestation.
Grav^ity {gravis, heavy). The property
of possessing weight. Also, a condition
of serious import. G., Specific, the
GRAY MATTER
GUANO
measured weight of a substance com-
pared with that of an equal volume of
another taken as a standard. For gaseous
fluids hydrogen is taken as the standard ;
for liquids and solids, distilled watej at its
maxinuim density.
Gray Matter. See Brain.
Great Lau'rel. The leaves of Rhoiioden-
J>\^n Niiixiintini. An expectorant. Use-
ful in obstinate coughs. Dose of fld. ext.
TTLv-xv. Unof.
Green. A simple color of the spectrum.
G. Dragon. The corm of Amni dra-
r,'nfiii>n. Kxj>ectorant and diaphoretic.
Dose of fld. ext. ny-x. Unof. G.
Osier, the hark of Contiis circinata. -An
astringent tonic and febrifuge. Dose of
fld. ext. n\^ x.\-3J. Unof. G. Sickness.
See Chlorosis.
Gregarin'idae {grex, a herd). A cla.ss of
jjarasitic protozoa, of extremely simple na-
ture.
Griffe. See Mulatto.
Griffith's Mixture. See Ferriim.
Griffith's Pills. See Ferrum.
Grinde'lia. The leaves and flowering top
of G. roluista, found in California. An
antispasmodic and motor depressant, in
large doses producing mydriasis. \'alu-
able in asthma, bronchitis and whooping-
cough. Dose of the fld. ext. ITLx-^j.
G. Squarrosa, common ague weed. An
herb popular in the western U. S. as a
remedy for ague and malarial diseases.
1 lis proved serviceable in chronic rheuma-
tism. Dose of the fld. ext. Tt\^xv-xxx.
Unof.
Grind'ers' Asth'ma. A chronic affection
of the lungs resulting from the inspiration
of metallic or siliceous dust, accumulating
in the lungs, and producing symptoms
similar to those of consumption. Called
also G. Kot and G. Disease.
Grippe. .See Iitjliicnza.
Groin. Tlie depression between the belly
and the thigh.
Groove {\'>..,groof, a channel). A furrow,
or channel. G., Dental. See Dental
Groove. G., Infraorbital, the furrow at
the jxjstcrior of the suiK.'ri<ir maxillary
1/onc on its orbital surface, which fmally
develops inio a canal of the same name.
G., Occipital, the furrow on the inner
surface of the temjKjral bone, in which
the fxcipital artery lies.
Ground Laurel. See Trailint^ Arbutus.
Ground-nut Oil. I'lranut Oil. A hxed
oil expressed fr<im the embryo of the seed.
of llic |)eaDut, Arachis liypogaa. Kcscui-
bles olive oil in general properties, for
which it is often substituted.
Growing Pains. A temi apjilied to neu-
ralgic pains of the limbs occurring during
youth.
Growth (Sax. gro-wan, to increase). The
augmentation of the hotly taking place
between infancy and manhood. Also,
the increase of any part of the lx)dy by
addition to the number of its cellular ele-
ments without the production of structural
abnormality or differentiation into unlike
tissues.
Gru'el (dim. of grutiiin, meal). A decoc-
tion of com- or oat-meil boiled to a thick
paste in water.
Gru'mous. Knotted, or in granular masses.
Gru'tum. See Milium.
Guacha'ta. The flowers of a Mexican
plant ; contains several bitter tonic princi-
ples.
Gua'co. The leaves of Mikania G.,
much used in S. America in snake-l'ites.
Thought to be of value in chronic rheuma-
tism. Dose of fld. ext. ^ss-j. Unof.
Guai'acol. An active constituent of
crea.sote. Has been recommended instead
of creasote in phthisis. DoseTTLJ-iij. Unof
Guai'acum. Lignum Vita;. The heart
of the tree, and also tlic oleo-resin of G.
officinale. A prompt diaphoretic, expecto-
rant and alterative. Efticient in tonsillitis,
neuralgic dysmenorrhnca, amenorrhtva and
rheumatism. Formerly much used as an
antisyphilitic. G., Tinct., strength 20
per cent. Dose IT^v-^jin »iuiila:^i:
G., Tinct. Ammoniat., has guaiac 20,
arom. spt. annnonia So parts. Dose n\,v
- 7, ss.
Guan'idine. A toxic derivative from
guanine.
Gua''nine {t^iano). A leucomaine dis-
covered by Unger in 1844, as a constituent
of guano. Since then it has been proved
one of the deconiposilion-prtxlucts of im-
clein in both animal and vegetal )lc organ-
isms. In the case of the lower animals it
is evidently the endjiroduct of kataliolic
change. Guanine and creatine a|)pear to
mutually replace each other — tioth being
substituted guanidines. It is an interme-
diate pro<luct in the formation of urea. It
is non-ixji.sonous and a musclestinuilant.
Gua'no (I'eniv. /iiianti, dung). The
excrement of sea fowl found on certain
islands in the rainless n gion> of the I'a-
cific Ocean, ("onsists essentially of alka-
line urates and phosphates. U.->cd exter-
nally in certain skin di:>eascs.
GUARANA
180
GYRI
Guara^na. A dried paste prepared from
the seeds of PatilUnia sorbilis, found in
Brazil. Contains an alkaloid, guaranine,
identical with caffeine. Employed chiefly
in nervous sick headache. Commercial
preparations not always trustworthy. Dose
of the fid. ext. rr^ x-3 ij.
Gubernac^ulum Testis (Lat.). The
conical-shaped cord attached above the
lower end of the epidydimis and governing
the descent of the testes in foetal growth.
Gubler's Tumor. A prominence over
the carpus of the dorsum of the hand in
chronic wrist-drop from lead-poisoning.
Guillotine. A surgical instniment for
excision of the tonsils or growths in the
larynx, etc.
Guin''ea Worm. A nematode worm of
tropical countries, that in the human tis-
sues in which it burrows may develop to a
length of several feet, producing inflamma-
tory ulceration, unless removed.
GuFlet. See Oesophagus.
Gum. A name loosely applied to con-
creted juices of plants. Chemically, a
.substance yielding vincic acid when treated
with nitric acid. See, also, Gums.
Gum Arabic. See Acacia.
Gum-boil. Abscess of the jaw.
Gum Dammar. The resin of a species
of pine, Daminara orien talis, native to the
East Indies. An ethereal solution is
used by microscopists as a mounting fluid.
Gum'ma (Fr. Gomme). Gum-like tumors,
resulting from a peculiar caseation of terti-
ary syphilitic inflammatory deposit.
Gums. See Gingiva.
Gun Cotton. See Pyroxylin.
Gurgling Sound. The peculiar sound
caused by air passing through a li<]uid. It
is heard in breathing, when the bronchi
or pulmonary cavities contain a fluid sub-
stance.
Gur''jun BaFsam. Balsamum Diptero-
carpus, Wood Oil. An oleo-resin obtained
from several species of Diptocarpus, a tree
native to Southern Asia. Similar to Copaiba
in therapeutic effects. Dose TTLx-^ij, in
emulsion. Unof.
Gus''tatory (gusto, taste). Pertaining to
the special sense of taste and its organs.
Gut. A common name for intestine.
Gufta (Lat.). A drop. Also, freely used
as a minim or sixtieth part of a fluid
drachm. G. Nigra, or Black Drop, a
dilute acetic acid containing saffron, and
flavored with sugar and nutmeg. Unof.
G. Rosacea. See Acne. G. Serena,
a synonym of Amawosis.
Gufta Per''cha. The elastic gum exud-
ing from Isonandra gutta, a tree growing
in the East Indies ; the best solvents are
chloroform, oil of turpentine and carbon
disulphide. G. P. Liq., a solution in 91
parts of commercial chloroform with 9
parts lead carbonate. I'or protective appli-
cation to slight wounds and eruptions. See,
also, Traiimaticinc.
Gutta^'tim [gutta). A pharmaceutical
term signifying drop by drop.
GmVXmt [g2ittur,ihQ throat). The throat
with reference to the trachea.
Guftural (guttu?-). Pertaining to the
throat.
Gufturo-tef'any [gicttur, tetany). A
form of stuttering in which the pronuncia-
tion of such sounds as g, k, q, is difficult.
Gymna^sium [yvfivoc, naked). A place
designed and fitted with appliances for the
systematic exercise of the muscles and
other organs of the body. Also, in Ger-
many, a high school.
Gymnasf'ic [yvfjvog). Pertaining to the
science of preserving health by bodily ex-
ercise.
Gymnas''tics (yvjuvo^). The science of
preserving (and formerly of restoring),
health by bodily exercise. G., Medical,
any physical exercise designed to restore
or promote health. G., Ocular, regular
muscular exercise of the eye, to overcome
muscular insufficiency of the eye. G.,
Swedish, a system of exercises to restore
paretic muscles.
Gynaecology [yvvr;, a. woman, Tioyo^). A
A treatise on the diseases of woman.
Gynaecomast^ia {ywr/, fiaa-og, a breast).
A term used to denote the excessive devel-
opment of the breasts of a man, either with
or without atrophy of the testicles.
Gynan^dria {yvvrj, avrjp, a man). The
same as Hermaphroditism.
Gynatre'sia {yvvri, a, without, Tirpr/jui, to
perforate). The obliteration or imperfora-
tion of the vagina.
Gynoplasf'ic (}i»i7/, Tr/laor/Kor, suitable for
moulding). Pertaining to the closing of
unnatural openings, or the dilatation of
contracted, narrow openings in the female
organs of generation.
Gyp'sum [yvijiog, lime). Native calcium
sulphate. See Calcium.
Gyra^tion (gyro, to turn or whirl). A
turning in a circle. Also, giddiness.
Gy'ri (pi. of gyrus, a circuit). A name
applied to the spiral-shaped cavities of the
internal ear, and also to the convolutions
of the brain.
GYRUS
181
H.EMATIC
Gy'rus {x}'rus, a circle). A term applied
to the convolutions of tlie brain. Also, the
winding of the cochlea. G., Angular,
the jX)Sterior division of the lower parietal
lobule of the brain. G., Annectant, the
first and second external occipital gyri.
G., Ascending Frontal, the anterior
central gyrus. G., Ascending Parietal,
the }X)sterior central g^ms. G., Anterior
Central, the convolution Ixjunding an-
teriorly the fissure of Rolando, extending
from l)ehind that fissure backward to the
margin of the great longitudinal fissure of
the brain. G., Posterior Central, the
convolution lx)unding posteriorly the fissure
of Kolantlo, joining the anterior central
g)Tus at the upper and lower ends. G.,
Cuneus, the small convolution joining
the posterior end of the gyrus fomicatus
with the apex of the cuneus. G., Den-
tate, a small notched convolution of giay
matter in the hijipocampal fissure. G.,
Frontal Inferior, a convolution of the
frontal lobe of the brain, called also the
third frontal convolution. G. Hippo-
campi, the convolution at the inferior
median edge of the upper lobe of the
brain. G., Marginal, the convolution on
the inner surlace of tlie great longitudinal
fissure of the cerebrum. G., Occipital,
a name given to several convolutions, one
of which, the G. Occipital Primus, or
first annectant of Huxley, connects the
jiarietal and occipital lobes. G., Tem-
poral, a convolution on the under surface
of the temjxjral lobe.
H
H. Abbreviation of hypermeiropia. In
chemistry, the symbol of hydrogen. In
I)harmacy, the abbreviation of haustus, a
draught.
Haben'ula [habrna, a rein). A ribbon-like
structure. In anatomy, the sujierficial gray
nucleus of the optic thalamus in front,
and superior to the posterior commissure.
Hab'it {haheo, to have). That condition
or quality that one naturally possesses, or
that may be acijuired. The tendency to
rei)eat an action or condition. In biology,
the apiKiarance and mode of living of an
organi/eil Inking.
Hab'itat {hahito, to dwell). The natural
locality, or geographical range of an ani-
mal or plant.
Habita'tion {hahito). A dwelling place.
The natural locality of an animal or a
plant.
Hab'itus {/labeo, to have). A habit.
Hae'ma- {(Kim, bkxxl). A Greek prefix
signifying blrxxl.
Haemacy'anin (niua, Kvaro^, blue). A
blue coloring matter found in the blood
and the bile.
Haemacytom'cter. See lf,cmoc\toiiuler.
Hacmadynamom'cter. See /Acmoiiyiia-
momettr.
Hae'magogue [ai/m, ayu, to expel). A
remedy or agent that excites or increases
menstpjal discharge.
Hae'mal {aifja). Pertaining to the blood
or vascular system.
Haemalo^pia {niua, oij', the eye). Effu-
sion of blood in the eye. Kiythroiwia.
Haemarthro'sis (atfia, njAtiJot^, a joint).
I'.llusion of blood into a joint.
Haemastat'ics {(I'/^n, (JTariKoq, standing).
That l>ranch of ])hysiology treating of the
laws of tlie ei|uilibrium of the blootl.
Haemastheno'sis {mun, anthiua, weak-
ness). A weakening or deterioration of
the blood.
Haematachom'eter. See ILcmolachom-
tier.
H3ematangio''sis {ai/in, ayyemv, a blood
vessel. Any disease of the blood vessels.
Haematemc'sis {nifin, r/zfu, to vomit).
\'omitiiig of blood, from any cause.
Haematenceph'alon {aiint, r-)KKj)ii?.iii\t\\{^
i>rain). \ h.euKirrhage or bleeding witliin
the brain.
Haematherm''ous («',"", '^'/'/"A heat).
Having warm blooil.
Haemaf'ic {<iiiiii). liloody. IVrliining
III, full of, or having tin; color of blotKl.
Al.so a tonic t<j the blocnl.
H.EMATIDROSIS
182
HtEMATOSPONGUS
Haematidro''sis [ai/ja, idpuatg, sweat).
Bloody sweat. Ephidrosis druenta. A
sanguineous perspiration of the sweat glands
caused by the extravasation of blood into
the coils and ducts, whence it is carried to
the surface mixed with sweat.
Hae^matin {^aifia). An amorphous prin-
ciple of the blood with steel-black metal-
lic luster. It is insoluble in water, alco-
hol, or ether, but dissolves freely in dilute
acids and alkaline solutions. Should not
be confounded with hematin, a synonym
of kcE/natoxylin.
Haemato- {aijia). A Greek prefix signi-
fying blood.
Hae''matoblasts {^atjua, ^laarog, a cell).
Hayem's tenii for blood-plates.
Hse'matocele [a/./ia, kt/X?/, a tumor). A
tumor fonned by the extravasation and
collection of blood in a part.
Haematoceph^alus [at/ua, Ke<l)aX/}, the
head). An effusion of blood, or a san-
guineous tumor of the brain. Also, a
monstrosity characterized by the effusion of
blood into the cerebral hemispheres. Also,
a vascular tumor that is sometimes ob-
served in the pia mater of anencephalic
monstrosities.
Haematocol'pos (a///a, /co/lTTof, the vagina).
HDemorrhage into the vagina. Also a
■ collection of menstrual discharges within
the vagina.
Hae^matocyst [anm, Kvarig, a bladder).
A cyst containing blood. Also an effusion
of blood into the bladder.
Haemato^des. See Hamatomyces.
Haematogen'ic [at^a, yeveaq, birth or
origin). Pertaining to the formation of
blood.
H3ematog''enous [aifia, yevog, a kind).
Derived from, or having its origin in, the
blood.
Hsematoglobin. See Hcvmoglobin.
Haematohidrc'sis. See Hamatidrosis.
Haematoid'in (aifxa, ecdog, resemblance).
A derivative of hsemoglobin, probably
identical with the bile-pigment, bilirubin.
HaematoFogy [ai/ia, T'.oyoq, a treatise). A
treatise on the blood, its nature and func-
tions.
HaematoFysis (af/^a,^!'^;^, a solution). A
solution, or an imperfect coagulation of the
blood.
Haemato^ma (aifia, ufia, tumor). A tu-
mor, fungus, or swelling containing blood.
H. Auris, an effusion of blood or serum
between the cartilage of the ear and its
covering, occurring in various forms of
insanity. H. of Dura Mater, an effusion
under the dura mater, consisting of flattened
sacs containing blood.
Haematom^eter. See Hcemodynamonieter.
Haematome''tra [aifia, /^yrpa, the womb).
Haemorrhage in the womb. Also, a collec-
tion or distention of the uterine ca^•ity
with menstrual discharge, due to obstruc-
tion.
Hsematoinphal''ocele [aifia, ofKpalog, the
navel, Kr//Ji, a tumor). A tumor or a her-
nia at the navel distended with blood.
Haematom^yces {aifia, fivKT/g, a fungus).
A ha;matoid variety of encephaloid cancer.
Called, also, Fungus Ha-matodes.
Haematomye^lia {aijia, ^wAof, marrow).
Haemorrhage into the spinal cord. The
symptoms vary with the seat, but paralyses,
vasomotor and trophic changes, loss of
sensation, etc., are common.
Haematomyeli''tis [aifia, juve?Mg, irig, in-
flammation). An acute myelitis in which
there is paralysis arising from effusion of
blood into the spinal cord.
Haematopericar^dium (atfia, TrepiKapdiov,
the pericardium). An effusion of blood
into the pericardium, due to rapture or
perforation of the walls of the heart.
H3ematoph''agous [ai/ia, (payu, to eat).
Blood-eating ; pertaining to insects such as
the gnat, mosquito, (?/r., that suck the blood.
Haematoplasfic [ai/ia, irXaariKog, plastic).
Blood-forming.
Haematopoie'sis [ai^ua, ttouu, to make).
Blood-making. See, also, //amafost's.
Haematopor^phyrin [aifia, iropcpvpni', pur-
ple). Iron-free hajmatin, a decomposition
product of haemoglobin.
Haematops''ia [ai/ua, wi/', the eye). An
extravasation of blood in the subconjuncti-
val tissues of the eye. Bloodshot.
Haemator^rhachis {^ai^ua, 'pax^S, the spine).
Spinal haemorrhage.
Haematorrhce'a (aifittj peu, to flow). A
passive flow or discharge of blood. A
haemorrhage.
HaematosaFpinx [aifj.a, aaTiTny^, a tnim-
pet). A distention or obstruction of the
Fallopian tubes with blood.
Haematos'cheocele [aiua, oax^ov, the
scrotum, w/?./;, a tumor). A tumor or dis-
tention of the scrotum with blood.
Haematos^copy (aii-ia, gkottsu), to see.)
Examination of the blood and blood-discs.
Haematosep'sis. See Septicccmia.
Haem^atosine. See Ilccniatin.
Haemato''sis [aifiaToio, to make bloody).
The process of the formation of blood and
the development of blood corpuscles.
Haematospon'gus. See I/ic/nato/nyces.
H.tMATOXIC
183
H.^iMORRHAGE
Haematox'ic (^aifia, to^ikov, a jxjison).
Pertaining to a poisoned or impuie con-
diiion of the blood.
Haematox'ylon. Logwood. The heart
of //. campcchiiinum. Occurs in dark
brown ra:>pings or coarse i)owder. Con-
tains tannic acid and a coloring principle,
hicmatoxxlin, that becomes grayish - red
by tiie action of light. A mild astringent.
H. Ext. Dose gr. v-xx. H. Decoc-
tum, strength I to 17. Dose 3J-ij. Uiiof.
Haematozo'on (aiua, fwor, an animal).
Any living organism or animal in the
blood.
Haematu''ria [ai^a, ovpov, urine). Blood
in the urine. Called, also, /lumaftorsis.
It is due to injur)', local disease, general
disorder, or the presence of entozoa.
Haemautog'raphy [aiua, avrog, self,
-jpiiou, to write). The tracing of the pulse-
c\iT\e by the jet of blood from a divided
arterj- caught upon paper drawn in front
of it.
Haemid'rosis. See Hirmathidrosis.
Hae'min. Chloride of h.i^matin. A doubly
retractive pleochromatic crystalline sub-
stance derived from blood. H. Test (for
blood in urine) ; from the colored earthy
phosphates hsmin may be extracted in
several ways.
Haemochro'mogen [aifia, xP'^t^^^ color,
yEvvau, to beget). A reduced alkali-ha:-
matin.
Hsemocryst'alline. See Ilicnioi^'loHn.
Haemocy'anin. A substance correspond-
ing to hemoglobin, found in the plasma
of iiivertebrala.
Hae'mocyte [aifia, Kvrng, cell). A gene-
ral term for the corpuscles of the blood.
Haemocytol'ysis {(n/m, /ciTof, '/.v(j, to un-
loose). The dissolution of blood cor-
pu.>clcs under heat.
Haemocytom'eter [aifia, Kvroq, a cell,
fitTfMiv, a measure). A device for esti-
mating the relative number of corpuscles
in the blood.
Hacmocytotryp''sis {nt/in, Kvrnr, cell,
Tftiijiu, to ruli). The breaking U[) of blood
cor|/U.selcs under strong pressure.
Haemodromom'cter [ni/in, Aim/iog, s\xe(i,
fteT(xiv, a measure). An instrument for
mca.suring the rate of the flow of i)lcxxl
in the bloofl-vcssels.
Hacmodynamom'eter {ai/m, 6vva/tig,
strength, iiirjiiiv, a measure). A con-
trivance for measuring the tension or pres-
sure of blood agaitist the walls of (he
arteries. Careful ex|x.Timents .show that
ID man, the pre.ssure of bloo<l in the
carotid artery is about that of six inches of
mercury.
Haemoglo'bin (aifia, glohits, a round
body). HaMnatoglobin, HKmocrystalline.
A doubly refractive, pleochromatic colloid
or crystalline matter existing in the cor-
puscles of the blood, to which the red
color of the latter is due. In man the
amount is 13-77 percent., in woman 12.59
percent., reduced by pregnancy to 9 to 12
per cent.
Haemoglobinoni''eter {Jurmoglobin, //fT-
^oi\ a measure). An instrument for the
quantitative estimation of hemoglobin by
comparing the color of a solution of an un-
known with that of a known strength.
H3emoglobinu''ria [Jiiciiioglobin, ovpov,
the urine). The presence of h.xmoglobin,
red coloring matter of the blood, in the
urine, due to its solution from the red
corpuscles and subsequent transmission to
the urine. It occurs after transfusion of
blood, during certain stages of septicaemia,
and after severe burns. It is not attended
with the presence of any structures of the
blood in the urine, thus diltering from lucma-
turia. H. Test: to a suspected sample
add a drop of acetic acid and boil ; a red
coaguluni indicates h.vmoglobin. See, also,
Alincns Test, Ilionin and Htllcr.
Haem'oid [ai/ia, the blood, e/rfof, likeness).
Having the appearance of or resembling
blood.
Haemom'eter. See Ilici)iody)iamomcter.
Haemome'tra [ai/ia, fa/rpa, the womb).
The retention of menstrual discharge in the
womb or uterine cavity owing to obstruc-
tion.
Haemophil'ia {ni/ia, (l)i?.ia, love of). An
alnionnal tendency to hemorrhage, or ease
of lileeding.
Haemophthal''mia {ai/in, o6fia7tio(;, the
eye). A h;vmorr]iage into the interior of
the eye. It may arise from roiitusitin, from
iridectomy, or by rupture of a vessel.
Haemopneumotho'rax («'/'«, nvevfca,
wind, Ihjpii^, the chest). An effusion of
air and blood within the pleura.
Haemop'tysis {(u/ia, rrri'w, to spit). The
spitting of l)l<i<xl.
Haem'orrhage [ni/in, /^r/yvvfii, to burst
forlii). Tile llowingof blood from wounded
or broken vessels. H., Accidental, finm
|)reinature detachment of the |ilacenta when
nonnally placed. H., Capillary, oo/ing
of i)loo<l from a wound witliout a llnw from
large vessels. H., Collateral, in acute
inlianunations. H., Complementary,
succeeding to another hiemorrliagi- that iiiis
HEMORRHOIDS
184
HANGING
been cut short. H., Consecutive, ensu-
ing some time after injury. H., Critical,
occurring at the turning point of some other
disease. H., Post-partum, prh/iaiy,
within 24 hours after labor; secondary,
after 24 hours. H., Unavoidable, from
detachment of a placenta prsevia. H.,
Vicarious, abnormal discharge of blood
from some other part of the body than the
vagina, and occurring in suppression of the
menses.
Haem^orrhoids {^//amorrhois, -pWts). Piles.
An anal disease consisting of inflammatory
swellings of the tissues about the anus,
sometimes with eversion of the rectal mu-
cous membrane. H., External, situated
without the sphincter atti. H., Internal,
within the anal orifice.
Haemostat''ic (aifia, araniiog, stationary).
Having the property to arrest hemorrhage.
Also, an agent or remedy that arrests or
restrains bleeding.
Haemotachom^eter {ai/xa, raxoc, swift-
ness, fiETpov, a measure). An instrument
for measuring the rate of flow of arterial
blood.
Haemothor''ax [ai/ja, 6opa^). The empty-
ing of a wounded or ruptured vessel within
the thoracic cavity.
Hae^ser's Formula. See Christison^s
Fonmda.
Haid'inger's Brushes. A visual phe-
nomenon seen upon directing the eye to-
ward a source of polarized light, due to the
double-refractive character of the elements
of the macula.
Hair. The hirsute appendage of the skin.
Each hair consists of a bulb and a shaft.
The former is situated in the true skin, but
is enveloped in a sheath of epidermis.
Hair-cap Moss. Robin's Rye. The
leaves and stems of Polytrichum juni-
pertim. A powerful diuretic. Dose of
the decoction"a^/?(^. ; of the fld. ext. 3J-ij.
Unof.
Half^-breed. A popular term applied to
offspring whose parents belong to different
races.
Halistere^sis. The loss by fully formed
bones of ^ to |^ their lime-salts, resulting
in osteomalacia.
Ha^litus (Lat., a vapor). A vapor. Also,
expired breath. H. Oris Fcetidus, tainted
or foul breath. H. Sanguinis, the cha-
racteristic smell of the blood, peculiar to
each kind of animal.
Hallucina^tion [allucijior, to wander in
mind). The highest degree of subjective
sensation, dependent alone upon patholo-
gical stimulation of the sensory cortical
centers. (Illusion is where sensations are
modified and mistaken by the sensorium.)
HaFlux, or HaKlus [hallux). The great
toe. The great toe when ovemding the
second toe. H. Valgus, displacement of
the great toe outward, or its contraction.
Ha^lo (aAwf, a threshing floor). The
brownish circle about the female nipple,
called also the areola ; the luminous or
colored circles seen by the patient about
light in glaucoma.
Ha^logen {alq, a salt, yevvau, to produce).
A term fomaerly applied to chlorine, bro-
mine and iodine, as acid elements, other
than oxygen, that formed salts when com-
bined with bases.
Ha^loid {d'Ag, eiSog, likeness). A term
sometimes applied to the chlorine, bromine
and iodine salts of the various bases.
Ham (Sax. Jianim'). That part of the leg
between the knee and hip joints.
Hamame^lis. Witch Hazel. The leaves
of H. virgmica. Properties not fully
known. Thought to be tonic, styptic and
sedative. Appears to affect circulation
in a manner similar to aconite. Highly
recommended as a haemostatic. A prep-
aration of this drug is sold under the
name of Pond's Extract. H., Fid. Ext.
Dose TTLJ-^j. Hamamelin, unof, an
extract of uncertain composition. Dose
gr- j-ij-
Ham''mer, Thermal. Same as Cautery,
butt 071.
Ham^mer-toe. A distortion of the second
toe, in which it is bent upward.
Ham^mock (Span. Iiainaca). A couch or
bed made of netting or canvas, suspended
at the ends. Much used aboard vessels
and in tropical regions.
Ham^string. The tendons of the posterior
muscles of the thigh. Also, to cripple by
cutting the tendons of the muscles of the
thigh. H., Inner, the tendons of the
semimembranosus, sartorius, and semiten-
dinosus muscles. H., Outer, the tendons
of the biceps flexor cruris.
Ham^ular [hanius, a hook). Pertaining
to or shaped like a hook.
Hand (Sax.). The organ of prehension
in bimana and quadrumana, composed of
the carpus, the palm and the fingers.
Hang^ing. Death by suspension of the body
from the neck, by a rope provided with
a slip noose. The immediate cause of death
may be asphyxia, cerebral hemorrhage
(from strangulation), or dislocation or
fracture of the cervical vertebrae.
HANGNAIL
185
HEARING
Hang'nail (Sax. angHirs^l, a sore by the
nail). A partly detached piece of epi-
dermis at the root of the nail, the friction
against which has caused intlammation of
the abraded surface.
Haphemet'ric. .See ^sthesionuter.
Hap'loscope ((It/ooc, single, ffMiTfw, to
see). An instrument for measuring the
visual axes.
Hard'hack. The leaves and twigs of
Spima tomentosa. Astringent and tonic.
A popuhu- New England remedy in diar-
rhtea and cholera infantum. Dose gr.
v-xv, in decoction, — of fld. ext. gss-j.
Uncf.
Hare'lip {hare, lip). Congenital fissure
of tlie lip. H., Complicated, with cleft
or niallbrmation of the l>one also. H.,
Double, two clefts of the lip, or one of
each lip. Twisted or Harelip Suture,
figure-of-S suture a!)OUt a pin thrust through
the lips of freshened edges of the cleft.
Har'rison's Groove. A depression, later-
ally, from the xiphoid cartilage in persons
with chronic difficulty of breathing.
Harts'horn. A name po[iularly given to
ammaninm hydrate. See Aniinoninm.
Har'vest Bug. See Leptiis .littitmnalis.
Hasch'isch. See Cann<i/>is.
Has'sall's Corpuscles. Concentric, gran-
ular, nuclear, endothelial cells in the me-
dulla of the thymus.
Hatters' Disease. A fonn of constitu-
tional mercurial ]X)isoning. Also a skin
disease arising from the use of mercury and
arsenic. Also an acute irritation of the
respiratory tract caused iiy the fumes of
nitrogen tetroxide ; all these chemicals
being used in hat-making.
Haunch ( Fr. hanche). The part of the
l)o<ly including the hips and buttocks.
Haust'us (//a//r/'(>, tojxjur out). In phar-
macy, a dratight. A jxtrtion of medicine
ill the form of a draught.
Haul Mai. See l-'.pilcpsy.
Havef'sian Canal. See Bone.
Hawlc'ing. ( learing the throat by a pe-
culi:ir exjiiratory current of air.
Hay Asth'ma. See Hay Fner.
Hay'craft's Method. See Uric Acid.
Hay'den's Vibur''num Compound. .See
/ 'it'll mil in.
Hay Fever. .\ disexse of the mucous
membranes of the nasal and respiratory
j)a->sages, als'j at times involving the con-
junctiva and fycl>all. Il i^ mirkt-d by
catarrhal iiidammation, cory/a luxl abun-
dant lachrjination. It is thought to l>e
due to the [Kjllcn of the grains and (iiiicr
grasses. It is also attributed to the influ-
ence of microbes that float in the air.
Hay's ReaC'tion. See Strassl'iirg's '/est.
Hay's Test. Eor the presence of bile-
acids, tliat lower the surface-tension of
fluids in which they are dissolved. Throw
a small cjuantity of sulphur on the surface
of the fluid containing bile-acids, and the
sulphur will sink and be precipitated in a
few minutes.
Head (Sax. heafod). The anterior or
upper part of the body. That part of
the body containing the brain or central
ner\'e-system. Also, the upper end of a
long bone, as, the femur.
Head'ache. Any [lain in tlic head, gen-
eral or local, arising from any cause what-
ever. According to llughlings-Jackson,
frontal headaches, such as "sick" and
"bilious" headaches, are due to disorders
of the digestive system ; headache at the
vertex, to cerebral troubles; and occipital
headache, to anivmia. Eye-strain is a fre-
quent source of headache, especially of the
frontal region.
Head^-breeze, Electro-therapeu''tic. A
device for general static cephalic electriza-
tion by a head-plate with numerous in-
sulated pencils for subdividing and accu-
mulating strong currents, and giving more
gradual elVects. See Static Breeze.
Head'-fold. An inflection or tucking-in
of the layers in front and beneath the head
of tiie cml)ryo.
Head'-gut. See Fore-i^ut.
Head** -locking. A tenn in ob.stetrics de-
noting the entanglement of the heads of
twins at the time of birtii.
Heal'ing (Sax. hn-lan). Union and cica-
trization of a wound. Ajijjlied generally
to the cure of disease. H. by First In-
tention, without llie granulating jirocess.
H. by Second Intention, by the inter-
mediation of granulations. H. by Third
Intention, the direct union of twt> already
granulating surfaces.
Health (Sax. hiclth). That condition of
the iKidy and its organs necessary to the
proi>cr ])erformance of their normal func-
tions. A hale, or whole condition of
i>ody.
Hear'ing (Sax. hyran). The special sense
liy whicii the .sonorous vilirations of the
air are conununicated to the mind. Tiie
cereliral center is excited i)y the vibration
of the fluid contents of tiie laliyriiith, or
terminal organs of the auditory nerve.
.Sound is com|X)sod of three factors, |)itch,
intensity and timbre. The first depeiidf
HEART
186
HELLEBORE
upon the number of the aerial viljrations ;
the second upon their amphtude ; the third
upon their form.
Heart. The organ giving the initiative
and chief impulse to the circulation of the
blood. It is enveloped by a membranous
tissue called- the pericardium. Consists
essentially of four cavities, a right auricle
and ventricle, and a left auricle and ven-
tricle. H., Dilatation of, the abnormal
increase in size of any or all of the cavities
of the heart. H., Hypertrophy of, an
abnormal increase of the muscular tissue
of the heart. H., Sounds of, the sounds
observed in the auscultation of the heart,
occurring synchronously with the con-
traction and the closure of the valves, etc.
H., Valves of. See Valz'e.
Hearf^burn. A burning feeling at the
stomach and lower part of the chest, caused
by the acetic or putrefactive fermentation
of the food.
Heat. A mode or rate of vibration of
ethereal or physical wave-motion. Within
certain limits of intensity it is essential to
the development of all organized beings;
above a certain degree, destructive to all
organization and life. As regards the
body, a temperature above 98.6° F. Also,
in physiology, the period of sexual excite-
ment in the females of many animals.
H., Animal, the heat generated within
the bodies of living animals by the libera-
tion of the latent heat contained in the
food. H., Latent, physiologically the
potential energy existing in a complex
proteid molecule, and which is liberated
by the simplification of the latter, or the
katabolic processes of the organism. H.,
Prickly. See Ui-ticaria. H., Specific.
See Specific. H. Stroke, a nervous
affection characterized by sudden syn-
cope, enfeebled circulation and respira-
tion, caused by exposure to intense heat.
Called also Sunstroke.
Hebephre^nia (';//3?7, puberty, <^priy, the
mind). A special form of mental de-
rangement occurring in young persons of
both sexes at or soon after the age of
puberty.
Heb^etude (Jiebeto, to be blunt). Dull-
ness of the senses and intellect. A term
applied to the state of partial stupor in
affections of the brain.
Hec'tic [mTLKoq, habitual or consumptive).
Habitual. A word now commonly used
in connection with certain constant symp-
toms of phthisis, as H. Fever, the febrile
symptoms concurrent with pulmonary con-
sumption. H. Flush, the flushed cheek
accompanying pulmonary consumption.
H. Spot, same as //. Flush.
Hec^togramme [ckutov, one hundred,
grai)i?iu'). One hundred grammes.
Hec^tolitre [kKarov, liter). One hundred
liters.
Hec^tometre {ekutov, fiieter). One hun-
dred meters.
Hedeo^ma. Pennyroyal. The leaves and
tops of H. pulcgioides, distinguished by
their aroma. Properties due to a volatile
oil. Stimulant and canninative. Has
some value as an emmenagogue. Useful in
flatulent colic of children. Odor ex-
tremely repulsive to fleas and mosquitoes.
H. 01., the volatile oil. Dose n\^ij-x.
H. Spt., unof., 10 per cent, of the oil in
alcohol.
Hed^rocele [iSpa, the anus, ot;?.?/ a tumor).
A hernia in which the part protrudes
through the notch of the ischium. Also,
prolapsus of the anus.
Heel (Sax. held). The hinder part of the
foot
Helco''sis {i?iKuaig, ulceration). The for-
mation and development of an ulcer.
HePcoid (f/Aof, an ulcer). Resembling
an ulcer.
HePenin. See Inula.
HelianthePla. The root of //. temiifolia.
Aromatic, expectorant, antispasmodic, and
in large doses emetic. Of reputed service
in pulmonary complaints. Dose of the
fid. ext. TTLv-xxx. Unof
Helianth''emuni. Frostwort, Rock Rose.
The herb //. canadense. Astringent, aro-
matic, tonic and alterative. Useful in
diarrhoea, scrofula and secondary syphilis.
Dose of fld. ext. TT\^v-xx. Unof.
HePicine [p^^S,, a spiral). Tortile, or
spiral in structure. H. Arteries, arteries
proceeding from the profundie penis
branches of the pudic, and from the dorsal
arteries of the penis.
Heli^coid (eA;f). Having a structure with
S])i rally arranged parts.
HelicotrC'ma. The opening connecting
the scala tyiupaiii and vestibuli of the
spiral canal of the cochlea.
Heliother'aphy i^rjlioq, the sun, deprnveia,
treatment). The treatment of disease by
exposure of the body to sunlight. Sun-
bathing.
Heliotro''pin. See Piper.
He^lix (f/'i/f, a coil). The margin of the
external ear.
HePlebore, or Helleb''orus. The root of
//. 7iiger, black hellebore. Properties due
HELLEBOREINE
187
HEMIEHLEPSY
to two glucosides, helhhorin and helle-
boretn. A drastic hydragogue cathartic,
and emmenagogue. Formerly a popular
remedy in insanity, dropsy, and amenor-
rhcea. HelUhordn is somciimes used in
cardiac affections as a subsiilute for digi-
talis, its action being obtained by smaller
doses-and less irritation. H. Nigri., Ext.
Unof. Dose gr. j-x, cautiously . H.
Nigri., Ext. Fid. Unof. Dose n\,ij-xv.
Helleborin. Unof. Poisonous, insoluble
in water. Helleborein. Unof. Very
solui'le in water. Dose gr. x,t~To-
Hellebore 'ine. See ILllebor\\
Heller's Blood-test. A test for blood in
urine : Add to urine half its volume of
solution of caustic potash and heat gently.
The earthy phosphates are precipitated and
carry the hamatin with them, falling as
garnet-red tlocculi.
Heller's Test (for albumin in urine).
Pour down the side of the test-glass con-
taining the urine, pure nitric acid. A
white zone of coagulated albumin between
the acid and urine indicates the presence
of albumin. (.See, also, Roberts' Reai^cnf).
Helminth'agogue. See Anthcl>nintic.
Helminthi'asis {Diuvg, a worm). A con-
dition marked by the presence of parasites
in the body, especially of intestinal worms.
.Also, disorders or lesions caused by worms.
Helmin'thics. See Antlielntititics.
Helminthorogy (i'/.iuvq, ?.n-,og, a treatise).
A treatise on worms, especially those para-
sitic ujxin the body.
Helminth'ous (i'/.uiv). Wormy.
Helo'des (fZ-of, a swamp). Swam])y, or
mar-h y. Also, a fever attended by profuse
sweating. Also, marsh fever.
He'ma-. See I fa; in a to-.
Hem'atin. A synonym for hirmatoxylin.
.Sec Uuiiidloxylon.
Hemeralo''pia ('^/icfxi, day, <ji/>, the eye).
Night-blindness, a .symptom of several dis-
ea.->es of the eye, of failure of general nutri-
tion, fU. Vision is good in day or strong
light, but fails at night. An unfortunate dif-
ference of detinition |)revails in reference to
this won! and Xydalopia. Sometimes it is
defined as a condition the reverse of that
given alxjve.
Hemi- (''/,«'. half). A Clreek ])refix, mean-
ing one-half. In anatomy and physiology
it is ap|)lied to one of the two lateral
liahes of the Uxly.
Hcmiachromatops''ia {'T//navf, ;j'^6j/i«,
»<)lor, "V'f, ^'H''')- Defective, or absent
color vision in corres|X)ndiiig halves of the
field of vision.
Hemi-albumin. See Anti-a!l>umiii.
Hemialbu'minose. The same as Hemi-
albiiiuose.
Hemial'bumose. See Peptones.
Hemianaesthe'sia ('/////, avaiath/ata, want
of feeling). Partial or complete loss of
the sense of feeling in a lateral half of
the body.
Hemiano'pia. See Hemianopsia.
Hemianops''ia (''////, half, av neg, oi/>/f,
sight). Blindness of one-half of the visual
field. It may be bilateral (binocular) or
monolateral (monocular or uniocular), ac-
cording as it affects one or both eyes. H.,
Binasal, due to an.v.sthesia of the tem-
poral halves of the retina, the nasal fields
thereby becoming invisible. H., Bitem-
poral, the reverse of the last. H.,
Crossed or Heteronymous, a general
term for either binasal or bitemporal II.
H., Homonymous, the most common
form, affecting the inner half of one lield
and the outer of the other. H., Inferior
and Superior, the upjjer or lower halves
of the retina are insensitive.
Hemiatax'ia ('7/", ara^ia, disordered
movement). Inability to produce orderly
or systematic movements on one side of
the body.
Hemiathetc'sis {'iiut^aBETO(;, without fixed
po>ition). A term for athetosis or invol-
untary rhythmic movements of one side of
the body only.
Hemiat^rophy ('?///<, arpcvpia, lack of nour-
ishment). Imperfect or impaired nutrition
confined to one side of the body.
Hemiceph'alus {'>/in, KKpa/.//). A name
applied to a monster fcetus in which the
cerel)ral hemispheres and skull are absent
or undeveloped. See Anencephalus.
Hemichore'a (')///<, jopf/n, a convulsive
twitching). A form of chorea in which
the convulsive movements are confined to
one side of the Ixxly only.
Hemicra^nia (>///', Kpavmv, he.ad). Neu-
ralgia or headache of one-half of the head.
Hemidiaphore'sis ('//'/, ihuoDpi/mr, sweat-
ing). .Sweating of one lateral half of the
Ixxly only.
Hemidysaesthe'sia (''/"', '^'C, dithcuU,
(iiilh/(Tir^ sensation). Enfeebled or dulled
sensation in a lateral half of the bixly, or
in half of one of the organs of .sense.
Hemienceph'alus {'r//ii, cvKcipn/m;). A
monstrosity without organs of .sense, but
|xjs.sessing otherwise a nearly normal
brain.
Hemiep'ilepsy (V////, rTTi?tpj>in, epilepsy).
A form of epilepsy in which the con
HEMIHIDROSIS
188
HEPATOGRAPHY
vulsions are confined to one lateral half of
the body.
Hemihidro''sis ('?//», hlpug, sweat). The
same as henndiaphoresis.
Hemim^elus (V///<, IjLe}^^, limb). An eclro-
melic monstrosity with deficient or atro-
phied forearms, legs, feet and hands, with
normal arms and thighs.
Hemiop'ia (V//zi, u-\p, eye). The older term
for hemianopsia. Hemiopia refers to the
seeing half of the retina, hemianopsia to
that part of the field not seen.
Hemip^agus (V;//<, Trajog, united). A
monomphalic monstrosity united by the
thoraces, and with a common mouth.
Hemiparaple^gia ('////<, irapaTrh/yia, paral-
ysis of the limbs). Paralysis of a lower
limb on one side only.
Hemipar^esis {'vfic, Tvapeatg, impairment
of strength). Paresis, or weakening of the
strength on one side of the body only.
Hemi-pep'tone. See Peptones.
Hemipho^nia (V//yz, (^uvt], the voice).
Speech having the characteristics of half-
voice, half- whisper; used by patients in
great weakness and exhaustion.
Hemiple^gia (V;//y, Trhiyr], a stroke).
Paralysis of the motor nerves of one side
of the body, due usually to a lesion of
some part of the coipus striatum and in-
ternal capsule, or of the cms cerebri, of
the opposite side of the brain. H., Al-
ternate, unilateral injury to the pons,
causing paralysis of the facial nerve on
the same side, but paralysis of the oppo-
site side of the body. H., Cerebral, the
ordinary form first described above. H.,
Crossed, paralysis of the muscles of the
eye supplied by the third nerve on the
opposite side to the one otherwise affected.
H., Facial, motor paralysis of one side
of the face. H., Hephsestic, from the
use of the hammer by smiths ; not properly
a special type. H., Spastic, a form oc-
curring in infants, in which the affected
limb is subject to convulsive twitchings.
H., Spinal, paralysis of one side or of
the whole body without loss of sensation
of the opposite side. Due to disease of
the spinal cord.
Hem^ispasm {'rifu, ajraafiog, a spasm). A
spasm or convulsive movement affecting
only one side of the body.
Hem^isphere {'r//ii, afaipa, a ball). Half
a sphere. H., Cerebral, either lateral
half of the cerebrum.
Hem''lock. See Coiiium.
He^mo-. See Hccmo-.
Hem-'orrhage. See Hemorrhage.
Hem'orrhoids. See HcEtnorrhoids.
Hen'bane. See Hyoscyatnus.
Henle, Fenestrated Membrane of. The
layer of longitudinal elastic fibers of the
inner coat of arteries. H., Loop of. See
Tiilndi Urinifcri.
Hensen's Experiment. Proving that the
so-called auditory hairs of the crustacean
Mysis vibrated to a particular note.
HepataFgia (^i]~ap, the liver, aAyog, pain).
Pain in the liver, but more especially the
paroxysmal pain occasionally affecting the
right hypochondrium.
Hepatec'tomy ['rjirap, turefivu, to cut out).
Excision of a protruding portion of the
liver.
Hepaf'ic ['rjirap). Pertaining or belonging
to the liver. H. Duct. See Duel. H.
Lobes, the natural anatomical divisions
of the liver, usually designated as right,
left, quadrate, spigehan and caudate lobes.
H. Zones, certain areas in an hepatic
lobule. The central area, capillaries and
cells form the Hepatic Vein Zone, specially
liable to cyanotic changes ; the area next
the periphery of the lobule is the Portal
Vein Zone; and the area between the
two the Hepatic Artety Zone.
Hepatiza''tion ('7;7ra/3). An abnormal
change in lung-tissue, in which it becomes
solid and friable, somewhat resembling
that of the liver. H., Gray, the condition
of a lung in the third stage of pneumonia.
H., Red, that in the second stage of
pneumonia. H., 'White, the condition
of the lungs in stillborn s}q3hilitic children.
H., Yellow, the condition of the lung in
the third stage of pneumonia when tinted
by numerous pus cells. See Pneumonia.
Hepati^tis ['rjirap, nig, inflammation). In-
flammation of the liver.
Hep^atocele ['rjivap, K7/lr], a tumor). A
form of hernia in which the liver pro-
trudes through an opening in the abdo-
minal wall.
Hepatocirrho''sis {'/jnap, Kippog, yellow).
CiiThosis of the liver.
Hepatocysf'ic ('r/irap, Kvarog, a bladder).
Pertaining to the liver and gall-1 (ladder.
Hepatodyn^ia ['//Trap, oSvvij, pain). Pain
in the liver.
Hepatogen''ic {'yrrap, yevvau, to beget).
Pertaining to conditions produced by the
liver, as H. Icterus, also called absorp-
tion icterus, or jaundice, caused by the
absorption of bile already formed in the
liver.
Hepatog^raphy {r/~ap, ypacpu, to write).
A description of the liver.
HEPATOLITIIIASIS
189
HKKPES
Hepatolithi''asis {r'/-ap,?j0iaaic, presence
of calculus). A disease characterized by
gallstones or other concretions in the
liver.
Hepatorogy {>i~ap, Pojof, a discourse).
A treatise on the nature, structure and
functions of the liver.
Hepatomala'cia [I'lrrap, /laXoKO^, soft).
Softenint; of the liver.
Hepator'rhaphy {r'/~(ip, pa<p'], suture).
.Suture of the liver.
Hepatorrhex'is {rprap, prj^tc, a rupture).
Burstini; or rupture of the liver.
Hepatot'omy {'j~ap, -tuvu, to cut). Inci-
sion of tlie liver.
Herb [ herba, grass). Any annual or peren-
nial plant that yearly dies to the root. In
pharmacy, the leaves, stems and tlowers of
an annual or perennial.
Herbiv'ora {herl>a, vo>o, to devour). A
name foimerly given to a division of mam-
malia. .\nimals that feed on vegetation.
Herbiv'orous {/icrlm^voro). A descriptive
tenn applied to animals that subsist on
vegetation.
Herbst's Corpuscles. Sensory end-
organs in the tongue of the duck.
Hered'itary (^>iires, an heir). Acquired
by inlieritance. H. Disease, one trans-
mitted to the offspring by the parent. H.
Syphilis. See Syphilis.
Hered'ity {/wres). The law by which nat-
ural form, structure, and conditions, both
of mind and l>ody, are repeated in offspring
or de.-CL-iidants.
Hering's Theory. See Cohr-seiimlion.
Hermann's Difference Theory. See
J >ijjFc'> eii: c.
Hermaph'rodite [Epfir/c;, Mercury, A(ppn-
Sirr/, Venus). One with some congenital
malfcrm.ation of the genital organs, such as
epispadias, hyjxjspadias, cleft of the scro-
tum, <■/<•., that makes the dclermination of
sex somewhat doubtful. H., Apparent,
the external non-essential organs are the
only ones of the ojJiKJsite sex. H., Bi-
lateral, a testicle u|»n each side. H.,
Female, essentially female, but with simu-
Ial<--<1 male organs. H., Lateral, a testicle
ujx'n "iKf side, an ovary u|K)n the other.
H., Male, the reverse of //. /■;■///<//<• H.,
Neuter, with no organs essentially male or
female. H., Spurious, non-essential pctu
liaritics (as the beard in a female) witlmut
abnormality of the genital organs. H.,
Transverse, the exiem.il organs of one
sex, the internal (jf another. H., True,
essential organs of JKjth sexes present. H.
with Excess, the individual j)Osscsscs all
the organs of one sex with some of the
opposite sex.
Hermef'ical [Epiirig, the god Mercury, the
reputed founder of alchemy). Pertaining
to chemistry. Also, having resistance to
chemical action. H. Sealing, the closure
of an outlet by cementatitm or fusion, so
that it is impervious to air. Also, the
closing or covering of a wound by imj)er-
vious dressings.
Her''nia [/leniia, from tpvoq, a sprout). A
tumor formed by the protrusion of the con-
tents of a cavity (usually the abdominal)
through its wall. Hernias maybe called
after their locality, as Epigastric, Ecmoraly
LigitinalyPcj-ineal, Scrotal, Umbilical, etc.;
according to their condition, as Encysted,
RcJucililc, Strangulated, Purulent, etc. ;
according to the contents, as Cerebral, In-
testinal, Omental, Vesical, etc. ; or, lastly,
according to their origin, as Acquired,
Congenital, Infantile, etc. H., External,
one ap|>earing upon the external surface of
the body. H., Femoral, the protrusion
takes place through the femoral ring be-
neath I'oupart's ligament. H., Humor-
al, swelled testicle. H., Incarcerated,
a strangulated, obstructed or irreducil>le
II., — variously used. H., Incomplete,
not fully ])assed through the opening. H.,
Inguinal, passing aliove Poup.art's liga-
ment. H., Inguinal, Direct, to the inner
sitle of the epigastric artery, not following
the course of the spennaiic cord. H.,
Oblique Inguinal, through the inguinal
canal following the course of the sperm-
atic cord. H., Irreducible, that cannot
be put back, but that is not strangulated.
H., Obstructed, obstruction, but not
jx)sitive strangulation. Hernial Sac, the
serous membrane pushed before it liy a
hernia. H., Strangulated, such con-
striction as to prohibit ])assage of blood
and fivces. H., Umbilical, appearing at
the navel. H., Ventral, tliidugh the
alnlominal wall in fiont other tli.m at the
alxiominal ring.
Herniopunc'ture [hernia, puiirtura, a
|)riikini,'). The ])uncture of a hernia.
Her'niotomy (//(•/;//,;, 7f7/i'(.),tocut). (Oper-
ation for tlie relief of hernia by .section of
the constriction.
Heroph''ilus, Torcu'larof. See Torculir.
Her'pes (//ito, to creep). Fonnerly
cree|)ing eru|)tioiis, now appliecl to eni|)-
tions marked iiy the presence of groups of
tlie same U])<in an exantiiem itous bilsc.
H. Circinatus Bullosus. .See llydroa.
H. Esthiomenos. "iiic I.upus. H. Faci-
HERPETIC
190
HETEROTOPIA
alis or Labialis, an eruption on the lower
part of the face, most frequently about the
mouth. Thought to be of neurotic origin.
Called also //. Fcbrilis and Hydroa Fe-
brilis. H., Gestation. See Hydroa.
H. Iris. See Erythema. H. Progeni-
tal, consists of vesicles grouped upon an
inflamed base, on the genitals, especially
the prepuce and labia, frequently a sequel
of gonorrhoea and soft chancre. H.
Tonsurans. See Pityriasis Rosea. H.
Zoster. See Zoster, Herpes.
Herpet^ic (fpirr/f, a disease of the skin).
Pertaining to herpes.
Herpet^iform {^pT^^^, for7na, a form).
Having a likeness to herpes.
HerpetcFogy {epirr/g, ?ioyug, a treatise).
A treatise on skin diseases.
Hes^selbach's Triangle. See Triangle.
Heteradelph^us [erepog, other, ads'Acjioc,
brother). The same as Heteropagtis.
Heteradc'nic {krtpoq, aSi/v, gland). Per-
taining to or consisting of tissue that is
unlike normal glandular tissue, though
essentially glandular.
Heteradeno^ma. Tumor foimed of hetera-
denic tissue.
Het^ero- [irspoc, other). A Greek prefix
denoting diversity or unlikeness.
Hetero-aFbumose. SeeAtinmoses.
Hetero-autoplasty, grafting of skin from
one person upon the body of another.
Heteroceph^alus (irepog, KEcpaArj, the
head). A foetal monstrosity with two heads
of unequal size.
Heterochron^ic {irepog, xpovog, time). Ir-
regular in occurrence. Occurring at dif-
ferent times, or at other than the proper time.
Heterod^ymus [erspog, diSv/uog, twin). A
double monster, the accessory part being
but an imperfect head.
Heterog^amy (erfpocya/iof, marriage). A
term applied to different forms of sexual
development arising from difference in nu-
trition or environment. It is typified in
the Phylloxera vastatrix, the development
of which is far more complex when the
insects are bred under ground, on the
roots of the grape vine, compared with that
when the insects breed upon the leaves of
the vine. In the latter case the successive
generations consist of apterous, oviparous
females only ; in the former the cycle con-
sists of male insects, apterous females for
peq^etuating and winged females for spread-
ing the species.
Heterogenc'ity (krtpog, yevog, a kind).
The condition or quality of being hetero-
geneous.
Heteroge'neous (erepof, ysvog). Differ-
ing in kind or nature; composed of differ-
ent substances, not homogeneous.
Heterogen^esis {erepog, yeveaia, genera-
tion). Organic deviations in the situation
or character of organs, ete. Also, the fact
of a living parent giving rise to offspring
that pass through a totally different series
of states from those exhibited by the pa-
rent, and not returning into the parent's
cycle of changes.
Heterogenet^ic {krepog^ ysveaia). Pertain-
ing to heterogenesis.
Heteroinfec^tion {Erepog, iajino, to taint).
Infection transmitted by a person who is
himself not infected.
Heterologous [ETspog^ loyog, an account).
Differing in structure or form from the
normal. H. Series, a series derived from
each other by chemical metamorphoses.
H. Tissues, morbid tissues that have
no structural relation with the nonnal tis-
sues of the part. H. Tumors, tumors
having a different tissue from that of the
pan in which they are situated.
Heteromorph''ism {erepog, p.op<pTi, form).
A condition marked by difference in form,
as compared with the normal form. In
chemistry, the property of crj'stallizing in
different forms.
Heteron''oinous {erepog, vo^uog, a law).
Abnoiinal. Deviating from ordinary laws
or types.
Heterop''agus {erepug, other, Trayiog,
united). A parasitic monstrosity with nor-
mal head, upper and lower extremities,
but with a parasite attached to the anterior
abdominal wall.
Heterop^athy {ererog, rradog, affection).
The treatment of a disease by inducing a
different morbid condition to neutralize it.
Abnormal reaction to stimulus or irritation.
Heteropho^ria {erepog, different, (popog, a
tending). A tending of the visual lines in
some other way than that of parallelism.
It may be Esophoria, a tending of the
lines inward; or Exophoria, outward ; or
Hyperphoria, a tending of the right or
left visual line in a direction above its fel-
low. Hyperesophoria, a tending of the
visual lines up and inward. Hyperexo-
phoria, up and outward.
Heteroplast^ic. See Pletei-ologotts.
Heterotax''ia {erepog, ra^ig, order). A
congenital, but not hereditary, displace-
ment of an organ or part. Especially a
malposition of internal organs.
Heterotop'ia {erepog, roTror, a place). Ab-
normal positioii. Misplacement of an or-
HETEROTROriA
191
HISTOGENESIS
gan or part. Also, any abnormal g^wth
of tissue fureii:;n to that part of the bot'.y
wherein it is situated.
Heterotrop'ia. See Strabismus.
Heterotyp'ic {hepoq, rvrof, a pattern.)
AppHcd to a monstrosity consisting of a
willdcvelopeil fivtiis from whicl) grows
an immature sccondarj' fietus.
Heteroxanth''ine. A leucomaine isolated
from urine in 1SS4. In comix)siiion, it is
methyl-xanthine, and is intermediate be-
tween xanthine and paraxanthine or di-
methyl-xanlhine ; exists in the urine of
man in tlie same proportion as paraxan-
thine. But it exists in urine of the dog
iiiiiUiOm/'tinieJ by paraxanthine, and the
same fact has been observed in the urine
of leucoc)'tha'mic j^ersons. It is thou<j;ht
by Solomon to have its origin in the kid-
ney. Its physiological action is not yet
fully known. Xanthine, heteroxanthine,
and ])araxanthine form normally a homolo-
gous series of xantliine l)odies in the urine.
Hewson's Experiments. To prove that
the blood vessels exert a restraining in-
fluence on coagulation.
Hexicol'ogy {iiiq, state or condition,?/)yof,
science). The relations of a creature to
its environment.
Hia'tus {/;/(', to gai^e). A sjiace or open-
ing. Also, the vulva. H. of Fallopius,
the shallow groove on the petrous portion
of the tem])oral l)one.
Hiberna'tion (/lilieniiis, winter). The
dormant condition or winter sleep of cer-
tain animals, notai^y bears, hedgeliogs,
etc., in which animation is almost sus-
pended. Respiration and circulation are
greatly reduced, and nutrition is performed
mainly at the expense of the fatty tissues
of the animal.
Hic'cough {/tir, a mimic word; cough).
A s|)asmodic contractinn of the dia])hr;igm
causing inspiration, followed iiy a sudden
closure of the glottis.
Hick'ory. The barkof shelll)ark hickory,
Oiryn alba. Tonic and anti-intermittent.
Useful in malarial fevers. Dose of lid.
ext. !5ss-j. Unof.
Hide-bound Disease. See Sr/,-roi/t-r»in.
Hi'dro- (i<i/j(jc, sweat). A prefix signify-
ing ssveat.
Hidropede^sis (<''V"^f. ~'/<^'J<"C, a leaping).
Exce.vsivc sweating.
Hidropoiii'sis ((''/"■'C. ^"ir(J, to make).
( aiLsing the formation and cxcretirm of
sweat.
Hidros^chesis {i^i>cjr, a,xif":, retention).
Ketcntion or suppression of the sweat.
Hidro'sis [U^puq). The formation and
excretion of sweat.
High'more, Antrum of. Tlie l.irge cavity
in the body of the superior maxillary bone.
Hi'lum (Lat. a little thing). A small fis-
sure, notch, or depression, especially the
notch on the internal or concave border
of the kidney.
Hind'brain (Ger. hinterJiirn'). A division
of the brain, developing from a funnel-
shaped tube in the embryo to an anterior
lobe that becomes the cerebellum, and a
posterior lobe that becomes the medulla
oitlongata.
Hinge -joint. See Diarthrosis.
Hip (Sax. hype). The upper part of the
thigh at its junction with the buttocks.
Hip-joint Disease. An arthritis of the
hip-joint ; an affection of early life, and ac-
cording as it begins in the head of the
femur, the acetabulum, or in the synovial
membrane and proper structures of the
joint, is divided respectively into Femora/,
Acetalnilar and Arthritic. Its etiology is
obscure, its symptoms pain (coxalgia),
swelling, and deformity. Coxalgia is in-
correctly used as a synonym.
Hippocamp''us (iTrrof, horse, Ka^tnog, a
sea monster). A name applied to the con-
volutions, // major and //. minor, the
former situated in the inferior, and the lat-
ter in the posterior horn of the ventricles
of the brain.
Hippocory'za. See Eqiiitiia.
Hippu'ric Acid. Kenzoylamidoaccticacid.
An odorless, monobasic acid occurring in
large amount in the urine of heri)ivora,
and in them the chief end-product of the
metabolism of nitrogenous substances.
Human urine contains a small amount
Hip'pus {\--oq, horse, from analogy to the
movement of the same). Spasmodic j)upil-
laiy movement, independent of the action
of light.
Hir''sute [hiisutiis, shaggy). Covered with
hair or 1 eristics. Shaggy.
Hirsu'ties (///;-.r////^f). llypertrichiasis. Ily-
jjerlrichosis. I'olytriciua. Trichauxis. Ily-
]>crtrophy, excessive, or abnormal growth
of tlie hair cither in quantity or in position.
Histioid. See J/istoit/.
Histochem'istry (('(Trof, a web or tissue,
ihiiiiistry). The chemistry of organic
ti.ssue.
Histodial'ysis ('ffror, (ha7vcor, a resolu-
tion). The dissolution of organic tissue.
HistOgen'csis (((iror, )iir<n.>, to beget).
Tlie study of the origin and ilevelopment
of organic tissues.
HISTOH^MATIN
192
HOMOLOGOUS
Histoh3e''niatin ((crrof, heematin). A pig-
mentary extractive of the suprarenal bodies.
Hist^oid (('ffrof, EidoQ, likeness). Pertain-
ing to tissue derived from the mesoblast,
as a histoid tumor. See Neoplasfn.
Histology {^iGToq, TMyoq, a treatise). The
study of the intimate structure of tissues.
Histolysis (icrrof, 7,vaig, dissolution). Dis-
integration and dissolution of organic tis-
sue.
Histon''oiny (iorof, vo/xog, a law). The
laws of the development and airangement
of organic tissue.
HistophysioFogy [larog, (pvaig, nature,
2x)yog, a treatise). A treatise concerning
the functions of the various tissues.
Histot^omy [larog, refivu, to cut). The
dissection of any organic tissue.
Hives. A name loosely applied to almost
any papular eruption of the skin. In
Great Britain, applied to croi/p and to
chicken-pox ; in the United States, limited
to a transitory form of urticaria.
Hoang Nan. A Chinese preparation ob-
tained from Strychnos gaullhcria. Proper-
ties due to small percentage of strychnine.
Recommended as an alterative in syphilis,
leprosy and similar diseases. An alleged
preventive of hydrophobia if given in large
(gr. xv) doses during period of incubation.
Dose gr. ^-K- Unof.
Hoarse'ness (Sax. has). Harshness of
voice depending on some abnormal condi-
tion of the larynx or throat.
Hodg''kin's Disease. See Lympkade
noma.
HofTs Malt Extract. See Malt.
HoKagogue (oAof, whole, ayuyog, leading).
A medicine or remedy that expels or
drives out the whole of a morbid substance.
A radical remedy.
Holm'gren's Tests. See Blindness,
Color.
Ho^lo- [pMq, entire). A Greek prefix sig-
nifying entirety.
Holoblasf'ic {o\oq, jUaarog, a sprout).
Pertaining to the segmentation of the
ovum.
Homat''ropine. See Atropine.
Home''sickness. Nostalgia. An urgent
desire to return to one's home. May be
accompanied by a morbid sluggishness of
the functions of the various organs of the
body, developing into profound melan-
choly.
Hom'icide [homo, a man, ccedo, to kill).
The killing of a human being without
malice or intent, as distinguished from
murder or manslaughter. Also, the taking
of human life in general by another. Also,
one who takes the life of another.
Ho^mo (Lat.). Man. The sole genus of
the order Biviana.
Homocent^ric [piiog, the same, K^vrpov^
a center). Concentric. Having tlie same
center. H. Rays, a pencil of light-rays
either cone-shaped or rod-shaped.
Homocer^ebrin (6/zof, cerebrin). A nitro-
genous glucoside obtained from brain-
tissue.
Hom^ceo- [oixoioq, like). A Greek prefix
signifying like or similar.
Homceomorph^ous {ojioiog, /uop<pT/, a
form). Like or similar in form and struc-
ture.
Homceop^athy [o/ioiog, like, Tradog, ail-
ment or disease). A word applied by
Hahnemann to a system of treatment of
disease by the use of an agent that, ad-
ministered in health, " would produce
symptoms similar to those morl)id condi-
tions for the relief of which the agent or
medicine is given." The hypothesis ex-
pressed by the adage, " similia si}nililms
cnrantnr." See Regular, and Allopathy.
Homceoplast''ic. Pertaining to a neo-
plasm resembling its matrix-tissue in tex-
ture. One diflering widely in this respect
is heteroplastic. If separated in posi-
tion, it is said to be heterotopic ; in date,
heterochronic.
Homogene^ity [pnog, alike, yzrog, a kind).
The condition of being homogeneous.
Homoge^neous. Having the same nature
or qualities. Similar or identical in struc-
ture.
Homogen''esis [ojiog, yevvau, to beget).
A term used to denote the fact that a liv-
ing parent gives rise to offspring that
passes through the same cycle of changes
as itself.
Homog''eny. See Ilomogenesis.
Homog^onous' (o//of, yovog, seed). With
like or similar offspring.
Homoiother^mal (6//owf, like,fffp//;ii, heat).
Pertaining to animale that are " warm-
blooded," or that maintain a uniform
temperature despite variations in the sur-
rounding temperature.
HomoFogous [ofio?ioyia). Having the
same structural form, use, or type. H.
Series, in chemistry, a graduated series
of compounds having a common difference.
See Hydrocarbon. H. Tissues, those
identical in type of structure. H. Tu-
mor, a name given by Virchow to a tumor
consisting of tissue identical with that of
the organ whence it springs.
HOMOLOGUE
193
HUMERUS
Hom'ologue (o/^o/ojof). A particular
organ common to any numl)er of sjK'cies,
classes, or orders of animals.
Homol'og^ (ouog, /.ojof, a treatise). The
science treating of the comj>arative study
of the same part or organ in different
species and orders of animals, and also to
the study of organs or parts develojied
from the same eml)ryonic structure. Also,
the nioqjhological identity of parts or
organs in different animals.
Homon'omous {opog, vofu>g, a law). Gov-
t.nied by or under the same law.
Homon'ymous {o/ior, ovvua, a name). A
term applied to names that have the
same sound or pronunciation, but different
mexnings.
Homother'mic [6^og, Oep/it/, heat).
1 laving uniformity of tenn^erature or bodily
heat.
Hom'otype {ouog, rv-ng^ a pattern). A
part corresponding and similar to an-
other part, as the humerus to the femur,
fU.
Hondu''ras Bark. See Cascara Amarga.
Honey. See ^/c/.
Honeycomb Ringworm. See Flavtis.
Hook (Sax. hoc). A cur^'ed instrument.
H., Blunt, an instrument described by its
name, for exercising traction uixin the
fnetus in an arrested breech presentation.
H., Tyrrell's, a blunt, slender hook for
oi)erations u|kjii the eye.
Hop. See Jfumitlus.
Hope'ine. See Ilumithis.
Horde'olum {/lonitum, a grain of barley).
A stye ; a furuncular inflammation of the
connective tissue of the lids, near the hair
follicle.
Hor'deum (Lat.). Barley. H. Decorti-
catum, barley deprived of its husk ; cun-
nioiily called pearl barley. H. Germi-
natum, malt, q. v.
Hore'hound. See Marmbium.
Hori'zon [lnuluv, the horizon). The line
separating the visible from the invisible
part of the earth f'-om a single ixjint of
view.
Horizon'tal (npi<,un>). Parallel to the hori-
zon.
Hor''mion. Sec Skull.
Horn (Sax., //(TM). The hard projection
u.sed as a defensive weajHin, growing on
the heads of certain animals. Horns may
Ijc |)cruianenl, a.s in the ox; or deciduous,
a.s in the deer. Also, the hardened epi-
thelial .substance of wlii< h the horn is
com|Kj.s<<l. H., Cutaneous. Sec C'crz/M
(Juliitifiim.
»3
Horner's Muscle. The Tensor Tarsi
Muscle.
Horop'ter (o/iof, a loundaiy, oirrr/p, an ol>
servcr). Tiie sum of all the points seen
single by the two retiniv while the fixation
point remains stationary.
Horripila'tion [liorreo, to stand on end,
/i/t/s, the hair). A sensation as if the
hairs of the skin were stiff and erect.
Hor'rors [liorn-o). A ix)pular name for
delirium tremens, q. v.
Horse-Chestnut. See Esculus Jlippo-
idstanum.
Horse-Radish. The fresh root of Cock-
lea ria (irHtortieia. Properties due to a vola-
tile oil. Stimulant, diuretic, and exter-
nally a rubefacient. Much used as a condi-
ment. Dose of fld. ext. 3J-ij. Unof.
Hos^pital [Ih'spiliile, a large house). A
building for the care and treatment of sick
or infirm people. H. Fever, a feveri.sh
condition formerly common in hospitals,
due to ill-ventilation and unsanitary con-
ditions. Also, the fever symptomatic of
gangrene. See Fever, H. Gangrene,
a contagious, phagedenic gangrene occa-
sionally attacking wounds or open sores.
It is confined mainly to military hospitals,
and believed to l">e of microbic origin.
Hos^'pitalism. The morbific influences
arising from the gathering of diseased per-
sons in a hospital, which seems to have a
tendency to produce septic diseases.
Host [liostis, a stranger). A landlord. The
organic l>ody u\K>n which parasites live.
Hot-spots. See Temperature Sense.
Hot^tentot Apron. See Apron.
Hound's Tongue. The leaves and root
of Cynoglossum officinale. Anodyne, de-
mulcent and astringent. Dose of fld. ext.
_^ss-j. Unof.
Hour-glass Contrac'tion. See Uterus.
Housemaid's Knee. See Abscess, Bur-
sal.
Howship's Lacu'nae. Depressions in
which lie the osteoclasts of eroded or
s|>ongy I Mine.
Huin'gan. The seed of a plant native to
the Andes. Infusion used in urinary
affections.
Hum. A low rhythmical murmur. H.,
Venous. .See Venous.
Humec'tant (huinecto, to make moist).
A diluent. Also a substance used to
moisti-n.
Hu'meral {humerus'). Pertaining to the
liunierus.
Hu'merus. (I.at.) Tiie largel)oncof the
upjK-r arm. Also the shoulder.
HUMIDITY
194
HYDRANGIOLOGY
Humid^'ity (Jntmor, moisture). The state
or quality of being moist.
Hummer lyhumor). Any fluid or semi-fluid
part of the body. H., Aqueous, the
transparent fluid that fills the anterior
chamber of the eye. H., Vitreous, the
transparent gelatine-like substance filling
the posterior chamber of the eye.
Hu^moral {Jniinor). Pertaining to the
natural fluids of the body. H. Path-
ology, a theoiy among the Greeks that all
diseases resulted from a disordered or ab-
normal condition of the fluids or humors
of the body.
Hu^mulus. Hop. The fruit-cones of
// lupulus. Contains various principles,
hopeine and lupulin being most important.
A bitter stomachic tonic and feeble hyp-
notic, increasing cardiac action. A poul-
tice of hops is a favorite remedy in inflam-
mations. H. Infusum, unof, ^ss-Oj.
Dose 5J-iv. H. Tinct., 20 per cent, in
strength. Dose ,^j-ij. Lupulinum, the
glandular powder. Dose gr. v-xv. L.
Fid. Ext., alcoholic Dose ^ss-ij. L.
Oleoresina, ethereal. Dose gr. ij-v. L.
Tinct., unof., strength I2j^ per cent.
Dose gss-ij.
Hun^ger (Sax. /mngot-). A condition
marked by a sensation of emptiness of the
stomach and intense desire for food.
Hunte^rian Chancre. See Chancre.
Hunt^er's CanaF. See Canal.
Hunts^man's Cup. See Trumpet Plant.
Hutch^inson's Teeth. A notched or
furrowed condition of the free edges of the
permanent teeth, especially the central in-
cisors of the upper jaw; due to inherited
syphilis.
Hux''hani's Tincfure. Red cinchona
bark 5 iv, orange peel ,^iij, serpentaria
gr. Ixxx, Spanish saiTron gr. clx, cochineal
gr. Ixxx, brandy ^ xl, digested four days.
Dose ^^ss-ij.
Hy'alin {halMq, glass). A translucent sub-
stance, called, also, canalized fibrin, that
sometimes occurs in miliary tubercle.
Also, the membrane or sac forming the
wall of hydatid cysts.
Hy^aline (iicAof). Resembling glass in
transparency. H. Cast, or Cylinder, a
clear, nearly transparent urinary tube-cast.
H. Degeneration, a degeneration of
fibrous tissue that becomes transparent,
jelly-like, and homogeneous in stracture.
Hyali^tis (va\oq, irig, inflammation). In-
flammation of the hyaloid membrane. Used
a.s a synonym for inflammation of the vit-
reous humor.
Hy'aloid (m/lof, eiSog, like). Transparent;
like glass. H. Artery, in the .embiyo, a
branch of the arteria centralis retina;, tra-
versing the vitreous humor to the posterior
capsule of the lens. Its hyaloid sheath
forms the Canal of Cloquet. Persistence
of this artery after birth has been observed.
H. Membrane, a delicate, transparent
membrane surrounding the vitreous humor,
except in front, where it becomes fibrous
and strong and forms a leaflet of the zo-
nula of Zinn.
Hyaloidi^tis, See Hyalitis.
HyaFoplasma. See Protoplasm.
Hy^brid {Jiybrida, a mongrel). A term
signifying the offspring of two individuals
of distinct but closely related species.
Among animals, the mule is the best known
hybrid.
Hydarthro''sis. See Hydrarthrosis.
Hydaf'id [ydajiq, a vesicle). The cyst of
the embryo of Tcenia echinococciis in the
human body; frequently, also, loosely ap-
plied to vesicular tumors and cysts of many
kinds. They are most frequent in the liver,
but are found in most any tissue, even in
bone. Synonymous with H. Cyst. H.
Mole. '6&e. Mole,Hydatidiform. H. of
Morgagni, certain short processes of the
tunica vaginalis testis.
Hydatid'iform [vdarig, forma, form).
Having the foiTn of a hydatid. Resem-
bling a hydatid. H. Degeneration of
Chorion, or Vesicular Mole. See Mole.
Hydrac^id. A term sometimes used in
chemistry denoting an acid formed by a
combination of hydrogen and some acid
element or radical other than oxygen.
Hydrochloric acid, HCl, and hydrogen or
hydric sulphide, H^S, are examples.
Hydradeno^ma. Adenoma with serous
or watery contents.
Hydrae^'mia (hdup, water, mfia, the blood).
A watery condition of the blood due to de-
fective renal secretion, or to imperfect fibri-
nation. Accompanies albuminuria and
certain other exhausting diseases.
Hy^dragogue {y6up,ayu,io ex\ie\). A pur-
gative that causes liquid alvine discharges.
Hydram^nios {vdup, water, a/Ltviov, foetal
membrane). An abnormal amount of
amniotic fluid.
Hydran^gea. The root of JI. arhorescens,
a saxifrage. Much used by the Cherokee
Indians in calculi of the bladder, and said
to be of certain utility. Dose 3 ss-ij. Unof.
HydrangioFogy (/'(Jwp, ayytiov, a vessel,
/lojof, a treatise). A treatise on the nature
and functions of the lymphatics.
HYDRARGYRIA
195
HYDRATE
Hydrargyr''ia. See Mcriurialisin.
Hydrargyri'asis. See McnuriaHsm.
Hydrar'gyrum. Mercury, llg ^= 200;
qu;uuiv;ilence II, IV. Tlie only liquid
metallic element, hence the common name,
quicksxXsQX. In medicine the metal, its
nitrate, o.xides, chlorides and iodides are the
salts most commonly, the suljihide and cya-
nide less frequently, used. A tonic, purga-
tive, and alterative in small doses continued
not too long a time. In larger doses, or too
long contiimed, is apt to produce ptyalism.
In " biliousness," mercurial purgatives have
long been a favorite remedy, blue mass,
and mercurous chloride or calomel being
usually employed. In syphilis mercuiic
chloriile and iodide are generally con-
sidered a specific. In the form of calomel,
useful in glandul.ir inllamniations. For-
merly much used in the same form in
typlKiid and malarial fevers. The soluble
salts of mercury are highly poisonous.
H. Ammoniatum, ammoniated mercury,
" white precipitate," mercur-ammonium
chlnride. Used externally. H. Ammo-
niatum Ung., " white precipitate tiint-
ment," — ammoniated mercury 10, iienzo-
ated lard 90 parts. H. Chloridum Cor-
rosivum, corrosive chloride of mercury,
mercur/c chloride, " bichloride of mercuiy,"
"corrosive sublimate." Soluble in water
and alcohol; antisyphilitic. l>osegr. s'fj-j'j.
\'ery |xjisonous. H. Chloridum Mitis,
mild chloride or subchloride of mercury,
mitxcwxoiis chloride, "calomel," — laxative,
tonjc and anti]5)Tetic. Insoluble in water
and alcohol. 1 'ose gr. .-.'.(-x. H. cum
Ammonia, Emplastrum. .See Aiumo-
niuin. H. cum Creta, mercury with
chalk, "chalk mixture," "gray powder,"
contains mercury 38, sugar of milk 12,
prejjared chalk 50, ether and alcohol c|. s.
Dose gr. ss-x. H. Cyanidum, mercuric
cyanide. Soluble in water and alcohol.
Recommended in diphtheria, with aconite.
Dose gr. yJij-r'fj. roi.soncus. H. Em-
plastrum, mercurial plaster, — Mercury
30, (.live oil 10, resin 10, lead-ijlastcr 50
j»arts. H. et Arsenii lod., Liq., Dcmo-
van's Solution. See Arsenic. H. Flav.
Lotio, unof., "yellow wash" for syphi-
litic s<ires, — corrosive sublimate- gr. xviij,
lime water _^x. Gibert's Syrup, unof.,
Iiyrlrarg. binio<lid. gr. iij, ]x>lass. icnlid.
gr, cij, wati-r Vt^ iij, .syrup (|. s. ml f^ x.
H. lodid. Viride, ^nen icxlide of nur-
i ury. iiK rcurc/^r iixlidc. Dr).sc gr. joj.
H. lodid. Rubrum, red iiMlide or binio-
dide of mercury, mercuri't iodide. Soluble
in solution of potassium iodide. Poisonous.
Dose gr. jV'i^fi- ^- Massa, " blue
mass," " blue pill," ha.s mercury })^, licorice
5, ahhiva 25, glycerine 3, confection of
rose 34. Used mainly as a purgative.
Dose gr. ss-xx. H. Nigra Lotio, unof.,
"black wash" for s)-philitic sores, — calo-
mel gr. XXX, lime water 5x. H. Nitrat.
Liq., solution of mercuric nitrate. Used
as an escharolic. H. Nitrat. Rub., Ung.,
unof., red ointnienl of miTcuric nitrate,
brown citrine ointment; made with cod-
liver oil. H. Nitrat., Ung., citrine oint-
ment, — mercury 7, nitric acid 17, lard oil
76. H. Oleat., contains yellow oxide 10,
oleic acid 90. H. Oxid. Flav., yellow
oxide of mercur}'. Insoluble in water;
solulile in nitric and hydrochloric acids.
Used in preparation of ointments, etc. H.
Oxid. Flav., Ung., contains 10 j^er cent,
of the oxide. H. Oxid. Rub., red oxide
of mercury. L)o.se gr. tjV— j'j. H. Oxid.
Rub., Ung., contains 10 j:>er cent, of the
oxide. H. Subsulph. Flav., )ellow
subsulphatc of mercury, basic mercuric
sulphate, " tuqjcth mineral." Soluble in
nitro-hydrochloric acitl. Dose, for emesis,
gr. ij-v. H. Succinimidum. Has been
recommended for hypodermic use. H.
Sulph. Rub., red mercuric sulphate,
"cinnabar." Used only in fumigation.
H. Unguent., mercurial ointment, "blue
ointment," — mercuiy 450, lard 225, suet
225, comp. tinct. benzoin 40, old mercurial
ointment 100 ; triturated until the globules
of mercury disap])ear under a magnifying
glass. Used to produce mercurial ellect
by inunction.
Hydrarthro'sis (v6up, water, ai)OfMv,
j(,pint). An effusion of fluid in a joint as a
result of chronic synovitis. Called also
Hydrops Articuli, dropsy of the joint,
white swelling, c/c.
Hydrar'thrus. See Ilydraiihrosis.
Hydras''tis, Golden Seal. The roots of
JI. ciiNu/ensis. Properties due to several
alkaloids, the principal l)eing hydrastine.
A simple, bitter tonic with antii)erio<lic
properties. Anx'sts the nn)venients of
white blocxl corpuscles. An excellent
remedy in catarrh of stomacli and urinary
organs, and u.seful as a lotion in jjonorrluea
and gleet. Do>e of the lid. ext., tt\_x-x\x ;
of the tinct. — 20|)crcent. — ^^ss-ij. Hy-
drastin, unof, consi.sls mainly of chlo-
ride of JK-rberine. Dose, gr. iJ-v.
Hy'drate (/('(.'/<, water). A com|><iimd of
an t'icnK'iilary atmn, or of a radical, with
the radical hyili\ixyl ll-(.J-or-() II, its
HYDRATION
196
HYDROCOLLIDINE
the hydrogen atom maybe positive or nega-
tive. Practically a hydrate is considered as
a molecule of water with its basic atom of
hydrogen replaced by another electroposi-
tive atom, as potassium hydrate, K-O-H,
is derived from water, H-O-H.
Hydra^tion [vSup). The process by which
a body or substance becomes impregnated
or saturated with water.
Hydrenceph'alocele. See Meningocele.
Hydrenceph'alus. See Hydrocephalus.
Hydri'asis. See Hydi'o-therapeutics.
Hy^dro- {{'6up, water). A prefix signify-
ing 7uait'i-, or that water fonns a structural
part. See, also. Hydrate.
Hydro''a (Mwp). Hydroa herpetiform,
Dermatitis herpetiformis. Pemphigus pruri-
ginosus, Herpes gestationis, Heq^es circi-
natus bullosus. A bullous or papular emp-
tion accompanied with erythematous lesions
and intolerable itching, appearing on un-
covered parts of the body, as the face,
hands and wrists. Occasionally resembles
Herpes Zoster and Erythema circinatum.
The recognized varieties are H. Gesta-
tionis, of pregnancy, and H. BuUeux,
in which the emption is attended with
bullee instead of papulte. H. Febrilis.
See Herpes.
Hydrobiliru''bin. Derived from bilirabin,
a coloring matter of fneces, identical with
stercobilin.
Hydrocar-'bon. A name applied to any
one of a multitude of compounds com-
posed mainly of hydrogen and carbon, but
also under certain conditions containing
other elements as substitution products.
The possibilities of the number of such
compounds may be seen in the following
series, perhaps the simplest, carbon,
C, being a tetrad, and reciuiring four monad
atoms to saturate its quantivalence : —
In
Methane, CH^.
Ethane, CjHg.
Propane, CjHg.
Butane, C^Hk,.
Pentane,
C5H12.
either of these
one or more atoms
of hydrogen may be
replaced by other
atoms or radicals
without altering the
structure of the com-
pound
It will be noticed that the members of the
series differ by CHj in the present case.
The various members of the Fat Series are
usually indicated as follows : —
Paraffine Series, CnH2n -|-2> ) ii^ which n
Olefines, CjHjn,
Acetylenes, C^Hjn —<i,
of carbon atoms. Thus,
corresponding member of
>■ stands for
J any number
if n = 3, the
the Paraffine
series would be CgHg, etc. All the hydro-
carbons are inflammable. They occur in
nature as marsh gas (fire damp), natural
gas, naphtha, petroleum, asphaltum, ozocer-
ite, etc., in a multitude of forms.
Hy^drocele [v6up, k;//1 77, tumor). A collec-
tion of serous fluid in the tunica vaginalis,
or in connection with the testicle or cord.
Applied, also, to a seious tumor in other
locations.
Hydroceno''sis (w5wp, KEvuaiq, evacua-
tion). An evacuation of water either by
the use of hydragogue cathartics or by the
operation of "tapping" the cavity contain-
ing the accumulation of fluid. See Para-
ceiifesis.
Hydroceph''alic (ySup, KEcpaTiTj). Pertain-
ing to or affected with hydrocephalus. H.
Cry, the shrieks of pain of the hydroceph-
alic child during the exacerbations.
Hydroceph^alocele (iJw/o, KscpaTirj, the
head, k//2,tj, a tumor). Congenital hydro-
cephalus in which the encephalon pro-
tioides through the ununited or undeveloped
crarial wall.
Hydroceph^aloid [vSup, /cf^o?.)/, the head).
Pertaining to or resembling hydrocephalus.
H. Disease, a disease resembling hydro-
cephalus, sometimes observed in poorly
nourished infants just after weaning.
Hydroceph^alus [vSup, Ke(pa?[)/, head). A
collection of fluid in the cerebral ventricles,
preventing closure of the fontanelles and
causing enlargement of the skull.
Hydrocholecys''tis {vSup, x^^V, the bile,
Kvar/g, a bladder). Dropsy of the gall-
bladder.
Hydrocirs''ocele [vSup, Kipaog, a venous
enlargement, kt/?.?j, a tumor). Hydrocele
accompanied with varicose veins of the
spermatic cord.
Hydrocce''lia (m^up, KoiTna, the belly).
Dropsy of the belly or abdominal region.
HydrocoFlidine. A highly poisonous
ptomaine-base, so named by Gautier and
Etard, and declared by them to be identi-
cal with the hydrocollidine obtained by
Cahours and Etard by the action of sele-
nium on nicotine. Nencki, on the other
hand, asserted its identity with a base iso-
lated by him in 1876, to which he had as-
cril)ed the fonnula CgHjjN. The formula
of Gautier and Etard's hydrocollidine is
CgHj^N. This ptomaine was obtained from
chloroformic extracts, from putrefying
mackerel, and putrefying horse flesh and
ox flesh. The free base is an almost color-
less, alkaline, oily fluid, having a strong,
penetrating odor like syringa. So small a
HYDROCOLPOCELE
197
HYDROrilTIIALMIA
dose as 0.0017 gram of the hydrochloride
injected into birds, produces di/.ziness,
paraly>is and death. 'I'lie pupils are nor-
mal, and the heart stops in diastole.
Hydrocorpocele (i'<S<jp, Ko?.rTog, K7/?.r},
tuMKT). A seruus tumor of the vagina.
Hydrocofyle. Pennywort. The leaves
of //. asiatica. Active principle vellariitc,
a bitter tonic and alterative, very ser\'ice-
able in skin diseases, syphilitic sores and
leprosy. Unof.
Hydrocyan'ic. See Cyanogen, and Acid,
J/\J)\h\aiiic.
Hy'drocyst (Wu/j, Kvarig, a bladder). A
cyst containing a water-like liquid. Syn-
onymous with hydatid.
Hydroderm'a {^h^up, Sepfxa, the skin).
I )rLip.-y of the skin.
Hydro-electric [ii^up, (lectticih'). Per-
taining to electricity develojied by the phy-
sical action of fluids or in connection with
water. H. Bath, a bath in which the
metallic lining of the tub is connected
with one pole of a batter)-, the other being
in contact with the person of the patient.
Hy'drogen (I'f'up, }fi'rau, to produce).
H ^ I. Quantivalence i. A gaseous ele-
ment, one liter of which weighs .0896
gramme. It is feebly basic and occurs in
nature combined with oxygen in the fonii
of water 11,0. It has been liiiuefied at a
temjjerature of — 286° F. under a tension
of 650 atmospheres — a pressure of about
4.7 tons per square inch. In combination
■with carlx)n, oxygen and nitrogen, it fonns
a multitude of radicals formerly known as
"organic " compounds, but now often syn-
thetically formed. Used largely in the
qualitative determination of arsenic and
antimony, and for combustion with-oxygen
to produce intense heat. Ha.s al.so been
used by inhalation in consumption. H.
Peroxide, an unstable comjxjund having
the com|»sition H2O2. A {)Owerful anti-
septic and germicide. Used as a disin-
fectant in diphtheria, glandular swellings
and suppurative inllammations. It is the
basis of most hair bleaching solutions.
I)ose, ^ss-ij. Unof.
Hydrohae'mia (iMtjp, «<//«, the blood).
Watery, or ix)or c(jndition of the iihxd.
Hydrol'ogy (i'''(.'/', ^">"C, ^ treatise). A
tre.it is<' (Jii the nature and uses of water.
Hydrolyfic (»' f^u/J, ^-fw, to di.s.solve). Per-
taining to tlie decompf)sition of water, or
the lilK-Tation of water during a chemical
rcaciif)n. H. Ferments, tlic)sc causing a
comiiinaiion with tin- cK-mcnls of water in
the 8ul<8tances they dccomijosc.
Hydro'ma (rJwp). A cyst or sac filled
with water or serous fluid. Also, an
cvdematous swelling. Also, the dilatation
of a lymphatic of the neck from a cystic
tumor.
Hydromeningi''tis {ii^up, fir/i'f)^, a mem-
brane). Intlammalion of the membranes
of the brain or cord, accompanied by ef-
fu.-ion of watery fluids.
Hydromenin'gocele (/(^wp, /ir/rr/i, ktjIt],
a tumor). A watery tumor of the men-
inges, protruding through the skull. Al.so,
a watery tumor in the arachnoid cavity
or in the continuation of the subarachnoid
space.
Hydrom'eter (I'fTw/j, perpov, a measure).
An instrument for determining the specific
gravity of liiiuids or solutions containing
water.
Hydromc'tra {^itVop, /i?/rpa. uterus). A
collection of water or mucus in the womb.
Hydrom^phalus (i(5wp, o/i(pa?og, the na-
vel). A tumor at the navel distended
with water. May arise either from ascites
or umbilical hernia.
Hydromy'elus {i'''(^p, pvel.oq, maiTow).
A congenital cavity of the spinal cord.
Also, distention of the spinal cord caused
by the effusion of water or serous fluid.
Hydron'cus {h^up, oyKig, a mass). A dis-
tention or swelling caused by an accumu-
lation of water. See, also, CEi/c/z/a and
A)!tjsi7rra.
Hydronephro'sis {vi^up, vetfipo^, kidney).
A collection of urine in the kidney from
obstructed outflow.
Hydrop'athy [v(^up, naOng, suffering).
The treatment of diseases by the use of
water, externally and internally.
Hydropericar''dium [vi^uf), TvipiKapfhov,
(the jK-ricanliuni). Dropsy of the peri-
cardium. Also, an effusion of water or
serous fluid into the pericardium during
pericarditis.
Hydroperitonae''um. See Asciti-s.
Hydropho'bia (l(^up, <l>r>i'iog, dread). A
symptom of rabies in man, consisting in
fear of water, or inability to swallow it.
Used commoidy as a synonym of A'aln'es,
anfl jiarticuiarly of the disease in man.
H., Pseudo-. See J'.uiiiio-/iyi/ro/</ii</>itt.
Hydropho'bic (i(Suii>,tUt,iiic). Pertaining
to or liaving the nature of hydinphobia.
H., Tetanus. See Kopf tti<niiis.
Hydrophobopho'bia (// v J r o ph obi a ,
(poiiiir). A morbid and intense dreail of
iivflroplioliia.
Hydrophthal'mia {t^up, water, ittfiiMpng,
eye). An increase of the fluid contents of
HYDROPHTHALMOS
198
HYGROMETRIC
the eye, resulting in glaucoma, kerato-
globus, staphyloma, etc.
HydrophthaFmos. See Keratoglobus.
Hydrophysoni''etra [y6up, (pvaa, wind,
fiTjTpa, the womb). An abnormal collec-
tion of water, or other fluid, and gas in the
womb.
Hydrop'ic (iVtpoTrwtof, dropsical). Per-
taining to dropsy.
Hy'droplasm. According to Nageli, a
fluid constituent of protoplasm.
Hydropneumato^sis (irfwp, Trvev/uaTuaig,
inflation). An abnormal or morbid col-
lection of water, or other fluid, and air
within any of the tissues of the body.
See, also, Hydropnmmonia.
Hydropneumo^nia (yiup, tvvevjiuv, the
lung). A disease thought to consist of a
serous infiltration within the lung ; also,
an effusion within the pleura sometimes
accompanying pneumonia.
Hydropneumopericard^ium [v6up, ivvev-
fin, air, TVf pi impdi.ov, the pericardium).
A morbid collection of air and water within
the pericardium. It causes the clacking
sound commonly known as the " water-
wheel" sound.
Hydropneuinotho''rax. See Pncumato-
thorax.
Hy^drops ('I'rfpwi/', dropsy). Dropsy; an
almormal collection of fluid in a cavity or
part of the body. See Anasarca. H.
Paralyticus, that in paralyzed parts. H.
Spurious, from obstruction of the natural
outlet of a secreting organ.
Hydroquin^one. Obtained from Uva
Ursi. Valuable as an antipyretic without
producing injurious after-effects. Effects
temporary. Dose, gr. xv-xx. Unof.
Hydrorrhachi^tis. See Spina ( Vciitosd).
Hydrorrhoe^a (wJwp, pom, a flow). A
flow of water. H. Gravidarum. An ab-
normal discharge of liquid from the preg-
nant uterus.
Hydrosadeni'tis ('vAjp, adenitis). In-
flammation of the sudoriparous follicles.
Hydrosalpinx {h8up,r>a'kmyS,, a trumpet).
A distention of the Eallopian tube with a
fluid substance, and its obstruction at the
fimbriated extremity, caused by inflamma-
tion. Frequently a result of gonorrhoea.
Hydrosar'cocele. See Sarcocele.
Hydros^cheocele ('lAjp, oax^nv, the scro-
tum, and Krfkr], a tumor). ' Dropsical hernia
of the scrotum.
Hydrostat^ic ('r'(yw/),(7ra(7/f, standing). The
science treating of the conditions and
properties of liquids in a state of equilib-
rium.
Hydrotherapeu''tics ('wTwp, QepaiiEvu, to
heal). That part of balneology treating
of the hygienic use of cold water, and of its
therapeutic application to the body. See,
also, Bath and Aqua.
Hydrothionu^ria ('uAjp, Qiov, sulphur,
ovpov, the urine). Hydrogen-sulphide in
the urine.
Hydrothc'rax {ySup, dupa^, chest). Dropsy
of the chest.
Hydrot^omy {'wlup, te/ivu, to cut). A
method of dissecting certain tissues by the
forcible injection of water into the arteries
and capillaries whereby the structures of
the tissues are separated.
Hydrova^rium ['v6up, ovar/'u///, an ovaiy).
Ovarian dropsy.
HydroxyFamine. An amine having the
composition NH.^(HO), and much re-
sembling pyrogallic acid in physiological
properties. It has been successfully used
as a local application in psoriasis. It does
not discolor the skin. The following
fonnula is used by Fabiy : hydroxylamine
hyd'-ochlorate 2-5, alcohol 1 00 parts, chalk
to neutralize. Unof.
Hydrozo''a ['vSup, ^uov, an animal).
A class of the Coelenterata including
the Siphonophera, Ctenophora and Hy-
droids.
Hygei^a ['Tycia, the goddess of health).
State or condition of health.
Hy^giene ['vyteivo^, good for the health).
That science treating of the laws of health
in its broadest sense.
Hygreche''ma {'vypo^, moist, 7ixv, sound).
The peculiar sound produced by a liquid
as observed by the stethoscope, or by per-
cussion.
Hygrin^ic Ether. A substance of uncer-
tain composition, said to have mydriatic
properties. Unof
Hy'gro- {'vypoc, moist). A prefix denot-
ing /noist or zvet.
Hygro''ma {^vypoQ, oma, tumor). A serous
cyst. The bacillus of tuberculosis, has
been found in four cases of hygroma con-
taining rice bodies.
Hygrom^eter ['vypog, jusTpov, a measure).
An in.strument for determining quantita-
tively the amount of moisture in the air.
This amount, constantly varying, is ex-
pressed in terms of the percentage re-
quired to saturate the air at the particular
temperature observed.
Hygromet^ric {'vypog, jjerpov). Per-
taining to hygrometiy, or the quanti-
tative determination of atmospheric mois-
ture.
HYCROrillLIA srixosA
199
HYPERDICROTIC
Hygroph'ila Spino'sa. A shrub used
in Ceylon ami India as a diuretic in dropsy.
I'nof.
Hygroscop''ic ('r}pof, aso-eu, to see).
Having the properly of absorbing moisture
fr<,>ni the air.
Hy'lonite. See Celluloid.
Hy'men \^vnr,x\ a membrane). The fold
(.if mucous membrane at the vaginal en-
trance. H., Imperforate, a con!:;enital
abnomiality, the hjinen without an open-
ing, thus closing the vaginal outlet or
inlet.
Hyme'nal ('t'//;/i). Pertaining to the hy-
men. H. Tubercles. See Myrtifonn
Canmcles.
Hymenol'og^ {'v/ir/v, ?.o-)og, a treatise). A
treatise on the nature and structure of
membranous tissue.
Hymenomala''cia {'vur/r, iia/aKoq, .soft).
.\n aliKirnial softening of membranous
ti-sucs.
Hymenomyce'tes {'vinjv, ^ivKr/^, a fungus).
An order of fungi having the hymenium
or uml:)rella. All the edible mushrooms
i>elong to this class.
Hymenop'tera ('vfirp', Trrepov, a wing).
An order or family of insects distinguished
by two pairs of membranous wings. In-
cludes ants, bees, wasp, ichneumon, flies,
e/r.
Hy'o-. A prefix denoting attachment to
or connection with tlie liyoid bone.
Hyoglos^sal {/lyoul, y'Auaaa, the tongue).
Pertaining to the hyoglo.ssus. Extending
l)etween the hyoid lx)ne and the tongue.
Hyoglos'sus. .See Musclt-.
Hy'oid Bone (Tof/fiz/f, similar to Greek
upsilon). A bone situated between the
root of the tongue and the pharynx, su])-
|)orting the tungue and giving attachment
to its miLscles.
Hy'oscine. See I/yostyariius.
Hyoscy'amus. Henbane. The older
leaves of //. tiii^'er. Contains an alkaloid,
hyoscyamine, isomeric with and similar to
atrojiinc; also, a derivative hyoscine. An
excellent narcotic, calmative and hypnotic,
less irritating than l^elladonna and stramo-
nium. Useful in mania antl the delirium
of fevers. Hyoscyamine is u.seful when
ever atropine is indicated. A |Kiw<rfiil
but uncertain mydriatic. H. Abstract.
l>tjsc gr. iij-v. H. Ext., Alcoholic.
I)<<sc gr. j (of uncertain .strength). H.
Ext., Fid. Dose n\,v-xv. H. Tinct.,
15 JxT cent, in sln-ngth. Do.se Z^] iv;
as a hypnotic ^ss j. Hyoscyamine
Sulph. I;ose,byixxlennic,gr. ^i^-j'j; by
mouth gr. J4 -j. Hyoscine Hydrobrom.
I nof. Dose jij-^V- '
Hypacou'sis,
Hypacu^sia,
Hypacu'sis or
Hypaku'sis ('fTro, aKtivaiq, to hear). Hard-
ness of hearing from defect of the auditory
nerve.
Hypalbumino'sis. Morbid diminution
in the proportion of the albuniin in the
blood.
HypaKgia ('I'vro, alyog, pain). Diminished
sensibility to pain.
Hy'per- ('I'Tt/), above). A Greek prefix
signifying ti/>t>7'C, beyond ox excessive.
Hyperacou''sis. See Hypcraktisis.
Hyperae''mia ('iwfp, aiiia, blood). A con-
dition of pletliora or congestion of blood,
esjiecially in the capillaries of the skin.
H., Active, caused by an abnormal sup-
ply of blocKl. H., Passive, caused by
an impediment to the removal of the
blood.
Hyperaesthc'sia ('r'~fp, aiaOi/aic, sensa-
tion). Excessive or exalted sensibility of
the skin. May be symptomatic or idio-
pathic.
Hypersesthet'ic {'v-ep, aicOijai^). Per-
taining to hypeni:sthesia or an unusual
sensibility to impressions in the sensory
nerves.
Hyperaku^sis {^v-aep, amvaig, hearing).
An excessive or exalted sensibility of the
sense of hearing. Also, a highly devel-
ojK'd sensitiveness to the discernment of
pitch and timbre of musical sounils.
Hyperalbumino'sis. An unusual rich-
ness of albumins in the blood.
Hyperalge'sia {^tmep, a'Ayrjaig, sense of
|>ain). Excessive sensibility to pain.
Hyperal'gia ('vTrep, «/}<(f, pain). Exces-
sive ])ain. H., Acoustic, excessive hy-
pe rakusis.
Hyperaph^ia {'vrrrp, a<p^, touch). Exces-
sive sensitiveness of the tactile surfaces of
the bcKly.
Hypercathar''sis ['v~ip, linOupmr, cUans-
ing). E.xcessive purging, or too free use
of cath.irtic medicines.
Hyperchro''ma ('»'Tr/i, xt"-',""t color).
'Ilic hy|x;rsecreti<)n of the |)i|4inent of the
skin, as in ])litliiriasis, syphilis, (•/(■.
Hypercrin'ia ('t'Trtp, Kpnu, to .sejiarate).
Abnorm.d or excessive .secretion.
Hypercye^sis ^'vTrtp, Kvi/aig, conception).
Superfi tation.
Hyperdicro'tic. Pertaining to the pulse
when till- |iulsc curve shows the aortic
notch l>elow the base line.
HYPERDISTENTION
200
HYPERTONIC
Hyperdisten^'tion ['vnep, distendo, to
stretch). Forcible or extreme distention.
Hyperdiure^sis (^vnep, diovpeu, to pass
urine). Excessive secretion of urine.
Hyperdynam'ia ['vrrep, Svvafii^, energy).
Excessive strengtli or exaggeration of ner-
vous or muscular functions.
Hypereme''sis ['vTzep, efiectg, vomiting).
Excessive vomiting.
Hyperencep h^a 1 u s (^'v-rrep, eyKe(l>a?iov,
brain). An exencephalic monstrosity with
lack of the superior part of the cranium,
the brain protruding.
Hyperephidro^sis ('vttep, EipiSuaig, slight
perspiration). Excessive or long-continued
sweating.
Hyperesopho''ria. See Heteropho7-ia.
Hyperexophc'ria. See Heterophoria.
Hypergen-'esis ['virep, -yevvao), to beget).
A general term signifying excess or re-
dundancy of the parts or organs of the
body. It may be normal, as in the increase
of the tissue of a muscle ; or abnormal,
as seen in monstrosities. Also, an exces-
sive production of the elements of a tissue
or organ.
Hypergeu''sia ['vivEp, yEvatg, taste). Abnor-
mal increase of the sense of taste.
Hyperglobu''lia. Polycythcemic plethora.
An abnormal increase of the red-blood
corpuscles.
Hyper^icum. St. John's Wort. The flow-
ering tops of //. perforatum, abundant
in temperate climates. A long- known and
useful remedy, applied locally in contusions
and ecchymoses. Unof.
Hyperhidro''sis or
Hyperidro''sis ('vTrep, Mpwf, sweat).
Idrosis, Ephidrosis, Sudatoria. Excessive
sweating. A functional disorder of the
sweat glands marked by excessive secre-
tion. May be general or local.
Hyperin''osis. {'virEp, ivog, muscle). Ab-
normal increase in the fibrin-factors in the
blood.
Hyperinvolu'tion {'virEp, involve, to roll
around). A diminution in size of the
uterus, due to the abnormal involution oc-
curring after pregnancy.
Hyperkerato''sis ['vTrsp, Kepag, horn, cor-
nea). Hypertrophy of the cornea either in
extent or thickness.
Hyperkinc'sia {'vttep, Kivrjoiq, energy).
A general terra to denote any exaggerated
spasm or muscular contraction.
Hyperkinefic {'vrrEp, KivijoLg). Pertaining
to hyperkinesia.
Hypermas^tia {'viTEp, iiaarnq, the breast).
Excessive development or hypertrophy of
the mammary gland, which remains nonn:il
in structure.
Hypermetro''pia. Same as Hyperopia.
Hypermnc'sis ['vnEp, /j.v//ai(;, memory).
Abnormal exaltation of the power of mem-
ory.
Hyperodontog''eny {'vKEp, odovg, a tooth,
■yEvvau, to beget). The phenomenon of a
third dentition late in life. Supposed to
be due to development of one or more su-
perfluous tooth-genns which have remained
dormant.
Hyperop''ia ('vrrEp, uip, the eye). That
condition of the refractive media of the
eye in which, with suspended accommoda-
tion, the focus of parallel rays of light is
behind the retina ; it is due to an abnormally
short antero-posterior diameter of the eye,
or to a subnormal refractive power of its
media. H., Latent, that part of the total
that cannot be overcome by the accom-
modation, or the difference between the
manifest and total. H., Manifest, that
the accommodation can overcome, or that
corrigible by a convex glass with acting
accommodation.
Hyperos''mia {'vttep, oa/xr/, odor). An ab-
normal and usually morbidly acute sense
of smell.
Hyperosto'sis ('t;7rfp,o(Treov,bone). Exos-
tosis or general hypertrophy of bony tissue.
Hyperphc'ria. See Heterophoria.
Hyperpla''sia (^vTTzp, TzTiaaLq, moulding).
The excessive deposit or augmentation of
the elements of the tissue composing an
organ.
Hyperplasf'ic {'vTvsp, irTiaaTLKog, fit for
moulding). Pertaining to hyperplasia.
Hyperporc'sis {'vttep, irupuaig, cementing
or uniting). An excessive formation of
callus in the reuniting of fractured bones.
Hyperprax''ia {'vTrep, Trpa^cg, exercise).
The excessive restlessness of movement
characterizing certain forms of mania.
HyperpselaphC'sia {'vTtep, ifir/'Aafi/ma,
touch). Abnormal increase of tactile sen-
sibility.
Hyperpyret^ic {'vTrep, nvp, fire). Pertain-
ing to hyperpyrexia.
Hyperpyrex^ia {'vttep, nvp, exu, to have).
A condition marked by excessively high
temperature or febrile symptoms.
Hypersecre^tion. Excessive secretion.
Hypersthen^ia {'vwEp, aOsnog, strength).
A condition of exalted strength or tone of
the body.
Hyperton^ic {'vttep, rovog, tone). A con-
dition beyond the natural tension or tone.
Also, irritability.
HYPERTRICHIASIS
201
HYPOPLASIA
Hypertrichi'asis. See Hirsulits.
Hypertricho'sis. See Hirsuties.
Hypertroph'ic('iTfp,7/joo/;, nourishment).
A condition of h}'pertrophy or excessive
size.
Hyper'trophy ('i'tf/j, Tp(xf>f/). Excessive
nourishment or increase in size of any part
or oryan of the Injily. H., Cardiac, may
be caused by valvular disease, or by dis-
ease of the kidneys and other distant
organs, or by constitutional disease. H.,
Concentric, thous^h the wall be hyjjer-
tro[)hied, the cavity of the heart is con-
tracted. H., Eccentric, cardiac H. with
dilatation. H., Idiopathic, when wiihout
further disease of the heart's strucluro, or
those of other organs. H. Numerical,
an increase in the nunil)er of the con-
stituent cells or structures.
Hypertro'pia. See Strubis/nus.
Hyphae'mia ('i'to, a/z/a, blooil. ILvmor-
rhage within the glol)e of the eye.
Hjrphidro''sis ('uto, 'wlup, water). Defi-
ciency of water. I^ss than the noiTnal
amount of water in the tissues of the
Ixxly.
Hypino'sis ('uto, <f [gen. n-of], a fiber).
\ deticiency of fibrin in the blood.
Hypino'tic ('uxo, iq [ trof], the fiber of
flesh). Pertaining to hypinosis.
HypnoFogy ('uxrof, htyoq, a treatise). A
treatise Ujxjn sleep and its hygienic etfects.
Hyp'none. See Aci'lophenonr.
Hypnop'athy ('uTvof, naOoq, disease).
.Sleep due to a diseased or morbid condi-
tion of the body, brain, or mind.
Hypno'sis ('v-voc). An artificial condi-
tion jjroluced by hypnotizing. Also, the
gradual approach of sleep.
Hypnot'ic (I'Ti'of). A remedy that causes
slce|). .\ soixirihc. Also, |x-rtaining to
hyj)n')iism.
Hyp'notism {'vTvor). A state of artificial
somnambulism; may \>e produced by vari-
ous means, as, for example, looking with
concentrated attention at any small object
.so near that effort is reriuired to converge
the axes of the eyes. It is characterized
by a partial or complete absence of volition,
sensation and self- consciousness, except
that which comes from the hypnotizer or
s<jine dominating will or idea. See, al.so,
Somtiiiinbuli'^m.
Hypnoti''zablc. Susceptibility in being
hypnoti/cd.
Hypnotiza'tion. The emj)loyment of the
means us<-d to hy|)ii(<tizc a [M-Tson.
Hy'poblast ( i-to, under, ,<X/wror, a sprout),
llie internal layer of the blastoderm, called,
also, the endodenn, entoderm or epithelio-
glandular layer, from which is developed
the intestinal epithelium (except that of
the mouth and anus) antl that of the glands
opening into the intestines ; also the epi-
thelium of the air passages.
Hypobro^mite Meth^od. A method of
estimating the urea in urine, based upon
the tact that when urea is acted upon by
sodium hyiX)bromite (or calcium hypochlo-
rite) it is decomix)sed into nitrogen, car-
bon dioxide and water.
Hypochon''driac {^v-o, xov^pnr^, cartilage).
IVrt.iining to the hj-j^ochondriuni.
Hypochondri'asis ('i'-", ,t'"''V""''"C> one
altecled in the hypochondrium). A dis-
turbance of the functions of the nervous
system similar to melancholia, in which the
patient believes himself suffering from
bodily disease. Characterized liy alternate
spells of moodiness and excitability.
Hypochon'drium. See Abdomen.
Hypochro'mia ('i'~o, jj-pwHO, color). Ab-
normal pallor or trans])arency of the skin,
occurring in certain skin diseases.
Hypodermaf'ic ('I'-o, Jfp/za, the skin).
Pertaining to that which is under the skin,
or to the introduction of medicines beneath
the skin.
Hypoder'mic. See Hypoderrnatic.
Hypodermocly'sis ('n-o, Sepfia, skin,
K?.vaig, a drenching). The hypodermatic
injection of nutrient material beneath the
skin in the algid stage of Asiatic cholera,
collapse, t'/r.
Hypogas^tric {'v~o, yaa-r/p, the belly).
Pertaining to the hyixigastric region. See
Abdomen.
Hypogas'trium. See Abdomen.
Hypogeu'sia ('uto, yevnig, taste). Dimi-
nution in the sense of taste.
Hypoglos''sal ('uto, y?.(.)r!na, the tongue).
Liider the tongue. H. Nerve. See
A'en'e.
Hypoglof'tis ('uTTo, yhjrTa, the tongue).
The under |)art of the tongue, adherent to
the lower jaw. y\lso, a swelling at the
under part of the tongue.
Hypognath'us {'vrro, bene.alh, yrnOnq,
jaw). A monstrosity in which the parasite
is attached to the inferior maxillary l>one.
Hypoma'nia ('i'~", /lavin, madness). A
inudir.itr degree of maniacal exaltation.
Hyponeu'ria ('j'To,i'»iywi',anerve). .Slight,
or diminished nerve |X)wer.
Hypoph'ysis ('rn-u, ^lu, to l)c developed).
Ihe jiituitary iKxly; sometimes called the
H. Cerebri.
Hypopla'sia. Sec ////<;«</.
HYPOrSELAPHESIA
202
HYSTEROLITH
Hypopselaphc'sia ('vjrn, ijir/laipTjaic,
touch). Diminution of the sensitiveness
of tactile sensation.
Hypop^'yon ['v~o, ttvov, pus). A collection
of pus in the anterior chamber of the eye,
secondary to inflammation of adjacent
tissues.
Hypos''mia ('dttu, ocr/^v, a smell). Diminu-
tion of the sense of smell.
Hypospad^ias ['vtto, avrau, to draw). An
abnormal opening and ending of the ure-
thra upon the under surface of the penis.
Hypos''tasis('v7ro(Tr«(T;f, a standing under).
A word loosely used to denote faeces, or
any sediment falling from a liquid, especi-
ally the sediment of urine. Also, a form
of passive hyperaemia caused by the de-
pendent position of the part affected.
Hyposthen^ic ['v~o, adevo^, strength).
That which reduces strength, especially
diseases that are more than ordinarily en-
feebling. Also, a medicine that reduces
the action of the heart without affecting its
rhythm.
Hypoth^'enar ['vTvoOsvap). The fleshy
eminence on the palm of the hand over
the metacarpal bone of the little finger.
Also, the prominences on the palm at the
base of the fingers. Also, the ball of the
thumb.
Hypother^mal ('vrro, Oepfit], heat). Tepid.
A temperature placed arbitrarily between
59° and 68° F., or 15° and 25° C. Also,
pertaining to the reduction of the temper-
ature of the body.
Hypoth^'esis i^vrco, Oeaiq, a position). A
supposition set forth for discussion or dem-
onstration. A theory.
Hypoxan'thine. A leucomaine, also
known as Sarcine or Sarkine. Occurs,
accompanying adenine and guanine, in
nearly all the animal tissues and organs
rich in nucleated cells. In minute quan-
tities it is a normal constituent of urine.
It has also been found in plants, seeds,
ferments and wines. Hypoxanthine ap-
pears to be one of the products formed by
the decomposition and successive oxidation
of proteid matter previous to formation of
uric acid and urea. It arises from adenine
by action of nitrous acid. It is non-poi-
sonous.
Hys^'sop. The leaves and tops of // offi-
cinalis. An aromatic stimulant, carmina-
tive and tonic. Much employed in chronic
catarrh. Dose of fld. ext. jj-ij. Unof.
Hy sclera (^vr^-epa, the womb). The uterus
or womb. Also, the vulva. Also, the
placenta or afterbirth.
HysteraKgia ['varepaj aTiyog, pain). Any
pain in the womb. Also restricted to
neuralgic pains.
Hysteratre^'sia ['varepa, a, without, tet-
paivu, to perforate). An imperforate or
impei-vious condition of the mouth of the
• womb.
Hysterec'tomy ['varepa, ektoutj, a cutting
out). Excision or removal of the womb
by surgical operation.
Hyste^ria ['vtjTepa). A functional dis-
turbance of the nervous system, supposed
by early physicians to be due to disor-
dered condition of the womb. It is now
often considered a reflex neurosis ; not
with certainty known whether it is due
to structural alteration of any part of the
central nervous system, or to abnormal
blood supply, efr. Paralyses, impairment of
vision, convulsions, e^c, are usually promi-
nent symptoms. Major and minor types
are differentiated. The popular signifi-
cance of the term is that of feigned disease.
The physician usually considers the affec-
tion real. Hypochondriasis is often the
analogue in men.
Hyster^ic ['varepa). Pertaining to hysteria,
(7. v. Also, pertaining to the womb.
Hyster''ics. A popular term for hysterical
or convulsive movements and conditions.
Hysteri^tis. See Metritis.
Hysterocat''alepsy {'varepa, Karah/ijjig,
catalepsy). A fonn of hysteria accom-
panied by catalepsy.
Hysteroclei''sis ('i'(Trfpn,/c/l«cr<f, a closure).
The closure of the os uteri by scarifying
and suturing the labia — an operation for-
merly employed in vesico-uterine fistula.
Hysterocye'sis ('varspa, KV7/aiq, preg-
nancy). Uterine pregnancy.
Hysterodyn''ia ['varepa, oSvvi/, pain). Pain
in the womb.
Hys''tero-ep''ilepsy {Jiysteria, ETriAr/iInn,
falling sickness). A form of hysteria ac-
companied by convulsions resembling those
of epilepsy. Gowers advises the term
hysteroid in reference to these seizures.
Hys''tero-epileptog^enous {Jiysteria,
ETriTirj-ipia). Producing hysteria and epi-
lepsy.
Hysterogen''ic Jiysti-rM,yevvau, to beget).
Causing or producing hysteria.
Hys^teroid. Resembling hysteria. See
Hystero-epilepsy. H. Convulsions, con-
vulsional movements with hysterical symp-
toms in various organic diseases of the
brain, in epilepsy, and in hydrophobia.
Hys-'terolith ['I'a-'pn, h.Hoq, a stone). Cal-
culus or stone in the womb.
HYSTEROMALACIA
203
ICHTIIYOLITE
Hysteromala'cia ('ivrrfpo, ua/.aKo^, soft).
SoAcniiig; of the tissues of the wonil), ren-
dering it liaMe to rupture at time of hibor.
Hysteromalaco'ma {JvarffMi, /i«/a«(f).
Softening of the womb or of any part of it.
Hysteroma'nia. See Xymphomania.
Hysterom'etry ('i^rrfpa, fterpov, a meas-
urch The nuasurement of the womb.
Hysteromyo'ma ['I'OTepa, niyomu). My-
oma or fibro myoma of the womb.
Hystero-neuro'sis (^varepa, rrv/wf, a
ner\'e). -V reflex action resulting from
irritation of the uterus.
Hystero-paral'ysis {'t'orepa, napahvig,
palsy). Faral}-sis or weakness of the walls
of the womb.
Hysteropath'ia {'ivrrpa, -aftjf , sufl'ering).
Any disease or disorder of the womb. Also
hysteria.
Hysteropex''ia ('wrrepfl, 7r;7}a'i'/Y/, to fasten).
Abdominal li.\ation of the uterus.
Hysteropto'sis {'varepa, Trruaig, a fall-
ing). Falling of the womb. See JVo-
IilpSIIS.
Hysterorrhex''is {'larepa, }>i]^(q, rupture).
Rupture of the womb.
Hysterotomy. See Qcsivean Opera-
tion.
Hystrici'asis {'varpi$, a hedgehog). A
disease of the hair in which the latter
".stares" or stands out like the hair of the
hedgehog.
I
I. The symlx)l of Iodine.
lamatol^ogy {tnua, a remedy, Poyof,
science). .\ treatise on remedies.
latralip'tic {larpoc^, a physician, a?.ei(j)u, to
anoint). Pertaining to the cure of diseases
by inunction.
lat'ric (larpor;). Pertaining to the physi-
cian or to the science of medicine.
latro- {larpevij, to heal). A Cireek prefix
signifying /o heal, and in comjX)sition,
relating to medicine or physicians.
latrophys'ics {larpnc, ipirriKnr, pertaining
to nature). The relation of |)hysics or use
of physics in disca.se or theraj^eutics. The
materialistic explanation of disease.
Iatrotech''nics [tarpnij^ Tcx^tj, art). The
art of healing.
Ice (Sax. is). The solid form that wafer
takes l)elow o° C. or 32° V. I. Bag, a
bag of wateqjroof material filled with ice,
for application to any {>art of the Ixxiy.
I. Cap, a bladder or nibi)er cap filled witli
jjounfied ice for apijlication to tiie Ik.-kI
in f ongcslinn.
Icc'land Moss. Sec Cetraria.
Ice^land Spar. A lrans|)arent calcium
carlxinatecrysialli/cd inrhoml>oidal jirisrns.
It has the pro|xrty of dividing and doulily
ri-fr.u ting a ray of light.
I'chor ('.t'*'/', I'U^). An atrirj and thin
puriform discharge from an ulcer or wound.
I'chorous ('V'-'P)- Pertaining to pus con-
taiiiiuL; ulcerative, serum-like ]iro(lucts.
Ichorrhae'mia (/,:iw/j, atfia, the lilood).
The di.seased condition of the blood due
to the absorption of septic matter. Also,
jjyncmia.
Ich'thin, or Ich''thidin. An albuminous
sul 'Stance obtained from fishes.
IchthyocoFla. Isinglass. The air blad-
der of the sturgeon, Acipcnser. Occurs
in homy, translucent, white sheets, that
fomi a jelly with hot water. The jnirest
form of gelatine. I'sed as a food, for
clarifying li(iuids, and as a test for tannic
acid. I. Emplastrum, court-plaster;
consists of isinglass 10, glycerine I, alco-
hol 40, water and tinct. ben/oin (|. s., spread
u|)on fine white silk l>olting cloth and
dried.
Ichthyog''raphy (/,v"i'f, ypnd^u), to write).
A description of fishes and their distribu-
tion.
Ichthyoid (/,Yfl''f. f'^'T, a form). Re-
sembling a fish.
Ich'thyol ( ',v"''C )■ -^ preparation ob-
tained from certain vnrielies of a.splialtum
occurring in the Tyrolese .Alps. It is
alleged to be efficient in ee/ema and
psoriasis.
Ich'thyolitc ('v"'''.". '''""C. ^ stone). A
fossil |K'trifaetion or imprint of a fish.
ICHTHYOLOGY
204
IDIOPLASM
Ichthyology (/^Y^i'f, /ioyog, a treatise).
A treatise on fishes.
Ichthyoph^agus {ix^vg, (pajeiv, to eat).
Fish-eating. A word apphed to such ani-
mals as subsist on fish.
Ichthyc'sis {'x^vg). Xeroderma. Fish-
skin disease. A chronic, hypertrophic, con-
genital disease of the skin characterized
by extreme dryness and excessive develop-
ment of scales and warty growths. I.
Hys''trix, a form characterized by thick,
enormously hypertrophied warty papillae,
usually localized and morbid, and con-
sidered by Van Harlingen as a distinct
disease. I. Sauroderma, " lizard-skin,"
a variety of /. Simplex. I. Sebacea.
See Seborrhoea. I. Simplex, a scaliness
developing most commonly on the arms,
legs and back, and not attended by con-
stitutional disturbance.
Ichthyotox''icuin [ix^vg, to^ikov, poison).
A name loosely given to poisoning irom
eating the flesh of certain fish, and also
to the poisonous principle. It may be due
to a natural poisonous principle, or to pu-
trefactive fermentation of the substance of
the fish. It is probably a ptomaine.
I''con [ecKuv, an image). An image or
model.
Iconog''raphy [eiKuv, ■Ypa(pu, to write). A
description by means of pictorial illustra-
tion.
Icterepati^tis [iKTspng, jaundice, hepatitisy
inflammation of the liver). Jaundice at-
tended with inflammation of the liver.
Ic'teric [iKTspog). Pertaining to jaundice.
Ic'terode [iKTspog). Having jaundice or
affected by it.
Ic'teroid [iKTspog). Resembling or having
the nature of jaundice.
Ic^terus {iKTepog). Jaundice, i/. v. I.,
Hepatogenic. See Hepatogenic. I .
Neonatorum, that which is sometimes
observed in an infant during the first few
days after birth ; probably an indirect result
of tying the umbilical cord.
Ic'tus (Lat., a stroke). A stroke or attack
of disease coming without premonition.
-ide. A sufiix used in chemistry to denote
a combination of two elementary sub-
stances.
Ide^a (<(Jert, form or semblance). A men-
tal representation of something perceived.
I. Chase, a condition in acute mania in
which disconnected ideas and fancies flow
rapidly through the mind. A term much
used by German authors. I., Fixed, that
form of mania in which one dominant idea
controls all actions.
Ident^ical Points. Corresponding points
of the two retinae, or the two positions in
normal eyes where the image of an object
is focused upon the retinae.
Ident^ist {idein,i\\^ same). A term formerly
applied to such writers as held gonorrhoea,
hard and soft chancre, to be due to the
same specific virus.
Idenfity (/(/^/«). Absolute sameness. I.,
Personal, that which is commonly proved
by establishment of similarity or sameness
of age, sex, physical characteristics, marks,
and peculiar habits.
Ideo-mo''tor [idea, a mental image, moveo,
to move). Pertaining conjointly to idea-
tion and movement. I. Center, that
part of the gray matter which, influenced
by ideation, excites muscular movement.
I. Movements. Unconscious movements,
due to impulses of the mind when the
attention is otherwise absorbed.
Ideoplasf'ic (»5e«, appearance, Trlaaau, to
form). That stage of hypnotism in which
the idea impressed on the brain of the
agent is translated into action.
-ides l^eiSog, resembling in form). A suf-
fix denoting resemblance to the object with
the name of which it is combined.
-ideus lyLSiog, one's own). A sufiix having
the sense of possession or o^vnership.
Idiempre''sis {jSiog, efiTTprjatg, burning).
Spontaneous combustion. Also, sponta-
neous inflammation.
Id^io- (((5wf). A Greek prefix signifying
peculiar to one's self.
Id^iocy [iSiojTTig, a private person). A con-
dition of mental deficiency, usually accom-
panied by physical degeneracy. See Idiot.
Idio-mus''cular [uhor, musculus, muscle).
Peculiar to muscular tissue. I. Contrac-
tion, the contraction of a fatigued or tired
muscle under certain conditions of stimulus,
influence, etc.
Idioneuro''sis (<(J/of, VEwpoy, a nerve). An
affection due to some disturV)ed or abnor-
mal condition of the nerves supplying the
affected part.
Idiopath^ic [iSiog, iradog, suffering). Per-
taining to any disease not consequent or
dependent upon another. The antithesis
of sympathetic, deuteropathic, etc.
Idiophren'ic [iSiog, <pp)iv, the mind). A
temi employed by Tuke to denote insanity
due to disease of the brain.
Id^ioplasm [ixhog, nlacfia, anything
formed). A word sometimes used to de-
note the solid part of protoplasm, or that
part capable of transmitting to offspring
the peculiarities of the parent.
IDIOSPASM
205
ILIO-LUMBAR
Id''iospasm (i^ioc, a-aafiog, a convulsion).
A spasm or crainp confined to one part.
Idiosyn'crasy [idioavjUiiaata, peculiarity
of tenure rami- III). Any s|>ecial or jjeculiiu-
characteristic or temjx^rament by which a
person difiers from other persons of ordi-
nary habits.
Id'iot [ti^iurrjg, a private person). A jierson
of imperfect, deficient or arrested mental
development, either congenital, or due to
causes arising so(.>n after birth.
Id'iotism. The state of idiocy.
Idro^sis. See Jlypcridrosis.
Igasu'ric Acid. An acid occurring in
:?t. Ignatius bean, and certain other plants
containing strychnia.
Igna'tia. St. Ignatius Bean. The seed
of Stiychnos Igtuitii. Properties due to
the alkaloids strychnine and brucine, of
which the plant contains of each about i
per cent. Therapeutic effects similar to
those of nux vomica, q. v. Recommended
in hysteria. Highly efficient in control-
ling the functions of the cerebro-spinal axis.
I. Abstractum. Dose gr. ss-j. I.
Tinct., lias lo per cent, of the drug.
Ignipunct'ure [t^'nis, fire,///;/'.//^;v7, punc-
ture). A method of cauterization and
treating certain forms of hypertrophy by
the introduction of platinum needles heated
to whiteness by the electric current.
Ig'nis (l^t.). Fire. Combu^ticm distin-
guished i)y rapid oxidation. I. Actualis,
actual cautery. I. Fatuus, the plienome-
non known as Jack o' lantern, \Vill o" the
Wisp, e/c. Its origin is not known. I.
Sacer, an obsolete name for er}sipclas.
I. Sancti Antonii, Suint .Int/ionys lire,
a common name for erysipelas.
Igni''tion {ignis'). The process of heating
solids, csj)ecially inorganic com]X)unds, at
a white-hot temperature until all volatile
matter has been driven off.
Il'eac Passion [ei/jor, a colic or grijjing).
An ailment characterized by severe gri|)ing
pains and vomiting of facal matter, to-
gether with .spasm of the abdominal
muscles.
IleadeKphus (/A/^w, fMf/i/ior, brother). A
moiioceplialic dual monstrosity with l>otlies
united at the pelvis, with four lower and
twf) uplK-r extremities.
ll'co- (i/ii4»i). A prefix signifying con-
nection fir relation to the ileum.
Ileo-cae'cal (ilen/n, arium). IVrtaiiiing
or U-Umging to ix)th ileum and t;ecum.
I. Fossa, a dej)rcssion in the lower part
of the small intestine at the lixsc of the
vermiform process. I. Valve, a valve
consisting of two folds of mucous mem-
brane that guards the passage between the
ileum and ca-cum.
Ileo-coKic [i/fum, colon"). Pertaining con-
jointly to the ileum and the colon.
Ileo-coli'tis [i/rnni, cc/on). Inflamma-
tion of the lower part of the ileum and
the colon. It is commonly known as in-
testinal catarrh.
H'eum [et?.fu, I tum). The lower half of
the small intestine. Receives its name
from its peristaltic movements.
Il'iac {i/i(i, the fianks). Pertaining to the
ilium or to the flanks. I. Aneurism, one
occurring at the groin. I. Artery. See
Artery. I. Crest, the upper free margin
of the ilium to which tlie abdominal
muscles are attached. I. Muscle. See
Muscle. I. Region, one of the regions
into which the abdomen is conventionally
divided. See Ahdonun.
Ili^acus. See JMttscle.
IliadeFphus {ilio, a(h?.(pog, brother). A
term applied to fatal monsters united at
the pelvis but double above.
Il'io- {ileum). A Greek word used as a
prefix to denote relation to, or connection
with the ilium.
Ilio-capsula''ris {ilium, capstila, a little
chest). A muscle occasionally found in
man, originating at the anterior lower S]>ine
of the ilium and inserted into the ilio-
femoral ligament.
Ilio-fem^oral {ilium, femur, the thigh
bone). I'ertaining conjointly to the ilium
and the femur. I. Ligament, an inverted
V-shaped ligament extending obli(iuely
across the hip joint, from a spine of the
ilium to the trochanters of the femur, pre-
venting over-extension of the joint. I.
Triangle, a triangle consisting of a base
drawn from the summit of the great tro-
chanter to the anterior upjier spine oi the
ilium, with an ai)ex fornud by lines drawn
backward from the anterior upper spine
and u])ward from the summit of the tro-
chanter.
Ilio-hypogas'tric {ilium, vTrnyaaTpiov,
the lower belly). Pertaining conjointly to
the ilium and the hypogastrium. I. Nerve.
See A'en'e.
Ilio-in'guinal {ilium, im^nten, the groin).
Pirtaining to the ilium and the groin. I.
Nerve. See A'cnr.
Ilio-lum''bar {ilium, luml'it^, the loin).
Pertaining conjtiintly to the ilium and the
loins. I. Artery, a branch of the [Kisie-
rior division of the internal iliac ailery,
supplying tlie iliacus, and also the psoas,
ILIO-PECTINEAL
206
IMMUNITY
and quadratus lumborum muscles. I.
Muscle, that part of the quadratus lum-
borum muscle that is inserted at the tips
of the processes of the lumbar vertebrae.
Ilio-pectine^al. Pertaining conjointly to
the ilium and the pectineus muscle. I.
Ligament, that part of the iliac fascia
which attaches Poupart's ligament and the
sheath of the crural vessels to the os pubis.
I. Line, the ridge reaching from the spine
of the OS pubis to the auricular surface of
the ilium.
Ilio-pePvic. Pertaining conjointly to the
ilium and the pelvis. I. Abscess, a sup-
puration sometimes occurring over the ili-
acus muscle during first labor, and com-
monly due to the laceration of muscular
fiber.
Ilio-pso'as. The iliacus and psoas mus-
cles taken conjointly.
IPium (Lat.). The upper part of the os
i)inominatiiin. The haunch bone.
Illaquea^tion {illaqiiea, to ensnare). A
method of changing the direction of mis-
placed cilia, by withdrawing them by a
noose, througli an opening in the adjacent
tissue of the lid.
lUegit^imacy (//;, not, legitiinus, according
to law). The condition of being unlaw-
ful, or not legitimate.
lUegit^imate (in, legitiimis). Not in ac-
cordance with statutory law. I. Child,
one born out of lawful wedlock ; a bastard.
Illequa^tion. See Illaqueation.
lUic^ium. Star Anise. The frait of 77-
liciiim aiiisatum. Properties due to a
volatile oil identical with oil of anise.
Illumina''tion {illiiniiiio, to make light).
A light produced by a luminous body,
and reflected by surrounding objects. I.
of Eye, the lighting up of the interior of
the eye by means of the ophthalmoscopic
mirror. I., Oblique, in microscopy, an
illumination produced by throwing the rays
upon the object at any angle of inclination.
In ophthalmology, of the cornea, etc., by
focusing a pencil of rays obliquely upon
the part.
Illu^sion [illusio, a mocking). See Hal-
lucination.
Im^age {imago, a likeness). The picture
of an object formed by the focalized rays
of light proceeding from it. I., Diffu-
sion of. See Diffusion. I., Erect, that
of the fundus oculi as seen by the ophthal-
moscope, the details of the fundus being
in their natural position. I., Inverted,
that olitained by interposing between the
mirror and observed eye, a high-power lens ;
it is an aerial image at the focus of the lens
used. I., Real, that made by the focal-
ized reflected rays. I., Virtual, that pro-
duced by the imaginary focus of the rays,
as, e.g., behind a miiTor.
Imagina^tion (/wrt^'-<j). The picture-mak-
ing power of the mind. The faculty by
which one creates mental ideas or pictures
by means of the data derived from ex-
perience, ideally revivified, extended, and
combined in new forms.
Ima^go. An image. Also, the mature or
winged stage of insects.
Im^becile [inibecilliis, weak). Feeble in
mind.
ImbeciPity (imbecillus). Mental weak-
ness or defect. Similar to that of idiocy,
but of less degree.
Imbibe'' [imbibo, to drink). To drink or
suck in.
Imbibi'tion {imbibo). The sucking up, or
capillary absorption, of moisture, liquids,
or gaseous substances by inorganic, or by
dead or torpid organic bodies.
Im'bricated [imbrex, a roof tile). Dis-
tinguished by overlapping. Applied to
the position and arrangement of scales in
certain squamous diseases of the skin.
Imita''tion (imitor, to be alike). A pro-
duction that is similar to or a copy of
another object or process. I., Morbid,
the occurrence of a convulsive or mental
affection brought about by observing a
similar affection in another.
Imme^diate (m, not, medio, the middle).
Direct. Without anything intervening. I.
Contagion, that from a direct source. I.
Union, union by first intention, or without
suppurative granulation.
Immed^icable {in, not, medico, to cure).
That which does not yield to medicine or
treatment. Incurable.
Immer^sion {in, mergo, to dip). The
plunging of a body into a liquid. In medi-
cine, treatment by a continued bath. I.
Bath, the liquid employed for the immer-
sion. I. Battery, a form of battery in
which, by inclining the cell, the elements
are immersed in the litjuid. I., Objective,
a microscope objective, usually of high
power, the lower lens of which is im-
mersed in a drop of water, glycerine or oil,
placed on the cover glass of the object
under examination.
Immune^. Having the power of immu-
nity.
Immu''nity {immunitas, exemption). The
condition of an organ, or of the body,
whereby it resists the development of in-
IMMUNIZATION
207
IN
fectious or morbid processes. The inocu-
lation of attenuated virus and of chemical
compounds are examjiles of methods by
which I. is gained. It has also been shown
that inriammatur)" action is destnictive i.)f
bacterial development. I., Acquired,
that from a previous attack of the same
disease or a modified form, as varioloid.
I., Natural, the natural resistance of the
tissues, or system. Immmii/ation may be
transient or jx'nnanent.
Immuniza'tion. The act or process of
tnddwiiii^ with immunity.
Im 'munize. To give or acquire immunity.
Im'pact (///,//«;'•(>, to drive into). A for-
cible striking against.
Impacfed (///, />/«.,<)). Driven a^jainst
and retained, as a weilge. I. Fracture,
one in which the fragments of bone are
driven into one another in such a manner
as to shorten the bone.
Impale'inent (/;/, /><?/, a pale or picket).
Tlie perforation of the body or a part by a
nxl or stake.
ImpaFudism (/;/, /xi/us, a marsh). The
morbid predisixjsition to malarial diseases
Common to dwellers in marshy regions.
Im'par [i/i, not, />ti/; e-iual). Odd or un-
equal. I., Ganglion, a small ganglion on
the coccyx.
Imper'forate {ifi,neg., per/oro, to pierce).
Congenital and abnormal closure of an
opening of the IxKly, as the anus, vagina,
(•/'■. .'^ce Oiclusicii and Olislruction.
Imperfora''tion (///, neg., perforo, to bore
through). Occlusion, es])ecially used of
the .\nu>, Hymen, Vagina, </<-.
Imper'meable i in, not, per, through, mea-
tus, an Oldening). Not capable of being
traversed.
Imper''vious [in, po-vius, capable of pas-
sage). Not permitting a passage through.
Impeti''go (I -at.). I'orrigo contagiosa.
A term formerly used to include almost
ever)' form of pustular inllammation of the
skin, mo.st of which are now classified witii
other disea.ses. The following are recog-
nized \>y Tilbury Kox : I. Contagiosa,
marke<l by di.scret<-n(ss of vesicles and
pastulcs, caused by inoculation wilii morliid
pus. Ixrsions occur mainly aU)ut ninutli,
no.striLs, chin and occijmt. I., Duhling's,
differs from tlie foregoing in being noii-
infictious. I. Herpetiformis, an inflam-
matory <lisea-<(; of the skin dc'cribrd iiy
i hbra, ronsisting of su|M-rtR ia! pw-lulrs of
I in Iliad si/c, densely crowded into groups.
Usually circular in sha|H:. Very rare in
America, and occasional in Kurope.
Implanta^'tion (/>/, phuito, to set). The
act of setting in. Also, the transplantation
of a tooUi from the jaw of one person to
that of another. Also, the engrafting of
epidermis from the skin of one jxrson upon
the Inxly of another. I., Hypodermatic,
the intrcKlucti(.>n of a medicine in the form
of a soluble bolid under the skin for thera-
peutic jiurposes. I., Teratological, a
fetal monstrosity consisting of an imperfect,
joined to a perfect Retus.
Impond'erable (///, not, /<)«(/£7(?/'/7w, that
which can be weighed). That which can-
not be weighed. I. Fluids, an obsolete
term, formerly applied to light, heat and
electricity.
Importa'tion (///,/(>/-/(>, to carry). Trans-
ference from anollier locality or foreign
country. I. of Disease, the carrjing of
the contagion of di.sease.
Impos'thume {cnroari/fia, standing away
from). A corrupt form of apostcnta. An
abscess.
Im'potence {in, not, possum, to be able).
Lack of power, applied especially to male
incapacity of procreation.
Impregna^tion {in, pirgii(nis,w\\\\ child).
The slate of being pregnant. Fecunda-
tion. Fertilization.
Impres^sion {imprimo, to press ujwn).
A hollow or depression. Ajjplicd to a
number of such in the body. I., Digital,
the mark made by finger pressure.
Impu'beral (/;/, noi, pit/u-/; ripe). Desti-
tute of hair on the puiies. Not of adult
age.
Im'pulse (/w/t'/Zc, to drive against). Any
communicated fcirce. Also, the shock and
reverberation on tlie chest-walls caused by
the beating of the heart. Also, a sudden
s|X)ntaneous emotion of the mind or in-
fluence acting upon it. I., Cardiac, the
systolic beat of the heart occiu-ring at the
apex, and ft-lt in the fifth intercostal space.
I., Morbid, any strong, unnatural im-
pulse, especially one of an insane cliarac-
Icr.
ImpuFsion {impillo). The act of driving
or urging onward, either mentally or physi-
cally.
Impur'ity (///, not, purus, pure or clean).
Want of ]iurity or cleanliness. In chem-
istry the condition of containing some sub-
stance other than that desired. .Adultera-
tion. In nie<litine, a want of elearne>s in
the .sounds of tlie heart, bill llol sullieielit
lo eau.se a iiiuriiiur.
In A Latin prefix signifying /// or within.
Alst), a particle signifying negation.
-IN
208
INCUBATOR
-in, or -ine. A suffix added to the names
of the halogen elements, chlorine, bromine,
iodine and fluorine. Also, a distinctive
termination used to distinguish organic
bases, particularly the class known as al-
kaloids. It is also loosely applied to cer-
tain organic radicals.
Inan^imate (w, not, aiii/iiHSjliie). Not
animate. Dead. Without life.
Inani^tion (z«ff«/f,tomake empty). Empti-
ness of the organs of digestion for want of
food. Also, wasting of the body from
starvation or disease.
Inap^petence [in, not, appeto, to desire).
Loss or want of appetite.
Inartic^'ulate {in, not, articiihis, a joint).
Not jointed or articulated. Also, vocal
sounds not capable of aiTangement into
syllables, or of being understood.
Inassim'ilable {in, not, assimulo, to make
like). Incapable of assimilation.
Incandes^cent {incandesce, to become
white hot). A term applied to a substance
that has been heated to the degree of emit-
ting light. I. Electric Light, one con-
sisting of a film of carbon of high resistance
enclosed in a vacuous glass globe. The
film emits a white light when the cuirent
passes through it.
Incar^cerated. See Hernia.
Incarcera^tion {in, carcero, to imprison).
The condition of imprisonment or confine-
ment of a part. See Hernia.
Incarna^tion. See Conception.
In^cest {incestus, not chaste). Carnal in-
tercourse between persons of near relation-
ship.
In^cidence {incido, to fall). A falling upon.
The direction in which one body strikes
another. I., Line of, the path of a ray
or a projectile. I., Point of, the point
upon which the ray or projectile is reflected
or strikes.
In'cident {incido). Falling upon.
Incinera^tion {cineres, ashes). The process
of heating organic substances in contact
with the air until all organic matter is
driven off, and only the mineral ash re-
mains.
Inci^sed (2«(7V/(7j to cut). Cut. I. Wound,
one made by a sharp-edged instrument.
Incis^ion {incido). The act of cutting into
any tissue of the body.
Inci^'sive {incido). Having the quality of
cutting. Pertaining to the incisor teeth.
I. Teeth. See Incisor.
Inci^sor {incido). Any cutting instrument.
I. Nerve, the branch of the inferior dental
nerve supplying the incisor and canine
teeth. I. Teeth, the four anterior teeth
in each jaw.
Incisu^ra {incido). A notch. Also, an
incision.
Inclu^sio Fceta''lis. (Lat.) A form of
ftt^tal parasitism in which the parasite is
more or less included and overgrown by
the tissues of the autosite.
Inclu^sion {inchtdo, to enclose or shut
in). The state of being shut in. Also,
the act of shutting in.
Incohc'rent {in, not, cohcEro, to stick
together). Not connected or coherent.
Inability to express that sequence of
words or of ideas necessary to convey
meaning.
Incompafible {in, not, compatibilis, en-
durable). A term used to designate such
compounds as are incapable of mixture
without undergoing such chemical or phys-
ical changes as impair or destroy their
value. Also, substances physiologically
antagonistic, and therefore useless to pre-
scribe.
Incotn'petence {in, not, compatior, to
suffer together). Inability to perform
natural functions. I., Mental, a disorder
of mind sufficient to produce irresponsi-
bility. I., Valvular. See Insufficiency.
Incon^tinence (/;/, not, contineo, to con-
tain). Inability to restrain the faeces or
the urine ; involuntary evacuation. Some-
times used as a synonym of venereal indul-
gence.
Incoordination {in, not, con, together,
ordino, order). Not in natural or normal
order. In pathology, the inability to pro-
duce voluntary muscular movements in
proper order or sequence. I. of Ocular
Muscles. See Insufficiency.
Incorpora''tion (/;/, corpus, a body). The
process of intimately mixing the particles
of different bodies into a practically homo-
geneous mass.
Increma^tion. See Cremation.
In^crement {incrcnientuni, growth). In-
crease or growth.
Incrusta''tion {incrusto, to cover with
rind). The formation of a crust. Also,
the formation of a calcareous deposit in
organic tissue due to senility or disease.
Incuba^tion {incuho, to sit on eggs). In
medicine, the period between the implant-
ing of the contagion and the development
of the disease.
In^cubator {incubo). A device for the
artificial hatching of eggs or cultivation of
microscopic plants. I., Crede's, a copper
tube made with double walls, between
INCUBUS
209
INDOL
which water at the desired temperature
may be put, and withdrawn by means of
pipes and stop-cocks. I., Tarnier's, an
apparatus for the rearing of premature
children, consisting of a l)OX with two
compartments, one containing the cliiid,
the other, and lower compartment, being
filled with warm water, so as to keep a
uniform temperature of S6°-SS°.
In'cubus. See .\/>/;/;«</rt-.
Incunea'tion. See Impaction.
Incu'rable (///, euro, to care for). That
which cannot be cured or restored to
wholeness.
In'cus (i/itus, an anvil). A small bone
of the internal ear between the malleus
and stapes.
Indenta'tion {in, dens, a tooth). A con-
dition of being notched or serrated. I. of
Tongue, the notches on the borders of
the toni^ue made by the teeth, and visible
especially during inflamm.ition of the
tongue.
In'dex, (Lat.) The first finger. Also, the
relation or ratio of one part to anotlier, taken
as a standard. I., Altitudinal, the height
of a skull multiplied by loo and divided
by its length. I., Alveolar, the degree of
prominence of the jaws, measured by the
basi-alvcolar length multiplied by loo and
divided iiy the ba-si-nasal length. N\ hen
the alveolar index is le.ss than 98, the skull
is orthognathic, when more than I03,
prognathic, when intermediate mesog-
nathic. I., Cephalic, the breadth of a
skull multii^ilied I'y loo and divided by its
length. When tins is below 75, tlie skull
is called dolichocephalic, wlien above
80, it is called brachycephalic, between
these limits, mesaticephalic. I., Nasal,
the greatest nasal widtli iiuiltiplied by loo,
and divided by the nasal length. \\ hen
the nasal index exceeds 53, the nose is
platyrhine, when less than 48, it is .said
to Xni. hptorhine, if between these num-
l)ers, mesorhine. I., Orbital, the or-
bital height multiplied by IOC and divided
by the orbital width. If the oriiital index
Ijc alxne 89, it is called megaseme, if
unrler 84, microseme, if bi Iween, meso-
seme. I., Thoracic, taken at its widest
|>art is icx> times the sagittal, divi(le<l by
the transverse measurement.
In'dian. Pertaining to India, the West
Indiis, or to the alMjriginal Americans.
I. Black-root, tlic rfx>t of Pterocaulon
Pyinoilaehium. lias reputed alterative
pr(i[xrrlies. Dose of flil. extract TT\^xv-
XXX. Unof. I. Corn. See /.ea Mays.
14
I. Physic, American Ipecacuanha, the
bark of the root of Gillenia trifoliata.
A mild emetic and cathartic. Dose of (Id.
ext. n\,x-xl. Unof. I. Turnip. See
Drai^vn A'oct,
Ind'ia-rub'ber. The prepared concrete
juice obtained mainly from an Indian tree,
J-ieus elastieus, and a South American
tree, Siphonia elustiea. It is valuable
chiefly for its elasticity and its insolubility
in water. It is ditl'icultly soluble in oil of
tuq)entine, and highly soluble in carbon
disulphitle. Also, called Caoutchouc.
Ind'ican. A glucoside forming the basis
of indigo. May be obtained from the leaf
in the form of a yellowish-brown syruj),
having an acid reaction.
Indig''enous {indii, in, ^':^no, to be bom).
Kative. Originating or belonging to a cer-
tain locality or country.
Indigest^ion (in, digestOy to dissolve).
Same as Dyspepsia.
Indigita'tion (z«, digitus, a finger). A
term applied to the displacement of a part
of the intestine by intussusception.
In'digo. A blue pigment foniied during
the fermentation of Indigofera anil, I.
tinetona and other species. It is insoluble
in alcohol or water, but freely soluble in
strong sulphuric acid. Used mainly in the
arts as a dye-stuff Chemically, it is a
mixture of several ])rincipk'S, the chief
being a blue coloring matter, indigotin.
Therapeutically, it is an irritant to the
mucous membrane of the alimentary tract,
jiroducing intense nausea. It has been
used advantageously in epilejisy, chorea
and convulsions, in <loses var)'ing from
^ ij- _^ ij daily. Unof I. -Carmine Test
for Sugar. Put in 30 minims of water
one pellet indigo-carmine and sodium car-
bonate; heat gently to solution ; add one
drop of urine and boil ([uietly. A change
to red or yellow indicates sugar.
In^digogen. See L'roxanthin.
Indirect' {in, dingo, to be in a straight
line). Not direct. I. Vision, that jier-
ception of an object in which the image
falls on some other s]Kit than the macula.
I. Division of Cells. See Katyo-
kinesis.
Indisposi'tion {in, di.':pono,Xo be out of
]ilace). ,\iiy slight illness or disturbance
of the fiMHtions of the botly.
Indissol'uble. See Insoluble.
In'dol. A |)rfKlucl of intestinal putrefac-
tion ; formed, also, when jiroteifK are iieated
with alkalies or by sui)erheating with water
to 200° C.
INDOLENT
210
INFIRMARY
In^'dolent (/;;, not, dolco, to feel pain).
Sluggish. Without pain ; applied to ul-
cers, tumors, etc.
Induced' (/«(//<(ro, to lead into). Made or
produced by the agency of any means. I.
Current. See Ctirroit.
Induc'tion [induco). The establishment
of an abstract law or proposition by means
of specific or particular illustrations. I.
Balance, in physics, an instrument used
for the detection of currents too weak to
affect the galvanometer. I. Current. See
Current. I. of Labor, the bringing on
of labor by artificial means.
Inducto'rium. A magneto-induction ap-
paratus for physiological purposes.
In'durated (^indiiro, to harden). Hard-
ened. I. Bubo, a hard inflammation of
the lymphatic glands, usually of syphilitic
origin.
Indura''tion [indurd). The hardening of
a tissue without alteration of structure. I.,
Brown, a hardening of lung-tissue with
accumulation of pigmentary matter. I.
of Chancre, a hard nodule, or a cup-like
ring, about the margin of a chancre or
syphilitic ulcer.
Inebria'tion (inebrio, to make drunk).
The condition of dninkenness.
Iner'tia (/«, not, ars, skill). Sluggish-
ness. In physics, the inability of matter
to change its condition except by means
of an external force. In physiology, in-
activity of any organ or function of the
body. I., Uterine, the failure or slug-
gishness of uterine contractions in labor.
I., Intestinal, toi-por of intestinal action,
or peristalsis. I. of Drugs, lack of
power of same, from inferior quality, to
produce their customary physiological re-
actions.
In extrc'mis (in, at, extremis, end). A
Latin phrase, meaning at the end. The
common form, "in extremis mortis,^' is in-
excusable. ■
In'' fancy [infans, a little child). Early
childhood. I., Diseases of, those to
which infants are peculiarly lialjle.
In'fant [infans'). A babe. According to
English law, one not having attained the
age of twenty-one. I., Overlaying of,
suffocation of an infant by the lying upon
it of an adult in sleep. I. Shelter, a
day nursery where the infant children of
working mothers are kept at a moderate
expense during the hours of labor. In
France, a criche.
Infant'icide {infans, cccdo, to kill). The
murder of an infant.
In'farct [infircio, to fill in). An obstruc-
tion or plug. In pathology, an organ or
part filled to distention with a coagulum.
Infarc'tion [infarcid). The plugging or
clotting of a vessel by an embolus ; the
masses of extravasated blood in the tissues
in embolism.
Infect'' (inficio, to put in, or corrupt). To
communicate or transmit the specific virus
or germs of disease.
Infec'tion [inficid). The communication
of disease-germs or virus, by any means,
direct or indirect.
Infec'tious [iiificid). Having the quality
of transmitting disease or the agents that
cause it.
Infecund''ity {in, not, fecundns, fruitful).
Sterility, Barrenness.
Infe'rior (comp. of inferus, low). Lower.
Infibula'tion {in, fibula, a clasp). An
operation formerly employed to prevent
the retraction of the prepuce over the
glans penis in order to prevent copulation.
It consisted of passing a ring through
opposite edges of the prepuce. In a simi-
lar manner a ring was passed through the
labia of the vagina in order to insure the
chastity of females.
Infiltrate {in, Fr., filtrer, to strain). To
ooze into the interstitial spaces of a tissue ;
also, the substance thus having passed.
Infiltra'tion {in, Yx., filtrer). The ab-
normal diffusion of any fluid from with-
out into an organ or tissue, affecting it
mechanically so as to destroy its function.
I. of Bone, a tubercular infiltration of
bone, consisting either of matter that be-
comes puriform, or else of gray cancellous
matter. I., Calcareous, deposits of lime
or other calcium salts within any tissue
of the body. I., Cellular, the primary
exudation into a tissue, conveying white
coipuscles. I., Fatty, the existence of
oil or fat globules in the interior of a
cell. I., Plastic, that of a character
from which new norma] growth may de-
velop. I., Sanguineous, an extravasa-
tion of blood. An ecchymosis. I., Tu-
berculous, a confluence of tuberculous
granulations.
Infinite Distance. A term in optics to
denote parallelism of the light-rays. Abso-
lute parallelism does not exist, but, practi-
cally, rays from an object 20 feet away
are so considered and called.
Infirm'' {infirnius, not strong or firm).
Weak or feeble.
Infirm''ary {infirmus'). A hospital. An
institution where ill and infinn people
INFIRMITY
211
INGRAVESCENT
are maintained during the period of treat-
ment.
Infirm'ity [itifirmns). Weakness. Feeble-
ness due to disease or senility.
Inflame'' {in/Iammo, to set on fire). To
undergo inflanimation. To become unduly
heated and turgid with blood, owing to a
morbid condition.
Inflamma'tion (////f./wwc). A condi-
tion of nutritive disturbance character-
ized by hj-pcnvmia, with proliferation of
the cells of a tissue or organ, and attended
by one or more of the syni]itonis of
pain, heat, swelling, discoloraii(.in and
disordered function. I., Adhesive, a
synonym of Ihalittg by First Intention.
I., Aplastic, and I., Plastic. See
Lymf^h.
Inflam'matory {injlammo). Pertaining
to inflammation. I. Exudation, the fluid
exuded from an inflamed part. I. Focus,
the central or culminating spot of an in-
flamed part, or that at which su])puration
begins. I. Fungoid Neoplasm. See
Mycosis. I. Infiltration, the exudation
escaping into the interstices of an inflamed
tissue and not removed by the Ij-mphat-
ics. I. Zone, the area of gangrenous
formation bounded by the line of demarca-
tion l)etween dead and living tissue. Also
the line of demarcation.
Infla'tion (/«/7i', to puff up). Distention
with air. In surgery, distention of the
Ixiwels with air to relieve obstnaction ; or
of the lungs for artificial respiration ; or
of the Eustachian tuljc for the purpose of
examination.
Influen'za (Lat., an influence [thought
to l>e due to the stars]). A contagious,
epidemic, inflammatory aflection of the
mucoas membrane of the respiratory tract,
accorajjanied by a muco-purulent discharge,
fever, and prostration. Popularly called
by its I'Vench name, la f^rippe.
In'flux (/;7,y7«", to flow). An inflow. The
act of flowing in.
Infra- (infra, beneath). A Latin prefix
meaning beneath.
Infra-ax'illary [infra, axilla, the arm-
pit). I{r!(jw the armpit.
Infraclavic'ular (infra, chn>iiula, the
collar Ixjnc). Hehjw the collar-l)one.
Infracost^al (//;y>-a, rcj/a, the ribs). Below
the ribs.
Infrac'tion (///./r^r/iV, breaking). Incom-
plete fracture of a lionc Alstj, an inden-
tation or driving iiiwanl.
Inframax'illary (infra, maxillium, the
jaw). Iklow or under the jaw.
Infra-orb'ital {infra, orbita, the orbit).
Beneadi or below the orbit. I. Artery,
the branch of the internal maxillary- artery
traversing the infra-orbital canal. I. Canal,
the canal in the superior maxillaiy bone
that ti-ansmits the infra-orbital vessels and
nerves. I. Foramen, the aperture in
tlie superior maxillaiy bone through which
the infra-orbital artery passes. I. Groove,
the groove leading to tl>e infra-orbital
canal. I. Nerve, the name of the supe-
rior maxillary nerve at its entrance to the
infra-orbital canal.
Infrascap'ular (infra, scapula, the shoul-
der-blade). Below the shoulder-blade.
Infraspina'tus. See Muscle.
Infrasternal (infra, sternum, the breast
bone). Beneath the sternum. I. Depres-
sion, the depression of the ensiform car-
tilage, commonly called the pit of the
stomach.
Infundib'uliform {infunJibulum, a fun-
nel, y^rw,/, a ftirin). Funnel-shaped. I.
Fascia, the funnel-shaped membranous
layer that invests the spermatic cord.
Infundib'ulum (htfundo, to pour into).
A funnel. I. of Brain, a funnel-shaped
mass of gray matter attached to the jiitui-
tary gland. I. of Cochlea, a sniall cavity
at the end of the modiolus. I. of Heart,
the arterial cone from which the pulmonary
arteiy arises.
Infu'sion. See Infusum.
Infuso'ria (infusum, an infusion). A class
of microscopic, ciliated organisms belong-
ing to the order of Protozoa. They repro-
duce by fission and budding, and also by
eggs or germs.
Infu'sum (Lat.). An infusion. In ]ihar-
macy, a jjreparation made by treating a
vegetable sulistance with hot or witli cold
water without lulling. Infusions should,
in the absence of sjxicific directions, con-
tain I part of the substance to lo of water.
There are 5 official infusa.
Inges'ta (im^ero, to cany into). Sub-
stances introduced into the body, especially
for purjKjses of alimentation.
Inges'tion (im^ero). Tin- introduction of
footl or imtritiim into the inuutli or stomach.
In'gluvin. A preparation obtained from
the gi/zard of the fowl, u.sed as a substi-
tute for pepsin and pancrcaiin. Very cfli-
cient in tlie vomiting of pregnancy. Dose
gr. XX.
Ingras'sias, Processes, or Wings of.
The less<r wings of the splunoiil Ume.
Ingravcs'cent (ini^ravesco, to become
heavy). Increasing in weight or in sc-
INGRAVIDATION
212
INNOMINATE
verity. I. Apoplexy, probably due to
slowly increasing cerebral hemoirhage.
Ingravida^tion. See Impregnation.
Ingre^dient {ingredior,\.o step into). Any
part that enters into the formation of a
compound.
In-growing Nail. See Onychogryphosis.
In^guinal [inguen, the groin). Pertaining
to the groin. I. Canal, the canal trans-
mitting the spermatic cord in the male,
and the round ligament in the female. It
is situated parallel to and just above Pou-
part's ligament. I. Glands, the super-
ficial and the deep glands of the groin. I.
Hernia. See Hernia.
Inguino-Abdom''inal. Pertaining con-
jointly to the groin and abdomen.
Inhala''tion {inlialo, to draw in). The
in-breathing of air or other vapor. I.
Diseases, those due to the inspiration of
air containing dust or any finely divided
matter. See Grinders' Disease. I. of
Medicines, the introduction into the air-
passages or lungs of medicinal substances,
in the form of vapor or fine spray.
Inhale'' [inlialo). To inspire or draw air
or other vapor into the lungs.
Inha^ler {inlialo'). An instrument for ap-
plying, or for inhaling the vapor of a liquid
medicine.
Inher^ited [inhcereo, to cleave to). De-
rived from an ancestor. I. Disease, a
disease that has been transmitted to a child
by its parent.
Inhib^it [inhibeo, to check). To check,
restrain, or suppress.
Inhibi''tion [inliibeo). The act of check-
ing, restraining or suppressing. Inhibitory
nerves and centers, are those intermediating
a modification, stoppage or suppression of
a motor or secretory act already in pro-
gress. I., Vasomotor, an influence ex-
erted on the contractile walls of the blood
vessels, that causes their dilatation by a
diminution of their tone. I., Voluntary,
the checking or temporary restraint of a
reflex by force of will.
Inhib'itory [inhibeo). Having the power
to restrain or hold in check. I. Center
of Setschenow, a cerebral center in the
optic lobes of the brain of the frog, the
stimulation of which checks reflexes. I.
Nerves of the Heart, those of the vagus
supplied by the cardio-inhibitory center,
through the spinal accessory nerve. I.
Nerves of Respiration, certain afferent
fibers in the laryngeal branches of the
vagus nerve, that exert an inhibitoiy action
on the inspiratory act of respiration.
Inhuma'tion {inhiivio, to put in the
ground). Burial of the dead in the
ground.
In^ial (^iVLov, the occiput). Pertaining to
the inion. The posterior aspect of the
head.
Inienceph''alus [iviov, eyKecpaTiov, brain).
A class of exencephalic monstrosities, the
brain protruding through an occipital fis-
sure.
In^ion i^iviov). The external protuberance
of the occipital bone.
Ini^tial [in, eo, to go). Beginning or
commencing. I. Sclerosis, the primary
induration of a hard chancre. I. Stage
of Labor. See Labor, Stages of.
Injecf (in, jacio, to throw). The introduc-
tion of a liquid into any cavity of the body,
natural or artificial, by means of a s}Tinge
or similar instrument. In pathology, a
condition of distention of the capillaries
with blood.
Injec'tion [in, jacio). Aqueous or other
solutions thrown into the vessels, beneath
the skin or into any cavity of the body.
I., Anatomical, filling the vessels of a
cadaver or of an organ with preservative
or coagulating solutions, for purposes of
dissection, etc. I., Coagulating, injection
of coagulating solutions into the cavity of
an aneurism. I., Hypodermatic, by a
syringe in the tissue beneath the skin. I.,
Nutrient, injection of nutritive fluids into
the rectum or other cavity. I., Opaque
Naked-eye, for anatomical or microsco-
pical purposes, made of plaster-of- Paris,
tallow, vermiHon and gelatine, acetate of
lead and bichromate of potash (yellow in-
jection), or acetate of lead and carbonate
of soda (white). I., Transparent Micro-
scopic, made with carmine for red, ferro-
cyanide of potassium for blue, chromate of
potash for yellow, etc.
In^jury [in, not, jiis, a right). Any dam-
age or harm to the body or any of its
parts.
In^let of the PeKvis. The heart-shaped
space within the brim of the pelvis.
Innerva''tion [in, nei-vits). The discharge
of nervous impulse from a ganglionic
center. The manifestation of nervous
force.
Innom''inate [in, without, noinett, a
name). A term applied to several parts
of the body to which no other definite
name has been given. I. Artery. See
Artery. I. Bone, the irregular-shaped
bone forming the sides and anterior wall
of the pelvic cavity.
INNUTRITION
213
IN SITU
Innutri'tion [in, tiutrio, to nourish).
Want of nutrition or nourishment.
Inocula'tion (inoi-u/o, to engraft). The
introduction into the circulation of the
virus of infectious diseases, or of certain
medicinal agents. I., Jennerian, vacci-
nation, or the I. of cowjxix virus. I. of
Smallpox, inoculation with the contagium
of smallpox to protiuce a mild ty|)e of the
disease. I., Preventive, inoculation of
some virus to act as a preventive of a more
serious disease or t}']>e of the same disease.
I'nogen [tg [gen. u'of], fiber, yevrao), to
produce). A name given to a hyix)thetical
substance held to occur in muscular tissue,
and to be decomjxjsed, during contraction,
into carbon dioxide, sarcolactic acid, and
myosin. Because of this behavior it is
considered the energy-producing substance
of muscle.
Inorgan^ic [ht, organtan, an instnmient).
A temi applied to a body or a sul stance
that possesses none of the possibilities of
development, growth or life. I. Constitu-
ents. .*^ee Cintstitiu-nts.
Inoscula'tion {in, o:cuIo, to kiss). The
joining, at their mouths, of the branches of
blood vessels, especially the extremities of
arteries with the origins of veins.
Inosin'ic Ac'id. An ammonia derivative
from muscle ; of unknown constitution.
Pnosit. See Sus^ar.
In'quest [in, qinrro, to ask). A judicial
in'juirv'. I., Coroner's, an in^iuiry con-
cerning the cause of the death of one who
has died by violence or in some other un-
known way.
Inquisi'tion (?*;/, ^«^rr^). The ini|uiryor
hearing lx;fore a jury or commission con-
cerning the sanity or lunacy of a criminal
or a]>tr«on charged with crime.
Insaliva'tion (/;/, j<7//zw, the spittle). The
mixture of the food with saliva during
mastication.
Insane' (/«, not, ^(7««j, sound). Deranged
or di.seased in mind. I. Ear. See //uf-wa-
toma Aiiris.
Insan'ity (///, santa:^. A derangement or
abnormal condition of one or more of the
mental faculties, without loss of volition or
consciousness, arising from causes other
than l)0<lily disease. I., Acquired, that
arising after a lon^; [><-rii><l of life of mi-nlal
integrity. I., Alcoholic, that iinluced liy
alcoholic excess, usually a n suit of he-
reditary tendencies. I., Communicated,
that transmitted by intercourse with an in-
.satic |K-rs<^)n. I., Epidemic, a form occa-
sionally manifested among a numljcr of
people in common association, as in con-
vents or schtx)k. I., Febrile, a maniacal
form, occasionally resulting from acute in-
flammation, fever, or from similar cause.
I., Hereditary, that ac'iuired by virtue of
hereditary weakness or taint, and not in-
duced by other apparent causes. I., Idea-
tional, a term applied to any form in which
there is maiked perversion of the reasoning
powers. I., Impulsive, a form in which
the patient possesses an uncontrollable de-
sire to commit acts of violence. I., Moral,
a form marked by perversion and dejiravity
of the moral sense, without Impairment of
the reasoning and intellectual faculties. I.
of Pregnancy, a form occurring during
pregnancy, characterized by melancholia,
suicidal intent, and abhorrence of friends
and relatives. I., Primary, a forni, often
congenital, that arises with the develop-
ment of the body. It may also proceed
from injury or disease of the brain in early
life. I., Puerperal, a term sometimes
applied to the delirium of childlirth, but
more j^roperly to the mania occurring after
delivery. I. Simultaneous, when two
or more persons hereditarily inclined be-
come aflected at the same time. I., Voli-
tional, such forms as are marked by de-
rangement of the will.
Insa''tiable Appetite. See Bulimia.
Insectiv'ora [iuse<tuvi, an insect, vnro,
to devour). An order of plantigrade ani-
mals belonging to the viamvtalia.
In'sect Pow'der. The jiowdered flowers
of several species of Fyiethnon or " bu-
hach," an insecticide in common use. In
the United States the flowers of P. ciiierrr-
folium are extensively cultivated for this
purpose.
Insemina'tion {/«j^w?'«(', to jilant seed).
The ]ilanting of seed. The introduction
of semen.
Insens'ible (/;/,not, scntio, to feel). With-
out the sense of feeling. Incap.able of
being jjerceived or recognized by the
senses.
Inser'tion (inscro, to set in). The act of
setting or placing in ; or, that which is set
in. I, Velamentous, the in.sertion of
the margin of the umbilical cord upon the
chorion.
Insid'ious (///i/'(//<r, an ambush). Peceit-
ful. Hidden from external view. I.
Disease, one that shows no apparent
sym|)loms.
In si'tu (/'«, sifu, position). A latin
phrase meaning in a given or na/unil
J>oiition.
INSOLATION
214
INTENSIVE
Insola''tion (/;?, sol, the sun). Exposure
to the sun, either as a prophylactic treat-
ment or a cause of disease. Sunstroke.
In pharmacy, the ckying or bleaching of
substances by exposure to the sun.
InsoFuble \in, neg., solnbilis, soluble).
Incapable of solution.
Insom''nia (in, neg., somnus, sleep).
Want of sleep. Inability to sleep.
Inspec^tion [inspedus, a beholding). In
medicine, the examination of the body, or
of any part of it.
Inspira^tion [in, spiro, to breathe). That
part of respiration consisting of the draw-
ing in of the breath.
Inspis^sate [Jiispisso, to thicken). To
make thick by evaporation or by absorp-
tion of the liquid menstruum.
Instaura^tion {instaiiratio, a removal).
The first appearance of a physiological
condition.
In''step [visfop, the bend of the foot).
The arch of the foot.
Instilla''tion {instillo, to put in little by
little). The pouring of a liquid gtittatiin,
or little by little.
In'stinct [instinguo, to impel). An in-
herited natural impulse unassociated with a
reasoning conception as to cause and effect.
In''stitute [instihio, to set up). A state-
ment of principles. Also, any establish-
ment for the statement or dissemination of
principles. I. of Medicine, the expla-
nation or philosophy of the laws of the
science of medicine ; pathological physi-
ology. Used sometimes as a synonym of
pathology.
In^strument [instnto, to build). Any
mechanical tool or device used in opera-
tion or treatment.
Insuffi''ciency [in, sub, under, facio, to
make). Incapacity of normal action. I.
of Muscles, Active, a phenomenon of a
muscle acting on two or more joints when
the joints over which it passes are so
changed that it cannot contract actively
any further than to the extent of the short-
ening from which it begins to be active.
I. of Muscles, Passive, the analogue
of the phenomena of active I. in many
jointed muscles, whereby motion of the
part is prevented from the position of the
joint, the muscle being too short to act
under such circumstances. I. of the Ocu-
lar Muscles, weakness or paresis of the
same, in high degrees resulting in strabis-
mus, asthenopia, diplopia, etc. I. of the
Cardiac Valves, imperfect closure, per-
mitting regurgitation.
Insuffla''tion (/«, siifflo, to puff). The
blowing of any finely divided substance
upon a surface or into a cavity.
In^sufflator (in, stifflo). A small instru-
ment for blowing fine powders into a cavity
or on a surface. Also, one for blowing air
into the lungs.
In'sula (Lat.). In anatomy, the island
of Reil.
In''sular (insula, an island). Isolated in
condition, also, pertaining to the island of
Reil. I. Sclerosis, or disseminated scle-
rosis — scattered islets of sclerosis in the
brain and cord. It is called sclerose en
plaques disseniinees by the French, and
multiple sclerosis by the Germans. Its
etiology is obscure. The symptoms vary
according to the position of the islets :
Motor derangements, a jerky tremor, pare-
sis or paralysis, eye-changes, etc., are the
most common. The prognosis is grave,
and treatment of little avail.
In^sulate (insula). To isolate or separate
from surroundings. In electricity, to sur-
round a conductor with a non-conducting
substance or with one having an exceed-
ingly high resistance.
In^sult (ifi, upon, salto, to leap). The
beginning of a paroxysm or of an attack
of a disease. I., Apoplectic, an apo-
plectic stroke.
In^tegral (integer, whole). Entire. Es-
sential.
Integ^rity [integer). Wholeness. En-
tirety. Also, virginity.
Integ^ument (in, upon, ^^^f^^^, to cover). A
covering, especially the skin. In botany,
the envelope surrounding the ovule of
phanerogamous plants.
In'tellect (inter, between, lego, to choose).
The mind or reasoning power. I., De-
ranged. See Insanity.
Intelligence (intellectns, a perceiving).
The understanding that comes from the
perception of qualities and attributes of the
objective world and manifested in the pur-
posive employment of means to attain an
end.
Intem-'perance (in,r\o\.,temperanfia, mild-
ness). Want of moderation. Immoderate
indulgence, especially with reference to
alcoholic liquors.
Inten'sity (intcnsns, strong). Concentra-
tion of energy or activity. Also, a high
degree of energy or power. I., Specific.
See Specific.
Inten'sive (intensiis). Increased in force
or energy. Strengthening or increasing
the sexual passions.
INTENTION
215
INTERNAL
Inten'tion. See ILalinz.
Inter- {inter, between). A Latin prefix
iigiiifying (h-ticc-t-n.
Interartic'ular (in/tr, articulns, a joint).
Suuated between joints. L Fibro-carti-
laje, the tlattened cartilaj^inous plates, ir-
regular in shape, between the articular
cariiUiges of certain joints.
Interca'dence {inter, aiJo, to fall). The
irregular beating of the pulse that seems
occa.^ionally to have an additional beat
between nunnal pulsations.
Inter^'calary {inter, calo, to insert). Placed
or inserted l)etween. L Growth, a term
applied to gjrowths of new material inter-
stitiaily de|X)sited.
Interce/lular {inter, cellula,^^. small cell).
Amoiit; or between cells.
Intercen''tral {inter, centnan, a center).
Between centers.
Intercil'iuin. See Glabella.
Interclavic'ular {inter, clavicula,\h& col-
lar-loiie). I'.etwecn the clavicles.
Intercolum'nar. See Fascia.
Intercon'dylar, or
Intercon^dyloid {inter, KovMoq, a knob).
Hetween condyles. I. Eminence, the
S[pine or knob .separating the two con-
dylar portions of the tibia. I. Fossa, the
notch l)etween the condyles of the femur.
L Line, a transverse line separating the
popliteal and patellar fossa;. I. Notch.
Same as /. Fossa.
Intercos''tal [inter, costa, a rib). The
space between ribs. I. Arteries, the
aortic arteries of the intercostal spaces.
I. Muscles. See Muscles. L Nerves,
the anliri(jr part> nf the dorso-spinal ncr\es.
Intercosto-hu'meral {infer, costa, hinne-
rtts, the lx:)neof the upiJerarm). Pertaining
to the arm and the space between the
ribs.
In'tercourse (intercursus, commerce).
Communication. L, Carnal, sexual com-
merce.
Intercur'rent {inter, cttrro, to run). Oc-
curring or taking place i)ctwcen. L Dis-
ease, a term loosely applied to disc.xses
occurring S|xiradically during a period of
prevailing c-nd<mic or epidemic di.seases.
Al.vj us«-d of a disfa.se arising or progress-
ing during the existence of another dis-
ca.s<- in the same jK-rsfm.
Interdent'al {infer, Jens, a tcK)th). Pe-
tween the ti-'lh. L Splint, a si>linl used
in fracture of llicr jaw, coiisi-'ting of a me-
tallic frame at the neck of the teeth, held
by wire vulun-s |>a.ssing between the teeth.
Intcrdig^ital {inter, di^'itus, a linger).
Between fingers. L Membrane, the
skin between the toes of palmate looted
animals. L Space, that between adja-
cent lingers.
Interdigita^tion {inter, diipius). The
locking or dovetailing of similar j)arts, as
the lingers of one hand with those of the
other ; or of the ends of the obliquus ex-
terniis muscle with those of the serratiis
tna^^nus.
Interfascic'ular {inter, fascicn/ns, a bun-
<lle). Situated between fasciculi.
Interfer'ence {inter, and ferio, to strike).
Interposition. L of Light, the mutual
neutralization of waves of light, as shown
in Newton's rings, when the crest of one
wave fills upon the trough of another. I.
of Sound, the neutralization of two sound
waves, one by the other.
Interlob'ular {inter, lobtts, a lobe). Be-
tween lobes or lobules.
Intermax'illary {inter, viaxilla, the jaw-
bone). Between the maxillary bones. I.
Bone, a small bone between the superior
maxillary bones of the foetus that re-
ceives the incisors. It also occurs in most
mammals.
Interme'diate {inter, medio, the middle).
Situated between.
Intermenin''geal {inter, firjviy^, the mem-
brane enclosing the brain). Between
the dura mater and the arachnoid ; or,
lietween tlie latter and the pia mater. I.
Haemorrhage, a h.emorrhage between
the meninges.
Internment {in, terra, the earth). The
burial of the liotly.
Intermetacar^pal {inter, metacarpus').
Between metacaii)al bones.
Intermetatar'sal {inter, metatarsus').
Between metatarsal bones.
Intermis'sion(/«A7-ww.vM,abrcaking-off).
The interval between the paroxysms of a
fever. Also, an interval when the pulse
fails to beat in rhythmic time.
Intermit'tent {inter, initto, to send or oc-
cur). ( kcuring at intervals. I. Fever.
See Fe-i>er. I. Pulse, a pulsation marki'd
by irregular pauses inlirrupling its rliyth-
mic action.
Intermus''cular {infer, musciilus, a mus-
cle). Situated between mu.scles.
Intcf'nal {intermis, inward). On the in-
side. I. Capsule, the band of nerve mat-
ter between the optic thalamus ancl the
interventricular |Mirtion of the corpus stria-
tum. I. Capsule, Knee of, ttie angle
formed by the two divisions of the internal
capsule.
INTERNODE
216
INTESTINAL
In''ternode [inter, nodus, a knot). The
space between adjacent joints or knots.
That part of a nerve-fibril between Ran-
vier's nodes is called the internodal seg-
ment.
Internun''cial [inter, nuncius, a messen-
ger). That which forms a connecting or
serving medium, as the nerves and their
relation to the muscles and the will.
Inter^nus. See hiternal.
Interorb^ital [inter, orbita, the orbit).
Situated between orbits. I. Bone, the
median bone of fishes! I. Plate and
Septum, a stmcture of the fore-brain,
with its extension, found in certain fishes
and reptiles.
Interos''seous [inter, ossa, a bone). Be-
tween bones. I. Arteries, a name given
to various branches of the dorsal, palmar,
plantar and metatarsal arteries of the
hand, foot and forearm. I. Muscles, a
name given to certain muscles of the
hand, foot and forearm. I. Nerves, the
nerves supplying the foregoing muscles.
Interpari^etal [inter, paries, walls). Be-
tween walls. I. Bone, a term sometimes
applied to the upper, squamous and non-
cartilaginous part of the occipital bone. I.
Suture, the sagittal .suture, or that formed
by the parietal bones.
Interpedun^cular [inter, peduncuhis, a
little foot). Situated between peduncles.
I. Space, the pons Tarini, or posterior
perforated space that forms the posterior
floor cf. the third ventricle.
Interphalang^eal [inter, <j>a2.ay^, a finger).
Between the fingers or the toes. I. Articu-
lations, the ginglymoid articulations of
the fingers and toes.
Interpu''bic [inter, pubis). Situated be-
tween the pubic bones. I. Disc, the fibro-
cartilaginous mass forming the symphyses
of the pubis.
Interscap'ular [inter, scapula, the shoul-
der-blade). Between .shoulder-blades I.
Region, the part of the chest between the
inner border of the shoulder-blade and the
.spine.
Interspi''nous [inter, spina, the spine).
Situated between the vertebrae.
In''terstice [inter, status, fixed or set). A
space or interval. Also, a pore.
Intersti'tial [interstitium, space between).
Pertaining to any space or interval between
parts or organs. I. Absorption, in ab-
scesses, the absorption of tissues between
a cyst and the skin. Also, any similar
absorption. I. Atrophy, a condition ob-
served in certain diseases of the bones
[arthritis defor77ians'), in which the min-
eral matter has been absorbed to such an
extent that only reticulated laminoe remain,
I. Hypertrophy, a condition in certain
diseases of the bones ia which there is an
excessive deposit of mineral matter in the
Haversian canals and lacunce. Often ac-
companied by diminution in the size of the
bone. I. Keratitis. See Keratitis. I.
Pregnancy. See Pregnancy.
Intertransversa^les [inter, transv;rsus,
turned across). A name given to the short
bundles of muscular fibers extending
between the transverse processes of con-
tiguous vertebrre.
Intertri''go [inter, tero, to rub). An ery-
thematous emption or lesion of the skin
produced by friction of adjacent parts.
See Erythema.
Intertrochanter''ic [inter, trochanter).
Between the trochanters. I. Line, a ridge
on the upper end of the femur between
the great and the lesser trochanter.
Intertu^bular Sub''stance. The translu-
cent, granular substance of the dentine of
the tooth, containing most of its earthy
elements.
In''terval [infer, vallum, a rampart). A
space or lapse either of time or distance ;
as the interval between the paroxysms of
a fever, or between two organs or parts of
the body. L, Focal, the distance between
the anterior and posterior focal points.
Interventric'ular [inter, ventriculum, a
ventricle). Between ventricles, as, of the
heart. I. Septum, the fibrous septum or
partition between the ventricles of the
heart.
Interver''tebral [inter, ve7-tebra, a bone of
the spine). Between the vertebroe. I.
Discs, the lenticular discs of fibro-cartilage
between the adjacent surfaces of the verte-
brae. L Notch, the notch at the base of
the pedicle of the laminae on the sides of
each vertebra. I. Substance. Same as
/. Discs.
Intes''tinal (/;?/«//;;«;;/, the intestine). Per-
taining to the intestine. L Absorption,
the absorption of the peptonized products
of digestion by the capillaries, veins and
lacteals of the inner surface of the intestine.
L Arteries, the arteries of the intestines,
of which the principal trunks are the coeliac
axis and the mesenteric branches. The
lower part of the rectum is supplied by the
hemorrhoidal branches of the iliac and
pudic arteries. L Canal, the entire in-
testinal passage from the stomach to the
anus. L Fistula, a fistula or unnatural
INTESTINE
217
INULA
aperture in any p;ut of an intestine. I.
Obstruction, ;iny cause or agent that ar-
rests or impedes the prop-ess of the forces.
I. Tract, or Tube. Same as /. Canal.
Intes'tine {in/ut, within). The p.art of
the digestive tube extending from the
stomacli to the anus. I., Large, com-
prises tlie cacum, colon and rectum. I.,
Small, consists of the duodenum, jejunum
and ileum.
In'tima (^infinius, lowest). Used instead
of tiDiica iutima ; the innermost coat, or
thin, transparent endothelium of vessels,
consisting of a layer of irregular, long, fusi-
form, nucleated, squamous cells.
Intol'erance (/;/, toU-ro, to l>ear). Want
of endurance or ability to stanil pain. Im-
patience. .Mso, the inability to endure the
action of a medicine.
Intona'tion (ititcno, to thunder). The
rumbling or gurgling sound produced by
the movement of tlatus in the ix)wels.
Intoxica'tion (/;/, toxicum, a poison). A
wtmi ix>|3ularly u.sed to denote the excessive
use or an overdose of an alcoholic liquor.
L, Septic. See .S'c///V^w/(7. I.,Ur3emic.
See L'ramia.
In'tra- {intra, within). A Latin prefix
signifying wit/iin. I.-abdominal, within
the cavity of the abdomen. I.-articular,
within a joint. I.-capsular, within the
cai)>ular ligament of a joint.
Intracra'nial (intra, cr,iniuin, the skull).
Within the skull. I. Haemorrhage, cere-
bral h.emorrhage.
Intralob'ular {intra, lolms, a lobe). Within
a lolie or lobule. I. Vein, the vein ex-
tenfling from the apex to the base of the
liver.
Intrameningc'al (intra, /trfi'iy^, the me-
ninges). .Situ.ated within the substance of
the membranes of the brain and spinal
cord. I. Haemorrhage, an effusion of
bloo<l into the s.-ic of the <iura mater.
Intramu'ral (intra, iniira, a wall). In-
trapariital. NVitliin the substance of the
walls of an organ.
Intra-oc'ular {intra, nculns, the eye).
Within the glol)eof the eye. I. Haemor-
rhage, an effusion of bkxxl into any part
of the eye. I. Pressure, or Tension.
See Tension.
Intra-or^bital (intra, orhita, an orbit).
Within the orbit. L Aneurism, an
aneurism within the orbit of the eye,
and usually involving a branch of the
0|)hthalmic artery. L Haemorrhage, a
haTnorrhagc taking place wiiiiin tin- oriiit
but Ix-bind the capsule of Tenon of tlic eye.
Intrapari'etal {intra, />anVs, a wall).
^\ iihin the walls or the substance of the
walls of an organ.
Intraperitone'al {intra, Trepirnminv, the
jxjritoneutn). Within the peritoneum or
membranous sac that contains the viscera.
Intrapolar [intra, poins, the end of an
axis). Between the poles or ends of an
axis. See, also, Extrapolar
Intra-uterine {intra, uterus, the womb).
Within the womb. I. Amputation, a
spontaneous aiii|)utation occurring occa-
sionally to some part of the fatus in utcro
that becomes constricted by the umbilical
cord or from other causes. I. Fracture,
that which occurs to a fatus in titero. I.
Life, that period of the existence of an
animal between conception and birth.
Intrave'nous {intra, vena, a vein).
Within the vein. I. Infusion, the intro-
duction of a solution or a liijuid into the
vein. I. Injection, same as /. Infusion.
Intrin''sic {intritisecus, on the inside). In-
herent, inward.
Intro- {intra, within). A Latin prefix
signifying 'within.
Intro^itus {intra, ea, to go). Any aperture
or opening in the body. I. Pelvis, the
inlet of the pelvis. I. Vaginae, the ex-
ternal a])ertiire of the vagina.
Intromis''sion {intra, tnitta, to send). The
introduction of one body within the walls
of another, as of the penis into the vagina.
Introsuscep'tion {intra, susri/ia, to re-
ceive). The slipping or telescoping of a
part of the intestine upon itself.
Introver''sion [intra, 7hrta, to turn). A
turning within, as, introversion of the
uterus.
Intuba''tion (///, tubus, a pipe). The pas-
s.agc (if a tube into or jiast the lar}'nx, to
allow the entrance of air to the lungs in
croup, diphtheria, etc., or to dilate a stric-
ture, etc.
Intumes^cence [intunusco, to swell). A
swelling, (if any character whatever. Akso,
an increase of the volume of any organ or
part of the body.
Intussuscep'tion [intus, within,. t/M ///<>,
to receive). Inxaginationor involulinn of
one ])art of the intestine by andllur, pro-
ducing ()bstru(.tion, etc.
Insula. Llecampane. The root of /.
helcniuin. I "ontains a crystalline substance,
helenin, and fmm 20 to 40 ])er cent, of a
starch, known as inulin. \ gentle stimu-
lant employeii in iironchilis and to hasten
the ap|M-arancc of the skin symjitoins in
cxanthematous fevers. Dose gr. xx-gj
INULIN
218
IODOFORM
of the root, or ^j-ij of a 3 ss to the Oj
decoction.
Insulin. A form of starch occurring in
Inula heleniuni and other plants. It is
colored yellow by iodine, being different
in this respect from normal starch, which
is colored blue.
Inunc^tion [initngo, to anoint). The act
of rubbing an oily or fatty substance into
the skin. Also, the substance used for
anointment.
Invagina^tion (invagino, to ensheathe).
The sheathing or telescoping of a part or
organ by a canal-like structure, as the in-
testine. An operation for obliterating the
canal of a hernial opening by the inflam-
mation resulting from pushing the skin
inward and suturing the part fast.
I n^ valid {in, valeo, to be well). One who
is not well, especially one who is chroni-
cally ill or whose convalescence is slow.
Inva^sion [in, vado, to go). The begin-
ning or attack of a disease. Also, the
manner in which the disease begins its
attack.
Invermina^tion (/;/, verminatio, wormy).
A condition of having intestinal worms.
Inver^sion {in, vcrto, to turn). A turning
or jjlacing in a position the opposite of the
normal position. I. of Bladder, a con-
dition in which the bladder is in part or
completely pushed into the dilated urethra.
Occurs in females only. I. of Eyelashes.
See Entropion. I. of Image, an image
projected by a convex lens or concave
mirror, at a point beyond the focus.
Invertebra''ta {in, verteln-a, backbone). A
term applied to animals that have no spinal
column. One of the four divisions in
which it was formerly customary to divide
the animal kingdom.
Invert^in. See Ferments.
In^vert-sugar. A variety of glucose that
turns the polarized ray to the left. It is
practically a mixture of dextrose and levu-
lose, or fruit-sugar.
Invisca^tion {in, viscttm, bird-lime). The
mixing of food with the saliva during
mastication.
Involu''crum {involvo, to enwrap). The
covering of a part. The sheath of bone
enveloping a sequestrum in dry necrosis.
Involuntary {in, not, volo, to will). Not
by an act of the will. A term applied to
certain motions and functions of the vari-
ous organs of the body that are not con-
trolled by, or are not dependent on the will.
I. Contraction, muscular contractions
not resulting from an act of will. I.
Muscles, those that are not governed by
the will.
Involu^tion {involvo, to roll upon). The
retrogressive change to their normal con-
dition that certain organs undergo after
fulfilling their functional purposes. I. of
Uterus, the return of the uterus, that after
gestation weighs about two pounds, to its
normal weight and condition.
I''odine, or ledum. I = 127; quan-
tivalence i. A non-metallic element with
metallic luster. Volatilizes at a low tem-
perature, giving off crimson-pm-ple vapor.
Occurs in cod-liver oil, most marine plants,
and shell-fish. Soluble in alcohol, in solution
of potassium iodide, and in solution of salt.
In its elementary state an irritant to the skin,
and much used as a tincture to produce coun-
ter-iiritation. Potassium iodide, the princi-
pal form for internal use, is an alterative,
ranking as a specific in tertiary syphilis,
and with mercuiy, available in all forms of
that disease. An excellent remedy in
hepatic cirrhosis and chronic bronchitis.
Combined with ammonium it is valuable in
catarrhal affections. Acidi Hydriodici
Syr., contains l per cent, of the absolute
acid. Dose .^j-iv. Ammonii lodidum.
See Amnioniitni. Iodized Phenol, unof ,
a mixture of iodine and carbolic acid,
usually I to 4. For local use. lodi Liq.
Comp., Lugol's solution — iodine 5, po-
tassium iodide lo, water 85 parts. Dose
TTL j-x, diluted. I., Tinct., 8 per cent, in
alcohol. For local use. I. Trichlorid.,
unof, recommended by Langenbach as an
antiseptic in surgery. I., Ung., iodine 4,
potassium iodide I, water 2, benzoated lard
93 parts. Amylum lodatum, iodized
starch, iodine 5» starch 95 parts, distilled
water 100 parts, triturated and dried. Dose
3J~5J- Potassii lodidum. Dose gr.
v-^j. Potass. lodid., Ung., contains
potass, iodide 12, sod. hyj^osulph. I, boiling
water 6, benzoated lard 81 parts. Sodii
lodidum, deliquescent. Dose gr. v-^^ij.
Fodism (zwJ^f). A condition arising from
the prolonged use of iodine or iodine com-
pounds, marked by redness of conjunctiva
and mucous membrane of the res]:iiratory
passages, furiy throat, and lachrymation.
Iod''oform. Tri-iodo-methane, CHI3. A
compound containing about 9I per cent,
of iodine. An antiseptic and feeble an-
issthetic highly useful for local application
to wounds, abrasions and indolent sores.
Internally a tonic. Its odor may be cov-
ered with thymol or oil of rose. Dose, in-
ternally, gr. j-v.
lODOL
Hi
IRREDUCIBLE
I'odol. All iotlo C;irl)anii(le in the fomi of
an amoq>hous l)ro\vn jK)\vilor. .soluble in
ether and oil. More antiseptic than iodo-
form and free from odor. Locally anaes-
thetic. Favors granulation. U[ reputed
service in s}-philitic sores, eU. Unof.
lo'dum. See loiHnc.
\'oTi (<(Ji', going). An element set free by
electrolysis, and classified as an anion or
iation, according as it is set free at the
positive or negative plate. I., Migration
of, the transference of an ion from one
pole to another.
Ip'ecac. See Ipecacuanha.
Ipecacuan''ha. Ijiecac. Tlie root of
Ccpitiieiis /., found in Brazil. Contains
an alkaloid, emetine. An emetic, e.xixcto-
rant, and chohigogue ; in very small doses,
gr. ^s, a mild tonic. Used mainly as a
safe and prompt emetic, in membranous
croup, and in the summer dyscnterj' of
children. Dose as an expectorant gr. ss-ij ;
as an emetic gr. xv-xxx. I., Ext. Dose
n\^j-v. I., Syr., 5 per cent, strength.
Dose 5J-5ss. I., Vin., 7 per cent, in
strength. DoseTTLJ-^j. I. Trochisci,
contain each I4 gr. of the drug. I. at Mor-
phinae, Trochisci, contain each, moq:)]iine
sul])!). j'j, ipecac y^j, with llavoring oil and
sugar. I. et Opii, Pulvis, Dover's jx)\v-
der, contains ipecac and 0]iium each ID,
sugar of milk 80 jjarts. Dose gr. ij-xv.
I. et Opii, Tinct., deodorized tinct. of
opium 100, evaixjrate<l to 85, fld. ext. ipecac
10, alcohol fj. s. ad loO. Dose TT\,v-xxx.
Em^'etine. Dose as expectorant gr. y|^g-
—i^\ as emetic \-\.
Ipomce'a Caeru''lea. Tlie seeds of this
pl.iiit have l)e(.n recommended as a stimu-
lant of the intestinal glandular appa-
ratus.
Iridec'tomy ('/)/f, tKTOfit], excision). The
cutting out of a part of the iris. I., An-
tiphlogistic, one iKTformed in inllamma-
tory [>rocesses to reduce the same. In
Optical I., the piece of iris excised is
over a jwrtion of the lens or l)cneath a
pfirtion of cornea clearer than that exix)Se<l
in the natural ]nipil, whence arlditional
vision is gained by tiie iridcclomy. Sec
/'/////, artifiiial. I., Preliminary, is i)er-
formcfl in a<lvance of the extraction of
calarart, instea<l of at the same time.
Iridenclci''sis, or Iridenklci'sis. See
In.lndeiii.
Iridere''mia. See Aniridia.
I'ridin. .See Iris.
Iridochoroidi'tis. 'ombined inllamma-
tion of the iris and choroid of the eye, the
form usually assumed in sympathetic oph~
thalmia.
Iridocycli'tis. See Cyclids.
Iridod''esis ('/5'f, fteaiq, a binding together).
.\ disused method of displacing the normal
])upil by ligature, instead of iridectomy.
Iridodial'ysis. See Coredialysis.
Iridodone'sis (/p/f, iovijaiq, a trembling).
Tremulousness of the iris.
Iridon'cus ('/"f, oyKog, a mass). A tumor
or swelling of the iris.
Iridople'gia(^p/f, tt?.;?)';?, a stroke). Paraly-
sis of the S[)hincter of the iris.
Iridot'omy [iptq, ro/ir/, section). An in-
cision of any kind into the iris.
Fris. Blue Flag. The roots of /. Terst-
color. Contains a resinous princijile, iridin.
The fresh rhi/.omc is purgative, emetic and
diuretic. Ser%-iccable in catarrh of the
duodenum, malarial ailments, etc. I., Ext.
Dosegr.j-v. I., Ext. Fid. DoseTTLv-3J.
Iridin. Unof. Dose gr. j-v.
I''ris ('P'C, a colored halo or circle). The
anterior portion of the vascular tunic of
the eye, attached to the pectinate ligament
and ciliary bo<ly ; its central aperture
forms the pupil. I., Absence of. See
Iridereniia. I., Angle of, thatfurmed by
the cornea and iris. I., Prolapse of (or
Hemia of), protrasion through a corneal
or .scleral aperture; when adherent it is
called an anterior synechia : when adher-
ent to the lens behind, it is called posterior
synechia. I., Tremulous, arises from
non-sup]X)rt of the iris in aphakia or dislo-
cation of the lens.
Irish Moss. See Chondrus.
Iri'tis ('p'C. ""'Ci inflammation"). Inflam-
mation of the iris, called after its origin, or
character, blennorrhagic, rheumatic, syphil-
itic, ])laslic, .serous, etc., etc.
Irit'omy. See Iridotomy.
Fron. See I'ernim.
I'ron Wood. The heart woo<l of Ostvra
Mrginica. Ttmic, aiUiperiodic and ahera-
tive. Has been successfully used in ma-
larial diseases, neuralgia and stnniious
affections. Dose of the fid. ext. ^ ss-j.
Unof.
Irra'diating (irradio, to emit rays in every
direeliiin). Radiating from a center, as a
pain arising from a delinite focus of irrita-
tion. In physics, that ])henomenon causing
any light-colored object in a dark back-
grf)und to stand out stereographically atul
ap]M-ar larger than it really is.
Irredu'cible (///, not, rci/nro, to had
baek). That whieh cannot be redueed or
restored lo its normal condition. In ciiein-
IRRIGATION
220
ISOBAR
istry, applied to a compound that cannot
be separated. In surgery, applisd to a
fracture or dislocation that cannot be re-
placed. I. Hernia. See Hernia.
Irriga^tion [irrigo, to lead water to). The
application of water, especially a stream,
to an inflamed or abnormal tissue for pur-
poses of moistening, antisepsis, cooling, or
flushing the part.
Irritability (irrito, to provoke). The
quality of being susceptible to excitement
or irritation. I., Faradic, the muscular
contraction caused by a secondaiy or
induced current. I., Galvanic, the mus-
cular contraction produced by the direct
current. I., Muscular, the inherent
contractile quality of a muscle. I.,
Nervous, the capacity of a nerve to trans-
mit an impulse after receiving a stimulus.
Ir^ritable [irrito). Easily inflamed. Sus-
ceptible to irritation. I. Bladder, a con-
dition of the bladder marked l^y constant
desire to void urine. I. Breast, a neu-
ralgic condition of the mammary glands
usually associated with uterine affections,
or with intercostal neuralgia.
Ir^ritant {irrito). An agent or remedy
that produces irritation or inflammation.
I., Chemical, one acting by virtue of its
affinity for the elements or compounds of or-
ganic tissue, as nitric acid, caustic potash,
etc. I., Mechanical, that causing lesions
or inflammations by mechanical operation,
as cuts, contusions, pressure or distention.
I., Nervous, one acting through the me-
dium of the nerves, as in sympathetic in-
flammations, etc.
Irrita''tion [irrito^. A condition of undue
excitement. Also, an inflamed state. Also,
the stimulus necessary to the performance
of the functions of an organ.
Ischae^mia (^cr;^;«, to check, aifia, blood).
Bloodlessness. Imperfection of the sup-
ply of l)lood to a part. Local anaemia.
Is^chial [laxio^', the ischium). Pertaining
or belonging to the ischium.
Ischiat^ic [laxtov). Pertaining to the
ischium. I. Notches, the notches, greater
and lesser, of the ischium. The former
transmits the pyriformis muscle, gluteal
vessels and superior gluteal nerve, the
latter, the tendon of the olDturator internus,
its nerve, and the pudic vessels and nerve.
Called also sacro-sciatic notches.
Ischidrc'sis ('ff;f<J, to suppress, iSpug,
sweat). Suppression of sweat.
Is^chio-. A Greek prefix indicating re-
lationship to the ischium. I.-anal,i5ertain-
ing to the ischium and the anus. I. -bul-
bar, pertaining to the ischium and the bulb
of the urethra. I.-cavernosus, the mus-
cle that compresses the veins of the crus
penis and assists in the erection of the
penis. It has a similar relation to the
clitoris. See Muscle. I. -neuralgia,
sciatica.
Is^chiocele {taxt-ov, ktjTit], a tumor). Is-
chiatic hernia.
Ischiop'agus {^laxi-ov, Trayeig, united). A
monomphalic monstrosity united by the
ischia.
Ischioperinae''al [uxxiov^ Tvspivaiov, the
pcrinieum) . Belonging to or pertaining to
both ischium and perinaeum, the space be-
tween the anus and scrotum.
Ischiorect^al [laxiov, rectwn). Pertaining
to both ischimn and rectum. I. Abscess
or I. Cellulitis, an inflammation of the
areolar tissue of the ischiorectal fossa involv-
ing the rectum and thigh. Suppuration
may occur at any part of the inflammation,
but is ordinarily near the anus. I. Fascia.
See Fascia. I. Fossa, a deep fossa filled
with fatty tissue situated on both sides of
the intestine, between it and the ischium.
Is^chium [loxi-ov). The inferior part of
the OS innominatum or hip-bone ; that
upon which the body rests in a sitting pos-
ture. It fonns a part, also, of the aceta-
bulum.
Isch^nous (icxvoq, thin). Emaciated.
Is^cho- (<ffjw, to suppress). A Greek pre-
fix meaning to suppress.
Ischo-galac^tia (<ffjw, yaAa, milk). Sup-
pression of the natural flow of milk in the
breasts.
Ischonie''nia {icxu, fifiviam, the menses).
Suppression of the menstrual flow.
Ischuret^ic («cr;(;u,oty)oi', urine). A remedy
or agent that relieves retention or suppres-
sion of urine.
Ischu''ria {icfx'^j ovpov). Retention or sup-
pression of lirine.
I''singlass. See Ichfhyocolla.
Island of Reil. The central lobe of the
hemisphere of the brain, situated at the
base, behind the fissure of Sylvius.
Is''o- («Tof, equal). A Greek prefix signify-
ing equality.
Iso-amylam^ine. A ptomaine obtained
in the distillation of horn with potash ;
also occurs in the putrefaction of yeast.
Boils at 95°. Non-poisonous.
Iso-a^piol. A substance obtained from
apiol, exercising a powerful influence upon
the vasomotor system.
Psobar (idof, fiapoc, weight). In meteor-
ology, a term denoting a line drawn
ISOCHROMATIC
221
ITER
through points having the same syncliro-
niius barometric pressure.
Isochromafic (<ffof, ;^puua, color). Hav-
ing tlie same color.
Isoch'ronous ('<T')f, xitovor). Having or
occupying equal intervals of time.
Iscco'ria ^/aof, equal, ko/j;/, pupil). Ecjuality
in diameter of the two pupils. Aniso-
coria, inequality of the same.
Isodynam'ic [lao^, diTuui^, force). Hav-
ing ccjual force. I. Foods, those that
produce an equal amount of heat in
undergoing the chemical changes of diges-
tion.
Is'olate (/.iY>/<7, an island). To separate
one from another. In chemistr)-, to sepa-
rate an clement from its combination. In
electricity, to insulate.
Isorogous [laog, equal, ?Myog, a word or
law). Identical in comix)sition with those
belonging to a series, as, the essential oils,
all vi which have the composition <-"io''i6-
Isomer'ic (ico^, fifi>oc, a part). In chem-
istry, applied to substances having the same
centesimal composition, but whose mole-
cules have an essentially dilTerent struc-
ture and chemical projierties, as aldehyde
and ethylene oxide, both of which have
the formula C.^H^U. The former, however,
has the structure
Methyl. Carbonic
oxide.
CH, — CO — H,
while the latter is composed of two mole-
cules of ethylene, joined by an atom of
oxygen, thus (CII.J— O— (CHJ. This,
the most common type of isomerism, is
sometimes called iiictdinerisrii. .Mso, ap-
plied to substances having the same cen-
tesimal composition, but whose molec-
ular weights are in even multiples, a tyjie
of isomoq)hi>m commonly called polvmcr-
ism. Also, in crystallograjjliy, applied to
any substance that crystal li/.es in more
than one fonn. Also, applied to a sub-
stance existing in two or more forms, a tyjje
of i>omeri^m called allotropism.
Isomet'rical Act. The tension of a
nui-.tle when stimulated, its length re-
m:iiniiig constant.
l8omorph''ism ( "T'K", fiop^t], a form). Siini-
liir in crystalline form. Al.v), the replace-
ment of one element in a crystalline .salt
by anolhcr, wiilidut altcratiun lA form or
syst< m. I., Hctcromcrous, a cf>n<lition
of dissimilarity in molecular com|x)siiion.
I., Isomerous, a condititjn of siinilaiily
in molecular coin|x>siti(iti. I., Polymeric,
the suln>lilutioD of two or more atonu of
one element for one of another, withou'.
alteration of crystalline form.
Isop'athy (^ffof, nath^, suffering). A
term used to denote the treatment of dis-
ease by the administration of one or more
of its own prtxlucts. Thus, smalljxjx
would be treated by the administration in-
ternally of the variolous excretions, f/c.
Iso-propyKamine. See Propyhuiiinc.
Isop^ters (iCTof, o-Ti/p, an observer). The
relative visual acuity of the retina at dif-
ferent distances from the macula, both for
fonn and color.
Fsoscope {taog, okotteu, to see). An in-
strument consisting of two sets of parallel
vertical wires, one of which can be super-
imposed on the other; designed to show
that the vertical lines of separation of the
retina do not correspond exactly to the ver-
tical meridians.
Isother'mal {laog, depfir], heat). Of equal
or uniform temperature. I. Lines, in
physical geograi)hy, lines drawn through
places ha\ ing the same average tempera-
ture for a given period of time. Inasmuch
as it fiecjuently happens that two places
having the same annual a\erage tempera-
ture may have, one a climate of great ex-
tremes, the other a very ecjuable climate, it
is now customary to display comparative
isothenns for the six wami and the six
cold months of the extra tropical regions.
I. Zones, zones bounded l)y isothermal
lines.
Isot'ropous {i(yog,Tpo7!-r/, a turning). Hav-
ing the same shape and appearance from
whatever jx)int observed.
Is''sue (Kr. I'ss/tf, from, (•.ir*', to go out). \
discharging ulcer, esijecially that made arti-
ficially for puqxjses of drainage, counter-
irritation, r/c.
Is^tarin. .\ nitrogenous, ]ihosphori/cd sub-
stance of complex structure occurring in
brain tissue. I'roperties not investigated.
Isth'mo- ((CT^///'«;, a neck). A Greek pre-
fix signifying Ihe /aucc's.
Isth'mus {laO/iog). The neck or con-
stricted part of an organ. I. of Fauces,
till- >|)arc between tile arclies of the palate.
I. of Thyroid Gland, the transverse cord
connecting the lol)CS of the thyroid Ijotly.
Italian Leprosy. See Pellagrit.
Itch. See S((i/iit:';.
-ite. .\ suffix employed in mitieralog)' de-
n<iting a mineral, or of mineral origin.
A contraction of //Wof, a stone.
I'ter iitfr, a journey). A passage com-
niuiiicating between two or more |)arts. I.
ad Infundibulum, the passage betweeu
223
JAWS
the third ventricle of the brain and the in-
fiindibulum. I. a Palati ad Aurem,
ihe Eustachian tube. I. a Tertio ad
Quartum Ventriculum, the aqueduct
of Sylvius extending from the third ventri-
cle to the fourth.
-itis. A suffix used to denote inflamma-
tion of the tissue or organ when terminat-
ing the name of the organ.
Ixo^des. A wood tick. An insect of the
natural order Acaridea. I. Ricinus, a
species parasitic on human beings.
Jaboran''di. The leaves of Pilocarpus
pinuatifolius. See Pilocarpus.
Jacaran^da. The leaves of a South Ameri-
can plant, J. lancifolia, used by the natives
in venereal disease. Dose of an 5 ij to Oj
tincture TT^xv.
Jack''et iyjacqiie, a coat of mail). A short
coat. J., Plaster-of-Paris, a mould of
plaster-of- Paris cast upon the body or part,
for keeping it rigid and fixed in a desired
position, in sprain or dislocation of the
spine, etc. J., Straight, a system of
leather straps used to bind violently insane
persons in order to prevent self-inflicted
injury.
Jacksc'nian Ep''ilepsy. See Epilepsy.
Ja^cob's Mem^brane. A name some-
times applied to the layer of rods and cones
of the retina
Ja^cobson's Nerve. The nerve of the
tympanum. J.'s Organ, two narrow tubes
in the lower and anterior part of the nasal
septum.
Jacob's Ulcer. See Rodent Ulcer.
Jactita''tion {^jactito, to pour forth). The
restlessness and tendency to frequent
changes of position that characterize severe
distress in disease.
Jadelot's Furrows. Certain furrows of
the face of children in serious illnesses.
Three sets are distinguished : The Genal
F., from the mouth almost to the malar
bone ; this and the nasal are said to indi-
cate disease of the gastro-intestinal tract
or visceral organs ; the Labial F., from the
angle of the mouth outward to the lower
part of the face, and " should direct atten-
tion to the lungs"; the Nasal F., from
the nasal alje in a semicircle about the
mouth; the Oculo-zygomatic F., begin-
ning at the inner canthus of the eye,
and passing outward beneath the lower
lid to be lost on the cheek, — said to point
to disorders of the cerebro-nervous sys-
tem.
Jal'ap, or
Jala^pa. The tuber of Exogonititn pur-
gata. Properties due to two resins, jala-
pin and convolvulin. An active hydra-
gogue cathartic, especially useful in com-
bination with calomel. J. Abstractum,
an ingredient of pil. comp. cath. Dose
gr. j-v. J. Resina, precipitated from the
tincture by water. Dose gr. ij-v. J.
Pulv. Comp., contains jalap 35, potas-
sium bitartrate 65. Dose gr. x-^lj.
Jama^ica Dogwood. See Piscidia.
Jam^bu As^su. The root of Ottonia jabo-
ratidi, a Brazilian tree. Thought to be
stimulant and febrifuge. Properties not
definitely known. Dose of the fld. ext.
TTLx-xx. Unof
James^town Weed. See Stramonium.
Ja^nus, or
Jan'iceps [Jatius, a two-faced divinity,
caput, head). A sycephalic monstrosity
with two faces.
Jas''mine, Yellow. See Gelsemium.
Jasun^di. See Saraca Indica.
Jaun''dice (Fr. jaitnisse, yellow). A dis-
ease arising from diseases of the liver,
obstruction of the biliary passages, etc.
It is characterized by yellow coloration of
the skin, preceded by languor, malaise and
nausea. J. Hepatogenic. See Hepato-
genic.
Ja^va Tea. The leaves of OrlhosypJwn
staminuns. Reputed to be diuretic in
5J-ij doses.
Jaw-jerk. A tendon reflex obtained by
suddenly depressing the lower jaw.
Jaws. See Maxillary Bones.
JEJUNOSTOMY
i3
JURISPRUDENCE
Jejunos'tomy {/ejunurn, arofta, the
mouth ). The making of an arliticial open-
ing through the aUlominal wall into, aiid
the lips of the same to become adherent
with, the jejunum. The operation is de-
signed to pennil the introduction of food in
cases of cancer of the pylorus and simihir
atVi'Ctions.
Jeju'num (Jtjunus, em]ity, because thought
to l)e empty after death). The upj>er two-
fifths of the small intestine, or that be-
tween the ducKlenum and the ilium.
Jel'ly [grlcr, to freeze). In jjiiamiacy, a
soft, non-viscid, but somewhat ehislic sub-
stance of which hydratcd gelatine is the
best example. Dome^c fruit jellies consist
of the inspissated juice of the fruit with
one or two |)arts of sugar, together with
the natural mucihige of the seeds of the
fruit. Many of the im]K)rted jellies .sold
in the United .States contain no fruit juice,
lieing for the greater part ordinary animal
gelatine acidified with tartaric acid, and
liavored with artificial Havors.
Jenner'ian. Pertaining to Jenner or to
the theory or practice of vaccination.
Jequi'rity. See Al»-us Precatorius.
Jers'ey Tea. ^tt Red {Root).
Jes'uits' Bark. Cinchona.
Jig'ger Flea. See Ptilcx.
Johnson's Picro-saccharim''eter. .See
Ric?\'-saiiharimi(cr.
Johns^wort. St. John's Wort. The
(lowering tops of Ilypcrictun perforatum.
Re|)utcd diuretic, astringent and sedative.
Dose of ext. gr. x-xx; of fld. ext. 3J-ij.
Unof.
Joint. See Articulation.
Joint'-disease. Any morbid affection in-
volving the joints an<l their surrounding
tissues. J., Charcot's, a disease of the
joints accom|)anying tabes ilorsalis. It
is char.-icterized by a swelling, due to effu-
sion of lluid into the cavity and about the
surrounding tissues, followed by a lax con-
dition, and ending in distortion ordefonnity
of the joint, with di!nini.shed range of
motion. J., Hip. .See //ipjoiiit Disease.
Ju'das Tree. Red Ikid. The bark of
Cenis catiaJensis. Astringent. Much used
in diarrlxia, and as an injection in leucor-
rh'i-a. 1 lose of the lid. ext., n\^xv-^:5J.
Unof
Ju'gal [jut^um, a yoke). Connecting or
uniting, as by a yoke. J. Bone, tlie
malar Inine. J. Process. S*'e /.Vipoma.
Ju'glans. Iluttcrniit. 'I'lie inner iiark
(collected in aiitiitnn i of th<* r<x)t of /. cine-
rea. A mild cathartic, very |K)pular in
dysentery and chronic constipation. Dose
of the ext., gr. v-x.
Ju'gular {jiti^u/unt, the throat). Pertain-
ing to the throat. J. Veins. See Vein.
Ju'gum (Lat.). A yoke. J. Penis, a
cushioned forceps or compressor applied to
the i>enis to prevent incontinence of urine.
Juice {jns, broth). The fluid or li(|uid
tissue of an animal or plant. J. Canals,
spaces within the connective tissues, the
origins of the lymphatic vessels.
Jum'pers. A name applied to those af-
Ihcted with a neurosis characterized by
mott>r iiicoortlinatioii and convulsive move-
ments of any part of the botly, but espe-
cially of the lower extremities, so that
springing or jumping movements follow
eflbrts to walk, etc.
Jung'le Fever. See Fever.
Ju'niper, or
Junip'erus. Junijier. The fruit of J.
coininttnis. Properties mainly tlue to a
volatile oil. A stomachic tonic, diu-
retic and aphrodisiac. The oil is elimi-
nated by tlie kidneys. Valuable in chronic
j)yelitis and cystitis. J. Infusum, unof,
consists of juniper berries 5 j, boiling water
Oj. J. 01., the volatile oil. DoseTr\^v-xx.
J. Spt., 3 parts of llie oil in 97 of alcohol.
Dose oi~.oJ- J- ^P^- Comp., the gin of
commerce; oil of juniper 10, oil of cara-
way I, oil of fennel 1, alcohol 3000, water
(].s. ad 5000 parts. Dose .^ss-j. Oil of
Cade, unof, a tar obtained l)y the liistil-
lalion of juniper wood. Sometimes used
externally in eczema and psoriasis.
Junk ( Port. y//«((), a rush). In surgery, a
quilted cushion forming a sling in which
to sus]H-nd a fractured limb. It was for-
merly made of rushes or reeds.
Junk'et. Curds and whey ; a delicacy for
invalids, prepared by taking 'j pint of
fresh milk heated a.s hot xs agreeable to
the mouth, .add I teaspoonful of rinnet or
essence of ])epsin, and stir eiumgh to mix.
Let it stan<l till curdled, and si-rve with
sugar and nutmeg.
Ju'nod's Boot. A Imot-shaped case, usu-
ally (if stilT leather, m.ade to enclose the leg
so that the air being exhausted, the blood
vessels and tissues of the limb are dilated
by the excess of blo<Kl. It has been em-
|)loyed to relieve inflammation and con-
gestion of the viscera.
Jurispru''dcnce(y//j, law, //7/(/f'«//<;, skill).
The- science of the inter] intali-m and appli-
eatii.n of tlur law. J., Medical, the ap-
l)lieati()n of nu'dieal knowledge to the
principles of common law.
JURY
224
KARYOLYSIS
Ju'ry [juro, to swear). A body of men
legally appointed to deteiinine the guilt or
innocence of a prisoner, or to determine
the facts in judicial inquiries. J. of
Matrons, a body of twelve matrons, for-
merly empaneled in England to determine
if a murderess, for whom such plea was
made, were pregnant. J. Mast, an appa-
ratus for suspending the head in the treat-
ment of diseases of the vertebrae.
Jus^culum {jiisctilum, a decoction). A
vegetable soup commonly known as Ju-
lienne.
Jute. The fibers of the bark of an Indian
plant, Corchorus capstilaris, and other sim-
ilar plants. The fibers are used as a dress-
ing in surgery.
Juven^tus (jnvcnis^ young). A term for-
merly applied to that period of life between
the ages of twenty-five and thirty-five.
K
K. The symbol of Kaliiun, or its more-
used equivalent, Potassium.
K., or Ka. In electrotherapeutics, the
abbreviation of Kathode, or of Kathodic.
Kabbalist^ic. Pertaining to the Kabbala,
or system of the treatment of diseases by
supernatural agencies.
Kai^rine. An artificial alkaloid prepared
from chinoline. Valuable as a very power-
ful antipyretic. Produces diaphoresis and
emesis ; sometimes followed by collapse.
General properties similar to antipyrene.
Dose gr. iij-xxx. Unof.
Kairoli'na. An antipyretic resembling
kairine, but less efficient. Unof
Kak^ke. A disease occurring in Japan,
similar to, if not identical with. Beriberi.
Kakos^mia [kqko^, foul, oa/j./], smell).
A repugnant or disgusting smell. K.,
Subjective, a disturbance of the olfactoiy
nerve or center, either from hysteria or
from disease, giving rise to the percejjtion
of an offensive smell.
Kakot'rophy. Ill nutrition. Anaemia.
Ka^li. An obsolete term for potassium.
Kalim^eter. See Alkali7Hcter.
Ka'line. See Alkaline.
Ka^lium. A synonym for Potassium , q. v.
KaFmia. Laurel, Mountain Laurel, Sheep
Laurel, Broad-leaved Laurel, Calico Bush.
The leaves of K. latifolia, a well-known
evergreen common in the U. S. Altera-
tive, cardiac sedative, and astringent. A
pojjular cure-all. Has proved valuable in
diarrhoea and syphilitic affections. Dose
gr. xx-xxx; of the fld. ext. tTLxx-^ss.
Unof.
Kam''ala. Rottlera. The glands and hairs
from the capsules of Mallotus philippcnsis,
native to Southern Asia and Abyssinia. A
purgative and anthelmintic much used
against lumbricoid and other parasitic
worms. Dose 3J-^j of an ^ vj to 5 xvj
alcoholic tincture.
Kan'dahar Sore. See Furiincuhis Orien-
talis.
Kan^dol. A volatile constituent of coal
tar. Proposed as a local ana-sthetic. Its
rapid evaporation freezes the surface tissue.
Possibly identical with Rhigolene. Unof.
Ka^olin. White clay. Ihe silicate of
aluminum. Obtained from the decompo-
sition of felspar. Sometimes used as a
protective application in eczema. Unof.
Kapo''si's Disease''. See At/ophoderma
Pi;^mentosiim.
Kar'dio-. See Cardio-.
Karyokinc'sis [Kapvov, a nut, KivTjaiq, mo-
tion). The complicated j^rocess of cell-
division, 'and especially the changes in the
nucleus called Indirect Division, Mito-
sis, or Karyokinesis. There is first
fonned out of the chromatin the wreath,
rosette, or spirem, subsequently a star-
shaped form the Aster, and then the barrel
form, or Pithos, followed by the Diaster,
or double star. Then follows the separa-
tion of the protoplasm into two parts, in
each of which the chromatin rearranges
itself into a coil, the whole called the
Dispirem. Two daughter nuclei are
thus derived from one mother nucleus.
KaryoPysis (Kapvov, Arw, to loose). The
segmentation of the nucleus of the cell.
KARVO-MiruMA
225
KERAru(JLuBUS
Karyo-mito'ma. See Cell-body.
Karyom'iton. See Chromatin.
Karyoplas'ma. See Chromatin.
Katab'olism \Ka-a, ,iu'/Mj, lo throw down).
The change in cells wherel)y their molecule
is rendered less complex, and contains less
force. Called, also, Dcstructi-.e Metabol-
ism. See Ana!\>lism and Mitabolism.
Katadic'rotism (^unray (S/A/wrof, double
healing). The occurrence of a divided or
double pulsation in the downward stroke
of the sphygniograph.
Kat'alepsy. See Catalepsy.
Katal'ysis. See Catalysis.
Kat'aplasm. See Poultiee.
Katato'nia [Kiira, -ovoq, tension). Accord-
ini; to Kahlbaum, a form of mental de-
rangement progressing from melancholia
successively through mania and stupidity
to iinl-ccility and tonic convulsions.
Katelectrot'onus. .See Cateleetrotonus.
Kathar'ophore. An instrument for cleans-
ing the urethra.
Kathar''sis. See Catharsis.
Kath'ode {KaTa, o6nq, path). The nega-
tive jX)le of a galvanic battery.
Kathod'ic. Pertaining to the cathode or
negative ]X)le of a battery. K. Closure
Contraction, the muscular contraction
occurring when the circuit is closed with
the rhco|)hore on a motor point. K. Open-
ing Contraction, the same when the cir-
cuit is ojjened.
Kat'ion. See Cation and Electrolysis.
Ka'va-Ka'va. .\va-Kava. The root of
Piper melhysticum, a shrub native to .South
America and the South Sea Islands. \
diuretic and motor-depressant, producing
intoxication when taken in large doses. In
small and moderate doses rescml)les coca
in its .iction in allaying fatigue. Unof.
Keep'er. .See Armature.
Ke'fir. See A'ephvr.
Keh'rer's Opera'tion. See Cccsarean
Operation.
Ke'lectome {kji'/.tj, a tumor, cktojij], a cut-
ting). A cutting instrument intro<luced
into a tumor, by means of a canula, in order
to obtain a part of the substance for ex-
amination.
Kc'loid {x'f^^i ^ claw). Cheloid, Alii)ert's
Keloid. A connective tissue neoplasm
marked by irregular, smooth, firmly-elastic
cicatrice-like lesions. Begins as a small
nrxlulc on the skin, that finally .-Lssumes
an oval, crab-shap<-<l form ; most conunon
<ivcr the sternum, Imt occurs al.sf) oti tiic
mamin:e, n<ck, arms and ears. K. of
Addison, forms contractions of ibc skin
and fasciae, giving a hide-bound look to
the part. Arises sixjntaneously from the
sites of cicatrices and other injuries to the
skin.
Kelot''omy. See Herniotomy.
Ken'tro - kine^sis (kevtimv, a center,
Kiv!/aic, motion). A tenn used by Ferricr
to denote the intlueuce of any motor-nerve
center.
Kentucky Coffee Bean. Sec Chicot.
Kepharic. Sec Cepltatie.
Keph'alins {Ket^a/.ri^ the head). A series
of substances occurring in brain-tissue, con-
taining the radicals kephalyl, slcaryl, gly-
ceiyl, and neuryl. ( )ccur usually as an
amor])]ious, colloidal mass.
Kephalom'eter. See Cephalometer.
Ke'phyr. A kind of fermented milk used
in Transcaucasia. Unof. See Kumyss.
Ker'asin [Ktpa^, a horn). A cerebroside
occuning in brain-tissue.
Keratecta'sia (sfpaf, cKraaig, extension).
The forward protrusion or bulging of the
cornea.
Ker'atin [nepng). The basis of homy tis-
sues, hair, nails, feathers, ete. A mixture
of various complex substances. Decom-
posed, it yields leucin and tyrosin. Neuro-
keratin, the substance composing the
sheath of the axis-cylinder and the white
substance of Schwann.
Kerati'tis («f/)af, trig, inflamm.ition). In-
llammation of the cornea. K., Astig-
matic, a form of K. said to be due to
uncorrected astigmatism. K., Interstitial,
inflammation of the interstitial lamella- of
the cornea, usually due to inherited syiihilis.
K., Punctate, characterized by minute
punctate six)ts on Descemet's membrane.
K., Traumatic, that consecjuent to wounds
or other injury of the cornea.
Ker'atocele [Kepng, Kt//i/^ tumor). A her-
nia of Descemet's membrane through the
cornea.
Kerato-conjunctivi'tis {Ktpng, conjunc-
tivitis). .Sinuillancous inllaunnation of the
cornea and conjuncti\a.
Kerato-conom^eter (Kepng, Kuvog, a cone,
fuTpov, a measure). An instrument for esti-
mating astigmatism by the images retlected
from the cornea.
Keratoco'nus. See A'eratoi^lobns.
Keratog'enous (Kipnr, yifixu,), to beget).
Pertaining to the fonnation of horny
growths. K. Membrane, that part of the
skin or layer of curium which develo|js
into nails, claws and hoofs.
Keratoglc'bus {mpdc, f^lobns, a ball).
Distention an<l protrusion of the cornt?.
KERATO-IRITIS
226
KINETIC
The sclerotic may also become distended
in severe cases. When so extensive as to
prevent closure of the lids, it has been
called buphthalmus. When the distention
is transparent, regular and cone-shaped,
the apex of the cone being the center of
the cornea, it is called keratoconus, or
conical cornea. When the protrusion is
opaque, or connected witli synechia of the
iris, it is called staphyloma of the cornea,
or anterior staphyloma.
Kerato-iri^tis I^Kepag, iritis, inflammation
of the iris) . Combined inflammation of the
cornea and iris.
Kerato^ma. See Callositas.
Ker^atome [nepag, ro/xz;, a cutting). A knife
with a peculiar trowel-like blade, used for
making the incision into the cornea in the
operation of iridectomy.
Keratomyco''sis {^Kepag, fiVK-?/^, a fungus).
A fungoid growth on the cornea.
Ker'atoplasty [nepag, irAaaau, to form).
Plastic operations upon the cornea, espe-
■ cially the transplantation of a button or
excised portion of cornea from an animal
eye to that of the human. This is effected
by means of a peculiar trephine, by which
the tissue to be transplanted is removed
from the animal's eye, and the place for
its reception is made in the human eye.
Sometimes called trephining the cornea.
Ker'atoscope [nepag, c/coTrew, to observe).
An instrument for examining the cornea,
and testing the symmetry of its meridians
of curvature.
Keratos^copy. See Retiiioscopy.
Kerato'ses [Kcpag). A class of skin dis-
eases characterized by thickened epidermis,
and the presence of such callosities as horns,
warts, etc.
Kerato''sis Pila^'ris [Kepag, pihis, hair).
Called, also. Lichen pilaiis, and L. spinii-
losHS. An affection of the skin marked by a
pin-head-sized conical elevation investing
the hair follicle and somewhat resembling
gooseflesh and ichthyosis.
Ker^atotome. See Keratoine.
Kc'tone. In chemistry, an organic com-
pound consisting of the unsaturated radical
^C=0 united to two alcohol radicals.
May be considered as derivatives of second-
ary alcohols, bearing the same relation to
them as the aldehydes bear to the primary
alcohols.
Kibe. See Chilblain.
Kid''neys (Mid. Eng. kidneer). The two
large glandular bodies situated in the lum-
bar regions, by which the urine is secreted.
They consist of the kidney proper, and ex-
cretory duct or ureter. The former consists
of an outer cortical substance, and an inner
medullary matter. K., Bright's Disease
of. 'AeeBrighCs Disease. K., Floating,
one misplaced or movable. K., Large
Mottled, that of parenchymatous nephritis,
mottled with gray patches. K., Large
Red, the kidney of Bright's disease extrava-
sated with blood. K., Large White, one
affected with lardaceous degeneration ; also,
that of the advanced stage of Bright's dis-
ease. K., Pelvis of, the funnel-shaped ex-
pansion of the ureter formed by the infundi-
bula. K., Small White, the final stage
of the large white kidney after loss of its
substance from atrophy. K., Surgical,
a name sometimes given to pyelo-nephritis,
or distention of the kidney attendant with
inflammation, abscesses of the cortex, and
retention of urine mixed with foetid pus.
Kies''tine. See Kyesteln.
Kilogramme (;j;</lwi, one thousand,
ypafi^a, a gramme). One thousand
grammes, or 2.2 pounds avoirdupois.
Kilogramme^'tre (jAw/, ypa/ifia, juerpov,
a measure). A term denoting the energy
required to raise one kilogramme one meter
in height; equivalent to 7.233 foot-pounds.
KiFolitre [x^Xioi, Turpa, a liter). One
thousand liters, or 61,027.05 cu. in.
KiPometre (;t7?ao<, fierpov, a measure).
One thousand meters, or 1093.6 yards.
Kinaesthe-'sis [mveu^ to move, aiad>/atg,
sensation). That quality of sensations
whereby we are aware of our positions and
movements, especially those of the auto-
matic type; distinct from the muscular
sense.
Kinemafics [Kivr//ia, a motion). The
science of motion without reference to its
origin or effects.
Kinesiat^rics. Same as Kinesipathy.
Kinesiom^eter {kivijok;, fiErpov, a meas-
m-e). An instrument for detennining
quantitatively the motion of a part.
Kinesioneurc'ses [mvy/aig, vevpov, a
nerve). Functional abnormalism of the
motor centers or nen'es.
Kinesip''athy {Kivr/aig^ ivaOog, suffering).
The treatment of disease by gymnastic or
calisthenic movements of the parts of the
body involved.
Kinesod''ic [klv7]glq, o6og, a way). Per-
taining to those nerve fibers conveying
motor influences. Also, the motor tracts
of the nerve-system.
Kinet'ic [Kivt/aig). That which produces
motion. Pertaining to those forces that
produce motion.
KING'S EVIL
227
KRESOL
Kings Evil. A name foniK-rly jwpularly
applied to scrofula, on account of a belief
that it could be cured by the touch of the
kiiiij.
King's Yellow. See Orpinunt.
Ki'no. The inspissated juice of Pl^ro-
tiirptts niarsiipiit»i,io\xxnl'\n India. .Sinii
lar in action to tannic aciil, and u-cd
mainly as a constituent of j^argles and
diarrhifa mixtures. K., Tinct., lo |)er
cent, of the drag. L)o»e TTLx-.^ij. K.,
Pulv. Comp., unof., kino 15, opium I,
cinnamon 4. Dose gr. v-xx.
Kinom'eter (\/rftj, lo put in motion, //frpor^
a measure). An instrument to measure the
amount of displacement of ihe uterus in c;\se
of tumor or cellular inflammation of the
jK'lvis.
Ki'otome (kiuv, the uvula, tout], a section
or cutting;). An instrument for amputating
the uvula, or for dividing strictures.
Kis'singen Water. A laxative tonic
mineral water of Bavaria.
Klang. See Timbre.
Kleptoma'nia (/c/.fTru, to steal, finvia,
madness). A form of emotional insanity
manifested by a morbid desire to commit
theft. It is sometimes accompanied by
impaired intellect, and is often hereditary.
Knead'ing. The same as Petrissage.
Knee (^Sax. cneo). The joint of the l)ones
of the thigh and foreleg. K. Cap, the
patella. K. Joint, a hinge-joint con-
sisting of the articulation of the condyle
of the femur with the up|)er extremity of
the tibia and the jxistcrior surface of the
patella. K., Housemaid's. See Ah-
Siisu Bur:a/. K. Jerk, Patellar Tendon
Reflex, K. Reflex, or K. Phenom-
enon, arellex of the tendon, consisting of a
slight convulsive kick, due to a light blu'v
on the p.itclla tendon. K. Pan, the patella.
K. Knock. See Giiik.
Knife (^.Sax. <.ni/). An instrument for cut-
ting. In surgery, knives are of various
sha|H.-s and sizes, according to their use.
Knit'ting. The union and becoming rigid
of a fracture.
Knock -knee. See Genu.
KnuckTes. The joints of the phalanges
with the nietacar])al Ix^nes and with each
other; alMj a loop cjf intistinc.
Kce'nig's Manomet'ric Flames.
Toothed or zigzag flame |)i(. lures seen in
a revolving mirror, and pro<luced by the
viiiTalions of the voice against a thin mem-
brane that sc|»arales the gits chamber sup-
plying a small liurner frcnn the air cliamU-r
into which one speaks. The form of the
flame picture is cluiracteristic for each
vowel, and varies with the pilch.
Ko'la Nut. The seed of Su-riitliti <7<u-
inntata. Used in [wirls of Central Africa
as a substitute lor tea and cofl'ee. Contains
an alkaloid similar to caflein. A cerebral
stimulant and cardiac tonic. Dose of a 20
per cent, tincture, 3J. Unof.
KoFpo-. See Colpo-.
Kolpo-perine'oplasty (ko'/.-o^, nepivaiov,
TT/Aiaau, to k)rm). An operation for the
cure of procidentia.
Kommabacil'lus. See Spirillum C/ioIene.
Koos'so. .See Brayera.
Kopf-tet'anus. Cei)halic tetanus, due to
wounds of the head, chiefly in the region
of the liflh nerve. Initial trismus is asso
ciated with paralysis of the face on the siile
of the injury. In some cases there is also
phaiyngeal s]iasin, so that the name Hy-
drophobic Tetanus has also been given
to this form of tetanus.
Kopio'pia {Ko-oq, weakness, wi/', ihe eye).
A .Synonym of asthenopia. K. Hysterica,
a term applied to those symptoniN which in-
dicate hypeniisthesia of the liflh and optic
nerves.
Kor^e-. See Core-.
Koros^copy, See Retinoscopy.
Kou^miss. See Kumyss.
Kous'so. See Brayera.
Krame^ria. Rhatany. The root of K.
tiianJra and A', tomcntosa, shrubs native
to South America. Possesses the same
astringent qualities as tannic acid. A popu-
lar remedy for fissure of the anus, spongy
gums, etc. K. Ext., in water. Dose gr.
v-x. K. Ext., Fid. Dose n\,v-3J. K.
Syr., contains of the fluid extract 35, syruj)
65. Dose 3ss-,5ss. K. Trochisci, con-
tain each gr. j of the extract.
Krauro'sis {hiKii'iiuoiKii, lo become dry).
.Slirivelingand dryness of a pari, especially
of the vulva.
Krause's End-bulbs. Terminal bodies
of .sensory nerves in the skin and mem-
branes of all mannnals. They are" elon-
gated, oval, or rt)und botlies 0.075 '" o'4
mm. long.
Kre'atin (Ay>fof, flesh). A con.siituent of
muscular and other ti.ssues having basic
prn|)crties.
Krea'tinin (xprnf). C^II^NjO. A deriv-
ative of kreatin ; astrong organic base occur-
ring in normal urine.
Kre'sol. An aromatic substance united
with sul|>li<inic aiiil, occurring in urine, in
two (nrnis, orthokresol, and parakresol;
metakresol is an isomer of the latter.
KRINOSIN
228
LABOR
Krin^'osin. A nitrogenized fatty substance
of the brain, occurring in long tilamentai'y
crystals. Soluble in boiling ether and al-
cohol.
Kryptophan''ic Acid. Said to occur as a
free acid in urine, though regarded by
Landwehr as an animal gum.
Kiihne's Pancreas Powder. Prepared
by the prolonged extraction of fresh pan-
creas of ox with alcohol and then with ether.
Ku^myss. Koumiss. Originally, fermented
mare's milk. Of high repute among Rus-
sians as a food for phthisical patients.
Largely made in the United States, by fer-
menting cow's milk ^ xxix with yeast 5 ss,
and grape sugar 5 ij. Made in quart bottles
and drawn with a champagne faucet. An
excellent food in general debility or chronic
affections of the kidneys.
Ku^rung Oil. See Fongamia.
Kyes^tei'n (^K.v?/aig, conception, eodijg, a cov-
ering). A lilmy deposit of decomposing
urine, at one time thought to be diagnostic
of pregnancy.
Ky^mograph i^Kv/ia, a wave, ypafu, to
write). A wave- writer. An instrument
for reproducing graphically the variations
in the pressure of the blood.
Kypho^sis (/cy^wcif, hump-back). Hump-
back. Angular curvature of the spine.
L. The abbreviation of Lf//, and also of
Lih'a, a pound.
Labarraque's Solution. See Chlorine.
La'bia (Lat., a lip). The lips. Applied
to lip-like structures and to the edges
of an incised wound. L. Majora or L.
Pudendi Majora, two folds of skin of the
female external genital organs, arising just
below the mons veneris, surrounding the
vulval entrance, and meeting at the ante-
rior part of the perineum. L. Minora, or
Nympha, two folds of skin at the inner
surfaces of the labia majora.
La^bial [labia). Pertaining to the lips.
• L. Bone. See Intermaxilla)y .
La''bials [labia'). The consonant sounds
which are formed mainly by the lips. See
Consotiants.
Labidom'eter {laliiq, forceps, fierpov, a
measure). A forceps designed to measure
the dimensions of the head of a foetus in
the pelvis.
La'bile [labor, to glide). Easily falling
off. In electro-therapeutics a labile appli-
cation is the passing of the electrode —
usually the negative — along and touching
the skin over the track of a nerve.
La^bio- glos''so- larynge''al Paralysis
[labium, a lip, }'/i(j(7r7«, the tongue, Aa/ivy^,
the larynx). See Bulbar.
Labio - glosso - pharyngeal ( la b in m ,
yAwffffa, (papvy^, the gullet). Per-
taining conjointly to the lips, tongue and
gullet.
La^biomancy [labituii, fiavreua, a divina-
tion). The power of understanding what
is said by observing the motions of the lips
in speech.
Labioplas''tic [labium, nXaaau, to form).
Pertaining to an operation for restoring the
lip, after injury or partial destruction of the
same.
LabiotenaC'ulum [labium, tenaculum, an
instrument for gripping). An instrument
for holding the lips in a position required
for examination or operation.
La^bium (Lat.). A lip. Also, any structure
consisting of a strip or flap of elastic tissue
that closes upon an orifice.
La'bor (Lat.). "Work. Parturition ; bring-
ing forth young: the process whereby the
foetus and its appendages are expelled
from the mother. L., Artificial, when
effected or aided by other means than
the forces of the maternal organism. L.,
Conduct of the, management, hygienic,
medical or surgical , of the parturient woman.
L., Difficult. See Dystocia. L., Dry,
when there is a deficiency of the liquor
amnii, or when there has been a prema-
ture rupture of the l)ag of waters. L.,
False, or False Pains. See Pains,
L., Insanity of. See Insanity. L., In-
strumental, one requiring the use of in-
LABORATORY
229
LACTIFEROUS
stniments to extract the child. L., Mech-
anism of, the inoveraenl.s of ailjustment
whereby the fcctus is accomnnnlateil to the
dimensions and variations of the liirtli-canal
in its [xissiige llirough it. L., Missed,
retention of the dead fttus /// itU-ro le
yond the [Kriotl of nonnal jjcstation. L.,
Natural, or Normal, or Physiological,
•when eltecied by the sole [xiwer of the \w.\-
temal orijani>m. L., Pathological, wiicn
devialinj; from the normal type by reason
of weakness of the maternal forces, anoma-
lies of the pelvis, or of tlie ftttus, or of
complications, all being causes of ob-
structed L. L., Postponed, ilehiyed
beyond nine months. L., Premature,
taking place before the normal period of
ge>tation, but when the fcetus is viable.
L., Stages of, the tirst begins with dilata-
tion of the OS, and ends with complete di-
latation, so the Iiead can jiass; the second
ends with the expulsion of the child ; the
third {^placental) includes the expulsion
of the placenta.
Lab'oratory {laboratoritinf). A room or
place ilesigned for experimental work in
chemi>ir}-, physiology, biology, etc.
Lab'rador Tea. The leaves of Ledum
latifolium. Demulcent, expectorant and
tonic. Dose of fld. ext., 3J-ij. Unof.
Labur'num. The leaves of Cyslisiis I.
I'roiK-rties due to an alkaloid, cyslisiii. In
small doses diuretic and resolvent. In
larger doses jX)isonous, irritating the ali-
mentary tract, and producing purging,
vomiting and exhaustion. Unuf.
Lab''yrinth {/.(i.ivptvlhq'). A name given to
the series of cavities of the internal ear, com-
prising the vestibule, cochlea and the semi^
circular canals. L., Bony. See L., osseous.
L., Membranous, the membranous cav'-
ty witliin the osseoas labyrinth, frf)m which
it is partly separated by the i)erilym|ili. It
comjirises two sacs contained witliin the
vestibule, the .semicircular canal and the
canal of the cochlea. L., Osseous, the
Ixjny capsule of the internal ear, coninniiii-
cating in front with the cochlea and behind
with the semicircular canals. L. Pit.
See .-tui/ifoiy.
Lac (Lat.). Milk. Also, the resinous sub-
stance d(|)o^ited on trees by an insect of
the gcnas io<rus.
Laccra'tion {/aerro, io tear). Meciiani<al
rupture by a tearing acticjn. L. of Pcri-
nxum, a tciU'ing through the wall se|>a-
rating the vagina and ix-rin.iuni, which
occurs 'x:tasionally to a female in child-
birth.
Lachnan'thes Tinctoria. Red Root.
A plant ])opular in j)arts of the U. S. as
an expectorant and alterative in phthisis.
I )ose of a ID per cent, tincture, \\x.
Unof.
Lach^rymal (Jachryma, a tear). Having
reference to the organs of the secretion,
transfer, or excretion of tears. L. Appara-
tus, the lachrymal gland, ducts, canal,
sac, and nasal duct. L. Artery, the first
branch of the ophthalmic, supplying the
gland. L. Bone, upon the nasal side
of the orbit, articulating with the frontal,
tlie ethmoid and superior maxillar}' bones,
in which levins the lachiynial groove and
na.-al duct. L. Canals, or Canaliculi,
superior and inferior^ extend from the
puncta to the sac, and sene to convey the
excess of tears from the eye to the nose.
L. Ducts, seven to fourteen in number,
extending oblit|uely from the gland to the
fornix conjunctiva;, carrying the tears to
the conjunctival surface of the globe. L.
Gland, the gland secreting the tears, situ-
ated in a depression of the frontal bone,
the L. fossa, at the u]iper and outer angle
of the orbit. L. Probe, a probe for
exploring or dilating the canaliculi and
na.'^al duct. L. Puncta, the minute orifices
of the canaliculi, upon the eyelids near the
innercanthus. L. Sac, a saccifomi enlarge-
ment of the up]icr part of the nasal duct,
into which the canaliculi empty. L. Style,
a probe used in stricture of the nasal duct.
Lach'ryma (Lat.). A tear.
Lachryma'tion. An excessive secretion,
or an overllow, of tears, from any cause.
Lacin'iate {laeinia, the llap of a gar-
ment). Jagged or fringed.
Lac'mus. Sec Litmus.
Lac'rimal. See Ltuhrymal.
Lactalbu'min (/</<■, allntiiuit). An alka-
loid asserted to have been found in milk.
Lacta'tion (/at/c, to suckle). Suckling.
Api)lled also to the period during which
the child suckles.
Lac'teal (A/r, milk). IVrtaining to milk.
Lactcals. The lymphatics of the small in-
testine which take up the chyle.
Lac'telne {Inc). Same as l.aitoliue.
Lac'tic (A/r). IVrtaining to milk or its
<lerivalives. L. Acid. See Aciii, Litetie.
L. Fermentation. Sec Fermentation.
Lac'tide. A crystalline substance obtained
by heating lactic acid or any of its i.somers.
Lactiferous {he, ferro, to carry). A
term ap|>lied to vessels that convey milk.
L. Ducts, the ducts of the mammaryglaiid.
L. Glands, the mammary glands. L.
LACTIFUGE
230
LALLATION
Swelling, a distention of the breast aris-
ing from the obstruction of a lactiferous
duct.
Lac^tifuge {iac, fugo, to put to flight).
Any medicine or agent that checks the
secretion of milk.
Lactig^enous (/^r, yevvau, to produce).
Milk-producing.
Lac^tinated (/«(). Containing sugar of
milk.
Lac'tis (gen. of lac). Pertaining to milk.
L. Redundantia, an excessive flow of
milk. L. Retentis, suppression of the
flow of milk.
Lactiv'orous {lac,voro,\.o devour). Sub-
sisting on milk.
Lacto-. A Latin prefix denoting connec-
tion with or relation to milk. L. -pepsin,
a proprietary mixture claimed to contain
pepsin, diastase, and pancreatin, acidulated
with lactic and hydrochloric acids. One
drachm should peptonize ^ viij of albumin,
casein or fibrin, or emulsionize ^ xvj of
cod-liver oil. See Pepsin. Unof. L.-
peptone, same as L.-pepsin. L. -Phos-
phate, any phosphate combined with lac-
tic acid. L. -protein, a derivative of milk.
Lac''tocele. See Galactocele.
Lac^toline. Condensed milk.
Lactom'eter [lac, [leTpov, a measure). An
instrument for determining the ([uantitative
constituents of milk by its specific gravity.
Lac'tone. An aromatic, colorless, inflam-
mable fluid, derived from the dry distilla-
tion of lactic acid.
Lac^toscope i^lac, milk, CKOTceu, to ex-
amine). An instrument for estimating the
proportions of water and milk-globules of
milk.
Lac^tose {fnc). Sugar of milk. A con-
stituent of the milk of mammals. Cjg-
^24^1 2* Sweet, but less soluble than
cane sugar. Much used in pharmacy for
triturations. The vehicle of most homoeo-
])athic preparations.
Lactosu^ria [lactose, sugar of milk, ovpov,
the urine). A term for the presence of
sugar of milk in the urine.
Lactuca^'rium. Lettuce. The milky juice
of Lactuca virosa, a biennial plant. Con-
tains a crystalline substance, lactiicerin,
to which its properties are thought to be
due. A mild hypnotic with sedative and
diuretic properties. Somewhat similar to
opium, but without depressant after-effects.
PVequently an ingredient of patent cough
mixtures. L. Ext., Fid. Dose TTLx-^^^j.
L. Syr., contains 5 per cent, of the drug.
Dose 3J-^j.
Lactu''cerin. See Lactucarium.
Lactu''cerol. The isomeric components
of lactucerin.
Lactu''cin. A crystalline extractive of
lettuce.
LactU''con. Same as Lactiicin.
Lactu''men [lac, milk). A synonym of
Porrigo larvalis. Also, applied to that
form of aphthfe in which the spots have a
fanciful resemblance to clots of curd.
Lacu^na [lacus, a lake). A little hollow
space. A mucous or lymphatic follicle.
Lacunae. Irregular cavities of bone arranged
concentrically around the Haversian canals.
Lacu^nar [lacus). Pertaining to the lacu-
na;. L. Spaces, the iixegular fissures
between the fasciculi of connective tissue,
forming the beginnings of the lymphatic
vessels.
La^cus (Lat.). A small hollow or cavity
in a tissue. L. Lachrymalis, the space
at the inner canthus of the eye, in which
the tears collect, near the punctum.
Ladies' Bed-straw. Cheese Rennet. The
herb Galium verum. Refrigerant and
diuretic. Dose of fld. ext. ^ss-j. Unof.
Ladies' Slipper. See Cypripcdium.
LsemoparaPysis [T^ai/nog, the gullet, irapa-
Avaig, palsy). Paralysis of the oesophagus.
Laemosteno^sis [Aaifwr, a-svuniq, a stric-
ture). Constriction of the phaiynx and
oesophagus.
Lae^sis. See Lesion.
LaetiPicant [Icefijico, to make glad). A
term applied to any remedy acting as a
stimulant tonic in melancholy and languor.
Laevogy'rous [lazuis, Xeh, gyrus, a circle).
Having the quality of rotating the polar-
ized ray to the left.
Laevoro''tatory [Iccinis, roto, to turn). Same
as La'vogyrus.
Lae^vulin (Jaivus). A name sometimes
given to a substance probably identical with
glucose, occurring in immature grain and
the tubers of certain composite flowers.
Lae^'vulose. See Levidosc.
La Fayette's Mixture. See Copaiba.
Lag^arous (T^ayapoq, lax). Lax, loose or
soft.
Lagnei''a (A«yve/a, coition) Same as
Satyriasis. Also, coition. Also, the semen.
Lagne^sis {^kayvi]q). Same as Satyriasis.
LagophthaFmus (/lrtyuf,.a hare, from the
popular notion that a hare sleeps with open
eyes). Inability to close the eyes.
Lagos''toma. See Hare-lip.
Lalla^tion [Icikoc^, bal)l)ling). Any unin-
telligible stammering of S]:)eech, such as
the prattling of a babe. More properly,
LVLONEUROSES
231
LANGUAGE
the defect or peculiarity of speech, usually
racial, in which / is substituted for r.
Laloneuro'ses (^/a/.of, vevpov, a ner\e).
All impairment of speech arising from
spasniLKiic action of the nenes. It in-
cludes stammering and aphthoiigia.
Lalop'athy (/^/.of, ;ra<^of,sufiering). Any
ilisordcr of speech. Also, aphasia.
Lamarck''ism. The theoiy of evolution as
held by the disciples of Lamarck. It is
based on Lamarck's theory that matter
acted uf>on by heat, light and electricity
may spontaneously generate life of low,
homogeneous organisms, and that such or-
ganisms would develop (]ualities of hetero-
geneity and organs as governed liy their
surroundings, and esjx;cially by their wants
or desires. To this pre]X)nderating influ-
ence of new wants Lamarck ascribes the
chief r6le in evolution, while Darwin em-
phasize.", the advantage of accidental varia-
t'ons in the struggle for existence.
Lamb'da. See Skull.
Lambdoid'al [/ui/Ji3(^a, ei6nc, resem-
blance). Resembling the Greek letter A.
L. Suture, the suture connecting the oc-
cipital with the two parietal l>ones.
Lambert's Method. A metliod of mix-
ing colors by colored wafers and a slip of
glass. Hy means of reflections from the
surface of the latter a color may be in part
reflected and superimjxjsed on another
color.
Lamel'la (dim. of lamina, a plate). A
descriptive term ai)plied to any foliation or
.scale like apjx-arance. L. of Bone, the
concentric rings surrounding the Haversian
canals.
Lamel'lar (A7w^7/f7, a thin plate). Having
the nature of, or resembling any thin, osse-
ous or membranous tissue. L. Cataract.
Sec Cataract.
Lame'ness. The condition of inability to
use the limbs freely, or without pain.
Lam'^ina [lamina, a plate or scale). A
descriptive term used to designate foliated
structure. Also, any thin layer of Ixinc,
membrane, or otlurlissue. L., Bowman's,
the stnictureless mi-mbrnne between the
anterior layers of epithelium and the fibrous
ti.ssuc of the cornea of the eye. L. Cinera,
the connecting layer of gray matter l)etween
the cor])us callosum and the optic com-
missure. L. Cribrosa of the Sclerotic,
the jfcrforaterj hunitia through whicli the
«ij)tic nerve enters tlie glolx- of the <-ye.
L. Cribrosa of the Temporal Bone, a
.sm;tll lamin.'iled lone forming the end of
the internal auditory meatus. L. Dor-
salis, one of the two ridges bordering the
medullaiy groove, th.it unite to foi-m a canal
which finally develops into the cerebro-
spinal canal. L. Fusca, the pigmentary
tissue of the sclerotic fonning the outer
layer of the perichoroidal sinus. L. Spi-
ralis, a thin jilate in the ear, osseous in the
inner part and membranous in the outer,
that divides the spiral tube of the cochlea
into the sfala tvvipaiii and siala Vistihuli.
L. Spiralis Ossea, a thin jilate of bone
that winds spirally around the mcKliolus
of the cochlea. L. Superchoroidea, the
delicate membrane of the outer surface of
the choroid tunic of the eye.
Lamina^ria [lamina). The cured lower
part of the stem of L. ihntitp7ti. .L. Bou-
gie, a l)ougie made of the stalk ; u.sed for
urethral dilatation. L. Probe, a prolie
made of the stalk, used to dilate the cana-
liculi and nasal duct. L. Tent, a tent
made of the stem of the plant, for dilata-
tion of the ci'n'ix ulcri.
Lamina''tion [lamina). Arranged in
plates or layers. An operation in embry-
otomy, consisting in cutting the skull in
slices.
Lam'ium Al'bum. The leaves and
stems of the jjlant Z. album. Properties
due to an alkaloid. Lamina. Useful in
mcnorrhagia. Dose of the tincture ^ ss-ij.
Unof.
Lanc^eolate [lancola, a little spear).
Having the form of a lance-head.
Lan'cet (dim. lancca, lance). A two-
edged surgical instrument for incising
tumors, etc.
Lanc'inate [lancitto,io tear). To lacerate,
pierce, or tear.
Lanci^si, Nerves of. The stri,,- Imii^itii-
dinalts. The elevated longitudinal bands
of white matter of the coqius callosum of
the i)rain iiounding the raph(^.
Lan'dry's Paral'ysis. A form of paraly-
sis descril)ed by Landry, characterized i>y
loss of motor ]X)wer in the lower extremi-
ties, gradually extending to the upper ex-
tremities, and to the centers of circulation
and respiration.
Land Scurvy. See Purpura.
Lan''essin. A preparation of wool fat
similar to lanolin.
Langerhan's Cells. Certain m<idilie<l
epithelial cells forming thesimj>le>t nerve-
endings.
Lang''uage [lini^ita, the tongue). The
arti( ulate smnuN, signs, or syniboK whereby
tiiought is conununicated. L., Center
for. See Aphasia.
LANGUOR
232
LARYNGEAL
Lang''uor (Lat. faintness). Lassitude.
Disinclination to take bodily exercise, or
to exert one's self.
Lan^olin. A cholesterine fat obtained
from sheep's wool. Recently introduced
as a basis for ointments. It does not
saponify or become rancid and is charac-
terized by remarkable penetrative powers.
Unof.
Lan^tanine. An alkaloid extractive of
yerba sagrada. Asserted to have antiperi-
odic and antipyretic properties. Has been
successfully used in intermittents. Dose,
gr. XV— XXX. Unof.
Lan^'termann's Notches. The appear-
ance of the intemodal segments of the
nerve-sheath under the influence of cer-
tain reagents, dividing the same into strips
obliquely cut at the ends.
Lanu^go [latta, wool). The down-like
hair that appears upon the foetus about
the fifth month of gestation.
LapaC'tic {7.aKaaau, to empty). Empty-
ing. Also, any pm-gative medicine or
substance.
Lap''aro- (lanapa, the abdominal walls).
A Greek prefix denoting connection or rela-
tion to the abdomen or abdominal walls.
Laparo-colofomy (laivapa, koTiov, the
colon, TO/17/, a cutting). Inguinal colotomy.
Laparo-cystec'tomy {lanapa, kvgtlq, a
cyst, EUTOjiT], an excision). The excision
of an extra-uterine fostus with its cyst
through an incision of the abdominal
wall.
Laparo-cystot''omy (TMwapa, Kvorig, to/^tj,
a cutting). An incision through the pa-
rietes into a cyst containing an extra-uterine
foetus, for the purpose of removing the
same.
Laparo-elytrot''omy, See Cesarean Ope-
ration.
Laparo-enterot''omy {T.aTrapa, evTspov,
an intestine, tout?, a cutting). An incision
into the intestine in the iliac region, for
the relief of an intestinal obstruction.
Laparo-gastrot'omy [laivapa, yaGTijp,
the stomach, to/it], a cutting). An incision
through the abdominal walls for the pur-
pose of reaching the stomach.
Laparo-hysterecfomy (lairapa, vorepa,
the womb, sKTOfiTf, an excision). The re-
moval of the womb through an incision in
the abdominal walls.
Laparo-hystero-oophorec'tomy. See
Cesarean Operation, Porro's Opn-ation.
Laparo-hysterot^omy. See Gastro-en-
terotomy.
Laparo-ileof'omy (AoTrapa, ileum, to^ij.
a cutting). The formation of an artificial-
anus in the groin.
Laparos''copy {/.airapa, okotteo), to exam-
ine). The examination of the abdomen
by the stethoscope, plessimeter, or by other
instrumental means.
Laparo-splenofomy [lanapa, ff7r/l?/T, the
spleen, tojii], a cutting). The surgical
incision or entrance upon the spleen,
through the abdominal walls.
Laparot-'omy. See Cesarean Opera-
tion.
La''pis (Lat. a rock). An alchemic teitn
applied to any non-volatile substance. L.
Divinus, a mixture of cupric sulphate,
potassium nitrate and ammonio-potassium
sulphate, aa l6 parts. L. Mitigatus.
See Argentuni.
Lap^'pa. Burdock. The root of the com-
mon burdock, L. officinalis; contains a
bitter principle, a resin, and tannin. Aperi-
ent and diuretic. Has some reputation as
an alterative in constitutional blood dis-
eases. A tincture of the seed has been
recommended in skin diseases. Dose of
the root 3J-ij, in infusion or tinctmre.
Lard. See Adeps,
Larda''cein. An animal proteid, an indi-
gestible amyloid substance, chiefly occur-
ring as a pathological infiltration into
various organs, as the liver, spleen, etc.
Larda''ceous. See Amyloid.
Lark''spur. The seed of Delphinum
consolida. Diuretic and emmenagogue.
Dose of fld. ext. H\,j-x. Unof.
Lar^va {larva, a ghost). That form insects
take in emerging from the egg, com-
monly known as the caterjaillar or "grub"
stage. Also, applied to the immature form
distinguishing many of the lower verte-
brates before maturity.
Lar'val [la>i<a^. Pertaining to or existing
in the condition of a larva.
Larynge''al [Tiapvy^, the larynx or wind-
pipe). Pertaining to the larynx. L. Artery,
the superior thyi-oid artery. L. Cough,
a shrill, metallic cough of nervous origin,
occuiring occasionally without symptoms
of disease of the lungs. L. Crisis, an
acute laryngeal spasm, occurring in the
course of tabes dorsalis. L. Dilator, an
instrument designed to dilate the larynx,
when the latter has become constricted by
cicatricial tissues, or from other causes,
L. Mirror, a small circular, silvered-glass
miiTor used in laryngoscopy. L. Nerve.
See Nerve. L. Paralysis, a loss of power
of some or of all of the muscles of the
larynx. L. Spaces, the upper, middle,
LARYNGECTOMY
233
LATEX
and lower parts into which the lajnix may
l>e convcnii.ntly divided.
Laryngect^omy [?.apv}^, eKTour;, a cutting
out). An operation for the extirpation of
the hirjiix.
Laryngis'mus {?.apt'yyiCu, to vociferate).
Atemi loosely applied to various spasnKxiic
aft'ections of the lar)nx. L. Stridulus.
Same as LarjTigospasm.
Laryngi'tis (/.apv)^, iric, inflammation).
A calairhal inflammation of the laiynx
accompanied liy sore throat, hoarseness,
and, usually, painful deglutition and cough.
In severe cases there may be oedema,
dyspnoea, and suffocation. In infants it is
much the same disease as croup. It also
accompanies malignant afibctions of the
throat and trachea, such as diphtheria,
cancer, c-tr.
Laryn'go-fis''sure [7.apvy^, Jissura).
Division of the laniiix for the removal of
tumors or foreign bodies.
Laryngog'raphy (}.apv)'^, ypaijxj, to
write). A description of the larynx.
Laryngology (/o/>''}f, /-oyog, a treatise).
A treatise on the lar}'nx.
LaryngoparaKysis (/api^'f, TzapalvGig,
palsy). Loss of the voice or paralysis of
the vocal cords from nervous affections, not
local di <ea.se.
Laryngop'athy (Pa/jvyf, "Kadog, a suffer-
ing). A tenn including all affections of
the lar\-nx.
Laryngophan'tom (lapv)-^, ipavracrfia, a
vision). An artitkial larj'nx designed for
illustrative puqx)Ses.
Laryn'go-pharynge'al (?apvyS, ^"/"'>s,
the throat). Pertaining conjointly to both
lar}'iix and pharj-nx.
Laryngoph^ony [}Mpvy^,<puvi], the voice).
The sfjund of the voice ob.served in the
aascultaiion of the larynx with the stetho-
scoi>e; also the sound of the voice observed
in the auscultation of a large cavity in the
lung.
Laryngople''gia (?npvy^, T^^vyv, a .stroke).
Paralysis of the muscles of the larynx.
Laryn'gospasm {?MpvyS, aran/ior, a
S|).-i.sm). .S|)asmo(Iic Cfintract ion or closure
of the glottis; s|).ismr>ilic cri>u|), as dis-
finguish<d from inflammatory croup.
Laryn'goscope (/"/"'/i^, okoziu, to ol)-
scrvc). An inslfumetit for examination of
the larynx.
Laryngo-steno'sis {?.apvy^, arrvucir^ a
contraction). Contraction in size of the
larv'nx.
Laryngot'omy {?uiptiyS, rr/jvu, to cut),
'llic ojK.Tation of incision of the larynx.
Laryngo-trache'al [?Mpi'y^, rpnxFta, the
windpipe). I'ertaining conjointly tu the
larynx and the trachea.
Laryngotracheot^omy {?iapvy^, rpaxfia,
ro/i;?, a section). That fonn of the operation
of tracheotomy in wliich the cricoid carti-
lage, and some of the upper rings of the
trachea are divided.
Lar''ynx (Tuipv) f ,). The upper part of the
air passage, between the trachea and tlie
base of the tongue. It comprises three
single cartilages, the thyroid, cricoid, ami
epiglottis, and three pairs of cartilages, the
arytenoid and those of Santorini and Wris-
berg. It is lined with an extremely sensi-
tive mucous membrane, which fonns two
transverse lipi^ed folds that constitute the
vocal cords.
Lasciv''ious (/(7.fr/r7(7,wantonness). Libidi-
nous. Wanton. Having an unlawful desire.
Las''situde {lassi/s, tired). A state of ex-
haustion or weakness, arising from causes
ottier than fatigue.
La'ta. See Aliryachit.
La'tency [/ateo, to be hid). The condition
of being latent or concealed.
La'tent [latco). Concealed. Not manifest.
In pliysics, applied to heat that apjia-
rently disappears when a litjuid is vapor-
ized or a solid melted. L. Period, the
time required for the inculcation of a disease.
Lat'erad [In/ us, the side). Toward the
lateral aspect of.
Lat^eral {^/atcrii/is). At, belonging to, or
pertaining to the side. The aspect of the
side viewed from the middle. L. Col-
umn, that column of the spinal cord
between the anteio- and posterolateral
fissures. L. Operation, that form of oi)era-
tion in lithotcuny in which tlie opening is
made on the left side of the perinaum.
L. Plates, the part of the mesol)last lying
external to the proverlebrx. L. Sinuses,
the two veins of the dura mater situated in
the attached margin of tlie tentorium cere-
belli.
Lateri''tious (/afrr, brick). Pt-rtaining to
aw uriiiaiy sediment resembling brick-dust.
Latero-cervi''cal {/d/rrn/is, (I'l-'ix, the
neck). At or alwut the side of tlie neck.
Latero-dor'sal {/aft-ralis, dorsum, the
back). At or near the side of the back.
Latero-flex'ion {lateralis, JlectOyXo i)end).
Pending to one side.
Lateropul'sion (la/crali.':, ftello, to drive).
y\n involuntary motion or bearing to one
si<le.
La'tex (L.al., Iii|uid). The saj) or the juice
of the tui)es or vessels of plants.
LATHYRUS CICERA
234
LEIPOTHYMIA
Lath^yrus Cic^era. A species of vetch,
commonly known as " chick-pea." See
Lathyrism.
Lath^yrism (^aBvpiq, spurge). The con-
vulsive movements, tremors and paraplegia
arising from the use of the seeds of Lathy-
riis cicera.
Latis^'simus (superl. of latus, vi'ide). An
adjective signifying vi^idest. It is used as
a descriptive temi with certain muscles.
L. Colli. See Muscle i^Platysma lily-
oides). L. Dorsi. See Muscle.
Laud^anin. One of the alkaloids of opium.
It is soluble in chloroform and alkaline
solutions.
Laud'anum. See Opium.
Laugh^'ing (Sax. hlehhan). A succession
of rhythmic, spasmodic expirations with
open glottis and vibration of vocal cords.
L. Gas. See Nitrogen.
Laur'el. See Kalmia.
La''va (Lat., a flood or torrent). The
molten ejecta of a volcano.
Lavage (Fr.). Irrigation or washing out
the stomach.
Lavamen^tum (Javo, to wash). An in-
jection.
Lav^ender, or
Lavan''dula. The flowers of L. vera.
Properties due to a volatile oil. Aromatic,
stimulant and carminative, but used mainly
as a flavor and adjuvant of other medi-
cines. L. Ol., the volatile oil distilled
from the whole herb. Dose tr^j-v. L.
Ol. Florum, the oil distilled from the
fresh flowers, preferable to preceding.
Dose Tty-v. A constituent of Spt. Odor-
atus. L. Spt., 3 parts of the oil in 97 of
alcohol; a perfume. Dose ^ss-j. L.
Tinct. Comp., oil of lavender 8, oil of
rosemary 2, cinnamon 18, cloves 4, nut-
meg 10, red Saunders 8, alcohol 680, water
270, dilute alcohol to make 1000. Dose
,::5ss-ij, a constituent of Fowler's solu-
tion.
Laveran, Corpuscles of. See Bacillus,
of Malaria, and Plasviodium.
Lax [laxo, to loosen). Loose. Not tense.
Lax^ative [laxo). An agent that loosens
the contents of the bowels. A mild pur-
gative.
Laxa''tor i^laxo^. That which loosens or
relaxes. A name applied to various muscles.
L. Tympani. See Muscle.
Lay^er (Sax. leger, a couch). A mass of
uniform, or nearly uniform, thickness,
spread over or covering a considerable
area.
Lazaret''to (Ital., a pest house). A quar-
antine establishment. Also, a place for
fumigation and disinfection.
Lead. See Plunibum.
Lead-poisoning. Either due to acci-
dental or industrial introduction of lead into
the system. The symptoms are disturbed
nutrition, anaemia, the gingival line, lead
colic, constipation, pains in the limbs, local
muscular paralysis (wrist-drop) and wast-
ing, saturnine encephalopathy, etc. The
treatment consists in stopping ingress of
lead to the system, its elimination by
iodide of potassium, aperients, etc.
Leaf Cup. See Bearsfoot.
Lean^ness. A condition of having less
than the normal amount of flesh. It may
be natural, or the result of disease.
Leav^en {Jevo, to raise). A name given
to several species of ferments belonging to
the class of saccharoinycetes, of which the
culture known as "sour dough" is a com-
mon example.
Lec^ithin ('XekiOoq, yolk of egg). A class
of nitrogenized, phosphorized substances
occurring in brain- and nerve-tissue.
Lectua'lis (dim. of lectus, a bed). Per-
taining to a bed or couch. Also, diseases
that confine one in bed. Also, a patient.
Lec^tulus (dim. of lectus). A bed or
couch. Also, a couch or mattress contain-
ing medicinal substances. L. Medicatus,
a dry fermentation.
Leech (Sax. Iwce, physician). Hirudo
Medicinalis, of the order Hirudinea, class
Annelida, sub-kingdom Vermes. To extract
blood by leeching. L., Artificial, the
apparatus for cupping.
Lees (A. S. hvs, dregs). The dregs or solid
matter held in suspension by a lii|uid, that
finally settles at the bottom of the vessel.
Especially the sediment of vinous liquors.
Leg. The lower extremity of man, espe-
cially that part from the knee to the ankle.
An organ of locomotion of man and
other animals.
Legif'imacy {legiti77to, to make lawful).
The condition of being within the bounds
of the law. Also, the statutory recogni-
tion of a child born within wedlock, or
within a period of time necessary to gesta-
tion, which may elapse after the death of
the father.
Legu''min. See Casern.
Leiomyo^ma (Aewf, smooth, ^/vf, a
muscle). A forai of myoma characterized
by unstriped muscular fiber.
Leipothy^mia (AfZTrw, to relin(|uish, i9v//of,
the mind). A term denoting fainting or
syncope.
LEITER'S TUBES
235
LEPROSY
Lei'ter's Tubes. Tubes of soft, flexible
metal designed for bending about any
j>art of tlie body. Cold water is passed
through the tul>es, thereby reducing the
tcmi>erature of the parts encased.
Lem'on. See l.imon.
Lens (Lat., a lentil). A regularly-sha]ied
piece of glass or cr)'stal for the refraction
of rays of light. The crystalline lens of
the eye. L., Achromatic. See Achro-
tnatic. L., Biconcave, a thick-edgetl lens
having concave spherical surfaces upon
its opposite sides, called al>o a negative or
minus lens; used in spectacles to correct
myopia. L., Biconvex [positive or //us
lens), a thin-edged lens; it has two con-
vex surfaces ; used to correct hypero])ia. L.,
Cylindrical (either minus or //us), one
ground upon a cylindrical tool, i.e., one
witii a plane surface in one axis and a con-
cave or convex surface in the axis at right
angles to the same. L., Decentered,
one in which the optical center is not
opjKisite the pupil of the eye. L., Peri-
scopic, one with concavo-convex or
convexo-concave surfaces, the opposite
sides being of different curvatures; to
avoid spherical aberration, and to gain a
greater field of clear vision, called tneniscits
lenses. L., Plano-concave, Plano-
convex, Piano-cylindrical, has a plane
surface upon one side and a curved surface
u|xjn tlie reverse. L., Spherical, one
whose cur\x'd surface is a segment of a
sphere, either concave or convex, in con-
tradistinction to a cylindrical lens. L.,
Sphero-cylindrical, one with a spherical
surface ujxin one side, and a cylindrical
u|>on the reverse, used for the correction of
either myopia or hyperopia, combined with
astigmatism. See S/eetacle- Lenses.
Lentic'ular (dim. of /ens'). Pertaining to
orn-M-mliling a kns; also a descriptive term
applied to an inslr.imcnt witli a cur\ed
cutting edge for removing the rough edges of
iKjnc m.ide by the trephine. L. Ganglion.
See (J<in:;/ion. L. Nucleus, the extra-
ventricular [lortion of the ciirjius striatum.
Lenti'go (/ens). Freckles, Kphelides.
C'ircuinscrilH-d s|)Ots or patches of i)ig-
mcnt, small in size and occurring mainly
on the face and hands. I'rcckles rarely
occur lH:fore eight years, and arc not com-
mon in aged jx-rsons. Mo.st fre<|uent among
people of light Complexion.
Len'tor [len/us, adhesive). V'i.scidity of a
li'iuid.
Lconti'asis (leo, a lion). See E/e/hanti-
asis. L. Ossa. See Oiteitis.
Lep'er (P.fTrpof, scaly). One affected with
leprosy.
Lep'ido- (/'.fTT^f, a scale). A Greek pretix
signifying a scale, or scaly.
Lep'idoid (/f^^f). Having the appear-
ance of a scale.
Lepidoplas'tic (/fjr^f, Tr^adtrw, to form).
Funning scales.
Lepidop'tera (^cmf, Trrfpov, a wing). An
oriler of insects distinguished l)y feather-
like scales antl a sjiirally coiled suctorial
apparatus. The order includes butterflies
and moths.
Lepid'osis (?.£-/f). Same as Ichthyosis.
Also, a .synonjTii for Lepra.
Lep'ocyte (/f-oc, a husk or sheath, Kvrof,
a cell). A nucleated cell.
Lep'othrix (/.^770f, (^)iS,, a hair). A condi-
tion of the hair, es]>ecially that of the arm-
pits, in which the shaft becomes encased
in a sheath of hardened sebaceous matter.
Also, tlie topical ihrcad-like form assumed
by certain species of bacteria of the o 
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