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THE 


.  NEW  NATIONAL 

DICTIONARY,  ENCYCLOPEDIA 

AND  ATLAS 

REVISED  TO  DATE 

A   NEW,    ORIGINAL   AND   EXHAUSTIVE   LEXICON    OF   THE    ENGLISH 
LANGUAGE,    EXHIBITING    THE    ORIGIN,    DEVELOPMENT 
ORTHOGRAPHY,    PRONUNCIATION,    MEAN- 
ING,   AND    LEGITIMATE    OR 
CUSTOMARY  USE 
OF    ITS 

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BEING   ALSO 

COMPREHENSIVE  ENCYCLOPAEDIA  OF  ALL  THE  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES  WITH  CONDENSED 
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EDITED    BY 

ROBERT  HUNTER,  A.M.,  F.G.S.  AND  PROF.  CHARLES  MORRIS 

WITH  THE  ASSISTANCE  OF  THE  FOLLOWING  EMINENT  SPECIALISTS 

PROF.  THOMAS  H.  HUXLEY,  F.R.S.;  PROF.  RICHARD  A.  PROCTOR;   PROF.  A.  ESTOCLET;    JOHN  A    WILLIAMS    A   B 

TRINITY  COLLEGE,  OXFORD;   SIR  JOHN  STAINER,  MUS.  DOC.;  JOHN  FRANCIS  WALKER,  A  M     F  C  S  • 

T.   DAVIES,   F.  G.  S.;     PROF.   SENECA    EGBERT,    M.  D.,    MEDICO-CHIRURGICAL   COLLEGE 

PHILADELPHIA;  WILLIAM  HARKNESS,  F.I.C.,  F.R.M.S.;  MARCUS  BENJAMIN, 

PH.  D.,   SMITHSONIAN   INSTITUTION,   WASHINGTON,   D.  C., 
AND   ONE    HUNDRED   OTHERS 

VOLUME  XII 


CHICAGO 

BELFORD,  MIDDLEBROOK  &  COMPANY 
MDCCCXCVIII 


Copyright  1894  by  Syndicate  Publishing  Company. 
Copyright  1896  by  Syndicate  Publishing  Company, 
Copyright  1897  by  R.  S.  Peale  and  J.  A.  Hill. 
Copyright  1898  by  Belford,  Middlebrook  &  Co. 


planifolious— plant 


3635 


t  pla-ni-fo'-U-ous,  a.     [Pref.    plani-,  and 
Lat  folium  =  a  leaf.] 
Hot.:  Flat-leaved.    (Craig.) 

pla-nim'-e-ter,  s.  [Eng.  plane  and  meter.] 
An  instrument  for  ascertaining  the  contents 
of  irregular  plane  figures  ;  a  planeometer  or 
platometer. 

pla  m  met  -ric,    pla-ni-met  ric  al,  a. 

[Eng.  planimetr(y) ;  -ic,  -ical;  Fr.  plahimet- 
rique.}  Of  or  pertaining  to  planimetry; 
obtained  by  planimetry. 

pla-nlm'-e-try,  s.    [PLANEOMETRY.] 

plan  -Ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.    [PLANE,  t>.J 

A,  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  A  partlcip.  adv. :  (See 

the  verb). 
C.  As  subst. :  The  act  of  smoothing  the 

surface  of  woud,  &c.,  with  a  plane. 

planing  machine,  s. 

1.  Wood :  A   machine   for  truing  up  and 
facing  boards  or  the  sides  of  timbers.     When 
ft  also  works  the  edges,  it  is  known  also  as  an 
«dger;    when    the    edges   are   respectively 
tongued  and  grooved,  they  are    known    as 
matched,  are  said  to  be  matched  up ;  when 
the  stuff  is  moulded  or  dressed  to  ornamental 
chape,  the  machine  is  known  as  a  Moulding- 
machine. 

2.  Metal-working:  A  machine  in  which  a 
metallic  object  dogged  to  a  traversing-table 
is  moved  against  a  relatively  fixed  cutter.     la 
practice,  the  cutter  is  adjusted  in  a  stock, 
and  is  usually   fed    automatically   between 
strokes. 

pla  ni  pen-nes,  pla  ni  pen-na-tes, 
pla-nl-pen'-m-a,  s.  pi.  [Lat.  planus  —  flat, 
and  penna  —  a  feather,  a  wing.] 

Entom. :  A  sub-order  of  Neuropterous  In- 
sects, having  flat  wings.  The  fore  and  hind 
pair  are  similar,  the  liind  ones  not  broader 
than  the  others.  1-arvae  rarely  aquatic. 
Tribes  :  Megaloptera,  including  the  Myrmele- 
ontidae,  Hemerobiidae,  and  Mantispidae ; 
Sialid;e,  and  Panorpidae  (q.v.). 

pla-nl-pet'  a-lous,  o.  [Pref.  plani-,  and 
Eng.  petalous.] 

Bot. :  Haying  flat  petals  or  leaves ;  flat- 
leaved,  planifolious. 

plan'  ish,  v.t.  [PLANE,  v.]  To  make  smooth 
or  plane  ;  to  beat,  as  metals,  with  hammers, 
till  perfectly  smooth  ;  to  polish  by  hammer- 
ing. [PLANISHING,  C.] 

plan  Ish  er,  s.  [Eng.  planish;  -er.]  One 
who  or  that  which  planishes ;  specif.,  a  thin 
flat -ended  tool,  used  by  turners  for  smoothing 
brass-work. 

plan  ish  ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.    [PLANISH.] 
A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  £  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  subst. :  An  operation  in  which  sheet- 
rii-tiil  is  condensed,  smoothed,  and  toughened 
upon  a  smooth  anvil,  by  the  blows  of  a  ham- 
mer, having  a  very  slightly  convex  face,  and 
called  a  planishing-hammer. 

planishing  hammer,  *.  [PLANISHING.] 

planishing  rollers,  s.  pi.  The  second 
pair  of  rollers  in  preparing  coining-metal. 

planishing  stake,  s. 

Coppersmithing :  A  bench  stake,  or  small 
anvil,  for  holding  the  plate  when  under  the 
action  of  a  planishing-hammer. 

plan  I  sphere,  s.  [Pref.  plani;  and  Eng. 
sphere.} 

1.  The  representation  upon  a  plane  of  the 
Circles  of  the  zodiac. 

2.  Any  contrivance  in  which  plane  surfaces 
xiiove  upon  one  another  to  fulfil  any  of  the 
uses  of  a  celestial  globe. 

plan  i  spher  Ic,  a.  [Eng.  planisphere); 
•ic.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  planisphere. 

plank,  »  planke,  s.  [Lat.  planca  =  a  board, 
a  plunk  ;  Fr.pfaacM;  Dut. plank;  Sw.planka; 
Ger.  &  Dan.  plunk*.} 

1.  Lit. :  A  broad  piece  of  sawed  timber 
thicker  than  a  board  ;  specif.,  a  piece  of  timber 
between  l\  and  4  inches  thick,  and  more  than 
9  inches  wide. 

"  There  is  not  a  plant  of  the  hull  or  the  deck." 

Byron  :  Man/red,  il.  S. 


2.  Figuratively: 

*  (1)  Anything  resembling  a  plank  ;  a  slab. 

"  A  monument  of  freestone,  with  a  viank  of  marble 
thereou."—  W ood :  Athen.  Oxon.,  vol.  ii. 

(2)  Anything  serving  as  a  support. 

"  This  is  Indeed  the  only  plank  we  have  to  trust  to." 
—Sharp:  Sermoru,  voL  L,  ser.  8. 

(3)  A  principle  or  article  of  a  political  or 
other  programme  or  platform.    [PLATFORM.] 

"  They  should  be  made  ptankt  in  the  Liberal  plat- 
form."— Weekly  Echo.  Sept.  S,  1884. 

If  To  walk  the  plank :  A  mode  of  drowning 
their  captives  practised  by  pirates,  by  whom 
they  were  compelled  to  walk  along  a  plank 
laid  across  the  bulwark  until  they  overbalanced 
it  and  fell  into  the  water. 

"I  got  my  back  up  at  that  and  they  tealJud  On 
plank."— Scritmer't  Magazine,  Nov.,  1878,  p.  86. 

plank-bed,  s.  A  bed  of  boards,  raised  a 
few  inches  from  the  floor,  on  which  prisoners 
are  compelled  to  sleep  during  short  sentences, 
or  the  earlier  stages  of  a  long  confinement. 
No  mattress  is  allowed,  but  a  thin  pillow,  and  a 
bed-covering,  consisting  of  two  blankets  and  a 
rug,  besides  sheets,  are  issued  to  all  prisoners 
on  plank-beds.  This  statement  relates  to  Brit- 
ish, and  not  to  American  prisons. 

plank-hook,  s.  A  pole  with  an  iron  hook 
at  the  end,  with  which  quarrymen,  miners, 
and  others  shift  their  runs  or  wheeling-planks, 
as  occasion  requires. 

plank-plant,  ». 

Bot. :  Bossicea  Scolopendrivm. 
plank-revetment, *. 

Fort. :  Board  lining  of  an  embrasure  or 
covering  of  a  rampart. 

plank -road,  plank -way,  s.  A  road 
of  transverse  planking  laid  on  longitudinal 
sleepers.  Common  in  America. 

plank  sheer,  s. 

Shipbuild. :  A  plank  resting  on  the  heads  of 
the  top  timbers  of  the  frames  or  ribs. 

plank-way,  s.    [PLANK-ROAD.] 

plank,  v.t.    [PLANK,  «.] 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  Lit. :  To  cover  or  lay  with  planks ;  to 
form  of  planks. 

2.  Fig. :  To  lay  down,  as  on  a  table ;  to 
table,  to  pay  out  (Applied  to  money.)  (Amer.) 

3.  To  split  and  cook  on  a  board,  as  a  shad. ' 

H  Technically: 

1.  Hat-making  :  To  harden  by  Mting.    Said 
of  hat-bodies  after  forming. 

2.  Spinning:  To  unite  slivers  of  wool  in 
forming  roving. 

plank'-ing,  pr.  par.  &  ».    [PLANK,  «.] 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  Shipbuild. :  The  skin  or  wooden  covering 
of  plank  on  the  exterior  and  interior  surfaces 
of  the  ribs  and  on  the  beams. 

2.  Spinning :  The  splicing  together  of  slivers 
of  long-stapled  wool. 

3.  Steam :  The  lagging  or  clothing  of  a  steam- 
cylinder.    [CLEADINO.] 

planking-clamp,  s. 

Shipwright.  :  An  implement  for  bending  a 
strake  against  the  ribs  of  a  vessel  and  hold- 
ing it  till  secured  by  bolts  or  treenails. 

planking-machine,  ».  A  machine  in 
which  hat-bodies  are  planked. 

planking-screw,  s.  An  implement  for 
straining  planks  against  the  ribs  of  vessels. 

plank  -ton,  *.    Pelagic  beings  collectively. 

*  plank'-y,  *  plank  le,  o.  [Eng.  plank;  -y.] 
Constructed  or  composed  of  planks. 

"  He  came  before  the  plankie  gates." 

Chapman  :  Bomer ;  Iliad  x  ii. 

*  plan  less,  a.  [Eng.  plan ;  -less.}    Destitute 
of  a  plan. 

plan  ner,  s.  [Eng.  plan;  -er.]  One  who 
plans,  contrives,  devises,  or  projects  ;  a  pro- 
jector, a  deviser. 

pla  no-,  prtf.    [PLANI-.] 
piano-compressed,  a. 

Dot. :  Compressed  down  to  a  flattish  surface, 
as  Poinciaua. 


plano-concave,  a.  Plane  on  one  side 
and  concave  on  the  other  :  as,  a  plano-concavt 
lens.  [LENS.] 

*  piano-conical,  a.    Plane  or  flat  on  one 
side  and  conical  on  the  other. 

"  Some  few  are  piano-conical,  whose  superficies  is  IB 
part  level  between  both  ends."— Grew:  j/uiteum. 

plano-convex,  a.  Plane  on  one  side  and 
convex  on  the  other  :  as,  &  plano-convex  leua. 
[LENS.] 

piano-horizontal,  a.     Having  a  level 

horizontal  surface  or  position. 

piano  orbicular,  a.  Plane  on  one  sida 
and  spherical  on  the  other. 

piano-subulate,  a.  Smooth  and  awl* 
shaped.  [SUBULATE.] 

*  plan-og'-ra-phist,  s.  [Pref.  piano-;  Gr. 
ypdtfHo  (graplto)  =  to  delineate,  and  Eng.  sufT. 
-ist.}  A  surveyor,  a  plan  or  map-maker. 

"All  planogrui>Mttt  of  the  Holy  City."— IT.  JC 
Thornton:  Land  and  the  Book  (Southern  Palestine), 
V-  til. 

plan-6-lT-tes,  s.  [Pref.  piano-,  and  Gr.  \i»ot 
(lithos)  =  a  stone.]  A  fossil  worm-track. 

pla-nom'-e-ter,  s.  [Eng.  plane,  and  meter.] 
A  trial  or  plane  surface  on  which  articles  are 
tested  for  straightness  and  leveL  It  affords  a 
standard  gauge  for  plane  surfaces. 

pla  nom'-e-try,  *.  [Eng.  planometer;  -y.J 
The  act  of  measuring  or  gauging  plane  sur- 
faces ;  the  act  or  art  of  using  a  planometer. 

plan-or  -bis,  *.    [Pref.  pfct7i(o>,  and  Lat.  orbit 

=  a  circle.] 

Zool.  &  Palceont. :  A  genus  of  Litnnseida; 
shell  discoidal,  dextral,  and  many-win >i led; 
aperture  cresceutic,  peristome  thin.  Known 
species  145,  from  North  America,  Europe, 
India,  and  China ;  fossil  sixty,  from  the 
Wealden  onward.  (S.  P.  Woodward.)  The 
former  occur  in  stagnant  pools,  ditches,  and 
gently  running  brooks,  adhering  to  flags  and 
other  aquatic  plants.  Many  species  in  the 
United  States. 

plant,  *  plantc,  *  plaunt,  *  plaunte, 
*  plonte,  s.  [A.S.  plante,  from  Lat.  pianta 
=  a  plant,  the  sole  of  the  foot,  from  the  same 
root  as  Or.  irAarut  (platus)  =  spreading,  broad ; 
Dut.  plant;  Dan.  plante;  Sw.,  8p.,  &  Port. 
pianta ;  Ital.  pianta.} 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Literally: 

(1)  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  L 

(2)  A  sapling. 

*  (3)  A  shoot,  a  cutting. 

"  Yeve  me  a  plant  of  thilke  blessed  tree.* 

Chaucer  :  C.  T.,  (.Ml 

*  (4)  The  sole  of  the  foot. 

"  Knottie  legs,  and  pla»t$  of  clay 
Seeke  for  ease,  or  love  delay." 

Ben  J onion :  Unique  of  Oberon 

2.  Fig. :  A  plan,  a  dodge,  a  swindle,  a  trick  ; 
a  planned  theft  or  robbery.    (Slang.) 

"  I  was  away  from  London  a  week  and  more,  nw 
dear,  on  *  plant.*— Dickens:  Oliver  Tieitt,  ch.  ixxix. 

•f  In  this  sense  Mr.  A.  S.  Palmer  considers 
the  word  to  be  the  O.  Fr.  plant  =  a  plan. 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Nat.  Science :  Linnaeus  denned  a  plant  as 
an  organised  body  (being)  possessed  of  life, 
but  not  of  feeling.  In  his  contrasted  defini- 
tion of  an  animal,  he  assigned  the  latter  life, 
feeling,  and  voluntary  motion,  implying  that 
if  a  plant  moved  it  did  not  do  so  voluntarily. 
His  definition  is  essentially  accurate.  With 
regard  to  all  the  higher  members  of  the  Vege- 
table and  Animal  Kingdoms,  there  is  no  diffi- 
culty in  saying  which  is  a  plant  and  which  is 
an  animal.  Some  Mimosas,  &c.,  have  a  cer- 
tain sensitiveness  when  touched,  but  notwith- 
standing this  they  are  clearly  plants.  But 
"  Nat ura  non  facit  saltus  "  (Nature  does  not 
make  leaps,  that  is,  abrupt  transitions) ;  and 
the  humbler  members  of  the  two  kingdoms 
are  so  closely  akin,  that  whether  sponges  were 
animal  or  vegetable  was  once  a  debatable 
question,  though  now  they  are  considered 
compound  animals,  while  again  many  of 
Ehrenberg's  Infusoria,  once  ranked  as  animals, 
now  figure  as  humble  Algals.  Plants  derive 
their  nourishment  iiireetly  from  the  mineral 
kingdom,  animals  do  so  only  through  the  in- 
tervention of  plants.  The  latter  are,  as  a  rule, 
composed  chiefly  of  carbon,  hydrogen,  and 
oxygen  ;  animals  have  nitrogen  as  well.  Plants 
generally  absorb  carbon  dioxide,  and  give 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  jowl ;  cat,  90!!,  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
•Clan,  -tian  -  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -(ion,  -sion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.   -hie,  -die,  Ac.  =  bel,  del* 


8636 


plant— plantation 


forth  oxygen  ;  animals  reverse  the  process. 
With  slight  exceptions  cellulose  and  chloro- 
phyll are  distinctively  vegetable  productions. 
A  plant  consists  of  a  root,  of  organs  of  vegeta- 
tion, and  organs  of  reproduction.  It  may  be 
annual,  biennial,  or  perennial  (q.v.).  It  may 
be  a  herb,  an  undershrub,  a  shrub,  or  a  tree. 
It  may  be  evergreen,  or  have  deciduous  leaves. 
In  winter  there  is  a  suspension  of  assimilative 
power  and  growth,  like  the  hibernation  of 
animals.  The  close  of  petals  and  the  folding 
of  leaves  at  night  in  some  plants  suggest  their 
sleep,  lake  animals  sooner  or  later  they  die. 
De  Candolle  conjectured  that  the  known 
plants  were  from  110,000  to  120,000. 

Much  uncertainty  exists  as  to  the  place  in 
the  system  of  many  species  of  fossil  plants, 
and  scientific  names  frequently  indicate  that 
doubt.  Though  there  is  much  doubt  as  to 
fruit,  there  is  more  as  to  leaves,  for  they  often 
have  the  same  form  and  venation  in  orders 
remotely  apart  from  each  other.  Hence  at 
present  the  vegetable  unit  is  much  less  valu- 
able than  the  animal  in  investigating  fossils. 
The  first  appearance  of  plants  seems  to  have 
been  in  the  Silurian  rocks  ;  they  were  prob- 
ably Algae.  In  the  Upi«r  Silurian  Acrogens 
and  Conifers  first  appear.  The  Acrogens 
greatly  predominated  during  the  Carboniferous 
period  ;  the  Cycads  attained  their  maximum 
during  the  Jurassic  and  Lower  Cretaceous. 
Dicotyledons  liegan  apparently  before  the  close 
of  the  Cretaceous,  and  became  dominant  in 
the  Tertiary. 

2.  Comm.,  ilanuf.,  <tc.  :  The  tools,  machin- 
ery, apparatus,  and  fixtures,  as  used  in  a  par- 
ticular business  ;  that  which  is  necessary  to 
the  conduct  of  any  trade  or  mechanical  busi- 
ness or  undertaking. 

plant-ancestor,  *. 

Anthrop.  :  A  mythic  plant  from  which  a 
•avkge  tribe  claims  to  be  descended.  [TOTEM.] 

"  Now  If  an  «nim»l_  regarded  as  an  original  pro- 
genitor.  U  therefore  reverentially  treated,  to,  too.  may 
we  expect  the  plant-ancettor  will  be."—  Spencer  ; 
U76).  L  SH, 


plant-bugs,  i.  pi.    [PHYTOCOHC.] 
plant-cane,  t. 

Ayric.  (PL.)  :  The  crop  of  original  plants  of 
the  sugar-cane,  produced  from  the  germs 
placed  in  the  ground  or  land  of  the  first 
growth,  as  distinguished  from  ratoous.  [Ra- 
TOON.)  (Goodrich  d  Porter.) 

plant  -cutter,  *. 

Ornithology  : 

1.  Sing.  :  Any  bird  of  the  genus  Phytotoma, 
•r  the  gunus  itot-lt 

2.  I'l.  :  The  family  Phytotomida. 

plant  eating,  a.  Eating  or  subsisting 
on  plants  ;  phytophagous. 

Plant-eating  beetles  :  [PHYTOPHAGA]. 

plant-lice,  ».  pi.    [APHIDES.] 
plant-name,  ». 

1.  Hot.  :  The  popular  name  of  a  plant  as 
distinguished  from  its  scientific  name. 

"The  K.D.8.°s  '  Dictionary  of  Euglinh  Plant-name*' 
will  be  completed  this  yeai."—  .Vote**  Itueriet,  May  6, 
MU,  p.M«. 

2,  Anthrop.  :  The  name  of  a  tribe  or  of  an 
individual,  supposed  to  be  derived  from  a 
plant-ancestor  (q.v.). 

plant  of  gluttony,  ». 

Bot.  :  Corn-it*  niecica.  So  called  by  the 
Highlanders  because  the  berries,  which  are 
eaten  by  children,  are  said  to  impart  an 
appetite. 

*  plant-plot,  «.    Cultivated  land. 

*  Plant  pluti,  groves,  or  parka,"—  Holland:  Camden, 


plant-spirit,  *. 

Compar.  luiig.  :  A  spirit  supposed  to  dwell 
fa  and  animate  a  plant  or  tree.  [TREE-SPIRIT.] 

"  Explanation  of  the  conceived  shape  of  the  plant- 
tftrit.—  Spencer  :  SucMon  <«1  1««).  L  SM. 

plant-  worship,  «. 

Compar.  Relig.:  The  adoration  of  certain 
plants,  in  the  belief  that  they  are  animated  by 
•pints.  [TREE-  WORSHIP.] 

"  Plant  -wirihir.  then,  like  the  wonhlp  of  idoU  and 
animal*,  I*  an  aberrant  species  of  ancestor-worship."— 
Spencer  :  Sociology  (ed.  iMi).  L  Mft, 

Plant,  *  plannt,  e.f.  &  {.    [A.8.  geplantian  ; 

Lat.  planto  ;  Icel.  &  Sw.planta  ;  Dut.  plant<-n  ; 
Dan.  plante;  8p.  tl  Port,  plantar;  ItaL 
plantare.] 


A.  Transitive: 
L  Literally: 

1.  To  put  or  set  in  the  ground  and  cover,  as 
seed  for  growth. 

2.  To  set  in  the  ground  for  growth,  as  a 
young  tree  or  shrub. 

"  If  fomt  trees  are  properly  planted  and  thinned, 
litUe  pruning  1*  required.  —£a<rottr:  Botany,  f  118. 

3.  To  furnish  with  plants ;  to  fill  or  supply 
with  vegetables,  fruit-trees,  flowers,  &c,  ;  to 
lay  out  with  growing  plants. 

"  Planting  of  countries  Is  like  planting  of  woods.*— 
Bacon  :  iutiyi  ;  of  Plantattuni. 

IL  Figuratively  : 

*  L  To  engender,  to  generate ;  to  Bet  the 
seed  or  germ  of. 

"Solomon  himself  knew  no  other  course  to  ensure  a 
growing,  flourishing,  practice  of  virtue  in  man's 
mature,  or  declining  age,  but  by  planting  it  in  his 
youth."— South :  Sermont,  voL  v.,  aer.  1. 

*  2.  To  fix  firmly ;  to  implant 

"  The  fool  hath  planted  in  his  memory 
An  army  of  good  words." 

iituikfip. :  Merchant  of  Venice,  ill.  S. 

*  3.  To  set  or  fix  upright ;   to  fix  in  the 
ground.    (Dryden:  Virgil;  jEneidviii.  2.) 

4.  To  set  down ;  to  place  on  the  ground. 

"  I  plant  my  foot  upon  this  ground  of  trust." 

Cowper :  Hop*. 

*  5.  To  fix,  to  establish. 

"  Whose  dwelling  God  bath  planted  here  in  bliss." 
Milton  :  P.  L.,  IT.  884. 

6.  To  settle  ;  to  supply  the  first  inhabitants 
of;  to  establish. 

"The   state  of  Delaware  was  planted  in  1G10   by 
Lord  De  la  Warr  uuder  a  patent  granted  by  James  I. 
—Taylor:  Ward*  t  Placet,  cu.  U. 

*  7.  To  fix  the  position  of ;  to  locate. 

"  A  town.  In  truth  (with  he),  finely  built,  but  fool- 
ishly  planted."— Jleliguiat  Wottoniana,  p.  9. 

8.  To  introduce  and  establish  ;  as,  To  plant 
Christianity  in  a  country. 

9.  To  set  and  direct  or  point ;  as,  To  plant 
cannon  against  a  fort. 

10.  To  set  or  place  firmly ;  as,  To  plant  a 
ladder  against  a  wall. 

11.  To  mark  a  person  out  for  plunder  or 
robbery ;  to  conceal,  or  place.    (Slang  Diet.) 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  perform  the  act  of  planting ;  to  sow 
the  seeds. 


*  2.  To  settle   or   establish   colonies ;    to 
colonise. 

*  plant -a-ble,«.  [Eng.  plant;  -able.]  Capable 
of  being 'planted ;  fit  to  be  planted. 

plant -a-cruive,  plant-a-crew,  s.  [Prob. 
from  Fr.  plant  =  a  plantation,  a  bed ;  d  = 
to,  and  crue  —  increase,  growth.]  A  small 
inclosnre  for  the  purpose  of  raising  colewort 
plants.  (Scotch.) 

*  plant  -age  (age  as  tg),  «.     [Fr.  =  planta- 
tion, or  perhaps  from   Lat.  plantago  —  plan- 
tain.]   Anything  planted  ;  plants,  herbs. 

"  As  true  a*  steel,  as  ptantnge  to  the  moon." 

Slutketp. :  Troiiiu  t  Crettida,  iii.  *. 

plan-tag  In  a  -ce-se,  plan-ta-gln  -e  SB, 

$.  pi.      [Lat.   plantago,  gcuit.  plantagin(is) ; 
fern.  pi.  adj.  sufT.  -acece,  -tie.] 

Dot. :  Ribworts ;  an  order  of  Perigynous 
Exogens,  alliance  Cortusales.  Herbaceous 
plants  with  or  without  a  stem.  Ix-aves  flat 
and  ribbed  or  taper  and  fleshy.  Flowers  in 
spikes,  solitary ;  calyx  four-parted,  persistent ; 
corolla  membranous,  mouopetalous,  the  limb 
four-parted ;  sta- 
mens four ;  ovary 
two-  rarely  four- 
celled  ;  ovules 
solitary,  twin,  or 
indefinite ;  cap- 
sule  membra- 
nous, dehiscing 
transversely. 
Distri  l>u  t  ion 
world  -  wide. 
Known  genera 
three,  species  120 
(I.indleii),  about 
fifty  (Sir  /. 
Uovker).  British 
genera  two,  Lit- 
torella  atid  Plan- 
tago (q.V.).  PLANTAOO  MAJOR. 

plan  ta'  go.  s.    [Lat]    [PLANTAIN.] 

Bot. :  Plantain,  Ribgrass  ;  the  typical  genus 
of  the  order  Plantayinacese  (q.v.).      Herbs, 


with  bisexual  flowers ;  corolla  with  an  ovats- 
tube  and  a  four-partite,  reflexed  limb ; 
stamens  four ;  capsule  two-  to  four-celled, 
two-,  four-,  cr  many-seeded,  opening  trans- 
versely. Mucilaginous  and  astringent. 
Known  species  about  forty-eight  They  are 
most  abundant  in  temperate  and  cold  countries, 
and  are  common  weeds  in  the  United  States 
and  many  parts  of  the  Eastern  continents. 
Among  well-known  species  are  Plantago  major, 
the  Greater,  P.  media,  the  Hoary,  P.  lancenlata, 
the  Ribwort,  P.  maritima,  the  Seaside,  and  P. 
Cbronoput,  the  Buclcshorn  Plaintain  (q.Y.). 
These  are  common  in  parts  of  Europe.  P.  Psgl- 
Hum  has  been  found  in  Jersey,  P.  argentea  in 
Ireland,  and  P.  arenaria  in  England,  but  they 
are  not  truly  wild.  In  India  the  leaves  of  P. 
major  are  applied  to  bruises.  P.  Coronoptu  ia 
diuretic.  Demulcent  drinks  can  bo  made  from 
P.  Psyllium,  P.  arenaria,  and  P.  Cynopi.  The 
seeds  of  P.  Psyllium  and  P.  Itpaghvla,  treated 
with  hot  water,  yield  a  mucilage  given  in 
India  in  diarrhoea,  dysentery,  catarrh,  gonor- 
rhoea, and  nephritic  diseases.  P.  amplext* 
caulis  is  used  in  India  in  phthisis,  snake- 
poison,  intermittent  fever  and  as  an  external 
application  in  ophthalmia.  The  seeds  of  P. 
arenaria  were  believed  by  De  Candolle  to  be 
used  in  the  manufacture  of  muslins.  Soda  is 
obtained  in  Egypt  from  P.  tquarrosa. 

plan '-tain  (1), s.    [Fr. ,  from  Lat.  plantaginem, 
accus.  of  plantago  =  plantain,  from  its    flat) 
spreading  leaf.] 
Sot. :  The  genus  Plantago  (q.v.X 

H  The  Water  Plantain  is  the  genus  Alisma, 
and  specially  Alisma  Plantago. 

plan  tain  (2),  *.    [Sp.  platano.] 
Botany : 

1.  Musa  paradisiaca    A  small  tree  closely 
akin  to  the  Banana  (q.v.),  from  which  it  differs 
in  not  having  purple  spots  on  its  stem.    The 
fruit   also    is 

larger  and  more 
angular.  It  is  ex- 
tensively culti- 
vated through- 
put India,  where  I 
its  leaf  is  used 
for  dressing  blis- 
tered wounds 
and  as  a  rest  for 
the  eye  in  oph- 
thalmia. Ppw- 
dered  and  dried, 
it  is  used  to  stop 
bleeding  at  the 
nose.  The  fruit 
is  delicious 
and  thoroughly 
wholesome.  When  unripe  it  is  cooling  and 
astringent,  and  very  useful  in  diabetes.  Ths 
root  is  anthelmintic,  and  the  sap  is  given  to 
allay  thirst  in  cholera,  (Calctttta  Exhib.  Rep.) 

2.  The  fruit  of  Musa  paradisiaca. 

"The  yams  and  plantaini  did  not  suit  stomach* 
accustomed  to  good  oatmeal."— Macaulay  :  li^t.  Awtf., 
ch.  xxiv. 

plalntain-eater,  s.    [MUSOPHACA.] 
plantain-tree,  s.    [PLANTAIN  (2).] 

*  plant   al,  o.    [Eng.  plant ;  -of.]    Of  or  pel* 
taining  to  plants. 

"  The  most  degenerate  souls  did  at  last  sleep  in  th* 
bodies  of  trees,  and  grew  up  merel>  ii-io  plantat  life.* 
—More  :  Immort.  of  the  Haul,  bk.  iii,  ch.  L 

*  plan-tan,  *  plan  tone,  *.    [PLANTAIN,  2.) 

plan'-tar,  a.  [Lat.  plantaris,  from  planto 
=  the  sole  of  the  foot.]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  sole  of  the  foot :  as,  the  plantar  muscle. 

plan  ta  tion,  «.     [Lat.  plantatio,  from  plan- 
talus,    pa.    par.    of  planto  =  to    plant;    Fr. 
plantation;  Sp.  plantation ;  Ital. plantazione.\ 
*  1.  The  act  or  practice  of  planting  : 

(1)  The  act  of  planting  or  settling  in  th» 
ground  for  growth. 

(2)  The    act    of   planting,   setting,    or  es- 
tablishing a  colony. 

(3)  The  introduction  or  establishment 

•'  Episcopacy  must  be  cast  out  of  this  church,  after 
possession  here  from  the  first  plantation  of  Chrla. 
tiaiiity  in  tliij  Ulaud."—  King  Charte*:  Eikon  Battlilu. 

2.  That  which  is  planted  ;  a  place  planted  : 
(1)  A  small  wood  ;  apiece  of  ground  planted 
with  trees  or  shrubs  for  the  purpose  of  pro- 
ducing timber  or  of  preserving  game.  &«. 

"  Afox  was  seen  crowingaride  that  runs  through  th*> 
plantation."— Field,  Dec.  «,  1884. 


PLANTAIN. 
L  Fruit ;  2.  Section  of  Fruit, 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father :  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot» 
or.  wore,  wpli,  work.  who.  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian.    »,  ce  -  e ;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  lew. 


planter— plaster 


3637 


*  (2)  A  colony,  or  original  settlement  in  a 
new  country. 

"Plantation!  or  colonies,  In  distant  countries,  are 
•ither  luch  where  the  land*  are  claimed  by  right 
of  occupancy  only,  by  finding  them  desert  and  un- 
cultivated, and  peopling  them  from  the  mother 
country  ;  or  where,  when  already  cultivated,  they  have 
been  either  gained  by  conquest,  or  ceded  to  us  by 
treaties."— Blackuone:  Comment.,  |  4.  (In  trod.) 

IT  The  term  was  originally  applied  specif. 
to  the  British  settlements  in  America. 

(3)  Specif.,  in  the  United  States,  West 
and  East  Indies,  a  large  estate,  cultivated 
chiefly  by  negroes  or  natives,  who  live  in  a 
distinct  community  on  the  estate,  under  the 
control  of  the  proprietor  or  manager :  as,  a 
cotton  plantation. 

plant' -er,  s.    [Eng.  plant,  v. ;  -er.] 
L  Literally: 

1.  One  who  plants,  sets,  or  cultivates :  as,  a 
planter  of  corn.    (Philips :  Cider,  i.  41.) 

2.  One  who  owns  a  plantation.     (Chiefly 
in  the  United  States  and  the  West  Indies.) 

"  From  the  experience  of  our  planters,  slavery  is  as 
little  advantageous  to  the  master  as  to  the  slave."— 
Hume  :  Euayi.  pt.  U.,  ess.  IL 

IL  Figuratively : 

1.  One  who  plants,  settles,  or  establishes, 
as  a  colony. 

"It  was  a  place 
Chosen  by  the  Sovereign  I'lanter* 

Milton:  P.  L..  iv.  691. 

*  2.  One  who  introduces,  disseminates,  or 
establishes ;  an  introducer,  a  disseminator. 

"Bad  these  writings  differed  from  the  sermons  of 
the  first  ptanteri  of  Christianity  in  history  ordoctriue, 
they  would  have  been  rejected  by  those  churches 
which  they  had  formed."— Atkliion. 

3.  A  piece  of  timber,  or  the  naked  trunk  of 
a  tree,  one  end  of  which  is  firmly  planted  in 
the  bed  of  a  river,  while  the  other  rises  near 
the  surface  of  the  water,  a  dangerous  ob- 
struction to  vessels  navigating  the  rivers  of 
the  Western  United  States.    (Bartlett.) 

4.  A  person  engaged  in  the  fishing  trade. 
(Newfoundland.) 

plant'-er-dom,  ».  [Eng.  planter;  -dom.] 
Planters  collectively.  (W.  H.  Russell.) 

plant'-er-Shlp,  s.  [Eng.  planter;  -ship.] 
The  occupation,  business,  or  position  of  a 
planter ;  the  management  of  a  plantation,  as 
in  the  United  States,  West  Indies,  &c. 

•plan'-ti-cle,  s.  [A  dimin.  from plant  (q.v.).'] 
A  little  or  young  plant ;  a  plant  in  embryo. 

t  plan-tl-gra'-da,  s.  pi.  [Lat  planta  =  the 
sole  of  the  foot,  and  gradus  =  a  step.] 

Zool. :  A  section  of  the  Car- 
nivora,  embracing  those  which 
apply  the  whole  or  nearly  the 
whole  of  the  sole  of  the  foot 
to  the  ground  in  progressive 
motion.  Example,  the  Bears, 
the  Badgers.  (Owen.) 

t  plan' -  ti  -  grade,   a.  &  «. 
[PLANTIORADA.] 

A.  As  adj.:  Walk- 
ing on  the  sole  of 
the  foot ;  pertain- 

nx>T  OF  BEAR.  ing    or    belonging 

to  the  r'.jntigrada. 

B.  As  subst. :  Any  member  of  the  section 
Plautigraila  (q.v.). 

plant  -ing,  "plaunt  yng,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s. 

[PLANT,  V.} 

A.  &  B.  vis  pr.  par.  £  particip.  adj.  :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  substantive : 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

I.  The  act,  process,  or  practice  of  setting 
seeds  or  plants  in  the  ground  for  cultivation  ; 
the  formation  of  plantations. 

*2.  That  which  is  planted;  a  plant,  a 
plantation. 

"  Every  plaunt  yng  that  my  fadir  of  bevene  hath  not 
plauutid  sohal  be  drawen  up  bi  the  route."—  WycUffe  : 

II.  Arch. :  The  laying  of  the  first  courses  of 
stone  in  a  foundation. 

•plant -less,  a.  [Eng.  plant,  s. ;  -less.]  Des- 
titute of  plants  or  vegetation  ;  barren. 

•  planf-lSt,  s.    [Eng.  plant,  s. ;  dimin.  stiff. 
-let.]    A  little  plant ;  an  undeveloped  or  rudi- 
mentary plant. 

*  plant'-ling,  s.     [Eng.  plant,  s. ;  dim.  suff. 
•ling.]    A  little  plant. 


*  plan-toc'-ra-9y,  t.     [Eng.  planner),  and 

Gr.  icpaTeu  (krateo)=  to  rule.J 
L  Government  by  planters. 
2.  The  body  of  planters  collectively. 

plant  -ule,  ».  [Fr.,  dimin.  from  plante  =  a 
plant.]  The  embryo  of  a  plant. 

plan'-u-la,  s.  [Lat.  a  little  plane,  dimin.  from 
pianus  =  level,  flat] 

Zool. :  A  minute,  ciliated,  cylindrical  marine 
animal.  It  is  the  embryo  of  the  Corynida. 

planx'-ty\  *.    [Cf.  Lat.  plango  =  to  lament.] 

Music:  A  melody,  so  called  by  Irish  and 
Welsh  harpers.  They  were  not  always  of  the 
doleful  character  their  name  would  seem  to 
imply.  Also  called  a  Lament. 

*plap,  v.i.  [From  the  sound ;  ct  plop.]  To 
plop,  to  splash. 

"They  plopped  up  and  down  by  their  pooL"— 
Thackeray  :  Roundabout  J'aptrt,  z. 

plaque  (quo  as  k),  s.    [Fr.] 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  An  ornamental  plate  of  china  or  other 
ware  upon  which  pictures  are  painted. 

"Plaquei  are  multiplying  upon  the  face  of  the 
earth  with  frightful  celerity.  —  Sarper't  Monthly. 
June,  138-2,  p.  us. 

2.  A  brooch ;  the  plate  of  a  clasp. 

H.  Art :  A  flat  plate  of  metal  upon  which 
enamels  are  painted ;  hence,  the  word  is 
applied  to  the  small  enamels  themselves,  done 
at  Limoges  in  the  fifteenth  century. 

*  plash  (1),  *  plasche,  *  pleash,  s.    [O.  Dnt 

plasch  =  a  puddle ;  cf.  Ger.  (onomat.)  ]>latsch>:n 
=  to  splash,  to  dabble  ;  Dan.  pladske ;  Sw. 
plaska;  Eng.  splash.] 

1.  A  small  pool  of  standing  water ;  a  large 
puddle,  a  pond. 

"  [It]  rages,  foames.  against  a  mountaine  dashes. 
And  in  recoile.  makes  meadowes  standing  jileathet." 
Brownt :  Britanniat  Pattoralt,  L  1. 

2.  A  splash. 

plash-Wheel,  $.    A  dash-wheel  (q.v.). 

plash  (2),  s.  [PLASH  (2),  v.]  A  branch  of  a 
tree,  partly  cut  or  lopped,  then  bent  down 
and  interwoven  with  other  branches,  so  as  to 
form  a  thick,  close  fence.  (Miller :  Gardener's 
Dictionary.) 

plash  (1),  v.i.  &  t.    [PLASH  (1),  ».] 

A.  Intrans. :  To  dabble  in  water ;  to  splash  ; 
to  make  a  splashing  noise. 

"  Far  below  him  pi  nhfd  the  waters." 

Longfellow :  Hiawatha,  ivi 

B,  Transitive: 

1.  To  splash  or  make  a  splashing  sound  in. 

2.  To  splash  or  sprinkle,  as  a  wall,  with 
colouring  matter,  so  as  to  produce  an  imita- 
tion of  granite. 

plash  (2),  v.t.  [PLEACH,  v.]  To  cut  partly 
and  intertwine  the  branches  or  boughs  of,  as 
in  a  hedge ;  to  strengthen  by  interweaving  the 
boughs  or  twigs  of. 

"  Plathing  the  bougbes  that  growe  tbicke  out  of  the 
sydea." — Goldingt :  Catar,  So.  K. 

plash'-ct,  s.  [Eng.  plash  (I),  s. ;  dimin.  suff. 
-et.}  A  little  pond  ;  a  puddle. 

plash  ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [PLASH  (1),  v.] 

plash -ing -ly,  adv.  [Eng.  plashing;  -ly.]  In 
a  plashing  manner  ;  with  a  plash  or  splash. 

"Some  heavy  raindrops  fell  plathinaly."  —  Daily 
Newt.  July  15,  1881. 

*  plash' -oot,  ».      [PLASH  (2),  v.]     A   fence 
made  of  branches  of  trees  intertwined. 

"  Every  plathoot  [serves)  for  spingles  to  catch  them." 
—Caret* :  Survey  of  Corntrall. 

plash' -y,  * plash-ie,  o.  [Eng. plash(l), s. ;  -y.] 

1.  Watery  ;  abounding  with  plashes  or  pud- 
dles.   (Wordsworth:  Excursion,  bk.  viii.) 

2.  Marked  or  speckled,  as  if  with  splashes 
of  a  colouring  liquid. 

plasm,  s.  [Gr.  n-Xao-fxa  (plasma),  from  n-Adcro-u 
(plasso)  =  to  mould,  to  form.] 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  mould  or  matrix,  in 
which  anything  is  moulded  or  formed  to  a 
particular  shape.  (Woodward :  On  Fossils.) 

2.  Biol. :  [PLASMA  (1)]. 

plas  -ma  (1),  «•    [PLASM.] 

1.  Biol. :  The  viscous  material  of  a  cell  from 
which  the  new  developments  take  place ; 
formless,  elementary  matter. 


2.  Chem. :  [PROTOPLASM]. 

3.  Anat.  :  The  fluid  part  of  the  blood  t* 
which  the  red  corpuscles  float.    Called  also 
Liquor  sanquinis.     In   1,000  parts  of  blood 
there  are  of  corpuscles  326%  of  plasma  61 
There  is  a  plasma  of  lymph,  and  of  chyle. 

plas'-ma  (2),  s.  [Gr.  irpaa-ivos  (prasinos)  =» 
leek-green.  Originally  written  Prasma,  but 
corrupted  by  the  Italians  to  Plasma.  (King.)] 
Min. :  A  bright  to  leek-green  variety  of 
chalcedony,  sometimes  almost  emerald-green ; 
feebly  translucent ;  lustre,  somewhat  ofly  ; 
fracture,  sub-vitreous,  probably  due  to  a  small 
amount  of  opal-silica  present.  It  is  rather 
rare,  and  was  much  esteemed  by  the  ancients 
for  engraving  upon.  . 

-plas  mat -ic,*  plas  mat -ic-al,  a.  [Gr. 
wAcuTfiaTiKd?  (plasmatikos),  from  irAao>a  (plas- 
ma) =  a  plasm  (q.v.).] 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  plasma ;  having  the 
nature  of  plasma. 

2.  Having  the  power  or  property  of  giving 
form  or  shape  ;  shaping. 

*  plas-ma'-tion,   s.     [Lat.  plasmatio,  from 
plasma  (genit.  plasmatis)  =  plasm  (q.v.).]  The 
act  of  giving  form  or  shape  to ;  forming,  for- 
mation. 

"  The  plarmation  or  creation  of  Adam  is  reckoned 
among  the  generations."— Qrajton:  Citron.,  pt.  i.,  p.  «. 

*  plas  -ma-tor,  s.    [Lat]    One  who  forms  or 
creates ;  a  creator. 

"The  sovereign platmator,  God  Almighty."—  Prgw. 
hart:  Rabelait.  bk.  ii.,  ch.  viii. 

*  plas'-ma -ture,  «.     [Low  Lat.  plasmatura.] 
Form,  shape. 

plas'  mic,  a.  Of  the  nature  of  or  pertaining 
to  plasma. 

plas'-min,  s.    [Eng.  plasm(a);  -in  (Chem.).'] 

Chem. :  A  constituent  of  the  blood  to  which 
is  attributed  the  property  of  spontaneous  co- 
agulation. It  is  soluble  in  water,  and  is  de- 
posited in  flocks  from  its  solution  in  sulphate 
of  sodium  by  saturation  with  chloride  of 
sodium.  When  heated  to  100°  it  becomes  in- 
soluble in  water,  and  when  dissolved  in  20 
parts  of  water,  it  solidifies  after  a  few  minutes 
to  a  colourless  jelly. 

pl£s-md'-di-um,  s.  [Eng.,  &c.  plasma,  and 
Gr.  «I6os  (eidos)  =  form.] 

Biol. :  A  large  jelly-like  mass  formed  by  an 
aggregation  of  amoebas.  From  it  are  developed 
fungoid  organisms  and  their  spores.  It  exist* 
specially  in  Myxomycetous  Fungals.  It  baa 
an  amoeboid  motion. 

plas-mog'-o'-ny^  s.  [Eng.,  Ac.  plasma,  and 
Gr.  yavri  (gone)  =  offspring.] 

Biol. :  The  generation  of  an  organism  from 
a  plasma.  (Rossiter.) 

plas  mdl'-d  gy,  ».    Minute  or  microscopic 

anatomy. 

plas  -ter,  plais  ter  (ai  as  a),  *  plais"- 
ter,  *  plas  tre,  s.  [O.  Fr.  piastre  (Fr.  pla- 
tre) ;  A.S.  plaster,  from  Lat.  emplastrum  =  a 
plaster ;  Gr.  inw\aarpov  (emplastron),  for  l>i- 
irAaoTov  (emplaston),  from  c^n-Aao-o-io  (emplassd) 
=  to  daub  on  :  eft-  (em-)  =  iv-  (en-)  =  in,  on, 
and  n-Aacrtno  (plassff)  =  to  mould ;  Dut.  plat- 
ter;  Sw.  plaster;  Ger.  pjlaster.] 

1.  Building: 

(1)  Calcined  gypsum  or  sulphate  of  lime» 
used,  when  mixed  with  water,  for  finishing 
walls,  for  moulds,  ornaments,  casts,  luting, 
cement,  Ac.    The  hydrated  sulphate  of  lime 
is  calcined  at  a  heat  of  about  300°  Fall.,  and 
parting  with  20  per  cent  of  water  falls  into  a 
white  powder.     While  it  decrepitates  it  does 
not  decomi>ose,  like  limestone,  but  is  greedily 
absorbent  of  water,  and  by  combination  there- 
with becomes  again  solid.    [CEMENT.] 

"  The  phuter.  or  stucco,  is  extremely  hard,  and  in  a 
climate  so  dry  may  equal  stone  in  solidity  and  dura- 
tion."— Euttac* :  Italy,  vol.  li.,  ch.  i. 

(2)  A  composition  of  lime,  sand,  and  water, 
with  or  without  hair  as  a  bond,  and  used  to 
cover  walls  and  ceilings. 

2.  Pharm. :  An  unctuous  compound,  united 
either  to  a  powder  or  some  metallic  oxide, 
and  spread  on  linen,  silk,  or  leather,  for  con- 
venience of  external  application. 

If  The  use  of  the  form  plaster  is  restricted 
by  medical  men  to  applications  of  plaster  of 
Paris.  [SPLINT.]  Plaifter  is  a  wider  term: 
as,  diachylon  plaister,  court  plaister. 


boil,  boy  ;  pout,  jolfrl ;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as  :  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  fc 
-dan,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  -  shun ;  -tion,  -f  ion  =  zhun.    -clous,  - tious,  -sious  -  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del, 


3638 


plaster— platanaceee 


plaster-cast,  *.  A  copy  of  an  object 
obtained  by  pouring  plaster  of  Paris  mixed 
with  water  into  a  mould  which  forms  a  copy 
of  the  object  in  reverse. 

plaster  of  Paris,  5.    [GYPSCM.) 
plaster-splint,  s.    [SPLINT.] 
plaster-stone,  s.    [GYPSUM.] 

plas'-ter,  plais-ter  (ai  as  a).  *  plals'-ter, 

*  plays  ter,  v.t.    [0.  Fr.  puatrer  (Fr.  pla- 
trer),  from  plastrt  =  plaster  (q.v.).] 

1.  To  cover  or  overlay  with  plaster,  as  the 
walls  or  ceilings  of  a  house. 

"  Of  all  hli  houws  he  had  abroad  In  the  oountrey.  he 
had  not  one  wall  plaiitered,  nor  rough  ca«t"—  ."forth  : 
Plutarch,  p.  »0. 

2.  To  cover  with  a  plaster,  as  a  wound  or 
•ore. 

3.  To  bedaub  ;  to  cover  coarsely  or  thickly  : 
as,  To  plaster  one's  face  with  paint. 

t  4.  To  spread  coarsely  or  thickly. 
-But  hadst  ttu.u  wen  her  ptalitfr'd  up  before. 
Twaa  »o  unlike  a  face  It  seern'd  a  sore." 

Dryden  :  Jurenal,  sat  VL 

5.  To  cover  or  overlay  roughly  with  any 
•ubstance  resembling  plaster. 

"  He  wai  out  out  In  a  twlge  basket  or  hamper,  flat. 
tmd  ouer  with  lime,  into  the  riuer."—  Cdal  :  Act*  vii. 

*  6.  To  cover  over  ;  to  hide,  to  gloss. 

"  Playtteryng  T  their  unsauery  sorceries."—  Bale  : 
Fotariet,  pt.  i. 


plas'-ter-er,    *  plals'-ter-er,    *  plays- 
ter-er,  *.    [Eng.  plaster;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  plasters  ;  one  whose  trade  is  to 
cover  wall.-;,  Ac.,  with  plaster. 

"  Thy  father  was  a  platttrer." 

Shaketp.  :  t  Benry  VI..  IT.  S. 

*  2.  One  who  moulds  or  forms  figures  in 
plaster.    (Wotton  :  Remains,  p.  63.) 

5  The  London  Plasterers'  Company  was  in- 
corporated in  1501. 

plas'-ter  ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  A  1.  [PLASTEB,  v.] 
A.  k  B.  As  pr.  par.  t  particip.  adj.  :  (See 
thr  verb). 
C.  As  substantive  : 
L  Literally: 

1.  The  act  of  covering  or  overlaying  with 
plaster. 

2.  A  covering  pr  coat  of  plaster  ;  the  plaster- 
work  of  a  building. 

*  IL  Fig.  :  The  act  of  covering  over,  cloak- 
Ing,  or  concealing. 

"In  splght  of  all  our  platterinyi  and  drawings  of  It, 
'twill  prove  incurable.  —South:  Srrmont.  vol.  via., 
•er.  i 

•  plas'  ter  iah,  "  plais'-ter-ish,  a.   [Eng. 
plaster  ;  -iah.]    Chalky,  cretaceous. 

•'  The  Inland  gat  the  name  Albion  of  the  saide  flail- 
ttiith  H>i\c.~-P.  Bolland  :  Camden,  p.  14. 

•  plas  -ter-iy,   *  plals'-ter-ly,  a.     [Eng. 
plaster  ;  -ly.]  Of  the  nature  of  plaster  ;  chalky, 
cretaceous. 

"  Out  of  ripwns  or  pltitterlf  ground."—  Fuller  : 
Hitt.  Cambridge.  viL  S«. 

•  plas'-ter-y.  a.    [Eng.  plaster;  -y.]    Resem- 
bling plaster  ;  of  the  nature  of  plaster. 

pl&3  -tic,  *  plas'-tic-al,  *  plas  tick.  a. 

[Lat.  pUutieus,  from  Gr.  irAacrriicdc  (plnstikos) 
=  fit  for  moulding,  skilful  in  moulding,  from 
wAacrro*  (ptastos)  =  forme'l,  moulded  ;  n-Ado-o-u 
(p/aiso)  =  to  form,  to  mould  ;  Fr.  plastiqut  ; 
8p.  &  IU1.  plastico.] 

1.  Having  the  power  or  property  of  giving 
form  or  fashion  to  a  mass  of  matter  ;  giving 
form  or  shape.    (Cowper  :  Power  of  Harmony.) 

2.  Capable  of  being  modelled  or  moulded 
into  various  forms,  as  clay,  plaster. 

"The  composition  I*  now  of  a  flattie  character."— 
—Scribner't  iltigiune.  March.  1878.  p.  087. 

*  3.  Capable  of  being  moulded  or  bent  into 
any  required  direction  or  course  ;  pliable  :  as, 
Youth  is  more  plastic  than  age. 

4.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  modelling  or 
moulding  ;  produced  or  appearing  to  be  pro- 
duced by  modelling  or  moulding. 

plastic-art,  s.  Sculpture,  as  distinguished 
from  the  graphic  arts. 

plastic-bronchitis,  s. 

Pathol.  :  A  rare  form  of  bronchitis  in  which 
•olid  concretions  of  exuded  matter  exist 
within  the  bronchial  tubes.  It  is  generally 
very  chronic.  The  prolonged  use  of  ammonia 
carbonate  is  beneficial. 


plastic-clay,  s. 

Geol. :  A  clay  of  Lower  Eocene  age,  occur- 
ring in  the  Paris  basin,  and  used  in  making 
pottery,  whence  the  name.  The  appellation 
was  given  to  the  corresponding  stratum  in 
England,  which  also  yields  a  clay  used  in 
pottery.  It  is  now  designated  the  Woolwich 
and  Reading  Series  (q.v.). 

*  plastic-force,  s. 

Science:  A  hypothetical  force  to  which 
fossil  shells  were  attributed  in  Italy  in  the 
sixteenth  century.  Fracostoro  strongly  op- 
posed this  view.  (Lyell:  Prin.  Geol,,  ch.  iii.) 

plastic -linltis,  s. 

Pathnl. :  Dr.  Brinton's  name  for  fibroid  in- 
filtration of  the  pyloric  or  the  cardiac  region. 

plastic-medium,  s. 

Metaph. :  A  medium  imagined,  to  account 
for  the  communication  between  the  body  and 
the  soul,  and  partaking  of  the  qualities  of 
both.  The  hypothesis  cannot  be  maintained. 
There  can  be  no  existence  at  once  extended 
and  unextended ;  or  if,  like  man,  this  medium 
be  supposed  to  be  a  union  of  body  and  soul, 
it  is  itself  in  want  of  a  medium,  and  therefore 
valueless  for  the  purpose  for  which  it  was 
imagined. 

plastic-operations,  s.  pi. 

Surg. :  Operations  which  have  for  their  ob- 
ject to  restore  lost  parts,  as  when  the  skin  of 
the  cheeks  is  used  to  make  a  new  nose.  Some- 
times called  Plastic-surgery. 

plastic -surgery,  a.  [PLASTIC-OPERA- 
TIONS.] 

*  plas'-tlc-al-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  plastical;  -ly.] 
lu  a  plastic  "manner.    (De  Quincey.) 

plas-ti9  -i-ty,  s.    [Fr.  plasticite.] 

1.  The  quality  or  property  of  giving  form 
or  shape  to  matter. 

2.  The  capacity  of  being  moulded,  modelled, 
or  formed  into  any  shape. 

'•  The  longer  the  man  is  kept  without  losing  ita 

Cri'city  the  better  it  becomes." — Scribner't  Magazine, 
ch,  1878,  p.  687. 

plas'-tid,  plas-tid  -i-iim,  s.    [Gr.  v\<iom.s 
(plastis),    genit.    irAatmoos    (plastidos)   =  a 
female  moulder.] 
Biol. :  (See  extract). 

"  By  the  recent  progress  of  the  cell  theory,  it  has 
become  necessary  to  give  the  elementary  organisms 

.  .  which  are  usually  designated  as  cells,  the  more 
general  and  more  suitable  name  of  form-units  or 
platlidt."—aaectel :  BM.  Creation  (Eng.  ed.),  i.  847. 

*  plas  tog  -raphy,    S.      [Gr.    n-Aao-roypa^t'a 
(plastographia)  —  forgery,  from  TrAaoroc  (plas- 
tos)  =  formed,  and  ypdjua  (grapho)  —  to  write.] 

1.  Imitation  of  hand-writing ;  forgery. 

2.  The  art  of  modelling  figures  in  plaster. 

plas'-tron,  s.    [Fr.] 

•  1.  Fencing :  A  piece  of  leather,  stuffed  or 
padded,  worn  by  fencers  to  protect  the  breast. 

"  Flourish  the  sword,  and  at  the  plastron  push." 
DrydtH  :  Juvenal,  sat.  vl. 

2.  Comp.  Anat. :   The   under   part  of  the 
buckler  of  the  Chelonians.    It  is  formed  by 
skin  or  membrane-bones,  and  usually  consists 
of  nine  pieces,  more  or  less  developed. 

3.  Dress:  A  trimming  for  the   front  of  a 
dress,  of  a  different  material,  usually  sewn 
about  halfway  down  the  seam  on  the  shoulder, 
and  narrowing  as  it  descends  across  the  chest 
to  the  waist.    It  is  made  full. 

"  A  cuirass  bodice  with  a  plittron  of  the  same 
embroiuery."— Daily  Telegraph,  Nov.  3,  1»8S. 

*  plastron  de  fer,  a. 

Old  Armour:  An  iron  breast-plate,  worn 
beneath  the  knight's  hauberk  as  an  additional 
protection,  as  well  as  to  prevent  the  friction 
or  pressure  of  the  ringed  plates. 

*  plat  (1),  v.t.    [PLAIT,*.] 

plat  (2),  v.t.     [PLAT  (2),  *]     To  lay  out  in 

plots ;  to  plot. 

*  plat  (3),  •  platt,  "  platte,  v.t.  &  i.    [A.8. 
plcettan;  O.  L)ut.  platten,  pletten;  M.  H.  Ger. 
plat:en,  blatsen.] 

A.  Transitive : 

L  To  strik".    (ffavtlok,  2,626). 
2.  To  plaster. 

-  He  plaltrth  his  butter  upon  his  breed."— Paltffrat*. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  spur. 

"  That  he  nc  come  tone  ptatHnde."     Bavelok,  2,281. 


plat  (1),  «.    [PLAIT,  ».] 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  plait,  plaiting. 

2.  Naut.  :  A  braid  of  foxes,  used  as  in  ser- 
vice for  a  cable  in  the  hawse.  [For,  t.,  II.  2.] 

plat  (2),  *  plate,  s.,  a.,  &  adv.  [PLOT,  *.] 
[The  spelling  plat  is  prob.  due  to  Fr.  plat  = 
flat.] 

A.  As  substantive  : 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  A  small  piece  or  plot  of  ground  marked 
out  for  some  special  purpose. 

"  This  flowery  plat."  Milton  :  P.  L.,  ix.  4M. 

2.  A  large  flat  stone  used  as  the  landing 
place  of  a  stair.    (Scotch,.) 

*  3.  A  plan,  a  'plot,  a  design,  a  sketch,  an 
outline. 

"  To  note  all  the  Islands,  and  to  set  them  downe  in 
l^at."—lfa<Muyt  :  Voyaget,  i.  437. 

*  4.  The  flat  of  a  sword. 

IL  Mining:  A  piece  of  ground  cut  out 
about  a  shaft  after  it  is  sunk  to  a  certain  depth 
for  containing  ore  or  deads. 

"  We  are  cutting  out  ground  for  construction  of  ft 
plat  shoot."—  Honey  Market  Review,  NOT.  7,  188&, 

*  B.  As  adj.  :  Flat,  plain,  level. 

"  He  lyeth  downe  his  one  eare  all  plat 
Unto  the  grounde."  (Sower  :  0.  A.,  L 

*  C.  As  adverb  : 

L  Smoothly,  evenly,  flat. 

"  I  fel  down  plat  unto  the  ground.  " 

.      Komaunt  of  tht  Hon. 

2.  Flatly,  plainly,  downright. 

"  But  sir,  ye  lye,  I  tel  you  plat." 

Komaunt  of  the  Ron. 

*  plat-blind,  a.    Quite  or  perfectly  blind, 
plat-footed,  a.    Splay-footed. 

pla'-ta,  «.    [Sp.]    Silver. 
plata-azul,  «. 

Mining  :  The  Mexican  name  for  a  rich  ore 
of  silver. 

plata  -verdc,  *. 

Mining  :  A  native  bromide  of  silver  found 
in  Mexico. 

plat  a  can-tho  my-i'-nse,  s.  ;)?.  [Mod. 
Lat.  platacanthomy(s)  ;  Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff. 
-inee.] 

Zool.  :  A  sub-family  of  Muridse,  with  • 
single  genus,  Platacanthomys  (q.v.) 

plat  a-can  -tho-mys,  s.  [Pref.  plat-,  Gr. 
ancavda,  (akantha)  =  a  bristle,  and  /iu«  (mus)  = 
a  mouse.] 

Zool.  :  The  single  genus  of  the  sub-family 
Platacanthomyinae.  There  is  but  one  species, 
Platacanthomys  lasiurus,  from  the  Malabar 
coast.  It  resembles  a  dormouse  in  form,  but 
the  fur  of  the  back  is  mixed  with  long  bristles. 

pla  ta-le  a,  s.    [Lat.] 

Ornith.  :  Spoonbill  (q.v.),  closely  allied  to 
the  Storks,  but  having  the  bill  long  and 
widened  out,  and  spoon-shaped  at  the  ex- 
tremity. Six  species  are  known,  from  the 
warmest  parts  of  the  world,  except  the  Mo- 
luccas and  the  Pacific  islands. 


plat  a-le  -I-d«,  *.  pi.    [Lat.  platale(a)  ;  fern. 
pi.  adj.  suff.  -iilii:.] 

Ornith.  :  A  family  of  Herodiones,  with  two 
sub-families,  Ibidinse  and  Plataleime  (q.v.). 

plat  a-le-I'-nse,  s.  pi.    [Lat.  platale(a);  fern. 
pi.  adj.  suff.  -ince.] 

Ornith.  :  A  sub-family  of  Plataleidse,  with 
the  single  genus  Platalea  (q.v.). 

plat  am  mo  ni  um,  s.     [Eng.  jilnt(inum\ 
and  ammonium.] 

Chem.  :  N\,H,;Pt".  The  hypothetical  baso 
of  diaininonio-]ilatinous  compounds. 

•plat  -an,  *plat-ane,  s.     [Lat  platanus.} 
A  plane-tree  iq.v.). 

"  Where  clear-stemmed  pJatani  guard 
The  outlet.*         Tennynn:  Arabian  JfigUi. 

plat-a-na-ce-89,   s.  pi.     [Lat.  platan(iu); 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -actce.] 

Bot.  :  Planes  ;  an  onler  of  Diclinous  Exo- 
gens,  alliance  Euphorbiales.  Deciduous  trees 
or  shrubs,  with  alternate,  palmate,  or  toothed 
leaves  in  scarious  sheathing  stipules;  flowera 
unisexual,  amentaceous;  catkins  round, 
pendulous.  Males  :  stamen  one,  without 
floral  envelope,  but  with  small  scales  and 
appendages  ;  ovary  one-celled,  terminated  by 


Ate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father :  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,"  marine :  go,  p5t, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mate,  cub,  cure,  un:tc,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    so,  ce  -  c  ;  ey  -  a ;  au  =  kw. 


platane— plate 


•  thick,  awl-shaped  style,  with  the  stigma  on 
one  side  ;    ovules  solitary,  or  two,  one  sus- 
pended above  the  other.     Nuts,  by  mutual 
compression,  clavate.     Natives  of  Barbary, 
the   Levant,  Cashmere,  and  North  America. 
Known  genus  one,  species  six  (?).    (Lindley.) 

*plat'-ane,  *.    [PLATAN.} 

plat  a  nis'-ta,  s.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  nAaTa- 
nvrfi  (platanistes),  probably  =  the  species 
described  below.] 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Platanistidae  (q.v.). 
Teeth,  about  j«  on  each  side  ;  rostrum  and 
dentigerous  portion  of  the  mandible  so  narrow 
that  the  teeth  almost  touch.  A  small  caecum 
present ;  no  pelvic  bones ;  dorsal  fin  repre- 
sented by  low  ridge.  Two  species  known, 
I  exclusively  fluviatile,  ascending  the  Ganges, 
'  Indus,  and  Brahmapootra,  as  far  as  the  depth 
of  the  water  will  admit.  Platanista  gangetica 
(Delphinium  gangeticiim,  Cuv.)  is  sooty  black, 
from  six  to  twelve  feet  in  length,  with  mode- 
rate girth  ;  head  globular,  snout  narrow  and 
spoon-shaped.  They  feed  principally  on  small 
Crustacea. 

plat  a  nis  tl  die,  *.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  plata- 
nist(a);  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Zool. :  A  family  of  Cetacea,  with  three 
genera,  Platanista,  Inia,  and  Pontoporia.  They 
are  fluviatile  or  estuarine,  and  have  the  pec- 
toral limbs  broad  and  truncated,  and  the 
dorsal  fin  small  or  obsolete. 

plat  a-ni -tea,  s.  [Lat.  platan(us) ;  suff. 
-ites.} 

Palceobot. :  A  genus  of  Platanaceae  from  the 
Eocene. 

plat'-a  nus,   s.     [Lat.,  from   Gr.    n-AaTurot 

(platanos)  =  the  Oriental  plane-tree.] 

1.  Hot. :  The  typical  and  only  genus  of  the 
Platanaceae  (q.v.).    [PLANE,  «.] 

2.  Palteobot. :  The  genus  occurs  in  the  Cre- 
taceous rocks  of  America,  and  Ptatanus  ace- 
roides  in  the  Miocene  of  CEningen. 

plat  -ax,  s.  [Gr.  irXdrol  (platax)  =  the  Alex- 
andrian name  of  a  fish  found  in  the  Nile.] 

1.  Ichthy.  :  Sea-bats  ;  a  genus  of  Carangidae, 
with  about  seveu  species,  from  the  Indian 
Ocean  and  the  Western  Pacific.     Body  much 
compressed  and  elevated.      They   owe  their 
popular  name  to  the  extraordinary  length  of 
some  portions  of  their  dorsal,  anal,  and  ventral 
fins. 

2.  Palceont. :  Occurs  in  the  Coralline  Crag 
and  the  Pleistocene. 

plat  -band,   s.     [Fr.  plate-bande,   from  plat, 
k  fern,  plate  =  flat,  and  bande  —  band.] 

1.  Hort.  :  A  border  of  flowers  in  a  garden, 
along  a  wall,  or  the  side  of  a  parterre. 

2.  Architecture : 

(1)  A  plain  flat  ashlar  or  a  moulding  on  a 
capital  from  which  au  arch  springs ;  an  im- 
post. 

(2)  A  flat  fascia,  band,  or  string,  whose  pro- 
jection is  less  than  its  breadth  ;  the  lintel  of  a 
door  or  window  is  sometimes  so  named. 

(3)  The  fillet  between  the   flutes  of  the 
Ionic  and  Corinthian  pillars. 

plate,  s.  [Fr.,  prop,  the  fern,  of  pta*  =  flat 
(cf.  Low  lit.  plata  =  a  plate  of  metal ;  Sp. 
plata  —  plate,  silver),  from  Gr.  wXarv?  (platus) 
=  broad,  whence  Dut.  &  Dan.  plat ;  Ger.  &, 
8w.  j»Ja«  =  flat.] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

L  A  piece  of  metal  l>eaten  out  or  flattened 
to  an  even  .surface  with  a.  uniform  thickness ; 

•  sheet  of  metal  :  as,  the  plates  of  a  boiler. 
*2.  The  same  as  PLATE-ARMOUR  (q.v.). 

"  Xe  plate,  ne  male  could  ward  so  mighty  throwes." 
Sptnter :  F.  <J..  II.  v.  9. 

3.  A  small  shallow  vessel  of  metal,  china, 
earthenware,  <tc.,  for  table  service. 

H  Pewter  and  wood  were  for  many  centuries 
the  ordinary  ware  ;  afterwards  earthenware. 
Pepys  complains  that  at  the  Lord  Mayor's 
dinner  in  IOCS,  the  ruujor  part  of  the  guests 
had  "  no  napkins  nor  change  of  trenchers, 
and  drank  out  of  earthen  pitchers  "  and  ate 
from  "  wooden  dishes." 

4.  A  piece  of  metal  to  be  attached  to  an 
Object ;  as,  a  name-plate,  a  door-plate,  &c. 

"  An  old  red-brick  house,  with  three  steps  before  the 
do  r,  and  »  ImmfimU  upon  it."— Kckrm:  Picktrick, 

ch.  H. 

5.  A  piece  of  service  of  silver,  gold,  or  their 


imitations  :  a  piece  or  pieces  of  silver,  gold, 
or  other  precious  ware,  given  to  the  winner  of 
a  contest,  as  in  horse-racing,  yachting  <Scc. 

6.  Domestic  utensils,  as  spoons,  forks, 
knives,  cups,  dishes,  4c.,  of  gold  or  silver. 

"  When  your  first  course  was  all  served  np  in  plate  " 
King:  Art  of  Cookery. 

•  7.  A  piece  of  silver  money. 

"  Realms  and  islands  were 
As  plata  dropt  from  his  pocket* 

Shaketp.  :  Antony  i  Cleopatra,  v.  1 

IL  Technically  : 

1.  Carp. :  A  beam  on  a  wall  or  elsewhere  to 
support  other  portions  of  a  structure  ;  a  cap- 
ping-piece.      There  are   many   varieties,    as 
niter-plates,  crown-plates,  and  wall-plates. 

2.  Dentistry :  The  portion  which  fits  to  the 
mouth  and  holds  the  teeth  of  a  denture.    It 
may  be  of  gold,  silver,  aluminium,  or  vulcanite. 

3.  Engraving: 

(1)  The  metallic  surface  in  which  an  en- 
graving is  cut. 

(2)  An  impression  from  such  an  engraved 
plate. 

4.  Fair. :  The  shoe  put  on  a  race-horse. 

5.  Her. :  A  roundel  tinctured  argent. 

6.  Hor. :  One  of  the  parallel  sheets  of  metal 
in  a  watch  or  clock  into  which  the  principal 
wheels  are  pivoted. 

7.  Horse-racing  :  Any  prize  given  to  be  run 
for,  without  any  stake  being  made  by  the 
owners  of  the  horses  to  go  to  the  winner. 

8.  Metall.  :  A  flat  metallic  piece  in  a  furnace, 
usually  a  part  of  the  bed  or  bosh. 

9.  A/in. :  A  term  for  compact  beds  of  shale, 
which,  when  exposed  to  the  weather,  break 
up  into  thin  plates  or  laminae. 

10.  Nat.  Science:  Anything  flat,  extended, 
and  circumscribed.    Thus,  in  anatomy,  there 
are  suKcranial,  facial,  and  pharyngeal  plates. 

11.  Nautical: 

(1)  An  iron  band  or  bar :  as,  the  back -stay 
plate  connecting  the   dead-eye  of  the  back- 
stay to  the  after-channel. 

(2)  A  sheet  of  metal  forming  a  portion  of  a 
strake  on  a  ship's  side. 

12.  Photography: 

(1)  The  support,  usually  of  glass,  which 
carries  the  sensitive  surface.    In  the  Daguer- 
reotype process,  silver,  or  silvered  copper,  is 
used,  and  collodion  positives  are  frequently 
taken  upon  ferrotype  plates. 

(2)  A  plate  with  the  sensitive  surface  upon 
it  ready  for  use  ;  a  negative. 

13.  Print.  :  A  j>age  of  matter,  either  stereo- 
type or  electrotype,  for  printing. 

%  Medullary  plates :  [MEDULLARY-RAYS]. 

plate-armour,  s.  Defensive  armour, 
composed  of  plates  of  metal. 

plate-backet,  .-•. 

1.  A  basket  lined   with  baize  for  holding 
knives,  forks,  and  spoons. 

2.  A  basket  lined  with  tin  for  removing 
plates  which  have  been  used  at  a  dinner-table. 

plate-bone,  s.  A  popular  name  for  the 
Scapula  (q.v.).  [OMOPLATE.] 

plate-brass,  s.    Rolled  brass ;  latten. 
plate-carrier,  *. 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A   kind    of  tray  on  which  plates   are 
brought  to  table. 

2.  A  contrivance,  consisting  of  a  case  with 
a  number  of  shelves,  which  can  be  raised  or 
lowered  at  pleasure,  used  in  hotels,  restau- 
rants, &.c.,  to  carry  up  plates  from  and  return 
them  to  the  kitchen. 

IL  Pliotog.  :  A  loose  frame  fitting  the  in- 
terior of  the  dark  slide,  to  enable  it  to  carry 
plates  smaller  than  the  full  size. 

plate-girder,  ».  A  girder  formed  of  a 
single  plate  of  metal,  or  of  several  plates 
bolted  and  riveted  together. 

plate-glass,  .«.  A  superior  kind  of  glass 
made  in  thick  plates  <>r  sheets,  and  used  for 
mirrors,  large  windows  in  shop  fronts,  Ac. 

plate-hat,  s.  A  hat  of  which  only  the 
outer  layer  is  fur. 

plate-hoist,  *.  A  clamp  or  clutch  by 
which  a  plate  is  lifted  into  position  for  attach- 
ment to  the  angle-irons  forming  the  ribs  or 
frames ;  or  for  getting  the  plates  aboard  for 
other  parts  of  the  work. 


3C39 

plate-holder,  s. 

Photog.  :  A  contrivance  used  to  hold  platea 
during  manipulation. 

plate-iron,  s.  Iron  formed  into  plate* 
by  being  passed  between  cylindrical  rollers ; 
rolled  iron. 

Plate-iron  girder :  A  girder  made  of  wrought- 
iron  plate,  either  rolled  with  flanges  or  built 
up  of  flat  plates  and  angle-iron. 

plate-layer,  i. 

Railway-eng.  :  A  workman  employed  to  lay 
down  rails  and  secure  them  to  the  sleepers. 
[PLATE  WAY.] 

plate-leather,  s.   Chamois  leather  (q.v.). 

plate-mark,  s.  A  legal  symbol  or  mark 
placed  on  gold  and  silver  plate  for  the  purpose 
of  showing  its  degree  of  purity,  &c.  The 
marks  are  five  in  number  : — 

(1)  The  maker's  private  mark  or  initials. 

(2)  The  assay  mark.     In  the  case  of  gold 
this  is  a   crown    with    figures  denoting  tha 
number  of  carats  fine.     For  silver  it  is  in. 
England  a  lion  passant,  with  figures  ;  in  Ire- 
land a  harp  crowned  ;  in  Edinburgh  a  thistle  ; 
and  in  Glasgow  a  lion-rampant. 

(3)  The   hall-mark  of  the  district  offices, 
which  are  in  London,  York,  Exeter,  Chester, 
Newcastle,  Birmingham,  Sheffield,  Edinburgh, 
Glasgow,  and  Dublin. 

(4)  The  date-mark,  consisting  of  a  letter, 
changed  every  year. 

(5)  The  duty-mark,  the  head  of  the  sove- 
reign, indicating  that  the  duty  has  been  paid. 

plate-metal,  s.    White  cast-iron. 
plate  of  wind,    . 

Music :  In  the  construction  of  organ-pipes, 
a  thin  aperture  whence  a  sheet  of  air  issues, 
impinging  upon  the  lip  of  the  mouth  and  re- 
ceiving a  vibration  which  is  imparted  to  tha 
column  of  air  in  the  pipe.  The  word  is  some- 
times applied  to  the  issuing  stream  of  air, 
which  is  flattened  by  the  surfaces  between 
which  it  passes,  so  as  to  impinge  as  a  ribbon 
of  air  upon  the  edge  of  the  lip. 

plate-paper,  s.  A  heavy,  spongy  paper 
for  taking  impressions  of  engravings  ;  copper- 
plate-paper. 

plate-powder,  *.  Rouge  and  prepared 
chalk  or  oxide  of  tin  and  rose-pink.  (Used 
in  polishing  silver-ware.) 

plate-printer,  s.  One  who  prints  im- 
pressions from  engraved  plates. 

plate-printing,  s.  The  act  or  process 
of  printing  from  engraved  plates. 

Plate-printing  machine :  A  machine  for 
printing  from  plates  or  cylinders  engraved 
in  intaglio. 

plate-rack,  s.  A  frame  in  which  washed 
and  rinsed  dishes  and  plates  are  placed  to 
drain. 

plate-rail,  *. 

Sailway-engin. :  A  flat  rail. 

plate-railway,  *.  A  tramway  in  which 
the  wheel-tracks  are  flat  plates. 

plate-roller,  s.     A  smooth  roller  for 

making  sheet-iron. 

plate-shears,  s. 

Metal-workiny  :     A   shearing-machine  for 
sheet-metal,  such  as 
boiler-plate. 

plate-tracery,  t. 

Arch.:  The  earliest 
form  of  tracery,  used 
at  the  beginning  of 
Early  English  archi- 
tecture, in  which  the 
openings  are  formed 
or  cut  in  the  stone- 
work, and  have  no 
projecting  mouldings. 

plate  -  warmer, 

».  A  Miiall  cupboard 
standing  in  front  of  a 
fire  and  holding  plates 
to  warm.  PIATE-TRACERY. 

*  plate -way,  ». 
The  same  as  PLATE-RAILWAY  (q.v.). 

"  Ptntt-*nvi  preceded  railways,  and  the  old  wot4 
plate-layer  is  still  used  to  disignate  a  ttSHftm.  — 
Wntern  Daily  .\em.  NOT.  7.  188i 


boil,  bo^  ;  pout,  jo%l ;  cat,  96!!,  chorus,  fhln,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.    -Inc. 

-CUo,  -tlan  =  shan.    -tion,    sion  -  shun ;  -(ion,  -gion  -  zhun.    -clous,  -tious.  -sious  -  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bcl,  del. 


3640 


plate— platinum 


plate-wheel,  s.  A  wheel  without  arms  ; 
«  wheel  in  which  the  riiu  and  bub  are  con- 
nected by  a  plate  or  web. 

plate-worker,  s.  A  worker  in  silver  or 
plate. 

plate,  v.t.    [PLATE,  «.] 

L  To  cover  or  overlay  with  plates  or  sheets 
of  metal. 

"Their  broadsides  wen  plated  with  «  inch  iolid  iron 
plates  from  stein  to  •tern."—  Brit.  «uurt  Kevitte.  iTii. 


2,  Spectf.  :  To  overlay  with  a  thin  covering 
or  coating  of  silver  or  other  metal,  either  by  a 
mechanical  process,  as  hammering,  or  a 
chemical  process  w  electrotyping. 

"  Plated  work  »ill  never  stand  the  tew  UK!  wear  of 
life."—  Bladtit  :  Self  -Culture,  p.  65. 

8.  To  beat  into  thin  metal  or  laminae. 

**  For  thi»  on  plated  itecl  thy  liinhs  were  dressed." 
H'Utit  :  Epigoniad,  bk.  vi. 

4.  To  put  plates  or  shoes  on.  (Said  of  a  race- 
horse.) 

"He  was  all  right,  but  should  be  platrd  ;  to  the 
smith  WM  knocked  up.~~Field.  Oct.  17.  18Si 

•  5.  To  arm  with  or  clothe  in  armour  for 
defence.  (Shakesp.  :  Richard  II.,  1.  3.) 

^  To  plate  a  port  : 

Steam-eng.  :  To  close  a  port  by  the  nnperfo- 
rated  portion  of  the  plate  of  a  slide-valve. 

plateau  (pi.  pla  teaux  ,  pla  teaus  )  (as 
pla  to  ,  pla  toz  ),  s.    [!•>.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  A  table-land  ;  a  broad,  flat,  stretch  of 
land  on  an  elevated   position  ;   an  elevated 
plain. 

"  The  point  to  be  defended  lies  in  the  centre  of  m 
plateau.—  Standard,  Nov.  II,  188S. 

2.  A  large  ornamental  dish  for  the  centre  of 
a  table. 

IL  Bot.  :  A  conn.    (De  CandolU.) 

plat  -3d,  pa.  par.  or  o.    [PLATE,  v.] 

plate'-fol.  ».  [Eng.  plate;  -ful(t).]  As  much 
as  a  plate  will  hold. 

•  plate'  man,  *.  [Eng.  plate,  and  man.]  A 
pla  te-  layer  (q.v.). 

plat  em  ys,  *.  [Gr.  irAank  (platws)  =  flat, 
and  lAt.  emy*  (q.v.).] 

Palcecnt.  :  A  genus  of  Emydae  (q.v.).  From 
the  Weald  en  to  the  London  Clay. 

plat  en,  *.    [Eng.  plat,  a.  ;  -en.] 

Print.  :  The  slab  which  nets  in  concert  with 
the  bed  to  give  the  impression. 

platen  -machine,   *.     [PRINTING-  MA  - 

CHINE.) 

plat  er,  «.     [Eng.  ptat(r);  -er.] 

1.  One  who  plates  or  coats  articles  with  gold 
or  silver  :  as,  an  electroplater. 

2.  A  horse  which  runs  for  plates  ;  a  second- 
rate  horse.    (Racing  slang.) 

"  Loch  Leven  has  developed  Into  a  molt  successful 
plater."—  DaU/t  Te'eyraph,  Nov.  ID,  1H85. 

•plat-er-esque'  (qne  as  k),  o.  [Sp.  pla- 
terrseo,  from  pint"  =  silver.]  A  term  used  to 
describe  architectural  enrichineuU  resembling 
silver  work. 

t  pla-tes'-sa,  *.    [Lat.  =  a  flat  fish,  a  plaice.) 
Ichthii,  :  An  approximate  synonym  of  Pleu- 
tonectes  (q.v.X 


plat  ey,  plat' 

a  plate  ;  nut. 


[Eng.  plate;  -y.J    Like 

plat  -fond,  s.    [PLAFOND.] 

plat  form,  ».   [Fr.  pltteforme,  from  plate,  fern. 
of  plat  =  flat,  and  forme  =  form.] 
L  Ordinary  Language: 
•1.    A    sketch    of    anything  horizontally 
delineated  ;  (lie  ichnograpliy. 

•'  I  have  made  a  platform  of  a  princely  garden  by 
precept  "—  Bacon  :  F.ttnyt  ;  OfdarUent. 

•2.  A  model,  a  pattern. 

"The  archetype  or  (tret  vlattirm,  which  Is  In  the 
attributes  and  acts  of  God.  —Bacon.  Ada.  of  Learn., 

•S.  A  place  laid  out  after  a  model. 

"  Orore  nod»  at  prove.  each  allev  has  a  brother, 
And  hall  the  platform  Just  reflect*  the  other." 
rope  :  Ettaf  on  I/an,  Iv.  118. 

4.  Any  flat  or  horizontal  surface,  raised 
Above  some  particular  level  :  as, 

(1)  The  flat  roof  of  a  building  on  the  outside. 

(2)  A  landing-stage. 


(3)  A  raised  walk  at  a  railway  station,  for 
the  convenience  of  passengers  in  entering  or 
alighting  from  the  carriages,  and  for  loading 
and  unloading  goods. 

"The  old  habit  of  addressing  crowds  on  railway 
platform."— Daily  TeUgrapH,  NOT.  10,  1S85. 

(4)  A  part  of  a  room  or  hall,  raised  above 
the  level  of  the  rest  of  the  floor,  and  appro- 
priated to  speakers  at  a  public  meeting,  per- 
formers in  entertainments,  &c. 

"The  chairman  left  the  platform  with   his  sup- 
porter*."—Olobt.  NOT.  12,  1885. 
5.  The  principles  adopted  or  put  forward 
by  a   party   or   sect ;  a  declared  policy,  a 
political  programme,  a  policy. 

"  The  .  .  .  question  shuuld  form  a  plank  of  the  Lib- 
eral plar/orm."— Evening  Standard,  NOT.  14,  188&. 

d.  Opinions  or  principles  generally. 
IL  Technically: 

1.  Fort. :  The  floor  on  which  the  guns  are 
placed.     It  is  level  transversely,  and  has  a 
slight   slope   toward   the  embrasure.      The 
chassis,  when  pivoted  forward,  transverses  on 
a  curved  rack  at  the  rear.    The  guu  runs  in 
and  out  of  battery  on  the  chassis. 

2.  Glass -manuf. :   The   bench    in  a   glass- 
furnace  on  which  the  pots  are  placed, 

3.  Naut. :  The  orlop  (q.v.). 
platform  board,  s. 

Onln. :  A  sideboard  on  an  ammunition- 
carriage  for  forage. 

platform-bridge,  s. 

Rail.  :  A  gangway  over  the  space  between 
the  platforms  of  adjacent  cars  in  a  train,  to 
prevent  persons  falling  down  between  cars 
when  in  motion.  (Amer.) 

platform-ear,  s. 

Rail.-eng. :  An  open  car  merely  surrounded 
by  low  ledges,  intended  for  carrying  stone, 
pig-iron,  and  similar  articles  of  freight. 

platform-carriage,  s. 

Ordn. :  A  carriage  for  transporting  mortars. 

platform-crane, *. 

1.  A  crane  on  a  movable  truck. 

2.  A  crane  on  the  break  of  a  platform  to 
land  giKxls  from  waggons  or  carts. 

platform-scale,  s.  A  weighing-machine 
with  a  flat  scale  on  which  the  object  to  be 
weighed  is  placed. 

*  plat'-forxn,  v.t.    [PLATFORM,*.] 

1.  To  rest :  as,  on  a  platform.  (E.  B.  Brown- 
ing: To  Flush.) 

2.  To  plan,  to  model,  to  lay  out. 

"Church  discipline  is  p'atfo  -ined  in  the  Bible."— 
Milton :  Church  government,  cu.  i. 

plat  hel  nun  tha,  s.  pi.  [Pref.  plat(n-),  and 
Gr.  e'Ajxu's  (kclmins),  geiiit.  eAjiiytfoj  (helmin- 
thoa)  —  a  worm.] 

Zool. :  Flat-worms ;  a  class  of  Vermes,  with 
a  more  or  less  flattened  oval  body,  and  no  dis- 
tinct segmentation.  Three  orders  :  Cestoidca 
(Tape  and  Ribbon  Worms),  Treraatode  (Flukes), 
both  Parasitic ;  Turbellaria  (Non-Parasitic). 

•pla'-tlc,  *  pla'-tlck,  o.  [Lat.  platlcu»  = 
general,  compendious  (?).] 

Astron.  :  Pertaining  to,  or  in  the  position 
of  a  ray  cast  from  one  planet  to  another,  not 
exactly,  but  within  the  orbit  of  its  own  light. 
(Bailey.) 

pla  til' la,  s.  [Sp.  plata=  silver.]  A  white 
linen  Silesian  fabric. 

plat'  In,  s.  [PLATEN.]  The  sent  of  a  machine 
tool  on  which  the  work  is  secured, 

plat'-In-a,  s.    [Sp.,  from  plata  =  silver.J 

1.  The  same  as  PLATINCM  (q.v.). 

2.  T  \\isU-d  silver  wire. 

3.  An  iron  plate  for  glazing  stuff. 

plat-Ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  *.    [PLATE,  v.] 

A.  fi  B.  At  pr.  par.  &  particip.  adj.  :  (See 
the  verb). 
C.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  act,  art,  or  process  of  covetfng 
articles  with  a  thin  dating  of  metal  : 
the  art  of  covering  baser  metals  with  a  thin 
coating  of  gold  or  silver.  It  is  effected  either 
by  a  mechanical  process,  the  gold  or  silver 
being  attached  to  the  liaser  metal  by  heat, 
and  then  rolled  out  by  pressure,  or  by  chemi- 
|  cal  means.  [ELECTROPLATING.] 


2.  A  thin  coating  of  one  metal  laid  upon 
another. 

3.  Second-  or  third-rate   racing.      (Racing 
Slang.) 

"The  '  plating'  so  abundantly  proTided  at  Alexandra 
Pmrk."— Daily  Teleyraph,  NOT.  18, 1881 

pla-tin  ic,  a.  [Eng.  platin(um)  ;  -ic.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  platinum. 

plat-in-if  -er-ous,  o.  [Eng.  platinum ;  Lat. 
fero  =  to  bear,  to  produce,  and  Eng.  adj.  sul 
-out.]  Producing  platinum. 

plat-In-i-iid'-i-um,  «.  [Eng.  platin(um), 
and  iridium.] 

Min. :  An  alloy  of  platinum  and  iri<liunj 
in  varying  proportions  Crystallization  iso- 
metric. Hardness,  6  to  7  ;  sp.  gr.  22'6  to  23  1 
colour,  white.  Found  in  small  grains  and 
crystals  associated  with  native  platinum. 

plat'-in-ize,  v.t.  [Eng.  platin(um);  -ize.]  To 
coat  with  platinum  ;  to  deposit  a  thin  film 
or  coating  of  platinum  on. 

plat-In-6-,  pref.  [PLATINUM.]  Pertaining  to 
or  derived  from  platinum. 

platino-chloride, ».  [PLATINUM-CHLOR- 
IDES.] 

plat  in  ode,  *.  [Pref.  platin(o)-,  and  Or. 
b^ds  (/toctos)  =  a  road,  a  way.] 

Eixt. :  The  cathode  or  negative  pole  of  • 
galvanic  battery. 

plat' -in-oid,  a.  [Eng.  platin(um);  snff.  -owl.) 
Min.,    Chem.,   &c. :   Resembling  platinum. 
Used  of  certain  metals. 

pla'-tin'-O-type,  *.  [Pref.  platino-,  and  Eng. 
type.] 

Photog. :  A  printing  process  by  which  per- 
manent pictures  in  platinum  black  are  pro- 
duced. A  suitable  paper  is  prepared  by 
floating  it  upon  a  solution  containing  60 
grains  of  ferric  oxalate  and  60  grains  of 
potassic  chloro-platinate  to  the  ounce.  When, 
exposed  to  light  under  the  negative,  tlie  fer- 
ric oxalate  becomes  converted  into  ferrous 
oxalate  in  exact  proportion  to  the  amount  of 
light  it  has  received.  The  picture  is  de- 
veloped by  floating  the  exposed  paper  upon  a 
solution  of  potassic  oxalate,  130  grains  to  the 
ounce,  at  a  temperature  of  from  170-180*. 
The  ferrous  salt  formed  by  the  action  of  the 
light  reduces  the  platinum  to  a  metallic  slate 
in  the  presence  of  the  potassic  oxalate  solu- 
tion, thus  forming  the  image.  A  wash  in  dilute 
hydrochloric  acid,  1  in  80,  completes  the 
process. 

plat'-in-otis,  a.  [Eng.  platin(um);  -ous.) 
Containing  or  consisting  of  platinum  ;  of  the 
nature  of  platinum. 

plat  in-um,  s.    [PLATINA.] 

Chem. :  Symbol,  Pt.  Atomic  weight,  197 '4  ; 
sp.  gr.  =  21 '6.  A  tetrad  metallic  elemenfc 
discovered  first  in  America,  and  still  hugely 
obtained  from  that  country  ;  also  found  in 
the  Ural  chain,  and  in  copper  ore  from  the 
Alps.  [PLATINUM-ORE.]  The  ore  is  treated 
with  nitroinuri;itic  acid,  which  dissolves 
plntinum  and  palladium,  the  solution  is  then 
treated  with  potassic  chloride,  yielding  the- 
double  salt  of  platinum  and  potassium— the 
palladium  being  left  in  solution.  By  igniting 
with  carbonate  of  potash,  the  platinum  is 
reduced  to  the  metallic  state.  It  still  con- 
tains traces  of  iridium,  which  ghes  it  greater 
hardness  and  tenacity.  Pure-forged  plr.tinum 
takes  a  high  lustre,  is  nearly  as  white  as 
silver,  and  very  ductile  and  malleable.  It 
resists  the  strongest  heat  of  the  forge-lire,  but 
can  be  fused  by  the  ele<-tric  current ;  is  the 
heaviest  known  substance  excepting  osmium 
and  iridium,  is  unalterable  in  the  air,  dis- 
solves slowly  in  nitronmi  iatic  acid,  but  is  not 
attacked  by  any  single  acid.  Its  propeitiea 
render  it  extremely  useful  to  the  chemist  for 
the  construction  of  crucibles,  evaporating 
dishes,  and  stills  used  in  the  concentration  or 
oil  of  vitrioL 

platinum  antimonidc,  s. 

Chem. :  An  alloy  formed  by  acting  on 
spon^-  platinum  with  two  parts  of  pnherised 
antimony.  It  unites  with  vivid  incandescence, 
and  when  further  heated  fuses  into  a  steel- 
gray  fine-grained  alloy. 

platinum-bases, «.  pi. 

Chem.:    The  chlorides,   sulphates,  &c.,  of 


Ate.  fit,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father:  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there:  pine.  pit.  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p6t» 
•r.  wore,  wQlI,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,   aa,  ce  -  e ;  ey  -  a ;  qu  -  kw. 


platinx— plattnerite 


3641 


platinum  are  capable  of  taking  up  ammonia 
•nd  forming  amines,  e.g.,  diammonio-platin- 
ous,  chloride  =  (HsN)gPt"Cl?,  is  obtained  by 
neutralising  a  solution  of  platinous  chloride  iu 
hydrochloric  acid  with  carbonate  of  ammo- 
nia, heating  to  the  boiling  point,  adding  to 
It  ammonia,  and  allowing  to  cool.  It  deposits 
as  a  yellow  crystalline  salt.  Methylamine 
combines  with  platinous  chloride  in  a  similar 
way,  forming  the  compound,  PtCl^CHjN)! 
PtClo,  a  chrome-green  powder. 

platinum  black,  .-•. 

Chem.  :  Platinum  in  a  finely-divided  state. 
Obtained  when  alcohol  is  carefully  added  to 
•  solution  of  platinous  chloride  in  hot  con- 
centrated potash.  When  purified  and  dried  it 
resembles  lamp-black,  condenses  gas  in  its 
pores  like  charcoal,  and  converts  alcohol  into 
acetic  acid. 

platinum  boride,  s. 

Chem.  :  Pt"B.  Obtained  as  a  silver-white 
fusible  compound,  when  l>oron  is  heated  with 
platinum  foil  before  the  blowpipe. 

platinum  carbide,  s. 

Chem.  :  PtC  (?).  A  compound  obtained  by 
calcining  organic  platinum  salts  at  a  moderate 
heat.  Is  slowly  attacked  by  nitromuriatic  acid. 

platinum  chlorides,  s.  pi. 

Chem.  :  Platinum  forms  two  chlorides  : 
fi)  Platinous  chloride,  PtClj..  Prepared  by 
heating  platinic  chloride,  by  the  aid  of  an  oil 
bath,  to  200°,  until  it  becomes  insoluble  in 
water.  It  is  a  greenish-brown  solid  body, 
soluble  in  hydrochloric  acid  as  dichloride,  if 
protected  from  the  air.  It  dissolves  in  caustic 
potash,  and  all  the  platinum  is  thrown  down 
as  platinum-black  on  the  addition  of  alcohol. 
With  metallic  chlorides  it  forms  double  salts, 
most  of  which  are  highly  crystalline.  ('2) 
Platinic  chloride,  PtCli.  Obtained  by  dis- 
solving platinum  in  nitromuriatic  acid  and 
evapoiating  over  the  water-bath.  It  forms 
a  brown-red  mass,  easily  soluble  in  water,  and 
combines  with  potassium  chloride  to  form  one 
of  the  most  important  double  salts  of  plati- 
num, K^PtCle,  insoluble  in  alcohoL 


platinum-Iodides,  s.  pi. 

Chem.  :  Platinum  forms  two  iodides  :  (1) 
Platinous  iodide,  PtI->,  and  (2)  Platinic  iodide, 
Ptl4_  They  are  obtained  as  black  amorphous 
compounds  on  treating  the  corresponding 
chlorides  with  iodide  of  potassium. 

platinum  lamp,  s. 

Electr.  :  A  coil  of  platinum  wire,  heated,  so 
aa  to  lie  luminous,  by  passing  a  galvanic  cur- 
rent through  it. 

platinum  nitride,  s. 

Chem.  :  Pta\.i.  Obtained  by  heating  the 
compound  (NlIa)4Pt(IIO>2,  Reiset's  base,  to 
180°.  It  decomposes  suddenly  at  190°,  with 
evolution  of  nitrogen,  (Watts.) 

platinum  ore,  •. 

Chem.  :  Usually  found  in  thin  scales  or 
irregular  grains,  containing  on  the  averagi 
80  parts  platinum,  2  indium,  1  osmium,  2% 
rhodium,  1  iiall.idium,  1J  gold,  1  copper,  6 
Iron,  and  5  of  sand. 

platinum  oxides,  s.  pi. 

Chem.:  Platinum  forms  two  oxides.  (^Pla- 
tinous oxide,  Pt"O,  obtained  as  a  hydrate, 
Ft"OHoO,  by  digesting  platinous  chloride  in 
warm  potash.  At  a  gentle  heat  it  Incomes  an- 
hydrous, and  dissolves  slowly  in  acids,  form- 
ing unstable  salts.  (2)  Platinic  oxide,  Pf'Oj, 
obtained  with  difficulty  by  decomposing  a 
solution  of  platinic  sulphate  with  carbonate 
of  calcium,  and  dissolving  out  the  calcium 
sulph.itu  and  carlionatc  with  weak  acetic  acid. 
It  is  a  black  powder,  which  dissolves  in  acids, 
forming  uncrystallizable  salts. 

platinum-process,  s.    [PLATINOTYPE.] 
platinum  -sponge,  s. 

Chem.:  Spongy  -platinum.  The  loosely- 
Coherent  mass  of  metallic  platinum  form::l 
when  the  double  chloride  of  platinum  and 
ammonium  is  heated  to  redness. 

platinum-steel,  ».  Steel  alloyed  with 
TJ,;  part  of  platinum.  It  is  said  not  to  bo  quite 
so  hard  as  silver  steel,  but  tougher. 

plat'-inx,  ».     [Gr.  nAdny£  (platingx)  =  irXdn} 
(plate)  =  a  broad  or  flat  surface.] 

Pal<ront.  :  A  genus  of  Clupeidse,  from  the 
Eocene  of  Monte  Bo  lea. 


plat'-I-tude,  s.  [Fr.,  from  plat  =  flat,  level] 
[PLATE,  s.] 

1.  Flatness,  dulness,  insipidity,  triteness, 
stateness. 

2.  A  trite,  dull,  or  stele  remark,  uttered  as 
though  a  novelty  or  matter  of  importance  ;  a 
truism. 

"  The  constant  iteration  of  the  phnue  is  not  merely 
a  misleading  platitude."—  Oentleman't  Jlagarine,  June, 
1883,  p.  619. 

*piat-i-tu-din-ar'-l'-an,  «.  [Eng.  plati- 
tud(e);  -iharian.]  One"  who  is  given  to  the 
uttering  of  platitudes  or  stale,  trite,  or  dull 
remarks. 

"  You  have  a  respect  for  a  political  platitudinarian.* 
—Q.  Eliot  :  Daniel  Deronda,  en,  nii. 

*  plat-i-tu'-dln-ize,  v.i.     [Eng.   platitude; 
-inize.]    To  utter  platitudes  or  truisms  ;  to 
make  stale,  dull,  or  insipid  remarks. 

*  plat-l-tu'-dln-ous,  o.    [Eng.   platitud(e); 

-inous.] 

1.  Given  to  the  uttering  of  platitudes  or 
truisms. 

"  Peaceful  parsonages  with  platittidinout  vicars."— 
.Dai/4  Telegraph.  Sept  14,  1885. 

2.  Characterized  by  triteness,  dulness,  or 
staleness. 

*  plat-i  tud  -In-ous-ness,  s.    [Eng.  plati- 
tudinous; -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
platitudinous  ;  staleness,  triteness,  flatness, 
insipidity. 

*plat'-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  plat;  -ly.}  Flatly. 
(Chaucer:  Troil.  £  Cres.,  iii.) 

*  plat'-ness,  s.    [Eng.  plat,  a,  ;  -ness.]    Flat- 
ness.   (Palsgrave.) 

pla-tom'-e-ter,  s.  [Pref.  plato-,  and  Eng. 
meter.]  An.  instrument  for  measuring  areas 
on  plans  by  mechanism.  It  was  invented  by 
John  Lang  of  Kirkealdy,  December  24,  1851. 

pla  to'-m-a,  s.  [Named  after  Plato,  the 
Greek  philosopher.) 

Dot.  :  A  genus  of  Garciniese.  The  large 
berries  of  P/atonia  insignis,  a  Brazilian  tree, 
are  very  sweet,  and  the  seeds  taste  like 
almonds. 

Pla-ton'-ic,  *  Pla-ton'-Ick,  a.  &  ».    [Lat. 

P'latonicus  ;  Gr.  nAaTuptKo?  (Platonikos)  = 
pertaining  to  Plato,  the  celebrated  philosopher 
and  founder  of  the  Academic  sect,  born  in 
jEgina,  B.C.  429,  died  B.C.  348  ;  Fr.  Flatonique  ; 
Ital.  &  Sp.  Platonico.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Pertaining  to  Plato,  or  to  his 
philosophy,  his  school,  or  his  teaching. 

*  B.  As  subst.  :  A  follower  of  Plato  ;  a 
Platonist. 

Platonic-affection,  s.    Platonic  love. 
Platonic-bodies,  s.  pi. 

Geom.  :  The  five  regular  geometrical  solids, 
viz.,  the  tetrahedron,  the  hexahedron  or  cube, 
the  octahedron,  the  dodecahedron,  and  the 
icosahedron. 

Platonic-Christians,  s.  pi.    [NEOPLA- 

TONIST.] 

Platonic-love,  ».    (See  extract.) 

"  Platonic-looe  meant  ideal  sympathy  :  it  now  means 
the    luve  of   a  sentimental    young  gtntleuian  for  a 
'  — 


Platonic-year,  Plato's  year,  s. 

Astron.  :  The  time  during  which  the  axis  of 
the  earth  makes  a  complete  revolution.  It  is 
about  26,0(K)  years,  and  is  caused  by  the 
Precession  of  the  Equinoxes  (q.v.). 

"  Cut  out  more  work  than  can  be  done 
In  Plato't  year."  Butler:  lladibrat.  Mi.  \. 

*  pla-ton'-I-cal,   a.     [Eng.    Platonic  ;   -al.] 
The  same  as  PLATONIC  (q.v.). 

"Those   dotages  of  pln'oninlt   or  anahajitistlcall 
communities."—  Bp.  UaU  :  Chrat  Uyttival,  j  -22. 

*  pla-ton'-I-cal-ly,  adv.     [Eng.  platonical; 
-ly.]     In  a  Platonic  manner. 

"  MouMel  him,  as  it  were.  platonicaVy  to  hi*  own 
idea."  —  i\  <>rt  >n  .  A'rmo*n<,  p.  163. 

Pla  -ton-Ism,  s.    [Fr.  platonisme.] 

IHst.  £  'Philns.  :  The.  philosophy  of  Plato, 
or  rather  that  attributed  to  Plato,  for  though 
his  writings  exerted  a  marvellous  influence 
over  the  minds  of  his  successors,  and,  in  a  cer- 
tain decree,  over  the  early  Christian  Church, 
y  't  in  tlmse  writings  them  is  nothing  like  a 
connected  system  to  be  found.  G.  II.  Lewes 


(Hist.  ofPhilos.  (ed.  1880),  i.  220)  says:  "I 
come  to  the  conclusion  that  he  never  systema- 
tized his  thoughts,  but  allowed  free  play  to 
scepticism,  taking  opposite  sides  in  every 
debate,  because  he  had  no  steady  conviction 
to  guide  him ;  unsaying  to-day  what  he  had 
said  yesterday,  satisfied  to  show  the  weakness, 
of  an  opponent."  Nevertheless,  he  is  of 
opinion  that  certain  theoretical  views,  which 
frequently  recur  in  the  writings  of  Plato,  ia 
more  or  less  modified  form,  may  be  loosely 
styled  Platonic  theories,  though  "they  are 
sometimes  disregarded.at  others  contradicted." 
These  are  (1)  The  theory  of  Ideas  [IDEA]  ;  (2> 
The  doctrine  of  the  Pre-existence  and  Im- 
mortality of  the  Soul ;  and  (3)  The  subjection 
of  the  popular  divinities  to  one  Supreme  God. 
"  The  profound  restorer  and  refiner  of  almost  ex- 
tinct Platonitm,"-GlanviU  :  Lux  Oriental*.  ( Pret) 

pla-ton  ist,  ».  [Fr.  Platoniste.}  A  follower 
of  Plato  ;  one  who  adheres  to  the  system  of 
philosophy  taught  by  Plato. 

*  pla'-ton-ize,  v.i.  &  t.    [PLATONIC.] 

A.  Intraiis. :   To   adopt   the   opinions   or 
philosophy  of  Plato. 

"  Cicero  also  was  to  be  understood  ...  as  platonit- 
ing."—Cudv>orth :  tntell.  Si/item,  p.  578. 

B.  Trans. :  To  explain  on  the  principles  of 
the  Platonic  philosophy ;  to  accommodate  to> 
such  principles. 

*  pla'-ton-Iz-er,  pla  -ton  is  er,  s.    [Eng. 
platoniz(e) ;   -er.]     One    who    pla  Ionizes;    a. 
Platonist  (q  v.). 

"  Philo  the  Jew.  who  was  a  great  platoniur."— 
Young  :  fdolatroui  Corruptlunt,  1.  109. 

pla  toon',  s.     [A  corrupt,  of  Fr.  peloton  =  a. 
ball,  a  group,  a  platoon,  from  pelote  =  a  ball, 
a  pellet  (q.v.).] 
Military : 
*  1.  (See  extract). 

"  A  small  square  body  of  musketeers,  drawn  ont  at 
•  battalion  of  foot,  when  they  form  tlie  hollow  square, 
to  strengthen  the  angles  ;  the  grenadiers  are  generally 
thus  posted;  yet  a  party  from  any  other  divlriou  a- 
called  a  plnfan.  when  Intending  too  far  from  the> 
main  body."— Military  Diet. 

2.  Two  files,  forming  a  subdivision  of  a> 
company. 

platoon-firing,  -. 

Mil. :  Firing  by  subdivisions. 

pla-tos  -a-mine,  ».  [Eng.  plat(in)o(v)s,  ana 
amine.] 

Chem. :  H2NPt.  The  hypothetical  base  of 
ammonio-platinous  compounds. 

platt,  s.    [PLAT,  o.] 

Mining  :  A  cavity  at  the  extremity  of  a  levek 
near  a  siiaft,  for  collecting  supplies  of  ora 
which  are  placed  in  the  kibble  to  be  hoiste 

*  platte,  a.    [PLAT,  a.] 

*  plat  -ted,  pa.  par.  or  o.    [PLAT,  v.] 

plat   ten.  v.t.    [Eng.  plat  =  flat ;  -en.] 

Glass-making:  To  make  or  form  into  slieete 
or  plates,  as  glass.  In  crown-glass  this  is. 
effected  by  imparting  a  rapid  whirling  motion 
to  the  blown-out  globe  while  still  on  the- 
pontil.  Plate-glass  is  plattened  by  the  roller, 
which  forms  it  while  still  in  a  liquid  state. 
The  term  is,  however,  specially  applied  to  the. 
operation  of  flatting  cylinder-glass. 

plat'-ter  (1),  t  plat-er,  s.  fO.  Fr.  platel  (Fr. 
plateau)  =  &  plate.]  A  large  shell,  plate, or  disht 
for  eatables  ;  a  plate. 

"This  lanx.  in  English,  a  charger  or  large  platter." 
— Dryden  :  Juvenal.  (Dedic.) 

»  platter-faced,  a.  Having  a  broad  face. 

"  A  platter-factd  presto. "—Bale  :  Apoloyie.  fol.  120. 

*  plat'-ter  (2),  s.     [Eng.  plat,  v.  ;  -er.]    On* 
who  plats  or  forms  by  plaiting  or  weaving. 

plat-ting,  s.    [PLAT,  v.} 

1.  Slips  of  bark,  cane,  straw,  &c.,  woven  or- 
plaited,  for  making  hats,  Ac. 

2.  The  top  course  of  a  brick  stack  or  clamp. 

platt'  ner-ite,  s.  [After  the  German  chemist. 
Plattuer ;  sutr.  -ite  (.Win.).] 

Min. :  A  mineral  stated  to  have  been  found 
at  Leadhills,  Lanarkshire,  in  hexagonal  prisms, 
with  truncated  liasal  edges.  Sp.  gr.  9-39  to  9'45 ; 
lustre,  metallic,  adamantine ;  colour,  iron- 
blaok;  streak,  brown;  opaque.  Compos.: 
lead,  86-6  ;  oxygen,  13-4  =  100,  corresponding; 
with  the  formula,  PbOj.  Dana  says,  "  a- 
doubtful  species." 


boll,  boy ;  pout,  Jowl ;  cat,  $cll,  chorus,  9hin.  bench  ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this  ;  sin,  as  ;  expect,  ^Cenophon,  exist,    ph  =  t 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  —  shun ;  -(ion,  -sion  =  zhua.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  —  anus.    -ble.  -die,  &c.  =  bcl,  del. 


5642 


platurus— plaudite 


plat-iir'-iis,  *.  [Pref.  plat-,  and  Or.  ovpa 
(oura)  =  a  tail.] 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Hydrophidse,  with  two 
species,  rauging  from  the  Bay  of  Bengal  to 
JvVw  Guinea  and  New  Zealand. 

plat'-y,  a.  [Eng.  plat(e);  -y.]  Like  a  plate  ; 
consisting  of  plates.  (Elyot  :  Cartel  of  Helth, 
bk.  iv.) 

[Gr.  wAarvc  (platut)  =  flat.] 


-,  prtf. 
Flat  or  broad. 

plat   y-5e   phar  ic.    plat   y   9cph    a- 

loiis,  a.  [Gr.  irAaTv«'4>aAoc  (plati(kephalos)  = 
bro.td-headed  :  pref.  platy-,  and  Gr.  xe^oAij 
(k--)>hale)  =  the  head.]  Broad  -  headed,  flat- 
headed. 

plit-y-9eph'-a-lus,  ».    [PLATYCEPHALIC.] 

Ichthy.  :  A  genus  of  Scorpsenidie.  Head 
much  depressed,  more  or  less  armed  with 
spines.  They  inhabit  the  Indian  coasts,  hid- 
ing themselves  in  the  sand,  watching  for  their 
prey.  About  forty  species  are  known. 

pla  ty9'-er-as,  ».     [Pref.  platy-,  and  Gr. 
«pac  (Jtenw)  =  a  horn.] 

Palceont.  :  A  sub  genus  of  Pileopsis.  Known 
species  forty-six,  from  the  Silurian  to  the 
Carboniferous.  (Tote.) 

pldt  y-9er"-9l-d».  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  plalycer- 
e(us)  ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  stiff,  -idee.] 

Ornitii.:  Broad-tailed  Parrakeets;  a  wide- 
spread Australian  group,  of  weak  structure, 
but  gorgeously  coloured,  ranging  from  the 
Moluccas  to  New  Zealand  and  the  Society 
Islands.  Wallace  reckons  eleven  genera  and 
fifty-seven  species. 

plit-y-9cr-9i'-n»,  ».  pi.     [Mod.  Lat.  platy- 
cert(i(s);  Lut.  fern.  pi.  adj.  stttf.  -ina.} 

Ornith.  :  A  sub-family  of  the  family  Psittaci 
(q.v.).  [PARRAKEETS.] 

pint  y-cer'-cus,  ».     [Pref.  platy-,  and  Gr. 
Kt'pxof  (kerkos)  —  a  tail.] 

Ornith.  :  The  typical  genus  of  the  family 
Platycercidae,  or  the  sub-family  Platycercinfe, 
with  fourteen  species,  from  Australia,  Tas- 
mania, and  Norfolk  Island.  Several  of  them 
are  well-known  as  cage-birds  ;  Pln/ycercus 
Kajnilitttis  is  the  King,  and  P.  exinius  the 
Rosclla,  or  Rose,  Parrakeet. 

plat  y  cer*-!  -urn,  *.    [Pref.  platy-,  and  Lat. 
cerium;  Gr.  Kqpiov  (kerion)  =  &  honeycomb.] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Ferns,  often  placed  in 
Acrosticheae,  but  which  may  be  the  type  of  a 
distinct  tribe,  having  the  sori  in  large  amor- 
phous fetches,  ami  not  covering  the  whole 
fertile  part  of  the  frond. 

plat  yc  no  mlc,  a.     [Pref.  platy-,  and  Gr. 
ienju>)  (kn':mi)  —  the  tibia.] 

Anthrip.:  A  term  applied  to  certain  fossil 
hum.in  tibiae,  a 

much  more 
compressed 
titan  is  nor- 
n.il,  and  to 
races  ]>o-s<'ss- 
ing  such  ti- 
bia:. 


pecu- 


"Thi! 
li.ir  conf< 
tion  of  the  ti- 
biae, towhich  we 
gave  the  n.tine 
of  platyrnfmic. 
w«,  I  believe. 


SECTION*  or  TIBIA 


flrat  notiretl  >>y     A.  Normal ;  n.  Platycuemic ;  n.  a.  In- 
Dr.   Falconer  tcroneoiu  ridge ;  6,  ft.  Ciiata. 

mnd    myvlf   In 


(rum  the  Clenistac 

— Datfkint :  Cart  Bunting,  p.  ITS. 


till  Bin,  Gibraltar." 


plat  yc  n6  mism,  *.  [Eng.  platycnem(ic); 
-ism.] 

Anthrop. :  The  state  or  condition  of  having 
the  tibi;e  abnormally  compressed. 

"  Plati/rnfmUm  cannot  In  the  prewnt  it»U  of  our 
knowledge  be  regarded  u  an  important  ethnological 
character  among  prucan  people."— Datekini :  Caff 
Bunting,  p.  184. 

plat-y-ece'-ll-an.  o.  [Pref.  platy-,  and  Gr. 
xotAot  (koilos)=  hollow.]  Flat  at  the  front 
end  and  concave  at  the  hinder,  as  the  vertebrae 
of  the  extinct  Cetiosauri. 

plat-jr-cra'-ter,  *.  [Pref.  platy-,  and  Gr. 
Kpovnjp  (krater)  =  a  bowl.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Hydrangeaceae.  The 
leaves  of  Platycrater  insignia  are  made  into  a 
kind  of  tea. 


plat-y-crfn'-I-d»,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  platy- 
crinfus)  ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idte.] 

PnlcKont.  :  A  palaeozoic  family  of  Palseocri- 
noidea.  Cup  of  three  basals,  with  two  cycles 
of  radial  plates  ;  a  large  anal  proboscis. 

plat-y-Cli  -nite,  s.  [Mod.  Lnt.plat>icrin(u.<); 
Eng.  stiff,  -ite.]  An  encrinite  belonging  to  the 
genus  Platycrinus  (q.v.). 

plat-y-cri'-niis,  s.  [Pref.  platy-,  and  Gr. 
Kpivov  (kriiion)  =  a  lily.] 

Palofont.  :  The  typical  genus  of  the  Platy- 
crinidie  (q.v.X  From  the  Upper  Silurian  to 
the  Carboniferous,  in  which  twenty  -three 
of  twenty-eight  known  British  species  are 
found.  (Ethcriilge.) 

plat-y-dac'-tyl-US,  «.  [Pref.  platy-,  and  Gr. 
iaxrvAot  (daktulos)  —  &  finger.] 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Geckot  idse.  Plntydactylus 
fascicularis  or  muraZw  is  the  Wall  GecUo. 

plat-y-el'-mi-a,  *.  pi.    [PLATHELMINTHA.] 

plat  yglos  -sus,  *.  [Pref.  platy-,  and  Gr. 
•yAwo-o-a  =  a  tonguej 

Ichtky.  :  A  genus  of  Labridse  ;  small,  beau- 
tifully-coloured coral-fishes,  abundant  in  tlie 
equatorial  zone,  and  on  the  coasts  adjoining  it. 
The  species  are  numerous. 

pla  tyg"-i-nus,  ».  [Pref.  platy-,  and  yaw 
yonti  =  a  kuee.J 

Palceont.  :  A  genus  of  Suidw,  from  the 
American  Pliocene  and  Post-Tertiary. 

pla-tym'-e-ter,  *.  [Pref.  platy-,  and  Eng. 
meter.]  An  apparatus  for  measuring  the 
inductive  capacity  of  dielectrics. 


'-t^,  s.  pi    [Pref.  platy-,  and  pL  of 
Gr.  vu>rov  (noton)  =  the  back.] 

Zool.  :  Huxley's  name  for  the  Monitoridse 
(q.v.). 

pla-ty'-d-don,  s.  [Gr.  n-Aan;?  (platus)  —  flat, 
and  ufiouc  (odous),  genit.  oiovTOS  (odontos)  =  a 
tooth.]  A  broad-toothed  animal. 

plat-Sr-6ph-thar-m8n,  s.  [Pi-ef.  platy-,  and 
Gr.  u4>0oAp.o;  (ophthalmos)  =  eye.] 

Min.  :  A  name  given  by  the  ancients  to 
powdered  Stilmite  (q.v.),  which  was  employed 
for  colouring  the  eyebrows,  &c.,  to  increase  the 
apparent  size  of  the  eye. 

plaf  -^-op'-lc,  o.  [Pref.  platy-,  and  Gr.  o^ic 
(opsis)  —  the  face.] 

Anthrop.  :  A  term  applied  to  individuals  or 
races  having  the  naso-malar  index  below  107'5, 
as  is  the  case  with  the  Mongoloid  races  gener- 
ally. [NASO-MALAR  INDEX.] 

plat-y'-pez'-flk,  «.     [Pref.  platy-,  and  Gr.  ire'fa 
(peza)  =  the  foot,  the  instep,  the  ankle.] 
Entom.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Platypezids. 

plat-y-peir-I-dse,  «.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  platy- 
pez(u)  ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -id(«.] 

Entom.  :  A  family  of  minute  Diptera,  tribe 
Nemocera.  Body  flat,  head  hemispherical, 
legs  short,  hinder  ones  stout.  Larvte  live  in 
fungi.  Several  are  British.  Akin  to  the  Doli- 
chopodidae. 

plit-y-phyl'-lous,   o.     [Pref.   platy-;  Gr. 
<f>vA\ov  (phullon)  =  a  leaf,  and  Eng.  suff.  -ous.] 
Bot.  :  Broad-leaved. 

plat'-y-ptfd,  ».    [PLATYPUS.)    A  broad-footed 

animal. 

plat-yp-ter-ffc'-I-die,  «.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat 
plntypteryz,  genit.  platypteryg(ti)  ;  Lat.  fern. 
pL  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Entom.  :  A  family  of  Moths,  group  Bom- 
bycina.  Male  with  the  antenna:  pectinated, 
those  of  the  female  generally  filiform  ;  abdo- 
men slender  in  both  sexes  ;  wings  small,  com- 
paratively broad,  sometimes  hooked.  Larvae 
with  only  fourteen  legs. 

plat-yp'-ter-jhs,  *.  [Pref.  platy-,  and  Gr. 
irre'puf  (pterux)  =  a  wing.] 

Entom.  :  Hook-tip  moth  :  the  typical  genus 
of  Platypterygidse  (q.v.). 

plaf-y  pus,  *.  [Gr.  irAar,^  (plains)  =  flat, 
and  irouc  (pout),  genit.  woioe  (podos)  =  a  foot.] 

t  1.  Entom.  :  An  approximate  synonym  of 
Bostrichus  (q.v.). 

*  2.  Zool.  :  Shaw's  name  for  the  genus  Or- 
nithorhynchus  (q.v.). 


t  plat-y-rhi'-na,  s.  pi.  (Pref.  platy-,  and  Or. 
pt'j  (rhis),  genit.  "ptvo?  (rhinos)  =  a  nostril.] 

1.  Zool.  :  Geoffrey's  name  for  a  division  of 
Cuvier's    lapsed   order    Quadrumana.      The 
division  is  natural,  but  as  now  arranged  by 
Prof.    Mivart,    they     constitute    the    family 
CebidiE,  with  live  sub-families:  Cebinae,  Myce» 
tin*,  Pitheciinae, 

N  y  i-ti  pithecinae,  and 

Hapalinee.     He  de- 

fines  them   (Eacyc. 

Brit.    (ed.   9th),.  ii. 

\yi)  as  being  more 

arboreal  in  their  l>a- 

bits  than  the  Siniia- 

dae  (q.v.),  with  ge- 

nerally    a     special  j 

arboreal    organ  —  a 

prehensile  tail.    The 

septum  between  tlie     "•""  OF  8PIDKR  "o"1"- 

nostrils  is  broad  instead  of  narrow.    Ther« 

are  no  cheek   pouches  or  ischial  callosities. 

and  the  thumb  is  capable  of  but  very  partial 

opposition  to  the  other  fingers.      There  is  an 

additional  premolar  on  each  side  of  each  jaw, 

the    meatvs  avditorivi  externus  is    wanting. 

They  are  confined  to  the  New  World,  and 

have  their  home  in  the  tropical  forests  of 

South  America. 

2.  Paloiont.  :  Remains  have  been  discovered 
in  South  America  in  deposits  of  late  Tertiary 
or  Post-Tertiary  age.    [PROTOPITHECUS.] 

t  plat'-y-rhine,  s.  &  o.    [PLATVRHINA.] 

A.  As  subst.  :  Any  monkey  belonging  to  the 
section  Platyrhina. 

B.  As  adj.  :  Having  a  broad  nose. 

pla-tys  -ma,  s.  [Or.  irAoTv<r>ia  (platusma),  = 
a  flat  piece  or  plate  ;  n-Aari/s  (platus)  =  broad.) 
(See  the  compound.) 

platysma  myoides,  s. 

Anat.  :  A  thin  sheet  of  muscular  fibre,  ex- 
tending over  the  front  and  sides  of  tlie  neck 
and  lower  portion  of  the  face,  and  serving  to 
depress  the  lower  jaw. 

plat  y  so  -ma,  s.    [PLATVSOMDS.] 

1.  Entom.  (As  a  PI.)  :  A  family  of  Tetramer- 
ous  Beetles.    Body  depressed,  elongated,  with, 
the  thorax  subquadrate.      Antennae  equally 
thick  throughout,  or  tapering.   Family  Cucu- 
jidse.    (Latreille  &  Cuvier.) 

2.  Palceont.  :  The  same  as  PLATYSOMTB  (q.v.)i 

pllt'-y-some,  s.  [PLATYSOMA.]  Any  indivi- 
dual of  the  family  Platysoma  (q.v.). 

plat  y-SO'-mUS,  S.  [Gr.  n-Aarvo-iufXOf  (pliitu- 
somos)  =  having  a  broad  body.  J 

Palceont.  :  A  genus  of  Ganoid  Fishes,  from 
the  Devonian  to  the  Permian. 

plat-y-ster'-non,  s.  [Pref.  platy-,  and  Gr. 
aripvov  (stemon)  =  the  breast.] 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Emydes,  from  China. 
Plalysternon  megacephalum  is  the  Large-headed 
Chinese  River  Tortoise. 

pla  tys-to  ma,  s.  [Pref.  platy-,  and  Gr. 
or6/u.a  (stoma)=.  the  mouth.] 

Ichthy.  :  A  genus  of  Siluridae  (q.v.).  Snout 
very  long,  spatulate,  with  the  upper  jaw 
more  or  less  projecting  ;  barl>els  six,  palate- 
toothed,  caudal  forked.  Twelve  species  from 
South  America,  some  attaining  a  length  of 
six  feet,  the  majority  ornamented  with  blacto 
spots  or  bands. 

plat-y"-trok'-te9,  s.  [Pref.  platy-,  and  Or. 
Tp<uim)c  (trfilctcs)  —  a  gnawer,  a  nibbler  ;  rpwyt* 


Ichthy.  :  A  genus  of  Alepoceplialidae,  dis- 
covered by  the  Challenger  Expedition.  They 
have  small  keeled  scales,  and  no  ventrals. 

*  plaud,  v.t.    [Lat  plaudo.]    To  applaud. 

"Flauding  our  victorie  and  thin  happie  end." 

Chapmm  :  Mind  Beggar  <tf  A  lezandrltk 

plaud   It,  s.    [PLADDITE.]    Applause  ;  praise 
bestowed. 

"  All  the  plauditt  of  the  venal  crowd." 

Byron  :  ChildM  Kecolltcttont. 

*  plan'-dl-tS,  «.    [Lat.  =  applaud  ye,  2nd 
pers.  pi.  i  in  per.  of  plaudo  =  to  applaud  ;  a  word 
addressed  by  the  actors  to  the  audience  at  the 
end  of  a  play,  asking  for  their  applause.    The 
lat.  plaudite  being  taken  for  an  English  word, 
the  final  e  was  considered  silent,  whence  came 
the    form   plaudit.]  .  IPLAUDITY.)      Plaudit, 
applause.    (Drant  :  Horace  ;  Arte  of  Poetry.) 


J&te,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  p5t, 
•r.  wore,  wol£  work,  whd,  sin ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  fall ;  try,  Syrian,   ce,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


planditory— play 


364S 


f  plau'-dl-tor-y^  a.'  [Eng.  plaudit;  -orj/.] 
Applauding,  commending. 

•  plau'-di-ty,  s.    [A  form  arising  from  the 
Lat.  plaudite  being   taken    for   an    English 
word  of  three  syllables.]    [PLAUDITE.]    Plau- 
dite, applause. 

"Give  tbia  virgin  crystal  plauditiet." 

Tourntur  :  Revenger' t  Tragedy,  IL  1. 

ttlaus-i-blT-I-ty^  s.  [Fr.  plausibilite,  from 
lAtfplausibilis  =  plausible  (q.v.).] 

*  1.  Sometliing  deserving  applause. 

•MHe]  carried  on  his  dignity  with  that  justice, 
modesty,  integrity,  fidelity,  and  other  gracious  piauri- 
tilitiet.  —  raufhan :  L./e  t  Death  of  Dr.  JacJaon. 

*  2.  Applause. 

1    "With  great  admiration   and  plautibiliti/  of   the 
people.'  —Uackluyt :  I'oyaget,  i.  287. 

3.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  plausible  or 
specious ;  plausibleness,  speciousness. 

"We  admit  the  plautibility  of  the  notion."— 
Standard,  Oct.  S.  1883. 

t  4.  Anything  plausible  or  specious. 

11  Not  absolutely  formed  to  be  the  dupe 
Of  shallow  pluutibilititt  alone." 

R.  Browning :  Paraceltut,  iil 

plau?  '-I-ble,  *  plaus'-a-ble,  o.  [Lat.  plaus- 
ibilis,  from  plausus,  pa.  par.  of  plaudo  =  io 
applaud.] 

*  1.    Deserving    applause ;    praiseworthy, 
Commendable. 

"  Which  made  a  plaiaible  bishop  seem  to  be  anti- 
christ to  Gregory  the  Great"— Backet :  Life  of  H'll- 
Kami,  i>L  ii.,  p.  06. 

*  2.  Applauding,  rejoicing. 

"With  the  pure,  plant  Me,  and  Joyful  minds."— 
Mecon:  Work*,  i.  HI. 

3.  Apparently   right,  or  deserving  of  ap- 
plause or  praise ;  specious.    (Cmvper :  Progress 
(if  Error,  145.) 

4.  Using  specious  arguments  or  language  ; 
fair-spoken,  specious:  as,  a  plausible  speaker. 

" plaus'-I-ble-ize,  «.*.  [Eng.  plausible; 
-ize.]  To  recommend. 

"  So  as  to  phiuti'tlrize  himself,  especially  among  the 
clergy."— Fuller:  Church  Uitt.,  IV.  iv.  7. 

pl£u|  -I-ble-ness,  *.  [Eng.  plausible ;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  beiu;j  plausible ; 
plausibility,  speciousness. 

"Then  may  it  with  some  degree  of  pJautibleneu  be 
suggested."— Clarice :  On  the  Kridencet,  prop.  11. 

plans  '-I-bly,  adv.    [Eng.  piausib(U) ;  -ly.} 

*  1.  In  a  manner  really  to  merit  applause. 

*  2.  With  applause  ;  with  acclamation. 

"  The  Romans  platuibly  did  give  consent. " 

Shaketp. :  Raft  of  Lucrece,  1,854. 

3.  In  a  plausible  or  specious  manner ;  with 
•  show  of  plausibility  ;  speciously. 

"  How  plaiuibly  soever  this  objection  looks  at  the 
first  sight."— Sharp  :  Srrmom,  vol.  ii.,  Mr.  8. 

•  plans'-ive,  a.     [Lat  plausus,  pa.  par.  of 
plaudu  =  to  applaud.] 

1.  Applauding,  approving. 

"  To  your  plautive  fortunes  give  our  voice." 

Beyttood:  foure  Prenticel,  i. 

2.  Plausible. 

"His plautire  words 


He  scatter'd  not" 


Shaketp. :  AlVt  Well,  i.  J. 


•  plaw.  »  plawe,  v.t.    [Etym.  doubtful.]   To 
parboil. 

play,   *  plaie,  *  pleyo,  r.i.   &  t.     [A.S. 
plegian,  from  pkya  —  play  (q.v.).] 
A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  sport,  to  frolic ;  to  do  something,  not 
as  a  task  or  of  necessity,  but  for  a  pleasure  ; 
to  amuse  one's  self. 

"Let  the  boys  leave  to  plau."—Shtikttp. :    Merry 
Wm«tf  \\-imlin;  iv.  L 

2.  To  toy,  to  dally. 

"  Golden  hair,  with  which  I  used  to  play." 

1\  nnjton  :  Uiu.iecere.  US. 

3.  To  act  thoughtlessly  ;  to  trifle ;   to  be 
careless. 

"  Men  nre  ant  to  play  with  their  healths  and  their 
lives  as  tli.y  do  with  their  cloaths."—  temple. 

4.  To  take  part  in  a  game,  recreation,  or 

pastime. 

"  When  the  ginnU  playrd  at  pitch  and  toss." 

illiiMe:  Laytoftlu!  Hiyh!andt,  p.  29. 

5.  Specif.  :  To  gamble ;  to  contend  in  a  game 
for  money. 

6.  To  perform  an  act  or  action  incidental  or 
necessary  to  a  game. 

"Newton  was  bowled  in  playing  late  at  a  yorkcr."— 
Daily  Telegraph,  July  1, 1885. 

7.  To  perform  upon  an  instrument  of  music. 

"Moody  Pluto  winks  while  Orpheus  plant." 

Shaketp.  :  Rape  of  Lucrece,  5M. 


8.  To  move  irregularly  and  freely. 

"  Loose  as  the  breeze  that  plant  along  the  downs." 

Thornton :  Castle  of  Indolence,  i.  & 

9.  To  operate,  to  act,  to  move,  to  flow. 

"Whiles  warm  life  plays  in  that  infant's  veins.* 
Hhaketp. :  Xing  John,  iii.  4. 

10.  To  move  or  be  moved  nimbly. 

"The  nimble  fingers  piny  in  and  out."—  CauelTt 
Technical  Educator,  pt.  xiL,  p.  371. 

11.  To  work;  to  be  engaged  in  work  or 
action. 

"The  firemen  will  be  engaged  In  playing  on  the 
warehouses."—  Daily  Telegraph,  Dec.  11,  Is85- 

12.  To  act ;  to  be  set  and  kept  in  action  or 
operation. 

"To  what  extent  her  machine-guns  can  play  with 
destructive  effect."—  Daily  Telegraph,  Aug. .25,  1885. 

13.  To  do,  to  act,  to  behave. 

"IhoMplay'dtt  most  foully  for't." 

Shakeip.  :  Macbeth,  iii.  1. 

14.  To  act  upon  a  stage  ;  to  personate  a 
character  in  a  play. 

"  Fit  to  play  in  our  interlude."— Shakeip, :  Miatum- 
mer  Jiight't  Dream,  i.  2. 

15.  To  act  or  assume  a  part  without  carrying 
it  out  seriously ;  to  nwke  a  playful  or  lialf- 
sevious  pretence  of  acting  a  part.    (Usually 
followed  by  at.) 

"The  ladies  have  played  at  making  puddings."— 
Oburver,  Nov.  15.  1885. 

16.  To  serve  or  be  suitable  or  in  condition 
for  playing  a  game  :  as,  A  billiard  table  plays 
well. 

B.  Transitive: 

L  To  bring  into  sportive  or  playful  action. 

2.  To  contend  in  ;  to  contest  for  amusement 
or  for  a  prize  :  as,  To  play  whist,  to  play  foot- 
ball, &c. 

3.  To  use  in  play;  to  lay  on  the  tablj  or 
move  in  a  game. 

"  As  for  false  cards,  they  may  no  doubt  be  played 
with  effect''— Field,  Dec.  u,  loSi. 

4.  To  perform  music  on :   as,  To  play  the 
piano. 

5.  To  perform  on  a  musical  instrument ;  to 
execute  :  as,  To  play  an  overture. 

6.  To  put  or  keep  in  action  or  motion  ;  to 
cause  to  work  or  act :  as,  To  play  a  camion  011 
a  fort. 

7.  To  keep  in  play  with  a  line. 

"A  <lb.  Jack  was  being p'ayed."— Field,  Jan.  2, 1886. 

8.  To  amuse  one's  self  with :  as,  To  play  a 
person. 

9.  To  act  or  perform  by  the  representation 
of  characters  in. 

"  Your  honour's  players,  hearing  your  amendment. 
Are  come  to  play  a  pleasaiit  couiedr." 

Shakeip.:  Taming  of  the  Shrev.  ii.    (Ind.) 

10.  To  act  the  part  of;  to  act  or  take  the 
character  of. 

"Hiss  .  .  .   playt  the  part  of  a  servant-maid."— 
Standard,  Nov.  11,  1885. 

11.  To  act  or  represent  in  general ;  to  act 
like  ;  to  conduct  one's  self  like  ;  to  behave  in 
the  manner  of. 

"  Play  the  mother's  part."        Shakeip. :  Sonnet  US. 

12.  To  execute,  to  do,  to  perform,  to  act. 

"  Man.  proud  man  .  .  . 

Playt  such  fantastic  tricks  before  high  Heaven." 
Shaketp. :  Meaiure  for  Measure,  ii.  2. 

13.  To  handle,  treat,  or  deal  with  scientific- 
ally, or  according  to  the  rules  of  a  game  :  as, 
To  play  a  ball  at  cricket. 

14.  To  contend  in  a  game  with  ;  to  enter 
into  competition  in  a  game  with. 

15.  Elliptically :  To  engage  or  make  use  of 
in  play  ;  to  play  with. 

T  1.  To  play  booty :  [BOOTY], 

2.  To  play  fast  and  loose : 

(1)  To  be  fickle,  changeable,  or  not  to  be 
depended  on. 

(2)  To  act  recklessly. 

"  A  Bishop  ought  not  to  piny  to  fast  and  loo*  with 
words."— Echo,  Dec.  3,  1884,  p.  1. 

3.  To  play  into  a  person's  hands:  To  act  or 
manage  matters  to  his  benefit  or  advantage. 

"Simply  playing  into  the  hand*  at  laxy  ucYr-do- 
weels."— Obterwr,  Nov.  IS,  1886. 

4.  To  play  off: 

(1)  To  show  off;  to  display,  to  exhibit:  as, 
To  piny  of  tricks. 

(2)  To  finish  the  playing  of. 

(3)  To  show  up  or  expose  to  ridicule. 

5.  To  play  on  or  upon  : 

(1)  To  make  sport  of;  to  mock;  to  trifle 
with  ;  to  trick,  to  befool. 

(2)  To  give  a  humorous  or  fanciful  turn  to  : 
as,  To  play  on  words. 


6.  To  play  on  : 

Cricket:  To  play  a  ball  so  that  it  is  not 
quite  stopped,  but  runs  on  to  the  stumps. 

"  The  last  ball  of  his  first  over  Bolitho  played  on  to 
his  wicket.  —Daily  Telegraph,  July  1,  1885. 

T.  To  play  one's  cards  :  To  act  ;  to  manage 
one's  business  ;  to  contrive. 

8.  To  make  play  :  To  take  the  lead  ;  to  lead 
off.     (Racing  slang.) 

"Grey  Parrot  mute  play  .  .  .  with  Duke  of  Rick- 
mond  and  Forio  next"—  Daily  Telegraph,  Nov.  IS,  18SV. 

9.  To  be  played  out  :  To  be  carried  too  far  ; 
to  be  useless  any  longer  for  the  purpose  in- 
tended.   (Slang.) 

"  Prom  some  reason  or  another  examinations  wei% 
rather  'played  out.'  "—Daily  Telegraph,  Dec.  17,  1885, 

10.  To  play  possum  :  [POSSUM]. 

11.  To  play  with  one's  beard  :  To  make  a  fool 
of  ;  to  trifle  with  ;  to  deceive. 

"Yet  I  have  played  with  hit  beard.  In  knitting  th» 

knot, 
"  1  promised  friendship  —  bnt  meant  it  not." 

Damon  i  Pythian. 

*  12.  To  play  knaves  trumps  :  To  cudgel 
soundly  ;  to  thrash. 

"  She  snatched  up  a  fagot-stick  and  so  she  began  ts> 
play  knaves  trumpt."  —Locrine,  iv.  2. 

play,  *  plaie,  *pley,  *.  [A.8.  plega,  proh 
from  Lat.  plaga  =  a  stroke.] 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  A  game,  an  amusement  ;  an  exercise  at 
series  of  actions  for  amusement  or  diversion. 


"  Very  few  spectators  witnessed  the  pl 
April  4,  1885. 

2.  Sjiort,  frolic,  diversion,  amusement,  gam- 
bols ;  things  done  in  jest,  not  in  earnest, 

"At  an  early  age,  children  learn  more  from  pi»p 
than  from  teaching."—  Tylor:  Early  Hut.  Mankind, 
ch.  vi. 

3.  A  playful  disposition  or  temper  ;  playful- 
ness. 

4.  Gambling,  gaming;  the  act  or  practice  of 
contending  in  a  game  for  money. 

"Whose  father  hath  in  plan 
Wasted  a  thousand  pounds  of  ancient  rent." 

linnet  :  Immortality  of  the  Soul.    (  I  n  trod.) 

5.  Practice  or  exercise  in  any  contest  :  aa> 
sword  -play,  i.e.,  fencing. 

6.  Skill  or  art  in  any  game,  exercise,  or 
sport. 

7.  The  style  or  manner  in  which  a  game,  &c.» 
is  played. 

"  The  play  was  certainly  not  of  that  high  character 
which  illicit  have  been  expected."—  Fitld.  Dec.  6.  1884. 

8.  Action,  use,  employment,  operation. 

"  There  were  upwards  of  thirteen  steam  nre-engiiMS> 
in  full  play."—  Daily  Telegraph,  Dec.  11,  M85. 

'  9.  A  state  of  agitation  or  ventilation  ; 
publicity,  discussion.  (Dryden:  Religio  Luici, 
321.) 

10.  Manner  of  acting  or  dealing  ;  conduct,, 
practice. 

"  Do  me  no  foul  play."          Shaketp.  :  Lear,  iil.  7. 

11.  Performance  or  execution  upon  an  in- 
strument of  music. 

12.  Motion  or  movement.    [II.] 

13.  The  act  or  art  of  managing  a  fish  with  & 
line  so  as  to  tire  it  out  and  bring  it  to  land. 

14.  Power  ;  space  or  room  for  motion. 

"  The  Joints  are  let  exactly  into  one  another,  thssk 
they  have  no  play  Iwtweeu  them."—  Hoxon. 

15.  Liberty  of  action  ;  room  or  opportunity 
for  action  or  display  ;  scopv,  swing,  vent. 

"Should  a  writer  give  the  full  play  to  his  mirth. 
without  regard  to  decency,  he  might  please  re  .dersj. 
but  umat  be  a  very  ill  man,  if  he  could  please  himself. 
—Aduitin:  freeholder. 

16.  The  representation  or  exhibition  of  a. 
dramatic  performance,  as   of  a   comedy  at- 
tragedy  ;  a  dramatic  performance. 

"A  visit  to  the  play  is  a  more  expensive  luxury  la 
many  ways."—  Daily  Telejraph,  Dec.  2u,  1S83. 

17.  A    dramatic    composition  ;   a  comedyv 
tragedy,  farce,  ic.  ;  a  composition  in  which 
the  characters  «"•  represented  by  dialogu* 
and  action. 

"To  present  a  new  play  at  the  beginning  of  ths> 
season.'—  Daily  Chronicle,  Sept.  7,  188*. 
IL  Technically: 

1.  Mach.  :   A   movement  *n   a   prescribed 
path,  as  the  stroke  of  a  piston,  the  oscillation 
of  a  pendulum. 

2.  Horol.  :  [BSD-SHAKE]. 

T  (1)  Play  of  colours:  An  appearance  at 
several  prismatic  colours  in  rapid  succession 
on  turning  an  object,  as  a  diamond. 

(2)  A  play  on  or  upon  words  :  The  giving  a 
word  a  double  meaning  ;  punning,  a  pun. 

"A  childish  plat/  upon  teordt.  quite  foreign  to  tlsft 
point  at  issue."—  Stewart  :  PhUotoph.  Euayt,  ess.  S. 


boil,  boy ;  poilt,  jowl ;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  chin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-wan,  -tian  -  sham    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  -  zhun.    -cious,  - tious,    sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


3644 


playable— pleader 


*  play-actor,  *.    An  actor. 

*  play-actorism,  s.    Histrionism,  acting. 

*      "A  trifle  of  unconscious  play-actoritm."—  Carlyle  : 
ttminiKtnca,  i.  ItL 

"play-day,*.    A  day  giTen  up  to  play  or 
diversion  I  a  holiday. 

"The  soul's  play-day  it  always  the  dtvil's  working 
t*j.~—  South  :  Sermon*.  voL  TL.  sex.  lu, 

*  play-dresser,  *.    A  dresser  of  plays 
<q.v.)    (See  also  Kotea  <t  Queries,  June  9,  1883, 
p.  455.) 

"Demetrius  Faunlus,  play^tretter  and  plagiary."— 
ten  Jmton  :  PoetJUer,  T.  i. 

*  play  maker,  t.    A  writer  of  plays. 

"  The  play-mik-ri  uid  the  poeU  hare  done  us  tome 
Uttle  service."-.V<x«  t  (lueriet.  Oct.  M,  188&,  p.  SM. 

*  play-place,  s.    A  place  where  games 
•re  played  ;  a  playground. 

"  We  lure  the  plag-plnce  of  our  early  dart." 

Cotfper:  Tirocinium,  tUT. 

play-spell,  ».    A  time  for  play  or  recrea- 
tion.   (Amer.) 

*  play-  waggon,  *  play-  wagon,  «.  A 

waggon,  used  for  carrying  the  properties  of 
•trolling  players,  and  forming  part  of  the 
theatre  in  which  they  performed. 

"Thou  bait  forgot  how  thou  ambient  (in  leather 

pilch)  by  a  play-wagon,  in  the  highway.  —Decker: 

Satiromattix. 

play-  writer,  ».  The  writer  of  a  play  or 
pla>  s  ;  a  playwright,  a  dramatist. 

"  lie  accuses  the  play-writert,  among  other  things, 
of  restoring  the  pagan  worship."—  Lecky  :  England  in 
On  Eighteenth  Century.  ruL  i.,  cli.  ir. 

play  a  ble,  o.    [Eng.  play  ;  -able.] 

1.  Capable  of  being  played. 

"  A  1*11  touching  the  baulk-liue  is  not  playable."— 
field.  Dec.  12,  lags. 

2.  Capable  of  being  played  on  ;  fit  to  be 
played  on.    (Field,  Jan.  23,  1886.) 

play-bill,  s.  [Eng.  play,  and  bill  (3).]  A  bill 
or  placard  exhibited  as  an  advertisement  of  a 
play,  with  the  names  of  the  actors  and  the 
parts  taken  by  them. 

"The  reference*  in  the  playbill  to  the  altentiou 
made  in  the  uouse."—  Daily  Chronicle,  b«pt.  7,  1S8S. 

•  play  -book,  ».     [Eng.  play,  and  book.]     A 
book  of  plays  or  dramatic  compositions.  (Ben 
Jonson  :  Devil  it  an  Ass,  ii.  1.) 

play  debt  (6  silent),  s.  [Eng.  piny,  and  debt.] 
A  debt  incurred  by  gambling  ;  a  gambling  debt. 

"  Mary  had  a  way  of  Interrupting  tattle  about  .  .  . 
duels  and  playdebti'—Macaulay:  Hitt.  Eng  ,  ch.  zl. 

T  A  playdebt  is  not  recoverable  by  law. 

play-er,  "plai-er,  *.  [A.&  plegere.]  [PLAY,*.] 
1.  One  who  plays  ;  one  who  takes  part  in  a 
game  or  exercise  of  amusement  or  skill. 

"  Both  playen  having  to  rely  on  their  own  resources. 
the  play  was  naturally  sluw."—  Fit  Id,  April  4,  1SS5. 

*  2.  One  who  trifles  ;  a  trifler  ;  a  lazy  penon. 

"Saints  in  your  injuries,  devils  being  offended, 
Playeri  iii  >our  housewifery." 

.sAo*«p.  •  Othello,  ii.  1. 

8.  An  actor  ;  one  who  plays  on  the  stage. 

"  Aft.  r  all  the  fellow  was  bat  a  player  ;  and  plat/en 
•re  Mgues."—  Jtacaulay  :  Hitt.  Eng.,  ch.  xiz. 

*  4.  A  mimic. 

6.  One  who  performs  upon  an  instrument  of 
•usi<-  ;  a  performer.    (1  Samuel  xvi.  10.) 
6.  A  gambler,  a  gamester. 

*  player  -like,  *  player  lyke,  a.    Be- 

fitting, or  characteristic  of,  a  player. 

"  Bat  the  Ixmle  chose  vnto  him  thy»  kymle  of 
doctryne  as  playuest,  and  f.irre  from  all  mauer  of 
player-lyke  ostentation.  "—L'dal:  Marke  Ir. 

•  play-er-ly,   *  play-  er-  lie,  o.     [Eng. 
flayer;  -ly.]    Like  a  player  ;  player-like. 

"This     Infamous    playerlie    emperor."—  Prtnme  : 


play-fel-ldw.  *  plaie  fel-ow,  ».  [Eng. 
play,  and  fellow.]  A  companion  or  associate 
in  games  or  amusements. 

"  It  is  your  fault  that  I  have  loved  Posthumus  : 
Ton  bred  him  as  my  play/fllow." 

Shaketp.  :  Cymbeline,  L  i. 

•play-fere,  *play-feer,  '  play  laicr,  s. 

(Bug.  play,  &nd  fere.]    A  playfellow. 

"  Her  little  ntayfeer  and  her  pretty  ban.* 

Drayton:  The  Mom-Calf. 

play'-fal.a.    [Eng.  play,  and  full.] 

1.  Full  of  phiy  or  merriment  ;  sportive  ;  in- 
dulging in  gambols. 

"  I  bethought  me  of  the  playful  hare." 

Wordnrort*  :  Ketoiution  t  Independent*. 

2.  Indulging  a  sportive  fancy  ;  s]>rightly, 
Jocular,  amusing  :  as,  a  playful  writer. 


play-ful-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  playful ;  -ly.]  In  a 
playful  manner ;  sportively,  merrily,  jocosely. 

"O fatal  strife, 
By  the*,  poor  songstress,  playfully  begun." 

Cowper  :  Strada  i  \iyhtingale. 

play -ful-n£ss,  ».  [Eng.  playful;  •nets.'] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  playful;  ft 
playful  disposition  ;  play,  sportivenesg. 

•play- game,  «.  [Eng.  play,  and  fame.] 
The  play  of  children. 

play-go-er,  t.  [Eng.  play,  and  goer.]  One 
who  frequents  plays  or  playhouses. 

"  It  strongly  took  the  fancy  of  the  younger  play- 
"—Daily  Chronicle.  Sept  8,  ISSi 


play-go-lng,  a.  &  *.    [Eng.  play,  and  going.] 

A.  Aiodj.:  Frequenting  plays  or  play  houses. 

"  The  pliy7«inn  public  were  so  much  attached  to 
OHtia."— Daily  Chronicle,  Sept  7,  18:5. 

B.  Assubt. :  The  act  or  practice  of  frequent- 
ing plays. 

play-ground,  *.  [Eng.  play,  and  ground.] 
A  piece  of  ground  designed  for  children  to 
play  npon ;  specif.,  such  a  piece  of  ground 
attached  to  a  school.  The  statutes  22  Viet, 
c.  27,  and  24  Viet.,  c.  30,  facilitate  grants  of 
land  for  public  playgrounds. 

play-house,  ».  [Eng.  play,  and  house.]  A 
building  used  for  dramatic  representations  ; 
a  theatre. 

play-ing,  pr.  par.  or  o.    [PLAT,  v.] 

playing-card,  ».  One  of  a  pack  of  cards 
used  for  playing  games.  [CARD(I),  ».,  II.  1. 1f.J 

*  play-less,  a.    [Eng.  play  ;  -less.]    Without 
play ;  not  playing. 

*  play-lome,  *.    [Eng.  play,  and  Mid.  Eng. 
lome  =  a  tool.]    A  weapon. 

"  Go.  reche  me  my  play  tome."  Perceval,  S, 018. 

play-mate,  ».  [Eng.  play,  and  mate.]  A 
companion  in  play  ;  a  playfellow. 

»  play  pnee're,  «.    [PLAYFERE.] 

*  play  -pleas  -  ure  (8  as  zh),  *.    [Eng.  play, 
and  pleasure.]   "Idle  amusement. 

"  He  taketh  a  kind  of  pln.yplea.turc  in  looking  upon 
the  fortune  of  others."— Bacon  .-  Euayt. 

*  playse  mouth,  ».    [PLAICE-MOUTH.] 

•play -some,  o.  [Eng.  play;  -some.}  Play- 
ful, sportive. 

"  The  she-pud  thwarts  her  plat/tome  whelps." 

Browning:  Rtng  i  Book,  x.  918. 

*  play- some -ness,   s.      [Eng.    playsome; 
-ness.  ]    The  quality  or  state  ofl>eing  playsome ; 
playfulness,  levity,  sportiveness. 

playte,  *.    [PLEYT.] 

play'-thlng,  *.  [Eng.  play,  and  thing.]  A 
toy  ;  a  thing  to  play  with  ;  that  which  serves 
to  amuse. 

"  Her  infant  babe 

Had  from  its  mother  caught  the  trick  of  grief, 
And  sigh'd  among  its  plaything*. 

Wordtvorth :  Excunton,  bk.  L 

play-time,  s.  [Eng.  play,  and  time.]  Time 
given  up  to  play  or  diversion. 

"  Upon  festivals  and  playtime*." — Cotrtry :  Euayt ; 
The  School. 

play-Wright  (gh  silent),  a.  [Eng.  play,  and 
wright.]  A  writer  or  maker  of  plays. 

"  In  this  stage  of  society,  the  playwriyht  Is  as  essen- 
tlal  «nd  «ckiiowl«li;ed  a  character  as  the  millwright" 
—Carlyle:  Miteelt.;  Oerman  Playwrighti. 

*  pie,  s.    [PLEA.] 


plea,  'pie,  'plee,  'play,  *.  [O.  Fr.  pie, 
plai,  plait,  plaid,  plain,  plaiz,  plez,  from  Low 
Lat.  placitum,= a  judgment,  decision,  sentence, 
public  assembly,  from  Lat.  placitum  =  an 
opinion,  prop.  ncut.  sing,  of  placitus,  pa.  par. 
of  placeo  =  to  please  ;  8p.  pleito  ;  Port.  pUi to, 
preito ;  Ital.  piato.] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

L  In  the  same  sense  as  IL 

2.  That  which  is  pleaded,  alleged,  or  put 
forward  in  support,  defence,  justification,  or 
excuse  ;  an  excuse,  an  apology. 

"So  spake  the  fiend,  and  with  necessity. 
The  tyrant's  plea,  excus'd  hl<  devilish  deeds.* 

Milton  :  f.  L.,  iv.  19*. 

3.  An  urgent  argument ;  a  pleading :  as,  a 
flea  for  mercy. 

U.  Lav: 

1.  English  Ixiw: 

(1)  That  which  U  pleaded  or  alleged  by  a 


party  to  an  action  in  support  of  his  demand  { 
in  a  more  restricted  sense  the  answer  of  the 
defendant  in  a  cause  to  the  plaintiffs  declara- 
tion and  demand.  Pleas  are  of  two  sorts  } 
dilatory  pleas,  and  pleas  to  th»  action. 
[DILATORY-PLEA.]  Pleas  to  the  action  aro 
such  as  dispute  the  very  cause  of  suitu 
[ABATEMENT,  II.  4 ;  BAR,  *.,  II.  3  (a).] 

"Pleas,  of   either  nature,  must  be  pleaded  In  Ml 

established  order." Blackttone :  Comment.,  hk.  ill- 

CO.  11. 

(2)  A  suit,  an  action,  a  cause  in  court. 

"  Pleat  or  suits  are  regularly  divided  into  two  sortlj 
pleat  of  the  crown,  which  comprehend  all  crimes  and 
misdemeanors,  wherein  the  sovereign,  on  behalf  of  tb« 
public,  is  the  plaintiff;  and  common  pleat,  which 
include  all  civil  actions  depending  between  subject 
and  subject  The  former  of  these  were  originally  th» 
proper  object  of  the  Jurisdiction  of  the  Court  of  King'* 
Bench  ;  the  latter  of  the  Court  of  the  Common  Pleas." 
— itlaclutone :  Comment.,  bk.  Iii.,  ch.  3. 

2.  Scots  Law:  A  short  and  concise  note  of 
the  grounds  on  which  the  action  or  defence  !• 
to  be  maintained,  without  argument. 

^ Plea  in  panel: 

Scots  Law :  The  plea  of  guilty  or  not  guilty. 

pleach,  *pleche,  v.t.    [O.  Fr.  plessier;  Fr. 
plesser  =.  to  pleach  or  plash,  from  Low  Lat. 
plessa  =  a  thicket  of  interwoven  boughs,  from 
Lat.  plecto,  pa.  par.  plexus  =  to  weave.] 
1.  To  plash,  to  interweave. 

"  Bid  her  steal  into  the  ptrnched  bower." 
Shaketp.  :  Muck  Ado  about  Kothiny.  lit  L 

*  2.  To  intertwine. 

"Thy  master  thus  with  pleached  arms,  bending  dowa 
His  corrigible  neck." 

ShaXeip. :  Antony  t  Cleopatra,  IT.  11 

plead,  *plede,  *  plaid-en,  v.i.  &.  t.  [Fr. 
plaider=to  plead,  to  argue,  from  plaid  =* 
plea  (q.v.)  ;  Low  Lat.  placito,  from  placitum 
=  a  plea ;  Sp.  pleitear;  ItaL  piatire.} 
[PLETE  (2),  v.] 

A.  Intransitive: 

1.  Ord.  /xin0. :  To  speak  or  argue  In  support 
of  a  claim,  or  in  defence  against  a  claim  ;  to 
reason  with  another  ;  to  urge  or  allege  reasons 
or  arguments  for  or  against ;  to  speak  for,  or 
defend  a  person,  action,  or  course  ;  to  claim 
or  solicit  indulgence,  support,  sympathy,  or 
mercy. 

"  Did  ever  mourner  plead  with  thee. 
And  tbou  refuse  that  mourner's  plea?" 

Cmeper  :  Olney  1/ymni,  xxxvlil. 

2.  Law :  To  present  or  put  forward  a  plem 
or  allegation  ;  to  present  or  put  in  an  answer 
tofthe  declaration  of  the  plaintiff ;  to  deny  or 
traverse  the  declaration  or  demand  of  tha 
plaintiff. 

"  The  plaintiff  must  again  plead,  either  by  denying 
these  latter  trespasses,  or  justifying  them  in  too,  • 
other  way."— Blackttime:  Comment.,  bk.  iii.,  ch.  IL 

B.  Transitive: 

L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  To  discuss,  maintain,  or  defend,  u  • 
cause  by  arguments  or  reasons  presented  to  a 
court  or  person  authorized  to  hear  and  deter- 
mine a  case  or  point :  to  argue. 

"They  think  it  most  meet  that  enery  man  should 
plead  his  own  matter."— More:  Vtopia,  bk.  ii..  ch.  Ix. 

2.  To  allege  in  pleading  or  argument ;  to 
put  forward  in  proof,  support,  or  justification. 
[II.]    (Milton :  Samson  Agonistes,  833.) 

3.  To  offer  or  allege  as  an  excuse,  justifica- 
tion, or  apology. 

"  Nor  can  any  one  plead  his  modesty  in  prejudice  ol 
his  duty.'  —  South  :  Sermon*,  vol.  vil.,  ser.  9. 

n.  Law:  To  allege  in  a  legal  plea  or  defence. 

"  Such  facts  as  would  in  a  court  of  equity  be  a  com- 
plete, answer  to  the  case  of  the  plaintiff,  and  afford 
ground  for  a  perpetiml  injunction,  may  also  \*plrade& 
specially."— Blacktlone  :  Comment.,  bk.  iiL,  ch.  IL 

H  To  plead  over  : 

TMW  :  To  reply  to  an  opponent's  pleading. 
(Wharton.) 

plead -a-ble,  a.  [Eng.  plead;  -aWe.]  Capable 
of  being  pleaded,  or  alleged  in  plea,  prool, 
excuse,  or  vindication. 

"  That  no  pardon  under  the  great  seal  of  England 
should  bu plftdablt.  to  an  impeachment  hy  the  com- 
mons in  parliament"— Burke  ;  f'rencli  Merolution. 

*  pleadable  briefs,  s.  pi. 

Scots  Law :  Precepts  directed  to  the  sheriffs. 
who  thereupon  cite  parties,  and  hear  and  de- 
termine. 

plead  er,  *  pled  our,  $.  [Fr.  plaideur, 
from  plaider  —  to  plead  (q.v.).] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  One  who  pleads  causes  in  a  court  of  law, 
&c,  ;  a  lawyer. 

"  A  councellor  or  pleader  at  the  bar." 

RoKommon  :  Horace ;  Art  of  Poetrf. 


fete,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father :  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go, 
or.  wore.  woJJ,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    re,  ce  =  c  ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  lew. 


pleading— pleasureful 


3645 


2.  One  who  offers  reasons  for  or  against ; 
•b  arguer ;  a  defender  or  maiutatner  of  a  cause. 
"  it  you 

Would  be  your  country's  pleader,  your  good  tongue 
Might  stop  your  countrymen." 

Shatetp.  :  Corinlanut,  v.  1. 

H.  Law :  One  who  forma  or  draws  up  pleas 
Or  pieadings  :  as,  a  special  pleader. 

plead  -Ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.    [PLEAD.] 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  £  particip.  adj.  :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  substantive  : 

L  Ord.  Lang.:  The  act  of  advocating,  de- 
fending, or  supporting  a  cause  by  arguments 
or  reasons. 

IL  Law: 

1.  The  act  of  advocating  a  cause  In  a  court 
of  law. 

2.  (PI.)  :  The  written  statements  of  parties 
in  a  suit  at  law,  containing  the  declaration 
and  claim  of  the  plaintiff,  or  the  answer  or 
defence  of  the  defendant.    Pleadings  consist 
of  the  declaration,  the  plea,  the  replication, 
the  rejoinder,  the  sur-rejoinder,  the  rebutter, 
the  sur-rebutter,  &c.,  which  are  successively 
filed,  until  the  question  is  brought  to  issue. 
[See  these  words.]    Pleadings  were  formerly 
made  by  word  of  mouth  in  court.    [PAROL.] 

•pleading-place,  s.    A  court  of  justice. 

*  Then  shall  the  market  and  the  pleading-plaet 
Be  choak'd  with  brambles."  Cowley :  Life. 

plead  ing-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  pleading;  -ly.]  In 
a  pleading  manner  ;  by  pleading  or  supplica- 
tion. (Harper's  Monthly,  June,  1882,  p.  117.) 

plead' -ings,  $.  pi.    [PLEADING,  C.  IL  2.] 

•pleas'-a-ble,  o.  [Eng.  pleas(e)  ;  -able.] 
Pleasing,  pleasant. 

"Suche  thiuges  as  were  uot  pteatoKlt  to  the  ears  of 
men."— Knot :  Godly  Letter!  (1M4). 

•pleas    ange,   *  pleas  -  annce,  «.     [Fr. 

plait-once,  from  plaisir  =  to  please.] 

1.  Pleasure,  gaiety,  pleasantry,  frolicsome- 
ness.    (Shakesp. :  Passionate  Pilgrim,  158.) 

2.  A  part  of  a  garden  or  pleasure-grounds 
attached  to  a  mansion,  and  shut  in  and  se- 
clu<le.l  by  trees,  shrubs,  *c. 

3.  A  kind  of  lawn  or  gauze. 

"A  countesse  holding  a  clothe  of  plcnsaunct."— 
ffardy ng:  Supplement,  fol.  78. 

•  pleas' -an-9#,  ».  [Eng.  pleasan(t) ;  -cy.] 
Pleasantness. 

"The  ameni  te  and  pteatancy  of  the  place."— Joye : 
Sxpoticion  of  Daniel,  ch.  iii. 

pleas  ant,  *  pleas-aunt,  *  pies-aunt,  a. 

k  s.    [O.  Pr.  ]ilesant  (Fr.  plaisant),  pr.  par.  of 
plesir  (Fr.  plaisir)  =  to  please  (q.v.).] 
A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Pleasing,  agreeable;   affording  pleasure 
Or  gratification  to  the  mind  or  senses  ;  grati- 
fying.    (Shakesp, :  Passionate  Pilgrim,  375.) 

2.  Cheerful,  gay,  lively,  sprightly,  enliven- 
ing- 

"  From  grave  to  light,  from  pleasant  to  severe." 
Dryden  :  Art  of  Poetry.  7«. 

3.  Jocular,  merry ;   given  to,  or  fond  of, 
Joking. 

4.  Characterized  by  jocularity  or  pleasantry; 
Kerry,  witty,  sportive. 

"In  that  pleatant  humour  they  all  posted  to  Rome." 
—Shiiketp. :  Rapt  of  Lucrece,  Arg.  8. 

*  B.  As  substantive : 

1.  A  pleasant,  jocular,  or  merry  fellow ;  a 
humourist,  a  droll. 

"  They  bestow  their  silver  on  courtesans,  pleasanli, 
and  flatterers."—/".  Holland  :  f'lnturch,  p.  !«». 

2.  A  kind  of  lawn  or  gauze. 


pleasant-spirited,  a.    Merry,  gay. 

"  By  my  troth,  t,  ple<unnt-tpirited  lady.'— Shaketp.  : 
Much  Ado  about  Xalhing,  ii.  L 

*  pleasant  tongued,  a.     Pleasing  in 
speech. 

picas  ant  1^,  *  pleas-annt-ly,  adv.  [Eng. 
pleasant ;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  pleasing  manner ;  so  as  to  please  or 
gratify. 

"  He  thought  nothing  might  more  pleataimtly  hap- 
pen."— Orafton  :  Citron.  ;  Edmrd  IV.  (an.  9). 

2.  Gaily,  merrily,  sportively. 

•  3.  Jestingly,  jocularly. 

"  King  James  wo»  wont  pleasantly  to  say,  that  the 
duke  of  Buckingham  had  given  him  a  secretary,  who 
could  neither  write  nor  read." — Clarendon :  Viril  War 


pleas' -ant-ness,  «.    [Eng.  pleasant;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  pleasant, 
agreeable,  or  gratifying  to  the  mind  or  senses. 

"  The  great  delight  they  took  to  consider  the  plea- 
tantneu  of  the  place."— .lorth :  Pfutarch,  p.  347. 

2.  Gaiety,  cheerfulness,  merriment. 

3.  Jocularity,  pleasantry. 

pleas  -ant-ry,   ».      [Fr.    plaisanterit,   from 

plaisant  —  pleasing.] 

1.  Gaiety,  cheerfulness,  sprightliness. 

"  The  very  great  force  which  pleasantry  in  company 
hat  upon  all  those  with  whom  a  man  of  that  talent 
converse*."— Steel*:  Spectator,  No.  462. 

2.  Good  temper  ;  jocularity,  raillery. 

"  Talked,  with  much  Ingenuity  and  pleaiantry, 
against  hereditary  monarchy."— Macaulay :  But.  Eng., 

CO.  XV. 

3.  A  jocular,  witty,  or  humourous  saying ; 
a  jest,  a  joke  ;  raillery. 

4.  A  laughable  or  comical  trick  or  conduct ; 
a  frolic. 

please,  *  plese,  v.t.  &  f.  [O.  Pr.  plesir, 
plaisir  (Fr.  plaire)  =  to  please,  from  Lat. 
placeo  =  to  please,  allied  to  placo  =  to  appease ; 
Sp.  placer;  Port,  piazer ;  ItaL  piacere.] 

A.  Transitive  : 

1.  To  give  or  afford  pleasure  to ;  to  gratify, 
to  delight ;  to  excite  pleasant  or  agreeable 
emotions  in. 

"  Go  home  with  it  and  pleate  your  wife  withal." 
SHaketp.  :  Comedy  of  Errort,  iii.  t. 

*  2.  To  satisfy,  to  content,  to  humour. 

"  I  will  pltate  yon  what  yon  will  demand." 

tihultetp. :  Comedy  of  Errort,  i  v.  4. 

3.  To  obtain  favour  in  the  sight  of ;  to  win 
approval  from.     (Milton :  P.  L.,  ix.  949.) 

4.  To  seem  good  to ;  to  be  the  will  or  plea- 
sure of.    (Used  impersonally.) 

"  To-morrow  may  it  pleani  yon." 
Shakesp.  :  Two  Oemlemen  of  Verona,  L  S. 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  give  or  afford  pleasure  or  gratification ; 
to  gratify. 

"  Such  writers  probably  make  no  distinction  between 
what  is  pntiaed  and  what  is  pleating."— Qoldtmith  : 
Polite  Learning,  ch.  XL 

2.  To  like,  to  choose,  to  prefer. 

"  Spirits,  freed  from  mortal  laws,  with  ease 
Asuuiue  what  sexes  and  what  shapes  they  pleatf." 
Pope :  Rape  of  the  Lock,  i.  70. 

3.  To  condescend ;  to  be  pleased ;  to  con- 
sent ;  to  be  willing ;  to  vouchsafe. 

"  Heav'nly  stranger,  pleate  to  taste 
Thews  bounties."  Milton :  P.  L.,  T.  S97. 

If  (1)  Please  is  used  elliptically  for  if  you 
please,  or  if  it  please  you. 

(2)  To  be  pleased  to  do  a  thing  : 

(o)  To  have  or  take  pleasure  in  doing  a  thing. 
(b)  To  think  fit  or  to  have  the  kindness  or 
goodness  to  do  ;  to  condescend  to  do. 

(3)  To  be  pleased  in  :  To  take  pleasure  in. 

(4)  To  be  pleased  with :  To  approve. 

pleased,  pa.  par.  or  a.    [PLEASE.] 

*  pleas'-Sd-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  pleased  ;  -ly.]    In 
a  pleased,  gratified,  or  satisfied  manner ;  with 
pleasure. 

"  He  remarked  pleatedly  on  the  enthusiastic  tem- 
perament of  the  Norwegians."— Daily  Chronicle,  Sept. 
2,  1885. 

*  pleas  -ed  ness,  s.     [Eng.  pleased ;    -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  pleased  ;  pleasure. 

"  This  preference  and  superior  pleatednttt  is  the 
ground  of  all  it  does  in  the  case." — Edwardt :  Freedom 
of  the  Will,  pt  ii.,  i  & 

*  please'  man,  s.    [Eng.  please,  and  man.] 
One  who  curries  favour ;  a  pickthauk ;  an 
officious  person. 

"Some  carry-tale,  some  plenteman.  some  slight  zany." 
Shaketp.  ;  Lote't  Labour  i  Lott,  v.  s. 

pleas' -er,  s.  [Eng.  pleas(e):  -er.]  One  who 
pleases  or  gratifies ;  one  who  curries  favour 
by  humouring  or  flattering. 

"  No  man  was  more  a  plraurr  of  all  men  to  whom  be 
became  all  honest  things,  that  he  might  gain  some." 
— Bp.  Taylor:  Artificial  Handtomenett,  p.  190. 

pleas' -Ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.  [PLEASE.]  Plea- 
sant, agreeable,  gratifying ;  affording  pleasure 
to  the  mind  or  senses. 

"  Those  soft  and  pleating  features  which  had  won  so 
many  hearts."— ilacaulay  :  ffitt.  Eng..  ch.  T. 

pleas' -Ing-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  pleasing;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  pleasing  manner ;  so  as  to  please  or 
gratify ;  pleasantly. 

"  To  be  as  pleatinyly  and  delightfully  affected  with 
him.  as  we  do  perceive,  or  are  affected  with  any  good 
In  this  world. '—Sharp:  Sermont,  vol.  iv.,  ser.  IS. 


2.  With  approval. 

"  The  texU  of  the  Vew  Testament  that  seem  to  lock 
plearingly  upon  pre-existeuce."— Olanrill:  Pre-ezutenai 
of  Soult.  ch.  XJL 

pleas -ing  ness,  s.  [Eng.  pleasing;  -n«*.J 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  pleasing ;  plea- 
santness. 

"  His  [Pyrnl  speech  was  esteemed  full  of  weight, 
reason,  and  pleatinaneu."  —  Wood:  Athena  Oxon., 
VOL  ii. 

pleas  -u-rable,    »  pleas  -urea-ble   (• 
as  zh),  a.    [Eng.  pleasure);  -able.}  " 
t  L  Affording  pleasure  ;  pleasant,  pleasing, 

"  Far  from  these  pleaturable  shades  remove." 

Pomfret :  Lott  Triumphant  oter  Ktatan. 

*  2.  Seeking  pleasure  or  pleasures. 

"  A  person  of  his  pteamrab'e  turn  and  active  spirit" 
—Kichardton  :  Clarion,  i.  74. 

*3.  Sportive,  jocose;   full  of  pleasantry. 
(Ben  Jonson.) 

*  pleas'-n-ra-ble-ness  (eas  as  ezh),  «. 
[Eng.  pleasurable;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  stata 
of  being  pleasurable ;  pleasantness. 

"  Could  he  but  discern  or  espy  the  whole  sweetneca 
and  pfaituraoleneu  of  it  secretly  let  out."— Hammond.- 
Workt,  iv.  533. 

pleas'-n-ra-bly  (s  as  zh),  adv.  [Eng. 
pleasurable)  ;  -ly.]  In  a  pleasurable  manner; 
with  pleasure  or  gratification  ;  pleasantly. 

"  Woe  to  those,  that  live  securely  and  vltaturablf 
in  Ziau."—Bp.  Hall:  Hard  Texts;  Amot  vi.  i. 

pleas  -ure  (s  as  ah),  *  ples-ure,  *.    [Pr. 

plaisir  =  pleasure,  from  O.  Fr.  plaisir  =  to 
please  (q.v.).] 

1.  The  pleasing  or  gratification  of  the  mind 
or  senses  ;  agreeable  or  pleasant  sensations  or 
emotions ;  the  agreeable  emotions  or  sensa- 
tions produced  by  the  enjoyment  or  expecta- 
tion of  something  good,  pleasant,  or  gratifying  ; 
enjoyment,  gratification. 

"  For  pteature  in  general  is  the  consequent  appre- 
hension of  a  suitable  object,  suitably  applied  to  a 
rightly  disposed  faculty;  and  so  uiust  be  conversant, 
both  about  the  faculties  of  the  body  and  the  soul  re- 
spectively, as  being  the  result  of  the  fruition*  belong- 
ing to  both."— South  :  Sermont.  vol.  L,  ser.  L 

2.  Sensual  or  sexual  gratification  or  enjoy- 
ment ;  indulgence  of  the  appetites. 

3.  That  which  pleases  or  gratifies  ;  a  source 
of  gratification  ;  that  which  excites  pleasant) 
sensations  or  emotions. 

"  Hope  here  to  taste 
Of  pleature,  but  all  plaature  to  destroy." 

Milton:  P.L..iv.m. 

4.  A  favour,  a  gratification.   (Acts  xxiv.  27.) 

5.  That  which  the  will  dictates  or  prefers  ; 
will,  choice,  wish,  desire.    (Isaiah  xlvi.  10.) 

6.  Arbitrary  will  or  choice :  as,  He  can  go 
or  come  at  pleasure. 

T  To  take  pleasure  in  :  To  have  pleasure  or 
enjoyment  in  ;  to  approve  or  favour. 


pleasure-boat,  *.  A  boat  used  for 
pleasure  excursions  on  the  water. 

pleasure-ground,  s.  Ground  or  grounds 
laid  out  in  an  ornamental  manner,  and  appro- 
priated to  pleasure  or  recreation. 

H  By  11  &  12  Viet,  c.  63,  §  74,  pleasure- 
grounds  may  be  provided  by  local  boards. 
[RECREATION-GROUND.] 

pleasure-house,  s.  A  house,  generally 
in  the  country,  to  which  one  retires  for  re- 
creation or  enjoyment. 

"  They  to  the  watch-tower  did  repair. 
Commodious  pleamre-hoiue  !  " 

Wordtworth  :  White  Dot,  T. 

*  pleasure-lady,  *.  A  prostitute 
(Nabbes :  The  Bride,  1640,  sig.  E.) 

pleasure-party,  s.  A  party  met  to- 
gether for  pleasure  or  diversion. 

pleasure -skirt    s.      A   pleasure -boat 

(Wordsworth :  Star-Uazers.) 

pleasure-train,  *.    An  excursion  train. 

pleasure-trip,  «.    A  trip  or  excursion 

for  pleasure. 

pleasure-van, ».  A  covered  or  open  ran 
for  conveying  pleasure-parties. 

*  pleas'-nre  (s  as  zh),  v.t.     [PLEASURE,  *.] 
To  give  "or  afford  pleasure  to ;  to  please,  to 
gratify.    (Scott :  Lord  of  the  Isles,  iv.  14.) 

*  pleas' -ure-ful  (s  as  zh),  a.     [Eng.  pleat- 
ure;  -ful(l).]    Pleasant,  agreeable,  pleasing. 

"This  country  .  .  .  hath  been  reputed  a  very  com- 
modiousaud  plratureful  country."— Abbott:  Daerif- 
t  ion  of  the  World. 


boll,  b6y ;  pout,  Jowl ;  eat,  cell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   ph  =  L 
-clan,  -tian  -  shan.   -tion,  -sion  -  shun ;  -(ion,  -sion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  deL 


3646 


pleasureless— plectropterinse 


•  pleas  -ore-less  (eas  as  e«h%  a.     [Eng. 
pUatvre;  -let*.]    Devoid  of  pleasure. 

"That  pltantrtlea  yielding  to  small  iullcIUtloniL* 
—  fl.  mat:  JHddltmarck,  ch.  UxU. 

•  pleas'  -nr-er  (•  as  *h),  «.   [Eng.  pleas*r(<); 
-er.\    A  pleasure  seeker. 

"We  mean    the    Sunday    fUaatrtn.'-  IMektni  : 
kM  V  *•;  Umdan  Stcrtftimu. 


•  pleas'-ur-lst  (eas  as  ixh),  «.  [Bu 
ur(t);  -itt.]    A  pleasure  seeker. 

-Lrt  Intsllectaal  content*  eicwad  UK  delight. 
wherein  mere  pUainruti  plan  tbelr  paradise.  - 
Bnxnt:  Ckmtiax  Morality. 

pleat,  v.t.  &  *.   [PLAIT,  v.  &  «.] 

•  pleate,  v.t.    [Pucrc  (2),  r.]    To  plead. 

"It  U  Christ  .••  only  oflyee  to  net  jut  all  com- 
plsmtes.  and  U>  «J»«r«  lueui.  and  to  judge  them.  — 
Bolt  :  Imatft,  pC  L 

•pl&b,  «.  [Anabbrev.  ofpWxian(q.v.).]  One 
of  the  common  people  ;  a  plebeian  ;  one  of  low 
ran  It. 

"The  titled  nincompoop  whom  the  father  prefer! 
before  a  duel-ring  »*«*."—  flai.jr  Teltgr*!*. 

plebe,  i.     [Lat  pW>«,  genit.  pM>u.] 
*  1.  The  common  people,  the  mob. 
2.  A  raemlier  of  tlie  lowest  claw  at  the  West 
Point   Military   Academy,  or    the   Annapolis 
Naval  Academy.    (Cotloq.) 

pig  be'  -Ian,  o.  &  «.     [Fr.  plibeien,  from  Lat. 
plebtiut,  from  plebt,  geii.  ;&6U  =  the  people.] 
A.  A$adjectire: 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Roman  plebs. 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  common  people  ; 
common,  vulgar,  low. 

~Tb«  clergy  were  regarded  at.  on  the  whole,  a 
fltttJM  class.-—  MaeoMfat  :  But.  fag.,  ch.  lii. 

3.  Belonging  to  the  lower  rank*. 


B.  At  substantive: 

1,  One  of  the  plebs  or  common  people  of 
Rome,  as  opposed  to  the  |>atriciaus. 

"  Tet  ol  those  ban  pteoebini  we  have  known 
Some  who,  by  charming  eloquence,  have  grown 
Great  senators.'   Stepneg  :  /mil.  of  Jute  n  il,  fat  a. 

2.  One  of  the  lower  orders  or  ranks  of  men ; 
one  of  the  common  |*ople. 

"The»/*t«Jaru(havel»  monopoly  of  all  the  means 
of  acquiring  wealth."— Burke :  Letter  to  Sir  HercuUn 
ianfriilu. 

5  Niebuhr  was  of  opinion  that  the  Roman 
population  consisted  originally  of  patricians 
and  their  clients,  and  that  a  free  plebs  arose 
gradually,  its  organization  being  due  to  the 
elder  Tarquin  and  Servius  Tullius.  In  B.c.  494 
the  plebeians,  smarting  under  the  severe  law 
of  debt,  seceded  to  the  Mons  Sacer,  three  miles 
from  Rome,  but  were  persuaded  to  return. 
They  obtained,  however,  the  institution  of 
the  Tribuneship,  to  which  two  of  their  num- 
ber were  appointed  year  by  year.  In  B.C.  445 
a  law  of  Canuleius  removed  the  prohibition  of 
marriage  between  patricians  and  plel>eian.s. 
Tlie  Licinian  rogations,  carried  after  a  nine 
years'  controversy  (B.C.  375-30C),  threw  open 
the  consulate,  to  which  Lucius  Sextus,  a 
pli'K'i.-m,  was  soon  afterwards  elected.  The 
plebeians  were  admitted  to  the  censorship 
B.C.  351,  and  to  the  priesthood  B.C.  300. 

•  pie-be '-lance,  s.    [PLEBEIAN.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  plebeian; 
low  birth  or  rank. 

••Having  extinguished  all  the  distinctions  betwixt 
nobility  and  pieoeianc*.  '—Learned  nummary  on  Di 
Bar  tat.  (Fret.) 

2.  Tlie  common  people  collectively ;  the 
plebeians. 

t  plS-be  -Ian-ism,  s.  [Eng.  plebeian ;  -ism.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  lieing  plebeian;  low 
birth  or  rank ;  vulgar  habits  or  manners ; 
vulgarity.  (Lytton:  Godolphin,  ch.  xxzvi.) 

*  ple'-be'-lan-ize,  r.i.    [Eng.  plebeian;  -ize.} 
To  render  plebeian  or  common. 

•  plS-be  -I-ty,  *  plSb  -I-tjf,  ».    [Lat.  pleto 
tat,  from  plehs,  gcnit  plebit  —  the  commo,. 
people.]     Tlie   common  or  meaner   sort  ol 
people.    (Waiton..) 

•pleb-Ic'-A-Ust  s.   [Lat.  plebieola,  from  plebs, 

genit.  plebit  =  the  common  people,  and  colo  — 
to  cultivate,  to  worship.]  One  who  courts  the 
favour  of  the  common  people  ;  a  demagogue. 

*  plS-bic'-n-lar,  o.     [Lat  plebicula,  plebecula 

=  the  lower  classes ;  suff.  -ar.  ]  Of  or  belong 
ing  to  the  lower  c\. 


•  pleb-I-fi-ca  -tion.  s.    [Lat.  plebeius  =  ple- 

beian, and  facio  =  to  make.]  The  act  of 
making  plebeian,  vulgar,  or  common ;  the 
act  of  vulgarizing.  (Coleridge.) 

•  plS-bls'-cI-tar-y,   a.     [Eng.    pUbiscit(e); 
-ary.]    Pertaining  or  relating  to  a  plebiscite. 

pleb  is  $i  te.  pleb  -ls-9ite,  s.  [Fr.,from 
Lat.  plebiKUum  (q.v.).] 

L  The  same  as  PLEBISCITTJM  (q.v.). 

2.  A  general  vote  of  the  whole  community, 
or  a  country ;  a  decree  or  vote  obtained  by 
universal  suffrage. 

"  A  thorough  disbelleTer  In  the  theory  of  an  appeal 
to  a  national  ftebaciU."— Standard,  NOT.  7,  IMS. 

ple'b-is'-cl-t&in.  ».  [Lat,  from  plebs,  genit 
pltbit  =  the  common  people,  and  scitum  =  a 
decree.] 

Rom.  Antiq. :  A  law  passed  by  the  people 
assembled  in  the  Comitia  Tributa,  They  were 
originally  binding  on  the  plebeians  alone,  but 
their  effect  was  afterwards  extended  to  the 
whole  people, 

plebs,  s.    [Lat.] 

1.  Rom.  Antvi. :  The  plebeians  viewed  col- 
lectively. 

t  2.  Fig. :  The  common  people. 
plock.  pick,  «.  [A.S.  ptec.]  A  place.  (Pror.) 

"  L<>ko  where  a  smotbe  ptet  ol  greue  is."— MS.  Cod- 
lelan.  &4&. 

plec  6  gifts -sus,  *.  [Gr.  irA«Vo«  (pltkos)  = 
wickerwork,  and  yAuxro-a  (glossa)  =  a.  tongue.] 
Ichthy. :  An  aberrant  genus  of  freshwater 
Sal  monoids,  abundant  in  Japan  and  Formosa. 
The  mandibles  terminate  in  a  small  knob,  and 
are  not  jointed  at  the  symphysis. 

plcc  6  lep'  i-dofis,   a.      [Mod.    Lat.   pleco- 
epi*,  genit.  pUcolepid(is) ;  Enr;.  suff.  -out.} 
Bot. :  Of  or  belonging  to  a  plecolepis  (q.v.). 


_jp'-Is,    s.      [Gr.    irA<Ko«    (plekos)  = 

wicker  work,  and  Aem's  (lepia)  =.  a  scale.] 

Bot. :  An  involucre  in  some  Composite  in 
which  the  bracts  are  united  into  a  cup. 

pie-cop  ter-a,  *.  pi.  [Gr.  irA«w  (pleko)  = 
to  fold,  and  irrtpov  (pteron)  =  a  wing.] 

Entom. :  A  tribe  of  Pseudoneuroptera,  havin 
the  wings  reticulated,  the  antennae  long,  am 
the  hind  wings  folded  in  repose.    It  contains 
a  single  family,  Perlida  (q.v.). 

plec-6-sper'-mum,  s.  [Gr.  wAeVo?  (plekos 
=  wickerwork,  and  oire'ppui  (sperwa)  =  seed.] 
Bot. :  A  genus  of  Artocarpaceae.  Tlie  wood 
of  Plecospermum  splnosum,  a  large,  thorny, 
Indian  shrub,  is  used  at  Darjeeling  with  Sym- 
plocos  racemosa  and  turmeric  to  give 
yellow  dye. 

ple-COS'-tO-muS,  S.  [Gr.  wA«09  (plekoi)  = 
wickerwork,  and  <rro/to  (*toma)  =  the  mouth.] 
Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Siluridae,  group  Steno- 
branchi*,  from  tropical  America.  The  males 
of  some  species  have  the  snout  armed  with 
bristles. 

ple-co'-ti,  ».  pi.    [PLECOTUS.] 

Zool. :  A  group  of  Vespertilionidse  (q.v.). 
Nostrils  margined  behind  by  rudimentary 
nose-leaves,  or  by  grooves  on  the  upper  sur- 
face of  the  muzzle ;  ears  generally  very 
large ;  forehead  grooved.  Genera :  Antro- 
zotis,  Nyctophilus,  Synotus,  Plecotus,  and 
Otonycteris.  (Dobson.) 

plS-co'-tus,  ».  [Gr.  wAfiui  (pleko)  =  to 
weave,  and  ovc  (out),  genit.  <i>r<k  (<>tos)  =  the 
ear.] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Vespertilionid«e,  group 
Plecoti  (q.v.).  There  are  two  species  :  Plec- 
otns  auritu*,  extending  from  Ireland,  through 
Europe  and  North  Africa,  to  the  Himalayas 
and  probably  distributed  through  the  tern 
perate  parts  of  Asia ;  and  P.  macrotis,  Q-o.u 
Vancouver's  Island.  (Dobson.) 

*  plec  tile,  a.  llAt-plectilu,  from  pUcto  = 
to  weave,  to  plait]  Woven,  plaited. 


plec  to  co  -mi-a,  «.  [Gr.  *A»ro<  (plektos 
—  plaited,  twisted,  and  *o>i»j  (kome)  =  hair.] 
Bot. :  A  genus  of  Calamese,  with  pinnate* 
leaves.  Climliing  canes.  The  leaves  wit! 
Ion'.',  whip  -  like  tails,  armed  below  wit! 
strong,  compound  opines  ;  the  flowers  dioj 


cious,  in  axillary  flower-spikes ;  fruit  witbj 
prickly  scales.  The  spiny  tails,  fixed  to  sticks, 
are  used  in  Java  to  capture  tlesperadors.  Ne& 
tocomia  elongata  is  three  hundred  feet  long. 

plec-to^-na-thi,  s.  pi  [Gr.  H-AMCTO?  (plek> 
tos)  =  twiste'd,  and  yva.9os  (gnathos)  =  the  jaw.] 
1.  Ichthy. :  An  order  of  fishes  founded  by 
Miiller,  and  by  him  divided  into  three  families : 
Balistini,  Ostraciones,  and  Gymnodontes. 
As  revised  by  Dr.  Giintlier,  th«  order  contains 


two  families  :  Sderodermi  and  Gymnodontes. 
They  are  teleosteous  fishes,  with  rough  scales, 
or  with  ossifications  of  the  cutis  in  the  form  of 
scutes  or  spines;  skin  sometimes  entirely 
naked.  Skeleton  incompletely  ossified,  with 
few  vertebrae.  Air-bladder  without  pneu- 
matic duct 
2.  PaUeont. :  From  the  Eocene  onward. 

plec  tog  nath-Ic,  plec-tog'-na-thoua, 

a.  [Mod.  Lat.  piecing natli(i);  Em;.  a«lj.  suft 
-ic  -rrus.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Plectognathi 
(q.v.). 

plec-tran'-thl-tlw,  ».  pi.     [Mod.  Lat.  pfoo- 
tranth(tu) ;  Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 
Bot. :  A  family  of  Mints,  tribe  Ocimeae, 

plec  tran -thus,  s.  [Pref.  pfe<r(oV,  and  avflo« 
(anthos)  —  a  blossom,  so  named  because  the 
corolla  is  spurred  or  gibbous  aliove  tho  base.] 
Bot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Plectranthide 
(q.v.).  Calyx  campanobite.  five-toothed  ;  co- 
rolla with  an  exserted  tube,  the  upper  lip 
three  or  four  cleft,  the  lower  entire.  Known 
species  forty-five,  from  Southern  Asia,  Africa, 
and  South  America.  Plectranthus  rugnsus,  a 
small  shrub  growing  in  the  Himalayas,  is  used 
in  India  as  bedding,  and  is  said  to  keep  off 
fleas.  P.  crassifoliiLs  is  valued  in  India  as  s 
perfume  and  a  spice. 

*  plec-tre,  «.    [PLECTRUM.] 

plec-tro-,  prtf.     [Gr.  irAtjicTpoy  (pttktron)  =  • 
plectrum,  a  cock's  spur.] 

Nat.  Science :  Used  chiefly  for  a  spur,  more 
or  less  like  that  of  a  cock. 

plec   tro  dfis,  s.     [Pref.  plectr(o)-,  and  Gr. 
uoovt  (mi' i  a:.)  =  a  tooth.] 

Palceont. :  A  fossil  like  a  fish-jaw,  with 
tooth-like  processes.  From  the  Upper  Lud- 
low  rocks. 

plec  tro  man  -tl-dae,    s.  pi     [Hod.  Lat 
plectromant(is) ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idte.] 
Zool :  A  family  of  Anourous  Batrachia,  with 
a  single  genus,  Pleotroinantis  (q.v.). 

plec-tro-man'-tis,  s.     [Pref.   plectra-,  and 
Gr.  fuuTt't  (mantis)  =  a  kind  of  locust.) 

Zool. :  The  sole  genus  of  the  family  Plectro- 
mantidae,  with  a  single  species  from  the  region 
west  of  the  Andes  and  south  of  the  equator. 
It  has  neck-glands ;  the  fingers  are  dilated, 
but  not  the  toes. 

plec  troph'-a  nes,   s.    [Pref.  pUctro-,  and 
Gr.  4>ai<of  (phanos)  —  manifest.] 

Oraith. :  Agenusof  Emberizinae(in  older  clas- 
sifications, of  Embcrizidae),  with  six  8|iccies, 
ranging  from  the  Arctic  zone  to  northern 
Europe  and  northern  China,  and  the  east 
side  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Tlie  most 
noteworthy  species  is  Plectrophanes  nnalii, 
the  Snow  Bunting  (q.v.). 

plec-tr8p'-6-ma,  s.     [Pref.  plectra-,  and  Gr. 

ww/ja  (poma)  —  a'lid.] 

Ichthy.  :  A  marine  genus  of  Perddse,  allied 
to  Serranus  (q.v.),  with  about  thirty  species 
from  tropical  seas. 

*  plec-trSp-ter-i-nse,   *.  pi     [Mod.  Lat. 
pUctropterftit) ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  ailj.  suff.  -inn.] 

Ornith.  :  A  sub-family  of  Anatidse,  with  the 
single  genus  Plectropterus  (q.v.). 


lite,  tat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father :  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine :  go,  p6t, 
•r.  wore,  woll,  work,  who.  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full.;  try,  Syrian,    ae.  ee  -  e  ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


pleetroptems— plenary 


3647, 


PLECTRA. 

a.  From  a  Greek  vase  in  the  British 
Museum  ;  ft.  Fruiu  a  wall-painting 
at  Pompeii. 


plec-trop'-ter-ua,  s.   [Pref.  plectro-,  and  Gr. 
trrcpdc  (pteron)  =  a  wing.] 

Ornith. :  Spur-winged  Goose (q.v.);  a  genus 
of  Anatidee,  with  two  species  from  tropical 
Africa.  They  have  a  warty  excrescence  on 
the  face,  and  powerful  spurs  on  the  wings. 

plec'-trum 
(pi.  plec'- 
tra),s.  [Lat., 
from  Gr.  irAjjx- 
rpov  (plek~ 
iron),  from 
*Ai)<ro-u  (pies' 
*o)= to  strike, 
1.  Music:  A 
little  staff 
made  of  ivory, 
horn,  quill,  or 
metal,  with 
which  (having 
it  in  his  right 
hand)  the  play- 
er on  a  lyra  or 
cithara  set  the 
strings  in  vi- 
bration. Plec- 
tra are  used  by  performers  on  the  mandolin 
and  zither. 

•*  He  tried  the  chords,  and  made  division  meet, 
Preluding  with  the  plectrum." 

Shelley :  Symn  of  Mercury,  ix. 

f  2.  Anat. :  (1)  The  styloid  process  of  the 
temporal  bone ;  (2)  the  uvula ;  (3)  the  tongue. 

*  pled,  pret.  &  pa.  par.  of  v.    [PLEAD.] 

pledge.  *  plegge,  *.     [O.  FT.  plege  (Fr.  pleige) 
=  a  pledge,  a  surety;   a  word  of  doubtful 
origin.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  2. 

2.  Anything  given   or   passed   by  way  of 
guarantee  or  security  for  the  performance  of 
some  act ;   thus,   a  man  gives  his  word  or 
promise  as  a  pledge  for  the  fulfilment  of  some 
engagement  ;    a    candidate    for   election    to 
parliament  or  other  office  gives  pledges  or 
promises    to    support    or     oppose     certain 
measures. 

3.  Anything  taken  or  held  as  a  guarantee  or 
security  ;  a  gage. 

"  It  would  be  easy  for  Germany  to  take  possession 
of  valuable  pledget  for  the  desired  satisfaction."— 
Daily  Chrontclf,  Sept.  7,  IS  si. 

*  4.  A  hostage,  a  surety. 

"Command  my  eldest  son,  nay  all  my  sons, 
Ju  pledget  of  my  fealty  and  love." 

ShaJcetp. :  2  Henry  VI.,  T.  1. 

5.  An  invitation  to  drink  a  person's  health  ; 
the  drinking  of  a  person's  health  ;  a  health,  a 
toast.  [PLEDGE,  v.,  5.] 

"  My  heart  is  thirsty  for  that  nohle  pledge." 

Slkaketp.  :  Jitlita  Catar,  iv.  S. 

IL  Law: 

1.  The  transfer  of  a  chattel  from  a  debtor  to 
m  creditor  as  a  security  of  a  debt. 

2.  That    which   is   pledged  or  pawned    as 
security  for  the  repayment  of  money  l>orrowed, 
or  for  the  i«erformance  of  some  obligation  or 
engagement ;  a  pawn.    Pledges  are  generally 
goods  and  chattels,  but  anything  valuable  of 
*  personal  nature,  as  money,  negotiable  in- 
struments, &c.,  may  be  given  in  pledge.    A 
living  pledge  (vadium  vivum)  is  one  which 
produces  an  income,  interest,   or  profit  by 
being  used,  and  which  is  retained   by  the 
pledgee  until  he  shall  have  satisfied  his  claim 
out  of  such  income,  profit,  or  interest ;  a  dead 
pledge  (vadium.  mortuum)  is  a  mortgage  (q.v.). 

"  If  a  pawnbroker  receives  plate  or  Jewels  as  ipledye 
or  security,  for  the  repayment  o<  money  lent  thereon 
at  a  day  certain,  he  has  them  upon  an  express  contract 
or  condition  to  restore  them,  if  the  pledger  performs 
his  part  by  redeeming  them  iu  due  time."— Blackttone: 
Comment.,  l.k.  ii.,  ch.  30. 

*  3.  A  surety  whom  a  person  was  obliged  to 
find  in  order  to  prosecute  au  action. 

II  (1)  To  give  or  put  in  pledge :  To  pawn,  to 
pledge. 

(2)  To  hold  in  pledge :  To  hold  as  security. 

(3)  To  take  the  pledge :  To  bind  one's  self  by  a 
pledge  or  promises  to  abstain  from  intoxicating 
liquors. 

"  He  had  given  the  old  woman  to  understand  that 
he. had  taken  the  pledge."— Daily  TeleyrapH,  Nov.  16, 
M*. 

pledge,  *pledg,  v.t.     [O.    Fr.  pleger  (Fr. 
pleiycr).]    [PLEDGE,  s.] 

1.  To  give  as  a  pledge  or  pawn  ;  to  deposit 
In  pawn  ;  to  hand  over  to  another  as  a  pledge 
or  security  for  the  repayment  of  money 


borrowed  or  for  the  performance   of  some 
obligation  or  engagement. 

"  An  honest  factor  stole  a  gem  away  : 
He  pledg'd  it  to  the  knight." 

Pope  :  Moral  Euayi.  ill  363. 

2.  To  give  or  pass  as  a  guarantee  or  security  ; 
to  gage,  to  plight.    (Byron:  Lara,  ii.  3.) 

3.  To  bind  to  the  performance  of  some  en- 
gagement or  obligation  by  giving  a  pledge  or 
security  ;  to  engage  solemnly. 

"  He  thereby  pledged  the  Liberal  party,  so  far  as  its 
leaders  can  pledge  it."—  flatly  Telegraph,  Nov.  It,  1885. 

*  4.  To  secure  the  performance  of,  by  giving 
a  pledge  or  security. 

"  Here  to  pledge  my  vow  I  give  my  hand.* 

Shakesp.  :  S  Henry  ri.,  UL  S. 

5.  To  drink  a  health  to  ;  to  drink  the  health 
of;  to  invite  to  drink,  by  drinking  of  the  cup 
first,  and  then  handing  it  to  another. 

"  His  mates 
Him  pledge  around."       Spenter  :  F.  0..,  I.  lit.  31. 

T  The  origin  of  the  use  of  the  word  in  this 
sense  is  said  to  be  that  in  the  lawless  times  of 
the  middle  ages  the  person  who  called  upon  or 
invited  another  to  drink  was  understood  to 
pledge  himself  that  the  other  would  not  be 
attacked  while  drinking,  and  that  the  drink 
itself  was  not  poisoned. 

*  pledg-ee',  ».    [Eng.  pledge);  -et.]    A  person 

to  whom  anything  is  given  in  pledge. 

*  pledge'  -less,  a.  [Eng.  pledge;  -less.]  Having 

no  pledges. 

*  pledge'-or,  ».    [Eng.  pledge;  -or.] 

Law  :  He  who  pledges  ;  a  pledger. 

pledg'-er,  s.    [Eng.  pledg(e)  ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  pledges  or  gives  anything  in 
pledge. 

2.  One  who  pledges  another  in  drink  ;  one 
who  drinks  to  the  health  of  another. 

"If  the  pledger  be  inwarillye  sicke.  or  have  some 
inflrmitie,  whereby  too  much  ilrinke  doo  empayre  his 
health."—  Oatcoiffne  :  Del.  Dictfjr  Drunkards. 

*  pledg'-er-^,  *.     [O.  Fr.  pleiqerie  ;  Low  Lat. 
pleiaria.]    The  act  of  pledging  ;  a  pledging, 
suretyship. 

pledg  -et,  *.  [Etym.  doubtful  ;  perhaps  from 
pleilge,  v.  =  to  seeure.] 

1.  Surg.  :  A  compress  of  lint  flattened  be- 
tween the  hands  and  laid  over  an  nicer  or 
wound   to  exclude  air,   retain  dressings,   or 
absorb  discharges. 

2.  Naut.  :  A  string  of  oakum  used  in  calking. 

3.  A  small  plug.    (Prov.) 

Plei'-ad,  s.  [PLEIADES.]  Any  star  of  the 
constellation  Pleiades  (q.v.). 

"  Like  the  lost  Pleiad  seen  no  more  below." 

Byrun  :  Beppo,  xlv. 

Plei'-a-des,  *Plei-ads,s.  pi.  [Lat.  Pleiades, 
from  Gr.  UAeiaSes  (Pleiades),  from  irA«o  (pleo) 
—  to  sail,  as  indicating  the  stars  favourable 
to  navigation.] 

1.  Astron.  :  A  cluster  of  stars  in  the  shoulder 
of  Taurus,  invisible  in  summer,  but  high  in 
the   sky  in 

winter.     He- 

siod  called 

them  the  Se- 

ven  Virgins. 

O  r  d  i  n  a  r  y 

eyes  can  see 

only  six  ;  but 

very  good 

eyes,  on  ex- 

ceedingly 

fine     nights, 

can  see,  not 

merely  the  seven,  but  three  more,  and  an  ob- 

server in  1604  counted  in  all  fourteen,  while 

a  powerful  telescope  will  reveal  the  existence 

of  023. 

2.  Script.  :  The  Heb.   TTp'3   (kimah)  seems 
correctly  rendered.    The  R.V.  translates  : 

"Cinst  thou  bind  the  clusters  of  the  PleiadetT— 
Job  xxxviii.  31. 

*  plein,  a.    [Fr.]    Full,  perfect,  plain. 
plei'-6-9ene,  a.    [PLIOCENE.] 
plei'-6"-mor-ph3f,  ».    [PLEOSIORPHY.] 
plei-6ph'-yl~lous,  a.     [Eng.  pleiophyU(y)  ; 

-OU3.] 

Botany  : 

1.  (Of  -nodes):  Having  no   obvious  buds. 
(Treat,  of  Bot.) 

2.  Manifesting  pleiophylly. 


THE  PLEIADES. 


plei-6ph'-yl-ly;  *.  [Gr.  n\tuav  (pleion)ss 
more,  and  <f>v\^ov  (phuttoii)  =  a  leaf.] 

Bot. :  The  state  of  having  an  increase  in  the 
number  of  leaves  starting  from  one  point,  or 
an  abnormally  large  number  of  leaflets  in  ft 
compound  leaf. 

plei  6  sau'-rus, «.    [PLIOSATJRUS.] 

plel'-6^tax-y\  s.  [Gr.  vAetuf  (pZrion)  =  more, 
and  rofis  {taxis)  =  arrangement.] 

Bot.  :  An  increase  in  the  whorls  of  stamen* 
in  some  polyandrous  flowers. 

plei-£-tra'-chS-»,  s.  pi.  [Gr.  vXtfavlplewn) 
—  more,  and  pi.  of  Mod.  Lat.  trachea  (q.v.).] 

Bot. :  The  three,  four,  five,  or  more  threads 
which  unite  to  form  the  ribbon-like  structure 
of  the  trachea  in  some  plants  in  which  it  is 
dichotomously  divided. 

pleiS-tO-,  pref.  [Gr.  irA«c<rroc  (pleistos)  =  most.] 
Geol.,  &c. :  The  large  majority  ;  most. 
pleisto- magnetic-iron,  s.  [HEMATITE.] 

pleis'-to-9ene,  a.  [Pref.  pleisto-,  and  Gr. 
icaii/dc.  (kainos)  =  recent.] 

Geol. :  A  term  proposed  in  1839  by  Lyell  as 
an  abbreviation  for  Newer  Pliocene ;  but 
Edward  Forbes,  in  adopting  it,  applied  it  to 
the  next  more  modern  series  of  beds,  called  by 
Lyell  Post-Tertiary.  Confusion  thus  arising, 
its  author  withdrew  the  word  (Antiquity  of 
Man  (1863),  pp.  5,  6),  but  in  the  Student't 
Elements  of  Geology  he  re-adopted  it  in  the 
sense  of  Post-Pliocene.  He  considers  it  the 
older  of  two  divisions  of  the  Post- Tertiary  or 
Quaternary  period,  and  as  distinguished  from 
the  newer  or  recent  one  by  having  all  its 
shells  of  living  forms,  while  a  part,  and  often 
a  considerable  one,  of  the  mammalia  are  of 
living  species.  Under  it  are.  placed  the  Rein- 
deer period  and  the  Palaeolithic  age  generally, 
the  Brick-earth,  the  Fluviatile  Loam  or  Loess, 
the  High  Plateaux  Gravel  or  Loess,  the  Cavern 
and  the  Glacial  Drift  deposits.  The  climate 
was  colder  than  now,  the  summers  hot  and 
short,  the  winters  long  and  severe.  Fossil 
mammals,  Elephas  primigenius,  E.  antiquiu, 
Rh  inoceros  tichorhinus,  the  genus  Machairodus, 
Hyasna  speliea,  L'rsus  spelatus,  Cervut  megaee- 
ros,  Bison  priscus,  &c. 

"ple'-nal,  a.  [Lat  plenns  =  full.]  [PLENARY.] 

Full,  complete. 

"This  was  the  time  when  heav'n's  whole  host  to  fair 
And  plenttl  \  iew  of  him  advanced  were" 

Beaumuiit  :  l'sy,-he,  p.  IM. 

ple'-nar-I-ly;  *  pie  nar  i  lie,  *  plen  er- 
ly,  adv.  [Eng.  plenary;  -ly.]  In  a  plenary 
manner ;  fully,  completely. 

"To  assoile  them  plenarUie  from  all  their  sina."— 
Fox:  Martyrt,  p.  I,u7i. 

*  pie -nar-I-ness,  ».    [Eng.  plenary;  -ness.'] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  plenary ;  fulness, 
completeness. 

*  plen'-ar-ty\  s.    [PLENARY.] 

Eccles. :  The  state  of  an  ecclesiastical  bene- 
fice when  occupied  ;  opposed  to  vacancy. 

"  As.  therefore,  when  the  clerk  was  once  instituted 
(except  iu  the  case  of  the  king,  where  he  must  be  In. 
ducted),  the  church  became  absolutely  full;  so  the 
usurper  by  such  plrnartj/,  arising  from  his  own  pre- 
sentation, became  iu  fact  seised  of  the  advow.-mi.  '— 
Blackttone:  Comment.,  bk.  iii.,  ch.  16. 

ple'-nar-y,  *  ple-nar-ie,  a.  &  s.  [Low  Lat. 
plenafius  =  entire,  from  Lat.  plenus  =  full ; 
Fr.plenier,  fern,  pleniere;  O.  Sp.  plenero;  ItaL 
plenario.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Full,  complete,  entire,  absolute. 

"Entrust  to  their  chief  that  plenary  authority 
without  which  war  cannot  be  well  conducted.*— 
Maniulay:  IIM.  Eng..  ch.  v. 

*  2.  Full ;  consisting  of  all  the  parts  or 
memliers. 

"  The  meeting  was  plenary,  that  is,  composed  of  the 
members  of  all  the  sections  and  subsections."—  Daily 
Ihronitle,  Sept.  12,  l*?j. 

IL  law:  A  term  applied  to  an  ordinary 
snit  through  all  its  gradations  and  formal 
steps;  opposed  to  summary.  Plenary  causes 
in  the  ecclesiastical  courts  are  three :  (1)  .Suits 
for  ecclesiastical  dilapidations ;  (2)  suits  re- 
lating to  seats  or  sittings  in  churches;  and 
(3)  suits  for  tithes. 

B.  As  substantive  : 
Law:  Decisive  procedure. 

"Institution  without  induction  does  not  makes 
jrfenury  agaiust  the  king.'  —AgOfe:  fartraon. 


boil,  bo"y ;  pout,  jo"wl ;  cat,  96!!,  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -inc. 
-clan,  -tian  -  shan,    -tion,    sion  -  shun ;  -(ion,  -f ion  =  zhun.     cious,    tious,    sious  -  shiis.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  -  bel,  del. 


3648 


plene  —  plesiocetus 


plenary-Indulgence,  s. 
Roman  Theol. :  AM  indulgence  remitting  the 
whole  of  the  temporal  punishment  due  to  sin. 

plenary -inspiration,  s.    [INSPIRATION. 
«.,  II.  2.] 

•plene,  v.t.    [PLAIN,  ».]    To  complain  of. 


•ple-nere,  o.  [Fr.  plenier,  pleniere.]  [PLEN- 
ARY.] Full,  complete. 

"  Good  of  lore  all  the  craft  MI J  art  plrnrre." 
Chaucer:  Legend  of  Hood  Women;  Uipii/MU. 

•pie  ni  corn,  a.  [Lat.  pkims  =  full,  and 
eornu  =  a  horn.] 

ZooL  :  A  term  applied  to  ruminants  having 
•olid  horns,  as  the  deer. 

•  pie  nl-lu'-nar,   *  pie  ni  lu  nar  y,  o. 

((At.  plenus  —  full,  and  Eng.  lunar,  lunary.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  full  moon. 

"  If  w«  add  the  two  Egyptian  d»y»  in  every  month, 
the  interlunary  and  p'rit'iiunary  exemptions,  there 
would  arise  above  au  hundred  won.'  —Browne. 

•pie  ni  lune,  «.  [Lat.  plenilunium,  from 
plenus  =  full,  and  luna  =  the  moon.]  A  full 
moon. 

"  WTioae  glory,  like  a  luting  rfenilun*. 
Seeuis  Ignorant  of  what  it  is  to  wane." 

Ben  Jonton  :  CyntlMi  Retell. 

•  plen'-I-pd,  *.     [An  abbrer.   of  plenipoten- 
tiary (q.v.).J     A  plenipotentiary. 

"All  paaied  well,  and  the plenipot returned."— .VorfA  .• 
Lift  (/lord  Ouil/ord,  L  163. 

•plg-nlp'-d-tence,  *  ple-nlp'-o" -ten-$y, 

«.  [Lat.  plenus  =.  full,  and  potentia  =  power, 
potency  (q.v.).J  Fulness,  completeness,  or 
absoluteness  of  power. 

"The  i-lrnipotmce  of  a  free  nation."—  XUton :  EOcon- 
oU<ut^a,^^. 

•ple-nlp'-i-tcnt,  o.  [Lat.  pftnipotrns,  from 
plenus  —  full,  and  jxitens  =  powerful,  potent 
(q.v.).]  Invested  with  (all  and  absolute  power 
or  authority.  (Milton :  P.  L.,  x.  403.) 

pig-Hi  p6>tSn'-ti-a  ry  (ti  as  shl).  a.  &  *. 
[Fr.  plenipotentiaire,  from  Lit.  ;</''>uis— full, 
Kidpotens  =  powerful.]  [PLENIPOTENT.] 

A.  As  atljtctive: 

1.  Invested  with  full  and  absolute  powers. 

"The  peace  concluded  by  the  p'enipotentinru  minis- 
ters at  •outez.'— A*MH  •  Lttiert,  bk.  ii.,  let.  <3. 

*  2.  Containing  or  conferring  full  and  abso- 
lute powers  :  as,  a  plenipotentiary  license. 

B.  Ai  sirtst.  :  One  who  is  invested   with 
full  ami  al '.solute  powers  to  transact  any  busi- 
ness ;   specif.,  an  ambassador  or  envoy  ac- 
credited to  a  foreign  court,  with  full  powers 
to  negotiate  a  treaty  or  to  transact  other  busi- 
ness.     Plenipotentiaries  are  not  iu  all  cases 
accredited  to  any  jiarticular  court.     Meetings 
of  plenipotentiaries  for  negotiating  treaties, 
settling  terms  of  peace,  &c.,  are  usually  hdd 
in  gome  neutral  town,  so  that  their  delibera- 
tions may  be  free  from  influence  or  pressure 
on  the  part  of  any  particular  j>ower. 

pl6n'-13h,  v.t.  [Lat.  plenus  =  full.]  [RE- 
PLENISH, PLANISH.] 

*  1.  To  replenish  ;  to  fill  again. 

2.  To  furnish  ;  to  fill  or  store  with  furni- 
ture, stock,  &c.    (Scotch.) 

plin   ish  Ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.    [PLENISH.] 
A.  k  B.  As  pr.  par.  <t  particip.  adj. :  (See 
tlie  verb). 

C.  As  tubst. :  Furniture,  stock.    (Scotch.) 

"We  hae  glide  pUniikiny  o'  our  aiu."— Scott :  Old 
Morta'itf.  ch.  viiL 

plenishing-nail,  «. 

Carp. :  A  large  flooring-nail. 

•ple'-nlst,  ».  [Lat  pfcn(ns)  =  full;  En?, 
suff.  -ist.]  One  who  holds  that  all  space  is 
full  of  matter,  (lioyle :  Works,  i.  75.) 

plan  -I-tude,  I.  [Fr..  from  Lat.  plenitmln  = 
fulness,  from  plenus  —  full ;  Sp.  plenilud ;  Ital. 
pUnitutline.} 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  The  state  or  condition  of  being  full ; 
fulness  ;  the  opposite  to  vacuity. 

"If  there  were  everywhere  an  absolute  plmitudr  and 
density  without  any  pores  between  the  particles  of 
bodies,  all  bodies  of  equal  dimension*  would  contain 
an  equal  quantity  ot  matter,  and  consequently  be 
equally  ponderous."— Rentier :  Boyle  /.ectura. 

*  2.  Repletion  ;  animal  fulness ;  plethora. 


3.  Fulness,  completeness,  absoluteness. 
"  Which  imports  more  plenitude  of  power?" 

Young :  ,Viy«  Thoughts. 

4.  Fulness,  height,  completeness. 

"The  pltnUutte  of  William's  fame 
On  no  accu mutated  stures  receive  * 

l'r,.,r :  Carmen  Secular*  (an.  1TOOI. 

XL  Her. :  Fulness  ;  the  moon  in  her  full  is 
termed  the  moon  in  her  plenitude. 

*  plen  I  tu  di  nar  i  an,  s.      [Lat  pfeni- 
tudo,  genii.  pUnitudiii(is) ;  Eng.  guff,  -arian.] 
A  pleiiist. 

*plen-I-tu'-d£n-a-r^,  a,  [PLENITUDIN- 
ARIAN.]  Having  plenitude  ;  full,  complete. 

plcn  te-ous,  *  plen  te -us,  *  plen  te- 
vous,  *  plen-tf  vous,  *  plen  ty-vous, 

a,    [O.  Fr.  plentivose,  from  plentif=  plente- 
ous.]   [PLENTY.] 

1.  Existing  or  being  In  plenty ;  copious, 
plentiful,  abundant ;  sufficient  for  every  pur- 
pose ;  ample,  (Matthew  ix.  27.) 

*  2.  Yielding  plenty  or  abundance  ;  fruitful, 
productive,  prolific.    (Genesis  xli.  34.) 

*  3.  Having   plenty  or   abundance  ;   rich, 
abounding.    (Deuteronomy  xxviii.  11.) 

plen'-te-ous-ly,  *  plen  te  ous  lie.  adv. 
[Eng.  plenteous ;  -ly.]  In  a  plenteous  manner 
or  degree  ;  plentifully,  copiously,  abundantly, 
amply. 

"  That  heavenly  grace  so  ptentemufy  display'd." 

Sprruer:  f.  <J..  II.  x.  60. 

*  plen -te-ous -ness,  *  plen- te- vous  - 

nesS3,  *.     [Eng.  plenteous;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  plenteous  ; 
abundance,  plenty.     (Spenser:  Daphnaida.) 

2.  Fertility,  plenty.    (Genesis  xli.  53.) 

*  plen-teth,  a.    [PLENTY.] 

plen'-ti-ful,  *  plen'  -ti-  full,  o.     [Eng. 

plenty;  -full.] 

1.  Existing  or  being  in  plenty  or  abundance ; 
plenteous,  abundant,  copious,  ample. 

"  Would  money  be  more  plentiful  I"— Hume:  Eunyt, 
pt.  ii.,  ess.  4. 

*  2.  Yielding  abundance  or  plenty ;  fruitful, 
prolific, 

"Some  place  U  ptentifull  of  wood  and  vynes." — 
Brtnde:  Quintal  Curtiut,  io.  183. 

*  3.  Ijavish. 

"  He  that  is  plentiful  in  expenses,  will  hardly  be  pre- 
served from  decay."—  Bacon  :  Essayt. 

plen-tif Ul-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  plentiful;  -?.-/,] 
In  a  plentiful  manner  or  degree  ;  in  plenty ; 
pleuteously,  copiously,  abundantly. 

"A  dish  plentifully  stored  with  all  variety  of  fruit 
aad  grains. ''—Dri/den  :  Juvenal.  (Dedlc.) 

plen'-ti-f ul-ness,  s.  [Eng.  plentiful ;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  plentiful ;  plenty, 
plenteousness,  abundance,  fertility. 

_  "  He  hath  received  it  of  his  plfnHfulneu."—Latimer  : 
Sermon  be/ore  Convocation,  to.  i. 

»  plen'-ti-f y,  v.t.  [Eng.  plenty;  -fy.]  To 
make  plenteous  ;  to  enrich. 

"  God  his  owue  with  blessings  jAmtif&t." 

Byloetter :  The  Convocation,  1,145. 

plan'-ty,  •pl«n-te,  *  plen  -tee,  *  plen- 
teth,  s.  &  o.  IO.  Fr.  plente,  plrnlet,  from  Lat. 
plenitatem,  accus.  of  plenitas  =.  fulness :  plenus 
=  full.] 

A.  As  substantive: 

1.  Abundance,  copiousness ;  an   ample  or 
sufficient  supply  or  quantity  ;  a  sufficiency. 

"In  the  coutre  of  Canterbury  most  plentr  of  f  ysch  yt." 
Robert  of  Gloucester,  p.  6. 

2.  Abundance  of  things  necessary  for  man  ; 
fruitfiilness.    (Cowjier :  Expostulation,  733.) 

B.  As  a(Jj. :  In  plenty,  in  abundance  ;  plenti- 
ful, abundant.    (Colloquial.) 

"  If  reasons  were  a*  plenty  as  blackberries.  T  would 
give  no  man  a  reason  on  compulsion."— Shakesp. :  1 
ffenryli:.  Ii.  4. 

*  p'e'-num,  s.    [Lat.,  neut.  sing,  of  plenus  = 
full.] 

Ane.  Physics:  That  state  in  which  every 
pnrt  of  space  was  supposed  to  be  full  of  matter. 
Opposed  to  vacuum  (n-v.). 

pie  6 -cbro-Ic.  n-.  [PI.EOCHROISM  ]  Pertain- 
ing to,  or  having  the  property  of,  pleoclir.iisin. 

pie  och'  ro  Ism,  s.  [Gr.  n-AeW  (pleon)  = 
more,  and  X/X<K  (diros)  =  colour.] 

Crystallog. :  The  variation  of  colour  in  some 
crystals  when  viewed  by  transmitted  light,  or 
in  different  directions. 


pie  6cli  r6  raftt-Ic,  a.    [Or.  ir\»et> 
=  more,  and  Eng.  c/iromotic(q.v.).]    Tke  same 
as  FLEOCBKOIC  (q.v.). 

pie  6  chro  -ma  ti«m,  s.  [Gr.  wMov(plron) 
=  more,  and  ype*pMn*tUt  (chronuMsmns)  =  a 
colouring.]  The  same  as  PLEOCHROISM 


pie  och  ro  oiis,  a.  [Gr.  irAe'.i.  (pleon)  = 
more,  and  XP<»«  (chros)  =  colour.]  The  same 

as  PLEOCHROIC(q.V.). 

pie  o  morph  ism,  ».  [Gr.  ir\l»v  (pleon)  = 
more,  and  /i°p4»)  (niorphe)  =  a  shai>e,  a  form.] 
The  same  as  POLYMORPHISM  (q.v.). 

pie  6  mor-phous,    a.       [PLEOMORPHISM.J 

Having  the  quality  or  nature  of  pleomorph- 
ism. 

pie  6  nasm,  *  ple-o  nasme,  ».  [Lat 
•pleonasmas,  from  Gr.  jrAeoi/aTficW  (pkonasmos) 
=  abundance,  pleonasm  ;  irAcoyatJui  (pleoiiazd) 
=  to  abound  ;  irAeW  (pleon)  —  more  ;  Fr. 
pleonasme;  Sp.,  Port.  &  Ital.  pleonasmo.]  Re- 
dundancy of  language  iu  speaking  or  writing; 
the  use  in  speaking  or  writing  of  more  words 
than  are  necessary  to  express  an  idea. 

"  It  is  a  pleonasm,  a  figure  usual  in  scripture,  by  a 
multiplicity  of  expressions,  to  signify  some  one  nota- 
ble thing."— South:  Sermoni,  vol.  viil.,  ser.  13. 

*  ple'-o-nast,  ».     [PLEONASM.]     One  who  is 
given  to  pleonasm  or  tautology. 

"  He,  the  mellifluous  pleonast,  had  done  oiling  hit 
paradox."— C.  lieade  :  Hard  Cath,  ch.  xxv. 

pie  6  naste,  S.  [Fr.,  from  Gr.  irAecWo~ro« 
(pleonastos)  =  abundant,  from  irAcopd^w  (fleo- 
nrno)  —  to  abound.] 

Jl/iw. :  A  brown  to  black  variety  of  Spinel 
(q.v.),  in  which  proto-  or  sesquioxide  of  iroa 
partly  replaces  magnesia  and  alumina  re- 
spectively. Dana  makes  it  a  synonym  of 
Ceylonite  (q.v.). 

pie  6  nas  tic,  ple-o  nas'-tic  -al,  a.  [Gr. 
TrAeoi/ao-rucds  (puonostikos) ;  Fr.  pleonn  ] 

Pertaining  to   pleonasm ;  of  the  nature    of 
pleonasm  ;  redundant 

"The  particle  £<  is  pleonatttcal  In  Act*  xL  IT."— 
BlackwaM  :  Sacred  Clauici,  i.  Ill 

ple-d-nas'-tic-al-ly.adr.  [Eng.  pleonastical ; 
-ly.]  In  a  pleonastic  manner ;  with  pleonasm  ; 
redundantly. 

"The  noblest  classics  use  this  particle  pleonaM- 
colly."— Blackmail :  Sacred  Clauici,  i.  Hi 

ple-ro'-ma,  5.  [Gr.  -irX^p^^a.  (pKrdma)  =  that 
which  fills",  complement] 

1.  Gnosticism :  The  boundless  space  through 
which  God,  viewed  as  the  purest  light,  is  dif- 
fused. 

2.  Scrip*. .-  Fulness  (cf.  1  Cor.  x.  26 ;  Gal. 
iv.  4;   Eph.  i.  23);  espec.,  the  plenitude  of 
the  Divine  perfections  (CoL  ii.  9). 

ple-ro  -me,  s.    [PLEROMA.] 

Bot. :  An  intermediate  tissue  enclosed  by 
the  periblem  (q.v.),  and  breaking  up  into  the 
procambium  and  the  fundamental  tissue. 
(ThonU.) 

*  ple-roph'-or-y\  *.     [Gr.  irArjpo<J>opt'a  (ple- 
rophoria),  from  irATjpTjs  ((pleres)  =  full,  and  <f>e'po» 
(phero)  =  to  bear.]    Full  confidence,  faith,  or 
persuasion. 

"There  Is  a  two-fold  assurance,  the  plerophoty  ot 
faith,  and  an  assurance  that  I  have  true  faith.  —/ 
Otauncry  :  Jfeonomianitm  Unmatked  ( IfiJSJ,  187. 

*  ples-ance,  *.    [PLEASANCE.] 

*  plese,  v.t.    [PLEASE.] 

*  plesh,  ».    [PLASH.]    A  pool,  a  puddle,  a  bog, 
(.S;/«nstT :  F.  Q.,  II.  viii.  30.) 

ple-si-,  pref.    [PLESIO-.] 

ple-si-arc'-td-mys,  *.  [Pref.  plest-,  and 
Mod.  Lat.  arctomys  (q.v.).] 

ralrront. :  An  extinct  genus  of  Sclnridae, 
from  the  European  Miocene,  probably  interme- 
diate between  the  Marmots  and  the  Squirrels. 

*  pies  Inge,  a.    [PLEASING.] 

pie  si-6-,  ple-si-,  pref.  [Gr.  irAqo-i'ot  (jilesios) 
=  near,  close  to.] 

Kat.  Science :  Resembling,  having  affinities 
with. 

pie  sl-O-ce'-tUS,  *.     [Pref.  plesio-,  and  Lat 
crtits ;  Gr.  KIJTO?  (fc«tos)=a  sea-monster,  a  whale.  J 
Palacont. :  A  genus  of  Cetacea.  Three  knowa 
British  species  from  the  Newer  Pliocene. 


fate,  fit,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there :  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  p8t« 
or,  wore,  W9l£  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  TJ^'*^  cur,  rule,  full ;  try.  Syrian,    te,  cs  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


plesiomeryx—  pleurobranchus 


3649 


pIe^si-6-mer  -yx,  s.  [Pref.  plesio-,  and  Gr. 
fwjpvf  (menuc)  =  a  fish  that  was  supposed  to 
ruminate.] 

Palceont. :  A  genus  of  Artiodactyla,  from 
the  phosphate  of  lime  deposits  of  France, 
probably  of  Upper  Eocene  age. 

ple-si-6  morph  -ism,  8.  [Pref.  plesio-,  and 
Gr.  fiop<t>ri  (morpke)  =  fonn.J 

Cryslall. :  A  term  applied  to  crystallized  sub- 
stances, the  forms  of  which  closely  resemble 
each  other,  but  are  not  absolutely  identical. 

ple-si-6-morph'-ous,  a.  [PLESIOMORPHISM.] 
Closely  resembling  or  nearly  alike  in  form. 

ple-si-o-pi'-na,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  plesiop(s); 
Lat  neut.  pi.  a'dj.  suff.  -itta.] 

Idtthy. :  A  group  of  Nandidse  (q.v.).  They 
are  small  marine  fishes,  with  pseudobranchiae 
•nd  only  four  ventral  rays.  The  group  con- 
tains two  genera,  Plesiops  and  Trachinops. 

pie  si  ops,  *.  [Pref.  flesl-,  and  Gr.  <Si/»  (ops) 
=  the  eye,  the  face.] 

Ichthy :  A  genus  'of  Plesiopina,  from  the 
Coral-reefs  of  the  Indo- Pacific. 

ple'-si-6-Baur,  s.       [PLESIOSAURUS,]      Any 

individual  of  the  genus  Plesiosaurus.    (Owen : 
Palceont.,  p.  252.) 

ple-si-6-sau  -ri  a,  s.  pi.    [PLESIOSAURTTS.] 

Palceont.  :  A  group  or  order  of  fossil  Rep- 
tilia,  of  which  Plesiosaurus  (q.v.)  is  the  type. 
The  order  is  represented  in  Euroj>eau  Triassic 
beds  by  Nothosaurus,  Siniosaums,  Placodus, 
and  Pistosaurus ;  and  in  the  North  American 
Chalk  by  Cimoliasaurus,  Elasmosaurus,  Oli- 
gosimus,  Piratosaurus,  and  Polycotylus — all 
closely  allied  to  the  type-genus. 

"The  remarkable  extinct  marine  reptiles  Included 
in  the  group  of  the  Plexiosauria.  (or  Sauropterygia,  as 
they  are  sometimes  called)  existed  during  the  whole 
of  the  Mesozoic  period,  that  is,  from  Triassic  into 
Cretaceous  times,  when  they  appear  to  have  died  out." 
—Encyc.  BHt.  (ed.  9th),  xix.  S20. 

ple-sl-o-sau'-roid,  a.  [Mod.  Lat.  plesio- 
taur(its);  Eng.  suff.  -aid.]  Belonging  to  or 
characteristic  of  the  genus  Plesiosaurus  (q.v.). 
{Owen:  Palceont.,  p.  249.) 

ple-si-o-sau'-rus,  s.  [Pref.  plesio-,  and  Gr. 
cravpo?  (sauros)  =  a  lizard.] 

Palceont. :  The  typical  group  of  the  order 
Plesiosauria  (q.v.).  The  skin  was  naked,  the 
head  comparatively  small,  neck  dispropor- 
tionately long,  and  the  tail  short  Teeth 
conical  and  pointed,  with  longitudinal  stria- 
tions,  each  sunk  in  an  independent  socket. 
The  paddles  consist  only  of  the 
five  digits,  without  marginal  ossi- 
cles. It  was  certainly  aquatic  ; 
most  probably  marine,  though  it 
may  have  occasionally  visited  the 
shore.  Its  organization  would  fit 


PIiESIOSATTRUS    DO  L  I  CHODEIRUS. 
a.  Huinenu;  6.  Ulua;  c.  Radius. 

It  for  swimming  on  or  near  the  surface,  and 
the  length  and  flexibility  of  its  neck  would  be 
eminently  serviceable  in  capturing  its  prey. 
Plesiosaurus  is  only  known  with  certainty  to 
have  existed  from  the  time  of  the  Lower  Lias 
to  the  Chalk  ;  and  it  is  especially  characteris- 
tic of  the  Lias.  More  than  fifty  species,  some- 
times placed  in  several  sub-genera,  have  been 
described  from  different  localities  in  Britain, 
some  of  which  are  represented  by  remarkably 
perfect  specimens,  others  by  fragments  only. 
Wide  geographical  range,  species  having  been 
named  from  Secondary  strata  of  Europe,  India, 
Australia,  and  North  and  South  America. 

ple-si-o-sor'-ex,  s.     [Pref.  plesio-,  and  Lat 
torex  (q.v.).] 

Palceont. :  A  genus  of  Soricidse,  from  the 
Miocene  of  Europe. 

pie  si  6-teu  -this,  s.  [Pref.  plesio-,  and  Lat. 
teuthis  (q.v.).] 

Palemnt. :  A  genus  of  Teuthidse  (q.v.).  Pen 
slender,  with  a  central  ridge  and  two  side 
ridges;  point  arrow-shaped.  Two  species, 
from  the  Solenhofen  Slates.  (Woodward.) 
Nicholson  thinks  it  is  referable  to  the  Belem- 
nitidas. 


pless-ite,  *.  [After  Franz  Pless;  suff.  -ite 
(Min.).] 

Min. :  A  name  suggested  by  Dana  for  a 
variety  of  Gersdorfite  (q.v.),  in  which  the 
proportions  of  arsenic,  nickel,  and  sulphur 
corresponded  with  the  formula,  2NiS+NiAs2. 
Hardness,  4.  Found  at  Schladnu'ng,  Styria, 
and  Siegen,  Prussia. 

ples-ti  -6-don,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful ;  Agassiz 
is  of  opinion  that  the  name  should  be  pleis- 
todon,  from  Gr.  7rA*r<rro«  (pleistos)  =  very 
many, and  ooov? (odous),  genit.  o5onx>«  (odontos) 
=  a  tooth.] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Scincidse,  with  eighteen 
species,  from  China  and  Japan,  Africa,  and 
America  (as  far  north  as  Pennsylvania  and 
Nebraska).  The  palate  is  toothed,  which  adds 
weight  to  Agassiz'  opinion.  [See  etym.] 

*  plete  (l),  v.t.   [PLAIT,  v.] 

*  plete  (2),  v.t.  &  i.    [O.  Fr.  plet  =  a  plea,  from 
Lat  placitum.]    [PLEA.]    To  plead. 

"  About  eftsoones  for  to  pltte, 
And  bring  on  you  advocacies  new  f " 

Chaucer  :  TroCiu  *  Crettidt,  U. 

pleth'-o-don,  s.  [Gr.  irArj^u  (plethuo)  =  to 
be,  or  become  full ;  -suff.  -odon.] 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Salamandridse,  or  the 
typical  genus  of  Plethodontidse,  with  five  spe- 
cies, ranging  from  Massachusetts  to  Louisiana 
and  Vancouver's  Island  to  California. 

pleth  -6  dpn'-ti-daa,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  pleth- 
odon,  genit.  plethodont(is) ;  Lat.  fern.  pL  adj. 
suff.  -idee.] 

Zool. :  A  family  of  Satamandrinae,  often 
merged  in  Salamandridae. 

pleth  -or-a,  *  pleth-or-ie,  *  pleth  -or~y, 

8.  [Lat.,  -  from  Gr.  n-A>jdu>p>i  (plethore)  = 
fulness,  from  n-AijOos  (plethos)  =  a  throng,  a 
crowd,  from  the  same  root  as  wAjjpyjs  (pleris)  = 
full ;  Lat.  pltn-us.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :   An  overfulness  mentally, 
intellectually,  or  otherwise  ;  superabundance  : 
as,  a  plethora  of  wit 

2.  Pathol. :  In  the  Greek  and  Roman  medi- 
cal writers  the  word  was  used  for  what  they 
deemed  redundancy  of  blood  :  now  it  means 
that   condition    of  the  body  in  which  the 
quantity  and  nutritive  qualities  of  the  blood 
exceed  the  normal  standard.     It  imparts  a 
florid  complexion,  a  tendency  to  haemorrhage, 
the  sense  of  fatigue,  and  somnolence.    Often 
produced  by  too  nutritive  food,  by  excessive 
use  of  malt  liquors,  &c. 

"  When  it  (appetite!  is  ready  to  hurst  with  putre- 
faction and  an  unwholesome plethory,  then  he  resolves 
to  be  a  good  mail."— Bp.  Taylor :  Sermont,  vol.  ii.,ser.  5. 

pleth-o-rgt'-ic,    pleth-o-ret'-fc-al,    a. 

[Eng.  plethor(a);  -etic,  -eticaL]  The  same  as 
PLETHORIC  (q.v.). 

ple-thor -Ic,  *  ple-thor -Ic-aL  a.     [Or. 

irAqdupucd?  (pUtMrikos),  from  n-Aijdaipi;  (ple- 
thore) =  fulness  ;  Fr.  plethorique.]  Having  a 
full  habit  of  body  ;  characterized  by  plethora 
or  superabundance ;  superabundant. 

"And  late  the  nation  found  with  fruitless  skill 
Its  former  strength  was  but  plethoric  ill." 

Goldsmith:  Th»  Traveller. 


-al-ly,  adv.     [Eng.  plethorical; 
-ly.]    In  a  plethoric  manner. 

*  pleth'-or-y,  s.    [PLETHORA.] 

pleth'-ron,  pleth  -rum,  s.     [Gr.   nMSpav 
(pttthron).] 

Greek  Antlq.  :  In  ancient  Greece,  a  measure 
of  length,  being  100  Greek  or  101  English  feet, 
the  sixth  part  of  the  stadium.  As  a  square 
measure,  10,000  Greek  square  feet ;  also  used 
to  translate  the  Roman  jugerum,  though 
this  was  about  28,000  square  feet 

pleuch,  plough,  s.    [PLOUGH,  «.]    A  plough. 
(Scott :  Sob  Soy,  ch.  xxvi.) 

pleugh-paidle,  plough-pottle,  s.    A 

plough-staff.    (Scott  :  Old  Mortality,  ch.  xxxv.) 

pleur-,  pref.    [PLEURO-.] 

pleu  -ra  (pi.  pleu  -rae),  «.    [Gr.  =  a  rib,  a 
side.] 

1.  Anat.  (PI.):  Serous  membranes  forming 
two  shut  sacs,  each  possessed  of  a  visceral 
and  a  parietal  portion.  The  former  (pleura 
pulmondlis)  covers  the  lungs,  and  the  latter 
(pleura  costalis)  the  ribs,  the  intercostal 
spaces,  &c. 


2.  Compar.  Anat.  :  The  term  is  used  of  th» 
air-breathing  vertebrates  in  the  same  sense 
as  1.  In  the  sing,  it  is  applied  to  the  odonto- 
phore  (q.v.)  of  the  Mollusca. 

pleu-ra-can  -thus,  s.  [Pref.  pleur-,  and 
Gr.  OLKavdai  (akantha)  =  a  thorn.] 

Palceont.  :  A  fish-spine  ;  probably  that  of  a 
Ray.  From  the  Carboniferous. 

pleu'-ral,a.  [Eng.  pleur(a);  -al]  Oforper- 
taining'to  the  pleura  :  as,  pleural  haemorrhage, 

pleu-ral  -gi-a,  s.     [Pref.    pleur-,   and   Gr. 
oAy«'<o  (alged)  =  to  suffer  ]>ain.] 
Pathol.  :  Pain  of  the  side  ;  pleurodynia. 

pleu-ra-poph  -y-sis  (pi.  pleur-a-poph'- 

y-8e§),  s.    [Pref.  pleur-,  and  Eng.  apophysit.1 

Compar.  Anat.  :  The  projecting  process  on 

each  side  of  a  vertebra.    The  ribs  are  of  the 

nature  of  pleurapophyses.    (Owen.) 

pleu-ren'-chy-ma,  s.  [Pref.  pleur-,  and  Gr. 
tyXvM*  (engchuma)  —  infusion.] 

Bot.  :  Meyer's  name  fbr  the  tube-like  cells 
producing  Woody  Tissue  (q.v.X  There  are 
two  kinds  of  pleurenchyma  —  the  ordinary  or 
typical,  and  the  glandular. 

pleu-ri-c6-sp6r  -a,  s.  [Pref.jtor-;  Gr.elicoe 
(eikos)  =  probable,  and  <nropa  (spora)  =  a  seed.  J 
Bot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Pleuricosporese. 
The  only  known  species  is  from  California, 

pleu-ri-co-spor'-e-se,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat 
pleuricospor(a)  ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ece.] 
Bot.  :  A  tribe  of  Mouotropacese.  (Asa  Gray.) 

pleu'-ri-sf  (1),  *  pleu-ri-sie  (1),  s.  [Fr. 
pleuresie,  from  Lat.  pleurisis,  from  Gr.  irAev- 
pms(pte«ri«(s)=pleurisy,  from  irAevpd  (pleura) 
=  a  rib,  the  pleura.] 

Pathol.  :  Inflammation  of  the  pleura,  going 
on  to  exudation,  fluid  effusion,  absorption, 
and  adhesion.  A  stitch  in  the  side  is  com- 
plained of,  the  breathing  becomes  hurried  and 
shallow,  and,  as  the  sero-fibrinous  deposit 
becomes  greater,  intense  dyspnoea  sets  in,  with 
a  short,  dry,  hacking  cough.  Pus  occasionally 
forms  in  severe  cases,  leading  to  dangerous 
complications,  for  which  aspiration  may  be  re- 
quired. Old  adhesions  also  add  to  the  danger, 
as  well  as  lung  consolidations.  Mechanical 
fixing  of  the  structures  affected  is  an  im- 
portant element  in  the  successful  treatment 
of  pleurisy,  strapping  with  adherent  plaistcr, 
opium  to  relieve  pain,  &c.,  blisters,  diuretics, 
hot  vapour  baths,  and  good  nourishment,  are 
also  useful  means,  with  quinine  and  cod  liver 
oil  in  the  convalescent  stages,  to  promote 
recovery. 

pleurisy  root,  s. 

Bot.  :  Asclepias  tuberosa.    [AscLEPiAS.) 

*pleu'-rf-s?(2),  »pleu-ri-sie(2),s.  [Puj- 

R1SY.] 

pleA-iit'-Ic.pleu-rif-Ic-al.a.  [Lat.  pleur- 
iticus,  from  Gr.  irXevpirixos  (pleuritikos)  = 
suffering  from  pleurisy  (q.v.);  Fr.  fleureiique; 
Sp.,  Port.,  &  Ital.  pleuritico.] 

1.  Suffering  from  pleurisy. 

2.  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  pleurisy. 

pleu-ri'-tis,s.  [Gr.]  The  same  as  PLEURISY  (IX 


-,  pref.  [Gr.  nkcvpov,  irXevpa.  (pUuron, 
pleura)  —  a  rib,  a  side.]  Pertaining  or  relating 
to  the  side  or  ribs. 

pleuro  peritoneal  cavity,  s. 

Anat.  :  The  visceral  cavity,  the  space  formed 
by  the  separation  of  the  lateral  parts  in  the 
human  frame. 

pleu  ro-brach  -i-a,  *.    [Pref.  pleuro-,  and 
Lat  brachia,  pi.  of  brachium  =  an  arm.] 
Zool.  :  A  synonym  of  Cydippe  (q.v.). 

pleu  -ro-bran  -chi  -dse,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat. 

pleurobranch(iis')  ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idce.\ 
ZooL  :  A  family  of  Tectibranchiate  Gastero- 
poda ;  shell  limpet-like  or  concealed  ;  mantle 
or  shell  covering  back  of  the  animal  ;  gill 
lateral,  between  mantle-margin  and  foot  ; 
food  vegetable  ;  stomach  complicated.  S.  P. 
Woodward  enumerates  seven  genera. 

pleu-ro-bran'-chus,  s.    [Pret  pleuro-,  and 
Mod.  Lat.  branchia  (q.v.).] 

Zool.  :  The  typical  genus  of  the  family 
Pleuro  branchidx  (q.v.).  The  shell  is  internal, 


boy ;  pout,  ]6%1 ;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as  ;  expect,  yenophon,  exist,    ph  =  £ 
-tian  =  snan.   -tion.  -sion  -  shun ;  -tlon,  -sion  =  ^b^"T    -clous,  -tious,  -sious  -  shus.   -Die,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  deL 


3C50 


pleurocarpi— pliability 


large,  oblong,  flexible,  and  slightly  convex, 
lamellar,  wit  «  a  posterior  snb-spiral  nucl>-us. 
The  mouth  of  the  ammal  U  arnini  with  horny 
jaws.  twenty-two  species,  widely  distributed. 

•leu  ro  car  pi.  *.  pi.  [Fret  pUuro-,  and 
(jr.  M?*"  (fcirpuj)  =  fruit.] 

BoL:  A  division  of  Bryaceje.  The  theca 
•pnng»  from  the  axil  of  a  leaf.  Genera, 
Hypnoin,  Fontiuolis,  *c. 

pleu  ro-car  pods.  <L    [PLKCROCABFI.]    Of 

or  belonging  to  the  tteurocarpi  (q.v.). 

plcti  ro  cl*se,  «.    (Or.  »X«por  (ptam>n)= 

the  aide,  knd  «A«T«  (U-uu)  =  a  breaking.] 

Jfia.  ;  The  same  as  WAOXUUTE  (q.v.). 

pled  ro-de  -lef,  *.  [Pref.  ptniro-,  and  Or 
4%^ot  (i/«/u»>—  visible,  conspicuous.] 

Zoo/.  :  A  genus  of  Sslamandridc,  with  one 
s>pri-ir*,  I  Ifvrodflet  walti,  from  Spain,  Por- 
tugal. and  Morocco.  The  rib*  are  short,  and 
produce  horny  projections  on  the  skin.  The 
body  is  ashy-gray,  marked  with  long  trans- 
verse stripes  and  dot*. 

pleu  rd  dis  coil*,  a.     [Pret  pfeuro-,  and 

Bug.  dacutu.] 
AH.  :  Growing  on  the  sides  of  the  stem. 

t  pleu   rd  dont,  a.  A  «.    [PLEVRODONTW.] 

A.  At  atljtctin: 

Coup.  Annt.:  Baring  one  side  of  the  fang 
Of  the  tet-lli  anchyhttrd  with  the  inside  of  the 
•MM. 

B.  At  nbtt.  :  Any  individual  of  Wagler's 
rVorodonte*  (q.  v.). 

t  plcu  ro-ddnt  -«f,  «.  pL  [Pref.  pleur-,  and 
Or.  oiovt  (w/oiu),  genit  u&rrot  (odontot)  = 
•  tooth.] 

Zool.  :  Wagler's  name  fur  the  American 
Iguanas,  in  which  the  dentition  is  plcuro- 
dout  (q.v.). 

pleu  ro  dyn  -f-a.  t.    [Pref.  pleura-,  and  Or. 
* 


Palkol.  :  Chmnic  rheumatism  of  the  walls 
of  the  chest.  It  often  commences  suddenly, 
Is  nearly  always  con  lined  to  the  muscular  and 
flbrou.H  trxturrs  of  the  left  side,  is  att>-n<l.-d 
with  a  sliar)>  pain,  but  is  much  less  formidable 
than  pleurisy.  It  is  very  common  among 
those  expoactl  to  cold  and  wet.  A  good 
Medicine  is  a  mixture  of  ammonia,  tincture  of 
aconite,  and  bark. 


rdfc  yn  ous,  a.    [Pref.  pleuro-,  and  Gr. 

Tfimi(yvtif)  =.m  woman.] 

ft*. :  Orijrlnatins  under  the  ovary  but 
developing  laterally. 

plcur  6  KY  rate,  pleu  ro  ry  ra  tous, 
a.    iPn-f.  iJrtin,-,  and  Knp.  riyratt,  tjyrntoui.] 
B»t.  (Of  tame  fernt) :  Having  a  ring  around 
the  sides  of  the  sjore-case. 

pleu  r6  lep  idJB, ».  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  pleuro- 
fajXu);  I.it.  frm.  pi.  a>lj.  siitT.  -ul-r.] 

•'  >nt.  :  A  f.ilinlvof  PycBOdOBtoidsi 6|.T.% 
with  two  genera,  I'],  uroloi.is  and  llomoeolepis, 
from  the  Lias. 

pleu  r6  Ice   Id  al,  ".    [Mod.  Lot  pfeuro- 

•  ;ig.   suit,   -a/.)     Ik-longing  to  or 

characteristic  of    the  Pleurolepiilac  ;    specif., 

applied  to  the  df-cusmating  lim-s  formed  l.y 

the  scales  of  the  tfttaitmdM  q.v.). 

pleu  ro  Icp  is,  *.  [Pref.  jAtvro-,  an.1  Gr. 
A«»i'f  (Ifpit)  =  a  scale.]  [Pun.  KOLF.I-II./E.) 

plcn  ro  m*  nad  I-dao,  «.  pi  [M-«l.  I.-.t. 
j^wru.«)i»/M,  print.  yitunrmonatUit) ;  Lat.  fun. 
1.1.  a.lj.  suit  -Uae.) 

Zool. :  A  family  of  Flapellata  Pantostom.ita, 
with  twogcnrra,  Pleummonasand  Mrr  • 
FVe-swtinniinj;  animalrtilea,  nakeil  or  illori- 
.  flagrllum  single,  lateral  or  ventral ;  no 
ilUtinct  oval  aperture. 

plait  ro  m8n  &•.*.  [Pref.  pleura-,  and  Lat, 

*C.  WOIUU  (q.V.).j 

foot. :  The  typical  grnns  of  the  Pleuro- 
•MMtadid*.  There  Is  a  single  species,  /'Itvm- 
mon-u  jocuiaaj,  fuund  in  stale  water  and 
infusions. 

pleu  rdn.  *.    [PLnnux] 

Camp.  Anat.:  Tlie  lateral  extension  of  the 

•  I.-::  :;,  (.;  .   \.   ..i. 


pleu-ro'  nfic  -tef,  s.  [Pref.  pleuro-,  and  Gr. 
IOJ«T!)«  (iiiktei)  —  a.  swimmer.] 

/c/UAy. :  The  typical  genus  of  the  family 
Pleuronecti<lic  (q.v.),  characteristic  of  the 
littoral  fauna  of  the  north  temperate  zone. 
Cleft  of  mouth  narrow  ;  dentition  more  fully 
developed  on  blind  than  on  coloured  side; 
dorsal  commencing  al*ive  the  eye ;  scales 
minute  or  absent;  eyes  generally  on  right 
side.  Twenty-three  species  are  known.  Pieu- 
rotuetet  plaUtta  is  the  Plaice ;  P.  flesus,  the 
Flounder  ;  P.  limanda,  the  Common  Dab ; 
P.  microcephalus,  the  Smear- Dab;  and  P. 
eytuylotsus,  the  Craig-fluke.  P.  glacial'a  is 
from  the  arctic  coasts  of  North  America,  and 
P.  antericaniu  represents  the  Plaice  in  the 
Western  Hemisphere. 

pleu  rd-nec'-tf-dw, ».  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  pteu- 
nnect(a);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

1.  Ichthy. :  Flat-ttshes ;  the  only  family  of  the 
Pleuronectoidei  (q.v.).    The  body  is  strongly 
compressed,  high,  and  flat ;  air-bladder  absent ; 
dorsal  and    anal   abnormally  long,  without 
division.    The  larvae  are  symmetrical,  with  an 
eye   on  each  side  the  head,  and  they  swim 
vertically  like  other  fishes.     The  adult  tisli 
live  on  the  bottom,  and  swim   horizontally 
with  an  undulatory  motion.     The  under,  or 
"blind,"  side  is  colourless,  and  both  eyes  are 
on  the  coloured  or  upper  side,  though  it  has 
not  been  satisfactorily  ascertained  how  this 
transference  is  effected.  They  are  carnivorous, 
and   are   universally  distributed,    are   most 
numerous  towards  the  equator,  though  the 
largest  are  found  in    the  temperate   zones. 
Some  enter  fresh  water  freely,  and  others  have 
been  acclimatized  in  lakes  and  rivers. 

2.  Palaxint.  :  [RHOMBUS]. 

pleu  ro-nec'-toid,o.  &«.  [PLEURONECTOIDEI.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Belonging  to  the  Pleuronec- 
toidei.   (Gunther :  Study  of  Fishes,  p.  558.) 

B.  An  f\ilst. :  Any  individual  of  the  division 
Pletironectoidei. 

pleu  ro  nee  toide-i,  «.  pL  [Mod.  Lat. 
pUvronectes,  and  Gr.  elio*  (eidos)  =  resem- 
blance.] 

Ichthy:  A  division  of  Anacanthini,  contain- 
ing a  single  family,  Pleuronectida3  (q.v.). 

pleu  r6  ne  -ma,  «.  [Pref.  pleuro-,  and  Gr. 
yftfia.  (nema)  —  thread,  yarn.] 

Zool. :  The  typical  genus  of  the  Pleuro- 
nemidie.  There  are  three  freshwater  species 
and  one  marine. 

pleu  ro  ne  mi  dae,  >.  ;•/.  [Mod.  Lat.  pleu- 
roii«m(a);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  guff.  -id(c.] 

Zool. :  A  family  of  holotriehous  Ciliata. 
Free-swimming  animalcules,  ciliak-  through- 
out ;  oval  aperture  supplemented  by  an  ex- 
tensile and  retractile  hood-shaped  velum. 
Genera :  Plenronema,  Cyclidium,  Uronema, 
and  Uieonidium. 

pleu  ro  per  ip  ncu  mo   ni  a.  plcii  ro 
per-Ip  -neu  m6a-y,  s.   [Pref.  jileuro-,  and 
•',  &.<:.]    The  same  as  PLEU- 

ROrNECMOKIA  (q.v.). 

plcu  roph  6  lia,  ».  [Pref.  pleuro-,  and  Gr. 
^>oAi>  (phi ills)  =  a  horny  scale.] 

Palceont. :  A  genus  of  Sauridae  (q.v.),  with 
one  species  from  the  Upper  Jurassic  and  live 
from  the  Purbeck  beds. 

plcu  ro  pncu  mo  ni  a  (pn  as  n),  pleu 
rop  ncu  mon  V,   t.      [Pref.  pleuro-,  and 
Kn.;  pneumonia,  it-.] 

l'«th. :  Tnoumonia  with  bronchitis,  the 
former  constituting  the  chief  disease. 

*  pleu  r6p  ter  a,  «.  pi.     [Pref.  pleuro-,  and 
Gr.  v-ripov  (pt**r>n)  =  a  wing.] 
Zoo'.:  An  old  division  of  Mammals,  now 
ni.     It  contained  only  the 
uatoopitbcefclc  (q-v.). 

plcu  rd-rhi -zal,  a.    [PLEURORHIZEXE.] 

I!  t.  (Of  cotyledon*) :  Lying  flat  ujx^n  one 
another,  and  lift  ra<licle  upon  the  line  which 
a«|«rat>  s  them,  thus  ()  =.  This  arrangement 
occurs  in  the  Crucifene. 

pleu  r6  rhiz'-e'-io  (x  as  ds),  *.  pi.  [Pref. 
pleuro-,  and  Gr.  pifo  (rhim)  =  a  root.) 

Bet. :  A  tribe  of  Crucifer*,  having  plpiiro- 
rhizal  cot ylrdons [Ti-n  I-.ORHIZAL].  Families: 
Ar.ibi.lii-,  Alyssi.la-,  T.-trapomid;i-,  Sclenidse, 
Thla  i»bida-,  Anastati  " 


clidid«,  and  Cakilidir. 


staticidae,  Eu- 


pleu  ro-rh^n'-chu«,  s.    [Pref.  ?.// 
(Jr.  i>vy\os  (rhungclms)  =  a  snout.] 
Palaxmt.:  A  synonym  of  Conocurdi.. 

pleu  ro  sig  -ma,  s.  [Pref.  pleun,-,  and  Gr. 
aiyua  (sigma)  —  the  Greek  letter  (a)  signuu] 

Bnt.  :  A  genus  of  Diatoms,  tribe  Cymbellec, 
called  also  Gyropus.  The  pustules  are  single 
and  free,  the  valves  naviciilar.  Salt  or  brack- 
ish water.  Used  as  a  test  object  for  the 
microscope. 

pleu  ro  ster  non,  s.  [Pref.  pleura-,  and 
Gr.  <nipvov  (sternon)  =  the  breast.] 

Palccoiit.  :  A  genus  of  fossil  Chelonians, 
described  by  Owen,  from  the  Purbecks. 

t  pleu  ro  stic  -tlca,  s.  pi.  [Pref.  pleura-, 
and  Gr.  OTUCTOS  (stiktw)  =  pricked,  punctured.) 
Eiitom.  :  A  legion  of  Scarabeidw.  Spiracles 
partly  in  the  connecting  membrane,  and 
partly  in  the  ventral  arcs  of  the  spgim-nta. 
Four  sub-families  :  Melolonthinae,  Ruieliiiae, 
Dynastinae,  and  Cetoniinae. 

pleu   ro-thal-li-dae,  s.  pi.    [Mod.    l^t 
pleurothall(is)  ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.) 
Dot.  :  A  family  of  Malaxeae. 

pleu-ro-th&l'-lls,  s.  [Pref.  plevrn-,  and  Gr. 
0oAAu  (tliallo)  =•  to  bloom.  Named  from  the 
one-sided  distribution  of  the  flowers.) 

Hot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  the  family 
Pleurothallidae  (q.v.).  It  contains  nearly 
three  hundred  species,  all  from  tn>)  icaJ 
America. 

pleu-ro-thot'-o-nos,  s.  [Gr.  TrAcvpdder 
(plevrothen)  =  from  the  side,  and  TWOS  (tones) 
=  stretching  ;  rtivia  (teino)  =  to  stretch.) 

Pathol.  :  Tetanus  in  the  muscles  when  these 
are  affected  laterally,  so  that  the  I  <>.!>•  is 
bent  sideways.  Called  also  Tetanus  lukntHs, 

pleu  rot  6  ma,  s.  [Pref.  pleuro-,  and  Gr. 
ro/i)}  ((O7?i«)  =  a  cutting.] 

Zool.  £  Paliront.  :  A  genus  of  Conidae.  Shell 
fusiform,  spine  elevated,  canal  long  and 
straight,  outer  lip  with  a  deep  slit  near  the 
suture,  opereulum  pointed,  nucleus  ,-ipicaL 
Recent  species  430,  world-wide  ;  fossil  378, 
from  the  Chalk  onward. 

pleu  rot  6-mar-i-a,  *.  (Mod.  Lat.  pleuro* 
tom(a)  ;  Lat.  fern.  sing.  adj.  suff.  -ari«.  ] 

ZooL  £  Palaont.  :  A  genus  of  Haliotidse, 
Shell  solid,  few  whorled,  aperture  sulKiuad- 
rate,  with  a  deep  slit  in  the  outer  margin. 
Recent  species  two,  one  from  deep  watrr  in 
the  West  Indies.  Fossil  400,  from  the  Lower 
Silurian  to  the  Chalk  of  North  America, 
Europe,  and  Australia. 

plev'-In,  s.    [0.  Fr.  plevine,  from  Low  Lat. 
plevina.] 
Law  :  A  warrant  or  assurance.   [REPLF.VIN.! 

plex  e  6  bias  tus,  s.  [Lat.,  from  Gr. 
irAe'fn  (plexU)  —  a  weaving,  and  ^AacrroV 
(blastos)  =  a  sprout] 

Dot.  :  An  embryo  whose  cotyledons  are  not 
developed  in  the  form  of  true  leaves,  though 
they  rise  above  the  earth  and  become  green/ 

*  plex  -I-form.  a.  [Fr.  pteriforme,  from  Lat. 
plexus  =  a  fold,  a  plait,  and  forma  =  form.) 
Having  the  form  of  network  ;  complicated. 
(De  Quincey.) 

plex  im  e  ter,  plex  6m  e  ter,  *.  [Gr. 
jrA.jfis  (plcxis)  —  percussion,  and  Eng.  meter 
(q.v.).] 

Med.  :  A  plate  employed  in  auscultation; 
it  is  placed  in  contact  with  the  body,  usually 
on  the  chest  or  alxlomen,  in  diagnosis  of 
disease  by  mediate  percu 

'  plex  ure,  «.  [Lat.  plexus  =  a  fold,  a  plait, 
from  p&cto=  to  weave,]  An  interweaving; 
a  texture  ;  that  which  is  interwoven. 

"  Tbeir  wcial  branch  the  wedded  iJexurn  rear.1* 

Brooke  .    Cnirrrt  il  lHauty.  UL 

plex'-us,  *.    [Lat.  =  a  fold,  a  plait.] 

Ann.!.:  A  network  of  vessels,  fibres,  or 
nerves. 


,  v.  &  c.    [PLAY.] 

pleyt,  *.    fEtym.  doubtful.] 
A'aut.  :  A  kind  of  river-craft 

pli-a-bH'-i-tjf,  *.    [Eng.  pliable;  -Uy.]    The 
quality  or  state  of  being  pliable  ;  pliableness. 


«ate.  at,  lore,  amldrt.  vhat,  fall,  father :  we.  wet,  tcre,  camel,  her.  there ; 
or.  wore,  W9ll,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try, 


pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p8t, 
Syrian,    w,  ce  =  e  ;  ey  =  a ;  qn~  kw. 


pliable— pliocene 


3651 


Bli'-a-ble,  *  ply-a-ble,  a.     [Fr.  pliable,  from 
flier  =  to  fold,  to  plait.]    [PLY,  v.] 
i  Literally: 

1.  Easily  bent  ;  yielding  easily  to  force  or 
pressure  without  breaking  ;  flexible,  pliant. 

"As  the  hamer  makitli  all  metals  plyMe  to  his 
tmtii."-rabyan  /  Chronicle,  vol.  L.  ch.  cxlvil. 

2.  Nimble,  active,  supple,  limber. 

"The  more  pliable  and  uimble  their  fingers  are,"— 
tkarp  :  Sermont.  vol.  vl.,  ser.  8. 

n.  Fig.  :  Flexible  of  disposition  ;  easily 
persuaded  ;  yielding  readily  to  influence  or 
arguments  ;  pliant. 

"The  heart  .  .  .  when  smitten  of  God  seems  soft  and 
pliable"-  Taulor  :  Sermont,  vol.  ii,  «er.  12. 

pli  a  ble  ness,  s.  [Eng.  pliable;  -new.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  pliable;  pli- 
ability, flexibility,  pliancy.  (Lit.  iaflg.) 

"This  charitable  and  holy  pliablenette."—  Bp.  ff'itt: 

Sataii't  li'irtt  quenched.  Dec.  3.  tempi.  5. 

pli'-a-bly,  adv.  [Eng.  plMQe);  -ly.}  In  a 
plialile  manner;  flexibly,  pliantly. 

"Temporizers  had  learnM  pliably  to  tack  about"— 
Wood  :  Athena  Uxon.,  vol  il.  ;  O.  .Hurley. 

pli'-an-cfo  s.  [Eng.  pliant;  -cy.]  The  quality 
or  slate  of  being  pliable  ;  pliableness,  flexi- 
bility. (Lit.  ft.  fig.) 

"Avaunt  a  1  apwious  pliancy  of  mind." 

n'ordtmrth  :  Sonnet*  to  Liberty. 

pli  ant,  *  pli  aunt,  a  &  s.  [Fr.  pliant,  from 
pr.'pur.  o(  plier  —  to  fold,  to  plifit.]  [PLY,  v.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Literally  : 

\.  Readily  yielding  to  force  01-  pressure 
without  breaking  ;  easily  lient  ;  flexible, 
pliable.  (Thomson  :  Spring,  318.) 

2.  Capable  of  lieing  easily  moulded  or  formed 
to  any  shape  ;  plastic  :  as,  pliant  wax. 

3.  Nimble,  active,  supple,  limber. 

*  A  well  organized  and  very  pliant  ba.ni."—Beddoei  : 
Jf'i"<.  Kridenr*.    (Note.) 
II   figm  nt!r.-ln  : 

1.  Yielding  readily  to  influence,  argument, 
or  persuasion  ;  easily  moved  for  good  or  ill  ; 
pliable  in  disposition. 

•  2.  Fit,  convenient.    (Shakes?-  •'  Othello,  i.  3.) 

B.  Assubst.  :  A  French  folding  seat  or  chair. 

jrti'-ant-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  pliant;  -ly.]  In  a 
pliant  manner  ;  pliably,  yieldingly,  flexibly. 

pli'  ant  ness,  s.  [Ens.  pliant;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  pliant;  pliancy, 
pliability,  flexibility. 

"Greatness  of  weight,  closeness  of  parts,  fixation, 
fHiintnett.  or  softness."—  Bacon  :  A'at.  Uiit. 

pli'-ca  (pi.  pli'-csB).  s.    [Low  Lat.  =a  fold.l 

1.  A  nut.  :  A  fold  of  a  membrane  :  as,  the 
pliixi  iem.llunu.ris  of  the  eyelid. 

2.  Botany: 

(1)  Sing.  :    Undue  development  of    small 
twi^s  so  as  to  constitute  large  branches,  like 
excrescences  on  some  birches,  hornbeams,  &c. 

(2)  PL  :  The  lamellae  of  certain  fun-als. 

3.  Znnl.  :  A  genus  of  Ignanid*  from  tropi- 
cal  America,  having  the  sides  with  two  folds. 

plica  polonica,  s. 

Path.  :  Polish  Ringworm  ;  a  disease  charac- 
terized at  first  by  tenderness  and  inflammation 
of  the  scalp,  after  which  the  hairs  become 
swollen,  their  follicles  secreting  a  large 
quantity  of  viscid  reddish-coloured  fluid, 
which  glues  them  into  tufts  or  masses. 
Finally,  two  fungals,  Trichophyton  tonsurans 
and  T.  sporulnidfs  appear,  and  there  is  a  dis- 
gusting odour.  The  disease  is  probably  caused 
chiefly  by  dirt.  It  is  endemic  in  Poland, 
Russia,  and  Taitary.  Called  also  Trichinosis 
plica, 

pli  ca'-t»,  s.  pi.  [Fern.  pi.  of  Lat.  plicatus 
=  folded;  pttco  =  tofold.] 

•:i.  :  A  family  of  Moths,  group  Tortri- 
cina.  The  anterior  wings  are  rather  broad, 
with  a  fold  in  the  males  on  the  costa  towards 
the  base.  Larva  sluggish,  feeding  between 
united  leaves,  or  in  the  stems  and  seeds  of 
plants. 

pll'-cate,  pll'-cat-ed,  o.  [Lat.  plicatus,  pa. 
par.  of  flico  =to  fold.]  [PLY,  p.] 

Sot.  :  Plaited  ;  folded  like  a  fan.  Used 
specially  of  venation,  as  that  of  the  beech, 
the  birch,  &c. 


-iy,  adv.    [Eng.  plicate;  -ly.]    In  a 
plic  :te  or  folded  manner. 


*  pli'-ca-tile,  o.    [Lat.  plicat  ilis,  from  plicatus, 

pa.  par.  otplico  =  to  fold,  to  plait.]  Capable 
of  being  folded  or  interwoven. 

"  Motion  of  the  pHcatite  fibres  or  subtile  threads  of 
which  the  brain  consists."— More :  Antidote  againit 
Atheism,  ch.  x.  (App.) 

* pll-ca'-tion,  s.  [Lat.  plicatus,  pa.  par.  of 
plico  =  to  fold,  to  plait.] 

1.  Ord.  Ixing.  :  A  folding,  a  fold,  a  plait. 

"The  folds,  a<  other  plication*  have  done,  opened  of 
themselves/— /iichnrdton :  Ctariu'i.  vi.  »4i. 

2.  Geol. ':  The  folding  of  strata.     This  may 
be  produced  by  lateral  compression  or  by  the 
subsidence  of  portions  of  the  beds. 

pli'-ca-tlve,  a.    [As  if  from  a  Lat  *  plicatimu, 
hum'plicatus.]    [PLICATE.] 
Bot. :  The  same  as  PLICATE  (q.v.), 

pU-caf-U-la,  *.  [Dimin.  from  Lat.  plicatut 
—  plaited.] 

Zool.  £  Palreont. :  A  genus  of  Ostreidae. 
Shell  irregular,  attached  by  the  uml>o  of  the 
right  valve,  which  is  smooth  and  plaited  ; 
cartilage  internal;  hinge  teeth,  two,  in  each 
valve.  Known  species,  recent,  nine,  from 
tropical  America,  India,  Australia,  &c. ;  fossil 
forty,  from  the  Trias  onward. 

*  pli'-ca-ture,  s.    [Fr.,  from  Lat.  plicatura.] 
A  fold,"  a  d'ouble,  a  plication. 

"  For  no  man  can  unfold 
The  many  pliaiturei  so  closely  i-n-sr. ' 

More  :  .-k»ij  oftheSoul.  bk.  L,  1. 18. 

pli-ci-den'-tine,  ».  [Lat  plicitus  =  folded, 
and  Eng.  dentine.] 

Anal. :  A  modification  of  dentine,  in  which 
it  appears  folded  upon  a  series  of  vertical 
plates,  radiating  from  the  axis  of  the  pulp, 
and  with  the  exterior  of  the  tooth  fluted. 
(Brande.) 

*pli-ci-pen'-nes,  s.  pi.  [Lat  plicitus  = 
folded,  and  penna  —  a  feather,  a  wing  ] 

Entom. :  Latreille's  name  for  a  section  of 
Neuroptera  containing  the  Phryganidw  or 
Caddis-flies. 

*plie,  v.t.  &  i.    [PLY,  ».] 
*plle,  s.    [PLY,  ».] 

pli'-e,  a.    [Fr.  plit,  pa.  par.  of  plier=  to  fold, 
toply(q.v.).] 
Her. :  The  same  as  CLOSE,  a.,  II.  1. 

pli'-er,  ply'-er,  ».    [Eng.  ply ;  -er.] 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  One  who  plies. 

2.  Carp.  (PI.):  A  small  pair  of  pincers  with 
long  jaws,  adapted  to  handle  small  articles, 
such  as  the  parts  of  a  watch.  Also  specially 
adapted  for  bending  aiid  shaping  wire. 

plies,  *.  pL    [PLY,  «.] 

*  pli' -form,  a.     [Eng.  ply,  and  form.]    In  the 

form  of  a  ply  or  doubling. 

plight  (gli  silent)  (1),  *pliht-en,  *plighte, 

*  Plyt,  v.t.  [A.S.  plilitaii.  =  to  imperil,  to 
pledge,  from  plilit  =  risk,  danger,  plight  (q.v.); 
Ger.  verpflichten ;  Dut.  verpligten;  Dan.  for- 
pligte ;  Sw.  bepligta.] 

1.  To  pledge;  to  give  as  a  pledge,  guarantee, 
or  security.    (It  is  only  applied  to  immaterial 
things,  as  in  the  example;  never  to  property 
or  goods.) 

"  We  pligH  our  faith  to  one  King,  and  call  one  God 
to  attest  our  promise."— Jlucauiay :  Hat.  £ny.,  ch. 
xvii. 

2.  To  promise,  to  engaj<>,  to  betroth. 
"  Before  its  settinz  hour,  divide 

The  bridegroom  frum  tlie  ptujlitrd  bride?" 

Scott :  Lady  "/  the  Lake,  lit  1L 

•plight  (gh  silent)  (2),  * plita,  v.t.  [A 
variant  of  plait  or  pleat  (q.v.).J  To  fold,  to 
weave,  to  braid,  to  plait. 

-  Now,  good  nece.  K-  it  ueuer  so  lite 
Yeue  uie  the  labour  it  t«i  sow  and  pfif..'." 

Chaucer :  Troll ut  i  Craeide,  U. 

•plight  (gh  silent),  o.  [PLIGHT  (2),  v.] 
Fol,  I, -d,  plaited,  woven.  (Spertser :  F.  Q.,  II. 
vi.  7.) 

plight  (gh.  silent)  (1),  «plite  (1),  s.  [A.S. 
pliht  =  risk,  danger,  from  plion  —  to  risk,  to 
imperil;  O.  Kris.  ]ilicht  =  peril,  risk;  A.S. 
plio  =  danger ;  O.  Dut.  plicht  =  duty,  debt; 
Ger.  pflicht,  from  O.  H.  Ger.  plegan  =  to  pro- 
mis,-  or  engage  to  do.]  [PLIGHT  (1),  v.] 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

*  1.  Danger,  harm,  hurt     (ffafflok,  1,370.) 


*2.  That  which  is  plighted  or  pledged  ;  a 
pledge,  guarantee,  or  assurance  given  ;  a  se- 
curity. 

"  And  he  a  solemn  sacred  plioht 
Did  to  St.  Bryde  of  Douglas  make." 

Scott  :  lay  of  the  Lalt  Mimtret.  Ti.  Jg. 

3.  Condition,  state,  predicament ;  generally 
used  of  a  dangerous,  risky,  or  uncomfortable 
state.  (Milton :  P.  L.,  i.  335.) 

IL  IMW:  (See  extract). 

"Plight  slguiBetb  an  estate  with  the  babit  and 
quality  of  the  land  if  it  extends  to  a  rent-charge  or  to 
a  possibility  of  dower."— Cote  upon  Littleton. 

*  plight  (gh  silent),  (2),  *  plite  (2), «.  [PLIGHT 
(2),  v.\  A  fold,  a  double,  a  plait. 

"  Purfled  upou  with  many  a  folded  plight." 

Spenter:  /•.«.,  fl.  iU.lt, 

plight'-er  (gh  silent),  «.  [Eng.  plight  (I),  T.  ; 
-er.\  One  who  plights  or  pledges. 

"  PHghttr  of  high  heart*." 
&hake*p.  :  Antony  A  Cleopatra,  lit  t. 

plim,  v.i.  [Etym.  doubtful,  perhaps  allied  to 
plump  (q.v.).]  To  swell  up,  as  wood  with 
moisture. 

"  A  S|»nge  does  not  plim  ;  it  is  not  apparently 
larger  w.ien  full  of  water  than  previously,  and  it  is  itiu 
limp."— Oentleman't  Magazine,  June,  188S,  p.  640. 

plin  I  an,  s.  [After  the  celebrated  naturalist, 
Pliny  ;  "sutt.  -an  (Af  in.).] 

Min.  :  A  variety  of  Arsenopyrite  (q.v.),  ac- 
cording to  Rose  ;  but  Breithaupt  states  that 
it  is  mono,  linic  in  crystallization.  Hardue.-s, 
5-5  to  6;  sp.  gr.  6'272  tx>  6"292  ;  lustre,  me- 
tallic ;  colour,  tin-white  ;  streak,  black.  Goiu- 
pos. :  same  as  ARSENOPYRITE  (q.v.). 

plinth,  *  plinthe,  s.  [Lnt.  plinthus,  from  Or. 
7rAi'i/do?  (jilinthos)  =  a  brick,  a  tile,  a  plinth  i 
Fr.  plinthe ;  Ital.  &  Sp.  plinto.] 

Arch. :  A  square  member  forming  the  lower 
division  of  the  base  of  a  column,  &c. ;  also  the 
plain  projecting  face  at  the  Ixittom  of  a  wall, 
immediately  above 
the  ground.  In 
GI  'thic  architecture 
the  plinth  is  oc- 
casionally divided 
into  two  stapes,  the 
tops  of  which  are 
eiiher  splayed  or 
finished  with  a  hol- 
low moulding,  or 
are  covered  by  the 
base  mouldings. 
The  square  footing 
below  the  liases  of 
TUSCAN  COLUMN.  Ionic  and  Corinth- 

ian    columns.      la 

Grecian  architecture  plinths  do  not  appear  to 
have  been  employed,  the  bases  of  the  columns 
resting  upon  the  upper  step  of  the  building. 

plinth  ite,  «.  [Gr.  vMvOot  (plinthos)  =  * 
tile  ;  suff.  -ite  (Jfiu.).] 

A/in. :  A  clay  occurring  In  Co.  Antrim ; 
colour,  brick-red.  Compos. :  a  hydrated 
silicate  of  alumina  and  ses<iuioxide  of  iron. 

pli-6-,  pref.  [PLIOCENE.]  Belonging  to  the 
Pliocene  Age. 

pli-6  9ene,  plei  -6  <jene,  a.  [Gr.  irXfi<ir 
(pleida)  =  more,  and  Katfot  (kainos)  —  recent.) 
Geol. :  The  epithet  applied  by  Sir  Charles 
Lyell  to  the  most  modem  of  the  three  periods 
into  which  he  divided  the  Tettiary.  Its  dis- 
tinguishing character  is  that  the  larger  part  of 
the  fossil  shells  are  of  icc-nt  species.  Lyell 
divides  it  into  the  Older  and  the  Newer  Plio- 
cene. In  the  Older,  the  extinct  species  of 
shells  form  a  large  minority  of  the  whole  ;  in 
the  Newer,  the  shells  are  almost  all  of  living 
species.  Deshayes  and  Lyell  considered  that 
the  Older  Pliocene  had  35  per  cent,  and  the 
Newer  90  to  93  per  cent,  of  the  shells  of  recent 
species.  Etheridgs  makes  the  number  40  to 
60  per  cent  for  the  Older  and  80  for  the 
Newer  Pliocene.  Lyell's  divisions  (in  reverse 
order)  of  the  Pliocene  are  these  : 

OLDER   PuocENt  —  Nritiih  :   Ue.1  Cra?  of  Su"blk  ; 

White,  or  Coralline  Cratf  of  SurU.lk.      f.rei"n  •  Dies. 

tit-u    an. I   Antwerp  i.  r.iK :   Sub-Ainriinine   Marls  and 

Sands,  and  Pliocene  of  .North   Anieriu*.     I>e|weit  at 

Pikermi.  near  Athens  ;  strata  at  the  M  vulik  Hills. 
NEWER   PLI  ce.yK.—flritith  :  Forent-bed  of  Norfolk 

Cli.ls;  Norwich  Ura,;.     /•:,.eian:  Extern  l>ase  of  Mt. 

Etna;  Slcili.ui  strata;  Ijiciistrine  straU  of  Upper  V«i 

d  Arno  :  Uerinan  and  Frnich  Pliocene. 
Ethi-ridge  places  also  under  the  Older  Pliocene 
the  Anilo-Caspian  brackish-water  fornnitions, 
and  under  the  Newer  the  C'hillesford  and  Brid- 
lington  beds.  There  is  a  rich  Pliocene  flora  in 
Italy.  Mr.  Gau.lin  and  the  Marquis  Strozzi 
enumerate  pine,  oak,  evergreen  oak,  plum. 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  jowl ;  cat,  cell,  chor-is,  fhin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.    -Ing; 
-ciao,  -Man  -  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -(ion,  -fion  -  zhun.    -cious.  -tious.  -sious   -  suus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


M83 


pliohippus— Plotinist 


plane.  elder,  flg,  laurel,  maple,  walnut,  birch, 
-tints   of    the 

-  contain  i>'  :  :*  of  an 

liaracter,  most  of  them  tlie  iiiuin- 

>««>r»  of  the  rxUting  animals  uf 

ica  »u«l  Eurasia.    At  Pikermi,  in  Greece,  a 

^-l>lr  group  ..I  I'lio-  ror  f.«sib  hat  been 

..-I.   H,,.|    IIH-   iwuie   in  the  caae  at   Ihe 

k   Ililln,  in  In  ".i      Hi-  Xr»«T  Pliocene 

wan  c«ut-  ni|*»uiKx>ui  vi  lib  i*irt  of  the  (jlacial 

I          .  ,.p.j. 

pli  o  hip  piis.    i.      [Pref.   pUo-,  and   Or. 


PalamU.  :   A  genus  of  Eqnid*,  from  the 

1        .  ne  of  America.      It  It  closely  allied  to 

EIIUUS,  and  consists  of  animal*  about  the  nize 

of  an  ass,  willi  the  lateral  toe«  not  externally 

•P*d,  but  with  some  differencea  of  den- 


ph  ol  6  phus,  *-    [Pref.  jrfto-,  and  Gr.  Ao 
(fapkof)  —  a  crest.] 

faliTciU.  :  A  genus  of  Tapirida?,  with  one 
Specie*,  Ptiolopkui  ntpietpt.  from  the  London 
Clay. 

-Acmllaf  to  M.  Oaod/y  UMaaewton  of  all  th« 
r-m.  *n  &•  H  r  rarotWi  urn  and  PltoUpfau.  - 
mtUfxt:  O**.  Hut.  Antm.,  U.  tit. 

pli  o  pi  the  -cus,  i.    [Pref.  pllo-,  and  Lat 


Palm>»t.  :  A  genni  of  Catarhine  Monkeys, 
f  the  Miocene  of  Europe.  It  appears  to 
iMve  affinities  with  the  living  Semnopithecus 
an<l  the  Anthropoid  Apes. 

pli  6  sau   rus,  ».  iPref.  plto-,  and  Gr.  <ravpo« 
(«uariM)=  a  lizard.) 

PnlironL:  A  genu»  of  Plesiosauria  (q.v.), 
allied  to  the  tyj-e-genus  in  their  tin-like 
paddles,  but  having  an  enormous  head,  sup- 
ported upon  a  short  neck.  Tlie  teeth  are 
simple,  and  Conical.  .  Six  species  from 
the  Middle,  and  one  from  the  Upper  Oolite. 

plis   kle,  «.     [Etym.  doubtful.) 
1.  A  mischievous  trick. 

-  1  can  bM  BM  won  u  play  aa  111  fUMe  Vye  In  the 
4ay  o'  yomr  dialnsa  '—.Icott  :  Antif^irf.  ch.  xlL 

1  A  plight,  a  condition,  a  predicament 
•plite.  ».<.    [PLIGHT,  ».] 
•plite,  i.    [PuoHT,  «.] 

plitt,  i.    IRttss.)    An  instniment  of  torture 
used  tn  Russia,  resembling  the  knout. 

p!6c.  i.    (Pr.)    A  mixture  of  hair  and  ttr  for 
g  a  ship's  bottom. 


p!6  ca  ml  6m.  «.    {Or.  »Ao*vm  (ptoiomfc) 
=  a  look  of  hair.  ) 

Bat.:  A  genus  of  Ceramiacese,  sob-order 
Drlemaeri*  (l.liuUeg)  of  rone-spored  Alga  la, 
order  Khndymeniaces:  (Berkeley).  It  has  pin- 
•ate  fronds  with  pectinate  teeth,  the  spore- 
bearing  threads  in  tufta.  radiating  from  a 
Uual  placenta.  Plooamivm  cocci  neum  is  very 
common  on  the  British  coasts. 

plo  car   i  a.  i.    (Mod.  Lat,  from  Or.  »AO<O} 
(j-luif)  =  a  plaiting.] 

Dot.  :  A  genus  of  Ccramiace*.  order  Spha-ro- 
eoeeec.  t'looaria  tttuiz,  P.  candula,  and  P. 
•mprcssa  are  used  for  food.  P.  (or  Graeiiaria) 
Utlminthochorta*  I*  the  (Jorsican  Moas  (<|.v.). 

plo  ce.   a,     [Gr.   complication,   from   »x«» 
tpfcJto)  -  to  weare.  to  plait] 

JU4.  :  A  figure  by  which  a  word  1s  separated 
or  repeated,  by  way  of  emphasis,  so  as  not 
only  to  signify  the  individual  thing  denoted 
by  it,  bat  also  it*  peculiar  attribute  or 
quality  :  as,  His  wijk  is  a  K-i/t  indeed. 

ylft-oe  -I-4JB.  i.  pL     (Mod.   Lat   pbe+u); 
Lat  fern.  pL  adj.  suff.  -t<fcr.J 

Or*  Ilk.  :  Wearer  •  birds,  Wearer  -  finches 
(q.r.);  a  family  of  Paastriforme*.  specially 
characteristic  of  the  Ethiopian  region,  where 
four-fifths  of  the  species  are  found,  the  re- 
minder being  divided  between  tlie  Oriental 
•nd  Australian  regions.  Wallace  puts  the 
genera  at  fifty  -nine,  and  the  species  at  252. 

•plo  oi-i-M,  ..  pL     [Mod.  Lat.  jrfooKw); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sulf.  -intr.] 

Omit*.  :  A  sub-family  of  Fringillida:,  nearly 
coextensive  with  Ploceidsc  (q.v.> 

plo   cS  piU  S«r,  i.    [Mod.  Lat  pJo«<iu),  and 
Lat  poa«tr.) 

Omit*.  :  A  genus  of  Ploceids;,  with  four 
•peciea,  from  hast  and  South  Africa, 


pld'-cS-fts,  ».      t^r.  wAo«^  (pivke)  =  anything 
woven  ;  «*««••  (pUbS)  =  to  weave.] 

OmUA.  :  Palm-bird  ;  the  typical  genus  of 

the  family  Ploceidse  (q.v.),  with  six  species, 

from  West  and  East  Africa  and  the  Oriental 

region,     excluding    the    Philippines.       Bill 

lengthened,  »as   long  as  the  head  ;  nostnls 

almost  naked  ;    wings  moderate  ;  tail  short, 

even;   feet  large   and   thick;   toes  robust; 

claws  strong,  thick,  and  fully  curved. 

pldd,  *.    [Ir.  plod,  ploda*  =  a  pool,  a  puddle  ; 

\piodach  =  a  puddle  ;  plodaim  =  to  float  ;  Gael. 

plod  =  a  clod,  a  pool  ;  piodan  —  a  small  pool.] 

•  1.  A  pool,  a  puddle. 

••In  *"fuul  plotUt  in  the  rtret«  tuthth*  me  hym 
•long.*  Rotttrt  </  OloucttUr,  p.  M6. 

2.  A  green  sod.    (Sco/cA.) 
plod.  r.i.  &  t.    [PLOD,  *.    Tlie  primitive  sense 
i<  to  tramp  through  mire  and  wet,  and,  heuce, 
to  proceed  painfully  and  laboriously.] 
A.  Intransitire: 

L  IM.  :  To  travel  or   proceed   painfully, 
slowly,  and  laboriously. 

••Pallenc*  U  a  tired  mare,  yet  dw  will  jriod.'- 
Aa*«i|>.  :  Btiaj  f..  li.  1. 

II.  Figuratively  : 
L  To  toil,  to  drudge. 

"  I  h»re  laid  by  my  majesty, 
And  plodded  like  a  m»n  for  working  davm." 

Henri  f.,  L  L 


2.  To  study  dully,  but  with  steady,  persever- 
ing diligence. 

"  Plodding  ichool-men  they  are  far  too  low." 

Itrayton  :  Edtoard  jr.  to  Mn.  Shore. 

B.  Trans.  :  To  travel  along  or  pursue  pain- 
fully, slowly,  and  laboriously. 

"  Plod  yonr  way 
O'er  «t*i»  of  broken  throne*  and  tetnplea" 

Byron:  Childt  Harold,  IT.  78. 

plod-shoes,  t   pi.     Thick  shoes,  fit  for 
plodding  through  mud,  wet,  Ac, 
"  I  ha'u't  a  pair  of  plod-thon."    t'anomg\  :  jttop,  r. 

pl6d  der,  i.  [Eng.  plod,  y.  ;  -er.l  One  who 
plods  ;  a  dull,  heavy,  laborious,  and  persever- 
ing person. 

"  Small  hare  continual  ploddert  erer  won, 
San  bate  authority  from  others'  book*." 

ShaJastp.  :  Lowe't  Labour  i  Lott,  i.  L 

plod  -ding,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [PLOD,  v.] 

1.  Working,  labouring,   or  studying,  with 
slow  but  patient  diligence  ;  dull,  but  persever- 
ing in  work  or  study. 

2.  Characterized  by  laborious  and   perse- 
vering work. 

"  It  ii  a  thorough,  plodding,  comprehensiTe,  able 
rarrey  of  the  branch  of  art  of  which  it  treata."—  Brtt. 
«i«irt«rly  Jitviat.  hrli.  *M  (1878). 

pl&d  -dine  It,  adv.  [Eng.  plodding;  -ly.] 
In  a  plodding  manner  ;  with  painful  and  slow 
labour. 

"  noddinply  and  painfully,  and  often  in  a  (tiding 
atmoiyher*."—  ttcribner't  Magaant,  March,  18TS,  p.  688. 

plomb   gommc,  t.    [Fr.  plomb  =  lead,  and 
gomme  =  gum.] 
It  in.  :  The  same  as  PLCMBOOUIUIITK  (q.v.). 

pld^n'-bi-er-In,  s.  [From  Plombieres,  a  town 
near  mint-ral  springs  in  the  Vosgea.J 

Chem.  :  A  nitrogenous  matter  found  in  the 
conduits  of  certain  mineral  springs  in  France. 
It  is  gelatinous,  colourless,  and  destitute  of 
taste  and  smelL  Insoluble  in  ether,  alcohol, 
anil  acids,  and  is  believed  to  consist,  for  the 
most  part,  of  conferva;  and  oseillatoriae. 

plom  -bl-cr-  it«,  »  [After  Plombieres,  where 
found  ;  suff.  -ite(V'.n.).} 

Mi*.  :  A  mineral  occniT!n«r  In  a  gelatinous 
condition  in  the  brickwork  01  a  Roman  aque- 
ilii'-t  Hardenn  in  the  air,  and  l>ecomes  snow- 
white  and  opaque.  An  analysis  yielded  : 
silica,  40*0  ;  alumina,  1'3  ;  lime,  34-1  ;  water, 
23-2  =  99'2,  corresjionding  to  the  formula, 
CaOSiO,  r  2HO. 

pldnge.   *pl6n  gee  (g  as  zh),  «.     [Fr. 

plonytt.  | 

Fort.  :  fhe  declirity  of  the  superior  slope  of 
the  i«ra|.et 

•  plonge,  t.t.    [PLUWOE,  «.] 
plook,  i.    [PLUKF..]    A  pimple. 

plopk-j^,  o.  [Eng.  plook;  -y.]  Covered  with 
plooks  or  pimples. 

**HU  fac«  wu-a*  plooln  ai  a  curran'  bun."—  Salt  : 


p!6p,  f.    [From  the  sound.]     A  sound  as  of  a 
body  (ailing  into  water  ;  a  plump. 


pl 
W 


pl8p,  v.t.    [PLOP,*.]    To  fall  or  plump,  as  Into 

water. 

plit  (1),  *.    [An  abbreviation  of  complot  (q.v.> 
Cf.  fence  for  defence,  sport  for  disport,  &C.J 

1.  A  plan,  scheme,  or  strategeru,  especially 
tr  mischievous  or  treacherous  one ;  a  con- 
spiracy ;  au  intrijjue. 

^       "  Here's  Ihtplot  on't."-  Ben  Jonton  :  A  Icnemist.  L 1. 

•  2.  A  share  or  participation  in  a  scheme  or 
conspiracy. 

3.  The  story  of  a  play,  novel,  romance,  or 
poem,  comprising  a  complication  of  incidents, 
which  are  at  last  unfolded  by  unexpected 
means ;  the  intrigue. 

"In  the  construction  of  plot,  for  example.  la 
fictitious  literature,  we  should  aim  at  so  amusing  the 
incidents  that  we  shall  not  be  able  to  deUrnnue  of 
any  one  of  them  whether  It  depends  from  any  one 
other  or  upholds  it.  In  this  sense,  of  course.  j*rfection 
of  plot  is  really  or  practically  unattainable,  but  only 
because  it  is  a  finite  intelligence  that  constructs."— 
M.  A.  Pot:  H'orkt  (ed.  16«4).  ii.  197. 

•  4.    Contrivance ;   ability  to   plot ;    deep 
reach  of  thought. 

"  A  man  of  much  plot."  7)fiiha.rn. 

*  5.  A  scheme,  a  plan  ;  a  method  of  pro- 
cedure. 

"The  law  of  England  never  was  properly  applied 
unto  the  Irinh  nation,  as  by  a  purposed  plot  of  govern- 
ment, but  as  they  could  insinuate  and  steal  them- 
selves under  the  »ame  by  their  humble  carriage."— 
Sptnur :  State  of  Ireland. 

•  plot-proot  a-    Proof  or  secure  against 
•lots  ;    not  to  be  hurt  by  plots.     (i'Aufcesp.  : 
Winter's  Tale,  ii.  3.) 

plot  (2),  plat,  *  plott.  *  plotte,  «.  [A.S. 

plot  =  a  patch  of  ground.  It  is  the  same  word 
as  pleck  or  plek  =  a  place  (A.8.  plxc) ;  pleck  is 
itself  a  variant  of  platch,  the  older  form  of 
patch  (q.v.).] 

1.  A  plat  or  small  piece  of  ground. 

"  A  cottage  on  a  plot  of  rising  ground." 

tforStwortM :  Michael. 

*  2.  A  spot,  a  mark,  a  stain. 

"  Many  foule  plottct.'  P.  Plovman,  B.  xlil  S18. 

3.  A  plan  or  draught  of  a  field,  farm,  estate^ 
&c.,  surveyed  and  delineated  on  paper. 

*  4.  A  plan. 

"Th'  eternal  Plot,  th'  Idea  fore-conceiy'd." 

St/lveiter  :  The  Column*.  OS> 

Pl6t  (1),  V.t.  &  i.     [PLOT  (I),*.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  plan,  to  scheme,  to  devise, 
to  contrive  secretly. 

"  This  expedition  was  by  York  and  Talbot 
Too  rashly  plotted."        Shaketp. :  1  lien.  VI..  IT.  s> 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  form  schemes  or  plots  against  another, 
or  against  a  state,  government,  or  authority  ; 
to  conspire. 

"  The  earl's  gratitude  would  not  have  l>ren  very 
shining,  had  he  plotted  to  dethrone  a  princess  »  ho  bad 
delivered  him  from  a  prison.'—  Walpole:  Aoecdotei  <tf 
Painting,  vol.  i.,  ch.  vi. 

2.  To  scheme,  to  plan  ;  to  devise  a  means. 

"  For  she  had  plotted  to  destroy  them  there."  ' 

Uraytoit:  Hiteria  of  (tueen  Margaret. 

pl5t  (2),  v.t.  [PLOT  (2),  *.]  To  make  a  plot  or 
plan  of;  to  lay  down  on  paper  after  a  survey. 
[PLOTTING.] 

"  Plotted  on  the  scale  of  eight  Inches  to  the  nautical 
mile."— Atltemfum,  Dec.  20,  1884. 

pl6t  (3),  v.t.  [Cf.  Gael.  plodach  =  parboiling.! 
To  scald  ;  to  steep  in  very  hot  water  ;  to  make- 
scalding  hot. 

*  plotch,  ».     [Prob.  a  variant  of  llotch  (q.v.).  \ 
A  blotch,  a  blemish. 

"  It  was  to  be  abhorred  and  lot hed  of  all  men  tor 
the  foule  plutdtet  of  the  leprie."—  Cdol :  Luke  T. 

*  plo  tor   es,  5.  pi  [PI.  of  Gr.  wAwnjp  (plater) 
=  a  sailor.] 

Kntrtm. :  A  sub-tribe  of  Land  Bugs,  (Geo- 
cm-i  s\  with  a  boat-like  body  and  very  long 
They  run  about  on  the  surface  of  the 
wat.-r.  claws  at  some  little  distance  from  the 
last  joint  of  the  tarsi.  Now  often  made  a 
family,  type  Gerris  (q.v.).  By  them  the  transi- 
tion is  made  from  the  Land  to  the  Water-bugs. 

*  pldf-ful,  a.      [Eng.  plot  (1),  8.,  and  full.} 
Full  of  plots. 

plo  tin  I  an,  a.  [Eng.,  &c.  Plotin(vs):  -i«n.) 
Ifclon^'ing  to  or  connected  with  the  doctrines 
of  the  PlotinisU(q.v.). 

'Treuzer  condense*  his  summary  of  the  Plotiiiian 
doctrine  Into  three  theses,"-  Mel  Unlock  t  Strong: 
fncgc.  Bib.  Lit.,  TliL  294. 

Plo  tin  1st,  t,    [Seedet] 

Philosophy,    Ac.  (PI.):   The    followers    of 


f&te.  fftt,  fire,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we.  wit,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go, 
or.  wore,  woLf,  work,  who,  sin ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,   «e,ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  -  kw. 


plotosina— ploughboy 


3653 


Plotinus  (A.D.  204-74),  the  most  noted  teacher 
of  Newer  Platonism,  which  he  taught  at  Rome 
for  the  last  thirty  years  of  his  life.  He  con- 
sidered the  human  soul  an  emanation  from  the 
Deity,  to  whom,  after  a  virtuous  life  on  earth, 
it  was  reunited  ;  souls  unfitted  for  such  union 
were  to  pass  through  other  purificatory  exist- 
ences, either  once  more  as  meii,  or  as  animals 
or  plants. 

plo-to-si'-na,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  plotos(us); 
Lat.  neut.  pf.  adj.  suff.  -ino.] 

Ichthy. :  A.  group  of  Siluridae  (<].v.),  with 
four  genera:  Plotosus  (q.v.),  Copidoglanis, 
and  Cnidoglanis,  from  Australia ;  and  Chaca, 
from  the  West  Indies. 

pld-to'-sus,  s.    [PLOTCS.] 

Ichthy. :  The  typical  genus  of  the  group 
Plotosina.  A  short  dorsal  in  front,  with  a 
pungent  spine;  a  second  long  dorsal  coalesces 
with  the  caudal  and  anal.  Barbels  eight  or 
ten  ;  cleft  of  mouth  transverse ;  ventrals 
many-rayed,  head  depressed  ;  body  elongate. 
Three  species  known,  from  the  brackish 
waters  of  the  Indian  Ocean  :  they  enter  the 
sea  freely.  Plotosus  anguillaris  is  a  common 
Indian  h'sh. 

plSt'-ter,  s.  [Eng.  plot  (I),  v.  ;  -er.]  One  who 
plots  or  schemes  ;  a  contriver,  a  conspirator, 
a  schemer. 

"  Why,  aunt,  would  you  have  thought  Mr.  Sad  a 
plotter!"— Killigrew:  Parson' i  Wedding,  v.  2. 

plot'-ter,  plout-er,  ».t.  [A  frequent,  from 
plod  (q.v.).]  To  plod,  to  wade,  to  tramp. 

"  Miss's  pony  .  .  .  has  plo'tered  through.  raiiht  o'er 
Into  t'  meadow."— E.  Bronte:  Withering  tietghtt. 
cH.  ix. 

plot-tie,  s.  [PLOT  (3),  v.]  A  sort  of  mulled 
wine.  (Scotch.) 

plot  -ting,  pr.  par.  &  s.     [PLOT  (2),  t>.] 

A.  Aspr.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  substantive : 

Surv. :  The  art  of  describing  or  laying  down 
on  paper,  &c.,  the  several  angles  and  haes  of 
a  tract  of  ground  surveyed  by  a  theodolite  or 
like  instrument,  or  a  chain. 

plotting-scale,  s. 

Surv. :  A  mathematical  instrument  used  in 
plotting  ground,  usually  of  box- wood,  some- 
times of  brass,  ivory,  or  silver,  either  .1  foot  or 
a  foot  and  a  half  long,  and  about  an  inch  and 
a  half  broad.  It  consists  of  two  scales  of 
unequal  lengths  at  right  angles  to  each  other. 
The  longer  scale  contains  a  slit,  or  dovrtnil 
groove,  nearly  its  whole  length,  in  which 
slides  a  button  carrying  the  cross  scale. 

plo'-tUS,  s.  [Gr.  wAuTos  (plotos)=  sailing, 
floating  ;  irAwo  (plod)  =  to  sail.] 

Ornith. :  Darter,  Snake-neck  ;  a  genus  of 
Pelecanidse,  with  four  species,  from  the  tropi- 
cal and '  southern  temperate  parts  of  both 
hemispheres.  Bill  quite  straight,  longer  than 
head,  terminating  in  a  very  sharp  point ;  face 
and  throat  naked ;  nostrils  linear;  feet  short 
and  robust;  tail  very  long,  the  feathers  stiff 
and  elastic. 

plough  (oh  silent),  *ploh,  *plou,  *plouli, 
plow,  *  plowe,  *  plouche,  s.  [IccL  plojr 
—  a  plough  ;  cog.  with  S\v.  p!otj ;  Dan.  plov ; 
O.  Fries,  ploch;  Ger.  pfluy ;  O.  H.  Ger.  pflure ; 
Lith.  plugas ;  Russ.  p'uge.  J'loh  occurs  in 
A.S.  in  the  sense  of  plough-land,  but  the  true 
AS.  word  for  plough  is  sulk.] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Literally: 

(1)  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  1. 

•(2)  Plough-lan<3,  r.raljle  land. 

"N*  plot  ue  ploh."— A.£.  Leechdoiru,  lii.  Kt. 

(8)  Ploughed  land  ;  land  in  cultivation  with 
the  plough. 

"The  dusty  i>loughi  on  the  hill  caused  hounds  to 
look  to  their  huntsmen  to  carry  on  the  business  fur 
them."— Field,  April  4, 1885. 

*(4)  A  hide  or  carncate  of  land. 

"  Johan  myn  eldeste  sone  shallc  hare  pi  oven  fyve." 
Coke  i  Talt  of  Gamelyn. 

*2.  F ig.  :  Tillage,  cultivation,  agriculture, 
husbandry. 

1L  Technically: 

1.  Agric. :  An  implement  for  making  a 
furrow  in  land,  the  object  being  to  stir  the 
soil,  make  a  bed  for  seed,  cover  seed,  hill  up 
earth  to  crops,  lay  out  lines  for  planting  trees 
or  shrubs,  and  for  other  purposes,  according 


to  construction.  It  may  be  drawn  either  by 
animal  or  by  steam  power.  Ploughs  drawn 
by  animal  power,  i.e.  by  horses  of  oxen,  are 
divided  into  swing-ploughs  and  wheel-ploughs, 
the  former  being  without  wheels.  The  wheel- 
plough  has  a  forward  carriage  to  regulate  the 
depth  of  furrow,  one  wheel  running  on  the 
land  and  the  other  in  the  furrow.  Besides  these 
there  are  also  ploughs  for  special  purposes  : 
as.  subsoil  ploughs,  draining-plou^hs,  &c.  A 
balance-plough  is  one  in  which  two  sets  of 
plough  bodies  and  coulters  are  attached  to  an 
iron  frame,  moving  on  a  fulcrum,  one  set  at 
either  extremity,  and  pointing  different  ways. 
By  this  arrangement  the  balance-plough  can 
be  used  without  turning.  Balance-ploughs 
are  used  in  steam  ploughing.  [GANG-PLOUGH.] 
If  For  other  varieties,  as  double -furrow- 
plough,  double-mouldlioard-jitough,  ice-plough, 
turnwrest-plough,  and  steam-plough,  see  under 
the  several  heads. 

2.  JSookbitul. :   An  implement  for  cutting 
ami  smoothing  the  edges  of  books.     It  con- 
sists  of  two  cheeks  connected  together  by 
two  guides  and  a  screw  passing  through  both 
cheeks.     In  one  of  the  cheeks  is  fixed  a  cut- 
ting-blade.     It  is  worked   by  hand  with  a 
backward  and  forward  motion. 

3.  Weav.  :   An  instrument  for  cutting  the 
flushing  parts  of  the  pile  or  nap  of  fustian. 

4.  Wood-work:  A  grooving-plane  in  whict 
the  adjustable  fence  is  secured  to  two  trans- 
verse stems  which  pass  through  the  stock  of 
the   plane,  and  are  secured    by  wedges    or 
screws.     It  is  fitted  with  eight  irons  of  various 
sizes,  and  is  used  in  making  grooves  in  door- 
stiles  to  receive  the  panel,  and  for  similar 
purposes. 

1  The  Plough : 

Astron. :  Charles's  Wain ;  the  prominent 
seven  stars  in  the  constellation  of  the  Great 
Bear. 

If  To  put  one's  hand  to  the  ploug\:  To  begin 
or  set  about  a  task  or  undertaking.  (Fig.)  The 
allusion  is  to  Luke  ix.  62. 

*  plough-alms,  s.      A    penny   formerly 
paid  by  every  ploughland  to  the  church. 

plough-beam,  s.  That  portion  of  the 
frame  to  which  the  standard  is  attached  and 
to  whose  forward  end  the  draft  is  applied. 

*  plough  bote,  s.  Wood  or  timber  allowed 
to  a  tenant  for  the  repair  of  instruments  of 
husbandry. 

"  A  right  of  cutting  and  carrying  away  wood  for 
housj-bote,  ploujh-bote,  &e."—Blickttone:  Comment., 
bk.  iii..  ch.  8. 

plough-Clevis,  «.  The  stirrup -shaped 
piece  on  the  nose  of  a  plough-beam,  having 
three  loops,  in  either  of  which  the  open  ring 
of  the  double-tree  may  be  placed,  according  to 
the  depth  of  furrow  desired. 

plough-gang,  plough -gate,  s.     As 

much  land  as  can  be  cultivated  by  one  plough 
in  the  year.  It  has  been  variously  estimated, 
from  thirteen  acres  (Scotch).  As  now  regulated 
by  various  statutes  for  the  conversion  of 
statute  labour,  it  is  held  to  mean  fifty  acres 
(Scotch)  or  £70  of  rental. 

plough-hale,  s.    The  handle  of  a  plough. 

[HALE,  y.J 

plough-head,  *.    The  clevis  of  a  plough. 
plough-iron,  5.    The  coulter  of  a  plough. 

"  Here  is  now  the  smith's  note  for  shoeing,  and 
ptouyh-iront."— Jh^icesp.  :  2  ffenry  If.,  v.  L 

plough-land,  *  plow-lond,  s. 

1.  Laud  under  the  plough  or  fit  for  tillage  ; 
arable  land,  ploughed  land. 

*  2.  As  much  land  as  may  be  ploughed  with 
a  single  plough  in  a  day. 

"  Platriond,  that  a  plow  may  tylle  on  a  day."— 
Prompt.  Part. 

*3.  As  much  land  as  a  team  of  oxen  can 
plough  in  a  year ;  a  hide  or  carucate  of  land. 

"  In  this  book  are  entered  the  names  of  the  manors 

[habited  tuwnshii: 
that 
tants.'—  Hole  :  Orig.  of  Mankind. 

*  plough-meat,  *  plow-meat,  *.    Food 
made  of  corn,  aa  distinguished  from  flesh, 
eggs,  milk,  &c. 

plough-mell,  s.  A  small  wooden  hammer 
or  mallet  attached  to  the  plough. 

Plough  Monday,  s.  The  Monday  after 
Twelfth-day,  or  the  end  of  the  Christmas 
holidays,  on  which  the  ploughmen  used  to  re- 
sume their  work.  On  this  day  they  used  also 


to  draw  a  plough  from  door  to  door,  and  ask 
for  money  to  buy  drink. 

"  Plough  Jtfond.iyuext  after  that  the  twelftide  is  past, 
Bids  out  with  the  plough."     Tuner: 


plough-paddle,  s.    [PLOUGH-STAFF.] 

plough-point,  s.  A  detachable  share  at 
the  extreme  front  end  of  the  plough-body, 
forming  an  apex  to  the  junction  of  the  mould- 
board,  sole,  and  landside. 

plough-shoe,  s.  A  block  of  wood  fitted 
under  a  ploughshare  to  prevent  it  from  pene- 
trating the  soil. 

*  plough-silver,  s.    Money  formerly  paid 
by  some  tenants  in  lieu  of  service  to  plough 
the  lord's  laud. 

plough-sock,  s.  A  ploughshare.  (Scotch.) 
plough  staff,  plough  paddle,  s. 

1.  A  paddle  to  clean  the  coulter  and  share 
of  a  plough  from  weeds  or  earth  ;  a  pettle. 

2.  A  plough-handle. 

*  plough-star,    *  plow-star,  a.     The 

Beaiward,  Arcturus  (q.v.). 

"Thee,  ptow-ttar.  eke  Arcture." 

Stonyhurtt  :  Virgil;  .Eneld  ill.  5M. 

*  plough-start,  *  plough  stcrt.  s.    A 

plough-handle. 

plough-Stuff,  .'.  Curved  wood,  generally 
ash,  used  for  ploughs. 

*  plough-swain,  *  plow-swain,  s.    A 

ploughman. 

plough-tail,  s.  That  part  of  a  plough 
which  the  ploughman  holds. 

plough-tree,  s.    A  plough-handle. 


plough-truck,  s.  A  riding  attachment 
to  a  plough. 

t  plough-witchers,  s.  pi.  The  name 
given  to  tne  mummers  iii  Huntingdonshire. 

"One  of  the plouffh-uitcheri  often  wore  acow's  skin.* 
—Xottl  t  (tuerict,  Jan.  30,  1886,  p.  86. 

t  plough-witching,  s.  The  performance 
of  the  plough-witchers  (q.v.). 

"  The  mummers  are  called  plouch-witchers,  and 
their  ceremouy  plough-witching.'—  S'otet  t  Queriei, 
May  19,  1800,  p.  SSI. 

plougb-wright,  *  plow-write,  s.    A 

mechanic  who  makes  and  repairs  ploughs,  &O. 

pi -nigh  (oh  silent)  (1),  plow,  *plowe,  v.t.  &  i. 
[  PLOUGH,  «. ;  Out.  ploegJien;  Ger.  pjlugenf 
Sw.  ploga.] 

A.  Transitire: 

I.  Lit.  :  To  till  or  turn  up  with  a  plough,  in 
order  to  sow  seed. 

II.  Figuratively: 

1.  To  furrow ;  to  cut  or  run  through,  as  a 
plough  through  laud. 

*•  And  he  and  his  eight  hundred 
Shall  plough  the  wave  uo  more." 

Camper  :  Lou  vf  the  lioyai  Oeurfft. 

2.  To  form  as  furrows  ;  to  furrow. 

"  Those  furrows  which  the  burning  share 
Of  Sorrow  Bought  untimely  there." 

/tyro/i :  Parilina,  XX. 

B,  Intransitive: 

1.  Lit. :  To  till  or  turn  up  the  soil  with  a 
plough.  (Dry:len:  Virjtt;  Georgic  ii.  282.) 

*  2.  Fig. :  To  prepare  the  soil  or  bed  for 
anything. 

"  Rebellion.  Insolence,  sedition 
We  ourselves  bave  pfouyh'd  fur." 

Muilct-ip.  :  Cortolanui.  lit  t, 

%  (1)  To  plough  in:  To  cover  by  ploughing: 
as,  To  plomjh  in  wheat. 

(2)  To  plough  up  or  out :  To  uncover  or  bring 
to  the  surface  by  ploughing. 

"Another  of  a  dusky  colour,  near  black ;  then 
are  of  these  frequently  ploughed  up  in  the  fields  of 
Welden."—  Woodwara;  On  foaiU. 

plough  (gh  silent),  (2),  v.t.  [A  corrupt,  of 
phick  (q.  v.).]  To  reject  as  a  candidate  at  an 
examination  for  a  degree ;  to  pluck,  (i'.tiv. 
slang.) 

"These  two  promising  specimens  were  not  ploughed.* 
— Driven  to  Rome  (1877),  p.  68. 

*  plough'-a-ble  (gh  silent),  a.  [Eng.  plough; 
-a//!e.]  Caj>al>le  of  being  ploughed;  fit  to  be 
ploughed ;  arable. 

plough'-bo^  (gh  silent),  «.  [Eng.  plough, 
and  boy.]  A  boy  who  follows  or  drives  a  team 
in  ploughing ;  a  country  boy ;  hence,  an  ignor- 
ant, coarse  boy. 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  Jtfwl ;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9hln,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  cnpcct,  ^Ccnophon,  exist,    ph  -  <". 
•cian,  -tian  =  ahan.    -tion,  -sion  —  shun ;  -tion,  -§ ion  —  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  —  sliua.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bcl,  aci. 


36o4 

plough  er  (-.-A  *i!.-nt),  plow  er.  ».    [Kng 
,  plough,  v.;  -er.}    One  who  ploughs    laud;  a 
Cultivator,  a  ploughman. 

-  Mow  I  eball  Ul  run  who  be  the  piomn-'-Lati 
•Mr .-  atrmnt  •/(*•  Htm. 

plough  man  (gk  silent),  plow  man,   .«. 

•.  plowijh,  v.,  aud  man.]   Une  who  ploughs; 

one  who  h»lds  or  guides  a  plough  ;  a  farin- 

labounr    who    is,   ur   may   be,  engaged    for 

.ing. 

**  So  DtvocMblra  floufhuutn  or  Cbrolah  miner  who 
tad  UUeei  am,.  u>  defend  hi.  »i(.  and  children 
syaiiul  Tuunrilw."— Jtaculojf .'  ft*.  JTi#  .  ch.  avlU. 

ploughman's  spikenard.  «. 

/AX. :  InuUi  toayai.  a  pubescent  plant,  with 
ovate- lanceolate leaves,  and  branched  rorymlis 
of  yellow  flowers.  Frequent  on  chalky  or 
clayey  soils. 

plough  shire,  plow  -share,   *  plowh 
sc bare.  .«.      1K|)<>-  plough,  s.,  and  than  = 
I-V-XJ 


1.  The  portion  of  a  plough  which  cuts  the 
•lice  IOOM  below. 


t.  A  triangular  or  heart-»Iia|Hxi  blade  on  a 
sh  >vel-plough  to  torn  the  earth  over;  and 
Used  in  tending  crops  t<>  tlirow  the  earth  up 
to  the  stems  of  the  plants.  (SHOVKL-PLOUOH.J 

ploughshare-bone. 

Compnr.  Anal.  :  A  Ion.'.  -i.-iidfr  lione,  shaped 

like  a  plonghsharr,  consisting  of  two  or  iiK.ru 

of  the.  i-aiiiUl  vertebras  of  birds  nnchylosed  into 

:>  nuuis.     It  supports  the  quill  feathers 

of  the  tail. 

plot}  si  6c  ra  cy,  *.  [Gr.  w\0u<not  (plav- 
•io»)  =  a  wealthy  person,  and  upa-rim  (krateo) 
s  to  rule.) 

1.  Government    by    the    wealthy    classes  ; 
plutocracy. 

2.  People  of  great  wealth  and  influence. 


plont  er.  ».<.    [PLOTTER,  •.] 

ploat  nit,  pout  nei.  *.  [Eng.  pout  (2),  s., 
and  *tt.\  A  Miiall,  stocking-shaped  river  net 
attached  to  two  poles. 

plov  er,  «.  (O.  Fr.  ptorier  (Fr.  pluvier)  = 
lit.  the  rain-bird  ;  formed  as  if  from  a  Lat. 
srfuri/irtKj;  from  pluria  =  rain;  so  railed 
Wau«e  these  birds  are  said  to  be  most  seen 
and  caught  in  a  rainy  season:  Dut.  pievur; 
Ital.  pMtTt.} 

'<ittf  <f  Omitkoloyy: 

(  1  )  <i*t.  :  The  common  English  name  of  seve- 
rs I  wading  birds  ;  spec.,  the  Golden,  Yellow, 
or  lirven  Plover,  Ckarntlritu  ptuvialit.  In  win- 
Ur  the  old  male  has  all  the  upper  parts  sooty- 
black,  with  Urge  golden-yellow  »|>ota  on  the 
margin  of  the  backs  of  the  feathers,  the  sides 
of  the  head,  neck,  and  breast  with  ashy-tin  <»  n 
and  yellowish  spots,  the  throat  and  lower 
parts  white,  the  quills  black.  The  sunnu-r 
plumage  of  the  atiper  parts  deep  Mark,  the 
•  and  sides  of  the  neck  pore  white,  with 
great  black  and  yellow  spots.  Lower  parts 
mmtly  deep  Mark.  r>en?th  about  ten  inches. 
Common  in  Europe  and  visits  the  United  gtatrs. 
lu  n.-«t,  in  a  drpression  of  the  ground,  is  made 
of  s,  few  dry  fibre*  and.  stems  of  grass;  the 
•KIT*.  «bi>  h  are  highly  esteemed  as  delicacies, 
Sire  four  in  number,  cream  yellow  or  oil-green, 
with  large  blotches  of  umber-brown.  America 
IMS  several  species  of  Plovers,  of  whit  h  the 
Kikfeer  Plover  is  abundant  In  tbe  west.  The 
:i  Plover,  or  Lapwing,  is  another  common 
species.  [RINO-PIOVKB,  SOIATAAOLA,  STILT, 


(S)  PL  .  The  Charadrlidje  (q.v.). 

•  2.  Fig.  :  A  loose  woman  ;  a  prostitute. 

b«z«kl«'  Wfwerlh.  and  three  or  four 


from  being  often  sc 

I1'-  '•   "• 


<f*lr.  IT.  k 

«.    The  Dunlin,  so  called 
«n  in  company  with  the 


'.  *.  *  •.    [PLOUGH,  «.*•.] 

•  plowke.  ».    [PLCKE,  s.] 

•  pltfwk'  ky.  •  plow-kyd,  a. 

E"3-  i-loKie;  *d,  -jr.]    Covered  or  marked  with 
pimples. 

Jtat!'fe|»r *•"**» •D<l  ***" «rt«-"-*3-  i«»eol«. 


plougher    plug 

',  s.  [An  abhrev.  of  employ  (q.v.).]  Em- 
ployment ;  a  harmless  frolic;  a  merry  meeting. 
(Scotch.) 

"Twa  unlucky  red-cuaU  were  up  for  black-Ashing, 
or  aouie  siccuu  ptog." — ticott .    Wmx-rlry,  ch.  Ixi  v. 

ploy  e  (as  plwa-ye ),  o.    [O.  Fr.,  i*.  par. 
of  player  =  to  bend,  to  ply  (q.v.X] 
Her. :  Bowed  and  bent. 

plu   chd  a,  i.   [Named  after  Pluche,  a  French 
abbe.] 
Hot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Plucheineae. 

plu  che  i  ne  ae,  *.  i>l.  [Mini.  Lat.  pin 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ineoe.] 

Hot. :  A  sub-tribe  of  Composites,  tribe  As- 
teroidete. 

pluck, '  plocke,  *  plnkke,  r.(.  [\.S.  pluc- 
cian;  cogn.  with  Dut.  plukken ;  Icel.  plol.'l.a, 
plttika ;  Dan.  plukke;  Sw.  plocka;  Oer. 
pjtiicken.] 

1.  To  gather,  to  pick,  to  cull. 

"  And  wute  the  solitary  day 
In  plucking  from  yon  feu  the  reed." 

Scutt:  XarmioH.  L    (Introd.) 

2.  To  pull  witli  force  ;  to  tug,  to  twitch. 

"  Aa  they  paM  by,  pluck  Caaca  by  the  sleeve." 
Shaketp. :  Juliut  Cottar,  L  t, 

3.  To  pull  off  with  force ;  to  tear  off,  as 

Clo.lK-S. 

"  riuck  away  hl>  crop  with  hit  feather*. "—£«*.  L  1«. 

4.  To  strip  of  feathers. 

•e  I  pluckt  raeae  ...  I  knew  not  what 't  wa> 
to  be  IwaUn.'— &uiketp. :  Merry  H'itei  a/  Windtor.  v.  i. 

•  5.  To  take  away,  to  remove. 

"  To  pluck  all  fears  out  of  you." 

Skakerp,  :  Hetuurt/or  ileaturt,  IT.  1. 

*  6.   To   draw,  to    receive,  to   obtain,  to 
derive.    (Shakesp. :  Henry  V.,  iv.  Chor.) 

7.  To  reject,  as  a  candidate  in  an  examina- 
tion for  degrees,  4c.,  as  not  coming  up  to  the 
required  standard. 

"  He  went  to  college,  and  he  got  plucked."— C. 
Bronte  :  June  Eyre,  ch.  X. 

U  When  degrees  are  conferred,  the  name  of 
each  person  is  read  out  before  he  is  pre- 
sented to  the  Vice-Chancellor.  The  proctor 
used  at  one  time  to  walk  once  up  and  down 
the  room,  and  any  one  who  objected  to  the 
degree  being  conferred  might  signify  his  dis- 
sent by  plucking  or  twitching  the  proctor's 
gown.  This  was  occasionally  done  by  trades- 
men to  whom  the  candidate  was  in  debt. 
This  method  of  objecting  to  a  candidate  has 
long  gone  out  of  use,  and  the  term  "  plucked  " 
is  confined  to  a  person  who  has  failed  to 
satisfy  the  examiners. 

H  *  1.  To  pluck  off:  To  descend  in  rank  or 
title  ;  to  lower  one's  self. 

2.  To  pluck  vp : 

(1)  Trans.:  To  tear  up  by  the  roots;  to 
eradicate,  to  exterminate. 

'  (2)  Intrans. :  To  pluck  up  courage  or  spirits. 
"  Pluck  up.  my  heart."  Sliakeip.  :  Much  Ado,  T.  L 

3.  To  pluck  up  a  heart  or  spirit :  To  take  or 
resmme  courage. 

"  Pluck  up  thy  tptritt." 
gkaketp  :  Taming  o/  O*  dkrw.  Iv.  a, 

pluck  (1),  «.     [PLUCK,  t).] 

1.  The  act  of  plucking  ;  a  pull,  a  draw. 

"  Industrious  Moll,  witli  manv  a  ;<fuc*. 
Uowlnn  tbe  plumage  of  each  duck." 

Smart:  An  tneilation  ta  llrt.  Tyler. 

2.  The  heart,  lights,  and  liver  of  an  animal. 

3.  Courage,  spirit,  endurance,  resolution. 

"  i1  i1"1*'1  the  pluck  of  a  man  among  you  three, 
youll  help  sjSkr-MslSM  .•  oii*rr  Ttfitt.  ch.  L 

4.  The  act  of  plucking  ;  the  state  of  being 
plucked  for  an  examination. 

~ To  avoid  the  dlafrace  and  hindrance  of  atrfuc*."— 
/terror  :  Julian  Home.  ch.  xxrL 

5.  A  two-pronged  dung-drag. 
pluck-penny,  ».    A  game. 

pluck  (2),  «.  [Etym.  doubtful ;  cf.  Gael.  & 
Ir.  ploc,  pluc  =  a  block,  a  lump.]  A  fish, 
the  same  as  NOBLC,  i.  (q.v.), 

plucked,  a.  [Eng.  pl,,<*  (!),•.;  -td.]  Having 
pluck,  courage,  or  endurance.  (Used  in  com- 
position as  welI.;./M(*«d,  \*<\-plurk«l,  Ac.) 

M  Yon  are  a  food  pfurted  fellow,  '-nadurag :  JTnf. 
comet,  en.  lix. 

pluck  er.  «.    [Eng.  pluck,  T.  ;  -er.J 

1.   Ont  L>ng.  :   One  who  or  that  which 
plucks  or  puiU.  (R.  Browning :  Sordello,  bk.  i.) 
?.  U'ortted  Manuf. :  A  machine  for  straight- 
ening or  cleaning  long  wool  to  render  it  fit  for 
combing. 


pluck '-I-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  phtcky ;  -ly.]  In  a 
plucky  or  courageous  manner;  with  pluck  or 
spirit. 

"The  t»o  eouttablea  who  behaved  »o  pluckUy."— 
Echo.  Sept.  8,  188i. 

•  pluck  less,  o.     [Eng.  pluck  (1),  s. ;  -tew.] 

lii-stitute  of  pluck,  timid,  faint-hearted. 

pluck  y,  a.    [Eng.  pluck  (1),  s.  ;  -y.] 

1.  Having  pluck,  courage,  or  spirit ;  coura- 
geous. 

"  If  you're  plucky.  Mid  not  over  subject  to  fright" 
il-irluiin  :  liiyulitiliy  Legend*;  Smuggler  i  Leap. 

2.  Characterized  by  pluck  or  spirit;  spirited. 
"  One  of  the  pluckirtt  races  ever  entered  upon."— 

Daily  Telegraph,  Sept  II,  18S&. 

pluff,  v.t.  [Onomatopoetic.]  To  throw  or 
puff  out  smoke  in  quick  whiffs;  to  tlirow 
out  hair-powder  in  dressing  the  hair ;  to  set 
fire  to  gunpowder.  (Scotch.) 

fluff,  s.    [PLUFF,  t».] 

1.  A  puff,  as  of  smoke;  a  small  quantity  of 
gunpowder  set  on  fire. 

2.  A  hair-dresser's  powder-puff.    (Scotch.) 
pluf  '-fy,  a.  [PLUFF.]  Flufl'y,  flabby,  puffed  up. 

plug,  *  plugge,  *.  [O.  Dut  pluggt  =  a.  plug, 
pluggen  —  to  J'lng;  Dut.  plug=.  a  peg,  a  Imng; 
Sw.  plngg  =  a  plug  ;  Dan.  plok=  a  peg  ;  tier. 
pjlpck  =  a  plug,  a  peg;  all  from  the  irltic: 
Irish  ploc,  plui  —  a  plug,  a  stopper,  a  bung; 
Gael.  ploc=  a  club,  a  block,  a  plug;  Wei.  pioc 
=  a  block,  a  plug.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  piece  of  wood  or  other  substance  used 
to  plug  or  stop  a  hole  ;  a  stopple. 

2.  A  plug-hat.     (Anier.) 

3.  As  much  tobacco  as  is  put  into  the 
mouth  at  a  time  to  chew ;  a  quid  of  tobacco. 

"  In  bottling  wine,  fill  your  mouth  full  of  corks, 
together  witli  a  large  plug  of  tobacco."— Steift :  In- 
itructioru  to  Serranti. 

4.  A  flat,  oblong  cake  of  pressed  tobacco 
moistened  with  molasses.    (Amer.) 

"These  manufacture*  are  chiefly  plug  and  twUt 
tobacco.  '—Scribntr'i  Magazine,  July,  18T7,  p.  SOU. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Build. :  A  block  of  wood  let  into  a  wall 
of  brick  or  masonry,  to  afford  a  hold  for  nails 
in  fixing  the  interior  finishing. 

2.  Dentistry :  Filling  for  a  carious  tooth. 

3.  Die-sinking :  A  cylindrical  piece  of  soft 
steel,  whose  end  is  turned  to  fit  into  a  matrix. 
The  indented  (intaglio)  design  of  the  matrix  is 
transferred  to  the  end  of  the  plug  when  the 
two  are  pressed  forcibly  together.    The  plug 
having  the  design  in  relief  (cameo)  is  then 
hardened  and  becomes  a  punch,  which  is  used 
to  impress  the  faces  of  dies  for  coining. 

4.  Hydraul.-eng. :  A  cap  closing  the  top  or 
end  of  a  branch-pipe  leading  from  the  main 
below  the  pavement,  and  terminating  at  a 
point  readily  reached  for  the  attachment  of 
nose.    A  fire-plug  (q.v.). 

5.  Masonry ;  A  dowel  or  cramp. 

6.  Mining:  An  iron  core  used  in  blasting. 

7.  Nautical: 

(1)  A  conical  piece  of  wood  used  to  stop  th« 
hawse-holes  when  the  cables  are  unbent. 

(2)  A  block  to  stop  a  hole  made  by  a  cannon- 
ball  in  a  ship. 

(3)  A  stopper  for  the  hole  in  a  boat-bottom. 

8.  Ordnance: 

•  (1)  The  wooden  stopper  in  the  vent  of  • 
petard. 

(2)  A  small  tompion  in  the  muzzle  of  a 
musket-Uu  reL 

(3)  The  nipple  of  a  gun. 

9.  Knil.-eny. :  A  wedge-pin  driven  between 
a  rail  and  its  chair. 

10.  Steaming. :  A  fusible  plug  (q.v.). 

11.  Stone-working  (I'l.):    Inverted  wedgei 
with  round  Lacks  placed  in  a  hole  which  has 
been  jumped  in  a  rock  ;  a  feather  or  tapered 
wedge,  being  driven  between  the  plugs,  rends 
the  rock. 

1  Plug  and  feather : 

Stone-working :  The  act  or  process  of  rend- 
ing stones  by  means  of  a  feather  or  wedge. 
(Pnjo, «.,  IL  11.] 

plug  centre -bit,  «.  A  bit  having  a 
cylinder  instead  of  a  point,  so  as  to  fit  within 
the  hole  around  which  a  countersink  or  en- 
largement  is  to  be  made. 


at,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  cameL  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine-  go 
«.  w  >r».  woU  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  c6h,  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian.   ».  03  =  e ;  ey  =  a :  qu  =  kw. 


plug— plumbeine 


3655 


plug-hat,  s.     A  tall  hat,  a  beaver  hat 

Carter.) 

plug-rod,  * 

Steam-engine  : 

1.  A  rod  attached  to  the  working-beam  of  a 
condensing-engine  for  the  purpose  of  driving 
the  working-gear  of  the  valves.    Sometimes 
called  the  plug-tree. 

2.  The  air-puinp  rod 
plug-tap,  s.    A  master-tap  (q.v.). 
plug-tree,  s.    [PLUG-ROD,  1.] 

plug-valve,  s.  A  tapering  valve  fitting 
into  a  seat  like  a  faucet. 

plug,  *  plugge,  v.t.  [PLUG,  s.]  To  stop  with 
a  plug ;  to  make  tight  by  stopping  a  hole  in. 

"In  flasks  plumed  with  cotton-woo!."— Daily  Tele- 
graph, Sept  12,  1886. 

plug'-ger,  s.  [Eng.  plug,  v. ;  -er.]  One  who 
or  that  which  plugs;  specif.,  a  dentist's  in- 
strument for  parking  filling  material  into  an 
excavated  hole  in  a  carious  tooth. 

plug'-ging,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.    [PLUG,  v.] 

A.  <k  B.  As  pr.  par.  &  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  act  of  stopping  with  a  plug. 

2.  Pins  driven  into  the  joints  of  brick  or 
atone    walls   to   receive  the    nails  whereby 
battens  are  fastened  to  the  walls. 

IT  Plugging  the  nostril  is  a  temporary  re- 
medy in  some  extreme  cases  of  Epistaxis  (q.  v.). 

plugging  forceps,  ».  A  dentist's  in- 
strument used  in  compressing  filling  into  an 
excavated  hole  in  a  carious  tooth. 

pluke,  s.    [Gael,  plucan.]    A  pimple. 

plu  ke-net'-J-a,  s.  [Named  by  Plumier  after 
Leonard  Plukenet,  an  English  botanist.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Acalypheae.  Climbers, 
with  woody  steins,  alternate  cordate  leaves, 
and  four-celled  ovary.  Plukenetia  cornictilata 
is  cultivate  I  in  Amboyna  for  its  leaves, 
which  are  used  as  a  potherb. 

plum,   *  plom,    *  plommc.    *  plonme, 

*  plowme,  *  plumb,  plumme,  s.  &  a. 
[A.S.  plume  •=  a  plum,  plum-treoiv  =  a  plum- 
tree,  from  Lat.  prunum  =  a  plum.    (For  the 
change  of  r  to  I  uf.  colonel,  from  Sp.  coronet : 
for  the  change  of  m  to  n;  cf.  venom  —  Lat. 
venenum;  vellum  =  Fr.  velin;    lime-tree  for 
line-tree,   &c.)     Thus  plum  is  a  doublet  of 
prune,  s.  (q.v.) ;   Icel.  ploma,  plumma  ;  Sw. 
plommon;  Dan.  blomme;  Low  Ger.  plumme; 

,  Ger.  pflaume;  Dut.  pruim.] 
\      A.  As  substantive : 
*     I.  Ordinary  language: 

1.  In  the  same  sense  as  IL 

2.  A  grape  dried  in  the  sun  ;  a  raisin. 

*  3.  A  kind  of  game. 

4.  In  commercial  slang  £100,000  sterling, 
and  hence  a  large  sum  or  fortune  generally. 

"  He  had  a  nice  plum  of  his  own.  and  lived  inexpen- 
sively."- Century  Magazine.  June.  1883.  p.  MO. 

*  5.  A  person  possessed  of  a  large  sum  or 
fortune. 

"  If  any  iilum  in  the  city  will  lay  me  a  hundred  and 
fifty  thousand  pound*  to  twenty  shillings  ...  I  will 
take  the  wager''— ratfer.  No.  144. 

II.  Bot.  <t  Hort.:  The  fruit  of  Primus 
domestica,  the  Common  Plum,  a  sub-species 
of'/',  communis  (Sir  J.  Hooker),  or  that  tree 
itself.  It  is  a  native  of  the  Caucasus  and  Asia 
Minor,  whence  it  was  introduced  into  Europe 
at  a  very  early  period.  As  it  is  now  in 
gardens,  it  is  a  tree  of  fifteen  or  twenty  feet 
high,  generally  with  spineless  branches,  ovate 
Or  lanceolate  leaves,  and  white  flowers,  single 
or  in  pairs;  the  fruit  is  a  fleshy  druj>e  with 

•  hard   kernel,  and  a  skin  covered  with   a 
glaucous  bloom.    It  has  run  into  more  than 
three  hundred  varieties.    [PRONE.] 

B.  As  mlj. :  Of  the  colour  of  a  plum. 

*  plum-broth,  s.  Broth  containing  plums 
or  raisins. 

plum-bush,  -. 

Bot. :  Astrotrich?,  pterocarpa,  an  umbellifer, 
family  Hydrocotylidae. 

plum-cake,  s.  A  cake  containing  raisins, 
entrants,  or  other  fniit. 

plum-coloured,  a.  Of  th*  colour  of  a 
plum  ;  dark  purple. 


plum-disease,  s. 

Veg.  Pathol. :  A  disease  of  the  fruit  of  the 
plnm  and  some  other  trees.  It  produces  mal- 
formations, called  pods  or  pockets.  The  parts 
so  aTTected  are  long,  flat,  and  light  coloured. 
The  disease  is  produced  by  a  fungus,  Exoascus 
Pruni. 

plum-pie,  s.    A  pie  containing  plums. 

*  plum-porridge,  s.    Porridge  made  with 

plums,  raisins,  or  currants. 

"  A  rigid  dissenter,  who  dined  at  his  house  on  Christ- 
mas day,  eat  very  plentifully  of  his  plum-porridge."— 
Additon, 

plum-pudding,  s.    A  pudding  contain- 
ing plums,  currants,  and  other  fruit. 
Plum-pudding  dog :  A  Dalmatian  dog. 
*  Plum-pudding  stone : 
Geology: 

1.  A  conglomerate,  with  flint  pebbles. 

2.  [PUDDING-STONE.] 

plum-tree,  s.     The  same  as  PLUM,  *.,  II. 

*  plum,  a.    [PLIM,  PLUMP.]    Plump. 

"  The  Italians  proportion  It  (Beauty]  big  and  plum." 
—Flvrio  :  Montaigne,  p.  269. 

plum,  v.t.  [PLUM,  a.]  To  stuff  np  ;  to  cajole  : 
as,  To  plum  a  person  up  with  a  tale,  (slang.) 

*  plum,  adv.    [PLUMB,  adv.] 

plu' -mage  (age  as  ig),  *.  [Pr.,  from  plume 
=  a  feather.]  [PLUME,  s.]  The  feathers  which 
cover  a  bird. 

"  Preening  his  plumage."  Drayton  :  ffoah'i  Flood. 
H  Darwin  shows  that  it  is  different  in  various 
immature  and  mature  birds  of  the  same 
species,  that  it  sometimes  varies  with  the 
change  of  season,  that  there  is  a  tendency  to 
analogous  variation  in  it,  and  that  these 
changes  can  be  transmitted  by  inheritance. 
There  is  a  relation  between  changes  of  rflum- 
age  and  the  protection  of  the  bird  against  its 
enemies. 

plu'-mas'-sa-r^,  s.  [Fr.  plumasserie.]  A 
plume  or  collection  of  ornamental  feathers. 

plu-mas'-sl-er,  ».  [Fr.]  One  who  prepares 
or  deals  in  plumes  or  feathers  for  ornamental 
purposes. 

plu-ma-tel'-la,  *.  [Mod.  Lat.,  dimin.  from 
pluma  =  a  feather.] 

Zool. :  A  family  of  Plnmatellidte  (q.v.).  It 
has  the  coenoecium  tubular,  the  tul>es  distinct, 
and  the  ectocyst  pergamentaceous.  Twelve 
species  are  known. 

plu  ma  tel-li  dae,  *.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  plu- 
mateWfl);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Zool. :  A  family  of  phylactolaematous  Poly- 
zoa,  sub-order  Lophopea.  The  ccencecinin 
is  rooted.  The  family  is-  divided  into  two 
groups  :  (1)  Comprising  the  genera  in  which 
the  lophophore  is  furnished  with  two  long 
arms,  Pectinatella,  Lophopus,  Alcyonella, 
and  Plumatella ;  (2)  Containing  a  single 
genus,  FredericelU. 

*  plumb  (b  silent)  (1),  s.    [Pmif,  «.] 

plumb  (b  silent)  (2),   *  plom,   *  plomb, 

•  plome,  *  plomme,  *  plum,  *  plumme, 
s.,  a.,  &  adv.      [Fr.  yfom/i  =  lead,  a  plumb- 
line,  from  Lat.  plumbum  =  lead.] 

A.  As  substantive: 

1.  A  mass  of  lead  attached  to  a  line,  and 
used  to  prove  the  perpendicularity  of  work. 

"  With  corde  and  plumme  thai  wroeht" 

Curnr  J/undi,  J3.447. 

2.  A  shot  or  weight  used  to  sink  a  fishing 
line.     (Cotton :  Complete  Angler,  ch.  xi.) 

3.  A  deep  pool  in  a  river  or  stream.  (Scotch.) 

B.  As  adj. :  Standing  according  to  a  plumb- 
line  ;  perperidicular,  vertical. 

C.  As  adverb : 

1.  In  a  perpendicular  direct'on  ;  in  a  line 
perpendicular  to  the  horizon.    [Pi.UMP,  adv.] 

"  Plumb  down  he  falls."  Hilton :  P.  L..  U.  ML 

2.  Exactly,  directly,  plump.    (Amer.) 

plumb -bob,  s.  A  conoiilally  shared 
piece  of  metal  suspended  by  a  cord  attached 
to  its  upper  end,  and  used  for  determining 
vertical,  or,  in  connection  with  a  level  or 
straight  edge,  horizontal  lines. 

plumb -centre,  plum -centre,  adv. 
Directly  at  the  centre  ;  point-blank. 

"  We  seed  'em  both  fire  .  .  .  plum^rnt rt  at  young 
Randolph."—  Mayne  Reid:  Oceola.  p.  41&. 


A  hip-joint  soldered. 
[LEVEL,  «.,  II.  2.  (1X3 


plumb-joint,  s. 
plumb-level,  s. 
plumb-line,  s. 

1.  The  cord  by  which  a  plumb-bob  is  sus- 
pended. 

2.  A  line  perpendicular  to  the  plane  of  the 
horizon  ;  a  line  directed  to  the  centre  of  gravity 
of  the  earth. 

plumb-rule,  s.  A  narrow  board  with  a 
plumb-line.  It  is  used  by  masons,  carpenters, 
ic.,  for  proving  the  perpendicularity  of  work. 

plumb  (b  silent),  v.t.    [PLUMB,  «.] 
L  Literally: 

1.  To  adjust  by  a  plumb-line  ;  to  set  in  a 
perpendicular  or  vertical  line. 

2.  To  sound  with  a  plummet,  as  the  depth 
of  water. 

IL  Fig.  :  To  ascertain  the  measurement, 
dimensions,  or  extent  of  ;  to  test,  to  sound. 

"  The  depths  of  liability  will  never  be  plumbed  by  a 
railway  company  until  they  have  slain  a  field-mar- 
shal."— /•««  Mall  Oatette,  Feb.  28,  1884. 

plum  -ba'  ge-se,  s.  pi.  [Lat.  plumbag(o);  tern. 
pi.  adj.  suff.  -ece.] 

Bot.  :  A  trilie  of  Plumbaginacete.  It  has 
the  styles  united. 

plum'-ba-gin,  *.  [Mod.  Lat  plumbag(o); 
-in  (C/iem.).] 

Chem.  :  The  acrid  principle  of  the  root  of 
Plumbago  europcea.  It  is  extracted  by  ether, 
and  crystallizes  from  alcohol  in  delicate  tufted 
needles  or  prisms,  having  a  biting  after-taste. 
Nearly  insoluble  in  cold  water,  easily  soluble 
in  ether  and  alcohol. 

plum  -  bag    I  na  -  96    ze,      plum-ba- 

gin-e-»,    *.    pi.      [Lat.    plumbago,    genit. 
plumbagin(is)  ;  fern.  pi.  adj.  sutf.  -uceie,  -ece.] 

Bot.  :  Leadworts  ;  an  order  of  Perigynous 
Exogens,  tribe  Cortusales.  Herbs  or  nnder- 
shnibs,  with  alternate  or  clustered,  undivided, 
exstipulate,  somewhat  sheathing  leaves,  occa- 
sionally dotted.  Flowers  in  loose  panicles 
or  in  heads  ;  calyx  tubular,  plaited,  persistent, 
sometimes  coloured  ;  corolla  thin,  monopetal- 
ous  or  with  five  petals  ;  staimns  definite, 
opposite  the  petals,  ovary  superior,  of  five, 
three,  or  four  valvate  carpels,  one-celled,  one- 
seeded.  Fruit  a  nearly  indehiscent  utricle. 
Sea  coasts  in  many  lands.  Known  genera 
eleven,  species  231  (Lindley),  genera  ten,  spe- 
cies about  200  (Sir  J.  Hooker). 

plum  bag  in-oiis,  a.  [Lat.  plumbago,  genit 
plumboginis.]  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature 
of  plumbago  ;  consisting  of  or  containing 
plumbago. 

plum-ba'-gd,  s.    [Lat.  ;  Fr.  plombagine.] 

1.  Min.  :  The  same  as  GRAPHITE  (q.v.). 

2.  Rot.:  The  typical  genus  of  Plnmbaginacea. 
Flowers  nearly  sessile,  consisting  of  elongated 
spikes.    Plumbago  europosa  is  employed    by 
beggars  to  create  artificial  sores,  to  excite  pity. 
Its  root  is  very  acrid,  and  in  small  doses  is  aa 
good  an  emetic  as  ipecacuanha.    The  rout  of 
P.  scandens  is  used  in  St.  Domingo  as  a  blister- 
ing agent.    It  is  applied  externally  in  diseases 
of  the  ear,  and   given   internally  in   hepatic 
obstructions.    The  sliced  root  of  P.  rosea  (or 
eoceinen)  is  a  vesicatory,  but  inferior  to  can- 
tharides.     It  is  also  a  sialogogue,  and  is  given 
in  India  for  secondary  syphilis  ami  lei  rosy. 
P.  Zeylonica  is  a  vesicatory,  autiperiodic,  and 
sudorific. 

plumb-al'-lo'-phane,  s.  [Lat.  plumb(um)  3 
lead,  and  Eng.  allophane.] 

Min.  :  A  variety  of  Allophnne  (q.v.),  con» 
taining  .some  lead.  Found  at  Monte  Veccuio, 
Sardinia. 

t  plum'-bate,  ».    [Eng.  plumb(ic);  -ate.] 
Chem,  :  A  salt  of  plumbic  acid  (q.v.). 

plum   be    an,  plum-be  -ous,  a.      [Lat. 
plumbeus,  from  plumbum  =  lead.] 
1.  Lit.  :  Consisting  of,  or  resembling,  lead. 

"A  jJumbean  flexible  rule."—  Cttu  : 
Krine  Thinyl.  p.  411. 

*  2.  Fig.  :  Dull,  heavy,  stupid. 

"Till  1  have  endoctrinated  your  plnm 

tte»."-Sidnry  :  Wantteal  Play.  p.  C2i 

plum'-beine,  s.    [Lat  plumbum.  =  lead.] 

3/i  n.  :  A  name  given  by  Breithaupt  to  the 
pseudomorph  of  galena  after  pyromorphite, 
in  the  belief  that  it  was  a  new  secies. 


|)81l  bo^ ;  ptfut,  J6\H ;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  9hta,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this :  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist. 
-dan,    tian  —  shan.   -tion,  -sion  -  shun ;  -tion,    §ion  =  ghiin,    -clous,    tious,  -clous  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


plumber— plumites 


plumb  -er  (ft  silent),  *  plum  -mer,  *.   [Fr. 
ylombifr,  from  plomb  =  lead.) 

1.  One  who  plumb*. 

2.  One  who  works  In  lead  I  specif.,  one  who 
fits  up  and  repairs  pipes  and  other  apparatus 
for  the  conveyance  of  water  or  gas ;  cover* 
roofs  with  sheet-lead,  *c. 

^  The  Plumber*  (incorporated  1612)  are  one 
of  th-  1  panics. 

plumber  black,  *,    [PILLOW-BLOCK.) 

plumber's  force  pump,  «.  A  pnmp 
osedby  plmiilKTS  for  testing  pipe  or  with- 
drawing obstacle*  from  a  gorge*  pipe.  It  may 
be  attached  to  the  delivery  end  of  the  pips  so 
as  to  act  by  saction,  or  may  be  applied  else- 
where, effecting  the  desired  object  by  hyd- 
nnlic  prrssure. 

plumber's  solder,  ».    [SOLDER.] 

Sr-fc*. 


•plumb  6r  f  (bsilentX'plum-] 
iY.ui.flumt.er;  -jr.] 

1.  Works  of  lead  ;  lead-  works  ;  •  place  where 
plumbing  is  carried  on. 

1  The  business  or  trade  of  a  plumber  ; 
plumbing. 

~  WV-r  thrill  ttinf.VM  hana  <«  M»  loT"7. 
White  UM  ml  an  <lamo«J  to  tlj*  plumbery. 

Bp.  Sail  :  Balm*,  t.  L 

plumb  ethyl,  *.  [Pref.  plumb(o}-,  and  Eng. 
«:.••.  •,  .  I 

dum.:  PbjCCjHsV  A  basic  compound 
produced  by  the  action  of  iodide  of  ethyl  0:1 
an  alloy  of  lead  and  sodium,  and  dissolving 
oat  from  the  mixture  with  ether,  from  which 
It  Is  deposited  as  a  white  amorphous  powder. 
It  combines  with  acids  to  form  salt*,  and  is 
capable  of  yielding  a  hydrated  oxide  having  a 
powerful  alkaline  reaction. 

plum  We.  a.  [Lat  pt.w^iim)  =  lead  ;  Eng. 
adj.  snff.  -ic.)  Pertaining  to,  or  derived  from, 
lead. 

*  plumbic  acid,  «. 

Clem.  :  The  old  name  for  dioxide  of  lead, 
rbOt(see  LEAD-OXIDE),  and  so  called  because 
It  is  capable  of  combining  with  bases  to  form 
definite  salts,  sometimes  termed  plorabates. 

plumbic  ^chre,  *.    [MA«ic*r.J 

plum  bif  er  ous,n-  [Lat  plumtotm=  lead, 
an  1  ftro  —  to  bear,  to  produce.)  Producing 
1-,!. 

plumb  In«  (b  silent\  *.  [The  senses  I.  3  1 
II.,  from  plumb,  v.  ;  in  the  other  sense  more 

•  iy  from  Lat.  plumbum  =  lead.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 
L  The  act,  process,  or  occupation,  «f  cast- 
Ing  and  working  in  lead,  and  applying  it  to 
purposes  connected  with  buildimgs  :  as  roofs, 
pipe*,  Ac, 

2.  The  lead  piping  and  other  apparatus  for 
the  conveyance  of  water  or  gaa  throughout 
•  building. 

3.  The  act  of  sounding  or  ascertainimg  the 
dej'th  of  anything  :  as,  uf  water. 

IL  Mi*.  :  The  act  or  process  of  sounding  or 
searching  among  mines. 

plum  bi  e>  dite,  *.     [Pret  plumbfo)-,  ">* 


Min.  :  The  tame  as  SCHWARTZEMBERQITE 


•  plumb   less  (ft  silent),  a.     [Eng.  plumb  (2). 
a.  ;  •  >.«.)    Not  capable  of  being  mr.i 
*OUT:I|.-.|  with  a  plumb-line  ;  un  fathomable. 

l.^ikfflvmtUBtupOmol  Urn  pMf-/Naft*M  .- 
JTant  nmn,  ch.  xr. 

plum  bo-,   r"*/.       (Lat    phtmbvm  =  lead.] 
Connected  with,  or  derived  from,  lead. 

plum  bo  cal  -Cite,  «.      [Pref.  plumbo-,  and 
Eng.  ctlciu  ] 

Mi*.  :  A  variety  of  ralcitn  (q.v.),  containing 
•nine  carbonate  of  lead.    Found  at  Wanlock- 
Dumfriesshire. 


plum  bo  en  prite,  «.    [Pref.  plumt*>-,  and 

Eng.  evprilr.] 

Hi*. :  The  same  as  CUPROPLI-MBITE  (q.v.). 

plum  bv  gum  mite,  *.    [Pref.  pl*mbo-,  and 
Xng.  fummit'.] 

Mi*. :  A  mineral  found  In  thin,  botrvoldal, 
or  raammillat^l  crusts.  Hardness,  4-5 ;  ftp. 
gr.  4  to  fi-4  :  lustre,  gum  like ;  colour,  very 
various ;  translucent ;  brittle.  Compos, :  very 


varying,  but  is  probably  a  hydrated  phosphate 
of  alumina  and  lead.  Occurs,  with  lead  ores, 
at  various  localities,  but  principally  at  Huel 
Goet,  Brittany,  and  Pontgibaud,  Auvergne. 

plum  b*-man  -gan-ite,  «.  [Pref.  plumbo-, 
and  Eng.  manganite.] 

Mi*.  :  A  massive  mineral,  of  a  dark  steel- 
gray  colour,  which  becomes  of  a  bronze  tinge 
by  exposure.  An  analysis  yielded  :  manganese, 
49-0;  lead,  30-68  ;  sulphur,  :!0-73  =  100-41 ; 
proposed  formula,  SMnjS+PbS. 

plum-bo  r6s  -in-Ite,  ».     [Pref.  plumbo-; 
Eng.  rtsin,  and  suff.  -ite  (Win.).] 
if  in. .-  The  same  as  PLUMBOOUMMITE  (q.v.). 

plum  bo  schee  lite, s.   [Pref.  plumbc-,  and 

Eii^;.  scheelite.} 
A/in. :  The  same  as  STOLZITE  (q.v.). 

plum  b*  stan  -nite,  s.    [Pref.  plumbo-,  and 

Eng.  ttannite.] 
Min. :  An  amorphous,  granular   mineral, 

found  in  the  province  of  Huaucane,  Peru. 

Hardness,  2 ;  sp.  gr.  4'5  (?) ;  lustre,  somewhat 

metallic  ;  colour,  gray ;  feel,  greasy.    Analysis 

yielded:   sulphur,    25-14;   antimony,    16'98 ; 

tin,  16-30  ;  lead,  80  "66  ;  iron,  10'18  ;  zinc,  0-74 

=  100. 
plum'  bo  -stib,  s.     [Pref.  plumbo-,  and  Lat. 

stib(ium)  .=  antimony.] 
Min. :  The  same  as  BOULANOERITE  (q.v.). 

plum-bo  tell'-u-rite.s.   [Pref.  plumbo-,  and 
Eug.  tellurite.} 
Hin. :  The  same  as  ALTAITE  (q.v.> 

plum-bo-tSt-ra-me'-thyl,  ».  [Pref. 
plumbo-;  Gr.  rer^is  (tetras)  =  four,  and  Eng. 
methyl.] 

Chtm.  :  Pb2C4H12.  A  colourless  mobile 
liquid  obtaiutxi  by  treating  chloride  of  lead 
with  zinc  methyL  It  has  the  odour  of  cam- 
phor, is  insoluble  in  water,  soluble  in  alcohol 
and  ether,  boils  at  160°,  but  decomposes  a  few 
degrees  above  that  temperature. 

plum-b*-tri-me'-tliyl,  «.  [Pref.  plumb*, 
and  Eng.  trimethyL] 

Chem. :  Pl^CjH^  Methplumbethyl.  Has 
not  yet  been"  obtained  in  the  free  state,  but 
its  salts  are  readily  formed  by  treating  plumbo- 
tetramethyl  with  acids.  Pluml>otrimethyl 
chloride,  PbMesCl, crystallizes  in  long  needles, 
resembling  chloride  of  lead,  slightly  soluble 
in  water  but  soluble  in  alcohol. 

plum -bum,  5.    [Lat.]    Lead  (q.v.). 

plume,!:  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  plu7na  =  &  feather, 
a  piece  of  down ;  cf.  Ger.  pjlaum  =  foam.] 

A.  Ordinary  Language: 
L  Literally: 

1.  A  feather  of  a  bird ;  especially  a  long  or 

conspicuous  feather. 
•2.  Plumage.    (Milton:  P.  L.,  xi.  186.) 
3.  A  feather  or  collection  of  feathers  worn 

ftsan  ornament ;  anything  resembling  a  feather 

or  worn  as  such  an  ornament. 

"Thon,  too,  of  the  «uew-whlt«  plum*. 
Whose  realm  refused  thee  even  A  tomb. 

llyruti :  Ode  from  tht  French. 

*  IL  Fig. :  A  token  of  honour  ;  the  prize  of 
a  contest    (Milton:  P.  L.,  vi.  1«1.) 

B.  Bat. :  A  plumule  (q.v.). 
plume-birds,  *.  pi 

OrnffV  :  The  genus  Eplmachns,  and  the 
sub-family  Epiinachin<e. 

*  plume  -  dark,  «.    Darlc  with  wings  «r 
birds.    (Thomson:  Autumn,  80S.) 

plume-maker,  «.  A  maker  of  plumes ; 
a  feather -di 

plume-moths,  «.  pi.    [PTEROPHORINA]. 
plume  -nutmeg, ».  [ATHEROSPEBMACEA.] 

*  plume  pluckod,  a,    1 1  umbled,  abased. 
(Shakesp. :  livimrd  11.,  iv.  1.) 

plume,  v.t.    [Pi.t-ME,  *.] 

1.  To  pick  and  adjust  the  feathers  of;  to 
prune. 

"  Swan*  mnit  he  kept  In  tome  enclosed  pond,  whrrt 
they  inay  have  n«uu  I"  come  ntltora  uid  /'larnt  them- 
•iTe*."— Jlortim*r:  Husbandry 

*  2.  To  strip  of  feathers  ;  to  pluck. 

"florh  iinlniiOt  M  fi'ed  npnn  fl***h.  devoar  pome  rnrt 
al  the  feMhrr*  o(  th»  t'lrlii  they  gorge  thera»rlTe» 
with,  heamr  the?  will  n»t  txk-  the  pain*  (nil;  to 
piumt  them."— Kag :  On  t  it  Creation. 


*  3.  To  strip,  to  pillage,  to  rob,  to  plunden 

"  One  wham,  instead  «f  haiiiahiiu;  a  day, 
You  should  have  plum'd  of  all  hU  borrow'd  honoura.* 
Ornden  :  Mmdtn  Queen,  ii. 

*4.  To  set  as  a  plume,    (Milton:  P.  L.,  ir. 
»80.) 

5,  To  adorn  with  plumes  or  feathers. 

"  Farewell  the  plumed  tr««ps." 

Shaketp.  :  Othello,  ill.  8. 

6.  To  pride,  to  value,  to  boast.    (Used  re- 
flexivcly,  and  followed  by  •«.) 

'•  The  idea  «f  a  man  pluming  Umtelf  on  his  virtue.* 
—Daily  TeUfrmph,  Sept.  14,  1685. 

H  It  was  formerly  followed  by  In  or  with. 

"  Person.  If  he  was  alive,  might  plume  himtet/teith 
If—  Southtq  :  Lettert,  iv.  44S. 

plumed,  pa.  par.  &  o.    [PLUME,  ».] 

plnmed-birds,  s.  pi.    [PLUME-BIRDS.] 
plumed  prominent,  s. 

ii.  :    1'tilophora  plumigera,   a   British 
moth. 

plume'  -less,  a.  [Eng.  plume;  -less.]  Desti- 
tute of  feathers  or  plumes. 

"  The  closed  hearse,  plumelest  and  yoid  of  all  forms. 
modes,  ihows  of  grief—  /Jaily  Telegraph.  Oct.  9.  188*. 

plume'-let,  s.     [Eng.  plume;  dim.  suff.  -let.\ 
*  1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  little  flume. 
2.  Bot.  :  A  little  plumule. 

"  When  rosy  plumelet!  tuft  the  larch.' 

Tennyton:  In  Memoriam,  It.  1. 

*  plum'-er-^,  s.    [Eng.  flume  ;  -ry.]    Plumes 

collectively  ;  a  mass  of  plumes  ;  plumage. 

"  The  bird  of  gorgeous  plumery." 

Htuthen  :  Xehama,  x.  20. 

plu'  mi-corn,  *.  [Lat.  plum*  =  a  Lather, 
and  corn.it  =;  a  horn.] 
Ornith.  (PI.)  :  Fea- 
ther-horns, a  name 
given  to  the  tufts  of 
feathers  on  the  head 
in  the  genus  Bubo 
(q.v.).  Theyaresome- 
times  called  horns 
and  car  -tufts;  the 
latter  name  is  espe- 
cially misleading,  as 
they  have  no  connec- 
tion with  the  organs 
of  hearing.  The  me-  BKAD  OF  BUBO  MAXIMO*. 
aim  auditorius  on 

each  side  is  situated  below  the  plumiconis, 
approximately  on  a  level  with  the  eye. 

pln-mi-er'-e-SB,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  plumier(ia); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sulf.  -«e.] 

Sot.  :  A  tribe  of  Apocynacese.  The  ovary  is 
double,  the  seeds  naked. 

plu-ml-eV-i-a,  s.  [Named  after  Plumier,  a 
French  traveller  and  botanist.] 

Bot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Plumierese  (q.v.), 
from  South  America.  Trees  or  shrubs  with 
tufts  of  fleshy  leaves  at  the  extremities  of  th« 
branches,  and  funnel-shaped  corollas.  Plu- 
mieria,  rubra  is  called,  in  the  \Ve.-t  Indies, 
fmm  its  sweet  scent,  the  Rod  Jasmine.  P.  acu- 
miiuittt,  the  Khair  Champa  of  India  —  a  small 
elegant  tree,  with  the  flowers  white  au4 
yellow,  with  a  red  tinge—  is  also  delightfully 
fragrant  The  leaves  of  P.  aeutifplia,  made 
into  a  poultice,  are  applied  in  India  tn  swell- 
ings ;  the  milky  sap  is  a  rubefaoient  in  rheu- 
matic pains,  and  the  r«ot  is  a  violent  cathartic. 

*  plU-mig'-er-O,US,  a.     [Lat.  plumiger,  from 
;>/um<t  =  a    feather,    and    gtro  —-  to    wear.) 
Having  or  bearing  feathers  ;  feathered. 

*plu  mH'  I  form,  o.  [Lat  plumvla,  dimin. 
from  pluma  —  a  feather,  nnd  forma  =  a  form.) 
Having  the  shape  or  form  of  a  plume  or 
feather. 

*  plu   mi  pcd,  plu   mi  pedc,  a.  &  «.  [Lai. 
plunipes,  genit  jilumipedis,  from  pluma  =  a 
feather,  and  pet,  genit  pedis  =  a  foot  ;  Fr. 


A.  As  adj.  :    Having    feet   covered    with 
feathers. 

B.  Ai  siibst.  :  A  bird  which  has  its  feet 
covered  with  feathers. 

*  plum   1st,  ».    fEnp.  plum(e);  -int.]    A  dealer 
in  or  preparer  of  feathers  for  plumes. 

plu-mi'-tes,  a.     [Lat.  j»fam(«)  =  a  feather) 

stiff,  -itfs  (.Vtn.).] 
Min.  :  The  same  as  JAMESONITE  (q.v.). 


fite,  f5t,  fare.  ami''st,  what,  fall,  father :  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there :  pine,  pit,  sir*,  sir,  marute ;  go,  po 
«r,  wore,  wpli;  worli,  who,  BOA  ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try.  Syrian,    as,  ce  -  e  ;  ey  -  a ;  qu  -  kw. 


3657 


•plum'-ket,  a.  [Lat.  plumbeus  =  leaden.] 
iiead-coloured. 

"  Caesius.  and  glaucus.  is  blew  or  greye,  as  the  skye 
la  whan  It  hath  little  speckes  of  grey  cloudes  in.if:t>re 
daye,  as  it  were  a  plumKet  colour." — Cdal :  Ftowret 
for  Latins  Speaking,  io.  192. 

plum'-mer  (1),  s.    [PLUMBER.] 

Flum'-mer  (2),  s.  [From  Dr.  Plummer,  who 
first  compounded  the  pills.]  (See  the  com- 
pound.) 

Plummer's  pills,  s.  pi. 

Old  Pharm. :  Pills  formed  of  levigate  calo- 
mel, the  precipitated  sulphur  of  antimony, 
each  two  drams,  with  three  drams  of  the 
gum  and  one  of  the  resin  of  guiaicum,  mixed 
together  into  a  mass  with  the  balsam  of 
Copaivi.  Recommended  for  spots,  pimples, 
scrofula,  &c.  If  for  the  balsam  of  copaivi 
there  be  substituted  castor  oil,  the  pill  be- 
comes the  Compound  Calomel  Pill  of  the 
British  Pharmacopeia. 

*  plum'-mer-  jf,  s.    [PLUMBERY.] 

plum'- met,    *  plom  et,    *  plom -met, 

*  plum-bet,  s.      [Fr.  plombet,  dimiu.  from 
flomb  =  lead.] 

1.  A  plug  of  lead  or  other  metal  used  for 
Bounding. 

"  Ami  deeper  than  did  ever  plummet  sound 
I'll  drown  uiy  book."  Shakesp-  •  Tempest,  T.  1. 

2.  Anything  used  as  a  test  or  gauge. 
"  Too  deep  for  the  plummet  of  thought." 

Cowper  :  Aspirations  after  God. 

8.  A  ball  of  lead  for  a  plumb-line. 

•  4.  A  weight. 

"  God  sees  the  body  of  flesh  which  you  bear  about 
you,  and  the  plummets  which  it  hangs  upon  your 
•oul."— lluppa. 

*  5.  A  pencil  of  solid  lead,  used  by  school- 
boys to  rule  paper  for  writing  on. 

6.  The  pommel  of  a  sword.    (Scotch.) 

plum  mirig,  s.    [PLUMB,  v.] 

Mining :  The  operation  of  rinding,  by  means 
of  a  mine-dial,  the  place  where  to  sink  an 
air-shaft,  or  to  bring  an  adit  to  the  work,  or 
to  find  which  way  the  lode  inclines. 

plum' -my,  a-  [Eng.  plum,  s. ;  -y.]  Desirable, 
advantageous,  good. 

"  For  the  sake  of  getting  something  plummy."— O. 
Eliot :  Daniel  Deronda,  ch.  xv. 

plu  mose,  plu  mous,  a.  [Lat.  plumosus, 
from  pluma=a  feather;  Fr.  plumeux ;  Sp. 
plumoso ;  Ital.  piumeso.] 

Ord.  Lang.  &  Nat.  Science:  Resembling 
feathers;  feathery  (q.v.). 

plumose-antimony,  plumose  ora,  s. 
[JAMESOSITE.] 

plu'-mo-site,  s.  [Lat.  plumos(us)  =  with 
feathers  ;  suff.  -ite  (A/i».).] 

Min. :  A  capillary  variety  of  Jamesonite 
(q.v.).  It  was  formerly  regarded  as  a  distinct 
species. 

pin  mos'-I-t^,  s.  [O.  Fr.  plumosite.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  plumose. 

plu'-mous,  a.    [PLUMOSE.] 

plump,  *  plomp,  *  plompe,   *  plumpe, 

a.  &  s.  [From  tlie  same  root  as  plin  (q.v.), 
lience=  swollen  ;  cogn.  with  O.  Dut.  plomp  = 
rude,  dull ;  Sw.  plump  =  clownish,  coarse ; 
Dan.  plump  =  clumsy,  vulgar,  from  plump  = 
heavy,  clumsy,  blunt.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Swelled  out  ;    swollen,  as  with  fat   or 
flesh  ;  full  of  habit ;  fleshy,  chubby  ;  stout  in 
body. 

"Banish  plump  Jack,  and  banish  all  the  world."— 
Skate'p.  :  1  Henry  71'..  ii.  4. 

2.  Full,  distended. 

"  The  god  of  wine  did  his  plump  clusters  bring." 
Carets  :  To  my  friend  O.  It. 

*3.  Rude,  clownish,  boorish. 

"  Rude  and  plompe  beestls  can  not  vnderstone  wyse- 
4om."— Cnx/nii  •  Krynunl  the  fax  led.  Arber),  p.  100. 

B.  As  substantive : 

*1.  A  crowd,  a  throng.  (Morte  Arthure, 
1,199.) 

1 2.  A  cluster,  a  clump  ;  a  number  together  ; 

•  flock.    (Scott :  Marmion,  i.  3.) 

plump-armed,  a.  Having  plump,  well- 
rounded,  or  fat  nuns. 


plump-faced,  a. 
face. 


Having  a  plump,  fat- 


plump  (1),  v.t.  &  i.    [PLUMP,  a.] 

*  A.  Transitive : 

1.  Lit. :   To  make  fat,  to  fatten ;   to  swell 
out,  to  distend. 

"  Plump'd  with  bloating  dropsy." 

Armstrong :  1m it.  of  ShaJcerpeart. 

2.  Fig.  :  To  puff  up,  to  swell. 

"  Plumped  up  with  hopes  to  carry  on  their  diabolical 
designs."—  Wood  :  Athena  Oxon.,  voL  ii. 

B.  Intransitive : 

*  1.  Lit. :  To  swell  out,  to  become  fat ;  to 
grow  plumpy. 

2.  Fig. :  At  an  election  to  give  a  plumper 
for  a  candidate.    [PLUMPER  (1),  s.,  2.] 

"To  plump  for  the  candidate  of  his  choice."— Daily 
Telegraph,  Nov.  25,  1885. 

plump  (2),  v.t.  &  i.  [PLUMP,  adv. ;  cogn.  with 
Dut.  plompen  =  to  plunge  ;  Dan.  plumpe  =  to 
plump,  to  souse  ;  Sw.  plumpa  =  to  plump, 
to  fall ;  Ger.  plumpen  =  to  fall  plump.] 

A.  Trans.  :  To  throw  or  cause  to  fall  heavily 
and  suddenly. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  plunge  or  fall  like  a  heavy 
mass  of  dead  matter  ;  to  fall  plump,  to  plop. 


plump,  adv.,  a.,  &  s.  [A  corrupt,  of  plumb  (2), 
s.  ;  cf.  Ital.  cadere  a  piombo  =  to  fall  plump 
(lit.  like  lead) ;  Fr.  a  plomb  =  downright ; 
Dut.  plomp=  plump;  Ger.  plump.]  [PLUMP 
(2),  v.} 

A.  As  adv. :  Plumb  ;   down  straight ;  with 
a  heavy  fall ;  suddenly,  heavily  ;  as,  To  come 
down  plump. 

B.  As  adjective  ' 

1.  Downright ;  filling  straight  and  heavily  : 
as,  a  plump  shower. 

2.  Downright,  plain,  unqualified,  blunt ;  as, 
a  plump  lie. 

C.  As  substantive : 

1.  A  heavy,  sudden  fall ;  a  plop. 

2.  A  sudden,  heavy  shower  of  rain.   (Scotch.) 

*  IT  To  run  a  plump  :  To  run  together  ;  to 
run  amuck. 

"Thus  they  ran  a  plumpe  through  Saint  Nicholas' 
shambles."— Ora/ton:  Henry  V1I1.  (an.  9). 

pliimp'-er  (1),  s.    [Eng.  plump  (1),  v. ;  -er.] 

*  1.  One  who  or  that  which  makes  plump 
or  fat ;  that  which  swells  out  or  distends ; 
specif.,  a  soft  ball,  which  old  ladies  who  had 
lost  their  teeth  put  in  their  mouths  to  plump 
their  cheeks  out 

"  She  dexterously  her  plumpers  drawg, 
That  serre  to  fill  her  hollow  jaws." 

tacift:  JfisetUanics. 
2.  At  elections  (English) : 

(1)  A  vote  given  to  a  single  candidate  by  a 
man  who  has  the  right  to  vote  for  two  or 
more  candidates,  when  more  than  one  has  to 
be  elected.    Thus,  if  at  an  election  there  are 
two  vacancies  to  be  filled,  and  a  voter  who 
is  entitled   to  two  votes  gives  a  single  vote 
in  favour  of  one  particular  candidate,  he  is 
said  to  plump  for  him,  or  to  give  him  a  plumper. 

"  Mr.  Brooke's  success  must  depend  on  plumpers." — 
G.  Eliot:  Sliddlemarch,  ch.  1L 

(2)  A  voter  who  plumps  for  a  particular 
candidate. 

plump'-er  (2),  s.  [Eng.  plump; -er.]  A  down- 
right, unqualified  lie.  (Colloquial.} 

*  plump' -ing,  a.  [Eng.  plump,  a. ;  -ing.] 
Fat,  plump,  sleek. 

"  His  flesh  more  plumping  and  his  looks  enlightning." 
Chapman  :  Homer  i  Odyssey  xxiv. 

plump'-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  plump,  adv. ;  -ly.] 
Rouudly,  flatly,  plainly  ;  without  reserve. 

plump'-ness,  s.  [Eng.  plump,  a. ;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  plump ;  fatness  ;  ful- 
ness of  habit ;  sleekness. 

"  The  plumpness  of  the  flesh."—  Wai  pole  :  A  necdotts 
of  fainting,  vol.  i.,  ch.  iv. 

plump'-y,  a.  [Enp.  plump,  a. ;  -j/.]  Fat, 
plump,  sli'ek.  (See  ex.  uuiier  PINK,  a.) 

plu'-mu-lar,  a.  [Bug.  plumul(f);  -ar.]  Of 
the  nature  of  a  plumule;  resembling  a 
plmnule.  (Kalfour :  Outlines  of  Botany,  p.  207.) 

plu-mu-lar'-i-a,  ».  [Lat.  plumu'a  =  a  little 
feather,  dimin.  from  pluma.]  [PLUME.] 

Zool. :  The  typical  genus  of  Plumularidse. 
Plamuhrria  pinnata  has  tall,  whitish,  jointed 
stems.  It  is  four  to  seven  inches  high. 

plum-u-lSr'-i-dsa,  s.pl.  [Lat  plumularUp); 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.) 


PEA   SPLIT  OPEN, 

Showing,  A.  Plumule ;  B.  R 

dicle ;  c,  c.  Cotyledon*. 


Zool.  :  A  family  of  Hydroid  Polypes,  sub- 
order Campanularia.  Hydrothecae  sessile, 
polypites  with  a  single  wreath  of  filiform  ten- 
tacles round  a  central  proboscis.  Repro- 
ductive zooids  always  fixed. 

plu'-mule,  s.    [Fr.]    [PLUMULARIA.] 

Bot. :  A  minute  germinating  point  or  seed- 
bud  within  the  co- 
tyledon of  a  dicoty-  A 
ledonous  plant,  or 
at  one  side  of  the 
cotyledon  in  a  nio- 
nocoty ledonous 
one.  It  is  a  contin- 
nuation  of  the  ten- 
drils, but  it  buds 
upward,  while  the 
radicle  does  so 
downward.  It  is 
part  of  the  embryo, 
and  may  be  divided 
into  caulicle  and  gemmule  (q.v.). 

plu'-my,  *  plu'-mle,  a.     [Eng.  plum(e);  -f.j 

1.  Covered  with  feathers ;  feathered. 

"Angels  on  full  sail  of  wing  flew  nigh. 
Who  on  their  plumy  vans  received  him  soft' 

Milton :  P.  It.,  iv.  55* 

2.  Adorned    with    or    hearing   a    plume  j 
plumed.    (Pope :  Homer ;  Odyssey  xix.) 

*3.  Leafy. 

"  Fish  own  the  pools,  and  birds  the  plumy  trees." 
Blackie:  Lays  of  the  Highlands,  p.  130. 

*  4.  Resembling  feathers  or  down  ;  feathery 
downy.  (Chapman:  Homer;  Illadxu.) 

plun'-der,  v.t.  &  i.  [Ger.  plundem  =  to 
plunder,  from  plunder  =  trumpery,  trash, 
baggage  ;  Dan.  plyndre;  Sw.  ptundra;  O.  Dut 
plunderen,  plonderen ;  Dut  plundren.  Th» 
word  was  first  introduced  between  1620  an<t 
1640,  A.D.,  and,  according  to  Fuller,  was  of 
Dutch  [German]  origin,  and  first  introduced 
by  the  soldiers  who  had  fouglit  under 
Gustavus  Adolphus  (Church  Hist.,  bk.  xii.,. 
§  4,  33  ;  also  cf.'bk.  ix.,  §  4).] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  pillage,  to  rob,  to  strip ;   to   talcfr 
goods  or  property  forcibly  from. 

"Their killing  is  no  murder,  their  ptvn'e-in-i  their 
neighbour  no  robbery."— South :  Sermons,  vol.  v  .  itr.  ». 

2.  To  take  by  open  force ;  to  pillage. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  pillage  ;  to  rob. 

plun'-der,  s.    [PLUNDER,  v.] 

1.  The   act   of    plundering   or   pillaging  J 
robbery. 

"  Plunder,  both  name  and  thing,  was  unknown  in 
England  till  the  beginning  of  the  war,  aiid  the  war 
began  not  till  Sept  an.  1612."— Hevlin:  Animad. 
ttniaits  an  fuller's  Church  Hist.,  p.  196. 

2.  That  which  Is  plundered  or  taken  byopra 
force  from  another  body  ;  spoil,  pillage,"  prey. 

3.  That  which  is  taken  by  theft  or  fraud. 

4.  (Reverting  to  the  original  meaning  of  th» 
Ger.  plunder.)    Personal  bagirage  or  In 
goods,  effects.    (This  use  of  the  word  is  no\r 
confined  to  America.) 

plun  -dir-age  (age  as  Ig),  s.  [Eng.  plunder? 
-age.] 

Mar.  Law :  The  embezzlement  of  goods  or* 
board  a  ship. 

plun'-dir-or,  s.  [Eng.  plunder;  -er.]  On« 
who  plunders  or  pillages ;  a  robber,  a  pillager. 


*  plua'-der-OUS,    a.     [Eng.   plunder;    -ou&) 
Plundering,  pillaging.    (Carlyle.) 

plunge,  'plonga,  'plounge,  'ploung  en, 

v.t.  &  t.     [Fr.  plongtr,  from  a  Low  Lat.  *  jilnir^ 
6ico  (rot  found),  from  Lat.  plumbum  =  If  '•!  ;. 
the  meaning  is  thus  to  fall  like  lead  ;  to  lull 
plumb  or  plump.] 
A.  Transitive : 

1.  To  thrust  or  force  into  water  or  other 
fluid  substance  ;  to  immerse.  (Spenser :  F.  Q.t 
11.  xii.  64.) 

2.  To  thrust  or  forc«  into  any  substance  or 
body  easily  penetrable. 

"The  deft  wlelderof  the  deadly  weapon  is  sure  to 
plunge  it  with  ._tal  accuracy  and  directness  Into  som» 
vital  spot."—  Daily  Telegraph,  Nov.  2C,  1865. 

3.  To  force,  to  drive,  to  thrust. 

"  Plunged  him  into  a  cell 
Of  great  piled  stones."  Tennyson. 

*  4.  To  baptize  by  immersion. 

5.    To   force,    thrust,    or   drive    into    any 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  jowl ;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as  :  expect,  Xcnophon,  exist,    ph  a 
-ciau,  -tian  =  siian.    -tion,    sion  -  shun ;  -  tion,    §  ion  -  znun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  -  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  -  beL,  del. 


3658 


plunge— plusia 


condition  or  state,  §o  as  to  be  enveloped  or 
surrounded  by  it. 

"But  JOT«  luiHt*.  wto  Fhnem  than  be  haUs 
ID  Aero  contention  »nd  In  vain  debates. 

/•ope  :  Brner;  Ilta4  U.  «M. 

•  6.  To  embarrass,  to  entangle. 
,     B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  throat,  fore*,  or  drlre  one'i  self  into 
•wat.-r  or  other  fluid  substance  ;  to  immerse 
one's-  self;  to  dive. 


•  2.  To  nub  or  fall  into  a  state  or  condition, 
ly  which  one  may  be  supposed  to  be  encirrlnl, 
enveloped,  or  overwhelmed  :  a*,  To  plunge  into 
•debt. 

3.  To  throw  the  body  forward,  and  the  hind 
legs  np,  as  a  hone. 

4.  To  bet  heavily  and  recklessly  on  a  race, 
or  other  contest    (Racing  tlang) 

"Errn    In   a  fltld   of    lixteen  runners  mn  will 

«*•••*•.  --/WM.  Oct.  «,  int. 

plunge.  *  plonge,  «.    [PLI-SOK,  «.] 

1.  A  dive,  pitch,  rush,  or  leap  into  water, 
or  other  fluid  substance. 

2.  A  rushing,  leaping,  or  filling  into  any 
State  or  condition  by  which  one  may  be  sup- 
posed to  be  encircled,  enveloped,  or  over- 
whelmed. 

•  3.  A   «tat«   of  difflcnlty  or   distress  by 
•which  one  is  surrounded  or  overwhelmed  ; 
•trait,  distress. 

~  Any  thine  •<  •  t>H*t*-  •«•*•  b»  received  which 
tuts  to  hU  nltet'-irSrlw***.-   /Nrim  Legation, 


4.  The  act  of  pitching  or  throwing  the  body 
•forward,  and  the  hind  legs  up,  as  an  unruly 
Jkirse. 

fi.  ReckkM,  heavy  betting.    (Racing  slang.) 

-Sbe  WM  made  the  medium  of  a  heaTy  plunyt.-- 
•sHMtanl.  Dee  MM*. 

plunge  bath.  *.    A  large  bath  in  which 

•  person  can  wholly  Immerse  himself. 

plunge  pole,  «.    [PLUNDER,  II.  S.] 

*plun  gedn.  ».     [Fr.  plnnyron,  from  plonger 
;.:uiii;e.J    A  sea-fowl,  the  diver. 

plung  er,  «.    [Eng.  plu*g(r);  *r.) 
L  Ordinary  Language: 
L  Lit. :  One  who  or  that  which  plunges. 
2.  Fiyuratirfly  : 
(1)  Oue  who  bets  heavily  and  recklessly  on 

•  race  or  other  contest 


(2)  A  cavalry-man.    (Mil.  ilang.) 
IL  7>rAniea//y: 

1.  0r<7*.  :  A  form  of  striker  used  in  some 
tocrch  loading  flre-arms;  a  tiring- |>in. 

2.  /'uttrry:  A  boiler  in  which  clay  Is  beaten 
\>y  a  wheel  into  a  creamy  consistence. 

3.  lumping  :  A  long  *>lid  cylinder  employed 
•as  a  piston  in  a  force-pump.   [PLfNGER-PUMP.] 

plunger  bucket,  «.    A  bucket  without 

a  \ahe.      [PLfNOER-PTHP.] 

plunger  pole, *.    (PLorora,  II.  8.) 

plunger  pump,  *.     A  pump  having  a 

•olid  i>i«t«n  (plunger)  which  acU  by  displace- 

••f  tlie  water  In  the  )*rrel,  in  contra- 

to  a  biicket-|iiunp  which  has  a 

1        w  piston  (bucket)    through   which    the 

waN-r  passes  during  the  down  stroke,  to  be 

lifted  when  the  bucket  rises. 

piling  Inc.  Pr-  P°r-  of  *>    [PM'NOE,  *.] 

plunging  bath,  *.    A  plunge-bath  (q.T.). 
plunging  battery,  *. 

•  r. :  A  itttt-  ry  s«  arranged  that  the  plates 
•ay  b»  readily  lowered  into  tlirir  cells,  or 
taised  thert-from  when  not  required  for  use. 

plunging  fire, «. 

TV:  Shot  fired  at  an  angle  of  depres- 
I«>int-t>l.ink  ;   a  di.-K-harg*  of  fire- 
iv      •  poured  down  upon  an  enemy  from  some 
eminence  above. 

"•plring   y.    •  plnng-le.  a.     [Pn-wo*,  v.] 

liny. 
"  WeaU  fJu'fte  clond^'-Ckaiuvr  .•  Josrtm.  bk.  L 

*  plun  kfit,  *.  (O.  Fr.  Mnnrhtt,  from  Wanc  = 
whit.. ;  rf.  plumkei.]  A  kind  of  gray  or  grayish- 
bine  colour. 


plu  -per-fect,  o.  [Lat  plus(quam)  perfect™ 
=  more  (than)  perfect.)  [PERFECT,  o.  ] 

Gram. :  A  term  applied  to  that  tense  of  a 
verb  which  denotes  that  the  action  or  event 
spoken  of  had  taken  place  previous  to  another 
action  or  event. 

plu  ral.  o.  *  «.  [O.  Fr.  jUvrtl  (Fr.  pturiel), 
from  f  .at,  pluralis  =  plural,  pertaining  to  more 
than  one  ;  plus,  genii,  pluris  =  more.] 

A.  As  ittljtctive: 

*  1.   Ord.  Lang. :   Implying  or  containing 
more  than  one  ;  consisting  of  two  or  more. 

••  Elected  by  a  suffrage  based  on  the  property  plural 
T0t«."— flail*  CKronicle,  Oct.  14.  1885. 

2.  Gram.:  Applied  to  that  number  or  form 
of  a  word  which  denotes  more  than  one,  or 
any  number  except  one.  Some  languages,  as 
Greek,  have  a  dual  number  to  denote  that  two 
•re  spoken  of,  in  which  case  the  plural  de- 
notes three  or  more.  [DUAL.] 

B.  Ai  tubstantire  : 

Gram, :  That  number  or  form  of  a  word 
which  denotes  or  expresses  more  than  one. 
[A.  2.] 
*  plu' -ral -Ism,  *.    [Eng.  plural;  -ism.] 

1.  The   quality  or  state  of  being  plural; 
plurality.  , 

2.  The  state  or  condition  of  a  pluralist ;  the 
state  or  system  of  holding  more  benefices 
or  livings  than  one. 

"  Tb«  remarkable  pluralirrm  among  the  clergy."— 
Atkruttum.  Oct.  4.  1861. 

plu  ral  1st,  ».  [Eng.  plural ;  -ist."]  A  clerk 
who  nolds  more  than  one  ecclesiastical  bene- 
fice or  living  with  cure  of  souls. 

"Of  the  parochial  clergy  a  large  proportion  wen 
plunitutt."—Macau(av  :  Sift.  Eng..  ch.  vl. 

pln-rU'-!-ty.  *  plu-ral  1-tle, ».    [Fr.  jrfu- 

mlite,  from  Lat.  pluralitatem,  accus.  of  plu- 
ralilas,  from  pluralis  =  plural  (q.v.);   Ital. 
plnralitii ;  8p.  pluralidad.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  Tlie  quality  or  state  of  being  plural,  or 
of  implying  or  expressing  more  than  one. 

"  The  plurality  of  the  verb  and  the  neutrality  of  the 
noun.'— Pcarton  :  On  th*  Creed,  art.  ii. 

2.  The  state  or  condition  of  being  more  than 
one  ;  a  number  consisting  of  two  or  more. 

"  riuralitit  of  kings  did  euer  lo»«e  procure." 

Warner  :  Albtnru  England,  bk.  xil. 

3.  A  state  of  being  or  having  a  greater  num- 
ber ;  a  majority,  an  excess. 

"  Mr.  Cleveland  hat  a  plurality  of  1.276  Tote*."— 
DaUy  Tctejraph,  NOT.  IS.  1884. 

*  4.  The  greater  part ;  the  majority. 

"  No  one  can  claim  for  the  plurality,  counted  by 
bead*,  inch  pure  motive  and  ouch  high  intelligence. 
—n-tily  Telegraph,  NOT.  26,  18U. 

IL  Ecclesiastical  Law  (English): 

1.  The  holding  of  two  or  more  benefices  or 
livings  with  cure  of  souls  at  the  same  time. 
Pluralities  are  now  illegal,  by  l&  2Vict.,c.  KM), 
except  where  the  benefices  are  of  small  value 
and  with  small  populations,  and  are  situate 
within  three  miles  of  each  other. 

"  The  clergy  restricted  from  Uy  employments,  plu- 
r'lliiiei  retrained,  and  residence  enforced."— (Jreen  : 
a, it.  Eng.  People,  cb.  vi .  |  «. 

2.  One  of  two  or  more  benefices  or  livings 
held  l>y  one  clerk  at  the  same  time. 

"  Who  InirroM  many  nluraliiin  under  a  non-resident 
and  ilnl.l.rH.K  dispatch  of  suttls."— Milton :  Apol.  /or 
Smtet  ixitiuu. 

plu  ral  i  za'-tion,  «.  [Eng.  pluralist); 
•at  ion.] 

*  1.  The  act  of  pluralizing ;  the  attribution 
of  plurality  to  a  |«rson  or  thing  by  the  use 
of  a  plural  pronoun. 

2.  The  act  of  manifesting  in  various  ways. 

"God.  he  taught.  Is  the  supreme  unity,  one  aAd  yet 
manifold  ;  the  process  of  evolution  from  him  I.  the 
plitrnliiitton  of  the  divine  goodliest."—  I'ebrrwg  : 

in.i.  riHi'*.  LSM. 

plu   ral  ize,  plu  ral-ifO,  v.t.  ft  i.    [Eng. 
plural;  -ite,  -iae.} 
A.  Tran.<itive : 

1.  To  make  plural ;  to  express  in  the  plural 
form  ;  to  attribute  plurality  to. 

2.  To  multiply,  to  manifold. 

*  B.  Intranxitirf  : 

1.  Etxlt*. :  To  hold  more  than  one  benefice 
at  the  same  time. 

2.  '/'mm. :  To  assume  a  plural  form  ;  to  take 
•  plural. 

"  AIIT  part  of  speech  will  awnme  in  compounding 
the  substantive  .  t,»rn.  trr  and  will  plural**  as  such.* 
—enrle  :  PMo>>w,  ^  it*. 


plu'-ral-iz-er,  *.    [Eng.  pluralist);  -er.] 
Eccles. :  A  pluralist    (Goodrich  <t  Porter.) 

plu'-ral-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  plural;  -ly.]  In  a 
plural  manner  ;  so  as  to  imply  more  than  one. 

"  Gods  are  sometimes  spoken  of  pluraHy.'—Cud- 
worCA  :  Intellectual  Syttem,  p.  371. 

plu-rf-,  pref.  [Lat.  plus,  genit.  plurit  =  more.J 
Pertaining  or  relating  to  more  than  one,  or  to 
many  ;  having  a  plurality. 

plu'-rf-ef,  *.    [See  def.] 

Law:  A  writ  which  issues  in  the  third  in- 
stance,  after  the  first  and  the  alias  have  been 
ineffectual ;  so  called  from  the  word  pluritt 
(=  often),  which  occurs  in  the  first  clause. 

*  plu-ri-far'-i-ous,  a.  [Lat.  plurifarius.]  Of 
many  kinds  or  fashions  ;  multifarious. 

plu-ri-f6'-l»^-late,  a.     [Pref.  pluri-,  and 
Eng.  foliolate,] 
Botany : 

1.  Having  more  than  one  pair  of  leaflets. 

2.  Having  many  small  leaves.    (Asa  Gray.) 

plu-ri-llt'-er-sU,  o.  &  ».  [Pref.  pluri-,  and 
Eng.  literal.] 

A.  As  adj. ;  Consisting  of  more  letters  than 
one 

B.  As  subst.:  A  word  consisting  of  more 
letters  than  one. 

plu-rf-lo'c'-U.-lar,  a.  [Pref.  pluri-,  and  Eng. 
locular.] 

Bot. :  Having  two  or  more  loculamenta ; 
multilocular. 

•plu-rip'-or-otia,  a.  [Lat.  plus,  genit 
pluris  =•  more,  and  porio=to  bring  forth.]  Pro- 
ducing several  young  ones  at  a  birth. 

plu  rl -part -Ite,  a.    [Pref.  pluri-,  and  Eng. 
partite.] 
Sot. :  Deeply  divided  into  several  segments. 

*plu-rf-pres'-en9e, «.  [Pref.  pluri-,  and  Eng. 
presence.]  Presence  in  more  places  than  one. 

"  Unsound  opinions  about  the  ...  pluripretence  at 
saints. "—Macaulay  :  Hilt.  Eng.,  ch.  IT. 

*  plu'-rl-sjf  (1),  *  pleu-ii-sy, «.  [Lat.  plu*, 
genit.  pluris  —  more.]     Superabundance,  ex- 
cess. 

"  They  that  have  pleuriiiet  of  these  about  them. 
Vet  do  but  live/   Brome :  To  hit  friend  Mr.  J.  g. 

*  plu'-ri-sf  (2),  s.    [PLEURISY  (IX] 
plus,  s.    [Lat  =  more.] 

Math. :  A  character,  marked  thus  +,  used 
as  a  note  or  sign  of  addition.  When  placed 
between  two  quantities  or  numbers  it  signifies 
that  these  quantities  or  numbers  are  to  be 
added  together  :  thus,  a  +  b  or  2  +  3  means 
that  a  aud  6  or  2  and  3  are  to  be  added  to- 
gether. 

plush,  s.  &  a.  [Fr.  peluche,  from  a  Low  Lat. 
* pUucius  =  hairy,  from  Lat.  jrilus  =  hair ; 
cf.  Sp.  pelasa  =  down,  nap;  Ital.  pelvzzo  — 
fine  hair,  down;  Dut  pluis  =  fluff,  plush; 
Ger.  plusch.] 

A.  As  substantive: 

Fabric:  A  shaggy  pile-cloth  of  various 
materials.  An  unshorn  velvet  of  cotton,  silk- 
or  mixed  fibre,  sometimes  of  a  silk  nap  and 
cotton  l>aok.  It  has  two  warps,  one  of  which 
is  brought  to  the  surface  to  make  the  nap. 
The  warp  is  gathered  in  loops  by  wire,  and 
cut  in  the  manner  of  velvet  It  is  composed 
regularly  of  a  woof  of  a  single  woollen  thread 
and  a  double  warp  :  the  one  wool  of  two 
threads  twisted,  the  other  goat's  or  camel's 
hair.  Some  imitation  plushes  are  made  of 
other  materials.  (Cowptr:  Task,  i.  11.) 

B.  A$  adj. :  Made  of,  or  resembling,  the 
material  described  under  A. 

plush  copper-ore, ».  [CRALCOTRICHITK.) 

*  plush'  er,  *.    [Etym.  doubtful ;  cf.  plusher.) 

A  kind  of  si-a-fish. 

"The  pilchard  is  devoured  by  a  bigger  kind  of  fish 
called  a  /</i«A<-r.  somewhit  like  the  dog.flsh.  who 
lea|<eth  above  water,  and  therethrounh  bewrayeUi 
tin-in  to  the  balker."— Carete:  Surrey  of  Cornwall. 

'  plush'-jf.  o.  [Eng.  plush  ;  -y.]  Like  plush  ; 
soft  and  jthaggy. 

"  Across  the  damp  gravel  and  pliuhy  lawn."— JT. 
fin  file* :  Oeofry  Hamlyn,  ch.  IT. 

plu'  sl-a,  i.  [Gr.  irAovo-ioc  (plousios)  =  rich, 
wealthy,  referring  to  the  gold  and  silver  mark- 
ings on  the  wings.) 


l&te,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father :  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there :  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pSt, 
or,  wore,  wylt,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    ae,  oe  =  e  ;  ey  =  a ;  qn  =  kw. 


plusidse— plyer 


3659 


Sntom.  :  The  typical  genus  of  the  Plusidae 

a.  v.).  Plusia  gamma  is  the  Silver  Y,  or  Gamma 
oth,  so  called  from  markings  like  those 
letters  on  the  wings.  Other  species  are  P. 
interrogationis,  named  from  its  markings,  and 
P.  chrysitis,  the  Burnished  Brass  Moth,  from 
a  very  large  patch  of  brassy  green. 

plu-si-dae,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  pluvia);  Lai. 
fern.  pi.  at!j.  suff.  -idee.] 

Entom.  :  A  family  of  Moths,  group  Noctuina. 
Antenme  filiform,  thorax  with  raised  tufts, 
abdomen  crested,  wings  in  repose  constituting 
a  very  sloping  roof,  anterior  ones  often  with 
metallic  spots.  Larva  half  looping,  with  twelve 
to  sixteen  feet;  pupa  in  asilken  cocoon,  not  sub- 
terranean. 

plu  si  6  -tls,  s.    [PLUSIA.] 

Entom.:  Agenns  of  Rutelidse.  Large  lamel- 
licorn  beetles,  shining  and  coloured  like  silver 
or  gold,  found  on  oaks  in  the  mountains  of 
Central  America. 

plus  quam  per-fect,  a.    [PLUPERFECT.] 

•pln'-tar-chy,  s.  [Gr.  irAovTo«  (ploutos)  = 
wealth,  and  apxy  (arc/i«)  =  rule.]  The  rule  of 
wealth  ;  plutocracy. 

"  We  had  n  >  plutardut,  no  millionaires."—  Smtthev  : 
Doctor,  cb.  ciL 

p!u  te'-I-fonn,  a.  [Lat.  pluteus  (q.v.),  and 
forma  =  form.] 

Zool.  :  Having  the  form  of  a  pluteus  (q.v.). 

plu  tel'  la,  s.  [Gr.  trAoCro?  (ploutos)  =  wealth.] 
Entom.  :  The  typical  genus  of  the  Plutellidse 
iq.v  ).  -Plutella  cruciferarius,  a  brown  and 
oohreous  insect,  is  very  common.  Its  larva, 
which  is  green  with  gray  spots,  feeds  on 
cabbages,  turnip  plants,  &c. 

plu-ter-li-da»,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  pJutell(a); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Entom.  :  A  family  of  Moths,  group  Tineina. 
Head  roti^h,  antenna  stretched  out  in  repose  ; 
anterior  wings  generally  elongate,  sometimes 
pointed  at  the  tip  ;  larva  active,  without  a 
case. 

plu-te-us,  s.    [Lat.] 

1.  Arch.  :  The  wall  which  was  sometimes 
made  use  of  to  close  the  intervals  between 
the  columns  of  a  building  ;  it  was  either  of 
stone  or  some  material  less 
durable.  The  latter  me- 
thod was  adopted  only  in 
places  under  cover,  whence 
that  kind  of  building  was 
called  opus  intestinum.  The 
pluteus  was  also  a  kind  of 
podium  [A  in  illust],  in- 
tervening between  any  two 
orders  of  columns  placed 
one  above  the  other.  The 
word  is  used  in  this  sense  in 
the  description  of  the  basil- 
ica  and  the  scene  of  the  the- 
atre.  The  pluteus  has  1-een 
adopted  lietween  every  two 
orders  of  columns  in  the 
exterior  of  all  the  theatres  and  amphitheatres 
of  the  Romans  which  are  known. 

*  2.  Milit«ry  Antiquities  : 

(1)  Boards  or  planks  placed  on  the  fortifica- 
tions of  a  camp,  on  movable  lowers,  or  other 
military  engines,   as  a  kind  of  roof  for  the 
protection  of  the  soldiers. 

(2)  A  movable  gallery  on  wheels    shaped 
like  an  arched  sort  of  waggm:,   in  which  a 
besieging  party  made  their  approaches. 

3.  Zool.  :  The  painter's-easel  larva  of  an 
Echinus.  (Huxley.) 

plii-t6c'-ra-9y,  s.  [Gr.  irXoGro«  (rloutos)  = 
wealth,  and  xpare'u  (krateo)  —  to  rule.]  The 
rule  or  power  of  wealth  or  the  rich. 

"The  extrnvag-uit  luxury  of  the  growing  plutocracy-" 
—Cauelfi  Technical  Educator,  pt.  xii.,  p.  359. 

plu  to  cr  at,  s.  [PLUTOCRACY.]  One  who 
has  power  or  influence  through  his  wealth. 

"The  aristocrat  or  the  plutncra'  is  able  to  pose  ra 
the  national  leader  of  the  democracy."—  Obtemtr.  Oct. 
4,  I88i. 

plu-to-crat'-ic,  a.  [Eng.  plutocrat;  -ic.] 
Pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of  a  plutocracy 
or  a  plutocrat  :  as,  plutocratic  ideas,  pluto- 
cratic government. 

pin  to'-ni  a,  s.    [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Lat.  Pluto 
=•  the  god  of  the  infernal  regions.] 
Palawnt.  :  A  genus  of  Trilobites. 


PLUTEUS 

{flttrian  Am,,h'iauia. 
trt,  name.} 


plutonia  beds,  s.  pi. 

Geol. :  Yellowish  gray  sandstone  shales  and 
flags  of  Cambrian  age,  at  Porth  Clais  and 
Caer-bwdy,  near  St.  David's  promontory. 

plu-to'-ni-an,  o.  &  *.  [Lat.  Plutonius,  from 
Gr.  rUovToji-ioc  (Ploutonios),  from  nAovruc 
(Phuton)  =  Pluto,  the  King  of  the  Lower 
World,  the  husband  of  Proserpine,  and  brother 
of  Jupiter  and  Neptune ;  Fr.  plutonien.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Pluto  or 
the  lower  regions ;  subterranean,  dark. 

B.  As  subst. :  A  Plutonist  (q.v.). 

plu-ton'-lc,  a.   [Fr.  plutonique.}  [PLUTONIAN.] 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Pluto ;  Plutonian. 

2.  Pertaining  to,  or  designating  the  system 
of,  the  Plutonists. 

plutonic  action,  *. 

Geol. :  The  influence  of  volcanic  heat,  and 
other  subterranean  causes,  under  pressure. 
(Lyell.) 

plutonic-rocks,  ».  pi. 

Geol. :  Rocks  of  igneous  or  aqueo-igneous 
origin,  believed  to  have  been  formed  at  a 
great  depth  and  under  great  pressure  of  the 
superincumbent  rocks,  or  in  some  cases,  per- 
haps, of  the  ocean.  They  have  been  melted, 
and  cooled  very  slowly  so  as  to  permit  them 
to  crystallize.  They  contain  no  tuffs  or  brec- 
cias like  the  volcanic  rocks,  nor  have  they 
pores  or  cellular  cavities.  Under  the  plutonic 
rocks  are  comprehended  granites,  syenites, 
and  some  porphyries,  diorite,  tonalite,  and 
gabbro.  Tests  of  age  are  furnished  by  their 
rela'ive  position,  by  intrusion  and  alternation, 
by  mineral  composition,  or  by  included  frag- 
ments. They  belong  to  all  the  leading  geo- 
logical periods,  even  the  Tertiary.  (Lyell.) 

plu' -ton-Ism,  s.  [Fr.  plutonisme.}  The  doc- 
trines or  theory  of  the  Plutonists  ;  the  Hut- 
tonian  theory  (q.v.). 

plu -ton  ist,  s.    [Eng.  pluton(ism) ;  -ist.] 

Geol. :  One  who  holds  the  doctrine  of  Plu- 
tonism  (q.v.). 

plu  ton  lie,  ».  [Eng.  pliUon(ic) ;  suff.  -ite 
(Petrol.).] 

Petrol. :  A  name  given  by  Scheerer  to  a 
group  of  acid  and  neutral  silicated  crystalline 
rocks,  which  occur  in  various  countries  and 
represent  several  geological  ages.  In  his 
view  they  corresponded  to  the  gneisses  of  the 
Saxon  Erzgebirge,  which  yielded  three  distinct 
chemieal  types,  known  respectively  as  the 
"  red,"  the  "  middle,"  and  the  "gray  gneiss." 
This  group  he  divided  into  the  upper,  the 
middle,  and  the  lower  Plutonites. 

*  plu-tdn -6-miSt,    ».      [Eng.    plutonnm(y); 
-ist.]    A  supporter  of  plutononiy.    (I.udlow.) 

*  plU-tSn'-O-my,  s.     [Gr.  irAoOroc  fyloutos)  — 
wealth,  and  v6u.o<;  (nomos)  =  law.]    The  same 
as  PLUTOCRACY  (q.v.). 

pin  -vi-al,  *  plu'-vl-all,  o.  ft  «.  [Fr.,  from 
Lat.  pluvialis,  from  pluvia  —  rain,  from  pluit 
(impers.  verb)  =  it  rains  ;  Sp.  &.  Port,  pluvial; 
Ital.  pluviale.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang :  Pertaining  to  rain  ;  rainy. 

2.  Geol. :  Produced  by  the  action  of  rain. 

*B.  As  subst. :  A  priest's  cope  or  cloak,  as 
a  protection  against  rain. 

plu-vi-am'-e-ter, ».    [PLUVIOMETER.] 
plu-vf-a-met'-iic-al,  a.  [PLUVIOMETRICAL.] 

plu-vi-a-nel'-lus,  *.  [Mod.  Lat.,  dim.  from 
pluvianus  (q  v.).  ] 

Ornith. :  A  genus  of  Charadriidte,  or,  in 
classifications  in  which  that  family  is  divided, 
of  Strepsilatinas  (q.v.).  It  contains  a  single 
species,  from  the  Straits  of  Magellan. 

plu  vi-a  -nus,  ».  [Lat.  pluvia  —  rain.]  [PLO- 
VER.] 

Ornith. :  Crocodile-bird  ;  a  genus  of  Glarec- 
lidse,  with  one  species,  Pluvianus  cegyptius, 
from  North  Africa.  It  is  a  small  bird,  with 
plumage  of  delicate  lavender  and  cream-colour, 
relieved  by  markings  of  black  and  white. 
Formerly  classed  with  either  Cursorius  or 
Charadrius,  or  made  a  separate  genus  Hyas. 
It  is  perhaps  the  trochilns  of  Herodotus  (ii.  68), 
which  was  said  to  clear  the  mouth  of  the  cro- 
codile from  leeches. 


plu'-vi-C-graph,  «.  A  self-recording  rain* 
gauge. 

plu-vi-om'-S-ter,  «.  [Lat.  pluvia  =  nti*t. 
and  Eng.  meter.]  An  instrument  for  ascer- 
taining the  amount  of  rainfall  in  a  particular 
climate  or  place  ;  a  rain-gauge  (q.v.). 

plu-Vi-6-met'-rfc-al,  a.  [PLUVIOMETER.) 
Pertaining  or  relating  to  a  pluviometer ;. 
ascertained  or  determined  by  a  pluviometer. 

plu-vi-ose,  s.  [Fr.,  =  rainy,  from  Lat. 
pluviosus,  from  pluvia  =  rain.]  The  names 
adopted,  in  October,  1793,  by  the  Freud* 
Convention  for  the  fifth  month  of  the  re- 
publican year.  It  commenced  on  January  20» 
and  was  the  second  winter  month. 

*  pln'-vi-ous,  o.  [Lat.  pluviosus,  from  pluvte 
=  rain.]  Rainy,  pluvial,  damp. 

"  The  fungous  parcels  about  the  wicks  of  candle*, 
onely  signineth  a  moist  and  a  pluti-wt  ayr  about 
them."— Browne  :  Vulgar  Errourt,  bk.  v.,  ch.  xxlL 

ply,  pile,  v.t.  &  i.  [Fr.  plier  =  to  fold,  plait» 
ply,  bend,  from  Lat.  plico  =  to  fold,  eogn. 
with  Gr.  irAc'icu  (pleko)  =  to  weave ;  Russ» 
pleste=to  plait;  Ger.  Jlechten  =  to  braid,, 
twist.  From  the  same  root  come  apply,  comply, 
imply,  accomplice,  complex,  perplex,  explicit, 
deploy,  display,  employ,  simple,  double,  treble* 
duplicate,  &c.j 

A.  Transitive: 

*  1.  To  turn,  to  bend.    (Gowe~  •  C.  A.,  viL> 

*  2.  To  mould,  to  fashion. 

"  But  certainly  a  yong  thing  men  mar  gie. 
Right  as  men  may  warm  wax  with  liaude*  pile." 
Chaucer:  C.  T.,  9.301 

.'  3.  To  employ  with  diligence ;  to  keep 
bnsv  or  employed. 

*  4.  Mo  endeavour  to  ntilise  ;  to  try. 

"We  £»•>*:  fell  I'M  GL..US  to  the  windewarde*."-* 
Bactauyt  :  V'.yi'jet,  i.  K». 

5.  To  practise  or  perform  with  diligence  J 
to  busy  or  occupy  one's  self  in. 

"  He  ptiet  his  weary  Journey." 

Wordnrorth :  Old  Cumberland  Brygar. 

6.  To  urge  or  solicit  with  importunity;  to 
press  with  solicitations ;  to  solicit. 

"  Canst  thou  not  guess  wherefore  she  jpUet  thee  thmf^ 
Shaketp. :  TUut  Andronicut.  IT.  L 

7.  To  press  hard  with  blows  or  missiles  ;  to- 
beset ;  to  assail  briskly :  as,  To  ply  one  wita 
questions. 

8.  To  press  upon  one's  acceptance  ;  to  urg» 
persistently  to  accept ;  to  offer  or  supply  any- 
thing too  perseveringly :  as,  To  ply  one  wiUk 
drink,  or  flattery. 

B.  Intransitive: 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  To  bend,  to  yield,  to  give  way. 

"  Though  the  coin  be  fair  at  eye, 
It  wolde  rather  bnut  atwo  than  plit.~ 

Chaucer:  C.  T.  ».»41 

2.  To  busy  one's  self ;  to  be  busily  occupied 
or  employed  ;  to  work  diligently  and  steadily.. 
"  A  bird  new  made  about  the  banks  she  pliea. 
Mot  far  from  shore,  and  short  excursions  ti  ies." 
DrydtH  :  Of  id ;  Ceyx  t  Atcmmt. 

^  Used  also  of  the  instruments  employed. 

*  3.  To  go  in   haste,  to  hasten,  to  betak» 
one's  self  quickly.    (Milton :  P.  L.,  ii.  954.) 

*4.  To  offer  service ;  to  seek  for  employment. 

"  He  was  forced  to  ply  In  the  streets  as  a  porter  for- 
bis  livelihood."— Additon:  Spectator. 

5.  To  run  or  sail  regularly  to  and  fro 
between  two  ports  or  places,  as  a  vehicle  or- 
vessel ;  to  make  trips. 

"  Fine  powerful  steamers  p>y  from  Loudou."— Dailf 
Chronicle.  Hay  25,  1885. 

f  Used  also  of  the  persons. 

"  They  on  the  trading  flood    .    .    . 
HM,  stemming  nightly  to«nrd  the  pole." 

jNBM.-jTzriLMt. 

n.  Naut. :  To  work  against  the  wind. 

ply,  *  pile, «.    [PLY,  ».] 

1.  A  twist,  a  fold,  a  plait,  a  tura. 

"That's  the  muckle  black  stane— cast  twa  pifefr 
nmnJ  it."— Scott :  Antiquary,  ch.  vii. 

If  Often  used  in  composition  to  denote  th» 
number  of  twists  :  as,  a  three-ply  carpet. 

2.  A  strand  in  a  rope. 

3.  A  bent,  a  bias,  a  turn,  an  inclination. 

"  But  the  CzarV  mind  bed  early  taken  a  itraoffr 
plf."—Jfii<-au!ay :  Hia.  Eng..  ch.  xxiii. 

ply'-er,  ».    [Eng.  ply ;  -«r.] 

I.  Ord,  Lang. :  One  who  or  that  which  pliML. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Fort.,  Mech.,  etc.  (PI.):  A  kind  of  balance 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  jowl ;  cat,  90!!.  chorus,  fhln,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -inf.. 
-dan,  -tian  =  shan.    - tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -(ion,  -sion  =  zhun.    -clous,  -tious,  -sious  -  sbaa.   -ble.  -die,  ic.  -  bel,  del* 


3CCO 


Plymouth— pneumonia 


•sed  in  raising  or  letting  down  a  drawbridge. 
1       -,  list*  of  timbers  joined  in  the  form  of  • 
Bt.  Andrew's  cross. 
2.  [Puma). 

Flym'-oiith,  «.    [See  def.) 

:  A  seaport  town  and  naml  station  at 
the  luuuth  of  the  river  Plym  tn  Devonshire. 

Plymouth  Brethren,  «.  pi. 

Churrh  Hist.  (PI.):   A  body  which  arose 

-t  simultaneously  In  Dublin  and    1'Iy- 

'i,  about  1830,  and.  as  they  called  them- 

•elves  "The  Brethren."  outsiders   came  to 

know  them  ns  "Plymouth  Brethren"  from 

the   town  wli-rp.  th.'V  had   fix.-l  th.ir  MM- 

qmuters.   Their  rlii.-f  f.-undrr  was  a  barrister, 

namrd  Darby,  who  bail  tiken  orders.    Tbnr 

-i  are  of  what  is  known  as  the 

Evangelical  Calvinistic  tyi«e,  and   many  of 

maintain  that  only  among  t).' 

fa  true  Christianity  to  be  found,     'liny  have 

no  regular  ministry,  every  brother  being  at 

•  v  to  prophesy  or  preach  wlienevennoved 

aptize  all  adults,  whether 

previously  Kiptized  «r  not,  and  olwerve  the 

V,  t     ..,..'..    t       ;•  ..  .     |      .-  I    ,    v    |1    N   rWI      .     V.      'I'1!'    f 

•re  rigid  Predestinarians  and  expect  the  Mil- 

t.  Strls,  p.  433)  says  that 

are   a   growing   sect,   but   have    little 

'v,  l«eing  broken  up  into  sections 

•;,  arising  from  the  liberty 

to    each    nie.ml*r   to    preach    or 

sy  at  will. 

Plymouth  cloak,  ».  A  cudgel  (Slang.) 
t  Plymouth  limestone,  .«. 

<c  of  Middle  Devonian  a-*?, 
tvrnriiiig  at  Plymouth,  Torquay,  and  Ilfra- 
cumhc.  It  is  largely  formed  of  corals. 

T',m    onthlsm,  ».    (Eng.  Mvnwth  ;  -ism.] 

«  of  the  Plymouth  Brethren  (q.v.). 

*^h    Svttxrrland   tuu    «lway»    irmxinrd    the 

f    /•;».»  .urJkit.n    on    UM    cuutiucut."— 

i\m.  M-  »">•.  ii*.  «*. 

OUth  ite.  *.      irnc.   rivmmilli  :  -f'e.] 
nber  of  the  sect  of  Plymouth  Brethren. 

llm  tain.  *.    [S*e  del] 
•  :    A  lopy  mountain  in  Montgomery 

i/xhlre. 
Plynllmmon-gronp,  t. 

of  strata.  named  by  S«lg- 
Wick.  They  belong  to  the  Lower  Llaudovery. 


e.    [See  def.]    Post-meridian. 
T  /'»  is  pronounced  as  n, 
•.  ma-,  pneu-ma-t<>-,pr</.  [Or.  wrCua 

1T<K        (]tnfll 

ITWM  (pin-")  —  tn  blow,  to  l>r  atli".] 
;ning    to    or    connected    with  the  air, 

pneu  ma  thoV-az,  «.    [Pvr.cMornoBAX.] 

pncn  mit  -Ic,  pneu  mat  -Ic  al.  n.  &  *. 

•    pnfianntievi,  fiointir.  m-run-iTiito?  (pnru- 
nuitil.cn)  =  pertaining  to  air  or  breath  ;  vrtv^a. 


air;  fr.p**ifmaUqiM;  Ital. 4Sp. pneumatico.] 

A.  At  adjteUM : 

1.  Consisting  of  or  resembling  air  ;  having 
the  properties  or  qualities  of  an  elastic  iluid  ; 
(Meous. 

"All  KlM  ball..  toutMal  p*rU  tmnmatieal and 
«BBf Ihl*.  -8am*. 

X.  Of  or  prt  lining  to  air  or  elastic  fluids, 
Or  to  their  properties. 

*  Th»  tmrumattntl  dUcortrlo  of  modern  chemUtry. 
-»n>jrt  UWfiiMl  «f  Mar+t  PkUoKrpltt,  |  tn. 

3.  Tilled  with  or  containing  air,  u  a  pmm 
•Mafe  tire  uwd  on  the  wheel  of  ft  bicycle  or  of  a, 
hone-vehicle. 

A.  Moved  or  played  by  air  or  wind. 
•Th»  l»iixm  anrTT-npt  with  To7*c*laaf, 

.  tpirlU  *dd«L 
Tb.y«IU,»mmii«H<- 


B.  v<«  (ufaf. ;  A  vaporous  substance ;  »  gas. 

pneumatic  action,  t. 

Uusir  :  I"  <>r«ns,  any  portion  of  the  arti- 
la  whici  rage  is  superseded  .1 . 

Intermediary  bellows,  tubes,  or  valves 
worked  by  wind  at  a  pressure  higher  than 
ordinary.  I'nrumntie  arav-ttap  action  is  the 
mechanism  by  which  the  sliders  of  an  orpai 
are  meved  backwards  nnd  forwards  by  mean« 
Of  small  pneumatic  bellows.  Pneumatic  Int 


to  keys  is  an  arrangement  by  which  a  manual 
or  pedal  key  admits  compressed  air  into  a 
pneumatic  bellows,  which,  by  its  expansion, 
performs  the  direct  leverage  of  the  trackers, 
backfalls,  or  other  action. 

pneumatic-battery, «.  A  contrivance 
invented  by  Mr.  Taylor,  of  Dublin,  for  ex- 
ploding a  blasting-charge  in  mining. 

pneumatic-caisson,  s.  A  caisson 
closed  at  the  top  and  sunk  by  the  exhaustion 
of  the  air  within  or  by  the  weight  of  the 
masonry  built  thereupon  aa  the  work  pro- 

pnoumatic-car,   «.     A  car  driven   by 

M'd  air. 
pneumatic-despatch.  ».    Despatch  of 

letters,  parcels,  In:,  by  mentis  of  an  artificial 
vacuum  in  front  and  atmospheric  pressure  in 
tho  rear.  This  has  been  tried  with  more  or 
leas  success  for  several  purposes.  A  recent  in- 
stance is  the  laying  of  a  pneumatic  dispatch 
N\-t<iu  in  connection  with  the  Philadelphia 
post-office,  for  the  conveyance  of  postal  mat  IT 
between  the  main  and  one  of  the  sub-offices. 

pneumatic-elevator,  s.  A  hoist  in 
which  compressed  air  is  the  agent  for  lifting. 

pneumatic-filament,  «. 

Zool  (PI):  Numerous  slender  processes  con- 
taining air  connected  with  the  distal  end  of 
the  pneumatocyst  in  Velella  and  PorpiU. 

pneumatic-fountain,  «.  [FOUNTAIN, 
If  (3)0 

pneumatic-leverage,  «.    [PNBUMATIC- 

ACTIOK.  ] 

pneumatic-organ,  s. 

Music:  The  ordinary  organ  as  opposed  to 
the  ancient  hydraulic  organ.  [ORGAN.] 

pneumatic-pump,  «.     An  air-exhaust 
or  forcing  pump. 
pneumatic-railway,  *.  [ATMOSPHERIC- 

RA1LWAY.] 

pneumatic -syringe.  *. 

Physics:  A  stout  gl.-iss  tube,  closed  at  one 
end,  and  provided  with  a  tiglit-titting  solid 
piston.  It  is  designed  to  prove  the  compressi- 
bility of  gases.  As  the  piston  is  forced  down, 
Ihe  gns  is  pressed  into  smaller  compass,  but, 
when  the  force  is  removed,  it  takes  apain  its 
proper  volume,  driving  the  piston  back  to  its 
|>hce.  The  pneumatic  syringe  proves  also 
that  the  compression  of  gases  produces  heat. 

pneumatic-trough,  s. 

Chrm.  :  A  vessel  used  in  the  collection  of 
pises.  It  is  usually  made  of  iron  or  copper, 
and  is  provided  wi'th  a  shelf  for  holding  the 
jars  or  bottles  to  be  filled  with  gas.  The  shelf 
is  perforated  with  one  or  more  holes,  to  re- 
ceive the  end  of  the  delivery  tube  of  the  gas 
apparatus,  and  the  water  in  the  trough  kept 
at  about  one  inch  above  the  level  of  the  shelf. 

pneumatic-tube,  «. 

1.  Sirti.:  A  tube  used  for  the   conveyance 
of  goods  or  passengers  by  means  of   com 
pressed  air. 

2.  Uuiie(Pl):  [TUBE.] 
pnou-ma-ti^'-I-ty1,    ».      [Eng.   pneumatic 

•  ity.  ]    The  state,  or  condition  of  having  hollow 
bones  filled  with  air.    [PNEUMATIC,  A.  3.) 

"The  iktlttnn  of  the  pelican  to  dtatlwratihed  by  It* 
.  .  .  frrit  imeumnHrity.~—ra*  Rotten:  Handbook 
tool  (ed.  Clark),  ii.  384. 


pnen  mat  Ic»,  ». 

1.  The  same  as  PNEVMATOLOOY,  2  (q.v.% 

2.  Phjisir*:  The  science  which  treats  of  the 
mechanical  properties  of  air  ami  other  gases 
lnvMti:iating  their  weight,  pressure,  elasticity 
condensation,  Ace.  Comprehended  under  it  are 
descriptions  of  such  machines  as  the  air-gun 
the  air-pump,  the  diving-bell,  &c.     Air  Ix-ing 
a  vliicle  of  sound,  pneumatics  includes  alsc 
the  science  of  Acoustics. 

pnen  ma -t^,  jn*f.    [Psimu-.J 

pncru  mit.'-d-ccle,  §.    [Prof,  jmfumato-,  an 
Gr.  *nAi|  (k?lf)-=  a  tumour.] 
Sitrg. :  A  distention  of  the  scrotum  by  air. 

pncn  mat  6  cyst,  «.    [Prcf.  pneumato-,  an 

!/»'•! 

Znnl. :  A  chitinons  air-sac  depending  fron 
the  a;>ex  of  the  cavity  in  the  c<r-nosarc  of  th 
Physophoridip.  It  acts  as  an  air-float. 


meu-ma-to-log'-Ic-al,  a.  [Eng.  pnfuma- 
tolo'](y) ;'  -ical]  Of  or  pertaining  to  pneuina- 
tology  (q.v.). 

pneu  ma  toT-6-gIst,  «.  [Eng.  pneumato^ 
og(y);  -tk]  One  who  is  versed  or  learned  in 
pneumatology. 

meu-ma-tol'-o'-gy;  *.  [Pref.  pneumato-,  and 
Gr.  Xo-yo?  (logos)  =  a  discourse  ;  Fr.  pneumO' 
tologie;  Ital.  pneumatologia.] 

1.  Physics :  The  doctrine  of,  or  a  treatise 
on,  elastic  fluids.    [PNEUMATICS,  2.] 

2.  Mental  Phil.  :  The  science  which  treats  of 
the  nature  and  operation  of  minds,  "  from  the 
infinite  Creator  to  the  meanest  creature  en- 
dowed with  thought."    (Reid.)    In  its  widest 
sense  it  includes  theology,  angelology,  and 
psychology. 

*neu-ma-to'-ma'-chI-ans,s.pZ.  [LatPn«it- 
matnmachi,  from  Gr.  npfv/iaTOfidxo?  (Pneu- 
matomachos)=  flphtingwith  the  Spirit;  Tlrev/jia 
(/'n«/mn)=  the  [Holy]  Spirit,  and  naxri(mache) 
=  fighting.]  [MACEDONIAN  (2),  B.] 

jneu-ma-to'm'-e'-ter,  s.  [Pref.  pneumato-, 
and  Eng.'mefer.]  An  instrument  for  measuring 
the  amount  of  air  exhaled  at  one  expiration. 

pneu-mat'-o-phb're,  s.     [Pref.  pneumato-, 

and  Gr.  4>opo«  (pharos)  =  bearing.] 

Zool. :  A  large  proximal  dilatation  of  the 
ccenosarc  in  the  Physophoridae. 


[Gr.,  from  trvev^aToj* 
(pneumdtoo)  =  to  swell.]  A  windy  swelling 
in  any  part  of  the  body. 

pneu  -mlc,  o.  [Gr.  mtv^a  (pneuma)  =  breath ; 
Eng.  suff.  -ic.  ]  Derived  from  the  lungs. 

pneumic  acid,  s. 

Chem. :  An  acid  said  to  exist  in  the  paren- 
chyma of  the  lungs  of  most  animals.  It  is 
soluble  in  water  and  boiling  alcohol,  from 
which  it  crystallizes  in  stellate  groups  of 
shining  needles. 

pneumo-,  prrf.  [Gr.  wtt-tuav  (pneumSn)-= 
a  lung.]  Pertaining  to,  or  connected  with,  the 
lungs. 

*  pneu-mo-bran-chl-a'-ta,  «.  pi  [Pref. 
pneumo-,  and  Mod.  Lat.  branchiata  (q.v.).] 

Zool  :  Lamarck's  second  section  of  hi» 
order  Gasteropoda.  It  contained  the  Liraa- 
cinea  or  Snails. 

pneu-mo-der'-mSn,  s.  [Pref.  pneumo-,  and 
Gr.  {e'pfia  (derma)  =  skin.] 

Zool :  A  genus  of  Pteropoda,  section  Gym- 
nosomata,  with  four  species,  from  the 
Atlantic,  Indian,  and  Pacific  Oceans. 

pneu-mo'-gas'-tric,  a.  [Pref.  pneumo-,  and 
Eng.  gastric.] 

Anat. :  Pertaining  to  the  lungs  and  stomach. 

pneumogastric  nerve,  s. 

Anat.:  A  nerve,  called  also  par  vagum, 
which,  proceeding  from  the  neck  to  the  upper 
part  of  the  abdomen,  supplies  branches  to 
the  pharynx,  the  oesophagus,  stomach,  liver, 
spleen,  and  respiratory  passages. 

pnen-m8g'-ra-phy;  s.    [Pref.  pneumo-,  and 
GT.'ypa.(j>ia  (graphs)  —  to  write.] 
A  nut. :  A  description  of  the  lungs. 


pneu-mSl'-A-gj^,    ».      [Pref.    pnevmo-,  and 
Gr.'Aoyo?  (Ingns)  —a.  discourse.] 
Anat.  :  Pneumography  (q.v.). 

pneu-mom'-e-ter,  s.    [Pref.  pneumo-,  and 
Bug.  meter.]    [PNEUMATOMETER.] 


y,  *.  [Eng.  piieumameter  ;  -y.] 
Measure  of  the  capacity  of  the  lungs  for  air. 

pneu  mo  m  a,  •  pneu  -mtn  y,  s.     [Gr. 
viftvuovia  (pneumonia).']     [PNEUMO-.] 

Pathol.  :  Inflammation  of  the  lung,  usually 
caiised  by  ex|iosure  to  cold  or  wet,  a  cold 
draught  or  chill  after  being  over-heated,  injury 
to  the  chest,  irritation,  or  as  a  secondary 
.inVvtinn  in  small-pox,  typhoid  or  puerpnral 
fever,  and  other  low  wasting  diseases  ;  it  may 
also  be  caused  by  long  continued  congestion 
of  the  lung  substance,  particularly  in  heart 
disease,  or  in  old  and  weak  people  who  are 
bedridden  from  any  cause.  It  appears  aa 
hypostatic  pneumonia,  and  in  some  malarial 
districts  it  occasionally  becomes  epidemic. 
It  commences  with  bypenemia  and  a-dema, 


fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father :  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there :  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wpll,  work,  who,  son  ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full :  try,  Syrian,    w,  oe  =  e ;  ey  -  a ;  qu     kw. 


pneumonic— p  ock 


3661 


t  followed  by  fibrinous  exudations  in  the  in- 
terior of  the  air  cells  and  capillary  bronchi, 
undergoing  many  changes  of  the  most  serious 
character,  such  as  abscess,  purulent  infil- 
tration, gangrene,  &c.  The  right  lower  lobe 
is  the  most  frequent  point  of  attack,  bron- 
chitis and  pleuritic  exudation  are  common 
accompaniments.  Herpes  is  frequently  ob- 
aerved  on  the  face  and  lips  on  the  third  or 
fourth  day ;  prostration,  dry  brown  tongue, 
cracked  lips,  with  viscid  expectoration  of  a 
rusty-nail  colour,  and  in  the  acute  hepatiza- 
tion  stage,  red  blood-tinged  sputum,  are  the 
usu'il  symptoms,  with  fine  crepitation,  like  the 
rustling  of  a  hair  rubbed  between  the  fingers. 
The  true  erepifcmt  rhonchus  is  heard  all  over 
the  affected  part.  Pneumonia  terminates  gene- 
Tally  in  resolution  and  recovery,  but  some- 
times in  death  from  collapse  and  exhaustion. 

pneu-m8n'-ic,  *  pneu-mon'-Ick,  a.  &  ». 

[Gr!  m'tvuoi'iKos  ()>ru"umonikos),  from  trwi/fi**? 
(pnenmon)  =  a.  lung;  Fr.  pneumonii/ue.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  lungs  ; 
pulmonic. 

B.  As  subst. :  A  medicine  for  affections  of 
the  lungs. 

pneu-mo-nit'-Ic,  a.    [PNEUMONITIS.]    Of  or 

pertaining  to  pneumonitis. 

pneu-mo-nl'-tis,  s.  [Gr.  wvtvfu»r(pnewn{!*\ 

genit.  irvevnovos  (pneumonof)  =  a  lung  ;  suff. 
•tfw(q.v.).J 
Pathol. :  Pneumonia  (q.v.). 

pneu'-mon-^,  ».    [PNEUMONIA.] 

pneu-mo-St'-o-ka,  s.  pi.  [Pref.  pneuma-; 
Gr.  taov  (o<»t)  =  an"  egg,  and  TOKO?  (tokos)  = 
laying.] 

Zool. :  Owen's  name  for  a  primary  division 
of  Verte'irata,  including  those  which  breathe 
air  and  lay  eggs.  He  included  under  it  Birds, 
and  the  greater  number  of  Reptiles. 

pneu  mo  pleu  ri'-tls,  s.  [Pref.  pneumo-, 
and  Eng.  pleuritlx  (q.v.). J 

Patho!. :  Pneumonia  with  bronchitis,  the 
latter  predominating. 

pneu-mor'-a,  s.  [Pref.  pneum-,  and  Gr.  ipa 
(6m)  =  care.) 

Entwn. :  A  South  African  genus  of  Acridi- 
il;»-.  Darwin  considers  that  in  no  other 
vrthopterous  insects  has  the  structure  been 
so  modified  for  stridulation,  the  whole  body 
being  converted  into  a  musical  instrument. 

pneu  mo-skeT-e-ton,  *.  [Pref.  pneumo-, 
and  Eng.  skeleton.] 

Z'xl. :  The  skeleton,  i.e.,  the  hard  portions, 
cr  shell,  connected  with  the  breathing  organs 
of  Testaceous  Mollusca. 

pneu  mo  thor'  ax,  s.  [Gr.  m/eO/xa  (pueuma) 
—  air,  and  Eng.  iAorax(q.v.).] 

I'n  tli  nl.  :  The  presence  of  air  in  the  pleura 
during  the  progress  of  pleurisy.  When  there 
is  air  only  it  is  simple  pneumothorax  ;  when, 
as  generally  happens,  there  is  a  liquid  with 
the  air,  it  is  pneumothorax  with  effusion. 

pnl  ga'  Ii  on,  s.    [Gr.,  from  wviyu  (pnigo)  = 
to  choke.] 
Mud. :  An  incubus  ;  a  nightmare. 

pnyx,  *.  [Gr.  wWf  (pnnx).]  The  place  of 
public  assembly  at  Athene  especially  during 
elections.  It  was*  situated  on  a  low  hill, 
sloping  down  to  the  north,  at  the  western 
vrgc  of  the  city,  and  at  a  quarter  of  a  mile 
to  the  west  of  the  Acropolis. 

P.O.,  (ibbrev.    [See  def.] 

1.  Post-office. 

2.  Public  officer.    (Wharton.) 

*  po,  s.    [A.S.  pawe.]    A  peacock  (q.v.). 

"  A  pruest  proude  ase  a  po." 

WuuM :  Political  Song*,  f- 159. 
PO'  f .  t.    [Gr.  =  grass.] 

Hot. :  Meadow-grass ;  a  genus  of  Festucrifi 
(J.iiiilley),  typical  of  the  tribe  Poaceae,  sub- 
tribe  Festuceae  (Sir  J.  Hooker).  The  flower 
glumes  are  compressed,  keeled,  acute,  five- 
nerved;  the  empty  ones  two,  unequal,  keeled; 
styles  two,  short ;  stigma  feathery.  Known 
species  ninety,  chiefly  from  the  cold  and  tem- 
perate regions.  Of  these  one  of  the  most 
highly  valued  is  Poapralensis,  the  famous  blue- 
grass  of  Kentucky,  whose  highly  nutritious 
properties  have  given  the  name  of  '*  blue-grass 


region  "  to  a  wide  district  of  that  state.  By 
reason  of  its  creeping  root  stocks  this  grass 
forms  a  dense  turf,  but  it  is  principally  valued 
for  pasture.  It  grows  spontaneously  in  Lhts 
region,  and  the  stock  pastured  on  it  Is  of  the 
finest  quality.  It  is  also  called  June  grass,  and 
is  found  in  Europe  as  well  as  America.  /'. 
aimiia  and  P.  trivialis  are  also  of  importance 
for  fodder.  They  are  natives  of  Europe.  P. 
abysiinica  is  cultivated  in  Abyssinia  as  a  cereal, 
P.  cynosuroides  is  used  by  the  Indian  Brahmaiis 
in  their  religious  ceremonies,  and  is  given  in 
calculus,  &c. 

p6-a'-$e-89,  s.  pi.  [Lat.  po(a);  fern.  pL  adj. 
suff.  -acece.] 

Bot. :  A  tribe  of  Graminaeeae.  Spikelets 
one  or  more  flowered,  articulate  above  the 
empty  glumes.  Lowest,  or  all  the  flowering 
glumes  bi-scxual,  except  in  Phragmites, 
A  vena,  and  Arrhenatherum  :  upper  often  male 
or  rudimentary.  (Sir  J.  Hooker.) 

poach  (1),  *  poche,  * potch,  v.t.  [Fr.  packer, 
prob.  from  poche  —  a  pouch,  a  pocket.]  To 
cook  (eggs)  in  a  pan,  by  breaking  and  pouring 
them  into  boiling  water. 

"  Egges  well  poached  are  better  than  roasted." — 
Elyot :  Cattel  of  Belth.  bk.  ii.,  ch.  xiii. 

poach  (2),  "  poche,  *  potche,  v.t.  &  t.    [A 
softened  form  of  poke,  v.  (q.v.);  cf.  Fr.  pocher, 
pouclier  =  to  thrust  or  dig  out  with  the  lingers, 
from  prmce  =  the  thumb.] 
A.  Transitive: 

*  1.  To  stab,  to  spear,  to  pierce. 

"  They  use  to  poche  them  [flsh]  with  an  Instrument 
somewhat  like  a  saluiou  speare." — Carevr:  Survey  of 
Cornwall,  p.  31. 

*  2.  To  force  or  drive  into  ;  to  plunge  into. 

"  His  horse  po-hing  one  of  Us  legs  into  some  hollow 
ground."— Tem/ile :  United  Province!,  ch.  i. 

3.  To  tread,  as  snow  or  soft  ground,  so  as 
to  make  it  broken  and  slushy. 

"The  poached  Bltli  that  floods  the  middle  street." 
1'eitnyton  :  Vivien,  M7. 

*  B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  thrust,  to  stab,  to  poke. 

"  I'll  potche  at  him  some  way." 

Shaketp. :  CurManiu.  I.  10. 

2.  To  make  an  attempt  at  something ;    to 
make  a  start  without  going  on. 

"  They  have  rather  poached  and  offered  at  a  number 
of  enterprizes.  tlian  maintained  auy  constantly."— 
Bacon  :  War  with  Spain. 

3.  To  become  swampy  or  slushy,  as  with 
heavy  trampling.     [A.  3.] 

"Chalky  and  clay  lands  burn  In  hot  weather,  chap 
In  summer,  aud  poach  ill  winter."— Mortimer :  But- 
bancLry. 

poafh  (3),  *  poch,  v.t.  &  {.  [Fr.  pocher  = 
to  poach  into  or  encroach  upon  another  man's 
employment,  practice,  or  trade.  (Cotgrave.) 
Origin  doubtful ;  but  prob.  from  poche  =  the 
pocket,  and  so  either  to  put  into  one's  own 
pocket,  or  to  put  one's  hand  in  the  pocket  of 
another.  Cf.  POACH  (1).] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  rob  of  game ;  to  intrude  on  for  the 
purpose  of  stealing  .game. 

"  The  Greta  a  not  nearly  so  much  poached  as 
formerly."— field.  Oct.  3.  1S85. 

2.  To  intrude  or  encroach  upon  unlawfully. 

"They  poach  Parnassus,  and  lay  claim  for  praise." 
Uarth:  Claremont. 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  steal  game  or  fish  ;  to  intrude  on  the 
preserves  of  another  for  the  purpose  of  steal- 
ing game  ;  to  kill  game  illegally. 


2.  To    intrude   unlawfully ;    to   hunt   im- 
properly. 


f  Laws  against  poaching  have  existed  for 
many  centuries  in  England.  They  were  for- 
merly very  severe,  those  taken  in  the  act  being 
cruelly  punished.  Under  present  laws  one 
caught  pouching  by  night  can  be  imprisoned 
for  three  monlhg  for  the  first  offence  and  six 
for  the  second.  No  such  laws  exist  iu  the 
United  States. 

poa9h'-ard,  t.    [POCHARD.] 

poach-er,  s.    [Eng.  poach  (3) ;  -«r.i 

1.  One.  who  intrudes.  (Perhaps  nere  =  one 
who  pokes  or  thrusts  himself  into  matters 
with  which  he  h;is  no  right  to  meddle.) 

"  I  would  ask  a  casuist  if  it  were  not  lawful  for  me 
not  only  to  hi<le  my  mind,  but  to  cast  ».miethinp  that 
is  not  true  before  such  a  poacher."— Hack et :  Lift  ,-f 
WUliarra.  pt  ii..  p.  113. 


2.  One  who  poaches ;  one  who  steals  or 
kills  game  or  fish  illegally. 

"  The  pooe&eriknew  well  where  the  flsh  lay.'— Fittd. 
Oct.  S,  18*5. 

p6a9h'-I-ness,  s.  [Eng.  poachy;  -nest.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  poachy. 

"  The  Tallies  because  of  the  poachineti  they  kept  for 
grass." — Mortimer  :  Husbandry. 

poa9h'-&  a.  [Eng.  poach  (2);  -y.]  Wet  and 
soft ;  swampy ;  easily  trodden  into  holes  by 
cattle. 

"Marsh  lands  lay  not  up  till  April,  except  your 
marshes  be  very  poachy." — Mortimer  :  Husbandry. 

po'-a-9ite,  s.  [POACTTES.]  Any  plant  of  tha 
fossil  genus  Poacites  (q.v.). 

po'-a-^i'-tes,  *.  [Gr.  n-oa  (poa)  =  grass ;  a 
connect.,  and  suff.  -ites.] 

Palceobot. :  A  genus  of  fossil  plants.  Two 
species  in  the  Carboniferous,  and  one  in  the 
Eocene.  (Etheridgc.)  They  may  ultimately 
be  proved  not  to  be  closely  akin  either  to 
Poa  or  to  each  other. 

poak,  poake,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  Wnsta 
matter  from  the  preparation  of  skins,  consist, 
ing  of  hair,  lime,  oil,  &c. 

pd-a-phiT-i-dw,  *.  pi.     [Gr.  »roa  (poo)  = 

grass,  and  4>t'Aoc  (philos)  =.  loving.] 

Entom. :  A  family  of  Noctuina.  Small 
moths,  with  their  antennae  short  and  slender; 
their  wings  short  and  rather  slender,  the 
anterior  pair  with  indistinct  lines,  but  no- 
spots  ;  larvae  slender,  with  twelve  legs,  loop- 
ing. 

po'-can,  *.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  (See  the  com* 
pound.) 

pocan  bush,  5. 

Bot. :  Phytulacca  decandra. 

poch  ard,  poach  ard,  s.  [Eng.  »jxx*«, 
puach  (3) ;  -ard  (q.v.).] 

1.  Ornith.  :  Fuligida  or  Anas  ferina.  It  is 
ashy,  narrowly  striated  witli  black,  the  head 
and  top  of  the  neck  red,  the  lower  part  of 
the  neck  and  the  back  brown,  the  bill  of  a 
lead  colour.  It  is  found  in  the  north  of 
Europe  (including  Britain)  and  America, 
building  among  reeds.  Its  cry  has  been  com- 
pared to  a  serpent's  hiss.  Its  flight  is  more 
rapid  than  that  of  the  wild  duck,  and  a  Hock 
of  them  in  the  air  takes  the  form  of  a  platoon 
rather  than  of  a  triangle. 

t  2.  The  sub-family  Fuligulinae. 

pO9-fl-lop'-6r-at  ».  [Lat.  pocilhim  =  a 
little  cup,  dimin.  from  poculam  =  a  cup,  and 
porus  —  a  passage.] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  corals,  group  Aporosa. 
Cells  small,  shallow,  sub-polygonal,  echinu- 
lated  on  the  edges,  and  sometimes  lainel- 
liferous  within.  Pocillopora  alcicornis  has 
half  a  grain  of  silver  and  three  of  copper 
to  each  cubic  foot  of  the  coraL  (Seeley.) 

pock  (1),  *  pokke,  s.  [A.S.  poc  =  a  pustule ; 
cogn.  with  L>ut.  pock  ;  Ger.  pocke  ;  cf.  Irish 
pucoid  =a  pustule  ;  Gael,  pucaid  =  a  pimple. 
Perhaps  related  to  poke  (1),  s.,  with  the  idea 
of  l«g  or  pouch.]  [SMALL-POX.]  A  pustule 
raised  on  the  surface  of  the  body  in  an  erup- 
tive disease,  as  in  small-pox. 

"  He  was  vysyted  with  the  sykenesse  of  po^kyt." — 
Faby,,n  :  Chronicle,  vol.  ii.  (an.  46i). 

pock-arr,  *.    A  pock-mark. 

pock  arred,  a.  Pitted  with  small-pox ; 
pock-pitted. 

pock  -  broken,  *  pock  -  brokyn,  a. 

Broken  out  or  marked  with  small-pox. 

pock-fretten,  a.    Pitted  with  small-pox. 
"  He  was  a  thin.  Ullish  man.  a,  little  poc*-/r<-«*7i."— 
Kichardxon  :  Clariua,  vi.  13;. 

pock-hole,  s.    A  pit  or  hole  made  by  the 

small-pox. 

"  Are  these  but  warts  anrl  pork-hate*  in  the  fac* 
O  th  earth  1 "  /*,/me :  A  not.  of  the  World. 

pock-pitted,  pock  pitten,  a.  Pitted 
or  marked  with  the  small-pox. 

pock  (2),  s.     [POKE,  ».] 

1.  A  bag,  a  pouch  ;  a  short  sack. 

"  I l.i"  ye  brought  the  lantern  and  a  pock  (or  the  itL 
ler!"— Scntt :  Antiquary,  ch.  xxv. 

2.  A  bag  growing  under  the  ja*s  of  a  sheep, 
indicative  of  its  being  rotten.    (Scotch.) 

3.  The  disease  in  which  such  a  bag  grows. 
(Scotch.) 


boil,  boi> ;  pout,  jo&l ;  cat,  90!!.  chorus,  9hin.  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this  :  sin,  as  ;  expect,  Xcnophon,  exist,    ph  =  C 
-oian,  -tlan  =  shan.   -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -f  ion,  -sion  =  zhun.   -cious,  -tious,  -sious  —  shus.    -blc,  -die,  &c.  —  bel,  del. 


pock— podargus 


pock-pudding.  *. 

L  Lit.  :  A  pudding,  generally  of  oatmeal, 
eooked  in  a  cloth  or  bag. 

•  2.  Fig.  :  A  glutton.  (A  term  formerly  ap- 
plied in  contempt  to  Englishmen.)  (Scotch.) 

pick,  ».».    [PocK  (•-'),  «.)    To  be  seized  with 
^herot,  said  of  sheep.    (Scotch.) 

pock  et,  *  pok  et.  t.    (A  dimin.  of  O.  Nor. 
^'r.  poq*e  ;  Fr.  pockt  =  a  bag,  a  pouch,  from 
O.  DuU  pott  =  a  bag.)    [POKE  (IX  «•) 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 
1.  LU.  :  A  tinall  bag  inserted  In  the  cloth- 
ing tocontainarticlescmrriedaboutthe  person. 


1  Fig.  :  Money,  means  ;  pecuniary  resources. 

-  It  U  «ntirrljr  »  question  of  portion.  pocket.  and 
IKliiuU<m.'_ri<  VMm.  8*|x  X.  UM. 
U  Technically: 

1.  Billiard*:  A  small  netted  bag  at  the  corner 
or  rnidlength  of  one  of  the  sides  of  a  billiard 
tal'lr  to  receive  the  balls. 

1  Cram.  :  A  measure  for  hops,  ginger, 
cowrie*,  &c.  A  pocket  of  hops  is  half  a  sack, 
generally  about  16S  Ibs. 


&  Mining  t  GtoL  : 

(1)  A  cavity  or  hollow,  in  a  rock,  In  which 
grains  or  nuggets  of  gold,  or  other  metal  or 
Bineral,  have  been  intercepted  and  retained. 

-  H«  would  nan  Ilk*  a  steamboat  till  we'd  (truck  the 
p**tt.~—  Mart  Twain  :  Otoiee  Workt.  HO. 

(2)  A  receptacle  from  which  coal,  ore,  or 
wut*.  is  loaded  into  wagons.     (American.) 

-  TW  thunder  ol  UM  on.  a*  It  nu>*  from  tb«  pocket* 
tab.  It*  bold,  of  Uttnsaels  \Mlam.--B  arptr',  JtontUf. 
Majr.  1MX  p.  SM. 

4.  Vtg.  Pathol.  :  A  malformation  produced 
In  a  plum  by  the  plum  disease  (q.v.).  Called 
also  a  pod. 

T  0)  To  bt  in  (or  out  of)  pocket  :  To  be  a 
gainer  (or  loner)  ;  to  gain  (or  lose). 

(2)  To  kart  in  one't  pocket:  To  have  com- 
plete control  of. 

pocket  book,  «.  A  leather  or  other  re- 
eepiAcli-,  di\id<-d  into  compartments,  and  of 
shape  and  size  suitable  for  carrying  papers, 
Ac.,  in  the  pocket  ;  a  note  book. 

pocket  -  borough.  *.  A  borough,  the 
power  of  electing  a  parliamentary  representa- 
tive of  which  is  in  the  hands  of  one  person, 
or  of  a  few  persons  at  most. 

-  I  an  t  help  wUMwr  *>tnr»..,dy  had  a  pocket  ior»ll/> 
•PglTf  you."—  0.  ttiot:  MUdlrmarrk.  rh.  xlvL 

-  pocket-clock,  «.    A  watch.    (Donne  : 
Forms,  p.  247.) 

-  pocket  cloth,  *.      A  pocket-handker- 
chief 

"Ouinot  I  wipe  mine  tjm  with  UM  lair  pocket- 
'  ITortt.  L  S. 


pocket-  flap.  ».  The  piece  of  cloth  which 
Coven  the  |«>cket-hole,  as  in  a  coat. 

pocket  glass,  a.  A  portable  looking- 
K; 

pocket-gopher,  «. 
Zool.  :  A  pouched  rat  (q.v.).    [OoPBEK.] 

pocket  hammer.  .'.  A  small  hammer 
adapted  f..r  earning  in  the  pocket,  used  by 
(WNOgisU. 

pocket  handkerchief  .«.  A  liandker- 
ehrcf  carried  in  tlie  pocket  for  use. 

*  pocket  Judgment,  «. 

lav  :  A  statute  merchant  which  was  en- 
f  '•  at  any  time  after  n"ii-p;.yiiieiit  on  the 

day  assigned.  without  further  proceedings. 

pocket  knife,  *.  A  knife  with  one  or 
more  blade*,  which  uliut  up  within  the 
handle,  fnr  carrying  in  the  pocket. 

*  pocket  lid,  i.    A  pocket-flap  (q.v.). 

pocket  mine,  *.    The  same  as  POCKET,  i. 

II    ••  0). 

pocket  miner,*.  One  engaged  in  pocket- 

iniiiii.--. 

"  Dt,  k  R»k«T.  for»et-mlmfr.  of  Dead  BOOM  Ouleh.1 
—Matt  Twain  Rnuitii*)  It. 


pocket-mining,  *.    Seeking  for  gold  in 
pockets. 

"  As  fnr  r-v»<*  mi«(»7  be  was  Just  bora  for  It'— 
Jtart  nraiK  :  Ckoso  IT»r*«.  p.  MO. 

pocket-money,  «.  Money  for  occasional 
expenses  or  amusements. 


pocket-picking,  «.  The  art  or  practice 
of  picking  pockets. 

•  pocket-piece,  «.     A  piece  of  money 
kept  in  the  pocket  and  not  spent. 

pocket  pistol.  «. 

L  Lit.  :  A  pistol  to  be  carried  in  the  pocket. 
2.  Fig. :  A  small  flask  for  liquor  carried  in 
the  pocket. 

"  He  iwUn»d  bli  pocket-piitol."— Ifaylor :  Reynard 
<JU  Fax,  p.  41 

pocket-sheriff  >.  A  sheriff  appointed 
by  the  sole  authority  of  the  sovereign,  and 
not  one  of  the  three  nominated  in  the 
Exchequer.  (Engluh.) 

pocket-veto,  ».  The  neglect  on  the 
part  of  a  chief  executive  to  return  a  measure 
with  his  signature  or  his  veto  within  the  num- 
ber days  specified  by  law. 

pock  et,  v.t.    [POCKET,  ».] 
L  Ordinary  Language: 
L  To  put  or  place  in  the  pocket. 

"  To  pocket  up  the  game.*  Prior  :  Alma,  U. 

2.  To  take  clandestinely  or  fraudulently ; 
to  embezzle. 

"  she  appeal*  to  have  been  pocketing  money  from 
beTem|.l'>yer.~-/>a0y  Telvjrapk.  Nov.  ».  1884. 

IL  Billiards :  To  strike  or  play  a  ball  so 
that  it  falls  into  a  jiocket. 

U  To  pocket  an  afnmt,  insult,  wrong,  Ac. : 
To  receive  or  submit  to  without  resenting. 

pock  et  ful,  t.  [Eng.  pocket;  -.MOO  ,As 
much  as  a  pocket  will  hold  ;  enough  to  nil  a 
pocket. 

"  I  remember  a  pocMfuf  of  nuU  thu«  gathered  from 
•  tingle  tree.'— ffarper'i  Monthly.  May.  18W,  p.  870. 

pock  I  ness,  ».  [Eng.  pocky;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  pocky. 

pock  man  ky.  pock-man-tft  pock- 
man-teau,  «.  (See  def.]  A  corrupt  of 
portmanteau.  (Scotch.) 

'•  If«  been  the  gipsies  that  took  your  p"ciman*jr 
when  they  fund  the  cbai»e."— Scoff .-  O'uy  ilannering, 
eh.  xlr. 

pock  mark,  ».  [Eng.  pock  and  mart.]  A 
permanent  mark  or  pit  left  by  the  smallpox. 

pock' -wood,  a.  [Eng.  jwcfc,  and  wood.]  (See 
the  compound.) 

pock  wood -tree,  t . 

Hot. :  Guaiacum  officinah. 

pock'-j^,  *pock  le,  a.  [Eng.  pock  (!),«•  ;-!/•] 
1.  Having  pocks  or  pock-marks ;  infected 
with  an  eruptive  disease,  and  especially  with 
the  venereal  disease. 

"  Ridding  pocty  wretches  from  their  i»ine," 
11,,  Ball :  Satirei,  iv.  L 

•  2.  Vile,  rascally ;  contemptible,  low. 

pd'-CO,  adv.     [Ital. ;  Lat.  paucui  =  few.] 

Music :  A  direction  in  music ;  a  little,  as 
poco  a  poto,  little  by  little  ;  pow  animate, 
rather  animated ;  poco  lento,  rather  slow ; 
mo.ro  poco  meno,  rather  less  quick ;  poco 
piano,  rather  soft ;  jioco  piu  allegro,  rather 
faster  ;  poco  presto,  somewhat  rapid. 

•  po-co-cu  r&n'-te,  «.  [Ital.]  A  careless 
man,  a  tritlcr. 


*  po-co-cu -rant'- Ism,  «.    [Eng.  pococu- 
rant(f)  ;    -ism.]      Carelessness,    indifference, 
apathy.) 

"Tlijr    yawning   lm|«nlvilir«,    pocncurantirmt~ — 
Carl  fit:  Pott  t  Pretent,  bk.  U.,  ch.  xrli. 

•  poc  u  lar-9,  *.    [Lat.  poculum.]    A  cup. 


•  pdc'-U-lent,  a.  [Lnt.  pnmlentui,  from  pocu- 
7«m  =  a  cup.)  Fit  for  drink. 

p6o' n-li  form,    a.      [Lat    poculum  =  cup, 

an'1/Jmui  =  form.) 

•  1.  Orrf.  Lnng. :  Cup-shaped. 

t  2.  Bof. :  Cup-shaped,  with  a  hemispherical 
base  and  an  upright  limb.  Nearly  the  same 
as  campanulate  (q.v.). 

P*d-,  prtf.    [PoWK] 

pod,  *.  [The  same  word  as  pad  (2).  s.  (q.v.). 
IT.  Dan.  putle  =  a  rushion,  a  pillow;  8w. 
dial,  pude,  puda,  puta;  Gaul,  put  =  a  large 
buoy.] 


L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  A  bag,  a  pouch. 

2.  A  box  or  old  leather  bottle  nailed  to  the 
side  of  a  cart  to  hold  necessary  implements. 

"Cart-ladder,  and  wimble,  with  percer  and  pod." 
Tuuer:  Huiltandrie,  xvii.  «. 

*  3.  A  young  jack. 

"  The  pike,  a>  he  agetb,  receiueth  diuerae  names  :  a* 
from  a  pie  to  a  gilthead,  fr.iiii  H  gilthead  ton  pod.  from 
a  pod  to  a  jack,  from  a  Jack  to  a  pickerel  1,  from  » 
pickerell  to  a  pike,  and  last  of  all  to  a  luce."—  Bar- 
riton  :  Detcrip.  Bug.,  bk.  lii.,  ch.  iii. 

4.  The  pericarp  or  seed-vessel  of  a  plant  ;  » 
husk  ;  a  covering  of  the  seed  of  plants. 

5.  The  straight  channel  or  groove  in  the 
body  of  certain  forms  of  augers  and  boring- 
bits. 

*  6.  The  blade  of  a  cricket-bat. 

"  The  regulation  size  of  the  Ut  is  thirty-eight  inches 
in  length,  of  which  twenty-Due  inches  are  taken  up  by 
the  voa,  or,  according  to  the  more  modern  term,  th» 
blade."—  Routledge:  Handbook  of  Cricket,  p.  IL 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Dot.  :    The  seed-vessel  of  a  Crucifer,  •> 
silique  or  silicule.      Popularly   used   for    •> 
legume,  as  a  pea-pod. 

2.  Veg.  Pathol.  :  [POCKET,  ».,  II.  5]. 

pod-auger,  s.  An  auger  formed  with  s 
straight  channel  or  groove. 

pod-bit,  s.  A  boring-tool  adapted  to  bet 
used  in  a  brace.  It  has  a  semi-cylindrical 
form,  a  hollow  barrel,  and  at  its  end  is  a 
cutting-lip  which  projects  in  advance  of  the 
band. 

pod-fern,  s. 

Bot.  :  The  genus  Ellobocarpus.  Named 
from  the  pod-like  divisions  of  the  fronds  on 
which  the  son  are  placed. 

pod-lover,  s. 

Eiitum.  :  A  British  night-moth,  Dianthcecia 
capsophila. 

pod-pepper,  s. 

Bot.  &  Pharm.  :  [CAPSICUM,  ».,  IL 

pfid,  v.i.    [Poo,  «.] 

1.  To  swell  and  assume  the  appearance  of  a 
pod. 

2.  To  produce  pods. 

3.  To  gather  pods  or  pulse. 

pod   a  gra,  *  pod  a  ger,  *  pod  a  gre,  ». 

[Pref.  pod-,  and  Gr.  aypa  (agra)  =  a  seizure.) 
Gout  in  the  foot 

*p6d'-a-gral,   o.     [Eng.  podagr(a);   -al.) 
Podagric. 

*  p$-dag'-ric,  *  pS-dag'-rlc-al,  a.    [Lat 
podagricus,  from  Gr.  TroSs-ypifco?  (podagrikos), 
from  iroadypa.  (podagra)  =•  gout.] 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  gout  ;  gouty  ; 
caused  by  gout. 

"Could  I  ease  yon  of  podayrical  pain."—  ffotctll  .- 
Letter,,  bk.  iv.,  let  42. 

2.  Afflicted  with  or  suffering  from  the  gout. 

"  A  loadstone,  held  in  the  band  of  one  that  is  i»xtag. 
rtcal,  doth  either  cure  or  give  great  ease  in  the  guut. 
—Browne  :  Vulgar  Errourt. 

*  pod  a  grous,    o.     [Eng.,  &c.  podagr(a); 
-ous,]  "Podagric. 


--a,  s.  [Lat.  Podalirius,  Poda- 
lyrus  =  a  son  of  jEsculapius.] 

Bot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Podalyriese  (q.v.). 
It  consists  of  Cape  shrubs. 


e'-w,  *.  pi     [Mod  Lat.  poda- 
lyri")  ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ex.] 

Bot.  :  A  tribe  of  Papilionacefe,  having  the 
filaments  free,  the  legume  continuous,  the 
leaves  simple  or  palmately  compound.  Sub- 
tribes  Eupodalyrieae,  Pulteueae,  and  Mirbeliese. 

t  pS-dar'-gi-da,  s.  pi.     [Mod.  Lat  podar- 
g(us);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Ornith.  :  Frog-mouths  ;  a  family  of  Picarian 
Birds,  closely  allied  to  the  Caprimulj-'i'lse  (in 
which  they  are  now  generally  merged),  but 
having  for  the  most  part  thicker  bills,  and 
seeking  their  food  on  the  ground  instead  of 
taking  it  on  the  wing.  They  abound  in  the 
Australian  region,  cne  genus  extending  over 
a  large  part  of  the  Oriental  region.  Genera  : 
Podargus,  Batrachostomus,  and  .-Kgotheles. 

pd  dar   gUS,  s.     [Gr.  noKafytx;  (podargos)  = 
swift-footed  :  pref.  pod-,  and  ipy°*  (argvs)  s= 
swift.] 
Ornith.  :  A  genus  of  Capri  mulgidse,  or  the» 


fete,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father :  we,  wet,  hero,  camel,  her,  there :  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian.    «,  ce  -  e :  ey  -  a  ;  qu  =  lew.  . 


podaxinei— podura 


3663 


typical  genus  of  the  Podargidse  (q.v.),  with 
ten  species,  from  Australia,  Tasmania,  and  the 
Papuan  Islands.  Podargus  striyoides,  is  the 
Tawny-shouldered  Podargus,  called  by  the 
colonists  "  More-pork,"  from  its  peculiar  cry. 

pSd-ax-In'-iS-I,  s.  pL  [Mod.  Lat.  podax(on); 
masc.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -inei.] 

Sot.  :  A  sub  -order  of  Gasteromycetous 
Fungi.  There  is  a  solid  column  in  the  centre 
of  the  sporangium. 

pod  ax  on,   s.     [Pref.  pod-,   and  Gr.  afov 
(axon)  =  an  axle.] 
Bot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Podaxinei  (q.v.). 

p5d-ax-6'-nI-a,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.]  [PODAXON.] 

Zool.  :  A  phylum  of  Invertebrata,  including 

the  Sipunculoidea,  Brachiopoda,  and  Polyzoa. 

pod  -ded,  a.    [Eng.  pod  ;  -ed.]    Having  pods. 

*  pdd'-der,  s.    [Eng.  pod  ;  -er.} 

1.  One  who  collects  pods  or  pulse. 

2.  A  kind  of  weed  winding  about  hemp,  Ac. 
(Hollyband.) 

*  pode,  «.    [Etym.  doubtful.]    A  tadpole. 

po-des'-ta,  ».  [Ital.  =  a  governor,  from  Lat. 
potestas  ="power.  ] 

*  1.  The  title  of  certain  officials  sent  by 
Frederick  I.  in  the  twelfth  century  to  govern 
the  principal  cities  of  Lombardy. 

*  2.  A  chief  magistrate  of  the  Italian  re- 
publics of  the  middle  ages,  generally  elected 
annually,  and  entrusted  with  all  but  absolute 
power. 

3.  An  inferior   municipal  judge   in    some 
cities  of  Italy. 

*  pd-des'-tate,  s.  [Ital.]  [?ODESTA.]  A  chief. 

"  The  greatest  podatatei  and  uravest  Judges."— 
Puttenham  :  Eng.  Poetic,  bk.  ill.,  ch.  xxv. 

po-de'-tl-um  (t  as  sh),  s.     [Dimin.  (?)  from 

Gr.  iroii?  (pans),  genit.  iroSd*  (podos)  =  a,  foot.] 

Hot.  :    The    stalk-like    elongations   of   the 

thallus  which  support  the  fructification  iu 

Cenomyce,  a  genus  of  Lichens. 

podje,  *.  [Cf.  Ger.  potsche.]  A  puddle,  a 
plash. 

pSdj'-y,  a.    [Eng.  pod,  s.  ;  -y.]     Short  and 

stout  ;  dumpy,  fat. 

"  A  good  little  spaniel  If  she  was  not  shown  so  fat 
and  podgy."—  Field,  Oct.  17,  1886. 

pod'-i-ca,  s.  [Lat.,  fern.  sing,  of  podicus  = 
pertaining  to  a  foot.] 

Ornith.  :  A  genus  of  Heliornithinaj,  with 
four  species,  from  the  Ethiopian  region,  ex- 
cluding Madagascar.  The  feet  are  lobed,  as  in 
the  Coots,  but  the  bill  is  long  and  compressed. 

p5d'-l-9eps,  s.  [Agassiz  considers  this  a 
hybrid  word.  It  is  really  co:itr.  from  podi- 
cipes  :  Lat.  podex,  genit.  podlcls  =  the  anus, 
and  pes  =  a  foot.  (Glogcr,  inJourn.fiirOrnitii., 
1854,  p.  430.  Note.).] 

1.  Ornith.  :  Grebe  (q.v.)  ;  the  type-genus  of 
the  family  Podicipedidce,  formeVly   made   a 
genus  of  Colyinbiclse.    The  species  are  numer- 
ous and  cosmopolitan. 

2.  Palceont.  :  Occurs  in  the  Pleistocene. 


I-9iT-lum,  s.    [Mod.  Lat.,  dimin.  from 
Lat.  p  .dium  =  a  height  (?).] 
Bet.  :  A  very  short  podetium. 

pod  I  91  ped  -i-dse,  s.  pi  [Mod.  Lat.  podi- 
oeps,  genit.  podiciped(is)  ;  Lat.  fern.  pL  adj. 
sulT.  -idee.] 

Ornith.  :  Grebes  ;  a  family  of  Illiger's  Pygo- 
podes  (q.v.),  with  two  genera  :  Podieeps 
(Lath.)  and  Centropelma  (Sclater  &  Salvin). 
Some  authorities  add  a  third,  Podilymbus, 
with  two  species,  from  North  and  South 
America  ;  but  they  are  more  generally  in- 
cluded in  Podieeps.  The  family  may  be  easily 
distinguished  from  all  other  water-birds  by 
their  very  short  boily,  flattened  tarsi,  and 
toes'  furnished  with  broad  lobes  of  skin. 

f  pod-J-lym'-bus,  s.  [M*od.  Lat.  podi(ceps), 
and  (co)lymbus.]  [P 


pod  I  so  -ma.  s.    [Pref.  pod-  ;  i  connect.,  and 
Gr.  oufxa  (soma)  =  the  body.] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Puccinei,  parasitic  upon 
species  of  Juniper,  which  they  kill.  Galls 
formed  by  Podisoma  macropns  on  Junipem 
Virginia  na  are  called  in  America  Cedar-apples. 


po'-dl-um,  s.    [Lat.] 

Arch. :  A  low  wall,  generally  with  a  plinth 
and  cornice,  plaeed  in  front  of  a  building.  A 

projecting  basement  . 

round  the  interior  of  | 
a  building,  as  a  shelf 
or  seat,  and  round 
the  exterior  for  orna- 
mental adjuncts,  as 
statues,  vases,  &c. 
Sometimes  it  was 
surmounted  by  rails, 
and  used  as  the  base- 
ment forthecolumns 
of  a  portico. 

pSd'-ley,  s.  [Etym. 
doubtful.  ]  A  young 
coal-fish.  (Scotch.) 

pSd-O-,  pref.  [Gr.  ROHAN  TEMPLE,  MIMES. 
iroi*  (pous),  genit  A.  Podium. 

irdSos     (podos)  =   a 

foot.]    Belonging  to,  connected  with,  or  situ- 
ated on  or  near  the  foot. 

pod'-6-carp,  s.    [PODOCARPCS.] 

pod- 6 -car' -pus,  «.  [Pref.  podo-,  and  Gr. 
Kopffos  (karpos)  —  a  fruit.) 

1.  Bot. :  Podocarp ;  a  genus  of  Taxaceae,  gen- 
erally with  succulent  leaves  and  fruit,  the 
latter     borne     upon    a    stalk.      Podocarpua 
Totarra,  a  New  Zealand,  and  P.  cupressina,  a 
Javanese  tre«,  yield  excellent  timber,  that  of 
P.  bracteata  and  P.  latijolia,  of  Burmah,  &c., 
is  less  valuable. 

2.  Palozobot. :  Occurs  in  the  Eocene. 

t  pdd-o-9eph'-a-lous,  a.  [Pref.  podo-,  and 
Gr.  K((f>a.Ari  (kephalc)  =  the  head.] 

Bot. :  Having  a  head  of  flowers  on  a  long 
peduncle. 

p8-d6'-9is,  *.  [Gr.  JTOOUJIOJS  (podokes)  =  swift 
of  foot :  pref.  podo-,  and  Gr.  WKVS  (okus)  =t 
swift.] 

Ornith. :  Desert-Chough  ;  a  genus  of  Fre- 
gilinse,  from  the  sandy  wastes  between  Bokhara 
and  Eastern  Tibet.  The  sole  species,  called 
by  Fischer,  who  founded  the  genus,  Podoces 
panderi  (named  in  honour  of  its  discoverer), 
is  glaucous-green  above ;  the  eyebrows  are 
white,  bill  and  claws  blackish,  feet  greenish. 

pod  6c-ne'-mus,  *.     [Pref.  podo-,  and  Gr. 

Ki-Tj/xis  (knemis)  =  a  greave.] 

Zool. :  Large-greaved  Tortoise,  a  genus  of 
Emydes,  sub-family  Chelodina,  or  of  the 
family  Chelydidse.  There  are  six  species, 
ranging  from  the  Orinoco  to  the  La  Plata. 

pod-o-coc'-ous,  J.  [Pref.  podo-,  and  Gr. 
KOKKOS  (kokkos)  =  a  kernel.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Palms,  tribe  Areceae.  The 
fruits  of  Podococcus  Barteri,  a  native  of  Western 
Africa,  are  eaten. 

p6d-4-9yr'-tIs,   «.      [Pref.   podo-,   and   Gr. 

KV'PTIJ  (kurte)  =  a  fish-basket.] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Polycistina  (q.v.>  Skele- 
ton fenestrated  and  casque-like,  tapering  to  a 
point  at  one  end.  open,  with  three  marginal 
prickles  at  the  other. 

pod-p-g^n'-i-ilin,  $.     [Pref.  podo-,  and  Gr. 
yunj  (gune)  =  a  woman.] 
Bot.  :  A  gynophore  (q.v.). 

pO-dol'-i-&Jff  s.    [Pref.  podo-,  and  Gr.  Arfyos 

(logos)  =  a  word,  a  discourse.]    A  treatise  on 
or  description  of  the  foot. 

pod  oph-thal'-ma-ta,  t.   pi     [PODOPH- 

THALMIA.] 

pod-oph-tha!  mi  a,  pod   oph   thai 
ma  ta,  s.  pi.     [Pref.  pod-,  and  Gr.  i«j>6a*n6s 
(ophthdlmos)  —  an  eye.] 

1.  Zool. :  Stalk-eyed   Crustacean,  a  Jggion 
of  Malacostraca  (  =  Thoracipoda  of  Wood- 
ward).    The  eyes  are  on  movable  foot-stalks ; 
branchiee   almost    always    present ;    thorax 
covered  more  or  less  completely  by  thoracic 
shield.    There  are  two  orders,  Decapoda  and 
Stomapoda  (q.v.). 

2.  Pateont :  From  the  Carboniferous  on- 
ward. 

p6d-5ph-thal'-m!-an,  s.  [Mod.  Lat  pod- 
ophthalmia);  Eng.  sutf.  -an.]  Any  indi- 
vidual of  the  Podophthalmia  (q.v.).  (Huxley : 
Anat.  Invert.  Anin.,  p.  2G3.) 


pod-oph-thal'-mic,  a.  [PODOPHTHALMATA.] 
Pertaining  to  or  resembling  crustaceans  of 
the  division  Podophtlialmata. 

•pdd-i-phyl-la-ce-je,  *  p«d-6-phyr- 
le-se,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  podophylHum)  ;  Lat 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -acut,  -eae.] 

Bot.  :  An  old  order,  or  an  old  tribe,  of  plants, 
type  Podophyllum  (q.v.). 

*  pod  6-phyT-le-ae,  «.  pi.     [PODOPHYL- 

LACE*.] 

pod  oph  -yl  lin,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.  podppfttf. 
Hum);  -in.]  [PODOPHVLLUM,  2.] 

pod-o-phyl-lous,  a.    [PODOPHYLLUM.] 

Entom.  :  Having  the  feet  so  compressed  w 
to  resemble  leaves. 


PODOPBVLLUM. 


s.    [Pref.  podo-,  and  Or. 
<j>v\\ov  (phullon)  =  a  leaf.] 

1.  Bot.  :   A  crenus  of  Ranunculaceae,  now 
placed    under 

the  tribe  Ac- 

taeeae.      Podo- 

phyllum pelta- 

tum    is    the 

May-apple 

(q.v.),    called 

also  the  Wild 

Lemon.     The 

fruit    is    eat- 

able, but  the 

leaves  are  poi- 

sonous  and 

the      whole 

plant     narco- 

tic.    The  red 

fruits    of    P. 

emodi,  a  Himalayan  herb,  are  eaten  by  the  na- 

tives, but  Europeans  regard  them  as  insipid. 

2.  Pharm.  :    Podophyllin.      An  amorphous 
brownish-yellow  resin  tinged  with  gree»,  ex- 
tracted from  the  root  of  Podophylhim  peltatum 
by  alcohol.    It  has  an  acrid  bitter  taste,  is 
slightly  soluble  in  water  and  ether,  but  very 
soluble  in  alcohol  ;  a  safe  and  certain  purga- 
tive, superior  in  activity  to  the  resin  of  jalap. 

*  pSd-6-Bcaph,  *.     [Pref.    podo-,   and   Gr. 
0-icd<£>oc  (skaphos)  =  &  boat.]   A  kind  of  appara- 
tus like  a  small  boat,  attached  one  to  each 
foot,  and  used  to  support  the  body  erect  in 
the  water. 

*  p5d'-6  scaph-er,  *.    [Eng.podoscaph;  -er.] 
One  who  uses  podoscaphs. 

pod  6  so  ma  ta,  «.  pi.    [Pref.  podo-,  and  Gr 
<rSifia.ro.  (soniata),  pi.  of  <rwMa  (soma)  =  a  body.] 
Zool.  :  An  order  of  Arachnida,  called   by 
Huxley  Pycnogonida  (q.v.). 

pod  6  sperm,  *  pod  6  spcr   ml  iim,  *. 

[Pref.  podo-,  and  Gr.  <rirc'p/xa  (sperma)=  a  seed.] 
Bot.  :  An  umbilical  cord. 

pod-o-st5-ma'-9S-»,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  podo- 
stem(um);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sutr.  -aceat.] 

Bot.  :  Podostemads  ;  an  order  of  Hypo- 
gynous  Exogens,  alliance  Rutales.  Branched 
and  floating  herbs,  resembling  Liverworts  or 
Scale-mosses,  and  destitute  of  stomates  and 
spiral  vessels.  Leaves  capillary,  linear,  and 
decurrent  on  the  stem.  Flowers  inconspicu- 
ous, naked,  or  with  an  imperfect  oalyx,  or 
with  three  sepals  bursting  through  a  lacerated 
spathe.  Stamens  one  to  many,  distinct  or 
monadelphous  ;  ovary  two-  or  three-celled  ; 
fruit  capsular;  seeds  numerous,  minute. 
Chiefly  South  American.  Tri>>es  three,  Hydro- 
stachyese,  Lacideee,  and  Tristichese.  Genera 
twenty,  species  100.  (Lindley.) 

pod    6s  -te-  mad,  s.     [Mod.  Lat  podoste- 
m(um);  Eng.  suff.  -ad.] 
Bo*.  (PI.):  Lindley's  name  for  Podostemacee 

(q.v.). 

pod  os'-to-ma,  *.      [Pref.  podo-,  and   Or. 

ord/xa  (stoma)  —  a  month.] 

Zool.  :  A  penus  of  Naked  Lobose  Rhizopods, 
with  relatively  large  pseudupods  for  loco- 
motion, and  others  for  feeding. 

pSd-ur'-a,  ».    [Pref.  pod-,  and  Gr.  oipd  (oura) 

=  a  tail.]" 

Zool.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Lubbock'i 
family  Poduridse  (q.v.X  Body  cylindrical, 
segments  sub-equal  ;  eyes  eight  on  each  side; 
antenme  short,  eight  jointed  ;  feet  with  only 
one  claw  ;  caudal  appendage  short 


boiL  boy ;  pout,  jowl ;  oat,  90!!,  chorus,  chin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.    -Ing, 
•«lan,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -si on  -  shun ;  -(ion,  -sion  =  than,    -cio'is,  - tious,  -sious  -  shus.    -ble.  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


poduridse— pogostemon 


po-diir  I  dae.  «.  pL    [Mod.  L»t  podur(a); 

L»t.  leiu.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ui«.) 

Zooioyy: 

•  1.  An  approximate  synonym  of  the  modern 
CollemboU  (q.v.). 

2.  A  family  of  the  modern  Colleinbola, 
with  three  genera,  Achorutes,  Podura,  and 
Xenylla.  Body  cylindrical  ;  the  BMMMIfM 
of  the  fourth  abdominal  segment  developed 
Into  a  saltatory  apj.arat.us.  (Lubbock.) 

DO  e(lX«-  IXativename.]  An  article  of  food 
prepared  from  the  rooU  of  the  taro  plant,  Cola- 
dinm  etculentutu,  by  tlie  natives  of  the  Sand- 
wich Islands.  The  root  is  mixed  with  w.itvr. 
and  pounded  with  a  pestle  to  the  consistency 
«.f  .l..ni:h  :  it  U  then  tenanted,  and  iu  three 
or  four  days  is  fit  for  use. 

po  e  02),  ».    (Native  name.]    (Sec  compound.) 

poo  bird, 

Orn'-Hi.  :  Prottkemadera  nova  -xtlandia  (or 
circiMnofcO,  called  also  Tui.  It  is  about  the 
size  of  a  Urge  blackbird,  with  dark  metallic 
plumage  becoming  black  in  certain  lights,  and 
with  a  bronze  reflection  in  others.  There  is  a 
patch  of  pure  white  on  the  shoulders,  and  from 
each  side  of  the  n.-ck  depends  a  tuft  of  snowy, 
curly,  downy  feathers,  bearing  a  distant  re- 
semblance to  «  clergyman's  lands.  These 
fi-athers  influenced  Gray  in  his  choice  of  a 
generic  name,  and  gave  rise  to  the  popular 
epithet,  Parson-bird,  of  the  early  colonists. 
It  is  easily  domesticated,  and  has  great  powers 
of  mimicry.  "  It  will  learn  to  articulate  sen- 
tences of  several  words  with  clearness,  and  to 
Imitate  ths  barking  of  a  doe  to  perfection." 
(Uulltr  :  Bird*  of  New  Zealand.) 

po  e  bro  ther  I  tim,  ».  [Or.  w6r,  (pol); 
root  ft»»-  (<een  in  flopd  (bora)  =  £atage,  meat, 
and  Lat.  two  =  to  devour),  and  0i)aior  (tki- 
rion)  =  a  wild  beast] 

Palftont.  :  A  genus  of  Caroelidae,  from  the 
Miocene  of  North  America. 

pee  cfl  I  a,».  [Or.  rotxiAot  (poUcilos)  =  many- 
coloureil.] 

Ichlhy.  :  A  genus  of  Cyprinodontid«,  from 
tropical  America.  Dr.  Giinther  puts  the 
number  of  species  at  sixteen. 

PCB    9!  lit     1C,  <I.      [POIKILITIC.) 

•  pCB-ci-l6p'-6  da,«.  pi  [Or.  mufl\os(poiki- 
lot)  =  varied,  and  wovt  (pout),  genit  rooof 
(pixlot)  =3  a  foot.] 

ZooL  :  Cuvier's  name  for  the  Merostomata 
(qv.). 

po  cm,  *  poeme,  ».  [Fr.  poenu,  from  Lat 
forma;  Gr.  H-OUJMO  (poiema)  =  *  work  ...  a 
poem  ;  VOM'M  (poieff)  —  to  make,  to  compose  ; 
1U1.  *  Sp.  poeina.]  [POKT.] 

1.  A  metrical  composition  ;  a  composition 
In  verse,  whether  blank  or  rhyming. 
"  fotmi,  like  plctum.  an  of  different  sorts." 

:  Borne*;  Art  of  Poetry. 


2.  A  term  applied  to  a  composition  not  in 
verse,  but  In  which  the  language  is  impas- 
sioned and  fall  of  imagination:  as,  a  prose 


•po-i-m&f-le.a.  [Or.  wotrtv.*TiK&s  (poiematl- 
Tto*X]  Pertaining  or  relating  to  poems  or 
poetry;  poetical.  (Coleridge.) 

•p«  ndT-o'-gy,  «.    [Pr-xoLooT.] 

po  cph  -a  ga,  ».  pi    [POEPHAOUS.] 

ZuoL  :  In  Owen's  classification  a  group  of 
Marsupialia,  einbr  u-in-^  the  MacroixMidse  and 
Uypxiprymnus,  all  strictly  phytophagous. 

po  cph'-a-goUS,  o.     [Mod.  Lat  poephatfa)  ; 

idj.  sulf.  -"in.]    Eating  or  sutjsistin^  nn 

gnus  ;  belonging  or  pertaining  to  the  Poepbaga. 

po  cph  a  gas,  ».  IGr.  mriayot  (pofphagot). 
A  term  applied  by  .tiian  to  the  animal.] 

Zonl.  :  A  genus  of  Bovidw,  with  one  specie*, 
Pnrphnytu  (Hot)  grunnieiu,  the  Yak  (q.v.). 

po  cph  il  a,  i.  (Or.  w6<i  (pol)  =  grass,  and 
ttA«w  (pkilt'o)  =  to  love.] 

Ornith.  :  A  genm  of  Ploceid*,  with  six 
species,  from  Australia. 

po  c  sy\    'po-e-sle,  ».     {Fr.  polrie,  from 

Lat.  pnesin,  accus.  of  poitit  —  poetry,  fr  m 
Or.  irotiprif  (poiesit)  =  *  making,  poetic  fac- 
ulty, a  poem  ;  «W«  (poito)  =  to  make,  to 
compose  ;  Ital.  &  Sp.  potria.]  [Port,  POST.] 


L  The  art  of  writing  poetry  ;  poetical  skill 
or  faculty. 

"  Pott*  U  hit  [th«  Po«f  •]  iklll  or  craft  of  making  i 
UM  v«ry  octiou  \1**lt.~-B»n  Jon  ton :  Uueaotnu. 

*  2.  Poetry,  poems ;  metrical  compositions. 
••  *•  moutdts  uid  th»t  picture  w»»  a  dumb  poeiit.  and 

fota*  •  ipexkiug  picture."— ffollamt:  Plutan*.  |>.  SuS. 

*  3.  A  i>osy  ;  a  short  «onceit  or  motto  en- 
graved on  a  ring,  4c. 

po  et,  *  po-ete,  *.  [Fr.  poeU,  from  Lst 
poeta;  Gr.  iroi?rni5  ( poiiUi)  =  a  maker  ...  a 
ixH-t;  »ot«'w  ( poieS)  —  to  make;  Sp.,  Port.,  & 
Ital.  poeta.  The  true  English  word  for  poet  is 
maker,  which  exactly  corresponds  with  the 

Gl.-,-k.]      [MAKER.] 

•LA  maker,  an  inventor.     [MAKER,  *.,  2.] 

2.  The  author  or  writer  of  a  poem  or  metri- 
cal composition. 

"  They  that  ranke  Tenc*.  «xprewjniM  therby  none 
other  leniymw.  but  the  craft«  oi  vewinenge,  be  nut  of 
•ancient  write™  n»iued  poefcu.  but  ouly  called  yeni- 
fan."— Sir  T.  t'tyot :  The  Uoerrnotr.  bk.  i..  cb.  zllL 

3.  One  who  is  skilled  in  poetry  :  one  who  is 
endowed  with  poetical  faculties  or  taleuts ; 
one  possessing  high  imaginative  powers. 

"If  Pop*  be  not*  port,  when  U  poetry  to  be  found?" 
—J'Juifjn  :  Lift  of  Pop*. 

poet-laureate,  . 

*  1.  Eng.  Univ. :  One  who  has  received  an 
honourable   degree   for   grammar,  including 
poetry  and  rhetoric  ;  so  called  from  his  being 
crowned  with  laurel. 

2.  An  officer  of  the  king's  household  whose 
duty  was  to  compose  an  ode  every  year  for 
the  sovereign's  birthday,  or  for  a  great  na- 
tional victory,  &c.  This  duty  is  not  now. 
required  of  the  holder  of  the  office,  which  is 
now  a  sinecure. 

U  Among  the  most  celebrated  of  the  poet- 
laureates  were  Edmund  Spenser  (1590-1599), 
Ben  Jonson  (1619-1(337),  John  Dryden  (1670- 
1700),  Robert  Southey  (1813-1843X  William 
Wordsworth  (1843-1851).  Alfred  Tennyson, 
the  present  poet-laureate  (1851),  was  created  a 
baron  in  1834. 

*  poet-musician,  ».    An  epithet  applied 
to  the  bard  and  lyrist,  as  combining  the  pro- 
fessions of  poetry  and  music. 

*  poet-sucker,  «.    An  immature  or  inex- 
perienced poet    (Lien  Jonson.) 

poet's  cassia,  s. 

Hot. :  The  genus  Osyris. 

t  pd-S-ta»/-ter,  «.  [O.  Fr.  poetastre,]  An 
inferior  poet ;  a  pitiful  rhymer. 

"  Ped.tnt  pattattert  of  this  age. 

Loose  humour*  vent" 
Bftiurnonl :  To  th*  Memory  of  Sir  John  Beaumont. 

•  p6'-e"-tas-try,  ».  [Eng.  poetaster;  -y.]  The 
works  or  writings  of  a  poetaster;  pitiful 
rhyming. 

po -ct-dss,  *.  [Eng.  poet;  -ess.]  A  female  poet. 

"  The  famous  ratten  Cortnna  five  times  had  the 
adrantaK*  of  Findarua."— Kortk:  Plutarch,  pt.  il.,  p.  2J. 

po  -  ct'-fc.  po-e't'-io-al.  a.  [Fr.  poetiqw  ;  Lat 
poetieuf ;  Gr.  iroiTj-ruco?  (poiitikos),  from  irotc'w 
(potto)  =  to  make  ;  Ital.  &  Sp.  poetico.] 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to,  or  suitable  for,  poe- 
try :  as,  poetic  genius. 

2.  Expressed  in  poetry ;  in  metrical  form  : 
as,  a  poetical  composition. 

3.  Possessing  or  characterized  by  the  quali- 
ties or  beauties  of  poetry  ;  containing  poetical 
ideas  or  imagery. 

poetic-license, «.  The  liberty  or  license 
allowed-  to  a  poet  in  matters  of  fact  or  lan- 
guage, for  the  purpose  of  producing  a  desired 
effect  or  result 

po-e't'-io-al,  a.    [POETIC.] 

poetical-Justice.  «.  The  distribution 
of  rewards  and  punishments  such  as  is  pic- 
tured in  poems  and  works  of  fiction,  out 
seldom  found  in  real  life. 

"  The  talk  was  about  portlral-Jutlci  and  the  unities 
of  place  aud  time,"— Macaulay  :  Hiii.  Eng.,  ch.  tii. 

pd-et'-lo-al-ljf.  adv.  [Eng.  poetical;  -ly.] 
In  a  poeti'-al  manner ;  by  the  means  or  aid  of 
poetry  ;  like  a  poet 

•  po-St'-Ics,   «.     [POETIC.)     The  doctrine  of 
pot-try  ;  that  branch  nf  criticism  which  deals 
with  the  nature  and  laws  of  poetry. 

•  pd-it-I-cnle,  ».      [Eng.    poetic ;    •vie.]     A 
poetaster.  '(Swinburne :  Undtr  the  Microtcopt, 
p.  36.) 


*  po'-et-ize,  f-i.     [Fr.  pottiser,  from  poete  =  a 

l>oet ;  Lat  poetor;  Gr.  7roi>)Ti'£<o  (;-oieiu6).]  To 
write  as  a  poet ;  U>  compose  verses. 
"  They  very  curiously  could  jiaint. 
And  neatly  portiie.' 

Drayton :  Jlutet  Elytium,  N  ymph.  t. 

*  pd'-St-ress,  *.  [Lat  poetrix.]  A  female  poet; 
a  poetess. 

•y,    •po-e-trie,    *po-e-trye,    a. 

[O.  Fr.  poeterie.}    [PoET.] 

1.  That  one  of  the  fine  arts  which  has  for  its 
object  the  creation  of  intellectual  pleasure  by 
the  use  of  imaginative  and  passionate  language, 
which  is  generally,  though  not  necessarily, 
formed  in  regular  measure ;  the  art  of  pro- 
ducing illusions  of  the  imagination  by  means 
of  language. 

"But  about  the  original!  of  poemes  and  poetrit, 
there  U  a  great  question  am'oug  autuort."— /'.  Rutland: 
PUnie,  bk.  vii  .  cb.  Ivi. 

2.  Poetical,    imaginative,    or     passionate 
language  or  compositions,  whether  exprnssed 
rhythmically  or  in  prose.    Thus,  many  parts 
of  the  prose  translation  of  the  Bible  are  genuine 
poetry.    In  its  widest  sense,  poetry  may  be  de- 
fined as  that  which  is  the  product  of  the 
imaginative    powers  and  fancy,    and    which 
appeals  to  these  powers  iu  others. 

3.  Metrical  compositions,  verse,  poems. 

"  Sbe  taketh  most  delight 
In  musick.  instruuienta,  and  poetry." 

Sluikcip.  :  Taming  of  the  Shrew.  L  t. 

^  The  ancient  Hindoo  Vedas  consists  in  large 
measures  of  rhythmical  hymns.  Hindoo  poetry 
reached  its  highest  development  in  the  epics  of 
the  Ramayan  and  the  Mahabharat.  Specimens 
of  that  of  the  Hebrews,  made  conspicuous  to 
the  English  reader  by  being  printed  in  separate 
lines  in  the  R.V.,  are  found  in  Gen.  iv.  23-24,  ix. 
25-27,  xxvii.  39,  40,  xlix.  2-27,  and  Exodus  xy. 
1-18,21.  It  reached  its  highest  development  in 
the  lx>oks  of  Job  and  of  Psalms.  The  poetry  of 
the  Greeks  began  with  Homer  and  Hesiod,  and 
continued  till  about  B.C.  500.  The  chief  poets 
of  Rome  came  late  upon  the  scene,  Virgil  being 
born  B.C.  70,  and  Horace  B.C.  65.  Geotlrey 
Chaucer,  the  father  of  English  poetry,  died 
A.D.  Oct  25,  1400;  John  Barbour,  author  of 
the  "Bruce"  (1373),  was  the  first  Scottish 
poet  Of  the  English  poets  of  high  genius 
were  Chaucer  in  the  fourteenth,  Shakespeare 
and  Spenser  in  the  sixteenth  century,  Milton 
and  Dryden  in  the  seventeenth,  Pope  and 
Cowper  in  the  eighteenth,  Byron,  &c.,  in  the 
nineteenth.  Of  Scottish  poets,  Burns  in  the 
eighteenth  century. 

•pd'-St-ship,   ».     [Eng.    poet;   -ship.]     The 
state,  condition,  or  individuality  of  a  poet 

p5gge,  *.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Zool :  The  Armed  Bull-head.    [BULLHEAD.] 


«•      [POROY.] 

'  pogh,  *  poghe.  s.    [POKE.]    A  bag,  a  poke, 
po   gon,  ».    [Gr.] 

Bot.  :  A  beard.    [BEARD  (2),  «.,  1IL] 

po-go'-nl-a,  ».  [Gr.  mayiav  (pdgSn)  =  the 
beard.  Named  from  the  fringed  tip  of  the 
flowers.] 

Bot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Pogonidse  (q.v.). 
Terrestrial  orchids.  From  fifteen  to  twenty 
are  known,  from  America  and  Asia. 

po  go  nl  as,  s.  [Gr.  wuyuviat  (pogoniat)3s 
bearded.] 

Ichthy.  :  A  genus  of  Sciaenidse  (q.v.),  with 
a  single  species,  Pogonias  chromis,  the  Drum, 
from  the  western  parts  of  the  Atlantic.  Snout 
convex,  upper  jaw  overlapping  lower  ;  man- 
dible witli  numerous  small  barbels  ;  large 
molar  teeth  on  pharyngeal  bones. 

po  gSn-l  d».  ».  r'-    [Mod.  Lat  pogon(ia); 
Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -irl  '.] 
Bot.  :  A  family  of  Orchids,  tribe  Arethusew. 

po  go'  -rite,  t.  [Gr.  n-urywpta?  (poyonias)  =  • 
comet  ;  suff.  -ite  (fetro/.).] 


Petrol.  :  Hatty's  name  for  Pele's  Hair 

po  go  stem'  I  die,  «.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat.  pogo- 
ttem(on);  Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 
Bot.  :  A  family  of  Menthese, 

po  go  ste  -mSn,  *.    [Or.  wwywv  (pogon)  =  • 
beard,  and  OTTJ/AOV  (ftrmon)  =  a  stamen.] 

Bot  :  The  typical  genus  of  the  family  of 
Pogostemidte.  Pogostemon  Patchouli  grows  in 
East  Bonsai,  Burmah,  and  the  Malay  Penin- 
sula. [PATCHOULI.] 


fate,  fit,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore.  wplt.  work,  who,  son  :  mute.  cub.  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian.    «e.  ce  =  e :  ev  =  a ;  an  =  kw. 


*pogh,  i-n.te.rj.     [led.  pii  =  pooh.]    An 
exclamation  of  contempt.    [Poos.] 


poi,*. 

poi'-cfl-Ite,  s.  [Gr.  ffoucftot  (poikUos)  =*  many- 
coloured  ;  suff.  -ite  (Min.)  ;  Ger.  poiAriiik] 
3fin.  :  The  same  as  BORKITE  (q.  v.). 

pol-cfl-d-py-ri'-tes,  s.    [Or.  a-ouciXo*  (poi- 

Antes)  =  many-coloured,  and  Eng.  pyrites  ;  Ger. 
poikiiopyrit.] 
Min.  :  The  same  as  BORNITE  (q.v.). 


-nan-9Jr  (3  silent),  s.  [Eng.  poignant;  -cy.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  poignant  or 
stimulating  to  the  palate  ;    piquant,  sharp, 
pungent. 

2.  Point,   sharpness,   keenness,    asperity  ; 
power  of  irritating  and  cutting. 

"So  it  I»  with  wit,  which  generally  succeeds  more 
from  being  happily  addressed,  than  from  Its  native 
poignancy."—  Goldsmith:  The  Bee.  No.  1.  (Introd.) 

3.  Sharpness  or  painfulness  to  the  feelings  ; 
bitterness  :  as,  the  poignancy  of  grief. 

poig'-nant  (g  silent),  *poi-nant,  *pug- 
naunt,  a.  [Fr.  poignant,  pr.  par.  of  poindre 
=  to  prick  ;  Lat.  pungo.  Poignant  and  pungent 
are  thus  doublets.] 

*  1.  Sharp,  cutting. 

*2.  Sharp  or  stimulating  to  the  palate; 
pungent,  piquant. 

3.  Pointed,  sharp,  keen,  irritating,  cutting, 
bitter. 

"There  are,  to  whom  too  poignant  I  appear." 

franca  :  Horace,  bk.  ii.,  sat  1. 

4.  Sharp,  bitter,  painful. 

"  A  sharpness  so  poittant  as  to  divide  the  marrow 
from  the  bones,"  —  Bp.  Taylor  :  Sermont,  ii.  &. 

poi  g'-nant-ljr(5f  silent),  f"fy.  [Eng.  poignant; 
-ly.]  In  a  poignant  manner  ;  sharply,  bitterly, 
keenly,  piercingly. 

•poignlet,  *poyjniet,  t.  [Fr.  poignet.] 
A.  wristband.  (Palsgrave.) 

pol-kl-llt'-lc,  a.  [Qr.  jroiKi'Aos  (poikilos)  = 
many-coloured,  and  suff.  -itic.]  (See  the  com- 
pound.) 

poUtilitic  group  or  formation,  <. 

Geol.  :  A  name  proposed  by  Messrs.  Cony- 
beare  and  Buckland  for  the  New  Red  Sand- 
stone strata  between  the  Carboniferous  rocks 
and  the  Li-is,  from  their  exhibiting  spots  and 
streaks  of  li.^lit  blue,  green,  and  buff-colour 
on  a  red  base.  [PERMIAN,  TRIAS.] 

pol  lil-lo-pleu'-ron,  s.  [Or.  iroua'Ao?  (poi- 
A-I/IIX)  =  many-coloured,  and  nAevoov  (pleuron) 
=  a  rib.] 

PaUsont.  :  A  genus  of  Dinosauria(.Ytc7u>Jso7i), 
Crocodilia  (Etheridge),  from  the  Wealden. 

•poi  n  a  do.  '  poi  na  doe.  *  poy-na-do, 

*.      [  PONIARD,  S.\ 

poin-ci  a  na,  s.  [Named  after  M.  de  Poinci, 
once  governor  of  the  Antilles,  and  a  great 
patron  of  botany.] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Eucsesalpiniese,  closely 
akin  to  Citsalpinia  itself,  but  with  the 
calyx  valvate  in  the  bud.  PoincUina  elata,  a 
tree  growing  in  the  forests  of  southern  and 
western  India,  yields  a  gum.  Its  wood  is 
well  suited  for  cabinet-work.  P.  regia,  a 
moderate-sized  tree,  introduced  into  Irnlia 
from  Madagascar,  is  common  near  Calcutta 
in  gardens  and  at  roadsides.  P.  pidcherrima  is 
now  made  Casalpinia  pulcherrima.  Its  roots 
are  tonic,  [BARBADOES  FLOWER-FENCE.] 

poind,  «poynd,  v.t.  [A.S.  pyn,lan  =  to 
pound  ;  pimd  =  an  enclosure.]  [POUND  (2),  «.] 

1.  To  shut  up  or  confine  in  a  pound  or  pen  ; 
to  pound. 

2.  To  distrain  ;  to  seize  and  sell  the  goods 
of  a  debtor  under  a  warrant. 

"An  inventory  of  the  goods  and  chattels  falling 
tinder  their  warrant  of  distress,  or  poindmg,  as  it  U 
called."—  .Scott  .-  Antiquary,  ch.  xll. 

*  3.  To  seize  in  warfare. 

poind,  s.  [PoiND,  v.]  That  which  is  seized  or 
distrained  ;  booty.  * 

poind  '-a-ble,  a.  [Eng.  poind  ;  -able.']  Capable 
of  being  distrained  ;  liable  to  be  distrained. 

poind'-er,  s.  [Eng.  poind  ;  -tr.]  One  who 
distrains  ;  the  keeper  of  a  pound  ;  a  piuder  or 
pinner. 

"  The  pointer  chafe*  and  swear*  to  Me  beasts  In  the 

corn.  —  Adami:  World,  L  163. 


poh. — point 

poing  (as  pwan),  *  poyne, «.  [Fr.  poing  « 
the  list.] 

1.  A  glove. 

2.  Her. :  The  fist ;  the  hand  closed,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  appaume. 

•  poin-setf -ti-a,  s.  [Named  after  M.  Poin- 
sette,  who  in  1828  discovered  the  plant  in 
Mexico.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Euphorbiace«,  now  merged 
in  Euphorbia  itself.  Poinsettia  pulcherrima  is 
a  highly  ornamental  stove-plant,  with  rose- 
like  whorls  of  bracts. 

point,  "polnct,  *poynt,  *.  [Fr.  point, 
pointe  (O.  Fr.  poinct),  from  Lat.  punctum  =  a 
point ;  orig.  the  ..c^t.  sing,  of  punctus,  pa.  par. 
of  pungo  =  to  prick  ;  Sp.  &  Ital.punto,  punto; 
Port,  ponta,  ponto.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  mark  made  by  the  end  of  anything 
sharp,  as  of  a  pin,  a  needle,  &c. 

2.  A    mark    of   punctuation ;   a    stop ;    a 
character    used    to    mark    the    divisions  of 
sentences,  or  the  pauses  to  be  observed  in 
reading  or  speaking.  [  COLON,  COMMA,  PERIOD.] 

"  Comma*  and  poinli  they  *«t  exactly  right." 

Pope :  Prol.  to  Satirei,  Ml. 

3.  An  indefinitely  small  space ;  an  indivisi- 
ble part  of  space. 

*4.  A  small  space  of  ground. 
5.  A  particular  place  or  spot  to  which  any- 
thing is  directed. 

*  6.  An  indivisible  part  of  time ;  a  moment. 

7.  The  place  or  position  near,  next,  or  close 
to  ;  the  verge,  the  brink. 

"  Behold,  I  am  at  the  point  to  die." — Oenetu  xz  v.  32. 

8.  The  exact  or  critical  moment. 

"  Even  to  the  point  of  her  death." 
SHakap. :  All't  Well  that  End*  Well,  iv.  3. 

9.  The  exact  place  :  as,  He  resumed  at  the 
point  at  which  he  had  left  off. 

10.  A  single  position  ;  a  single  assertion  ;  a 
single  part  of  a  complicated  question,  or  of  a 
subject  as  a  whole. 

"  They  will  hardly  prom  hi*  point."— Arbuthnot:  On 
Coin*. 

11.  A  single  subject  or  matter;  an  item,  a 
detail,  a  particular. 

"The  Reactionaries  were,  of  coarse,  the  strongest  In 
point  of  numbers."— Daily  Telegraph,  Sept.  17,  1846. 

*  12.  A  state,  condition,  or  predicament. 

"  The  state  of  Normandy  stands  on  a  tickle  point," 
Shaketp.  :  2  Hr.nry  VI.,  i.  L 

13.  Degree,  rftage,  state. 

11.  The  sharp  end  of  an  instrument ;  that 
which  pricks  or  punctures  :  as,  the  point  of  a 
pin,  of  a  needle,  a  dagger,  &c. 

15.  Anything  which  ta- 
pers to  a  sharp,  well-defined 
end,  as  a  promontory. 

*  16.  A  lace,  string,  &c., 
with  a  tag  (called  an  eyelet, 
aglet,  or  aiguillet),  used  for 
fastening  articles  of  dress, 
especially  the  hose  to  the 
jacket  or  doublet.    Fashion- 
able in  the   sixteenth  and 
seventeenth  centuries. 

"  Their  vointi  being  broken, 
down  fell  their  hose,"— Shaketp. : 
I  Henry  n:.  Ii.  4. 

*  17.    The  pommel  of  a 
saddle. 

"  Put  a  few  flocks  in  the  point." 
—Kh:ik»»p.  :  1  Hrnry  /I'.,  ii.  L 

18.  Lace  worked  by  the 
needle,  as  point  d'Alenyon, 

point  d'aiguillf ;  also  applied  to  lace  worked 
by  bobbins,  and  even  to  a  cheaper  imitation 
fabric  made  by  machinery. 

19.  A  lively  turn  of  thought  or  expression 
which  strikes  with  force  or  agreeable  surprise ; 
a  sentence  terminated  with  some  remarkable 
turn  of  thought  or  expression  ;  the  sting  or 
pith  of  an  epigram  ;  hence,  force,  expression. 

"  Times  corrupt,  and  nature  ill  Inclin'd. 
Produc'd  the  point  that  left  a  stin*  behind.* 

Pope :  Satiret,  v.  452. 

20.  The  especial  features  in  a  part  which 
an  actor  has  to  bring  out  prominently. 

"A running  fire  of  snbdurd  'h'shs'kept  down  the 
tendency  to  applaud  the  principal  pointt."—Jie/rrre, 
April  4.  188*. 

21.  That  which  arrests  attention  ;  a  salient 
trait  of  character;  a  characteristic,  a  pecu- 
liarity ;  a  mark  of  quality  or  character. 

"  One  of  my  strong  potntt  U  modesty. '—Field,  April 


POINT, 

With  eyelets,  draw, 
ing  together  a 
slashed  sleeve. 
(From  Planehe'i 
Met.) 


3665 

*  22.  The  act  of  aiming  or  striking. 

"  What  a  point,  my  lord,  your  falcon  made.' 

Shaketp.  :  2  Henry  F/.,  U.  1. 

23.  The  action  of  a  pointer  in  thrusting  his 
tail    straight    out   when    he    scents   game. 
(Dickens :  Pickwick,  ch.  xix.) 

24.  The  particular  thing  aimed  at  or  desired; 
aim,  purpose,  object. 

25.  The  main  question ;  the  precise  thing, 
subject,  or  particular  to  be  considered  ;  the 
essence. 

"  Here  lie*  the  point."— Khnkftp.  :  1  Henry  /r..  U.  4 

*  26.  A  punctilio  ;  nice  respect ;  niceties. 

" This  fellow  doth  not  stand  upon  pointi."—Khaketp. : 
Midnimmer  A'iahft  Dream,  v. 

27.  A  mark  to  denote  the  degree  of  success 
or  progress  one  has  reached  in  trials  of  skill, 
excellence,  games,  &c, ;  as,  He  won  by  fivo 
points.  [II.  22.] 

*28.  A  signal  given  by  a  blast  of  a  trumpet; 
hence,  a  note,  a  tune. 

"  A  loud  trumpet  and  a  point  of  war." 

.-i/tatetp.  :  2  Henry  /I",  IT.  I. 

*  29.  A  command,  a  direction. 

"  Aufldius  obeys  his  pointi,  as  if  he  were  his  officer." 
Matetp. .'  Coriolanut,  iv.  8. 

*  30.  A  deed,  a  feat,  an  exploit. 

"  A  poynt  of  army*  nndyrtake." 

Torrent  of  Portugal,  in  M. 

*  31.  One  of  the  squares  on  a  chess-board. 

"The  chekir  or  the  chesse  hath  viij  poyntei  in  echt 
partie."— Getta  Komanorum,  p.  71. 

3iL  The  same  as  POINTER,  L  2.    (American 
Comm.  Slang.) 
IL  Technically: 

1.  Astron. :   A  certain  imaginary  spot  fn 
the  heavens,  generally  at  the  intersection  of 
two   or   more   great   circles,  conventionally 
agreed  upon  as  a  convenient  one  whence  to 
measure  distances.    There  are  the  equinoctial 
points,  the  solstitial  points,  Sic. 

2.  Bookbind. :  A  register  mark  made  by  the 
printer  in  placing  his  sheets  on  the  tympan 
and  forming  a  guide  to  the  folder. 

3.  Cricket  and  Baseball  : 

(1)  In  cricket,  a  fielder  stationed  close  to  and 
facing  the  batsman;    he  is  supported  l>y  the) 
corer-poiiit.    Also,  the  place  occupied  by  such 
fielder. 

(2)  H. :  In  baseball,  the  positions  occupied 
by  the  pitcher  and  the  catcher. 

4.  Engrav. :  An  etching-needle. 

5.  Fort. :  The  junction  of  certain  lines  of 
defence  :   as,  the  point  of  the  bastion,  the 
salient  angle  formed  by  its  meeting  faces  ; 
the  point  of  intersection  of  the  curtain  and 
the  flank  ;  the  point  at  the  shoulder  of  the 
bastion,  &c. 

6.  Geom. :  A  point  is  that  which  has  "neither 
parts  nor  magnitude"  (Euclid),  but  only  posi- 
tion.    The  extremities  of  a  limited  line  are 
points;   that  which  separates  two  adjacent 
parts  of  a  line  is  a  point 

7.  Glass-cutting :    A  fragment  of  diamond 
containing  a  natural  angle  adapted  for  glass- 
cutters'  use. 

8.  Harness  :   A  short  strap  stitched  to  a 
wide   one  for  the  purpose   of  attaching  the 
latter  to  another  strap  by  a  buckle.    The  end 
of  any  strap  that  is  provided  with  holes  for 
the  buckle-tongue. 

9.  Heraldry: 

(1)  One  of  the  several  parts 
denoting  the  local  positions 
on  the  escutcheon  of  any 
figure  or  charges.  The  prin- 
cipal points  are : 

A.  Dexter  chief ;  B.  Middle  chief ; 
c.  Sinister  chief ;  o.  Honour 
point;  K.  Centre  or  fesse  point; 
r.  Navel  or  nombril  ivliit;  a. 
Dexter  base ;  H.  Middle  base  ; 
J.  Sinister  base. 

(•2)  A  small  part  of  the  base  of  a  shield 
variously  marked  off.  Point  in  point  is  when 
it  much  resembles  the  pile. 

10.  Knittititj-mach.  :  Beardless  needles  ;  also 
known  as  shifters  (q.v.). 

11.  Lacntsse  :  The  first  man  out  from  goal ; 
cover-point  stands  in  front  of  him. 

12.  Mach. :  Position  in  relation  to  power  or 
accessory  portions :   as,  the  dead  point  of  a 
crank  ;  the  fixed  point  on  which  a  body  moves. 

13.  Masonry: 

(1)  The  stone-mason's  punch,  used  to  reduce 
the  face  of  the  stone,  leaving  it  in  narrow  ridges, 
which  are  dressed  down  by  the  Inch  tool. 

(2)  A  pointed  chisel  for  niggling  ashlar. 


B 

D 
E 
P 

TI 

POINTS. 


;  pint,  jo%l ;  oat,  fell,  chorus,  chin,  bench  ;  go,  pern ;  thin,  this  ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xcnophon,  exist,    ph  =  ft 
tlar  =  soon,    -tion,  -sion  =  snun ;  -(ion,    §ion  =  shun,    -clous,  -tious,  -sious  =  anus,    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


3666 


point  -pointedly 


14.  Vcu*. :    A  Jot  placeu  before  <t  decimal 
' 

15.  M*tic :  The  nine  as  Dor  (O.T.). 

16.  Nautical  g  KoxioatUm : 

(1)  One  of  tht  thirty-two  poinC:  of  dlvisl;  JJ 
of  the  card  in  the  mariners  compass.  The 
angular  space  between  two  conaecutiv*  points 
is  11 '15'.  and  each  space  U  sub-divided  Into 
half  and  quarter  point*.  (CARDINAL  POINTS.) 


V  flat  piece  of  braided  cordage  attached 
to  the  reef-band  of  a  sail  to  tie  up  a  reef. 

17.  Ptrtpectivt  :  A  certain  pole  or  place  with 
regard  to  the  perspective  plane  :  u 

(1)  Point  of  tigkt  :  The  point  whence  the 
picture  is  viewed,  the  principal  vanishing 
point,  because  all  horizontal  rays  that  are 
parallel  to  the  middle  visual  ray  will  vanish 
in  that  point.  The  point  at  which,  if  the  eye 
be  placed,  the  picture  will  represent  the  same 
appearance  as  the  object  itself  wo-dd  were  the 
picture  removed.  This  is  sometime*  called 
the  point  of  view. 

(J)  Objective  point  :  A  point  on  a  geometri- 
cal plane  whose  representation  is  required  on 
UM  perspective  plane. 

(3)  I'anuhiny  point  :  The  point  to  which  all 
parallel  lines  iu  the  same  plane  tend  in  the 
represent.!!  :  >r>. 

1&  Phj/iia:  A  line  of  demarcation  or  limit  : 
as,  the  boiling  point  of  a  liquid,  the  melting 
point  of  a  solid.  Said  also  of  instruments  :  as, 
the  freezing  point  of  a  thermometer,  &c. 

19.  Plouyht  :  The  extreme  forward  end  of  the 
•bare  as  distinguished  from  the  wing. 

20.  Print.  :  One  of  the  pins  placed  on  the 
ty  in  pan  of  a  press  or  feed-board  of  a  machine 
to  (lerforate  the  sheet  at  the  time  of  t'.ie  first 

C  inting.  to  secure  a  register  when  the  sheet 
turned. 

n.  Rail.-eng.  (PI.):  The  switch  or  movable 
guide-rails  at  junctions  or  stations. 

"  After  the  signal  was  lowncd.  the  pointt  could  not 
to  altered."—  Bufifr:  KjUtrag  Sifnalj.  p.  24. 

22.  Whitt  (PI.):  The  wagering  or  winning 
periods  of  the  game. 

5  1.  At  all  pointt:   In  every  particular  ; 

i-'  •  ly.  perfectly. 

•  '  My  Lord  Anmerle.  li  fttrrr  Hereford  arm'dt' 
'  Yea.  <x  aJI  futxtt.  au-l  lun  :i  to  • 

Kkmlmp.  :  fiduiiu  II..  L  a, 
•S.  At  point: 

(1)  On  tlu-  point,  about 

"  Too  an  *  paint  to  low  yonr  liberties/ 

Matttf.  :  tvriotonoj,  UL  L 

(2)  Completely,  at  all  points. 

"Aimed  at  point  exactly  ;  cap*-nie." 

tAaJtt,,,.  :  VuiHtet,  1.  1 

•  S.  fn  good  point:  la  good  case  or  condition. 
|Cf.  EMDONPOIXT.) 

•  4.  Topoint:  TO  the  smallest  point,  exactly. 
-  Ha«t  tbou  performed  to  inMr  the  tern-*.  ?" 

A.,Utf..  Tempt*.  Lt. 

6.  Acting  point: 

Pky*.  :  The  exact  point  at  which  an  impulse 
b  given. 

«.  Pkynicol  pnt,,t:  The  smallest  or  least 
»-i!  .il.le  object  of  mJiL 

7.  Point  of  contact:  [CONTACT,  i.,  III.  5], 

8.  I'oint  of  contrary  plexurc.  Point  of  inflec- 
tion: UHIOXCTIOM,  ^|. 

9.  Point  of  dispersion: 

Optic*  :  That  point  at  whi<-h  the  rav*  hejrln 
to  diverge;  commonly  called  the  virtual  focus. 

10.  Point  of  kont: 

Min.  :  The  spot  where  a  vein,  an  of  ore,  is 
divided  by  a  maw  of  rock  into  branches. 

11.  Point  of  incidence  : 

Optlet  :  Tliat  point  upon  the  mirface  of  a 
•tedium  upon  which  a  ray  of  lirlit  falls. 

12.  Point   of  interaction:   IbrrKMKcrio.H, 

13.  Point  nf  rejttfiion  : 

Optiei  :  The  point  from  which  a  ray  is  re- 
flected. 


II.  Pointr^  nfraetion: 

Optics:  That  point  In  the  refracUng  surface 
where  the  refraction  takes  place. 

14.  Point  oftupport:  The  collected  amu  on 
the  plane  of  the  walls,  columns.  Ac.,  on  which 
an  ediflce  rests,  or  by  which  it  is  supported. 

18.  Vowel  point*  : 

Btb.  Gram.  ;  PoinU  or  marks  placed  above 
or  below  the  consonants,  and  representing 


the  vocal  sounds  or  vowels  which  should 
precede  or  follow  the  consonants. 

•  17.  To  come  lo  points :  To  tight  with  swords. 

point-blank,  a.,  adv.,  ft,  t.  [From  an 
arrow  aimed  directly  at  the  white  mark  or 
blank  in  the  centre  of  the  target.) 

A.  At  adjective : 

1.  Gun. :  Aimed  directly  or  straight ;  in  a 
horizontal  line.     In  point-hlaiik  shooting,  the 
object  is  so  close  that  the  ball  is  supposed  to 
move  in  a  horizontal  line. 

2.  Fiy. :  Direct,  plain ;   explicit,  express  : 
as,  a  point-blank  denial. 

B.  Ai  advtrb  : 

L  Gun. :  In  a  horizontal  line. 

"  Point- Man*  over-against  the  mouth  ot  the  piece." 
— Brvwr  :  Lingua.  Iv.  L 

2.  Fig. :  Directly,  plainly ;  explicitly,  ex- 
pressly. 

C.  As  substantive: 

1.  The  white  mark  or  blank  on  a  target  at 
which  an  arrow,  bullet,  ic.  is  aimed. 

2.  Tlie  point  in  which  the  line  of  sight  in- 
tersects the  trajectory  of  a  projectile. 

point  d'appui,  t.  [Pr.  =  point  of  sup- 
port.) 

Mil. :  Point  of  support,  basis  ;  a  fixed  point 
on  which  troops  form,  and  on  which  opera- 
tions are  based. 

•  point  do  vise,  *  point-device,  a.  & 

adv.  [A  shortened  form  ol  at  point  device  = 
exactly,  from  O.  Fr.  a  point  devit  =  to  the  very 
poitit  imagined.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Precise,  nice,  finical. 

B.  As  adv. :  To  a  nicety,  exactly. 

"Thai  (or  the  nuptial  boar,  nil  fitted  poin'^lefice* 
Drayton :  Poly-OMon,  i.  25. 

point  d'orgne,  «.    [ORGAN-POINT.] 
point-bole,  -. 

Print. :  A  hole  made  in  u  sheet  of  paper  by 
a  register  pin,  or  by  points  on  the  tympan. 

point-lace,  *.    [POINT,  «.,  I.  is.] 

point -paper.  ».  Pricked  paper  for 
making,  copying,  or  transferring  de  ijrns. 

point  system,  «,  A  system  of  ganging 
tyi>e-bodies  now  in  rogue  in  tiiis  country.  A 
p-tinl  equals  .0138-inch.  01 1  designations,  as 
nonpareil  (now  6-pnint),  pica  (uow  It-point), 
are  practically  iu  disuse. 

point  tool,  t.  A  tool  ground  off  to  a 
sharp  point  at  the  midwidth  of  the  end  of  tho 
blade. 

pCint  (1),  v.t.  &  i.    [POINT,  *) 

A.  Transitive: 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  To  give  a  point  to ;  to  sharpen  ;  to  cut, 
grind,  or  forge  to  a  point:  as,  To  point  a 
pencil,  to  point  a  pin. 

2.  Hence  Jig.,  to  give  point,  force,  or  ex- 
pression to  ;  to  add  to  tl>e  force  or  point  of. 

"  To  point  a  moral  and  adorn  a  Ule." 

Jokntm  :  Vanity  of  Human  H'uA<-«.  MI. 

3.  To  direct  at  or  towards  an  object ;  to  aim. 

"  The  warrion'  iwordi 
Were  pointed  up  to  heaven." 

Moon :  \'ri)rd  Prophet  qf  Klkoraaan.  IT.  1 

•  4.  To  direct  the  eye,  notice,  or  attention  of. 

5.  To  show  or  indicate,  as  by  pointing  with 
the  linger.    (Followed  by  out.) 

"  From  the  great  tea.  you  (hall  point  out  for  you 
mount  Hor.  -.Vum&«r.  nixiv.  ;. 

6.  To    Indicate    by  any   means;   to   draw 
attention  to. 

"The  anxiety  with  reRird  to  the  balance  of  power  li 
expreoly  po,*ltd  out  to  ua."— Hum*  :  £«uy<.  pt  a, 

7.  To  indicate  the  purpose  or  point  of. 

8.  To  mark  with  signs  or  characters  to  dis- 
tinguish the  members  of  a  sentence,  and  indi- 
cate the  pauses  ;  to  punctuate. 

9.  To  mark  (as  Hebrew)  with  vowel-points. 
[POINT,  $.,  U  its.] 

IL  Bnckvnrk :  To  fill  the  joint*  of,  as  of 
mauonry,  brickwork.  &c.,  with  mortar  pressed 
in  with  the  point  of  the  troweL  [PENCILLED.] 

B.  Intransitive: 

L  Ordinary  Lanyvaye : 

1.  To  direct  the  flnper  or  other  object  at  or 
towards  any  object  for  the  purpose  of  desijr- 
nafing  or  drawing  attention  to  It.  (Generally 
followed  by  at.) 


2.  To  indicate  by  any  means  ;  to  show  dis- 
tinctly. 

"  The  dinl  pointt  at  five." 

MaX'ej;*.  .'  Coniedy  of  Errort,  T. 

3.  To  indicate  the  presence  of  game,  by 
pointing  the  nose  in  its  direction,  as  a  sport- 
ing dog  does. 

"  Now  the  warm  scent  anure«  the  covey  near. 
Ue  troadt  witu  caution,  and  he  poii.tt  with  fear.* 
dag  :  Rural  Sjiorti,  u. 

4.  To  mark  or  distinguish  with  points. 

IT.  Snrg.  :  To  come  to  a  point  or  head. 
(Said  of  an  abscess  when  it  approaches  the 
surface  and  is  about  to  burst.) 

If  1.  To  point  a  rope: 

tfaiit. :  To  prepare  the  end  of  it,  so  that  it 
may  reeve  through  a  block,  and  not  unlay  ;  a 
few  yarns  are  taken  out  of  it,  and  a  mat  worked 
over  it  by  its  own  yarn. 

2.  T»  point  a  sail : 

Nautical : 

(1)  To  brace  it  so  as  to  bring  it  end  on  to 
the  wind. 

(2)  To  affix  points  through  the  eyelet-hole* 
of  the  reefs. 

*  point  (2),  *  poynt,  v.t.    [A  shortened  form 
of  appoint  (q.v.).]    To  appoint,  to  designate, 
to  h'x,  to  arrange. 

"  Go !  bid  the  banns  and  point  the  bridal  day." 

/</).  Hall :  Satiret,  T.  L 

*  point' -a-ble,  o.    [Eng.  point;  -able.]    Cap- 
able  of  being  pointed  out. 

"Ood'i  Church  wai  not  printable;  and  therefor* 
cried  hee  out  that  hee  wa«  left  alone."— Fox:  Jfurtgn. 
p.  1.473. 

point  al, •  poinct  ell,*  point-el,* poynt- 
al,  *p"oynt-el,  *pojmt-elle,  s.     [o.  Fr. 

pointille—e,  prick,  a  prickle ;  Fr.  pointed  =an 
upright  wooden  prop.] 
*  L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  pointed  instrument  used  for  writing ; 
a  stylus. 

"Than asked  thaim  sir  Zacharl 
Tabli»  and  a  pointel  tite."  Cursor  3/undi,  8ST. 

2.  A  weapon  of  war,  resembling  a  javelin  or 
short  sword. 

"  With  poyntalls  or  with  stokkls  Sabellyne." 

O.  Douylat :  Jlneculot.  p.  2^1. 1.  SS. 

3.  The  pointed   instrument  with  which  a 
harp  is  played  ;  a  quill. 

"  Now  with  gymp  finferis  doing  strinds  smyte. 
And  now  with  nibtel]  euore  poi/ntafi>  lyte." 

O.  Douglas  :  <£neadoi,  p.  187,  L  Si 

4.  The  pistil  of  a  plant,  or  anything  re- 
sembling it ;  the  balancer  of  an  insect.    (Der* 
ham:  Physico-Theology,  bk.  viii.,  ch.  iv.) 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Carp. :  A  king- post  (q.v.). 

2.  Mason. :  A  pavement  of  diamond-shaped 
slabs. 

point  -ed,  *  poynt  ed,  pa.  par.  &  a.  [Poixr 
(1),  »•] 

A.  Ai  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective : 

L  Lit. :  Having  a  point ;  coming  or  taper- 
ing to  a  point ;  sharp,  peaked. 

"  Memories  liaunt  thy  pointed  gables." 

Longfellow:  Xuremberg. 
•X  Figuratively: 

1.  Aimed  at,  or  expressly  referring  to  some 
particular  person  or  thing :  as,  a  poinUd  re- 
mark. 

2.  Epigranimatical ;  full  of  conceits;  witty. 

"If  Ills  humour  is  not  very  pointt  I,  he  is,  at  all 
events,  always  cheerful  and  never  didactic."— Atktn- 
aum,  NOT.  1, 1884. 

pointed-arch,  «. 

Arch. :  An  arch  struck  from  two  centres 
and  meeting  above,  forming  a  lancet  shape. 
It  is  a  feature  of  post-Xorman  Gothic. 

pointed-styles,  «.  pi. 

Arch. ;  The  divisions  of  Gothic  architecture 
in  which  the  pointed  arch  is  used.  [GOTHIC- 
STYLE,  ARCH.) 

"The  most  essential  part  of  the  Pointed-itgle-th* 
part  whereon  its  whole  structure  and  organization  de- 
pend-i«  the  pointed  arch  itself.  This  consiots  of  two 
segments  of  a  circle,  meeting  at  the  iwint  of  the  arch. 
The  longer  the  radius  of  these  segments,  the  slenderer 
Is  the  pointed  arch  which  It  dencribea"— Sandart: 
Xotenaarten  ;  Archil.  Style*,  p.  »L 

pSint'-Sd-ly,  adv.     [Eng.  pointed;  -1y.] 

1.  With  lirely  turns  of  thought  or  expres- 
sion ;  wittily. 


"  The  copinumeM  of  hi 
writ  too  puinUdlf  f     ' 
(Dedic.l 


«te.  fat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father:  we.  wit,  here,  camel,  her.  there; 
«r.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  core,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try. 


of  his  wit  was  such,  that  he  often 
*  hi»  subject. "—Drydtn  :  Juvenal 


pine,  pit.  sire,  sir.  marine;  go,  pot, 
Syrian,    ae,  ce  =  e  ;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


pointedness— poison 


3667 


i       8.  With  direct  reference  to  some  particular 
person  or  thing  ;  expressly,  plainly,  explicitly. 

'      "  To  whom  the  appeal  crouch'd  In  those  closing  words 
Was  pointedly  address  d." 

nvrdtunrth :  Xxcurtion,  bk.  vii I. 

polnf -^d-ness,  5.     [Eng.  pointvl ;  -ness.] 

L  Lit. :  The  quality  or  state  of  being  pointed 
or  sharp ;  sharpness. 
JT.  Figuratively : 
L  Epigram  matical  smartness  ;  wit. 

"That  pointednen  of  thought  which  is  visibly  want- 
Ing  in  our  great  Roman."— Drydtn  :  Juvenal.  (Dedic.) 

2.  Direct  or  express  reference  to  some  par- 
ticular person  or  thing. 

•point' -el,  *.    [PoiKTAL.] 
point  -er,  ».    [Eng.  point  (1),  r. ;  -er.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Literally: 

(1)  One  who  or  that  which  points  or  desig- 
nates ;  specif.,  the  index  finger  or  Land  of  a 
dial  or  scale. 

"  A  series  of  wheels,  the  teeth  of  which  catch  in,  and 
apply  to  each  utlier.  conducting  the  motiou  from  the 
fusee  to  the  balance,  and  from  the  balance  to  the 
pointer."— Puley  :  Natural  Theolagy.  ch.  i. 

(2)  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  7. 

2.  Fig. :  A  hint  or  secret  information  as  to 
the  course  to  be  followed,  especially  in  specu- 
lating on  the  stock-exchange  ;  a  tip.    (Ameri- 
can slang.) 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Astron.  (PI.) :  Two  stars,  Merak  &  Dubhe, 
in  Ursa  Major,  so  called  l^rause  they  point 
to  the  pole,  i.e.,  a  line  joining  them  and  pro- 
duced will  nearly  strike  the  pole  star. 

"As  well  might  the  pole  star  be  called  inconstant 
because  It  is  sometimes  to  the  east  and  sometimes  to  the 
west  of  the  pointer*."— liticaulay :  Hist.  Eng.,  ch.  x\L 

2.  Bricklaying :  A  tool  for  clearing  out  to 
the  required  depth  the  old  mortar  between 
the  courses  of  bricks  in  a  wall,  to  be  replaced 
by  a  fresh  body  of  mortar.     [POINT  (1),  v.  A. 

li.j 

3.  Naut.:  One  of  the  pieces  of  timber  fixed 
fore-and-aft  and  diagonally  inside  of  a  vessel's 
run  or  quarter,   to  connect  the  stern-frame 
With  her  after-body.  Also  called  a  Snake-piece. 

4.  Navig. :   A  graduated   circle,  with  one 
fixed   and    two   adjustable    radial    legs.     By 
placing  them  at  two  adjoining  angles  taken  by 
a  sextant  between  three  known  objects,  the 
position  of  the  observer  is  fixed  on  the  chart. 

5.  Rail.-eng. :  The  adjusting  leverof  aswitch. 

6.  Stone-work:  A  stone-mason's  chisel  with 
a  sharp  point,  used  in  spawling  off  the  face  of 
a  stone  iu  the  rough. 

7.  Zool. :  Canis  familiaris,  variety  avicularis 
(Linmeus),   a  variety  of  the   Domestic  Dog, 
with  short  hair  and  of  variable  colour,  trained 
to  point  at  prey.     This  was  probably  at  rirst 
only  the  exaggerated  pause  of  an  animal  pre- 
paring to  spring,  and  was  subsequently  im- 
proved by  training. 

"  It  is  known  that  the  English  pointer  has  been 
greatly  changed  within  the  lost  century,  an  1  in  this 
ease  the  chaiu-e  has.  it  i-  believed,  been  effected  i.y 
cruises  with  the  foxhound."— Darmn:  Oruj.  of  Speciet 
(ed.  1385),  p.  25. 

pointer-fact,  s.  A  fact  which  is  valu- 
able as  showing  a  stage  of  progress  or  decline 
in  development. 

"  A  good  example  of  these  point er-fUcts  Is  recorded 
by  Mr.  Wallace.'  —Tgtor :  Prim.  Cult.  (ed.  1873).  L  6i 

point  -ing,  pr.  par.,  o.,  &  «.    [Poisr  (IX  ».] 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective : 

1.  Directing,  designating. 

2.  Coining  or  tapering  to  a  point;  pointed. 

"  On  each  hand  the  fl-mies. 
Driven  backward,  slop*  their  pointing  spires." 

MiUon:  f.L..  1,333. 

C.  A*  substantive  : 

I.  Ordinary  Laniruagt : 

1.  The  act  of  calling  attention  or  designating 
anything,  as  by  pointing  the  finger. 

2.  The  act  or  practice  of  marking  with  points 
or  punctuating ;  punctuation. 

3.  The  marks  or  points  made. 

H.  Bricklaying:  The  act  of  finishing  or 
renewing  a  mortar-joint  in  a  wall.  Flat-joint 
pointing  consists  in  filling  the  joint  even 
and  marking  it  with  a  trowel ;  in  tuck-joint 
pointing,  the  joints  are  finished  with  fine 
mortar,  pared  to  a  parallel  edge,  and  slightly 
projecting. 

pointing-machine,  *.     A  machine  for 

pointing  rails,  pickets,  matches,  <.vc. 


pointing-rods,  s.  pi. 
Gun. :  Rods  useU  in  the  exercise  of  guns  and 
mortars. 

*  pointing-Stock,  «.    An  object  of  ridi- 
cule ;  a  butt ;  a  laughing  stock.     (Shakesv. : 
2  Henry  VL.,  ii.  4.) 

pointing-wire, *.  An  iron  wire  with  s 
loop  at  one  end,  used  for  sighting  mortars, 
when  the  proper  line  of  fire  has  once  been 
found. 

point -less,  *  poinct-less,  a.  [Eng.  point; 
•less.] 

1.  Having  no  point ;  unpointed,  blunt,  ob- 
tuse ;  not  sharp. 

2.  Not   having   scored   a   point;   without 
scoring  a  point. 

"  Filho  was  lengths  faster  than  the  black,  who  was 
beaten  pointlea."— Field.  April  4, 1865. 

3.  Having  no  point,  art,  or  smartness  ;  des- 
titute of  point  or  wit. 

"  Some  rather  dull  and  pointlta  scenes  gare  histori. 
calviewsof^Vashiugtou."— Ocribntrt  Magazine,  June, 
1877,  p.  265. 

point' -I6ss-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  pointless;  -ly.}  In 
a  pointless  manner ;  without  point. 

" keeps  on  saying  •  What   an   artist ! '  .  .  .  so 

point  latin  "—Daily  1'elegrapli.  March  12,  1886. 

*  poinf-let,*.  [Eng.  point,  s. ;  dimin.  sun*,  -let.] 
A  little  point ;  a  small  point  or  promontory. 

point  let  cd,  point  let  ted,  a.  [Eng. 
pointlet ;  -ed.] 

IS  it. :  Having  a  small  distinct  point ;  apicu- 
late  (q.v.). 

*  point' -ment,  *  poynt-ment,  s.   [A  shor- 
tened form  of  appointment  (q.v.).]     An  ap- 
pointment, an  arrangement. 

"  He  made  poyntment  to  come  to  my  house  this  daye." 
—  I'dal:  Flown,  foL  44. 

points -man,  a.  [Eng.  point,  s.,  II.  21.]  A 
man  in  charge  of  the  points  or  switches  on  a 
railway. 

"  A  pointtrnan,  standing  all  ready,  opened  the 
•witches."— Hairier  :  Hallway  Signalt,  p.  39. 

*  poise,  *  paise,  *  peaze,  *  poize,  s.    [O. 

Fr.  jwis,  peis  =.  a  weight  (Fr.  poids),  frompeiser, 
poiser  (Fr.  Mwr)aslo  weigh,  to  poise  (q.v.); 
Sp.,  Port.,  &  Ital.  peso.] 
L  Weight,  gravity. 

"  A  stone  of  such  a  paiir." 

Chapmin:  U^mer;  IHadl  xli 

2.  Gravity,  importance,  moment,  wci;;ht 

"  Occasions  of  some  poise."        SHaketp.  :  four.  ii.  1. 

3.  Force,  might    (Spenser :  F.  Q.,  V.  xii.  21.) 

4.  The  weight  or  mass  of  metal  used  in 
rreighing  with  steelyards  to  balance  the  thing 
weighed. 

5.  That  which    is  attached  or  nsed  as  a 
counterpoise  or  counterweight ;  a  regulating 
or  balancing  power. 

6.  A    state    in   which    things   are   evenly 
balanced  or  poised  ;  a  state  of  equipoise  or 
equilibrium.    (Lit.  ttjiy.) 

"  Till  the  ruffled  air 
Falls  from  its  pout.'  Tlwnaon  :  Autumn.  35. 

poise,  *  peise,  *  peyse,  v.t.  ft  i.  [O.  Fr. 
peiser,  poiser,  from  Ijrt.  penso  =  to  weigh, 
from  pensum  =.  a  portion  weighed  out,  pro]), 
neut.  sing,  of  penstis,  pa.  par.  of  pendo  =  to 
weigh  ;  Low  Lat.  )>e>i$um,  pensa  =  a  |>ortion, 
a  weight ;  Sp.  A  Port,  pesar ;  ItaL  pesare.] 
A.  Transitive : 

*  1.  To  weigh  ;  to  ascertain  the  weight  of. 

*  2.  Hence  Jig.,  to  weigh  ;  .to  balance  in  the 
mind.    (Shalxsp. :  2  Henry  VI.,  ii.  1.) 

*  3.  To  balance,  as  scales ;  to  make  of  eqtui 
weight. 

4.  To  balance ;  to  keep  in  a  state  of  ^qui- 
librium. 

*  5.  To  counterbalance,  to  counte.  poise,  to 
balance. 

"  One  scale  of  reason  to  pnite  another  jl  sensuality." 
— Shake*?. :  Othello,  i.  3. 

*  6.  To  oppress  ;  to  weigh  down. 
*B.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  be  in  a  state  of  equilibrium ;  to  be 
balanced  or  suspended. 

-  Ah  !  if  our  souls  tu.<  poitf  and  swine 
Like  the  compas'  in  1U  brazen  ring. 

Lnnijellow :  Building  of  the-  Ship. 

2.  To  be  in  a  state  of  doubt  or  suspense. 

pols  er,  s.  [Eng.  poiXe);  -er.]  One  who  or 
that  which  poises  ;  specif.,  the  balancer  of  an 
insect. 


pols  on,  "poys-on,  'puisun,  i  [Kr.  poison 
—  poison,  from  Lat.  potionem,  aocus.  of  potto 
=  a  draught,  espec.  a  poisonous  draught,  from 
poto  —  .  to  drink  ;  potus  ^  drunken  ;  ItaL  pot- 
ione.] 
X.  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  Literally: 

•  (1)  A  draught 

(2)  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  1. 

"  Poaon  drawn  through  a  ring's  hollow  plate 
Must  finish  him."  Drgden  :  Jurtnal,  x.  1TO. 

2.  Fig.  :   Anything  noxious  or  destructive 
to  health  or  morality  ;  a  bane. 

"  One  of  the  best  antidotes  against  the  poy*tm  at 
discontentments."—  Baton:  Xttayi;  Sedition*. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  PKarm.  :   Professor    Christison    divides 
poisons  into   three  great  classes  :  irritants, 
narcotics,  and  narcotieo-acrids  or  narcotico- 
irritants.    A  fourth  class  is  sometimes  added, 
scptics,  consisting  of  animal  poisons,  such  as 
the  bites  of  rabid  animals  and  venomous  snakes, 
the  stings  of  insects,  and  the  poison  generated 
by  pestilential  carbuncle,  &c.     An  irritant 
poison  produces  violent  pain  and  cramp  in  the 
stomach,  nausea,  vomiting,  convulsions  &c. 
A  narcotic  poison  produces  stupor,  numb- 
ness, drowsiness,  coldness,  and  stiffness  of 
the  extremities,  cold  fetid  greasy  perspiration, 
vertigo,  weakened  eyesight,  delirium,  paraly- 
sis of  the  lower  extremities,  Ac.  ;  a  narcotico- 
acrid  poison  produces  a  certain  combination  of 
the  symptoms  attendant  on  both  the  former 
classes.    The  chief  irritants  are  the  acids  and 
their  bases,  some  alkalis  and  their  salts,  the 
metallic  compounds,  as  arsenic,  mercury  ;  the 
vegetable  acrids  or  irritants,  as  some  Cucurbi- 
tacea,    Euphorbiacese,    Ranunculaceae,    &c.  ; 
animal  irritants,  as  cantharidcs  ;   mechanical 
irritants,  as   glass,    &c  ;    irritant  gases,   aa 
chlorine,  the  vapour  of  nitrous   acid,  Ac.  ; 
narcotic    poisons,    as     opium,    nightshade, 
prussic  acid,  &c.  ;  narcotieo-acrids,  such  as 
strychnine,  Cocculus  indicia,  and  poisonous 
mushrooms.    Savages  poison  their  arrows  by 
the  milky  juice  of  various  Euphorbias  or  of 
the  manchiueel,  or  by  the  juice  of  two  species 
of  Strychnos.    Both  in  man  and  in  the  inferior 
animals  there  is  often  a  curious  correlation 
between  the  colour  of  the  skin  and  hair  and 
immunity  from  the  action  of  certain  vegetable 
poisons.  Metallic  poisons  act  upon  vegetables 
nearly  as  they  do  upon  animals,  that  is,  they 
are  absorbed  into  the  different  parts  of  a  plant, 
destroying  the  structure.     Vegetable  poisons, 
especially    those  which  destroy  animals  by 
action  upon  their  nervous  system,  also  cause 
the  death  of  plants. 

2.  Lain  :  By  the  present  laws  of  most  of  the 
Btate:-,  only  qualified  persons  are  allowed  to  sell 
poisons.    In  all  cases  the  word  "poison  "  and 
the  name  and  address  of  the  vendor  must  be 
upon  the  label.    No  poisoned  seed,  grains,  or 
flesh  must  be  exposed  on  land. 

poison-bag,  -  . 

Zool.  :  A  bag  or  sac  containing  poison,  which 
is  injected  into  a  punctured  wound. 

"  The  poison  Is  injected  iuK  the  nound  by  the  pro- 
ure  of  the  foot  on  th<  poit^n-bayi."—  e'unthe:  :  Studf 


poison  borry,  «. 

Sot.  :  A  "A\'s'.  Indian  name  for  Oestrum. 
p.»ig  jn  bulb,  •. 

Sot.  :  (1)  Buphane  toriotria,  a  South  African 
,»lant,  fatal  to  cattle  ;  (;>)  Crinum  osiuticum. 

poison-elder,  s.    [POISON-SUMACH.] 

poison-fang,  . 

Zool.  (PI.)  :  Two  long  conical  curved  fangs, 
one  on  each  maxilla  iu  the  Thanatophidk, 
(q.v.). 

"  When  the  animal  strikes  its  prey,  the  potion  fanfi 
are  erected  by  the  deration  of  the  movable  maxilla 
(to  which  thernreanchylosfdi  and  the  poison  is  forced 
through  the  tube  which  |ieriorat«s  each,  partly  by  the 
contractions  of  the  muscular  »alls  of  the  gland  and 
partly  by  the  muscles  of  the  Jawa,"  —  Hicholton  : 
Zoology  led.  1878).  p.  6T9. 

U  The  poison-fang  of  the  spider  is  the 
second  joint  of  each  mandible,  or  modified 
antenna,  shaped  into  a  perforated  sting. 

poison-gland,  *. 

Zool.  :  A  gland,  probably  a  modification  of 
one  of  the  bnccal  salivary  glands,  situated 
behind  and  under  each  eye  in  the  poisonous 
snakes,  and  rendering  their  bite  dangerous  or 
fatal. 

«j  In  the  bee  the  poison  is  secreted  by  two 
long  and  slender  ducts,  uniting  and  emptying 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  jo\trl ;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  fhin,  beuch ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.    -Ing. 

-elan,    tian  -  shan.    -tion, **siop  -    sliun  ;  -(ion,    sion  -  zhun.    -clous,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -We.  -die,  Ac.  =  bel,  del. 


SfifiS 


poison  -  polacanthus 


their  secretion  into  an  oblong  bag.     In  the 

•corp:  :i-gland*  are  lodged  in  the 

pyriforin  dilatation  at  tlie  tail,  terminated  by 

:ig.    In  the  typical  spider  the  poison. 

8 land  is  an  elongate  oval  vesicle,  having  the 
bre»  of  the  contractile  tissue  arranged  in 
•pinJ  folds.  (Owen.) 

poison-Ivy,  f.    [POISOS-OAJLJ 

poison  nut,  s. 

Sol. :  Strychnos  Nux-vomica. 

poison -oak,  poison-ivy, «. 

But.  :  Rhtu  TancodiMdron. 

poison  organ.  -. 

Icktky. :  Any  organ  capable  of  inflicting  a 
poisoned  wound,  whether  connected  with  a 
poison-bag,  aa  in  Synanceia,  or  unconnected 
with  any  such  apparatus,  as  in  the  Sting-rays, 
the  Weaver,  and  many  of  the  Scorptenoidg, 
Where  the  mucus  accreted  from  the  surface  of 
the  fish  evidently  possesses  venomous  qualities. 

TouoH-oryw  »»  •>«*•  common  in  the  class  of 

TMm  than  was  formerly  twiUred.  but  they  seem  to 

hav<  cicliuirclr  th«  luiirtlou  of  defence  and  are  not 

.ry  lu  procarinc  food  as  in  UM  vesMswms  makes. 

-(jutktr    .-4udg  vf  f**~.  v.  I*. 


poison-plant,  *. 

Bot. :  (In  Australia)  0)  Various  specie*  of 
Oast  mlol. turn  (.|.v.);  11)  SwaiMonia  (Jreyana, 
fatal  to  horses;  (3)  Lotut  aiutralit,  fatal  to 
•beep.  (Treat,  of  Dot.) 

poison  sumach,  poison  elder,  J. 

Hot. :  Rliui  venenttta,  a  tall  North  American 
shrub,  with  pinnate  leaves  with  eleven  to 
thirteen  leaflets.  The  poisonous  properties  of 
t!..-  plant  and  poinon  oak  (Mm  loxicodendnm) 
u>  in  its  power  to  raise  an  itching  eru|>ti>  n 
on  the  akin  in  many  (nisceptible  persona. 
This  U  sometimes  very  severe. 

POlSOa- WOOd.  f.      [POISOS-8UMACH.] 

pols  in,  '  poyson.  v.t.  A  i.  [O.  PV.  poiwu- 
ner  (Fr.  mpoitunntr),  from  Lat  potiono  —  to 
give  to  drink,  from  potto,  genit.  potionit  — 
*  drink,  a  draught,  a  potion.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  Infect  with  poison :  to  place  poiaon 
In  or  upon  ;  to  add  poison  to. 


2.  To  attack,  injure,  or  kill  by  poison  given  ; 

toadhiiiiot'-r  [>oi:ion  to. 

"The  drink!  the  drink  1  I  am  poitontd  •" 

Statmp. :  Samttt,  ».  1 
8.  To  taint,  to  corrupt,  to  vitiate. 

"My  sprints  of  life  wen  potton'd." 

Byron  :  CkMe  BanU.  ill.  T. 

B.  Intrant. :  To  kill  by  poison ;  to  act  as  a 
poison.  (Skakesp.  :  Lear,  ill  6.) 

•I  By  23  Henry  III.,  c.  9,  the  penalty  of 
poisoning  was  boiling  to  death.  Tins  was 
repeaied.by  1  Edward  VI.,  c.  12.  The  penalty 
is  now  that  of  other  methods  of  murder. 

•  polf  6n-»-ble,  a.     [Eng.  p«i*wi ;  -able.] 

L  Capable  of  poisoning  ;  poisonous,  venom- 
ous. 
2.  Capable  of  being  poisoned. 

polf  on  er,  *  poy-son-er, «.    [Eng.  poison ; 

1.  One  who   poisons ;   one  who  kills   by 
poison.    (Skakesp. :  Winter's  Tale,  i.  2.) 

2.  One  who   or   that   which    poisons    or 
corrupts. 

•polf  -On-er-eSS,  s.     [Eng.   poisoner;   -ess.] 
.le  poUoner. 

"Commanded  tbep*a»m«r*»M(AtTipptii.i]tobe  put 
to  death  "—tonatttaf:  Tuatttu;  Atmmlu.  p.  IN. 

•polf  An  ftill, a.     [Eng.pouon.--/ua.]     Full 
of  poison  ;  poisonous,  venomous. 

-The    spider,     a     ftittmfun    Tenniae."'—  WMu: 


pol?   dn-OUS,  a.     (Fr.    poisaneux.]     Having 
*  of  poison  ;  venomous ;  contain- 
ing p»i->on  ;  corrupting. 


poisonous  fishes, .«.  pi. 

Ichthy. :  Poisonous  fishes  may  be  divided 
Into  two  classes :  (1)  those  whose  flesh  has 
poisonous  qualities,  either  invariably,  as 
Cli'pta  tkrisn,  C.  venenota.  and  some  specios 
of  Scarus,  Tetrodon,  and  Diodon,  or  only  at 
certain  seasons,  as  the  B.ir)«l,  Pike,  and 
Burbot,  whose  roe  causes  violent  diarrhrea 
when  eaten  during  the  spawning  season ; 


(2)  those  furnished  with  poison-organs  (q.v.). 
The  fishes  of  the  first  division  probably 
acquire  tlieir  deleterious  qualities  from  their 
food,  which  consists  of  poisonous  medusae, 
corals,  and  decomposing  substances. 


poisonous-snakes,  t.  pi. 

PHID1A.] 

pols  -in-ous-ly,  adK.  [Eng.  poisonous  ;  -ly.] 
In  a  poisonous  manner;  so  as  to  poison  er 
corrupt  ;  venomously. 

••  So  much  more  poiitmtnuly  and  Incurably  doe*  the 
serpent  bit*."—  Haul*  :  Utrmont,  vol.  11,  Mr.  *. 

pols  -6n-ous-ngss,  s.  [Eng.  poisonous; 
•ntst.\  The  quality  or  state  of  being  poisonous. 


[Eng.  poison;  -some.] 
Poisonous. 

*  pols  on-y,  '  poy-son-ie,  a.    [Eng.  poison; 
-y.J    Poisonous. 

"  Pale  enule's  po*tonie  heads." 

Sylruter  :  Da  Bartdu.  Jrd  day,  lit  week,  1071. 

*  polf  '-ure,  *.     [Eng.  pois(«)  /-«*«.]    Weight 

"The  mere  quality  and  poi*ur«  of  goodness." 

Beaum.  t  Pitt.  :  WU  WUIuut  Money.  L  1. 

*  pol'-tral,  *  pol'-trf  1,  *  pol  -trail,  s.    [Fr. 
poitrail,   from   Lat.  pectoral*,   neut.   sing,  of 
pectoralis  =  pertaining  to  the  breast  ;  pectus, 
genit  ?vctori«=the   breast;    ItaL  pettorale.] 
[PECTORAL.] 

L  Old  Arm.  :  Armour  for  the  breast  of  a 
horse. 

2.  Harness  :  A  breast-leather  for  saddles  or 
for  draught 

*  poT-txin-al,  ».    [O.  Fr.]    The  same  as  Poi- 

TRaL  (q.V.). 

*  pol  -trine,  «.    [Fr.,  from  Lat.  pectus,  genit. 
pectoris=  the  breast.] 

1.  The  breast-armour  of  a  knight. 

2.  The  overlapping  scales  or  sheets  of  metal 
which  covered  the  breast  of  a  war-horse. 

poize,  s.&v.     [  POISE.] 

po-kaT,  s.    [Or.,  from  Lat.  poculum  =  a  cup.] 
A  tall  drinking-cup. 

poke  (IX  «•    [Ir.  poc  ;  Gael,  poca  =  a  bag  ;  A.S. 
f  poka,  pokha  ;  IceL  pokl;  O.  Dut.  poke  ;  Goili. 
'  pi<yys  =  n  bag;   Icel.  punjr  ;    A.S.  pung  =  a 
purse,  a  bag.    [POCKET,  POUCH.] 
L  A  bag,  a  pouch,  a  sack. 

"  A  pott  full  of  imrdoom."  P.  Plowman,  p.  184. 

*  2.  An  old  form  of  sleeve,  shaped  like  a 
bag  or  pouch. 

3.  Stolen  property.    (Slang.) 

4.  A  haycock.    (Prov.) 

"  He  wu  find  to  say  the  ;••>*«  had  been  got  away."— 
Daily  Tettgrapk,  Jau.  1,  1S88. 

T  To  buy  a  pig  in  a  poke:  [Pio  (1),  ».,  t]. 

*  poke-sleeve,*.  The  same  as  POKE  (1),  2. 

poke  (2),  ».    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Bof,  :  Indian  Poke  is  the  same  as  POKE- 
ROOT  (q.v.)  ;  Virginian  Poke  is  the  same  as 
POKE-  WEED  (q.v.). 

poke-berry,  *.    [POKE-WEED.] 
poke-needle,  s. 

Sot.  :  Scandix  Pecten-Venerit, 

poke-root,  «. 

Dot.  :  Veratrutn  viride. 

poke-  weed,  poke-berry,  «. 

Dot.  :  Phytolacoa  decandm.     [PHYTOLACCA.] 
is    a   natlT*  American."—  Bumught  : 


poke  (3),  t.    [POKE,  r.] 

L  The  act  of  poking;  a  gentle  thrust;  a 
jog,  a  nudge,  e  jnuh. 

2.  A   lazy   person  ;    a   loafer,  a   dawdler. 
(American.) 

3.  A  device  attached  to  a  breaching  animal, 
to  prevent  its  jumping  over,  crawling  tlirou^,  i, 
or  breaking  down  fjncea.     They  vary  with  tlie 
kind  of  stock  to  which  they  are  attached. 

4.  A  poke-bonnet  (q.v.). 


poke-bonnet,  *.  A  long,  straight,  pro- 
jecting bonnet  formerly  commonly  worn  by 
wom<-n. 

poke-net, «.    A  pole-net  (q.v.). 

•  poke  (»),«.     [POCK.]    Scrofula.    (Burton: 
Aiiat.  Melancholy,  p.  "1.) 


poke,  pukke,  v.t.  &  i  [Ir.  poc  =  a  blow,  s 
kick  ;  Corn,  poc  =a  push,  a  shove  ;  Gael,  pua 
•  to  push,  to  jostle  ;  Ger.  pocken  »  to  knock  ; 
Dut.  4  Low  Ger.  poken  ;  Sw.  poka  «a>to  poke, 
yik^ma.  stick.] 

A.  Transitive  : 

1.  To  thrust  or  push  against  ;  espec.  to 
thrust  or  push  something  long  and  pointed 
against  or  into. 

»  2.  To  feel,  search,  or  grope. 

3.  To  stir,  to  move  :  as,  To  poke  a  fire, 

4.  To  thrust  or  butt  with  the  horns. 

5.  To  put  a  poke  or  yoke  on  :  as,  To  poke  an 
ox.    (American.) 

B.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  grope,  to  search  ;  to  »eek  for  or  push 
one's  way,  as  in  the  dark. 

2.  To  busy  one's  self  without  any  definite 
object.    (Generally  followed  by  about.) 

"Poking   about   where    w«   had   no    business."—  O. 
Kingtlcy  :  Two  Feari  Ago. 

TI  (1)  To  poke  fun  :  To  make  fun  ;  to  joke  ; 
to  indulge  in  ridicule. 

(2)  To  poke  -fun  at  a  person  :  To  ridicule  01 
make  a  butt  of  one  ;  to  chaff  one. 

"Poking  your/un  at  us  plain-dealing  folks." 

B-irhum:  Ingoldtby  Ugmtl. 

(3)  To  poke  one's  nose  into  things  :  [NOSE,  «., 


poke  lok-en,  s.  [North  Arner.  Ind.)  A 
marshy  place  or  stagnant  pool,  extending 
into  the  land  from  a  stream  or  lake.  (Amer.) 

pok  -er  (1),  «.     [Eng.  pok(e),  v  ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  pokes  ;  sp-fif., 
an  iron  or  steel  bar  or  rod  used  in  poking  or 
stirring  a  coal  fire. 

2.  A  metal  Instrument   used    in   hooping 
masts.     It  has  a  flat  foot  at  one  end,  aud  s 
round  knob  at  the  other. 

*  3.  A  small  tool  used  for  setting  the  pleats 
of  ruffs;  originally  made  of  wood  or  bone, 
afterwards  of  steel,  that  it  might  be  used  hot 


4.  A  slang  term  applied  to  one  of  the  'squire 
Bedels  who  carry  a  silver  mace  or  poker  before 
the  vice-chancellor  at  Cambridge  University. 

poker-pictures,  s.  pi.  Imitations  ot 
pirtuirs,  or  rather  of  bistre-washed  drawings, 
executed  by  singeing  the  surl'ace  of  whito 
wood  with  a  heated  poker,  such  as  used  in 
Italian  irons.  Thry  were  extensively  patron- 
ised in  the  last  century. 

pok'-er  (2),  ».  [Cf.  Wei.  pwco  =  a  hobgoblin  ; 
Eng.  puck ;  Dan.  pokker  =  the  devil.)  A  bug- 
bear, a  hobgoblin  ;  any  frightful  object,  espec. 
in  the  dark.  (Amer.) 

*  H  Old  Poker :  The  devil. 

"  As  if  Old  Palter  was  oomiug  to  take  them  away."— 
WatpoU :  Letteri.  iv.  36S. 

pok  -er  (3),  s.  [A  corrupt,  of  Eng.  post  and 
P'lire,  through  the  contracted  form  Po  'per.]  A 
favourite  American  game  at  cards. 

•  pok  -er-ish  (1),  o.  [Eng.  poker  (1) ;  -ish.) 
btiif,  like  a  poker. 

pdk  -  er-ish  (2),  a.  [Eng.  poker  (2);  -ish.) 
Frightful ;  causing  fear,  especially  to  children. 
(Amer.) 

pok  -ing,  pr.  par.  &  a.    (POKE,  ».] 

A.  As  pr.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj. :  Paltry,  mean,  servile,  petty. 

"  Bred  to  some  poking  profession  "—Gray  .    It  arks, 
Tol.  ii.,  let.  36. 

*  poking  stick,  *.    The  same  as  POKKB 
0).  S. 


*  po-kok,  *.     [PEACOCK,  s.] 

pok'-y,  p5k-ey,  a.    [Eng.  pok(e);  -y.] 

1.  Crampud,  narrow,  confined,   musty  :  as, 
a  poky  corner. 

2.  Poor,  shabby. 

"  Tlie  ladle*  were  in  their  mltittt  old  headgear.'— 
T\arkfra:/ :  \fwtomn,  cii.  Ivil 

3.  Dull,  stupid.     (Amer.) 

pdl-a-ean'-thus,  «.     [Gr.  *o\v<  v?w'"«)  = 
many,  and  axavOa  (akantlia)  =  a  thorn.] 

Palannt.  :  A  Renusof  Scelidosauridae  (q.T.% 
It  was  slioathcd  in  armour  like  the  carapace 
of  a  tortoise  or  an  armadillo.  Found  in  th« 
Oolite  and  the  Wealden. 


fate,  f&t.  farrs,  amidst,  what,  (all.  father ;  we,  w6t,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go.  pot, 
ex.  wore,  wjH,  work,  who.  aon ;  mute.  cub.  cure,  unite,  our.  rule,  full :  try,  Syrian.    CB,  w  =  e  ;  ey  =  a ;  au  =  kw. 


polacca— polarization 


.1669 


pd-lac'-ca  (i),  &.    [ital.] 

Music  :'&  title  applied  to  melodies  written 
In  imitation  of  Polish  dance  tunes. 

*  PO   laO  -Ca  (2),  *.      [POLACRE.] 

*  po'-lack,  a.  <t  s.     (Fr.  polaque.] 

A.  -4s  adj. :  Polish.  (Shakesp. :  Hamlet,  v.  2.) 

B.  -4s  siibst. :  A  Pole ;  a  native  of  Poland. 
(Shakesp. :  Hamlet,  i.  1.) 

•,po-lac'-re  (re  as  er),  *  po-laqne,  *.  [Ital. 

polacca,  polaccra ;  Fr.  polaque ;   Port,  polaca, 
polhacra  ;  prop,  a  Polish  vessel.] 

Naut. :  A.  three-masted  vessel  used  in  the 
Mediterranean.  The  masts  are  usually  of  one 
piece,  so  that  they  have  neither  tops,  caps, 
nor  cross-trees,  nor  horses  to  their  upper 
yards.  (Byron :  Beppo,  xcv.) 

polacre-shlp,  s.  A  polacca.  (Daily  TeU- 
graph,  Aug.  25,  1885.) 

*  pd'-lan,  «.    [POLEYN  (l).] 

*P61'-and-er,  ».  [Eng.  Poland;  -er.]  A  native 
of  Poland  ;  a  Pole. 

pol-a-nfs'-I-a,  *.  [Gr.  iroAu?  (polus)  =  many, 
and'ai/tcroc  (aiiisos)  —  unequal ;  named  because 
the  stamens  are  numerous  and  unequal.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Cleomeae.  Herbs  with 
palmate  leaves,  four  sepals,  four  petals,  and 
eight  or  moie  stamens,  natives  of  the  wanner 
parts  of  Asia  and  America,  PoUtnisia  icosan- 
dra,  called  also  Cleome  viscosa,  is  common  in 
India  and  various  other  warm  countries.  The 
juice  of  the  leaves  is  poured  into  the  ear  to 
relieve  earache ;  the  bruised  leaves  are  applied 
to  the  skin  as  a  counter-irritant ;  the  seeds  are 
carminative.  (Prof.  Watt.)  The  fruit  is  used 
in  the  United  States  as  a  vermifuge,  and  in 
Cochin  China  as  a  sinapism.  P.  graveolens,  a 
North  American  species,  is  also  a  vermifuge. 

'  po-laque,  ».    [POLACKE.] 

p61'-ar,a.  [Lat. polaris, from Lat. poZus=apole 
(q.v.)  ;  Fr.  polaire;  Sp.  polar ;  Ital.  polare.] 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  pole,  or  the  poles 
of  a  sphere  ;  pertaining  to  the  points  in  which 
the  axis  of  the  earth  is  supposed  to  meet  the 
•pliere  of  the  heavens ;  pertaining  to  one  of 
the  extremities  of  the  axis  on  which  the  earth 
revolves.    (Milton:  P.L.,  x.  681.) 

2.  Situated  or  found  at  or  near  the  pole  or 
poles  of  the  earth.    (Goldsmith:  Deserted  Vil- 
lage.) 

*  3.  Coming  or  issuing  from  the  regions  near 
the  poles  of  the  earth. 
4.  Pertaining  to  a  magnetic  pole  or  poles. 

polar-angle,  *.  The  angle  at  a  pole 
formed  by  two  meridians. 

polar-axis,  s. 

L  Astron. :  The  axis  of  an  astronomical  in- 
strument or  an  equatorial,  which  is  parallel 
to  the  earth's  axis. 

8.  Math.  A  Astron.  :  [Axis  (1),  II.  1  &  2.] 

polar-boar,  s. 

Zool. :  Ursus  maritimus,  the  largest  indi- 
vidual of  the  family  Ursidae,  and  one  of  the 
best  known.  It  is  found  ovqr  the  whole  of 
Greenland,  but  its  numbers  are  decreasing,  as 
it  is  regularly  hunted  for  the  sake  of  its  skin, 
for  which  the  Danish  authorities  give  about 
eleven  shillings  to  the  hunter*  on  the  spot. 
The  Polar  Bear  is  from  seven  to  eight  feet  long, 
with  a  narrow  head,  and  the  forehead  in  a 
line  with  the  elongated  muzzle,  short  ears, 
and  long  neck.  It  is  quite  white  when  young, 
changing  to  a  creamy  tint  in  maturity.  Un- 
like most  of  its  congeners,  it  is  carnivorous, 
attacks  by  biting,  not  b*y  hugging,  and  only 
the  pregnant  females  hibernate.  Many  tales 
are  told  of  its  ferocity,  which  appear  to  have 
been  exaggerated  by  early  travellers,  and  the 
probability  is  that,  unless  interfered  with  or 
pressed  by  hunger,  it  rarely  attacks  man. 

polar-circles,  «.  pi.  The  Arctic  and 
Antarctic  Circles  (q.v.). 

polar-clock,  ».  An  optical  instrument 
Invented  by  Wheatstone  for  ascertaining  the 
time  of  day  by  means  of  polarized  light. 

polar-coordinates,  «.  pi.  Elements 
of  reference,  by  means  of  which  points  are 
referred  to  a  system  of  polar  coordinates.  In 
a  plane  system,  these  elements  consist  of  a 
variable  angle  and  a  variable  distance  called 
the  radius  vector.  In  space,  they  consist  of 


P"' 
bk 


two  variable  angles  and  a  variable  right  line, 
still  called  the  radius  vector. 

polar-dial,  «.  A  dial  whose  plane  is 
parallel  to  a  great  circle  passing  through  the 
poles  of  the  earth. 

polar-distance,  *.  The  distance  of  the 
circle  of  a  sphere  from  its  pole,  estimated  on 
the  arc  of  a  great  circle  of  the  sphere  passing 
through  the  pole  of  the  circle. 

polar-equation,  s.  An  equation  which 
expresses  the  relation  between  the  polar  co- 
ordinates of  every  point  of  a  line  or  surface. 

polar-forces,  s. pi.  [FORCE  (1),  *.,  t  (23).] 

polar-lights,  s.  pi  The  Aurora  Borealis 
or  Australia. 

polar-plant, *. 

Hot. :  Silphium  laciniatum. 

polar  projection  of  the  sphere,  s. 

A  projection  of  the  circles  of  the  sphere  on 
the  plane  of  one  of  the  polar  circles.    This 

S -ejection   is  employed  in  connection  with 
creator's  to  represent  the  polar  regions. 

polar -star,  *.  The  pole-star  (q.v.>. 
(Scott:  Lord  of  the  Isles,  v.  14.) 

polar-whale,  s. 

Zool.  :  Balcena  mysticetus. 

•pdT-arch-£,  *  p6T-larch-£,  s.  rGr.  m>Av« 
(polus) =inany,  and  opxi  (arc/i«)=rule,  govern- 
ment.) Government  by  a  number  of  persons  ; 
polyarchy.  (W.  H.  Russell:  Korth  £  South, 
ii.  340.) 

*  po-lar'-Ic,  a.    [Eng.  polar;  -ic.]    The  same 
as  POLAR  (q.v.). 

*  poT-ar-I-l^,  adv.     [Eng.  polary  ;  -ly.]    In  a 

iolar    manner.     (Browne :    Vulgar    Errours, 
ik.  ii.,  ch.  ii.) 

pd-lar'-i-me-ter,  *.  [Eng.  polar ;  i  connec- 
tive, and  meter.]  AD  Instrument  for  measuring 
polarization. 

pd-lar-Im'-e'-tr&  •>  flSng.  polarimeter;  -y.] 
The*  act  or  process  of  measuring  the  polariza- 
tion of  light. 

po-lar  -is,  *.    [Lat]    The  Pole  Star  (q.v.). 

po-lar'-I-scope,  *.  [Eng.  polarity),  and  Gr. 
vxoire'w  (skoped)  —  to  look  at.]  [POLARIZATION.] 

po-lar-ist'-Ic,  a.  [Eng.  polar;  -istic.]  Of,  be- 
longing to,  or  exhibiting  poles ;  so  arranged  as  to 
have  poles ;  affected  by  or  dependent  on  poles. 

po-lar'-l-tfr  t.    [Fr.  polarite;  Ital.  polarita.] 

1.  Physics: 

(1)  The  disposition  in  a  body,  or  an  elemen- 
tary molecule,  to  place  its  mathematical  axis, 
in  a  particular  direction. 

(2)  The  disposition  in  a  body  to  exhibit 
opposite  or  contrasted  properties  or  powers 
in  opposite  or  contrasted  directions,  spec,  the 
existence  of  two  points,  called  poles,  possess- 
ing contrary  tendencies.    Examples,  attraction 
and  repulsion  at  the  opposite  ends  of  a  mag- 
net, opposite  tendencies  in  polarized  light,  &c. 

"  This  polarity  from  refrigeration,  upon  extremity 
mid  defect  of  a  loadstone,  might  touch  a  needle  any 
where."— Brown* :  Vulgar  frroun,  bk.  iL,  ch.  IL 

2.  Biol.:  Prof.  Edward  Forbes,  considering 
that  the  relation  between  the  palaeozoic  and 
neozoic  life-assemblages   is  one   of  develop- 
ment in  opposite  directions,  called  it  polarity. 
(Quar.  Jour.  Geol.  Soc.,  x,,  Pres.  Add.  p.  Ixxxi.) 

pol'-ar-iz-a-ble,  a.  [Eng. polarise);  -able.} 
Capable  of  being  polarized. 

po-lar-i-za'-tlon, *.  [Eng.  polarise);  -ation.] 

1.  The  act  of  polarizing  or  of  gi  ving  polarity  to. 

2.  The  state  of  being  polarized. 

3.  Galvanism :  The  production  of  a  second- 
ary current  in  a  galvanic  battery  contrary  to  the 
principal  one,  owing  to  the  gradual  chemical 
change  in  the  elements  of  the  battery.     This 
change  weakens,  or  may  even  destroy,  the 
original  current.    Many  forms  of  battery  re- 
cover by  rest ;  in  others  ingenious  means  are 
devised  to  avoid  polarization,  and  such  are 
called  constant  batteries. 

T  (1)  Polarization  of  light : 

Optics:  A  state  into  which  the  ethereal  un- 
dulations which  cause  the  sensation  of  light 
are  brought  under  certain  conditions.  These 
undulations  are  perpendicular  to  the  line  of 
transmission  of  the  wave,  as  in  a  stretched 


cord,  but,  in  a  ray  of  common  light,  appear  to 
take  place  successively  in  all  directions  in  the 
manner  shown  in  the  diagram  A  (but  with 
the  transitions  far  more  gradual),  the  vibra- 
tions successively  passing  through  rectilinear, 
elliptical,  and  circular  phases  with  inconceiv- 
able rapidity.  If,  now,  the  vibrations  become, 


or  are  rendered,  stable  in  any  one  form  of  orbit, 
the  light  is  in  the  condition  known  as  polar- 
ised, and  the  state  is  one  of  plane,  elliptical,  or 
circular  polarization,  according  as  the  orbit 
resembles  B,  c,  or  D.  The  most  familiar  and 
simple  form  is  that  of  plane  polarization.  This 
may  be  produced  in  various  ways,  the  piece  of 
apparatus  producing  such  modifications  being 
called  a  Polarizer.  When  produced,  however, 
the  effects  can  only  be  perceived  by  examin- 
ing them  through  another  piece  of  apparatus 
which,  used  alone,  would  polarize  the  light, 
but  when  used  to  examine  light  already  polar- 
ized, is  called  the  Analyser.  The  two  In  com- 
bination, with  the  necessary  adjustments,  form 
a  Polariscope,  of  which  there  are  many  forms. 

(a)  Plane  polarization :  When  arayof  common 
light  passes  through  a  crystal  (not  of  the  cubic 
system),  the  atoms  being  so  arranged  that  the 
elasticity  (or  other  properties  affecting  motions 
of  the  ether  within  the  crystal)  are  different 
in  different  directions,  the  ether  motions  are 
at  once  resolved  into  that  of  the  greatest  and 
the  least  elasticity  at  right  angles  to  the  path 
of  the  ray,  so  dividing  the  ray  of  common 
light  into  two  "plane  polarized"  rays,  pylari  zed 
in  planes  at  right  angles  to  each  other.    One 
of  these  rays  being  easily  eliminated  by  total 
reflection  in  the  Nicol  prism  (q.v.),  two  such 
prisms  form  a  convenient  polariscope.     The 
ray,  after  passing  through  the   first  prism, 
appears  just  like  common  light,  only  of  half 
the  original  brilliancy;  but  on  looking  at  it 
through   the  second  Nicol,  on  turning  the 
latter  round,  we  find  two  positions  in  which 
the  light  from  the  first  Nicol  gets  through 
the  second  unaltered ;  and  two  positions  at 
right  angles  to  the  former   in  which  it  in 
absolutely  stopped,  and  the  second   prism, 
though  clear  as  glass,  is  absolutely  opaque 
to  it.    The  beam  of  light  appears  thus  to 
have  acquired   sides,  and  to  behave  differ- 
ently according  to  the  relation   these  sides 
bear  to  the  position  of  the  prism.    Such  is 
the  fundamental  nature  and  phenomenon  of 
Polarized  Light.     Light  is  also  polarized  by 
reflection  from  polished  transparent  surfaces, 
when  incident  at  such  an  angle  that  the  re- 
flected and  refracted  rays  make  a  right  angle. 
In  glass,  this  angle  is  about  56°.    An  exactly 
equal  quantity  of  the  incident  light  which  is 
transmitted  through  the  glass,  is  polarized  in 
a  plane  at  right  angles  to  the  former.    At 
other  angles  the  effect  is  partial.    The  scat- 
tered light  of  the  sky  is  always  more  or  less 
polarized,  as  is  all  light  reflected  from  small 
particles  in  air  or  water,  if  the  particles  are 
small  enough :  the  polarizing  angle  for  such 
particles  is,  as  might  be  expected,  45°. 

(b)  Chromatic  polarization :  Let  the  perpen- 
dicular vibrations  from  a  Nicol  prism  encoun- 
ter in  their  path  a  crystalline  film  of  selenite 
or  mica,  whose  planes  of  greatest  and  least 
elasticity  are  arranged  diagonally.    The  per- 
pendicular vibrations  are  again  "resolved" 
into  two  sets,  one  of  which  is  retanUd  behind 
the  other  owing  to  the  difference  in  the  two 
elasticities.     The  analyser  "  resolves  "  each 
of  these  again,  bringing  half  of  each  set  back 
into  one  plane.    The  two  sets  of  waves  are 
then  in  a  position  to  exercise  interference, 
and  the  consequence  is  that,  if  the  plate  or 
film 'is  of  suitable  thickness,  the  most  gor- 
geous colours  are  presented.    It  is  the  same 
with  every  substance  having  different  elas- 
ticities  in   different   directions,  and  as  all 
"structure"  presents  such  differences,  polar- 
ized light  becomes  the  most  powerful  weapon 
of  the  biologist,  revealing  structure  wher» 
ordinary  light  wUl  not  do  so. 

(c)  Circular  polarization :  If  two  rectangular, 
equal  impulses  are  given  to  a  pendulum,  or 
to  a  stretched  cord,  one  of  them  a  quarter- 
vibration  later  than  the  other,  the  two  are 
compounded    into   a   single   circular    orbit. 
Therefore,  if  a  beam  of  plane-polarized  light 


boll,  bo> ;  pout,  jowl ;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this :  sin,  as ;  expect,  ^enophon,  exist,    ph  =  C 
-clan,  -tlaa  =  shan.    -tion,  -«ion  =  shun ;  -(ion,  -§ ion  =  zhua.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  -  shus.    -We,  -die,  ic.  =  bel,  del. 


3*70 


polarize— pole 


passes,  as  in  the  last  paragraph,  through  a 
film  of  mica  of  such  a  thickness  that  one  of 
the  two  diagonally  vibrating  sets  of  waves 
•ball  be  retarded,  whilst  in  the  film  one 
quarter-vibration  behind  the  other,  the  two 
are  compounded  on  emergence  into  one  beam 
of  circularly-polarized  light.  At  approximate 
thicknesses,  the  light  is  elliptically  polarized. 
Circularly  ]-olarized  light  U  never  stopj  <••!  by 
the  analyser,  bat  differs  from  c<>rnni»n  I:--'.:; 
to  producing  polarijed  effects.  The  most  im- 
portant of  these  is 

(d)  Rotatory  polarisation  :  Vary  the  former 
experiment  by  passing  the  light  from  the  polar- 
Lung  Nicol,  with  its  vibrations  in  a  verticil 
plane,  through  a  plate  of  selenite  or  mica 
which  gives  fine  culonr;  the  vibrations  are 
th-Ti  in  the  two  diagonals.  Let  this  light  now 
traverse  a  "quarter-wave  "  mica  film,  with  its 
polarizing  planes  perpendicular  and  horizontal. 
Each  set  of  rays  from  the  drat  plate  1  • 
circularly  polarized,  but  the  two  in  opposite 
directions,  the  circular  movements  thus  op- 
posing each  other.  Whenever  two  circular 
motions  thus  meet,  as  in  two  circular  pen- 
dulums clashing,  the  tangential  motion  is 
destroyed,  ami  the  pendulums  would  both 
fall  back  together  through  the  centre  of  the 
former  orbit.  It  is  so  in  this  case ;  but  as 
one  set  of  rays  has  been  retarded  in  the  plates 
more  than  the  other,  the 
•wing  of  the  ether  atoms  is 
no  longer  in  the  original 
plane  of  vibration.  Let 
that  plane  be  A,  B  ;  instead 
of  the  two  circular  waves 
•eeting  at  A  again,  as  they 
would  if  both  circular  mo- 
tions were  equally  rapid, 
the  meeting-point  will  be  '* 

•omewhere  on  one  side  or  other  of  it  as  at  x. 
There  the  right-handed  ray  will  meet  the  left- 
handed  ray,  the  tangential  motions  RM,  m, 
will  be  destroyed,  and  the  radial  forces  unite  in 
the  plane-polarized  swing-orbit  M  r,  passing 
through  the  centre  c.  If,  therefore,  light  of 
one  wave-length  or  colour  be  employed,  in- 
stead of  the  analyser  having  to  be  turned 
•cross  A  B  to  extinguish  it,  it  must  now  be 
tamed  across  M  r— in  other  words,  the 
original  plane  of  polarization  has  l«en  ro- 
tated. If  white  light  be  employed,  the  many 
various  wave-lengths  will  obviously  meet  at 
different  points,  and  hence  rotation  of  the 
analyser  will  give  in  succession  more  or  less 
of  the  oolours  of  the  spectrum.  I  f  t  he  q  uarter- 
wave  dim  is  cut  in  half,  and  its  position  re* 
versed  in  one  half,  the  transition  of  colours 
will  occur  in  opposite  orders  in  the  two  halves. 
Rotatory  polarization  is  of  the  greatest  prac- 
tical importance.  There  are  many  crystals, 
plates  of  which,  when  cut  in  proper  directions, 
produce  naturally  all  the  phenomena  of  the 
double-plate  described  above.  Many  fluids, 
•nob  as  oil  of  lemons,  turpentine,  and  solu- 
tion of  cane  sugar,  also  show  the  same  pheno- 
mena very  strongly,  and  in  their  case  it  is 
remarkably  connected  with  the  presence  in  the 
molecule  of  what  chemists  call  "  asymmetri- 
cal atoms."  In  solutions,  as  of  sugar,  the 
•mount  of  rotation  is  proportionate  to  the 
quantity  of  sugar  in  solution  in  a  given 
column  of  fluid  ;  hence  the  "estimation"  of 
erystallizable  sugar,  whenever  accuracy  is 
required,  i§  now  always  made  )>y  the  polari- 
•cope.  Faraday  discovered,  in  1845,  that  the 
property  of  rotatory  polarization  was  con- 
ferred upon  any  transparent  body  when  the 
axis  of  the  ray  employed  was  made  the  axis 
of  a  galvanic  solenoid  or  strong  magnetic  Held. 
[POLARIZED- RIBOS.) 
(2)  Polarimtion  of  Kent : 
P\V*ie» :  The  polarizing  of  ray»  of  heat  by 
reflection  and  by  refraction. 
(9)  I'olarintio*  of  the  medium : 
fltt*. :  The  name  given  by  Faraday  to  the 
production  of  alternate  layers  of  positive  and 
negative  electricity  in  the  medium  separating 
an  electrified  and  an  unelectriOed  body. 

po  lar-ise,  r.t  [Eng.  polar;  -i».j  To  affect 
with  polarity. 

po  lar-iied,  pn.  par.  or  a.  [POLARIZE.] 
Having  polarity  ;  affected  or  acted  upon  by 
polarization. 

polarized  rings,  «,  pL 

Optla :  Imagine  a  crystal  symmetrical 
around  a  single  axis,  like  a  section  of  the 
trunk  of  a  tree,  with  the  elasticity  greatest 
or  least  in  the  direction  of  the  axis  and 


symmetrically  alike  all  round  the  circumfer- 
ence. If  we  cut  a  plate  in  the  way  of  a 
plank,  it  will  behave  like  the  tiling  already 
!.)>oken  of.  But  if  a  slice  be  cut  across  the 
trunk  at  right  angles  it  must  be  different, 
when  a  ray  of  light  passes  through  in  the 
direction  of  the  axis.  The  ether  vibrations 
are  at  right  angles  to  the  path  of  the  ray  (now 
the  same  as  the  axis),  but  in  all  these  direc- 
tions the  elasticity  is  equal,  consequently 
a  beam  of  common  li^'ht  will  not  be  dmibly- 
•••J,  nor  a  beam  of  plane-polarized  light 
further  resolved,  in  passing  along  the  axis. 
This  is  Ixirnr  out  by  cutting  a  plate  of  culcite 
at  right  angles  to  its  axis.  But  if  the  ray 
posses  through  such  a  plate  obliquely,  double 
refractions  and  interference  will  come  into 
action,  and  we  shall  perceive  colour.  Imagine 
now  a  conical,  or  strongly  convergent  pencil 
of  plane-polarized  light  traversing  the  plate, 
and  the  analyser  turned  so  as  to  extinguish 
the  light  passing  the  polarising  Nicol.  The 
centre  of  the  plate,  where  the  beam  is  truly 
axial,  will  still  appear  dark.  But,  as  the  light 
becomes  more  and  more  oblique,  the  vibra- 
tions will  be  resolved  into  some  plane  passing 
through  the  axis,  and  planes  at  right  angles 
to  these,  or  tangential  planes.  In  perpen- 
dicular and  horizontal  planes,  these  will 
cause  no  further  resolution  of  the  vibrations, 
and  there  will  therefore  be  a  black  cross  when 
the  analyser  is  crossed  ;  hut  in  all  other 
planes,  the  more  and  more  oblique  light  must 
cause  successive  rings  of  light  and  darkness, 
or,  when  white  light  is  em- 
ployed, of  colour,  as  shown  in 
fig.  A.  In  crystals  which  are 
not  perfect- 
ly symme- 
trical about 
one  axis. 
the  ideal 
structure 
may  be 
compared 
to  that  of  a 
tree-  trunk 
of  an  oval 
section. 

Here,  a  plank  would  •till  give  two  polarizing 
planes,  as  in  a  film  of  selenite  ;  but  a  trans- 
verse section  would  also  show  two  rectangular 
elasticities.  In  such  a  case,  analysis  proves 
that  there  must  be  two  lines  or  axes  inclined 
to  each  other,  in  which  there  can  be  no 
double  refraction,  and  that  the  fringes  of 
colour  must  take  the  general  shape  of  lemnis- 
i-ates,  as  shown  in  tig.  B.  In  many  crystals 
the  properties  are  quite  different  for  light  of 
different  wave-lengths,  and  in  some,  the  plane 
of  the  axes  is  at  right  angles  for  one  end  of 
the  spectrum  to  what  it  is  for  the  other. 
The  relation  of  the  elasticities  may  also  be 
profoundly  changed  by  heating  the  crystal, 
so  that  the  intermediate  one  becomes  greatest 
or  least  ;  in  such  cases,  as  in  heating  selenite, 
the  double  rings  of  B  gradually  merge  into 
one  as  at  A,  and  then  the  two  rings  spread 
out  ngain  in  a  direction  at  right  angles  to  the 
former.  Generally,  it  may  be  said  that  cubic 
crystals  possess  no  double  refraction  ;  that 
crystals  symmetrical  round  one  axis  are  nni- 
axial,  doubly-refracting,  and  exhibit  circular 
rings  ;  and  that  other  crystals  are  bi-axial,  and 
exhibit  double  rings.  All  these  phenomena 
are  of  the  greatest  importance  in  the  study 
of  rocks,  and  the  fragments  of  crystals  em- 
bedded in  them. 


IZKD  RINGS. 


po'-lar-i-ser.  «. 

AR1ZATIOK.] 


;  •*.}  [POL- 


•po'-lar-*,  o.  [Eng.  polar;  -y.]  Tending 
towards  the  pole  ;  having  a  direction  towards 
the  pole.  (Browne:  Vulgar  Erroun,  bk.  ii., 
ch.  ii.) 

pol  a  tduche.  «.    [Fr.,  from  Russ.] 

Zool.  :  Sciuropterus  volant  ;  a  flying  squirrel, 
from  the  north-east  of  Europe  and  Siberia. 
It  is  about  six  inches  long,  with  a  broad,  flat 
tail  ;  tawny-brown  on  upper  surface,  darker 
on  patagium,  pure  white  beneath  ;  in  winter 
the  fur  liecomos  longer  and  thicker,  and  of  a 
silver-gray  colour. 

*  po-layl,  a.    [PCLLAILE.] 
po-layne,  t.    [PULLAIS.] 

poT-der,  t.  [Dut.]  In  Holland  and  Belgium 
a  tract  of  land  l*low  the  level  of  the  sea,  or 
nearest  river,  which  being  originally  a  morass 
or  lake,  has  been  drained  and  brought  under 
cultivation. 


pold'-way,   *.      [Etym.    doubtful.]      [Poi.e- 
DAVY.]  Coarse  bagging  stuff  tor  coal-sacks,  &c, 

pole    (1),    ».      [A.S.  pal,  from  Lai.  palus  —  a 
stake  ;  Low  Ger.  &  Dut.  paal ;  M.   H.  Ger. 
pfal;  Ger.pfahl;  Wei.  pawl.]    [PALK,  *.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  A  long  staff  or  slender  piece  of  wood  ;  a 
tall  slender  piece  of  timber.     [II.] 

"  He  drops  hit  pole,  and  teems  to  Blip." 

Prior :  Alma,  It. 

2.  A  tall  staff  or  piece  of  timber  erected : 
as,  a  May-pok. 

3.  An  instrument  for  measuring. 

4.  A  unit  of  measurement,  used  principally 
in  land-surveying.     It  contains  Hij  leet  or  5f 
yards.    It  is  used  both  as  a  linear  and  super- 
licial  measure,  a  square  pole  containing  30} 
square  yards. 

IL  Vehicles  :  The  beam  projecting  in  front 
of  a  vehicle,  which  separates  two  horses ;  a 
carriage-pole. 

HO)  Barber's  pole :  A  projecting  pole  used 
as  a  sign  for  a  barber's  or  hairdresser's  shop. 
It  is  usually  painted  red  with  a  white  band 
running  spirally  round  it.  It  is  a  memorial 
of  the  time  when  barbers  used  to  practise 
surgery.  [BARBER-CHIRURGEON.] 

(2)  Under  bare  poles :  A  term  applied  to  the 
state  of  a  ship  when  all  her  sails  arc  furled. 

"  We  were  >cudUiug  Iwfore  a  heavy  gale,  under  bart 
polel."—Marrnat  :  Peter  Simple,  ch.  xxxvilL 

pole-Carriage,  s.  A  carriage  furnished 
with  a  pole  or  tougne,  in  contradistinction  to 
one  with  shafts  or  thills. 

pole-chain,  a. 

Vehicles :  The  chain  on  the  fore  end  of  a  car- 
riage-pole, leading  to  the  collar  or  the  breast- 
chains  of  the  harness. 

*  pole-clipt,  a.  Surrounded  or  hedged  iu 
with  poles. 

"  Thy  pole-clipt  vineyard." 

Shukeip.  :  Temprtt,  IT.  L 

pole-crab,  *.  A  double  loop  on  the  fore- 
end  of  a  carriage-pole,  to  receive  the  breast- 
straps  of  the  harness. 

pole -foot.  *. 

Vehicles :  The  hind  end  of  a  pole  which  goea 
into  the  cleaves  of  the  futchelL 

pole-futchell,  s    [FUTCBELL.] 
pole-hook,  s. 

1.  The  hook  on  the  end  of  a  carriage-tongue. 

2.  A  boat-hook. 

pole-lathe,  s.  \  lathe  in  which  the  work 
is  supported  between  centres  on  posts  rising 
from  the  bed,  turned  by  a  strap  which  passes 
two  or  three  times  round  the  work.  The 
lower  end  of  the  strap  is  connected  to  the 
treadle,  and  the  other  end  to  a  spring-bar  on 
the  ceiling. 

pole-mast, «. 

Navt.  :  A  mast  made  with  a  single  pole,  in 
contradistinction  to  a  mast  built  up,  and 
secured  by  bands. 

pole-net,  *.  A  net  attached  to  a  pole  for 
fishing  in  rivers ;  a  shrimping-net. 

pole-pad,  «. 

Ordn. :  A  pad  of  leather  stuffed  with  wool  and 
distended  by  a  frame  of  iron,  slipped  and 
keyed  on  the  end  of  the  pole  of  a  gun-carriage 
to  prevent  injury  to  the  horses. 

pole-piece, «.    [POLE-STRAP.] 
pole-plate, «. 

Carp.  :  The  plate  of  a  fnime  which  supports 
the  heels  of  the  rafters;  a  wall-plate. 

pole-prop,  s.  A  bai  for  supporting  the 
end  of  the  pole  or  tongue,  especially  used  with 
the  various  carriages  of  the  artillery  service. 

pole-propeller,  s.  A  mode  of  propul- 
sion of  boats  in  which  the  ends  of  poles  are 
pushed  against  the  bottom  of  the  river  to  pro- 
pel the  boat. 

pole-reed,  pull  reed,  «. 
Bat. :  Phragmites  communit. 

pole-rush,  • 

Bat. :  The  Bulrush  (q.v.). 

pole-strap,  *.  A  heavy  strap  by  which 
the  pole  of  the  carriage  is  attached  to  th* 
collar  of  the  horse.  Also  called  pole-piece. 


ftte.  Ot,  fare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  rather;  we.  wit,  here,  camel,  her,  there; 
•r,  wore,  W9H  work,  who,  s6a ;  mote,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try. 


pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p8t, 
Syrian.    ».  ce  =  e  ;  ey  -  a  :  qu  -  kw. 


Pole— poley 


3671 


pole-tip,  x.  A  tubular  iron  at  the  front 
end  of  a  wagon-pole. 

Pole  (2),  t    [Seeder.]    A  native  of  Poland, 
•pole (3),*.    [POLL (I),*.] 

pole  (4),  *pol,  s.  [O.  Fr.  pol,  from  Lat 
polum,  ace  us.  of  polus  =  &  pole;  Gr.  woAos 
(polos)  =  a  pivot,  a  hinge,  a  pole,  from  irc'Xw 
fi)«Jd)  =  to  turn;  Fr.  jx>Ze;  8p.  A  Ital.polo; 
Ger.,  Dan.,  <fe  Sw.  poi;  Dut.  pooL] 

L  Ordinary  Language: 

L  Literally: 

(1)  In  the  same  sense  as  IL  L 

*  (2)  The  pole-star. 

*  (3)  The  firmament,  the  sky. 

"  The  moon's  resplendent  globa 
And  starry  pole. "  Jrtrton :  P.  L.,  IT.  7M. 

2.  jfiff. :  The  opposite  extreme. 
IL  Technically: 

1.  Astron. :  One  of  the  two  points  in  which 
the  axis  of  the  earth  is  supposed  to  meet  the 
sphere  of  the  heavens  ;  one  of  the  fixed  points 
about  which  the  stars  appear  to  revolve. 

2.  Elect.  (PL):   The  same  as  ELECTRODES 
(q.v.). 

3.  Magnetism  (PI.) :  The  two  points  at  oppo- 
•ite  ends  of  a  magnetic  bar  where  the  attrac- 
tion is  greatest.    One  points  to  the  north  and 
is  willed  the  North  Pole,  the  other  to  the  south 
and  is  called  the  South  Pole.    Similar  poles 
repel,  dissimilar  poles   attract   each   other. 
Sometimes  there  are  intermediate  poles,  called 
"consequent    poles."      When   the   earth    is 
viewed  as  a  magnet,  the   spots  where   the 
magnetic  needle  stamls  vertical  are  called  the 
"  magnetic  poles."    In  1830  Sir  James  Ross 
found  that  the  magnetic  north  pole  was  in  76° 
N.  and  96°  43'  W.    At  the  same  time  the  posi- 
tion of  the  magnetic  south  pole  was  calculated 
to  be  in  754°  S.  and  154°  E.    But  it  does  not 
always  retain  the  same  place.    This  is  shown 
by  what  is  called  the  declination  or  variation 
of  the  magnetic  needle,  i.e.,  the  angle  which 
it  makes  with  the  geographical  meridian.    At 
Lnn.lon.  in  1580,  this  was  11°  36'  E.,  and  in 
1884,  18*  V  W. 

If  The  unit  magnetic  pole,  or  the  pole  of 
unit  strength,  is  that  which  repels  an  equal 
pole  at  unit  distance  with  unit  force.  In  the 
C.  G.  8.  system  it  is  the  pole  which  repels  an 
equal  pole  at  the  distance  of  one  centimetre 
with  a  force  of  one  degree.  (Everett :  The 
C.  G.  S.  System  of  Units,  ch.  x.) 

4.  Math. :  In  a  polar  system  of  coordinates, 
the  point  from  which  the  radius  vector  of  any 
point  is  estimated. 

5.  Math.  Geog.  (PL) :  The  two  extremities  of 
the  earth's  axis,  i.e.,  the  two  points  where  the 
axis  meets  its  surface.  That  above  the  horizon 
in  our  latitude  is  called  the  North  Pole,  the 
other,  on  the  further  side  of  the  globe,  is 
called  the  South  Pole. 

"  From  pole  to  jtole  is  undistlngulsh'd  Maze." 

Thornton :  Summer,  436. 

T  (1)  Pole  of  a  polar  line :  A  point  in  the 
plane  of  a  conic  section,  such  that  if  any 
straight  line  be  drawn  through  it,  cutting  the 
curve  in  two  points,  and  tangents  be  drawn 
to  the  curve  at  these  points,  they  will  inter- 
sect each  other  on  the  given  line. 

(2)  Pole  of  maximum  cold : 

Tfmi>erature :  A  point  where  the  cold  is 
greater  than  anywhere  around. 

(3)  Pole*  of  a  circle  of  a  sphere  :  The  points 
in  which  a  diameter  of  the  sphere  perpen- 
dicular to  the  plane  of  the  circle  pierces  the 
surface  of  the  sphere. 

pole-star,  -•. 

Astron. :  Polaris,  a  bright  star  at  the  tip 
of  the  tail  of  Ursa  Minor,  and  in  a  line  with 
the  pointers  Merak  and  Dubhe,  the  two  stars 
constituting  the  front  of  the  plough-like  figure 
in  Ursa  Major.  It  is  at  present  less  than  a 
degree  and  a  half  from  the  true  pole,  and  by 
A.D.  2095,  through  the  precession  of  the 
equinoxes,  it  will  be  under  half  a  degree. 
(PRECESSION.)  Even  now  the  circle  it  describes 
is  too  small  to  be  discernible  by  the  ordinary 
eye.  The  pole-star  is  really  a  double  star  of 
yellow  hue,  but  while  the  larger  or  visible 
one  is  between  the  second  and  third  magni- 
tude, its  companion  is  only  of  the  ninth,  and 
therefore  a  telescopic  star.  There  is  no  cor- 
responding star  in  the  southern  hemisphere. 
The  pole-star  is  a  convenient  one  for  observing 
to  determine  the  latitude  and  also  the  azi  muthal 
error  of  any  transit-instrument. 


pole  (5\  ».     [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Ichthy. :  Plfuronecteg  cynoglossus,  a  grayish- 
brown  flat  fish,  sixteen  or  seventeen  inches 
Ions.  It  come*  to  the  British  seas  from  the 
Arctic  regions.  Called  also  the  Craig-fluke. 

pole,  v.t.  &  i.    [POLE  (I),  «.] 

A.  Transitive  : 

1.  To  furnish  or  support  with  poles. 

"About  the  middle  of  April  the  hops  are  to  be 
poled." — Miller  :  (Jardener'i  Diet.,  s.  v.  LU.IIU.IUJ. 

2.  To  carry  or  convey  on  poles. 

3.  To  impel  by  poles ;  to  push  along  with 
poles. 

"  The  guides  poled  the  canoes  up-stream." — Scribner'i 
Magazine,  A  UK.,  Is77,  p.  496. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  propel  a  boat  by  poles. 

"We  were  soon  poling  up  the  first  rapid."— Field, 
Feb.  13,  1886. 

pole-axe,  pole-ax,  poll-ax,   s.     [O.  L. 

Ger.  pollexe,  from  polle  —  the  poll,  the  head, 
and  exe  —  an  axe.] 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  A  kind  of  axe  or  hatchet ;  a 
hatchet  or  axe  with  a  long  handle  used  for 
killing  oxen,  &c. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Old  Arm,  :  A  military  weapon  which  com- 
bined a  hatchet,  pike,  and  serrated  hammer, 
much  used  by  horse-soldiers  up  to  the  six- 
teenth century. 

"His  bodyguards  with 
gilded  poleaxa."—Mac- 
aulay :  Uitt.  Eng. ,  ch.  iii. 

2.  Nattt. :  A  heavy 
hatchet     having     a 
handle  fifteen  inches 
long    and    a    sharp 
point  turning  down- 
ward on  the  side  opposite  the 
blade.   It  is  used  for  boarding, 
resisting    boarders,    cutting 
ropes    or    nettings,    &c.  ;   a 
boarding-axe.  The  illustration 

is  from  the  painted  decora-    POLEXXE. 
tions  at  Greenwich  Hospital. 

pole'-axe,  v.t.  [POLBAXE,  *.]  To  kill  or  fell 
with  a  pole-axe. 

pole  -c&t,  *  pol-cat,  «.  [Etym.  of  first 
element  doubtful ;  various  suggestions  have 
been  made  as  to  its  origin,  e.g.,  (1)=  Polish 
(Mahn) ;  (2)  =  Fr.  poule  =  a  hen  ;  so  a  cat  that 


so,  a  cat  living  in  a  hole  (Skeat).  Second 
element  English  cat.] 

1.  Lit.  £  Zool. :  Putorius  fietidus,  one  of  the 
Mustelinse,  akin  to  the  Marten,  but  with  a 
broader  head,  a  blunter  snout,  and  a  much 
shorter  tail.  It  has  a  shorter  neck  and  a 
stouter  body  than  the  weasel.  The  shorter 
haiis  are  yellow  and  woolly,  the  longer  ones 
black  cr  brownish  black  and  shining.  Two 
glands  near  the  root  of  the  tail  emit  a  highly 
offensive  smell.  It  makes  immense  havoc  in 
poultry -yards,  rabbit-warrens,  and  among 
hares  and  partridges,  killing  everything  which 
it  can  overpower.  It  also  devours  many  eggs. 
Found  in  Arctic  and  temperate  Europe,  in- 
cluding Britain. 

*  2.  Fig. :  Used  as  a  term  of  reproach. 

"Yon  witch!  you  hag!   yon  polecat  I"— Skaketp.  : 
Merry  Wipes  of  Windtor.  iv.  t. 

*  pole   da  vy,    *  pol   da  vf,    *  poll  da  - 
vie,  *  powl-da-vies,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful, 
cf.  Fr.  poil  =  hair.]  Poldway  ;  coarse  canvas  ; 
hence,  any  coarse  wares. 

"You  most  be  content  with  homely  polldnvie  from 
IV—Uowell:  Letter*,  i.,  i  ii.,  10. 

*  pole   less,  *  pole'  Icsse,  a.   [Eng.  pole  (I), 
s. ;  -less.]    Without  a  pole. 

"  Hones  th»t  draw  a  pol  el  rue  chariot. " 

Stapylton  :  Juoenal,  X.  156. 

pol -e- march,  ».  [Gr.  iroAe>apx<>c  (pnle- 
marchos),  from  iroAr^ot  ( polemos)  =  war,  and 
apX<o  (archo)  =  to  rule  ;  Fr.  polemarqve.] 

Greek  Antiq.  :  At  Athens  originally  the  third 
archon,  the  military  commander -in -chief; 
afterwards  a  civil  magistrate  who  had  under 
his  care  all  strangers  and  sojourners  in  the 
city,  and  the  children  of  parents  who  had  lost 
their  lives  in  the  service  of  the  country. 

p6  lgm'-Ic,  »  pS-lcm'-Ick,  o.  &  s.   [Or. 
A</iiico'f  (polemikos)  =  warlike,  from  iroAc 
(polemos)  =  war ;  Fr.  polemique ;  ItaL  &  Sp. 
polemico.] 


*  A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Given  to  polemics  or  controversy ;  en- 
gaged in  controversy  ;  controversial. 

"  These  words.  .  .  .  are  used  by  polemic  writers  In  a 
sense  diverse  from  their  common  signification."— 
Eduxirdi:  freedom  of  the  Will,  \,\.  L,  {  a. 

2.  Pertaining  to  polemics  or  controversy; 
intended  to  maintain  an  opinion,  doctrine,  or 
system  in  opposition  to  others ;  controversial ; 
disputative. 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  A  polemic  writer;  a  disputant,  a  con- 
troversialist ;  one  who  writes  in  support  of 
any  opinion,  doctrine,  or  system  in  opposition 
to  others. 

"For  then  the  poUmicXt  of  the  field  had  quit* 
silenced  those  of  the  schools."— iou/ A .-  Vermont,  vuL 
IT.,  wr.  L 

*  2.  A  polemical  controversy  or  argument. 

polemic -theology,  s.  Theology  de- 
signed to  defend  Christianity,  and  to  attack 
all  non-Christian  faiths  and  unbelief. 

po-lem'-ic-al,  *  po-lem'-ic-all,  a.  [Eng. 
polemic;  -al.]  The  same  as  POLEMIC  (q.v.). 

"  The  poJrmir-at  and  impertinent  disputations  of  th« 
world."— Bp.  Taylor:  Strmont.  voL  iii.,  sere, 

* pS-lSm'-I-cIst,  ».  [Eng.  polemic;  -ist.]  One 
given  to  polemics  or  controversy ;  a  contro- 
versialist, a  polemic. 

po-lem'-Ics,  s.  [POLEMIC.]  The  art  or  prac- 
tice of  controversy  or  disputation  ;  contro- 
versy ;  controversial  writings,  espec.  on 
matters  of  divinity  or  theology. 

*  pol'-e-mlst,  *.   [Eng.  polem(ic)  ;  -ist.]  A  con- 

troversialist ;  a  polemic. 

pol  e-mon  I  a-ce-se,  i.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat. 
polemoni(um) ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -acece.] 

Bot. :  Phloxworts ;  an  order  of  Perigyn- 
ous  Exogens,  alliance  Solanales.  Herbaceous 
plants,  sometimes  climbing ;  calyx  five-parted, 
persistent,  sometimes  irregular;  corolla  nearly 
or  quite  regular,  five  lobed ;  stamens  five ; 
ovary  superior,  three  celled,  few  or  many- 
seeded  ;  fruit  capsular.  Found  in  America, 
Europe,  &C.  Known  genera  17,  species  104. 
(Lindley.) 

pol-e'-md'-nX-iim,  ».  [Lat.  polemonia;  Gr. 
no\cfjLiaviov  (polenii>niori)  =  the  Greek  valerian.] 
Sot. :  Jacob's  Ladder ;  the  typical  genus  of 
Polemoniacea  (q.v.).  Perennial  herbs,  with 
alternate,  pinnate  leaves  ;  flowers  corymbose; 
calyx  campanulate  ;  corolla  rotate  ;  stamens 
decimate  ;  capsule  ovoid,  three  celled,  many- 
seeded.  Known  species  about  twelve.  One, 
Polemonium  cceruleum,  the  Blue  Jacob's  Lad- 
der or  Greek  Valerian,  is  British.  It  has  six 
to  twelve  pairs  of  subsessile  leaflets.  Wild  in 
the  north  of  England,  apparently  an  escape 
elsewhere  in  Britain.  It  is  mucilaginous  and 
nauseously  bitter.  In  Siberia,  poultices  for 
syphilitic  sores  are  made  from  its  leaves. 
The  Russians  think  that  a  decoction  of  it  is 
of  use  in  hydrophobia. 

po  lem'-o-scope,  «.  [Fr.,  from  Or.  iroArfiof 
(polemos)  =  war,  and  <r«coweco  (skopeff)  =  to  see, 
to  observe.]  A  glass  with  a  mirror  at  an  angle 
of  45°,  designed  to  enable  a  person  to  view 
objects  not  directly  before  the  eye.  It  is  used 
in  ojiera-glasses  to  view  persons  obliquely, 
without  apparently  directing  the  glass  at 
them,  and  in  field-glasses  for  observing  objects 
beyond  an  obstructing  wall  or  bank,  as  in  the 
interior  of  a  fortress. 

*  pSl'-S-my,  s.    [Gr.  jrdAe/»o«  (polemos)  =  war..! 

War,  warfare,  contention,  resistance. 

po  len  -ta,  *.  [ttal..  Sp.,  Port.,  &  Fr.,  from 
Lat.  polenta  =  peeled  barley.] 

1.  A  kind  of  pudding   made  in   Italy,  of 
semolina,  Indian  corn,  or  maize  meal 

2.  A  thick  porridge  of  chestnut  inc.il  boi'ed 
in  milk,  used  as  an  article  of  diet  in  France. 

*  pole'- wards,  adv.    [Eng.  pole  (4),  s. ;  -wards.  ] 

Towards  one  or  other  of  the  poles.    (Whewtll.) 

pole' -wig,  ».    [Etym.  doubtful.]    [POLLIWIO.] 
Ichthy.:  The  name  given  by  the  Thitnes 
fishermen  to  a  smnll  British  fish,  the  Freckled 
or  Spotted  Goby  of  Yarrell ;  Gobius  minutut, 

»pol'-ey,  a.  [Eng.  pole  (S),  s. ;  -y.]  Without 
norns ;  polled. 

"  Bad  It  been  any  other  beast  ...  bat  that  poby 
heifer."— H.  Singtley :  Geoffrey  ffamlyn.  ch.  nix. 


boll,  boy ;  poilt,  Jo~wl ;  eat,  9011,  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.    -Ing. 
-«ian,  -tian  =  snan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -sioa  =  chun.    -clous,    tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -We,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


3672 


poley— poliorcetics 


pol  ey,  s.    (POLY,  ».] 
poley  oil,  i. 

Ch«m.  :  CinHjgO.  A  volatile  oil  obtained  from 
Urnthu  pult'itum  at  the  lime  of  dowering  l>y 
distillation  with  water.  Aromatic  odour,  yel- 
low colour,  sp.  iff.  •ttt~,  boiling  at  1SJ'. 

•poleyn  (1),  t.    [Fr.]*  Armour  for  the  knee. 
•  poleyn  (:>),*.    [PCLLET.  ) 

Po  U  an,  (i.  [See  def.)  Of  or  belonging  to 
Joseph  Xavier  Poli  (1740-18J3).  a  Neapolitan 
soologist  and  compurative  auatoumt. 

Polian  vesicles,  ».  pi 
Compar.  Anal.:  Vesicles,  generally  five  in 
numl>er.  ronn.-cted  with  the  circular  canal  in 
lea  and  llolothuroidea, 

po  li  .In  ite,  t.    [Or.  »0XioiVoM<"  (po/ioino- 
•KII)  =  to  gi-ow  gray  ;  sun".  -iU  (i/in.).] 
A/IH.  :  A  very  pure  variety  of  Pyrolusite 

il  v.).     The  original  was  from  Flatten,  Bo- 
eujia. 

•pol  i  an'-thS-a,  ».  [POLIANTHES.]  A  com- 
mon-place liook,  containing  many  flowers  of 
eloquence,  4c. 

"Rep^rtopostllsorpoMoiiflUiu.''—  MUtan:  Stmontt. 
IxfcHC*.    11'u.Ucrii/U) 

pdl  I  an  thes,  ».  [Or.  woA«*  (polus)  =  m*ny, 
and  ovOof  (antlioi)  =  bloMom,  flower.] 

Bo<.  :  A  genus  of  Hemerocalleje  ;  the  pe- 
duncle is  two  or  three  feet  long,  and  lias  on 
Its  summit  many  cream-coloured  flowers. 
PotiaiUkes  tuhenaa  (Tuberose),  a  native  of 
Mexico  and  South  America,  much  cultivated 
in  gardens  in  India,  China,  and  Java,  is  de- 
.  -ly  fragrant,  especially  after  dark,  and 
during  some  thunderstorms  its  fading  flowers 
emit  electric  sparks.  The  bulbs,  dried  and 
powdered,  are  given  by  the  Hindoos  in 
gonorrhea. 

pd  1190',  «.    [Fr.  =  policy,  civil  government, 

I  at.   pntitia;   Qr.   voAtrtt'a  (pplitcia)  = 

.-.hip,  civil  government,  condition  of  a 

state;    iro.UTjjf    (  pofiiV.i)  =  a   citizen;  iroAit 

(polu)  —  a  city  ;  Sp.  policia;  ItaL  polizia.] 

1.  A  system  of  judicial  and  executive  ad- 
Bin  ist  ration  of  a  country,  especially  concerned 
with  the  m.iiiitc-iiance  of  the  quiet  and  good 
order  of  .society  ;  the  means  or  system  adopted 
by  the  authorities  of  a  government,  state,  or 
community  to  maintain  public  order  and 
lil»Tty,  and  to  protect  property.  In  a  more 
limited  sense,  the  administration  of  the  laws, 
bye-law*,  and  regulations  of  a  city  or  borough. 
The  primary  objects  of  the  police  system  are 
the  prevention  and  detection  of  crime,  and  the 
preservation  of  ]«ace  and  order,  but  various 
other  duties  have  been  from  time  to  time 
a<M>-d,  surh  as  the  prevention  and  removal  of 
public  nuisances  and  obstructions,  the  sup- 
on  of  mendicancy,  and  the  carrying  into 
effect  nf  the  numerous  laws  and  regulations 
made  from  time  to  time  for  the  maintenance 
of  public  health,  order,  and  safety. 

"  Tli*  public  pallet  and  economy  :  by  which  I  mean 

tbedtte  iv<nl»;i',M  .M.l.iuTiieKlcunlrr  of  the  kingdom." 

Comment  ,  bk.  IT.,  ch.  11 


2.  (Properly  an  abbreviation  of  the  term 
police-force,  i.e.  a  force  for  the  maintenance  of 
the  public  police  or  order.)  A  civil  force 
organized  and  maintained  for  the  prevention 
and  detection  of  crime,  the  preservation  of 
public  peace  and  order,  and  generally  for  the 
enf  Tcing  of  the  laws,  bye-laws,  and  regula- 
of  a  city,  borough,  or  district.  The 
ordinary  police  or  constables  of  a  city,  *c., 
are  dressed  In  a  ]<articular  uniform.  The 
secret  police,  more  commonly  known  as  de- 
tectives or  plain-clothes  police,  assume  such 
dress  or  disguise  as  they  think  rxpedirnt  or 
calculated  to  assist  them  in  the  detection  or 
prevention  nf  crimes  and  the  arrest  of  crim- 
inals or  suspected  persons.  The  regulation 
and  control  of  the  police  in  a  city  or  borough 
are  In  the  hands  of  the  municipal  ant 
and  the  cost  of  their  maintenance  is  paid  out 
of  the  local  rites. 

5  Military  pallet  : 

(1)  An  organized  body  kept  np  In  an  army 
for  the  m.iiritrriarice  of  civil  order,  as  distin- 
guished from  military  discipline. 

(9)  A  civil  police  having  a  military  organiza- 
tion, as  the  Constabulary  of  Ireland,  the 
paaarmerie  of  France,  Ac, 

polios  barrack,  «.     A  station  of  the 

Iiisl  .....  ist  ibularv. 


police  burgh,  «.  Any  populous  place 
the  boundaries  of  which  have  been  ascertained 
in  term*  of  the  Act  13  A  14  Viet.,  c.  88,  and 
the  ail'tiirs  of  which  are  managed  by  com- 
missioners elected  by  the  inhabitants.  (Scotch,.) 

police-commissioner,  ».  One  of  a 
body  elected  by  the  ratepayer*  to  manage 
police  attain*  in  a  burgh.  (Scotch.) 

police-constable,  t.  A  member  of  the 
police-force  ;  a  policeman. 

police-court,  ».  A  court  of  first  in- 
stance for  the  trial  of  offenders  brought  up 
ou  charges  preferred  by  the  police. 

police-force,  s.    [POLICE,  2.] 

police-inspector,  *.  An  officer  of  police 
ranking  above  a  sergeant,  and  below  a  super- 
intendent. 

police-magistrate,  «.  A  magistrate 
who  presides  at  a  police-court  (q.v.). 

police-office,  *.  The  head-quarters  of  a 
division  or  section  of  police. 

police-officer,  ».    A  police-constable. 

police-rate,  $.  A  rate  levied  for  the 
maintenance  of  a  police-force. 

police-station,  >.  The  headquarters 
of  the  police  force  in  a  municipality  or  district. 

*  p6'-lioed',  o.    [Eng.  polic(e);  -ed.]    Under 
laws  and  regulations  ;  under  a  regular  system 
of  police ;  administered. 

"Polic'd  cities  and  protected  plains." 

Thornton:  Liberty,  iv.  7S4. 

pi-lice'-man,  *.  [Eng.  police  and  man.]  An 
ordinary  member  of  a  police-force  ;  a  police- 
officer,  a  constable. 

*  po  li'-cial  (cl  as  sh),  a.   [Eng.  police;  -al.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  police. 

*  poT-I-cIed,  o.    [Eng.  policy ;   -ed.]    Regu- 
l.itud  by  laws ;  having  a  system  of  laws  for 
the  maintenance  of  public  peace  and  order. 

"  Then  it  ii  »  ju«t  cause  of  war  for  another  nation, 
that  ia  civil  arpaUettt  to  lubdua  them."— Uacon  :  Of 
an  U^t  War. 

pdl'-i-c?  (l).  •  pol  1-cle,  •  pol-y-cy,  «. 

[O.  Fr.  pol^ie,  from  Lat.  politiu,  from  Gr. 
voAiTci'a  (foliteia);  8p.  policia. ]    [POLICE.] 

•  1.  Polity. 

"  Let  pal  Kit  acknowledge  itaelfe  Indebted  to  reli- 
flon."— hooker  :  JScclet.  Politie,  bk.  v.,  f  1. 

2.  The  art  of  government ;   that   line  or 
system  of  procedure  and  actions  which   the 
government  of  a   nation  adopts  as  the  best 
calculated  to  further  its  interests,  either  in 
regard  to  its  relation  with  other  states,  or 
to  the  management  of  internal  or  domestic 
affairs ;  the  line  of  conduct  adopted  or  re- 
commended  by  the  responsible  rulers  of  a 
state  with  regard  to  any  question,  foreign  or 
domestic. 

"The  English  pnlicy,  he  said,  had  so  completely 
bnitalued  them,  that  tbey  could  hardly  be  called 
human  beiufs.'—  Xacaulay  Hut  Eng.,  cb.  XT. 

3.  The  principles  or  grounds  upon  which  a 
measure  or  course  of  action  is  based,  having 
regard  to  the  means  adopted  to  secure  its  adop- 
tion or  success,  as  well  as  to  the  object  with 
which  it  is  adopted  or  recommended. 

•  4.  Motive,  grounds  ;  inducement,  object. 

"  What  pollr-n  hare  you  to  bestow  a  benefit  where  It 
to  counted  an  Injury  r—UUntg. 

6.  Prudence,  skill;  sagacity  or  wisdom  of 
governments  or  of  individuals  in  the  manage- 
ment of  their  affairs  public  or  private;  regard 
had  to  that  which  is  most  to  one's  interest. 

"  Klnn  will  be  tyrants  from  policy,  when  subject* 
are  rebels  from  principle,  '—flunk. 

'  6.  Sagacity,  cleverness. 

"The  Tery  poliru  of  a  ho*tets.  finding  his  parse  so 
far  abore  his  clothes,  did  detect  him."— fuller. 

7.  Good  management ;  a  wise,  prudent,  or 
advisable  course  or  line  of  conduct 

8.  Management  of  business ;  line  or  course 
pursued  :  as,  Such  a  course  is  bad  policy. 

poT-I-cjf  (2),  f.  (Fr.  polite  =  a  policy,  from 
Low  Lat.  ftoliticum,  polcticum,  polecticum,  cor- 
ruptions, of  poly)*ychum  =  a  register,  a  roll  in 
which  dues  .were  registered  ;  Gr.  n-oAwirrvxoi' 
(pnluptvchnn)  =  a  piece  of  writing  folded  into 
many  leaves ;  hence,  a  long  register  or  roll ; 
prop.  neut.  sing,  of  iroAuirrvxo?  (poluptuchos) 
=  having  many  folds  :  >roAu  (pohi),  neut.  sing. 
of  nnAvf(pohi«)=much,  many,  and  wrv((ptng), 
genit.  WTVX«  (p tuchai)  =  a  fold ;  inWino 
(ptvu6)  =  to  fold  ;  Sp.  polita ;  ItaL  polizza.} 
1.  Comm. :  A  document  containing  a  promise 


to  pay  a  certain  sum  of  money  on  the  occur- 
rence of  some  event.  In  return  for  this 
promise  a  sum  of  money  is  paid  down,  called 
the  premium  (q.v.).  By  far  the  largest  part 
of  insurance  business  is  applied  to  disasters 
at  sea  ;  to  destruction  of  property  by  lire  ;  to 
making  provision  for  heirs  and  successors  in 
case  of  death,  and  to  loss  of  time  and  expense 
through  accident.  The  practice  of  insurance 
has  also  been  extended  to  making  provision 
against  loss  of  crops  from  bad  weather, 
against  destruction  of  glass  from  storms  and 
accidents,  Ac.  In  every  case  a  form  is  tilled 
up  containing  a  promise  to  pay  a  certain  sum 
in  the  event  of  the  happening  of  the*specined 
contingency,  and  this  document  is  always 
called  the  policy.  Although  an  insurance 
policy  is  a  contract,  it  is  only  signed  by  one 
party,  the  insurer,  who  for  that  reason  is 
called  the  underwriter,  and  forms,  therefore, 
what  is  called  in  law  an  unilateral  contract. 
Marine  policies  are  of  two  kinds  :  (1)  Valued 
policy,  one  in  which  the  goods  or  property 
insured  are  at  a  specified  value ;  (2)  Open 
policy,  one  in  which  the  value  of  the  gooda 
or  property  ia  not  mentioned.  [ASSURANCE, 
INSURANCE.] 

2.  A  ticket  or  warrant  for  money  in  the 
public  funds. 

H  Wager  Policies,  Wagering  Policies :  Poli- 
cies containing  the  phrase,  "  interest  or  no 
interest,"  intended  to  signify  insurance  of 
property  when  no  property  is  on  board  the 
ship.  They  are  not  recognised  in  law. 

policy -bolder,  s.  One  who  holds  • 
policy  or  contract  of  insurance. 

p51'-I-9Jr  (3),  s.     [Etym.  doubtful.] 

1.  The    pleasure-grounds     surrounding     s 
country-house.     (Scotch.) 

"Coston  OoT«rU  we»  found  tenant  less,  with  th» 
poli^Htot  Buckminster  alike  d»s«rUJ.  "-AW*  I**-  4 

2.  An    unlawful   gambling    game,    larpely 
patronized  by  the  lower  classes  in  this  country ; 
a  sort  of  penny  lottery,  in  which  the  odds  ar» 
great  and  the  chances  of  winning  remote. 

•pol'-I-ey,  «•'•  [POLICY  (1),  ».]  To  reduce  to 
order  ;  to  regulate  or  administer  by  laws. 

"  For  policying  of  cities  and  commonalties  with  ocff 
ordiuaHCies.  —  Bacon .-  Advance,  of  Learning.  WL.  L 

po'-li-ene,  «.    [Etym.  not  apparent.] 

Chem.  :  A  name  given  by  Volckel  to  one  of 
the  compounds  obtained  by  heating  sulphc- 
cyanate  of  ammonium  to  300°.  He  rrgaiJs  it 
as  isomeric  with  melamine,  but,  according  to 
Liebig,  it  is  identical  with  nrelam. 

•  pol  iff,  *  pol  yff,  *.    [PcLLrr.] 

pol  I  gar,  poT-jf-gar,  ».  [Native  name.J 
The  head  of  a  village  or  district  in  southern 
India;  a  semi-independent  chief. 

p5-llm'-i-ta,  *.     [Gr.  iroAv^iTot  (pclumilos)  a 
of  many  threads  or  colours.] 
Fabric :  A  variegated  stuff. 

•  pdT  I  mite.  a.  [POLIMITA.]  Many-coloured. 

"  Of  youge  Josephe  the  cote  polimile." 

Ltdjate.  fo.  IS. 

pol  -ing,  s.    [POLE,  v.] 

L  Ord.  Lang.  :  The  act  of  impelling  or  push- 
ing forward  with  poles. 
II.  Technically: 

1.  Civ.  Eng. :  One  of  the  boards  used  to  sup- 
port the  side-earth  in  excavating  a  tunnel. 

2.  Glass-making :  An  operation   for  ridding 
glass  of  a  lilac  colour  due  to  an  excess  of  in.-in- 
ganese.      The  molten  glass  is  stirred  witli  s 
pole,  which  introduction  of  a  csrbonsRenu 
element  changes    the  sesquioxide   into  pro- 
toxide, and  the  colour  disappears. 

3.  Horticulture : 

(1)  The  act  of  propping  up  or  supporting 
with  poles. 

(2)  The  act  of  dispersing  worm-casts  with 
poles. 

4.  Metatt. :  The  stirring  of  a  metallic  bath 
(of  copper,  tin,  or  lead)  with  a  pole  of  v'reen 
wood,  localise  ebullition  and  deoxidaiion  in 
the  relining  process. 

po-H-6-py-ri  -tes,  ».    [Gr.  woAidj  (polios)  SB 
gray,  and  Eng.  pyrites.] 
Min.  :  The  same  as  MARCASITE  (q.v.). 

•  p5l-I-Or-9«St'-IC8,  s.       [Gr.   no\tcpxr,Tiitit 
(poliorketikot)  =  fit  for  besieging  a  town,  from 


Ate,  fit,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pit, 
or,  wore,  wolt  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian.    «e,o>  =  e;ey  =  a;qu  =  ILW. 


polipragman— political 


3673 


•oAtooKcui  (poliorkeo)  —  to  besiege  a  town  : 
•oAis  (polls)  =  a.  city,  and  eipyw  (eirgo)  =  to 
restrain.)  The  art  or  science  of  besieging 
towns.  (De  Quincey.) 

•  pol  1-prag^man, «.    [POLIPRAGMATIC.]  A 
Dusy  meddler. 

•  pol-I~prag-mat'-ic,  *.  [Pref.  poli-  =  poly, 
and  Eng.  pragmatic.]    A  busy-body.    (Htylin: 
Life  of  Laud,  p.  330.) 

Fo'-lish,  a.  &  3.    [Eng.  Poland);  -ish.) 

A.  .4s  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Poland  or 
its  inhabitants. 

B.  .4s  subst. :  The  language  spoken  by  the 
Poles.     It  belongs  to  the   Slavonic  branch 
of   the  Indo-European  family  of  languages. 
There  are  no  remains  of  it  anterior  to  the 
fourteenth  century. 

Polish  draughts,  s.  pi. 

Games:  A  form  of  draughts  much  played 
on  the  continent.  The  board  has  100  squares  ; 
the  7iien  can  take  backwards  or  forwards, 
and,  when  crowned,  can  move  diagonally, 
like  the  bishops  in  chess,  from  one  end  of 
the  board  to  another. 

Polish-ringworm, ».  [PLICA-POLONICA.] 

pol  ish,  '  pol  isch  en,  •  pol  schcn,  *po- 
lysh,  v.t.  &  i.  [Fr.  poliss-,  root  of  polissunt, 
pr.  par.  of  poKr  =  to  polish;  Lat.  polio;  O 
Sp.  &  Port  polir;  Sp.  pulir;  Ital.  polire.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  Lit. :  To  give  a  polish  to  ;  to  make  smooth 
and  glossy,  as  by  friction. 

"  Fur  the  purpose  of  being  polished  and  utiaped  into 
•  columu."—  .Uacaulay  :  Hilt.  Eng.,  ch.  nil. 

2.  Fig. :  To  refine ;  to  give  refinement  to  ; 
to  rub  or  work  off  rudeness   or  coarseness 
from  :  as,  To  polish  manners. 

B.  Intrnns.  :  To  become  polished  ;  to  take 
or  receive  a  gloss,  or  smooth,  glossy  surface. 

U  To  polish  off:  Summarily  to  get  rid  of. 
(Slang.) 

pol  ish,  s.    [POLISH,  v.] 
L  Literally : 

1.  An  artificial  gloss  ;  a  smooth  glossy  sur- 
iace  produced  by  friction. 

"Giving  it  the  due  torn,  proportion,  and  polish."— 
AMI  sun  :  On  Italy. 

2.  A  substance  which  imparts  a  polish  or 
gloss :  as,  furniture-polish. 

II.  Fig. :  Refinement,  elegance  ;  freedom 
from  rudeness  or  coarseness. 


*  pi!  -  fah  -  a  -  ble,  a.  [Eng.  polish  ;  -able.] 
Capable  of  b"eing  polished  ;  susceptible  of  a 
polish.  (Boyle :  Works,  iii.  548.) 

pol  ished,  pa.  par.  or  a.    [POLISH,  v.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  (See  the  verb). 

2.  Sot.:  Having  the  appearance  of  a  polished 
substance,  as  the  testa  of  Abrus  precatorius, 
and  many  other  seeds. 

polished-brick,  s.  A  brick  which  has 
been  rubbed  upon  a  bench,  plated  with  iron, 
to  make  its  surface  perfectly  even.  This  pro- 
cess is  only  gone  through  with  the  very  best 
bricks,  and  its  cost  is  such  that  it  is  not  em- 
ployed to  any  very  great  extent. 

poT  Ished  ness,  s.      [Eng.  polished;  -ness.] 

1.  Lit.  :    The   quality    or   state   of   being 
polished,  smooth,  and  glossy. 

44  And  all  their  polith'drtess  was  saphlrine." 

Donne  :  Lamentation  of  Jeremy,  IT. 

2.  Fig. :  The  quality  or  state  of  being  re- 
fined and  elegant ;  polish. 

pol' -Ish-er,  s.  [Eng.  polish ;  -er.]  One  who 
or  that  which  polishes  ;  a  substance  or  instru- 
ment used  in  polishing. 

"The  skill  of  the  polisher  .  .  .  makes  the  surface 
sh'ue."—  Adai ton:  Spectator,  No.  215. 

pol  ish  ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.    [POLISH,  v.] 
A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  <t  particip.  adj.  :  (See 

the  verb). 
C.  As  subst. :  The  act  or  process  of  giving 

a  polish  or  gloss  to  anything. 

polishing  block,  «. 

1.  A  block  between  the  jaws  of  a  vice  on 
which  an  object  is   laid  to  polish  it  by  an 
emery  strip  or  otherwise. 

2.  A  block  shod  with  polishing  material  and 
moved  over   the   face  of  the  object  to   be 
polished. 


polishing-brush,  s.  A  hand-brush  for 
polishing  stoves,  boots,  &c. 

polishing-oask,  «. 

1.  A  rolling  barrel  in  which  articles  are 
placed  to  polish  by  mutual  attrition  or  by 
grinding  against  some  polishing- powder  placed 
in  the  barrel  with  them. 

2.  A  barrel  in  which  grained  gunpowder  Is 
placed  with   a  small  quantity  of  graphite, 
which  gives  it  a  polLh. 

polishing-flle,  s.  A  smooth  file  ;  a  bur- 
nisher. 

polishing-hammer,  s.  A  hammer  for 
fine-dressing  the  surfaces  of  plates. 

polishing-iron,  s. 

Uookbinding :  An  implement  for  finishing 
the  covers  of  books.  It  is  heated  and  passed 
over  the  leather,  the  lining  paper,  and  such 
other  parts  as  require  smootUingand  polishing. 

polishing  machine,  s. 

1.  A  machine  in  which  rice,  deprived  of  its 
hull,  receives  a  further  trituration  to  deprive 
it  of  its  red  skin  or  cuticle. 

2.  Cotton :  A  machine  which  brushes  the  sur- 
face of  sized  yarn,  or  burnishes  sized  thread. 

polishing-mill,  s.  A  lap  of  tin  or  of 
wood  coated  with  list  or  leather,  used  for  the 
finishing  processes  of  the  lapidary. 

polishing  paste,  s.    [PASTE,  «.,  t  (3),] 

polishing-powder,  ».  Pulverised  ma- 
terial used  in  polishing.  Diamond,  sapphire, 
ruby,  corundum,  emery,  rotten-stone,  flint, 
tripoli,  pumice-stone,  oxide  of  iron,  and  chalk 
are  all  employed.  The  first  three  are  used  by 
the  lapidary ;  corundum  and  emery  princi- 
pally by  metal-workers. 

polishing  slate,  s. 

Petrol. :  A  slaty  rock  occurring  mostly  In 
beds  of  the  Tertiary  formation.  Texture, 
earthy  ;  soft ;  friable.  It  consists  of  the 
siliceous  shells  or  envelopes  of  various  species 
of  Diatomaceae,  the  number  contained  in  a 
cubic  inch  having  been  reckoned  to  be  about 
41,000,000,000. 

polishing-snake,  *.  A  lithographer's 
tool  for  cleaning  a  lithographic  stone.  [.SNAKE- 

8TONE.] 

polishing-tin,  s.     A  bookbinder's  tool. 

polishing-wheel,  s.  A  wooden  wheel 
covered  with  leather  and  charged  with  crocus, 
rouge,  putty-powder,  &c.  It  is  used  in  polish- 
ing metallic  articles  of  relatively  small  size. 

*  pol'-lsh-me'nt,   s.       [Eng.   polish;    -ment.] 
'i'he    act   of  polishing ;   the  state  of  being 
polished  ;  refinement. 

"  It  is  strange  to  see  what  a  polithmmt  so  ban  a  stuff 
doth  take."—  Wotton:  Remains,  p.  465. 

pS-lIs'-teS,  *.    [Gr.  iroAi.<rr>js  (polities)  =  the 
founder  of  a  city.] 

Entom.  :  A  genus  of  Vespidae.  Polistts  gal- 
lica  is  common  in  Germany,  France,  and  the 
south  of  Europe. 

po-lite',  a.    [Lat.  politiis,  pa.  par.  of  polio  = 
to  polish  ;  Fr.  poli ;  Ital.  polito ;  Sp.  pulido.] 
*  L  Lit. :  Polished  ;  smooth   and   glossy  ; 
reflecting. 

"Polite  bodies  as  looking-glasses."— Cuduorth :  Intel- 
lectual System,  p.  731. 

IL  Figuratively: 

1.  Polished  or  refined  in  manners  or  be- 
haviour;   courteous,  obliging,    complaisant, 
well-bred,  courtly. 

"Too  polite  and  goodnatured  to  express  what  he 
must  have  felt."—  Macauiay  :  Hut.  ting.,  ch.  xvi. 

2.  Characterized    by  politeness   or   refine- 
ment ;  refined. 

"The  whole  polite  literature  of  the  rehrn  of  Charles 
the  Second."—  .Uacaulay :  Hint.  Eng.,  ch.  iii 

H  Polite  denotes  a  quality  ;  polished,  a  state. 
A  polite  man  is,  in  regard  to  his  behaviour,  a 
finished  gentleman ;  but  a  rode  person  may 
be  more  or  less  polished,  or  .freed  from  rude- 
ness. Refilled  rises  in  sense,  both  in  regard  to 
polite  and  polished:  a  man  is  indebted  to 
nat  ure,  rather  than  to  art,  for  his  refinement ; 
his  politeness,  or  his  polish,  is  entirely  the 
fruit  of  education.  PaliUntss  and  polish  do 
not  extend  to  anything  but  externals  ;  refine- 
ment applies  as  much  to  the  mind  as  the  body. 

*  pi-lite',  v.t.  [POLITIC,  a.]  To  polish,  to  refine. 

"  Those  exercises  which  polite  men's  spirits."— Ran  t 
Creation,  pt  L 


p6"-llte'-ly\  adv.     [Eng.  polite;  -ly.] 

*  1.  Lit. :  In  a  polished  manner ;  so  as  to  be 
polished. 

"  No  marble  statue  can  be  politely  carved,  no  fate 
edifice  built,  without  almost  as  much  rubbish  aud 
sweeping."— Milton :  Church  Government,  bit.  i.,  ch.  \  it. 

2.  In  a  polite,  courteous,  or  refined  manner ; 
with  politeness  or  courtesy  ;  courteously. 

44  [He]  politely  begs  to  be  excus'd." 

t'rancit :  Horace,  epist  L  L 

po-lite'-ness,  *.    [Eng.  polUe ;  -nets.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  polite ;  re- 
finement, polish,  or  elegance  of  manners. 

"  The  highest  period  of  politeneu  in  England."— 
Sui/t :  Bints  towards  an  Essay  on  Conversation. 

*  2.  Elegance  ;  elegant  finish. 

3.  Courtesy,  courteousness ;  good  breeding ; 
affability,  civility. 

44  Fancied  j  olitrncst  is  sometimes  more  owing  to 
custom  than  reason."—  Watti :  L'igic,  pt.  ii.,  ch.  iii. 

*  po'l-I-te'sse',  *.      [Fr.J     Politeness,  espec. 
affected  or  excessive  politeness. 

"  W«  .  .  .  gather  politesse  from  courts  abroad." 

Bay  :  To  William  Pulteney,  Etq. 

pol'-X-tic,  *pol-i-tick,  *pol-i-tique, 
*  pol-i-tilte,  a.  k  s.  [Lat.  pnliticus,  from 
Gr.  iroAiTiicoc.  (politikos)  —  pertaining  to  citi- 
zens, rule,  or  policy;  TTOAI'T»)<;  (politts)  =  & 
citizen;  ir6A«  (polis)  =  &  city  ;  Fr.  politique; 
Ital.  &  Sp.  politico.] 
A*  As  adjective: 

*  1.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  polity  or  poli- 
tics ;  political. 

"  I  will  read  politic  authors." 

Shakesp. :  Twelfth  Jfigfit.  IL  *. 

2.  Consisting    or   composed   of    citizens. 
(Only  in  the  special  phrase,  the  body  politic.) 

44  The  whole  body  politic  owes  its  preservation  to  the 
virtuous  care  and  honest  endeavours  of  upright  men." 
—Sharp :  Hermans,  vol.  i..  ser.  5. 

*  3.  Pertaining  to  the  drawing  up  or  making 
of  laws  and  regulations  for  government ;  legis- 
lative, 

4.  Prudent  and  sagacious  In  the  adoption  of 
a  policy ;  sagacious  in  devising  and  carrying 
out  measures  tending  to  promote  the  public 
welfare  :  as,  a  politic  minister. 

5.  Characterized  by  prudence  and  sagacity ; 
adapted  or  tending   to  promote  the  public 
welfare. 

41  This  land  was  famously  enrich'd 
With  politick  grave  counsel." 

Sliakesp.  :  Richard  III..  11.  S. 

6.  Sagacious,  sharp,  or  clever  in  devising 
and  carrying  out  measures  to  promote  one's 
own  interests  without  regard  to  the  morality 
of  the  measures  adopted  or  the  object  aimed 
«t ;  crafty,  artful,  cunning. 

"I  have  been  politick  with  my  friend,  smooth  with 
mine  enemy."— Hhakesp. :  At  You  Like  It,  v.  4. 

7.  Well-devised    or  adapted  to  secure   an 
endorobject,  rightor wrong  ;  artful, sjecioua. 

"  Thy  politic  maxima.*  tlit ton  :  P.  A'.,  iii.  400. 

B.  As  subst.  :  A  politician. 

44  Tacitus  and  other  poli'Mt  of  his  temper."— /act- 
ion :  Truth  of  Scripture,  bk.  i.,  ch.  xx. 

po-lit'-ic-al,  o.    [Eng.  politic ;  -a?.] 

1.  Pertaining    or    relating    to    politics    or 
government ;  treating  of  politics  or  govern- 
ment :  as,  a  political  writer. 

2.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  public  policy  or 
polity  ;  pertainingto  civil  government  or  state 
all'airs  and  measures. 

44  The  law  of  action  and  reaction  prevails  in  the 
political  as  in  the  physical  world."— Jlaily  Ttlrgraith, 
Nov.  S6,  1885. 

3.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  a  nation  or  state, 
or  to  nations  or  states,  in  contradistinction  to 
civil  or  municipal :   as,  political  rights,   i.e., 
those  which  belong  to  a  nation,  or  to  a  citizen 
as  an  individual  member  of  a  nation,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  civil  rights,  i.e.,  the  local 
rights  of  a  citizen. 

4.  Having  an  established  or  regular  system 
of  government  or  administration  of  national 
affairs  :  as,  apolitical  government. 

*5.  Politic,  sagacious,  prudent,  artful,  wary 

political-economy,  s.  According  to 
John  Stuart  Mill,  the  science  which  investi- 
gates "the  nature  of  wealth  and  the  laws  of 
its  production  and  distribution,  including, 
directly  or  remotely,  the  operation  of  all  the 
causes  by  which  the  condition  of  mankind,  or 
of  any  society  of  human  beings,  in  respect  to 
this  universal  object  of  human  desire,  is  made 

Srosperous  or  the  reverse."  (Polit.  Econ.,  PreL 
emarks.)     Inquiries  on  these  points  must 
have  existed  from  the  earliest  times  in  every 
nation,  but  political   economy  as  a  science 


bSil,  bo^ ;  po^t,  Jotr-l  i,4sat,  yell,  choms.  $hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  fhis  ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  ?enophon,  exist,    ph  =  I 
-tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  -  shun ;  -(ion,  -fioa  =  shun,    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.   -ble,  -die.  -kc.  =  bel,  del. 


8674 


politicalism— pollam 


fa  very  modern.  Crude  view*  on  the  subject 
arose  in  the  middle  age*  in  the  free  Italian 
Cities  and  tlu-  Han.M-atic  towns,  where  appar- 
ently originated  some  of  the  fallacies  still 
current  among  sections  of  the  British  pipula- 
tion.  Sir  Walter  Raleixh  (1690).  Sir  William 
Petty  (1C07),  and  Sir  Dudley  North  (1091)  wroto 
on  the  subject  with  enlightenment  for  their 
age.  Francois  Quesnay,  in  France  (Ht>8), 
founded  the  school  of  the  economists  which 
held  that  the  soil  is  the  source  of  all  wealth. 
[PHYSIOCRAT.]  Adam  Smith  (1723-1790)  had 
made  political  economy  a  portion  of  his 
lectures  whilst  Professor  in  Glasgow  Univer- 
sity from  1751  to  1764.  Visiting  Paris  in  that 
Tear,  he  became  acquainted  with  Quesnay  ami 
the  leading  economists,  hut  the  principles  of 
his  great  work,  the  tt'mltk  of  Kationt,  pub- 
lished after  ten  years'  retirement,  in  1776,  were, 
in  the  main,  thought  out  independently.  It 
was  iiiini  i  ii  v  and  extensively  popular, 
and  in  fct.ll  niu  h  admired.  Since  Ail. .in 
Smith's  time,  no  work  on  the  subject  has 
appeared  more  original  or  influential  th.-m  the 
Principle*  of  Political  Economy,  by  John  Stuart 
Mill.  In  this  and  his  other  productions  advo- 
cating liberty,  he  yet  considers  that  public 
opinion  and,  if  need  be,  even  law  should  be 
directed  against  the  increase  of  population 
•when  there  is  no  hope  of  comfortable,  or  at 
least  of  decent,  maintenance,  and  that  the  un- 
earned increment  of  land  should  be  appropri- 
ated by  the  state.  Several  valuable  works 
have  been  written  by  American  authorities  on 
this  subject,  and  the  tendency  of  thought  n<  \v 
i*  to  discard  some  of  the  old  axiom*  of  polit- 
ical economy,  and  to  re-establish  the  subject  <  n 
•  basis  more  in  accordance  with  fact  than  with 
theory. 

political-liberty,  «.    [LIBERTY,  ?  (3).] 
political  geography.  *.    [GEOGRAPHY, 

•p*  lit  Ic  al  Ism,  <.  [Eng.  political ;  -im.\ 
Political  or  party  fueling  or  zeal. 

po-llr-lc-ai-ly,  adv.     [Eng.  political;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  political  mnnner ;  with  regard  to  the 
government  of  a  state  or  nation. 

"  Rom*  was  politically  dominant."— Jfacoubijr  : 
*i*  Eng..  cb.  IIL 

1  With  regard  to  politics. 

*  3.  In  a  politic,  artful,  or  conning  manner  : 
art  MI  I  ly. 

-  The  Turki  poHHraH*  mingled  certain  Janiiariea," 
—ttalttt     UtJ.  of  tnt  Turke*. 

•pd  lit  Ic  as  tcr.  ».  [rug.  politic;  stiff. 
•<uUr,  as  in  n^ebistfr.]  A  i>etty  ignorant  pre- 
tender to  polil  ical  knowledge  or  experience. 

"  All  the  tribe  of  a-ihorlsmers  and  polUicittten."— 
MtU-m :  Ueform.  hi  £ng..  bk.  II. 

pol  i  tl dan.-pol-i-ti-tlaii,a  A*.  [Eng. 

politic;  -ian.) 

*  A.  At  ailj. :  Artful,  politic  cunning. 

"  Your  Ill-meanin;  politician  lords.* 

J/iiiM  .-  Aanuon  Jganittm.  1.1M. 

B.  At  rubstaiitire : 

*  1.  A  man  of  artifice  or  canning ;  a  cunning, 
artful  i.er.v.n. 

"  Tb«  folUirian.  wboee  T«ry  essence  ll«»  In  thl».  thiit 
B*  It  a  p.TSou  rwuly  to  do  any  iblu  ,-  u.at  he  a.  .yix-beiid* 
far  bu  advantage  -Sovtlt :  Otrmont.  i.  ««. 

2.  One  who  is  versed  or  experienced  in  the 
•dence  of  politics  or  the  art  of  governing  ;  a 
Statesman. 

3.  One  who  devote*  himself  in,  or  is  keenly 
interested  in,  politics  ;  a  party  man. 

•po-lft-I-cife.t>.<.  [Eng.  politic  ;-lte.]  To  deal 
with  or  treat  of  politics  or  political  matt  rs. 
"  Whlta  I  an  poliiict**t~-  WmtixU :  Lttttn,  Ui  ML 

p»l  -l-tlc  If.   •  pol-y  tick-ly.   •  pol-1- 

tlke  ly,  ado.     [i.ng.  politic;  -ly.\    In  a  poli- 
tic manner;  artfully,  cunningly. 

"  Tbo»  have  I  ,,Juy*t  begun  mr  reign.' 

Aakttf.  :  Turning  of  tin  Mrvw.  Iv.  L 

•  p4  lit  i-c*.  '  pol  l-ti  cone,  -.  [Ital.]  A 
politician. 

"He  was  certainly  a  trot  llatchiavellian  poUOomt.- 
—airtk;  £xanwn,  p.  lit. 

po  lit  I-co-,  pref.  [Eng.  politic(i) ;  o  connect  1 
Political. 

politico- religions,  a.  Of,  belonging  to, 
or  affecting  the  interests  both  of  religious  and 
of  political  |<artie.«i. 

pol  i  tics,  'poT-I-ticks.  *.    [POLITIC.] 

1.  The  science  which  treats  of  the  distribu- 
tion of  power  in  a  country.  Domestic  poli- 
tics investigates  the  distribution  of  power 


among  the  several  classes  or  individuals  be- 
longing to  a  particular  country,  the  best  form 
of  government  for  the  nation,  the  proper 
b.ilanc«  of  power  among  the  three  leading 
cl  iss-s  of  the  community — the  upper,  the 
middle,  and  the  lower  classes — the  means  of 
preserving  and  developing  the  prosperity  of 
the  people,  and  defending  the  body  politic 
against  foreign  aggression  or  domestic  sedition. 
Foreign  politics  treats  of  the  politics  of  foreign 
nations,  particularly  j  aflecting  the  inter- 
ests of  our  own  count"  y. 

2.  Popularly,  the  j-olitical  sentiments  of  an 
individual,  hi's  procedure  in  promoting  the 
interests  of  his  party,  or  his  own. 


t).i  [Gr.  iroAjTi'£«»  (politico)  = 
\\)  to  be  a  citizen ;  (2)  to  govern  a  state.]  To 
play  the  politician  ;  to  debute  or  argue  about 
policy. 

"  r.iit  let  us  not .  .  .  stand  hankering  and  politiiing." 
—MUt*n:  Rrform.  in  Enyland,  bk.  ii. 

•pcl'-I-ture,  *.     [Tr.,from  polir=to  polish 

(q.v.).]     A  gloss  given  by  polishing ;  a  polish. 

"  Fair  politure  walk'U  all  her  body  over." 

Beaumont :  Piyehe,  vi. 

p6T-lr-ty',  *pol-l-tle,  ».  [Lat.  politia,  from 
Gr.  iroAiT«'o  (politeia)  =  government,  admini- 
stration ;  Fr.  politie.] 

1.  The  form,  system,  or  constitution  of  the 
civil  government  of  a  state  or  nation ;   the 
framework    or   organization    by   which    the 
various  departments  of  a  civil  government  are 
combined  into  a  systematic  whole. 

"The  state  of  polity,  so  much  resembling  antlcnt 
Greece,  has  undergone  a  great  change."— Euttacc  : 
Italy,  vol.  iv.,  dia.  i  8. 

2.  The  form  or  constitution  by  which  any 
institution    is    organized ;     thu    recognised 

Erinciples  which  lie  at  the  foundation  of  any 
uman  institution. 

"Maintaining  the  episcopal  polity  in  England."— 
Jlacaulay  :  Bitt.  Eny..  ch.  xix. 

*  3.  Policy,  prudence,  art,  management. 

*  P0l-lve,  S.     [PULLEY.  J 

*  polk,  v.i.    [POLKA.]    To  dance  a  polka.    (G. 

Eliot.) 

pol'-ka,  s.  [Bohemian  puOca  =  half,  from  the 
half  step  prevalent  in  it.] 

1.  ,Vf Ksic :  A  well-known  dance,  the  music 
to  which  is  in  }  time,  with  the  third  quaver 
accented.    There  are  three  steps  in  each  bur, 
the  fourth  beat  is  always  a  rest,  the  three 
steps  are  performed  on  the  three  first  beats  of 
every  bar. 

"  Anna  Slezak,  a  farm  servant  at  Elbsteinltz,  near 
Prague,  invented  the  polka  about  \6M.  Tin-  rouui  in 
which  she  was  accustomed  to  dauce  being  of  sui.-.ll 
dimensions,  the  movements  of  her  feet  were  short, 
and  so  the  dance  was  called  the  '  Pulka'  dance,  that  is 
the  '  ball '  dauce."— stainer  t  Barret :  Diet  of  Untie. 

2.  An  air   suitable  or  appropriate  to  the 
dauce  described  in  1. 

polka-jacket,  s.  A  knitted  jacket  worn 
by  women. 

poll  (l),  *pol,  •pole,  *polle, ».    [O.  Dut 

pulle,  pol,  bol  =  (Tie  head  or  pute ;  Low  Ger. 
fille  i  the  head  ;  Sw.  dial,  pull;  Dan.  puld  = 
the  crown  of  the  head.  Prob.  of  Celtic  origin.] 

1.  A  head  :  now  applied  in  composition  to 
the  heads  of  animals  :  as  poM-evil,  puteaxe. 

2.  The  back  part  of  the  head,. 

3.  A  catalog-in;  or  list  of  heads,  that  is,  of 
pet-sons ;  a  register. 

4.  A  register  of  the  names  of  persons  indi- 
vidually who  are  entitled  to  vote  at  elections 
for  members  of  parliament,  &c. 

5.  The  voting  or  registering  of  votes  in  an 
election. 

"  All  souldlera  quartered  in  the  place  are  to  remove, 
at  least  one  day  before  the  election,  to  thu  distance  of 
two  mile,  or  luore.  and  not  to  return  till  one  day  alter 
tue pollit ended.  —UlaclMoni:  Comment,  bk.  L,  ch.X. 

6.  The  number  of  votes  polled  or  registered 
in  an  election. 

"  Every  vote  added  to  the  Conservative  poll  isiU  be 
persuasive."— standard.  Nov.  23,  K6i. 

7.  The  same  as  POLLARD  (1),  «.  (q.v.). 

8.  The  blunt  end  of  a  hammer ;  the  butt 
end  of  an  axe. 

1  ChaUenge»  to  the  pollt : 

Lav :  Challenges  or  exceptions  to  particular 
jurors. 

poll-act,  «. 

Law:  An  Act  passed  In  1405  by  the  autho- 
rities of  the  Pale,  putting  a  price  upon  the 
beads  of  certain  Irish. 


poll-adze,  s.  An  adze  with  a  striking 
face  on  the  head  (poll)  opposite  to  the  bit. 

poll-axe,  «.     [ !'IILI:AX>:.] 

foil-book,  «.  A  register  of  persona 
entitled  to  vote  at  an  election. 

poll-clerk,  s.     A  polling-clerk  (q.v.). 
poll-evil,  pole-evil,  *.    (See  extract) 

"  PM-nril  is  a  large  swelling,  hinauimatiun,  or  i:o- 
posthume  in  the  horw's  poll  or  nape  of  the  neck,  just 
between  the  ears  towards  tbe  mnue." — Farrier/ 
Dictionary. 

*  poll-money, ».    [POLL-TAX.] 
poll-pick, «. 

Mining :  A  pick  on  the  end  of  a  pole,  so  as 
to  be  worked  by  blows  endwise,  like  a  crowbar. 

*  poll-Silver,*.    [POLL-TAX.] 

*  poll  -tax,      poll -money,     •poll- 
silver,  s.    A  tax  levied  per  head  according 
to  the  rank  or  fortune  of  the  individual;  a 
capitation-tax. 

"  Substituting  an  universal  poll-tax  in  lieu  of  almost 
all  the  titlies,  customs,  and  excises."— Uartie :  i'staut, 
pt.  ii.,  ess.  8. 

H  Its  imposition  in  A.D.  1380  led  to  the  rebel- 
lion of  Wat  Tyler  in  1^81.  It  was  finally  abol- 
ished in  England  in  1G89. 

poll  (2),  «.  [A  contract,  of  Polly  for  Mary.]  A 
la  in  i  liar  name  for  a  parrot. 

*  poll-parrot,  s.    A  parrot 

poll-parrotism,  s.  Meaningless  or  sense- 
less repetition  of  phrases. 

"  Cant  phrases  are  proper  only  to  poll-parrots,  and 
fotl-parroHtm  is  one  of  the  deadliest  diseases  of  UM 
pulpit."— Scribner'i  J/ayatine,  Nov.,  1878,  p.  143. 

poll  (3),  «.  [Etym.  doubtful ;  by  some  referred 
toGr.  (oi)"-oAAoi(/toi)})oWoi  =  (the)  many,  (the) 
rabble;  by  others  to  poll  (1),  s.,  as  though 
the  poll-men  were  only  counted  by  the  heads, 
not  registered  individually,.]  At  Cambridge 
University,  a  student  who  takes  a  pass  degree, 
or  one  without  honours ;  a  passman. 

poll-man,  s.    The  same  as  POLL  (3),  a 

poll,  *  pol,  v.t.  &,  i.    [POLL  (1),  ».] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  remove  the  poll  or  head  of;  to  cllft 
to  lop,  to  shear. 

"  Araln  111  poll 
The  fair-grown  yew-tree  i\,r  a  chostu  IK>W." 

Keats:  Emdymlon.  L  4SO. 

2.  To  enumerate  by  heads ;  to  enroll  in  A 
register  or  list 

*3.  To  impose  a  tax  on. 
*4.  To  plunder,  to  pillage,  to  rob. 
"  Which  polt  and  pilt  the  po.-r  in  piteous  wl«e  " 

Stxiuer  :  F.  «..  V.  a  * 

5.  To  register  or  give  (as  a  voteX 

"And  foil  for  points  of  faith  his  trusty  vote." 
Ticket :  A  Lady  to  a  Oentlrman  at  Avignon. 

6.  To  bring  to  the  poll ;  to  receive  (as  a  vote)t 

"Ills  Liberal  opponent  po'ttd  two  thousand  four 
hundred  and  eighty-six  votes."— Daily  Telegraph, 

*  7.  To  pay  as  a  personal  or  poll-tax. 

"The  mail  that  poll'd  but  twelve  pence  for  his  hend.' 
Dryden  :  Juvenal,  UL  287. 

B.  Intransitive  : 

*  1.  To  plunder,  to  pillage  ;  to  rob  by  ex- 
tortion. 

"  Thpy  will  poll  and  spoil  so  outrageously,  as  the 
very  enemy  cannot  do  much  worse."— l>)ien*er :  Slot* 
of  Ireland. 

2.  To  register  .or  record  a  vote  at  an  elec- 
tion ;  to  vote,  to  go  to  the  poll. 

"  Every  Conservative  who  pollt  to-morrow."— Stamf- 
ord, Nov.  23,  1885. 

H  To  poll  a  jury :  To  examine  each  member 
of  a  jury  individually  as  to  his  concurrence 
in  the  verdict.  (American.) 

poi-lach'-itc,  *.  [Gr.  ffoAAajp?  (poUache)  = 
many  times ;  suff.  -tie  (jtfin.).] 

Min. :  A  name  given  by  Brcithaupt  to  a 
group  of  minerals  intimatelyst-lated  to  each 
other,  and  formed  by  the  diverse  interchang- 
ing of  the  same  or  similar  constituents.  It 
included  the  species  Apatite,  Hedyphane. 
V.-uiadinite,  Pyromorpliite,  Mimetesite,  and 
their  numerous  varieties. 

pol  -lack,  s.    [POLLOCK.] 

•  poll  -age  (age  as  I&), ».  [Eng.  pott,  r.  | 
•age.]  A  poll-tax;  extortion,  robl*ry. 

"Delivering  of  our  realm*  from  his  grenous  bondan 
and  pollagf."—fox :  ilartyn.  p.  WO. 

poT-lam,  «.  [Hind.]  A  fief;  a  district 
held  by  a  poligar  (q.v.). 


l*te.  fSit.  ftire,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father ;  we,  wgt,  here,  camel,  her.  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine  •  g«   ptt, 
W.wtre,  wolf;  work,  who,  sou;  mate,  o4b,  cure,  unite,  our,  rale,  fall;  try,  Syrian,   ce,  ee  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qa  =  kw. 


pollan— polluter 


S675 


pol'-lan,  pdV-an, «.    [Gael  pollag.] 

Ichthy. :  Uoregonus  pollan,  from  the  Irish 
Lakes,  somewhat  resembling  a  herring 
(Clupea.  harengus),  but  with  a  remarkably 
short  head  and  deep  body.  It  is  brought  in 
quantities  to  Belfast  market,  during  the 
season,  and  some  17,000  were  taken  in  1834, 
in  Lough  Neagh,  at  three  draughts  of  the  net. 

*  pdl'-lar-chjf, «.    [POLTARCHY.] 
pol'-lard  (1),  *.  &  a.    [Eng.  poll,  v. ;  -ard.] 

A.  As  substantive: 

1.  A  tree,  the  top  or  head  of  which  has  been 
lopped  off,  some  distance  from  the  ground,  so 
as  to  cause  it  to  throw  out  branches  or  shoots 
all  round  the  point  where  the  amputation,  has 
taken  place. 

2.  A  stag  which  has  cast  his  horns. 

3.  A  polled  orthornless  ox. 

*  4.  A  clipped  coin. 

5.  The  chub  or  die  veil. 

*  6.  Coarse  flour. 

*  7.  Coarse  bran. 

"  The  coarsest  of  the  brui,  vsuallle  called  gnrgeons 
atpollurd."—Barruoa:  Deter, pt.  Buy..  b».  It,  ch.  vl. 

B.  As  adj.  :  Polled,  topped. 

"Grubbing  up  au  old  pollard  »»h."— Pennant : 
Brie.  Zoology.  voL  i. 

*  pol'-lard  (2),  ».    [Said  to  be  named  after  the 
original   maker.]      A  counterfeit  coin,   made 
abroad,  and  smuggled  into   England  in  the 
reiin  of  Edward  I.    They  were  worth  about  a 
halfpenny. 

"  He  sodeynly  dampned  certayne  eoynes  of  money, 
t*l\e<\poUardet."—t'a.byan:  t'Aro/iic/e.vol.  ii.  (aii.  luio). 

*  pol'-lard,  v.t.     [POLLARD  (1).]    To  mak« 
into  a  pollard  by  loppiug  off  the  head  or  top 
of ;  to  top. 

"  Jtist  after  the  willows  have  been  pollarded."— field, 
Dec.  12,  i5oo. 

*  poll  -ax,  *.    [POLEAXS.] 

*  pOlT-da-Vjf,  i.      [POLEDAVY.] 

polled,  pa.  par.  &  a.    [POLL,  v.] 

A,  As  pa.  par. ;  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective: 

1.  Having   the   top  or  head  lopped  off; 
lopped,  topped,  pollard. 

2.  Having  the  hair 
cut. 

3.  Having  cast   the 
horns,  as  a  stag. 

4.  Deprived  ofVorns ; 
wanting  horns,  as   an 
ox. 

"  Let  these  be  out  of  a 
blacit  p^J'.'d  cow." — /WtZ, 
Jail.  2,  1886. 

poT  lin,  s.    [Lat.] 

*  L  Ord.  Lang. :  Fine  bran. 
II.  Technically: 

1.  Bot. :  The  pulvemlent  or  other  substance 
which  frlls  the  cells  of  the  anther  (q.v.).     It 
consists  of  minute  granules  varying  in  size 
and  enclosing  a  fluid  containing  molecular 
matter.     The  granules  are  usually  produced 
in   fours,   and   may  be  spherical  or  slightly 
oblong,    cylindrical,     &c.      The     colour    is 
generally  yellow,  but  in  Epihbium  augusti- 
folium,  and  many  Polemoniacece,  it  is  blue  ; 
in  Verbascum  it  is  red  ;  in  no  case  is  it  green. 
When   the   anther   dehisces,    the    pollen    is 
emitted.     It  is  the  male  element  in  a  plant, 
corresponding  to  the  seminal  fluid  in  animals, 
and  is  designed  to  fertilise  the  seed.  [POLLEN- 

TUDE.] 

2.  Entom. :   Pollen  collected   from   plants 
and  carried  on  the  outer  surface  of  the  tiliiee 
of  bees.    Mixed  with  honey,  it  becomes  the 
food  of  the  larvae. 

pollen-cell,  a.    [ANTHER,  POLLEN.] 
pollen-tube,  i. 

Bot. :  A  delicate  tubular  process  sent  oul 
from  one  of  the  pores  or  slits  on  that  portion 
of  the  pollen  which  falls  upon  the  stigma. 
The  tube  thus  formed,  continually  elongating, 
makes  its  way  down  the  style  and  along  the 
conducting  tissue  to  the  ovules,  which  it 
fertilizes. 

pollen  utricle,  s. 

Bot. :  The  same  as  POLLEN-CELL  (q.v.). 

"The  original  cell,  or  th?  parent  mllen-utrtcle,  be- 
con.ra  resolved  by  a  merisinatlc  division  into  four 
parts,  each  of  which  form*  a  granule  of  pollen."— 
Balfour:  Botany,  {  421. 


POLLED  OX. 


•pol-le'-nar'-I-ons,   o.      [Eng.    pollen; 
•arious.]    Consisting  of  meal  or  pollen. 

*  pol'-lened,  a,    [Eng.  pollen  ;  -ed.]    Covered 
with  pollen. 

"Each  like  a  golden  Image  was  pollened  from  head 
to  foot"  Tennyson;  Voyage  of  Macldune. 

*  pSl'-len-ger,   a,     [POLLARD,  o.]     Pollard 
trees,  brushwood. 


pol-len-JT-er-ous,  a.    [POLLINIFEBOUS.] 

*  pol'-lSn-ize,  v.t.    [Eng.  pollen;  -tee.}     To 
pollinate  (q.v.). 

*  pol'-lent,  a.  [Lat.  pollens.]  Powerful,  mighty. 

"  Against  a  foe  pollent  in  potency." 

Browning:  King  ic  Uuok,  viii.  1,191. 

*  polT-er,  *  pol-er, s.    [Eng.  poll,  v. ;  -tr.} 

1.  One  who  shaves  or  cuts  hair  ;  a  barber. 

2.  One  who  polls  or  lops  trees. 

3.  One   who   registers   voters ;    one   who 
records  his  nanffc  as  a  voter. 

4.  One  who  plunders,  pillages,  or  fleeces  by 
extortion. 

"  Pollen  and  catchers  away  of  mennes  goodes." — 
Udal :  Luke  ni. 

*  pol'-let,  *.     [For  paukt,  an  abbrev.  of  epaulet 
U-v.).] 

Old  Armour:  An  epaulet;  a  small  over- 
lapping plate  for  the  protection  of  the 
shoulders  of  a  knight. 

poT-lex,  *.    [Lat.  =  the  thumb.] 
1.  Anat.  :  The  thumb. 
2   Comp.  Anrit. :  The  innermost  of  the  five 
dibits  normally  existing  in  the  anterior  pairs 
of  limbs  of  the  higher  Vertebrates. 

pol-ll9'-i-pes,  s.    [Lat.  polkx,  genit.  pollici(s) 
=  the  thumb,  and  pes  =  a  foot.) 

1.  Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Lepadidae.    Pollidpes 
eornuiopice  is  found  in  the  L,uropean  seas. 

2.  Palceont. :  From  the  Oolite  onwai  i. 

*  pSl-lty-I-ta'-tlon,    «.      [Lat.    poUicitatio, 
from  pollicitatHS,  pa.  par.  of  poUicitor,  Litens. 
of  potliceor  =  to  promise.] 

1.  Ord.   Lang. :   A  promise ;   a   voluntary 
engagement,  or  a  paper  containing  it. 

"  Ye  with  these  lust  letters,  sent  the  pope's  poUid- 
tation."—Uurnet :  Kitfarmatiun.  vol.  i..  No.  23. 

2.  Civil  Law :  A  promise  without  mutuality ; 
a  promise  not  yet  accepted  by  the  person  to 
whom  it  is  made. 

pol'-lin-ar,  a.    [Lat.  pollen,  genit.  pollin(is); 
Eng.  surf,  -or.] 

Bit. :  Covered  with  a  fine  dust  resembling 
pollen. 

*  pol-H-nar'-I-a,  s.  pi.     [Lat.  pollinariut  = 
pertaining  to  line  flour.] 

Bot. :  The  Antheridia  (q.v.)  in  Jungennan- 
niaeete  and  Hepaticae. 

poi'-lln-ate,  v.t.    [Eng.  pollen ;  -ate.} 

Bot.  :  To  impregnate  with  pollen  ;  to  con- 
vey pollen  from  the  anther  to  the  stigma. 

pol  lin-a  -tlon,  s.    [POLLINATE.] 

Bot. :  Impregnation  with  pollen ;  the  convey- 
ance of  pollen  from  the  anther  to  the  stigma. 

*  pSl-Unc'-tor,  s.    [Lat.]    One  who  prepared 
materials  for  embalming  the  dead. 

"The  Etyptian  pnlHnctort.  or  such  as  anoynted  the 
dead."— Browne:  Vulgar £rrour$,  bk.  vli.,  ch.  xlx. 

poll  mg,    »poll-yng,  pr.  par.,   a.,    &   *. 

[POLL,  V.] 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  &  particip.  adj.  :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  substantive  : 

1.  The  act  of  lopping  or  cutting  off  the 
head  of. 

*  2.  Robbery,  pillage,  plunder,  or  fleecing 
by  extortion. 

"Grantyne  of  faculties,  licenses,  and  other  pol- 
fynje'. "-//«?( :  Henry  rill.  (an.  HI. 

3.  The  act  of  voting  or  of  registering  a  vote. 
"The  pollinit  have  been  representative  of  nearly 

every  condition  of  English  life."— Daily  Telegraph. 
Nov.  26,  188S. 

polling-booth,  s.  A  temporary  erection 
in  which  to  record  votes  at  an  election ;  a 
polling-place. 

"  The  near  proximity  to  the  polling-bootht."—naOy 
Telegraph,  Nov.  28.  1.,  ji. 


polling-clerk,  s.  A  clerk  who  assists 
the  presiding  officer  at  an  election. 

*  polling-pence,  «.  pi.  The  same  u 
POLL-TAX  (q.v.) 

polling-place,  polling-station,  *.  A 

place   officially   appointed    tor  voting  at  an 
election. 

polling-sheriff,  s.  The  presiding  officer 
at  au  election.  {Scotch.) 

pol-lin'-I-a,  «.  [Named  after  Cyrus  Pollinia, 
professor  o"f  botany  at  Verona.] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Grasses,  tribe  Andropo- 
goneae.  Pollinia  eriopoda  is  much  used  in 
the  sub-Himalayan  regions  for  the  construc- 
tion of  swing  bridges  and  as  cattle  fodder.  16 
yields  a  fibre  made  into  string  in  the  region 
east  of  the  Jumna. 

pol-lin-if'-er-ous,  o.  [Lat.  pollen,  genit. 
pollinis=  pollen,  and  fern  =:  to  bear,  to  pro- 
duce.] Producing  pollen. 

pol-lin'-I-um  (pi.  pSl-tin'-I-a),  s.    [POL- 

LtN.J 

Bot.  (PI.)  :  The  pollen  masses  of  Asclepiada- 
ceae  and  Oruhidaceae. 

pol-lin-O'-di-tim,  *.  [Lat.  pnllen,  genii. 
pollinis;  Gr.  tUos  (eidos)  =  form,  and  Lat. 
sulf.  -turn.] 

Bot.  :  De  Bary's  name  for  what  he  believea 
to  be  a  male  organ  in  Pyrenomycetous  Fungals. 

pol'-Un-6se,  a.  [Lat.  pollen,  genit.  pollin(is); 
Eng.  sun",  -ose.]  The  same  as  POLLINA 


pol'-U-wig,  pol'-li-wog,  *pol-wy-gle.  s. 

[First  element  Eng.  poll,  as  in  tsulpole  ;  second, 
wig,  as  in  earuuj/  (q.v.).]  A  tadpole.  (.Cur- 
roughs:  Pepacton,  p.  202.) 

pol'-lock,  pol'  -lack,  s.  [Gael,  pollag  =  the 
whiting;  Ir.  putlog.] 

Ichthy.  :  Gadus  pollachius,  common  on  the 
British  coasts.  It  is  about  the  size  of  tha 
Coalfish.  Three  dorsals  are  present  ;  the 
lower  jaw  Is  much  longer  than  the  upper,  and 
the  tail  is  forked.  The  flesh  is  much  superior 
to  that  of  the  coallish,  and  the  young  are 
often  sold  for  whiting,  to  which,  however, 
they  are  not  nearly  equal  in  flavour. 

"  Some  large  offlug  pollack  have  couie  to  hand."— 
Field,  April  4,  1886. 

pcl-lu'-9lte,  *.  [Lat.  Pollux,  genit.  Poll*- 
c(is)  =  Pollux  (q.v.)  ;  suff.  -ite  (J/iii.).] 

Min.  :  An  isometric  mineral,  occurring  with 
Castorite  (q.v.),  in  the  granite  of  the  island  of 
Elba.  Hardness,  6'5  ;  sp.  gr.  2'001  ;  lustre, 
vitreous  on  fractured  surfaces,  but  dull  ex- 
ternally ;  colourless  ;  transparent.  Compos.  : 
silica,  44-03;  alumina,  15  '97;  sesquioxide  of 
iron,  0'08  ;  lime,  0'08  ;  csesia,  84*07  ;  soda  and 
lithia,  3-88;  water,  2*40  =  10171,  hence  the 
formula,  (3RO,Al2O3>jSiO2+  iUO,  where  Ria 
principally  caesium. 

pol  lute',  v.t.  [Lat.  pollutus,  pa.  par.  of  polluo 
=  to  defile,  to  pollute,  from  a  ]>relix  pol-  (of 
which  the  older  forms  were  por-  or  port-)  = 
towards,  and  luo  =  to  wash  ;  lutum  —  mud.] 

1.  To  make  foul  or  unclean  ;   to  taint,  to 
detile,  to  soil. 

"  With  their  proper  Wood,  imbued  nnrt  pollutrd  their 
owne  handes  and  weuiitert-'—UraStoii:  ChronicUi 
EUtmrdlV.  (an.  10). 

2.  To  corrupt  or  destroy  the  moral  purity 
of;  to  taint,  to  contaminate. 

"  The  very  relation  of  which  is  sufficient  to  pollute 
the  eares  that  heore  them.  "—Pi  rune  :  1  1/itirio. 
MaMlx,  iii.  a. 

3.  To  violate  by  illicit  sexual  intercourse; 
to  debauch,  to  dishonour,  to  ravish. 

4.  To  render  unclean  or  unlit  for  sacred 
services  or  uses. 

"  Neither  thall  ye  pollute  th«  holy  things  of  til* 
children  of  lanat  —  Numben  xvlii.  ;ii 

*pol-lute',  a.  [Lat.  pollutits.]  [POLLCTB,  «.I 
Polluted,  defiled,  dishonoured. 

"  Pollute  with  sinful  blame."       Milton  :  SatMtf. 

p8l-lut'-2d,  pa.  par.  or  a.    [POLLUTE,  «.] 

p8l-lut-gd-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  polluted;  4y.\ 
With  pollution  ;  in  a  state  of  pollution. 

pSl-lut'-ed-ness,  «.  [Eng.  polluted;  -nets.} 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  polluted  ;  pollu- 
tion, defilement. 

p6i-luf  -er,  *  p8l-lut'-or,  s.  [Eng.  pollutt, 
v.  ;  -er.]  One  who  pollutes,  denies,  or  pro- 
fanes ;  a  defiler.  (Bale  :  Eng.  Votaries,  pt.  il.) 


boll,  boy ;  pout,  Jowl ;  oat,  cell,  chorus,  fhin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.    -Ing. 
-clan,  -tian  =  skan.  -tion,  -alon  =  Bhun;  -^ion,  -sion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shuo.   -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  beL  dei. 


3676 

pol  Int'-ixig,  pr.  par.  or  o 

•pol  lut'-ing-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  polluting ;  -ly.] 
In  a  manner  to  pollute  ;  so  as  to  pollute. 

pol  lu  tion.  J.  [Fr.,froin  Lat.  pollution**. 
accus.  i.f  lottutio  =  a  polluting,  from  pollutut, 
pa.  par.  of  polluo=  to  pollute-  (q.v.).] 

I  Ordinary  Language  : 

L  The  act  of  polluting  or  defiling ;  defile- 
ment 

2.  The  state  of  being  polluted  or  defiled ; 
Uicleanness,  impurity,  detileuieut. 

~  Before  hi.  lUUr  should  her  body  stoop 
To  ra«h  abuorr  d  pollution.' 

SkaJutp.  :  Mtatunfar  Mtanm.  U.  4. 

t.  That  which  pollutes  or  defiles. 
4.  The  emission  of  semen  at  other  times 
Chan  during  coition. 

IL  Jewish  Ritual :  Legal  or  ceremonial 
tmcleanness,  which  disqualified  a  person  f  >r 
Intercourse  with  his  fellow-men,  or  rendered 
a  place  or  thing  unfit  for  sacred  uses. 

"Thslr  strife  pjlutim  brings 
Upon  the  tempi*.-  Mutt* :  P.  U.  xlL  M*. 

F61  lax.*.    [Gr.] 

1  in.  Antiq. :  The  son  of  Leda,  and  twin 
brother  of  Cantor. 

8.  Attron. :  One  of  the  two  bright  stars  in 
the  constellation  Gemiui.  Once  it  was  red, 
Bow  it  is  orange. 

3.  Mettor. :  [CASTOR  AXD  POLLUX). 

4.  Mi*. :  The  same  as  PoLLUcmt  (q.v.). 

po'  16,  *.  [Efym.  doubtful ;  prob.  from  Tibet 
pulu  =  a  balL]  A  game  resembling  hockey, 
but  played  on  horselack.  It  was  played  by 
the  Emperor  Manuel  Comnenus  about  the 
middle  of  the  twelfth  century.  It  was  intro- 
duced into  England  in  l.sTl.  It  has  since 
then  become  a  very  popular  game,  particularly 
in  t.ml  country, 'though  not  greatly  so  in 
tin*. 

pol  6  nils*,  •pol-6-nese',  «.  [Fr.  = 
i  HI..] 

•  L  Ord.  Lang. :  The  Polish  language. 
IL  Technically: 

1.  />rej»:  An  article  of  dress  for  ladies,  con- 
sisting of  a  body  and  short  skirt  made  in  one, 

"  This  pniaHultf,  worn  with  a  plain  or  fancy  velvet 
skirt,  mikes  a  uice  visiting  gown."— Daily  TtlcyrapH, 
Dec.*.  IMS. 

i  Muric :  The  same  as  POLAOCA  (1)  (q-v-X 
•  pol-6-nese',  *.    [POLONAISE.] 

po  16  nig.  po-16-nl  an,  i.  [POLOMAKE.] 
A  greatcoat,  a  Polish  diiitout;  a  dress  for 
jo ung  boys.  (Scotclt.) 

-  T  •  Ma«  falantt  that  Effle  m-d«  for  him  nut  of  an 
•old  mtttt*r— Stilt  U*an  of  Midto-luan.  cii.  r. 

fpolonoHe,  ».    [POLONAISE.] 
Music :  A  polonaise. 

pi  lo  ny\  f.  [A  corrupt,  of  Bologna,  which 
city  was  famous  for  its  >iusa^.-s.]  A  kind  of 
sausage  made  of  partly  -cooked  ]«>rk. 

"He  bad  eaten  in  his  youth  at  lout  three  hones 
Oder  the  fu!«e  of  peluttici  and  saveloys."— Dicttnt: 
Hmni  Ttmm.  en.  xvtiL 

polt,  s.  |Cf.  Lat.  p'ltto,  a  frequent,  from  pello 
=  to  drive  ;  8w.  bulta.  =  to  beat ;  Eng.  pelt,  v.] 
A  blow,  a  stroke  ;  the  act  of  striking. 

-nirt  Beatond  nottof  Utenead.'— Mad.  ffArttay: 
CttilM.  bk.  U..  ch.  U. 

polt,  a.  [Prob.  for  palled  —  shortened,  squeezed 
into  a  lump.]  (See  compounds.) 

*  polt  foot,  »  A  a. 

A.  At  nbtt. :  A  distorted  foot ;  a  club  foot. 

•  My  eldest  eon  had  a  i*>U/<xx.--I*UuT :   Bvttat 


polluting— polyarchy 


B.  At  adj. :   Having  distorted  feet ;   club- 
s'.. It  '. 


•polt  footed,   a.      The  same  as  POLT- 
VOOT,  a. 

••To    ••capo    thU    pott-foalfd    philosopher.'—  Btn 
Jatuem     i/a»i*f  ;  Mmurf  t  indicate*. 

p6l  troon .  •  pol  trownc,  •  p-il  troon, 
*  pol  tron.  *  poul  troun,  •  pul  trowno, 
S.  A  a.  [Kr.  ;>-/fron  =  a  kn.v.  »  sluggard; 
IU1.  pultronr,  from  poitro  =  (1)  lazy.  (2)  a 
Tarlet,  a  coward  .  .  .  &  bed  or  conch  ;  the 
meaning  is  thus  a  sluggard,  one  who  love* his 
bed  ;  Ital.  poltro  is  for  poUtro.  from  Ger.  politer 
=  a  holster  (q.v.)  ;  Sp.  poUron  =  a  coward ; 
Ital.  poltrnrt,  polirirt,  poltrtm'gffiare  t  to  play 
the  coward,  to  lie  idly  or  lazily  in  bed.] 


A   At  miff.  :  An  arrant  coward  ;  a  dastard  ; 
a  contemptible  mean-spirited  fellow. 
••  Fatieno*  1*  for  poltr'xnu.  «uch  u  he." 

SkaJcttp. :  S  Henry  r/.,  L  1. 

B.  As  adj. :  Oowardly,  dastardly,  base,  con- 
temptible. 

pol  troon  -er-jf,  •  pdl-troon'-rj^,  *  ponl- 
troun-er-ie,  t.  [tng-  poltroon;  -try;  IT. 
poltronie.]  Cowardice,  want  of  spirit 

••  Mao7  .  .  .  bad  T«ry  cheaply  •anted  a  repuUt 'on 
foroouragebTEnwrrinf  »tbi*peWr«m*T>."— Maeaulan : 
Hilt,  tne  .  eb.  ZTli. 

•  pdl'trodn'-isb.  a.      [Eng.  poltroon;   -ish.] 

Hrsembling  a  poltroon  ;  cowardly,  dastardly, 
contemptible. 

•  pol  troon  -ry, «.    IPCJITROONEBT.] 

p8l'-ver-in,por-Ter-ine,».  [Ital.  polverino, 
from  Lat.  pulvit  =  dust.)  Glass  -  makers' 
ashes  ;  the  calcined  ashes  of  a  plant  brought 
from  the  Levant  and  Syria. 

pd'-iy.  pd'-lejf,  «.  [Lat.  polium,  from  Or. 
YoAioy  (polion),  from  woAio*  (polios)  =  white.) 
Sot. :  A  labiate  plant,  Teucrium  Polium.  It 
is  an  evergreen  shrub,  growing  in  southern 
Europe.  Golden  Poly  is  Teucrium  aurenm ; 
Mountain  Poly  is  Bartsia.  alpvia;  Yellow  Poly, 
Teucrium  flavetcent. 

p6l-j^-,  pref.  [Or.  voM  (polu),  neut.  sing,  of 
m>Avf  (pul us)  =  much,  many.]  A  pretix  fre- 
quently used  with  words  derived  from  the 
Greek,  and  indicating  multitude  or  multipli- 
cation. 

pol  y-ac&n  -thus,  «.  [Pref.  poly-,  and  Gr. 
a.no.v6a  (akantlia)  —  a  spine.] 

Ichthy.  :  A  genus  of  Acanthopterygii,familv 
Labyrinthici,  with  seven  species,  from  the 
East  Indian  Archipelago.  Some  of  the  species 
have  been  domesticated  on  account  of  their 
beautiful  coloration. 

pol-y-a-chiir'-us,  ».    [Pref.  poly-,  and  Gr. 

axvpav  (iicJturon)  —  chaff,  bran.] 
Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Polyachyridese. 

pol-y-ftch-y-rld'-S-w,  «.  pi.     [Mod.  Lat. 

poly<u:h.yr(us);  i-at.  fem.  pi.  adj.  suff.  idea.] 

Rot. :  A  sub-tribe  of  Composites,  tribe 
Nassaviacese. 

pol-y-a-«6"us'-tic,  a.  A  «.  [Pref.  poly-,  and 
Eng.  acoustic  (q.v.).] 

A.  As  adj. :  Capable  of  multiplying  or  in- 
cnut-sing  sound. 

B.  Aisubst.:  An  instrument  for  multiplying 
or  increasing  sound. 

pdl-y-a-coiis -tics,  *.  [Poi.v ACOUSTIC.]  The 
art  of  'multiplying  or  increasing  sound. 

p61-y-ac'-tls,  ».  [Pref.  poly-,  and  Gr.  aucris 
(aAris)  =  a  ray.] 

Hot. :  A  genus  of  Hyphomycetous  Funerals, 
sub-order  Mucedines.  Pplyartis  vulgarit  is  a 
common  mould  on  decaying  plants. 

poT-jMUi,  *.  [Gr.  »oA.ii  (polu)=  many  ;  suff. 
•ad.] 

Chem. :  An  element  whose  atomicity  is 
greater  than  unity. 

poT-jf-a-delph,  i.    [POLTADELPHIA.] 

Dot. :  One  of  the  Polyadtlphia. 

pol  y  a  del -phi  a,  ».  pi.  [Mod.  Lit.,  from 
i>r<-f.  p<>ly-,  and  Gr.  o&Ai^of  (adtipuos)  =  a 
brother.] 

Bat. :  The  eighteenth  class  in  Linnspus's 
artilicial  system.  Many  stamens,  in  more  than 
two  bundles.  From  the  difficulty  of  axcrr- 
taiuing  this  fact,  the  class  wan  snii|>r>-s.s^l  by 
some  Linnn-an  botanists.  Orders,  Decandriu 
and  Polyandria. 

pot  y  a  del  phi  an,  'pSl-y-a-dcl- 
phoum,  a.  [Mod.  I.at.  polyadelpli(ia) ;  -ian., 
-out.] 

Bot. :  Combined  into  several  masses,  or  as- 
semblage* ;  having  the  stamens  arranged  in 
mere  than  two  bundles. 

pol  y  a  dclph  -  ite, «.  [Or.  m Auaoc **<* 
(jnolyadelphnt)  —  with  many  brothers;  sutt 
•ite  (M in.).] 

Min. :  A  brownish-yellow  variety  of  Garnet 
(q.v.),  containing  much  sesquioxide  of  inm, 
protoxide  of  manganese,  and  lime.  The  original 
was  massive.  Found  at  Franklin,  Sussex  Co., 


New  Jersey,  U.S.A.     It  is  included  by  Daii» 
in  liis  group  of  manganese  line-iron  garnets. 

pol-y-aa'-mJ-a,  5.  [Gr.  TroAOcu/uos  (poluafmoA 
=  full  of  blood"  :  Gr.  iroAw  (jmlu)  —  much,  and 
alfM  (haima)  »=  blood.]  [ 


pol-jMU'-thl-a,  s.  [Gr. 

=  curing  many  diseases  :  wo\u  (polu)  =  much, 
anil  oAtfw  (althn)  =  to  heal.] 

Bot.  :  A  penus  of  Anonaceae,  tribe  Xylopese. 
The  wood  of  Polyalthia  cerasaidtt,  a  large  ever- 
green tree  in  India  and  Burmah,  is  prized  in 
Bombay  for  carpentry  and  boat-building. 
(.l/a>i*on.)  The  inner  tiark  of  P.  longifoiia  is 
said  to  furnish  a  good  fibre. 

pol-Jr-an'-clrf-a,  *.  pi.  [Mod.  Lit.,  from 
Gr.  n-oAuoi/ipia  (poluandria)  =  populousness  : 
iroAi/  (ix>lu)  —  much,  and  avrjp  (arUr),  genit. 
O.V&PO*  (andros)  =  a  man.] 

Bot.  :  The  fourteenth  class  in  Linnaeus's 
artilicial  system.  Etymologieally  meaning 
simply  tlmt  there  are  many  stamens,  yd  he 
limited  it  to  those  which  had  those  stamens 
hypogynous  and  free.  Onlers,  Monogynia,  DU 
trigynia,  Pentagj-nia,  and  Polygyuia. 

pdl-^-an'-drl-an,  a.  &  s.    [Mod.  Lat.  poly- 
andr(ia);  Eng.  adj.  suff.  -ian.] 
Botany: 

A.  As  adj.  :  Polyandrous  (q.v.). 

B.  As  siibst.  :  One  of  the  Polyandria. 

pol'-y'-an-drfc,  a.  [Eng.  polyandry);  -ic.] 
Characterized  by,  or  relating  to,  polyandry; 
practising  polyandry. 

"  /"o/vandric  societies,  producing  fewer  members 
available  lor  ofteiice  and  delence.  naturally  gave  way 
before  »ocietie»  having  family  arrangement  mere 
favourable  to  lucreaie.'  —  Speruxr:  aociulow  («d.  J884), 
1.  C51. 

pol'-y-an-drist,  ».  [Eng.  polyandry)  ;  -ist.} 
One  who  practises  polyandry. 

"Phrenological  description  of  Polyandrittt.'—Mitr- 
thatl  :  /'lirenologitt  among  the  Todal.  p.  223. 

pol-y-an'-drous,  a.  [Mod.  Lat.  polyandr(ia); 
Ei.g.  adj.  sulf.  -ou6-.] 

1.  Bot.  :  Having  more  stamens  than  twenty 
inserted  in  the  receptacle. 

2.  Anthrop.  :  Polyandric  (q.v.). 

"Our  British  forefathers,  who  are  known  to  hurt 
been  jtolyandrmit."  —  Marthati:  Pltrctwi-'ffitt  among 
tin  Todat,  p.  222. 

p5l'-y-an-dry,  *.    [POLYANDRIA.] 

Anthrop.:  The  marriage  of  one  woman  to 
several  men  at  once.  Spencer  (Sociology  (ed. 
18S5),  i.  045)  traces  several  forms  of  it.  He 
considers  each  form  an  advance  on  its  pre- 
decessor: (1)  one  wife  has  several  unrelated 
husbands,  and  each  of  the  husbands  has  other 
unrelated  wives  ;  (2)  the  unrelated  husbands 
have  but  one  wife  ;  (3)  the  husbands  are  re- 
lated; (4)  the  husbands  are  brothers.  The 
custom  is  still  widely  spread  in  the  East. 
Caesar  (de  Bell.  Gall.,  v.  xiv.)  found  it  in 
Britain  on  his  arrival.  Tacitus  (Germ.,  xx.) 
has  been  cited  as  an  authority  that  the  ancient 
Germans  practised  polyandry,  but  Lubbock 
(Orig.  Civil.,  1882,  p.  139)  does  not  consider 
the  passage  conclusive.  M'Lennan  (Prim. 
Mar.,  p.  180)  gives  a  long  list  of  tribes  which 
he  regards  as  polyandrous. 

"The  revolting  practice  of  polyandry  prevails 
throughout  the  Interior  of  Ceylon,  chiefly  among  the 
wealthier  claa«e»,"—  Tmnent  :  Cry/on  (ed.  186»),  U.  tU. 

*  poT-y-anth,  ».    [POLYANTHUS.] 
Dot.  :  A  Polyanthus  (q.v.). 

pol  y  an  thes,  t.    [POLIAKTHRS.] 

pol  y  in  thus.  *.  [Pref.  poly-,  and  Gr.  5.v9ot 
(an(hos)  =  a  Hower.J 

llort.  :  A  variety  of  the  Oxlip  Primrose, 
Primula  eUitior.  Flowers  in  clusters,  browuddl 
red  in  colour.  A  favourite  garden  plant 

polyanthus-narcissus,  «. 

llort.  :  Karcisfus  Tazzelta. 


».-.  ,  ___  _jt,  *.  [Eng.  pojyarch(y);  -ist.] 
One  who  advocates  or  supports  the  system  of 
polyarchy. 

"  Plato  was  no  polyarcttitt.  but  a  monarchist." — Out- 
worth :  Jnitll.  Syttm,  p.  40*. 

*p8l'-y-ar-ch^,  «.  [Pref.  poly-,  and  Gr. 
opx»j  (arche)  —  rule,  government.)  Govern- 
ment by  many,  either  of  a  class,  as  aristo- 
cracy, or  of  the  many,  as  democracy. 

"He  absolutely  denied  .  .  .  a pol*urcAy  or  mundane 
aristocracy.'— Cudworth:  InttU.  Syiteni.'p.  41L 


fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father :  wo,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pS 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub.  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    se,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a;  qu  -  fcw. 


polyargite— polycotyledon 


3677 


p61-y  ar  -gite,  s.      [Pref.   poly-  ;   Gr.   apyot 
(argos)  =  sparkling,  and  suff.  -He  (Min.).} 

Min.  :  A  mineral  occurring  in  lamellar 
masses  at  Tunaberg,  Sweden.  Hardness,  4  ; 
sp.  gr.  2-768.  Supposed  to  be  an  altered 
anorthite  (q.v.).  'Hie  analyses  appear  to 
justify  its  reference  to  the  Finite  group  of 
pseudomorphs,  where  Dana  places  it. 

po'l-y-ar'-gyr-ite,  «.    [Pref.  poly-,  and  Eng. 
argyrite  (q.v.).] 

Min.  :  A  name  given  by  Sandberger  to  an 
Isometric  mineral  found  at  Wolfach,  Baden. 
Hardness,  2-5;  sp.  gr.  6-974  ;  lustre,  metallic  ; 
colour  and  streak,  black  to  blackish-gray  ; 
malleable.  Compos.  :  sulphur,  14-47  ;  anti- 
mony, 7-37  ;  silver,  78"16  =  100. 

po'l-y-ar'-thrus,   *•     [Pret  poly,  and  Gr. 
apOpov  (arthron)  =  a  limb.] 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Rotifera,  family  Hyda- 
tinea.  It  has  a  single  eye  on  the  neck,  six 
pinniform  processes  on  each  side  of  the  body  ; 
foot  wanting. 

pol-y-a-tom'-ic,  a.     [Pref.  poly-,  and  Eng. 
atomic  (q.v.).] 

Chem.:  A  term  applied  to  elements  which 
contain  more  than  one  atom  in  their  mole- 
cules. 


,  s.  [Pref.  poly-,  and 
Eng.  autography  (q.v.).]  The  act  or  process 
of  multiplying  copies  of  one's  own  handwrit- 
ing or  of  manuscripts,  by  printing  from  stone. 
It  is  a  kind  of  lithography. 

pol-y-bas'-lC,  a.  [Pref.  poly-,  and  Eng.  basic 
(q.v.).] 

Chem.  :  A  term  applied  to  acids  in  which 
two  or  more  atoms  of  hydrogen  can  be  dis- 
placed by  metals  when  presented  to  them  in 
the  form  of  hydrates. 

pol-y-ba'-site,  s.  [Pref.  poly-;  Gr.  0a<n? 
(basis)  =  a  base,  and  suff.  -tie  (Min.);  Ger. 
polybasit.  ] 

If  in.  :  A  mineral  occurring  in  thin  tabular 
or  short  prisms,  also  massive.  Crystalliza- 
tion, orthorhombic.  Hardness,  2  to  3  ;  sp. 
gr.  6-214  ;  lustre,  metallic  ;  colour,  iron-black, 
in  thin  fragments  cherry-red  ;  streak,  black. 
Compos.  :  a  sulpharsen-antimonite  of  silver 
and  copper,  the  arsenic  and  antimony  varying 
in  amount.  Found  in  many  silver  mines. 

pS-lyb'-i-a,  s.  [Pern,  of  Gr.  iroAu/3io«  (polu- 
bins)  =  with  much  life  or  vigour  :  iroAu  (polu) 
=  much,  and  /Si'os  (bios)  =  lite.] 

Entom.  :  A  genus  of  Vespidae.  Several 
species  exist  in  South  America. 

pft-lyb'-I-US,  s.      [Gr.   iroAv'/3io«  (polubios).] 

[POLYBIA.] 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Brachyourous  Crusta- 
ceans, family  Portuiiidae.  Polybius  henslowii, 
the  Nipper-crab,  aliout  two  inches  long,  is 
found  in  the  English  Channel  far  from  land. 

p$  lyb-6-ri'-n«,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  polybor- 
(us);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -inre.} 

Ornith.  :  Caracaras  ;  a  sub-family  of  Fal- 
con iciae,  with  two  genera,  Polyborus  anil 
Ibycter.  Sharpe  adds  also  Serpentarius 
anil  Cariama.  The  two  outer  toes  are  joined 
to  the  middle  toe  by  a  membrane. 

pS-lyD-i-rSi'-des  ,  s.  [Mod.  Lat  polybor(us), 
and  Gr.  e'io«  (cidos)  =  form.] 

Ornith.  :  A  genus  of  Accipitrinse,  with  two 
species  from  Africa  and  Madagascar.  Poly- 
mroides  typicus  is  the  Banded  Gymnogene. 

pS-lyb'-or-tis,  s.  [Gr.  iroAv/3d>o«  (poluboros) 
=  much  devouring.] 

Ornith.  :  Caracara  ;  the  typical  genus  of 
the  Polyborinte  (q.v.),  with  two  species  rang- 
ing over  South  America,  and  to  California  and 
Florida.  The  beak  is  compressed  above, 
lower  mandible  entire  and  obtuse  ;  cere  large 
and  covered  with  hairs  ;  cheeks  and  throat 
naked  ;  crop  woolly. 

pSl-y-car'-pe-89,  ».  pi.     [M'xl.   Lat  poly- 
oarp(o>i);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -«e.J 
Bat.  :  A  tribe  of  Caryophyllacese. 

pSl-y-car-pel'-lar-y,  o.  [Pref.  poly-,  and 
Eng.  carpeuary  (q.v.).  j 

Bot.  (Of  a  pistil)  :  Having  more  than  three 
carpels. 

pSl-y-car'-pJc,  a.    [POLYCARPOUS.] 


pol-y-car'-pon,  s.    [Neut.  of  Gr.  iro 
(potakarpos)  =  rich  in  fruit,  fruitful  :  Gr.  iroAu 
=  much,  and  Gr.  copirof  (karpos)  =  fruit.] 

Bot.  :  All-seed  ;  a  genus  of  Illecebrace» 
(Lindley),  of  CaryophyUeae  (Sir  Joseph  Hooker). 
Annualherbs,  with  whorled  leavesand  soarious 
stipules  ;  sepals  five-keeled  ;  petals  five,  small  ; 
stamens  three  to  five  ;  style  short,  tritid  ;  cap- 
sule three-valved,  with  many  seeds.  Known 
species  six.  One,  Polycarpon  tetraphyllum,  a 
small  prostrate  plant,  is  found  in  sandy  and 
waste  places  in  the  south  of  England. 

pol-y-car  -pous,   t  pol-y-car'-pic,  a. 

[POLYCARPON.] 

Botany  : 

1.  Having  many  distinct  carpels  or  fruits  in 
each  flower. 

2.  Having  the  power  of  bearing  fruit  many 
times  without  perishing.    Called  also  Sychuo- 
carpous. 

pSl-if-ceii'-tri-dae,  s.  pi  [Mod.  Lat.  poly- 
centr(us);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Jchthy.  :  A  family  of  Acanthopterygii,  with 
two  genera,  Polycentrus  and  Monocirrhus, 
from  the  Atlantic  rivers  of  tropical  America. 
Body  compressed,  deep,  and  scaly  ;  no  lateral 
line  ;  dorsal  and  anal  long,  with  numerous 
well-developed  spines  ;  teeth  feeble  ;  pseudo- 
branchise  hidden. 

pol-y-cen'-trus,  s.  [Pref.  poly-,  and  Gr. 
KC'ITPOP  (kentron)  —  a.  point,  a  prickle.] 

Ichthy.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Polycentridse 
(q.v.),  containing  one  or  two  species  of  small 
insectivorous  fishes. 

*  pol-y-ceph'-al-ist,  s.  [Pref.  poly-,  and  Gr. 
Kc<2>oArj  (kephali)  =  a  head.]  One  who  has  many 
heads  or  rulers. 

"  Polycephalitt*  burdened  with  many  heads."—  Oau- 
den  :  Team  of  the  Church,  p.  Ml. 


O.      [Gr.  iroAv<c«<f>oAo? 

(polukephalos)  =  many-headed.]    [POLYCEPH- 
ALIST.] 

Bot.  :  Having  many  heads.  Applied  to 
plants  having  a  great  number  of  capitules  ; 
to  fruits  coming  from  ovaries  which  have 
many  organic  tops,  as  of  Abutilon  ;  to  mush- 
rooms, the  ramous  stipes  of  which  bear  many 
pilei,  as  in  Agaricus  polycephalus  ;  and  to  the 
ramous  hairs,  the  branches  of  which  termi- 
nate each  by  a  smaller  head,  as  in  Croton  peni- 
cillatum. 


p6-ly9'-er-a,  s.     [Gr.  iroA 

many-horned:  iroAu  (polu)  =  many,  and 
Kfpas  (keras)  =  a  horn.] 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Doridae  (q.v.),  from  Nor- 
way, Britain,  and  the  Red  Sea,  within  tide- 
marks,  and  in  deep  water  on  corallines.  The 
spawn  is  strap-shaped,  and  coiled  on  stones, 
in  July  and  August 

p6l-^-Ch8B'-ta,  S.  pi.  [Or.  »roAvxaiT7j«  (polu- 
chaites)  =.  with  much  hair:  Gr.  iroAvs  (polus) 
=  much,  and  xatT>)  (chaite)  =  hair.] 

Zool.  :  An  order  of  Annelids,  sub-class  Chse- 
topoda.  It  includes  the  Tubicola  and  Errantia. 

*  pol-y-chce'-ran-y,  *  pol-y-coi-ran-Ie, 

».  [Gr.  jroAuicoipanT)  (polulcoircnic),  from 
iroAvKOtpapo?  (pnlukoiraiios)  =  wide-ruling: 
woAv?  (  polus)  —  many,  and  Kotpavos  (kniranos) 
=  a  ruler.]  A  government  of  many  chiefs  or 
princes. 

"The  world  would  be  a  fxilycharanti  or  aristocracy 
of  Gods."—  Cudworth  :  Intel!,  Sytttm,  p.  411. 

pSl'-y-chord,  o.  &  ».    [Pref.  poly-,  and  Eng. 
chord  (q.  v.).] 
Music: 

A.  As  adj.  :  Having  many  chords  or  strings. 

B.  As  substantive  : 

1.  An  instniment  with  ten  strings,  resem- 
bling the  double  bass  without  a  neck. 

2.  An  octave-coupler. 


on,  «.     [Tref.  poly-,  and  Gr. 

Xtapov  (choru/i)  =  place  (?).] 

Bot.  :  A  polycarpoua  fruit,  like  that  of  Ra- 
nunculus. 

p8l'-jf-chrest,   *.     [Pref.  poly-,   and   Gr. 
X/njo-rck  (christos)  =  good  ;  Fr.  polychreste.] 

Pharm.  :  A  term  formerly  applied  to  several 
medicines  on  accoumt  of  the  numerous  virtues 
they  were  supposed  to  possess.  (Cooky.) 

*  polychrest-aalt,  t. 

Chem.  :  Sal  polychrestus,  potassic  sulphate. 


pol-y-chro'-i-lite,  s.  [Pref.  po'y-  :  Gr.  xpo* 
(chroa)  —  colour,  and  Ac'Oos  (/  it  hos)=  stone  ; 
Ger.  polychroilith.] 

Min.  :  A  variety  of  Finite  (q.v.),  found  in 
six-sided  prisms  without  cleavage  ;  psendo- 
morphons.  Hardness,  3  to  3'6  ;  lustre,  greasy  ; 
colour,  blue,  green,  brown,  brick-red.  Found 
at  Krageroe,  Norway,  in  gneiss. 

pSl'-y-chrd-lf  m,  «.  [Pref.  poly-,  and  xpw« 
(chroa)  =  colour.] 

Crystallog.  :  The  same  as  PLEOCBROISM. 

p8l-y-chro'-Ite,  ».  [Pref.  pobi-  ;  Gr.  xP<5« 
(chroa)—  a  colour,  and  Eng.  sutf.  -ite.]  [SAF- 

FRANIN.] 

p5l-y-chro-mat'-Ic,  o.  [Pref.  poly-,  and 
Eng.  chromatic  (q.v.).]  Exhibiting  a  variety 
of  colours  ;  coloured  with-  various  tints. 

polychromatic-acid,  s.  [POLYCHROMIO 

ACID.] 

pol  y-chrome,  s.  &a.  [Pref.  poly-,  and  Gr. 
Xptojxa  (chroma)  =  colour.] 

A.  As  substantive  : 

I.  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  variety  of  colours  ;  work 
executed  in  several  colours  ;  a  picture  executed 
in  various  colours.  Anciently  applied  to  a 
statue  coloured  to  imitate  nature. 

"This  sudden  transformation  into  the  realms  of 
dazzling  polychrome."—  Daily  Telegraph,  Sept.  7,  1884. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Chem.  :  [^SCULIN]. 

2.  Min.  :  The  same  as  PYROMORpHrre(q.v.): 

B.  As  adj.  :  Havingseveral  or  many  colours; 
exhibiting  a  variety  of  colours  ;  executed  in 
polychrome. 

polychrome-printing,  *.    The  art  at 

printing  in  one  or  more  colours  at  once. 

pol-y-chrom'-ic,  a.  [Eng.  polychrom(e)  ;  -ic.] 
The  same  as  POLYCHROMATIC  (q.v.). 

polychromic-acid,  polychromatic- 
acid,  s.  [ALOETIC-ACID.] 


,  s.  [POLYCHROME.]  The  art 
of  colouring  statuary  to  imitate  nature,  or 
particular  buildings,  in  harmonious,  prismatic, 
or  compound  tints.  Both  arts  were  practised 
by  the  nations  of  antiquity  to  a  considerable 
extent,  and  from  a  very  early  period.  The 
earliest  Greek  statues  show  traces  of  colour, 
and  their  public  buildings  and  temples  were 
richly  decorated  with  colour.  The  object  of 
polychromy  is  to  heighten  the  effect  of  archi- 
tectural decoration.  Many  beautiful  examples 
still  exist  in  our  cathedrals  and  some  parish 
churches. 

•pSl-y-chro'-ni-ous,  o.  [Pref.  poly-,  and 
Gr.  xP°t>0*  (chronos)  =  time.]  Enduring 
through  a  long  time  ;  chronic. 


,  s.    [Pref.  poly-,  and  Gr.  x\aSot 

(Llados)  =  a  young  shoot.] 
Bot.  :  Plica  (q.v.). 

pol-y-cli'-num,  «.      [Pret  poly-,   and  Gr. 

(cAiVij  (kline)—  a  touch,  j 

Zool  :  A  genus  of  Botryllidae  (q.v.),  with 
seven  species,  from  Britain,  India,  the  Red 
Sea,  &c.  Covering  gelatinous  or  cartilaginous, 
variable  in  form,  groups  of  individuals  ten  to 
150,  at  unequal  distances. 


pSl-y-CCB'-li-a,  s.   [Pref.  poly-,  and  Gr. 
(koilia)  =  the  belly  ;  «oiAo«  (kaUos)  =  hollow.] 
Palceont.  :  A  genus  of  Rugose  Corals,  family 
Stauridfe.    From  the  Permian. 

pdl-y-cSn'-Ic,  a.  [Pref.  poly-,  and  Eng.  conte 
(q.v.).J  Pertaining  to,  or  based  upon,  many 
cones. 

polyconic-projection,  «.  A  projection 
or  development  of  the  earth's  surface,  or  of 
a  portion  of  it,  which  supposes  each  parallel 
of  latitude  to  be  represented  on  a  plane  by  the 
development  of  a  cone  having  the  parallel 
for  its  base,  and  its  vertex  in  the  point  where 
a  tangent  at  the  parallel  intersects  the  earth's 
axis.  This  projection  differs  from  the  conic 
in  supposing  a  different  cone  for  each  parallel, 
while  the  latter  assumes  but  one  cone  for  the 
whole  map.  (Webster.) 

p5l-y-c5t-yl-«'-d6n,  «.     [Pref.  poly-,  and 
Eng.  cotyledon  (q.v.).] 
Bot.  :  A  plant  with  more  than  two  cotyle- 

dons.     [POLYCOTYLEDONOUS.] 


boll.  b6y ;  pout.  Jowl ;  eat,  9ell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  t 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -fion  -  zhiin.    -cious,  -tious,    sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  -  bel,  del. 


3678 


polycotyledonous-polygen 


p6l  y-c6t-yl-e  -d4n-oft* 

ana  Bug.  cotyltdonmu  (q.  v.).  J 


a.    [Pref.  poly-. 


.  . 

Bot.  •  Having  more  than  two  cotyledon*. 
Examples,  the  Conifer*,  tlie  B-ir-igiueom 
germs  Amsinckio,  and  the  Cruciferous  one 
Lepi 


epidium. 

p8l  y-c8t-yl-«'-don-y. 

ledon  ;  -y.] 

Bo«.  :  Accidental  increase  In  the  number  of 
cotyledon*. 


polycoty- 


--,  *•  t°r- 

and  «paT.«  (.  /•«:>.•,)  =  to  rule.)    Goverwneut 
by  many  ;  poiyarchy. 

pdT  y-crase,  ».    [Pref.  prfv-.  •"<*  Gr-  «Pi<r'* 
(krtuii)  —  a  mixture  ;  Uer.  poiyknu.] 

M  in.  :  An  orthorhombic  mineral  occurring 
in  crystals  in  the  gmnite  of  the  island  of 
Bitteroe,  Norway,  associated  with  gadolinite, 
orthite.  Ac.  Hardness,  5'5  ;  sp.  gr.  5'00  to 
6-12  ;  lustre,  on  fresh  fractures  very  bright  ; 
colour,  black  ;  streak,  browu  ;  fracture,  con- 
choidaL  Compos.  :  according  to  Rammels- 
berg,  a  titanate  with  a  niobate  of  yttria,  erbia, 
the  ies<]uioxides  of  cerium,  uranium,  and  iron. 
The  crystallized  polycraae  contained  4'17  per 
cent,  of  tanulic  acid. 


pSl  y-crSt'-Ic,  o.    fPref  pofy-,  and  Gr. 
(krotai)=.  a  sound  produced  by  striking.] 

Physiol.  (Of  the  jntlff):  Having  a  primary 
and  two  secondary  crests  in  the  pulse  wave. 

pol-y-cys-ti'-na.  pSl-y-cfc-ti'-na,  *.  pi. 
(Pref.  poly-,  and  Gr.  «i*rm  (kwUti)=  a  bladder.  J 

1.  Zool.  :  A  sub-order  of  Radiolaria,  placed  by 
Wallich  in  his  Herpnemata.  Tliey  are  low 
In  the  scale  of  Radiolaria.  They  have  a 
sdliceousskeleton,  generally  globular,  variously 
tn-llised,  and  composed  of  two  or  three  basket 
tells,  supported  or  separated  by  few  or  many 
radiating  spicules  commencing  from  a  central 
base  or  orophalostyle.  In  life  the  skeleton  is 
enveloped  in  a  delicate  filmy  investment  of 
smrcode,  with  abundant  sarcoblasts  or  ovules. 
The  Polycystina  are  microscopic,  and  marine. 

1.  Palaont.  :  Prom  the  Carboniferous  on- 
ward. Various  tertiary  deposits,  especially 
Barbadoes  earth,  contain  their  flinty  shells 
abundantly. 

pol  y^y»'-tine,  pol-y-cis'-tine,  *  [POLY- 
CYSTINA.J  Any  individual  of  the  Polycystina 
(q.v.). 

pol  y-d&C  -tyl  ifm,  «.  [Pref.  poly-,  and  Or. 
tocrvAof  (daktuloi)  =  a  finger.]  The  state  or 
condition  of  having  many  lingers.  (Darwin: 
Detoeut  of  Man,  p.  37.) 

p61-  y  dcs'-mId-».  t.  pi.  [Mo4.  Lat  poly- 
dwM(us);  Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Zool.:  A  family  of  Millepedes  (Chilognatha), 
having  the  body  flattened  like  the  Scolopen- 
diidc,  and  soft.  The  insertion  of  the  limbs  is 
W|«rated  by  a  distinct  sternal  piece.  Gener- 
ally there  are  about  twenty  segments  of  the 
tody,  and  no  eyes.  Found  chiefly  under  bark. 


pSl  y-dcs'-mus.  *.      (Or.   woAttnrpoc  (poZ«- 
desinot)  =  fastened  wUh  many  bonds  :  iro 
{pol\tt)  =  many,  and  .'  «<7>o>  (donnas)  =  a  bond.] 
ZooL  :  The  typical  genus  of  Polydesmidss 
(q.  v.).    Polydesmut  compianatuf  is  British. 

p61  y  dip  si  a,  ».     [Gr.  m\vStyiot  (pnlv, 
di/wiV»)  =  rery  ihirsfy  :  vo\vc  (polut)  =  much 
ajid  l^a.  (dipta)  —  tliiruL) 
Pathol  :  Insatiable  thirst 

pgl  jf  dym'-ite,  *.     [Pref.   j>ol'i;   and  Gr. 
itJv/io<  (dulumiis)  =  twofold,  twain.] 

Win.  .*  An  isometric  mineral,  found  in  octa- 
hedrons, frequently  twinned  polysyntlieti- 
eally,  and  aUo  massive.  Hardness,  4'5  ;  sp. 
gr.  4-808  to  4-816;  lustre,  brilliant  metallic  ; 
colour,  light-gray.  Compos.  :  sulphur,  41-09  ; 
nickel,  M-30;  cobalt,  0-03;  iron,  3-03=100. 
The  calculated  formula  is  NijSg,  which  re- 
quires, sulphur,  40-51  ;  nickel,  69-45  =  100. 
round  at  Griinan,  in  Westphalia. 

p<$l  y  c  drlc,  pol  y  e  dr6n,  4c,   [Potr 
BEURIC,  POLYHEDRON,  4c.] 


p8l  y  em'-bry-A-nate,    p 

5n'-ic,  a.     I  Pref.  poly-,  and  Eng.  rmbryonate, 
tmbryonie.] 

Sot.:  Consisting  of,  or  having,  many  em 
try  os. 


u-i»,-»«i-y,  «.  [Pref.  poly;  Gr. 
cpppvov  (embruon)  —  »n  eiubryo,  and  h,ng. 
sutf.  -y.] 

Bot.  :  The  development  within  the  testa  of 
the  seed  of  more  than  one  embryo.  It  occurs 
not  unfrequently  in  the  orange  and  the  hazel 
nut,  and  is  very  common  in  the  Coniferse,  the 
C'ycadacete,  the  ouiou,  aud  the  mistletoe. 
pol-y-eV-gtis,  i.  [Gr.  m>AvVy<*  (poluergos) 
=  hard-working:  woM  (polu)  =  much,  and 
ipyov  (trjun)  =  work.] 

Entom.  :  A  genus  of  Formicidse,  containing 
the  Amazon-ant  (q.v.). 

51  y-g-then'-Ic,  o.  [Pref.  poly- ;  Eng. 
etlirn(e),  and  sufl'.  -ic.J  Derived  from  or  cou- 
taining  ethene  oxide. 

polyethenic-alcohols,  «.  pi. 

C7i«»i..-Polyethyle.nic-alcohols.  Bodies  which 
contain  two  or  more  atoms  of  ethene  oxide 
combined  with  one  molecule  of  water,  as  di- 
ethenic  alcohol  =  ^||^  j  HjO.  They  are 
obtained  by  heating" ethene  oxide  with  water 
or  glyeol  in  sealed 
tubes. 

p*r-*-foH.  »• 

I  Pref7  poly-,  and 
Laf.  folium  =  a 
leaf.] 

Arch. :  An  or- 
nament formed 
by  a  moulding 
disposed  in  a 
numlier  of  seg- 
ments of  circles. 

po  lyg'-a-la,  t.  POLYFOIL. 

[Lat.froraUr.  wo- 

Ai/yoAov  (polugalon)  =  milkwort.   Named  from 

its  reputed  effects  on  cattle  feeding  upon  it] 

Bot. :  Milkwort  ;  the  typical  genus  of  Poly- 

•  galaceae  (q.v.).  Flowers  irregular.  Two  inner 
sepals,  wing-shaped  and  petaloid;  stamens 
combined  by  their  claws  with  the  filaments, 
the  lower  one  keeled.  Ovary  two-celled,  two- 
seeded,  seeds  downy,  crested  at  the  hilum. 
Known  species  200,  from  temperate  and 
tropical  countries.  Polygala  tenega  is  an  im- 
portant species  of  the  United  States,  with  erect 
simple  tufted  stems,  about  one  foot  high,  and 
terminal  racemes  of  email  white  flowers. 
The  root  w-hich  is  woody  and  contorted, 
about  a  half  inch  in  diameter,  is  the  famous 
Snake  Boot,  Senega  or  Senaka  Boot  of  this 
country,  once  considered  a  cure  for  snake  bites, 
but  really  possessing  valuable  medicinal  prop- 
erties. It  is  stimulating,  diurectic,  and  in 
large  dosee  emetic  and  purgative,  and  is  used 
in  catarrhs,  rheumatisms,  low  fevers,  4c.  It  has 
from  time  immemorial  l>een  used  by  the  Indians 
as  a  cure  for  snake  bites.  An  infusion  of  P. 
rubella,  another  native  of  the  United  States, 
is  very  bitter,  and  is  used  as  a  tonic  and  stimu- 
lant, and  in  larger  doses  as  a  diaphoretic.  P. 
Chamtebvxut  from  Europe,  P.  ivnguinea  and 
P.  purpureofrom  North  America,  P.  paniculata 
from  the  West  Indies,  P.  lerpentaria  from  the 
Cape,  and  P.  crotalarioida  from  the  Himalayas, 
are  emetic,  purgative,  and  diurectic.  P. 
Poaya  from  Brazil,  P.  glnndulosa,  and  P. 
tcoparia  from  Mexico,  are  emetic.  P.  thesioides, 
from  Chili,  is  diuretic,  P.  tinctoria,  from 
Arabia,  is  there  used  in  dyeing,  and  the 
Javanese  P.  venenosa  is  poisonous. 


.    [Mod.  Lat  p> 
gal(a) ;  Lat  fern.  pL  adj.  suff.  acerr..] 

Bot.:  Milkworts;  an  order  of  Hypogynous 
Exogens,  alliance  Sapindales.  Shrubs  or  herbs, 
sometimes  twining.  Leaves  simple,  exstipu- 
late.  Flowers  generally  racemose,  pedicels 
with  three  bracts  ;  sepals  five,  very  irregular, 
three  exterior  and  two(the  wings) interior,  the 
bitter  usually  petaloid.  Petals  three  or  five, 
one,  the  keel,  larger ;  stamens  eight  or  four, 
usually  combined  in  a  tube,  split  on  one  side. 
Ovary  superior,  compressed,  two-  or  three- 
celled,  with  one,  rarely  two  ovules  in  each. 
Style  one,  stigma  simple.  Fruit  fleshy,  coria- 
ceous or  drupaceous,  winged  or  apterous, 
with  pendulous  seeds.  Distribution  world- 
wide ;  known  genera  19,  species  495  (I.indley); 
genera  15,  species  400  (Sir  Juteph  Hooker). 

p*  lyg'-a-lln,  ».     fMod.  L»t  polygal(a);  -in 

pdi'-y-g&m,  *.    [PoLYOAKiA.] 

Bot.  :  Any  plant  belonging  to  the  Linniean 
class  Polygamia. 


„  ^  „ T ,*•    [Mod.  Lat.  polyg(ala): 

Lat.  amar(a),  and  -in  (Chem.).  J 

Chem. :  A  name  applied  to  the  bitter,  crys- 
talline substance  which  remains  when  the 
alcoholic  extract  of  Polygala  amara  is  treated 
with  ether. 

pol-y-ga'-mi-a,  *.  pi.    [POLYGAMY.] 

Bot. :  The  twenty-third  class  in  Linnspus'a 
artificial  arrangement.  It  contained  plants 
having  male  and  hermaphrodite,  or  female  and 
hermaphrodite,  or  male,  female,  and  her. 
niaphrodite  flowers  all  together  on  the  same 
plaut  Orders,  Monuecia  and  Dioecia. 

pol-y-ga'-ml-an,  a.  &  ».    [POLYOAMIA.] 
Botany : 

A.  As  adj. :  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the 
class  Polygamia. 

B.  As  suiist. :  Any  plant  belonging  to  the 
class  Polygamia, 

*  pol-y-gam'-Ic-al-ly\   adv.     [Eng.  poly- 
gam(;i);  -ical ;  -ly.]   In  a  polygamous  manner, 
or  with  a  tendency  towards  polygamy. 

"Sappow    the   family   group«  palygamicann   poa* 
•Maed. — Mckeni :  Uncommercial  Traveller,  xx. 

po  lyg -a-mist,  *.  [Eng.  pdygan(y);  -ist.} 
One  who  practises  polygamy ;  a  supporter 
or  advocate  of  polygamy. 

"  David  ...  so  great  a   polygamitt. "— Hammond  : 
Works,  i.  692. 

*  po'-lyg'-a-mize,   t'.i.      [Eng.  polygam(y); 
•we.]    To  p'ractise  polygamy. 

'0  lustfull  loule,  first  to  polygnmizf." 

Sylteiter:  Jlundv  Cruftt.  693. 


o.    [Eng.  polygam(y);  -on*.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Of  the  nature  of  polygamy;  pertaining 
to  or  characterized  by  polygamy. 

2.  Practising   or    supporting    polygamy  ; 
having  a  plurality  of  wive*. 

H,  Technically: 

1.  Bot.  :  Belonging  to  or  having  the  charac- 
teristics of  the  class  Polygamia  (q.v.). 

2.  Zool.  :  Very  many  mammals  are  polyga- 
mous, and  Linnaeus  (Syst.  Naturae,  ed.  loth, 
i.  15)  notes  that  the  seals  keep  up  a  kind  of 
harem  ("  gyna  ,"eum  ex  plurimis  feminis  sibl 
associatis  ").     Nearly  all  the  Gallinae  are  po. 
lygamous.     The    domestic    cock  is  a  well. 
known  example. 


po-lyg-a-mie,  ».    [Fr. 

polygamie,  from  Lat.  polygamia,  from  Gr. 
woAvyofii'a  (polugamia):  Gr.  iroAvs  (polus)  =• 
many,  and  ydnas  (gamos)  =  a  marriage.] 

Anthrop:  The  practice  or  condition  of  having 
a  plurality  of  wives  or  husbands  at  the  same 
time.  It  is  commonly  applied  to  polygyny 
(q.v.),  but,  strictly  speaking,  it  should  include 
polyandry  (q.v.)  as  well.  It  is  forbidden  by 
law  in  all  Christian  countries,  but  exists  in 
America  among  the  Mormons,  who  have  re- 
vived the  polygyny  of  patriarchal  times. 

ptfl-y-gar,  «.    [POLIOAB.] 

*  pSl'-y-gar-chy;  ».  [Formed  from  Gr. 
iroAiis(po/!ts)  =  many,  and  apx>j  (arche)  =  rule, 
by  confusion  with  oligarchy.]  Government  by 
many  ;  polyarchy. 

pol-y-gas'-tri-an,  a.  &  «.  [POLYOASTRICA.) 
The  same  as  POLVOASTRIC  (q.v.). 

pol-y-gas'-tric,  o..  &  s.    [POLYOASTRICA.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Havitis  or  apjiearing  to  have 
many  stomachs;  pt-itaining  or  belonging  to 
the  Polygastrica(q.v.). 

*  B.  As  svbst.  .  An  animal  having  or  appear- 
ing to  have  many  stomachs. 


*  pSl-y-gas'-trf-ca,  *.  pi.    [Gr.  irox^  (polio) 

=  many,  and  yd<nr)p  (gaster)  =.  the  ctomach.) 
Zool.:  A  division  of  Ehrenl>erg's  Infusoria, 
corresponding  to  the  modern  Infusoria,  except 
that  many  of  its  genera  have  lieen  transferred 
to  the  vegetable  kingdom.  The  name  Poly- 
gastrica  was  given  from  the  erroneous  ideal 
that  the  food  vacuoles  (q.v.)  were  stomachs. 


P0l'-y   ggn,  ».      [POLYOENESIS.] 

Chem.  (PL):  A  term  applied  to  those  ele- 
ments which  unite  with  the  monogens  and 
with  one  another  in  more  than  one  projortlon. 
Thus,  one  part  of  hydrogen  unites  with  eight 
parts  of  oxygen  to  form  water,  and  with  six- 
teen parts  to  form  hydrogen  dioxide. 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fill,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go.  p5t» 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    se,  ce  =  e  ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


polygenesis— polyhalite 


3679 


pol-y-gen'-e-sis,  *.  [Pref.  poly-,  and  Eng. 
genesis  (q.v.).] 

BioL  :  The  doctrine  that  living  beings  origi- 
nate not  in  one  but  iu  many  cells  or  embryos. 

pol-y^ge-ne't'-ic,  a.  [POLYOENESIS.]  Of  or 
belonging  to  polygenesis  (q.v.). 

poi-y-gen'-ic,  a.  [Eng.,  &c.  polygen;  -ic.] 
Of  or  belonging  to  polygen. 

polygenic-elements,  s.  pi.   [POLYGEN.] 

pS-lyg'-en-ist,  s.  &  o.    [Bug.  polygen;  -ist.] 

A.  At  subst.  :  A  believer  in  polygeny  (q.v.). 

B.  As  adj.  :   Belonging  to,  or   connected 
with,  polygeny. 

"The  other  fvlewj-that  is  the  poJygenitt-iB  that» 
certain  number  of  [human]  varieties  or  species  .  .  . 
have  been  independently  created  in  different  parts  of 
the  world,  and  have  perpetuated  the  distinctive 
characters  as  well  as  the  geographical  position  with 
which  they  were  originally  endowed."—  Prof.  Floicer, 
in  Timet,  Sept.  2.  188L 

po-lyg'-en-oiis,  a.  [Gr.  iroXvyevj*  (polu- 
genes),  from  n-oAvs  (polus)  =  many,  and  yeVos 
(genos)  =  a  kind  ;  Fr.  polj/gene.]  Consisting 
of  or  containing  many  kinds. 


-y,  s.    [POLYOENOUS.] 

Biol.  :  The  doctrine  that  the  human  race 
consists  of  several  species,  having  different 
origins. 

•  p8l-y-Slos'-sar-y,  *.     [Pref.   poly-,   and 
Eng.  glossary  (q.'v.).]  A  glossary  or  dictionary 
in  several  languages. 

pSl'-y-glot,   *  pol'-^-glott,  a.  &  *.     [Or. 

iroAv'yAuTToc  (poluglOttos)  =  many-tongued  : 
iro\u?  (pol'ts)  =  many,  and  yAurra  (glotta)  =  a 
tongue;  Fr.  polyglotte;  Ital.  poliglotto;  Sp. 
poligloto.] 

A.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Containing  or  made  np  of  many   lan- 
guages :  as,  a  polyglot  bible. 

*  2.  Speaking  many  or  various  languages.    . 

"  Dividing  the  attention  of  their  polyglot  customers 
With  roulette  table*."—  Daily  Telegraph,  Sept.  17,  18S5. 

B.  As  substantive  : 

*  1.  A  person  able  to  speak  or  understand- 
ing several  languages. 

"  A  polyglot,  or  good  linguist,  may  be  also  termed  a 
useful!  learned  man."—  llovell  :  L-t'tm.  bk.  Hi.,  let.  9. 

2.  A  book  containing  a  text  in  several  lan- 
guages;  particularly  a  Bible  containing  the 
Scriptures  in  several  languages.   [COMPLUTEN- 
BIAN,  HEXAOLOT,  HEXAPLA.] 

"The  Biblical  apparatus  has  been  much  enriched 
by  the  publication  of  polyglot*"  —  Archbp.  Xewcome: 
On  Tram,  of  Bible,  p.  239. 

*  pSl-y'-glot'-tous,  a.  [POLYGLOT.]  Speaking 
several  languages. 

"  The  pvlyglottoui  tribes  of  America.'—  Hex  Mutter. 


fy-.  and  E"S- 
glyceric.]  Derived  from  or  containing  glycerin. 

polyglyceric  alcohols,  s.  pi. 

Chem.  :  Polyglycerins.  Compounds  formed 
by  the  union  of  two  or  more  molecules  of 
glycerin  into  a  single  molecule  by  the  elimi- 
nation of  a  number  of  water  molecules  less  by 
one  than  the  number  of  glycerin  molecules 
•which  combine  together,  e.g.,  triglycerin, 
(C3H5)3O2(HO)5,  formed  by  heating  glycerin 
In  a  sealed  tube  with  monochlorhydrin. 

pol-y-glyY-er-ins,  s.  pi.  [Pref.  poly-,  and 
Eng.  glycerin.]  [POLYGLYCERIC-ALCOHOLS.] 

pol'-y^-gon,  *pol-y-gone,  s.  [Lat.  pol-j- 
gonum,  from  Gr.  irokvyuivov  (polui/uuon)  =  a 
polygon  :  n-oAv?  (polus)  =  many,  and  yuvia 
(go  ;ita)  =  an  angle  ;  Fr.  polygone.] 

1.  Geom.  :  A  portion  of  a  plane  bounded  on 
all  sides  by  more  than  four  limited  straight 
lines.     These  lines  are  called  sides  of  the 
polygon,  and  the  points  in  which  they  meet 
are  called  vertices  of  the  polygon.     Polygons 
are  classified  according  to  the  number  of  their 
Bides  or  angles.     Polygons  having  all  their 
si<les  equal  are  called  equilateral  ;  those  hav- 
ing all  their  angles  equal  are  called  equian- 
gular.    Polygons  which  are  both  equilateral 
and  equiangular  are  called  regular  polygons. 
Similar  polygons  are  to  one  another  as  the 
squares  of  their  homologous  sides. 

2.  Fort.  :  The  exterior  polygon  is  the  figure 
formed  by  lines  connecting  the  angles  of  the 
bastion  round  the  work.    The  interior  poly- 
gon is  the  figure  formed  by  lines  connecting 
the  centres  of  the  bastions  all  round. 


polygon  of  forces,  s. 

Mech.  :  A  theorem  stated  as  follows  :  "  If 
any  number  of  forces  acting  upon  a  point  be 
represented  in  magnitude  and  direction  by  the 
sides  of  a  polygon  taken  in  order,  they  will  be 
in  equilibrium,  or,  "any  side  of  a  polygon, 
taken  in  reverse  order,  will  represent  the 
magnitude  and  direction  of  the  resultant  of 
any  numl>er  of  forces  acting  upon  a  point, 
when  these  forces  are  represented  in  magnitude 
and  direction  by  the  remaining  sides  of  the 
polygon  taken  in  direct  order." 

pol-y-g6-na'-9e-89,  t  pol-y-go'-nS-ea, 

s.  pi.  [Lat.  polygon(um)  ;  Lat.  fem.  pL  adj. 
sutf.  -acece,  -etz.] 

Bot.  :  Buckwheats  ;  an  order  of  Hypogynons 
Exogeus,  alliance  Silenales.  Herbs,  rarely 
shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  with  stipules  co- 
hering round  the  stem.  [OCHREA.]  Flowers 
often  in  racemes.  Calyx  often  coloured. 
Ovary  generally  formed  by  the  adhesion  of 
three  carpels,  one-celled  ;  ovule  one,  erect. 
Styles  or  stigmas  as  many  as  the  carpels. 
Nut  usually  triangular  ;  embryo  inverted. 
Tribes  :  Eriogoneae,  Polygoneae,  Triplarese,  and 
Brunnicheae.  Distribution,  worldwide.  Knowu 
genera  29,  species  490.  (Lindley.) 

po-lyg'-on-al,  a.  [Eng.  polygon  ;  -al.]  Having 
the  form  of  a  polygon  ;  having  many  angles. 

polygomal-numbers,  s.  pi.  [FIOUBATE- 

NTJMBEBS.) 

pol-y-gd-na'-tiim,  *.    [Pref.  poly-,  and  Gr. 

yow  (gonu),  genit.  yovarot  (gonatos)  =  a  knee. 
Named  from  the  angled  stems.  Cf.  also  Lat 
polygonaton  ;  Or.  woAuyoi/oToi/  (polugonaton)  = 
knot-grass.] 

Bot.  :  Sol«mon's-seal  ;  a  genus  of  Aspara- 
gineae  or  Asparagese.  Stem  leafy  ;  perianth 
tubular,  six-cleft,  scarcely  deciduous  ;  stamens 
distinct  ;  stigma  one.  Flowers  perfect,  jointed 
with  the  pistil.  Known  species  about  twenty, 
from  both  hemispheres.  In  the  United  States 
is  a  species  of  unusual  size,  P.  giganleum,  2  to  7 
feet  high.  There  is  also  a  smaller  species, 
P.  biflontm.  The  young  shoots,  of  P.  ojiciiialt, 
an  European  species,  are  eaten  try  the  Tirl.s 
like  asparagus.  The  root  is  white  and  fleshy, 
with  a  sweetish  mucilaginous  taste.  It  is  usi'd 
as  a  popular  application  to  bruises.  The 
berries  are  emetic  and  purgative. 

pol-y-gd-n8m'-e-try,  *.  [Eng.  polygon  ;  o 
connect.,  and  Gr.  niTpov(metron)=&  measure.] 
An  extension  of  some  of  the  principles  of 
trigonometry  to  the  case  of  polygon*. 

*  po-lyg"-6-noiis,  a.  [Eng.  polygon  ;  -ous.) 
Polygonal. 

pS-lyg'-O-ntim,  ».  [Lat.  polygonos,  polygonus, 
polygonon,  polygonium;  Gr.  iroAwyoi/os  (polugo- 
nos),  vttAuyovoy  (polugonon)  =  knot-grass.] 

Bot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Polygonaceae. 
Sepals  five,  sub-equal  ;  styles  two  or  three  ; 
fruit  wingless,  compressed,  or  triquetrous. 
Known  species  150;  distribution,  world  wide. 
Among  the  species  are  :  Polygonum  Bittorta, 
Comb-ion  Bistort  or  Snakeweed,  P.  mvijnrum, 
Viviparous  Alpine  Bistort,  P.  amphibium, 
Amphibious  Persicaria,  P.lapathifolium,  Pale- 
flowered,  P.  Persicaria,  Spotted,  P.  mite,  Lax- 
flowered,  P.  Hydropiper,  Biting,  P.  minus, 
Small  creeping  Persicaria  ;  P.  aviculare, 
Common  Knot-grass,  P.  maritimum.  Sea-side 
Knot-grass,  P.  Convolvulus,  Black-bindweed 
or  Climbing  Bistort,  and  P.  dumetorum,  Copse 
Bistort.  Many  species  are  acrid,  P.  Hydro- 
piper  even  blistering  the  skin.  They  are  often 
astringent,  and,  according  to  Martius,  useful  in 
syphilis.  The  leaves  of  P.  hisjndum,  are 
smoked  in  South  America  instead  of  tobacco  ; 
and  it  is  said  that  those  of  P.  aviculare  are 
powerfully  emetic  and  purgative.  The  Hin- 
doos give  the  seeds  of  P.  barbatum  to  stop 
griping  in  colic,  and  apply  the  leaves  of  P. 
nepcdense  to  swellings.  P.  Bistortn  is  a  good 
astringent,  a  decoction  of  it,  combined  with 
gentian,  may  be  given  in  intermittent  fevers  ; 
it  may  be  injected  in  leucorrhwa,  be  given  as 
a  gargle  in  relaxed  sore  throat,  or  as  a  lotion 
in  ulcers.  P.  tinctoria  is  cultivated  in  France 
and  Flanders  as  a  dye  plant,  almost  equal  to 
indigo,  and  P.  tortuosum,  an  Indian  species, 
is  said  to  furnish  a  yellow  dye.  P.  nolle  and 
P.  polystachyum  are  eaten  in  India  as  potherbs. 


^  s.  [Lat.  polugonium,  politnnrwn, 
from  Gr.  woAvyorw  (polvgnnos)  =  knot  -grass  : 
tro'v?  (pohis)  =  many,  and  yow  (gonu)  =  A 
knee  ;  FT.  polygonie.] 

Bot.  :    Polygon  ttm    aviculare,     knot-grass. 
(Spenser:  F.  Q.,  III.  T.  32.) 


*  ptt'-y-grfcm,  s.  [Gr.  iroAv'c  (po??<s)=many; 
suff.  -gram.]  A  figure  consisting  of  many  lines. 

pol'-;y-graph,  s.  [Gr.  noXv's  (polu$)  =  many ; 
suft'.  -graph.] 

L  An  instrument  for  making  a  number  of 
drawings  or  writings  simultaneously. 

2.  A  manifold  writer ;  a  copying  machine. 

3.  A  collection  of  different  works  written 
either  by  one  or  several  authors. 

pdl-y-graph'-Ic,  pol-y-graph'-ic-al,  a. 

[Eng.  polygraph ;  -ic,  -ical.] 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  polygraphy:  as,  s 
polygraphic  instrument. 

2.  Done  by  means  of  polygraphy :  as,  a 
polygraphic  writing  or  copy. 

pS-lyg'-ra-phy,  s.    [POLYGRAPH.] 

*  1.  Much  writing  ;  writing  of  many  books. 

"  No  leas  .  .  .  one  considering  his  polygraph*/,  said 
merrily,  '  that  he  must  write  while  he  slept.'  "—Fuller; 
WortMet;  Cambridgcthire. 

*  2.  The  art  of  writing  in  many  ciphers,  or 
of  deciphering  the  same. 

3.  The  art  of  making  a  number  of  drawings 
or  writings  simultaneously. 

*p6i'-y-grodve,  ».  [Pref.  poly-,  and  Eng. 
groove  (q.v.).]  A  rifle  or  gun  with  several 
grooves. 

"  Greatly  improved  the  shooting  of  the  old  muzzl*. 
loading  jmlifgrooff."— Field,  Jan.  9,  1886. 

*  pol'-y-grooved,  a.     [Pref.  poly-,  and  Eng. 
grooved.]    Having  many  grooves. 

pSl'-y-gyn,  «.    [POLYGYNIA.] 

Bot. :  A  plant  belonging  to  the  order  Poly- 
gynia  (q.v.). 

pol-y-gyn'-I-a,  *.  pf.     [Gr.  vo\vyvmiot 

(polugunaios)  =  Having    many  wives  :   n-oAiiv 
(polus)  =  many,  and  yvw}  (gune)  =  a  woman.] 
Anat. :  An  order  in  Linnaeus'sartificial  classi- 
fication, containing  plants  with  many  pistils. 

pol-y-gyn'-I-an,  o.  [POLYGYNIA.]  Having 
many  instils;  pertaining  or  belonging  to  the 
oider  Polygyiiia, 

»  pol-jf-gyn'-ic.  a.  [Eng.  polygyny);  -ie.] 
Pertaining  to  or  practising  polygyny. 

"  The  polygi/nic  arrangement,  as  it  decayed,  con- 
tinued loudest  iu  connection  with  the  governing 
organizatiuu."— Spencer :  Sociology  ted.  1885),  L  66&. 

PO-lyf-yn-lSt,  s.  [Eng.  polygyny);  -ist.] 
Oue  who  practises  or  advocates  polygyny. 

"Another  case  is  furnished  by  the  Aleutian  Islanders, 
who  are  polygyniiU." — Spencer :  Sociology  (ed.  1885),  L 

•ML 

pol-y-gy-nce'-clal  (c  as  sh),  a.  [Pref. 
pjly-;  Gr.  yvvrt  (gune)  =  a  woman,  and 
oucot  (oikos)  =•  a  house.] 

Bot. :  Of  or  belonging  to  a  compound  fruit 
produced  by  the  union  of  many  pistils. 

po-lyg'-yn-oSs,  a.  [Eng.  polygyn(y);  -CUM.] 
The  same  as  POLYGYNIC  (q.v.). 

*  pS-lyg'-yn-y,  s.    [POI.YGYNIA.] 

Anthrop. :  The  marriage  by  one  man  of 
several  wives  at  the  same  time.  Spencer  con- 
siders that  while  i>olygyny  has  a  wide  range 
in  time  and  space,  reports  of  polygyiunis 
societies  should  be  received  with  caution, 
silica  wherever  polygyny  exists  monogamy 
co-exists,  usually  to  a  greater,  and  always  to 
a  great,  extent.  (See  extract.) 

"  Plurality  of  wives  has  everywhere  tended  to  becom* 
•  more  or  lets  definite  class  distinction  .  .  .  Joining 
which  facts  wi  i.h  those  furnished  to  us  by  the  Hebrew*, 
whose  judges  and  kiugg-Guleon.  David,  and  Solomon 
—had  their  greatness  so  shown  ;  and  with  those  fur- 
nished us  by  extant  Eastern  peoples,  whose  potentates, 
primary  and  secondary,  are  thus  distinguished ;  we 
may  see  that  the  establishment  and  maintenance  of 
polygyny  has  been  largely  due  to  the  honour  accorded 
to  ft.  originally  as  a  mark  of  strength  and  bravery,  and 
afterwards  M  a  mark  of  social  status."— B.  Spacer: 
Prin.  Social,  (ed.  187C),  i.  6S6. 

pol-jMiar-ite,  «.  [Pref.  poly-,  and  Eng. 
halite.] 

Min. :  A  mineral  occurring  mostlyin  closely 
compacted  fibrous  masses.  Crystallization, 
acnordingto some  mineralogists,  orthorhombic, 
to  others,  oblique.  Hardness,  2*5  to  3  ;  sp. 
gr.  276  ;  lustre,  when  fresh,  somewhat  resin- 
ous ;  colour  and  streak,  pale  to  brick-red ; 
taste,  bitter.  Compos.  :  sulphate  of  lime, 
45  2;  sulphate  of  magnesia,  19*9  ;  sulphate  of 
potash,  28'9;  water,  «-0  =  100,  corresponding 
to  the  formula,  RO,SO?-f  4HO,  in  which  B  = 
potash,  magnesia,  and  lime.  Found  associated 
with  salt,  gypsum,  and  anhydrite  at  man/ 
salt  mines. 


boll,  boy :  pout,  jdwl ;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this :  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xcnophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-dan,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,    sion  =  shun ;  -(ion,  -sion  -  zhun.    -cious,    tious,  -sious  =  shoe,   -ble,  -die,  <tc,  =  bel.  del. 


8680 


polyhedral— polyonomy 


pol-y-he'-dral,  pol-^-he'-drous,  o. 

[POLYHEDRON.]      Having   many  sides,  as  a 
solid  body. 

polyhedral-angle.  ».  An  anple  bounded 
by  tlnve  ur  more  plane  angles,  having  a  com- 
mon vertex. 

pol  y-he'-drfc,   pol-jf-he'-drfc-al, 
IFuLViiti'KoN.]     Ihe  same  as   PObYsU 


p5l  JMie'-dron,  •  pol-^-e'-dron,  *.  [Prefc 
jiviy-,  and  Gr.  topa  (luilnt)  =  a  seat,  a  base.] 

1.  Geom. :  A  solid,  bounded  by  polygons. 
The  bounding  polygons  are  called  laces  ;  the 
lines  in  which  they  meet  are  called  edyes,  and 
the  vertices  of  the  polyhedral  angles  are  called 
vertices  of  the  polyhedron.    A  straight  line 
Joining  two  vertices,  not  in  the  same  face,  is 
called  a  diagonal,  and  a  plane  passing  through 
three  vertices  ;  not  in  the  same  face,  is  called 
a       ,'onal  plane.    When  the  faces  are  regular 
polygons,  the  polyhedron  is  said  to  be  regu- 
lar'; there  are  but  live  such  polyhedrons,  viz.  : 
the  regular  tetrahedron,  hexahedron,  octahe- 
dron, dodecahedron,  and  icosahedron. 

2.  Optic*:  A  polyscope  (q.v.> 

poi  y  he'  drous,  a.    [POLYHEDRAL.] 

•  pdl  y  his  tor,  i.  [Pref.  poly-,  and  Or. 
toTwp  (Kift6r)=  learned.)  A  person  of  great 
learning ;  one  versed  in  many  sciences. 

pdl  y-hy'-drlc.  o.  [Pref.  poly- :  Eng.  hy- 
dr(oxyl),  and  »utf.  -ic.]  (See  compound.) 

polyhydric  alcohols,  t.  pi. 

CHem.  :  Alcohols  containing  more  than  one 
semi-molecule  of  hydroxyL 

pol  y  hy'-drite,  *.  [Tref.  poly-,  and  Or. 
vo»p  (hudor)  =.  water;  suff.  -He  (Min.).] 

Min. :  An  amorphous  mineral,  of  a  liver- 
brown  colour,  of  somewhat  doubtful  com- 
position. Said  to  contain  silica,  proto-  and 
sesquioxides  of  iron,  with  some  alumina,  Ac., 
and  •_>»  20  per  cent  of  water.  Found  at 
Breitenbrunn,  Saxony. 

Pol- y-bym'  ni  a,  t.  [Lat.,  from 
Gr.  rioAvAifta  (1'Jlumnia),  from 
voAv't    ( i" 'Ins)  =  many,    and 
vpyot  (humnuf)  —  a  hymn.] 

1.   Clatt.   Antiq.:   One   of 
the  Muses,  daughter  of  Ju- 
piter and  Mnemosyne,  who 
pn-.sided   over   singing    and 
rh'-torir,  and  was  deemed  the 
inveutress  of  harmony.    She 
was  variously  represented  ; 
sometimes  veiled  in  white, 
holding  a  sceptre   in  her 
left   hand,  and   with  her 
right  raised  up,  as  if  ready 
to  harangue. 


POLYHYMNIA. 

(from  a  Harm  in  On 

2.  Astro*. :  [ASTEROID,  33). 

p6l  y  Icp   I  do  US,  a.    [Pref.  poly.  ;  Or.  Anrfc 
Qepii),  genit.  A«»i6ot  (te)>idot)  =  i  scale,  ami 
Eng.  suff.  -out.] 
Sot. :  Having  many  scales. 

poT  y  lite.  «.  [Pref.  pohi-,  and  Or.  Atfoc 
(liihot)  =.  stone ;  Ger.  polylith.] 

Min. :  A  cleavable,  massive  black  mineral, 
which  from  analysis  appears  to  I*  a  silicate  of 
alumina,  lime,  protoxides  of  iron  and  man- 
ganese. Hanlm-ss.  8  to  6'5;  sp.  gr.  3-231. 
Dana  suggest*  that  it  may  be  the  same  as 
HUDSON  ITE  (q.v.). 

p6l  y  lith  I  onite, «.  [Pref.  poly-,  and  Eng. 
lithionite.] 

Min.  :  A  lithium-mica  found  In  large  crys- 
tals at  Knn^'T.lluarsuk,  West  Greenland. 
Contains  about  V  per  cent,  of  lithia. 

•  p6  lyl'-o-gf ,  «.    [Or.  woAvAoyia  (polulogia), 
worn  woAvt  (poltu)  =  many,  and  A<ryot  (loyos) 
=  a  word,  a  speech.]    Murh  talking;  talka- 
tiveness, garrulity. 

"  Many  words  fbattolofj  or  pofjrlanrl  an  signs  of  • 
looL'-Orativsr .  On  Mnlntait*,  p.  iii. 

•  po  lyl'-o-  qnent,  a.     [Pref.  poly-,  and  Lat. 
£&**$,  JT.  par.  of  /O^KOT  =  to  speak.]     Talk- 
ing much  ;  talkative,  garrulous. 

•pol-y-math,  •  po-lym -a  thist,  «. 
[TOLTItATBY.]  One  learned  in  many  subjects; 
one  who  has  a  smattering  of  many  sciences. 

"Those  pnfjmarAfsa  that  stand  poring  all  d»r  In  a 
eorntr  a\nn  a  moth-eaten  author. '-Bowtlt :  Uum, 


pdl-jf-math'-Ic,  a.    [Eng.  polymath(y)  ;  -ic.] 
Pertaining  to  polymathy. 


;  ».     [Gr. 

matheia),  from  voAvt  (poltu)  =  many,  and 
naStiv  (mathein),  2  aor.  inlln.  of  tiav9a.vu> 
(manthand)  =  to  learn.]  The  knowledge  of 
many  arts  and  sciences  ;  an  acquaintance  with 
many  differei.t  subjects. 

"IVossiunl  whose  poiymat  *y  and  mnltlfarloui  learn. 
Inn  li  rrndily  acknowledged  by  u»."  —  fuiivrtA  :  JiUtU. 
Sftttm.  |X  4M. 

pol  y  mer,  «.    [POLYMERIDE.] 

pil-j^-mSr'-Xo,  a.    [Eng.  polymer;  -ic,] 
Chem.  :  Polymerous  (q.v.). 

p<5  lym'-«r-ide,  s.     [Pref.  poly-;  Gr.  ptpot 
(meros)  =  a  part,  and  Eng.  suff.  -ide.] 
Chem.  :  A  polymeric  body. 

poi  y  •mer-i-sa'-tion,  *.  [Eng.  polymer; 
-itation,.]  The  state  or  condition  of  becoming 
polymeric. 

"  The  erolutlon  of  heat  will  occur  periodically  M 
poiymtritation  got*  on."—  Mature,  March  H,  1886,  p.  441. 

pft-lyin'-«r-i8m,  «.     [Eng.  polymer;  -ism.] 

Chem.  :  The  state  or  character  of  having 
the  same  percentage  composition,  but  differing 
in  molecular  weight  The  methene  series  of 
hydrocarbons  is  a  good  example  of  poly- 
nierism,  all  the  members  of  it  being  the  mul- 
tiple of  the  lowest,  CHj,  methene. 

poi-y'-me'r-o-so'-ma-ta,  s.  pi.  [Pref.  poly-; 

Gr.    fie'poc    (mrros)   —   a    part,    and    O-UI/JATCI 
(sonata),  pi.  of  <TU>HU  (soma)  =  a  body.] 
Zool.  :  A  synonym  of  Pedipalpi  (q.v.X 

pS-lym'-er-ofts,  o.    [Eng.  polymer;  -otu.] 
•  1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Composed  of  many  parts. 
2.  Chem.  :  Pertaining  to  polymerism  ;  poly- 
meric. 


.    [Pref.  poly-  ;  Gr.  niywfii 
^  (mignumi)  =  to  mix,  and  suff.  -ite  (Afin.).] 

A/in.  :  An  orthorhombic  mineral  occurring 
as  slender  crystals  in  the  zircon-syenite  of 
Frederickswarn,  Norway.  Hardness,  6'5  ; 
sp.  gr.  477  to  4-85  ;  lustre,  brilliant  ;  colour, 
black  ;  streak,  dark-brown  ;  fracture,  con- 
choidal.  An  analysis  yielded  Berzelius  : 
titanic  acid,  46'30  ;  zirconia,  14*14  ;  sesqui- 
oxide  of  iron,  12'20  ;  lime,  4'20  ;  sesquioxide 
of  manganese,  2'70:  sesquioxide  of  cerium, 
6-0;  yttria,  11  -50  =  96  -04. 


-I-a,  «.    [Pref.  poly-,  and  Gr.  ^f« 

(muxa)  =.  mucus.] 

Ichthy.  :  A  genus  of  Berycidae,  with  three 
species  :  Polymixia  nobilis,  from  Madeira  and 
St.  Helena  ;  P.  lowei,  from  Cul>a  ;  and  P. 
japonica,  from  Japan,  from  a  depth  of  about 
350  fathoms.  They  average  about  eighteen 
inches  long. 

po-lym'-nl-a,  *.    [POLYHYMNIA.] 

pol  ^  mor'  phlc,  pol  y  mor  phous,  a. 

[Eng.  polymorjih(u)  ;  -ic,  -ova.]    Having  many 
forms  ;  assuming  many  forms. 

pol  y  mor  -phlsm,  *.     [Eng.  polymorph(y)  ; 

-ism.] 

1.  Hot.  :  Existence  of  several  forms  of  the 
same  organ  in  a  plant,  as  the  existence  of 
differently  formed  leaves  in  the  same  plant, 

2.  Crystollog.  :  Heteromorphism  (q.v.). 


,   *.     [Pref.  poly-,  and  Or. 
ij  (morphe)  =  form.]    The  same  as  POLY- 
MORPHISM (q.V.). 

pel   y  ncmc,  «.    [PoLYWKMUs.]    Any  fish  be- 
longing to  the  genus  Polynemus. 

pol  y  no   mi  dee.  «.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat.  polyne- 
m(u«);  Lat.  fern.  pL  adj.  suff.  -iilo-.] 

Ichthy.  :  A  family  of  Acanthopterygii,  con- 
stituting the  division  Polynemilormes  (q.v.). 
There  are  three  genera  :  Polynemus,  Pen- 
tanemns,  and  Galeoides,  all  with  numerous 
R)x-cien  from  the  coasts  between  the  tropics. 
Tlie  majority  enter  brackish  and  fresh  water. 

pol  y  nc  ml  for  mes,  ».  pi.    [Mod.  Lat 
prilynemvt,  and  Lnt.  Jormo.  =  form.] 

Irhihy.  :  A  division  of  Acanthopterygrl, 
with  a  single  family,  Polynemida;  (q.v.). 
They  have  two  rather  short  dorsals,  free 
li  laments,  whirh  are  organs  of  touch,  at  the 
humeral  arch  below  the  pectorals,  of  which 
they  are  detached  portions. 


pol-y'-ne'-mSid,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.  polynem(iu); 
Eng.  suff.  -oirf.J  Any  individual  of  the  Poly- 
nemidae  (q.v.). 

*'  The  Potynemoidit  are  very  useful  to  man,  their 
fleih  ii  Mteeiued,  nuU  »ome  o(  the  species  are  provided 
with  an  air-bladder  which  yields  a  good  sort  of  isln- 

fl.on,  and  forms  «u  article  of  trade  in  the  East 
ndiei."— Giinthtr :  Study  <tf  fitha,  p.  426. 

pol  y-ne  -mus,  *.  [Pref.  poly-,  and  Or.  x^i« 
(nenuj)  =a  thread.] 

Ichthy. :  The  typical  genus  of  the  Poly- 
nemidae  (q.  v.). 

P8l-y-n§'-»i(-a  (s  as  zh),  s.  [Pref.  poly-,  and 
Gr.  ITJO-OS  (nesos)  =  an  island.] 

Geog. :  A  region  in  the  Pacific  ocean  con- 
taining  numerous  islands  or  groups  of  islands. 

Pol-y-ne'-slan,  a.  &  ».    [POLYNESIA.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Polynesia. 
R  As  subst. :   A  native   or   inhabitant  of 
Polynesia. 

Polynesian-region, «. 

Zool.  £  Geog. :  A  region  marked  off  for  the 
purpose  of  classifying  the  mollusca  found 
therein,  and  comparing  them  with  molluscan 
fauna  of  other  regions.  Approximately  conter- 
minous with  the  Polynesian  sub-region  (q.v.)i 

Polynesian  sub  region,  s. 

Zool.  A  Geog. :  A  sub-region  embracing 
Polynesia  proper,  and  the  Sandwich  Islands, 
though  the  fauna  of  the  latter  is  so  peculiar 
that  they  will  probably  be  made  a  separate 
sub-region.  Polynesia  proper  is  divided  by 
zoologists  into  four  groups  :  (1)  the  Ladr.jne 
and  Caroline  Islands  ;  (2)  New  Caledonia  and 
the  New  Hebrides ;  (3)  the  Fiji,  Tonga,  and 
Samoa  Islands,  and  (4)  the  Society  and  Mar- 
quesas Islands.  (Wallace.) 

pol-yn'-X-a,  «.  [See  def.]  The  Russian  name 
for  the  iceless  sea  round  the  north  pole.  (Kane.) 

*  pol'-y'-noine, ».    [Fr.]    The  same  as  POLY- 
NOMIAL, B.  (q.v.). 

pol-y  no  mi  aL  o.  &  «.  [Pref.  poly-,  and 
Gr.  mo^a  (onunw)  =  a  name.] 

A.  As  adj. :   Containing  many   nomes   or 
terms  ;  multinomial. 

B.  As  substantive : 

Alg. :  An  expression  composed  of  i  -lore 
terms  than  two  connected  by  the  sign  plus, 
or  minus. 

ptS-ly'-o-dSn,  ».  [Pref.  poly-,  and  Gr.  o«ov« 
(odous),  genit.  oSoWof  (odontos)  =  a  tooth.] 

Ichthy. :  The  typical  genus  of  the  family 
Polyodontidse  (q.v.).  The  snout  is  produced 
into  an  extremely  long  shovel-like  process, 
the  function  of  which  is  not  known.  Martens 
believes  that  it  serves  as  an  organ  of  feeling. 
There  is  but  one  species,  PolyoAon  folium, 
from  the  Mississippi,  about  six  feet  long,  of 
which  the  shovel-like  snout  occupies  about  a 
quarter.  In  young  lish  it  is  still  longer  in 
proportion. 

*  poi-if-i-ddn'-ta,  s.pl.    [POLYODON.] 

Zool. :  A  synonym  of  Arcadte  (q.v.X 

pil-y-o-do'n'-ti'-dse,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat,  poly, 
odon,  genit.  polyodont(is) ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj. 
suff.  -idee.] 

Ichthy.  :  A  family  of  Ganoid  Fishes,  sub- 
order Chondrostei.  There  are  two  genera, 
Polyodon  and  Psephurus,  each  with  a  single 
species.  They  were  formerly  combined. 

poi-3M}m'-ma-toiis,  o.  [POLVOMMATUB.J 
Having  many  eyes  ;  many-eyed. 

pol-y'-Sm'-ma-tus,  «.     [Gr.  WOAVOMHOTO« 

(poluommatos)  =  many-eyed,  an  epithet  of 
Argus  :  iroAw  (polu)  =  many,  and  o^/ia 
(ontma),  genit.  o>iiarof  (ommatos)  =  an  eye.] 

Entom. :  A  Renus  of  Butterflies,  family 
LycjEiiidss.  Wings  blue,  bluish,  or  brown  ; 
no  tail  on  the  hind  wings  ;  underside  of  both 
pairs  with  many  black  spots,  generally  sur- 
rounded by  white  rings.  Larvee  feeding  on 
papilionaceous  or  other  low  plants.  Ten  are 
British  :  Polyommatus  argiolus  (Azure  Blue), 
P.  alfus  (Small  Blue),  P.  ads,  P.  arion  (Large 
Blue),  P.  oorydon,  P.  adonis,  P.  alexis  (the 
Common  Blue),  P.  cegon,  P.  agrettis,  and  P. 
artaxerxe*. 

*  pol  y  on  6  mous,  o.    [POLYONYMOUS.J 

*  pdl-jf-dn'-o-my', ».    [POLYOJJYMY.] 


ttte,  fit.  tare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pS 
w.  wore,  W9lf,  work,  who.  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian.   »,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  Q.U  =  lew. 


polyonymous— polypodium 


3681 


•  pol-y-fin'-y-mous,   a.      [POLYNOMIAL.) 
Having  many  names  or  titles  ;  many-named. 

"The  supreme  God  among  the  Pagans  was  palymy- 
mma,  and  worshipped  under  several  personal  names. 
—Cuduorth  :  Intetl  Mitem.  p.  477. 

•  p61- tf-6n'-y-my,  «.     [POLYONYMOUS.]     A 
multitude  or  variety  of  names  or  titles  for  the 
same  person  or  object. 

"  The  Greek  word  for  this  usage  Is  polyonomy. 
Thus  the  sun  might  be  the  » ise-beiug.  the  all-seeing, 
the  wanderer,  the  toiler,  the  healer,  the  poisoner,  4c. ' 
—Cox:  Introd.  to  Mythology,  p.  10. 

pdl-y-op'-triim.  pdl-y-Sp  -tron,  s.  [Pref. 

put^j;  and  Gr.  uvraij.au.  (optomai)  —  to  see.] 

Optics:  A  lens,  one  side  of  which  is  plane, 
and  the  other  convex,  with  a  number  of  con- 
cave facets.  The  effect  is  to  give  a  number 
of  diminished  images  of  an  object. 

pSi-y-A-ra'-ma,  s.  [Pref.  poly-,  and  Gr.  Spa- 
fia  (horama)  =  a  view  ;  opaia  (horao)  =  to  see.] 

•LA  view  of  many  objects. 

2.  An  optical  apparatus  presenting  many 
views ;  a  panorama. 

pol  yp,  pil'-ype,  *.    [POLYPUS.] 
Zoology: 

1.  A  simple  Actinozoon,  the  Hydra  (q.v.). 

2.  One  of  the  separate  zooids  in  the  com- 
pound Actinozoa. 

•3.  (PL):  Zoophyta  (q.v.). 

pdl-y-pan'-to-graph,  «.  [Pref.  poly-,  and 
Eng.  pantograph  (q.v.).]  An  instrument  on 
the  principle  of  the  pantograph,  by  which  a 
number  of  similar  designs  may  be  simulta- 
neously executed  upon  a  metallic  plate  or 
roller  from  a  single  pattern. 

po  lyp'-ar-ous,   a.     [Gr.    iroAvc    (polus)  = 

manv,  and  Lat.  pario  =  to  bring  forth.]  Pro- 
ducing or  bearing  many;  bringing  forth  a 
great  number. 

pol  -yp-ar-jf,  *.    [POLYPUS.] 

Zool. :  The  horny  or  chitinous  outer  covering 
or  envelope  of  many  Hydrozoa.  Called  also 
Polypidom. 

pol-y-pe'-an,  a.  [Eng.  polype ;  -an.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  a  polyp  or  polypus. 

pdl-y-pe'-da'-tef,  s.  [Pref.  poly-,  and  Gr. 
wfS7Jr»)*  (pet.li.tes)  —  one  who  is  fettered,  a 
prisoner;  Wii)  (pede)  =  a  fetter.] 

Zool. :  The  typical  genus  of  the  family  Poly- 
pedatidee  (q.v.).  There  are  nineteen  species, 
mostly  Oriental.  The  skin  is  smooth ;  the 
adults  have  vomerine  teeth  ;  fingers  slightly, 
toes  broadly  webbed,  both  ending  in  discs. 
Polypedates  maculatus  is  the  Common  Indian, 
and  P.  eques  the  Spurred  Tree  Frog.  These 
frogs  have  the  power  of  changing  their  colour. 

pdl-y-pS-dat-I-daj,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  poly- 
pedut(es) ;  Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -id<e.) 

Zool :  Glandless  Tree-frogs ;  a  family  of 
Anourous  Batraehians,  with  twenty-four 
genera  and  124  species,  from  the  Oriental  and 
Neotropical  region. 

p61-y -pSt'-a-l»,  s.  pi  [Pref.  poly-,  and  Mod. 
Lat.  petalce.}  [PETAL.] 

Bot. :  A  sub-class  of  Exogens.  Lindley 
(Nat.  Syst.  not.,  ed.  1836)  divided  it  into  the 
alliances  Alhnminosa*,  Epigynosse,  Parietosse, 
Calycosae,  Syncarposse,  Gynobaseosse,  and 
Apocar|«os?e.  The  sub-class  and  the  alliances 
were  altered  in  his  Vegetable  Kingdom. 

pol-y-pfit'-a-lous,  a.    [Pref.  poly-,  and  Eng. 
petitions  (q.v".).] 
Bot. :  Having  many  separate  petals. 

pol-y-pha'-gi-a,  ».  [Gr.  iroAu</>oyta  (polu- 
phagiu)  =  gluttony,  from  iro\v<t>aye<a  (polupha- 
geo)  =  to  eat  to  excess  :  iruAv<  (polus)  =  many, 
much,  and  <f>a.y*iv  (phagein)  =to  eat] 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  [POLYPHAOY]. 

2.  Med. :  Unnatural  or  excessive  desire  for 
food  ;  voracity. 

po  lyph  a-gous,  a.  [POLYPHAOIA.]  Eating 
or  living  on  muny  varieties  of  food. 

"  In  general  jxtlyphagout  animals  are  less  dependent 
on  their  f«>d  than  monophagous  speciea."— .Semper  .• 
Animal  Lift,  p.  CO. 

p6  -  lyph'-  a  -  j$,  t.  [POLYPHAOIA.]  The 
practice  or  power  of  subsisting  on  many 
diflerent  kinds  of  food. 

"  Manv  cases  of  polyphan  arc  of  the  highest  Interest 
M  considered  from  another  point  of  Tl»w."— Semper  : 
Animal  Lift,  p.  W. 


*  pol'-y-phant,  s.    [Pref.  poly-,  and  Gr.  4>cuV* 

(phaino)  =  to  show.) 
Music  :  (See  extract). 

"  The  potyph'int  ii  of  a  fiddle  form,  except  the  neck. 
a  hole  instead  being  substituted  for  the  hand.  Burner 
aayt  it  is  the  same  with  the  Duke  of  Dorset's  violin  In 
Hawkins  ;  the  latter  that  It  was  strung  with  win, 
and  said  to  have  been  played  upon  by  Queen  Elizabeth.  " 
—F'Moroke:  JincyclofitKlia  <</  Antiyuititt. 

*  pol-y-phar'-ma-ctf,  «.     [Pref.  poly-,  and 

Eng.  pharmacy  (q.V.).J 
L  The  prescribing  of  too  many  medicines. 
2.  A    medicine   compounded  of  many  in- 

gradients, 

pol  y-phe'-mtis,  «.  [Lat,  the  name  of  one 
of  the  Cyclops,  the  son  of  Neptune.] 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Ostracoda.  The  large 
head  is  almost  entirely  occupied  by  an  enorm- 
ous eye.  Typical  species,  Polyphemus  stag- 
norum. 

*p6l:y-pho'-nl-an,  o.  [POLYPHONIC.] 
Having  many  voices  or  sounds  ;  many-voiced. 

"  With  their  polypkonian  note*  delight  me." 

Vuartei  :  EmbUmt.  v.  «. 

pSl-y-phon'-ic,  a.  [Gr.  WOA^WKOC  (polu- 
phonos),  from  iroAus  (polus)  =  many,  and  (jttuuj 
(phone)  =  a  sound  ;  Fr.  polyphone.] 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Having,  or  consisting  of, 
many  sounds  or  voices. 

2.  Music  :  Consisting  of  several  tone  series 
or  parts,  progressing  simultaneously  according 
to  the  rules  of  counterpoint  ;  contrapuntal. 

"  He  is  thorough-going  or  nothing,  and  hence  this 
confusion  of  his  polyp/tonic  orchestration."—  Daily 
Telegraph,  Sept.  10.  1886. 

pft-lyph'-dn-I^m,  pS-lyph'-6n-y,«.  [POLY- 
PHONIC.] 

1.  Ord.  JMng.  :  Multiplication  of  sounds,  as 
in  the  reverberation   of  an  echo.     [PHONO- 

CAMPTIC.J 

"  The  potypkan'umt  or  repercussions  of  the  rocks." 
—Dei  ham:  Phytieo-Theolog  g  ,  bk.  iv.,  ch.  lit 

2.  Music  :  Composition  in  parts,  each  part 
having  an  independent  melody  of  its  own,  as 
distinguished  from  a  homophonic  composi- 
tion, which  consists  of  a  principal  theme,  the 
accompanying     parts    serving     merely     to 
strengthen  it. 

po  lyph  on  1st,  *.    [POLYPHONIC.) 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  One  who  professes  the  art 
of  the  multiplication  of  sounds  ;  an  imitator 
of  a  variety  of  sounds  ;  a  ventriloquist. 

2.  Music  :  One  skilled  in  the  art  of  counter- 
point ;  a  contrapuntist. 


a.    [Gr. 
phonos).]    The  same  as  POLYPHONIC  (q.v.). 

po  lyph  -6-ny,   s.     [Gr.   m\w(»avia.  (polu- 
phdnia).~\    The  same  as  POLYPHONISM  (q.v.). 


*.  [Or.  woAw#>6>o«  (poluphoros) 
=  bear  much  :  Gr.  iroAOs  (polus)  =  many, 
and  (/xyoS  (pharos)  —  bearing.] 

Bot.  :  Richard's  name  for  a  receptacle  when, 
as  in  the  strawberry  and  raspberry,  it  is  suc- 
culent, greatly  dilated,  and  bears  many  ovaries. 

p61-y-phy-lSf  -1C,  a.  [Gr.  iroAu<<>vAo«  (pulu- 
phulos),  from  rroAus  (polus)  =  many,  and  £vA>j 
O>AWc)  =  atribe.] 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Of  or  pertaining  to  many 
tribes  or  families. 

2.  Biol.  :  The  same  as  POLYOENBTIC  (q.v.). 

pol  y-phyl  -la,  «.    [POLYPHYLLOUS.) 

Entam.  :  A  genus  of  Melolonthidae.  Poly- 
phyllafullo,  twice  as  large  as  the  Cockchafer, 
is  common  in  Fiance. 

pS-lyph'-yl-lofts,  o.    [Gr.  woAttyvAAot  (polu- 
pliullos),  from  iroAut  (poiits)=  many,  and  ^rAAop 
(phullon)  =  a  leaf.] 
Bot.  :  Having  many  leaves  ;  many-leaved. 

p5-lyph'-yl-ly,  s.    [POLYPHYLLOUS.] 

Hot.  :  Increase  of  the  number  of  organs  in 
a  whorL 

PoT-y-pi,  ».  pi.    [POLYPUS.] 

pSl-y-pi-ar'-I-a,  «.    [Neut.  pi.  of  Mod.  Lat 
polypiarius,  from  polypus  (q.v.).] 
Zool.  :  The  same  as  POLYPIPHERA. 

Pol'-y-Plde.  *,  [Lat  polyp(u»);  Eng.  suff. 
-ide.) 

Zool.  :  One  of  the  separate  zooids  In  the  poly- 
roar  in  in  of  a  Polyzoon.  Called  also  a  cell. 


po-lyp'-J-d8m,  s.  [Lat.  polypus  =  a  polyp, 
and  uomus  =  a  house.] 

Zool. :  What  was  looked  upon  as  the  house 
of  a  zoophyte ;  the  name  is  incorrect,  for  it 
is  an  internal  secretion.  [POLYPABY.] 

p6-lyp'-I-«r  (r  silent),  s.  [Fr.,  from  polyp* 
—  a  polyp  (q.T.).]  A  polypidom. 

*  pol:y-p!f  -er-ous,  o.  [POLYPIPHERA.]  Pro- 
ducing  polyps  ;  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Polyf  • 
ifera. 

pdl-y-plp'-ar-ous,  o.  [Lat  polypus  =  * 
polyp,  and  pario  =  to  produce.]  Producing 
polyps. 

•poi-y-plph-w-a,  »p61-y-p!r-er-a,s.pj. 

[Gr.  voAvirovt  (polupous)  =  many-footed,  and 
<f>tp<a  (phero)  —  to  bear.] 
Zool. :  The  same  as  CCELENTERATA  Cq.v.) 

p8l'-y-plte,  ».     [Lat.  polyp(us);   Eng.  suff. 
-ite.] 
Zool. :  A  separate  zooid  in  a  Hydrozoon. 

p6l-y-plas'-tic,  a.  fPref.  poly-,  and  Eng. 
plastic  (q.v.).]  Assuming  many  shapes. 

pol  ^  plec  -tron,  pol  y  plcc  trum,  t. 
[Pref.  poly-,  and  Gr.  n^xTpov  (plektron),  Lat 
plectrum.  =  an  instrument  or  quill  for  striking 
the  lyre.] 

1.  Music:  A  musical  instrument  in  which 
the  tones  were  produced  by  the  friction  of 
numerous  slips  of  leather  acting  upon  strings, 
and  moved  by  pressing  or  striking  keys,  as  in 
the  pianoforte. 

2.  Ornith.:  Agenusof  Phasianinae,  from  the 
Oriental  region.     Bill  rather  slender,   sides 
compressed,    tip    curved,    nostrils     lateral ; 
longitudinal  opening  partly  hidden  by  a  mem- 
brane.   Wings  rounded,  tail  long,  rounded. 
Tarsi  long,  those  of  the  male  with  two  or 
more  spurs.    Toes  long  and  slender.     There 
are  five  species  :  Polyptectron  thibetanut,  P.  hi- 
calcaratitm,   P.  germaini,  P.  emphanum,  and 
P.  calcurum,  known  respectively  as  the  Com- 
mon, the  Iris,  Germain's,  Napoleon,  and  the 
Sumatran  Polyplectron. 

p6T-y-pode,  *.    [Fr.]    [POLYPODIUM.]  - 

1.  Zool. :  A  milleped  ;  a  wood-louse. 

2.  Bot. :  Polypody  (q.v.X     (Drayton :  Poly- 
Olbion,  s.  13.) 

p8l-y-pd'-de-»,  *.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  polypo- 
di(uni);  Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -tee.] 

Bot. :  The  typical  tribe  of  Polypodiacese 
(q.v.).  Spore  cases  stalked,  with  a  vertical 
ring ;  spores  roundish  or  oblong. 

pol  jr-po-di-a  -$e  »,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  poly- 
podi(um);  Lat  fem.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -acece.] 

Bot. :  Ferns  proper ;  an  order  of  Acrogens, 
alliance  Filicales.  Leaves,  generally  called 
fronds,  with  the  spore  cases  on  the  back  or 
edge.  Spore  cases  ringed,  distinct,  and  split- 
ting irregularly.  Tribes :  Polypodese,  uyatliea, 
Parkerete,  Hymenophylleae,  Gleicheneae,  and 
Osmundeae.  Known  genera  183,  species  2,000. 
(Lindley.) 

pol  y-po  dl  a  ceous  (ee  as  sh),  *  pol  y- 
po  dse  OUS,  a.  [Mod.  Lat  polypodiact(a); 
Eng.  adj.  snll'.  -out.]  Of  or  i«rtaiuing  to  the 
Polypodiacese  (q.v.). 

pol-y    po    di     te?,   s. 

[Lat  polypod(ium) ;  -ites.] 
Palceobot. :  A  genus  of 
fossil  ferns,  apparently 
akin  to  the  recent  Poly- 
podium.  Three  species, 
from  the  English  Oolite. 

pol-y-pd'-dl-um,  *. 

[Lat.,  from  Gr.  iroAvirbo'ioi' 
(  polupodion)  =  polypody  : 
..-oAvt  (polus)  =  many,  and 
irowf  (pmt»X  genit  mSot 
(pndoi)  =  a  foot.  Named 
from  the  many  segments 
of  the  frond,  or  from  the 
many  stalks.] 

1.  Bot. :  Polypody ;  the 
typical  genus  of  Polypodi- 
acese (q.v.).  Frond  simple, 
lobed,  often  pinnatitid  ; 
sort  dorsal,  globose ;  no  in-  . 

volncre.  Known  species  390;  world-wide,  th« 
largest  number  in  the  tropics.  British  spe- 
cies four :  Polypodium  mUgare,  the  Common 


POLYPODIDM 

•  VULOARE. 
1.  Frond ;  t  Detached 
pinna:  3.  Under  lid* 
of  pinna. 


boil,  bdy  ;  poTlt,  J6%1  ;  eat,  ^ell,  chorus,  $hin,  bench  ;  go,  £em  ;  thin,  ^hi»  ;  Bin,  as  ; 
-tian  —  aoan.    -tioa.  -«ion  =  «hfl«  ;  -fioa,  -sion  =  »>iftp-     cious,    tioua, 


expect,  yenophon.  exist,    ph  =  £ 
=  ahua.    -bl«,  -die,  *c.  =  bel,  del. 


3682 


polypody— polystyle 


f.  I'hegopteris,  the  Pale  Mountain  ;  P.  Dry. 
opterii,  Uie  lender  three-branched  ;  and  P. 
alpestre,  the  Alpine  Polypody.  The  first  is 
common  on  rocks,  walls,  banks,  trunks  of 
trees,  fruiting  from  June  to  Septeml>er.  P. 
Cala.yu.ala,  *  Peruvian  species,  and  P.  crasti- 
Jblium  are  said  to  be  solvent,  deobstnieiit, 
sudorific,  anti-rheumatic,  anti-venereal,  and 
Ifebrif'ig.il.  P.  phymatoda  is  used  in  the  South 
Be*  Islands  in  preparing  cocoanut  oiL 

8.  Pal&obot. :  From  the  Eocene  of  Bourne- 
mouth. 


Bot.  :  The  genus  Polypodium  (q.v.). 

"  Th«  IUD  fl  H.IM  poljrpody  in  lion*."—  Bntntt  : 
eta.  ill. 


l  y  po  -g5n,  «.   [Pref.  poly-,  and  Gr. 
poyon)  =  beam.  Named  from  the  many  awns.] 
But.  :  Beard  -grass  (q.v.). 


a.     [Eng.  polyp  ;  -oid.]    Resem- 
bling a  polyp. 

p8l  y-pbV-i-i,  i.pL  [L»t  polypor(ia);  masc. 
pi.  aiij.  guff.  -«i.] 

Sat.  :  A  sub-order  of  Hymenomycetes.  Ba- 
sidiospores,  clothing  tubes,  jM.res,  or  pits, 
•erne  on  the  underside  of  a  stalked  or  sessile 
pile  us,  or  fleshy  cap  or  disc. 

p6  lyp'-or-ous,a.  [POLYPORUS.]  Haying 
many  pure*. 

9&  lyp'-or-tis,  «.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  n\vwopot 
(foTuporui)  =  with  many  passages  or  pores.] 

L  Sot.  :  The  typic.il  genus  of  Polyporei 
(q.v.X  Akin  to  Boletus,  but  the  tubes  do  not 
separate  from  each  other,  or  from  the  pili-us. 
Polyporut  destructor  and  P.  hybridui  produce 
dry  rot  in  wood;  P.  ojficinalit  was  admitted 
into  old  Pharmacopoeias.  A  species,  appa- 
rently P.  fomentariui,  is  used  in  India  as  a 
styptic  an.l  for  amadou. 
2.  Palttobot.  :  Occurs  in  the  Pleistocene. 

p$l  y  pous,  '  pol  y  pose.  a.  [Eng.  polyp; 
-ma,  -u*r.\  H.ixing  the  nature  of  a  polyp; 
having  many  feet  or  roots  like  a  polypus. 

-It  will  produce  DoJypMU  concretion*.  '—.JrfruMw*.- 
On  Altmtmi,  ch.  VL 

•pSl-y-prag-mftf-Jc.  *  pol-y-prag- 

mat    1C  al,  a.     [Pref.  ;»<'v-,  and  Eng.  jmig- 
malical.}    Over-busy,  over-zealous,  otflcious. 

"  Alwre  all  they  h»t*d  such  potyprnfmatic'il  In- 
quultur*."—  g«yi»o«d  .  tiirrarcMy  of  Ang*lt,  p.  lit. 


,  *  p»l-y-pr&g'-ma- 

9Y'  *•  l*'r-  voAinrpayparc'w  (polupragmatefi)  — 
to  be  busily  engaged.]  The  state  of  being 
over-engaged  in  business. 

•  p61  £  pragT  mSn,  *.    [Gr.]    A  busybody; 
an  officious  meddler. 


pft  lyp  -rf  on,  *.  [Pref.  poly-,  and  Gr.  vpcwr 
(pridn)  =  a  saw.] 

/cAMy.  :  A  genus  of  Percilie,  with  two 
species  :  one  from  European  coasts  (/Vi/prioit 
etrnium).  and  one  from  Juan  I'crnnndcz  (P. 
kneri).  They  attain  a  weight  of  about  eighty 
pounds.  [STONE-BASS.] 

pol  y  prism.  «.  [Pref.  poly-,  and  Eng. 
j»rtm(q.v.).J  A  prism  formed  of  several  prisms 
»f  the  same  an^'le  Connected  at  their  ends. 
These  prisms  are  made  of  substnnres  un- 
equally refringeiit,  such  as  flint  glass,  mck 
crystal,  or  crown  glnss.  A  beam  of  li^-lit  j.ass- 
Ing  thronch  the  various  component  parts  of 
sur  h  a  prism  is  by  them  differently  refracted 
and  dis]«rsed. 

p£l  y  prls  mat  Ic,  a.  [Pref.  poly-,  and 
Enjc.  prismatic  (q.v.).] 

If  in.  :  Having  crystals  presenting  numerous 
prUms  in  a  single  form. 


y  pro'-tA-dSnt,*.  [POLYPT.OTODOKTIA.] 
Any  individual  of  the  Polyprotodonti*. 

tp«l  $-prd-t*-d6n'-tr-a(or  tfas  shl),  ,.  pi. 

[Pr.'f.   pnfy-;   proto-,  and  Gr.    oiouf  (odaut), 
genit.  oiorrot  (oda*to$)  =  a  tooth.] 

Zool.  :  A  primary  division  of  Marsupialia. 
Lower  incisors  more  than  two  ;  canines  well 
dev.  loped  ;  molars  either  cuspidate  or  with 
•ectorial  crowns.  Carnivorous.  (Oven.) 

p8l-yp-teV-I-d»,  *.  rl     fXod.  Lat  polyp. 
ter\iu);  Lat.  fern.  pL  adj.  suff.  -id*.] 


Ichthy.  :  The  sole  recent  family  of  Polyp- 
teruidel  (q.v.).  Scales  ganoid,  fins  without 
fulcra  ;  a  series  of  dorsal  spines  present,  to 
each  of  which  an  articulated  (inlet  is  attached  ; 
anal  close  to  caudal  fin.  Two  genera,  Polyp- 
terus  and  Calamoichthys. 

p5-lyp-ter-6T-dS-i,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat 
volypter(us),  and  Ur.  «»4o«  (eidos)  =  resem- 
blance.] 

Ichthy. :  A  sub-order  of  Ganoidei,  with  one 
recent  family,  Polypteridas  (q.v.),  and  three 
f»sil,  Saurodipteridie,  Coelacanthidie,  and 
lloloptychiids. 

po"  lyp'-ter-us,  *.  [Pref.  poly-,  and  Gr. 
rrtpov  (pUron)  =  a  fin.] 

Ichthy. :  The  typical  genns  of  the  Polyp- 
teridse  (q.v.X  There  is  but  one  species, 
Polypterut  bichir,  conlined  to  tropical  Africa, 
occurring  in  the  rivers  flowing  into  the 


POLYPTEBCS   BICHIR. 

Atlantic,  and  in  the  Upper  Nile.  It  attains  a 
length  of  about  four  feet,  and  lives  in  the  mud 
at  the  bottom  of  rivers,  where  it  crawls  by 
means  of  its  fins.  It  is  capable  of  swimming 
with  great  rapidity.  The  dorsal  fin  is  broken 
up  into  a  succession  of  little  finlets,  varying  in 
number  from  eight  to  eighteen,  according  to 
the  varieties,  of  which  there  are  several. 

P$-lyp-t6'-ton,  *.  [Gr.  iroAtnrriTO*  (polvptS- 
tos),  neut.  iroAujruiTOK  (politptoton)  =  being  ia 
many  cases  ;  m>Auf  (point)  —  many,  and  nruo-ic 
(ptoiis)  —  a  case.] 

Khet. :  A  form  of  speech  in  which  a  word 
is  repeated  in  different  cases,  numbers,  gen- 
ders, iiC. 

pol-yp-tych'-$-dSn.  i.  [Pref.  poly-;  Or. 
""TV**?  (ptuche)  =  a  told,  and  suff.  -odon.] 

Pal(font. :  A  genus  of  Plesiosauria  (q.v.X 
equalling  Pliosaurus  in  size.  The  teeth  are 
implanted  in  sockets,  and  have  a  strong  coni- 
cal crown,  round  which  the  longitudinal  ridges 
of  the  enamel  are  set,  whence  the  name  of 
the  genus.  Found  only  in  Cretaceous  forma- 
tions in  Kent,  Sussex,  and  Cambridge,  and  at 
Kursk,  in  Russia. 

p61'-y-pus  (pi.  poT-Jr-pi),  «.  [Lat.,  <rora 
Gr.  jroAiiirous  (po'u^n'us)  —  many-footed  :  JTOAVJ 
(polus)  =  many,  and  mi*  (pous)  =  a  foot.] 

1.  Surg. :  A  morbid  growth  attached  to  the 
interior  of  any  of  the  mucous  canals.  It  is 
generally  a  fleshy  tumour  with  many  branches. 
Polypi  sometimes  grow  in  the  nose,  larynx, 
heart,  rectum,  uterus,  and  vagina. 

*  2.  Zool  (PI.) :  A  class  of  radiated  animals 
define.',  as  having  many  prehensile  organs  ra- 
diating from  around  the  mouth  only. 

t  pSl-y-rhi'-wms,  o.  [Gr.  mAv'pigbt  (polu- 
rlti:os)  =  with  many  roots:  iroAvt  (polus)  = 
many,  and  pi£o  (rhiza)  =  a  root.) 

Bot. :  Having  many  roots,  independently  of 
those  by  which  the  attachment  is  effected. 

pol  y-sac'-cum,  «.     [Pref.    poly-,  and   Or. 

o-axKot  (sakkos)  =  coarse  cloth  of  goats'  hair.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Fungals,  snb-order  Tricho- 

gastres.    An  Italian  species  is  said  to  yield  a 

yellow  dye. 


_     ,_  ^,   t.      [Gr.    TroAuo-apicia    (polu- 

larkia  =  fleshiness  :  iroAuf(po/jis)  =  niurh,and 
<Tap(  (farx),  genit  0-apxot  (sarkos)  =  flesj.] 

1.  I'nt. :   Superabundance  of  sap,  causing 
nnnatuial  growth. 

2.  J'athol. :  Obesity. 

rol  y  schc  ma  tist,  o.  [Pwf.  poly-,  and 
Gr.  <rv  >a  (Khfma),  genit  <TXIJHOTO«  (schematos) 
=  a  form,  a  fashion.]  Characterized  by  or 
existing  in  many  forms  or  fashions;  multi- 
form. 

xSr  £  scope,  «.  [Pref.  poly-,  and  Gr.  <rm»rlw 
(ilcopio)  =.  to  see.] 

Optics :  A  mnltlplving  lens  ;  a  plano-convex 
lens,  whose  protuberant  face  is  cut  into  numer- 
ous facets,  each  of  which  gives  an  image  of 

p<51  y  se  -mant,  t.  [Pref.  poly-,  and  Gr. 
<n)uaiW  (**mni,i6)=.\n  show,  to  signify.]  A 
word  which  has  many  meanings,  as  burst  (v., 


».,  &  «.),  cut  (v.,  a.,  &  s.),  ill  (a.,  adv.,  &  s.X 
&c.  (Htzedward  Hall  :  Modern  English.,  p.  170.) 

pol-y-sep  -a-lofis,  a.    [Pref.  poly-,  and  Eng. 
sepalous.\    [ELEUTHEROSEPALOUS.] 

p8l-y-8i-der'-Ite,  *.    [Pref.  poly-,  and  Eng. 
siderite.] 

Petrol.  :  A  group  of  meteoric  stones  belong- 
ing to  the  Sporadosidentes  of  Daubree,  which 
are  rich  in  iron-drains.  That  which  fell  at 
Pultusk  in  Poland  is  an  example. 


a,  s.  [Pref.  poly-,  and  Or. 
atJMav  (siplion),  geu'it.  vi^iavoi  (siphonos)  =  t 
siphon.] 

Bot.  :  A  genns  of  Rhodomelaeeae.  Florideou* 
Algse  witli  cylindrical,  more  or  less  articulated, 
fronds,  the  joints  consisting  of  a  circle  of 
longitudinally  arranged  cells  around  a  central 
cell.  Known  species  about  3ou  Widely  dis- 
tributed. 

*  p8l-y-8past,  *.     [Lat.  polyspastum,  from  Gr. 

a-oAus  (polm)  =  many,  and  <rn-du  (sjxw)  —  to 
draw  ;  Fr.  polyspaste.] 

1.  Mach.  :  A  machine  consisting  of  many 
pulleys  for  raising  heavy  weights. 

2.  Surg.  :  A  similar  apparatus  used  formerly 
for  reducing  dislocations. 

*  pol-y  sperm,  ».      [Pref.  poly-,  and  Eng. 
sperm.\     A  tree  whose  fruit  contains  many 
seeds. 

pol-y-sperm'-al,  *  pol-y-sperm'-oum,  «. 

[POLYsrhRSl.J 

Bot.:  Containing  many  seeds.  (Balfour: 
Botany,  §  546.) 

pol-^-sphaer'-ite,  «.  [Pref.  poly-;  Gr. 
<r<?>aipa  (s/;A«ra)  =  a  ball,  and  suff.  -tie  (Min.); 
Ger.  polyspluirit.] 

Min.  :  A  variety  of  Pyromorphite  (q.v.), 
containing  phosphate  of  lime.  Colour,  various 
shades  of  brown  and  gray,  sometimes  ap- 
proaching to  white.  Occurs  in  mammillary 
and  globular  bundles  of  acicular  radiatii.g 
crystals. 

pol-y-spdr'-OUS,  a.  [Pref.  poly-  ;  Eng.  *po/<«); 

-ous.) 

Bot.  :  Containing  many  scores. 

pol-y-stem'-6n-ous,  o.  [Pref.  poly-,  and 
Gr.  vr^fiiav  (stiiiioa)—a  stamen.] 

Bot.  (O/  stamens):  More  in  number  than  the 
petals. 

pol-y'-Stig'-mous,  a.  [Pref.  poly-;  Eng. 
stigm(a);  adj.  sull.  -ous.] 

Bot.  :  Having  many  carpels,  each  giving 
origin  to  a  stigma. 


a,  s.  [Gr.  ITOAUO-TO/KK  (polu- 
stonw*)  =  many  mouthed  :  woAii  (polu)  =  many, 
and  JTO/OUX  (ttoma)  —  mouth.] 

Zool.  :  An  old  genus  of  Trematoda.  Pnlysto- 
ma  sangiticola  is  now  Hexatltyridium  venaium,, 
an  entozoon  found  occasionally  in  venous  blood 
and  in  the  sputa  of  haemoptysis. 

pSl-y-Stom'-?-ta,  *.  pi.   [Pref.  pohi-,  and  Gr. 

aTOfiara   (sUiMittaj,    pi.    of    o-ro/ua   (stoma)  =.  a 
mouth.] 

Zool.  :  A  section  of  the  sub-kingdom  Pro- 
tozoa, in  which  the  inceptive  apparatus 
consists  of  a  considerable  number  of  ten- 
tacular organs,  each  of  which  serves  as  a 
tubular  sucking  mouth,  or  to  grasp.  The 
section  includes  the  Suctorial  Animalcules  of 
Claparede  and  Lachmann  (the  leutsculiferm 
of  Huxley). 
(Saville  Kent.) 

por  y  stome, 

t.       ll'OLYSTO- 
MA.) 

Zool.  :  Any 
individual  of 
the  Polysto- 
mata  (q.v.). 

p8r-y-style, 

O.       l'p-f.  JKI/H-, 

and  Eng.  style 
(q.v.).] 

Arch.:  A 
building  in 
which  there 
are  many  ci- 

lumns  ;  a  court  surrounded  by  several 
of  columns,  as  in  Moorish  architecture. 


POLTSTVLE. 
(Court  of  Li.ru.  A  Utambr*.) 


fete,  ftt,  tare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father:  we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  si 
•r.  wore,  wpll,  work.  who.  •on;  mote,  cub.  ciiro,  tjnite,  our.  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,   »,  ce  =  e; 


sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
ey  =  a ;  an  =  Jew. 


polysyllabic— polyzoan 


3683 


pol-y-syl-lab  -Ic,  *  poi-y-sjrl-lab  - 

o.  [Fret  poly-,  and  Eng.  syilabic,  syllabuxU.] 
Consisting  of  many  syllables,  or  of  more  than 
three  syllables  ;  pertaiuing  to  a  polysyllable. 

pSl-y-syl-lab-I-c!sro,  *  P*l-y-syl-la- 
bism,  a.  [Eng.  polysyllabic;  -ism.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  polysyllabic,  or  of 
containing  many  syllables. 

"  Time-wasting  in  its  immense  polytyUabitm."— 
Whitney  :  Ufe  i  Growth  of  Language,  ch.  xii. 

pSl-y-syi'-la-ble,  *.  A  a.  [Pref.  poly-,  and 
Eng.  syllable.} 

A.  As  subst.  :  A  word  of  many  syllables  ;  a 
word  containing  more  than  three  syllables. 

*  B.  As  adj.  :  Containing  many  syllables  ; 
polysyllabic. 

"  In  a  pol  nit/liable  word  consider  to  which  syllable 
the  emphasis  is  to  be  given."—  Uolder:  On  the  Cluuict. 

pol-y-syn'-de-ton,  s.  [Gr.  ,  from  iroAu's  (polus) 
=  many,  and  owSc-ros  (sundetos)  =  bound  to- 
gether :  <ruv  (sun)  =  together,  and  Siu  (deo)  •=. 
to  bind.] 

Rhet.  :  A  figure  by  which  the  copulative  is 
repeated  :  as,  I  came  and  saw  and  overcame. 

po'l-y-syn'-the'-sis,  s.   [Pref.  poly-,  and  Eng. 

tynthesis  (q.v.).J 

Philol.  :  Polysyntheticism  ;  polysynthetic 
character  or  structure. 

"  What  is  called  the  process  of  agglutiuation  in  the 
Turanian  languages  is  the  same  as  what  has  lieen 
named  tiolysynthetii  in  America,"—  Brinton  :  Myth*  of 
the  Xeu  World. 

pdl-y-syn-thet-Ic,  p8l-y-syn-thgt'-io- 

al,  a.  [Pref.  poly-,  and  Eng.  synthetic,  syn- 
thetical (q.v.).] 

1.  CrystaUog.  :  Compound  ;   made  up  of  ft 
number  of  smaller  crystals. 

2.  Philol.  :  Compounded  of  several  elements, 
each  retaining  a  partial  independence  ;  a  term 
applied  to  languages  in  which   compounded 
words  are  formed  of  the  roots  of  the  words  of 

•  whole  sentence  joined  on  to  each  other  with- 
out any  inflection. 

*  "  Po'ytynthrtic  and    incorporating  are  to  be  kept 
carefully  apart."—  Sayce  :  Compar.  Philology,  p.  148. 

pol  y-syn-thet-J-9isin,  poi-y-syn'- 

s.    [Eng.  polysynthetic;  -ism.] 


Philol.  :  Polysynthetic  character  or  struc- 
ture. 

"  There  i»  much  more  difference  between  incorpora- 
tion and  f">'ys>inthrtixm  than  Ixjtwcen  incon^oration 
and  inflection."—  Sayce  :  Compar.  Philology,  p.  H8. 

*  pSl'-y-tas-ted,  a.    [Pref.  poly-,  and  Eng. 
tasted.]    Having  many  tastes.    (Swift.) 

po'l-jf-te'ch'-nic,  a.  &  s.  [Fr.  polytechnique, 
from  Gr.  TroAwTex^o?  (polutechnos),  from  woAvj 
(]*>lus)  =  many,  and  re^vri  (tec/ine)  =  an  art; 
Ital.  &  8p.  politecnico.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Connected  with,  pertaining  or 
relating  to,  or  giving  instruction  in  many  arts. 

*  B.  As  subst.  :  A  name  sometimes  given  to 
•  collection  or  exhibition  of  objects  connected 
with,  or  illustrative  of,  various  industrial  arts 
and  sciences. 

polytechnic-school,  s.  An  educational 
establishment  in  which  instruction  is  given 
in  many  arts  and  sciences,  more  especially 
witli  reference  to  their  practical  application. 

If  The  first  polytechnic  school  was  estab- 
lished by  a  decree  of  the  French  Convention, 
on  Feb.  13,  1794,  and  was  of  great  service  to 
the  country. 

pSl  y-tech'-nlc-al,a.  [Eng.  polytechnic  ;  -al.] 
The  same  as  POLYTECHNIC  (q.v.). 

pol  y-tech  nics,  s.  [POLYTECHNIC.]  The 
science  of  the  mechanical  arts. 

pSl-y-te'-lite,  s.  [Gr.  iroAvT<A>j?(poZufeZfo)  = 
costly,  prtcious  ;  suflT.  -ite  (.l/in.).j 

Min.  :  A  variety  of  Tetrahedrite  (q.v.),  con- 
taining much  lead  and  some  silver.  Found 
near  Freiberg,  Saxony. 

p81-y-teV-S-benes,  t.  pi.    ,[Pref.  poly-,  and 

Eng.  terebenes.] 

Chem.  :  Hydrocarbons  polymeric  with  oil  of 
turpentine.  CooHss  is  formed  by  heating  pure 
turpentine  to  250'.  It  boils  at  360'. 

*  p6l-y-thal-a-ma  -ce-a,  s.  pi.  [POLYTHAL- 

MIA.] 

Zool.  :  An  old  order  of  Cephalopoda.  Shell 
divided  into  many  chambers. 


pSl-y-tha-la'-ml-a,  *.  pi.  [Pref.  poly-,  and 
Gr.  doAojlot  (thaiaiiws)  =  an  inner  room.] 

Zool. :  The  same  as  FORAMINIFERA  (q.v.). 
Sometimes  applied  to  those  having  shells  with 
many  chambers  separated  by  septa. 

pol-y-thar-a-mous,  a.  [POLYTHALAMIA.] 
Having  mauy  cells  or  chambers  :  camerated, 
rnultilocular.  Used  of  the  shells  of  Cephalo- 
poda and  Foraminifera. 

pol-y-thal'-mic,  pol  y  thai  -a  mic,  a. 
[POLYTHALAMIA.] 

Hot.  (Of  fruits) :  Consisting  of  several  pistils 
on  a  common  axis ;  multiple.  Example,  a  cone. 

pol'-y-the-Ism,  s.  [Pref.  poly-;  Gr.  ««<« 
(Wi€(w)  =  God,  aud  suff.  -ism;  Fr.  polytlteisme.] 
Compar.  Relig. :  The  worship  of  many  gods. 
It  is  not  necessarily  the  same  as  idolatry,  for 
pods  may  be  adored  without  any  image  of 
them  being  made.  In  Sir  John  Lubbock's 
classification  of  religious  beliefs,  Fetishism 
and  Totemism  are  polytheistic ;  the  next 
stage  in  the  ascending  order,  Anthropomor- 
phism, may  or  may  not  be  so.  No  mention 
is  made  in  Scripture  of  Polytheism  before  the 
flood.  It  existed  among  the  ancestors  of 
Abraham  in  Ur  of  the  Chaldees  (Joshua  xxiv. 
2).  The  first  commandment  is  levelled  against 
it  (Exod.  xx.  3,  Deut.  v.  7).  It  was  common 
at  the  time  among  the  Canaanites  (Deut.  vi. 
14,  vii.  4,  &c.).  At  many  periods  the  Jews, 
high  and  low,  lapsed  into  it  (1  Kings  xix.  2 ; 
2  Kings  xvii.  16,  17  ;  Ezek.  viii.  3-18).  Though 
some  of  the  Greek  and  Roman  philosophers 
may  have  risen  aliove  polytheism  to  con- 
ceive the  unity  of  God,  the  masses  of  the 
people  were  polytheistic,  as  is  the  case  with 
the  ethnic  nations  to-day,  though  in  some 
cases,  as  in  that  of  India,  pantheism  under- 
lies polytheism,  and  some  apparent  polytheists 
really  believe  all  nature  to  be  one  God. 

"  We  constantly  find  in  al.  palytheitmt  sets  of  dnpli. 
eate  divinities,  male  and  female."— Uonaldton:  Thea- 
tre of  the  Oreelu,  p.  M. 

pol'-y-the-Ist,  *.  [POLYTHEISM.]  A  believer 
in  or  supporter  of  polytheism  or  the  doctrine 
of  a  plurality  of  gods. 

pol-y-the-lsf-ic,    *  pol-y-the-ist'-lc- 

al,  o.     [Eng.  polytheist;  -ic,  -ical.] 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  polytheism ;  of  the 
nature  of  polytheism. 

2.  Advocating,  supporting,  or  believing  in 
polytheism. 

"  The  Orphick  doctrine  and  poems  wet*  polythHt- 
tieal."— Cudworth:  Intell.  Syarm,  p.  898. 

»  pol-$Mhe-lst'-lc-al-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  poly- 
theislical;  -ly.]  In  a  polytheistic  manner;  like 
a  polytheist ;  according  to  polytheism. 

*  pdT-tf-the-ize,  v.i.  [POLYTHEISM.]  To  sup- 
port, hold,  or  inculcate  polytheism  ;  to  believe 
in  or  teach  a  plurality  of  gods. 

*p5-lyth-g-ous,  »  pdl'-y-the-otts,  a. 

[POLYTHEISM.]  Having  to  do  with  many  gods. 

"  Heav'n's  most  abbor'd  poly'heoiu  piety.* 

Beaumont .  Piyche,  xxi.  &8. 

p61-y-thI-6n'-Jc,  a.  [Pref.  poly-,  and  Eng. 
(Atonic.]  Containing  more  than  one  atom  of 
sulphur. 

polythionic-acids, «.  pi. 

Chem. :  A  series  of  acids  in  which  the  same 
quantities  of  oxygen  and  hydrogen  are  united 
with  quantities  of  sulphur  in  the  proportion 
of  the  numbers  2,  3,  4.  and  5  :  thus,  dithionic- 
acid  HjjSoOa,  trithionic  HjSgOg,  tetrathionic 
HjS^g,  and  pentathionic  li.jS5()6. 

*  poT-y-thore,  *.    [Etym.  doubtful] 

Mv*ic :  (See  extract). 

"  He  plated  to  me  on  the  polythnre,  an  instrument 
having  something  of  the  hnrp,  Inte,  theorbo,  4c."— 
-E 'reign:  Diary ,  Aug.  »,  1661. 

pi-lyt'-6-ma,  s.  [Pref.  poly-,  and  Gr.  TOM»J 
(tome)  =  a  cutting.] 

Zool. :  The  typical  genus  of  the  Polytoraidae 
(q.v.),  with  one  species,  Polytoma  ui-ella.  It 
increases  rapidly  by  a  process  of  multiple 
fission.  Habitat,  fish  and  other  animal  ma- 
cerations. 

p61-y-t5m'-I-d»,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  polytom(a); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sun*,  -idee.] 

Zool.  :  A  family  of  Flagellata-Pantostomata, 
with  the  single  genus  Polytoma  (q.v.). 

pS-lyt'-i-mofis,  a.    [POLYTOMA.] 

Bot. :  Pinnate  ;  the  divisions,  however,  not 
articulated  with  the  common  petiole. 


pol-y-trfch  -€-£,  *  p6l-y-trf-cha  -$e-«. 

*.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat.  polytrichCum);   Lat  masc, 
pL  adj.  suff.  -ei,  feui.  -actce.] 

Bot.  :  An  order  of  Apocarpous  Mosses. 
Mouth  of  the  capsule  closed  by  a  flat  mem- 
brane and  a  calyptra  ;  the  latter  rough,  with 
silky  hairs. 

po-ljH'-ri-chum,  ».  [Gr.  voAu«pif  (poiu- 
thrix),  genit.  iroAurpixo*  (polutrichos)  =  having 
much  liair:  iroAv  (polu)  =  much,  and  *otl 
(thrix)  =  hair.] 

1.  Bot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Polytrichaceae 
(q.v.).      Calyptra    dimidiate,    but    appearing 
campanulate  owing  to  the  quantity  of  very 
close   hairs   descending   from   it   in  a  long 
villous  coat.     Polylrichum  commune  is  a  fine 
large  moss,  with  almost  woody  stems,  com- 
mon on  heaths,  moors,  and  mountain-tracts. 

2.  Palceobot.  :  Occurs  in  the  Pleistocene. 

pd-lyt-ro-cha,  *.  [Pref.  poly-,  and  Or. 
Tpo\6s  (troches)  •=.  running.] 

Zool.  :  A  family  of  Rotifera,  order  Natantia. 
The  rotatory  organs  consist  of  various  lobes 
surrounding  the  anterior  end  of  the  body. 

pS-lyt'-rd-ohal,  a.    [POLYTROCHA.] 

Zool.  :  Having  successively  disposed  circlets 
of  cilia.  Used  of  the  larvae  of  Annelids,  &c. 

pol  -y-typ-age  (age  as  Ig),  «.  [Pref.  poly-  ; 
Eng.  typ(e),  and  sufl.  -age.] 

Print.  :  A  mode  of  stereotyping  by  which 
facsimiles  of  wood  -engravings,  &c.,  are  pro- 
duced in  metal,  from  which  impressions  may 
be  taken  as  from  type.  [POLYTYPE.] 

poT-y-type,  *.  &  a.  [Pref.  poly-,  and  Eng. 
type.] 

A.  As  substantive  : 

Print.  :  A  cast  or  facsimile  of  a  wood- 
engraving,  matter  in  type,  &c.,  produced  by 
polytypage. 

B.  As  adj.  :  Pertaining  to,  or  produced  by, 
polytyi«age. 

poT-y-type,  v.t.  [POLYTYPE,  a.]  To  produo* 
by  polytyjiage. 


Min.  :  The  same  as  native  Platinum  (q.v.Ju 
Named  by  Hausroann  because  of  the  many 
rare  elements  found  mixed  with  it 

p61-yx-en'-I-d»,  «.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  jxrfy- 
xen(iis);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Zool.  :  A  family  of  Myriapoda.  Segments  of 
the  body  eight,  omitting  the  head  and  tail. 
On  each  side  of  the  body  are  nine  tufts  of 
little  curved  hairs,  aud  at  the  tail  is  a  tuft  of 
longer  straight  hairs. 

pol  ^hc'  -en-us,  *.  [Gr.  woAufew*  (poliucenot) 
=  hospitable  :  voAv't  (polus)  —  many,  and 
£ivo*  (zenos)  —  a  guest.] 

Zool.  :  The  sole  genus  of  Polyxenidte.  Poly- 
xenns  lagurus,  the  only  known  species,  is 
about  a  sixth  of  an  inch  in  length,  and  is 
abundant  under  the  bark  of  trees. 

pol  y-zo'-a,  s.  pi.  [Gr.  iroAvs  (polus)  =  many, 
and  ^uof  (zoon)  =  a  living  creature  ;  so  named 
because  many  individuals  are  united  into  a 
colony,  or  polyzoary  (q.v.).] 

1.  Zool.  :  The  name  given  by  J.  W.  Thomp- 
son in  1830  to  what  Ehrenberp  called  Bryozoa. 
In  1S41  H.  Milne-Edwards  united  the  Polyzoa, 
Brachloppda,  and  Tunica  ta  (q.v.)  in  his  group 
Molluscoida.    It  has  been  since  shown  that 
the  latter  belong  to  the  Vertebrata,  and  the 
relation  of  the  first  two  rested  on  a  mistaken 
identification  of  parts.    The  Polyzoa  api«ar 
to  be  closely  related  to  the  Sipunculoid  Ge- 
phyraean  Worms,  and  are  thus  classified  and 
characterized   by    Prof.    E.    Ray    Lankester 
(Ency.  Brit.  (ed.  9th),  xix.  430)  : 

Sect.  L  Vermifonnim. 

Sect.  2.  Pterobrancliin. 

Sect.  8.  Eupolyioa,  with  two  sub-classes  :  (1)  Kcto- 
procta  i  with  two  orders,  Phylactolema  and  Gymnol» 
ma),  and  O  EndoprocU. 

The  Polyzoa  have  coelomata,  with  closely 
approximated  mouth  and  anus.  A  variously 
modified  group  of  ciliated  tentacles  is  disposed 
around  the  month.  They  are  without  meta- 
meric  segmentation,  set«,  or  paired  out- 
growths of  the  body-wall. 

2.  Polceont.  :  From  the  Lower  Silurian,  tf 
not  earlier,  till  now. 

pol-y-xd  -an,  a.  [POLYZOA.]  Of  or  belonging 
to  the  Polyzoa. 


boil,  b£y ;  pout,  Jofcl ;  cat.  9011,  eborns,  9hln,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -inc. 
-dan,  -tlan  —  shan,   -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -(Ion,  -sioa  -  ghf1"     -clous,  -tious,  -slous  =  shos.   -ble,  -die,  Ac.  =  bel,  del. 


S684 


polyzoary— pommel 


polyzoan  crag,  «. 

Gtol.  :  A  name  for  the  Coralline  Crag,  which 
contains  eighty-nine  species  of  Polyioa,  ^  of 
the  whole  fossil  species. 

p&l-y-so  -ar-y,   pol-y-xa-axM-niii,  s. 

[Mod.  Lat,  from  poJyzo(<»);  Lat  sufl.  -arium, 
Implying  pl*ce.) 

Zool.  :  The  entire  colony  or  the  entire 
dermal  system  of  the  Polj  »».  Called  also 
Ocenceclum. 

pdl-y-zon'-al,  a.  [Pref.  poly-;  Eng.  *o»(e),and 
suff.  -al.]  Composed  of  many  »oues  or  belts. 
polyzonal-lens,  *.  A  burning  lens  con- 
structed of  segments!  lenses  arranged  in  /ones. 
Tlie  object  is  to  obtain  lenses  of  large  sue  for 
lighthouses,  free  from  defects,  and  having  but 
slight  spherical  aberration.  They  were  first 
suggested  by  Buffbn,  and  made  by  Brewster. 

p$l  y  zd  -on,  t.  [POLTXOA.]  Any  individual 
of  the  Polyzoa  (q.v.). 

pom  a-can  -thua,  *.  [Gr.  W^LO.  (p6ma)  =  a 
cover,  and  oxovtfa  (aton/Aa)  =  a  spine.] 

1.  Ichthy.  :  A  genus  of  8quami|>enne8,  with 
a  strong  spine  at  the  angle  of  the  preopercu- 
lum,  and  from  eight  to  ten  spines  only  in  the 
dorsal  There  is  but  one  species,  Pomacanthui 
font.,  very  common  in  the  West  Indies,  which 
exhibits  remarkable  variation  in  colour. 

2.  PalaoHt.  :  From  the  Eocene  of  Monte  Bolca. 

pirn  ace,  pom  age,  pom  mage  (age 
as  Ig),  «.  [Low  Lat  pomacium,  from  Lat  po- 
mim;  FT.  pomnw  =  an  apple.] 

1.  The  refuse  of  apples  or  similar  fruit  after 
pressing  in  a  cider-mill. 

8.  Cider. 

"  A  kind  of  drink*  mad*  of  apple*,  which  the;  call 
elder  or  pomaf*."-ffolintlud:  b~crip.  fngtand,  bk. 
U,€k.»t 

po-ma  -o£-»9  0«r  c  as  «h),  *.  pi  [Lat  po- 
«(vm)  =  an  apple,  or  other  fruit  ;  fern.  pi.  adj._ 
•uff.  -act<r.\ 

'  1.  Linnseus's  thirty  -seventh  natural  order, 
Including  Punica,  Pyrus,  Ribes,  Ac. 

2.  Apple  worts;  an  order  of  Perigynous  Exo- 
gens,  alliance  Resales.    Trees  or  shrubs,  with 
alternate,  titipulate  leaves  ;  flowers  solitary, 
or  in  terminal  cymes,  white  or  pink.    Petals 
five,  nnguiculate,  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the 
calyx,   the  odd  one  anterior.     Stamens  in- 
definite, inserted  in  a  ring  in  the  throat  of  the 
calyx.    Ovaries  from  one  to  five,  more  or  less 
adherent     Fruit  a  pome,  one-  to  five-celled, 
rarely  ten-celled  ;  seeds  ascending,  solitary. 
Found  in  the  temperate  parts  of  the  Northern 
Hemisphere.     Known  genera  sixteen,  species 
900.     (Lindley.) 

pom  a  cAi  tri  d»,  *.  pi  [Mod.  Lat  jxmat- 
crntr(us)  ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  buff,  -idee.] 

1.  I'hthy.  :  Coral-fishes  ;  a  family  of  Pharyn- 
:ithi,  with  eight  genera  and  about  120 

•tiecies.  They  are  beautifully  coloured,  and 
al»iiml  in  the  neighbourhood  of  co.-al  forma- 
tions. 

2.  Palcront.  :  One  genus,  Odonteus,  from  the 
Eocene  of  Monte  Bolca. 

pom  a  cen  -trns,  «.  [Or.  wi^«  (p5mn)  =  a 
cover,  and  c»vrpoy  (kfntnn)  —  a  prickle.] 

Ichtliy.  :  The  typical  genus  of  the  family 
Poniacentrid*. 


•  po  ma  -ceous  (ce  as  sh),  o. 
I.  Ordinary  Ijangvay  : 

1.  Consisting  of  apples. 

-ramaomubtrrmtM.-  fttMpt  :  CUtf.  ti.  M. 

2.  I.  ike  pomace  (q.Y.). 

II.  Dot.  :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  Pomaces*. 

p&  made     *  pom  made  ,  po  ma  do,  «. 

[Kr.  jnmriiade  =  pomatum,  from  pomme  =  an 
apple  ;  Ital.  pomada,  pomata.  from  porno  ;  Lat. 
p-mum  =  an  apple  ;  so  called  because  origin- 
ally made  with  apples.]  Perfumed  or  fragrant 
ointment  or  composition  fordressing  the  hair  ; 
pomatum. 

pom  a  dcY  rfs.  i.  [Or.  ~Ma  (pSma)  s  a 
drinking  cup,  and  £«'ppn  (<frrrii)  =  a  leather 
covering  or  coat  Named  from  the  membra- 
nous covering  of  the  capsule.) 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Rhamnacec.  Pomadrrrit 
mpetala,  a  native  of  New  South  Wales,  yields 
a  liard.  close-grained  wood,  there  called 
Coopers  wood. 


•  po-ma  -do,  5.    [POMADE.] 

•  pom  age  (age  as  Ig),  «.    [POMACE.] 

po'-man-der,  *  pom  man-der, ».  (Cor- 
rupt from  Kr.  }*omme  d'nmbre  =  r.pple  or  ball 
of  amber.)  A  perfumed  ballorp<>wder,  carried 
iii  the  pocket  or  worn  suspended  from  the 
neck  or  waist 

••  Us*  of  pomandtn .  and  knot*  of  powders  for  drying 
of  rheum*.  -«ocon.  >o«.  Bitt..  I  »». 

pom  -ard  (rf  silent),  «.  [See  def.]  A  kind  of 
wine  made  from  grapes  grown  near  Poniard,  a 
Tillage  in  France,  in  the  department  C6te-d'-Or. 

to-mat  -6-moa,  «.     [Gr. 
cover,  and  rojtij  (torn*)  =  a  cutting.] 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Percidse,  with  a  single 
species,  Pomatomut  telescopium,  from  the 
Mediterranean  and  the  adjacent  parts  of  the 
Atlantic.  It  lives  at  a  depth  of  probably 
from  80  to  200  fathoms. 

>&  ma  -turn,  «.  [A  Latinised  form  of  pomade 
(q.v.).]  A  perfumed  ointment  or  composition 
for  dressing  the  hair;  pomade;  also  an  oint- 
ment for  external  application. 

"Together  with  a  collection  of  receipts  to  make 
•*  for  the  han  ' 
-TaOrr,  No. 


"ogeer  w        a  coecon 

paiUtfor  the  hands,  pomatum*,  lip-salves,  white  pot*, 
le."— 


pi-ma'  -torn,  v.t.     [POMATUM,  *.]     To  dress 
with  pomatum  ;  to  apply  pomatum  to. 

pome,  ».    [PoMUM.]  — 

1.  Botany: 

(1)  A  fleshy  fruit  without  valves,  containing 
a  capsule.    (Linnaus.) 

(2)  A  compound  fruit,  two  or  more  celled, 
inferior,  indehiscent,  and  fleshy  ;  the  seeds 
distinctly  enclosed  in  dry  cells,  with  a  bony 
or  cartilaginous  lining,  formed  by  the  cohe- 
sion of  several  ovaria  with  the  sides  of  the 
fleshy  tube  of  a  calyx,  and  sometimes  with 
each  other.    Examples  :  the  Apple,  the  Coto- 
neaster,  and  the  Hawthorn.    (Lindley.) 

*  (3)  A  head,  as  of  a  cauliflower. 

"  Cauly-flowers  over  -spredlug  to  pome  and  head."— 
Ertlyn:  Kalendarium  ;  Atlff- 

t  2.  Roman  Ritual  :  A  ball  of  precious  metal, 
usually  silver,  filled  with  hot  water,  and 
placed  on  the  altar  during  the  celebration  of 
mass  in  cold  countries,  that  the  celebrant, 
by  taking  it  into  his  hands,  may  prevent  them 
from  becoming  numb,  and  so  I*  enabled  pro- 
perly to  handle  the  sacred  elements. 

pome-water,  *.  A  sort  of  sweet,  juicy 
apple.  (Shakesp.  :  Love's  Labour's  Lost,  iv.  2.) 

*  pome,  v.i.    [Fr.  pommer  =  to  form  a  head  or 
ball,  from  pomme  =  an  apple.]    To  form  a  head 
in  growing  ;  to  grow  to  a  head. 

*  pome'-^It-rin,  ».    [Eng.  pome,  and  citron.] 
A  citron  apple.    (Ben  Jonson  :  Volpone,  ii.  1.) 

pdme     gran    ate,   *  pome  -  gar  -  nate, 

*  pome  gran  "at,  *  pom-gar  net,  s.  [Fr. 
pome  grenate.  from  l>at.  pom  vm  —  an  n  pple,  and 
yrannt-um  =  filled  with  seeds  or  grains  ;  Ital. 
porno  granato.] 

1.  Botany.  : 

(1)  The  fruit  of  Pvnica,  Granatum.     Botani- 
cally  viewed  it  is  anomalous,  consisting  of  two 
whorls  of  carpels,  one  placed  above  the  other, 
the  lower  tier  five  in  number,  the  upper  l>eing 
five  to  ten.    The  seeds  have  a  pellucid  pulpy 
covering.    They  are  eaten. 

(2)  The  Pomegranate-tree. 

2.  Jew.  Antiij.  :  An  ornament  resembling  a 
pomegranate  on  the  robe  and  ephod  of  the 
Jewish  high-priest 

3.  Scrip.  :  The  word  HQI  (rimmon),  rendered 
pomegranate,  seemscorrectly  translated,  Num. 
xx.  5,  Dent.  viii.  8,  Song  of  Solomon  iv.  13, 
Joel.  L  12,  Hag.  ii.  19,  &c. 

pomegranate-tree,  ». 

Bot.,  <tc.  :  Punica  Granatum,  once  believed 
to  be  the  type  of  a  distinct  order,  Granateee, 
then  placed  by  Lindley  among  Myrtacesp,  and 
by  Dentham  and  Hooker  transferred  to  Ly- 
thr.rcse.  It  has  oblong  or  lanceolate  leaves, 
undotted,  a  leathery  calyx,  shaped  like  a  top, 
with  five  to  seven  valvate  lobes  ;  and  y>etals 
many,  scarlet,  white,  or  yellowish.  [POME- 
GRANATE.] A  tree  fifteen  to  twenty-five  feet 
high,  a  native  of  Western  Asia  and  Northern 
Africa.  It  forms  woods  in  Persia.  A  decoc- 
tion of  the  bark  is  a  powerful  anthelmintic, 
but  not  so  good  as  fern  root  ;  the  flowers  are 
tonic  and  astringent  ;  the  bark  of  the  fruit  is 


used  in  leucorrhoea,  chronic  dysentery,  fee., 
and  the  acrid  juice  in  bilious  fever*. 

*  pom-el,  *.    [POMMEL.] 

*  pomelee,  a.     [Fr.  pommeli,  from  pommi; 
Lat   pomum  =  an  apple.]      Spotted  like  SB 
apple  ;  dappled.    (Uaundeville.) 

pom  el  Iocs,  s.  [Corrupt  fr.  POMPELMOOSB.] 
Bot.  t  Comrn.:  A   small   acrid    shaddock, 
Citrus  detumana. 

Pom  e-ra  -nl  an.  a.  [LAt.  Pomerania,  from 
Ger.  Pommern  =  a  province  of  Prussia.]  Of 
or  belonging  to  Pomerania. 

t  Pomeranian-bream,  >. 

Ichthy.  :  Abramis  buggenhagii,  said  to  be 
distinguished  by  the  greater  thickness  of  its 
body,  and  by  its  scales  being  larger  in  propor- 
tion to  its  size.  Dr.  Gunther  considers  it  to 
be  a  hybrid  between  Abramis  brama  and  Ltn> 
ciscus  rutilus. 

Pomeranian-dog,  .«. 

Zool.  :  A  variety  of  Canis  familiaris. 

"The  Pameranian-d"j  .  .  .  has  a  Bharp  nose,  prick 
ears,  a  thick,  itraight,  long,  and  silky  cont.  either 
white,  cream-colour,  or  black  ;  rather  full  eye».  tin 
tail  bushy,  and  curled  over  the  hack  ;  his  height 
areragea  fourteen  Inches."—  Meyrick  :  House  Dogt  A 
Sporting  Dog*,  P.  "<• 

•pd-mS-rid'-I-an,  a.  [POSTMERIDIAN.] 
Afternoon. 

••  I  punctually  perform  my  pomeridian  devotions." 
-Howtll  :  Lftttrt.  bk.  L,  let.  St. 

p6me  -roy,  pdme-rolK-al,  *.  [Fr.  pommt 
=  an  apple,  and  roi  =  a  king,  or  royal  =  royal.) 
A  kind  of  apple  ;  a  royal  apple. 


f,  *.    [F.  pomme  =  grown  round  or  to 
a  ball,  like  an  apple.]    [POME,  v.] 

Her.  :  The  figure  of  an  apple  or  of  a  roundel  ; 
it  is  always  of  a  green  colour. 

pSm'-fret,  *.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Ichthy.  :  A  species  of  Stroniateus,  found  In 
the  Mediterranean,  and  the  Indian  and  Pacilic 
Oceans.  (Goodrich.) 

*  pom  -Ige,  *.    [POMACE.] 

po-mif'-er-ous,  a.  [Lat.  pomiftr,  from 
pomum  =  an  apple,  and  /era  =  to  bear  ;  Eiig. 
adj.  suir.  -OHS.] 

•  1.   Ord.    Lang.  :    Bearing   or   producing 
apples. 

2.  Bot.  :  Apple-benring  (Paxton),  or  bearing 
the  fruit  called  a  pome  (q.v.). 

"The  low   pomifrrotu    kind,   as  cucumbers,   pom. 
pions."—  ArtnUhnnt  :  On  Alimentt,  ch.  iii. 

*  p6m  ma-do,  s.     [Ital.]    Vaulting  on  to  a 
horse,  without  the  aid  of  stinups,  by  resting 
one  hand  on  the  saddle-bow. 

pom   mage  (age  as  Ig),  s.    [POMAC*.] 

pom   mee,  pom  -met  tee,  a.   [Fr. 
fern,  of  pommi,  pa.  par. 
of  pommer  =  to  grow  to 
a  head  or  ball.]    [POME, 

».,  POMEV.] 

Her.  :  A  term  applied 
to  a  cross,  the  extremi- 
ties of  which  terminate 
in  buttons  or  knobs,  like 
those  of  a  pilgrim's  staff. 

pom    mel,  '  pom    el, 
*  pom  -  mell,  s.    [O. 

Fr.  pomcl  (Fr.  pommeau), 

from  Low  Lat.  pomtllus, 

diniin.,  from  Lat.  pomum  =  an  apple;  Sp.  A 

Ital.  ft  ma.] 

•  1.  A  round  ball  or  knob,  or  anything  re- 
sembling a  baJ  or  knob. 

•  2.  The  head.    (Chaucer,  C.  T.,  2,691.) 

3.  A  knob  on  the  hilt  of  a  sword. 

"  An  old*  rust  ie  sword  blade,  without  either  hilt  or 
pomtl.'  —  UacMvyt  :  Voyaget.  11.  133. 

4.  A  knob  or  protuberant  part  on  the  front 
of  a  saddle. 

5.  The  butt-end  of  the  stock  of  a  fire-arm. 

6.  The  knob  on  the  cascabel  of  a  cannon  ;  a 
pomrueliou. 

7.  The  round  knob  on  the  frame  of  a  chair. 

8.  A  knob  or  ball-shaped  ornament  used  as 
the  finial  to  the  conical  or  dome-shaped  roof 
of  a  turret,  pavilion,  &c. 

"  Huram  finished  the  two  pillars  ant)  the 
—  «  ChrmicUt  IT.  11 

9.  A  crippler  (q.v.). 


CROSS  POMMIK. 


fete,  fit ,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father :  we,  wit,  here,  camel,  her.  there ;  pine,  pit.  sire,  sir,  marine :  go.  p5t» 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who.  ado ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  foil ;  try.  Syrian.    s»,  co  =  e ,  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  lew. 


pommel— ponder 


3685 


pirn'  mel,  *  pom-el,  •  pum  ble,   pum 

mel,  v'.t.  [POMMEL,  *.]  To  beat  soundly, 
as  with  the  handle  of  a  sword,  or  similar  in- 
strument. 

"Theytnrue  him  cleane  out  of  his  owne  doom  »nd 

pumblehim  about  the  pate  in  ttede.'—Cdal :  Luke  Ui. 

pom  mel  -ion  (1  as  y),  s.  [POMMEL,  *.]  The 
kuob  on  tlie  cascabelof  a  cannon. 

pim'-melled,  pa.  par.  &  a.    [POMMEL,  v.] 

A.  -4s  pa.  pnr. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective : 

1.  OrtL  Lang. :  Soundly  beaten  or  thrashed. 

2.  Her.  :  Having  pommels,  as  a  sword  or 
dagger. 

po-mcer'-l-um,  *.    [Lat.] 

Rom.  Aiitiq. :  The  open  space  left  free  from 
buildings  within  and  without  the  walls  of  a 
town,  marked  off  by  stone  pillars,  and  con- 
secrated by  a  religious  ceremony. 

pd-mi-lo'g'-i'c-al,  a,  [Eng.  pomology); 
-ical ;  FT.  pomoloijique.] 

L  Of  or  pertaining  to  pomology. 

*2.  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  fruit 
or  fruit-trees. 

"Everything  pomological  gravitate*  to  London." — 
Daily  Telegraph,  Oct.  ID.  1885. 

po-mol'-o-gist,  s.  [Eng.  pomology);  -ist.] 
One  who  is  skilled  or  practised  in  pomology  ; 
one  who  cultivates  fruit-trees. 

"  OUT  pomoloyitfs  In  their  lists  select  the  three  or  the 
six  best  pears.  —JSmerton  :  Jinylish  Traitt,  eh.  L 

pd-moT-O-lfif',  s.  [Lat.  pomum  =  an  apple  ; 
suff.  -ology ;  Fr.  pomologle.]  That  branch 
of  science  which  deals  with  fruits  and  fruit- 
trees  ;  the  cultivation  of  fruits  and  fruit-trees. 

Fo-mo'-na,  s.   [Lat. ,  from  pomum  =  an  apple.] 

1.  Rom.  Antiq. :  The  goddess  who  presided 
over  fruit-trees. 

2.  Astron. :  [ASTEROID,  32]. 

*po-m5n'-Ic,  a.  [POMONA.]  O/  or  pertain- 
ing to  apples. 

pom  6  tls,  s.     [Or.  •nuiu.a  (pSma)  =  a  cover, 
and  ouc  (ous),  genit  ciroc  (otos)  —  an  ear.] 
Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Percidae.   [SUN-FISHES.] 

pomp,  *  pompe,  s.  [Fr.  pompe,  from  Lat. 
pompa  =  a  public  procession  ;  pomp,  from  Gr. 
iro/ijnj  (pompe)  =  a  semling  ...  a  procession  ; 
iretiirui  (pempo)  =  to  send  ;  Sp.,  Port.,  &  Ital. 
pomjia.] 

*1.  A  profession,  characterized  or  distin- 
guished by  grandeur,  solemnity,  or  display ;  a 
pageant. 

"The  which  he  conducted  himself  with  a  goodly 
pump  and  procession  to  the  very  gate  of  the  city."— 
P.  BoUand:  Plutarch' i  iloralt,  p.  417. 

2.  A  display  of  magnificence ;  splendour, 
•how,  ostentatious  display  or  parade  ;  state. 


"p6mp,  v.l.  [POMP,  «.]  To  make  a  pompous 
display  ;  to  show  off. 

pom '-pa-dour,  s.  &  a.    [See  def.] 

A.  As  subst.  :  A  crimson  or  puce  colour,  so 
called  after  Mad. Pompadour,  who  patronized  it. 

B.  As  adj. :  Of  a  crimson  or  puce  colour. 

"Silk  brocaded  with  lieads,  or  some  dainty  pompa- 
dour damiwk."— Daily  Telegraph,  Jau.  14.  1S8S. 

^1  The  f'ompadour* :  The  50th  Regiment  of 
Foot,  from  its  facings  being  of  this  colour. 
(Notes  &  Queries,  No.  xlix.,  p.  56.) 

•pSmp'-al,  a.     [Eng.  pomp;   -al.}     Proud, 

pompous. 

"  My  pompal  state."  Ballad  of  Kiny  Ltir. 

pom  pa  no,  s.  [Sp.]  A  fish,  Tradiynotus 
carolinus,  common  in  Florida. 

*pd"m-pat'-ic,  a.  [Low  Lat  pompatlcus. 
pompatus,  from  Lat.  pompa  =  pomp  (o,v.).] 
Pompous,  sliowy,  ostentatious. 

"  Pompatic,  foolish,  proud,  perverse,  wicked,  profane 
words." — Barrow :  Pope't  Supremacy. 

P6"m-pe   T  a,  s.    [Lat.  fern,  form  of  Lat.  Pom- 
peius  =  Poinpey.] 
Astron. :  [PLANET,  203]. 

pom  -pel  moose,    t  pirn  pel  mouse,  ». 

[FT.] 

Bot. :  The  fruit  of  the  Shaddock  (q.v.}, 

,  I.      [POMPELMOOSE.] 


*  po'm'-pe't,  s.    [Fr.  pompette.} 

Print.  :  A  printer's  inking-balL 

pdm'-ph6-lyx,  ».  [Gr.  >roii<£oXu{  (pompholux) 
=  a  bubble  left  on  the  surface  of  smelted  ore  ; 
TOGO'S  (pomphos)  =  a  bubble,  a  pustule.] 

*  1.  Chem.  :  Flowers  of  zinc. 

2.  Palhol.  :  A  rare  variety  of  pemphigus, 
without  fever.    It  generally  runs  its  course 
in  eight  or  ten  days.    A  kind  of  pompholyx 
may   be   produced    by    the   application    of 
cantharides. 

3.  Zool.  :   A   genus   of   Rotatoria,  family 
Brachionidae. 

pom-piT-I-dae,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  pompil(us)  ; 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -<V«.J 

Entom.  :  A  family  of  Aculeated  Hymenop- 
tera.  Antennae  long,  not  geniculate  ;  eyes  not 
notched  within  ;  prothorax  produced  on  each 
side  as  far  as  the  roots  of  the  wings,  as  in 
the  true  wasps.  Wings  not  folding  longi- 
tudinally, large  and  broad,  with  snbmarginal 
cells.  Legs  long,  and  tibise  spined,  their 
apex  with  long  spines.  The  Pompilidae,  with 
their  long  legs,  somewhat  resemble  spiders. 
They  have  often  beautiful  wings.  They  are 
very  active,  make  their  nests  in  sand,  and 
store  them  with  spiders,  caterpillars,  &c. 
Known  species  seven  or  eight  hundred. 

*pom-pil  lion   (i   as  y),   *  popilion,   «. 

[O.  Fr.  populeon,  from  Lat.  pnpulus  =  a  poplar 
(q.v.).]  A  pomatum  or  ointment  prepared 
from  black  poplar  buds.  (Cotgrave.) 

pom'-pfl-us,  s.     [Lat.,    from  Gr.  mpiritof 

(pompilos)  =  the  pilot-fish.] 

Entom.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Pompilidse. 
There  are  many  species,  extensively  distri- 
buted. Thirteen  or  more  are  British. 

*  pomp'-ing,  *  pomp-ynge,  a.   [Eng.  pomp  ; 
•ing.  \    Pompous,  ostentatious. 

"As  for  example  take  their  iiompynffe  pryde."— 
Bradford  :  Supitlicacyon,  1555. 

«  pom  -pi  on,  *  pom-pon  (1),  *.  [Fr.  pom- 
pon,  from  Lat.  jwponem,  ace.  of  pepo  (q.v.)  ; 
Ital.  pepone;  Sp.  pepon.]  A  pumpkin. 

"As  flat  and  Insipid  as  pomiiiont.'—  Ooodman  : 
Winter*!  Eetningi  Conference,  pt.  L 

p6m'  pire,  *.  [Lat.  pomum  =  an  apple,  and 
pyrus  =  a  pear.]  A  kind  of  apple  ;  a  sort  of 
pearmain.  (Ainsiwrth.) 

pom-po  -le  on,  s.    [POMPELMOOSE.] 

pom   pon  (2),  pom  poon,  s.    [Fr.] 

1.  Ord  Lang.  :  An  ornament,  as  a  feather  or 
flower,  for  a  bonnet;    specif.,  the    tuft    of 
coloured  wool  worn  by  infantry  soldiers  in 
front  of  the  shako. 

"  In  the  days  of  torn  pees  and  pompoont."—Bar\am  : 
Ing.  Legend*  ;  Leech  of  Folkettone. 

2.  Bot.  :  A  small  compact  variety  of  Chrys- 
anthemum. 

p<$m-pos'-l-ty\  *•  [Ital.  pomposita.]  Pom- 
pousuess,  ostentation,  parade,  boasting,  show. 

"  A  snob  she  Is  as  long  as  ...  she  indulges  in  that 
intolerable  pompotity."—  Thackeray:  Book  of  Snobi, 
ch.  vL 

ptfm-pd'-so,  adv.    [Ital.] 

Music:  A  direction  that  the  passage  or 
movement  to  which  it  is  appended  is  to  be 
performed  in  a  stately  and  dignified  style. 

pom'  pous,  a.  [Fr.  pompeux,  from  Ijti.  pom- 
posus,  from  pompa  =  pomp  (q.v.)  ;  Sp.  &  Ital. 
pomposo.] 

•  1.  Befitting  a  procession. 

"  What  pompoui  process  of  ravishment  we've  here." 
Beaumoi.t  :  rtyche.  xv.  QJJ. 

2.  Displaying  pomp,  grandeur,  or  magnifi- 
cence ;  grand,  magnificent. 

"  The  lure  o(  avarice,  or  the  pomjwui  )irize, 
That  courts  display  before  ambitious  eyes." 

C<n»i>er  :  Ketirement,  ITT. 

3.  Characterized  by  or  displaying  self-im- 
portance   or    pomposity  ;   ostentatious,   pre- 
tentious :     as,    a    pompous    man,    pompous 
language. 


,  zdv.    [Eng.  pompous  ;  -ly.] 
*  1.  In  a  manner  l>efitting  a  procession. 
"To  send  her  forth  pompoui'y,  all  the  nobility  con- 

tributed their  Jewels  aud  ricuest  ornaments."—  Milton  : 

aitt.  Eng..  ch.  Ivi. 

2.  In  a  jiompous  manner  ;  with  ostentation, 
parade,  or  display. 

"  The  mighty  Potentate,  to  whom  belong 
These  rich  regahrt  pompously  displayed." 

Foung  :  Kight  Thoujhti.  i*.  I,«S8. 


,  s.  [Eng.  pompous;  -ntss.l 
The  qtiality  or  state  of  1-eing  pompons: 
splendour,  pomp,  magnificence,  show  ;  osten- 
tations display  or  parade. 

"The  bigness  of  Its  jmnpourneu  and  luxury  "— 4l> 
Taylor:  Sermont,  voL  iiL,  ser.  ». 

po'-mum,  s.    [Lat.]    An  apple, 
pomum  Adami,  s. 
Anat. :  Adam's  apple  (q.v.X 

•pom'-wa-ter,  *.    [POME-WATKB.! 

*  pon,  s.    [POND.] 
pon'-pho,  s.    [Sp.] 

1.  A  sort  of  cloak  worn  by  fV-  uatlVB 
Indians,  and   also   by 

many  of  the  Spanish 
inhabitants  of  South 
America.  It  resembles 
•  narrow  blanket  with 
a  slit  in  the  middle, 
through  which  the 
head  passes,  so  that  it 
hangs  down  loosely  be- 
fore and  behind,  leav- 
ing the  arms  free. 

2.  Any  garment  for 
men  or  women  resei.i- 
bling    that    described 
under  1. 

"  The    broken    angular 
folds   of  a   silk   mantilla 
were  symbolized  in  an  oil- 
cloth poncho.'—  fieri/inert       CHILIAN  PONCHO. 
Magazine,  Nov.,  1878,  p.  :;•;. 

3.  A    trade   name    for   camlet   or   strong 
worsted. 

pond,  'pon,  "ponde,  a.  [A  variant  of 
pound,  (2),  s.  (q.v.).  Cf.  Ir. pont  =  (1)  a  pound 
for  cattle,  (2)  a  pond.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  body  of  still  water  of  less 
extent  than  a  lake  ;  a  pool  of  stagnant  water. 
Ponds  are  either  natural  or  artificial.    Artifi- 
cial ponds  are  constructed  for  various  pur- 
poses of  use  and  ornament :  as  for  the  keeping 
or  breeding  of  fish  ;  for  the  storage  of  water 
for  the  driving  of  water-mills;  or  for  purposes 
of  pleasure  or  amusement. 

"  If  he  maintained  .  .  .  a  pond  [to  be]  as  extensive  •» 
the  ocean."— Burnt :  Eiviyt,  pt  f.,  ess.  23. 

2.  Hydr.-eng. :  A  reach  or  level  of  a  canaL 
Two  ponds  of  varying  levels  are  connected  by 
a  lock. 

pond-lily,  s.    The  Water-lily  (q.v.X 
pond-perch,  s.    [SUN-FISHES.] 
pond-pine,  s. 

Bot. :  Finns  serotina. 

pond-snails,  s.  pi 

Zool. :  The  family  Limnseidse  (q.T.). 

pond-weed, «. 

Bot. :   (1)   The  genus  Potamogeton  (q.v.); 
(2)  [HORNED  POND-WEED]. 

*  pond  (1),   v.t.    [PoNDEB.]    To  ponder ;  to 

weigh  carefully. 

"fond  your  suppliant's  plaint." 

Spenter.    (7W4) 

*pond  (2),  v.t.  [PoND,  ».]  To  make  into  • 
pond  ;  to  dam  up  so  as  to  form  a  pond. 

p8n'-der,  v.t.  &  i.  [Lat  pondero  =  to  weigh, 
fioin  pondus,  genit.  ponderis  =  weight ;  FT. 
ponilerer;  Sp.  ponderar;  Ital.  ponderart.} 

[POUND  (1),  *.J 

A.  Transitive: 

•  I.  Lit. :  To  weigh. 

"  Whote  glemes  of  burning  fire,  and  sparkes  of  flanil 
In  balance  of  vuegal  weight  he  /miidtretk  by  aiiue." 
Surrey .-  Detcription  of  the  fickle  Affection*. 

II.  Figuratively : 

1.  To  weigh  carefully  in  the  mind  ;  to  reflect 
on  or  consider  with  care  and  deliberation. 

"  Mary  kept  all  these  things  and  pondered  them  in 
her  heart."— Lute  11.  19. 

*  2.  To  examine  carefully  ;  to  observe  with 
care  and  attention. 

"  Ponder  the  path  of  tliy  feet"— froverot  iv.  M. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  reflect,  to  muse,  to  d» 
liberate.    (Followed  l>y  on  or  over,  or  by  ft 
clause.) 

"  These  he  heeded  not.  but  pondered 
On  the  volume  in  l,l<  handT 

Lony fellow:  Golden  Legend,  It 

•pSn'-der,  ».  [PONDER,  v.]  Meditation,  re- 
flection. 

"One  little  flight  to  five  me  for  a  ponder."— Hat. 
JfA  rb!ay :  Diary,  iv.  -.7. 


fcSll.  b^y ;  p£ut,  Jolr-1 ;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  chin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  (his  ;  sin,  as  ;  expect,  Xcnophon,  exist,   ph  =£ 
-dan,  -tiaa  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,    sion  —  zhun.    -cious,  -tions,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel.  OeL 


S686 


ponderability— pontiff 


•pdn-der-a-bfl'-l-ty,  «.  [Fr.  ponderabili- 
te.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  ponderable  ; 
ponderableness. 

pdn  -der-a  ble,  a.  [Lat  ponderabilit,  from 
pundero  =  t<>  weigh ;  Pr.  ponderable ;  8p. 
ponderable;  Ilal.  j/orukruiiie.]  Capable  of 
being  weighed. 

"  The  bite  of  an  up  will  kill  within  iiu  hour,  yet  tin 
lni|>rrasiuu  ii  scarce  viiiule,  and  tlie  pulsou  communi- 
cated out  ponderable.'  —  Bnwiu :  t'ulyar  Arruurt. 
bk.  a.  ch.  xx»u. 

ponderable  matter, *. 

PhysioL :  Matter  possessed  of  weight ;  matter 
properly  so  called,  as  opjosed  to  imponderable 
matter,  viz.,  to  physical  agents. 

•pdn  der-a  ble  ness,  s.  (T.n%. ponderable; 
-nest.]  The'quality  or  state  of  being  |>onder- 
able ;  that  quality  or  property  of  bodies  by 
which  they  possess  weight. 

*pdn'-der-al,a.  (Fr.)  Estimated,  measured, 
or  ascertained  by  weight,  as  distinguished 
from  numeral. 

"  Thus  did  the  money  drachma  in  process  of  time 
decrease  but  All  the  while  we  may  supi>ose  the/xm- 
•VroJ  drachma  to  have  continued  the  same." — 
ArbulkmX  ;  On  Coi/u. 

*  pon -der-an9e,  J.  [Lat  ponderans,  pr.  par. 
of  ponden—  to  weigh.]    Weight,  gravity. 

*pdn  der-ate,  v.t.  &  i.  [Lat.  ponderatus, 
pa.  par.  of  ponJero  =  to  weigh.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  ponder,  to  weigh,  to  consider. 

B.  Intrant. :  To  have  weight  or  influence. 
(Carlyle.) 

•  pon  der  a  tion,  s.    [Lat.  pondtratio,  from 
ponderatus,  [«a.  par.  of  pondero  =  to  weigh  ; 
Fr.  ponderatwn  ;  Sp.  ponderacion;  Ital.  pon- 
derazione.] 

1.  The  act  of  weighing. 

"  Upon  an  immediate  ponder  at  ion  we  could  discover 
DO  eriKlMe  difference  in  weight."— Browne :  Yuiaar 
frrvuri.  bk.  tv..  ch.  TIL 

2.  A  reflection  ;  consideration. 

"  He  lart  In  the  scales  with  them  certalne  grave  jxm- 
a*ratHjni."-U,tll:  Maricd  Cleryie,  bt  ill,  f  13. 

pdn  der  er,  «.  [Eng.  ponder;  -er.}  One 
who  ponders. 

pon  -der -ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [PONDER,  v.] 

pdn'  der  Ing-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  pondering  ;  -ly.] 
In  a  pondering  or  reflecting  manner;  with 
reflection,  consideration,  or  deliberation. 


•pdn   der  ling,    ».      [A  dirnin.,  from    Lat. 
a,  genit.  ponderi*  =  weight,  with  Eng. 
dimin.  sun",  -lint;.]    A  little  weight 

She  hashed  her  prmderling  against  her  bosom."— 
floater  *  BeartK,  ch.  xxxvL 


•pdn  der  ment,  «.  [Eng.  ponder;  -ment.] 
Pondering,  meditation,  reflection. 

"In  deep  and  serious  pnndermenl 
I  watch'd  the  motions  of  Ms  next  intent.' 

II  tram  :  Kobberg  <tf  Cambridge  Cooc*. 

*p6n  der  ose,  a.  [Lat,  ponderottu.]  Pon- 
derous, weighty.  (North  :  Ezamen,  p.  470.) 

•pdn  der  ds-I-ty,  *.  [O.  Fr.  ponderosite, 
from  Lat.  ponderonu  —  ponderous  (q.v.);  ItaL 
ponderorUa.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  ponderous  ; 
weight,  gravity,  heaviness. 

"  P'lndtrofUn  Is  a  natural  Inclination  to  the  center 
of  th«  world.'-  W  or  ton  :  Kemaint.  p.  M. 

2.  Heavy  matter. 

•  3.  Heaviness,  dulness,  want  of  spirit  or 
lightntm 

"  The  old  reviewer  with  hli  pondrrottt*.  hi*  parade 
of  learning,  and  hu  Imprewlve  auuinpUon  of  lafalli. 
Ulltv.  "-Haiti  Tctegnp*,  Oct.  t,  IMS. 

pdn  der  on*,  o.     [O.  Pr.  pondereux,  from 
Lat.  ifniderosut,  from  pondui,  genit  punderit 
—  weight  ;  Ital.,  Sp.,  &  Port.  ponderoto.] 
L  Lit.  :  Very  heavy  or  weighty. 

"FromiUeUUon 
Drag  the  poiuferow  cmea." 

LmeftUot*    OoltUn  Uftnd.   (ProL) 
IL  Figuratively: 

1.  Heavy,  dull,  wanting  in  lightness  or  spirit  : 
U,  a  ponderout  style,  ponderous  language. 

j^LPJTPJJJJtlDf  a  pondtrmu  Joke.--.Da«»  TtteyrapK, 

2.  Momentous,  weighty,  important 

"If  your  more  pmderoia  and  eettled  project 
Mar  suffer  alt*r»ti.,n,  I'll  point  you 
Where  you  shall  have  receUinf  shall  become  Too.' 
»a*eip.:  Wintet't  Talt.iv.  4. 

•3.  Forcible  ;  strongly  impulsive. 

"  My  lore'i  more  pondtratu  than  my  tomroe." 
.  Uar.  i.  L 


pdn'-der-ous-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  ponderous; 
•ly.]  In  a  ponderous  manner;  with  great 
weight 

pdn'-der-ous-ness,  t,  [Eng.  ponderous; 
-nest.]  The  quality  or  state  of  oeing  ponder- 
ous ;  weight  heaviness. 

"  Their  /xinderautruu  him  to  the  earth  doth  press." 
Drayton  :  Damd  t  Ood'oM. 


'-ry,  *.    [See  def.] 
Geog.  :  A  place  on  the  Coromandel  coast, 
capital  of  tin-  French  possessions  in  India. 

Pondicherry-crocodile,  s. 

ZooL:  Crocodilus  pondicherrianv*. 
Pondicherry  hawk.  s. 
Ornith.  :  llaliaetus  pomlicerianus. 

pone  (1),  s.  [N.  Amer.  Ind.]  Bread  made  of 
the  meal  of  Indian  corn,  with  the  addition  of 
eggs  and  milk.  (Bartlett.) 

*  po'-ne  (2),  i.    [Lat  ,  imper.  sing,  of  pono  =  to 
lay,  to  place.] 
Law  : 

(1)  A  writ  whereby  an  action  depending  in 
an  inferior  court  might  be  removed  into  the 
Court  of  Common  Pleas  ;  a  writ  of  certiorari. 

(2)  A  writ  whereby  the  Sheriff  was  com- 
manded  to  take  security  of  a  man  for  his 
appearance  on  a  day  assigned. 

po'-nent,  a.     [Ital.  ponente  =  west,  from  Lat 
poiiens,  genit  ponentis,  pr.  )>ar.  of  pono  =  to 
set  ;  O.  Fr.  ponent;  Sp.  poniente.    [LEVANT,  o.] 
•  1.  Ord,  Lang.  :  West,  western. 


2.  Geol.  :  The  epithet  applied  to  the  twelfth 
series  of  the  Appalachian  strata,  nearly  equi- 
valent in  age  to  the  Old  Red  Sandstone.  The 
term  expresses  metaphorically  the  sunset  of 
the  Appalachian  Palaeozoic  day.  The  maxi- 
mum thickness  of  the  Ponent  beds  in  Eastern 
Pennsylvania  is  not  less  than  5,000  feet 
There  are  few  organic  remains  ;  but  the  pre- 
sence of  Holoptychioa  to  distinctive  of  the 
age  of  the  European  Devonian.  (Prof.  H.  D. 
Rogers  :  Geology  of  Pennsylvania). 


[Qr.  wfaypos  (poneros) 
=  wicked  ;  surf,  -ology.] 
Theol.  :  The  doctrine  of  wickedness. 

pon  ga'-mi-a,  ».  [From  Malabar  pongam, 
the  name  of  Pongamia  glabra.  (See  def.).  J 

Hot.  :  A  genus  of  papilionaceous  plants, 
tribe  Dalbergieae.  Pongamia  glabra  is  an 
erect  tree  or  a  climber  with  blue,  white,  or 
purple  flowers.  Its  wood  is  used  in  India  for 
oil  mills,  solid  cart-wheels,  &c.  The  seeds 
yield  a  red-brown  thick  oil  called  Poonga-oil, 
an  excellent  remedy  for  cutaneous  diseases- 
and  rheumatism.  The  juice  of  the  root  may 
be  used  as  a  wash  for  foul  sores. 

pdn'-gee,  s.    [Native  name.] 

fabric  :  An  inferior  kind  of  Indian  silk. 

pon  ghee,  s.  [Native  word.)  A  priest  of  the 
higher  orders  in  Burmah. 

pdn  -go,  t.    [African.] 

ZooL  :  A  popular  name  for  5imta  satyrut  ; 
often  applied  to  other  anthropoid  apes. 

pdn  -lard  (iasy),  *  pdn  -yard,  s.  [Fr.  poi- 
gnard,  from  poing  =  the  fist,  with  suff.  -ard 
(  =  O.  H.  Ger.  hart  =  hard)  :  cf.  Ital.  pugnaU 
=  a  poniard,  from  pugno  (Lat.  pugnus)  =.  the 
fist  ;  Sp.  puho  =  the  fist,  a  hilt,  jntnal  =  a 
poniard.]  A  dagger  ;  a  short  weapon  for 
stabbing. 

"  If  thou  hart  courage  still,  and  wouldst  be  free, 
Kecelve  this  poniard—  rlse-aud  follow  me  !  " 

Byron:  Corviir,  Hi.  « 

pdn'  -lard  (1  as  y),  v.t.  [Fr.  poignarder.]  To 
stab  or  pierce  with  a  poniard. 

"  Prepared  to  poniard  whomso'er  they  meet." 

Cowper:  Charity. 

*  pon-I-bltr-I-tjf,  t.  [Lat.  pono  =  to  place.] 
Capability  of  being  placed. 

"  ponke,  «.  [A  misreading  in  old  editions  of 
Spfnatfi  Epithalamion,  340,  tor  pouke  (=s 
Puck)  =  an  elf,  a  sprite.] 

pdnf  ,  i.    [Lat  =  a  bridge.] 

Anal.  :  Any  bridge-like  structure,  as  Font 
hepatis,  a  bridge  across  the  umbilical  fissure 
of  the  liver,  P.  Varolii  (the  Bridge  of  Varo- 
lius),  a  commissure  uniting  the  two  hemi- 
spheres of  the  cerebellum. 


PONT- VOLANT. 


pons-asinorum,  s.  [Lit  =  the  t>ridg» 
of  asses.)  A  cant  term  for  the  fifth  propo- 
sition of  the  first  book  of  Euclid,  from  its 
remote  resemblance  to  a  bridge,  and  the 
difficulty  experienced  by  beginners  in  getting 
over  it 

pdnt,  s.    [Fr.,  =  a 

bridge.]  (See  com- 
pound.) 

pont  volant, 
».  [Lit  =  flying 
bridge.] 

Jf  il. :  A  kind  of 
bridge  used  in 
sieges  for  surpris- 
ing a  post  or  out- 
work that  has  but 
a  narrow  moat. 
It  is  composed  of 

two  small  bridges  laid  one  upon  the  other, 
and  so  contrived  that,  by  the  aid  of  cords  and 
pulleys,  the  upper  one  may  be  pushed  forward 
till  it  reaches  the  destined  point. 

pdn'-tao,  s.  [See  def.]  A  species  of  claret 
wine  made  at  Pontac,  in  the  Basses-l'yrennees. 

*  pont  age  (age  as  ig),  s.  [Fr.,  from  Low 
Lat.  pontagium,  pontaticum,  from  Lat.  pans, 
genit  pon<is  =  a  bridge  ;  Sp.  pnntage.}  A  tax 
or  toll  for  the  maintenance 'and  repair  of 
bridges. 

"Without  paying  wharfage,  pontage,  or  pannage. " 
—Hackluyt :  Yoyayet,  i.  135. 

pdnt  a  rach'-na,  s.  [Gr.  irorro?  (pantos)  = 
the  sea,  and  opa^Vr;  (arachne)  =  a  spider.] 

ZooL :  A  genus  of  Hydrachnidse,  with  one 
or  two  species,  from  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic 
and  the  Mediterranean. 

pdn-ted-er-a'-9e-8B,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  jxm- 
teder(ia);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sutf.  -acece.] 

Bot. :  Pontederads ;  an  order  of  Endogens, 
alliance  Alismales.  Aquatic  or  marsh  plants, 
leaves  sheathing  at  the  base,  with  parallel 
veins,  often  arrow-headed,  cordate,  or  dilated ; 
flowers  solitary  or  in  spikes  or  umbels  ;  peri- 
anth tubular,  six-parted,  more  or  less  ir- 
regular, with  a  circinate  (estivation  ;  capsule 
sometimes  adhering  to  the  perianth,  three- 
celled,  seeds  indefinite.  Natives  of  America, 
the  East  Indies,  and  tropical  Africa.  Known 
genera  six,  species  thirty. 

pdn-te  - der'-&d,  s.    [Mod.  Lat.  ponteder(fa) ; 
Eng.  sull'.  -ad.] 
Bot.  (PL):  Lindle/s  name  for  Poutederaceee. 

pon  to  der -I  a,  s.  [Named  after  Julius 
Pontedera,  Professor  of  Botany  at  Padua.] 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Pontederacese 
(q.v.).  The  root  of  J'ontederia  vaginalis  is 
chewed  in  India  for  toothache. 

pdn -tee',  pon -til,  pon  ty,  pun  til, 
pun-ty,  s.  (O.  Fr.  pointille  =  something 
pointed  ;  a  prick.]  The  iron  rod  used  by  a 
glass-blower  to  support  the  glass  while  work- 
ing. 

pdn'-tl-a  (or  t  as  sh),  «.    [Lat  pontus  =  the 
sea.    (Agassiz.)~} 
Entom. :  The  same  as  PIERIS  (q.v.). 

Pdn' -tic,  a.  [Lat.  Ponticus.]  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  Pontus,  Euxine,  or  Black  Sea. 


"  Exiled  to  the  Pontic  shore.' 


Cowper :  Slegy  L 


pon  ti  fex  (pi.  pdn-tif-I-9e?),  s.  [Lat 
from  pans  =  a  bridge,  a  path,  and  /acto  =  tO 
make.]  [PONTIFF.]  A  bridge-builder ;  a  title 
given  to  the  more  illustrious  members  of  the 
Roman  Colleges  of  priests.  Their  number  was 
originally  five,  the  president  being  styled  Pon- 
tifex  Maximus.  The  number  was  afterwards 
increased  to  nine,  and  later  still  to  fifteen. 
After  the  time  of  Tiberius  the  office  an'l  title 
of  Pontifex  Maximus  were  bestowed,  as  a 
matter  of  course,  upon  each  Emperor  on  bis 
accession.  It  is  now  the  title  of  the  Pope. 

"  Well  has  the  name  of  Pontiff!  been  given 
Unto  the  Church's  head,  as  the  chief  builder 
And  urchitfct  of  the  invisible  bridge 
That  leads  from  earth  to  heaven." 

Langfeltaw  :  Golden  Legend,  T. 

pdn  tiff;  *  pon-tif,  *  pon-tlfe,  s.    [O.  Pr. 

pontif,  pontife  (Fr.  pontifc),  from  Lat.  poi»- 
tificem,  ncc.  of  pontifex  =  the  bridge-builder: 
supposed  to  be  so  styled  from  the  Roman 
pontiflces  having  the  charge  of  the  SuMician 
Bridge  in  Rome,  to  which  a  sacred  character 
was  attached  ;  Sp.  pontif.ce ;  Ital.  pontefiee.] 

[PONTIFEX.] 


Gt-,  tat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  l&ll,  father ;  we,  w«t,  here,  camel,  her,  there ; 
OT,  wore,  W9U,  work,  whd,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  nnlte,  our,  rule,  tfcil ;  try, 


pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  p5t, 
Syrian,    se,  m  ~  o;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


pontiflc— pool 


3687 


1.  A  Roman  pontifex. 

"  But  it  would  be  a  very  great  mistake  to  imagine 
that  one  single  Pontiff  or  Augur  In  the  Roman  Senate 
was  a  tiriu  believer  In  Jupiter."—  Macaulay  :  gut. 
fug.,  ch.  xili. 

2.  The  high-priest  of  the  Jews. 

3.  The  Pope  ;  usually  the  Sovereign  Pontiff. 

*  pon-tlf  '-Ic,  *  pon-tif  -ick,  a.    [Lat.  pon- 
tificius,  from  pontifex,  geiiit.  pontificis.]    [PoN- 

TIFEX.j 

1.  Pertaining  or   relating  to  the  Roman 
pontiffs  or  priests. 

"Their  twelve  table*  and  the  font  (lick  college.*— 
tlitton:  Areopagitica. 

2.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the  pope  ;  papal, 
popish. 

"  Nor  yet  surceas'd  with  John's  disastrous  fate 
Pontifc  fury."  Shtnttone  :  Ruined  Abbey. 

p6n  tif'-Ic  al,  *  pon  tif  -ic  all,  a.  ft  «. 

[Fr.  pontifical,  from  Lat.  pontificalis,  from 
printifex,  genit  pontiJlcis  =  Si  pontifex  (q.v.); 
Sp.  &  Port,  pontifical  ;  Ital.  pontifical*.] 

A.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Pertaining  or  belonging  to  a  pontiff  or 
high-priest 

"  Of  the  high-print  and  master  of  their  pontifleaU 
taw."—  North  :  Plutarch,  p.  5». 

2.  Pertaining   or  belonging  to  the  pope; 
papal,  popish. 

"  Leo  the  Ninth  ...  Is  In  all  their  pontifical  his- 
lories  spoken  of  as  a  person  of  great  sincerity."  — 
Clarendon  :  Religion  t  Policy,  ch.  iii. 

*  3.  Bridge-building  (an  improper  use  of  the 
word,  and  one  occurring  prolably  only  in 
llilton). 

"They  brought  the  work  by  wondrous  art, 
I'ontificnl,  a  ridge  of  pendent  rock, 
Over  the  vex'd  Sajm.*          MMun  :  P.  L..  x.  SO. 

B.  As  substantive  : 

1.  A  book  containing  ecclesiastical  rites  and 
ceremonies. 

"What  the  Greek  and  Latin  churches  did,  may  be 
Men  in  pontificalt,  containing  the  form*  for  conse- 
crations. —  South  :  Sermon*. 

2.  A  list  of  popes. 

"Stephen  the  Eighth  or  the  Ninth  (for  he  Is 
reckoned  both  in  several  pontifical*}."—  Clarendon  : 
Policy  t  Religion,  ch.  iii. 

3.  (PI.):    The  dress  and    ornaments  of  a 
pontiff  or  bishop. 

"Sndbury,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  was  comin? 
thither  robed  In  his  pontijicalt."—  Loitth  :  Life  ojf 
\Yykeham,  f  6. 

•  pSn-tif-i-C&l'-I-ty,   *.      [Eng.   pontifical; 
•ity.} 

1.  The  state  and  government  of  the  Pope  ; 
papacy. 

"  When  the  pontijlcnlity  was  first  set  up  in  Rome, 
all  nations  from  E'.st  to  Welt  did  worship  the  Pope 
DO  otherwise  than  of  old  the  Caesars."—  CiAer.'  Tht 
See  "/  Rime,  p.  20. 

2.  Pontifical  character. 

"  Charles  the  Fifth  proceeded  In  matters  temporal 
towards  Pope  Clement  with  strange  rigour;  ne 
" 


pSn-tlr-ic-al-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  pontifical  ;  -ly.] 
In  a  pontifical  manner. 
U  To  assist  pontifically  : 
Eccles.  :  To  assist,  as  a  prelate,  at  mass  or 
other  function. 

pon  tif  fc-als,  s.  pi.    [PONTIFICAL,  B.  3.] 

pSn-tlf  '-I-cate,  >.  [Fr.  pontifical,  from  Lat. 
pontificatus,  from  pontifex,  genit.  pontifir.is  =•  a 
pontifex  (q.v.);  Sp.  &  Port,  pontificadn.] 

1.  The  state,  position,  or  dignity  of  a  high- 
priest. 

2.  The  state,  office,  or  dignity  of  a  pope  ; 
papal  rank  ;  papacy. 

"  He  turned  hermit,  in  the  view  of  being  advanced 
to  the  pontificate."—  Adttium. 

3.  The  reign  of  a  pope. 

"  Of  the  sixteen  popes  .  .  .  the  pontijtcatet  of  two 
occupy  near  forty  years."—  Milman:  Latin  Christ  I. 
anity,  bk.  viii.,  ch.  i. 

pSn-tif-I-cate,  v.i.  [Eccles.  Lat  pontifico.] 
[PONTIFICATE,  s.] 

Eccles.  :  To  exercise  solemn  ecclesiastical 
functions.  To  pontificate  at  high  mass  =  to 
celebrate  high  mass  as  a  prelate. 

*  p8n'-tl-fi$e,  s.    [Lat.  pons,  genit.  pontis  =  a 
bridge,  and  facio  =  to  make.]    Bridge-work  ; 
the  erection  or  structure  of  a  bridge. 

"This  new  .  .  .  pontifice.'         Milton:  P.L..1.M*. 

•  pon-tf-f  ty'-lal  (9  as  sh),  a.     [Lat.  jxm- 
tificius.]    Pontifical,  papal,  popish. 

"Such  stories  I  find  among  I'ontificial  writen."— 
Burton  :  A  not.  Melancholy,  p.  62. 


*  pon-ti-fi  -clan,  a.  &  «.    [Lat. 

A.  As  adj.  :  Pontifical,  popish. 

"  Pontifician  l»ws."—  Bp.  Bail  :  Peacemaker,  1  11 

B.  As  subtt.  :  An  adherent  or  supporter  of 
the  pope  or  papacy  ;  a  papist. 

"  Many  pontifici^ins  >nd  we  differ  not  in  this  point." 
—  ilountogiM  :  Appetite  to  CfMur,  p.  M. 

POn-til,  ».      [POVTEE.] 

Pon  -tine,  Pomp'-tine,  a.  [Lat.  Pontinus, 
Pomptinus;  Fr.Pontin;  Ital.  Pontino.]  Per- 
taining or  relating  to  a  large  marshy  district 
between  Rome  ami  Naples.  (Mocaulay:  Battle 
of  the  Lake  liegillus,  xiv.) 

pont-le  vis,  ».  [Fr.,  lit.  =  a  drawbridge, 
from  pont  =  a  bridge,  and  lever  (Lat  levo)  = 
to  raise.] 

Manege  :  A  disorderly  resisting  action  of  a 
horse  in  disobedience  to  his  rider,  in  which 
he  rears  up  several  times  running,  and  rises 
np  so  upon  his  hind  legs,  that  he  is  in  danger 
of  coming  over.  (Bailey.) 


pont-ob-deT-la,  *.  [Or.  »dvroc  (pontos)  = 
the  sea,  and  /36VAAa  (bde'.la)  —  a  leech.] 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Hirudinea,  with  several 
species,  parasitic  on  fishes.  Pontobdella  muri- 
cata  is  the  Skate-sucker,  about  four  inches 
long,  with  a  leathery,  knobl>ed  skin.  It  has  no 
jaws,  but  sticks  fast  and  sucks  out  the  juices 
of  the  fish. 

"Mr.  Baird.  in  1M9,  made  known  four  new  Pontoo- 
aeUa;."—l'an  Bencden  :  Animal  Paratitet,  p.  11*. 

*  pon-ton,  ».    [PONTOON.] 

pon  ton  ier  ,  pSn-ton-nieV,  *.  [Fr.,  from 
ponton  =-  a  pontoon  (q.v.).]  A  soldier  in 
charge  of  a  pontoon,  or  who  constructs  pon- 
toons. 

pon-toon',  *  pon-ton,  *.  [Fr.  ponton,  from 
ItaL  pontont=:»  great,  broad  bridge;  Lat. 
pons,  genit  vontis=a  bridge.] 

1.  Mil.  Zrg.  :  A  floating  vessel  supporting 
the  roadway  timrwg  of  a  floating  military 
bridge.  They  may  be  boats,  water-tight 
cylinders  of  tin,  as  in  the  Blanchard  Pat- 
tern, now  obsolete,  or  wooden  frames  covered 
with  canvas,  as  used  in  the  Russian  army. 


O,  O.    PONTOONS.      6.    ROADWAY. 

The  pontoon  bridge  is  carried  with  the  army, 
usually  enough  bridge-making  material  to  <on- 
stnict  a  floating  bridge  100  yards  long  being 
taken  with  each  army  corps.  They  are  usually 
flat-bottomed  boats  of  wood  and  canvas,  cov- 
ered by  roadway  planks.  They  are  often 
united  to  the  shore  by  trestles  and  planks,  thug 
allowing  for  rise  and  fall  of  water. 

2.  Nautical: 

(1)  A  barge   or  lighter  of  large  capacity, 
used    in    careening    ships,    raising    weights, 
drawing  piles,  <fcc.,  or  capable,  in  pairs,  of 
acting  as  camels. 

(2)  A  barge  or  flat-bottomed  vessel  furnished 
with  cranes,  capstans,  and  hoisting  tackle, 
used  in  wrecking,  in  connection  with  a  diving- 
bell,  or  in  raising  submerged  vessels. 

3.  Hydraulic-engineering: 

(1)  [CAMEL,  S.,  II.  1.] 

(2)  A  water-tight  structure  which  Is  sunk 
by  tilling  with  water,  and  raised  by  pumping 
it  out,  used  to  close  a  sluiceway  or  entrance 
to  a  dock.    It  works  in  grooves  in  the  dock 
walls,  and  acts  as  a  lock-gate. 

pontoon- bridge,  ponton-bridge,  s. 

Mil.  Eng. :  A  temporary  military  bridge 
supported  on  pontoons.  . 

pontoon-train,  ponton-train,  «. 

Mil. :  The  complete  equipment  for  the  for- 
mation of  a  floating  military  bri'lge.  A  "  pon- 
toon train "  in  the  army  carries  about  100 
yards  of  pontoon  bridge  for  eacli  army  corj*, 
embracing  the  boats,  roadway  planks,  &.c.  This 
material  is  conveyed  on  wagons,  for  ready  use 
if  needed. 


pon-to-pdV-I-a,  s.  [Gr.  iroi/Toiropo?  (panto- 
porm)  =  passing" over  the  sea  :  itovro^  (pontot) 
=  the  sea,  and  o-opcvu  (poreuo)  =  to  ferry 
across  a  river.] 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Platanistidsp,  forming  a 
link  between  the  other  two  genera  of  the 
family  and  the  Delphinidte.  There  is  but  one 
species,  Pontoporia  blainvillii,  from  the  mouth 
of  rivers  flowing  into  the  Atlantic  on  the 
coast  of  the  Argentine  Republic  and  Patagonia, 
along  which  it  also  ranges.  It  is  atiout  four 
feet  long,  blackish,  pale  beneath,  with  a  white 
streak  along  each  side,  from  the  blowhole ; 
dorsal  well-marked  and  triangular. 

pon'-y\  *  pon'-ejf,  *.     [Gael,  ponaidh  =  a 
little  horse,  a  pony  ;  Ir.  poni.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  A  small  horse. 

2.  Tlie  sum  of  twenty-five  pounds  sterling. 
(Slang.) 

"The  bet  of  a  pony  which  he  offers  five  minute* 
afterwards."— Kingiley  :  Two  Teart  Ago,  ch.  xviij 

*  3.  A  translation,  key,  or  crib  used  by 
students  or  schoolboys  in  getting  up  lessons. 
(Slang.) 

4.  A  small  glass,  containing  rather  less  than 
half-a-i'int.    (Slang.) 
IL  Bot. :  Tecoma  serratifolia. 

pony-chaise,  pony-chair,  s.  A  lady's 
low  chaise,  to  be  drawn  by  one  or  two  ponies. 

pony-engine,  s.  A  locomotive-engine 
kept  at  a  railroad  station  for  moving  cars  and 
making  up  trains.  (American.) 

pon'-y,  v.i.  [PONY,  ».]  To  pay ;  to  settle  an 
account  (Followed  by  up.)  (Amer.  slang.) 

pood,  «.  [Russ.  pml.}  A  Russian  weight, 
equivalent  to  forty  Russian  or  thirty -six  Eng- 
lish pounds  avoirdupois. 

poo -die,  s.  [Ger.  pudel;  Low  Ger.  pudel, 
pudel-hund,  from  pudeln  =  to  waddle  ;  Dan. 
pudel;  Dut.  poedel.] 

Zool. :  A  variety  of  Cants  familiaris.  of  an- 
known  origin.  It  is  sometimes  called  the 
Barl>et  (q.v.),  but  that  name  is  properly  con- 
fined to  a  small  kind. 

"I  discovered  a  large  black  poodle  in  the  act  (4 
making  for  my  legs."— Arutey :  Tne  Black  foodie. 

POO-gye,  s.  [Hind.]  The  nose-flute  of  the 
Hindoos.  Probably  blown  by  the  nose  instead 
of  the  mouth,  in  order  to  avoid  possible  de- 
filement of  caste. 

podh,  inter;.  [Icel.  pit.]  An  exclamation  of 
contempt,  scorn,  or  derision  ;  pish  !  pshaw  I 

pooh-pooh,  v.t.  To  turn  aside  with  a 
pooh  ;  to  express  contempt  for  or  derision  at ; 
to  sneer  or  laugh  contemptuously  at 

"  [They)  pooh-pooh  the  idea  that  English  interest! 
are  serioualy.involved."— St  Jameii  (iutette,  Stpt.  O. 
1885. 

pool  (1),  *  pol,  *  poole,  s.  [A.  8.  pol,  from 
Ir.  poll,  pull  =  a  hole,  mire,  dirt  ;  Gael,  poll  = 
a  hole,  a  pond,  a  pool ;  Wei.  pu'll  =a  pool ; 
Corn,  pol;  Manx  poyl ;  Bret,  poull  ;  Ger. 
pfuhl;  cogn.  with  Lat  palus  =  a  marsh,  ft 
pool ;  Gr.  m)\<«  (pclos)  =  mud.] 

L  A  small  shallow  collection  or  body  of 
water  or  other  liquid  in  a  hollow  place  ;  a 
small  pond  ;  a  small  piece  of  stagnant  water. 

"  The  swallow  sweeps 
The  slimy  pool."  Thornton  :  Spring.  <M. 

»  2.  A  spring. 

"The  conduit  of  the  npper  pool."— t  Kinyi  xrilL  IT. 

3.  A  hole  in  the  course  of  a  stream  dcepei 
than  the  ordinary  bed. 

"  Huddling  on  a  few  clothes  I  made  for  tiie  pool."— 
field.  April  4,  1885. 

*  4.  A  lake. 

"  The  pool  of  Oenasereth."—  Wyclifft  :  Lute  T.  L. 

pool-reed,  •. 

Dot.  :  Phragmites  communis, 

pool-rush, «. 

Bot. :  The  genus  Typha. 
pool-snipe,  s. 

Orntth. :  The  Redshank  (q.v.)    ' 

po6l(2),  'poule,  *.  [Fr.  j>o»  ?«  =  (!)  a  hen, 
(2|  a  pool,  at  games,  from  Low  Lat.  pulta  —  a 
hen,  feni.  of  Lat.  jndliu  =  a  young  animal; 
cogn.  with  Eng.  foal.] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  receptacle  for  the  stakes  at  certain 
games  of  cards,  ic. 


boil,  b£y ;  pout,  jowl ;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  fhin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   -ing. 
-Gian.  -tian  -  shan.     tion,  -eion  =  shun ;  -(ion,  -f  ion  =  zhun.   -clous,  -tious,  -sious  -  shus.   -ble,  -die,  ic.  -  bel,  del* 


3888 

2.  The  stakes  themselves. 

>.  A  p»m«  played  with  fifteen  tnll*  and  ft 
cue-ball  OD  a  billiard  table  having  nix  pocketo. 
The  object  U  to  pocket  the  ball*,  excepting  tu« 
cue-ball. 

4.  An  arrangement    between   sereral   com- 
peting lines  of   milroad,  by  which  the  total 
receipts  of  each  company  are  pooled  aud  dis- 
tributed pro  rota  according  to  agreement. 

5.  A  combination  of   persons    contributing 
money  to  be  used  for  the  purpose  of  increasing 
or  depressing  the  market  price  of  stocks,  with 
a  view  to  the  settlement  of  differences.    Also, 
the  stock  or  money  contributed  by  a  clique  to 
carry  through  a  corner.     (Amer.} 

6.  (a)  A  collective  stake  in  a  gambling  game, 
and  the  place  where  it  is  deposited.     (l>)  A 
combination  of  letters  on  any  game  of  chance, 
as  a  horse-race,  all  the  money  staked  being 
divided  among  the  winners. 

H.  Rifle-shooting:  Firing  for  prizes  on  the 
arrangement  that  each  competitor  pays  a 
certain  sum  for  each  shot,  and  all  the  pro- 
ceeds of  the  day,  after  deduction  of  the  neces- 
sary expenses,  are  divided  among  the  winners. 

pool-ball,  *.  One  of  a  set  of  coloured 
Ivory  balls,  used  in  the  game  of  pool  at 
billiards. 

pool  seller,  «. 

Racing,  <tc. :  One  who  forms  pools  and  sell* 
pool-tickets.  [POOL  (2), «.,  6  (6).] 

pool,  v.t.  fti.    [PooL(2X«.J 

A.  Trans. :  To  pay  or  contribute   into  a 
common  fund,  to  be  afterwards  divided  pro 
rata,  according  to  arrangement. 

"To  practically  pool  their  traffic."— Money  Market 
ferine.  Aug.  J».  IMS. 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  join  with  others  in  a  specu- 
lation or  transaction,  each  party  paying  his 
due  share  or  stake  to  the  common  fund. 

pool  er,  i.    [Eng.  pool  (1),  s.  ;  -«r.]    A  stick 
for  stirring  the  vats  of  a  tannery. 

po6n,s.  [Native  Indian  name.]  (See  compound.) 

poon  wood,  >.  Wood  from  various  spe- 
cies of  Calophyllum  (q.v.J. 

pod'  -  nan  -  lite,  s.     [Named  after  Poonah, 
India,  where  found  ;  suff.  -lite  (Afiu.).] 

Min. :  A  variety  of  Scolecite  (<|.v.),  occur- 
ring in  groups  of  diverging  acicular  crystal*, 
associated  with  green  ajiophyllite,  &c. 

podp  (1),  'poupe,  *puppe,s.  [Fr.  poupe, 
pouppe,  from  l^at.  puppitn,  uccus.  of  puppis  — 
the  hinder 
part  of  a 
ship.aship; 
Bp.A  I'oit 
popa ;  Ital. 


Shipbuild- 
ing : 

1.  The 
•  fteniH'st, 
highest 
part  of  the 
ball. 

-  K.T  the 
•MsaftlMii 
galliots  were 
all  gilt."- 
Jtortk  I'lu- 
tareft,  D.U4. 

2.  A  deck  over  the  after  part  of  a  spar-deck, 
abaft  the  mizzen. 

poop-cabin,  • . 

Shipbuild.  :  The  apartment  in  a  poop. 
poop-lantern,  s. 

Ifaut.  :  A  lantern  carried  on  the  taflrail  at 
Bight  to  Indicate  a  flag-ship  or  act  as  a  signal 
when  a  ship  is  moored  bow  and  stern. 

podp  (2),  «.    [PoppT.] 

Arch. :  The  same  as  POPPY-HBAD  (1)  (<!• »".). 
Podp  (1),  v.  t.    (  POOP  (1),  f.  ] 

ffaut. :  To  break  heavily  over  or  on  the  poop 
of ;  to  drite  in  the  stem  of,  and  so  sink. 

"  A  press  of  canvas  that  may  have  saved  her  from 
being  pooped.'— Daily  Telegraph.  Nov.  it,  1M*. 

POOD  (2),  v.l.  [A  variant  of  pop  (q.v.).l  To 
make  a  sharp  noise  by  blowing  out ;  to  break 
wind. 

podp  (3),  v.t.     [Etym.  doubtful]     To  cheat. 


pool— poor 

•poop-noddy,  «.     The   game   of  love, 

(HaUiwett.) 

"  I  saw  them  cloae  together  at  poop-noddy."—  Wilg 
Beyttiltd,  in  Hawkini  Kng.  Drama,  hi.  310. 

poor,  *  poore,  *  pore,  *  poure,  *  pouere, 
•  powre,  a.  &  *.  [O.  FT.  pjvre,  poure,  povere 
(Fr.  pourre),  from  Lat.  pauperem,  accus.  of 
pauper  =  poor,  from  the  roots  seen  in  pawns 
=  little,  Gr.  waupo?  (pauros),  and  in  paro  = 
to  prepare,  hence  =  providing  or  preparing 
little ;  Su.  &  Port,  pobre;  ItaL  jwuero.j 
[PAUPER.  J 

A.  As  adjective  : 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Possessed  of  little ;  destitute  of  riches ; 
not  possessed  of  sufficient  to  provide  com- 
fortable subsistence ;  needy,  necessitous,  indi- 
gent 

"The  pour*  man  whan  he  goth  by  the  way, 
Beforue  the  tlieves  be  may  sing  and  play." 

Chaucer  :  C.  T.,  4,11*. 

2.  Generally   wanting   in    those   qualities 
which  render  a  thing   desirable,    excellent, 
valuable,  proper,  or  sufficient  for  its  purpose, 
or  which  are  naturally  expected  :  as, 

(1)  Destitute  of  fertility ;   barren,  unpro- 
ductive, exhausted. 

"  It  Is  a  dry  and  poor  soil."— field,  Feb.  IS.  188*. 

(2)  Lean,  thin,  emaciated ;  wasted  or  shrunk : 
as,  a  poor  ox,  a  horse  in  poor  condition. 

(3)  Wanting  in  strength  ;  weak,  weakened  : 
as,  poor  health. 

(4)  Wanting  in  vigour  or  spirit ;  spiritless, 
dull. 

"  When  juice  wauteth,  the  language  is  thin,  "^gg*"!, 
poor,  starved."— Ben  Joruon. 

(5)  Wanting   in    intellectual,    literary,    or 
artistic  merit ;  sorry,  jejune,  dull,  spiritless  : 
as,  a  poor  composition,  poor  acting. 

(6)  Inferior,  paltry,  mean,  shabby. 

"  Thi»  poor  trash  of  Venice." 

Shaketp. :  Othello,  U.  1. 

(7)  Of  little  worth  or  value  ;  trifling,  insig- 
nificant, worthless,  petty. 

"The  poor*  citie  of  Nazareth."—  TJdal :  Luke  it. 

(8)  Worthless  or  contemptible  in  comparison 
to  others. 

(9)  Uncomfortable,  restless  :  as,  The  patient 
passed  a  poor  night. 

3.  Miserable,  contemptible,  sorry. 

"  Yon  poor  and  starved  band." 

Shaketp. :  Henry  r.,  Iv.  2. 

4.  Used  as  a  term  of  slight  contempt  and 
pity,  mingled  with  kindness. 

"  Now,  God  help  thee  !  poor  monkey.* 

Shnketp. :  Macbeth.  Iv.  2. 

5.  Used  as  a  term  of  endearment  or  tender- 
ness. 

"Poor,  little  pretty,  fluttering  thing." 

Prior:  Hadrian' l  Addrett  to  kit  Soul. 

6.  Used  as  a  term  of  modesty,  humility,  or 
depreciation,  in  speaking  of  one's  sel.'  or  of 
things  pertaining  to  one's  self. 

"  If  from  my  poor  retirement  ye  bad  gone 
Leaving  this  nook  nnvMted. 

H'ordivurth     Excurtion.  bk.  ill. 

7.  Meek,  humble. 

"Blessed  are  the  poor  in  spirit,  for  t  heir's  is  the 
kingdom  uf  heaven."— Matthew  v.  ». 

n.  Law:  So  destitute  of  resources  as  to  be 
entitled  to  maintenance  at  the  public  charge  ; 
pauper. 

B.  As  subst.  (With  the  def.  article):  Those 
who  are   poor  collectively ;    those    who  are 
needy  or  indigent,  as  opposed  to  the  rich ;  in 
a  narrower  sense,  those  in  a  country   who 
being  poor  from  misfortune,  age,   bodily  or 
mental  infirmity,  or  other  cause,  are  unable  to 
support  themselves,  and  are  therefore  obliged 
to  depend  for  subsistence  on  the  contributions 
or  charity  of  others. 

"  The  poor  of  England,  till  tbe  time  of  Henry  VIII., 
subsisted  entirely  u|»m  private  benevolence,  and  the 
charity  of  well-disposed  Christiana."— IHackt'ont : 
Comment.,  bk.  t,  ch.  V. 

poor-box,  ».  A  box  In  which  to  place 
contributions  for  the  poor. 

Poor  Clares,  «.  ;>'. 

Church  Hist. :  Minoresses  (Fr.  Clarisses,  Ital. 
Povere  Donne),  the  second  order  of  St.  Francis 
of  Assist,  who  received  St.  Clare,  the  founder 
of  the  order,  atthe'conventof  the  Portiuncnla, 
in  12i-?.  The  rule,  which  was  exceptionally 
severe.,  was  mitigated  by  Pope  Urban  IV.  in 
1264,  and  the  order  then  separated  into  two 
branches  :  the  Urbanists,  who  followed  the 
mitigated,  and  the  Clarisses,  who  adhered  to 
the  original,  rule.  la  1436 St.  Colette  brought 
back  a  number  of  houses  in  France  and 
Flanders  to  the  observance  of  the  rule  of  St. 


Francis.  The  Poor  Clares  have  given  their 
name  to  a  district  of  London— the  Minones— 
the  site  of  the  first  house  of  the  order  founded 
in  England  (1263).  They  have  now  (1886)  live 
houses  in  this  country,  and  six  in  Ireland. 

*  poor-John,  «.     A  coarse  kind  of  ttsh, 
called  also  "hake,  salted  and  dried. 

"  Taunt  wretched  herring  and  poor-John.* 

llabinyton  :  Cattara,  p.  1*0. 

poor-law,  s.  The  body  of  laws  enacted 
by  parliament  from  time  to  time  for  the 
management  of  the  funds  collected  for  the 
maintenance  of  the  poor. 

If  The  Act  23  Edward  III.,  passed  in  1349, 
enacted  that  no  person  should  give  alms  to  a 
beggar  able  to  work.  The  support  of  the  poor 
was  undertaken  by  the  church.  By  27  Henry 
VIII.,  passed  in  1535,  and  necessitated  by  the 
dissolution  of  the  monasteries,  a  compulsory 
poor  law  was  established.  The  43  Klizalicth 
a.  2,  passed  in  1601,  contained  the  germ  of  the 
present  poor  law.  It  directed  parishes  to  re- 
lieve the  blind,  the  lame,  and  the  impotent, 
and  appointed  overseers  of  the  poor.  It  was 
modified  in  1662.  In  1722  the  workhouse 
system  began.  The  pauperism  of  England  In 
the  early  part  of  the  present  century  !»••  -ame 
BO  severe  a  but  den,  that  resti  ictive  laws  became 
necessary,  aud  the  whole  system  was  re<ugan- 
ized  in  1834.  The  new  law  did  away  with  the 
practice  of  out-door  relief,  and  required  pau- 
pers to  reside  in  the  work-houses  and  to  submit 
to  a  lalx>r  test.  The  result  was  that,  while  tie- 
fore  1834  one  person  in  every  twelve  was  a 
pauper,  in  1867  the  percentage  of  paupers  had 
fallen  to  one  in  twenty-five. 

In  the  United  States  the  system  of  poor- 
relief  U  somewhat  similar  to  that  of  Great 
Britain.  The  states  have  their  own  poor-laws, 
but  paupers  are  removable  from  one  state  to 
another,  and  must  be  able  to  claim  a  fixed 
period  of  residence  to  become  a  charge  on  the 
town  or  township.  There  are  State  Boards  of 
Charity,  which  have  general  control  of  the 
system  of  poor-relief.  The  pauper  loses  his 
rights  as  a  citizen.  The  American  system 
generally  is  marked  by  high  degree  of  classifi- 
cation, special  educational  methods,  and  liberal 
diet.  Within  recent  years  a  new  system  of 
preventing  pauperism  has  been  devised  in 
Germany,  and  is  now  in  operation.  This  is 
what  is  known  as  compulsory  insurance,  com- 
pulsory contributions  being  collected  from 
workmen  and  employers,  and  added  to  by  the 
state,  as  an  insurance  against  permanent  dis- 
ability and  old  age. 

poor  man  of  mutton,  «.  Cold  boiled 
mutton,  especially  the  remains  of  a  boiled 
shoulder  of  mutton. 

poor  man's  herb,  *. 

Hot. :  Gratiola  officinalis. 

poor  man's  parmacetty, «. 

Dot. :  Capsella  Bursa-Pdstoris. 

poor  man's  pepper,  *. 

But. :  Lepidium  latifolium. 

poor  man's  treacle,  s. 

Bot. :  The  genus  Allium. 

poor  man's  weather-glass,  *. 

Bot. :  Anagallis  arvensis. 

Poor  Men  of  Lyons,  s.  pi. 

Church  Hist.  :  A  name  given  to  the  Walden- 
sians,  who  are  said  to  have  originated  at 
Lyons. 

Poor  Priests, «.  pi. 

Church  Hist. :  A  name  given  to,  or  assumed 
by,  the  Lollard  clergy  of  the  fourteenth  and 
fifteenth  centuries,  who  wandered  about  tlM 
country  holding  what  would  now  be  called 
"  missions,"  without  the  sanction  of  the 
bishop  of  the  diocese,  (liluiit.) 

poor-rate,  s.  An  assessment  or  tax  im- 
posed in  each  parish  for  the  support  and  relief 
of  the  poor. 

poor  Robin's  plantain,  *. 

Bot. :  Hieraciiim  renosum.  Said  to  possess 
considerable  medical  powers.  (American.) 

poor-spirited,  a.  Mean,  cowardly,  base, 
timid. 

poor  -  spiritedness,    *.      Cowardice ; 

meanness  of  spirit. 

*  poor's  box,  i.    A  poor-box. 

"The  pnor't  box  in  a  parish  church."—  Walpol*: 
Anecdote*  of  Painting,  vol.  L,  ch.  iv. 


fate,  f&t,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father :  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine :  go,  p5t« 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mote,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian.    aa,o3  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qn  =  kw. 


poorfu'— pop  gun 


8689 


poor's  roll,  «. 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  roll  or  list  of  paupers, 
or  persons  entitled  to  or  receiving  parish  relief. 

2.  Scots  JMW  :  The  roll  of  litigants,  who,  by 
reason  of  poverty,  are  allowed  to  sue  in  formd 
pauperis. 

poor'-fu',  a.    [POWERFUL.]    (Scotch.) 

poor'-hoilse,  s.  [Eng.  poor,  and  house.]  A 
house  or  Imilding  for  the  reception  of  paupers  ; 
a  workhouse. 

*  poork-poynt,  *.    [POBCUPINK.] 

poor'-tf-ness,  >.  [Eng.  poorly;  ^nets.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  poorly  ;  delicate 
health;  ill-health. 

poor'-ly,  *  poure-ly,  adv.  &  a.    [Eng.  poor; 

-ly-} 

A.  A*  adverb  : 

1.  In  a  poor  manner  ;  like  a  poor  person  ;  in 
want,  need,  or  indigence  ;  without  luxuries  or 
comforts. 

2.  With  little  success  ;  unsuccessfully,  de- 
fectively ;  not  well  or  highly. 

"  The  counterfeit  is  poorly  imitated  after  yon." 

Slutketp.  :  Sonnet  U. 

*  3.  Insignificantly,  pettily. 

"  I'll  rob  none  but  myself  ;  and  let  me  die, 
Stealing  to  poorly."     Shaktip.  :  Cymoeline,  IT.  1 

4.  Meanly  ;  without  spirit  ;  dejectedly. 

"  Be  not  lost  so  poorly  in  your  thoughts.  " 

Shakesp.  :  Macbeth,  Ii.  S. 

*  5.  Humbly,  meekly. 

"  To  put  himselfe  poorely  without  any  reseruacyon 
into  his  ubeysaunce  and  coimnauudeiuent."—  Bernert: 
froiuart  ;  Cronycte.  vol.  ii.,  cli.  xciii. 

*  6.  Meanly,  shabbily,  shamefully. 

"He  then,  very  poorly,  did  m«  a  mischief.*—  A 
Peake  :  Three  to  One.  (Enjlith  Garner,  L  633.) 

B.  As  adj.  :    In  poor  or  delicate  health  ; 
somewhat  ill  ;  indisposed. 

poor  -ness,  *  poor-nesse,  *.  [Eng.  poor; 
-ness.} 

1.  The   quality   or   state   of  being   poor  ; 
poverty,  indigence. 

"  No  less  I  hate  him  than  the  gates  of  hell, 
That  poor-note  call  force  an  unlruth  to  tell." 

Chapman  :  Homer  ;  Odywy  ilr. 

2.  Want  of  fertility  or  productiveness  ;  bar- 
renness, sterility. 

3.  Meanness,  baseness  ;  want  of  spirit. 

"  A  peculiar  poor-next  and  vileness  of  this  action."— 
South  :  Sermant,  vol.  ix.,  ser.  5. 

4.  Want  of  excellence  or  merit  ;  intellectual, 
literary,  or  artistic  uusatisfactoriness  :  as,  the 
poorness  of  his  acting. 

poor'-tith,  «.  [A  corrupt,  of  poverty  (q.v.).] 
Poverty,  indigence.  (Scotch.) 

"  Tho'  poortith  hourly  stare  him." 

Burnt  :  Epittle  to  a  Young  friend. 

poos-le,  pous  sie,  «.    [Pussv.]    (Scotch.) 

podt  (1),  pout,  *.    [POULT.] 

poot  (2),  «.    [Poor.] 

pod'-try,  pou'-trjf,  ».    [POULTRY.]    (Scotch.) 

pdp,  s.  &  adv.    [Pop,  «.] 

A.  As  substantive  : 

1.  A  short,  sharp,  quick  sound  or  re]>ort 

"  I  have  several  ladies,  who  could  nut  give  a  pop  loud 
•nough  to  be  lii-aril  at  the  farther  end  of  the  room."  — 
Addison  :  Spectator,  No.  lot 

2.  A  beverage  which  issues  from  the  bottle 
containing  it  with  a  pop  or  slight  explosion  : 
as,  ginger-pop  =  ginger-beer.    (Slany.) 

"  Home-made  pop  that  will  not  foam." 

Ha»d  :  Mia  KUmanngg. 
•S.  A  pistol     (Slang.) 
4.  Some  kinds  of  maize.    (American.) 

B.  As  adv.  :   With  a  pop  ;  suddenly,  un- 
expectedly. 

"  Then  Into  that  Iniah 

Popgoe*  his  pate,  and  all  lib  f.ico  couibM  over." 
tleaum.  t  flet.  :  I'.::/,,m,  ill.  2. 

pip,  *  poppe,  *  poup  en,  v.i.  &  (.    [A  word 
of  imitative  origin.] 
A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  appear  to  the  eye  suddenly  ;  to  enter 
or  issue  forth  witli  a  pop  or  a  quick  sudden 
motion. 


2.  To  dart  ;  to  start  or  jump  from  place  to 
place  suddenly. 

11  Each  popped  into  her  bed."—  Held,  April  4,  ISM. 

*3.  To  make  a  noise  with  the  mouth. 

14  Neoslng     and    popping   or    smacking   with   the 
•outhe."—  Touchttone  <f  Comp'exiont,  p.  lit 


4.  To  make  a  short,  sharp,  quick  sound  or 
report. 

"  Muskets  popping  away  outside,"— £crion«r'<  Mag*- 
tine.  Nov.,  1178,  p.  83. 

5.  To  shoot ;  to  fire. 
B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  thrust  or  push  forward  suddenly  or 
unexpectedly. 

"  Didst  tbou  never  pop 
Thy  head  into  a  tinman's  sliop  ?  ** 

Prior :  A  Simile. 

*  2.  To  thrust  or  push. 

••  The  which  if  he  can  prove,  a  popt  me  out 
At  least  from  fair  nve  hundred  pound  a  year." 
Shaketp. :  King  John,  i.  L 

*  3.  To  shift ;  to  put  off. 

"To  pop  them  oft*  with  a  falsehood,  or  a  frivolous 
answer  —Locke:  Of  Education,)  12L 

4.  To  pawn  ;  to  pledge.    (Slang.) 

If  (1)  To  pop  corn :  To  parch  or  roast  Indian 
corn,  until  it  bursts  with  a  pop.  (Amer.) 

(2)  To  pop  the  question  ;  To  make  an  offer  of 
marriage.  (Colloq.) 

"I  suppose  yon  popped  the  gwttion  more  than 
once  f  "—Dickent :  Sketchet  by  Bat ;  \\~atkint  Tottle. 

pop-corn,  s.  Corn  or  maize  for  parching ; 
popped -corn. 

pop-dock, *. 

Sot. :  The  Fox-glove  (q.r.X 
pop-gun,  s.    [POPOTJN.] 

pop -weed,  «.  The  freshwater  bladder- 
weed. 

"On  the  slippery  links  of  the  pop-weed."— Black- 
more:  Lorna  lioone,  on.  vi. 

*  pop-a-try, «.    [POPETRT.] 

Fo-pay  -an,  a.    [See  def.] 

Geog. :  Of  or  connected  with  Popaya,  a  city 
of  New  Grenada. 

Popayan  tea,  s. 

Sot. :  Melastoma  Theczant. 

pope,  t.     [A.S.  papa,  from  Lat.  papa;  Gr. 

ird-rra,   iraTnra  (papa,   pappo),    VOC.    Of    irairac, 

irairiras  (papas,  pappus)  =  father,  papa  ;  Fr. 
pape;  ItaL  &  Sp.  papa.]    [PAPA.] 

*  1.  A  bishop  of  the  Christian  Church. 

"  The  name  Porte  may  pel-adventure  seeme  more 
tolerable,  as  which  hath  beene  vsed  in  the  old  time 
among  bishops."— fox :  Martyrt,  p.  8. 

2.  Specif. :  The  bishop  of  Rome. 

3.  A  parish  priest  of  the  Greek  Church ;  a 
Greek  or  Russian  military  or  naval  chaplain. 

"  Socica  had  his  quarters  in  the  house  of  the  Pope, 
a  hovel."— Time*,  March  3,  1876. 

4.  A  small  freshwater  perch,  Acerina  cern.ua, 
common   in  England,  Central  Europe,  and 
Siberia. 

"  A  pop*,  by  some  called  a  ruffe,  is  like  a  perch  for 
•ha]*."—  H'alton:  Anjler. 

5.  The  Bullfinch  (q.v.). 

If  The  term  Papa,  or  Papas  (father),  has 
always  been  given  by  the  Greek  Church  to 
presbyters,  like  the  terra  Father  now  applied 
to  a  Roman  priest.  In  the  early  centuries 
the  bishops  received  the  same  title  till,  in  a 
council  held  at  Rome  in  1076,  at  the  instance 
of  Gregory  VII.  (Hildebrand),  it  was  limited 
to  the  Bishop  of  Rome.  Holding  that  office, 
being  also  Metropolitan  of  Rome  and  primate, 
and  claiming  to  he  the  earthly  head  of  the 
Church  universal,  it  is  in  the  last-named  capa- 
city that  the  term  Pope  is  held  to  be  specially 
applicable.  [CONCLAVE.]  It  has  been  a  mat- 
ter of  controversy  among  Roman  Catholics 
whether  the  authority  of  the  Pope  was  above 
or  below  that  of  the  General  Council.  That 
of  Pisa  (1409),  claiming  to  be  a  General  Coun- 
cil, deposed  two  rival  popes,  and  appointed  a 
third ;  but  the  two  former  repudiated  the 
authority  of  the  Council,  and  exercised  their 
functions  as  before.  The  Council  of  Constance 
(1414-1418)  also  deposed  two  rival  popes  and 
elected  one.  In  751,  Pope  Zachary  being 
consulted  as  to  the  right  of  the  warlike  French 
to  depose  their  incompetent  king,  Childeric, 
and  raise  Pepin,  the  able  Mayor  of  the  Palace, 
to  the  sovereignty,  sanctioned  the  proceeding. 
Pepin,  in  return,  became  his  friend,  and  handed 
over  to  the  Church  the  Exarchate  and  the 
Pentapolis.  Charlemagne,  in  774,  confirmed 
and  enlarged  the  gift.  In  1076  or  1077  the 
Princess  Matilda,  daughter  of  Boniface,  Duke 
of  Tuscany,  made  the  Holy  See  heir  to  her 
extensive  possessions.  Thus  arose  "  the  States 
of  the  Church"  which  figured  on  the  map  of 
Europe  as  an  independent  sovereignty  till 
Sept  20,  1S70,  when  the  troops  of  Victor  Em- 
manuel, King  of  Italy,  entered  Rome,  nomin- 


ally in  the  interests  of  order,  and  took  posses- 
sion of  the  place  for  the  Italian  Kingdom.  On 
July  2  and  8, 1871,  the  seat  of  government  was 
removed  thither.  It  still  continues  the  metro- 
polis. No  interference  took  place  with  the 
Pope's  purely  spiritual  authority,  but  much 
with  his  temporal  possessions  and  revenues. 
[INFALLIBILITY.  ] 

•pope-holy,  *poope-holy,  a.  Hypo- 
critical. 

"  Over  sad  or  pronde,  disceitfull  and  pope-keif."-' 
Barclay  :  Ship  of  Foolet,  L  104. 

pope-Joan,  s.    A  game  at  cards. 

pope's  eye,  s.  The  gland  surrounded 
with  lat  in  the  middle  of  the  thigh  of  an  ox  or 
sheep. 

"Yon  should  have  .    .    .   the  pope' t eye  from  th* 
mutton."— Blackmore  :  Lorna  Dome,  en.  ii. 

pope's  head,  *. 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  broom  with  ft  very  long 
handle,  used  for  dusting  ceilings.    Also  called 
a  Turk's-head. 

"  The  pope't-head,  which  you'll  find  under  the  stairs." 
— Mist  BdgevortK  :  Love  t  Lav,  i.  5. 

2.  Dot.  :  lielocactus  communit, 

pope's  nose,  «.  The  fleshy  part  of  a 
bird's  tail. 

pope'-dom,  «.    [A.S.  papedom.] 

1.  The  office,  position,  or  dignity  of  a  pope. 

2.  The  jurisdiction  of  the  pope. 

•pope'-hood,  ».  [Eng.  pope;  -hood.]  The 
office  or  function  of  the  pope. 

*pope-ler,  *pope-lere,  «.  [Low  Lat  popu- 
ins.J  The  shoveier-duck  (q.v.). 

"  Poiielere,  byrd,  or  shovelerd.  Populue.*— Prompt, 
Part. 

•pope'-llng,  i.    [Eng.  pope ;  dim.  snff.  -tiny.] 

1.  A  petty  or  inferior  pope.  (Used  in  con- 
tempt.) 

2.  An  adherent  or  supporter  of  the  pope ;  ft 
papist 

"  He  takes  his  vantage  on  religion 
To  plant  the  Po;>e  and  po/K/ingi  in  the  rcalln." 
Marlowe  :  Jlauacre  at  Parii,  iii.  L 

•pope-lot  (1),  «.  [A  corrupt  of  O.  Fr.  pape- 
lard,  papelart.]  A  hypocrite  ;  a  deceiver. 

*  pope-lot  (2),  •  pop-let,  ».    [Cf.  Low  Lat 

pc.pula,  a  diinin.  from  Lat.  papa ;  O.  Fr.  poit- 
pette  =  a  puppet  (q.v.).]  A  little  dolL 

"The  pretty  poplet  his  wife."— Bolimluid :  Deter,  of 
Ireland,  ch.  ill. 

•  poperin,  *  pop-ring, ».    [See  def.]    A  sort 

of  pear,  first  brought  from  Poperingen,  in 
Flanders. 

"She  stept  behind  a  Pop'rinf  tree 
And  listeu'd  fursume  novelty." 
Orid:  Da  Arte  Amandi  (Englished  1701),  p.  114. 

pop'-er-jf  (IX  «.  [Eng.  pope;  -ry.]  Th« 
religion  of  the  Church  of  Rome.  (Always  in 
a  bad  sense.) 

H  No  Popery  (EngRth)  f 
Hist.  :  A  political  cry,  first  raised  against 
granting  equal  political  and  social  rights  to 
Roman  Catholics,  and  afterwards  against  the 
real  or  fancied  encroachments  of  the  Roman 
Church.  It  was  raised  during  the  Gordon 
riots  (1780),  against  Catholic  Emancipation  in 
1820,  the  Maynooth  grant  in  1845,  and  the  re- 
estalilishment  of  the  Roman  hierarchy  with 
territorial  titles  in  1850.  In  the  latter  case 
the  cry  led  to  the  passing  of  the  Ecclesiastical 
Titles  Act  (ISM),  which  was  practically  in. 
operative,  and  was  repealed  in  1871.  Punch's 
cartoon  (March  22,  1851),  depicted  Lord  John 
(afterwards  Earl)  Russell  as  the  naughty  U>y 
who  chalked  up  "  No  Popery  "  and  ran  away. 
"He  was  only  sent  to  Westminster  to  quiet  the 

English  people  as  to  the  .Vo  Popery  cry."— standard, 

March  27.  1866,  p.  S. 

pop'-er- jf  (2),  «.  [See  def.]  A  corrupt  of  pot- 
pourri. IPOT-POURRI,  IL  L] 

•pope'- Shin,  «.  [Eng.  popr;  -ship  ]  The 
diijnity,  office,  or  rank  of  a  pope  ;  pot.chood. 

*pop-et,«.    [PUPPET.] 

•pop-e-try.  "pop-a-trie,  «.     [Popr] 

Popery  ;  popish  rite  or  doctrine. 

"Holy-water,  candle,  creaine.  oyle.  salt,  godfather, 
or  jrixhnoth-rm,  or  any  other  popatrie.  —frytK: 
Worket,  p.  vcj. 

pop  gun,  «.  [Eng.  pop,  and  gun.]  A  tube  of 
wood.  &C.,  with  a  rammer  for  shooting  pellets; 
so  called  from  the  pop  or  noise  made  when  the 
pellet  is  discharged. 


boil,  b£y ;  pofit,  jovrl ;  eat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench  ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as  ;  expect,  ^Cenophon,  exist,    ph  =  £ 
-ciaru    taan  -  shan.     tion,    sion  =  shun ;  -(ion,    §  ion  -  zhun.    -clous,  -tious,  -sious  -  shus.    -hie,  -die,  &c.  —  hel.  ael* 


popgunnery — popular 


•ptfp'-gun  ner  y,  ».  [Fug.  popgun;  -try.] 
The  discharge  of  popguns  ;  hence,  childish 
•booting.  (I've  :  itaryiualia,  xxv.) 

•pop'-l-ly,  t>.t.  [Eng.  pope;  ./y.]  To  make  a 
papist  ;  to  convert  to  pO|«ry. 

•'  All  wen  well,  10  they  bs  nut  PopVkd.~—Boclut : 
Uft  of  tViKiumj.  L  111. 

•pop  1   lion,  5.      [POMFILION.] 

•pop-llle.  '  pop-ylle,  *.    {POPPLK  (S\  $.] 

pop  -In-Jay,    •  pop  in  gay,    •  pop  pin- 

gaye,  3.  [< >.  Fr.  p>ip-g<ii,  pupegau,  paf*jriy(Fr. 
pupegai,  p'prpaut)  =  a  parrot ;  Sp.  pnpagayo; 
Arab,  babagha.  Then  in  the  Eng.  popinjay  is  ex- 
crescent, as  in  messenger,  passenger,  tic.  The 
origin  of  the  first  element  of  the  Fr.  papegai  is 
doubtful;  the  aeonx!  is  a  corrupt,  of  you; 
Ital.  yallo  ;  Lat.  gallut  =  a  cock.] 
L  A  parrot, 

"  Llkewitr  then  be*  r"piniay*»  Terr  treat  and 
ftntle,  and  loine  of  tliem  ban*  their  forehand*  yellow, 
and  this  nrt  do  quickly  learoe  to  speak  aud  speak 
•>uch.--*<tr*/«.»»  .  re*****.  Hi.  700. 

•2.  A  wood|>eclcer  (?)  or  jay  (?) 

"The  daoxlitera  of  Pferlus,  who  wen  tamed  into 
a«f»  Vl"  ur  woodpecker*."— Ptadum. 
*3»  A  trifling,  chattering  fop. 


"To  be  so  pestered  with  a  j  ., 

SAalap.  :  1  Hnuy  IT.,  L  S. 

4.  A  figure  of  wood,  &c.  ornamented  with 
feathers,  wool,  Ac.,  to  imitate  a  parrot,  and 
used  as  a  target  or  mark  for  archery,  and 
afterwards  for  firearms.  The  competitors 
stood  at  a  distance  of  sixty  to  seventy  paces, 
and  be  who  brought  down  the  mark  held  the 
title  of  Captain  of  the  Popinjay  for  the  re- 
mainder of  the  day. 

"  Bhotync  at  ye  poppinfay*  with  erosbowea "—Ban  : 
Br*r,  fill.  (an.  I). 

pop  -ish,  o.  [Eng.  pop(e);  -ith.]  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  pope  ;  taught  or  ordained  by 
the  pope;  _pertaining  to  popery,  or  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church. 

"  With  twenty  pnpidt  tricks  and  ecrrmonlea.* 

.-Au*«p. .  Tttut  Anaronicut,  T.  L 

popish-plot,  (. 

Hist. :  An  alleged  plot  made  known  by 
Titus  Oat>-s  in  Ifvrs.  He  asserted  that  two 
men  had  l«en  told  off  to  assassinate  Charles 
II.,  tl.at  certain  Roman  Catholics  whom  he 
named  had  been  appointed  to  all  the  high 
offices  of  the  State,  and  that  the  extirpation 
of  Protestantism  was  intended.  On  the 
strength  of  his  allegations,  various  persons, 
Inclinling  Viscount  Stafford,  were  executed. 
Gradually  evidence  arose  that  the  whole  story 
was  a  fabrication,  and  that  the  people  who 
bad  been  capitally  punished  were  all  innocent. 
On  May  8,  16«5,  Oat**,  who  had  received  a 
pension  of  £2,000  for  his  revelations,  was  con- 
victed of  |*rjury,  heavily  fined,  pilloried,  and 
piil-licly  flogged.  He  survived,  deservedly 
despised,  till  1705.  (E*9IM.) 

pop  ish  ly,  adv.  [Eng.  popi**;  -Jy.]  In  a 
popish  manner  ;  with  a  tendency  to  poper>'. 

"A  papist,  or  at  least  popiAly  affected."- Wood : 
Atkma  Olun.,  voL  L 

'  pop  Ish  ness,  «.  [Eng.  popiA;  -neu.] 
Popery.  (TyjidoU :  Worku,  p.  280.) 

pop  lar, 'pop  ler, 'pop  lore, ».  [O.Fr. 
poplier;  Fr.  peiiplier  from  Lat.  popultu,  Dan. 
fufidier.  ]  [  POPPLE  (1 ),  i.  ] 

B»t. :  The  genus  Popiilus  (q.T.).  Yellow 
Poplar  is  Liriodendron  tulipi/era. 

"  The  lofty  pnpUr,  with  delight  he  weds 
To  VIMS.-  8ta*m<mt    Borne*.  Kpod.  t. 

•5  foplan  o/  Fontm:  A  cant  term  for 
tattermilk. 

**  Here's  pannnm  and  lap.  and  irnod  pnplart  nffarrvm." 
Sroom4 :  Jovial  Crew.  ii. 

poplar-gray,  *. 

Entom. :  A  British  night-moth,  Acronycta 
tugacrphala. 

poplar  hawk-moth, «. 

ErUom. ;  Smerinthia  pojntli.  Pore  wings 
•ahy-gray,  clouded  with  pule  brown  ;  hind 
wings  brick-red  at  the  base,  other  part*  pale 
brownish-gray.  Lnrva  green,  with  yellow 
4oU  and  lines.  Expansion  of  wings  abont 
three  inches.  It  feeds  on  the  poplar  and  sallow. 
Common  in  Britain. 

poplar-kitten, .«. 

Entom. :  A  British  moth,  Cerura  or  Dieran- 
uru  bijlda. 

poplar-lutestring,  i. 
tntom. :  A  British  night-moth,  Cymatophora 
Or. 


pop  lared,  o.    [Eng.  poplar;  -ed.]    Covered 
or  lined  with  poplars. 


pop  lin,  s.  [Ki.  pipeline,  pipeline;  a  word 
of  doubtful  origin.  Skeat  considers  it  to  be 
connected  with  O.  Fr.  pope/in  =  a  little 
finical  darling(Co<jrrat>e),  popin  =  spruce,  neat.) 
Fabric:  A  silk  and  worsted  stuff,  watered, 
figured,  brocaded,  or  tissued.  Originally  an 
all-silk  French  goods.  Irish  poplins  have  a 
silk  warp  and  worsted  weft,  and  in  the 
common  grades  cotton  or  flax  is  mixed  with 
the  silk. 

pop  II  te  al,  pop  lit  Ic,  o.  [POPLITEUS.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  ham,  or  to  the  knee- 
j'  lint :  as,  the  popliteal  artery,  the  popliteal  vein. 

pop  li  tc  us.  pdp-li-tn'-us,  *.  [Mod. 
Lat.,  from  Lat.  popUt,  genit.  po^itis  =  the 
bam.] 

Aunt. :  An  oblique  muscle  placed  below  the 
knee,  connecting  the  femur  and  the  tibia. 

pop-0-crat,  «.  (Formed  aibitnuily  froiii 
the  words  Populist  and  Democrat.]  A  name 
applied  to  the  supporters  of  the  political 
platform  adopted  by  the  National  Demo- 
cratic Convention  at  Chicago,  July,  1896. 
Many  of  the  delegates  were  populist*,  and 
portions  of  the  platform  were  practically 
In  accord  with  the  political  ideas  of  the 
Populists  or  People's  party  (see  page  5345 
under  "  Political  Parties").  The  word  was 
first  employed  by  The  Sun  newspaper  as  a 
term  of  reproach,  and  it  is  in  this  manner 
that  it  is  generally  used.  . 

pop-o-crat-le,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  char- 
acteristic of  the  so-called  Popocrats  (q.  v.). 

pop  per,  s.    [Eng.  pop,  v. ;  -tr.} 

•  1.  A  dagger. 

"A  Jolly  popper."  Chauctr :  C.  T.,  S9». 

2.  A  domestic  implement  for  popping  corn. 
It  is  usually  a  wire  basket,  which  is  held  over 
the  fire  and  shaken  or  revolved  so  as  to  keep 
the  corn  moving.  (Amer.) 

*  3.  A  gun,  a  cannon. 

"  More  popperi  bang." 

Browning :  EnyHAman  in  Half. 

*  Pop-P^t,  v.t.  [Etym.  doubtful ;  prol>.  from 
poppet  —  a  doll.)  To  jog  or  carry. 

"The   chairmen  ihall  poppn  ins  toward!  her.*— 

Kichardton  :  Ctaritsa,  v.  1«. 

pop'-pet,  *.    [PUPPET.] 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  A  puppet ;  an  idoL 

IL  TedmioaHy: 

L  Mach. :  One  of  the  heads  of  a  lathe 

2.  Steam-eng. :  A  puppet-valve  (q.v.). 

3.  Shipbuilding  (PI.) : 

(1)  Shores  erected  on  the  bilgeways,  and 
forming  a  part  of  the  cradle  on   which  the 
vessel  rests  in  launching.    The  heads  of  the 
pop|<ets  are  confined  by  a  plank  bolted  to 
the  bottom  of  the  ship,  and  their  heels  rest 
on  sole-pieces  on  the  upper  sides  of  the  bilge- 
ways. 

(2)  Small  stakes  on  the  gunwale  of  a  boat 
to  form  rowlocks  and  support  the  wash-strake. 

poppet-head,  *. 

Mach. :  The  j>art  of  a  lathe  which  holds  the 
back-centre,  and  can  be  fixed  to  any  part  of 
the  bed. 

f  POP' -pled,  o.     [Eng.  poppy;  -edj 

1.  Atmunding  with  poppies. 

"Their  (alnct  bloatomad  be*n>  and  poppimf  corn." 

Krai  i :  Endymion.  i.  2SS. 

2.  Made   drowsy,    as    with   the  Juice   of 
poppies  or  opium  ;  listless. 

3.  Caused  or  induced  by  opium  :  as,  poppied 
dreams,  poppied  sleep. 

*P<>P-pln.  •pop-yn,  «.  [Fr.  poupon;  Ital. 
pvpina,  from  Low  Cat.  poputa,  pupu/o;  dimin. 
of  Lat  pupa.]  A  doll,  a  pup|>et. 

pop  pie  (IX  *  pop-yl,  «.  fLat.  porndut  =  a 
poplar ;  Low  Oer.  poppt.1 ;  Dan.  poppcltrcf;  8w. 
poppel.  ]  The  poplar.  (Prnv.) 

p6p  pie  (2),  ».  [POPPLE,  ».]  Short  waves 
rising  in  quick  succession  like  water  bubbling 
or  boiling. 

-  Owning  a  llttl*  poppU  oa  UM  flood  Ud«."-/1«M.- 
April  4.  IMS. 


pop'  pie  (3),  pop-llle,  «.  [Etym.  doubtful] 
Tares. 

"Them  that  trarall  to  low  pvppl*  amuug  wheat.*— 
Bait  :   Worki.  p.  lit. 

pop  pie,  v.i.  [A  freq.  of  pop,  y.  (q.v.).]  To 
move  quickly  up  and  down,  as  a  cork  in 
water  ;  to  bob  up  and  down  ;  to  bubble. 

"  Hn  brims  came  poppling  out  like  water." 

Cotton  :  Burltufu*  upon  Burltiyue.  p.  fla 

P*P'-P^.  *  P«P-y,  »•  [A.S.  popig,  from  Lat. 
papaver  ;  Sp.  papola;  Ital.  papavero  ;  WeL 
pabi  ;  Fr.  pavot.] 

L  Ord.  Lang.  :  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  t. 

IL  Technically  : 

L  Arch.  :  The  same  as  POPPY-HBAD  (q.T.X 

2.  Bot.  :  The  genus  Papaver  (q.v.).  [GuaO- 
CITJM,  MECONOPSIS.] 

poppy-bee,  *. 

Entom.  :  Anthocopa  papaveru,  so  called 
because  it  uses  the  petals  of  the  common 
poppy  to  line  its  nest  It  is  the  Upholsterer- 
bee  of  Reaumur. 

poppy-capsules,  s.  pi. 

Pharm.  :  The  nearly  ripe  capsules  of  Papaver 
tomniferum.  The  preparations  of  these  cap- 
sules act  like  opium.  The  capsules  them- 
selves are  steeped  in  hot  water,  and  applied 
externally  to  soothe  pain,  especially  in  cases 
of  neuralgia, 

poppy-head,  «. 

1.  Arch.  :    A    generic 
term  applied  to  the 
groups  of  foliage  or  other 
ornaments  placed  on  the 
summits  of  bench-ends, 
desks,  and  other  ecclesi- 
astical wood-work  in  the 
middle  ages. 

2.  Pharm.  :    [Poppr- 

CAPSULES). 

poppy-oil,  s. 

Chem.  :  A  drying  oil 
obtained  from  the  seeds 
of  the  black  poppy.  It  resembles  ollve- 
oil  in  appearance,  and  possesses  no  narcotic 
properties.  Sp.gr.  "9249  at  —  15',  solidifies 
at  —  18%  dissolves  in  six  parts  of  boiling 
and  twenty-five  parts  of  cold  alcohol,  and  in 
all  proportions  in  ether.  Sometimes  used  as 
an  article  of  diet  ;  employed  in  painting  to 
mix  with  light  colours,  and  also  in  the  manu- 
facture of  soap. 

poppy-seeds,  s.  pi 

Chem.  :  The  seeds  of  the  black  and  white 
poppy  yield  over  50  per  cent,  of  a  fixed  fatty 
oil,  together  with  nearly  25  per  cent,  of 
pectous  and  protein  compounds. 


POPPY-HEAD. 


i.     [Eng.  poppy,  and  wort.] 
Bot.  (PL)  :  The  Papaverace*.    (LiwUty.) 

pop'-  u  13,90,  *.  [Fr.,  from  Ital.  popolazzo, 
popoiaccio,  from  popolo  =.  the  people  ;  Lat. 
populus.]  The  common  people  ;  the  vulgar  ; 
the  multitude,  comprehending  all  persons  not 
distinguished  by  rank,  office,  profession,  or 
education. 

"  His  return  wae.  however,  celebrated  by  the  poptf 
tact  witli  erery  sign  of  joy  and  attachment."—  -Vocau- 
lo.y  :  Hilt.  Eng.,  ch.  xxv. 

*  pop'-n-la-cy\  *.  [Eng.  populate);  -y.]  Tke 
populace  ;  the  people. 

"  How  many  imperial  head*  did  the  papulae?  of  the 
Bomans  tread  upon  '."—Ftllham  :  Rttolm,  pt.  li.,  re«.  6t 

pop  -n-lar,  o.  [Fr.  populaire,  from  Lat.  pop*- 
laris,  from  populus  =  the  people  (q.v.)  ;  Sp.  4 
Port,  popular;  Ital.  popofar«.] 

*  1.  Courting  popularity  or  the  favour  of 
the  people. 

"  And  oft  In  vain  his  name  they  closely  biU, 
A*  popuinr  aud  flatterer  acciuiug." 

P.  fltlcher  .  PurpU  lOmtd. 

2.  Favoured,  approved,  or  beloved  by  the 
people  ;  enjoying  the  favour  of  the  people  ; 
pleasing  to  the  people. 

"  The  omission  of  so  popular  a  name  might  produce 
a  mutiny.  "—Macuulay  :  Hitt.  Eng.,  ch.  xvi. 

3.  Pertaining    to   the   middle    and    lower 
classes,  as  opposed  to  the  aristocracy  or  court. 

"  He  had  deserted  the  popular  cause."—  Jfaciu/oy  .- 
But.  Kng.,  ch.  liii. 

4.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  the  people  ;  consti- 
tuted by,  or  depending  on,  the  people. 

"  Not  subject  to  the  power  of  any  sole  prinoe,  but 
rather  a  popular  state."—  North  :  Plutarch,  p.  ». 

5.  Suitable  for  or  adapted  to  the  common 


ttte,  fit,  fare,  amidst,  whit,  tall,  father :  we,  wit,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  «Xre,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolt  work,  who,  son ;  mat*),  cttb,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  lull :  try,  Syrian.   »,  «  =  e  ;  ey  =  a :  qu  =  kw. 


popularity— porcelain 


3691 


people ;  easy  to  be  understood :  plain,  familiar, 
not  abstruse  :  as,  &  popular  introduction  to  a 
science. 

*6.  Prevailing  among  the  people:  as,  a 
ipopular  epidemic. 

*  7i  Plebeian,  common,  vulgar. 
•8.  Crowded. 

"  Whirling  through  the  popular  itreeta."— Adam : 
Worlu,  i.  42. 

*  popular-action,  s. 

Law :  An  action  which  gives  a  penalty  to 
the  person  that  sues  for  the  same. 

pcp-u-lar'-i'-t$r,  ».  [Fr.  popularity,  from  Lit 
popularitta,  from  popularii  =  popular  (q.v.).] 

*  1.  The  act  of  seeking  for  the  favour  of  the 
people. 

"  Cato  the  younger  charged  Mustena.  and  indicted 
him  in  opeii  cuurt  for  popularity  and  ambition." — P. 
Holland:  Plutarch  I  Moral  i.  p.  M3. 

2.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  popular  or 
pleasing  to  the  people  at  large  ;  the  state  of 
Being  in  favour  with,  or  supported  by,  the 
people. 

"  Without  the  heln  of  Monmouth'i  Immense  popu- 
larity. \  was  imi«  sible  to  effect  anything."— Macau- 
lot :  Bat.  Eng..  en.  v. 

*  3.    Representation   suited   to   vulgar   or 
common  conception ;  that  which  catches  or 
IB  intended  to  catch  the  vulgar  ;  claptrap. 

*  4.  Vulgarity,  commonness. 

pSp-u-lar-i-za'-tion, ».  [Eng.  popularise); 
-iitio'n.]  "The  act  of  popularizing  or -making 
popular. 

"  Cheap  popularization  of  already  lufHciently  popu- 
Ur  European  *cieiuM."—PaU  Mall  Gautte,  Feb.  li,  1884. 

p6p'-U-lar-Ize,  v.t.  [Eng.  popular  ;  -ize.]  To 
make"  popular ;  to  render  suitable  or  intelli- 
gible to  the  common  people  ;  to  treat  in  a 
manner  suited  to  the  comprehension  of  the 
people  at  large. 

"  Endeavouring  to  popularize  the  occasion  by  offer- 
lot  seats  at  cheap  prices."— Daily  Telegraph,  Sept  10, 
1888. 

p8p'-U-lar-lZ-er,  *.    [Eng.  popularise);  -er.] 

-  One  "who  renders  anything  intelligible  to  the 
populace. 

"  A  clarification  of  the  fundamental  ideas  on  quanti- 
tative analysis  and  iyutiiesi*,  which  (till  ueed  their 
popularitfr.'—AthtiKfmn,  May  12,  1883,  p.  5a7. 

pop'-u-lar-ljf,  adv.    [Eng.  popular ;  ~ly.] 

1.  In  a  popular  manner ;  in  a  manner  to 
please  or  gain  the  favour  of  the  people  at 
large  ;  so  as  to  please  the  crowd. 

"  Should  I.  encouraging  the  bad. 
Turn  rebel  and  nm  /jo/>ularly  inad ! " 

Dr.i/dtn:  Abtalom  i  Achitophel,  i.  &M. 

2.  Commonly,  generally,  currently  ;  among 
the  people  at  large. 

*  pop'-u-lar-ness,  s.    [Eng.  popular ;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  popular;  popu- 
larity.   (Coleridge.) 

pSp'-u-late,  v.i.  &  t.    [POPULATE,  a.) 

*  A.  Intrans. :   To  breed  people  ;   to  pro- 
pagite,  to  increase. 

"  There  be  (treat  shoals  of  people,  which  so  on  to 
populat ;  without  foreseeing  means  of  life  and  lusteu- 
tafioii."— Bacon  :  Euayt ;  Of  riciuttudf. 

B.  Trans. :  To  people :  to  furnish  with 
people  or  inhabitants,  either  by  natural  in- 
crease or  by  immigration  or  colonization. 

•  pop'-u-late,  o.    [Low  Lat.  populatus,  pa. 
t>ar.  of  popular  =  to  people,  from  Lat.  popu- 
lus  =  the  people.]    Populous. 

"  Enjoying  Ireland  populate  and  quiet."— Bacon  .• 
JTotei  of  a  Speech  on  Spain. 

p<Jp-u-la'-t»on,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Low  Lat.  popu- 
lutiu'nem,  accus.  of  populatio  =  a  peopling, 
from  populatus,  pa.  par.  of  popular  =  to  popu- 
late (q.v.) ;  Ital.  popolazione.] 

1.  The   act   or   process  of  populating  or 
peopling. 

2.  The  inhabitants  of  a  country,  district, 
town,  &c.,  collectively. 

"  England,  though  far  leu  in  territory  and  popula- 
tion, hath  been,  nevertheless,  an  overmatch."— Bacon  : 
Muaus ;  Of  Kingdomt  *  Kttatet. 

3.  The  state  of  a  country  with  respect  to  the 
number  of  its  inhabitants ;  populousness. 

"  The  population  of  a  kingdom  doe*  not  exceed  the 
itock  of  the  kingdom  which  should  maintain  them.- — 
Sacim  Kaayi ;  Of  Kingdomt  t  Ettattt. 

1  By  the  census  of  1890,  the  United  States  had 
a  population  of  02,480,640.  For  the  year  1891 
Wagner  &  Supan  estimated  the  population  of 
the  globe  at  1,479,729,000.  thus  distributed: 
Europe,  357,379,000;  Asia,  825,954,000 ;  Africa, 


163,953,000;  America,  121,713,000;  Australia 
and  Tasmania,  3,270,000 ;  Oceanic  Islands  and 
Polar  Regions,  7,500,000.  [MALTHUSIAMSM.] 

pop'-n-lat-6r,  *.  [Ens.  populate);  -or.]  One 
who  populates  or  peoples. 

*  pop'-n-li-cide,  s.    [Lat.  populus  —  the  peo- 
ple,   aiid   a»lo   (in  comp.  -cido)  =  to   kill.] 
Slaughter  of  the  people. 

po'-pu-lin,  *.    [Lat  papulous);  -in(Chem.).] 

Chem. :  CaoHjaOg  =  CisH^C^HjOX)?.  Ben- 
zoylsalicin.  A  crystalline  substance  extracted 
from  the  bark,  leaves,  and  root  of  the  Aspen 
(Popidus  tremula).  The  aqueous  decoction  is 
purified  and  concentrated,  and  the  salicin 
allowed  to  crystallize  out.  From  the  mother- 
liquor  carbonate  of  potassium  throws  down 
the  populin,  which  must  be  recrystallized 
from  boiling  water.  It  forms  white  silky 
needles  containing  two  molecules  of  water ; 
dissolves  in  76  parts  of  boiling  water,  in  100 
parts  of  cold  alcohol,  and  easily  in  acids.  It 
is  coloured  a  deep-red,  with  strong  sulphuric 
acid,  and  with  dilute  acids  ia  converted  iuto 
saligenin,  benzoic  acid,  and  glucose 

Pop'  u  list,  a.  A  «. 

A.  As  adj. :  Pertaining  to  or  intended  for 
the  benefit  of  the  people,  as  the  Populist  Party. 
[See  PEOPLE'S  PARTY.] 

B.  At  tubtt.:  A  member   of   the   People's 
Party. 

*  pOp-U-lSs'-I-t^,  s.      [Fr.  populosite,  from 
Lat.  populositas,  from  populosus  —  populous 
(q.v.).  j     The  quality  or  state  of  being  popu- 
lous ;  populousness. 

pop  -U-lous,  o.  [Fr.  populettx,  from  Lat. 
populosus  =  full  of  people,  from  populus  =  the 
people  ;  Sp.  &  Port,  populoso ;  Ital.  popoloso, 
populoso.] 

1.  Full  of  people  or  inhabitants  ;  containing 
many  inhabitants  ;  thickly  populated. 

*  2.  Pleasing  or  acceptable  to  the  people ; 
popular. 

"  He  I  pleaded  for 
Hath  power  to  make  your  beauty  popuiout." 

Welattr. 

*  3.  Suited  to  the  people  or  populace  ;  low, 
common,  inferior,  coarse. 

pop'-U-loiis-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  populous  ;  -ly.] 
In  a  populous  manner ;  with  many  inhabi- 
tants ;  with  a  large  population. 

pd"p'-u-lou*-ness.  *.  [Eug.  populous;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  populous  ;  con- 
taining many  inhabitants  in  proportion  to  the 
extent  of  country  ;  the  state  of  being  thickly 
populated. 

po  -pu-lus,  s.    [Lat] 

1.  Bot. :  Poplar ;  a  genus  of  Salicaceae.    Cat- 
kins drooping,  their  scales  usually  jugged ; 
disc  cup-shaped,  oblique,  entire.    Males,  sta- 
mens four  to  thirty ;  females,  stigmas  two- 
to  four-cleft ;  capsule  two-celled,  loculicidal. 
Known   species  eighteen ;    from   the    north 
temperate  zone.    Popultti  alba,  the  Great  White 
Poplar  or   Abele,  P.  tremula,  the   Trembling 
Poplar   or   Aspen,    and  P.  nigra,  tbe    Black 
Poplar,    are    natives    of    Europe.     The    first 
is    a   large    tree    with    downy,  but   not    vis- 
cous buds,  roundish,  cordate,  lobed-toothed 
leaves,  glabrous  above,  downy  and  very  white 
beneath,  ultimately  becoming  glabrous  on  both 
sides.    It  grows  in  moist  places  and  mountain 
woods.    The  timber  is  white,  sott,  and  used 
only  for  coarse  work.    The  bark  is  said  to  be 
useful  in  strangury.    The  Cottonwood  (P.  cana- 
densis)   of   the   United  States,  is  valued  as  a 
timber  tree.    It  is  very  abundant  on  the  upper 
Mississippi  and  Missouri.      P.  balsamifera,  the 
Balsam  Poplar  or  Tacanmhac,  ia  grown  as  a 
common   ornamental   tree.      P.  camlicaits,  tho 
Ontario  Poplar,  has  the  same  balsamic  charac- 
ter.   P.  hetrophylla,  of  the  Southern  States,  is 
noted  for  its  long  leaves,  often  six  inches  long. 
P.  fattitjinta,  the  Lombardy  Poplar,  is  marked 
by  the  closely  erect  growth  of  its  branches. 
It  is  frequently  grown  its  an  ornamental  tree 
in  the  Uuited  States.     The  buds  of  P.  nigra,  P. 
bal*am(fera,  P.  caudicant,  &CM  are  besmeared 
in  winter  with   a  resinous,  balsamic,  bitter, 
aromatic   exudation,  called   Tacamahac,  con- 
sidered to  be  diuretic,  and  antiscorbutic.    The 
bark  of  P.  euphratica  is  given  in  India  as  a 
vermifuge. 

2.  Pnlrrdbot. :  Occurs  in  the  Cretaceous  rocks 
of  North  America,  the  Eocene  of   Bourne- 
mouth, and  the  Mioceueof  Continental  Europe. 


•  por,  *  porr,  *.     [See  det]     A  contracted 
form  of  poker  (q.v.). 

p6r-a'-na,  *.  [Said  to  be  from  Gr.  m>p«.'*» 
(poreuo)  =  to  make  to  go ;  trojxi  ojxai  (poreiio- 
mai)  =  to  traverse,  from  the  habit  of  the 
plant  to  send  out  long  shoots.] 

L  Bo'. :  A  genus  of  Convolvulese.  Three 
species  from  the  East  are  cultivated  in  gardens 
as  ornamental  plants. 

2.  Palrtobot. :  Three  species  occur  in  tbe 
Middle  Eocene.  (Etheridge.) 

*  por-ayll,  a.    [O.  FT.]    Poor. 

"  The  pornyn  and  needy  people  drew*  rnto  hym."— 
Fabyan:  Chronicle,  voL  L  (an.  IWu). 

por  -bea  glo,  prd'-bea-gle,  *.  [Lit.  =  hog- 
beadle,  from  Fr.  pore  =  hog,  pig,  and  Eug. 
beagle.] 

Idithy. :  iMmna  cornubica,  the  Beaumaris- 
shark  (q.v.). 

"  The  porbeagle  la  so  common  with  us  «8  to  be  called 
•  the  BeaumarU  shark.'  "—  Daily  Telegraph,  lite,  28, 
1885. 

por'-ncal,  *.  [Sp.]  A  large  plum  grown  in 
Spain. 

por'-cat-ed,  por'-cate,  o.  [Lat  porca  —  a 
ridge  between  two  furrows,  a  balk.]  Ridged ; 
formed  in  ridges. 

pb'r'-ce-lain  (1),  *  por-cel-lan,  *por-ce- 

lane,  *.  &  a.  [Fr.  porcelain*  (O.  Fr.  ponrc«- 
laine),  fh>m  Ital.  porcellana  =  (1)  the  Venus 
shell,  (2)  the  nacre  of  the  shell,  (3)  porcelain, 
from  the  curved  shape  of  the  upper  surface  oil 
the  shell,  which  was  thought  to  resemble  the 
raised  back  of  a  hog,  from  porcella  —  a  little 
pig,  dimin.  from  porco  ;  Lat  parcus  —  a  pig.J 

A.  As  substantive: 

Art :  A  fictile  material  intermediate  between 
glass  and  pottery,  l«iag  formed  of  two  sub- 
stances, fusible  and  infusible,  the  latter  en- 
abling it  to  withstand  the  heat  necessary  to 
vitrify  the  former,  thus  producing  its  peculiar 
semi-translucency.  The  infusible  material  ia 
alumina,  called  kaolin  ;  the  fusible  substance 
is  felspar,  and  is  called  pe-tnn-tse,  both 
Chinese  terms.  There  are  two  kinds,  hard 
and  soft  (pate  dure  and  pdte  tendre)  ;  the  hard 
body  has  more  alumina  and  less  silex  and 
lime.  Oriental  porcelain  is  of  two  kinds, 
ancient  and  modern  ;  the  latter  class  includes 
imitations  and  reproductions.  The  manufac- 
ture began  in  China  between  185  B.C.  and 
87  A.D.,  and  reached  its  perfection  during  the 
Ming  dynasty  (13(18-1644).  The  rarest  Chinese 
wares  are  of  the  Tsin  dynasty  (2t>5-4 19  A.D.\ 
the  Soui  (581-618),  and  the  Thang  (618-907)— 
forms  virtually  extinct  except  as  copies.  The 
Tcheou  porcelain  (954-959)  is  so  valued  that 
fragments  are  worn  as  i>ersonal  ornaments. 
Ware  of  the  Song  dynasty  (960-1279)  is  also 
highly  prized.  Porcelain  came  by  trade  into 
Persia  and  E^ypt,  and  was  known  in  Syria 
in  the  twelfth  century.  Marco  Polo  in  the 
thirteenth  century  described  the  Chinese 
method  of  manufacture  from  personal  obser- 
vation. Fiist  imported  into  ICurope  by  the 
Portuguese  in  1520.  In  Japan  the  porcelain 
manufacture  began  before  27  B.C.,  with  a 
whiter  1  'i  »ly  and  more  brilliant  <laze  than  that 
of  the  Chinese.  It  is  doubtf  1  if  it  was  ever 
made  in  Persia.  In  Europe,  Bc^ttcher,  a  Saxon 
chemist,  found  kaolin  while  seeking  the  phi- 
losopher's stone ;  and  Augustus  II.,  elector 
of  Saxony  and  king  of  Poland,  established 
and  placed  under  his  control  the  famous 
Meissen  factory  at  the  castle  of  Albrvchts- 
burg  in  1710 ;  forty  years  later  700  men  were 
employed.  In  Vienna,  Stolzel,  who  escaped 
from  Meissen  in  1720,  began  the  Austrian 
factory,  which  in  1785  employed  500  men; 
another  was  established  in  Berlin  by  Fred- 
erick the  Great  During  the  eighteenth 
century,  works  were  l>egnn  in  Russia,  Hol- 
land, Denmark,  Spain,  Portugal,  Switzerland, 
and  Italy.  In  France,  soft  porcelain  was 
made  at  St.  Cloud  in  1G95.  Comte  do 
Brancas  -  Lanraguan,  in  1758,  found  kaolin 
near  Alengon,  and  porcelain  was  made  at  St 
Yrieux,  near  Limoges.  The  Sevres  manu- 
factory was  first  established  at  Vincennes  in 
1740,  and  moved  to  Sevres  in  17i6.  In  Fiance, 
the  manufacture  of  soft  porcelain  extends 
from  1695  to  1770,  after  which  date  the  hard 
body  of  Sevres  takes  its  place.  In  England, 
William  Cookworthy,  a  chemist  of  Plymouth, 
found  kaolin  at  Tregonning,  m-ar  Helstone,  in 
Cornwall,  and  his  patent  of  1708  was  worked 
at  Plymouth  for  two  or  three  years,  when  the 
works  were  removed  to  Bristol.  At  Chelsea 


boil,  bo"y ;  pout,  J6%1 ;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9hln,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xcnophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-elan,  -tian  =  skan,    -tion,    aion  =  sliun ;  -(ion,  -sion  -  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,    sious  =  shus.   -ble.  -die,  &«.  -  bcl,  del. 


3692 


porcelain— porichthys 


and  Bow  soft  porcelain  had  been  made.  These 
two  were  transferred  to  Derby  in  1770  and 
177(5.  Bristol  had  a  soft  body  works  in  17'<3  : 
its  best  period  was  from  1774  to  1773. 
Worcester  porcelain  dates  f-om  1751  :  its  Itst 
period  ended  with  1783.  Porcelain  equal  in 
quality  and  •'.uish  to  that  of  Europe  id  now 
made  in  sevcial  cities  of  the  United  States, 
particularly  in  Trenton,  N.  J.,  aud  Cincinnati, 
Ohio. 

B.  At  adj. :  Pertaining  to  or  composed  of 
porcelain. 

porcelain-clay,  *.    [KAOLIN.] 
porcelain -crab,  *.    [PORCELLAHA,  L] 
porcelain-earth,  «.    [KAOLIN.] 
porcelain-jasper,  i. 

Min.  :  A  s!aty  clay  which  has  been  altered 
by  contact  with  an  igneous  dyke.  Fouud  in 
the  Coal-measures  of  various  countries. 

porcelain-paper.  ».  A  kind  of  French 
glazed,  fancy  paper,  figured,  painted,  or  gilt. 

porcelain  -  printing.  ».  The  trans- 
ferring of  an  iinpn-ssion  of  an  engraving  to 
porcelain  in  the  biscuit  or  the  glazed  condi- 
tion. 

porcelain  spar.  s. 

I/in.:  An  altered  form  of  EKKBEROtTE(q.v.). 

•  pb'r'-ce'-laln  (2),  «.    [PURSLANE.] 

pb'r^el-ain'-ite,  ».    [Eng.  porcelain  (1) ;  stiff. 
•4U  (A/in.);  Ger.  porzelkintt.} 
if  in.  :  The  same  as  PORCELAIN-SPAR  (q.v.). 

por  -9el-ain-Lzed,  a.  [Eng.  porcelain  (1) ; 
-u«d.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Baked  like  potter's  clay, 
•f  2.  Petrol. :  Altered,  proliably  by  heat,  so 
as  to  resemble  porcelain.    Used  of  some  mcta- 
niorphic  rocks. 

por  9el-la'-na, «.    [PORCELAIN.] 
Zoology: 

1.  Porcelain-crab:  a  gf>nus  of  Crustacea, 
typical    of  the    family    Porcellanidx   (q.v.). 
Sin  ill  smooth  crabs,  of  which  two  are  British, 
Porcellana  platycheles,  the  Hairy,  and  P.  tongi- 
cornit,  the  Minute,  Porcelain  crab. 

2.  A  genus  of  Foraminifera. 

por  cel-la  -na'-ceous  (ce  as  sh),  a.  [Itil. 
pnra/Ian(a)=poroelain;  Eug.  adj.  stiff,  -aceous.] 
The  same  as  PORCELLANEOUS  (q.v.). 

par'-cel-lane,  a.  [IUL  porcellana  =  porce- 
lain.] Porcellaneous. 

pbr-ce'l-la'-ne'-ous,  o.  [Eng.  *por<-eUan  = 
pircelain  (1);  -tout.]  The  same  as  PORCEL- 

LANOUs(q.V.). 

pbr  9cl-lin  -I  dae,  i.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  par- 
eel lnn((i);  Lat.  fern,  pi.  adj.  suff.  -vice.] 

Zool,  :  Porcelain-crabs,  so  named  from  their 
porcelain-like  smoothness  ;  a  family  of  small 
crabs,  sub-order  Anomura.  Antenrue  very 
lon^ ;  the  anterior  feet  converted  into  power- 
ppers;  ruilimentary  tail  bent  under  the 
body,  furnished  with  a  small  fan-like  fin. 

pb'r  96!  -la-nous,  por'-eel'-a-nous,  a. 

[ Eng.  *  porcellan  =  porcelain  (1) ;  "-OIM.]  Per- 
taining to,  resembling,  or  of  the  texture  or 
nature  of  porcelain. 

porccllanous  -  foraminlfera,  $.  pi. 
PXPERTORATA.] 

poroellanous  shells, ».  pi. 

ZorA. :  Oasteropodous  shells,  consisting  of 
three  layers,  each  of  which  ts  made  up  of  very 
many  plates,  like  ranis  placed  upon  ed;:e. 
Examples,  Cypnwi,  Cassis,  Ampullaria,  Conua, 
*C,  (S.  P.  Woodward.) 

por   90! -U-a,  *.     [Lat  porcell*$  =  a  little 
&] 

PalceoiU.:  A  genus  of  Nnrleobranrhiate 
Molluscs,  family  Firolidw,  with  twelve  or 
fourteen  species,  from  the  Devonian  to  the 
Trias  of  Britain  and  Belgium. 

por-cel  -ll-o,  «.    [Lat  =  a  woodlotuA.] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Oniscidte,  resembling 
Oniscns,  but  having  the  lateral  antennas 
•even-jointed. 

por-ccl-lo -phite,  i.  [Eng.jwrccfafn(l).»nd 
ophite.] 


Afin. :  A  soft  kind  of  Serpentine  (q.v.) 
found  in  Sweden.  From  its  resemblance  to 
meerschaum  it  sometimes  bears  that  name. 

pbr9h,  *  porche,  ».  [Fr.  porche,  from  Lat 
porticum,  accus.  of  porticut=&  gallery,  a 
porch,  from  porta  =  a  gate,  a  door  ;  Sp.  & 
Ital.  portico.] 

1.  A  covered  entrance  to  a  building;  a 
covered  approach  or  vestibule  to  a  door-way. 
When  a  row  of  columns  is  added  it  becomes 
a  portico  (q.v.).  In  some  old  churches  the 
porches  are  of  two  stories,  the  upper  being 
termed  a  parvis  (q.v.). 

"  Nothing  now  remains  standing  but  the  beautiful 
pon-Aat  t  lie  Earl  of  Heiul.roke'a."—  Ifaipolt:  Antedate* 
<tf  Painting,  vol.  L.  ch.  Iv. 

*  2.  A  covered  walk,  a  portico. 

"Repair  to  Pompey's pnri-h,  where  you  shall  find  na." 
Shakeip. :  Juiiiu  Collar.  L  S. 

T  The  Porch :  The  School  of  the  Stoics,  so 
called  because  Zeno,  the  philosopher  and 
founder  of  the  sect,  give  his  lectures  in  the 
Athenian  picture-gallery,  called  the  ttoa 
pulkile,  or  painted  porch. 

"The  successors  of  Socrate*  formed  societies  which 
lasted  sever  il  centuries  :  the  Academy,  the  Porch,  the 
Qardeu."— SeeUy  :  Eece  Bama. 

porch -post  support,  s.  A  casting 
placed  l»etween  the  foot  of  a  post  and  the 
floor  of  a  porch,  to  prevent  decay  of  the  two 
at  that  point 

poV-cine,  o.    [Lat.  porcinus,  from  porcu*  =  a 

pig.]      [PORK.] 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  swine. 

2.  Resembling  a  pig  ;  hog-like. 

"Their  t>hy»lognomy  is  canine,  vulpine,  caprine, 
porcine."~<>'auarit  :  Life  of  Bp.  Brownrigg.  p.  236. 

pb'r'-CU-la,  s.  [Lat  parcvlui,  dimia.  from 
porous' =.  a  swine.) 

Zonl. :  A  genus  of  Suidae,  with  one  species 
Porcula  salvania,  the  Pigmy  Hog  (q.  v.}.  Den- 
tal formula,  I. },  c.  }2r{,  M-  fE?-  Canines 
small,  straight,  scarcely  cutting,  not  ordinarily 
exserted  ;  the  fourth  toe  on  all  the  feet  small 
and  unequal,  tail  very  short.  In  these  particu- 
lars it  approaches  the  Peccary.  (Jerdon). 

por'-cu-pine,  *  poork  -  poynt,  *  per- 
poyn't,  *  porke  -  pyn,  *  por  -  poynte, 
*por-pyn,  *  pork -pen.  *  por -pen- 
tine,  *  por -pint,  *  porke -spick,  s. 

[O.  Fr.  porcespin  =  the  pig  with  spines,  from 
pore  (Lat  porous)  =  a  pig ;  O.  Fr.  espin,  espine 
(Fr.  epine;  Lat.  spina)  =  &  spine;  Sp.  ptierco 
etpin);  Port  porco  espinho ;  Ital. porco  spinoso : 
cf.  Fr.  pore  <pic=the  pig  with  spikes;  Ger. 
stachelschwein  =  thorn-swine  ;  Sw.  pinsvin  ; 
Dan.  pindsviin  =  pin-swine.] 

1.  Zool.  :  The  popular  name  for  any  indivi- 
dual of  the  genus  Hystrix  or  the  family  Hys- 
tricidse  (divided  into  two  groups,  Hystricina 
and  Synetherina,  or  two  sub-families,  Hys- 
tricinre  and  Sphingurinse,  the  first  group  or 
sub-family  containing  the  Old  World,  or  True, 
Porcupines,  and  the  second  those  peculiar  to 
the  New).    The  Common  Porcupine  (Hystrix 
eristatn)  may  be  taken  as  a  type  of  the  True 
Porcupine.     It  occurs  in  the  south  of  Europe, 
and  the  north  and  west  of  Africa,  is  about 
twenty-eight    inches    long,   exclusive  of  the 
tail,    about    four    inches.      It    is    somewhat 
he.ivily  built,  with  obtuse  he.id  and  short 
limbs.    The  head,  fore  quarters,  and  under 
surface  are  clothed  with  short  spines  inter- 
mixed with  hairs,  crest  on  head  and  neck, 
hind  quarters  covered  with  long  sharp  spines, 
ringed  with  black  and  white,  and  erectile  at 
will.    They  are  but  loosely  attached  to  the 
skin   and   reidily  fall   out,  a  circumstance 
which  probably  gave  rise  to  the  belief  that  the 
animal  was  able  to  project  them  at  an  enemy. 
It  is  a  purely  vegetable  feeder,  and  live*  in 
holes  in  the  rock,  and  burrows  in  the  ground. 
The  Porcupines  of  America  comprise  two  well- 
marked  forms,  the  Ur»on  (Errlhium  donatut) 
of  the  United  States,  and  the  prehensile-taili-d 
Tree  Porcupine  (Cercobatet)  of  South  Ann'i  i  a. 
They  are  often  clangined  ax  a  different  family. 
[SYNETHEBINA,  TRICHVS,  TREE-PORCUPINE.] 

2.  Bot.:  (1)  Chataria  hyitrix;  (2)  Honleum 
\ystrix. 

S.  Fibre :  A  heckling  apparatus  for  flax  ;  or 
a  cylindrical  heckle  for  worsted  yam. 

porcupine  ant-eater, «.    [ECHIDNA.] 
porcupine-crab,  5. 
Zool. :  Lithodfi  hy*trir,  a  native  of  Japnn. 
The  carapace  is  triangular,  and,  like  the  limbs, 


thickly  covered   with  spinrs.     It  is  dull  and 
slugsish  in  its  movements. 

porcupine-fish,  s. 

Ichthy  ;  Diodon  hyatrix,  so  called  from  being 
covered  with  spines.  Found  in  the  tropical 
seas. 

porcupine  -like  rodents,  *.  pL 

Zool.  :  Hystricomorplia,  a  section  of  Ro- 
dentia  Simplicidentafci,  with  six  families: 
Octodontidae,  Hystricidae.Cliincliillidse,  Daay- 
proctidae,  Dinoiiiyklae,  and  Caviidae. 

porcupine  sea  -mouse,  «.     [APHAO- 

DITA.] 

porcupine-wood,  ».  The  outer  portion 
of  the  trunk  of  the  cocoa-nut  palm,  a  hard 
durable  wood,  which,  when  cut  horizontally, 
shows  beautiful  markings  resembling  those  of 
porcupine  quills. 

*  por'-cu-pine,   v.t.     [PORCUPIXE,    ».]     To 

cause  to  stand  up  like  the  quills  of  a  porcupine. 
"  Whote  frightful  presence  pomipintd  each  hair." 
W  olcut  :  Peter  Pindar,  p.  M. 

pbr'-cus,  s.    [Lat.]    [PORK.] 

Zool.  :  A  synonym  of  Babyroussa  (q.v.). 

pore,  *  poore,  s.  [Fr.  pore,  from  Lat.  porum, 
accus  of  porus  =.  a  pore,  from  Gr.  jropo«  (poroj) 
=  a  passage,  a  pore  ;  Sp.,  Port.,  &  Ital.  poro.J 

1.  Anat.  (PL):   Minute  holes  in  the  skin 
required  for  perspiration. 

"The  sweate  came  gushing  out  of  every  pore.' 

Chapman  :  Homer  ;  Odyiiry  xt 

2.  Botany: 

(1)  An   aperture   in  anything  ;    spec,   tha 
cuticle  of  a  plant,  through  which  transpira- 
tion takes  place.    [STOMATES.] 

(2)  (PL):  Tul>es  containing  the  organs  of 
reproduction,  constituting  appendages  to  the 
pileus  of  Fungals. 

3.  Physics  (PL):  Interstices  between   th« 
molecules  of  a  body.     They  are  of  two  kinds  : 
physical  pores,  where  the  interstices  arc  so 
small  that  the  surrounding  molecules  remain 
within  the  sphere  of  each  other's  attracting 
or  repelling  forces  ;  and  sensible  pores,  con- 
stituting   actual    cavities   across   which    the 
molecular  forces  cannot  act.    (Canot.) 

4.  Zool.  (PL):  The  smaller  of  the  two  kinds 
of  holes  in  the  tissue  of  sponges.    Called  also 
Inhalant  apertures. 

pore-capsule,  --. 

Bot.  :  A  capsule  which  dehisces  by  pores  at 
or  near  its  apex. 

pore  (1),  *por-en,  *puro,  ?.».  [Sw.  diaL 
pora,  pura,  para,  -=io  work  steadily.]  To  look 
steadily  and  with  continued  attention  and 
application  ;  to  read,  examine,  or  study 
patiently,  steadily,  and  persistently.  Applied 
to  patient  and  steady  study  of  a  book,  or 
anything  written  or  engraved,  and  followed  by 
on,  upon,  or  over  (now  generally  only  by  the 
last  of  these.) 

"The  exalted  prize  demands  «n  upward  look. 
Nut  to  be  found  by  p  rring  on  a  book.* 

Cowper:  Tir*ini»m,M. 

*pore  (2),  v.t.    [POUR,  *.] 

*  pbre'-blind,  a.    [PURBLIND.] 

*  por-en,  v.t.    [PORE  (1),  ».] 

pb'r'-er,  ».  [Eng.  pore  (1),  v.  ;  -er.~\  One  who 
pores  or  studies  steadily  and  patiently. 

*  por-et,  *  por-rect,  «.    [Lat.  porrum.]    A 
young  onion. 

pdre'-wort,  *.    [Eng.  pore,  and  wort.] 

Bot.  (PL):  Lindley's  name  for  the  Treman- 
dracea. 

por'-geS,  «.    [Native  name.] 

Fabric  :  A  coarse  kind  of  Indian  silk. 


-,  -,  pan'-gie,  «.  [North 

Amer.  Indian.] 

Ichthy.  :  Pagrus  argyrops,  an  important  food- 
fish  from  the  coasts  of  the  United  Stites.  It 
attains  a  length  of  eighteen  inches  and  a 
weight  of  about  four  pounds. 

per  fch'-thys,  *.    [First  element  doubtful; 
second  Or.  t%0*;  (ichthus)  =  a  fish.] 

Ichthy.  :  A  genus  of  Acanthopterypii,  family 
Batraohidre,  with  two  species,  from  th» 
Atlantic  and  Pacific  coasts  of  Central  and 
South  America. 


fite,  tat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pit; 
or.  wore,  wolf;  work,  whd,  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,   te,  ce  =  e ;  «y  =  •    qu  =  kw. 


porifera— porphyritic 


t  por-if  -er-a,  s.  pZ.   [Latjx»n« 

and  /ero  =  to  bear.] 


»  passage, 


1.  The  Forarainifera. 

2.  Tlie  Sponges. 

por-If-er-an,  s.  [PORIFERA.]  Any  individual 
member  of  the  order  Porifera. 

por  I  form,  a.     [Lat.  pon«  =  a  pore,  and 
for  nia  =  form,  shape  ;  FT.  poriforme.] 

*  Ord.  Lang.  <t  Bot.  :  Resembling,  or  of  the 
fiirm  of,  a  pore. 

por'  line,  *.     l.Or.  iropi>o?  (porimos)  •=  prac- 

ticable, from  iropos  (poro*)  =  a  ford,  a  passage.] 

Geom.  :  A  theorem  or  proposition  so  easy  of 

demonstration  as  to  be  almost  an  axiom  or 

self-evident 

por  -I-ncss,  ».  [Eng.  pory  ;  -««ss.  ]  The  quality 
or  state  of  being  pory,  or  full  of  pores. 

"The    perinea    of    the    bone    below."—  Witeman  : 

.  bk.  ii..  ch.  viii. 


(po 
Per 


•por'-ism,  *  por  risme,  s.     [Gr. 

(porisma)  =  anytliing  procured  or  supplied, 
something  deduced  from  a  previous  demon- 
stration ;  rropif  ui  (  porizo)  =  to  bring,  to  supply  ; 
wopoc  (jwros)  =  a  passage  ;  Fr.  porisme.] 

Geometry  : 

L  A  corollary. 

2.  A  name  given  by  the  ancient  geometers 
to  a  class  of  propositions  having  for  their 
object  to  find  the  conditions  that  will  render 
certain  problems  indeterminate  or  capable 
of  innumerable  solutions.  It  partakes  of  the 
nature  both  of  a  problem  and  of  a  theorem, 
without  being  exactly  either. 

"  Geometricians,  when  they  have  shewed  their  pro. 
posicions.  been  wont*  to  bringeu  in  thinges  that  they 
clepen  poritmet."—  Chaucer  :  Boeciut,  bk.  ill. 

pb'r-ls-mat'-fc,  ppr-If-m&f-Ic-al,  a. 

[Gr.  iropta-fia  (porisma),  genit.  iropio>aTO« 
(por  wmatos)  =  porism  (q.v.).]  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  a  porism  ;  poristic. 

por-is'-tlc,  por-Is'-tifo-al,  o.  [Fr.  porit- 
'iue  ;  Gr.  iropicmico*  (poristikos),  from  iropt£w 
orizd)  —  to  bring,  to  supply.]  [PorusM.J 
ertaining  to,  or  of  the  nature  of,  a  porism. 

pbr'-ite,  s.    [PoEiTEs.]    Any  Individual  of  the 
genus  Porites,  or  the  family  Poritidse. 

por-i'-tes,  *.    [Lot.  poms  ;  sun*.  -ite*.]  [PORK 

aw 

1.  Zool.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Poritidae. 
Animals  urceolate,  with  twelve  very  short 
tentacles  ;  jwlypidom  porous  and  ecliinated. 
The  species  take  part  in  the  formation   of 
coral  reefs,  at  a  less  depth  than  the  A.st  rn-idie 
and  at  the  same  depth  as  Heandrina.    Darwin 
describes    the    margin   of  a  coral  island  as 
largely  formed  of  masses  of  Porites  irregularly 
rounded,  from  four  to  eight  feet  broad,  and 
separated  by  crooked  channels  about  six  feet 
deep.     As  it  extends  it  spreads  laterally,  so 
that  many  of  the  masses  terminate  upwards 
in  broad  flat  summits  when  the  coral  is  dead. 

2.  Faineant.  :   One   species  in   the   Middle 
Eocene. 

por-It  -I-dse,  s.  pi.   [Mod.  Lat  porit(es);  Lat. 
fern.  pi.  adj.  sutf.  -idee.] 

Zool.  :  A  family  of  Madreporaria  Perforata, 
from  shallow  water  in  the  tropics.  The  wall 
and  the  septa  are  reticulate  and  porous. 
Most  of  the  species  are  reef-builders.  Sub- 
families, Poritinx  and  Montiporinae. 

por-I-tl'-nse,  >.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat.  porit(es);  Lat. 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ince.]    [PoRmu.*.] 

pork,  *  porke,  ».  [Fr.  pore  =  a  pig,  a  hog, 
pork,  from  Lat.  porcum,  accus.  of  p-imu  =  a 
pig;  cogn.  with  Wei.  porch;  Ir.  ore;  A.S. 
/eurfc  =  a  pig;  Eng.  farrow;  O.  Sp.,  Port.,  it 
ItaL  porco  ;  Sp.  puerco.] 
L  Literally: 

*  1.  A  pig,  a  hog.     (Cotgrave.) 

2.  The  flesh  of  swine,  fresh  or  salted,  used 
tor  food. 

"Good  Mussulman,  ahrtiln  from  pork." 

Cowper  :  Love  of  the  World  Reproved. 

*  II.  Fig.  :  A  stupid,  obstinate,  and  ignorant 
person  ;  a  hog  ;  a  pig-headed  fellow. 


pork-butcher, «.    One  who  kills  pigs  or 
deals  in  pork. 


pork  chop,  s.  A  chop  or  slice  from  the 
rib  of  a  pig. 

pork-eater,  ».  One  who  eats  swine's 
fie.sh  ;  hence,  a  Christian,  as  distinguished  from 
a  Jew. 

"  This  nuking  of  Christian*  will  raise  the  price  of 
bogs:  if  we  grow  all  to  be  pork-t<ittri,  we  shull  not 
thurtljr  have  a  rather  on  the  coal*  for  money."— 
Stiultrp.  :  Jlcnluint  of  Venice,  iii.  5. 

pork-measle,  s.    [MEASLES,  2.  (l).] 

pork-pie,  s.    A  pie  made  of  minced  pork 

and  pastry. 

pork-sausage,  s.  A  sausage  made  of 
minced  pork,  with  seasoning  and  flavouring 
Ingredients. 

pork  tape-worm,  *.  [CYSTICERCUS, 
T.£NIA.] 

*  pork-e-pyn,  «.    [PORCUPINE.  J 

pork  -er.  «.  [Eng.  pork  ;  -er.]  A  pig,  a  hog  ; 
specif.,  a  pig  or  hog  fed  for  pork. 

"The  uproarious  cackling  that  greeted  every  squeak 
from  the  porkm."—  Daily  Telegraph,  Sept.  29,  1835. 

»  pbrk'-et,  *.  [O.  Fr.  parquet.]  A  young  hog 
or  pig  ;  a  pig. 

"  A  porktt  and  a  lamb  that  never  suffered  shears." 
Uryaen  :  Yiryil  ;  .Sncid  nL  257. 

*  pdrk-ltng,  s.  [Eng.  pork  ;  dimin.  suff.  -ling.] 
A  young  pig. 

"  If  rattling  or  swelling  get  onoe  to  the  throat, 
Thou  lovest  thy  forkliitg,  a  crown  to  a  groat," 

Tuuer  :  Hiubandrn  ;  October. 

*  pork-pen,  *  pork-point,  s.   [PORCUPINE.] 

por-li  -er-a,  ».  [Named  after  Andrew  de 
Porlier,  a  Spanish  patron  of  Botany.] 

Sot.  :  A  genus  of  Zygophylleae.  The  foliage 
is  very  detersive,  and  is  sometimes  used  in 
the  West  Indies  to  scrub  floors. 

por-nd-graph'-Ic,  a.  [Eng.  pornography)  ; 
•ic.]  Pertaining  to  pornography  ;  loose, 
lascivious. 

"A  perfect  Golconda  of  pornographic  writing."— 
World,  Oct.  23.  1883. 

*por-n6'g'-ra-ph&  *.    [Or.  wopvi  (pome)  = 

a  harlot,  and  ypd<>u>  (grapho)  =  to  write.] 

1.  Licentious  painting,  such  as  the  pictures 
used  to  ornament  the  walls  of  the  temples  of 
Bacchus  ;  specimens  exist  at  Pompeii. 

2.  A  description  of  prostitutes  or  of  prosti- 
tution, as  matter  of  public  hygiene. 

3.  Licentious  literature. 

pbV-4-dine,  poV-6-dite,  «.  [Or.  wnpiLSr^ 
(porodes)  =  tufa-like  ;  suff.  -ine,  -ite.'] 

Petrol.  :  A  name  originally  given  by  Hatty 
to  certain  fra'gmental  rocks,  which  were  ce- 
mented together  by  opal-silica,  and  bearing 
a  close  resemblance  to  tufa.  Wadsworth  has 
applied  this  term  to  some  meteorites  present- 
ing a  fragmental  structure,  which  have  been 
subsequently  much  altered. 


B,  s.  pi.     [Mod.  Lat.  poro- 
phyll(um);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -tee.] 
Bot.  :  A  sub-tribe  of  Senecionideae  (q.v.). 


[Gr.  wdpoc  (poro*)  =  » 
pore,  and  (f>v\\ov  (phullon)  —  a  leaf.] 

Bot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Porophyllefle(q.v.)t 
South  American  shrubs  or  under  shiubs. 

por-o'-sa,  s.  pi.  [NVut.  pi.  of  Mod.  Lat. 
porosus  =  full  of  pores,  from  poms  =  a  pore.] 
[PERFORATA.] 


-I-t^,  i.    [Fr.  ponsiti;  Ital.  porositd.] 
1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  porous  or  of 
having  pores  ;  porousness  ;   specif.,  that  pro- 
perty of  matter  in  consequence  of  which  its 
particles  are  not  in  absolute  contact,  but  are 
separated  by  pores  or  intervals  ;  the  opposite 
to  density. 
•  2.  A  pore. 

"The  nervei  with  their  invisible  pamUlm."—  Ifort: 
Immort.  of  the  Soul.  bk.  ii..  cb.  viii. 


\  i.    (Gr.  irwpof  (poros)  =  a  callus.] 
Med. :  A  medicine  capable,  or  supposed  to 
be  capable,  of  assisting  in  the  formation  of  a 
callus. 

pb'r'-otis,  o.  [Fr.  port-ax;  Sp.,  Port,  &  ItaL 
poroso.]  Having  pores  or  interstices  in  the 
skin  or  substance  of  the  body  ;  having  spiracles 
or  passages  for  flalds.  [PITTED.] 

"They  are  all  built  of  a  porout  stone."— futtae» t 
Italy,  vol.  ill.,  ch.  iii. 


por'-ous-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  porout;  -ly.]  Im  ft 
porous  manner. 

pdr'-OUS-nesS,  s.     [Eng.  porous;  -nttt.] 

L  The  quality  or  state  of  being  porous; 
porosity. 

"  The  poroutneu  of  it*  body,  rendering  it  diarhan. 
ous.'—  tiuutu:  Sermont,  vol.  iii,  eer.  ii. 

*  2.  A  porous  part ;  a  pore. 

"  They  will  forcibly  get  into  the  porotuneu  of  it,  ao4 
pass  between  part  and  part."— 1/iyby  :  On  Bodia. 

*  por-paise,  *.    [PORPOISE.] 

*  por-pen-Une,  «.    [PORCUPINE.] 

*  por-pesse,  *  por-peys,  s.    [PORPOISE.] 

por'-pez-ite,  s.  [After  Porpez,  Brazil,  where 
found  ;  suff.  -ite  (J/in..).] 

Min. :  A  variety  of  native  gold  (q.v.),  con- 
taining from  live  to  nearly  ten  per  cent,  of 
palladium. 

*  por-phu-rie,  «.    [PORPHYRY.] 

por"-phy-ra,  *.  [Gr.  n-op^upa  (porphura)^ 
the  purple  fish.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Confervacea?,  tribe  or 
family  Halymejlidae  (Lindiey)  of  the  order  Ul- 
vacea  (Berkeley).  Tlie  purple  or  red  frond  is 
expanded,  membranous,  shortly-stalked ;  fruc- 
tification consisting  of  scattered  sori  with 
oval  spores,  of  tetraspores,  and  of  antberidia. 
Porphyra  i*ulgaris  and  P.  laciniata  furnish 
Laver  (q.v.). 

por-phy  ra-ceous  (ce  as  sh),  a.  [Eng. 
porphyr(y) ;  -acefivs.]  Resembling,  or  consist- 
ing of,  porphyry ;  porphyritic. 

*  por-phyre,  *.    [PORPHYRY.] 

por-phyr'-e-ous,  a.  [Gr.  wop^v'ptot  (por- 
phureos)  =  the  purple  fish.]  Brown-red ;  brown 
mixed  with  red. 

por'-phy-lic,  a.  [Gr.  *op<>vpof  (porphurot) 
=  purple ;  Eng.  sutt'.  -ic.J  (See  compound.) 

porphyric  acid,  *. 

Chem. :  CioH4N2O7.  Produced  from  euxan- 
thone  by  the  action  of  cold  nitric  acid  of  sp. 
gr.  1'31.  It  is  obtained  as  a  yellow  crystalline 
powder,  which  forms  a  blood-red  colour  with 
carbonate  of  ammonia  (hence  its  name),  and 
is  slightly  soluble  in  cold  water  and  alcohol, 
more  easily  in  boiling  alcohol.  Its  salts  ex- 
plode when  heated. 

por'-phy-rine,  ».    [Gr.  »op</>vpo«  (porphurot) 

=  purple  ;  -in  (Chem.).'] 

Chem. :  A  base  obtained  by  Hesse  from  & 
peculiar  Australian  bark.  It  is  soluble  in 
water  and  alcohol,  from  which  it  partly  crys- 
tallizes in  thin,  white  prisms,  and  melts  at 
82°.  Its  sulphate  and  chloride,  like  those  of 
quinine,  exhibit  a  deep  blue  fluorescence  when 
slightly  acidulated.  With  concentrated  nitric 
acid,  it  produces  a  characteristic  red  colour. 

por -phyV-i-6,  s.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  irop^uptW 
(porphurion)  —  an  undetermined  species  of  the 
modern  genus.  (Cf.  Plin.  H.  N.,  x.  46,  49.)] 

Ornith. :  A  genus  of  Rallidae,  subfamily 
Gallinae,  with  fourteen  species,  chiefly  Ori- 
ental and  Australian,  but  occurring  in  South 
America,  in  Africa,  and  in  the  south  of 
Europe.  Bill  short,  strong,  high ;  the  base 
dilated  into  a  flat  plate ;  culmen  arched ; 
nostrils  large,  basal  covered  by  a  membrane, 
naked  ;  feet  very  large,  toes  without  lateral 
membrane,  claws  large  and  slightly  curved. 
In  habits  they  resemble  the  Water-hen,  but 
are  larger  and  more  stately  birds ;  bill  and 
legs  red,  general  plumage  metallic  blue. 

*  por-phy-rit,  *.    [PORPHYRY.] 

por'-phy-rite,  por'-phy-ryte,  «.     [Eng. 

porphyry),  and  suff.  -ite  (Petrol.).] 

Petrol. :  A  name  used  by  some  petrologists 
for  the  porphyritic  orthoclase  rocks  which 
are  free  from  quartz.  Some,  however,  include 
varieties  in  which  the  orthoclase  constituent 
is  more  or  less  replaced  by  oligoclase.  M,  :iy 
porphyritic  dolerites  have  been  also  included 
under  this  name.  By  the  presence  of  horn- 
blende it  often  approaches  the  composition 
of  a  syenite  (q.v.),  with  which  it  is  frequently 
associated. 

por-phy-rft'-lc,  *  por-ph^-rit-Ic-al,  a. 

[Fr.  porphyriti(fue.]      Resembling  porphyry; 
consisting  of  porphyry  ;  containing  i>orphyry. 
"  Porpkfrttic  cliffs  rise  on  every  side,"— Scribner't 
Magazine,  August  1877,  p.  4ii. 


boiL  boy ;  pout,  Jofrl ;  cat,  ^ell,  chorus,  chin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this  ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  ^Cenophon,  e^lst.    ph  -- 1 
-elan,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  -  shun ;  -(ion,  -sion   -  zhon.   -clous,  -tious,  -sioua  =  saus.    -ble,  -die,  &CL  =  bel,  deL 


3694 


porphyrization— port 


por-phy-ri-za'-tion.*.  [Eng.  forphyriate); 
-ation,\ 

1.  The  act  of  porphyrizing  ;  the  state  of 
being  porphyrized. 

2.  A  mode  of  grinding   substances   by  a 
Duller  upon  a  slab.    Porphyry,  from  its  ex- 
treme hardness,  is  eminently  suitable,  and  has 
given  iu  name  to  the  process. 

por'-phy-rize,  v.t.      [Eng.  porphyry);  -t*.] 
:ake    to   resemble  porphyry  ;  to  make 
spotted  in  composition. 

por  phy  ro-gene,  *.  [See  def.]  The  same 
as  I'uRPHVROOtxiTus  (q.v.).  (Foe:  Haunted 
Palace.) 

por  phy-ro  gS-nSr  -Ic,  o.  [Eng.  porphyry, 
ami  Gr.  •ytrnjTKcov  (gennctikos)  —  having  the 
power  to  produce.]  Producing  or  generating 
porphyry. 

por  phy-ro  gen-It  Ism,  «.  [PORPHYRO- 
OKNiifs.]  The  principle  of  succession  in 
royal  families,  and  especially  among  the 
Eastern  Roman  emperors,  by  virtue  of  which 
a  younger  son,  if  born  "  in  the  purple,"  that 
is,  after  the  succession  of  his  parents  to  the 
throne,  was  preferred  to  an  older  son  born 
previous  to  such  succession. 

por-phjf-ro-ge'n'-i-tUS,  ».  [Lat  porphyra 
=  purple,  and  genitus,  pa.  par.  of  gigno  =.  to 
bear,  as  a  child.)  A  son  born  "  in  the  purple," 
that  is  after  his  father's  succession  to  the 

throne.      [PORPHYBOGENITISM.] 

por'-phy-rold,  t.  [Eng.  porphyr(y);  suff. 
-oid  ;  ft.  &,  Ger.  porphyroide.l 

Petrol.  :  A  felsitic  rock  which,  from  the 
presence  of  a  micaceous  mineral  in  more  or 
less  parallel  bands  giving  it  a  foliated  aspect, 
appears  to  be  intermediate  between  the  por- 
phyritic  felsites  and  the  gueissic  rocks. 

por-phy-rdph'-or-a,  ».  [Or.  wopVpa  (por- 
phura)  •=.  a  purple  dye,  and  <f>opos  (pkoros)  = 
bearing.] 

Entom.  :  A  genus  of  Coccid*.  Porphyro- 
fhora  polonica,  found  in  Germany  and  !'<>!  .nd, 
where  it  lives  on  the  roots  of  a  Scleranthus, 
yields  a  red  dye  which  has  long  been  known. 


,  t.    [Gr.  vorfvpas  (por- 
fhoros)  =  purple  ;  Eug.  ox(ygen),  and  sufl'.  -in 


Chem.  :  A  neutral  substance  said  by  Merck 
to  exist  in  Smyrna  opium.         ' 


hjf-rjf,  *.  [Gr.  Trop^vpa.  (porphura)  = 
purple  ;  Lat  porphyrites  ;  Fr.  tlGer.porphyre; 
Ital.  porftdo.] 

Petrol.  :  A  term  originally  applied  to  a  rock 
having  a  purple-coloured  base,  with  enclosed 
Individual  crystals  of  a  felspar.  It  is  still 
used  by  some  petrnlogists  as  a  generic  name 
for  all  rocks  consisting  of  a  felsitic  base,  with 
felspar  crystals.  Rocks  of  varied  minera- 
logical  composition,  origin,  and  of  various 
colours,  having  however  been  included  under 
this  name,  English  and  most  American  ]*•- 
trologists  use  it  in  its  adjectival  form  only. 
Thus,  any  rock  in  which  crystals  of  felspar 
are  individually  developed,  irrespective  of  the 
mineralogical  fom|iosition  of  tlie  whole,  is 
•aid  to  be  porphyritic. 

porphyry  schist,  s.    [PHONOLITE.] 

porphyry-shell,  «.  The  genns  Mnrex 
(q.v.),  and  specially  any  species  yielding  a 
purple  dye. 

porphyry-tuff,  «• 

Petrol.  :  A  tuff  consisting  of  felsitic  sub- 
stance having  an  earthy  to  compact  texture, 
enclosing  fragment*  and  crystals  of  quirtz, 
felspar,  and  mica,  with,  occasionally,  plant 
remains. 

•  por-pic*.  «.    [PORPOISE.] 

por-  pi  '-to,  *.     [From  Gr.  wvpim  0»rpe)  =  a 
buckle-pin.) 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Physophoridte,  akin  to 
the  Portuguese  Man-of-war  (>|.v.).  The  disc 
Is  surrounded  by  a  beautiful  fringe  of  tentacles. 
Some  are  bright-tinted.  One  species  occurs 
in  the  Mediterranean. 

por  poise,  '  por  paisc,  *  por-pes,  *por- 


from  pore  (Lat.  jwrctu)  =  a  pig,  and  Lat.  piaci» 


=  a  flsh.  Cf.  Ger.  meerschwein;  Dan.  &  Norw. 
martviin ;  8w.  marsi-in.  =  sea-swine ;  Fr.  mar- 
tovin,] 

Zool. :  Phoccena  communit,  and  any  species 
of  the  genus  ;  loosely  applied  by  sailors  to 
any  of  the  smaller  cetaceans.  The  common 
porpoise,  when  full-grown,  attains  a  length 
of  about  five  feet.  The  head  is  rounded  iu 
front,  and  the  snout  is  not  produced  into  a 
beak.  The  external  surface  is  shining  and 
hairless,  dark  gray  or  black  on  the  upper 
parts,  under  pure  white.  It  is  gregarious  in 
habit,  and  is  often  seen  in  small  herds,  fre- 
quenting the  coasts  rather  than  the  open  seas. 
It  often  ascends  rivers,  and  has  been  met 
with  in  the  Thames,  near  Richmond,  and  in  the 
Seine,  at  Neuilly.  It  is  found  on  the  coasts  of 
Scandinavia,  and  ranges  as  far  north  as  Baffin's 
Bay  and  as  far  west  as  the  coast  of  the  United 
States.  Southwards  its  range  is  limited,  and 
it  is  unknown  in  the  Mediterranean.  It  feeds 
on  fish,  and  was  formerly  esteemed  as  an 
article  of  food.  Its  only  commercial  value  now 
is  derived  from  the  oil  obtained  from  its 
blublier.  Its  skin  is  sometimes  used  for  leather 
and  boot-laces,  but  "porpoise-hides"  are  or- 
dinarily obtained  from  Delphinaptenw  leucas, 
the  Beluga,  or  White  Whale. 

porpoise-oil,  s. 

Chem. :  The  oil  obtained  by  heating  the 
belly-blubber  of  the  porjKrise.  Sp.  gr.  -937  at 
16°.  It  consists  of  a  glyceride  of  oleic,  pal- 
mitic, and  valeric  acids,  has  a  pale  yellow 
colour,  and  forms  a  stable  solution  with  one 
part  of  alcohol  of  '821. 

por-p6-ri'-no,  *.  [Ital.]  A  composition  of 
quicksilver,  tin,  and  sulphur,  which  produced 
a  yellow  metallic  powder,  tliat  was  employed 
instead  of  gold  by  mediaeval  artists,  when 
they  wished  to  economise. 

*  por-puis,  *  por  pus,  ».    [PORPOISE.] 

*  pSr-ra'-ceous  (ce  as  sh),  a.    [Lat.  por- 
raceus,  from  porrum  =  a  leek;    Fr.  porrace.] 
Resembling  a  leek  in  colour ;  greenish. 

"If  the  lever  Intestines  be  wounded,  be  will  be 
trouble*)  with  itorraceout  vomiting."—  tt'iteman:  .->ur- 
gay.  bk.  vt,  ch.  viL 

"por-ray, ».    [PORRIIXJK.] 

por-rect',  a,  [Lat.  porrectus,  pa.  par.  of  por- 
rigo  =  to  stretch  out.] 

Dot.  £  Z»ol. :  Extended  forward  in  a  hori- 
zontal direction. 

t  por-rect',  v.t.    [PORRECT,  o.] 

Law. :  To  produce  for  examination  or  taxa- 
tion, as  when  a  proctor  porrects  a  bill  of  costs. 

*por-rec'-tion,  s.  [Lat.  porrectio,  from  por- 
rectUK,  pa.  par.  of  porrigo  =  to  stretch  out.] 
The  act  of  stretching  or  reaching  forth. 

*  por-ree,  s.    [PORRIDGE.  ] 

por'-re't,  *.  [O.  Fr.  porrette,  dimin.  from  Lat. 
porrum  =  a  leek ;  Ital.  porretta.]  A  small 
leek  ;  a  scallion. 

por'-ri-cine,  *.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Min. :  A  name  given  to  an  acieukr  mineral, 
found  in  cellular  basalt  on  the  Rhine,  now 
shown  to  be  pyroxene. 

por  ridge,  *por-redge,  *porte,  'por- 
ray,  "por-ree,  *pur-ee,  *  pur-re,  «. 

[O.  Fr.  poree,  porree  =  pot-herbs  .  .  .  pot- 
tage, from  Low  Lat.  porrata  =  broth  mnde 
with  leeks,  from  Lat.  porrum  =  a  leek.  The 
sutf.  -idg',  (=  age)  is  due  to  confusion  with  pot- 
tage (q.v.)  ;  Ital.  porrata  =  leek-soup.] 

1.  A  kind  of  dish  made  by  boiling  vegetables 
in  water  with  or  without  meat;  broth,  pottage, 
soup. 

"  They  want  their  perrtdgr.  and  their  fat  hull  beevea." 
Shatetp.  :  1  llrnry  VI.,  I.  2. 

2.  A  food  made  by  slowly  stirring  oatmeal 
or  similar  substance  in  water  or  milk  while 
boiling,  till  it  forms  a  thickened  mass.     It  is 
generally  eaten  with  milk,  sugar  or  molasses, 
or  stewed  fruit. 

*  3.  A  compound  ;  an  olio. 

"Mixed  up  with  a  «ort  of  porridge  of  various  political 
opinions  aud  reflection*."— Burin :  French  fiernluti  n. 

porridge-ice,  *.  Broken  ice  forming  a 
thick  mass  in  the  Be". 

"The  water  was  foil  of  tx>rridge-tce.*—Scribner'i 
Magaanr,  January,  1880,  p.  331. 

porridge-pot, i.  A  pot  in  which  porridge 
is  cooked. 


por-ri'-go,  s.    [Lat  =  scurf,  dandriff.] 

Pathol.:  An  old  genus  of  skin  diseases. 
Porrigo  larmlis  is  tlie  same  as  Impetigo  (q.v.), 
P.  scutiiJitta  is  Tinea  Unaurans,  aud  P.  Juvosa, 
Tinea  favona. 

poV-rin-ger,  s.  [From  porridge,  with  suff.  -er, 

and  inserted  n,  as  in  messenger,  passenger,  &c.j 

1.  A  |K>rridge-dish  ;  a  small  vessel  of  tin  or 

earthenware,  out  of  which  children  eat  their 

food. 

"fHel  breakfasted  on  a  porringer  of  the  hospital 
broth."— Macaulay :  Uist.  £ng..  cu.  xvii. 

*  2.  A  cap  or  head-dress  resembling  a  por- 
ringer in  shape. 

"  Her  plnk'd  porringer  fell  off  her  head."— Shaken*. : 
Henry  ('///.,  T.  4. 

port  (1),  s.  [A.S.  port,  from  I^t  portus=* 
harbour.  The  A.S.  word  was  in  early  use,  as 
seen  in  many  place-names  in  England,  e.g., 
Portsmouth,  /"orchester  (=  .Porfchester),  Brid- 
port,  &c.  It  is  one  of  the  few  words  (found 
only  in  names  of  places  :  as,  chaster  =  Lat 
castra  =  a  camp)  which  were  adopted  from 
the  Romans  at  their  first  invasion.] 

1.  A  harbour,  natural  or  artificial ;  a  haven; 
a  sheltered  inlet,  cove,  bay,  or  recess,  into 
which  vessels  can  enter,  and  in  which  they 
can  lie  in  safety  from  storms. 

"  Not  otherwise  your  ships,  and  every  friend 
Already  bold  the  port,  or  »  ith  swift  sails  descend." 
Dryden  :  t'irgil  ;  <£neid  i.  56S. 

2.  Luw :  A  place  appointed  for  the  passage 
of  travellers  and  merchandise  into  or  out  of 
the  kingdom  ;  a  place  frequented  by  vessels 
for  the  purpose    of   loading  or  discharging 
cargo,    and    provided    with     the    apparatus 
necessary  to  enable  them  to  do  so. 

"The  King  has  the  prerogative  of  appointing  portt 
and  havens,  or  such  places  only  for  persons  and  mer- 
chandise to  i  HUM  into  aud  out  of  tlie  realm,  as  he  in  his 
wisdom  sees  proper."  —  Blackilone :  Commentariet, 
bk.  1..  ch.  7. 

3.  The  curve  in  the  mouth-piece  of  some 
bridle-bits. 

IT  (1)  Close  port :  A  port  situated  up  a  river, 
as  distii.guisht-d  from  an  out-port. 

(2)  Free-port: 
(o)  [FREE-PORT]. 

(b)  A  term  used  for  a  total  exemption  and 
franchise  which  any  set  of  merchants  enjoy  for 
goods  imported  into  a  state,  or  those  of  the 
growth  of  the  country  exported  by  them. 

(3)  Port  of  entry :  A  port  having  a  custom- 
house for  the  entry  of  goods. 

port  admiral.  --. 

A'lu'oZ:  The  Admiral  commanding  at  a  naval 
port. 

port-bar  (1),  «. 

1.  An  accumulated  shoal  or  bank  of  sand, 
4c.,  at  the  mouth  of  a  port  or  harbour. 

2.  A  boom  formed  of  large  trees  or  spars 
lashed    together,    and    moored    transversely 
across  a  port  to  prevent  entrance  or  egress. 

port-bit,  *. 

Harness :  A  general  name  for  all  bits  having 
a  port  mouth-piece. 

port-charges,  port-dues,  t.  pi. 

Comm. :  The  tolls  or  charges  payable  on  a 
ship  or  its  cargo  in  harbour,  as  wharfage,  &C. 

port-dues,  s.  pi.    [PoRT-cdAROEs.] 
Port  Jackson,  s. 

Geog.:  An  Australian  harbour,  having  Sydney 
on  its  southern  shore. 
Port  Jackson  Shark :  [CESTRACION]. 

*  port-man,  s.    An  inhabitant  or  burgess 
of  a  port-town  or  of  a  cinque  port 

*  port-mote,  «.    A  local  court  held  in  a 
port-town. 

"  These  legal  ports  were  undoubtedly  at  first  assigned 
by  the  Crown  ;  since  to  each  of  them  a  (;»urt  of  fort- 
mote  Is  incident,  the  jurisdiction  of  which  must  flow 
from  the  royal  authority."— Bladutom:  Comment., 
bk.  1.,  ch.  t. 

Port-Royalist,  *. 

Hist.  (PI.):  A  name  given  to  the  Jansenists 
(q.v.),  from  the  fact  that  many  distinguished 
men  of  that  party  took  up  their  abode  in  the 
Cistercian  convent  of  Port  Royal  des  Champs, 
after  the  nuns  had  moved  to  Port  Royal  da 
Paris. 

port-town.  *.  A  town  having,  or  being 
situated  near,  a  port. 

port  (2),  "porte,  *.  [Fr.  port,  from  porter 
(Lat  porto)  =  to  carry  ;  Ital.  porto;  Sp.  porte.] 


fete,  ISt,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father :  we,  wgt,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  g6,  pot 
or.  wore.  W9l£,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our.  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,   so,  m  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


port— portative 


3695 


1.  Carriage,  mien,  demeanour,  bearing,  air; 
•Banner  of  walk  or  movement ;  deportment. 

"Her   face   was   handsome,    her  port   majestic."— 
Macaulay:  ffitt.  Eny.,  ch.  xi. 

*  2.  State  ;   splendid  or  stately  manner  of 
Hying. 

"  Keep  house,  and  port,  and  servants  as  I  should." 
Shakeip.  :  Taming  of  the  Shrew,  i.  1. 

*3.  A  piece  of  iron,  somewhat  in  the  shape 
Of  a  horseshoe,  fixed  to  the  saddle  or  stirrup, 
tad  made  to  carry  the  lance  when  held  up- 
right. 

*  port-cannon,  «.    An  ornament  for  the 
knees,  resembling  stiff  boot-tops. 

Port-crayon,  s.  A  pencil-case ;  a  handle 
With  contracting  jaws  to  grasp  a  crayon. 

*  port-pane,  «.    [PORTPANE.] 

port-rule,  «.  An  instrument  which  regu- 
lȣes  the  motion  of  a  rule  in  a  machine. 

port  (3),  s.  [Gael.]  A  martial  piece  of  music 
adapted  to  the  bag-pipes. 

"  The  pipe's  shrill  port  aroused  each  clan." 

Scott :  Lay  of  On  Last  Minttnl,  v.  14. 

port  (1),  s.  [An  abbreviation  of  Oporto,  a  town 
in  Portugal,  whence  it  is  shipped  ;  Port  oporto 
=  the  port]  [PORT  (IX  «.] 

Comm. :  A  species  of  red  wine,  produced 
chiefly  in  the  mountainous  districts  of  Portu- 
gal, and  shipped  from  Oporto.  After  the 
jttice  has  been  pressed  from  the  grape,  and 
fermentation  fairly  started,  a  certain  quantity 
of  spirit  is  added  to  impede  the  process,  so  as 
to  retain  in  the  liquid  some  of  the  saccharine 
Matter,  as  well  as  the  flavour  of  the  grape. 
A  good  port-wine  should  possess  body  and 
aroma,  a  full  and  rich  colour,  moderate 
fruitiness,  and  be  neither  too  sweet  nor  too 
rough.  The  proportion  of  proof-spirit  varies 
from  26  to  36  per  cent  It  is  frequently  adul- 
terated, both  before  it  reaches  this  country 
and  after  iU  arrival  here,  sometimes  by  the 
addition  of  inferior  wines  or  elderberry  juice, 
at  other  times  by  diluting  with  water,  adding 
a  cheap  spirit,  and  restoring  the  colour  by 
means  of  logwood  or  some  other  dye.  A  little 
powdered  catechu  is  also  occasionally  added 
to  produce  a  rough  and  astringent  flavour  and 
to  ensure  a  fine  crust. 

port-wine,  s.    The  same  as  PORT  (4),  t. 

port  (5),  «.  [Fr.  porte  =  a  gate,  a  port ;  Lat. 
porta,  from  the  same  root  as  Gr.  jropos  (paras) 
=  a  ford,  a  way  ;  A.S.  porte  ;  O.  Sp.,  Port,  & 
Ital.  porta;  Sp.  puerta.} 

*  L   Ord.  Lang. :  A  gate,  an  entrance,  a 
passage. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Shipbuild. :  A  framed  opening  in  a  ship's 
aide  through  which  a  gun  is  fired,  a  hawser 
passed  out,  or  cargo  passed  in  or  out    They 
are  known  by  various  names,  as  cargo-port, 
gun-port,  &c.,  and  th«  most  important  will  be 
found  under  the  first  element  of  the  com- 
pounds. 

"  Her  por'i  on  the  starboard  side  being  smashed."— 
Daily  Telegraph,  Dec.  26.  1835. 

2.  Steam-eng.  &  Hydr. :  A  steam  opening, 
port-bar  (2),  s. 

Naut. :  A  bar  to  secure  the  ports  of  a  ship 
in  a  sale. 

port-electric,  a.  Carrying  by  elec- 
tricity. 

port-flange,  --. 

Shipbuild. :  A  batten  above  the  port  to  keep 
drip   from   en- 
tering. 

port-hole,  I 


1.  Shipbuild.: 
An   embrasure 
in  a  ship's  side. 

"Scattering  T>nnT.nnr  JTQ 

death   ou    every  POST-HOLES, 

•ide    from     her 
hundred  aud  lour  port-holts.*— Jlacaulay :  Bitt.  ling., 

ch.  xviii. 

2.  Steam:  [PORT (5),  *.,  II.  2]. 

Port-hole  closer:  A  shutter  to  close  a  sub- 
marine port 

port-hook, .«. 

Naut. :  One  of  the  hooks  in  the  side  of  a 
ship,  to  which  the  hinges  of  a  port-lid  are 
booked. 

port-lanyard,  port-rope,  s. 

Naut. :  The  lanyard  or  rope  employed  to 
draw  up  a  port-lid  (q.v.). 


port-lid,  s. 

Naut. :  A  shutter  for  closing  a  port-hole  in 
stormy  weather. 

port-lifter,  s. 

Naut. :  A  contrivance  for  raising  or  lower- 
ing the  heavy  ports  of  ships. 

port-pendant,  s. 

Naut. :  A  tackle  to  trice  the  lid  of  a  lower- 
deck  port 

port-riggle,  >. 

Naut.  :  A  piece  of  wood  nailed  over  a  port 
to  carry  off  the  water. 

port-rope, «.    [PORT-LANYARD.] 
port-sail,*. 

Naut. :  A  waste  sail  extended  between  the 
ballast-port  and  ballast-lighter. 

*  port-sale,  s.    A  public  sale  or  auction 
of  goods  to  the  highest  bidder. 

"  So  when  they  had  haled  him  to  the  shore,  they 
declared  they  were  pyrats,  and  otfered  to  make  port- 
tale  of  the  meu  and  goods."— Jfortk:  Plutarch,  p.  117. 

port-sash,  s. 

Shipbuild. :  A  half-port  fitted  with  sash,  to 
light  a  cabin. 

port-sill,  5. 

Shipbuild. :  A  short  timber  lining  the  port 
in  a  ship.  Known  as  upper,  side,  and  lower 
port-sills. 

port-tackle,  s. 

Naut. :  The  purchase  for  hauling  np  the 
lower  deck  ports. 

port,  s.  &  o.    [Etyra.  doubtful.] 

A.  As  substantive: 

Naut.  :  The  left  side  of  a  vessel  to  a  person 
standing  on  deck  and  facing  towards  the  bows. 
It  was  formerly  called  larboard,  the  name 
being  changed  because  of  possible  accidents 
owing  to  the  similarity  of  the  words  larboard 
and  starboard. 

B.  As  adj. :  Towards  the  port ;  on  the  port 
or  left  side. 

"There  is  a  whale  on  onr  port  beam." — Daily  Tele- 
graph, Dec.  16,  1885. 

port-side,  s.    [PORT,  A.] 

port  (1),  v.t.  [Fr.  porter,  from  Lat  porto 
=  to  carry.]  [PORT  (2),  s.] 

*  1.  To  carry,  to  convey,  to  transport 

"  They  are  easily  parted  by  boat  into  other  shires." — 
fuller:  Worthies;  Shropthire. 

2.  To  carry  in  a  military  fashion  ;  to  carry, 
as  a  rifle,  in  a  slanting  direction  upwards  to- 
wards the  left,  and  across  the  body  in  front : 
as,  To  port  arms. 

port  (2),  v.t.  &  i.    [PORT,  s.  &  a.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  turn  or  put,  as  a  helm,  to  the 
port  or  left  of  a  ship. 

"She  could  in  no  wise  port  her  helm." — Backluyt: 
Voi/ayei,  i.  443. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  turn  or  put  the  helm  to  the 
port  or  left 

port-a-biT-I-ty,  «.'  [Eng.  portable;  -ity.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  portable  ;  capa- 
bility of  being  carried ;  fitness  for  carriage  ; 
portableness. 

pbrf -a-ble,  a.  [Lat  portabilis,  from  porto  = 
to  carry;  Fr.  portable;  Ital.  portabile.} 

I.  Capable  of  being  carried  in  the  hand  or 
about  the  person  ;  easily  carried  or  conveyed 
from  place  to  place  ;  not  too  bulky  or  heavy 
for  carriage. 

"  There  are  portable  boats,  and  made  of  leather."— 
Browne:  Vulgar  Erroun,  bk.  it,  ch.  ii. 

*  2.    Capable  of  being  borne  or  endured  ; 
endurable,  sufferable,  bearable. 

"  How  light  »nd  portable  my  pains  seem  now." 

S/i<ikesp.  :  Lear,  it  «. 

*  3.  Capable  of,  or  fit  for,  carrying  or  trans- 
porting. 

"The  Thames  or  any  other  portable  river."— <A 
Taylor:  Pennileu Pilgrimage. 

portable-railway,  s. 

Civil  Eng. :  A  railway  so  constructed  as  to 
be  taken  apart  for  transportation  and  relaid. 

pbrt'-a-ble-ne'ss,  s.  [Eng.  portable ;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  portable  ;  porta- 
bility. 

*  pbrf -age  (age  as  Ig)  (i),  «.    [PORT  (5),  «.] 
An  entrance,  a  passage,  a  port-hole. 
"  Let  it  pry  through  the  pr.rtnyt  of  the  head." 

Shakeip. :  Henry  V.,  lit  1. 


port'-  age  (age  as  ig)  (2),  *.    [Fr. ,  from  jwrtor 

=  to  carry.] 

1.  The  act  of  carrying  or  transporting; 
porterage. 

"  For  the  rest  of  our  route  long  portages  would 
frequently  occur."— Field,  April  4.  1885. 

*  2.  The  cost  or  price  of  carriage. 

*  3.  Capacity  for  carriage ;  tonnage,  burden. 

"Of  whatsoeuer portage,  bulk,  quant itie,  or  qua'.itie 
they  may  be."—BacJUuyt :  Voyages,  i.  271. 

4.  A  break  in  a  line  of  water-communi- 
cation, over  which  goods,  boats,  Ac.,  have  to 
be  carried,  as  from  one  lake  to  another,  or 
along  the  banks  of  rivers,  &c.,  to  avoid  water- 
falls, rapids,  <tc. 

"The  wettest  porttge  In  the  state."— Scribna'f 
Magazine,  August,  1877,  p.  49C, 

pb'rt'-age  (age  as  ig)  (3),  *.    [PORT  (1),  «.J 

1.  A  sailor's  wages  when  in  port 

2.  The  amount  of  a  sailor's  wages  for  a 
voyage. 

*p6rt'-age  (age  as  Ig),  v.t.  &  i.     [POBT- 

AOE  (1),  S.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  carry,  to  transport 

"The  boats  are  not  being  portaged,  but  only  the 
stores."— Pall  Malt  datette.  Dec.  27,  1884. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  carry  goods,  boats,  &c.,  at 
portages. 

"  The  bodily  training  obtained  t-y  rowing,  tracking. 
and  portaging."— Standard,  Nov.  18, 18S5. 

*  pbV-ta-gue,  •  pbV-te-gue,  *  por-ti- 

gue,  s'.  [Port.]  A  Portuguese  gold  coin, 
variously  estimated  at  £3  10s.  or  £A  10s.  ster- 
ling. 

"  Ten  thousand  portaguet,  besides  great  pearls." 
Marlowe :  Je*>  of  Malta,  i.  S. 

porf -al,  *  pb'rt'-all,  s.  &  a.  [O.  Fr.  portal, 
from  Low  Lat.  portale  —  a  porch,  a  vestibule, 
from  porta  =  a  gate ;  Fr.  portail;  Sp.  &  Port 
portal.] 

A.  As  substantive : 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  A  door,  a  gate,  an  entrance, 
espec.  one  of  an  imposing  appearance. 

"  They  [the  French]  erected  a  wooden  theatre  near 
oneof  the  grand  portals.*— £tutac»  :  Italy,  YoL  L,  ch.  U, 

U.  Architecture: 

1.  The  lesser  gate,  when  there  are  two  of 
different  dimensions  at  the  entrance  to  a  build- 
ing. 

*  2.  A  little  square  corner  of  a  room  separ- 
ated from  the  rest  by  a  wainscot,  and  forming 
a  short  passage  into  a  room. 

3.  An  arch  over  a  door  or  gateway;  tha 
framework  of  a  gate. 

4.  The  entrance  fagade  of  a  building. 

B.  Asadjectire: 

Anat. :  Pertaining  to  or  connected  with  the 
vena  portce. 

portal-circulation,  *. 

Anat.  it  Physiol. :  A  subordinate  circulation 
of  blood  from  the  stomach  and  intestine* 
through  the  liver. 

portal-vein,  s. 

Anat. :  A  vein  about,  three  inches  long,  com- 
mencing at  the  junction  of  the  splenic  and 
superior  mesenteric  veins  and  passing  upwards 
a  little  to  the  right  to  reach  the  transverse 
fissure  of  the  liver.  (Quoin.)  [PORTAL-CIRCU- 
LATION.] 

*  por-tal,  *.    [PORTESSE.] 

por-ta  •  men'  -  to,  .-•.    [Ital.] 

Music :  The  carrying  of  the  sonnd  from  one 
note  to  another,  as  with  the  voice  or  a  bowed 
instrument. 

*  porf -ance,  •  port-annee,  ».    [Fr.  port- 

ance,  from  porter  =  to  carry.]  Air,  demeanour, 
bearing,  port,  deportment 

"  The  apprehension  of  bis  present  portance." 

Shalieip.  :  Coriolanut,  II.  a. 

pbrf -ant,  o.  [Fr.,  pr.  par.  of  porter  =  to  carry .J 
Her. :  The  same  as  PORTATE  (q.v.Jt 

»  pbrf -aSS,  ».      [PORTESSE.] 

pbrt'-ate,  a.  [Lat.  portatus,  pa,  par.  of  porto 
=  to  carry.] 

Her. :  Applied  to  a  cross  placed  bend-wise 
in  an  escutcheon,  that  is,  lying  as  if  carried 
on  a  person's  shoulder. 

*  port -a-tlve,  *  port-a-tife,  a.    [Fr.  port- 
at(f.]    Portable. 

"  As  farforthe  and  also  narowe  as  may  be  shewed  1m 
so  small  an  instrument*  portaHfe  aboute."— Chaucer: 
Attnlabie. 


btfy ;  poTlt,  J6\»-l ;  cat,  cell,  chorus.  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.    -In*. 
-tian  =  shan.   -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -(ion,  -ftion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  -  shua.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bf  1,  del. 


PORTCULLIS. 

ndrr  Bloody  Tower, 
Tower  of  London.) 


S696 

portative-force, «. 

Magnetism:  The  weight  which  a  ma^jnet 
can  support. 

portative-organ,  •-. 

Music  :  A  little  organ  which  could  be  carried 
•bout,  as  opposed  to  a  positive  organ  which 
was  fixed. 

pbr-tax,£.    [Or.  woprof  (portor)  =  a  calf.] 

Zool. :  Nylgau  (q.v.);  a  gcims  of  Tragela- 
phinse,  with  a  single  sj>ecies.  (Brookt.) 

*  port-close, ».    [PORTCULLIS.] 

port  cul   Us,  *  port  coi  isc.  *  port-cul- 

lls 3,  s.  [O.  Fr.  jx>Tti;  <•  '  •  v,  later  portc  cou- 
lisse, from  porte  =  &  gate  (Lit.  porta),  and  a 
Low  Lat.  *  colati- 
ciiu  =  flowing,  glid- 
ing, from  colatus, 
pa.  par.  of  co'o  =  to 
flow,  to  strain.] 

1.  fort :  A  strong 
defensive  frame- 
work    of    timber, 
hung    in     grooves 
within    the     chief 
pitrway  of  a  for- 
tress, or  a  castle, 
or    an    edifice    of 
safety  :    it   resem- 
bled   the    harrow, 

but  was  placed  vertically,  having  a  row  of 
iron  spikes  at  the  bottom,  and  was  let  down 
to  stop  the  passage  in  case  of  assault.  There 
were  frequently  two  or  more  portcullises  in 
the  same  gateway. 

"  Clow  your  portent/it,  charge  your  basilisks " 

Marlowe  :  Jem  of  Malta,  ill.  6. 

2.  Her.  :  The  same  as  LATTICE  (q.v.). 

portcullis-money,  s.  A  name  given  to 
money  coined  in  the  end  of  the  reign  of  Queen 
Elizabeth  for  the  use  of  the  East  India  Com- 
pany in  their  trading  in  the  East.  It  was  so 
called  from  the  portcullis  crowned  borne  on 
the  reverse,  the  queen's  effigy  being  on  the 
obverse.  The  portcullis  crown,  or  piere  of 
eight  testers,  was  equal  to  a  Spanish  dollar  or 
piece  of  eight,  or  4s.  (kl.  English. 

*  port-CUT-Used,  a     [Eng.  portnillis ;  -ed.] 
Armed  or  furnished  with  a  portcullis  ;  shut  up 
as  with  a  portcullis  ;  barred. 

"  Within  my  mouth  you  have  engoal'd  my  tongue, 
Doubly  prtcullis'd  with  my  tet-th  mid  lips" 

fOMkap. :  KivliarJ  II.,  1.  S. 

Porte,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  porta  --*  a  gate.] 
The  Ottoman  court;  the  government  of  the 
Turkish  Empire. 

"The  Pone  now  plainly  gives  It  tt.  be  understood 
that  It  cannot  tolerate  the  prevent  st-lte  of  things  much 
longer."— Daily  Telegraph.  Dec.  12,  IgoS. 

^  The  official  title  of  the  chief  office  of  the 

Svernment  of  the  Ottoman  Empire  is  Babi 
i  =  the  High  Gate,  from  the  gate  (bdb)  of 
the  palace,  where  justice  was  administered. 
This  was  perverted  into  French  Sublime  Porte. 

pbrte-,  prtf.    [Fr.,  from  porter  =  to  carry.]    A 

Sredx  used  to  denote  that  the  article  to  which 
;  tt  attached  is  portable.     It  is  frequently 
employed  in  compound  words  relating  to  sur- 
gery,  as  port<-ii-.;;uille,  porte-caustique,  porte- 
sonde,  Ate. ,  the  meanings  of  which  are  obvious. 

porte  crayon, ».    [PORT-CRAYON.] 
porte-fouille,  s.    A  portfolio  (q.r.). 

porte-monnaie,  «.  A  small  leather 
pocket-book  for  holding  money,  ic. 

•  porte-col-ise, ».    [PORTCULLIS.] 

•  port  -gd,  a.    [Eng.  port  (5),  s. ;  -ed.]  Having 
gates ;  provided  or  furnished  with  gates. 

"  The  Englishmen  had  their  parto  onely  bamd  and 
port**."— Ora/lon  :  Uenry  Y.  (an.  H 

pbr-te'nd',  v.t.  ft  i.  [Lat.  porttndo  —  to  fore- 
tell, from  p>r-  (=  O.  Lat.  port-)  =  towards, 
and  teiido  =  to  stretch  forth.] 

A.  Transitive: 

•  1.  To  stretch  forth  ;  to  extend. 

"  Doom'd  to  feel 
The  great  Idomentui'  >~>rtendeJ  itecl.* 

Pope :  Homer  ;  Iliad  v.  M. 

^  The  meaning  here  may  be  threatened, 
2.  To  foreshow  or  foretoken  ominously ;  to 
indicate  by  previous  signs ;  to  forebode. 

"  Many  signs  portended  a  dark  and  iturmy  day."— 
ttaeaulaf :  Bat.  Eng.,  ch.  xi. 

B.  Intrant. ;  To  foreshow  or  forebode  future 
events. 


povtax— portio 

•  por-ten'-sion.  ».    [PORTEND.]    The  act  of 
porU-uding,  foreboding,  or  foretokening. 

"The  red  comets  do  carry  the  portentioni  el  Mars."— 
nr<>u-ne. :  Vulgar  Errourt,  ch.  xiv. 

por'-tent,  s.    [Fr.  portente,  from  Lat.  porten- 
turn,  neut.  sing,  of  portentus,  pa.  par.  of  por- 
tendo  =  to  portend  (q.v.)  ;  Ital.  &  Sp.  portento.] 
That  which  portends,  forebodes,  or  foretokens ; 
an  omen,  especially  of  ill ;  a  sign,  or  prodigy, 
indicating  the  approach  of  evil  or  calamity. 
"  What  portent*,  from  what  distant  region,  rise?" 
Cottper  :  On  the  Ice  lilandt. 

*  por-tSn'-tlve,  a.  [Eng.  portent;  -ive.]  Por- 
tending, foretokening,  portentous,  ominous. 

"  Comets  all  wlnk'd  at  thi».  nor  could  I  spy 
One  blazing  «tar  but  my  (MrtMtfM  eye. ' 

Jtrome:  TohuMittreu. 

por-ten'-tous,  a.  [0.  F.  portenteux,  from 
Lat  portentosus,  from  portentum  =  a  portent 
(q.v.);  Ital.  &  Sp.  portentoso.] 

1.  Of  the  nature  of  a  portent  or  omen  ;  fore- 
tokening, foreboding,  ominous. 

"  I  believe  they  are  portentotu  tilings." 

Shakesp. :  Julius  Ctesar,  I.  3. 

2.  Prodigious,  monstrous,  wonderful,  super- 
natural. 

11  The  portentotu  ability,  which  may  Justify  these 
bold  undertakers."— Burke :  On  the  French  Devolution. 

por-ten'-tOUS-ly\  culv.  [Eng.  portentous ;  -ly.] 
In  a  portentous  manner;  ominously,  pro- 
digiously, wonderfully. 

pb'rt-er  (1),  *  port-our,  ».     [Fr.  porteur, 
from  porter  =  to  carry ;  Sp.  portador ;   ItaL 
portatore.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A    carrier;   one   who   carries   burdens, 
parcels,  luggage,  &c.  for  hire. 

2.  A  dark-coloured  malt  liquor,  so  failed 
from  having   been    originally  the   favourite 
drink  of  London  porters.    [BEER.] 

"The  devils  drinking  porter  on  the  altar."—  Wat- 
pole  :  A  necilotet  of  Painting,  ToL  iv.,  ch.  IT. 

*  3.  A  lever. 
IL  Technically: 

1.  Forging: 

(1)  A  long  bar  of  iron  attached  in  continua- 
tion of  the  axis  of  a  heavy  forging,  whereby 
it  is  guided  beneath  the  hammer  or  into  the 
furnace,  bei»g  suspended  by  chains  from  a 
crane  above.   A  cross  lever  fixed  to  the  porter 
is  the  means  of  rotating  the  forging  beneath 
the  hammer. , 

(2)  A  smaller  bar  from  whose  end  an  article 
is  forged,  as  a  knife-blade,  for  instance. 

2.  Law :  An  officer  who  carries  a  white  or 
silver  rod  before  the  justice  in  eyre. 

3.  Weaving:  A  weaver's  term  in  Scotland 
for  twenty  splits  in  plain  work. 

porter-house,  ».  A  house  at  which 
porter,  ale,  &c.,  are  retailed ;  also  a  chop  house. 

f  Porter-hou»e steak :  A  beefsteak  cut  between 
the  sirloin  and  the  tenderloin,  said  to  have  been 
first  introduced  in  a  noted  New  York  porter- 
house. 

port'-er  (2),  s.  [Fr.  portier,  from  Lat.  portar- 
ius,  from  porta  =  a  gate.] 

1.  One  who  has  charge  of  a  gate,  door,  or 
other  entrance  ;  a  gatekeeper,  a  doorkeepar. 

"To  this  the  porter  openyth."—H'i/clife  :  Jon  x. 

2.  One  who   waits   at  a  door   to   receive 
messages ;  a  waiter  in  a  hall. 

port  er  age  (age  as  ig)  (IX  •.  [Eng. 
porter  (I);  -age.] 

1.  The  act  of  carrying  ;  portage. 

*  2.  The  business  of  a  porter  or  carrier. 

3.  The    money   charged    or   paid    for   the 
carriage  of  goods  by  a  porter. 

*  pbrt'-er-age  (age  as  Ig)  (2),   «.    [Eng. 
porter  (2) ;  -age.]    The  business  of  a  porter  or 
doorkeeper. 

*  port'-er-e'ss,  «.    [PORTRESS.] 

•  pbrt'-er-ly',  a.    [Eng.  porter  (1) ;  -ly.]    Like 
a  porter;   coarse,  vulgar,  low:   as,  porUrly 
language. 

•  port  esse,  *  port-as,  *  port-ass,  "port- 

asse,  *  port-es,  'port-ess,  •  port-oosc, 
*  poortos,  *  porthos,  ».  [A  corrupt,  of 

O.  Fr.  porte-hort,  from  porter  =  to  carry,  and 
hors  =  atiroad,  from  Lit.  /ori*  =  out  of  doors, 
abroad.  The  Kr.  is  thus  a  translation  of  Lat. 
portiforinm,  from  porto  =  to  carry,  and  fpris. 
So  called  from  its  being  portable.]  A  bieviary. 
(Chaucer:  C.  T.,  13,061.) 


pb'rt'-fire,  s.     [Eng.  port  (2);  s.,  and  fire.] 

Ordn. :  A  paper  case  filled  with  composi- 
tion. Formerly  used  for  firing  guns,  mortars, 
&c.,  instead  of  the  "friction  tubes"  sir-e 
employed  for  the  purpose.  There  are  two 
kinds,  "  common"  and  "  slow."  The  former  is 
about  sixteen  incites  long,  and  contains  a  com- 
position of  saltpetre,  sulphur,  and  powder.  It 
bums  at  the  rate  of  one  inch  in  a  minute. 
"Slow"  portfire  is  merely  paper  impregnated 
with  saltpetre,  also  sixteen  inches  long,  and 
burns  for  two  or  three  hours. 

pbrt-fd'-li-o,  s.  [Eng.  port  (2),  and/oZio;  cf. 
Fr.  portefeuille  =  (1)  portfolio,  (2)  the  office  of 
a  minister  of  state,  from  porter  =  to  carry, 
and  feuille  (Lat.  folium)  =  a  leaf.]  [FOLIO.] 

1.  Lit. :  A  portable  case  for  holding  loose 
drawings,  prints,  papers,  &c. 

"The  servant,  In  his  vexation,  dashed  his  jmrlfolit 
on  thegrouuu."— Jlacaulay  :  Hat.  £a<f..c\i.  xviii. 

2.  Fig. :  The  office  and  duties  of  a  minister 
of  state  ;  the  appointment  of  a  minister. 

"The  President  would  then  requeit  the  Premier  U 
keep  his  portfolio."— Daily  Telegraph,  Dec.  28,  1685. 

*  pbrt'-glave,  *  port' -glaive,  s.   [Fr.  porter 

=  to  carry,  and  glaive  =  a  sword.]    A  sword- 
bearer.    [GLAIVE.] 

*  port-grave,  *  port'-greve,  s.    [A.S.  port 
=.  a  port,  and  gereja  =  a  reeve  or  sheriff.]    A 
portreeve  (q.v.). 

"  The  rulers  of  the  sayd  citexens  [were!  named  port- 
grevii."— Fabyan :  Chrongcle.vol.il.  (1'rol.) 

pdr-the'-sl-a,  s.  [Gr.  Trdpfl/jo-tc  (porthfsis)  = 
the  suck  of  a  town.] 

Entom.  :  A  genus  of  Liparidse  (q.v.).  Por- 
thesia  aitrifliw,  the  Gold-tail,  and  P.  chrysor- 
rluza,  the  Brown-tail,  are  British. 

porth  -meus,  *.  [Gr.  iropfyievs  (porthmeus)  = 
a  ferryman.] 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  erected  for  the  reception 
of  fishes,  since  discovered  to  be  the  young  of 
Chorinemus. 

poV-tl-CO,  s.  [Ital.,  from  Lat.  porticum,  a  ecus, 
of  porticos  =  a  porch  (q.v.).] 

Arch.:  A  covered  walk,  supported  by 
columns, 
and  usually 
vaulted  ;  a 
p  azza  or 
arched 
walk;  a 
porch  be- 
fore the  en- 
trance of  a 
building 
fronted  with 
columns. 
Porticoes 
are  known 
as  te  t ra- 
style,  hexa- 
style,  octo- 
style,  or  de- 
castyle,  ac- 
cording as 
they  have 
four,  six, 
eight,  or  ten  columns  in  front.  A  prosti/lt 
portico  is  one  projecting  in  front  of  tie  build- 
ing ;  a  portico  in  antis  is  one  receding  within 
the  building. 

"Tis  folly  all— let  me  no  more  be  told 
Of  Fariau  porlicot,  nud  roofs  of  guM." 

Cowper:  The  XiitiiUf. 

poV-ti-cSed,  a.  [Eng.  portico;  -ed.]  Having 
a  portico  or  porticoes. 

pbr-tl-ere',  *.    [Fr.]    A  door-curtain. 

*  por-ti-fo'-li-um,  •  por-ty-fc-li-o*n,  «. 

|Lat.  portiforium.]     A  breviary,  a  portcsse. 
(L'ale :  Image,  pt.  i.) 

*  pbr'-ti-gue,  *.    [PORTAOUE.] 

*  Pbr'-tln-gal,    *  Por-tln-gale,    *  Por- 
tin  gall,   *"  Pbr'-tu-gal,  s.  &  a.     [A  cor- 
rupt, of  Portugal.] 

A.  As  subst, :  A  native  or  inhabitant   of 
Portugal ;  a  Portuguese. 

B.  A*  adj.:  Of  or  pertaining  to  Portugal; 
Portuguese. 

pbr'-tI-6  (t  as  sh),  *.    [Lat.] 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  part,  a  portion  (q.v.). 

2.  Annt. :  A  portion.  Used  spr-c.  of  the  facial 
nervp,  formerly  called  portio  dura  (the  hard 
portion),  and  the  auditory  nerve,  termed  portio 
mollii  (the  soft  portion). 


PORTICO. 

(The  Uantion  Uotat.) 


ftte,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father:  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pit, 
or,  wore.  W9ll,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian.   <e,O3  =  e;  ey  =  a ;  qu  -  kw. 


portion— portsoken 


3697 


por'-tion,  *  por-ci-on,  *  por-ci-oun, 
*  por-ti-oun,  s.  (Fr.  portion,  from  Lat. 
pnrtionem,  accus.  of  pnrtin  =  a  share,  allied 
to  par*,  gen.  partis  =  a  part,  and  partior  =  to 
distribute  ;  Sp.  portion ;  Ital.  porzione.] 

1.  A  part  or  piece  of  anything  separated 
from  the  whole. 

"Those  great  portion*  or  f Hutments  fell  Into  the 
Abyss;  gome  in  one  posture,  ana  some  iu  another." — 
Burnet:  Theory  of  the  Kartli. 

2.  A  part  of  anything  considered  by  itself, 
though  not  actually  separated  from  the  main 
body. 

3.  A  part  assigned  ;  a  share ;  an  allotment. 

"Why  hast  thou  given  me  hat  one  lot  and  one 
portion  to  inherit,  seeing  I  am  a  great  people?"— 
Jashu'l  xvii.  14. 

*  4.  Fate ;  final  state.    (Matt.  xxiv.  51.) 
5.  The  part  or  share  of  an  estate  which 
descends  or  is  given  to  the  heir,  and  is  distri- 
buted to  him  in  the  settlement  of  the  estate. 


6.  A  wife's  fortune,  a  dowry. 

"In  the  primitive  ages,  women  were  married  with- 
out portions  from  their  relations."— Potter:  Antiq.  of 
Greece,  ok.  iv..  ch.  ii. 

*  7.  Hence,  property,  estate  in  general. 

por'-tion,  v.t.    [PORTION,  ».] 

1.  To  divide;  to  distribute  in  portions  or 
shares ;  to  allot. 

"  The  victim  portton'd  and  the  gohlet  crown'd." 
Pope  :  Homer ;  Odyaey  xxlv.  424. 

2.  To  endow  with  a  portion  or  fortune. 

"Him  portion  d  maids,  apprentic'd  orphans  blest.' 
Pope  :  Moral  Etta-it,  liL  M7. 

pbr'-tion-er,  *.    [Eng.  portion  ;   er.] 

*  I.  OnL  jMng. :  One  who  portions,  divides, 
or  distributes. 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Eccles. :  A  minister  who,  together  with 
othe-s,  serves  a  benefice,  and  receives  only  a 
portion  of  the  profits  of  the  living.  (Scotch.) 
:  2.  Scots  Law : 

(1)  A  proprietor  of  a  small  fen.    [Frrn,  *.] 

(2)  The  sub-tenant  of  a  fen ;  a  snb-feuar. 
IT  Heirs  portioners: 

Sco/s  Law:  Two  or  more  females  who  succeed 
Jointly  to  heritable  estate  in  default  of  heirs 
male. 

•por'-tion-ist,  ».    [Eng.  portion;  -ist.] 

1.  The  same  as  PORTIONER,  II.  1. 

2.  The  same  as  POSTMASTER,  II. 

"  William  Cole.  «oon  after  was  made  one  of  the  r>»r- 
ttmtittt.  commonlv  called  postmasters,  of  Merlon 
College."—  Wood  :  Athena  Oxon.,  L 

pbr'-tion-less,    o.      [Eng.   portion;    -lets.} 
Having  no  portion. 

pbrt'-ite.  s.      [After  M.  Porte  of  Tuscany; 
suff.  -ite  (A/ire.).] 

A/in.  :  A  mineral  occurring  in  radiated 
masses  in  the  galibro  rosso  of  Tuscany.  Crys- 
tallization orthorhombic.  Hardness,  5  ;  sp. 
gr.  2'4  ;  lustre  vitreous;  colour,  white.  An 
analysis  yielded  Bechi :  silica,  58'12  ;  alumina, 
27'50;  mngnesia,  4'87 ;  lime,  V7rl;  soda,  0'16; 
potash,  0-10  ;  water,  7'92  =  100-43.  Eliminat- 
ing the  protoxides,  the  formula  will  be, 
Al/>3,:iSiO2+2HO. 

Port' -land,  *.    [Eng.  port,  and  land.] 

Gfnfi.  :  A  peninsula  in  Dorsetshire.  Usmally 
called  the  Isle  of  Portland. 

Portland-beds,  s.  pi. 

r.rol. :  A  series  of  marine  beds  180  feet  thick, 
of  Upper  Oolitic  a:e,  found  chiefly  in  Portland 
(q.v.),  but  also  in  Oxford-hire,  Buckingham- 
shire, and  Yorkshire.  They  constitute  the 
foundation  on  which  the  freshwater  lime- 
stone of  the  Lower  Purbcck  reposes.  Ether- 
idire  divides  them  into  fourteen  distinct,  well- 
defined  beds ;  the  first,  nine  constitute  the 
Portland  stone  (q.v.).  the  remaining  five  the 
j  Portland  sand  or  Murly  series.  The  Portland 
,  stone  is  again  sub-divided  into  th>>  Buildin™ 
beds,  viz.,  the  first  two,  and  the  Flinty  beds 
the  third  to  the  ninth.  A'«out  fifty  species  of 
Mollusca  occur,  some  of  them  great  ammon- 
ites. Of  reptiles  are,  Steneosaurus,  Goni- 
opholis,  and  Cctiosaurus. 

Portland-cement,  ». 

Cfcein. :  A  cement  having  the  colonr  of  Port- 
land stone.  It  is  prepared  by  strongly  heating 
•  mixture  of  the  argillaceous  mud  of  the 
Thames  an  1  chalk,  and  afterwards  grinding  it 
to  a  fine  powder. 


Portland-moth,  *. 

Entom. :  A  British  night-moth,  Agrotis 
proxoz. 

*  Portland-oolite,  s. 

Geol. :  The  Upper  Oolite,  spec,  the  Portland 
stone  (q.v.). 

Portland-powder,  *. 

Pharm.  :  A  powder  composed  of  the  roots 
of  A  ristolochia  rotunda  and  Gentiana  lutea  in 
equal  proportions. 

Portland  riband-wave,  s. 

Entom. :  A  British  geometer  motb,  Add/alia, 
legeneraria. 

Portland-sago, «. 

Comm. :  A  powder  derived  from  the  macer- 
ated corms  of  A  rum  maculatum,  gathered  in 
Portland  and  sent  to  London  for  sale. 

Portland-screw,  «. 

Palceont. :  A  local  name  for  the  Internal  cast 
of  Cerithium  portlandicum. 

Portland -stone,  Portland  free- 
stone, & 

Comm.,  o£c. :  A  freestone  quarried  in  the  Isle 
of  Portland,  hardening  by  exposure  to  the  air. 
and  m-ich  used  for  building  purposes  in  Lon- 
don. It  was  largely  employed  in  the  erection 
of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  Somerset  House,  4c. 

Portland-vase,  ».  A  cinerary  urn  or 
vase,  found  in  the  tomb  of  the  Emijeror  Alex- 
ander Seyerus,  and  long  in  possession  of  the 
Bnrberini  family.  In  1779  it  was  purchased  by 
Sir  W.  Hamilton,  and  afterwards  came  into 
the  possession  of  the  Duchess  of  Portland.  In 
1810  the  Duke  of  Portland,  its  owner,  and  one 
of  the  trustees  of  the  British  Museum,  allowed 
it  to  be  placed  there  for  exhibition.  In  1845 
it  was  maliciously  broken  to  pieces;  it  has 
since  been  repaired,  but  is  not  now  shown  to 
the  public.  It  is  ten  inches  high  and  six  in 
diameter  at  the  broadest  part,  of  transparent 
dark-blue  glass  coated  with  opaque  white 
glass,  cut  in  cameo  on  each  side  into  groups 
of  figures  in  relief,  representing  the  marriage 
of  Peleus  and  Thetis. 

port  Ian' -dl-a,  t.  [Named  after  the  Duchess 
of  Portland,  a  patroness  of  botany.] 

Bat.  :  A  genus  of  Hedyotidae  (q.v.),  with 
elliptical  leaves,  triangular  stipules,  and 
large,  showy  white  or  red  flowers.  Portlan- 
dia  tfrandiflnra  is  common  in  greenhouses. 
Porttandio.  hexttndra  furnishes  a  bark,  used 
like  cinchona  in  French  Guiana. 

port  -last,  i.    [PoRTOisE.] 

pbrt'-li-ness,  *.    [Eng.  portfy;  -nexs.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  portly ; 
dignity  of  mien  or  appearance. 

"  Such  pride  is  praise,  such  portlinen  is  honour." 
Speruer  :  Sonnet  5 

2.  A  comparatively  excessive  stoutness  of 
body ;  corpulence. 

pbrf-lft  *porte-ly,  a.  [Eng.  port  (2),  s. ;  -Iy.] 

*  1.  Dignified,  stately,  or  grand  in  mien,  de- 
meanour, or  appearance. 

"  Lo !  where  she  comes  along  with  portly  face." 

Speruer :  EpUhalamion,  141. 

*  2.  Inflated,  swelling. 

"  Argosies  with  portly  sail." 

.v*  rteip. :  Merchant  of  Venice,  i.  t 

3.  Somewhat  large  and  corpulent  of  body ; 
stout. 

"  Till  at  length  the  portfv  ahbot 
Murmured.  Why  this  waste  of  food? " 

Longfellow :  Walter  ran  d*r  Vojeltteid. 

port  mdn'-teau  (ean  as  6).  t.  [Fr.  porte- 
mantenu,  from  porter  =  to  carry,  and  manteau 
=  a  cloak.]  A  trunk  or  case,  usually  of 
leather,  for  carrying  wearing  apparel,  &c.,  on 
journeys  ;  a  leather  case  attached  to  a  saddle 
behind  the  rider. 

pbrt-man'-tle, '  port  man  tick, » port- 
man'  -tu-a,  ».  [Seedef.]  Corrupt,  of  port- 
manteau (q'.v.).  Now  only  in  vulgar  use, 
(North :  Plutarch,  p.  80tf.) 

*  por-toir,  ».  [O.  FT.  ,  from  porter  =  to  bear,  to 
carry.]  One  who  or  that  which  liears  or  carries ; 
one  who  or  that  which  bears  or  produces. 

"  Branches  which  were  portoin  and  bear  grape*  Uu 
year  before."— Holland. 

pbrt'-oise,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.) 
Naut. :  The  gunwale  of  a  ship. 
H  (1)  Awrtoise :  Resting  on,  or  lowered  to, 
the  gun  wale ;  as,  To  lower  the  yards  a-portoise. 


(2)  To  ride  a-portoise : 

Naut. :  To  have  the  lower  yards  and  top- 
masts struck  or  lowered  down,  when  at 
anchor,  iu  a  gale  of  wind. 

por'-tor,  s.  [After  Porto-Venere,  where  found.] 
Petrol. :  A  black  marble,  veined  with  yellow 
dolomite. 

*  pOrt-OS,   ».      [PORTESSE.] 

*  port-pane,  ».    [Fr.  porter  (Lat  potto)  =  to 

carry,  and  pain,  (Lat.  panis)  =  bread.]  A 
cloth  for  carrying  bread,  so  as  not  to  touch  it 
with  the  hands. 

por -trait,  *  pour-tralct,  *  pour-trait, 

s.  [O.  Fr.  pourtraict  =  a  portrait,  from  puur- 
traict,  pourtrait,  pa.  par.  of  pourtraire  —  to' 
portray  (q.v.) ;  Fr.  portrait.) 

1.  That  which  is  portrayed ;  a  likeness  or 
representation  of  a  person,  and  especially  of 
the  face  of  a  person,  drawn  from  life  with  a 
pencil,  crayon,  or  burin,  or  taken  by  photo- 
graphy.    A  portrait,  bust,  or  statue  in  sculp- 
ture is  one  representing  the  actual  features  or 
person    of  an   individual,  as   distinguished 
from  an  ideal  bnst  or  statue. 

*  The  portrait  claims  from  inn  tat  i  re  art 
Bettmblaiice  close  iu  each  minuter  part." 

ilcuon:  Fre*noy;  An  of  Painting. 

2.  A  vivid  picture,  description,  or  repre- 
sentation in  words. 

portrait-painter,  *.  An  artist  whose 
occupation  or  profession  is  portrait  painting. 

portrait  -  painting,  <.      The  art   of 

painting  portraits. 

*  por  -trait,    *  pour-traict,    *  pour- 
treict,  v.t.    [POKTBAIT,  s.J    To  portray,  to 
picture,  to  draw. 

"  I  labour  to  pourtraM  in  Arthur*  .  .  .  the  image 
of  a  brave  knight"— Spenier :  F.  y.  (Lett  Uediu) 

*  pbr'-trait-Ist,  s.    [Eng.  portrait ;   -ist.]    A 

portrait-painter. 

"Another  very  pleasing  sample  of  '  H.  B '  ai  • 
portraitia."— Daily  Ttltgiaph,  April  5.  1882. 

por  trait  uro,  *  por-trat-ure,  » por- 
tret-nre,  *  pour-traict-ure,  *.  [Fr. 
portraiture,  from  O.  Fr.  pourtraire  =  to  por- 
tray (q.v.).] 

1.  A  portrait ;  a  likeness  or  painted  resem- 
blance ;  likenesses  collectively. 

"The   counterfeit  portrature    of    a  man."—  Cdal. 

iMtoxvt 

2.  The  art  of  painting  portraits. 

"  Portraiture  is  the  one  thing  necessary  to  a  painter 
In  this  country."—  Walpole:  Aiitcdutei  of  Pointing. 
voL  iv.,  ch.  IU. 

3.  The  art  or  act  of  portraying  or  vivid:/ 
describing  in  words. 

*  pdr'-trait-ure,  v.t.    [PORTRAITURE,  s.]    To 
portray,  to  de'pict. 

pb'r-tray',  *  ponr-trai-en,  *  pour-tray, 
*  pur-trey,  *  por-ture,  *  pur-ture,  v.t. 
[O.  Fr.  portraire,  pourtraire  (Fr.  pnrtniirr), 
from  Low  Lat.  protruho  =  to  paint,  to  depict ; 
Lat.  pro  =  forward,  and  traho  =  to  draw,  to 
drag.) 

1.  To  paint  or  draw  the  likeness  of;  tr» 
depict  in  a  portrait 

"  Behold  my  picture  here  well  portrayed  for  tht) 
none*."— Picture  of  a  iowr  ( Vuceitalue  Author). 

2.  To  adorn  with  pictures. 

"  Rigid  spears,  and  helmets  thronged,  and  shield* 
Various,  with  boastful  Ufuneul  portrtu/d.' 

Hilton  :  P.  L..  vi.  84. 

3.  To  picture  or  describe  iu  words. 

pb'r-tray-al,  ».  [Eng.  portray;  -al.]  The 
act  of  portraying  ;  description,  delineation. 

pbr-trajr-gr,  •  por-trei-our.  *.  [Hng. 
portray;  -er.]  One  who  portrays;  one  who 
paints  or  describes  vividly. 

"  No  portreiour  ne  karver  of  Images." 

Chaucer:  C.  T..  1.934. 

•port' -reeve,  »port-reve,  ».  [PORT- 
GRAVE.)  The  chief  magistrate  of  a  town  or 
port ;  a  portgrave. 

••The  Part-reevt  at  Evil  In  Somersetshire  WM 
usually  ehonen  t<>  continue  In  his  oQce  for  one  year."— 
Ac/ion :  U*  Mantriarim,  p.  1M. 

port  -ress,  *  por'-ter-e'ss,  ».  [Eng.  porter 
(2) ;  -ess.  ]  A  female  porter  or  doorkeeper. 

"  Thither  he  came,  the  portm*  show'd  " 

Scott :  Lord  o/ Ou  filet,  T.  I 

*  port -reve, ».    [POETREEVB.] 

*  port-sok'-en,  o.    [Eng.  port  =  a  port,  and 


vou,  ootf ;  ptfut,  Jrfwl ;  eat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench :  go.  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  yenophon,  exist,   ph  *  fc 
•Cian,  -tlan  =  Bhan.   -tion.  -sion  =  shun ;  ~fiOB,  -fion  =  xhua.  -clous,  -tioum,  -sious  =  shus.   -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


portugallo— position 


•ote  =  a  privilege.)  Having  the  circuit  or  lit»r- 
ties  «t  the  gaie  :  that  is,  being  within  the 
ritv  i^trs  in  point  of  privileges,  though  with- 
out it  in  point  of  fact  A  ward  in  Loiidon  is 
so  called. 

nor  tu-gaT-16,  a.   [Etym.  doubtful ;  cf.  I  tat 
'  <Tla  =  Portuguese.)    (See  compound.) 

portugallo  oil,  • 

Chen. :  The  essential  oil  of  orange-peel. 

Pb'r  tu  gnese',  n.fts.   [Port.  Portuguezo ;  Sp. 
Portnyuet;  Fr.  Portogaii ;  It»l.  Portoghese.] 

A.  At  adj  :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Portugal  or 
its  inhabitants. 

B.  A*  tubst. :   A  native   or  inhabitant  of 
Portugal ;    the     language    spoken    by    the 
Portuguese. 

Portuguese  laurel,  Portugal  lau- 
rel, i. 

Bot. :  Prunus  lusitaniea. 
Portuguese    man-of-war,  *.     [Par- 

•AUA-] 

por  tn  lac  -a,  «.    [Lat  =  purslane.] 

Bot. :  Purslane ;  the  typical  genus  of  the 
Portulacacese  (q.v.).  Low,  succulent  herbs, 
with  flat  or  cylindrical  leaves,  and  yellow, 
purplish,  or  rose-coloured  ephemeral  flowers. 
Known  8|>ecies  between  thirty  and  forty ; 
most  of  them  from  the  wanner  parts  of 
America,  Purtulaca  oleracea  is  the  Common 
Purslane.  It  is  a  low,  succulent  annual, 
often  eaten  by  the  Hindoos  as  a  potherb.  P. 
miadrijida,  also  Indian,  is  eaten  and  consi- 
dered cooling  by  the  natives.  The  fresh 
leaves  of  both  species  are  used  as  an  external 
application  in  erysipelas,  &c.,  and  an  infusion 
of  them  as  a  diuretic. 

por-tn  la^ja -$e  »,    por-tu-la'-ee-w, 

$.  pi.  [Lat  portulat(a) ;  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff. 
-aeea,  -toe.] 

Bot. :  Purslanes ;  an  order  of  Hypogynous 
Exogens,  alliance  Silenales.  Succulent  herbs 
or  shrubs,  generally  with  alternate,  entire 
leaves  ;  axillary  or  terminal  flowers,  which 
expand  only  in  bright  sunshine.  Sepals  two; 
petals  five,  distinct,  or  joined  into  a  tube  ; 
stamens,  varying  in  number ;  carpels  three  or 
more ;  ovary  and  capsule  one-celled,  the 
Utter  dehiscing  transversely,  or  by  valves. 
(Lindley.)  Known  genera  fifteen,  species  125. 
(Sir  Jotepk  Hooter.)  Found  in  both  hemi- 
spheres. 

pbr  tu  nl-dse.  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  portun(us); 
Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Zool. :  Paddl  ing-crabs ;  a  family  of  Brachy- 
nrous  Crustaceans  closely  akin  to  Canceridse. 
The  carapace  is  a  little  elevated  ;  the  orbits 
are  directed  upwards  and  forwards,  the  or- 
bitary  angle  having  partially  in  it  the  basal 
joint  of  the  external  antennae ;  the  internal 
antennae  are  bent  obliquely  outwards.  They 
inhabit  the  ocean,  often  at  some  distance  from 
land.  British  genera,  Carcinus,  Portumnus, 
Portanus,  and  Polynias. 

pbr  tn  ni-tes,  *.  [Mod.  Lat.  portwn(ut) ; 
suff.  -Uet.}, 

Palaeont. :  A  genus  of  Crustaceans,  from  the 
Lower  Eocene,  akin  to  Portunus. 

por-ta'-ntts,  «.    [A  Roman  god.] 

1.  Zool. :  Swimming-crab ;  the  typical  genus 
of  Portunidaj  (q.v.).  Eight  species  are  British : 
Portunui  p*ber,  P.  eomtgatus,  P.  arcuatus,  P. 
depurator,  P.  marmorut,  P.  holtatiu,  P.  lon- 
ffipet,  and  P.  pusUlu*. 

4.  Palaont. :  Two  species  from  the  Crag. 

•  pb'r'-tnre  (1),  «.  [PORTRAIT.]  A  portrait,  an 
effigy. 

"  Tb«  porturt  of  a  man  In  brui  or  ston*."—  Cdal : 
AfOfK.  </  Xnumut,  f.  M. 

•  port  -nre  (2),  «.    [PORT  (J),  «.]   Demeanour, 
mien,  carriage. 

por'-wlg  le  (le  as  el), «.  [Etym.  doubtful. 
The  first  element  prob.  =  poU,  as  in  tadpole; 
the  second  —  -wig,  as  in  earoiy  ;  cf.  polliung.] 
A  young  frog  ;  a  tadpole. 

"That  which  the  ancient*  called  gyrinos.  we  a  per. 
vtflt  at  Udpol*."— ArvttiM:  rulg.  ir.,  bk.  IIL,  ch.  xiii. 

•  por'-y,  a.  [Eng.  por(e\  s. ;  -y.]  Pnll  of  pores  ; 
porous.    (Dryden:  Virgil;  Gtorgic  iv.  36.) 

•  pdf,  a.    [See  def.]    A  slang  abbreviation  of 

positive  (q.v.)     (Addison :  Drummer,  iii.) 


po-sa  -da,  s.    [£p.J    An  inn. 

po  sau  no  (an  as  6%),  s.     [Ger.  =  a  trom- 
bone). 

Music. :  A  reed-stop  on  the  organ,  of  a  rich 
and  powerful  tone.  Its  pipes  are  of  a  very 
large  scale.  It  is  of  eight  feet  on  the  manuals, 
and  of  sixteen  feet  or  thirty-two  feet  (eontra- 
posaune)  on  the  pedals.  The  tubes  of  the 
manual  stop  are  generally  of  metal,  some- 
times of  tin  ;  those  of  the  pedal  stop,  some- 
times of  metal,  often  of  zinc  or  wood. 

•  pose  (1),  *  poose,  «.    [A.S.  gepose.]    A  cold 
in  the  head  ;  catarrh. 

"  Al  the  wook  ther  after  bad  inch  a  ;N>M." 

Tale  of  Oeryn,  57i. 

pose  (2),  s.    [Fr.,  from  poser  =  to  place,  to  set, 
to  put]    (PAUSE.) 

1.  An  attitude  or  position,  assumed  naturally 
or  for  the  purpose  of  producing  an  effect ; 
espec.  applied  to  the  attitude  or  position  in 
which  a   person   is  represented  artistically; 
the  position  of  the  whole  of  the  body,  or  any 
part  of  it. 

2.  A  deposit ;  a  hoard  of  money.    (Scotch.) 

"Thl«  grand  pote  o'  »ilver  and 
treasure.  —  Scoff :  AtUtguary,  ch. 
xxitr. 

po'-fe,  o.    [Fr.  post,  pa.  par. 
of  poser  =  to  place,  to  set.) 

Her. :  A  term  applied  to  a 
lion,  horse,  &c.,  represented 
standing  still,  with  all  his 
feet  on  the  ground  ;  statant. 

pose  (1),  v.t.  &  i.     [A  con- 
tract,    of    apoae   or   appnse, 
which  is  itself  a  corruption  of  oppose  (q.v.).] 
A.  Transitive: 

*  1.  To  question  closely ;   to  examine   by 
questions. 

"  She  .  .  .  pretended  at  the  first  to  pote  him  and  lift 
him."— Bacon:  Henry  VII.,  p.  119. 

2.  To  puzzle  or  emliarrass  by  a  difficult  or 
awkward  question ;  to  cause  to  be  at  a  loss. 

"  Then  by  what  name  th'  unwelcome  guest  to  call 
Was  long  a  question,  and  it  poted  them  all." 

Crabbe:  farith  Remitter. 

*  B.  Intrans. :  To  assume  for  the  sake  of 
argument ;  to  suppose. 

"  I  vote  a  woman  graunt  me 
Her  love."  Chaucer  :  Troilus  i  Creuida,  iii. 

pose  (2),  v.i.  &  (.     [Fr.  poser.)    [PosE  (2),  s.] 

A.  Intrans.:  To  attitudinize  ;  to  assume  an 
attitude  or  character.    (Lit.  <£fig.) 

"  He  poted  before  her  M  a  hero  of  the  most  sublime 
kind."—  Thackeran:  Shabby  Oenteel  Story,  cb.  vi. 

B.  Trails. :    To  put  or  represent  in  a  par- 
ticular posture  or  position. 

"  Three  country  girls  trudging  along  a  field  path  and 
poted  like  rustic  Gnce»."—Alhenaum,  April  1.  1S32. 

*  posed,  a.  [PosE  (2),  v.]  Firm,  determined, 
fixed. 

"A  most  potrd,  staid,  and  grave  behaviour."— 
Uryjthart:  Rabelait,  bk.  iii.,  ch,  xix. 

p6  sep -nyte,  ».  [After  Franz  Posepny; 
suff.  -ite.  (.Win.).] 

Min.  :  A  substance  occurring  in  plates  and 
nodules.  Colour,  somewhat  dirty  green  ;  sp. 
gr.  0-85  to  0-95.  The  part  dissolved  by  ettier 
yielded  :  carbon,  71 '84  ;  hydrogen,  9-95  ;  oxy. 
gen,  18'21  =  100,  the  calculated  formula  being, 
CszHagO^  The  insoluble  portion  was  ozocerite 
(q.v.).  Found  in  Lake  County,  iu  the  state 
of  California. 

pos  -er,  s.    [Eng.  pose  (1),  v. ;  -er.] 

1.  One   who   examines   by  questions;    an 
examiner.    (Still  in  use  at  Eton  and  Win- 
chester.) 

"  Let  bis  questions  not  be  troublesome,  for  that  is 
Bt  foraiwser."— Bacon:  Ettayt ;  O/ JHtcourte. 

2.  One  who  poses  or  puzzles  another. 

3.  Anything   which   poses  or  puzzles;    a 
puzzling  question. 

p6  si  don  6  my'-a,  s.  [Or.  noo-et&uK  (Posri- 
don),  genit.  Iloo-eiouvot  (Poseidiinos)  =  the 
Greek  god  of  the  sea  (in  many  respects  corre- 
sponding to  the  Latin  Neptune),  and  JIM  (mua] 
=  a  kind  of  mussel.) 

PaUeont. :  A  genus  of  Aviculidx.  Shell 
thin ;  equivalve  compressed,  without  ears, 
concentrically  furrowed,  hinge-line  short  and 
straight,  edentulous.  Known  species  fifty, 
from  the  Lower  Silurian  to  the  Trias.  They 
give  their  name  to  certain  beds  in  the  French 
Upper  Lias. 


*p6'-Sied,   a.      [En<;.   posy ;    -ed.]     Inscribed 
witl/a  posy  or  motto. 

"  In  potted  lockets  bribe  the  fair." 

Vay  :  To  a  Young  Lady. 

Pd-Sl-Up'-pd,  *.     [See  def.) 

Geog. :  A  hill  immediately  adjoining  Naples. 

Posiiippo  tuff,  -. 

Petrol.  ^JL.  variety  of  pumiceous  tuff  some- 
times containing  carbonized  trunks  and 
branches  of  trees;  the  deposit  of  volcanic  mud- 
streams.  Very  friable.  Found  associated  with 
the  ancient  craters  of  the  Phlegrean  Fields. 

pos' -Ing,  pr.  par.  or  o.    [PosE  (1),  v.] 

pos'-ing-ljf,  adv.     [Eng.  posing ;   -ly.]    In  a 
posing  manner;  so  as  to  pose  or  puzzle. 

*  pos'-lt,  v.t.    [Lat.  positus,  pa.  par.  of  pono  = 
to  place,  to  set  ] 

1.  To  place,  to  set ;  to  range  or  dispose  in 
relation  to  other  objects. 

"That  the  principle  that  sets  on  work  these  organ* 
is  nothing  vise  but  the  modincalion  of  matter,  or  the 
natural  motion  thereof  thus  or  thus  p-. tiled  or  dis- 
posed, is  most  apparently  false."— Bale:  (trig,  of 
Mankind,  p.  4». 

2.  To  lay  down  as  a  position  or  principle; 
to  assume ;  to  take  as  real  or  conceded. 

pd-Sl'-tlon,  *.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  positioner*, 
accus.  of  positio  =a  putting,  a  placing,  from 
positus  [ POSIT)  ;  Sp.  posicion, \Ital.  posizione. 
The  Lat  pono  is  supiiosed  to  be  for  po-tiuo, 
from  pref.  po- =  against,  and  *ino  =  to  let,  to 
allow.) 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Literally  : 

(1)  The  state  of  being  placed,  generally  in 
relation  to  other  objects;  situation,  station, 
place. 

"That  our  idea  of  place  Is  nothing  else  but  inch  • 
relative  petition  of  any  thing,  as  I  have  liefor* 
lueutiou'd,  1  think  is  plain."— Lack* :  Bum.  t'ndertt* 
bk.  ii..  ch.  xiii.,  j  id. 

(2)  The  manner  of  being  piaced    or   set; 
attitude,  disposition  :  as,  an  upright  position, 
a  slanting  position. 

2.  Figuratively: 

(1)  The  state  in  which  one  is  placed  with 
regard  to  others  or  to  some  subject :  as,  Ho 
has  placed  himself  in  a  false  position. 

(2)  Place,    standing,   or   rank  in  society; 
social  rank. 

"A  class  which  filled  the  same  petition  in  India."— 
Standard,  Dec.  17.  1885. 

(3)  A  post,  an  office,  a  situation. 

"  Only  those  who  had  sat  as  memben  .  .  .  could 
form  an  idea  of  what  that  position  implied."— Standard, 
Dec.  17,  1885. 

(4)  State,  condition. 

"  What,  too.  would  be  the  petition  of  France  if  she 
were  at  war  with  China?"— IMiily  Telegraph,  Dec.  IT. 
1884. 

(5)  State  or  condition  of  affairs. 

(6)  That  on  which  one  takes  bis  stand  ;  a 
principle  laid  down  ;  a  proposition  advanced 
or  affirmed  as  a  fixed  principle,  or  as  the 
ground    of  reasoning,  or   to  be  proved ;   a 
predication ;  a  thesis. 

"  It  may  seem  an  odd  petition  that  tbe  poverty  of 
the  common  people  iu  France,  Italy,  and  Spain  is  in 
some  measure  owing  to  the  superior  riches  of  the  soil." 
—Hume  :  Euayi,  ess.  L,  pt.  ii. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Arith. :  A  rule  for  solving  certain   pro- 
blems, which  would  otherwise  require  the  aid 
of  algebra.      It    is    sometimes    called    False 
Position  or  False  Supposition,  because  in  it 
untrue  numbers  are  assumed,  and  by  their 
means  the  true  answer  to  a  problem  is  de- 
termined.    For  a  similar   reason   it  is  also 
sometimes  called  the  rule  of  trial  and  error. 

2.  Geom. :  Position  of  a  point  or  magnitude, 
in   geometry,  is  its  place  with    respect   to 
certain  other  objects,  regarded  as  fixed. 

3.  Music: 

(1)  A  chord  is  said  to  be  in  its  original 
position  when  the  ground  note  is  in  the  bass, 
in  other  positions  when  the  relative  arrange- 
ment of  the  component  notes  is  changed. 
(2)  The  position  of  a  chord  is  the  same  as  the 
disposition  of  its  parts.  A  close  position  is 
close  harmony ;  an  open  position  open  har- 
mony. (3)  A  position,  on  a  violin  or  other 
string  instrument,  is  to  use  the  fingers  other- 
wise than  in  their  normal  place. 

^  (1)  Angle  of  position  : 

Astron. :  The  angle  which  any  line,  such  as 
that  joining  two  stars,  makes  with  a  circle  of 
declination  or  other  fixed  line. 


ftte,  at,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  p5t, 
«w,  wore,  well,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  role,  full :  try,  Syrian,   se,  ce  -  e ;  ey  -  a ;  qu  -  kw. 


positional — posoqueria 


3699 


(2)  Centre  of  position. :  [CENTRE]. 

(3)  Circles  of  position : 

Astron.  :  Six  great  circles  passing  through 
the  intersections  of  the  horizon  and  the  meri- 
dian, and  any  fixed  point  in  the  heavens. 
They  cut  the  equator  into  twelve  parts,  and 
are  used  for  finding  the  place  of  any  star. 

(4)  Geometry  of  position:  Analytical  geometry. 
[GEOMETRY,  H  (1).] 

(5)  Guns  of  position  : 

Mil. :  Heavy  field-pieces  which  are  not 
designed  to  execute  quick  movements. 

(6)  To  be  in  a  position  to:  To  have  the  time, 
opportunity,  or  resources  necessary  for. 

"  The  official  referred  to,  who  is  tit  a  position  to 
know."— Daily  Telegraph,  Jan.  10,  1886. 

position-angle,  s.    [POSITION,  1  (i).] 

p5-sl -tlon-al,  a.  [Eng.  position;  -aL}  Per- 
taining to  or  respecting  position. 

"Ascribing  unto  plants  potitional  operations."— 
Browne  :  Vulgar  Erraurt,  bk.  it,  ch.  vli. 

pSf'-I-tlye,  *pos-i-tix>.  &».  [Fr.  positif,  from 
Lat.  posititnut  =  settled,  from  positiis,  pa.  par. 
otpono  =  to  place,  to  set;  Sp.  &  ItaL  posit iro.] 

A.  As  adjective  : 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Expressed,  direct,  explicit ;  openly  and 
plainly  declared  (opposed  to  implied  or  in- 
ferential). 

"  Potitite  word*,  that  he  would  not  bear  arms 
against.  Ed  ward's  son."— Bacon:  Henry  VII. 

2.  Absolute,  express  ;  admitting  of  no  con- 
dition, choice,  or  alternative  :  as,  His  orders 
are  positive. 

3.  Absolute,    real  ;    existing    in  fact  (op- 
posed to  negative):  as,  a  positive  good. 

4.  Absolutely    or    expressly    defined   (op- 
posed to  arbitrary  or  relative). 

5.  Direct,  express  (opposed  to  circumstan- 
tial) :  as,  positive  evidence. 

6.  Fully  assured  ;  confident :  as,  I  am  posi- 
tive I  am  right. 

7.  Dogmatical ;  over-confident  in  opinion  or 
assertion. 

"  Many  of  those  three  sorts  are  the  most  positive 
blockheads  in  the  world."— Ltryden  :  jSne'a.  (Oedic.) 

8.  Downright. 

"  Regarded  each  other  with  positive  aversion." — 
Macaular  :  Sat.  Kng.,  ch.  xxiii. 

9.  Settled  by  arbitrary  appointment  (op- 
posed to  natural  or  inbred). 

"  In  laws,  that  which  is  natural  bindeth  universally ;' 
that  which  is  poritiw.  not  so.  "—Booker:  E cciet.  Polity. 

10.  Based  on  phenomena  ;  real,  phenomenal, 
realizable,  demonstrable  ;    distinctly   ascer- 
tainable  or  ascertained  (opposed  to  specula- 
tive).   [POSITIVE-PHILOSOPHY.] 

"The  Holy  AHiaiice  of  the  PotUive  Sciences  in 
Europe."—  Wettmintter  Review,  Jan.,  1853,  p.  172. 

11.  Having  power  to  act  directly  ;  having 
direct  power  or  influence  (opposed  to  nega- 
tive) :  as,  a  positive  voice  in  legislation. 

*  12.  Certain,  unquestionable. 

"  It  is  as  imsitive  as  the  earth  U  &rm."—Shaketp.  : 
Merry  H'iret  of  Windtor,  iii.  2. 

13.  Determined,  resolute. 
IL  Technically: 

1.  Crank :  Applied  to  that  degree  or  state 
of  an   adjective   or  adverb,   which  denotes 
simple  or  absolute  quality,  without  compari- 
son or  relation  to  increase  or  diminution. 

2.  rhotog. :  Applied  to  a  print  in  which  the 
lights  and  shades  have  their  natural  relation. 

B.  As  substantive : 

*L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  That  which  is  capable  of  being  affirmed ; 
reality. 

"But by  rating  potitivt*  by  their  privntives,  and 
other  arts  of  renson,  by  which  discourse  supplies  the 
want  of  the  reports  of  sense,  we  may  collect  the  ex- 
cellency uf  the  understanding  then,  by  the  glorious 
remainders  of  it  now,  and  guess  at  the  statelineas  of 
the  building  by  the  nutguinceuce  of  its  ruin*." — 
South :  Sermont,  voL  i.,  ser.  2. 

2.  That  which  settles  by  absolute  appoint- 
ment. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Cram. :  The  positive  degree.    [A.  II.  1.] 

2.  Photography: 

(1)  A  picture  in  which  the  lights  and  shades 
are  shown  as  in  nature. 

(2)  A  collodion  picture,  in  which  the  lights 
are  represented  by  the  reduced  silver  forming 
the  image,  and  the  shadows  by  the  dark  back- 
ing upon  which  the  whole  is  mounted. 

(3)  A  transparency. 


positive-crystal,  s. 

Optics :  A  doubly  -  refracting  crystal,  in 
which  the  index  of  refraction  for  the  extra- 
ordinary ray  is  greater  than  that  of  the 
ordinary  ray. 

positive-electricity,  s. 
Elect. :  The  name  given  to  the  kind  of  elec- 
tricity excited  on  glass  by  rubbing  it  with  silk. 

positive-evidence,  s. 

Law :  Proof  of  the  very  fact 
positive  eye-piece.  *. 

Optics:  A  combination  of  lenses  at  the  eye 
end  of  a  telescope  or  microscope,  consisting 
of  two  plano-convex  lenses  in  which  the 
convex  sides  of  the  glasses  face  each  other. 
Its  principal  use  is  in  the  micrometer,  and  it 
is  often  called  the  micrometer  eye-piece,  being 
used  to  measure  a  magnified  image. 

positive  heliotropism,  s. 

Bot. :  Heliotropism  in  which  the  side  of  the 
plant  organ  facing  the  source  of  light  curves 
concavely.  (Thome.) 

positive-law,  s. 

Law :  A  law  prohibiting  things  not  wrong 
in  themselves. 

positive-motion,  *.  Motion  derived 
from  the  prime  mover  by  complete  connection 
of  the  intermediate  mechanism. 

*  positive-organ,  s.  An  old  name  for 
the  choir  organ.  Originally  a  positive  organ 
v»s  a  fixed  organ. 

Positive-philosophy,  *. 

Hist,  <t  Philos. :  The  system  of  philosophy 
outlined  by  Anguste  Comte  (1798-1857)  in  his 
Philosophic  Positive,  the  sixth  and  last  volume 
of  which  was  published  in  1842.  It  is  the 
outcome  of  the  Law  of  the  Three  Stages 
[CoMTisM],  and  is  based  upon  the  Positive 
Sciences,  taken  in  the  following  series : 
Mathematics  (Number,  Geometry,  Mechanics), 
Astronomy,  Physics,  Chemistry,  Biology,  and 
Sociology.  It  relinquishes  attempts  to  tran- 
scend the  sphere  of  experience,  and  seeks  to 
establish  by  observation  and  induction  Laws 
or  constant  relations,  and  resigns  itself  to 
ignorance  of  the  Agents.  In  the  opinion  of 
its  founder  it  is  capable  of  being  developed 
into  a  religion  [POSITIVISM],  and  a  polity. 

"  No  one  before  Comte  had  a  glimpse  of  the  Poritive 
PhUotophy.'—a.  a.  Letnet :  ffia,  Philot.  (ed.  1889),  ii.  6K7. 

positive-pole,  s.    [ANODE.] 
positive-process,  s. 

Photog. :  The  process  for  producing  posi- 
tives (q.v.).  It  is  essentially  the  same  as 
the  method  of  making  collodion  negatives, 
except  that  the  exposure  is  much  shorter, 
and  certain  modifications  are  introduced  into 
the  silver  bath  and  developer,  with  a  view  to 
lightening  the  colour  of  the  deposited  silver. 
[COLLODION-PROCESS.] 

positive-quantity,  s. 

Alg. :  A  quantity  affected  with  the  sign  -f. 
The  sense  in  which  a  positive  quantity  is  to 
be  taken  is  purely  conventional. 

positive-radical,  s. 

Chem. :  A  term  which  may  be  applied  to 
any  group  of  two  or  more  atoms,  which  takes 
the  place  and  performs  the  functions  of  a 
positive  element  in  a  chemical  compound. 

positive-sign,  ». 

Alg. :  The  sign  +  (read  plus),  which  denotes 
that  the  quantity  to  which  it  is  prefixed  is  a 
positive  one. 

Positive  Society,  *. 

Hist. :  A  society  founded  in  Paris  in  1848, 
by  Comte,  in  the  hope  that  it  might  exert  as 
powerful  an  influence  over  the  revolution  as 
the  Jacobin  Club  had  exerted  in  1789.  In 
this  he  was  disappointed,  but  the  disciples 
who  gathered  round  him  were  the  germ  of  the 
Positivist  Church. 

positive-terms,  s.  pi. 

Logic :  Terms  which  denote  a  certain  view 
of  an  object,  as  being  actually  taken  of  it 

pof'-l-tive-ly,  adt?.     [Eng.  positive ;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  positive  manner ;  expressly,  directly, 
explicitly. 

2.  Peremptorily  ;  in  a  manner  not  admitting 
of  choice  or  discretion. 

"  Pray,  brother,  what  unhappy  man  is  he 
Whom  you  positive! »  doom  to  death  ?  " 

Tukt :  Adrmtura  of  five  llourt,  r. 


JL.  Absolutely  ;  by  itself;  independent  at 
anything  else  ;  not  comparatively  or  relatively. 

4.  Not  negatively  ;    in   its   own    nature ; 
really,  inherently. 

5.  With  full  confidence  or  assurance ;  cen« 
fldently  :  as,  I  cannot  speak  positiitly  as  to 
the  fact 

6.  Certainly,  indubitably. 

"  Give  me  some  breath,  some  little  uanse.  dear  lord. 
Before  I  positively  speak  in  thi»." 

Shakttp. :  Richard  III.,  IT.  1 

7.  Dogmatically ;  with  excess  of  confidence 
or  assurance. 

8.  Actually,   really  ;    in    reality,    beyond 
question. 

"  Be  was  positively  farther  from  being  a  soldier  than 
on  the  day  on  which  he  quitted  his  hovel  for  th« 
camp."— Macaulay :  Hitt.  Eng.,  ch.  ivi. 

9.  With  only  positive  electricity :  as,  pori- 
tivdy  electrified. 

*  p6s'-i-tive-ness,  *.    [Eng.  positive;  -ness.] 

1.  Actualness ;   reality  of  existence ;   not 
mere  negation. 

2.  Full  confidence  or  assurance. 

"A  potitivrneu  in  relating  matters  of  fact."— 
Government  of  the  Tongue. 

POf'-I-tiv-Isin,  s.  [Fr.  positivisme;  jxwttitx 
(fern,  of  positif)  =  scientific.] 

Compar.  Religions:  Thereligion  of  Humanity, 
developed  from  the  Positive  Philosophy,  and 
claiming  to  be  a  synthesis  of  all  human  con- 
ceptions of  the  external  order  of  the  universe. 
Its  professed  aim,  both  in  public  and  private 
life,  is  to  secure  the  victory  of  social  feeling 
over  self-love,  of  Altruism  over  Egoism. 
According  to  John  Morley  (Encyc.  Brit.  (ed. 
9th),  vi.  237),  it  is  really  "utilitarianism, 
crowned  by  a  fantastic  decoration, "\nd  the 
"worship  and  system  of  Catholicism  are 
transferred  to  a  system  in  which  the  con- 
ception of  God  is  superseded  by  the  abstract 
idea  of  Humanity,  conceived  as  a  kind  of 
Personality." 

"There  is  little  in  the  conceptions  of  the  most 
enlightened  Christian  which  is  not  identical  with 
Poritivitm  ;  or,  conversely,  there  Is  little  in  Poritiwim 
which  Christians  do  not  or  cannot  cordially  accept  in 
all  that  relates  to  this  life.  The  main  distinction  lie* 
in  this,  that  Potitivitm  leaves  less  influence  to  the 
avowedly  selfish  motive*."— tf.  B.  Lewet:  Bat.  Philot. 
(ed.  1880),  ii.  739. 

PSs'-I-tiv-ist,  *.  &  o.    [Eng.  positive)  ;  -ist.] 

A.  As  subst. :  A  supporter  or  adherent  of 
Positivism  (q.v.). 

"That  patronage  emanates  from  complete  Potiti*- 
i*U."—R.  Congiete  :  The  Eight  Circular*,  p,  6. 

B.  As  adj. :  Pertaining  to,  or  supporting. 
Positivism. 

"The  English  translation  of  the  PotitMtt  cat*, 
chism."— K.  Confrere:  The  Eight  Cimtlart,  p.  66. 

pSs-I-tlV-X-ty,  s.    [Eng.  po*i/ti<«);  -ity.} 
*  1.  Peremptoriness,  determination. 

"  Courage  and  potitivi'y  are  never  more  necessary 
than  on  such  an  occasion."—  WatU :  On  the  Mind, 
pt,  i.,  ch.  Ix. 

t2.  The  state  of  being  positive;  reality. 

"Differing  from  Schopenhauer,  he  admits  the  post- 
tirity  of  pleasure."— £'ncyc.  Itrit.  (ed.  9thi.  iviii.  «»). 

*  pds'-I-tiv-ize,   v.t.     [Eng.  positive);  -{*.] 
To  embody  in  positive  institutions. 

"The  precepts  of  natural  law  may,  or  may  not.  bo 
potitivueti."— Mackenzie :  Stuttiet  in  Koman  Law,  p.  H, 

*  pfis'-I-ture,  s.    [POSTURE.] 

pos  net,  "pos  nett,  'post-net,  *pos- 
n'ytt,  s.  [Wei.  posned  —  A  round  body,  ft 
porringer,  from  pos  =  a  heap.]  A  little  basin, 
a  U)wl,  a  skillet,  a  porringer. 

pd'-SO,  «.  [Sp.  =  dregs  (?).]  A  kind  of  beer 
made  of  the  fermented  seeds  of  Zea  Mays, 

po  so  log  -Ic,  po  so  log  Ic  aL  a.  [Ei>» 
posolog(y);  -to,  -tea/.]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
posology. 

pd-SoT-&-gjf,  *.  [Gr.  iroVo*  (jxwo*)=how 
much  ;  sutf.  -dogy;  Fr.  posologie.] 

Mtd.  :  The  branch  of  medical  science  which 
determines  the  proportionate  amount  of  the 
several  medicines  which  should  be  adminis- 
tered, considering  the  age,  sex,  and  constitu- 
tion of  the  patient 

pd-sd-queV-I-a  (an  as  k),  *.  [From  aymara- 
posorrueri,  the  native  name  in  French  Guiana.] 
Bot. :  A  genus  of  Cinchonacese,  family  Gar- 
denidae.  Posoqveria  longifolia  has  a  flower  » 
foot  long,  and  an  eatable  yellow  berry  the  size 
of  a  hen's  eeg. 


boil,  b6y ;  pout,  J<Jwl ;  cat,  90!!.  chorus,  shin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin.  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.    -Ing. 
-dan.  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -(ion,  -f ion  -  zhun.    -cious,  -tious.  -sious  -  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  -  bel,  dfl* 


8700 


pospolite— possibility 


•  pOS'-p6-lIte,  ».     [Pol.  pospolitt  ruszenie  =  a 
general  summons  to  march  in  arms  against  an 
en^iny,  an  arriereban,  from  pospnlity  =  general, 
ami  rn&tenie  f  *  Blirring,  a  commotion.]     A 
kind  <if  militia  in  Poland,  which  in  time  of 
invasion  was  called  to  anus  for  the  defence  of 
the  country. 

•pSss,  'posse,  v.t.    [Fr.  pouwer  =  to  push, 
to  thrust.]    lo  push,  to  dash. 

"  And  t  h.'ivln  .  .  .  th»y  pouedt  hir  up  an  down*.* 
-H*.  Lincoln.  A.  L  17.  lu.  Sii 

pos  -so,  i.    [Lat.  lit  =  to  be  able.] 

1.  The  same  as  POSSE  COMITATVS  (q.Y.). 

2.  A  crowd  ;  a  number  of  people. 

"  Erenr  Individual  member  of  the  p"U»  Is  known  to 
•rery  huuse  at  which  tbt  serenade  is  attempted  ."— 
/>u./y  Teitfrap*.  llec.  S3,  18*4. 

5  7n  posse ;  Said  of  a  thing  which  may  pos- 
eibly  be ;  as  opposed  to  in  ette,  said  when  a 

thing  actually  is. 

posse  comitatus,  *.  [Lit  =  the  power 
Of  the  county.] 

Law:  A  force  or  body  which  the  sheriff  of 
a  county  in  empowered  to  raise  in  case  of 
riot,  invasion,  possession  kept  on  forcible 
entry,  rescue,  or  other  attempt  to  oppose  or 
obstruct  the  execution  of  justice.  It  consists 
of  all  knights  and  other  men  above  the  age  of 
fifteen,  able  to  travel  within  the  county. 

•posse,  v.t.    [Poss.] 

*  pos  sede,  v.t.    [Lat  possideo.]    To  possess. 

pos  scss,  'pos-sesse,  v.t.  ft  t    [Lat  pos- 
icssus,  pa.  ]>ar.  of  ;xwiufeo  =  to  possess ;  Fr.  pas- 
teder;  Ital.possedere;  Sp.  poster;  Portposfuir.] 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  occupy  in  person ;  to  have  or  hold 
actually  in  person  ;  to  hold  as  occupant 

"  Tb.it  king,  that  now  the  crown  poucn'd.* 

iMiniel :  CitU  Wart,  T. 

8.  To  have  as  property;  to  own;  to  be 
owner  of ;  to  be  master  of. 

*'  I  am  yonrX  and  all  that  T  pofMta." 

Skaketp. :  Lore  i  Labour  I  Lntt.  T.  t. 

•  3.  To  make  one's  self  possessor  or  master 
Of;  to  seize,  to  gain,  to  win. 

"The  EiiK'liih  marched  towards  the  rirer  Eake. 
intending  to  poutu  a  bill  called  Cuder-Enke."— 
gufmari. 

4.  To  pnt  in  possession  of  anything ;  to  make 
possessor,  master,  or  owner ;  to  give  possession 
to.    (Followed  by  of  before  the  thing  given.) 
"I  will  fount  yon  o/that  ship  and  treasure." 
Sltakttp. :  A  iitany  i  CltojMtra.  ill  L 

^Now  only  used  reflexively. 


*  5.   To  make  acquainted ;   to  inform,  to 
tell.    (Generally  followed  by  of.) 

"The  king  is  certainly  poutaed 
Of  all  our  purpose*.' 

OltaJtetp.  •'  1  ffenry  If..  IT.  1. 

6.  To  acquire  or  liave  full  power  or  mastery 
over,  as  an  evil  spirit,  passion,  or  influence. 

"  If    Lesion    himself    pantned    him."— ShaJatp. : 
Twelfth  Sight,  1IL  4. 

7.  To  j>ervade  ;  to  affect  strongly  ;  to  have 
e  strong  influence  on  or  over ;  to  overpower. 

"  Weakness  pmatvetK  me." 

Sluttap. :  king Ju)>n. T. S. 

•8.  To  nil,  to  furnish. 

*  9.  To  gain,  to  win,  to  accomplish.    (Sptn- 
ter:  F.  Q.,  III.  iii.  61.) 

*  B.  Intrant. :  To  h.ive  the  power  or  mas- 
tcry  ;  to  be  master.  (Slwkesp. :  Cymbeline,  i.  5.) 

p6s  scssed',    *  pos  sCsf ,  pa.  par.  &  a. 

[Possess.] 

A.  A>  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  A*  atljectivt : 

1.  Hftd  as  by  an  owner  ;  owned. 

2.  Holding  as  owner  ;  owning  :  as,  He  died 
posfftsfil  of  great  wealth. 

3.  Informed,  acquainted. 

4.  Seized,  held,  or  ruled  by  an  evil  spirit, 
passion,  or  influence;    under  the  power  of 
some  evil  influence  ;  mad. 

"  He  is.  sore,  potteued.  madam.'— SJuketp. :  Ttcttft\ 
lflg\t.  iii.  «. 

p6s  ses'-ser,  *.    [POSSESSOR.] 

p6f  sSss'  -ion  (SB  as  sh),  •  pos  ses  si  oun, 
*  pos  ses  Hy  on,  *.  [Fr.  possession,  from 
La:,  ptssessiniiem,  xccns.  of  pnttessio  =r  a  hold- 
ing, a  jvossessing,  from  posses***,  pa,  par.  of 
pnsiblea  =  to  possess  (q.T.) ;  Sp.  position;  ItaL 
postessione.} 


L  Ordinary  Language: 

L  The  act  or  state  of  possessing  or  holding 
as  owner  or  occupant ;  the  state  of  owning  or 
being  master  of  anything  ;  the  state  of  being 
seized  of  anything  ;  occupancy ;  ownership, 
rightful  or  wrongful,  l^j] 

"  In  this  case  bare  poumfion  bud.  by  effluxlon  of 
time,  iiiaiuml  lutu  a  right  of  property.  —Blaclutone  : 
Comment.,  bk.  U.,  ch.  lu. 

2.  Tliat  which  is  possessed ;  property,  land, 
estate,  or  goods  owned. 

"  My  sol*  poMttrion  1s  thy  lore." 

Cmtprr :  J-y  of  tke  Crou. 

8.  A  district,  or  extent  over  which  a  person 
or  thing  has  power  or  authority. 

"Lest  total  darkness  should  by  ni^ht  regain 
Her  old  pouttnon."  Muton :  I'.  L.,  ir.  <M. 

•  4.  The  state  of  being  possessed  or  under 
the  power  of  evil  spirits,  passions,  or  influences ; 
madness,  lunacy. 

"  How  long  hath  this  pniteuion  held  the  man  ?* 

SliuJttili. :  Comedy  of  trrort,  T. 

•  5.  An  idea,  a  prepossession,  a  presentiment. 

"I  bare  a  potttttim  that  with  this  fire  hundred  I 
•hall  win  fire  thousaud."— CiMer  :  I'rtn.  Uiutxjutl,  i. 
IL  Tc'-hnically  : 

L  Civil  Law:  The  holding  or  having  as 
owner  or  occupier,  whether  rightfully  or 
wrongfully  ;  actual  seizing  or  occupancy. 

"  The  lowest  kind  of  title  consists  in  the  mere  naked 
patfifion,  or  actual  occupation  of  the  estate,  without 
any  apparent  right  to  bold  and  continue  such  pouet- 
tion.~—Blaclutont :  Comment.,  bk.  it,  ch.  10. 

2.  Internal.  Law :  A  country  or  territory 
held  by  mere  right  of  conquest    (liourier.) 

3.  Script. :  The  taking   possession  of  the 
body  or  spirit  by  demons  or  devils.  They  pro- 
duced bodily  disease  or  defect  as  dumbness 
(Matt  ix.  32-34),  blindness  and  dumbness  (xii. 
22-30),  epilepsy  with  dumbness  (Mark  ix.  17- 
27);  and  a  woman  who  had  had  a  spirit  of 
infirmity  eighteen  years  is  described  as  bound 
that  length  of  time  by  Satan  (Luke  xiii.  10.) 
Mentally,  the  possession  by  an  unclean  spirit 
produced  symptoms  almost  undistinguisha  We 
from  those  of  madness  (Mark  v.  2-20).    Jesus, 
when  on  earth,  cart  out  demons  (Matt  iv. 
24,  &c.). 

1 1.  Possession  it  nine-tenths  of  the  law: 
Law :  A  dictum  nsed  as  a  strong  method  of 
asserting  that  whosoever  attempts  to  oust  a 
possessor  from  property  will  not  succeed  by 
sin  wing  flaws  in  the  occupant's  title,  but  must 
fully  establish  his  own.  (H'/iartc/n.) 

2.  To  give  possession:  To  put  another  in 
possession  of  anything  ;  to  put  in  the  power 
or  ownership  of  another. 

3.  To  take  possession :  To  enter  on  or  bring 
within  one's  power  or  occupancy  ;  to  seize. 

"  At  length,  baring  killed  the  defendant,  actually 
toot  poueuion.~—<iotdtmtth  :  Tin  Bte.  So,  4 

4.  To  put  in  possession  : 

(1)  To  give  possession  to. 

(2)  To  place  a  person  in  charge  of  property 
recovered  on  ejectment  or  distraint. 

5.  Writ  of  possession: 

Law :  A  precept  directing  a  sheriff  to  put  a 
person  in  peaceful  possession  of  probity  re* 
covered  in  ejectment  or  writ  of  entry. 

possession-theory,  «. 

Anthrop.:  The  theory  prevailing  among 
races  and  individuals  of  low  culture  that 
disease,  whether  bodily  or  mental,  is  due  to 
the  presence  of  a  malevolent  spirit  [OBSES- 
SION, ORACLE.] 

"That  the  intruding  or  invading  spirit  may  be 
either  a  human  soul,  or  may  belnug  to  some  other 
class  in  the  spiritual  blentrciiy.  cuuutenaiicrs  the 
onlnion  that  the  t>ogt*»non theory  ls  .  .  .  modelled  on 
the  ordinary  theory  of  the  soul  noting  on  the  body. 
In  Illustrating  the  doctrine  from  typical  examples 
from  the  enormous  mass  of  available  details,  it  will 
be  hardly  ponsible  to  discriminate  among  the  oper- 
ating spirit*,  between  those  which  are  souls  and  thnee 
which  are  demons,  nor  to  draw  an  exact  line  between 
obsession  >>y  a  demon  onUiOe.  and  possession  by  a 
dernun  LusiJe."— Tyler:  Prim.  Cult.  led.  1673).  11.  m. 

1  p6s  seas  ion  (ss as  sh),  v.t.  [POSSESSION, 
*.]  To  Invest  with  property. 

"Sundry  more  gentlemen  this  little  hundred  pos- 
sesvth  and  pomaioncth,"—  Cam* :  Surrey  of  Corn- 
•soil 

'  pos  sess  Ion  al  (ss  as  sh),  a.  (Eng.  pos- 
tessivn ;  -al.}  Possessive. 

'  pos  scss'-l6n-ar-£  (ss  as  sh).  a.  [Eng. 
pavesiion ;  -ary.]  Relating  to  or  implying 
possession. 

'  pds  sess'-i6n-«r  (ss  as  sh),  «.  [Eng.  po*- 
tession;  -er.] 


1.  Ord.  !.«n/i.  :  A  (Assessor  ;  one  who  owns 
or  possesses  anything. 

"  An  vutiuiet  umtit*  t<>  the  pantttiontn  of  riches.* 
—  Unit  :  KdwtrdlV.  (an.  1.'). 

2.  Cimrch  Hist.  :  A  name  given  to  a  member 
of  a  religious  community  which  was  endowed 
with  lauds. 

t  p6f  -ses-siv'-al,  o.  [Eng.  possessive)  :  -al.] 
Pertaining  to  a  possessive.  (Earle:  Philol.. 
\  572.) 

pos-sss  -slve,  o.  &  $.  [Lat.  possexsivus,  from 
pusse&sMS.  jia.  par.  of  potsideo  =.  to  i<ns<css 
(q.v.)  ;  Fr.  possessif;  Bp.  posesivo  ;  Ital.  &  Port 
possessive.} 

A.  As  adj.  :   Pertaining  to,  having,  or  in- 
dicating possession. 

"They  waddle  round  in  a  straddling,  poueuitv 
fashiou."—  D.tily  Telegraph,  .Nor.  11,  lux 

B.  As  substantli-e  : 

1.  Tlie  same  as  POSSESSIVE-CASE  (q.v.). 

2.  The  same  as  POSSESSIVE-PRONOUN  (q.T.). 
possessive-case,  *. 

Cram.  :  Tliat  case  of  nouns  and  pronouns 
which  indicates  — 

(1)  Ownership,  or  possession  :  as,  John's  book. 

(2)  Relation  of  one  thing  to  another  :    as, 
Plato's  supporters.      Also  called  the  Genitive- 
case.    [GENITIVE.] 

H  The  possessive  case  is  expressed  in 
English  by  the  apostrophe  (')  and  s:  as, 
John,  John'*. 

possessive  pronoun,  s. 
Gram.  :  A  pronoun  denoting  possession  or 
ownership. 

p6s  f  eV-sIve-l&  adv.   [Ens.  possessive  ;  -ly.] 

In  <t  manner  denoting  possession. 

pos   ses  -sor,  *  pos  -ses-  sour,  s.     [Lat 

possessor,  from  possess*,  pa.  par.  of  possideo  = 
to  possess  ;  Fr.  possesseur  ;  bp.  posesor  ;  Port 
possessor;  It&\.  jmssessore.}  One  who  possesses 
crowns;  one  who  holds  or  enjoys  any  gooiis 
or  property  ;  an  owner,  an  occupant  ;  a  pro- 
prietor of  goods,  real  or  personal. 

"  As  if  he  Irui  been  poarunr  of  the  whole  world."— 
Snarp  :  Oernumt,  rul.  v.,  aer.  4. 

pos-BeV-Sor-^,  a.  &  «.  [Lat.  possessor!  vs.  from 
possessor  =  a  possessor  (q.v.)  ;  i'r.  possessoire.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

*  L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Relating  to,  or  denoting  possession. 

2.  Having  possession  ;  possessing. 

"This  he  detains  from  the  Iry  much  against  ht» 
will  ;  for  he  should  be  the  true  potwuory  luru  thereof." 
—Uomll. 

II.  Law:  Arising  from  possession:  as,  a  pof- 
tessory  interest 

B.  As  substantive  : 

Law:  A  suit  entered  in  the  Admiralty  Court 
by  the  owners  for  the  seizing  of  their  ship. 

possessory-action,  s. 

Law:  An  action  brought  to  regain  posses- 
sion of  land,  the  right  of  possession  only,  and 
not  the  right  of  property  being  contested. 

possess  ory-  judgment,  s. 

Scot*  Low  :  A  judgment  which  entitles  a 
person  who  has  been  in  uninterrupted  posses- 
sion for  seven  years  to  continue  his  possession 
until  the  question  of  rkjht  shall  be  decided. 

pdY-set,  *  pos-syt,  s.  [Cf.  W>1.  posel  =  cur- 
dled milk,  posset  ;  Ir.  pu.«oi'(/  =  a  pcs-et.  |  A 
drink  composi-d  of  hot  milk  curdled  by  some 
infusion,  as  wine  or  other  liquor. 

"  Thou  shalt  eat  a  pnuet  to-night  at  my  home.*— 
:  Merry  Wlttt  of  H'inusor,  T.  4. 


•  pos  -set,  v.t.     [POSSET,  *.l     To  curdls,  to 
coagulate.    (Shakctp.  :  Jlatnlet,  i.  5.) 

*  p6s-sl-bn  -I-tate,   v.t.    [Lat  jx*sit'i';t<u, 
genit  possibilitatis  =  possibility  (q.v.).J     To 
make  or  render  possible. 

poVsi-blT-i-ty\  *  pos-si-bil-i-tee,  ».  [Pr. 

pusfibilite,  from  Lat  possiliilitatem.  HCCIIS.  of 
posnibilitas,  from  possibilix  =  possible  (q.v.)j 
Sp.  posibilidad;  Ital.  possit/ilita.} 

L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  possible; 
the  power  of  happening,  being,  or  existing  in 
some  w.iv  or  other.  It  generally  implies  im- 
prolabilfty  or  great  uncprtainty. 

"  Aiy  degree  of   ftntitM't'n  whaterer,  of  rellgloa 
being  true.  —Paley:  Sermun  L 


late,  fat,  fare,  aunldst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go.  pot, 
rpr.  wore,  w<?lf,  work,  who,  sou :  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our.  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,   S9,ce  =  e;ey  =  »;qu^  kw« 


possible— post 


3701 


2.  That  which  is  possible  ;  a  thing  which 
may  possibly  happen,  be,  or  exist. 

"  PotribUUiet  are  as  infinite  aa  God's  power."— Sou t*  : 
Sermont,  vol.  i.,  »er.  8. 

IL  Law  •  A  chance  or  expectation  ;  an  un- 
certain thing  which  may  or  may  not  happen. 
It  is  near  or  ordinary,  as  where  an  estate  is 
limited  to  one  after  the  death  of  another  ;  or 
remote  or  extraordinary,  as  where  it  is  limited 
to  a  man  provided  he  shall  be  married  to  a 
certain  woman,  and  then  that  she  shall  die, 
and  he  be  married  to  another.  (Wharton.) 

pds'-si -ble,  a.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  ppssibilis,  from 
possum  =  to  be  able,  from  poti's  =  nble,  and 
sum— to  be ;  Sp.  fonible;  Ital.  possibile.] 

1.  That  may  or  can  happen,  be,  'or  exist ; 
that  may  be  done  ;  not  contrary  to  the  nature 
of  things  ;  liaMe  to  happen  or  come  to  pass. 

"Tis  possible  to  Infinite  power  to  endue  »  creature 
•with  the  powi-rnf  beginning  motion."— Clarke :  On  the 
Attribute!,  |>r.')>.  10. 

U  Possible  signifies  properly  able  to  be  done, 
practicable  signifies  able  to  put  in  practice; 
hence  the  difference  between  possible  and  prac- 
ticable is  the  same  as  between  doing  a  thing 
at  all,  or  doing  it  as  a  rule. 

2.  Capable  of  being,  existing,  or  coming  to 
pass,  but  highly  improbable. 

%  If  possible:  If  it  can  possibly  be  done. 

"  And  expiate,  If  pouMe,  my  crime." 

j/iltan :  Samum  Agonittet,  491. 
pos-sl-bly,  adv.     (Eng.  possible);  -ly.} 

1.  In  a  possible  manner;  by  any  possible 
means  ;    by  any   power  or  means,  moral   or 
physical,  really  existing  ;  by  any  possibility. 

"  When  jiostibly  I  can,  I  will  return." 

Sltafetp. :  Tux>  Gentlemen  <if  Verona,  11.  i. 

2.  Perchance,  perhaps. 

poV-Sum,  ».  [See  def.]  A  colloquial  abbre- 
viation of  opossum  (q.v.).  (Amer.) 

U  To  act  possum,  To  play  possum :  To  feign, 
to  dissemble.  In  allusion  to  the  habit  of  the 
opossum  throwing  itself  on  its  back  and 
shamming  death  on  the  approach  of  an  enemy. 

"  It's  xlmost  time  for  Babe  to  quit  playing  pouum." 
—Scribner't  Magazine,  Jan.,  1SS6,  p.  436. 

post*,  pref.  [Lat.]  A  Latin  preposition  signi- 
fying alter,  behind,  since,  &c.,  in  which  semes 
it  is  largely  used  in  composition. 

post-abdomen,  • . 

Comp.  A  not.  :  That  portion  of  a  crustacean 
which  lies  de-hind  the  segments  corresponding 
to  those  of  the  abdomen  in  insects. 

*  post-act,  s.    An  act  done  after  or  sub- 
•eqiiently  ;  an  after-act. 

post-anal,  •. 

Zool. :  Situated  behind  the  anus. 

post  communion,  s. 

1.  Anglican:  That  part  of  the  communion 
service  which  follows  after  the  people  have 
communicated. 

2.  Roman:  That  part  of  the  mass  which 
follows  the  communion  of  the  celebrant. 

*  post-disseizin,  s. 

IMW:  A  subsequent  disseizin  ;  also  a  writ 
th.it  lay  for  him  who,  having  recovered  lands 
or  tenements  by  force  of  novel  disseizin,  was 
again  disseized  by  the  former  disseizor. 

*  post-disseizor,  s. 

Law:  One  who  disseizes  another  of  lands 
•which  he  had  Ixifore  recovered  of  the  same 
pei-son. 

post-entry  (1),  s. 

1.  Book-keeping:   An  additional  or  subse- 
quent entry. 

2.  Comm. :   An  additional  entry  of  goods 
made  by  a  merchant  at  a  custom-house,  when 
the  first  entry  is  found  to  be  too  small. 

post  exilic, ".  Pertaining  to,  occurring  in, 
or  connected  with  the  period  in  Jewish  history 
subsequent  to  the  Babylonian  captivity. 

"It  could  be  further  shown  thatannnilier  o(  Hebrew 
port  exilic  names  .  .  .  are  nf  Babylonian  origin.  — 
Athenaeum,  May  12,  1883,  p.  602. 

*  post-exist,  v.i.    To  exist  after  ;  to  live 
subsequently.  (Cudworlh :  Intell.  System,  p.  37.) 

*  post-existence,  s.     Future  or  subse- 
quent existence. 

"  That  one  opinion  of  the  soul's  Immortality,  namely. 
Its  init-ejcistemt.  —  Citilx-urth  :  Intell.  Syttem,  p.  38. 

*  post-existent,  a.     Existing  or  being 
after  or  subsequently. 

"  Pre-  ami  i>nit-ijrittent  atoms."— Cudvorth  :  fulfil. 
Syilrm.  p.  as. 


post-fact,  s.  4  o.  (Lat.  post  fact um  = 
done  afterwards.] 

A.  As  subst. :  A  fact  which  occurs  after  or 
subsequently  to  another. 

B.  As  adj. :  Pertaining  or  relating  to  a  fact 
subsequent  to  another. 

post-facto,  phr.    [Ex  POST  FACTO.] 

*  post-ferment,  *.    [Formed  on  analogy 
of  preferment.]    The  opposite  of  preferment  ; 
a  step  downwards  in  rank. 

"This  his  translation  was  a poit- ferment."—  Fuller : 
Worlhiet.  i.  329. 

*  poet-fine,  s.    A  fine  due  to  the  king  by 
prerogative  ;  called  also  king's  silver.    [FINE, 
«.,  II.  2.] 

"  Then  followed  the  licentia  roncardaneH,  or  leave 
to  agree  the  suit.  This  leave  was  readily  granted,  but 
for  it  there  was  also  another  fine  due  to  the  king, 
called  the  king's  silver,  or  sometimes  the  pott-fine.'— 
lilackttone  :  Comment.,  bk.  11.,  ch.  Is. 

post-fix,  *. 

Gram. :  A  word,  syllable,  or  letter  appended 
to  the  end  of  another  word  ;  a  suffix,  an  affix. 

post-fix,  v.t.  To  add  a  word,  syllable,  or 
letter  at  the  end  of  another  word,  &c, 

*  post  geniture,  s.     The  state  or  con- 
dition of  a  child  born  after  another  in  the 
same  family. 

post-glacial,  a. 

Geol. :  A  term  applied  to  the  oldest  division 
but  one  of  the  Post-tertiary  period. 

post-mortem,  a.  & ». 

A.  As  adj. :  After  death,  as  a  post-mortem 
examination,  i.e.,  one  made  after  the  death  of 
a  person,  in  order  to  ascertain  the  cause  of 
death  either  in  the  interests  of  science,  or  for 
the  ends  of  justice. 

B.  As  subst. :  A  post-mortem  examination. 

*  post-natal,  a.    Subsequent  to  birth. 

"Those  whose  idiocy  depends  on  pott-natal  di*. 
eases."— Sanke?:  EjcperimeJUal  Daeater,  lect.  vi. 

post-nate,  a.    Subsequent. 
"But  a  second   or  pott-natt    thing. "— Cudworth: 
Intell.  System,  p.  MS. 

post  natus,  a.  &  s. 

A.  As  adj. :  Born  after  or  subsequently. 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  Eng.  Law  :  The  second  son. 

2.  Scots  IMW  :  One  born  in  Scotland  after 
the  accession  of  James  I.  (of  England),  who 
was  held  not  to  be  an  alien  in  England. 

post-note  (1),  *.  A  note  issued  by  a  bank, 
payable  at  some  future  time,  not  on  demand. 

post-nuptial,  a.  Being  made  or  hap- 
pening after  marriage:  as,  a  post-nuptial 
settlement. 

post-obit,   «.    &  a.      [Lat  post  =  after, 

and  a>iitus  =  death.] 

A.  As  substantive- : 

1.  A  bond  given  as  security  for  the  repay- 
ment of  a  sum  of  money  to  a  lender  on  the 
death  of  some  specified  person,  from  whom 
the  borrower  has  expectations.    Such  loans  in 
almost  every  case  carry  high,  if  not  usurious, 
rates  of  interest,  and  generally  the  borrower 
binds  himself  to  pay  a  much  larger  sum  than 
he  receives,  in  consideration  of  the  risk  which 
the  lender  runs  in  the  case  of  the  borrower 
dying  before  the  person  from  whom  he  has 
expectations. 

2.  A  post-mortem  examination. 

B.  As  adj. :  After  death ;  posthumous :  as, 
a  post-obit  bond. 

post  cesophageal,  a. 
.!  not. :  Situated  behind  the  gullet  or  oeso- 
phagus. 

post-oral,  a. 

Anat. :  Situated  behind  the  mouth. 

post-pliocene,  a. 

GeoL :  In  the  etymological  sense,  more 
modern  than  the  Pliocene,  i.e.,  embracing  all 
the  deposits  from  the  end  of  the  Pliocene  till 
now  ;  but  Lyell,  who  introduced  the  term, 
restricts  it  to  the  older  of  these,  applying  the 
term  Recent  to  the  others.  In  his  Postplio- 
cene  strata,  all  the  shells  are  of  recent  species, 
but  a  portion,  and  that  often  a  considerable 
one,  of  the  mammals  are  extinct.  In  the 
Recent  strata,  apain,  both  the  shells  and  the 
mammals  belong  to  recent  species.  (I. yell : 
Antiquity  o/A/an(1863),  pp.  5,  6.) 


*  post-position,  s. 

1.  OnL  Lang. :   The  act  of  placing  after; 
the  state  of  being  placed  after  or  behind. 

"  Nor  is  the  pott-position  of  the  nominative  case  to 
the  verb  az»m«t  the  use  of  the  tongue."— iltd* : 
Daniel I  Weekt,  p.  St. 

2.  Gram. :  A  word  or  particle  placed  after, 
or  at  the  end  of,  a  word. 

post-positional,  c.  Of  the  nature  of; 
or  pertaining  to,  a  post- position. 

•post-positive,  o.  Placed  after  some- 
thing else,  as  a  word. 

post  -  prandial,  a.  Happening  after 
dinner ;  aiter-diimer. 

"  The  introduction  by  some  unhappy  pott-prandial 
orator  of  political  allusions."— Daily  Telegraph.  NOT. 

*  post-remote,  o.    Mora  remote  in  sub- 
sequent time  or  order. 

post  tabula,  s. 

Arch. :  A  reredos  (q.v.), 

post-terminal,  phr. 

Law  (Of  sittings) :  After  the  term. 

post-tertiary,  a. 

Geol. :  An  epithet  applied  to  a  geological 
period  extending  from  the  close  of  the  Ter- 
tiary till  now.  Lyell  divides  it  into  the  Pleis- 
tocene and  the  Kecent  sub-periods ;  Etheridge 
into  the  Glacial  or  Pleistocene,  the  Post- 
Glacial,  the  Pre-Historic,  and  the  Historical 
sub-periods.  Called  also  Quaternary. 

post(l),  *poste,  *poaste,  *.  [ A. S.  post, from 
Lat.  postis  =  a  post,  a  door-post,  prop.  =  some- 
thing firmly  fixed  ;  cf.  Lat.  postus  =  positus,  pa. 
par.  of  pono  =  to  place,  to  set.]  [POSITION.] 

1.  A  piece  of  timber,  metal,  or  other  solid 
substance  set  upright  in  the   ground,    and 
intended  as  a  support  for  something  else  :  as, 

(1)  Carp. :   An  upright  timber  in  a  frame : 
as,  king-post,  door-post,  &c. 

(2)  Build. :  A  pillar  or  column  in  a  structure. 

(3)  A   vertical   pillar  forming  a  part  of  a> 
fence,  or  for  holding  aloft  telegraph-wires. 

(4)  Furniture: 

(a)  One  of  the  uprights  of  a  bedstead. 

(b)  One  of  the  standards  of  a  chair-back. 

(5)  Mining :  One  -of  the  pillars  of  coal  or 
ore  which  support  the  ceiling  of  a  mine. 

(6)  Paper-making:  A  pile  of  one  hundred 
and   forty-four  sheets  of  hand-made    paper, 
fresh  from  the  mould,  and  made  up  with  a 
web  of  felt  between  each  sheet,  ready  for  th« 
first  pressure  in  a  screw-press.    This  is  a  felt- 
post.    When  the  felts  are  removed,  the  pils 
is  called  a  white  post. 

*  2.  A  pole,  a  staff. 

"  A  pott  in  band  he  bare  .of  mighty  pyn«." 

Pinter  :  rirgil  ;  .Unetfol  lit 

3.  The  starting  place  for  a  race ;  also  the 
winning-post. 

"  Some  g<>«d  horses  mustered  at  the  pott.~—DaUu 
Telegraph,  Dec.  19,  18S5. 

*  4.  A  pillar,  a  support. 

"  Until  bis  order  he  was  a  noble  i<ott." 

Chaucer :  C.  T.,  «4. 

•5.  The  door-post  of  a  victualler's  shop, 
on  which  he  chalked  up  the  debts  of  his  cus- 
tomers :  hence,  a  score,  a  debt. 

"  When  God  sends  coyne 
I  will  discharge  your poatf." 

Kowlandt:  Knare  qf  tfubt. 

IT  1.  Knight  of  the  Post:  [KNIGHT  OF  THI 
POST]. 

2.  Post  and  paling :  A  close  wooden  fence, 
constructed  with  posts  fixed  in  the  ground, 
and  pales  nailed  between  them. 

3.  Post  and  pane.  Post  and  petrail :  Terms 
applied    to   buildings    erected    with    timber 
framings  and  panels  of   brick  or  lath  and 
plaster.    [BRICK-NOOOINO.] 

4.  Post  and  railing.  Post  and-railt: 

(1)  A  kind  of  open  wooden  fence  for  the 
protection    of  young   quickset   hedges.     It 
consists  of  posts  and  rails,  &c. 

"The  stag  bad  lamped  some  pott-and-railt."— Field, 
Feb.  20,  1886. 

(2)  (See  extract). 

"The  tea  Is  more  frequently  bad  than  good.  Th« 
bad.  from  the  (talks  occasionally  found  in  tlie  decoc- 
tion, is  popularly  known  as  pottt  and  rail!  tea."-- 
Daily  Telegraph.  April  L  18M. 

5.  Post  and  stall : 

Mining  :  A  mode  of  working  coal  in  which 
so  much  is  left  as  pillar  and  so  much  is  worked 
away,  forming  rooms  and  thurlings. 


boy ;  pout,  jofrl ;  cat,  90!!.  chorus,  chin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  ^Cenophon,  exist,   ph  =  C 
Cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -slon  =  shun ;  -(ion,  -slon  =  shun,     cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  aba*,    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


3702 


post 


post -butt,  t.  A  block  inserted  in  the 
ground,  and  having  a  socket  to  hold  a  post. 

post-driver, ».    [PILE-DRIVER.] 

post-entry  (2),  *.  The  entry  of  a  horse 
for  a  race,  or  of  a  competitor  for  any  contest, 
made  at  the  time  appointed  for  the  race  or 
contest. 

post-hook,  *. 

Harness:  A  check -rein  hook,  having  an 
•  ornamental  post  extending  up  above  the  open- 
Hog  fur  the  rein. 

post-Jack,  i.    An  implement  for  lifting 
.  posts  out  of  the  ground.    It  is  a  crow-bar 
pivoted  in  a  base  piece  and  having  a  claw  which 
'  catches  against  the  post 

post-match,  s. 

Horse-racing:  A  match  In  which  each  sub- 
scriber names  two  or  more  horses  of  the  proper 
*ge,  oiie  only  of  which  (unless  a  greater  num- 
ber is  allowed  by  the  conditions  of  the  race) 
If  to  be  sent  to  the  post. 

post-mill,  s.  An  old  form  of  windmill 
Which  was  mounted  on  a  post.  The  post  was 
continued  through  several  stories,  and  formed 
the  axis  on  which  the  mill  veered  as  the  wind 
changed. 

post  (2),  *  poste,  «.  A  adv.     [Fr.  posfe(masc.) 

—  a  post,  a  messenger ;  (fern.)  =  post,  post- 
ing, riding,  &c.,  from  Low  Lat.  posta  =  a 
station,  a  site,  prop.  fern.  sing,  of  postus  = 
poiitua,  pa.  par.  of  pono  =  to  place;  Bp., 
Port.,  &  Hal.  posta;  Ger.  post.] 

A.  As  substantive :  } 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  fixed  place,  position,  or  station,  for  a 
person  or  thing ;  a  position,  place,  or  station 
occupied :  espec.  a  military  station,  or  the 
place  where  a  single  soldier  or  a  body  of 
soldiers  is  placed. 

"To  guard  this  port  .  .  .  that  art  employ.* 

Pap*:  Homer;  Iliad  xiiL  M2. 

2.  The  troops  posted  or  stationed  at  a  par- 
ticular place. 

3.  (P-)  A  subdivision  of  the  Grand  Army  of 
the  Republic.     (U.K.) 

*4.  A  fixed  or  established  place  on  a  line 
of  road  where  horses  were,  kept  for  travelling ; 
a  stage,  a  station,  a  posting-house.  Also,  a 
person  who  travelled  by  posting,  or  using 
relays  of  horses;  a  quick  traveller,  a  courier. 

^  Posts  seem  to  have  been  first  estab- 
lished for  the  conveyance  of  government 
messengers  or  private  travellers  rather  than 
Of  letters.  The  ancient  system  extensively 
existed  in  the  provincial  parts  of  India  till  the 
introduction  of  railways  narrowed  the  sphere 
Of  its  operations.  An  important  traveller, 
wishing  to  go  to  Europe,  wrote  to  the 
European  authorities  of  the  district,  who 
aent  oat  Instructions  to  the  heads  of  the 
several  villages  to  have  relays  of  bullocks  or 
palanquin  bearers  at  fixed  stages  along  the 
Intended  line  of  route.  If  he  arrived  too  late 
he  had  demurrnge  to  pay  to  all  who  lost  time 
waiting  for  him.  Till  recently  the  same 
•ystem,  but  with  post-horses,  extensively 
prevailed  in  the  West.  In  Europe  it  w;is 
generally  a  government  monopoly ;  in  England 
it  was  conducted  (and  more  ellectively)  by 
private  entei  prise.  [6.] 

6.  A  carrier  of  letters,  papers,  or  messages  ; 
One  who  poes  at  stated  times  to  carry  mails  or 
de* patches  from  one  place  to  another ;  a  post- 
man. 

8.  An  established  system  for  the  public 
Conveyance  and  delivery  of  letters  ;  the  con- 
veyance by  government  officers  of  the  public 
mails  from  place  to  place ;  the  post-office. 

"Letters,  especially  thow  to  the  rteilTcry  of  which  In 
•ir-e  of  I*KI  importance  11  attached."— 
Dai'H  TeUgra)*.  bee.  17.  IMA. 

^  Cyrus,  the  founder  of  the  Persian  empire, 
fa  credited  with  the  first  use  of  p- 
letters.  Probal.ly  the  earliest  were  govern- 
ment despatches  ;  then  private  letters  would 
be  taken  surreptitiously,  and  finally  arrange- 
ments would  be  made  for  doing  so asa govern- 
ment monopoly.  Despatches  sent  by  Ahasuerns 
(Xerxes  ?)  throughout  the  Persian  empire  are 
mentioned  iu  Either  i.  22;  iii.  12-15;  viii. 
6-10,  13,  14  ;  ix.  20,  30.  They  were  by  posts, 
<.«.,  men  riding  on  mulog  and  camels  (viii.  14). 
A"-n-tu8  Caesar  had  similar  posts  in  Rome, 
Charlemagne  seems  to  have  introduced  tln-m 
into  France.  [PosT-OfTlcK.] 


t.  A  post-office  ;  an  office  or  house  where 
letters  are  received  for  transmission  by  the 
post 

"Scarcely  had  last  week'n  letter  been  dropped  into 
the  itutt.~— field,  Jau.  'in.  1&*. 

8.  A  single  or  particular  despatch  of  mails  : 
as,  To  miss  a  post. 

•  9.  Haste,  speed. 

'•  The  mayor  toward!  Guildhall  hie*  him  in  all  pott." 
SAoteip. :  Kichard  ill.,  ia  S. 

10.  A  post-horse  ;  a  relay  of  horses. 

"  Presently  took  port  to  tell  yon." 

Shaketp. :  AVnww  t  Juliet,  T.  1. 

XI.  A  situation ;  an  office  or  employment ; 
any  position  of  trust,  dignity,  service,  or 
emolument ;  an  appointment. 

"  The  point  of  interest  or  the  pott  of  power." 

Carper:  Ketirement.  141 

*  12.  A  game  at  cards,  Post-and-pair,  now 
called  poker  (q.v.). 


IL  Technically : 

1,  Mil. :  A  bugle-call  giving  notice  of  the 
time  for  retiring  for  the  night. 

"  Pint  pott  was  sounded  at  half-past   inn."— City 
Prru.  Sept  SO,  188&. 

2.  Paper :  A  size  of  writing-paper,  so  called 
because  its  original  water-mark  was  a  post- 
man's horn.    It  varies  in  size  from  22 J  by  17J 
inches  to  19  by  15}  inches. 

B.  At  adv.  :  Hastily,  speedily  ;  in  all  haste, 
as  a  post.  (Milton:  P.  L.,  iv.  171.) 

U  •  (1)  Post-and-pair :  [PosT (2),  s. ,  A.  1. 12.]. 

*  (2)  To  ride  post :  To  be  employed  in  carry- 
ing mails,  &c.,  by  posting  or  relays  of  horses  ; 
hence,  to  ride  in  haste  or  with  all  speed. 

(3)  To  travel  post :  To  travel  with  all  possi- 
ble speed  ;  to  travel  expeditiously. 

post-bag,  *.  A  bag  in  which  letters  are 
conveyed  to  or  by  the  post ;  a  mail-bag. 

post-bill,  $. 

1.  A  bill  granted  by  the  Bank  of  England 
to  individuals,  and  transferable  after  being 
indorsed. 

2.  A  post-office  way-bill  of  the  letters,  &c., 
despatched  from  a  post-office,  placed  in  the 
mail-bag,  or  given  in  charge  to  the  post 

post-captain,  s. 

Karal :  A  captain  of  a  ship-of-war  of  three 
years'  standing,  now  simply  styled  a  captain. 
He  ranks  with  a  colonel  in  the  army. 

*  post-caroche,  *.    A  post-chaise. 

"  His  postwar-octet  still  upon  his  way." 

Drayton  :  The  Hom-Cal). 

post-chaise,  a.  A  closed  vehicle  for  hire, 
designed  to  be  drawn  by  relays  of  horses, 
hired  for  each  trip  between  stations.  Said 
to  have  been  introduced  into  England  in  16t>4. 

*  A  man  who  Is  whirled  through  Europe  in  a  nut- 
t*aiae."—(joldimUk:  I'olitt  Learning,  ch.  *•>' 

*  post-coach,  *.    A  post-chaise. 

post-day,  *.  The  day  upon  which  the 
mails  arrive  or  are  despatched. 

post-free,  a.  Franked  ;  free  from  charge 
for  postage. 

*  post-hackney. «.    A  hired  post-horse. 

"T«\ch  fXHt-hackneyi  to  leap  hedges."—  Watton : 
Jtonuin*. 

post-haste,  a.,  adv.,  &  *. 

A.  As  tirlj. :  By  posting ;  done  with  all  pos- 
sii.le  speed  or  expedition.    (Hhakesp. :  OlheUo, 
i.  1.) 

B.  A  s  adv. :  With  all  possible  haste  or  ex- 
pedition.   (Shake  p. :  Richard  II.,  i.  4.) 

C.  A$  sulst. :  Very  great  haste  iu  travelling. 

"  Lord  Oeoi-ye  yonr  brother.  Norfolk,  and  myself. 
In  Lniu,  jjott  hatte,  are  cmne  to  Join  with  you.' 

SluHceip. :  a  Benry  rj.,  ii.  1. 

post-horn, ». 

Music: 

1.  A  wind  Instrument  consisting  of  a  simple 
metal  tube,  without  valves  or  pistons,  blown 
by  postmen.    It  can  hardly  l>e  termed  a  musi- 
cal instrument    (Covper:  Table  TaOc,  32.) 

2.  A  piece  of  music  suitable  to,  or  in  imita- 
tion of  the  notes  or  passages  of,  a  post-horn. 

post-horse,  t.  A  horse  kept  and  let  for 
posting,  (ziuikesp.  :  Richard  III.,  i.  1.) 

post  house, «. 

1.  A  house  where  post-horses  are  Kept  for 
the  convenience  of  travellers. 

*  2   A  post-office. 


post-note  (2),  «.  A  cash-note  intended 
to  b«  transmitted  by  post,  and  made  payable 
to  order.  [BANK-MOTE.] 

post-office,  5. 

1.  An  office  or  house  where  letters,  &c.,  an 
received  for  transmission  by  post  to  their  several 
addresses,  and  whence  letters,  ic.,  are  sent  out 
to  be  delivered  to  the  addresses. 

2.  A  department  of  the  government  having 
charge  of  the  conveyance  of  the  public  mails. 

U  James  I.,  in  1619,  established  a  post-office, 
and  Charles  I.,  in  1035,  a  letter-office  f  T 
England  and  Scotland,  but  these  extended 
only  to  the  principal  roads,  and  the  times  of 
carriage  were  uncertain.  In  the  latter  year 
the  charge  for  a  single  letter  under  eighty 
miles  was  2d.,  under  140  it  was  4d.,  alcove 
140  it  was  6d.,  on  the  borders,  and  in  Scotland 
8d.  The  jtarliament  of  1043  framed  the  Act 
which  provided  for  the  weekly  conveyance  of 
letters  into  all  parts  of  the  kingdom,  and  a 
regular  post-office  was  erected  closely  re- 
sembling that  now  existing  and  with  rates  of 
postage  which  continued  till  the  days  of  Queen 
Anne.  In  1839  Rowland  Hill  brought  forward 
his  scheme  fora  penny  postage  throughput  the 
United  Kingdom.  It  came  into  operation  on 
Jan.  10,  1840,  on  the  scale  of  a  penny  for 
every  letter  below  half  an  ounce  in  weight. 
In  1839  the  number  of  letters  carried  was 
75,907,572.  The  first  year  of  the  reduced 
tariff  it  rose  to  168,768,344,  and  has  since  con- 
tinued to  advance  year  by  year,  proportion- 
ately quicker  than  the  population.  The  postal 
service  in  the  United  States  had  its  beginnings 
in  1G39,  when  a  house  in  Boston  was  authorized 
to  receive  and  deliver  foreign  letters.  In  1672 
New  York  colony  established  a  monthly  post 
with  Boston,  which,  in  1702,  was  changed  to  a 
fortnightly.  A  post-office  was  established  in 
Virginia  in  1G92,  and  iu  Philadelphia  in  1C93, 
and  a  Deputy  Postmaster-General  for  America 
was  appointed  in  1C92.  The  system  established 
proved  a  failure,  as  it  created  a  monopoly  which 
included  also  the  transportation  of  travellers.  In 
1753  Benjamin  Franklin  was  made  Postmaster- 
General  for  the  colonies,  aud  managed  the 
service  with  much  success.  When  he  was 
removed  in  1774  the  office  yielded  a  net  annual 
revenue  of  over  815,000.  In  1789,  when  the 
new  federal  government  assumed  control  of 
the  post-office  department,  there  were  only  75 
offices  in  the  thirteen  states.  In  the  succeed- 
ing century  the  progress  was  remarkable, 
and  in  1890  the  offices  had  increased  to  02,401, 
and  the  gross  cost  of  handling  the  mails  to 
$66,645,083.  The  number  of  letters,  post  cards, 
&c.,  carried  was  2,28!»,950,015 ;  of  newspapers, 
778,428,515;  aud  of  other  articles,  519,247,199; 
while  more  than  376,000,000  articles  were 
carried  free  of  postage.  The  number  of  i>o8t- 
offices  in  the  United  States  is  larger  than  in 
any  other  country.  It  provides  a  post-office  to 
every  1003  persons,  while  Great  Britain  pro- 
vides one  to  every  2105  persons.  One  result  is 
that  the  department  here  is  carried  on  at  a 
loss,  while  in  Great  Britain  it  is  a  source  of 
revenue.  In  Great  Britain  the  post-office 
department  owns  and  works  the  electric 
telegraphs.  This  innovation  has  not  been 
introduced  into  the  United  States. 

H  (1)  Post-office  annuity  and  insurance:  A 
•ystem  under  which  the  Postmaster-General 
of  England  insures  lives  between  the  ages 
of  16  and  60  for  sums  of  not  less  than  £20  or 
more  than  £100,  and  to  grant  annuities  not 
exceeding  £10. 

(2)  Post-office  order:  A  Money-order  (q.v.). 

(3)  Post-office  savings-bank :  A  savings-bank 
to  the  English  post-office  Byttem,  in  which 
deposits  not  exceeding  £30  in  any  one  year,  or 
£150  in  all,  are  received  at  a  rate  of  interest 
of  2J  per  cent  per  annum,  which  is  allowed 
until  the  sum  amounts  to  £200.    [STOCK,  «.] 

post-paid,  a.  Having  the  postage  prepaid. 

post-road,  post-route,  ».  The  road  or 
route  by  which  mails  are  conveyed. 

post-town,  >. 

L  A  to  wn  in  whicha  post-office  isestablished. 
*  2.  A  town  in  which  post-horses  are  kept 

post-woman,  s.    A  female  letter-carrier. 

(Soutiiey :  Coito/fUtes,  i.) 

•OSt,  (1),  V.t.      [POST  (1),  «.] 

L  Lit. :  To  fix  on  or  upon  a  post ;  to  flx  np 
in  a  public  place,  as  a  notice  or  advertisement 

"  For  distributing  and  pnrllnij  bills  In  every  city."— 
Seribaer  i  Magazine,  Aug.  18M,  p.  612. 


Sta,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
«r,  wore,  W9lf,  work,  whd,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,   IB,  «  =  6;  «y  =  »;  qu  =  kw. 


post— posticum 


3703 


2.  Figuratively: 

(1)  To  expose  or  hold  up  to  public  reproach  ; 
espec.  to  stigmatize  publicly  as  a  coward. 

"The  fiery  young  midshipman  pasted  him  in  the 

streets  of  Baltimore."—  Harper  I  Monthly.  June,  1882. 

Tf  This  use  of  the  word  is  derived  from  the 

sheriffs  formerly  having  posts  before  theirdoors, 

on  which  proclamations,  &c.,  were  affixed. 

(2)  To  deposit  ;  to  pay  down  as  a  deposit  or 
•take. 

"He  must  to-day  pott  the  final  deposit'—  Dotty 
Telegraph.  Sept  7,  IbsS. 

post  (2),  v.t.  &  i.    [POST  (2),*.] 

A.  Transitive  : 

L  Ordinary  Language: 

L  To  station  ;  to  place  in  a  position. 

"  The  police  .  .  .  were  posted  in  great  force  outside 
the  building."—  Daily  Telegraph.  Bept  17,  1885. 

2.  To  place  in  tlie  post  ;  to  transmit  by  post. 

"Two  hundred  thousand  of  the  circulars  In  question 
have  been  potted,'—  Daily  Telegraph,  Dec,  18,  1SSS. 

8.  To  send  with  speed  or  with  post-horses. 
*  4.  To  put  off;  to  delay,  to  postpone. 

"  I  have  not  stopp'd  mine  ears  to  their  demand*, 

Nor  potted  off  tiieir  suits  with  slow  delays." 

Kluilcap.  :  S  Henry  VI.,  Ti  «L 

6.  To  inform  fully  ;  to  post  up  [If]. 

"  Law  was  not  well  potted  about  what  was  transpir- 
ing."— -Vew  fork  Herald,  Feb.  22,  lsi». 

Hr  Technically: 
J.  Book-keeping: 

(1)  To  carry  or  transfer  (as  items,  accounts) 
from  a  journal  to  a  ledger.     Similarly,  the 
number  of  bank-notes,  &c.,  when  noted  in 
books  for  reference  are  said  to  be  posted. 

(2)  To  make  the  necessary  or  proper  entries 
in  :  as,  To  post  one's  books. 

2.  Naval  :  To  promote  from  commander  to 
Captain. 

"  Whispers  were  afloat,  which  came  to  the  ear*  of 
the  Admiralty,  and  prevented  him  fruin  being  potted." 
—Uarrynt  :  I'eter  Simple,  ch,  Iv. 

B.  Intransitive  : 

1.  Ord.  iMng.  :  To  travel  with  post  horses  ; 
to  travel  with  all  possible  speed. 


2.  Manege:  To  rise  and  sink  in  the  saddle 
In  accordance  with  the  motion  of  the  horse, 
especially  when  trotting. 

H  To  post  up  : 

1.  Lit.  it  Book-keeping  :  To  make  the  neces- 
•ary  or  proper  entries  in  up  to  date. 

2.  Fig.  :  To  keep  supplied  with  the  latest 
Information  on  a  subject  ;  to  inform  fully. 

"  Nor  may  the  merest  schoolboy  be  quite  potted  up 
in  the  dates."—  Daily  Telegraph,  Nov.  13,  1884. 

post,  a.  [Cf.  Fr.  aposter  =  to  place  in  a  post 
or  position  ;  to  spy.]  Suborned  ;  hired  to  do 
what  is  wrong. 

•post  -able,  o.  [Eng.  pott  (2),  T.  ;  -able.] 
Capable  of  l>eing  carried. 

"  Make  our  peace  portable  upon  all  the  tides  of  for- 
tone,  —tlountague:  Devuute  Eatuyet,  pt  i.,  tr.  vL,  J  2. 

post  -age  (age  as  Ig),  *.    [Eng.  post  ;  -age.] 

*  1.  Carriage,  postage. 

2.  The  fee  or  charge  made  on  letters  or  other 
articles  conveyed  by  post. 

•3.  The  act  of  travelling  by  land,  Inter- 
rupting a  journey  or  passage  by  water. 

"  So  disconvenleut  is  the  poitaue."—Keli<nu*  Wot- 
tmiana.  p.  704. 

postage-stamp,  *.  An  adhesive  stamp 
of  various  values  issued  by  the  j>ost-office,  to 
be  affixed  to  letters  or  other  articles  sent  by 
post,  as  payment  of  the  postage  or  cost  of 
transmission. 

pdst-al,  o.  [Fr.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
post-office,  posts  or  conveyance  of  letters, 
oc.(  by  post. 

postal-Card,  «.  A  card  issued  by  the 
postal  authorities  for  the  convenience  of  the 
public  in  correspondence  of  mi  nor  importance. 
Sold  in  the  United  States  at  one  cent. 

postal  money-order,  «.  A  cash  order 
issued  at  one  post-office,  and  payable  at  another 
to  the  person  named  in  the  letter  of  instruc- 
tions, when  properly  identified. 

postal-note,  «.  A  post-office  order  for 
sums  under  $5,  made  payable  to  bearer  at  any 
post-office.  No  longer  issued. 

postal-union,  «.  A  union  of  several 
states  or  countries  for  the  interchange  and 
conveyance  of  mails  under  an  arrangement. 
Au-ong  the  countries  embraced  in  the  union 


are  Britain,  Austro-Hungary,  Belgium,  Egypt, 
France,  Germany,  Greece,  Italy,  the  Nether- 
lands,   Norway,    Portugal,  Russia,   Sweden, 
Switzerland,  Turkey,  and  the  United  States. 
post-ax' -i-al,  a,    [Pref.  post-,  and  Eng.  axial 

(q-v.)0 

Anat. :  Behind  the  axis  of  the  limbs. 
postf-bo^,  *.    [Eng.  post  (2),  s.,  and  boy.]    A 
boy  who  rides  post  or  who  carries  letters  ;  the 
driver  of  a  post-chaise ;  a  postillion. 

"  A  mounted  postboy  galloped  up  with  a  letter."— 
Lffer  :  Dodd  Family  Abroad,  let  it 

post-date',  v.t.    [Pref.  post-,  and  Eng.  date.] 

1.  To  attach  a  date  to,  as  to  a  cheque,  later 
than  or  in  advance  of  the  real  time  or  that  at 
which  it  is  written. 

"  It  Is  constantly  the  practice  In  drawing  cheques  to 
pottd.itc  them.  —Ulolx.;  Sept.  2,  1883. 

*  2.  To  date  so  as  to  make  appear  earlier 
than  the  fact.    (Fuller.) 

post'-date,  s.  [POSTDATE,  v.]  A  date  attached 
to  a  writing  or  other  document  later  than  the 
real  date. 

pdst-dl-lu'-vJ-al,  o.  [Pref.  post-,  and  Eng. 
diluvinl.]  Being,  existing,  or  happening  sub- 
sequent to  the  flood  or  deluge. 

post-di-lu'-vi-an,  o.  &  «.     [Pref.  post-,  and 

Eng.  diluvian.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Postdiluvial  (q.v.). 

"  The  earliest  history  of  man  that  we  possess  repre- 
sents the  pitttliluaiitn  wanderers  journeying  out- 
ward."— Wilton  :  Prehittorie  Man,  ch.  vL 

B.  As  subst. :  One  who  lived  after  the  flood, 
or  who  has  lived  since  the  flood. 

poste,  *.    [Fr.]    The  post 

poste-restante,  5.  [Fr.  =  resting  (i.e. 
undistributed)  post.]  A  department  in  a 
post-office  where  letters  so  marked  are  kept 
till  the  addressees  call  for  them.  The  arrange- 
ment is  made  for  the  convenience  of  persons 
travelling  or  passing  through  towns  where 
they  have  110  fixed  residence. 

post'-e-a,  s.    [Lat.  =  afterwards.] 

Law :  The  return  of  the  judge  before  whom 
a  cause  was  tried,  after  the  verdict,  stating 
what  was  done  in  the  cause.  So  called  from 
the  first  word  in  the  return  when  the  proceed- 
ings were  in  Latin. 

"  If  the  issue  be  an  issue  of  fact,  and  upon  trial  it  be 
found  for  either  the  plaintiff  or  defendant,  or  spe- 
cially ;  or  if  the  plaintiff  makes  default,  or  is  nonsuit ; 
or  whatever,  in  short,  is  dune  subsequent  t"  the 
joining  of  issue  and  awarding  the  trial,  it  is  entered 
on  record,  and  is  called  a  puUeu."—lllacJatone :  Com- 
ment., bk.  ill.,  ch.  14. 

pdst'-er  (1),  *.    [Eng.  post  (1),  v. ;  -er.] 

1.  A  large  printed  bill  or  placard  to  be 
posted  in  a  public  place  as  a  notice  or  adver- 
tisement. 

"The  potter*  convening  the  meeting  announced 
that  the  procession  would  be  headed  by  a  brass  baud." 
— Daily  Telegraph,  Sept.  28,  1685. 

2.  One  who  posts  bills,  &c. ;  a  bill-poster. 

post'-er  (2),  s.    [Eng.  post  (2),  v. ;  -tr.] 

*  1.  One  who  posts ;  one  who  travels  post ; 
a  courier. 

"  At  this,  Goltho  alights  as  swiftly  post 
As  potters  mount. 

Datvnant :  Omdibert,  bk.  ill,  e.  4. 
2.  A  post-horse. 

"We  whirled  along  with  four  potters  at  a  gallop." — 
Lever:  Dodd  Family  Abroad,  let.  xxxii. 

po's-teV-i'-or,    *  pos-ter-1-our,    o.   &  ». 

[Lat.,  compar.  of  posterus  =  coming  after,  fol- 
lowing, from  post  =  after ;  Fr.  posterieur.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Coming  or  happening  after ;  subsequent 
in  time ;  later. 

"An  admired  writer,  posterior  to  Milton."—  Wal- 
pole :  On  Gardening. 

2.  Later  in  order  of  moving  or  proceeding ; 
following  or  coming  after. 

"  The  anteriour  body  giveth  way,  as  fast  as  the  pot- 
ttriour  cometh  on."— tiacon :  Sat.  Uut.,  f  115. 

3.  Situated  behind  ;   hinder.    (Opposed  to 
anterior) 

IL  vol.  (Of  an  axillary  flower)  :  Beneath  the 
axis. 

B.  As  subst. :  [POSTERIORS]. 

H  A  posteriori  :  [A  POSTERIORI]. 

posterior-side,  «. 

Zool. :  The  part  of  the  back  of  a  shell  which 
contains  the  ligament.  It  is  usually  the  longer 
of  the  two. 


•ppS-ter-l-oV-I-ty,  s.  [Fr.  posteriorite.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  posterior  or  later 
in  time.  (Opposed  to  priority.) 

"The  successive  priority  and  posteriority  at  all  tern, 
porary  things.  '—CuUtrortA :  Intell.  System,  p.  647. 

pOS-ter'-l-or-lSr,  adv.  [Eng.  posterior  ;  -fy.) 
In  a  posterior  manner ;  later  or  subsequently, 
either  in  time  or  place  ;  behind. 

"The  posterior  angle  of  the  malar  extends  wen  pot. 
teriorly.  —Trant.  Amer.  Philot.  Society,  xiii.  J06. 

pos-ter'-i-drs,  *.  pi.  [POSTERIOR.]  The 
hinder  parts  of  an  animal's  body. 

"  For  expedition  is  the  life  of  action,  otherwise  Tim* 
may  show  his  bald  occiput,  and  shake  his  posteriori  at 
them  in  derision."— ffaweU  :  Letters,  bk.  iC,  let.  17. 

H  Used  by  Shakespeare,  for  the  latter  or 
later  part. 

"  The  posteriori  of  this  day,  which  the  rude  multi. 
tude  call  toe  afternoon."— Love't  Labours  Lost,  v.  L 

pos-teiM-ty,  *pos-ter-l-tie,  s.  [Fr. 
pofterite,  from  Lat.  posteritatem,  ace.  of  pos- 
teritas  =  futurity,  posterity,  from  posterior  •= 
after,  following,  posterior  (q.v.);  Sp.  pot- 

teridad;  Ital.  posterity.] 

1.  Succeeding  generations. 

"Founded  by  us  and  left  to  posterity."— Goldingtr 
Catar.  to.  229. 

2.  Descendants,  children;  the  race  which 
descends  from  a  progenitor.    (Opposed  to  an- 
cestors.) 

"  It  should  not  stand  in  thy  posterity." 

Shakup.  :  Macbeth,  til.  1. 

post  -era,   *  post-erne,  *  post-orne,  «. 

[O.  Fr.  posterle,  posterne  (Fr.  poterne),  from 
Low  Lat.  ppsterula  =  a  small  back  door,  a 
postern,  a  dimin.  from  posterus  =  behind.] 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  A  small  doorway  or  gateway 
at  the  back  of  a  building;  a  private  entrance; 
any  entrance  or  gate.  (Spenser :  F.  Q.,l.  v.  52.) 

IL  Fortification  : 

1.  A  vaulted  passage  underneath  a  rampart, 
leading   from  the  interior  to  the  ditch,  and 
closed  by  a  gate. 

2.  A  passage-way  at  a  retired  part  of  a 
bastion. 

postern-gate,  s.    A  postern. 

"  He  found  his  way  to  a  i*istcmuate.m 

Wordsworth  :  White  Doe,  X.  & 

*  pos-thet'-o-mist,  s.     [Eng.    posthttom(y); 

-ist.]  One  who  performs  the  operation  of 
posthetomy  or  circumcision. 

*  pos-thet'-6-my,  s.    [Gr.  v6<r6i,  (posthf)  = 
the  prepuce,  and  TO/XIJ  (tome)  =  a  cutting.] 
Circumcision. 

*  post'-hume,  a.    [Fr.,  from  Lat.  postnmitt, 
posthumus  —  posthumous  (q.v.)  ;  Port,  post 
humo  ;  Sp.  &  Ital.  postumo.]    Posthumous. 

"  Oh  1  if  my  soul  could  see  this  pnithume  sight.* 
Ball :  Satiret.  ill.  7. 

*  post'-humed,   o.     [Eng.  posthum(e) ;   -td.] 

Posthumous. 

"  A  stranger  to  my  method  would  hardly  rally  my 
scattered  and  potthumed  notes."  —  fuller:  Genera) 
Worthies,  ch.  xxv. 

post  hu  mous,  *  posf-u-mous,  a.  [Lat. 

postumus  =  the  last-born,  the  last,  late-born, 
prop,  the  super,  of  post  =  after.  The  erroneous 
supposition  that  it  came  from  post  humum  (lit 
=  after  the  groundj,  explained  as  "  itfter  the 
father  is  laid  in  the  ground,"  led  to  the  false 
spelling pnsthumvs,  and  eventually  to  the  word 
being  restricted  in  meaning  accordingly.] 

1.  Born  after  the  death  of  the  father :  aa,  a 
posthumous  child. 

2.  Being  or  continuing  after  one's  decease. 

"  Makes  a  folly  of  pntrhunout  memory."— Brown*: 
Urn  Burial,  cb.  v. 

3.  Published  after  the  death  of  the  author. 

"  Compromising  between  a  present  and  a  potthtonoa* 
edition.  —Southey:  Ltttert,  l\:  461. 

p6st'-hu-mous-l$f,  adv.  [Eng.  posthumous ; 
-ly.]  In  a  posthumous  manner ;  after  uv.'a 
decease. 

•post'-ic,  *post'-Ick,  a.  [Lat.  posticus,  from 
post  =  after,  behind.]  Backward. 

"  The  posfick  and  backward  position  of  the  feminine 
parts  in  quadrupeds."— Brown*  :  Vulgar  Jtrrours.  bk. 
m..  ch.  xviL 

post  -I-cous,  a.    [Lat.  posticiu.] 

Bot. :  The  same  as  EXTRORSAL  (q.v.). 

post'-I-cum,  s.    [Lat.]    [Posric.J 

Rom.  Arch. :  The  part  of  a  temple  whicn  wa» 
in  the  rear  of  the  cell ;  that  in  front  of  the 
cell  being  called  the  pronaos. 


1)611,  boy ;  po~ut,  jowl ;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -tog. 
-elan,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -(ion,  -fion  =  zhun.    -clous,  -tious,  -sious  =  sous,    -ble,  -die.  <tc  =  bcj,  4eL 


3704 


postil— postulate 


•post-a,  'post-el,  'post-111,  *post- 
llla,  *.  [Fr.  pontilU,  fnrni  Low  Lat  postUla 
=  a  marginal  note  in  a  Bible,  prob.  from  Lat. 
pott  ilia  (rerba)  =  after  those  (words)  ;  tip. 
pottila;  Ital.  &  Port.  postUla..] 

1.  An  explanatory  or  marginal  note  in  a 
Bil'le  ;  hence,  an  explanatory  note  generally, 
especially  one  written  in  the  margin  ;  a  com- 
mentary. 

"  The  laid  Lajigton  alio  made  pottili  upon  the  whole 
bible  "—  Fax:  Martyrt,  p.  tU. 

2.  In  the  Roman  and  Lutheran  churches, 
a  homily  to  be  read  in  public. 


-n,  V.i.  &  t.     [POSTIL,*.] 

A.  Intrant.  :  To  write  postils  or  comments  ; 
to  comment 

B,  7'rtt/u;.  :  To  write  marginal  notes  on  ;  to 
gloss  ;  to  annotate  ;  to  explain  with  notes  ;  to 
comment  on. 

"  A  book  in  tome  place*  pratiTled  In  the  margin  with 
the  kin*  i  haud."-£ucon.  Henry  >'/;.,  p.  ill. 

pos  tfl-i6n  (1  as  y),  t.    [POSTILLION.] 

•post'-H-ize,  v.t.  [Eng.  postil;  -fa*.]  To 
postil;  to  annotate;  to  gloss;  to  comment  on. 

"Pottilianj  the  whole  doctrine  of  Dun  Scotua."— 
Wood  :  Atteiu*  (Jionitnia. 

post  n-lato,  v.i.  &  t.  [Low  Lat  postitto, 
from  pOitilU  —  a  postil  (q.v.).] 

A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  write  postils  or  explanatory  notes  ;  to 
comment 

2.  To  preach  by  expounding  the  Scriptures, 
Terse  by  verse,  in  regular  order. 

B.  Trans.  :  To  postil  ;  to  explain  by  postils 
or  marginal  notes. 

•post-H-la'-tion,*.  [POSTILLATE.]  The  act 
of  postulating  ;  exposition  of  Scripture  in 
preaching. 

•  post  -H  la-tor,  *.    [Low.  Lat,  from  postillo 
=  to  postulate  (q.v.).]    One  who  postulates  ;  a 
commentator  ;  oi.e  who  expounds  Scripture 
Terse  by  verse. 

•  post  -fl-ler,  *.    [Eng.  postil,  v.  ;  -er.]    One 
who  postils  ;  one  who  writes  original  notes  ; 
mn  annotator. 

"It  hat  h  been  obaerred  by  many  boljr  wri  ten,  com- 
only delivered  by  patMUn  alia  couini«uuton."  — 


pos  til  lion  (i  as  y),  *  pos-til  -ion,  t.  [Fr. 
postilion,  from  Ital.  posti.glione  =  a.  postillion, 
from  potto  =  a  messenger,  a  post  ;  8p.  postilion.] 
I  POST  (2),  s.]  The  rider  on  the  near  leader  of 
a  travelling  or  other  carriage  ;  also  one  who 
rides  the  near  horse  when  only  one  pair  is 
nsed,  either  in  a  coach  or  post-chaise. 

"  In  a  low  phar'nn  drawn  by  (our  honea.  with  pot- 
'  rltyrapA.  April  S,  ISM. 


poflt'-ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.     [Posr  (2),  v.] 

posting-house,  i.  A  house  or  hotel 
where  post-horses  are  kept 

pos  tique  (quo  as  k),  a.  [O.  Fr.  (Fr.  po$- 
ticke),  from  Lat.  posticus  =  behind,  from  post 
=  after.}  Superadded  ;  done  after  the  work 
is  finished.  Applied  to  a  superadded  orna- 
ment of  sculpture  or  architecture. 

•  pos  tie  (1),  s.    [APOSTLE.] 

•  pos  tie  (2),  «.    [POSTIL.] 

•post  II  mln  1  ar,  poet  -U-mln'-I-ar-y, 
•  post  II  mln  I  ous,  a.  [POSTLIMINIUM.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  or  involving  the  right  of 
pnsUiininium. 

2.  Done  or  contrived  subsequently  ;  subse- 
quent, posterior. 

"To  itrike  in  with  thingi  "  they  foil  oat,  by  pott- 
ttminitui  af  ter-app!  icationi  of  them  to  their  purp  am." 
—Sautk  :  Strmotu,  vol.  u,  Mr.  I. 

post  U  min  I  um,  *  post  Hm  I  ny.  <. 
(Lat.  pfotliminium,  from  pott  =  after,  and 
Kmtn,  genit.  liminit  =  a  limit,  a  threshold  ; 
Fr.  postliminie  ;  8p.  &  Ital.  poslliminio.] 

1.  Rom.  Antu).  :  The  return  to  one's  own 
threshold  ;  hence,  a  return  home,  and  so,  to 
one's  old  rank,  or  former  rights  and  privileges. 
Said  of  a  person  who  had  been  banished  or 
taken  prisoner  by  an  enemy. 

"When  a  Roman  citizen  wan  aolemnly  given  over 
to  an  enemy  by  the  Pater  Patr»tu».  it  would  appear 
that  be  forfeited  hii  righto  irrecoverably  :  but  If  taken 
priaoner  in  the  ordinary  coune  of  war.  they  were  only 
•upended.  ...  If  he  WH  cabled  to  return  home,  in 
contequenc*  of  releoae  or  eaatpe.  he  recovered  M« 
Btatut.  by  what,  in  Ufal  language,  waa  tenued  Pott- 
Kminium."—Kamiag:  Itoman  Antiyuitiet. 


2.  Internal.  Law:  That  ri^ht  by  virtue  of 
which  persons  or  tilings  taken  by  an  enemy 
are  restored  to  their  former  state  when  coming 
again  under  the  power  of  the  natiou  to  which 
they  belonged. 

post  -lade,  «.  [Lat  pott  =  after,  and  Ivdut 
=  a  play.) 

Music:  A  concluding  voluntary;  an  after- 
piece. 

"  A  Chriatmaa  P<aUudt.--AOan<*um,  Sept  ».  MM. 

post  -man  (IX  «.  [Eng.  pott  (1),  s.,  and  man.] 
English:  One  of  the  two  experienced  bar- 
risters in  the  Exchequer  division  of  the 
High  Court  of  Justice,  who  have  precedence 
in  motions.  So  called  from  the  place  where 
he  sits  ;  the  other  is  called  the  tubman  (q.v.). 

post -man  (2),  «.    [Eng.  port  (2),  s.,  and  man.] 

•  1.  A  post,  a  courier. 

2.  One  who  delivers  letters  brought  by  the 
post ;  a  letter-carrier. 

post '-mark,  *.  [Eng.  post  (2),  s.,  and  mark.] 
A  mark  stamped  by  the  post-office  officials  on 
letters,  &c.,  showing  the  place  ami  time  of  the 
posting  of  the  letters,  and  the  various  post- 
offices  through  which  they  pass  ;  it  also  serves 
to  obliterate  or  cancel  the  postage-stamps 
affixed. 

••  The  pnttmark  bean  the  16th  day  of  the  month."— 
T.  Bull :  Uenuine  Lttttn.  il.  82. 

post  -mas-ter,  *.      [Eng.  post  (2),  s.,  and 
master.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  One  who  keeps  or  lets  post-horses. 

2.  The  official  who  has  the  charge  and  super- 
intendence of  a  post-office. 

IL  Univ.  :  At  Merton  College,  Oxford,  one 
of  the  scholars  on  the  foundation.  Called  also 
a  [".irtionist  (q.v.). 

•J  In  the  earlier  writers  postmaster  is  ex- 
clusively used  in  the  first  sense.  This  state 
of  things  continued  as  late  as  1644.  [POST- 
OFFICE.] 

Postmaster  General,  s.  That  member 
of  the  Government  who  has  the  charge  and 
direction  of  the  Post-office,  in  all  its  depnrt- 
ments,  including  the  postal,  the  money-order, 
and  other  branches  of  the  service,  lie  is,  a 
member  of  the  Cabinet  in  the  United  States, 
and  usually  in  England  and  elsewhere. 

p 6s t-me  -rid'-I-an,  a.  &  s.  [Lat.  postmeridi- 
anus,  pomtridianus,  from  post  =  after,  and 
meridianus  =  belonging  to  midday,  meridian 

(q.V.).]       [POSIEIUDIAN.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

*  I.  Or/Unary  language: 

L  Coming,  happening,  or  done  after  the 
sun  has  passed  the  meridian  ;  being  in,  or  be- 
longing to,  the  afternoon. 

2.  Belonging  to  the  after  part  of  life  ;  late. 

II.  GeoL :  A  term  applied  to  the  series  of  the 
Appalachian  strata,  which  in  the  New  York 
Survey  has  been  called  the  Upper  Helderberg, 
or  Corniferous  Limestone.  The  word  refers 
to  the  part  of  the  Appalachian  Palaeozoic  day 
at  which  the  group  was  formed.  Its  maxi- 
mum thickness,  which  occurs  in  the  Western 
States,  is  al>out  350  feet.  The  nearest  Euro- 
pean representative  is  the  English  Ludlow 
formation  ;  but  it  contains  numerous  Devo- 
nian, and  some  Carboniferous  fossils.  (Prof. 
H.  D.  Rogers  :  Geology  of  Pennsylvania). 

B.  As  subnt. :  The  afternoon.    It  is  usually 
contracted  into  P.M. 

post  pone',  v.t.  [Lat.  postpone  =  to  place 
after  :  jiost  =  after,  and  pono  —  to  place  ;  Sp. 
potfontr.} 

1.  To  put  off  or  defer  to  a  later  or  future 
time  ;  to  adjourn,  to  delay. 

"Ihe  etewarda  have  decided  to  pottpone  their  flx- 
ture.  •-fteld.  Dec  12,  Igsi. 

2.  To  set  in  value  below  something  else  ;  to 
value  or  estimate  less  than  something  else. 
(Followed  by  to.) 

"  Korean  that  rationally  be  Mid  to  be  detpiaed  by 
•ny,  or  ptstpoittd  to  any  other  thine,  which  never  waa 
propoard  to  them  u  tueir  option."—  WhUbn :  fife 
fointi.  dla.  L,  ch.  lit..  |  4. 

post  pone  mcnt,  s    [Eng.  postpone;  -mrnt.] 

The   act   of   postponing  or  putting  off  to  a 

future  time;  a  temporary  delay  oradjournment 

"  A  pattponrmatt  of  a  few  dayi  appeared  to  be  in • 

efluble."— Macaulay :  But.  Eng.,  cL  XT. 

*  post-p5n  -enje,  «.     [Lat.  postponens,  pr. 


par.  of  postpone  =  to  postpone  (q.v.).]  The 
act  of  postponing  or  setting  a  tiling  below 
another  in  value,  importance,  or  estimation. 

"Noting  preference  or  puttpon»net."—Jo\iu<m: 
Diet..  a.r.  of 

post-pon'-er,  *.  [Eng.  postpone) ; -tr.}  One 
who  postpones  ;  oue  who  defers  or  delays  ;  a 
procrastinator. 

'"Thetepottponrri  never  enter  upon  religion  at  ail ; 
in  earuest  or  etfectually."— PaUg  :  Sermon  30. 

*  post-pose',  v.t.     [Fr.  postposer,  from  Lat. 
post  =  after,  and  Fr.  poser  =  to  place.] 

L  To  place  or  set  after. 

"  He  pottpotflh  fll  iall  and  paternal  love  to  his  farow 
towards  biin."-Buicrll :  Vocall  Fore*. 

2.  To  postpone,  to  defer. 

*  post-pos'-it,  v.t.    [Lat.  postjwsitus,  pa.  par. 
of  postpono  =.  to  postpone   (q.v.).]     To  place 
or  set  after;  to  postpone. 

"  Often  In  onr  love  to  her,  our  love  to  God  is  swal- 
lowed and  p»ttp'Jtitfd.~—Feltham :  On  St.  Luke.  p.  32S. 

post  396  - m-um,  s.  [Lat ,  from  post  =  after, 
behind,  and  scena  =  a  scene  (q.v.).] 

Arch. :  The  back  part  of  a  theatre,  behind 
the  scenes. 

*  post-scribe',    v.t.      [Lat.   postscribo  =  to 
write  after,   to  add  in  writing  :  post  =  after, 
and  scribo  =  to  write.]     To  write  after ;   to 
add  in  writing. 

"It  waa  but  mannerly  of  Bellarmine  to pottv~rib» 
two  of  hli  tomes  with  Lao*  Ueo  rirjiiii'jue  JJatrl 
Maria.'— Adami :  World,  ii.  7. 

pdst'-script,  s.  [Lat.  postcriptum,  neut 
sing,  of  postscriptus,  pa.  par.  of  postscribo.] 
[PosTSCRiBE.]  A  paragraph  or  part  added  to 
a  If-tter  after  it  has  been  signed  by  the  author; 
an  addition  to  a  book  or  composition  alter  it 
hud  l«en  supposed  to  be  finished,  and  con- 
taining something  which  had  been  omitted  in 
the  body  of  the  work,  or  which  may  have 
occurred  subsequently  to  the  author. 

"  In  the  letter  which  he  had  received  from  my  lord 

admiral!   there  waa   a  postcript.  whiche    be   >l.ewed 

mee."— /facttuj/t :  Yoya'jet,  iii.  Six 

*  post -scrip-ted,  o.    [Enp.  postscript;  -ed.] 
Having  a  postcript;  written  after. 

post  sphe  -noid,  o.  [Pref.  post  =  after,  and 
Eng.  spnenoid.]  (See  the  compound.) 

pos: sphenoid-bone,  s. 

Anat.  :  The  posterior  part  of  the  sphenoid 
bone  distinct  in  infancy  from  the  presphcnoid 
part  The  former  contains  the  selia  tuicica 
and  the  great  wings. 

poV-tU-lant,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat  postnlans,  pr. 
par.  of  postvlo  =  to  demand;  Up.  &  IlaL 
postulante.]  [POSTULATE,  *.J  One  who  a^ks, 
demands,  or  requests  ;  a  candidate;  specif.,  in 
the  Roman  Church,  one  seeking  admission  toa 
religious  order  or  congregation.  The  postal.,  nt 
is  bound  by  the  rules  of  the  order  to  winch 
he  or  she  is  seeking  admission,  but  does  nut 
wear  its  distinctive  dress  till  the  habit  is  con- 
ferred. 

"  The  postulant  for  parliamentary  honour*."— Dalit 
TeJegrapn,  Nov.  SO,  18S2. 

pos  -tu  late,  s.  &a.    [Lat.  postulatnm,  neut 
sing,  "of  'pjstulatus,   pa.   par.    of  poxttilo—lo 
ask,  to  demand ;  Fr.  postulat ;  Ital. p^ulato.] 
A.  As  substantive : 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  position,  supposition,  or 
proposition  assumed  without  proof,  as  ln-ing 
self-evident  or  too  plain  to  require  proof  or 
illustration;  a  thing  assumed  for  the  purpose 
of  future  reasoning  ;  an  assumption. 

"The  difference  between  axioms  and  pottutntn  la 
analognua  to  that  between  theorem*  and  prubleiua." 
—Stevnrt:  O/Ote Human  Mind.  vol.  ii..  ch.  IL,  }  3. 

2.  Geom, :  The  enunciation  of  a  self-evident 
problem.    It  differs  from  an  axiom,  which  is 
the  enunciation  of  a  self-evident  proposition. 
The  axiom  is  more  general  than  the  postulate. 

*  B.  Asadj.:  Of  the  nature  of  a  postulate ; 
assumed. 

"  I  mean  by  pottulatt  illation.* 

Dutler:  Budlbrai,  iL  1. 

pds'-tn  late,  v.t.  [Fr.  postuler ;  Sp.  postfr 
lar ;  Ital.  post ulare.]  [POSTULATE,*]. 

*  1.  To  demand. 

"  The  memben  of  the  House  of  Peen  would  certainly 
tuffcr  lea*  by  the  poitulnted  change  than  their  fellow- 
legislator!  of  the  Coiumoua."— Daily  TclegraiJi,  Feb. 
4,  18M. 

2.  To  beg  or  assume  without  proof;  to 
regard  as  self-evident ;  to  take  as  granted. 

"  From  postulated  or  precarlooi  inference*. "— 
Brotnt:  Vulgar  Bnrtntrt.  hk..  iL.cb.UL 


•te,  ftt,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father:  we,  wit,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cu  b,  cure,  unite,  cor,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian.   »,  09  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


postulation— pot 


3705 


*  3.  To  assume  ;  to  take  without  consent  ai 
one's  right 

"The  Byzantine  Emperors  appear  to  bare  ex»r- 
eiscd.  or  at  least  to  huve  jxutuJuted,  a  sort  of  para. 
muuut  supremacy  over  tills  nation,"— Tooke. 

*  4.  To  invite,  to  solicit,  to  entreat.  [POSTU- 
LATION, II.] 

"  Every  spiritual  person  of  this  realm,  hereafter  to 
be  named,  presented,  or  poitaiatal  to  aiiy  arcli- 
blshoprlck  or  bisbuprick  of  thii  realu»."— Burnet : 
Xecordt,  vol.  L,  pt  ii.,  No.  41. 

pdVtn-la'-tion,  s.  [Lat.  poatulatio,  from 
postulaius,  pa.  par.  of  postulo  =  to  postulate 
(q.v.) ;  Fr.  post  u  lot  ion.] 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  The  act  of  postulating  or  assuming  with- 
out proof. 

*  2.  A  postulate  ;  a  necessary  assumption. 

"I  must  have  a  second  poitulatiun,  that  most  have 
an  In  redient  to  elicit  my  luaeut."— Uale:  (trig,  of 
Mankind,  p.  129. 

*  3.  A  supplication,  an  intercession. 

"  Presenting  his  pot'ul.Uiont  at  the  throne  of  God." 
—Pearton  :  On  the  Creed. 

*  4.  A  suit,  a  cause. 

"  By  this  means  the  cardinal's  population  was  de- 
toctlve."— Burnt!:  Own  Tune. 

IL  Canon  law. :  A  presentation  or  re- 
commendation addressed  to  the  superior,  to 
whom  the  right  of  appointment  to  any  dignity 
belongs,  in  favour  of  one  who  has  not  a  strict 
title  to  the  appointment. 

•  pds-tu -la-tor- y,  a.     [Lat   postulatorius, 
n-oni  postulatus.]    [POSTULATE,  v.] 

1.  Postulating ;  assuming  without  proof. 

2.  Assumed  without  proof. 

"The  seinblmce  is  but  iioitulatory.'—Brovmt: 
rulg  IT  Erroun.  bk.  it.,  ch.  vt 

3.  Supplicatory,  entreating,  demanding. 

"  To  torn  that  deprecate >r\-  prayer  into  a  pottulatory 
on*."— Clarendon :  Tract*,  p.  3»i 

•pos-tu-la'-tum,  *.  [Lat.]  A  postulate 
(q.v.). 

"The  proof  depends  only  on  this  pott  u!  a  turn."— 
Dryden:  Juvenal.  (Dedic.) 

•  pSsif-ur-al,  a.    [Eng.  postur(e);  -al.]    Per- 
taining or  relating  to  posture. 

post  -ure,  *.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  positura  =  posi- 
tion, arrangement;  prop.  fem.  sing,  of  post- 
turns,  fut.  par.  of  pono  =  to  place,  to  set ; 
8p.  &  Ital.  postvra,  positura,] 

*  1.  Place,    situation,    state,  or  condition 
with  regard  to  something  else  ;  position, 

"In  potture  to  dUplode  their  second  tire 
Of  thunder."  Miltm :  P.  L.,  vi..  MS. 

2.  The  situation,  disposition,  or  arrange- 
ment <if  the  several  parts  of  the  body  in 
relation  to  each  other,  or  with  respect  to  a 
particular  purpose  ;  the  position  of  the  body 
or  its  meml«rs  ;  attitude. 

"This  Is  as  lawful  as  to  smell  of  a  rose  or  to  lie  in 
feathers,  or  change  the  pttfure  of  our  body  in  bed  for 
ease."— Ap.  Taylor:  Sermon*,  vol.  1.,  ser.  16. 

•3.  State  or  condition. 

"  To  rive  his  opinion  upon  their  present  mature  of 
affairs.— .4dd<*o;i  /  Spectator.  No.  309. 

*  4.  State,  disposition ;  frame  of  mind  or 
soul. 

*  posture-maker,  ».    One  who  makes 
postures  or  contortions. 

*  posture-making,  *.    The  act  or  prac- 
tice of  assuming  different  bodily  postures. 

*  posture-master.  >.    One  who  teaches 
or  piactises  aitificial  attitudes  or  postures  of 
the  body. 

•  pdst'-ure,  v.t.  4 t    [POSTURE,  «.] 

A.  Trans. :    To    place    in    any  particular 
posture  or  position ;  to  dispose,  to  arrange. 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  Lit. :  To  dispose  the  body  in  particular 
postures  or  attitudes,  as  an  acrobat  or  tumbler. 

2.  Fig. :  To  pose. 

His  iwturingi  at  a  patriot."— /WJ  Mall  Qatette, 
April  29.  1882. 

•poV-tu-rer,  *p6s'-tu-rlst,  «.  [Eng. 
postur(e) ;  -er,  -int.]  One  who  postures  ;  an 
acrobat,  a  tumbler. 

•  post-vene',  v.t.    [Lat.  postt>enio,  from  post  = 
after,  and  t'enio  =  to  come.]    To  come  after  ; 
to  supervene. 

•  post '-Vide.  v.  i .     [Lat.  post  =  after,  and  vidro 

s=  to  see.)    To  see  or  be  wise  after  the  event. 

"  Instead  of  preventing,  pottvlde  against  dangers."— 
fuller:  Worthirt.  i.  too. 


*  pos'-jf,  *  pos-ie,  *  poisee,  s.    [A  contract. 


*  1.  A  poetical  motto  or  quotation  attached 
to  or  inscribed  on  anything,  as  on  a  ring. 

"  Is  this  a  prologue,  or  the  poty  of  a  ring  T  "—Shaketp.  : 
Samlet,  in.  X. 

*  2.  A  short  inscription  or  legend. 

"There  was  also  a-supencrii>cion  or  poitre  written 
on  the  toppe  of  the  crosee."—  Uuai  :  Luke  xxlii. 

3.  A  bunch  of  flowers  ;  a  nosegay,  a  bouquet. 
Sometimes  used  for  a  single  flower  or  button- 
hole. 

"  If  some  Infrequent  passenger  crossed  our  streets,  it 
was  not  without  his  medicated  txuie  at  his  nose?— 
Bp.  I/all  :  A  Sermon  of  Thanlugiriny  (an.  1624). 

p5t  (1),  *  potto,  s.  (Ir.  pota,  potadh  =  a  pot  ; 
Gael,  poit  ;  Wei.  pot  ;  Bret  pod  ;  Dut.  pot  ; 
Fr.  pot;  Sp.  &  Port,  pote;  Dan.  potte;  IceL 
pottr.] 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

L  A  vessel  made  of  metal,  used  for  various 
domestic  purposes  ;  as,  for  boiling  vegetables, 
meat,  dtc. 

"  Pott,  pans,  knockers  of  doors,  pieces  of  ordnance 
which  had  long  been  put  use,  were  carried  to  the 
miut."—  Macaulat  :  lliit.  Eitg.,  ch.  xu. 

2.  A  hollow  vessel  made  of  earthenware, 
china,  &c.  :  as,  a  flower-pot,  a  water-pot,  &c. 

3.  An  earthenware,  pewter,  or  other  vessel 
for  liquids,  containing  one  quart. 

"And  here's  a  pot  of  good  double  beer,  neighbour: 
drink."—  Slutkeip.  :  I  Henry  VI.,  ii.  3. 

4.  The  quantity  contained  in  a  pot  ;  a  quart. 

5.  A  trade  term  for  stoneware. 

6.  The    metal    or   earthenware   top    of    a 
chimney  ;  a  chimney-pot. 

*  7.  A  helmet  or  headpiece. 

*  8.  The  skulL 

9.  'A  hollow  vessel  made  of  twigs  with  which 
to  catch  fish.    (Prop.) 

10.  A  large  sum.    (Slang.) 

"  I  made  what  Is  vulgarly  termed  a  pot  of  money  in 
Chi  istchurch."—  Daily  Telegraptt,  Jail.  5,  1886. 

11.  A  favourite  ;  a  horse  which  is  backed 
for  a  large  sum  of  money.    (Racing  Slang.) 

IL  Technically: 

L  founding  :  A  crucible.  Graphite  pots 
are  most  generally  in  use. 

2.  Paper:  A  size  of  paper,  12J  inches  by  15 
In  the  sheet,  and  weighing  lOlbs.  to  the  ream. 

3.  Sugar:  [POTTINQ-CASK]. 

4.  Tinning: 

(1)  A  vessel  filled  with  melted  tallow  in 
which  the  charcoal-iron    plates   are   dipped 
before  tinning  ;  a  grease-pot. 

(2)  A  bath  used  in  the  same  work,  known  as 
a  wash  -pot. 

If  To  go  to  pot  :  To  be  ruined,  destroyed,  or 
wasted.  The  meaning  is  probably  to  be  put 
into  the  melting-pot,  as  old  metal,  to  be  melted 
down  ;  but  Mr.  A.  S.  Palmer  thinks  that  pot 
here  is  the  same  as  POT  (2),  s.  =  pit,  and  the 
meaning  to  be  to  go  to  the  pit  of  destruction. 

"  All's  one,  they  gn  to  pot.' 

Drjfaen  :  Tempest    (Epil.) 

pot-barley,  «.    [BAKLEY.] 

pot-bellied,  a.  Having  a  pot-belly  ;  fat, 
corpulent. 

pot-belly,  s.'  A  protuberant  belly. 

"  He  will  find  himself  a  forked  stradllng  animal,  and 
a  pa-belly."—  Arbutknot  t  Pope:  Martin  .-icriblrrui. 

If  A  pot-belly  is  produced  by  the  enlarge- 
ment of  the  omentum  with  fat. 

pot-boiler,  s.  &  a. 

A.  As  substantive: 

1.  Ord.  Lung.  :  A  work  of  art  or  literature 
produced  merely  as  a  means  of  providing  the 
necessaries  of  life  ;  espec.  a  painting  done  for 
money,  not  for  the  sake  of  art. 

"  A  mere  pnt-boi'er,  though  It  Is  marked  by  much  of 
the  ability  of  the  artist.  "-.UVaizum,  April  1,  1882. 

2.  Anthrop.  :  (See  extract). 

"  Among  the  articles  of  daily  use  wen  many  rounded 
pebbles,  with  marks  of  fire  upon  them,  which  had  prob- 
ably been  heated  (or  the  purpose  of  boiling  water.  Put. 
bnilrrt.  as  they  are  called,  of  this  kind  are  used  by 
many  aavage  |w»ples  at  the  present  day,  and  if  we 
wished  to  heat  water  in  a  vessel  that  would  not  stand 
the  fire,  we  should  be  obliged  to  employ  a  similar 
method.*—  Dawkint  :  Cafe-Hunting,  ch.  iii. 

B.  As  adj.  :  Pot-boiling  (q.v.). 

"What  are  vulgarly  known  as  pot-boiler  books  or 
articles."-  Undtay  :  Mind  in  the  Lover  Animalt,  i.  JO. 

pot-boiling,  a.  Of  the  nature  of  a  pot- 
boiler (q.v.). 

"  Below  the  composer's  mark,  and  distinctly  of  the 
pot-boiling  order."—  Daily  Ttlefrap\.  Dec.  M.  188*. 


pot -companion,  s.  An  associate  or 
companion  in  drinking  ;  a  boou-comiianion. 
(Applied  generally  to  habitual  druukaixU.) 

pot-eye,  s. 

Spinning :  A  guide-eye  for  a  yarn  in  a 
spinning-frame.  Through  it  the  yarn  passes 
from  the  rollers  to  the  flyer.  Made  of  metal, 
glass,  or  porcelain.  • 

pot-gun,*. 

1.  A  mortar  for  firing  salutes.    The  name  is 
derived  from  its  shape. 

2.  A  pop-gun  (q.v.). 

"  pot-gutted,  a.    Pot-bellied. 

"  You  pot-gutted  rascal "— Onaet :  Spiritual  Quixote, 
bk.  iv.,  ch.  TiiL 

pot-hanger,  pot-bangle,  s.  A  book  on 
which  pots  are  huug  over  a  lire  ;  a  pot-hook. 

pot-herb,  s.  A  herb  fit  for  the  pot  or 
cooking  ;  a  culinary  herb. 

*J  White  pot-herb : 

Sot. :  ValerianeUa  olitoria. 

pot-holes,  *.  pi. 

Mining  it  Geol. :  The  name  given  by  the 
Norfolk  quarrymen  to  deep  conical  or  c>lin» 
drical  pipes  in  the  chalk.  (Quar.  Journ.  Oeul 
Soc.,  i.  (1845),  p.  302.) 

pot-hook,  • . 

1.  Lit. :  An  S-shaped  hook  for  suspending  a 
pot  or  kettle  over  a  tire. 

2.  Fig. :   A  letter  or  character  like  a  ix>t- 
hook  ;  especially  applied  to  the  elementary 
characters  formed  by  children  when  learning 
to  write.    (Frequently  in  the  phrase  pot-hookt 
and  hangers.) 

"  I  long  to  be  spelling  her  Arabick  scrawls  and  pot. 
hookt.'  —  Drj/den  :  Don  jefewfiun,  ii.  2. 

pot-house,  s.  An  ale-house,  a  beer-shop, 
a  low  public  house. 

"The  coarse  dialect  which  he  had  learned  in  tbe  pot. 
kouta  of  WhitechapeL"— Macaulay :  tint.  Eng,  ch.  T. 

pot-hunter,  . 

1.  One   who  shoots  everything  he  comes 
across  without  regard  to  the  rules  or  customs 
of  sport,  being  only  anxious  to  fill  his  bag. 

"  With  no  other  let  or  hindrance  than  those  which 
the  gory  pvt-hunteri  compel"— ScrUmer'i  J/ayututsv 
August,  1877.  p.  906. 

2.  One  who  makes  it  a  business  to  enter  all 
competitions  where  prizes,  as  silver  cups,  &c., 
are  given,  not  for  the  sake  of  the  sport,  but 
in  order  to  win  and  be  able  to  show  off  the 
prizes  gained.    (Slang.) 

pot-hunting,  *.  The  practice  of  a  pot- 
hunter. 

"  Some  protection  should  be  taken  against  poW 
hunting."— firU,  Dec.  12,  18*5. 

*  pot-leech,  *.    A  sot,  a  drunkard. 

"  Tills  valiant  potl'rrh,  that  upon  his  knee* 
lias  drunk  a  thousand  pottle*  up-se-peese." 

Taylor,  the  tt'ater-Poft. 

pot-liquor,  s.  The  liquor  in  which. 
butcher's  meat  has  been  boiled  ;  thin  broth. 

pot-luck,  s.  Accidental  fare ;  whatever 
fare  may  chance  to  be  provided  for  dinner. 

"  A  woman  whose  pnt-luck  was  always  to  be  relied 
on."-  a.  Eliot  :  Amol  Hart  on.  ch.  L 

*ft  To  take  pot-luck:  Said  of  an  accidental 
visitor  who  partakes  of  the  family  dinner 
whatever  it  may  be. 

"  He  should  be  very  welcome  to  take  pot-luck  with 
him."— Qratet:  Spiritual  Quixote,  bk.  xlx.,  ch.  xlL 

*  pot-maker,  s.    A  potter. 

"  Then  he  made  an  herauld  procUim  thut  all  pet- 
makert  should  staud  upou  their  feet"— AuitA:  flH* 
(arcA,  p.  620, 

pot-man,  s.    [POTMAN.] 

pot-marigold,  .-. 

Sot. :  Calendula  officinalis. 

pot-metal,  *. 

1.  A  cheap  alloy  for  faucets,  Ac. ;  composed 
of  copper,  10  ;  lead,  6  to  8. 

2.  A  kind  of  cast-iron  suitable  for  casting 
hollow  ware. 

3.  A  species  of  stained  glass,  the  colours  of 
which  are  incorporated  with  the  glass  while 
the  latter  is  in  a  state  of  fusion  in  the  pot. 

pot-pie,  s.  A  pie  made  by  covering  tbe 
Inner  surface  of  a  pot  with  )>aste,  and  filling  up 
with  meat,  as  beef,  mutton,  fowl,  ic. 

pot-piece, «.    A  pot-gun. 
pot-plant,  .-•. 

Sot. :  Lecythis  Ollaria. 


boll,  b6y ;  pout,  jo%l ;  eat,  9011,  chorus,  (bin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  (his ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  ^enophon,  exist,    ph  =  ft 
-«ian,  -tian  =  shan.   -tion,  -sion  -  shun ;  -tion,  -eion  =  shun,   -clous,  -tloua,  -sious  =  shus.   -ble,  -die,  Ac!  =  bel,  del* 


3706 


pot— potash 


pot-pourri,  ».  [Fr.  pot  =  pot,  and  pourrl, 
pa.  par.  of  pourrir  =  to  putrefy,  to  boil  very 
much.] 

L  Lit.  :  A  dish  of  various  kinds  of  meat 
and  vegetables  cooked  together. 

IL  Figuratively  : 

1.  A  mixture   of  rose-leaves   and  various 
•pices,  kept  in  jars  or  other  vessels  as  a  scent. 
Commonly  called  popery. 

2.  A  vase  or  bouquet  of  flower*  used  to 
perfume  a  room. 

3.  In  music,  a  medley  ;  a  collection  of  vari- 
ous tunes  linked  together  ;   a  capriccio   or 
fantasia  on  popular  melodies. 

"  He  has  deftly  made  a  pot-pourri  at  national  tunea." 
-Daily  Telegraph.  DK.  St.  ISM. 

4.  A  literary  composition  made  up  of  several 
parts.  put  together  without  any  unity  of  plot 
or  plan. 

*  pot-Shop,  s.    A  low  public-house,  a  pot- 
bouse. 

"  A  seqoMtered  pat-dnp  on  the  remotest  confines  of 
the  Boruu*b.'-4.c*eiu  :  Pickwick.  ch.  lii. 

pot-shot,  «. 

1.  A  shot  fired  for  the  sake  of  filling  the 
tag  or  pot,  without  regard  to  the  nature,  con- 
dition, or  appearance  of  the  animal  shot. 

2.  A  shot  fired  without  any  deliberate  aim. 

3.  A  shot  at  an  enemy  from  behind  a  tree, 
or  from  an  ambush. 

*  pot-shot,  *  pot-sbott,  o.    Drunk,  in- 

toxicated.    ICUPSHOTTES.) 

pot-valiant,  a.  Made  courageous  or 
valiant  by  drink. 

*  pot-  walloper,  *  pot  wabbler,  .«.   A 

name  given  to  parliamentary  venters  in  certain 
English  boroughs,  previous  to  the  Reform  Act 
of  1832,  in  which  all  male  inhabitants,  whether 
householders  or  lodgers,  who  had  resided  in 
the  borough  and  had  boiled  their  own  pot, 
i.e.,  procured  their  own  subsistence,  for  six 
months,  and  had  not  been  chargeable  to  any 
parish  as  paupers  lor  twelve  months,  were 
entitled  to  a  vote. 

*  pot-  walloping,  a.  &  s. 

A.  As  adj.  :  A  term  applied  to  boroughs  in 
which,  before  the  Reform  Act  of  1832,  pot- 
wallopere  were  entitled  to  a  vote. 

"  A  pnt  walloping  borough  like  Taunton."  —  Soul  toy  .' 
Lrlten.  I*.  ». 

B.  At  svbst.  :  A  boiling  of  a  pot  ;  the  sound 
made  by  a  pot  boiling. 

"  The  pat-tKillopittgi  of  the  boiler."—  De  Quintr*  : 
fttfluk  Mail  Coach. 


pot-wheel,  «.     A  form  of  water-raising 
wheel.    [NoRix.) 

pit  (2),  *.    [Prr,  s.]    A  pit,  a  dungeon. 

^  Pot  and  gallows  :  [Pit  AND  GALLOWS]^ 

pSt  (1),  v.t.  &  i.    [For  (1),  «.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  put  into  pots. 

2.  To  preserved  seasoned  in  pots  :  as,  To  pot 
fowl  or  fish. 

3.  To  plant  or  set  in  mould  in  pots. 

"  If  rrown  In  pot*,  they  should   be  potted  In  rich 
•oil.-—  Tntid,  Oct.  ».  IMS. 

4.  To  put  in  casks  for  draining:  as,  To  pot 
•ngar.    (POTTING-CASK.) 

5.  To  pocket  ;  to  strike  or  play  so  as  to  run 
into  the  pocket  of  a  billiard  tal.le.    (.Stony.) 

"  Aft«  jnakln?  three.  be  patted  l;li  oppouent't  ball" 
—Kfrntny  Standard.  Dec.  II,  MS*. 

8.  To  shoot    (Siting.) 

-  All  the  pretty  shy  bea*te  ...  are  patted  by  cock- 
Beys  ."—•  Saturday  Rnitw,  March  IS,  1884. 

B.  Intrnnsitiit  : 

•  1.  To  drink,  to  tipple.    (Slang.) 

"  It  i>  leu  labour  to  plow  than  to  pot  if—  fWttam  .• 

JbsofMI.  M. 

2.  To  shoot  or  fire  persistently  ;  to  keep  on 
•hooting.    (Stony.) 

•pot(2),  *pOtte,r.t.  [Etym.  doubtful.)  Tocap. 

"  The  bole*  of   different  whoole*  did  cap  or  fittt 
Tersos."—  Stow*:  Surrry.  p.  SJ. 

pot'-a-ble,  a.  tt  $.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  potabilit, 
from"  polo  —  to  drink  ;  Sp.  potable;  Ital.  poto- 
bile.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Capable  of  being  drunk  ;  fit 
for  drinking  ;  drinkable. 

-  ratable  gold.'  Milton  :  P.  L..  lit  MM. 

B.  As  svbst.  :  Anything  that  may  be  drunk. 

"  Ten  thousand  painted  flow'rs 
TJseful  for  p-xaUeM.'  Pltilipt  :  Cidtr.  U. 


pof-a-ble-nSss,   *.     [Eng.   potable;   -nest.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  potable. 

*  pot -age  (age  as  Ig),  «.    [POTTAGE.]! 

*  pSt'-a-ger,  «.    [Fr.,  from  potage  =  pottage.] 
A  porringer. 

"  An  Indian  dish  or  potagfr.  made  of  the  bark  of  a 
tree." — Ortw:  iliuoum. 

*  pot-a-gre,  s.  [PODAGRA.]    The  gout. 


po-tag'-rd,  po-tar'-go,  «.    [BOTAROO.]    A 
West  Indian  sauce  or  dish. 


M*"t"*i  potaryo,  champignons,  - 


Sing:  Cookery. 


pit  ale,  i.  [Etpn.  doubtful ;  Eng.  pot,  and 
ale  (?).]  The  refuse  from  a  grain  distillery, 
used  to  fatten  pigs. 

po-ta'-ll-a,  «.    [Etym.  unexplained.] 

Hot. :  A  genus  of  Loganese.  An  infusion  of 
the  leaves  of  Potalia  resinifera,  the  only  known 
species,  is  somewhat  mucilaginous  and  as- 
tringent. It  is  used  in  Brazil  as  a  lotion  for 
inflamed  eyes.  The  sub-species  (?),  P.  amara, 
is  bitter,  acrid,  anil  emetic. 

po-ta'-me'-se,  s.  pi.  [Gr.  ntwofioe  (potamos)  = 
a  river,  or  Lat  potam(ogeton) ;  Lat  fem.  pL 
adj.  suff.  -toe.} 

Rot. :  A  tribe  of  Naiadaeese.  Spathe  none. 
Flowers  in  spikes  or  clusters,  solitary,  uni- 
sexual or  bisexual.  Stigma  subcapitate,  or 
shortly  decurrent  Embryo  curved. 

pS-tam'-I-des,  s.  [Gr.  iroru/ioc  (potamos)  = 
a  river;  Lat  adj.  sutf.  -ides.] 

Zool.  A  Palceont. :  Freshwater  .Cerites ;  a 
genus  of  Cerithiadie.  Shell  like  Cerithium,  but 
without  varices  in  the  fossil  species,  which 
are  included  in  that  genus.  Epidermis  thick, 
olive -brown;  operculum  orbicular,  many- 
whorled.  Forty-one  recent  secies,  from  the 
mud  of  Californian,  African,  and  Indian  rivers. 

pot-a-m6-,  pref.  [Gr.  worlds  (potamos)  =  a 
rive'r.]  Belonging  to,  living  in  or  near,  or 
connected  with  a  river  or  rivers. 

p5t-a-m6-bl'-l-d»,  *.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  pot- 
amo'bi(us);  Lat  fem.pl.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

1.  Zool. :   A  group  or  family  of  Huxley's 
tribe  Astacina,  with  two  genera,  Astacus  and 
Cambarus. 

"  All  the  crayfishes  of  the  northern  hemisphere 
belong  to  the  Potamobiida.  and  uo  members  of  lhi» 
family  are  known  to  exist  south  of  the  equator."— 
Buxley:  The  Crayfith,  p.  306. 

2.  -Palceont. :    From  the  Jurassic  onward. 

[PSEUDASTACUS.] 

pdt-a-mo'-bine,  a.  &  s.    [POTAMOBIID^ .] 

A\  As  adj. :  Belonging  to,  or  having  the 
characteristics  of,  the  Potamobiidae  (q.v.). 

"  The  wide  ranee  and  clo>e  affinity  of  the  cenera 
Astacus  and  Cauuxirus  appear  to  me  to  nect.-Mtac 
the  supposition  that  they  are  derirrd  fruui  some  •  ne 
already  specialised  PotamoMne  form  ...  I  am  dis- 
posed to  believe  that  thisancestral  PotamoMueexisu  1 
in  the  sea  which  lay  north  of  the  Miocene  continent 
in  the  northern  beuiispbere."—  Huxley:  TJte  Crayjuh, 
p.  331. 

B.  As  subst. :  Any  individual  of  the  family 
Potamobiidae. 

p6t  a-mo  -bi-tts,  ».  [Pref.  potomo-,  and  Gr. 
fiuato  (bido)  •=•  to  live.] 

1.  Entom. :  Leach's  name  for  Orertochilus, 
a  genus  of  Gyrinida;,  with  one  sp.  cies. 

t  2.  ZooL  :  A  synonym  of  Astacus. 

pSt-a-mA-oboe'-rus, «.  [Pref.  potamo-,  and 
Gr.  xocpot  (chains)  =  a  hog.] 

Zonl. ;  Bush-hog,  Red  River-hog;  a  genus 
of  Suidse,  characteristic  of  the  West  Alrican 
region,  with  two,  or  perhaps  three,  species, 
which  are  the  handsomest  of  the  Swine  family. 
There  is  a  boss  or  prominence  under  each  eye. 
In  I'otamochcerui  penicillatus,  the  enrs  are  lonjj 
and  ta)«ring,  as  if  they  hnd  been  cut,  and 
terminate  in  hairy  tufts.  The  general  colour 
is  reddish  brown,  with  white  dorsal  s;ripe. 

pot  a  m6  ga  li,  *.  [Pref.  potamo-,  and  Gr. 
yoAyj  (yaU)  =  *  weasel.] 

Zonl. :  A  genus  of  Potamngalidae,  with  one 
species,  Potamogale  velox,  discovered  by  Du 
Chaillu  in  Western  equatorial  Africa.  It  is 
about  two  feet  in  length,  of  which  the  tail 
occupies  one  half.  The  body  is  long  and 
cylindrical  ;  tail  thick,  and  laterally  com- 
pressed, legs  sliort,  toes  not  webbed,  the 
animal  being  propelled  through  the  water  by 


strokes  of  the  powerful  tail ;  the  limbs  are 
folded  inwards  and  backwards  in  swimming. 


POTAMOGALB. 

Fur,  dark -brown  above,  with  a  metallic  violet 
hue ;  whitish  beneath. 

pot  -  a  -  mo  -  gal'  -  i  -  d»,  «.  r-Z.  [Mod  Lot. 
potainogaUf) ;  Lat.  fem,  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idtr.] 

Zool. :  A  family  of  Insectivora,  forming  a 
connecting  link  between  the  Talpidae  and  the 
Solenodontulae,  with  two  genera  :  Potanmgale 
Xq.v.)  and  Geogale,  with  one  small  munfurm 
species,  Geogale  aurita,  from  Madagascar. 

pot-a-mo-gc  -ton,  «.  [Lat.  potamogetrm, 
potamogiton ;  Gr.  iroranoytiriav  (potamogeiton) 
=  pontlweed  [see  def.] :  irorofioc  (potumos)  =  s 
river,  and  ytiriav  (j7ei/on)  =  a  neiglibour.] 

1.  Bot. :  Pondweed ;  the  typical  genus  of 
the  tribe  Potameae  (q.v.).     Flowers  perfect, 
sessile,  on  a  spike,  with  a  simple   spnthe. 
Perianth  single  ;  stamens  four.    Ovary  of  four 
carpels.    Drupes  or  achenes  four,  rarely  one ; 
small,  green.     Chiefly  from   the   temi«eiate 
Eoncs.    They  occur  in  ponds,  ditches,  streums, 
the  margms  of  lakes,  &c.,  having  the  leaves 
submerged  and  translucent,  or  floating  and 
opaque.   .P.  nataiis,  P.  lucent,  P.  crispus,  P. 
densus,  and  P.  oblongus  are  among  the  most 
common.    The  root  of  P.  natans  is  said  to  bo 
eaten  in  Siberia.    P.  crispus,  P.  gramineus,  and 
P.  Iwxns  are  used  in  India  as  fodder,  and  the 
first  two  also  for  refining  sugar. 

2.  Paloiobot. :  Occurs  in  the  Miocene  and  the 
Pliocene  of  Europe. 

*  pot-a-mog'-ra-phy,  s.  [Pref.  potamo-,  and 
Gr.  ypa<f>7)  (graitlie)  =  a  description.]  A  de- 
scription of  rivers. 

*pot-a-m6r-6'-gy,  *.  [Pref.  potamo-,  ami 
Gr.  Aoyus  (logos)  =  a  discourse.]  A  treatise  on 
rivers  ;  a  scientific  treatment  of  rivers. 

pot-a  moph'  yl-lite,  s.  [Pref.  potamo-;  Or. 
<t>v\\ov  (pludlori)  =  leaf,  and  suff.  -He.] 

Palceobot. :  Any  apparently  aquatic  fossil 
leaf. 

pot-a-mo-theV-I-um, ».  [Pref.  potamo-, 
and  (Jr.  fijpi'of  (therion)  =  a  wild  animal.) 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Mustelidit-,  allied  to  Lutrs 
(q.v.),  from  the  Miocene  of  \vestern  Europe. 

po'-tan^e,  ».    [Fr.  potenot  =  a  gil.liet] 

WuMimakinn :  The  stii'I  which  forms  a  step 
for  the  lower  pivot  of  a  verge. 

potance  file.  s.  A  small  hand-file  with 
parallel  and  flat  sides. 

pot  ash,  «.  [Eng.  pot,  and  ash,  because  the 
lixivium  of  \vood-u.shcs  are  evapuiated  for 
commercial  purposes  in  iron  pots.] 

1.  Chem. :  A  term  applied  to  the  hydrate  of 
potassium,  KIIO,  either  in  the  liquid  or  solid 
state,  but  sometimes  used  to  denote  potassium 
oxide  and  also  crude  carbonate  of  potassium. 
Pure  or  anhydrous  potash  can  be  procured 
by  healing  thin  slues  of  the  metal  pulits  .um 
in  air  peiteUly  free  from  moisture  or  carbonic 
acid.     It  is  white,  cuiii-iic,  ai.d  very  diliques- 
rent.    When  moistened  with  water  it  become* 
incamletcent   and   no  dig'ee  of  heat    nvms 
sufficient  to  cxi>el  the  water.    This  eul  stance 
is  of  slight  importance  c<  mpared  with  liydratcd 
potash.    Important   salts    of  potash  are  the 
cai  Inmate,  the  sulphate,  the  nitrate,  ic.     With 
oils  potash  forms  soft-soajs,  and  is  of  great 
value  from  its  cleansing  properties. 

2.  rharm. :  Potash  salts  are  essential  con- 
stituents in  the  human  body,  but  if,  when 
wasted,  they  are  supplied  directly  to  the  blood 
they  are  very  poisonous.    A  much  diluted 
solution  of  potash  is  antacid  and  sedative  in 
dyspepsia  and  cutaneous   diseases,   also   in 
pleuritis,  pericarditis,  scrofula,  &c.     [BiCAR- 
BOVATE.]       Caustic    potish    is    used    exter- 
nally as  a  caustic  in  ulcers,  &c. ;  carbonate 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go, 
or,  wore,  woll,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    re,  ce  ^  o ;  ey  —  a ;  qu  = 


potashes— potato 


3707 


of  potash  lias  been  given  in  whooping  cough  ; 
Bc-ctate  of  potash,  nitrate  of  potash,  and,  in 
small  doses,  tartrate  of  potash  are  diuretics; 
acid  tartnite  of  potash  is  purgative  and  used 
in  dropsy ;  citrate  of  potash  is  diuretic  aud 
febrifugal ;  sulphate  of  potash  is  a  mild  pur- 
gative generally  given  with  rhubarb,  &c. ; 
nitrate  of  potash  and  chlorate  of  potash  are 
refrigerants  and  diuretics.  [PERMANGANATE.] 
Bromide  and  iodide  of  potassium  are  the  forms 
in  which  bromine  and  iodine  are  often  ad- 
ministered. Sulphurated  potash  in  small  doses 
is  a  stimulant,  diaphoretic,  and  expectorant, 
and  is  sometimes  used  in  scabies,  psoriasis, 
chronic  rheumatism,  and  bronchitis. 

If  Potash-alum  =  Kalinite  ;  Potash-felspar 
=  Orthoclase  and  Microcline  ;  Potash-mica  = 
Muscovite. 

potash-lime,  t. 

Chem. :  A  mixture  of  dry  hydrate  of  potas- 
sium and  quicklime  employed  in  estimating 
the  nitrogen  contained  in  organic  substances. 
At  a  high  temperature,  it  liberates  the  nitro- 
gen in  the  form  of  ammonia. 

potash-water,  >-. 

Chem. :  An  artificial  aerated  water  contain- 
ing a  minute  quantity  of  potassic  bicarbonate. 

pSt'-ash-es,  s.  pi.    [PEARLASHES.] 

pot  -ass,  po  tas'-sa,  *.  [POTASH.]  [POTAS- 
SIUM-HYDRATE.] 

p6  tas  -sa  mide,  «.  [Eng.  potassium),  and 
amide.} 

Chem.  (PI.)  :  Potassium  amides.  The  mono- 
compound  KH2N  is  obtained  by  gently  heat- 
ing potassium  in  ammonia  gas.  It  is  an 
olive-green  substance,  melting  a  little  over 
100°.  Tripotassamide,  or  nitride  of  potassium, 
KyN,  is  obtained  when  monopptassamide  is 
heated  in  a  close  vessel.  It  is  a  greenish- 
black  substance,  taking  fire  spontaneously 
when  exposed  to  the  air.  In  contact  with 
water  it  is  decomposed,  yielding  ammonia 
and  potassium  hydrate. 

po  tis'-8ic,  a.  [Mod.  Lat.  potass(ium) ;  Eng. 
adj.  suff.  -ic.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  potassium; 
containing  potassium. 

pd-tas'-si-um,  s.  [Latinised  from  potash 
(q.v.).] 

Chem.  :  Symbol.  K  ;  atomic  weight,  39.  A 
monad  metallic  element,  discovered  by  Davy 
in  1807,  and  very  widely  diffused  through  the 
vegetable,  mineral,  and  animal  kingdoms.  It 
usually  exists  in  combination  with  inorganic 
and  organic  acids,  and,  when  its  organic  salts 
are  burnt,  they  are  resolved  into  carbonate, 
from  which  all  the  other  salts  of  potassium 
can  be  prepared.  It  may  be  obtained  by 
electrolysis,  but  is  now  produced  in  large 
quantity  by  distilling  in  an  iron  retort  an  in- 
timate mixture  of  charcoal  and  carbonate  of 
potassium,  a  condition  readily  obtained  by 
igniting  crude  tartar  in  a  covered  crucible. 
It  is  a  bluish-white  metal ;  sp.  gr.  -865,  being 
the  lightest  of  all  the  metals  except  lithium. 
At  0'  it  is  brittle  and  crystalline  ;  soft  at  15*. 
and  may  be  easily  cut  with  a  knife  ;  fluid  at 
62'5°,  and  at  a  red  heat  distils,  yielding  a 
beautiful  green  vapour.  Thrown  upon  water, 
the  metal  decomposes  it  with  great  violence, 
forming  hydrate  of  potassium,  whilst  the 
escaping  hydrogen  takes  lire,  burning  with  a 
rose-red  colour.  It  can  only  be  preserved  in 
the  metallic  state  by  immersing  it  in  rock  oil. 
If  Potassium-chloride  =  Sylvite ;  Potassium- 
nitrate  —  A' it  re ;  Potassium-sulphate  =  Aph- 
thitalite  and  Misenite. 

potassium-alloys,  ».  j>l. 

Chem. :  Alloys  formed  by  fusing  other  metals 
with  potassium.  The  arsenide  and  antimonide 
(the  only  important  forms),  heated  with  the 
alcoholic  iodides,  yield  the  arsenide,  &c.,  of 
the  alcohol  radicals. 

potassium-bromide,  «. 

Chrm.  :  KBr.  Formed  by  the  action  of 
bromine  on  potassium,  or  by  neutralising 
hydrobromic  acid  with  potash.  It  crystal- 
lizes in  brilliant  cubes,  having  a  sharp  taste  ; 
sp.  gr.  2-00  ;  is  more  readily  soluble  in  hot 
than  in  cold  water,  and  is  slightly  soluble  in 
alcohol.  By  oxidising  agents  it  is  converted 
into  bromate. 

potassium  carboxidc,  s. 

Chem. :  K._>C2O2.  A  highly  explosive  com- 
pound formed  sometimes  in  the  manufacture 
of  potassium,  aud  when  potassium  is  heated 


to  80°  in  presence  of  carbonic  oxide.  It  is 
first  of  a  gray  colour,  and  then  becomes  dark 
red.  The  gray  compound  has  the  composi- 
tion KaCO;  the  red  body  can  be  preserved 
under  mineral  naphtha.  In  contact  with 
water  it  explodes  with  great  violence. 

potassium-chloride,  s. 

Chem. :  KC1.  Occurs  native  as  sylyite,  and 
is  formed  when  potassium  is  burned  in  chlor- 
ine, and  when  potash  or  carbonate  of  potash 
is  neutralized  with  aqueous  hydrochloric  acid. 
It  crystallizes  mostly  in  cubes,  rarely  in 
octahedrons  ;  sp.  gr.  1*95  ;  tastes  like  common 
salt,  melts  at  a  low  red  heat,  and  at  a  higher 
temperature  volatilizes  unchanged.  It  is  very 
soluble  in  water,  one  part  of  the  salt  dis- 
solving in  2-85  parts  of  water  at  15'5°;  is 
slightly  soluble  in  strong  alcohol,  but  wood 
spirit  dissolves  it  more  readily.  It  forms 
crystallizable  double  salts  with  most  of  the 
metallic  chlorides. 

potassium-ethyl, ». 

Chem. :  CgHjK.  Not  known  in  the  separate 
state,  but  in  combination  with  zinc-ethyl  by 
treating  that  compound  with  potassium. 

potassium-hydrate, «. 

Chem.:  KHO.  Potash.  Potassa.  Caustic 
potash.  Produced  by  dissolving  protoxide  of 
potassium  in  water,  but  generally  prepared 
by  adding  two  parts  of  quicklime,  slaked  with 
water,  to  a  solution  of  one  part  of  carbonate 
of  potassium  in  twelve  pails  of  water,  and 
boiling  the  mixture  for  some  time.  After 
standing,  the  clear  liquid  is  siphoned  off  and 
evaporated  in  iron  or  silver  basins.  To  re- 
move several  of  the  impurities  it  is  subse- 
quently treated  with  alcohol.  After  fusion  it 
is  a  white,  hard,  brittle  substance,  sp.  gr.  2'1, 
melts  below  redness  to  a  clearliquid,  volatilizes 
at  a  red  heat,  dissolves  in  half  its  weight  of 
water,  and  in  nearly  the  same  quantity  of 
alcohol.  It  has  an  acrid  taste,  is  a  powerful 
caustic,  decomposes  most  metallic  salts,  and 
at  a  high  temperature  acts  with  great  energy 
on  nearly  all  substances. 

potassium-iodide,  s. 

Chem. :  KI.  Obtained  by  direct  union  of 
iodine  and  potassium,  and  by  neutralizing 
hydriodic  acid  with  potash.  It  crystallizes 
in  cubes,  which  are  sometimes  transparent, 
often  opaque;  sp.  gr.  2 '90.  It  has  a  sharp 
taste,  melts  below  a  red  heat,  and  at  a 
moderate  red  beat  volatilizes  without  change  ; 
is  soluble  in  '7  part  of  water  at  10°,  and  in 
5'5  parts  alcohol  at  12'5°.  A  solution  of  this 
salt  dissolves  free  iodine,  forming  a  dark- 
brown  solution.  It  is  much  used  in  medicine. 

potassium-oxides,  s.  pi. 

Chem. :  Potassium  forms  three  oxides :  (1) 
Protoxide,  K^O,  formed  when  potassium  is 
exposed  to  dry  air  at  ordinary  temperatures, 
is  white,  very  deliquescent  and  caustic,  and 
unites  with  water  so  energetically  as  to  pro- 
duce incandescence ;  (2)  Dioxide,  KgOg,  is 
formed  at  a  certain  stage  in  the  preparation 
of  the  tetroxide,  and  when  the  latter  substance 
is  decomposed  with  water ;  (3)  Tetroxide, 
KzO4,  is  produced  when  potassium  is  burnt  in 
dry  air  or  oxygen.  It  is  a  chrome  yellow 
powder  which  is  reduced  to  protoxide  when 
heated  in  an  atmosphere  of  nitrogen,  and  to 
the  dioxide  when  dissolved  in  water,  oxygen 
in  each  case  being  evolved. 

potassium-sulphides,  s.  pi. 

Chem. :  Potassium  unites  with  sulphur  in 
five  different  proportions :  K^,  protosulphide, 
obtained,  but  in  a  state  of  doubtful  purity, 
by  igniting  sulphate  of  potassium  in  a  covered 
crucible  with  finely  divided  carbon.  It  has  a 
reddish-yellow  colour,  is  deliquescent  and 
caustic.  K-iSj,  disulphide,  formed  by  exposing 
the  sulphydrate  to  the  air,  is  obtained  as  au 
orange-coloured  fusible  substance.  K^Sj,  tri- 
sulphide,  obtained  by  passing  the  vapour  of 
carbonic  disulphide  over  ignited  potassium 
carbonate.  K.iS.1,  tetrasulphide,  formed  by 
reducing  sulphate  of  potassium  by  means  of 
the  vapour  of  carbonic  disulphide.  KoSs, 
pentasulphide,  obtained  from  any  of  the  above 
sulphides  by  boiling  them  with  excess  of  sul- 
phur until  fully  saturated.  AU  the  sulphides 
have  an  alkaline  reaction  and  smell  of  sul- 
phydric  acid. 

pot-ass-5x'-yL    «,        [Eng.    potassium); 
ozCWtt).  and  sutf.  -i/?.] 

Chem. :  KO.  Hydroxyl,  in  which  the  hy- 
drogen is  replaced  by  potassium. 


po'-tdte,  o.    [Lat.  potatus  =  a  draught.] 

Alclwmy :  An  epithet  applied  to  a  stage  in 
the  pretended  transmutation  of  the  baser 
metals  into  gold  and  silver.  (Ben  Jonson  :  Al- 
chemist, iii.  2.) 

po-ta  -tion,  *  po-ta-cy-on, «.  [Lat.  potatta, 

from  poto  =  to  drink.] 
L  The  act  of  drinking. 
2.  A  drinking-bout. 

"  After  three  or  four  hours  of  friendly  potation 

We  took  leave."       Cotton :  De  Montltur  CoMn. 
8.  A  draught    (Sltakesp.  :  Othello,  ii.  3.) 
4.  A  beverage,  a  drink. 

"To  fonwear  thin  potntiom,  and  addict  themMTrw 
to  sack."— ShaJcap. :  i  Henry  l¥^  iv.  3. 

po-ta  -to,   po-ta-toe.  ».     [Sp.  potato.) 
[BATATAS.] 

Eot.,  Hort.,  Agric.,  <Cc. :  Solanum  tuberosum, 
a  well-known  plant,  the  tubers  (dilated 
branches)  of  which  are  eaten.  It  is  a  native 
of  Chili  and  Peru.  Some  think  that  it  was 
first  brought  to  Spain  from  the  mountains 
near  Quito  early  in  the  sixteenth  century. 
Thence  it  spread  to  Italy  and  Austria.  Sir 
Walter  Raleigh  is  supposed  to  have  brought 
it  to  England  in  July,  1586,  having  obtained 
it  from  the  Virginian  colonists  whom  he  had 
taken  out  in  1581.  Gerarde,  in  his  Herbo.lt, 
figured  it  in  1597  as  "the  potatoe  of  Virginia," 
whence  he  said  he  had  obtained  its  roots.  Sir 
Walter  Raleigh  cultivated  potatoes  on  hi* 
estate  of  Youghal,  near  Cork.  For  the  next 
century  and  a  half  they  were  regarded  as 
garden  plants  only.  In  Scotland  they  were 
not  cultivated  as  a  field  crop  till  1732.  They 
gradually  trade  way  to  the  important  position 
which  they  now  occupy  in  general  agriculture. 
Many  varieties  are  grown,  differing  in  eaili- 
ness,  form,  size,  colour,  &c.  They  are  some- 
times preserved  through  the  winter  in  pits 
dug  in  the  ground,  and  lined  with  straw.  A 
raw  potato  scraped  is  a  good  application  to 
burns  and  scalds.  [POTATO-STARCH.] 

"Dining  upon  H  half t.enny  porringer  of  pcaae-*oup 
and  potatoei.  —  Gotdtmitlt :  The  Bee.  No.  2. 

If  (1)  Oil  of  Potatoes :  [FUSEL-OIL]. 
(2)  Sweet  Potato :  [BATATAS]. 

potato-apple,  s.  A  popular  name  for 
the  round  fruit  of  the  potato. 

potato-beetle,  s.    [COLOKADO-BECTLH.] 
potato-blight, «.    [POTATO-DISEASE.] 

potato-bogle, «.  A  scarecrow.  [BOOLE, 
•.,  I.  1.  (3).] 

potato-bug,  «.     [POTATO-BEETLE.] 

potato-disease,  *. 

Veg.  Pathol. :  A  disease  or  murrain  pro- 
duced by  a  fungus,  Peronospora  infestatix.  It 
generally  first  attacks  the  leaves  and  steins  of 
the  plant,  forming  brown  spots  upon  them  in 
July  and  August.  By  this  time,  the  fungus 
which  first  penetrated  the  tissue  of  the  leaf, 
has  thrust  forth  through  the  stomates  its 
conidia-bearing  filaments.  The  leaves  soon 
afterwards  die.  Next  the  tubers  are  attacked 
and  decay,  either  in  a  moist  manner,  attended 
by  a  disagreeable  odour,  or  by  a  drying  up  of 
the  tissue.  Sometimes  the  term  potato- 
disease  is  limited  to  the  first  of  these  kinds  of 
decay,  but  they  are  closely  akin,  the  one  form 
passing  into  the  other.  Possibly  an  excess 
of  rain  in  particular  seasons  created  a  pre- 
disposition to  the  attacks  of  the  fungus. 
Too  strong  manuring,  and  the  cutting  up 
of  seed  potatoes  have  also  been  suggested  aa 
predisposing  causes.  The  potato-disease  first 
appeared  in  America.  In  1845-1847  it  caused 
the  failure  of  the  potato  crop  in  Ireland,  pro- 
ducing famine.  [FAMINE.]  It  has  never  since 
completely  disappeared,  and  in  I860  was 
nearly  as  formidable  in  some  places  as  on  iU 
first  appearance.  When  it  is  prevalent,  the 
potatoes  should  he  powdered  with  flowers  of 
sulphur  before  being  planted.  They  should 
be  put  early  in  the  ground,  and  the  haulm 
removed  when  the  disease  manifests  itself. 

potato-fat,  --. 

Chem. :  A  fat  extracted  from  fresh  potatoes 
by  ether.  It  forms  white,  slender,  stellate 
needles,  which  turn  brown,  without  melting, 
on  exposure  to  a  temperature  of  270*. 

potato-mildew,  *.    [POTATO-DISEASE.] 
potato-oat,  s. 

Afrric. :  A  temporary  variety  of  A  vena  saliva. 
[A VESA,  OAT.) 


boiL  boy ;  pout,  jowl ;  cat,  90!!,  chorus,  chin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,'  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.    -Ing. 
-Clan,  -  tlan  -  shon.    -tion,  -sion  -  shun ;  -(ion,  -sion  =  zhun,    -clous,  -tious,  -sious  -  ahus.    -bio,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


3708 


potator— poteriocrinus 


POTATO   STARCH. 


potato-scab,  t. 

But. :  Scab  in  potatoes,  produced  by  a 
fungus,  Tuburcinia  Scabies. 

potato-spirit,    - 

Chem. :  A  spirit  formed  during  the  fermen- 
tation of  potatoes,  and  used  iu  many  parts  of 
Europe. 

potato-starch,  s. 

Comm. :  The  starch  or  flour  of  the  potato, 
sometimes  used  to 
adulterate  arrow- 
root. The  granules 
Tary  considerably 
in  size  and  form, 
fine  being  shell- 
shaped,  some 
ovate,  and  others, 
especially  the 
smaller  ones, 
round.  Each  gran- 
nie is  marked  with 
*  circular  or  stel- 
late hilum,  and 
sround  this  is 
arranged  a  series  of  distinct  lines  or  circles. 

potato-stone,  s. 

tfin.  :  A  name  applied  to  the  siliceous  and 
calcareous  geodes  found  in  the  soil  near 
Bristol,  England.  The  siliceous  geodes  are 
lined  with  quartz  crystals,  but  frequently 
contain  calcite  with  acicular  gbtliite,  the  cal- 
careous ones  are  lined  with  calcite  crystals, 
but  frequently  contain  isolated  crystals  of 
quartz,  some  of  which  present  the  form  of 
the  primitive  rhombohedron.  They  appear  to 
have  been  formed  in  the  dolomitic  conglomer- 
ates. According  to  Green,  this  name  has 
also  been  applied  to  certain  hollow  limestone 
pebbles,  which  have  been  converted  into 
dolomite,  their  interiors  being  lined  with 
crystals  of  the  same  substance. 

potato-sugar,  *.    [STARCH -SUGAR.] 

»po-ta  -tor,  I.  [Lat.]  One  who  drinks ;  a 
drinker,  a  drunkard. 

-  Banube*.  the  illustrious  potator." —Southey :  J%t 
Doctor,  ch.  xliv. 

•pd'-ta-tor-jr',  a.  [Lat.  potatorius,  from 
potator  =  a  drinker;  polo  =  to  drink.]  Relat- 
ing or  pertaining  to  drink  or  drinking. 

pit-bo'y,  «.  [Eng.  pot(l),s.,and6oy.]  A  boy 
or  man  employed  in  a  public  house  to  clean 
the  i>ots,  carry  out  ale  or  beer,  &c. 

•potch  (IX  f.t.    [POACH  (1),  v.] 

•  p5tch  (2),  v.t.    [Fr.  packer.]    [POACH  (2),  t>.] 
To  thrust,  to  push. 

"  I'll  patch  at  him."       SkoJcetp. :  CoHolamu.  L  10. 

•po"t9h'-er,  ».  [Eng.  potch;  -tr.]  One  who 
or  that  which  potches. 

potcher  engine,  *. 

Paper-making :  A  machine  in  which  washed 
rags  are  intimately  mixed  with  a  bleaching 
solution  of  chloride  of  lime. 

pote,  v.i.  A  i.    (POTTER.] 

A.  Traiu. :  To  push  or  kick. 

B.  Intrant. :  To  creep  about  moodily.  (Prov.) 

•  p&f -S-car-y,  *  pot-i-car-y,  *.     (A  cor- 
rupt,  of  'apothecary,    which   was    apparently 
mistaken  for  a  pothecary.]     An  apothecary. 

"  luto  the  toun  ujito  *  poterarf." 

Chaucer :  C.  T..  12,76«. 

•pOt-ed,  o.     [Etym.  doubtful.]    Plaited. 

"A  nosegay,  let  tux.  and  a  poled  cuffe." 

BeyttuoO,  :  Train  Britannica,  p.  M. 

p8  teen',  pot  been,   'p6t  teen,  s.    [Tr. 

p,ta  =  a  pot,  a  vessel  ;  pvtnim  —  to  drink.) 
TVIiiskey  ;  properly  whiskey  illicitly  distilled 
In  Ireland. 

*  Hli  now  it  Is  •  coral  to  tht  Tiew. 
Well  nourlsb'd  with  Pierian  pnOirm.' 

Hood:  Irith  Sf/toaimatter. 

po'-te"  I5t,  s.  [Fr.  ;  Dut.  potelnod ;  Ger.  pott- 
loth.}  Sulphuret  of  molybdenum  (q.  v.). 

po'-tenoe  (1).  «.  [Fr.  =  a  gibbet,  a  crutch, 
from  Lat.  potentia  =  power.] 

Her. :  A  cross,  whose  ends  resemble  the 
head  of  s  crutch. 

•  pd  ten9O  (2),  «.     [Lat  potentia  =  power.] 
Power,  potency  (q.v.). 

•  po  ten  cial  (ci  as  sh),  a.    [POTENTIAL.] 


pd'-ten-cy,  *.  [Lat  pottntia=  power,  from 
potent;  Sp.  &  Port  puteiicia ;  Ital.  poteiizia, 
potenza.]  [Poivrr,  a.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  potent ; 
power,  mental  or  physical ;  strength. 

"  The  potency  of  her  who  has  the  bliss. 
To  make  It  still  elysium  where  she  is." 

Cook :  Ureen't  Ta  Quogue. 

2.  Efficacy,  strength :  as,  the  potency  of  a 
medicine. 

8.  Moral  ]>ower,  influence,  or  strength. 

"  By  the  dread  potency  of  every  star." 

Maton  :  Caractacut. 

•4.  A  power,  an  authority. 

"The  Roman  Episcopacy  had  advanced  itself  beyond 
the  priesthood  into  a  potency.'— Barrow:  fopet 
Supremacy,  sup.  i. 

po  tent,  a.  &  t.  [Lat  patens,  genit  potentis, 
pr.  par.  of  possum  =  to  be  able,  from  potis  = 
able,  and  sum  =  to  be  ;  Sp.  &  Ital.  potente.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Physically  powerful  ;    producing   great 
physical  effects  ;  strong,  forcible,  efficacious. 

"  MOMS  once  more  his  potent  rod  extends 
Over  the  sea."  Milton :  P.  L.,  xii.  31L 

2.  Having  great  power  ;  powerful,  mighty. 

"  The  eminence  of  a  great  and  potent  lord."— Burke  : 
Letter  to  a  liable  Lord. 

3.  Strong   in   a  moral   sense  ;   having   or 
exercising  great  power  or  influence. 

"The  doctor  is  well  money 'd.  and  his  friends 
Potent  at  court."       SkaJcttp. :  Merry  H'itei.  IT.  i. 

4.  Strong,  intoxicating  :  aa,  a  potent  spirit 

B.  As  substantive : 

*  L  Ordinary  Language  : 

L  A  powerful  person  ;  a  potentate,  a  prince. 

"  You  equal  potenti.  fiery  kindled  spirits  1 " 

SAiiiup. :  King  John,  LL 

2.  A  walking  staff,  a  crutch. 

"  Loke  soue  after  a  potent  and  spectacle." 

Lydyate :  Minor  foemt,  p.  SO. 

IL  Her. :  A  bearing  resembling  the  head  of 
a  crutch. 

If  (1)  Potent  counter-potent,  Potency  counter- 
potency,  Potency  in  point :  One  of  the  furs 
used  in  heraldry. 

(2)  Cross  potent :  [POTENCZ  (1)]. 

•  pd'-te"n-ta-cyf  f .  [Eng.  potent;  -acy.]  So- 
vereignty. 

po  ten  tate,  *  po-ten-tat,  s.  [Tr.  potentat, 
from  Low  Lat.  potentates  =.  a  supreme  prince, 
from  potento  —  to  exercise  authority,  from 
I,at  potent  =  potent  (q.v.).]  A  person  who 
possesses  great  power,  authority,  or  sway ;  a 
monarch,  u  sovereign,  a  prince :  hence,  a  chief 
officer  iu  certaiu  societies. 

po  tent-ed,  po-te'n-tee',  o.  [Eng. potent; 
-ed,  -ee.] 

Her. :  An  epithet  applied  to  an  ordinary 
when  the  outer  edges  are  formed  into  potents, 
differing  from  what  is  termed  potent  counter- 
potent,  which  is  the  forming  of  the  whole 
surface  of  the  ordinary  into  poteuts  and 
counter-potents  like  the  fur. 

po-ten  -tial  (ti  as  sh),  *po-ten-cial, 
*  po  ten  ciall,  a.  &  ».  [Fr.  potentiel,  from 
I  .at.  potential*,  from  potent  —  potent  (q.v.); 
Sp.  potential.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

L  Ordinary  Language: 
•1.  Having  power  or  potency;  powerful, 
efficacious,  strong. 

"  Potential  spun."  Bltakrtp.  :  Lear,  IL  L 

*2.  Protlucing  a  certain  etlect  without  ap- 
pearing to  have  the  necessary  properties; 
latent. 

3.  Existing  in  possibility,  not  in  actuality ; 
possible  ;  that  may  be  manifested. 

"  It  is  necessary  thus  to  want  potential  offenders."— 
Dni-'y  Telegraph,  Sept.  1.  I  Mi. 

II.  Physics:  Capable  of  being  exerted, 
though  not  acting  at  the  particular  moment 

B.  At  substantive: 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Anything  that  Is  possible 
or  may  possibly  be  or  hap|>en  ;   possibility, 
but  not  actuality ;  potentiality. 

2.  Elect. :  A  term  holding  the  same  relation 
to  electricity  that  level  does  to  gravity.    The 
potential  of  the  earth  is  taken  at  zero. 

3.  Physiet :  The  sum  of  each  mass-element 
of  the  attracting  Ixxly  divided  by  the  distance 
of  that  clement  from  the  attracted  point 

potential  cautery,  *.    [CAUTERY,  1] 
potential-force, «.  [FORCE  (i ),  «.,  U  25.] 


potential-mood,  s. 

Gram,  :  That  form  of  a  verb  which  is  used 
to  express  power,  possibility,  liberty,  or 
necessity  of  an  action  or  of  being  :  as,  He  nicy 
go,  You  should  write. 

po  ten-ti  al  i  t?  (tl  as  shl),  «.  [Eng. 
potential;  -ity.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  potential  ; 
possibility  without  actuality. 

2.  Inherent  power,  quality,  capability,  or 
disposition  not  actually  exhibited. 

"  Potentiality  for  pauperism  seems  inherent  in  • 
large  portion  of  the  metropolitan  poor."—  (jbterrtr. 
Nov.  15,  18U. 

po  ten-tial-ly  (ti  as  sh),  adv.  [Eng. 
potential  ;  -ly.] 

*  1.  With  power  or  potency  ;  powerfully, 
effectually. 

2.  In  a  potential  manner  ;  in  possibility, 
not  in  actuality  ;  not  positively  ;  possibly. 

"  A  warning  to  any  potentially  weak-kneed  luenv 
ben."-  Daily  Telegrap*.  Oct.  14.  18»i 

3.  In  efficacy,  not  in  actuality. 

"  If  the  juice,  though  both  actually  and  potentially 
cold,  be  not  quickly  wiped  utt."—  Boyle:  On  Cudiuri. 

*  pd-tSn'-ti-ar-y  (ti  as  shi),  «.   [Anabbrev. 
of  plenipotentiary  (q.  v.).J    A  plenipotentiary  ; 
a  power,  an  authority. 

"The  last  great  potentiary  hid  arrived  who  wu  to 
take  part  iu  the  family  congress."—  Tfiacluray  :  An*- 
comu,  ch.  xxz. 

*  po  ten  -ti-ate  (ti    as   shi).    v.t.     [Eng. 
potent  ;  -iate.]    To  render  active  or  potent  ;  to 
give  power  or  potency  to. 

"  Potentiated  by  all  especial  divine  grace,"—  Co/«r- 
idge.  (Weiater.) 

po-ten-tfl'-la,  s.  [Mod.  Lat,  from  Lat.  po- 
tens,  genit.  potent  is  =  }<owerful  ;  tioin  tin-  me- 
dicinal properties  attributed  to  some  spot  MS.] 
Bot.  :  Cinquefoil,  the  typical  genus  of  Po- 
tentillidie  (q.v.).  Flowers  white  or  yellow, 
rarely  red  ;  calyx,  ti  ve-,  rarely  four-Iolx-d, 
with  as  many  small  bracts  ;  petals,  five,  rarely 
four  ;  style,  short,  lateral,  or  nearly  terminal  ; 
achenes,  many,  minute,  on  a  small,  dry  recep- 
tacle. Chiefly  from  the  north  temperate  and 
Arctic  zones.  Known  species,  120.  The 
Potentilla  belongs  to  the  natural  order  of 
Rosacew,  an  order  including  the  Fia^xria, 
or  Strawberry  genus,  from  which  the  I'oten- 
tilla  diOer  in  the  fruit  having  a  dry  recc  |>tacle, 
instead  of  the  succulent  le.  eptacle  wlih  h  ^ives 
the  Strawberry  its  economic  importance.  1  hey 
are  uften  called  CinquefoiU  (Fr.  five  leaved) 
from  the  shape  of  their  leaves,  and  some  ol  the 
species  are  cultivated  as  handsome  garden 
flowers.  P.frvcticota  foinis  a  lar^e  bush  will. 
a  profusion  of  yellow  floweis,  and  is  often 
]ilanted  in  shrubberies.  P.  inserina,  a  common 
species  in  Europe,  popularly  known  as  Silver- 
\veeil,  has  creeping  »teni8,  and  Laves  which 
are  beautifully  bilky  and  silvery  beneath.  The 
root  is  edible,  and  was  once  «teeme<l  as  food 
in  parts  of  Scotland,  juirticiilarly  in  *h'- 
Hebrides.  Swine  are  very  fond  ol  it.  P.  replant 
is  a  febrifuge.  P.  nepaleiiti*  yields  a  red  dye. 
Its  rootx  are  ilepurati  ve  ;  their  <tshes  are  applied 
with  oil  to  burns.  The  leaves  af  f.  fmliaua, 
a  sub-Himalayan  species,  are  used  in  parts  of 
the  Punjaub  as  tea. 

p6-ten-tn-li-da»,  *.  [Mod.  Lat.  potentill(a); 
Lat.  lein.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Hot.  :  A  family  of  Rosaceae.  Calyx  tube 
herbaceous  ;  fruit  of  four  or  more  achenea. 

py  tent-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  potent;  -ly.]  Ins 
potent,  powei  ful,  or  efficacious  manner  ;  with 
power,  potency,  force,  or  energy. 

"  You  are  potently  opposed." 

p.  :  Benry  rill.,  T.  L 


po  tent-ness,  «.  [Eng.  potent;  -nesf.}  The 
quality  or  stute  of  being  potent;  potency, 
power,  powerfuluess,  efficacy. 

p8-ter-i^-crln'-I-d»,  «.  pi.     [Mod.  Lat. 

pottriocrin(un)  ;  Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  suO.  -W«.] 

Palceont.  :  A  family  of  Crinoidea  (q.v.). 

p6  ter  I  6  cri  nfts,  «.  [Gr.  vorfipiov  (po- 
terion)  =  a  drinkiug-cup,  and  tpivov  (krinon)  — 
a  lily.] 

Palaeont.  :  The  type-genus  of  the  family 
Poleriocrinidz.  Calyx  as  in  Cyathocrinus, 
but  with  the  upper  surface  convex,  with  a  very 
large  anal  tul>e.  The  genus  (with  several  sub- 
genera)  commences  in  the  Silurian,  is  present 
in  the  Devonian,  and  abounds  in  the  Carbon- 
iferous period,  after  which  it  disappears. 


fate,  tat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  gc, 
or,  wore,  \rglS,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try.  Syrian,   se,  o»  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw 


poterium— potting 


3709 


po-teV-i-um,  ».     [Lat.,  from  Gr.   »oT>jpioi' 

(potirion)  =  a  drinking  cup.) 

Hot. :  Salad-Burnet ;  a  genus  of  Sanguisor- 
baceae.  Calyx  single,  four-cleft,  i>etals  none, 
stamens  many,  stigma  tufted.  Found  in  the 
north  tern  Derate  zone;  known  species  twenty. 
Two,  Poterium  Saiiguisorba,  the  Salad  Burnet 
and  P.  oJRcinale,  the  Great  Burnet,  are  natives 
of  Britain.  P.  muricatum,  Muricated  Salad 
Burnet,  is  an  alien  or  colonist. 

•po-ter-ner,  s.  [PAUTENER.]  A  purse,  a 
Dag,  a  pocket,  a  pouch. 

"  He  plucked  oat  of  Ma  poterntr* 

The  Boy  and  the  ifanttl. 

*  pd'-tfc's-tate,  *  po-tes-tat,  ».   [Lat.  potes- 
tas,  genit  pntestatis  =  power;  Ital.  podesta  = 
an  authority.)    A  chief  authority,  a  potentate. 

"  And  whanne  thel  leeden  you  unto  synaga/ls  and 
to  niagistntis  and  pntt*ta>i» ;  nvlc  ye  be  hisy  how  or 
what  ye  schulen  auswere,  or  what  ye  schuleu  seye."— 
H'yc/tfi) :  L-ike  xii. 

*  pd'-te's-ta-tive,  a.    [Lat.  potestativus,  from 
potestas,  genit.  potestatis  =  power ;  Fr.  potfsta- 
tif.]     Having  the  attribute   of,  or  carrying 
with  it,  power  ;  authoritative. 

"Gcul's  authoritative  or  potettatim  power."— Pear- 
urn  :  On  the  Creed,  art.  i. 

po"t'-ful,  s.  [En?,  pot  (I),  and/wW.1  As  much 
as  will  fill  a  pot ;  as  much  as  a  pot  will  hold. 

"  II  one  cast a  few  almond*  into  a  pntful  of  It  it  will 
become  as  clear  as  rock  water."— Ho  well :  Lertert, 
bk.  ii..  let.  54. 

*  pot' -head.  s.    [Eng.  pot  (1),  and  htrvl.]   One 
who  habitually  stupifles  himself  with  drink, 
a  toddler,  a  soaker. 

"She  was  too  good  for  a  poor  potheatl  like  me."— 
Kirtgt'cg  :  Wettvard  Hoi  ch.  XV. 

*  poth'-S-car-y,  s.    [POTECARY.] 
pot  been',  s.    [POTEEN.] 

p8th'-er  (1),  *  pud  -  dor,  *  pooth  er,  p5f - 
ter,  s.  [POTHER,  t'.]  Bustle,  confusion ; 
constant  excitement,  stir. 


*  poth'-er  (2),  s.     rAPP»rently  a  corrupt,  of 
Fr."  pouare  =  powder  (q.v.).]    A  suifocating 
Cloud. 

"  So  grievous  was  the  lather* 

ttrngton:  Ifymphidia. 

po'th'-er,  pot' -ter,  *  pudheren,  v.i.  &  t. 
[A  frequent  from  pote  =  to  push  or  kick  ; 
Dut.  ;*>tereri  =  to  search  thoroughly;  peuteren 
=  to  fumble,  to  puke  about] 

A.  [ntrans. :  To  make  a  pother,  bustle,  or 
•tir :  to  fuss  about. 

B.  Trans. :  To  harass  and  perplex ;  to  tease, 
to  worry,  to  bother. 

"He  that  loves  reading  and  writing,  yet  finds  cer- 
tain seasons  wherein  tho<e  things  have  no  relish,  only 
pothert  and  wearies  himself  to  no  purpose,"— Locke. 

'-tes,  s.     [Mod.  Lat  pathos;  suff. 

Ptilfg'ibot.  :  A  genus  of  plants,  apparently 
akin  to  Potho*  (q.v.).  P'lthocites  Grantonii 
has  been  fo'ind  in  the  Coal-measures  at  Gran- 
ton,  near  Edinburgh. 

po -thd  -mor'-phe,  s.    [Mod.  Lat.  pathos,  and 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Pi  peril  lie.  Pothomorphe 
sidfffo'ia  (or  vmhellata)  and  P.  svbpettata  are 
used  in  Brazil  to  stimulate  the  lymphatics,  as 
deobstruents,  and  to  cleanse  foul  ulcers. 

po'-thos,  s.    [The  Ceylonese  name  of  a  species.] 
Bot. :  A  genus  of  Orontieae.    Potlios  scandens 
Is  used  in  India  in  putrid  fevers. 

pot  i  cho  ma  m  a,  pot-i-cho  -ma'- nie. 

f.  [Fr.  potiche  =  a  porcelain  vase,  and  manie, 
Gr.  pond  (muni")  =  madness,  mania.]  The 
taste  for  coating  the  inside  of  glass-ware  with 
varnished  paper  or  linen  flowers  or  devices, 
so  as  to  give  them  an  appearance  of  painted 
ware  or  old  china. 

*  p8t'-i  fuge,  «.    [Lat  poto  =  to  drink.]    A 
drunkard. 

"How  impudently  would  our  drunken  potlfugei 
Taunt  themselves,"—  Tenner  .•  Via  Kecta,  p.  44. 

po'-tion,  *  po  ci-on,  s.  [Fr.  potion,  from 
Lat.  potionem,  accus.  of  porto  =  a  drink  ;  poto 
=  to  drink.  Potion  and  poison  are  doublets  ; 
8p.  pocion;  Ital.  pozione.]  A  drink,  a  draught; 
espec.  a  dose  of  liquid  medicine. 

"  How  do  thy  potioni  with  insidious  Joy, 
Diffuse  their  pleasures  only  to  destroy !" 

Uultimith:  Deterted  nilaft. 


*  po'-tion,  v.t.    [POTION,  *.]    To  give  a  potion 
to ;  to  drug. 

"  Having  potioned  them  with  a  sleepy  drinke."— 
Speed:  BiU.  Ureat  Britnin.  bk  ix.,  ch.  it 

pot  lid,  s.    [Eng.  pot  (I),  and  lid.}    The  lid 
or  cover  of  a  pot 

potlid-valve,  ».  A  cap-shaped  valve 
which  shuts  down  like  a  cover  upon  a  port  or 
the  end  of  a  pipe. 

pot  -man,  s.    [Eng.  pot  (1),  and  man.] 
*  1.  A  pot-companion. 
2.  A  servant  at  a  public-house  who  cleans 
the  pots,  takes  out  beer  or  ale,  &c. ;  a  potboy. 

po-too',  ».    [Native  name.] 

Ornith. :  A  local  name  for  NyctiUus  jamai- 
censis,  from  its  cry. 

pot-6-roo',  s.    [Native  name.] 

Zool. :  The  same  as  KANGAROO-RAT  (q.v.). 

Pots'-dam,  s.    [See  def.] 

Geog. :  A  township  in  New  York. 
Potsdam-sandstone,  s. 

Geol, :  An  American  sandstone  of  Cambrian 
a<re,  containing  Trilobites,  Lingula  antiquu, 
&c.  [PROTICH  SITES.] 

pot  sherd.    *  pot' -shard,  *  pot-share, 

*.  [Eng.  pot  (1).  and  sherd  ;  A.S.  sceard,  from 
scearan  =  to  shear.]  A  broken  piece  or  frag- 
ment of  an  earthenware  pot.  (Spenser :  F.  Q., 
VI.  i.  37.) 

pot'-stone,  s.    [Eng.  pot  (1),  s.,  and  stone.] 

1.  Geol.  &  Mining :   The   name   given    in 
Norfolk  to  certain  large  flints  with  a  nucleus 
of  chalk,  found  in  the  Upper  Chalk.    They 
are  considered  to  be  Ventriculites  (q.v.). 

2.  Min. :  An  impure  variety  of  soapstone  or 
compact  talc  (q.v.),  formerly  used  for  making 
utensils  of  various  kinds. 

*  pot-sure  (s  as  sh),  o.    [Eng.  pot  (1),  and 
s«re.]    'Perfectly  sure  or  confident,  as   one 
affected  by  drink  ;  positive,  cocksure. 

p5tt,  s.    [PoT(l),  *.,  II.  2.] 

pot'-tage  (age  as  Ig),  *  pot-age,  «.    [Fr. 

potaye,  from  pot  —  a  pot.]     [PoRRiixiE.] 

1.  A  kind  of  food  made  of  meat    boiled 
(generally    with   vegetables}   to   softness   in 
water.    (Cotton :  Voynije  to  Ireland.) 

2.  Oatmeal  or  other  porridge. 

*  pot  tag-er  (ag  as  Ig),  s.    [POTAOEB.] 

*  pot-tain,  s.    [Poi  (l), ».]   Old  pot-metaL 

pdtt'-ed,  pa.  par.  &  a.    [POT  (1),  ».] 

A.  As  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj :  Put  into  pots ;  specif.,  seasoned 
and  preserved  in  pots  :  as,  potted  bloaters. 

pd"t'-ter  (I),  «.    [Eng.  pot  (1);  -«r;  Vr.potier; 
Ir.  potoir.] 

1.  One  who   makes    earthenware    pots   or 
crockery  of  any  kiml ;  a  maker  of  pottery. 

2.  One  who  hawks  crockery.     (Eng.  Prot.) 

3.  One  who  pots  meats. 

potter-carrier,  ».    A  porringer. 

potter's  clay,  «.  A  tenacious  clay  used 
in  the  lotteries. 

potter's  field,  *.  A  piece  of  land  used 
fur  hurying  destitute  und  unknown  strangers  at 
the  public 
expense. 

potter's 
lathe,  5. 

[POTTER'S  - 

WHEEL.] 

potter's 
wheel,  & 

A  horizont- 
ally revolv- 
ing  disc, 
driven  by  a 
treadle  or 
by  an  as- 
sistant. The 
lump  of 
clay,  being  POTTER'S  WHEEL. 

plai-ed  upon 

it,  is  moulded  into  form  by  pressure,  the  cir- 
cular form  being  maintained  by  the  passage 
of  the  clay  between  the  hands,  assisted  by  a 


piece  of  horn  or  shell,  which  Is  called  a  "  rib,- 
acting  as  a  former,  straight-edge,  or  scraper, 
as  the  case  may  be. 

pSt'-ter  (2),  s.  [PoTTEB,  v.]  A  slow  pace  or 
walk ;  a  saunter. 

"  The  run degenerated  Into  a  pottrr.' —field, 

Feb.  IT,  1886. 

pSt'-tcr,  v.l.  ft  t.  [A  frequent  of  pote  =  to 
push,  to  kick,  from  Wei.  pictio  =  to  push,  to 
poke  ;  Gael,  put;  Corn,  poot;  Sw.  dial.  puto=: 
to  poke  with  a  stick ;  O.  Dut.  potsien  =  to 
search  one  thoroughly.]  [POTHER,  v.] 
A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  Imsy  or  worry  one's  self  about  trifles; 
to  1 1  ill.' ;  to  be  fussy. 

2.  To  walk  lazily  pr  without  any  definite 
purpose ;  to  saunter. 

"  Pottering  about  with  the  rector  of  a  parish  or«r 

*  «m:ill  glebe."—  The  (/"«».  3ei>t.  26.  18Si 

*  B.  Trans.  :  To  poke,  to  push. 

p<$t'-tern,  a.  [Eng.  potter;  -n.]  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  potters  or  pottery. 

pottern-ore, «.    (See  extract) 

"  I  likewise  took  notice  of  an  ore.  which  for  its  apt- 
ness to  vitrify,  aud  serve  the  potters  to  glaze  their 
earthen  vessels,  the  miners  call  pattern-ore."— ISotlt: 
Workt,  i.323. 

pot'-ter-^,  s.    [Fr.  poterie,  from  pot  =  a  pot] 

1.  The  ware  or  vessels  made  by  potters ; 
earthenware  glazed  and  baked. 

"  The  earthenware  of  the  Greeks  aud  Romans  wa> 
nngUzed.  hut  they  covered  their  p-tierg  with  wax. 
Ullow,  bitumen,  and  |  trh;n,»  other  articles,  to  icixler 
them  impervious  to  water,  wine.  &c.  The  Romans 
used  moulds  for  ornamenting  clay  vessels  and  (or 
making  figures  of  idols,  or  of  limbs,  plants,  Ac.,  for 
votive  offerimn.  The  art  of  making  glazed  t'otterg 
originated  with  the  Chinese,  and  MUM?  frum  tlie.ice 
to  India,  aud  from  thence  Btu-cessively  to  Arabia, 
SiMiin.  Italy,  Holland."— Knight :  Diet.  Mtehamici. 

2.  A  place  where  earthenware   is    manu- 
factured. 

"  The  pottrriet  of  Lambeth.  London,  were  start •  d  by 
men  from  Holland  about  1610.  The  potteritt  ••'  st«f. 
fordshire  soon  took  the  preeminence.  John  A'olg- 
wood  waa  burn  at  Burslein.  England,  in  1730  und  »ft<a 
a  variety  of  experiences  started  a  potter*  uu  Iiu  own 
account."—  KniylU  :  Diet.  Mechanic*. 

*  3.  The  business  of  a  potter. 

pottery-bark,  *.  The  bark  of  Urania, 
the  ashes  of  which  along  the  Amazon  are 
mixed  with  clay  for  pottery. 

pottery-gauge.  *.  A  shaper  or  templet 
for  the  in.side  of  a  vessel  on  the  wheel.  If  is 
designed  to  finish  the  inside  of  stoneware 
smoothly  and  of  a  uniform  size. 

pottery-tissue,  *.  A  kind  of  tissue- 
paper  used  to  receive  impressions  of  en- 
gravings for  transference  to  biscuit  The 
paper  is  made  on  the  Fourdrinier  machine  in 
lengths  sometimes  equal  to  1,2UO  yards. 

pottery-tree,  s. 

But. :  (l)  The  genus  Licania  (POTTEBT- 
BARK]  ;  (2)  MoquUea  utilis. 

pot  ti  a,  s.  [Named  after  J.  P.  Pott,  of 
Brunswick.) 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  the  order  or 
tribe  Pottiacei.  Calyptera  dimidiate  ;  pcii- 
stome  simple  or  wanting;  if  present  wiih 
lanceolate,  articulate  teeth.  Pottia  truncate 
grows  on  mud  walls. 

pot  ti  a  90-1.  pot  tl-a-co  », ».  pi.  (Mod. 
Lat.  potti(a);  Lat.  masc.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ocei,  or 
fern,  -acetc.] 

Bot. :  An  order  or  tribe  of  Apocarpous 
Mosses.  Capsules  straight,  oval,  pedunculate, 
generally  without  a  peristome. 

pit-ting,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  «.    [Por,  ».] 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  <t  paiticip.  adj.  :  (Seo 
the  verb). 

C.  As  substantive  : 

I,  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Tlie  act  of  putting  into  a  pot.  or  pots ;  as 
of  meats  for  preservation,  or  plants  for  pro- 
pagation. 

If  The  potting  of  plants  is  advantageous  fci 
seedlings,  and  it  also  enaMes  a  certain  amount 
of  bottom  heat  to  be  supplied  to  plants,  beside* 
making  them  flower  early.  It  however  cramps 
their  growth,  and  ultimately  exhausts  the 
Soil  ;  the  earth  should,  therefore,  be  changed 
at  intervals,  and  when  this  cannot  be  done, 
manure  should  be  furnished. 

*  2.  The  making  of  pottery. 

*  3.  Drinking.    (Shakesp. :  OtheVo,  II.  8.) 


boil,  b6y ;  potit,  Jovfrl ;  eat,  90!!,  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this  ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  yenophon,  exist,   ph  =  t 
-«ian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -(ion,    jion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


3710 


pottle— pounce 


'      IL    Stigtir :    The    cleansing   of    sugar    by 

'  placing  it    while     soft    in    inverted    conical 

moulds  with  a  mass  of  saturated  nay  oil  u>p. 

potting  cask, .«. 

Sugar:  A  hothead  with  holes  in  the  bottom 
Into  which  imperfectly  crystallized  sugar  is 
dipped  in  order  that  the  molasses  may  drain 
from  it.  In  each  hole  is  placed  a  crushed  stalk 
of  cane  or  plantain,  which  reaches  to  the  top 
of  the  sugar.  The  molasses  passes  off  through 
the  spongy  stalk,  leaving  the  sng-ir  compara- 
tively dry  and  more  perfectly  crystallized. 

potting -house,  ».  A  house  or  shed  in 
which  plants  are  potted. 

pdt  -tie,  *  pot -el,  *.  [0.  Fr.  potel,  dimin.  of 
pot  =  a  pot  (q.v.)7] 

*  1.  A  liquid  measure  containing  four  pints  : 
hence,  a  large  tankard.    (Cotton:   The  Com- 
panion). 

2.  A  vessel  or  basket  for  fruit,  in  shape  a 
truncated  cone,  and  sometimes  with  a  semi- 
circular handle  across  the  top. 

8.  The  game  of  Hop-Scotch.    (Prop.) 

*  pottle-bellied,  a.    Pot-bellied. 

*  pottle-deep,  adv.     To  the  bottom  of 
the  pottle  or  tankard.  (Shakesp. :  Othello,  ii.  3.) 

pdt  -to,  5.    [Native  name.] 

Zool. :  The  sole  species  of  the  genus  Pero- 
dirticus  (q.v.).  It  is  a  small  nocturnal  Lemur- 
old,  from  western  equatorial  Africa ;  upper 
Binlace  of  a  chestnut  tint,  paler  beneath. 
Limits  nearly  of  one  length,  head  rounded, 
evi's  lateral  ;  index  finger  reduced  to  a  tuber- 
cle. The  teeth  indicate  a  mixed  diet. 

Pott's  disease,  *.  A  disease  of  the  verte- 
bra-, first  described  by  Percival  Pot  I,  an 
Englishman. 

Pott's  fracturn,  $.  A  fracture  of  the 
fibula.  [See  preceding.] 

pit-ty,  *.    [Dutjx>««.]    Pottery. 

potty-baker,  «.  [Out.  pottibdkker.}  A 
term  in  New  York  for  a  potter. 

•  pot  u  lent.  *  pot  u  lent  all,  a.     fLat 

poiuleiitns  =  intoxicated,  from  polo  =  to  drink.] 

1.  Tipsy ;  nearly  intoxicated. 

2.  Fit  to  drink  ;  drinkable. 

"  Unto  inch  liquid  Mid  p-ttulmtan  meats  are  not 
profitable."—  I'enntr:  ria  Recta,  p.  269. 

pon',  pu',  v.t.    [PULL,  ».]    (Scotch.) 

•  pouce,  5.    [PULSE  (i),  s.] 

pOU9h,  *  pouche,  ».     [O.  Fr.  pmii-he.  prvhe  = 
a  pocket,  pouch,  or  poke.    Pouch,  and  poke  are 
doublets.]    [POKE,  *.] 
L  Ordinary  language : 

1.  Lit. :  A  small  bag  ;  a  pocket,  a  poke. 

"  WT  a  brace  of  wild  duckei  In  hti  pouch."— Scott : 
Jnti'/'i'trn,  ch.  «T. 

2.  Fig. :  A  big  belly  or  stomach  ;  a  paunch. 
IL  Technically: 

1.  Bot. :  A  little  sack  or  ling  at  the  base  of 
•ntne  petals  or  sepals.     Example,  Nigritella. 

2.  .Ynu<.  .•  A  small  bulkhead  or  partition  in 
•  ship's  hold,  to  prevent  grain  or  other  loose 
cargo  from  sliming. 

3.  Ordn. :  A  cartridge-box. 

4.  Zool. :  A  bag,  like  that  under  the  the  bill 
of  the  Pelican,  or  the  marsupium  (q.v.)  of  the 
tiarsupialia. 

*  pouch-month, «.  &  o. 

A.  As  subs*. :  A  mouth  with  blubbered  lips. 
Ash). 

B.  As  adj. :  Pouch-mouthed. 

"  Theaterlaus,  pour),. mouth  stage-  wiilkers.  "—Dckker : 
tatironuutlx. 

*  pouch  mouthed,  a.    Having  a  pouch- 
mouth  ;  blubber-lipped. 

pouch-shaped,  •/. 

B«t. :  Hollow  and  resembling  a  little  double 
bag,  as  the  spur  of  many  Orchids. 

•  poU9h,  v.t.  &  i.    [POUCH,  «.] 

A.  Transitive: 
i  Literally: 

1.  To  put  into  a  pouch  orpocket ;  to  pocket. 

"  In  January  husband  that  pvucheth  the  grote*. 
Will  break  up  hii  lay,  or  he  towing  of  utes." 

Tuner :  Biaba.nd.rif, 

2.  To  put  into  the  pouch  or  sac  ;  to  swallow. 


3.  To  pout,  to  hang  the  lip.    (Ainsworth.) 

IL  Fiyuratii-dy  : 

L  To  pocket  ;  to  put  up  with. 

"Iwill  pouch  up  no  »uch  aflront."—  Scott.    (VTebtter.) 

2.  To  purse  up,  to  pout. 

"  He  pau<-hr<l  his  mouth."—  Itichardton  :  Sir  Charlei 
OrnaJifin,  v.  M. 

B.  Intrant.  :  To  swallow  food,  a  bait,  &c. 
"  Another  fi>lkcT.  which  had  run  out  fifteen  yards  of 
line  before  itui.puitf  to  /wuc/.."—  fieiii,  Jau.  2,  1SH4. 

poU9h'-bclL  *.    [Eng.  pouch,  and  6eM.l 
Bot.  :  The  genus  Glossocomia. 

*  poucho,  *.    [PoncH,  s.] 


a.  [Eng.  pnvch  ;  -ed.1  Having,  or 
furnished  wiMi,  a  pouch  ;  specif.,  furnished 
with  a  ]K>uch  for  carrying  the  young,  as  the 
marsupials,  or  with  cheek-pouches. 

pouched  ant-eaters,  s.  pi 

Zool.  :  The  genus  Myrrnecobius  (Q.v.) 
pouched-bftdgers,  a.  pi. 
Zool.  :  The  family  Peramelidse  (q.v.). 
pouched-frog,  s. 

Zool.  :  Nototrema  marwpiatum. 
pouched  -marmots,  s.  pi. 

Zool.  :  The  genus  Spermophilus.  The  species 
are  furnished  with  cheek-pouches,  and  are 
natives  of  America,  the  North  of  Europe, 
and  Northern  Asia. 

pouched-mice,  pouched-rats,  s.  pi. 

Zonl.  :  The  family  Geomyidse  (q.v.).  Called 
also  Pocket  Gophers. 

pouched-rats,  s.  pi.    [POUCHED-MICE.] 
pouched-weasels,  s.  pi. 

Zool.  :  The  genus  Ph;iscogale  (q.v.). 

pouchet,  s.    [POUNCET.] 

pou-chong',  ».  [Chin.]  A  kind  of  black  tea  ; 
a  superior  kind  of  souchong. 

*poU9h'-y,  a.  [Eng.  pouch:  -y.]  Like  a 
pouch  or  bag  ;  swollen. 

"Such  a  fliccid,  fluid,  pouchy  carcass,  I  have  never 
before  seen."—  Burroughs  :  Pepatfon,  p.  317. 

*pou-der,  s.  &  v.    [POWDER.] 
pou-de  soy,  «.    [PADESOT.) 

*poudre,  s.  [Fr.]  Powder.  (Chaucer:  C.  T., 
16,223.) 

*  poudre  -  marcfbant,  «.  Pulverized 
spices.  (Chaucer.) 

pou-drette',  s.  [Fr.]  A  manure  prepared 
from  dried  night-soil,  mixed  with  charcoal, 
gypsum,  &c.  It  is  very  powerful. 

*  pou-drid,  a.    [POWDERED.] 
pdu'-jah,  s.    [PujA.] 

pouk,  v.t.  [POKE,  t».j  To  poke,  to  pluck. 
(Scotch.) 

"  The  weani  baud  out  their  fingers  laughin' 

An'  pouk  my  hips." 
Burnt  :  [Hiatk  i  Doctor  Jlornbook 

*pouke,  s.    [PUCK.] 

*  pou  laino,  s.    [Fr.] 

Old  Cost.  :  A  kind  of  pointed  shoe  worn  in 
the  fifteenth  century. 

*  poulce,  s.    [PULSE  (1),  «.J 

*  poul-da  vis,  ».    [POLBDAVY.] 

*  poul-dre,  s.    [POWDER,  *.] 

•ponJ  dred,  a.    [POI'LDRE.] 

1.  Ikiaten  or  reduced  to  powder. 

2.  Variegated,  spotted. 

•pouldron,*.    [PAULDRON.] 
poulo,  s.     [Fr.] 

1.  Card*:  The  same  as  POOL  (q.T.). 

2.  One  of  the  movements  of  a  quadrille. 
poulp,  poulpo,  s.    [Fr.] 

Zool.  :  Octopus  vulgarit,  the  Common  Oc- 
topus. 

poult,  *  pnlte,  ».    [Fr.  poulH,  dimin.  of  poule 
=  a  hen,  from  Low  Lat.  pu/Ja.)     A  pullet  ;  a 
young  chicken,  partridge,  grouse,  &c. 
"  Turkey  pnulti.  fresh  from  tb'  egg.  in  batter  frr'<l" 
King:  Art  of  Cook  try. 


*  poult'  -er,  *pult-ar,  *pult-er,  *.    [Eng. 
poult  ;    -er.}    One  who  deals  in  poultry  ;   a 

poulterer. 

"  It  is  reported  tvsides  of  a  certain  poulttr.  who  had 
a  see-ret,  by  himself,  whereby  he  could  tell  surely  nud 
never  ini-se  which  riiga  would  be  a  cock  cl  ickeu. 
which  a  heu."—  r.  Holland:  I'linie,  bk.  x.,  ch.  Iv. 

poulter's  measure,!.  Measurement  by 
the  dozen. 

poul'-ter-er,  *.    [Eng.  poulter;  -«r.] 
1.  One  who  deals  in  poultry  or  game. 

"  We  have  poultrnri  ware  for  your  sweet  bloods."—* 
Dekker:  ilmtett  Whure,  \>t.  ii. 

U  The  Poulterers  are  one-of  the  London  City 
Companies.  They  were  incorporated  in  Ii04. 

•  2.  An  officer  of  the  king's  household  who 
had  charge  of  the  poultry. 


poul  ti9e,  *  pul-tessc,  *  pul-tls,  s.    [Lat 

pultes,  nom.  pi.  of  puls  =  a  thick  pap,  c<>_:n. 
with  Gr.  iroAros  (poltus)  =  porridge  ;  Fr.  pulle.] 
1.  Ord.  lM.ng.  :  A  soft  composition,  as  of 
bread,  meal,  bran,  or  a  nracuagiuoui  sub- 
stance, to  be  apiilied  to  sores,  inflamed  parts 
of  the  body,  or  the  like  ;  a  cataplasm. 

"Pultiitt   made   of  green   heibs."—  Burton  :  A  not. 
of  Melancholy,  p.  380; 

•  2.  Pliarm.:  Poultices  nre  of  several  kinds, 
the  most  important  are  (1)  Cataplasma  femuntl 
(yeast  poultice),  formed  of  yeast,  flo'ir,  and 
water  heated  to  100°  F.  It  is  used  as  a  stimu- 
lant and  antiseptic  in  cases  of  indolent  ulcers. 
(2)  Cataplasma  lini  (linseed  poultice)  formed  by 
mixing  4  ozs.  of  linseed  meal  with  half  a  fluid 
oz.  of  olive  oil,  and  then  gradually  adding  10 
fluid  ozs.  of  boiling  wutur.  It  is  applied  to 
inflamed  and  suppurating  parts.  Cataplasma 
sinapis  (mustard  poultice)  made  by  mixing 
2J  ozs.  of  linseed  meal  with  2J  ozs.  of  powderea 
mustard,  and  then  adding  to  them  gradually 
10  fluid  ozs.  of  boiling  water.  It  acts  as  a 
powerful  rubefacient  and  vesicant,  it  relieves 
slight  inflammations  of  serous  and  mucous 
surfaces  when  applied  to  a  neighbouring  part, 
as  upon  the  chest  in  bronchitis  and  pleurisy; 
and  also  relieves  congestion  of  various  organs, 
by  drawing  the  blood  to  the  surface. 

poul'-tl9e,  v.t.    [POULTICE,  ».]    To  apply  a 
poultice  to  ;  to  cover  with  a  poultice. 

*  pdul'-tlve,  s.     [Trob.  a  misprint  for  ponltic* 
(q.v.).]    A  poultice. 

"  Pnultives  allay  'd  pains."—  Temple:  Curt  of  the  Oout. 


,  *pul-trie,  s.  [Eng.  poult;  -ry 
(—  Fr.  -erte)7]  [PULLET.]  Domestic  fowls, 
reared  for  the  table,  or  for  their  eggs,  feathers, 
&c.,  as  ducks,  geese,  cocks  and  hens,  &c.  ; 
fowls  collectively.  (Dryden  :  Cock  <t  Fox,  703.) 

poultry-farm,  s.  An  establishment  with 
land  attached,  for  the  rearing  of  poultry  on  a 
large  scale. 

poultry-house,  ».  A  house  or  shed  in 
which  poultry  are  sheltered  and  reared  ;  a 
fowl-house. 

poultry-yard,  s.  A  yard  or  inclosura 
where  poultry  are  reared. 

*poul'-ver-aln,  s.  [Fr.  poulverin,  from  Lat. 
pulvis,  genit.  pulveris  =  dust.)  A  powder- 
flask,  hanging  below  the  bandoleers,  used  by 
musketeers  in  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth 
centuries. 

*poun(l),  *powne,  v.t.  fA.8.  punian  =  to 
pound.]  To  pound,  to  beat,  to  bruise.  [POUND 
(2),  v.l 

*poun  (2),  v.t.  [Pon>p  (1),  v.]  To  pound,  to 
impound  ;  to  confine  in  an  inclosed  space. 

"Tlie  citizans,  like  pouned  pikes, 

The  leaser*  fede  the  greate." 
Warner:  Aloiona  England,  bk.  v.,  ch.  nivil. 

poun9B  (1),  s.  [Fr.  ponce  =  pumice,  from  Lat. 
pumicem,,  ace.  of  puniex=  pumice  (q.v.)  ;  Sjt 
ponce,  pomez  ;  Port,  pomez.] 

1.  A  fine  powder,  such  as  pounded  grm- 
sandarach  [CALLITRIS]  and  cuttle-tish  bones, 
used  to  dry  up  the  ink  on  a  fresh  written 
manuscript;  now  superseded  in  this  country 
by  blotting  paper,  except  in  the  case  of  parch- 
ment, 

2.  Charcoal   dust  inclosed  in   some   open 
stuff,  as  muslin,  Sic.,  to  be  passed  over  holes 
pricked  in  the  work,  to  mark  the  lines  or 
designs  on  a  paper  underneath.    It  is  used  by 
embroiderers  to  transfer  patterns  upon  their 
stuffs  ;  also  by  fresco  painters,  sometimes  by 
engravers,  and  in  varnishing. 

*3.  A  powder  used  as  a  medicine  or  cosmetic. 


late,  l&t,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father :  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  ptft» 
or.  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    ee,  w  -  e  ;  ey  =  a ;  an  =  kw. 


pounce— poupe 


3711 


pounce-box, '  pouncet- box,*.  A  small 
box  with  a  .erforated  lid,  used  for  sprinkling 
pounce  on  paper,  &c.,  or  for  holding  perfumes 
for  smelling. 

pounce-paper,  s.  A  tracing-paper  pre- 
pared at  Carls i-u he  without  oil. 

•  poun9e  (2),  ».    [POUNCE  (2),  t>.] 

1.  The  claw  or  talon  of  a  hawk  or  other  bird 
of  prey.    (Spenser :  F.  Q.,  I.  xi.  19.) 

2.  A  punch  or  stamp. 

"A  pounce   to  print  money  irith.    Tudiculu." — 
Withal  ;  Diet.,  p.  147. 

8.  Cloth  worked  in  eyelet-hole*. 

•  p6unce  (3),  «.    [PULSE  (l),  ».] 
polin9e  (IX  v.t.    [POUNCE  (1),  *.] 

L  To   sprinkle   or  rub  with    pounce ;   to 
•prinkle  pounce  on. 
2.  To  powder. 

"Long  effeminate,  pouldred,  pounced  halre.'  — 
Prynm:  1  HMrio-HcutU,  vi.  *. 


(2),  *  pouns-en,  v.i.  A  t.    [O.  Fr. 

*  poncer  =  to  pierce ;   cf.  Sp.  punchar  —  to 
prick,  to  puncli ;  jmncha  =  a  thorn.     From 
Lat.  punctus,  pa.  par.  ofpungo  =to  prick.] 

A.  Intrans. :  To  fall  upon  and  seize  any- 
thing in,  or  as  in,  the  claws  or  talons  ;  to  dart 
or  dash.  (Followed  by  on  or  upon.) 

"  So  when  a  falcon  skims  the  airy  way 
Btoops  from  the  clouds  and  pottncct  on  his  prey." 
WhUehead :  The  Oi/mnatiad,  bk.  lit. 

•B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  seize  in  the  talons  or  claws.    Said  of  a 
bird  of  prey.    (Cowper:  Table  Talk,  553.) 

2.  To  prick  ;  to  make  holes  in  ;  to  perforate  ; 
to  work  in  eyelet-holes. 

"The  trapper  WM  .  .  .  pounced  and  «»tt«  with 
autlcke  woorke."— Halt :  Henry  rill.  (an.  22). 

•  pounced,  a.    [Eng.  pounce)  (2),  s. ;  ~ed.] 

1.  Furnished  with  talons  or  claws.    (Thorn- 
ion  :  Spring,  760.) 

2.  Worked  in  eyelet-holes ;  ornamented  with 

•  continuous  series  of  holes  over  the  whole 
Burface. 

•  pounder,  ».     [Eng.  pounc(e)  (2),  T.  ;  -er.] 
One  who  or  that  which  pierces  or  perforates  ; 
specif.,  an  instrument  for  making  eyelet-holes 
in  clothes  ;  a  bodkin. 

•  p6un'-9et,  ».    [Fr.  poncette,  from  *  poncer  = 
to  pounce.]    A  pounce-box. 

*  pouncet-box,  ».     A  pounce-box  (q.v.). 

"And,  'twiit  his  flnger  and  his  thumb,  he  held 
A  pouncet-box."        Shaketp.  :  1  Henry  ir.,  I.  s. 

p6"un9'-Ing,  pr.  par.  &  s.    [POUNCE  (2),  v.] 
A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

*  B.  As  stibst.  (PI.) :  Holes  stamped  in  dress, 
by  way  of  ornament. 

pounclng-machlne,  s. 
Hat-makina :  A  machine  for  raising  S  nap 
upon  hat-bodies  by  a  grinding  action. 

poUnd  (1),  *  pond,  ».  [A.  8.  pund  (a.  &  pi.), 
from  Lat  pondo  =  a  pound  ;  prop,  an  adverb 
=  by  weight,  and  allied  to  pondus  =  a  weight, 
from  pendo  =  to  weigh  ;  Dan.,  Sw.,  &  IceL 
fund;  Ger.  pfund.] 

1.  A  unit  of  weight.    Pounds  are  of  different 
kinds,  as  pounds  Troy  (containing  12  ounces), 
pounds  Avoirdu]K>is  (containing  ISounces),  &c. 
A  cubic  inch  of  distilled  water,  at  62°  Fahr., 
the  barometer  being  80  inches,  weighs  252-458 
Troy  grains,  and  the  Troy  pound  is  equal  to 
6700  of  these  grains.     The  Avoirdupois  pound 
Is  equal  to  7000  Troy  grains,  so  that  the  Troy 
pound  is  to  the  Avoirdupois,  as  144  to  175. 

2.  The  principal  English  coin  of  account, 
and  corresponding  to  the  "coin  of  circula- 
tion "  called  a  sovereign  (q.v.).    It  is  divided 
Into  20  shillings  or  240  pence,  and  weighs 
123-27447  Troy  grains  (71)8805  grammes),  as  de- 
termined by  the  Mint  regulation,  in  virtue  of 
which  a  mass  of  gold  weighing  40lbs.  Troy  is 
coined  into  1,869  sovereigns.    The  name  is  de- 
rived from  the  fact  that  in  the  time  of  the  Con- 
queror, one  Tower  pound  of  silver  was  coined 
into   240  silver   pence ;    whence  the  Tower 
pennyweight  was  really  and  truly  the  weight 
of  a  penny. 

1J  The  pound  Scots  was  equal  to  the  twelfth 
of  a  pound  sterling,  that  is  Is.  8d. ;  it  was  also 
divided  into  twenty  shillings,  each  worth  one 
penny  English. 

pound-cake,  ».  A  rich  sweet  cake,  so 
called  from  its  being  made  of  a  pound,  or  equal 
qn  mtities,  of  the  several  ingredients  used. 


pound-foolish,  ».    [PENNY-WISE.] 

*  pound  -  mele,   adv.      [A.S.]      By  the 
pound  ;  per  pound. 

*  pound-pear,  *.    An  old  name  for  the 
Bon  Chretien  pear. 

pound-rate,  s.  A  rate,  assessment,  or 
payment  at  a  certain  rate  for  each  pound. 

pound  (2),  *  pond,  s.  [A.S.  pund  =  an  in- 
closure ;  pyndan  =  to  shut  up  in  a  pound  i 
forpyndan  =  to  shut  in,  to  repress  ;  Icel.  pynda 
=  to  shut  in,  to  torment ;  O.  H.  Ger.  pinnta 
=  an  inclosure  ;  Ir.  pont  =  a  pound,  a  pond.] 
[PINFOLD,  POND.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :   An   inclosure,  erected  by 
authority,  In  which  cattle  or  other  beasts 
found  straying  are  impounded  or  confined  ;  a 
pinfold. 

"  When  the  distress  Is  taken,  the  things  distrained 
must  in  the  first  place  be  carried  to  some  pound,  and 
there  impounded  by  the  taker.  A  pound  (parciu). 
which  signifies  any  enclosure,  is  either  pound-overt, 
that  is,  oi«n  overhead ;  or  ixjund-covert,  that  is.  close. 
No  distress  of  cattle  can  be  driven  out  of  the  hundred 
where  it  Is  taken,  unless  to  a  pound-overt  within  the 
same  shire,  and  within  three  miles  of  the  place  where 
It  was  taken."— Black  st,,nt :  Comment.,  bk.  iii.,  ch.  1. 

2.  Hydr.-eng. :  The  level  space  of  a  canal 
between  locks. 

*  H  Pound  of 'land: 

Law:  An  uncertain  quantity  of  land,  said 
to  be  about  52  acres.  (Wharton.) 

pound-breach,  s.  [A.S.  pund-breche.] 
The  forcible  removal  of  cattle,  4c.,  from  a 
pound  in  which  they  have  been  impounded. 

"  In  the  case  of  a  distress,  the  goods  are  from  the 
first  taking  in  the  custody  of  the  law.  and  the  taking 
them  back  by  force  is  denominated  a  rescous,  for  which 
the  distrainor  has  a  remedy  in  damages,  either  by  an 
action  for  the  rescue,  in  case  they  were  going  to  the 
pound,  or  by  an  action  for  the  pnund-bmich,  in  case 
they  were  actually  Impounded."—  Blackttane  :  Com- 
ment., bk.  Iii..  ch.  8. 

pound-covert,  ».    [POUND  (2),  *.] 

pound-keeper,  ».  One  who  has  the  care 
or  charge  of  a  pound  ;  a  pinner. 

pound-overt,  ».    [POUND  (2),  ».] 

pound  (1),  *  pownd,  v.t.  &  i.  [Prop,  poun, 
the  d  being  excrescent,  as  in  sound,  rounti,  v.] 

[POUN  (1).] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  beat ;  to  strike  with  some  heavy  in- 
strument, and  with  repeated  blows,  so  as  to 
bruise  or  make  an  impression. 

"  Theu  pounded  to  death  with  the  cannon  ball."— 
Daily  Telegraph,  Nov.  «,  1889. 

2.  To  bruise  or  break  up  into  fine  particles 
with  a  pestle  or  other  heavy  instrument ;  to 
comminute,  to  pulverise. 

"  This  poor  people  being  deprived  of  sustenance  .  .  . 
hejran  to  pound  a  veuiuious  herb  like  unto  smallage, 
and  poysoned  themselves.''— {forth:  Plutarch,  p.  903. 

3.  To  inflict  heavily.    (Spenser:  F.  Q.,  IV. 
iv.  31.) 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  beat,  to  strike. 

2.  To  keep  moving  steadily  with  noise  ;  to 
plod. 

"  Pounding  along  a  dusty  high-road."— flatty  Tele- 
graph, Oct.  3,  1885. 

*  pound  (2),  v.t.  [POUND  (1),  «.]  To  wager. 
(Slang.) 

"I'll  pound  It  that  you  han't,"  —  Dtclstnt:  Oliver 
Twiit,  ch.  xxxlx. 

pound  (3),  'v.  t.    [POUND  (2),  «.] 

1.  To  shut  up  or  confine  in,  or  as  in,  a  pound  ; 
to  impound. 

"  Now,  Sir.  go  and  survey  my  fields ; 
If  you  find  any  cattle  in  the  corn. 
To  pound  with  them."  The  Pindar  of  Wakefield. 

2.  To  place  or  set  in  a  field,  from  which  one 
cannot  get  out,  owing  to  the  height  or  other 
difficulties  of  the  fences.     (Hunting  slang.) 

"Any  fence  which  would  he  likely  to  pound  or  to 
give  a  fall  to  his  rival."—  Daily  Teltyraph,  Oct.  27, 1886. 

•  3.  To  confine. 

"This  was  the  civil  and  natural  habit  of  that  prince  j 
and  more  might  he  said  if  I  were  not  niundtd  within 
an  epistle."— Kaliquia  Wottoniana,  p.  246. 

knlnd'-age  (1),  *p<Snd  -age  (age  as  Ig),  s. 
[POUND  (1),  *.] 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  A  deduction  from  a  pound  ; 
a  sum  paid  for  each  pound  ;  a  sum  or  r.itn  per 
pound ;  a  commission  paid  or  deducted  on 
each  pound. 

"  A  very  small  pounttige  on  the  Ions  compound 
Interest  nf  the  thirty  pieces  of  silver."— tur/te.  Qnthe 
French  Revolution. 

IL  Technically: 

*.!.  Eng. :     Payment    charged    or   assessed 


by  the  weight  of  a  commodity.  Generally 
used  it  combination  with  tonnage  (more  pro- 
perly, tumiage),  that  is,  an  impost  on  every 
tun  of  wine  imported  into  or  exported  from 
England,  the  poundage  being  a  duty  on  mer- 
chandise imported  or  exported.  The  tonnage 
was  ultimately  fixed  at  3s.,  the  poundage  at  & 
per  cent. 

"They  shall  or  mayshippe  for  those  parts  [merchan- 
dise] according  to  the  true  ratesof  the  <  us  tomes,  pom*- 
age,  or  subsidies. "— Hackluyt  :  royayet,  ii.  2M. 
2.  English  Laic  : 

*  (1)  An  allowance  made  to  the  sheriff  upon 
the  amount  levied  under  a  writ  of  capias  ad  sat- 
isfaciewlum.  It  was  abolished  by  the  statute 
5  &  6  Victoria,  c.  98. 

(2)  An  allowance  made  to  the  sheriff  upon 
the  amount  levied  under  a  writ  of  fieri  facias. 
If  the  amount  levied  is  £100  or  under,  the 
poundage  is  one  shilling  in  the  pound,  if 
above  £100,  sixpence  in  the  pound. 

pound  -age  (age  as  lg)  (2), «.  [POUND,  (2X  «.] 

1.  Confinement  in  a  pound. 

2.  The  charge  made  upon  owners  of  cattle 
impounded  for  straying. 

"pound'-age  (age  as  Ig),  v.t.  [POUND- 
AGE (1),  s.]  To  collect,  as  poundage ;  to  assess 
or  rate  by  poundage. 

"  What  passes  through  the  custom-house  of  certain 
publicans,  that  have  the  tunnaging  and  imundHfing  at 
all  free-spoken  truth."— Milton:  Areopagitica. 

pound  -al,  s.    [Eng.  pound  (1),  a. ;  -oi] 

Physics :  (See  extract). 

"The  British  unit  of  force  (that  force  which,  acting 
on  a  pound-mass  for  one  second,  produces  an  accelera- 
tion of  one  loot  ver  second)  is  one  poundal."—A. 
Daniel!  :  Prin.  of  Phyrici,  p.  1». 

pound  -er  (1),  *.  [Eng.  pound  (1),  s. ;  -er.]  A 
person  or  thing,  so  called  with  reference  to  a 
certain  number  of  pounds  in  value,  weight, 
capacity,  &c.  The  term  is  commonly  applied 
to  pieces  of  ordnance  in  combination  with  a 
number  to  denote  the  weight  of  the  shot 
they  carry  :  as,  a  64-pounder,  i.e.,  a  gun  carry- 
ing a  64  Ib.  shot.  The  term  ten-pounder  was 
formerly  applied  in  Enelish  politics,  to 
those  parliamentary  electors  In  cities  or 
boroughs  who  paid  £10  a  year  in  rent. 

"  A  Slbs.  black  bass  of  Greenwood  Luke  will  show 
more  sport  than  a  ten-/xmn<ter  found  under  a  tropical 
tun."— field,  D«c.  t.  1881. 

p^und'-er  (2),  ».    [Eng.  p<m-n<l  (l),  v. ;  -«r.) 

One  who  or  that  which  pounds  ;  specif.,  a 
pestle,  a  beater  iu  a  fulling-mill,  a  stamp  in  an 
ore-mill,  &c. 

pound' -er  (3),  «.  [Eng.  pound  (2),  T.  ;  -«r.J 
The  keeper  of  a  pound. 

*  pound  -er  (1),  s.    [Etym.  doubtful ;  prob. 
the  same  as  pounder  (1),  from  the  size  and 
weight.]    A  large  variety  of  pear ;  prob.  the 
same  as  POUND-PEAR  (q.v.). 

"  Unlike  are  bergamots  and  pmtnd'r  pexro." 

Drydm  :  Virgil ;  Oeoryic  it  127. 

pound  -Ing,  pr.  par.  &  *.    [POUND  (1),  v.] 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  -4s  subst. :  The  act  of  beating  to  powder; 
a  powdered  or  pounded  substance. 

"  Covered  with  the  poundinnt  of  these  rooka,'  •"> 
Blackie:  Layi  of  Highlatidt  t  Ittandi.  p.  xviii. 

* p6un'-drel,  s.    [A.S.]    Ahead. 

"  Glad  they  had  'scap'd  and  sav'd  their  pmtndrtlt," 
Cotton  :  U'urlu  (17M),  p.  14 

*  poun'  son,  •  pun  soun.  •  pun  sounc,  *. 
[O.  Fr.  poinson;  Fr.  poingon  =  a  punch.]    A 
bodkin,  a  dagger. 


*  poUn'-sdned,  a.    [Eng.  pmtnson;  -ed.]    Or- 
namented witli  d.igs  or  holes. 

••  Pnvnmnei    and   dagged    clothynge."  —  Chaucrrt 
Parian'*  Tale. 

pounx'-a,  «.    [A  local  Indian  name.] 
Min. :  The  same  as  BORAX  (q.v.). 

Pdu-parf  (t  silent),  *.  [From  Francois  Pou- 
part,  a  French  auatomist  (1661-1709),  who 
described  it.]  (See  compound.) 

Poupart's  ligament,  & 

Anal :  A  ligament  affording  insertion  to  the 
en-master  muscle  of  tlie  abdomen.  Its  lower 
fibres,  closely  aggregated,  constitute  a  broad 
band  from  the  anterior  superior  iliac  spine  to 
the  spine  of  the  pubis. 

*  ponpe,  v.i.    [From  the  sound.]    Tomnkeft 
noise  with  a  horn.    (Chaucer:  C.  T.,  17,039.) 


boil,  bo^ ;  pout,  Jo\vl ;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  shin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this :  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.    -Ing. 
-dan,  -tian  =  shan.   -tion,  -sipn  =  shun ;  -(ion,  -sion  -  »hft",    -clous,  -tious,  -eious  -  elms,   -hie,  -die*  ic  «•-  bel,  del. 


3712 

•  ponpe,  s.    [Fr.  poupte.]    A  puppet,  a  dolL 
(Palsgrave.) 

pdu'-pe-ton,  ».    [Fr.  potipee  =  *  dou.  a  pup- 
pet, from  Lat.  pupa  =  a  girl,  a  doll.] 
*  1.  A  pupj>et,  a  little  baby. 
2.  Hashed  meat 

•  poo  pics,  s.    fFr.  paupiettes.]    A  dish  made 
of  veal  steaks  and  slices  of  bucon. 

pour,   *  power,  v.t.  k  i.     [Prob.  of  Celtic 
origin  ;  cf.  Wei.  oirno  =  to  cast,  to  throw,  to 
rain  ;  burrw  gwlaw  —  to  cast  r.-rn,  to  rain  ;  Ir. 
yurraim  =  to  push,  to  jerk ;  GaeL  purr  =  to 
push,  to  drive.] 
A.  Transitive: 
L  Literally: 

1.  To  cause  to  flow,  as  a  liquid  or  robstnnce 
eon  si  sting  of  fine  or  minute  [articles,  into  or 
out  of  a  vessel :  as,  To  pour  water  out  of  a 
jug,  to  pour  out  sand,  Ac. 

2.  To  discharge  ;  to  drop,  as  rain. 

"Tim  day  wl'l  jvmrdnwn. 
If  I  conjecture  aught,  no  driatiat  shower." 

HMon  :  P.  L.,  vi.  Mi. 

H.  Figuratively: 

1.  To  send  out  or  emit  in  a  stream  or  constant 
flow ;  to  send  out  in  prc  ifusion  or  great  n  umbers. 

"  London  doth  nour  out  tier  citizen*." 

SbaJcap.  :  Henry  V..  v.    (Chorus.) 

2.  To  slied  ;  to  cause  to  be  shed. 

"The  Babylonian.  Assyrian,  Medean.  Persian  mnn- 
arcliie*  mint  hare  paurrd  out  seas  of  blmxl  in  their 
formation."—  fiurke  :  Vindi<-,,tion  of  Nat.  Society. 

3.  To  throw  or  cast  with  force. 


4.  To  produce  and  make  known  ;  to  publish. 

"  Our  poet*  and  orator*  imnrrd  forth  fieir  wonders 
upon  the  world."— Goldsmith  :  Tht  Bee.  No.  S. 

5.  To  give  vent  to,  as  under  the  influence  of 
•trong  feeling. 

"  Pour  out  your  heart*  befon  him."— Pialm  IziL  1 
B.  Intransitive : 

1.  Lit.  :  To  stream  ;  to  flow,  fall,  or  issue 
In  a  continuous  stream  or  current. 

"Tlin.nzh  the  pit  ring  and  pitiles*  rain."— Dattf 
nUfrapk,  Sept.  14.  1884. 

2.  Fig. :  To  rush  in  great  numbers  or  in  a 
constant  stream.    (Gay :  Trivia,  in.  87.) 

•  pour,  *.    [PocK,  v.]  A  heavy  fall  of  rain  ;  a 
downpour. 

"  He  rr.de  home  ten  mile*  In  a  pour  of  rain."—  Jfitt 
ferrier :  netting,  ch.  xx. 

•ponr-chace,  v.t.    [PURCHASE,  ».] 

•  pour    chas,    *  pour -chase,  «.     [PUB- 
CHASE,  S.] 

*  poure,  a.    [POOH.] 

*  poure,  v.i.    [PORK,  ».] 

pour'-er,  s.  [Eng.  pour,  Y.  ;  •«•.]  One  who 
or  that  which  pours. 

pour  -le,  *.    [POUR,  r.)    (Scotch.) 

1.  A  small  quantity  of  any  liquid. 

2.  A  vessel  for  holding  beer,  or  other  liquids 
with  a  snout  for  pouring ;  a  decanter,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  a  mug ;  a  ewer. 

*  pour-ish,  v.t.    [PovF.iu.se.] 
"  pour-lien.  «.    [PURLIEU.] 

pou  rou  -ma,  «.    [Caribbean  name.] 

Hot. :  A  gfnus  of  Artocarpaceie.  Tropical 
American  trees.  The  fruit  of  Pmtronma  bicolnr 
In  sub-acid,  and,  according  to  Martius,  is 
worth  cultivation,  though  mucilaginous. 

p6nr-par' -ler  (final  r  silent),  ».  fFr.]  Pre- 
liminary negotiations  between  ministers  of 
di.Ti-rent  states. 

"Cmifidential  pmirtxirTert  In  regard  to  the  Bui- 
jariiui  question."— Daily  Tettgrapk,  bei<t  48.  1885. 

pdur-par'-ty,  «.  [Fr.,  from  pour  =  for,  and 
parti  =  a  part,  a  party.] 

Law :  The  division  among  jiartners  of  lands 
which  were  formerly  held  in  common. 

pour-par'-ty,  t>  f.    [PonRpARrr, «.] 

Law :  To  divide  the  lands  which  fall  to  par- 
ceners. (WHarton.) 

•  pour'-polnt,  s.    [Fr.,  from  pour  =  for,  and 
poimlre  (Lat  pun/70)  =  to  prick. ] 

Old  Cost. :  The  close-fitting,  quilted  doublet 
Commonly  worn  by  soldiers  and  civilians  in 
the  fourteenth  and  fifteenth  centuries ;  a 


ponpe— powde* 

gamltcson.  It  continued  to  be  worn  as  late 
as  the  time  of  Charles  II.  Its  invention  is 
ascrilied  to  the  Crusaders,  l>y  whom  it  was 
adopted  aa  a  substitute  for  heavy  armour. 

*  pOUr-prSs'-ture,   *.      [O.  Fr.  pmtrprendre 
=  to  seize,  to 'surround;  pourprisure  =  an 
iiiclosure.] 

Law :  A  wrongful  inclosure  of,  or  encroach- 
ment on,  the  proi>erty  of  another. 

pour  -prite, ».  [Fr.  pourpr(e)  =  purple  ;  sutf. 
-ite.] 

Chem. :  A  dark-red  colouring  matter  con- 
tained in  the  sediment  of  old  wines.  It  is 
insoluble  in  water  and  in  ether,  soluble  in  150 
parts  of  alcohol  of  80  per  cent.,  less  soluble 
in  absolute  alcohol,  but  very  soluble  in  strong 
sulphuric  acid,  from  which  it  is  precipitated 
on  the  addition  of  water. 

*  pour-sui-vant,  ».    [PCRSUIVAJIT.I 

*  pour-trai-ture,  «.    [PORTRAITUEI.] 

*  pour-tray,  v.t.    [PORTRAY.] 

*  pour-vey-ance,  a,    [PURVEYANCE.] 

*  ponshe,  *.    [Fr.  poche.]  A  pimple,  a  pustule, 
a  push. 

*'  Some  tyrae  blacVe  pnuihn  or  boyle*  with  inflama- 
tion."—Elyot:  Cattcl  of  Belt  h,  bk.  lii.,  ch.  vii. 

pouss,  pouse,  poos,  ».  [A  corrupt  of  push 
(q.v.).]  Topusli.  (Scott:  Old  Mortality,  ch.xiv.) 

pouss,  pouse,  ».  [Pouss,  v.]  A  push.  (Scotch. 

*  ponsse,   s.     [A  corrupt,  of  PULSE  (2),  s.) 
Pulse,  pease. 

pousse-ca  fe', «  [Fr.]  A  stimulating  drink 
composed  of  lirandy  or  cordials,  or  a  mixture 
of  the  game,  generally  served  at  dinner  after 
the  coffee. 

pous-sette ,  «.  [Fr.l  A  figure,  or  part  of  a 
figure,  in  a  country  dance. 

pous  sette',  «.i.  [POUSSETTE,  «.]  To  swing 
round  in  couples,  as  in  a  country  dance. 

"  Dince,  Regan,  rt  nice,  with  Cordelia  and  Gonerll. 
Down  the  middle,  up  again,  pouttettt.  and  cross.'* 
J.  t  B.  Smith  :  Punch' i  Apotheosit. 

pous'-sie,  *.    [Pussy.]  A  cat,  a  hare.  (Scotch.) 

pous-te,  *  pons-tee,  ».  [O.  FT.  poeste,  from 
Lat.  poiest'i/em,  accns.  of  potestas  =  power.] 
Power,  might. 

pout  (1),  *.    [A  corrupt,  of  poult  (q.T.).] 

1.  A  young  fowl,  a  chicken ;  a  young  par- 
tridge or  moor-fowl. 

"Of  wild  bird*.  Cornwall  hath  qrmil.  wood-dove. 
heath-cock,  and  pout." — Carew:  Survey  of  Cornwall. 

2.  A  child.    (Scotch.) 

pout  (2),  piftrt,  *.    [Pour  (2),  t>.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  protrusion  of  the  lips  In 
sullenness;  a  fit  of  sullenness. 

"A  frown,  a  ttnut.  a  tear,  a  kin.* 

Lloyd  :  A  familiar  Epistle  to  J.  B.,  Etj. 

2.  Ichthy. :  [BiB,  s.,  2). 
pout-net,  *.    A  plout-net  (q.v.). 

pout  (1),  v.i.  [POUT  (1),  s.]  To  shoot  at  young 
grouse  or  partridges.  (Scotch.) 

"Something  that  will  keep  the  Captain  wf  u* 
unalst  a*  weel  a*  tje  iMUtiiig."— Scott :  Antiquary , 
ch.  xliiL 

polit  (2),  v  i.  &  t.  [Of  Celtic  origin  ;  cf.  Wei. 
pwdu  =  to  pout,  to  be  sullen  ;  Fr.  bonder  = 
to  pout ;  Wei.  poten  =  a  paunch  ;  poteiiu  =  to 
form  a  paunch.] 

A.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  thnist  ont  the  lips  \n  sullenness,  dis- 
pleasure, or  contempt ;  to  be  or  look  sullen. 

"Now  with  a  Hidden  punting  gloom 
She  aeem*  to  darken  all  the  room  " 

Swift :  A  .Vet*  Simile  for  tht  Lndit*. 

2.  To  shoot  or  stick  out ;  to  be  protruded 
or  prominent. 

"  111*  pouting  cheek*  pnft  up  ahove  hin  brow.* 

Bi>-  Ball :  Soli  ret.  T.  L 

B.  Tram. :  To  thrust  out,  to  protrude. 

"  He  cUpped  hi*  hand*  and  pouttd  out  hi*  tongue." 
—Dotty  Ttkyraph.  Sept.  M.  18M. 

po^t  -er  (1),  5.    [Eng.  pout  0),  w-1    One  who 

shoots  at  young  grouse  or  partridges.  (Scotcli.) 

pout  -er  (2),  «.    [E..g.  pout  (2),  v.  -«r.] 

1.  Ord.  Lung.:  One  who  pouts;  a  sullen 
person. 


2.  Ornith.  :  A  variety  of  pigeon,  so  called 
from  its  inflated  breast. 

"  Pmitert  look  well  .trailing 
along  the  eaves.'WJatff  Ttit- 
graph,  Nov.  17.  188o. 

p6u'  -thert  pou'-^hered, 
pou'-tiier-y,  &c.  [Pow- 

LiER,  &C.]      (Scotch.) 

pout'-in?,  pr.  par.,  o.,  A 

«.      [POUT  (2),  V.\ 

A.  &  'B.  As  pr.  par.  <t 

particip.    adj.  :   (See   the 
verb). 

C.  As  siiftrf.  :  A  pout;  a  POUTER. 

fit  of  sullenness. 

"After  a  little  complaining  and  pouting.  Mary  o* 
Modem  would  be  equally  •ubmiMive."—  Macaulay  : 
But.  Eng..  ch.  vi. 

pout'-ing-ly,  odr.    [Eng.  pouting;  -hi.]    la 
a  pouting  or  sullen  manner  ;  with  a  pout. 

pou  -zol'-zi-a,    *.     [Named  after  P.  M.  do 
Pouzolz,  a  botanist.] 

Dot.  :  A  genus  of  Urticaceae.  .Pwjokia 
riniinea  is  a  Himalayan  shrub  or  small  tree, 
the  bark  of  which  is'  made  into  ropes. 

•  poV-er-Ish,  v.t.      [IMPOVERISH.]    To  im- 

poverish, to  pauperize. 

"NoTMents'ow'r 
Pmeriiht  the  land."  tiytttiter  :  Edtn.  1M. 

p5v'-er-ty,  *  pov-er-te,  s.    [O.  Fr.  poreru, 

povrete  (Fr.  paurrete),  from  L.nt.  paiijiertritem, 
accus.  of  paiipertns  •=.  jwverty,  from  pauper 
(Fr.  panvre  ;  O.  Fr.  povre)  =  poor  ;  O.  bp. 
pobreiiiu.1;  Ital.  povertd.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  poor,  needy, 
or    indigent  ;    neediness,    indigence  ;    m-ed, 
want,  or  scarcity  of  means  of  sul>si>,U-uce; 
poor  or  needy  circumstances  or  position. 

"  But  men  eiidu'd  with  these  have  oft  atUiu'd 
In  lowest  uoeertu  to  hUehest  de^Hs." 

Milton:  P.  It.,  ii.  438. 

2.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  deficient  in 
all  or  any  of  those  qualities  or  properties 
which  make  any  thing  desirable  or  excellent: 

(1)  Poorness,  barrenness  ;  want  of  fertility: 
as,  the  poverty  of  a  s<  il. 

(2)  Absence  of  life,  spirit,  or  sentiment; 
barrenness  of  sentiment  ;  jejuneness. 

(3)  Want  or  meagreness  of  words  or  mode* 
of  expression  :  as,  poverty  of  language. 

poverty-struck,  poverty-stricken, 

a.  Reduced  to,  or  having  the  appearance  of,  a 
state  of  poverty. 

*  po^r,  inter}.    [See  def.]    An  exclamation  of 
contempt  ;  pooh. 

"  True  T  pour.  novr.'—ShaJtetp.  :  Coriolanut,  ii.  L 


(1),  *.     [A  corrupt,  of  poll  (q.v.).]    The 
head,  the  poll.    (Scote/i.) 

"  He  wagged  hie  gray  pow  in  a  mysterion*  manner.* 
—  Field.  Dec.  19,  1885. 


(2),  s.    [See  def.]    A  corruption  of  pool 
(q.v.).    (Scotch.) 


,  S.   [POLLAN.] 

*  po^-der  (1),  *.    [Prob.  a  variant  of  pother 
(q.v.).]    Violence,  tumult,  pother. 

po^r'-der  (2),   •  pou-der,   •  pou-dlr, 

•  pou  -  dre,   *  pol  -  dre,  •  poul  -  der, 

*  poul  dre,   *  pow-dir,  *  pow  dre,  *. 

[Fr.  j-ioudre  —  powder  ;  O.  Fr.  ponldre,  poldre, 
puldre,  for  pnlre,  from  Lat.  prulverrm,  accus. 
of  pt*lvis  =  dust  ;  allied  to  pollen  =  fine  meal  ; 
palra  =  chaff  ;  Ital.  polvere,  polve  ;  Sp.  polvo, 
polcora.f 

L  f!tn.  :  Any  dry  comminuted  substance  ;  any 
substance  consisting  of  tine  particles,  whether 
natural  or  artificial  ;  dust  ;  tine  particles. 

"The  calf  which  they  had  made,  he  burnt  in  the  ore, 
and  ground  It  t<>  pomier.  *—  Etodui  xxzii.  20i 
II.  Spei-ifiailly  : 
L  The  same  as  GUNPOWDER  (q.v.). 

"A*  when  a  spark 
Light*  on  a  heap  o(  uitruus  laiodT* 

Milt  ,ii  :  P.  L..  tT   111. 

2.  A  finely  scented  powder  of  flour  or  starch 
used  for  sprinkling  the  hair  of  the  head. 

3.  A  medicine  administered  in  the  form  of  • 
powder. 

U  Powder  and  shot:   The    cost,  effort,  or 
labour  m-cessary  to  obtain  a  result.    Generally 
usc.l  in  the  phrase  "  worth  powder  and  shot, 
i.e.,  worth  the  trouble  or  cost. 

powder-box,  «.     A  box  in  which  hair- 

powder  is  kept. 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father:  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine:  go.  pit, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,   so,  <a  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


powder— power 


3713 


powder-cart,  ».  A  cart  used  for  the 
cair:ago  i;f  powder  and  shot  tor  artillery. 

powder-chest,  «. 

Nautical :  A.  form  of  grenade  consisting  of 
»  box  charged  with  powder,  old  nails,  ic.,  Co 
be  hurled  at  hoarders. 

powder-down,  *. 

Ornith. :  The  English  rendering  of  Pitder- 
dunen  (or  Stuubduiieii),  a  term  introduced  by 
Nitzsch  (Ptfrylographie,  ch.  vii.)  to  denote  a 
•whit"  or  bluish  dust  given  oil'  by  powder- 
down  feathers.  He  considers  this  powder- 
down  to  be  the  dry  residue  of  the  fluid  from 
which  these  feathers  are  formed  ;  but  Dr. 
Sclater  (his  English  editor)  suggests  that  it 
"  may  be  produced  by  the  crumbling  of  the 
membrane  which  intervenes  between  the  fea- 
ther and  the  matrix,  and  which  is  dried  and 
thrown  otf  in  proportion  as  the  latter  becomes 
enlarged." 

Powder-down  feathers : 

Ornith. :  Feathers  depositing  powder-down 

(q  v.). 

"InCrypfwrw  tarieyatut  ttie  powler-dovn  fcathrrt 
are  intruded  iuooiu'  Mia  Literal  feathers  of  the  grrut 
•i.Ule  of  the  spinal  tract."— ffitack :  Pterylofraphv 
(ed.  Sclater).  i>.  38.  , 

Powder-dine  n,  patches,  Powder-dmon  tracts  : 
Ornith. :  Patches  or  tracts  on  the  skin  of 
certain  birds  covered  with  powder-down  fea- 
thers (q.v.).  Nitzsch  found  them  oti  birds 
belonging  to  the  Accipitres,  Passerinse,  Gal- 
lium, and  Grallse,  They  have  since  been 
found  on  Leptosoma,  a  Picarian  genus. 

"This  has  led  me  to  the  discovery  of  two  remarkable 
povder-dunm  pntchet."—Proc.  Zooi.  .Sue.,  1831,  p.  131. 

powder-flask,  .*.  A  pouch  or  metallic 
case  for  holding  gunpowder,  and  having  a 
cbarging-nozzle  at  the  end. 

powder-horn,  s.  A  horn  fitted  to  bold 
powder  and  used  as  a  powder-flask. 

powder-hose,  s. 

Blasting:  A  tube  of  strong  linen,  about  an 
Inch  in  diameter,  filled  with  powder,  and  used 
in  firing  military  mines. 

powder-magazine,  *.  A  building  or 
place  where  gunpowder  is  stored ;  usually  a 
bomb-  and  fire-proof  building  in  a  fort,  &c. 

powder-mill,  s.  Works  in  which  the 
materials  tbrgim|>owdcrare  prepared  and  com- 
pounded and  the  powder  grained  and  faced. 

powder-mine,  *.  A  mine  or  excavation 
in  which  gunpowder  is  placed  for  the  purpose 
of  blasting  rocks,  &c.  [.MINE,  s.,  II.] 

powder-mixer,  s.  A  pharmaceutical 
device  for  intimately  mixing  various  powders. 

powder-monkey,  a.  A  boy  formerly 
employed  on  board  ships  of  war  to  carry 
gunpowder  from  the  magazine  to  the  gun  ;  a 
•hip's  boy. 

"  Ellangowan  had  him  rlace<l  aa  cabin-boy,  or  piw- 
der-monkeu,  ou  board  aa  armed  sloop." — Ncott.*  GUM 
bannering,  ch  lii. 

powder-process,  s. 

Phot. :  A  photographic  printing  process, 
depending  upon  the  inability  of  certain  or- 
ganic bodies  toalisorb  moisture  after  ••xjKisure 
to  light  in  the  presence  of  an  alkaline  bi- 
chromate. Plates  are  coated  with  a  mixture 
of  either  dextrine  or  gum  arable,  with  sugar, 
glyi-erine,  bichromate  of  potassium  or  ammo- 
nium and  water,  and  exposed  under  a  positive 
while  quite  dry  and  warm.  They  are  de- 
veloped by  brushing  over  them  plumbago 
or  other  substance,  in  an  impalpable  powdi-r, 
which  only  adheres  to  those  parts  which  have 
absorbed  moisture  from  the  atmosphere. 

powder-puff,  s.  A  ball  of  light  feathers 
or  down  used  for  powdering  the  hair  or  skin. 

powder-room,  s. 

Want.:  The  apartment  in  a  ship  where 
powder  is  kept. 

»  pow*-der  (1),  v.i.    [POWDER  (1),  s.)    To  fall 
or  come  down  violently. 

"  Whilst  two  cnmpani  n  t  were  d  imputing  It  at  sword's 
point,  down  comes  a  kite  povderinj  npou  them,  and 
gobljets  up  both.'—  L'Ettrange:  fublet. 

po"w  -der  (2),   *  pol-dre,  *  poul-der, 
*pou-der,  r.  t.  6t  i.    IPOWDKB  (•<!),  *.) 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  reduce  to  a  powder :  to  pulverize  :  to 
comminute  ;  to  grind  or  pound  into  a  powder. 
"And.  were  not  hevenly  grace  that  did  him  hlesse, 
lie  I. ad  Iweu  pouldred  all.  as  thin  as  fluwre." 

:  P.  v..  I.  Tii.  11 


2.  To  sprinkle  with,  or  as  with,  powder :  as, 
To  powder  the  hair,  To  powder  the  face. 

3.  To  sprinkle  with  salt,  as  meat ;  to  corn. 

"  Flesh  and  fysbe  potwfrad  is  than  better  than  in 
somer."— Sir  T.  Klfat :  Cattle  o/  ffeUH,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  mv. 

*  4.  To  scatter,  to  strew,  to  sprinkle. 

"Some  thither  brought  to  fatten, 
With  Tillage*  auiuugst  oltfxxeUtereU  here  nud  there." 

Drai/t'-in  :  Poly-ulbt-m,  a,  Ii, 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  become  like  powder  or  dost ;  to  fall 
or  be  reduced  to  powder. 

2.  To  powder  the  hair;  to  use  powder  on 
the  hair  or  skin. 

poUr-dered,     pou  drid.  '  pow-dred, 
pa.  par.  &  a.     [PowoER  (2),  v.] 

A.  As  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective  : 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Reduced  to  a  powder. 

2.  Sprinkled  with  powder. 

3.  Corned  or  salted,  as  meat. 

1.  Mixed  with  salt :  as,  powdered  butter. 

*  5.   Sprinkled  over;   strewed.     (Milton: 
P.  L.,  vii.  fcS.) 

IL  Her. :  The  same  as  SEM£  (q.v.). 

"  A  grete  here  and  gryfon  holding  a  ragidd  staffe, 
paudrid,  full  of  raggid  staves  (lleury  VI.)."—  Walpole: 
Anecdote*  of  Painting,  vol.  i.,cn.  ii. 

powdered-quaker,  s. 
F.ntom. :  A  British  night  moth,  Tceniocampa 
gracilis. 

powdered-wainscot,  s. 

Entom, :  A  British  night  moth,  Simyra  vtnosa, 
pow'-der-lng.   *  poul  der  ing,  pr.  par. 

&  S.      [POWDER  (2),  V.] 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  substantive : 

L  The  act  of  reducing  to  or  sprinkling  with 
powder. 

2.  A  general  term  for  any  device  used  in 
filling  up  vacant  spaces  in  carved  work. 

"  Meretricious  paintings,  frulings.  poulderingi.  at- 
tyriiiKS  and  the  like."— Prynne  :  1  Hiitrio-ilattix,  ri.  L 

*  powdering  tub,  s. 

1.  A  tub  or  vessel  in  which  meat  is  corned 
or  salted. 

2.  A  heated  tnb  in  which  an  infected  lecher 
was  subjected  to  sweating  as  a  cure. 

"  From  the  p-ned~  ring -tub  of  Infamy 
Fetch  furtL  the  lazar  kite  Doll  Tearsheet" 

Shakes?.  :  //enr*  V..  It  L 

prfw'-der-y,  »  po"w'-dry,  a.    [Eng.  powder 
(2),  s.  ;  -y ;  Fr.  poudreux.] 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  Resembling  powder ;  consisting  of  powder, 
or  a  substance  like  powder. 

"  Her  feet  disperse  the  pmtdery  snow." 

tt'ordiwrik :  Lucy  Graf. 

2.  Sprinkled  or  covered  with  powder ;  full 
of  i>owder. 

3.  Friable,  loose,  not  compact. 

"  A  brown  powJry  spar  which  holds  iron  is  found 
amongst  the  iron  ore."—  Woodwttrd :  On  t'ouiU. 

II.  Bot.  :  Covered  with  a  fine  bloom  or 
powdery  matter ;  pulverulent;  as  the  leaves 
of  Primula  farinosa. 

pow'  dike,  s.    [Scotch  pmo  =  pool,  and  Eng. 
dike.]    A  marsh  or  fen  dike. 

"  To  cut  down  or  destroy  the  fmrdikr.  in  the  fens  of 
Norfolk."— Bloflatone:  CommtrU.,  bk.  iv.,  ch.  17. 

po'w'-er,  *po-er,  *pon-«r,  *pow-ere.  i. 

[O.  FT.  poer,  povir,  povoir  (Fr.  jtouvoir),  for 
poler,  from  Low  Lat.  poteo  =  to  be  able,  for 
Lat.  possum,  from  potis  =  able,  and  sum—  to 
be  ;  Ital.  potere;  Sp.  &  Port.  poder.\ 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Ability  to  act,  regarded  as  latent  or  in- 
herent ;  the  faculty  of  doing  or  performing 
something  ;  capability  of  action  or  of  produc- 
ing an  effect,    whether  physical  or  moral ; 
capacity  for  action  or  performance ;  might. 

"  I  hare  no  potfrr  to  speak,  sir." 

SHaJtap. :  ttmry  rill.,  ill.  i 

2.  Ability,  regarded  as  put  forth  or  exerted ; 
energy,  strength,  or  force  displayed  or  mani- 
fested by  results  :  as,  the  power  exerted  by  a 
steam-engine. 

3.  Natural    strength   or   might;    animal 
strength  or  force  :  as,  the  power  of  the  arm  to 
raise  a  weight. 

4.  Capacity  of  undergoing  or  suffering ;  fit- 
ness to  be  acted  upon  ;  susceptibility.    Called 
also  passive  power. 


5.  Mental  or  moral  ability  to  act ;  faculty 
of  the  mind  as  manifested  by  a  particulai 
operation. 

"  That  wise  one*  canuot  learn. 
With  all  their  boasted  power*.* 

Cotrptr :  Jot  in  Martyrdom. 

6.  Capability  ;  ability,  natural  or  moral :  aa, 
the  powers  of  the  English  language. 

7.  Influence,  prevalence;  capability  of  in- 
fluencing or  affecting. 

"  The  sweet  power  of  music." 

SA<U«p. :  Merchant  of  Venice,  T. 

8.  The  eraploymeut  or  exercise  of  strength, 
authority,  control,  or  influence  air.ong  men ; 
dominion,    authority,    sway ;    the    right    of 
governing,  ruling,  or  controlling ;  government. 

"  For  j  am  a  man  ordeyued  uiidir  power,  and  bar* 
knyghtis  uudir  uie.'—  H'yclift  :  Luke  viii. 

9.  Legal  authority  or  warrant :  as,  An  am- 
bassador invested  with  full  powers  to  nego- 
tiate a  treaty. 

10.  One  who   or  that  which  exercises  or 
possesses  authority  or  control ;  a  sovereign,  a 
potentate,  an  authority  ;  a  person  or  body  in- 
vested with  authority  or  control. 

11.  A  nation  or  country  considered  with  re- 
gard to  its  strength  of  armament,  extent  of 
territory,  influence,  &c. 

"  France  was  now,  beyond  all  donbt.  the  greatest 
power  ill  Europe."— .Vacaulay:  Hist.  Eng..  ch.  ii. 

12.  A  supernatural  or  superhuman  a^cnt  or 
being  supposed  to  have  authority,  control,  or 
sway  over  some  part  of  creation  ;  a  divinity,  a 
spirit :  as,  the  powers  of  darkness. 

*  13.  A  naval  or  military  force ;  an  army,  a 
host. 

"  The  erle  Jon  of  Surrey  com  with  grete  jxxetre.* 

Kobert  tie  Urunne,  p.  SOL 

14.  A  great  number  or  quantity.    (Colloq.) 
"  I  am  providing  a  power  of  pretty  things  fur  her."-* 
Jtichardton  :  Pamela.  II.  S89. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Arith.  &  Alg. :  The  product  arising  from 
the  multiplication  of  a  quantity  or  number 
into  itself.    The  first  power  of  any  quantity 
or  number  is  the  quantity  or  numher  itself ; 
the  second  power  is  the  square  or  product  of 
the  quantity  or  number  multiplied  by  itself; 
the  third  j>ower  is  the  cube  or  product  of  the 
square  of  the  quantity  or  number  multiplied 
by  the  original  quantity  or  number;  this  again 
multiplied  by  the  original  quantity  or  number 
is  the  fourth  power.     Thus  the  j>owers  of  a, 
are  a  (or  a1),  a*,  a1,  a4,  that  is  o  x  1,  a  x  o 
(a*),  o»  x  o  (a3),  &c.     The  ligures  *,  *.  *,  &c., 
denoting  the  powers  of   the  quantities,  are 
called  exponents  or  indices.  Powers  which  have 
fractional  and  negative  indices,  as  a-  I,  a  - ', 
o-*,  Ac.,  are  termed  fractional  and  negative 
powers  resj>ectively. 

2.  Mechanics: 

(1)  That  which  produces  motion  or  force ; 
that  which  communicates  motion  to  bodies, 
changes  the  motion  of  bodies,  or  prevents  the 
motion  of  bodies  ;   a  mechanical    agent   or 
power.    [MECHANICAL-POWERS.] 

(2)  The  moving  force  applied  to  overcome 
some  force  or  resistance,  to  raise  a  weight,  or 
produce  otherrequired  effect;  air,  water,  steam, 
and  animal  strength  are  employed  as  powers. 

(3)  The    mechanical    effect    or   advantage 
produced    by   a    machine.       Thus    in    the 
lever  the  mechanical  advantage  is  the  ratio 
of  the  weight  to  the  moving  force  when  in 
equilibrium  ;  thus  if  a  power  of  21bs.   sus- 
tains a  weight  of  SOIbs.,  the  mechanical  ad- 
vantage is  SO  divided  by  2  =  15. 

(4)  Force  pr  effect,  considered  as  resulting 
fn>m  the  action  of  a  machine. 

3.  Law: 

(1)  A  term  employed  to  denote  a  reservation 
to  either  party  in  a  covenant  enabling  him  to  do 
certain  acts  regarding  the  property  conveyed. 

(2)  An   authority  given   by  one  party  to 
another  to  act  for  him,  or  to  do  certain  ucts, 
as  to  make  leases,  &c. 

4.  Optics:  The  magnifying  or  diminishing 
capacity  of  any  lens  or  set  of  lenses.     By 
ellipsis  the  word  is  used  for  the  lens  itself. 

U  (1)  Balance  of  Power :  (BALANCE,  ».,  B.  VIL). 

(2)  Commensurable  in  power: 

Math. :  Two  quantities  that  are  not  com- 
mensurable, but  which  have  any  like  powers 
commensurable,  are  said  to  be  commensurable 
iii  power. 

(2)  Power  of  an  hyperbola  :  The  rhombus 
described  upon  the  abscissa  and  ordinal.:  of 
the  vertex  of  the  curve  when  referred  to  it* 
asymptotes. 


boil,  boy ;  p£ut,  jowl ;  oat,  fell,  chorus,  chin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   ph  =  t 
-Clan,  -tian  -  shan.    -tion.  -  sion  =  shun ;  -{ion,  -gion  =  xnfln.    -clous,  -tious,  -clous  =  shus.    -tile.  -die.  <kc-  =  be),  del. 


8/14 


powerable— practice 


(«t)  Power  of  attorney:  [ATTORJJET]. 

(5)  Power  of  sale  : 

Scots  Law:  A  clause  inserted  in  heritable 
securities  for  debt,  conferring  on  the  creditor 
a  power  to  sell  the  heritable  subject  in  the 
event  of  the  debt  not  being  paid  within  a  cer- 
tain time,  after  a  formal  demand  for  payment. 

(6)  The  Great  Powers  (of  Europe):  A  diplo- 
matic term  fur  Great  Britain,  France,  Austria, 
Germany,  Russia,  and  Italy. 

power-cod,  -•. 

IcHthy.  :  Gadus  minutiu,  common  on  the 
British  coasts. 

power-hammer,  t.    [HAMMER,  «.,  II.  2.] 

power-house,  «.  A  building  in  which 
motive  power  is  generated  and  fruH  which  it 
if  transmitted  tiirougb  cable*,  wires,  or  other 
mean.. 

power-loom,  «.    [LOOM  (i),  *.,  1) 

power-press,  «.  A  printing-press  worked 
by  steam,  water,  or  other  power. 

•  pow'-er-a-ble,  o.    [Eng.  power;  -«We.J 
1.  Powerful  ;  endued  with  power. 


2.  Capable  ol  being  effected  by  power  ;  pos- 
•ible. 

pow'-er-ftll,  *  powre-full,  a.     [Eng. 
power;  -full.] 

1.  Having  great  power,  might,  authority,  or 
dominion  ;  mighty,  strong,  potent. 


2.  Having  great  power  or  influence  ;  forcible, 
efficacious,  intense  ;  producing  great  effect*. 

3.  Wonderfully  or  extraordinarily  great  or 
numerous.    (Vulgar.) 

5  In  tliis  sense  often  used  adverbially  :  as, 
He  is  powerful  strong. 

POw'-er-ful-ljf,  adv.     [Eng.  powerful  ;  -ly.} 

1.  In  a  powerful  manner  ;  with  great  power, 
might,  force,  or  energy  ;  mightily  ;  with  great 
effect  or  influence  ;  forcibly,  strongly. 

"  Of  all  the  vices  Incident  to  human  nature  none  to 
fmttrfully  and  p»culi»rly  c»Tie»  the  «oul  downwards 
•leovetoooMMdoei."—  SoutK:  Strmont.  vol.  lit.  ser.  2. 

2.  In  a  wonderful  or  extraordinary  manner 
or  degree.    (Vulgar.) 

Po"V-er-ful-n6ss,  ».  [Eng.  powerful  ;  -nest.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  powerful  ;  might, 
force,  power,  efficacy,  strength. 

pow'-er-le'ss,  *  ppwre-lesse,  a.  [Eng. 
power  ;  -lets.]  Destitute  of  power,  strength, 
or  energy  ;  weak,  impotent  ;  unable  to  pro- 
duce any  effect. 

p6~W  -er-le*S-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  powerless  ;  -ly.] 
In  a  powerless  manner;  without  power  or 
force;  weakly,  impotently. 

pow  -er-lgss-ngss,  *.  [Eng.  powerless; 
-nest.  ]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  powerless  ; 
weakness,  impotence. 

•  powl-dron,  i.    [PAULDRON.] 
pow-ney.  pow-ny,  «.    [PONY.]   (Scotch.) 

pow'-sow-dle,  s.  [A  corrupt,  of  Eng.  poll 
and  todden  (q.v.)].  A  sheep's  head  broth  ; 
milk  and  meal  boiled  together  ;  any  mixture 
Of  food.  (Scotch.) 

"  Hovering  there  making  tome  powumdU  for  my 
MM.—  mm:  Antiquary,  ch.  XXIV. 

•powt'-er,  ».    [Forma.] 

pow'-tir,  pol-ter,  pock  er,  *.<.  [Ap- 
parently a  corrupt,  of  potter,  v.  (q.v.).]  To 
grope  about,  as  among  the  ashes  ;  to  rummage 
In  the  dark. 

"  Patfifriny  wl"  hU  finger*  among  the  hot  peat 
aihei.  and  routing  efgt.'—  Scott  WtatrUj.  ch.  Ixiv. 

poV-wow,  paw-waw,  «.  [North  Amer. 
Indian.] 

1.  Among  the  North  American  Indians,  a 
priest,  a  conjuror,  a  wise  man. 

•Let  them 
mpow- 

S.  Conjuration  or  magic  rites  for  the  relief 
or  cure  of  diseases,  or  other  purposes. 

8.  A  council  held  before  going  on  the  war- 
path ;  a  war  expedition  ;  a  hunt,  war  dances. 

4.  An    uproarious    meeting    for    political 
purposes.   (Slang.) 


come.  If  they  like,  be  It  Mgamore,  nrhem, 
-ume.         Longfellow:  ifUet  StandM,  i. 


pow'-wow,  v.i.    [Powwow,  «.] 

1.  To  use  conjuration  or  magic  rites  ;  to 
conjure,  to  divine. 

"The  Angelcokof  I 
poitwowt  in  licluiM*  i 
fxplorationi.  Ii.  118. 

2.  To  carry  on  a  noisy  frolic  or  gathering. 
(Amer.) 

P&E,  «.     [Written  for  pocks,  pL  of  pock  (q.v.).] 

Ord.  Lang.  <t  Pathol. :  Pustules  or  eruptions 

of  any  kind.    Chiefly,  if  not  exclusively,  ap- 

'  plied  to  the  small-pox,  the  chicken-pox,  aud 

syphilis,  formerly  called    the   great-pox,  to 

distinguish  it  from  the  small-pox  (q.v.). 

V  Pox  was  formerly  frequently  used  as  a 
mild  imprecation. 

"  A  pax  on't !  I  had  rather  not  be  to  noble  as  I  am." 
— M«*«j».  :  Cym'jtline,  it  L 

*  p&C,  v.t.    [Pox,  i.}    To  infect  with  the  pox. 

poy,  *.  [O.  Fr.  apoi  (Fr.  oppni)  =  a  prop,  a 
support,  pui.  poi  =  a  rising  ground,  from  Iji*. 
podium  =  a  height ;  Or.  iro&iov  (podion)  =  a 
little  foot,  ditnin.  of  n-ovc  (i>ous),  genit.  no&ot 
(podos)  =  a  foot ;  Sp.  appoyo.] 

1.  A  prop  or  support. 

2.  A  rope-dancer's  pole  used  for  balancing. 

3.  A  steering  pole  for  a  boat ;  a  pole  for 
propelling  a  barge. 

p6y-al,5.    [Sp.) 

Fabric :  A  striped  stuff  for  covering  benches 
and  seats. 

* poy-ma-do,  s.    [Fr.  pnignard.}    A  poniard. 

*  p<5ynd  -Ing,  pr.  par.    [POIHDINO.] 

•poy-nette,  s.  [A  kind  of  dimin.  ftompoy- 
nado.]  A  little  bodkin. 

Poyn  -Ings,  s.    [See  compound.] 
Poynings*  law,  «. 

Hist. :  A  law,  10  Hen.  VII.,  c.  22,  passed  in 
A.D.  1495,  while  Sir  Edward  Poynings  was  Lord- 
Deputy  of  Ireland.  By  its  enactments,  all 
general  statutes  previously  passed  in  England 
were  for  the  first  time  declared  to  have  force 
in  Ireland.  Called  also,  from  the  place  where 
it  was  made,  the  Statute  of  Drogheda.  It 
was  repealed  in  1782. 

*  po^n'-tell,  ».     [PoiNTEL.]     Paving  formed 
of  small  lozenges  or  squares  laid  diagonally. 

poy-du',  i.    [Native  name.] 

Zool. :  Dasypus  sexcinctus,  the  Yellow-footed 
Armadillo,  from  Brazil.  It  is  about  sixteen 
inches  from  snout  to  root  of  tail,  which 
measures  seven  or  eight  inches  more.  It  has 
often  six,  but  sometimes  seven  or  eight,  mov- 
able bands.  It  feeds  principally  on  carrion. 

*  poze,  s.  ft  v.    [Pose,  s.  &  v.] 

pozz  u  6  Ian,  po'zz'-u-o  lite  (zzastz),  s. 
[From  Pozzuoli,  Naples,  where  found ;  Fr. 
pouzzolane ;  Get.  puzzulan.] 

Petrol. :  A  pulverulent  pumiceous  tuff,  much 
used  in  the  preparation  of  hydraulic  cements. 
Related  to  Posilippo  Tuff  (q.v.). 

praam,  s.    [Dutch.} 

1.  A  flat-bottomed  lighter  or  barge,  used  in 
Holland  and  the  Baltic. 

2.  (See  extract.) 

"  Large  Teueli  called  praam*  .  .  .  One  mounted 
ten  gun*,  and  the  other  eight"— Harryat :  Peter 
Simple,  eh.  Iviii. 

*  prac' -tic.   *  prac  tick,   *  prao-tloke, 

•  prak    tike,    *  prac  -  tique,  a.  ft  «. 
[PRACTICB,  ».] 

A.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Practical. 

2.  Artful,  cunning,  deceitful,  treacherous. 

"  In  cunning  tleightee  and  practick  knavery." 

Spenter :  f.  «.,  II.  lit  9. 

3.  Skilful.    (Spenser:  F.  Q.,  IV.  iii.  7.) 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  Practice,  experience,    (flower :  C.  A.,  vii.) 

2.  Cunning,  artfulness,  deceit. 

prac  tlo-a-blT-l'-ty,  «.  [Eng.  practicable; 
•ity.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  practicable 
or  feasible  ;  feasibility. 

"  Decliive  againat  the  practicability  of  inch  a  pro- 
ject.- -Stewart :  Moral  Philotophy.  p.  71. 

2.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  practicable 
or  passable.    (Field :  Dec.  19,  1885  ) 


prac  -tlc-a-ble,  a.  [O.  Fr.  (Fr.  profitable), 
from  practiquer  =  to  practise  (q.v.)  ;  Sp. 
practicable  ;  Ital.  praticabUe.} 

1.  Capable  of  being  performed  or  effected 
by  human  means  or  agency,  or  by  powers  that 
can  be  applied  ;  performable  ;  possible  to  lie 
done  or  effected  ;  feasible  :  as,  a  practicable 
plan. 

*  2.  Capable  of  being  practised  :  as,  a  prac- 
ticable virtue. 

3.  Capable  of  being  used,  passed  over,  ap- 
proached, or  assailed  ;   passable,  assailable  : 
as,  a  practicable  breach. 

4.  Capable  of  being  used  ;  for  use,  not  for 
show  or  ornament  only.    (Theat.  slang.) 

"  A  practicable  moon  with  practicable  cloudi  that 
occasionally  bide  its  face."—  He/tree,  Jan.  31,  1846. 

prac-tic  a  ble  ness,  s.  [Eng.  practicable  ; 
•ness.)  The  quality  or  state  of  being  practic- 
able; practicability,  feasibility. 

"To  ihow  tbe  consistency  and  practicablenru  ol 
this  method."—  Locke  :  Toleration,  let.  111.  ch.  IIL 

prac  -tlc-a-bly,  adv.  [Eng.  practicable); 
-ly.]  In  a"  practicable  manner  ;  practically  ; 
in  such  a  manner  as  can  be  performed. 

prac'-tlc-al,  a.  [Mid.  Eng.  practic  =  practice, 
practical  ;  "adj.  stiff,  -al;  O.  Fr.  practiqut  (Fr. 
praiiqw,  Port.  &  Ital.  pratico  ;  Sp.  practico.] 
[PRACTICE.]  Pertaining  to,  or  derived  from, 
practice,  use,  or  employment.  Opposed  to 
theoretical,  ideal,  or  speculative. 

(1)  Derived  from  practice,  use,  or  experience. 

"  Hit  philosophy,  which  he  divided  Into  two  pnrU, 
namely,  (peculative  and  practical."—  Ifortk  :  Plutarck, 
pt.  ii.,  p.  18. 

(2)  Capable  of  being  used,  or  turned  to  use 
or  account. 

"Elements  of  the  highest  practical  utility."— 
Stewart  :  Philot.  Suaut,  ch.  ii.  (FreL  due.) 

(3)  Taught  or  instructed  by  practice,  use,  or 
experience  ;  having  derived  skill  from  actual 
work   or   experience  ;    capable   of  applying 
theory  in  actual  work:  as,  He  is  a  practical 
mechanic. 

(4)  Capable  of  reducing  knowledge  or  theo- 
ries to  actual  use  or  practice  ;  not  visionary 
or  speculative  :  as,  a.  practical  mind. 

(5)  Applied  in,  or  reduced  to,  practice  or 
actual  working  :  as,  the  practical  application 
of  a  theory  or  maxim.    [APPLIED  SCIENCES.] 

practical-joke,  s.  An  annoying  or  in- 
jurious  trick  played  at  the  expense  of  another; 
its  essence  consists  in  something  done,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  something  said. 

practical-joker,  s.    One  who  is  given 

to  or  plays  practical  jokes. 

t  prac-tlc-al-ist,  *.  [Eng.  practical  ;  -ist.] 
An  empiricist. 

"Tbe  theorist*,  in  their  turn,  have  incceMfully  re- 
taliated on  the  practicalult."—U.  B.  Lew:  UM. 
Philot.  (ed.  1881),  ii.  711. 


l'-i-t^,  s.    [Eng.  practical  ;  -ity.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  practical  ; 
practicalness. 

2.  Active  work. 

"  Stirring  up  her  indolent  enthusiasm  into  practie- 
<Mtji."—Carl)/le  :  Life  of  Sterling,  ch.  z. 

*  prac'-tlc-al-ize,  v.t.     [Eng.  practical  ;  -ize.] 
To  make  practical  ;  to  reduce  to  practice.    (J. 
S.  Mill.) 

pr&C'-tfo-al-ly,  adv.    [Bug.  practical  ;  -ly.} 

1.  In  a  practical  manner  ;  from  a  practical 
point  of  view,  not  merely  theoretically  :  as,  To 
look  at  things  practically. 

2.  With  regard  to  practice,  use,  or  experi- 
ence :  as,  To  be  practically  acquainted  with  • 
subject. 

3.  So  far  as  actual  results  or  effects  are  con- 
cerned ;  to  all  intents  and  purposes  ;  in  effect. 

"  The  question,  practically  altogether  unimportant; 
whether  tbe  bill  should  or  should  not  be  declaratory. 
—MacaiUa.y  :  Bitt.  Eng..  ch.  xv. 

*  prac  -tic-  al-  ness,  s.      [Eng.    practical; 
-ness.  ]    The  q  uali  ty  or  state  of  being  practical  ; 
practicality. 

prac  -tl9e,  *  prac'-tlse,  ».  (A  weakened 
form  of  Mid.  Eng.  practic,  praktike,  practit/tu, 
from  O.  Fr.  practiqut  (Fr.  pratique),  from  I>at. 
practica,  fern.  sing,  of  practicus  ;  Gr.  irpaxrucoc 
(praktikos)  =  Mfnr  business,  practical;  whence 
r|  irpoxTiicij  (eTrio-njfiJj)  (he  pral.tike)  (tpisteme) 
=  (the  science)  of  action  or  practice,  from 
npaxT6<;(priiktns)  =  to  be  done  ;  n-pao-o-oi  (  prassi) 
=  to  do  ;  Sp.  practica  ;  Ital.  pratica.] 


lite,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pSt, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  sou;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  fall;  try,  Syrian.   a>,  oa  =  o;  cy  -  a;  qu  =  kw. 


practice— preesepo 


3715 


L  Ordinary  Language : 
L  The  act  of  doing  anything ;  action,  con- 
dnct,  proceeding.    (Usually  in  a  bad  sense.) 

"The  anarchical  opinions  and  practices   of   thoM 
Notaries."— Macaulay  :  But.  Eng..  ch.  zvt 

2.  Frequent  or  customary  action ;  usage, 
habit,  use,  custom.   (Milton:  Sam.  Agon.,  114.) 

3.  The  act  or  habit  of  practising  or  using 
habitually,  regularly,  systematically  :  as,  the 
practice  of  virtue. 

4.  The  state  or  condition  of  being  kept  in 
use  or  practice  ;  customary  use. 

5.  The  exercise  of  any  profession :  as,  the 
practice  of  medicine. 

6.  Systematic  exercise  in  any  accomplish- 
ment, game,  or  art,  for  purposes  of  instruction, 
improvement,  or  discipline:  as,  practice  in 
music,  cricket,  drill,  &c. 

7.  The  extent  of  business  carried  on  by  a  pro- 
fessional man :  as,  A  doctor  has  a  large  pract  ice. 

8.  Method,  mode,  or  art  of  doing  anything ; 
actual  performance,  as  opposed  to  theory. 

*  9.  The  application  of  remedies ;  medical 
treatment  of  diseases. 

*  10.  Dexterity  or  skill  acquired  by  use  ;  ex- 
perience.   (Shakesp. :  Much  Ado,  v.  1.) 

*  11.  Skilful  or  artful  management;  dex- 
terity, art,  artfulness,  stratagem,  craft,  arti- 
fice.   (Generally  in  a  bad  sense.) 

"  He  sought  to  have  that  by  practice,  which  he  could 
not  by  prayer." — Sidney  :  Arcadia. 
H.  Technically: 

1.  Arith. :  A  particular  case  of  proportion 

Sj.v.),  in  which  the  first  term  is  unity.  It 
epends  upon  the  principles  of  fractions,  and 
the  .judicious  choice  of  aliquot  parts.  For 
example,  to  find  the  value  of  350  cwts.  at 
£1  lls.  per  cwt.  by  practice,  we  take  350  at 
£1,  then  350  at  10s.  =  i  of  £1,  and  then  300 
at  Is.  =  &  of  £1,  or  &  of  10s.,  and  then  add 
the  three  sums  together. 

2.  Law:  The  form,  manner,  and  order  of 
conducting  and  carrying  on  suits  and  prosecu- 
tions through  their  various  stiges,  according 
to  the  principles  of  law,  and  the  rules  laid 
down  by  the  courts. 

•  pr&c'-tfye,  v.t.  &  i.    [PRACTISE.] 

•  prac'-tfy-er, «.    [PRACTISER.] 

•  prac-ti'-clan,  «.    [O.  Fr.  prartMen.']   One 
who  has  acquired  skill  in  anything  by  practice ; 
a  practitioner. 

•  prao-ticke,  a.  &  «.    [PRACTIC.] 

•  prac' -ticks,  ».     [PRACTIC.]    The  same  as 
DECISION,  «.,  B.  2. 

•  prac'-tfe-ant,  *.    [Eng.  practice) ;  -ant.] 

1.  An  agent. 

2.  A  performer  of  a  stratagem ;  a  confeder- 
ate in  treachery  ;  a  traitor. 

"  Here enter'd  Pncelle.  and  her practUanti* 

Shalutp. :  1  Umry  VI.,  111.  f. 

prao  tlse,  *  prac  -tlce,  *  prae-tize,  t>.fc 
&  i,    [PRACTICE.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  do  or  perform  habitually  or  frequently ; 
to  make  a  practice  of ;  to  carry  on  habitually. 

"  What  that  usage  meant. 
Which  in  her  oott  the  daily  praettwd.* 

Spenser:  F.  Q.,  II.  TL  * 

2.  To  do,  not  merely  to  profess  ;  to  carry 
Into  effect.  (Thomson :  CastUof Indolence,  ii.  12.) 

3.  To  execute  ;  to  carry  out ;  to  perform. 

"  At  thu  advice  ye  practlte  or  neglect." 

Pope:  Hamtr;  Iliad  vll.  42«. 

4.  To  exercise  as  a  profession  or  art  :  as,  To 
practise  medicine. 

5.  To  exercise  one's  self  In,  for  purposes  of 
Improvement  or  instruction :  as,  To  practise 
music,  to  practise  fencing. 

6.  To  exercise  or  train  in  any  thing,  for  in- 
struction or  discipline.  (Scott:  Marmion,  v.  2). 

*  7.  To  teach  by  practice ;  to  accustom,  to 
train. 

"They   are  practised  to  love   their  neighbour.*— 
tandor.  In  Webster. 

*  8.  To  use :  to  make  use  of ;  to  employ. 
{ifassinger :  The  Picture,  iv.  4.) 

*  9.    To   plot,    to    contrive,    to    scheme. 
QShakesp.  :  King  John,  iv.  1.) 

*  10.  To  entice  or  draw  by  art  or  stratagem. 


•  11.  To  make  practicable  or  passable. 

"  A  hole  in  the  Residency  wall  practised  by  the  pick- 
tie  of  a  sappi-r.-- Daily  Telegraph.  Jan.  80,  1M6. 


E.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  do  or  perform  certain  acts  habitually 
or  frequently  for  improvement,  instruction,  or 
profit ;  to  exercise  one's  self :  as,  To  practise 
with  a  rifle. 

2.  To  form  or  acquire  a  habit  of  acting  in 
any  way. 

"  Practise  first  over  yourself  to  reign."        Waller. 

3.  To  follow  or  exercise  a  profession  or  art : 
as,  To  practise  medicine,  law,  ic. 

4.  To  make  experiments ;  to  experimentalize. 

"  I  never  thought  I  should  try  a  new  experiment, 
beln?ht tie  inclined  to  »ra«i«upou others."—  Temple  : 
Miscellanies. 

•5.  To  negotiate  secretly.  (Addison:  Cato,ii.) 

*  6.  To  use  stratagems  or  art  ;  to  plot 

"  Ha  will  practise  against  thee  by  poison." 

Xhakesp.  :  At  Tau  Like  It,  LI. 

prac'-tised,  pa.  par.  &  o.    [PRACTISE.] 

A.  As  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B,  As  adjective : 

1.  Used  habitually ;  learnt  or  acquired  by 
practice  or  use.    (Cowper:  Task,  ii.  431.) 

2.  Having  acquired  skill  or  dexterity  by  prac- 
tice or  use ;  experienced :  as,  a  practised  fencer. 

prac-tis  er.  »  prac'-tlc-er,  *  prac-tts- 
our,  *  prac-tys-er,  *.  [Eng.  practice) ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  practises  any  act  or  acts;  one  who 
habitually  or  frequently  performs  any  act ;  one 
•who  not  merely  professes  but  puts  in  practice. 

"  The  professors  and  practueri  of  an  higher  philo- 
aophy."— South  :  Sermons.  vol  iv.,  ser.  IL 

2.  One  who  practises  or  follows  a  profession ; 
a  practitioner. 

"  Sweet  practittr,  thy  phyalck  I  will  try." 

Shakes  p.  :  Altt  Well  that  Ends  Well.  11.  1. 

*  3.  One  who  contrives  plots  or  stratagems ; 
a  plotter. 

prac-ti'-tion-er,  t.    [Eng.  practician  ;  -er.] 

*  1.  One  who  practises  or  does  anything 
habitually  or  frequently  ;  a  practiser. 

"  Consider  how  long  he  hath  bin  a  practitioner :  yon 
must  consider  what  Bathan  is,  what  experience  he 
hath."— Latimer  :  Seventh  Str.  on  the  Lords  Prayer. 

2.  One  who  exercises  or  practises  any  pro- 
fession; espec.  one  who  practises  the  pro- 
fession of  medicine. 

*  3.  One  who  practises  or  uses  artful  or 
dangerous  arts  ;  a  plotter. 

^[  General  practitioner:  One  who  practises 
both  medicine  and  surgery. 

•  prac'-tive,  a.    [PRACTISE.]    Active. 

•prac'-tlve-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  practive;  -ly.] 
In  a  practive  manner. 

"  They  practivelv  did  thrive." 
Warner  :  Albions  England,  bk.  vUL,  ch.  xxxix. 

prse-,  pref.    [PRE-.] 

IT  For  words  compounded  with  prce,  where 
two  forms  exist,  and  the  prefix  pre-  has  taken, 
or  is  gradually  taking,  the  place  of  prce,  as  in 
pneadamitical,  precatory,  &c.,  see  PREADA- 
MITICAL,  PRECEPTORY,  &c. 

prse'-cl-p5,  ».  [Lat  iraper.  sing,  of  prcecipio 
=  to  give  instruction  or  precepts.]  [PRECKPT.] 
Law :  A  writ  commanding  something  to  be 
done,  or  demanding  a  reason  for  its  non- 
performance.  The  term  is  now  only  used  to 
denote  the  note  of  instructions  delivered  by  a 
plaintiff  or  his  solicitor  to  the  officer  of  the 
court,  who  stamps  the  writ  of  summons. 

tprje-co'-cea,  *.  pi  [Lat,  pi.  of  praxox.] 
[PRBCOCIOUS.J 

Ornith. :  Precocious  Birds  ;  a  division  of  the 
class  Aves,  founded  on  the  condition  of  the 
newly-hatched  young.  It  includes  those 
binls  which  are  able  to  run  about  and  provide 
food  for  themselves  the  moment  they  leave 
the  shell.  Examples,  the  hen,  duck,  gooso,  Ac, 
Most  birds  belonging  to  this  division  are 
polygamous,  and  the  females  hatch  many 
young.  (Oken.) 

prre  cog  ni  turn  (pi  prse  cSg  -ni  ta),  i. 
[Lat,  neut  sing,  of  prcecognitia,  pa.  par.  of 
prcecognosco  =  to  know  before  :  prce  =  liefore, 
and  cognosco  =  to  know.]  Something  known 
before  in  order  to  understand  something  else. 
Thus,  the  knowledge  of  the  structure  or 
anatomy  of  the  human  body  is  one  of  the 
proscognita  of  medical  science. 


».  pi.  [Lat.  =  the  diaphragm, 
the  entrails  :  pref.  prce-,  and  cor=  the  heart.] 
Anat. :  (1)  The  chrst  and  the  parts  which 
it  contains  ;  (2)  The  bowels. 


prse-cor-dl-al,    prse-cor-di-a.il,    «. 

[PR.KCORDIA.]    Pertaining  to  the  prascordia  or 
parts  before  the  heart. 

"  I  am  come  to  speake  of  the  praeordiall  region  aL 
the  bodie."—  P.  BoUand:  Plinie.  bk.  xxx..  ch.  v. 

prse  flor-a  -tion,  s.  [Pref.  prce-,  and  Lat.  fat. 
genit.  floris  =  a  flower.]  [ESTIVATION.] 

prae-fo-ll-a'-tion.  ».  [Pref.  prce-,  and  Eng. 
foliation  (q.v.).]  [VERNATION.] 

*pr»-li-a'-tion,  s.  [Lat  pro:Hwm=a  battle.) 
Battle  ;  contention. 

"To  warr  and  praliation."—ffoitell:  Parly  o/Btatt* 
p.  S3. 

•  prse-me  -tial  (tl  as  sh),  a.    [Lat.  prcem*- 
tior  =  to  measure  beforehand.]    Pertaining  to 
the  first-fruits  ;  first-gathered. 

"  Some  prcemetiat  bandfuls  of  that  crop.'—  Up,  Sail: 
Dtdic.  to  King  Ja-met. 

praa'-ml-um,  s.    [PREMIUM.] 

prse  mu-nir  -6,  ».  [A  corrupt  of  Lat.  prw- 
moneri  =  to  be  pre-admonished  :  pros  =  before, 
and  moneo  =  to  admonish.] 

Law:  A  term  applied  to  (l)a  certain  writ, 
(2)  the  offence  for  which  the  writ  is  granted, 
and  (3)  the  penalty  incurred  by  it.  The  name 
is  derived  from  the  first  two  words  of  the 
writ:  prcemunire  (i.e.  proemoneri)  facias  A.  B., 
that  is,  cause  A.  B.  to  be  forewarned  (to  appear 
and  answer  the  contempt  with  which  he  is 
charged)  (16  Richard  II.,  c.  5).  The  original 
offence  against  which  the  Statute  of  Prwraunire 
was  directed  was  that  of  asserting  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  the  pope  in  England,  and  denying  that 
of  the  king.  But  by  subsequent  statutes  the 
penalties  of  prsemunire  have  been  extended  to 
many  other  offences  of  a  miscellaneous  kind. 
Thus  by  25  Henry  VIII.,  c.  20,  refusal  to  elect, 
confirm,  or  consecrate  a  prelate  named  by  the 
king,  incurs  these  penalties.  They  are 
also  incurred  by  any  officer  of  a  court  prac- 
tising without  having  taken  the  proper  oaths. 
These  penalties  are  declared  by  Sir  E.  Coke  to 
be,  "that  from  the  conviction,  the  defendant 
shall  be  out  of  the  king's  protection,  and  his 
lauds  and  tenements,  goods  and  chattels,  for- 
feited to  the  king;  and  that  his  body  shall 
remain  in  prison  at  the  king's  pleasure  ;  or,  aa 
other  authorities  have  it,  during  life." 

•  prae-mu-nire',  v.t     [PRjonwiRE.]    T» 
bring  within  the  penalties  of  a  praemunire. 

"  To  hare  good  Bonner  pramunirtd." 

Ward  :  Eng  Rtfarm.,  e.  it,  p.  IK 

»  prse-na'-tal,  a.  [Pref.  prce.,  and  Eng.  natal) 
Previous  to  birth. 

"  Their  pranatal  professional  education."—  SouOuf: 
The  Doctor,  ch.  ccxxix. 

prse  no  men,  t.  [Lat,  from  prce  =  before, 
and  nomen  —  a  name.] 

1.  Roman  Antiq.  :  A  name  prefixed  to  the 
family,  and  answering  to  our  Christian,  name, 
such  as  Cains,  Julius,  Marcus,  <tc, 

2.  Hot  :  A  generic  natne. 

•  prae-no-mln   Ic-al,   a.    [Lat.  prcenomen, 

;euit.  prcenoininin  =  a  pnenomen  (q.v.).]   Per- 
ining  to,  or  of  the  nature  of,  a  pnenoineu. 

"Surnames,  geographical,  topographical,  p'-anamini- 
eal,  atld  historical."—  Latter:  Eifjlisk  .Surnames.  1L  Ii 

proe  ca-so-pha'-gg-al,  o.    [Pref.  pro.-,  and 
Eng.  CKSOphugeal.] 
Anat.  :  Situated  in  front  of  the  gullet 

prae-o-per-cu-lum,  «.    [PKEUPERCULUM.] 

prsB-pds'-tor,  *.  [PREPOSITOR.]  A  monitor 
at  some  of  the  public  schools,  especially  at 
Rugby. 

"  The  master  mounted  into  the  high  desk  by  the 
door,  and  one  of  the  vrtxpottort  of  the  week  stood  by 
him  on  the  steps."—  aughet  :  Tom  Brawn's  J 


glM 

tai 


pr»-8inc  -t!  fled,  a.  [Eccles.  Lat  prw- 
sanctijicotus  ;  Lat.  prce  =  before,  and  sancti/l- 
catus,  pa.  par.  of  tanctifico  =  to  consecrate.] 
[SANCTIFY.] 

Roman  Church:  Previously  consecrated:  • 
term  applied  to  the  Host  iu  the  mass  of  Good 
Friday,  because  it  is  consecrated  on  Holy 
Thursday.  [HOLY-WBEK.  ] 

•  pree-soi-£n'-tlal  (tl  as  sh)  a.  [PRESCIXHT.  ] 
Foreknowing,  presaging,  prescient 

"  With  pratcitntial  ray*."      Beaumont  :  Loft'i  Mft. 

pr»-se'-p8,  a.  [Lat  =  an  enclosure,  a  stable, 
a  hut,  a  novel.] 


boil,  boy ;  poftt,  jo^l ;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  shin,  bench ;  go,  fern ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xcnophon.  exist,    -inc. 
t  =  Bban.   -tion, -sion  -  shun ; -jion, -floB  -  zhun.   -«ious, -tiou*. -sious  -  shus.   -We,  -die,  *c  «  bel.  del. 


iixn.  _t)an  —  < 


371. 


proeter — praisable 


A-'tron. :  The  Beehive;  a  nebnions-lookinj 
Object  in  the  constellation  Cancer.  A  small 
Opera-glass  will  resolve  it  into  the  constituent 
Stars.  It  was  known  to  the  ancients. 

pr»-ter-,  pref.    [PRETER-.] 

praj-teat-ta,  s.    [Lat.] 

Roman  Antiq. :  A  long  white  robe  with  a 
purple  bonier,  originally  appropriated  by 
Tullus  Hostilius  to  the  Roman  magistrates, 
ami  some  of  the  priests,  but  afterwards  worn 
by  the  children  of  the  higher  classes  ;  by  boys 
till  they  were  the  age  of  seventeen  (when  they 
'  were  entitled  to  assume  the  togn  virilis).  or,  at 
least,  till  they  were  fourteen ;  by  girls  it  was 
worn  till  marriage. 

pr»'-tor,  *  pro' -tor,  «.  [La*-,  for  prteitor: 
pro  =  before,  and  HOT  =  a  goer  ;  ire  =  to  go.] 
1.  Rom.  Anti'i. :  Originally  the  official  title 
of  the  Consuls  at  Rome.  When  the  patricians 
were  compelled  to  acquiesce  in  the  consulship 
being  thrown  open  to  the  plebeians,  they 
stipulated  that  a  new  Curnle  magistrate  should 
be  appointed  from  the  patricians  exclusively, 
to  act  as  supreme  judge  in  the  civil  courts. 
On  this  magistrate  the  title  of  Prsetor  was 
bestowed.  In  B.C.  337,  the  Praetorship  was 
thrown  open  to  tlie  plebeians.  About  B.C.  240, 
the  number  of  aliens  residing  in  Rome  had  in- 
cr<-  ised  to  such  an  ext»nt  that  it  was  found 
necessary  to  appoint  a  second  Praetor,  who 
should  decide  suits  between  aliens  or  between 
aliens  and  citizens.  He  was  known  as  the 
Prrrtor  pereqrinus,  the  other  Praetor,  Prcetor 
urbintu,  having  cognizance  of  suits  between 
MS  only.  In  B.C.  227,  the  number  was 
increased  to  four,  the  two  additional  praters 
to  act  as  governors  of  provinces.  By  Sulla 
the  numl»er  wrtsaninnented  to  eight,  by  Julius 
Cae.sar  to  ten,  twelve,  and  eventually  to  six- 
teen. The  Pjn'tors  held  their  offices  for  one 
year,  and  wore  afterwards  sent  out  by  lot  as 
governors  of  provinces. 

"  And  look  yon  lay  It  lu  the  prafor't  chair." 

.<*,(*».;.. .-  JuHu4  Ccuar,  i.  1 

•i.  A  magistrate  ;  a  mayor. 

•prw-toV-I-al,  a.  [Enjr.  prntor;  -ial.]  The 
same  as  PR/ETORIAN  (q.v.). 

"Cicero  being  in  hi*  prwtoriall  •e»t"-/ro*» :  «u- 
tarch.  [>.  7i«. 

prse  tbr-I  an,  a.  &  ».  [Lat  prtetorianiis, 
from  prcptor  =  a  pra-tor  (q.v.)  ;  Fr.  pretorieii  ; 
8p.  &  Ital.  pretoriano.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  pnetor  ; 
eT'Tci*pd    by   or   lielonging   to    a    pnetor; 
judicial :  as,  prcetorian  Jurisdiction. 

B.  As  si<W.  :  A  soldier  belonging  to  the 
Prsetorian  guard  (q.v.). 

pretorian  band,*.  [PRCTORIAN-OUARD.] 

praetorian-guard.  ».  A  body  of  per- 
manr-nt  tr'.ops,  established  by  Augustus  as 
Imperial  Life  Guards,  in  imitation  of  the 
colors  prntoria,  or  body  guard  attached  to 
the  person  of  the  commandcr-in-chief  of  a 
Roman  army.  The  praetorian  guards  were 
kept  up  by  successive  emperors,  and,  being 
Under  special  organization  and  enjoying 
•pecial  privileges,  they  became  in  time  so 
powerful  that  they  were  able  to  raise  and 
depose  emperors  at  their  will.  They  were 
reorv,  nizr-d  by  Septimius  Severns,  and  were 
finally  suppressed  by  Constantino  the  Great. 

praetorian  gate,  *.  The  gate  in  a  Romin 
cam]',  which  was  on  the  side  nearest  the 
enemy. 

praa-tbr'-I-um,  «.    [Lat,  from  pnetor  (q.v.).] 

Roman  Antiquities : 

1.  The  ofllci.il  residence  of  a   praetor   or 
ffivi-mar  of  a  Roman  province  :  hence,  a  hall 
of  justice  ;  a  judgment-hall ;  a  palace. 

2.  Thnt  part  of  a  Roman  camp  in  which  the 
general's  quarters  were. 

prte  tor  ship,  «.  [Bug.  prater;  -thlp.]  The 
office  or  dignity  of  a  praetor. 

"  Among  them  thut  ra«d  for  the  pratonkip  of  the 
«Ky.--.Vorf»  •  Plutarch,  p.  KS. 

•prag-mat'-lc,  '  prag-mat-lcke,  a.  A«. 

|Fr.  praymati'jue,  from  Lat.  praijm"t!e>is ; 
Gr.  irpaynoLTiKv;  (prnrrmatiko*)  =  skilled  in 
affairs  •  npdyva  =  (pmyma),  genit.  irp-iynaroV 
tprprjmatns)  =  a  deed  :  irpoo-o-w  (jtrn**ff)  =  to 
do  ;  Sp.  prnrrmatico ;  Itnl.  prammatico.] 
A.  As  adj. :  Pragmatical. 

"  Thet*  pray  mat  let  yonnz  men." 

Ben  Jonton  :  Deril  it  an  Alt,  L  (. 


B.  As  substantive: 

L  One  who  is  Tersed  or  busy  in  attain. 

2.  A  solemn  ordinance  or  decree,  emanating 
from  the  head  of  a  state.    (Clarendon :  Reli- 
gion <t  Policy,  ch.  iv.) 

pragmatic-history,!.  A  history  which 
exhibits  clearly  the  causes  and  the  conse- 
quences of  events. 

pragmatic  sanction. «. 

Civil  Law:  A  rescript  or  answer  of  the 
sovereign  delivered  by  ad  vice  of  his  council  to 
some  college,  order,  or  body  of  people,  on  any 
case  of  their  community.  By  the  French  the 
term  was  appropriated  to  certain  statutes 
limiting  the  jurisdiction  of  the  pope,  as  in  A. D. 
1268  and  1438.  Pope  Leo  X.,  iu  1545,  per- 
suaded Francis  I.  to  exchange  them  for  a 
concordat.  Generally  it  is  applied  to  an 
ordinance  fixing  the  succession  to  a  throne  in 
acertain  line.  Thus,  by  the  Pragmatic  Sanction 
of  Germany  in  1439,  the  succession  of  the 
empire  was  made  hereditary  iu  the  house  of 
Austria,  and  in  1724  the  Emperor  Charles  VI., 
being  without  male  issue,  published  another, 
settling  the  succession  upon  his  daughter 
Maria  Teresa  and  her  issue.  Pragmatic  sanc- 
tions were  also  published  by  Charles  IV.,  ruler 
of  the  two  Sicilies,  in  1769,  and  by  Ferdinand, 
king  of  Spain,  in  1830. 

"  Prajmatic  Sanction  bring.  In  the  Imperial  Chan- 
cery and  tame  others,  the  received  title  for  ordinances 
of  a  very  irrevocable  nature,  which  a  sovereign  makes 
In  affairs  that  belong  wholly  to  himself,  or  what  he 
reckons  his  own  rights.'— Ctvlfl* :  Frederick  ttui 
Great  (ed.  18581.  i.  5ji 

prig  mat  ic  al,  *  prag  mat  -Ic-all,  a. 
[Eng.  pragmatic;  -al.] 
1.  Busy,  active,  diligent. 
"  We  cannot  always  be  contemplative,  diligent,  or 
pragmatical  abroad  :  but  have  need  of  some  delightful 
intermissions."— Hilton :  Tetraehordon, 

*  2.  Versed  or  skilled  in  affairs  ;  skilled  in 
business. 

3.  Given    or    inclined    to    interfering    or 
meddling  in  the  affairs  of  others;  meddlesome  ; 
impertinently  curious  aa   to   the  affairs  of 
others ;  officious. 

"The  man  .  .  .  who  suffers  from  an  attack  of 
priymi'ifii  piety,  has  all  the  sects  01*11  to  him."— 
Churdt  Timel.  Oct.  30,  IMS. 

*4.  Characterized  by  meddlesomeness  or 
officiousness ;  impertinent. 

"  A  prajmatical  impertinence  in  meddling  with  the 
concerns  and  characters  of  other  people."—  Jortin  : 
Dlaert.  X 

*  5.  Of  or  pertaining  to  business  or  ordinary 
affairs ;  hence,  material. 

prag-mat'-Ic-al-ly',ffld».  [Eng.  pragmatical; 
•ly. }  In  a  pragmatical  or  meddlesome  manner  ; 
impertinently ;  officiously. 

"  Praynntifi"y  entire  into  the  cause*  of  things." 
— Cudworth :  Intel!.  System,  p.  517. 

prag-mat  ic-al  niss,  «.  [Eng.  pranmat- 
ical ;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
pragmatical ;  meddlesomeness,  officiousness. 

"  Pmrmatlcalnen  disturbeth  the  world."— Barrow; 
Sfrmont,  voL  i.,  ser.  22. 

•prag'-ma-tlsm,  j.    [PRAGMATIC.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  l»eing  pragmatic  ; 
pragmati  ca  1  ness. 


2.  A  mode  of  treating  history,  in  which  the 
narration  of  events  is  accompanied  by  a  view 
of  the  causes  and  effects. 

*  prig  ma  tist,  «.  [PRAGMATIC.]  One  who 
is  officiously  or  impertinently  busy  in  the 
affairs  of  others  ;  a  pragmatic, 

"  We  may  *»y  of  praymatiitt  that  their  eyes  look  all 
ways, but  Inward."— Reynold! :  Ontlie  rauioni.ch.  xvi. 

prag'-ma-tize,  v.t.  k  i.  (PRAGMATIC]  To 
materialize  ;  specif.,  to  treat  metaphor  as  if  it 
embodied  an  actual  fact 


lohammed  himself  is  traced  pliusiblv  by  Srrenge r  to 
in-:,  ti  prrvrmntiuA  metaphor."—  Tylor:  Prim.  Cult. 
(ed.  1173),  i  407. 

prag  ma  tiz  er,  *.  fEng.  pra^mati^e) ;  -«r.] 
One  who  treats  metaphor  as  if  it  embodied  an 
actual  fact. 

" The  praymatitf.r  is  a  etanM  crentnn :  ...  it  is 
through  the  very  incapacity  of  his  mltxl  to  hold  an  ab- 
stract WM»  that  he  i«  f'Tceo  to  em hodv  it  in  a  material 
incident"— Tyler:  Prim.  Cult.  led.  1(7*),  t  «W. 

pra  hu,  pran,  «.    [PROA.] 
*  prale,  «.t.    (PRAT.) 
praier,  *.    [PRAVLR.] 


prair'-I-al,  «.  [Fr.1  [PRAIRIE.]  The  nnn» 
given  in  October,  1703,  by  the  French  Con- 
vention, to  the.  ninth  month  of  the  republican 
year.  It  commenced  on  May  20,  ending  on 
June  18,  and  was  the  third  spring  month. 

pralrial-insurrection,  s. 

Hist. :  An  insurrection  against  the  Directory 
(q.v.),  1-3  Prairial,  An  3  (1795).  It  was 
quelled  by  the  military. 

pralr'-iS,  *praf-£,  «.  [Fr.  prairie,  from 
Low  Lat.  prataria.  =  meadow  land,  from  Lat 
pratum  =  a  meadow ;  Sp.  &  Port,  praderia ; 
Ital.  prateria.]  The  name  given  by  the  early 
French  settlers  in  America  to'  extensive 
tracts  of  land,  either  level  or  rolling,  destitute 
of  trees,  and  covered  with  coarse  tall  grass, 
interspersed  with  numerous  varieties  of 
flowering  plants. 

"  Both  have  gone  to  the  pralrlei* 

Longfellow  :  Krangelint,  tt.  L 

prairie-bitters, ».  A  beverage  common 
among  the  hunters  or  mountaineers  of 
Western  America.  It  is  made  of  a  pint  of 
water  and  a  quarter  of  a  gill  of  buffalo  gall, 
and  is  considered  an  excellent  medicine. 

prairie-chicken,  a.  [PINNATED-GROUSE.] 
prairie-dog, «. 

Zool. :  A  name  given  to  either  of  the  two 
species  of  Cynomys,  but  especially  to  C. 
ludovicianus,  from  the  fancied  resemblance  of 
its  cry  to  the  bark  of  a  small  dog,  whence  it 
has  been 
also  called 
the  Barking 
Squirrel.  It 
is  about  a 
foot  long, 
reddish- 
brown 
above, 
lighter  be- 
neath. Its 
habits  are 
eminently 
social ;  it 

forms  large  PRAIRIE-DOG. 

communi- 
ties on  the  prairies,  each  burrow  having  a 
little  hillock  at  its  entrance,  and  excavated 
passages  connect  the  burrows,  which  are 
sometimes  shared  by  the  Burrowing  Owl 
(Athene  cunicularia).  The  rattlesnake  occa- 
sionally occupies  a  deoerted  burrow,  and 
preys  largely  on  the  prairie-dog. 

prairie-hen, «.    [PINNATED-GROUSE.] 

prairie-itch,  s.  A  cutaneous  eruption 
caused  by  the.  friction  of  the  flue  red  dust  of 
prairie  countries  in  summer. 

prairie-mole,  s. 

Zool. :  Scalops  argentatvt,  sometimes  called 
the  Silvery  Shrew  Mole,  from  the  western 
prairies,  advancing  as  far  east  as  Ohio  and 
Michigan. 

prairie-oyster,  ».  A  raw  egp,  dropped 
into  n  mixture  of  spirits  and  flavouring,  and 
swallowed  whole. 

prairie -plough,  s.  A  large  plough, 
supported  in  front  on  wheels,  and  adapted  to 
pare  and  overturn  a  very  broad  but  shallow 
furrow-slice. 

prairie-rattlesnake, «. 

Zool. :  Crotalus  conjluentiis,  the  Massasauga. 
prairie-region, «. 

Bot.  A  Geog.:  An  extensive  region  of  the 
Untied  Stales,  consisting  of  treeless  plaiug, 
which  extend  over  the  states  of  Indiana, 
Illinois,  Iowa,  Kansas,  Nebraska,  and  paita  <>f 
Ohio,  Michigan,  Missouri,  Arkansas,  \V'i>con- 
sin,  Minnesota,  and  Nortli  and  S  mth  Dakota. 
The  soil  of  these  vast  plains  is  highly  fertile, 
and  they  fjnn  tiie  great  grain  growing  region 
of  the  L  nited  States.  Their  treeless  character 
has  liee.n  ascribed  to  the  firmer  annual  burn- 
ings of  the  prairie  grass  by  the.  Indians. 

prairie  squirrel,  t. 

ZooL :  The  genus  Spermophilus  (q.v.). 
[GOPHER,  s.] 

prairie  wolf, «. 

ZooL  :  Cants  latrani,  the  Lydscut  latrans  of 
Smith.  (Danoin  :  Animals  £  Plants,  L  26.) 

•  prals'-a-ble,  *  preis  a-ble,  a.  [Eng. 
prai*(e);  -able,]  Fit  to  be  praised  ;  deserving 
of  praise;  praiseworthy.  (Wycliffe:  2  Tim.  ii.) 


frte.  fit.  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  lather;  we,  w8t,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine:  go,  pSt, 
or.  wore,  woU  work,  who,  sin;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,   so,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  fcw. 


praisably— prate 


371; 


•  prais'-a-bly,  adv.     [Eng.  pri<isa>i(le) ;  -ly.] 
In  a  praisable  or  praiseworthy  manner ;  in  a 
manner  to  deserve  praise. 

praise,  *  prcis,  *  praysc,  *  preys,  s. 
[O.  Fr.  preis  =  price,  value,  merit,  from  Lat 
pretium  —  price,  value;  Fr.  prix ;  Sp.  prez, 
precio ;  Ital.  prezzo ;  Port,  preco ;  Dut.  prijx ; 
Dan.  priis ;  Sw.  pris ;  M.  H.  Ger.  pris ;  Ger. 
prew.  Price  and  pr««  are  tlie  same  word.] 
[PRICE,  ».] 

1.  The  expression  of  high  commendation  or 
approval  bestowed  on  a  person  for  any  ex- 
cellent or  meritorious  quality  or  action,  on 
meritorious  actions  themselves,  or  on  any- 
thing   for   excellence   of  quality,  value,  or 
worth;  laud,  approbation,  encomium,  eulogy. 

"Bert  of  fruits,  whose  taste  has  taught 
Ih*  tongue,  not  made  (or  speech,  to  speak  thy  praitt." 
Milton  :  P.  L..  ix.  749. 

2.  The  expression  of  gratitude  for  benefits 
or  favours  received  ;  a  glorifying  or  extolling ; 
espec.  a  tribute  of  gratitude  and  glorification 
to  God  for   mercies  or  kindnesses   shown; 
laud,  thanksgiving.    (Psalm  xl.  3.) 

3.  A  subject,  ground,  or  reason  of  praise ; 
a  praiseworthy  quality  or  act;  that  which 
makes  a  person  or  thing  deserving  of  praise. 

4.  That  which  is  or  should  be  praised ;  an 
Object  of  praise. 

"  He  ii  thy  probe,  and  be  is  thy  Ood.'—Dtut.  x.  21. 

*  praise-worth,  o.    Deserving  of  praise ; 
praiseworthy. 

"Whose  praite-vorth  virtues  ...  to  comprize." — 
P.  Holland  :  Canuien,  p.  290. 

praise,  *  prayse,  *  preise,  *  preyse,  v.t. 
[O.  Fr.  preiser,  from  Lat.  pretio,  from  pretium 
=  price,  value  ;  Fr.  priser ;  Sp.  preciar ;  Ital. 
pressure;  Port,  prezar ;  Dut.  prijzen ;  Dan. 
prise ;  Sw.  prisa ;  M.  H.  Qer.  prisen ;  Ger. 
preise  re.] 

*  L  To  value,  to  esteem,  to  set  a  value  on. 

g  worth  a  hene." 
Chaucer:  C.  T..  »,7M. 

2.  To    bestow    praise,    commendation,    or 
applause  on  ;  to  commend  or  approve  highly  ; 
to  laud,  to  applaud,  to  eulogize.     (Milton: 
P.  L.,  ix.  693.) 

3.  To  extol  and  glorify  in  words ;  to  magnify ; 
to  render  a  tribute  of  praise,  gratitude,  or 
thanksgiving  to.    (Psalm,  cvii.  8.) 

4.  To  show  forth  the  praises  of. 

*  Thy  works  shall  praitt  thee,   O   Lord."— Ptalm 

eilv.  10. 

•  praise' -ful,  a.    [Eng.  praise;  -fuVT).}    De- 
serving of  praise  ;  praiseworthy,  laudable. 

" Of  whose  high  praise,  and  praurfu.1  bliss, 
Goodness  the  pen,  heaven  the  paper  is." 

Sidney  :  Arcadia,  bk.  ii. 

•  praise'  less,  *  prayse-lesse,  a.     [Eng. 
praise ;  -less.}    Without  praise  or  applause ; 
un  praised. 

"With  laughter  great  of  men,  his  praytrlrtse  shlpSer- 
gestus  brought"          Phaer  :  VirgU  ;  .Eneidot  v. 

•  praise  ment,  *  prayse-ment,  5.    [Eng. 
praise;  -merit.]    The  act  of  valuing  or  apprais- 
ing ;  value  set  on  anything. 

"Thepraviement  or  division  made  of  my  foresaid 
.movables.'  — Fab  y  an :  Chronicle,  vol.  i.  i  Pref .  p.  v i i.  I 

prais  er,  *  prays-er,  *  preis-er,  s.  [Eng. 
praise);  -er.] 

1.  One  who  praises,  extols,  commends,  or 
applauds ;  a  com  mender. 

"  The  swete  words  of  flatering  prtiieri." — Chauttr  : 
Tale  of  Melitmu. 

*  2.  An  appraiser,  a  valuer. 

"file]  talked  himself  with  the  praiten,  and  made 
them  set  high  prises  upon  every  thing  that  was  to  be 
•old."— North:  Plutarch,  p.  649. 

praise  -wor-thlly.  •  prayse-wor  the- 
ly,  •  prays  -  wor  -  thl  -  ly,  adv.  [  Eng. 

praiseworthy;  -ly.]  In  a  praiseworthy  man- 
ner ;  so  as  to  deserve  praise  ;  laudably. 

"  Our  tone  U  able  in  that  klnde  to  doe  as  prayie- 
wortteJy  a*  the  rest."— Surrey :  Pormt.  (To  tht  Reader.) 

pralse'-wdr-thl-ne'ss.  *.  [Eng.  praise- 
worthy ;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
praiseworthy,  or  of  deserving  praise  or  com- 
mendation ;  laudableness. 

"The  love  of  praise  seems  ...  to  be  derived  from 
that  of  prattfitorthineu."— Smith  :  Moral  SentimenU. 
pt  UL.  ch.  11. 

praise'-wor-thy',  *  praise  woor-thie,  a. 

[Eng.  praise,  and  worthy.]  Deserving  or  worthy 
of  praise  or  commendation ;  laudable,  com- 
mendable. 

"  Small  pratttmarOii*  was  it  In  them  to  keep*  if— 

Fox  :  Martyn,  p.  784. 


Pra'-krlt,  ».  [Sansc.  prakriti  =  nature,  that 
wiiich  is  rude  or  unpolished,  as  opposed  to 
Sanskrit  =  that  which  is  perfi-ct  or  thoroughly 
refined.] 

Philol. :  A  derivative  language.  The  name 
is  applied  collectively  to  the  more  modern 
languages  of  Northern  and  Central  India 
which  grew  out  of  the  Sanscrit,  as  Italian, 
Spanish,  French,  &c.,  did  from  Latin. 

"One  Prakrit  dialect,  the  Pali,  became  in  its  turn 
the  sacred  language  of  southeastern  Buddhism."— 
Whitnet :  Life  i  drouth  of  Language,  ch.  x. 

Pra-krlt'-Ic,  a.  [Eng.  prakrit ;  -ic.]  Per- 
taining or  belonging  to  Prakrit. 

"The  next  stage  of  Indian  language,  to  which  the 
inscriptions  just  referred  to  belong,  is  called  the  Pra- 
krit ic.'—  Whitney :  Life  t  Urowttt  of  Language,  ch.  x. 

•  pram,  *  prame,  s.    [PEAAM.] 

prance,  *  praunce,  *  praunse,  v.i.  [A 
variant  of  {trunk  (q.v.).] 

1.  To  spring  or  bound,  as  a  horse  in  high 
mettle. 


2.  To  ride  in  a  warlike  or  showy  manner ; 
to  ride  ostentatiously. 

"Some  who  on  battle  charger  prance." 

Byron.  Giaour. 

3.  To  walk  or  strut  about  in  a  pompous  or 
ostentatious  manner. 

"  What  did  she  want  to  come  a  prancing  np  to  my 
bed  for  ?  "—Daily  Telegraph,  Jan.  5,  1886. 

prance,  s.      [PRANCE,  v.]     A   bounding  or 
springing,  as  of  a  horse. 

*  pran9'-er,  s.    [Eng.  pranc(e); ;-«r.]  One  who 
prances  ;  a  prancing  steed. 

pran9'-Ing,  pr.  par.  &  a.    [PRANCE.] 

A.  As  pr.  par.  :  (So*  tfce  verb). 

B.  As  adjective : 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Springing,  bounding  ;  riding 
or  strutting  about  ostentatiously. 

2.  Her.:  Applied  to  a   horse  represented 
rearing. 

*  pran-come,  *.    [PRANK.]  Something  odd  or 
strange. 

"  Ch'  would  learn   of   tome  prancome."—0ammtr 
Qurton't  ffetdle. 

*  pran'-di-al,  a.  [Lat.  prandium  =  *  repast.] 
Pertaining  or  relating  to  dinner. 

"  Debarring  them  from  partaking  of  their  prandial 
meal  outside.  —Daily  Telegraph,  April  i,  18S6. 

pran   gos,  s.    [Native  name  of  Prangos  pabu- 
lar ia.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Umbelliferw,  family  Smyr- 
nidae.  The  fruit  or  seed  of  Prangos  pabularia, 
tlie  Hay-plant,  a  native  of  Kashmir,  Afghan- 
istan, <tc.,  is  stomachic,  stimulant,  carmina- 
tive, and  diuretic.  It  is  used  to  cure  the 
dry  rot  in  sheep,  and  the  root  is  a  valuable 
remedy  in  itch.  (Calcutta  Exhib.  Report.) 

prank,  *  prancke,  *  pranke,  v.t.  &  i. 
[According  to  Prof.  Skeat  the  same  word  as 
prink  (q.v.),  which  he  considers  to  be  a  na- 
salized form  of  prick,  v.  (q.v.) ;  the  funda- 
mental idea  thus  being  to  tnm  or  deck  out,  as 
with  pricked  holes.  Cf.  O.  Dut.  pryken  =  to 
make  a  proud  show ;  pronck  =  show,  ostenta- 
tion ;  proncken  =  to  display  one's  dress  ;  Low 
Ger.  prunken  =  to  make  a  fine  show  ;  prnnk 
=  show,  display  ;  Dan.,  Sw.,  &  Ger.  prunk  = 
show,  parade ;  Ger.  prangen,  Dan.  prange  = 
to  make  a  show.]  [FRANCE,  v.] 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  dress  np,  or  deck  out  In  a  showy  or 
ostentatious  fashion  ;  to  equip  ostentatiously. 

"Some  prancke  their  ruffe* ;  and  others  trimly  dight 
Their  gay  attyre."  Spmter :  f.  $.,  I.  IT.  14. 

2.  To  variegate. 

"  Broad  flag,  flowers  prankt  with  white." 

Shtllry :  The  Qutttion. 

*  B.  Intrans. :  To  make  a  show ;  to  have  a 
showy  appearance. 

prank,  *  pranke,  s.  &  a.    [FRANK,  v.] 
A.  As  substantive : 

1.  A  frolic ;  a  wild  flight ;  a  mischievous 
act  or  trick  ;  a  playful  or  sportive  act ;  a  joke. 

"  For  what  lewder  pageaunt  or  pranke  coulde  there 
be  played. "—Udal:  M-irkeii. 

2.  A  gambol.    (Cowper :  Task,  v.  52.) 

•  B.  As  adj. :  Frolicsome ;  full  of  pranks 
or  tricks. 

"  It  I  do  not  *eem  pranker  now  than  I  did  in  tho*e 
day*.  I'll  be  hanged.  —Brewer :  Lingvo,  iv.  T. 


*  prank' -er,  s.     [Grig,  prank  ;  -er.]    One  who 
pi-auks;  one  who  dresses  up  showily  or  os- 
tentatiously. 

"  If  she  be  a  noted  reveller,  a  gadder,  a  singer.  • 
pranker,  or  a  dancer,  then  take  heed  of  her. "— Burton  : 
Anatomy  of  MelaiuAoly.  p.  Ml. 

*  prank'-Ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [PRANK,  v.] 

*  prank'-Ing-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  pranking  ;  -ly.] 
in  a  pranking,  showy,  or  ostentatious  manner. 

"[They]  fared  daintily,  and  went  prankirgly  in 
apparell.'  —B/i.  Ball :  Apolygie  agaiiat  Srotcniat. 

*  prank'-lsh,  a.    [Eng.  prank  ;  -ish.]    Full  of 
or  inclined  to  pranks. 

*  prank -some,   a.     [Eng.   prank;   -some.} 
Fond  of  or  given  to  pranks  ;  prankish. 

"  I  prove  .  .  . 

Represser  of  the  prankiome." 

Browning:  King  t  Book.  xi.  IS*. 

pra-d-ther'-I-um,  *•  [Gr.  irpio?  (praos)^ 
mild,  and  Oypiov  (therion)  =  a  wild  animal.] 

Paloxmt. :  An  extinct  form  of  hare  found  in 
a  Post-pliocene  bone  cave  in  Pennsylvania. 

prase,  *.    [Gr.  vpdo-ov  (prason)  =  a  leek.] 
Mineralogy : 

1.  A  dull  leek-green  chalcedony,  owing  its 
colour  to  the  presence   of  exceedingly  fine 
granular  chlorite.     According  to  King,  thia 
stone  is  now  confounded  with  others  indis- 
criminately called  Plasma  by  the  antiquary. 

2.  A  green   crystallized   quartz   found   at 
Breitenbrunn,  Saxony ;   the  colour  is  due  to 
enclosed  tine  filaments  of  green  asbestiform 
actinolite  (q.v.). 

prase-opal,  s. 

Min. :  A  variety  of  common  opal  of  a  leek- 
green  colour. 

pras'-S-d-lite,  s.  [Eng.  prase;  o  connect.,  and 
Gr.  \i0ot  (lithots)  =  a  stone  ;  Ger.  praseolith.] 
Min.  :   A  green   pinite    found  in  crystals 
pseudomorphous  after  lolite  (q.v.)  at  Brakke, 
near  Brevig,  Norway,  in  granite. 

pra-si-e'-flB,  s.  pi.     [Mod.  Lat   prasi(um); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ece.] 
Sot. :  A  tribe  of  Labiates. 

pras  -i-lite,  s.  [Eng.  pros(e);  i  connect,  and 
Gr.  Ai'floc  (lithos)  =  a  stone.] 

M  in. :  A  soft,  fibrous  mineral,  of  a  leek- 
green  colour.  Sp.  gr.  2'311.  Contains  silica, 
magnesia,  alumina,  and  sesquioxide  of  iron, 
probably  soda,  and  water.  Found  at  Kil- 
patrick  Hills ;  probably  not  a  distinct  species. 

pras  -in-ate,  a.    [Lat.  prasinatiu  =  having  a 
leek-green  garment] 
Bot.  :  Of  a  green  colour.    (Paxton.) 

pra  sine,  *.  [Eng.  pros(«) ;  suff.  -ine  (Min.); 
Ger.  prasin.] 

Min. :  Breithaupt's  name  for  the  species 
Pseudomalachite  (q.T.),  but  Dana  makes  it 
equivalent  to  Ehlite  (q.v.). 

•pras  In-ous,  *  pras'-Ine,  a.  [Lat.  prat- 
inns  =  leek-green,  from  Gr.  irpayov  (pmson) 
=  a  leek.]  Of  a  light-green  colour,  inclining 
to  yellow. 

pra'-si-iim,  *.  [Lat  prasium,  prasion,  from 
Gr.  irpeurioi'  (prewiore)  =  the  plant  horehound 
(q.v.).  Not  the  modern  genus.] 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Prasie*  (q.v.). 
Only  known  species  Prasium  majus,  a  native 
of  Europe  and  North  Africa. 

*  pras'-5n,  s.    [Gr.]    A  leek ;  also  a  sea-weed 
of  the  colour  of  a  leek. 

pras-6  phyre  (yr  as  &•),».     [Eng.  prate, 
and  Gr.  4>vpaia  (phuraS),  <f>vpu  (phurS)  =  to 
mix.] 
Petrol. :  The  same  as  OPHITE  (q.v.). 

prat  (1),  «.    [Etym.  doubtful.]    The  buttock. 

prat  (2),  «.  [A.S.  prod,  prcett ;  Icel.  prettr  =  » 
trick  ;  pretta  =  to  trick.]  [PRETTY.]  A  tnck, 
(Scotch.) 

prate,  v.i.  &  t.  [O.  Sw.  prata  =  to  talk  ;  Dan. 
pro*e  =  to  talk ;  Dan.  &  Sw.  prat  =  talk,  tattle; 
Low  Ger.  praten  =  to  prate,  praat  —  tattle ; 
Icel.  prata  =  to  talk.  Probably  of  imitativ* 
origin  ;  cf.  Ger.  prasseln  =  to  croak  ;  Eng. 
prattle.] 
A.  Intrant. :  To  prattle,  to  chatter ;  to 


b6U,  b£y ;  pint,  J6>1 ;  eat,  90!!,  chorus,  enin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  yenophon,  exist,   ph  =  I 
-oian.  -tlan  =  •ban.    -tion,  -slon  =  shun ;  -(ion,  -flOQ  =  zhun.    -clous,  -tious.  -sious  =  shus.    -We,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  deL 


8718 


prate—  prays 


talk  much  and  without  purpose  or  reason  ;  to 
be  loquacious  ;  to  babble. 

"  What,  do  you  prate  of  serrlceT" 

ShaJutp.  :  Coriottinut.  Hi.  S. 

B.  Trans.  :  To  utter  without  thought  or 
foolishly  ;  to  babble. 

"The  necessity  (or  bis  giving  up  prating  proverb*.  ' 
—Daily  Telegraph,  Sept.  7.  1986. 

prate,  f.  [PRATE,  v.]  Tattle  ;  idle  or  silly 
talk  ;  chatter  ;  unmeaning  loquacity. 

"  So  let  them  e>M  their  hearts  with  prate 
Of  equal  right*,  which  uuui  ne'er  knew." 

Byron:  Bnde  o/  Abydot,  U.  M. 

•  prate'-fal,  o.     [Eng.  prate;  -ful(l).]    Chat- 
tering, loquacious. 

"  The  people  are  lei*  prateful."—  Taylor  of  Xorwick  : 
Mtmoin,  i.  2M. 

prat'-er,  *.  [Eng.  prat(r);  -er.]  One  who 
prates  ;  an  idle  talker  ;  a  chattel  er  ;  one  who 
talks  without  reason  or  purpose. 

"What  !  a  speaker  1*  but  a  prater;  a  rhyme  U  but 
•  ballad.'—  HhaJutp.  :  Benry  P.,  T.  U. 

*  prat-lc,  ».    [PRATIQUE.] 

pra'  -  tin  -  cole,  ».  [Latham's  rendering  of 
pmtini-ola,  tlie  name  given  to  Glareola  pratin- 
cola  by  Kramer  in  1756.] 

Ornith.  :  A  name  first  applied  to  Glareola 
pnitiiiculu,  and  afterwards  extended  to  the 
otiier  species  of  the  genus.  The  Pratincoles 
•re  small,  slenderly-built,  delicately-coloured 
bii.ls,  with 
short,  st»ut 
bill,  wide 
gape,  long 
p  o  i  n  I  e  U 
win^s,  and 
tail  mure  or 
forked. 
Eight  or 
nine  series 
have  been 
described, 

fro  m     the  PRATINCOLE. 

south  of  Eu- 

rope. Africa,  India,  China,  and  Australia. 
Like  Plovers,  they  run  very  swiftly,  and  nidi- 
ficate on  the  ground,  but  they  feed,  in  part, 
on  the  wing.  The  young  are  clothed  in  down, 
and  are  atile  to  run  on  emerging  from  the  shell. 

prat'  -ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [PRATE,  t>.] 

prat  Ing-ly,,  adv.  (Ens.  prating;  -ly.]  In  a 
prating  manner;  with  idle  or  foolish  talk. 

pra  tique,  *prat'-tiqne  (qne  as  k),  *. 
[Fr.,  Ital.  prattica  ;  Sp.  pratica.]  [PRACTICE.] 
1.  Crmvm,  :  Liberty  or  licence  of  converse  or 
Communication  l>etween  a  ship  and  the  port 
at  v/hich  it  arrives  ;  hence,  a  licence  or  per- 
mission to  hold  intercourse  and  trade  with  a 
port,  after  having  undergone  quarantine,  or 
upon  a  certificate  that  the  place  from  which 
the  vessel  lias  arrived  is  free  from  any  in- 
fectious disease.  The  term  is  used  especially 
in  the  sotitli  of  Europe  with  reference  to 
Is  arriving  from  infected  polls,  aud 
Subjected  to  quarantine. 

"  He  lay  in  quarantine  (or  pratique." 

Byron  :  Beppo,  XZT. 

•2.  Practice,  habits. 

"How  could  any  one  of  Knfflish  edueatlrro  and 
prat'ique  iwallow  inch  a  low  rubble  suggestion  t  "— 
fiorlh  :  Xxanum,  f.  10*. 

•  prat-tic,  «.    [PRATIQUJE.] 

prat'  -He,  v.i.  it  t.  [A  frequent  form  from 
prate  (q.v.).] 

A.  T-ntra.ru.  :  To  talk  much  and  lightly  ;  to 
talk  like  a  child  ;  to  chatter,  to  prate. 

"Thus  Lara  »  vaaaals  prattled  of  their  lord." 

Byron  :  Lara,  L  ». 

*  B.  Trans.  :    To   talk   or    utter   idly   or 
foolishly  ;  to  baM.le. 

"A  liUle  lively  nnfick.  trained  np  In  Ignorance 
and  prejudice,  will  yratile  treason  a  whole  evening."— 
A  iditon. 

prat  -tie,  «.  [PRATTLK,  v.]  Childish  or  light 
talk  ;  chatter  ;  loquacity  on  trivial  subjects. 

"ThU  U  the  reason  why  -re  are  so  much  charmed 
with  the  pretty  prattte  of  children."—  tHdnty  :  AT. 
oadla  :  Critieitmt  on  Pattorai  Writing,  p.  30. 

*  prattle-basket,  *.    A  talkative  woman 
or  child, 

"  A  prattlr-b<i*et  or  an  idle  slat." 

Breton  :  Mother  t  Bletting.  Ixxlr. 

*  prat'-tle-ment,  *.     [Eng.  prattle;  -went.] 
Pmttle.     (Jeffrey.) 

prat  -tier,  *.  [Eng.  prattJ(e)  ;  -er.]  One  who 
prattles  ;  an  Idle  or  puerile  talker  ;  a  prater, 
a  chatterer.  (Wordsworth;  White  Dot,  iv.) 


prat  -tling,  pr.  par.  or  o.    [PRATTLE,  v.] 
t  pr  attling-parnell,  «. 
Bot.  :  Saxijraga  unUtrosa. 

pr&t'-ty.O.      [PRETTY.]     (Scotch.) 

*prat'-y,  a.    [Eng.  prat(e);  -y.]    Talkative. 

*  prave,  o.    [Lat.  pravus.]    Bad,  corrupt,  de- 
praved. 

*  praV-I-ty.,  «.     [Lat.  pravitat,  from  protnw 
bad,  corrupt,  depraved  (q.v.)  ;  O.  Fr.  pravite; 
Ital.  pramta.]    Deviation  from  right;  corrup- 
tion, wickedness,  depravity. 

"The  pravity  of  the  will  could  Influence  the  under- 
•landing."—  JSoirf*  :  Herman*,  vol.  L,  ser.  6. 

prawn,  «.    [Etym.  unknown.] 

Zool.  :  Palcemon  serratus,  and,  less  properly, 
any  other  species  of  the  genus.  Its  ordinary 
length  is  about  four  inches  ;  colour  bright 
gray,  spotted  and  lined  with  darker  purplish 
gray.  It  is  a  favourite  article  of  food,  and  is 
found  in  vast  numbers  all  round  the  English 
coast  Some  tropical  forms  are  over  a  foot  in 
length.  Many  of  them  are  semi-transparent, 
and  exhibit  vary  fine  colors.  They  are  caught 
in  nets  or  osier  backets. 

prawn,  v.i.    (PRAWN,  $.]    To  flsh  for  prawn. 

"They  added  prawning  to  their  conger-fishing,  and 
brought  home  some  four  hundred  prawn*."—  Field, 
Oct.  17.  1880. 

prax'-Is,  ».    [Or.,  from  irpour<rw  (prassS),  fut 
upafio  (praxo)  =  to  do.] 

*  1.  Use,   practice,    espec.   practice   for   a 
specific  purpose,  or  to  acquire  a  knowledge  of 
a  specific  art  or  accomplishment 

"  He  had  spent  twenty  yean  in  the  praxis  and 
theory  of  music.'—  Wood  :  futH  Oxon.,  vol.  i. 

2.  An  example  or  form  to  teach  practice  ;  a 
collection  of  examples  for  practice. 

pray,  *  pray-en,  *  prei-en,  *  prey-en, 

v.i.  &  t.     [O.  Fr.  preier  (Fr.  prier),.froiu  Lat 
precor  =  to  pray,  from  prex  (genit  precis)  =  a 
prayer  ;  from  the  same  root  as  Sansc.  pracch 
—  to  ask  ;  Ger.  fragen.] 
A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  ask  or  beg  for  anything  with  earnest- 
ness, submission,  and  zeal  ;  to  entreat,  to  sup- 
plicate. 

"  The  guilty  rebel  for  remission  prayt." 

Shaketp.  :  Rape  of  Lucrece,  714. 

2.  Specif.  :  To  make  or  address  petitions  to 
the  Divine  Being  ;  to  offer  prayers  or  suppli- 
cations to  God  ;  to  address  the  Supreme  Being 
with  reverential  adoration,  confession  of  sins, 
supplication  of  mercy,  and  thanksgiving  fur 
mercies  received. 

"  If  I  should  never  pray  to  him,  or  worship  hint  at 
all.  such  a  total  omission  would  be  equivalent  to  this 
assertion.  There  is  -no  God.  who  governs  the  world,  to 
be  adored."—  H'otlaiton  :  Selifion  of  Nature,  i  1. 

*  B.  Transitive  : 

I.  To  ask  or  beg  earnestly  ;  to  entreat,  to 
supplicate,  to  implore. 


2.  To  address  with  reverence  and  humility 
for  something  to  be  granted. 

"  Prof  God.  if  perhaps  the  thought  o(  thy  heart 
may  be  forgiven  the*."— Actt  viii.  Si. 

3.  To  ask  or  beg  earnestly  for ;  to  petition 
for ;  to  sue  for. 

"  I  know  not  how  to  pray  your  patience." 

SluUtetp. :  Muck  Ado  A  bout  Nothing-  '•  1. 

*  4.  To  intercede  or  supplicate  earnestly  on 
behalf  of ;  to  effect  by  prayer. 

"  Prnyint  souls  out  of  purgatory  by  mames  mid  on 
their  behalf  became  an  ordinary  office."— MUnuin. 
(H-ebtter.) 

^  1.  /  pray  you,  or,  by  ellipsis,  I  pray,  or 
simply  pray,  is  a  common  form  for  intro- 
ducing a  question  or  petition. 

"  /  pray,  sir,  why  am  I  beateu  t  "—fkalutp. :  Comedy 
Of  Errort,  11. 1 

*  2.  To  pray  in  aid  : 

(1)  Ord.  Jang. :  To  call  in,  for  help  or  sup- 
port in  a  cause. 

"  A  conqueror  that  will  pray  in  aid  for  kindness. " 
Shaketp  :  A  ntony  t  Cleopatra,  r.  1 

(2)  Law:  [Aio,  «.,  III.  1J. 

*  pray'-ant, *.  [Eng.  pray;  -ant.]  One  who 
prays  ;  a  prayer.  (Cauden :  Tears  of  the  Church, 
p.  9';;.) 

prayer  (1),  *prei-er.    jrel-ere,  *prey- 

ere,  *.  [0.  Fr.  prtiere,  proiere  (Fr.  priert), 
from  Lat  precaria.  fern,  i  ing.  of  precarlvt 
=  obtained  by  praying  ;  precor  =  to  pray 
(q.v.) ;  ItaL  pregaria.} 


1.  The  act  of  praying,  asking,  or  begjrini;  • 
favour  earnestly  ;  an  earnest  petition,  suil,  ur 
stij 'plication;  an  entreaty. 

"  Then  each,  to  exse  his  troubled  breast 
To  some  bleated  saint  bin  prayeri  a  idreased.* 

StuU  .-  Lay  of  the  Lalt  Minttrel.  Ti.  M. 

2.  The  act  or  practice  of  praying  to  or  sup- 
plicating the  Divine  Being ;  the  offering  to 
God  of  adoration,  confession,  supplication,  and 
thanksgiving ;  communion  with  God  in  devo- 
tional exercises. 

"  Prayer  will  either  make  a  man  leare  off  ninning. 
or  sin  will  make  him  leave  otf  prayer."— Patty  :  Her- 
m/tu.  No.  L 

3.  A    solomn    petition    addressed    to   the 
Supreme  Being;    a  supplication  to  God  for 
Messings  or  mercies,   together  with  a  con- 
fession of  sins,  and  thanksgiving  for  mercies 
or  blessings  received. 

"  I  sought 
By  prayer  th'  offended  deity  to  appease." 

Hilton :  P.  L..  xl.  1«. 

4.  The  words  of  a  supplication;  the  firm 
of  words  used  in  praying;  espcc.  a  formula 
of  prayer  used   in  divine  worship,  whether 
private  or  public. 

5.  That  part  of  a  petition  or  memorial  to 
the  so\ereign  or  any  authority  in  which  the 
request  or  thing  desired  to  be  done  or  granted 
is  specified. 

prayer-beads,  *.  pi.  The  seeds  of  Abrut 
precutoriiu. 

prayer-book,  ».  A  book  ronta'nin^ 
prayers  and  forms  of  devotion  for  tliviue 
worship,  public  or  private. 

f  The  Prayer  Book,  The  Book  of  Common 
Prayer :  [LITURGY]. 

prayer  meeting,  *.  A  public  or  private 
meeting  for  prayer. 

*  prayer-monger,  «.  A  contempt  u<nw 
nnme  for  one  who  prays.  (Southey  :  Tua.ul/a, 
bk.  v.) 

pray'-er  (2),  *.    [Eng.  pray ;  -er.]    One  who 

I'Kiys  ;  a  suppliant,  a  petitioner. 

prayer'-ful,  a.     [Eng.  jn-ayer  (1) ;  -ful(T).] 

1.  Given  to  prayer;  devotional :  as,  uprayer- 
ful  frame  of  mind. 

2.  Using  much  prayer. 

"  The  prayerful  man  o(  God." 
Blackie :  Layi  of  BigMandt  t  lilandt,  p.  18. 

prayer'-ful-l^,  adv.  (Ens.  prayerful;  -ly.] 
In  a  prayerful  manner ;  with  much  prayer. 

prayer'-fiil-ne'ss, ».  fEn<r.  prayerful ;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  prayerful ;  the 
nse  of  much  prayer. 

prayer'-le'ss,  a.  [Enj;.  prayer;  -7e«.]  N"t 
using  prayer;  habitually  neglecting  the  use  of 
prayer. 

*  prayer'-le'ss-ly,  adv.  fEnpr.  prayerJess;  -ly.] 
In  a  prayerless  manner ;  without  prayer. 

"  prayer  -less-ness,  a.  [Eng.  prayerles*; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  prayer- 
less  ;  habitual  neglect  of  the  use  of  prayer. 

pray  ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [PRAT.J 
praying-insect,  s. 

Entom. :  Any  individual  of  the  family 
Jlautiiia-  (q.v.). 

praying  -  machine,  praying  -  mill, 
praying-wheel,  ».  An  apparatus  used  in 
Thiliet,  and  other  parts  of  the  East,  as  a 
mechanical  aid  to  prayer.  They  are  of  various 
forms,  the  commonest  being  a  cylinder  or 
barrel  of  pasteboard  fixed  on  an  axle,  and 
inscribed  with  prayers.  The  devout  give  the 
barrel  a  turn,  and  each  revolution  counts  aa 
an  utterance  of  the  prayer  or  prayers  inscribed. 
The  Abbe  Hue  (in  his  Travels  in  Thibet,  1844) 
says  that 

"  It  is  common  enough  to  see  them  fixed  In  the  bed 
of  a  running  stream,  as  they  are  then  set  in  motion  by 
the  water,  and  go  on  praying  night  and  Hay,  to  ti.e 
siwclal  lieneflt  of  the  person  who  baa  placed  tl  cm 
there.  The  Tartars  also  suspend  them  over  tl,.  ir 
domestic  hearths,  that  they  may  be  set  In  motion  by 
the  current  of  cool  air  from  the  opening  In  tlie  tenL 
and  so  twirl  (or  the  peace  and  prosperity  of  the  family.* 

* pray'-Ing-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  praying;  -ly.l  In 
a  praying  manner  ;  with  prayers  or  supplica- 
tions. (Milton :  Apol.  for  Smectymnuus,  §  11.) 

pra'-ys,  >.    [Gr.  irpou?  (praiw)  =  mild,  soft.] 

Entom. :  A  genus  of  Hyponomeutidsp.  The 
larva  of  Prays  curtisellus,  a  native  of  Britain, 
feeds  on  the  ash.  An  allied  species  injures 
the  olive  trees  of  southern  Europe. 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  po 
or,  wore,  woU;  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  oar,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian.   »,  ce-e;ey  =  a;<iu-  lew* 


P.R.A. — preambulation 


3719 


F.R.A.,  abbrtv.  [Se«  def.]  President  of  the 
Royal  Academy. 

P.R.B.,  nbbrev.  [See  def.]  An  abbreviation 
for  Pre-Raphaelite  Brotherhood  (q.v.). 

"  It  was  instinctive  prudence,  however,  which  sug- 
gested to  us  that  vre  should  us*  the  letten  I'. U.K.,  un- 
explained on  our  pictures  (ifter  the  signature),  us  the 
one  mark  of  our  union." — Contemp.  Review,  April,  1886, 
p.aL 

pri-,  pra9-,  pref.  [Lat.  prae  (pre-  in  composi- 
tion) =  before  ;  Fr.  pri-.]  A  prefix  denoting 
priority  in  time,  place,  position,  or  rank,  as 
In  premature  =  ripe  before  its  time  ;  precede 
=  to  go  before  :  prefix  =  to  place  before  ;  pre- 
eminent =  eminent  before  or  above  all  others  : 
hence,  it  equals  very,  as  prepotent  =  very 
potent  or  powerful. 

pre-exillc,  o.  Before  the  exile  or  capti- 
Tity  of  the  Jews.  [POST-EXILIC.] 

"  A  purely  historical  investigation  into  the  ritual 
•nd  usages  of  prr-exi  ic  times."— Robertion  Smith  :  Old 
Tat.  in  Jewah  Church,  lect.  viii. 

pre  metallic,  a. 

Anthrop. :  Belonging  to  an  age  anterior  to 
T-'iich  any  particular  race  became  acquainted 
with  the  use  of  metal. 

"  The  oldest  races  were  In  the  pre-mctaUlc  stag* 
when  lironze  was  introduced  by  a  new  nation."— Elton: 
Origintof  Engtith  History,  p.  124. 

»  pre-Raphaellsm,  «.  The  same  as 
PBE-KAPHAELITISM  (q.v.). 

pre-Raphaelite,  o.  &  «. 

A.  Asailj. :  Belonging  to  the  Pre-Raphaelite 
Brotherhood ;  having  the  characteristics  of 
the    Pre-Raphaelite    Brotherhood   (q.v.),    or 
their  method  of  painting. 

"I  would  only  ask  the  spectator  to  observe  this 
difference  hetveeu  true  Pre-Raphaelite  work  and  its 
imitations.  The  true  work  represents  all  objects 
•x.ictly  as  they  would  appear  in  nature,  in  the  position 
and  at  the  distances  which  the  arrangement  of  the 
picture  supposes."— Kutkin.  in  Timct,  May  5,  18M. 

B.  As    snibst. :    A    member   of  the    Pre- 
Raphaelite    Brotherhood  ;    one  who  follows 
their  method  of  painting. 

"The  Pre-R<ipkaeHtet  Imitate  no  pictures:  they 
paint  ftoui  nature  only.  But  they  hare  opposed 
themselves  as  a  body  to  the  kind  of  teaching  .  .  . 
which  only  began  after  Raphael's  time :  aud  they  have 
opposed  themselves  as  sternly  to  the  entire  feeling 
of  the  Renaissance  schools;  a  feeling  compounded  of 
Indolence.  Infidelity,  neiutiality,  and  shallow  pride. 
Therefore  they  have  called  themselves  Pre-Kaphael- 
Ua."—Jluikin:  {'re-Raphaelititm  led.  18S2),  p.  25. 

Pre-Raphaelite  Brotherhood : 
Art:  An  association  founded  in  1848  by 
'William  Holman  Hunt,  John  Everett  Millais, 
and  Dante  Gabriel  Rossetti  (died  April  9, 
1882),  the  last  of  whom  suggested  the  title 
"  Brotherhood."  [See  extracts  under  PRE- 
RAPHAELITK,  A.  &  B.]  They  were  afterwards 
Joined  by  Thomas  Woolner  (sculptor),  James 
Collinson  (died  1881),  Frederick  George  Stevens 
(art-critic),  and  William  Michael  Rossetti. 
With  the  exception  of  the  Spectator,  the  whole 
of  the  London  press  attacked  them,  as  Mr. 
Rnskin  thought,  unfairly,  and  he  defended 
them  in  a  letter  to  the  Times  (May  5,  1854). 

"It  was  probably  the  finding  of  this  book  at  this 
•pedal  time  which  caused  the  establishment  of  the 
fn-  Kaphuelite  Brotherhood."  —  Contamp.  Review, 
April.  IS  .6,  p.  480. 

pro  Raphaelitism,  s. 

Art:  The  method  of  painting  adopted  by 
the  Pre-Raphaelites  [PRK-RAPHAELITE,  B.]  It 
was  a  system  of  minute  analysis  carried  to 
the  utmost  extreme. 

•pre-ac-cn-sa'-tlon, ».  [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
accusation  (q.v.).]  A  previous  accusation. 

prea9h,  *  preche,  v.i.  &  t.  [O.  Fr.  precher, 
prescher  (Kr.  precher),  from  Lat.  prcedico  =  to 
make  known  in  public  :  pro;  =  before,  openly, 
and  dico  =  to  proclaim,  to  say ;  Span,  predicj.r ; 
Port,  pregar ;  Ital.  predicare  ;  Dut.  prediken, 
prel.en ;  Dan.  pratlilce ;  Ger.  prerii(ten ;  Sw. 
predika.  French  and  predicate  are  doublets.] 

A.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  proclaim  or  publish  tidinprs;  espec.  to 
proclaim  the  gospel.    (Wydiffe  :  Romaynes  x.) 

2.  Specif. :  To  pronounce  or  deliver  a  public 
discourse  on  some  religious  subject,  or  upon 
a  text  of  Scripture  ;  to  deliver  a  sermon. 

"They  will  not  reade,  nor  can  they  prtach." 
Warner:  Atbioiu  England,  bk.  ix  ,  ch.  Ilii. 

S.  To  give  earnest  advice,  especially  on 
religious  or  moral  subjects ;  to  speak  like  a 
preacher. 

B.  Transitive: 

*  1.  To  proelaim ;  to  publish ;  to  declare 
publicly.  (Matthew  x.  27.) 


2.  Specif. :  To  publish  or  proclaim  the  gos- 
pel ;  to  declare  as  a  missionary. 

"  And  sende  Sent  Mark  toe  euangelist  into  Egypt  for 
to  prtclte."  Kobert  of  Gloucester,  p.  «7. 

3.  To  deliver  or  pronounce  :  as,  To  preach  a 
sermon. 

4.  To  urge  with  earnestness  upon  a  person 
or  persons  ;  to  teach  or  inculcate  earnestly. 

"  I  have  rireached  righteousness."— Ptalm  xl.  S. 

5.  To  advise  earnestly. 

•  My  muter  preachet  patience  to  him." 

Shaketp.  :  Comedy  of  Error*,  T.  I. 

*6.  To  teach  or  instruct  by  preaching  ;  to 
inform  by  preaching.    (Southey.) 
1 7.  To  persuade  to  a  course  of  action. 

"  These  hundred  doctors  try 

To  preach  thee  to  their  school." 
Mattheia  Arnold  :  Empedoda  on  Etna,  L  I 

T  To  preach  up :  To  preach  or  discourse  in 
favour  of. 

*  preach,  «s.  [PREACH,  v.]  [Fr.  prfche.]  A 
religious  discourse ;  a  sermon. 

"  This  oversight  occasioned  the  French  spitefully  to 
term  religion,  in  that  sort  exercised,  a  mere  prtacA."— 
footer:  EKlet.  Polity,  bk.  v.,  5  2ft. 

preagh'-er,  *  prech-our, ».  [Eng.  preach, 
T.  ;  -er ;  Fr.  preclieur.] 

1.  One  who  preaches  or  discourses  upon 
sacred  or  religious  subjects. 

"  How  shall   they    hear   without   *  prtachtr  f  "— 

Romani  x.  14. 

2.  One  who  teaches  or  inculcates  anything 
with  earnestness  and  zeal. 

If  Friars  Preachers :  [DOMINICAN]. 

prea9h'-er-ship,  s.  [Eng.  preacher;  -ship.] 
The  office,  post,  or  position  of  a  preacher. 

"Jeremy  Collier,  who  was  turned  out  of  the 
preachershipot  the  Rolls,  was  a  man  of  a  much  higher 
order."—  Jtacaulay:  Hitt.  Eng.,  ch.  xiv. 

prea9h'-I-fy,  v.i.  [Eng.  preach;  I  connect., 
and  suff.  -fy.]  To  discourse  like  a  preacher; 
to  give  advice  in  a  long-winded  discourse. 

preach'-ing,  *  prech-ynge,  pr.  par.  or  a. 
[PREACH,  v.] 

*  preaching-cross,  &    A  cross  erected 


PREACHINO-CRObS,   ST.  PAUL'S. 

In  some  public  or  open  place  where  the  monks 
and  others  preached  publicly. 

preaching-friars,  s.  pi.    [DOMINICAN.] 

*  preagh'-man,  *.    [Eng.  preach,  and  man.} 
A  preacher.     (Said  in  contempt.) 

"  Some  of   our  nrfnchmen  are  grown  dog-mad." — 
Eowell :  Letteri,  bk.  ii.,  let.  S3. 

*  prea9h'-ment,  s.    [Eng.  preach ;  -ment.]  A 
discourse  or  sermon ;  a  discourse  affectedly 
solemn.    (Said  in  contempt.) 

"  Come.  come.  Veep  these  preachment*  till  you  come 
to  the  place  appointed."— Marlowe:  Edvard  11.,  iv.  «. 

pre-ac-qnainf,  v.t.  [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
acquaint  (q.v.).]  To  make  acquainted  with 
previously  ;  to  inform  beforehand. 

pre-ac-qnalnt'-ance,  s.  [Pref.  pre-,  and 
Eng.  acquainiance'(c(.v.).~]  Previous  acquaint- 
ance ;  knowledge  beforehand. 

*  pre-ac'-tlon,  ».    [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng.  action 
(q.v.).]     Previous  action. 

"Polarity  determined  by  its  prmaction," —Bntme : 
Vulgar  Errourt.  bk.  Ii.,  cb.  ii. 

*  pread,  v.i.    [Lat.  pneda  =  prey ;  prcedor  = 
to  rob.]    To  act  as  a  robber  ;  to  rob. 


prd-a-dam'-Ic,   o.     [Prof,    pre-,  and   Eng. 
Ada'mic.}    Previous  to  A<lam  ;  preadamite. 


pre-ad'-am-ite,  a.  &  $.  [Praf.  pre-,  and  Eug. 
Adamite  \q.v.).] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Prior  to  Adam  ;  preadamitic. 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  preadamitea. 

3.  Antiquated  ;  out  of  date.    (Colloq.) 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  One  of  those  beings  supposed  by  some 
writers  to  have  inhabited  this  world  before 
Adam. 

"  Mighty  prradamitrt  who  walk'd  the  earth 
Of  whicn  ours  Is  the  wreck."    Byron :  Cain,  tt.  S. 

2.  One  who  holds  that  there  were  persons 
inhabiting  this  world  before  the  time  of  Adam. 

pre-ad-a-mltf-Ic,  *pr»-ad-a-mIt'-Jc- 

al,  a.    [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng.  Adamitic.]   Exist- 
ing prior  to  Adam  ;  preadamite. 

"  The  first  author  of  the  Prendamitlc  system  ...  to 
said  to  have  been  Giordano  Bruno."— Additt  Arnold: 
(.'nth.  Diet.,  p.  682. 

pre  ad-a-mit  ism,  *  prae  ad  a  mit- 
ism,  s.  [Eng.  preadamiHe) ;  -ism.] 

Church  Hist. :  The  teaching  of  Isaac  de  la 
Peyrere  (1592-1670),  a  French  Calvinist,  who 
asserted  that  Paul  had  revealed  to  him  that 
Adam  was  not  the  first  man  created.  Peyrere 
published  a  treatise  in  1655,  based  on  Roman* 
v.  12-14,  but  it  was  publicly  burnt,  and  he  waa 
imprisoned  at  Brussels.  His  views,  however, 
were  espoused  by  many  people.  (See  extract.) 

"The  abjured  Calvinism  and  Praadamiti$m  before 
Pope  Alexander  VII."— XcClintocX  t  Strong  :  Ci/dof. 
Bib.  Lit.,  viii.  50. 

pre-ad-min-Is-tra'-tlon,  i.     [Pref.   pre-, 

and  Eng.  udttiitiisti-ati'jii.]    Previous  adminis- 
tration. 

"  Baptism  as  it  was  instituted  by  Christ  after  UM 

prtadminitcration  of   St.  Juhu."—Pcarion:    On   On 

Creed. 

pre  ad  mdn'-Ish,  v.t  [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
admonish,]  To  admonish  previously  or  before- 
hand ;  to  advise  beforehand. 


*  pre-ad-md  nl'-tion,  *.     [Pref.  pre-,  and 
Eng.  admonition.]     A  previous  warning  ot 
admonition. 

"  The  fatal  preadmonition  of  oaks  bearing  strange 
leaves."— Evelyn  :  Sylta. 

*  pre-ad'-ver-tlse,  v.t.     [Pref.  pre-,  and 
Eng.  advertise.]    To  preadmonish  (q.v.). 


*  pre-al'-la-biy,  adv.     [Fr.  preallaliUment.} 
Previously! 

"  No  swan  dieth  until  prtallaMn  he  hare  sung.".— 
Cnjuhart :  Baorlau,  bk.  ill.,  ch.  rxL 

pre'-am-ble,  *.  [Fr.  priambule,  from  Lafx 
praximbuliis  =  walking  before,  preceding;  pre- 
amliulo  =  to  walk  before.]  [PREAMBULATE.] 

1.  Something  introductory ;  an  introduction, 
as  to  a  writing,  a  piece  of  music,  Ac. ;  a  preface. 

"  There  Is  a  luuf  preamble  of  a  tale." 

Chaucer:  C.  T..  MIL 

2.  Specif.:  The  introductory  portion  of  • 
statute,  in  which  are  declared  the  reasons 
and  intentions  of  the  act. 

••  Owning.  In  the  preamble  of  the  Act.  that  they 
had  been  guilty  of  injustice."—  Macaului:  Hitt.  £><?•• 
ch.  xiv. 

*  pri-am'-ble,  v.t.  &  t.    [PREAMBLE,  t  ] 

A.  Trans. :  To  preface ;  to  introduce  witfc 
prefatory  remarks. 

B.  Intrant. :  To  go  before  ;  to  precede. 

"  We  must  be  content  to  hear  a  preamfing  boast  (C 
your  valour."— Milton  :  R»numftrantt  Ueltnc*. 

*  pre-am'-bu-lar-Jf.a.  [O.  Fr.preamii(Jai«t 
from  Lat.  prwanibulus.]    [PREAMBLF:,  s.] 

1.  Having  the  character  of  a  preamble  ;  in- 
troductory. 

"So  many  prtfemou/ary  proofs  of  the  last  and  general 
resurrection.  '—Pearmn :  Un  the  Creed,  art.  xL 

2.  Pertaining  to,  ordependent  on,  a  preamble. 

"A  preamtndarf  tax."— Burke :  On  Amer.  Taxation. 

*  pre-iim  bu  late,  v.i.  [Lat.  prreambulatut, 
pa.  par.  of  prasamlmlo  =  to  walk  before  :  prw 
=  Ivfore,  and  ambition  to  walk.]    To  walk  or 
go  before  ;  to  precc-le. 

"  Wlien  fierce  destruction  follows  to  hell-cate, 
Pride  doth  moet  commonly  preambulatt." 

Jordan  :  t'oeini.  f  |  S  B. 

*  pre-am-bn-la'-tlon,  &     [Pref.  pre-,  and 
Eng.  ambiila'tion.] 

1.  A  walking  or  going  before  ;  a  preceding. 

2.  A  preamble.    (Chaucer  :  C.  T.,  MIS.) 


boll,  b<Sy ;  pout.  Jowl ;  cat,  gell,  chorus,  chin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.    -Ing, 
-dan,  -tian  =  shan.    - tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -(Ion,  -sion  =  chua.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.   -ble,  -die.  Ac.  s  bel.  d0L 


372C 


prcambulatory— precedence 


•  pre-am'-bn-la-tor-^,  a.    [Eng.  preambu- 
Tat(e);  -ory.]    Going  before  ;  preceding. 

"  Simon  Magus  had  prcambitlatory  impieties."— Bp. 
Taylor :  Herman*,  vol.  i..  s«r.  17. 

•  pre-am'-bu-lOUS,  a.     [Lat.   praambiUus.] 
Going  before ;  preceding,  introductory. 

"The  principle  r>reambuioui  uiito  all  belief."— 
—Browne:  Vulgar  krroun,  bk.  i.,  ch.  x. 

pro  an-nounce',  v.t.  [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
announce.]  To  announce  beforehand. 

•pre-an-te-pS-nul'-tJ-mate,  *.  [Pref. 
pre-,  and  Eng.  antepenultimate.]  The  syllable 
before  the  antepenultimate ;  the  fourth 
syllable  from  the  end. 

pre-a-or-tlc,  o.  [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng.  aortic 
(q.v.).] 

Anat. :  Situated  in  front  of  the  aorta.  There 
is  a  preaurtic  plexus.  (Quuin.) 

pre-ap  point',  v.t.    [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng.  ap- 
poiitt.l    To  aptpoint  previously  or  beforehand. 
"Visit  prea/tpointetl  for  us  by  Irving."—  Carltilt : 
Kemim-cencei  (ed.  Krou.le).  i.  131. 

pre  ap  point'-ment,  «.  [Pref.  pre-,  and 
Eng*.  appointment.]  Previous  appointment. 

"  pre-ap-prS-hSn'-sion,  *.  [Pref.  pre-, 
and  Lng.  apirreliention.]  An  apprehension  or 
opinion  formed  before  examination. 

"Such  as.  regarding  the  clouds,  behold  them  in 
shapes  conformable  to  preapprehentiont."— Browne  : 
Vulgar  Krroun,  bk.  it,  ch.  vl. 

pre  -  are  -  tor1-  us,  prw  -  arc  -  tiir'-  us,  t. 

[Pref.  pre-,  and  Lut.  arcturms  (q.v.).] 

Palteont. :  The  earliest  known  Isopod.  It 
is  from  the  Devonian  rocks. 

•  pre  arm',  v.t.    [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng.  arm,  v.] 
To  arm  beforehand  ;  to  forearm. 

"These  be  good  thought*  to  prearm  our  souls."— 
Adam* :  Work*,  ill.  2i. 

•  proaso,  v.  to,    [PRESS,  v.  ft  «.) 

•  pre  a  ssu   ran9e  (ss  as  sh),  5.     [Pref. 
pre-,  and  Eng.  assurance.]    Previous  assurance. 

pre  au  dl  en9e,  ».  [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
audience.] 

Enylah  Custom :  The  right  of  being  heard 
before  unot.ier.  Thu  preaudience  of  I  lie  bar  is 
a.i  filLiWd:  (1)  The  queen's  attorney-gene:*!, 
(2)  the ipjeeu'd solicitor-general,  (•>)  tiiu queen's 
advocate- general,  (4)  tlie  queen's  c  tunsel,  (">) 
the  recorder  of  London,  (U)  advocates  of  civil 
law,  (7)  barristers. 

•  pre-a-veV,  *  pre-a-verr,  v .  t.    [Pref.  pre-, 
and  Eng.  aver.]    To  affirm  or  declare  before- 
hand ;  to  prophesy. 

"  Another,  past  all  hope,  doth  pnaftr 

The  birth  of  John." 
Stli-etter  •  ha.  Barta*,  first  day,  first  week,  778. 

pre-ax'-I  al,  prse-ax'-I-al,  a.  [Pref.  pre-, 
Kid  Eng.  axiaf(q.v.).] 

Anat. :  Anterior  or  internal  to  the  axis  of 
the  limb.  Used  of  tl*e  parts  on  its  uiiiur  or 
flbular  side.  (HuxUy.) 

prub  end,  *.  [Fr.  prebende,  from  Lat  prat- 
bemla  =.  a  payment  to  a  private  i>ers»n  from  a 
public  source  ;  prop.  fern.  King.  »f  prcebendus, 
fut.  j«r.  of  prmbeo  =  to  afford,  to  give,  from 
free  =  before,  and  habco  =  to  have  ;  8p.  pre- 
Oendii;  Ital.  prebenila,  prtvenda.] 

1.  The  stipend  or  maintenance  granted  to  a 
eftnon  of  a  cathedral  or  collegiate  rhurch  out 
of  its  estate  ;  a  cnnonry.  A  Simple  Prebend  is 
one  restricted  to  the  revenue  only ;  a  Dignitary 
Prebend  hns  jurisdiction  annexed  to  it. 

"  Prizes  of  a  very  different  sort  from  a  rectory  oral 
prebend."— J»Vu-au/<iy :  Hut.  Eng.,  ch.  xxir. 

*  2.  A  prebendary. 

"  MaUters  of  col  lego,  jrrebendn,  persons  and  vycars." 
-Bale:  EngHih  Vottiriet,  \>i.  L 

pro  bend  al,  *  pre  bend' -all,  cu    [Eng. 

prebend  ;  -al.] 

1.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  a  prebend  or 
prebendary. 

2.  Holding  a  prebend. 

"  No  sleek  preVn*il  priest  could  b» 
ilore  thoroughly  devout  th  .11  he." 

Cooper:  rer-Vert. 

probendal  stall,  «.  The  seat  of  a  pre- 
bendary in  a  church,  into  which  he  is  inducted 
by  the  dean  and  chapter. 

prob'-eiid-ar-y,  ».  [Fr.  prebendler,  from 
Low  Lat.  prcebend  <riu»,  from  Lat.  pr&benda 
a  preltend  (q.v.);  Ital.  prebendario.] 


I.  The  holder  of  a  prelmnd  or  prebendal 
stall ;  a  stipendiary  of  a  cathedral. 

"  The  chapter,  ooiuiutluti  of  canons  or  prebetul,iria, 
are  touietiiiiei  appointed  l<y  the  cmwn.  sometime,  by 
the  oishop.  and  sometimes  elected  by  eacli other."— 
Biiiek4u>ir  :  Comment.,  bk.  L,  ch.  1 

•  2.  A  prebend ;  a  prebendaryship. 

"  A  fnrebtndii.ru  wai  offered  me  ....  It  was  a  good 
fat  beueflce,  and  I  accepted  it."— Bailey :  Jiraimut, 
p.184, 

prSb'-Snd-ar-y-Sblp,  *.  [Eng.  prebendary; 
-skip.]  The  office,  rank,  or  position  of  a 
prebendary ;  a  cauonry. 

"  \pretnnutars/thipot  Windsor."—  Wotton  :  Remain*, 
P.S6K. 

*  preb'-en-date,  v.t.     [Eng.  prebend ;  -ate.] 
To  make  a  prebendary  of;  to  present  to  a 
prebend. 

"  He  was  preliendattd  at  Paris. "—Oraflon  :  Chronicle; 
King  John  (all.  11). 

*  preb -end-ship,  8.    [Eng.  prebend;  -ship.] 
A  prebendaryship  ;  a  prebend. 

"  Everie  one  of  them  should  confer  one  prebendthip 
to  the  same  foundation."— Fox:  Martyr*,  p.  816. 

pro  cal   cu  late,  *  prse  cal  cu  late,  r. «. 

[Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng.  calculate  (q.v.).J  To 
determine  on,  or  arrange  for,  beforehand ;  to 
prearrange. 

"C  untied  himself  to  a  carefully  pracalculated 
opium-debauch."— Jjatton  :  Dt  yuincey,  p.  33. 

Pre-cam  -bri-an,  a.  [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
Cambrian  (q.v.).J 

Geol. :  A  term  applied  to  a  series  of  strata 
deposited  prior  to  the  Cambrian.  They  are 
largely  volcanic,  and  products  of  Precambrian 
volcanoes  are  believed  to  exist  at  St.  Davids, 
in  Carnarvonshire,  in  Charnwood  Forest,  and 
in  the  Wrekin.  Dr.  Hicks  divides  the  Pre- 
cambrian rocks  in  an  ascending  order  into  the 
Dimetian,  the  Arvcnian,  and  the  Peliidian 
(q.v.).  Some  of  his  views  have  been  disputed 
by  Dr.  Geikie  and  other  geologists.  In 
America  the  Precambrian  rocks  are  divided 
into  the  Huronian  and  the  Laurentiau  (q.v.). 
Called  by  Dana  A  rch.ua n. 

*  pre'-cant,  s.    [Lat  precans,  pr.  par.  of  pre- 
cor  =  to  pray.]    One  who  prays  ;  a  prayer  ;  a 
supplicant    (Coleridge.) 

pre-car'-I-OUS,  o.  [Lat  precarius  =  ob- 
tained by  prayer,  or  as  a  favour,  precarious, 
from  precor  =  to  pray  ;  Fr.  precaire  ;  Sp.  & 
Ital.  precario.] 

1.  Depending  on  the  will  or  pleasure  of 
another ;    held    by  court,  sy ;   liable    to    lie 
changed,  alienated,  or  stopped  at  the  pleasure 
of  another. 

"They  would  allow  only  a  very  limited  and  a  very 
precar««u«aut,hority."— Macau/ay :  Hint.  Eng., ch.  xiii. 

2.  Uncertain  ;  held  by  a  doubtful  tenure. 

3.  Uncertain  in  the  result;  doubtful,  hazard- 
ous. 

"  Who  has  ever  observed  a  writer  of  any  eminence  a 
camli'Jite  in  so  i>mariou*  a  contest  f  "—UoldtmM : 
Polite  Le.tniir.ij,  ch.  x. 

4.  Dangerously  uncertain  or  doubtful  as  to 
the  issue  :  as,  a  precai  ious  state  of  health. 

*  5.  Unsettled,  doubtful. 

"That  the  f.ibrkk  of  the  body  Is  out  of  the  conrnrne 
of  ntomes  U  a  mere  nrern  i->u*  opinion."— More  : 
Immort.  of  the  Soul.  bk.  ii..  cu.  i. 

precarious  loan,  «. 
Law :  A  bailment  at  will. 

pr3-car'-I-ofis-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  precarious; 
•ly.]  In  a  precarious  manner  ;  at  the  will  or 
Meuara  of  others;  by  a  doubtful  tenure; 
dangerously. 

"Ever  ftrrmrl->n*tv  flnrtiiatinic  and  unsettled."— 
liurke  :  I  italic,  o/  Xatural  Socitti/. 

pr6  car  I  ous  n6ss,  s.  [Eng.  precarious; 
•ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  Itciu^  precari- 
o-is  ;  dep"ivlence  on  the  will  or  pleasure  of 
others;  uncertainty. 

"  Yet  thTe  is  more  precarlnutnft*  about  the  tenure 
nf  'he  berry  t'mn  about  that  pertaining  t»  the  leaf  of 
t Je  Bohea shrub."— Daily  Te'.Fjrap.i,  Sept.  17, 1885. 

prg-cir'-I-um,  ».  [Lat.  neut  sing,  of  pre- 
cariui=.  obtained  by  prayer.] 

Rom.  A  Scots  Law:  A  loan  of  an vthing  re- 
vocable at  the  will  or  discretion  of  the  lender. 

*  pre-ca'-tion,   *  prc-ca-cl-on,  ».     [Lnt 
preeatio,  fr"in  precatus,  pa.  par.  of  precor  = 
to  pray.]    The  act  of  praying ;  prayer,  sup- 
plication, entreaty. 

"  And  can  you  not  from  yor  precatlon  .  .  . 
To  think  of  an  old  frirtid  nnd  some  vacation  T" 
Cotton  :  f.'/mtle  to  John  Bradihaic,  Ktg. 


*  pre'-ca-tive,  *  pre'-ca-tor-Sr.  a.     [Lai 

precativtus,  precatoi'ius,  from  prtcattis,  pa.  par. 
of  precor  =  to  pray.]  Begging,  praying,  sup- 
pliant, beseeching. 

"This  pnrtlcle.  Amen.  .  .  is  precatory."— Hufki** : 
On  the  lard't  Prut/er. 

*  pre'-ca-tor-y,  a.    [PRECATIVK.] 

precatory-words,  s.  pi.  "Words  in  t 
will  praying  or  recommending  that  a  thing  be 
done. 

*  prS-cau'-tion,  v.t.     [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
caution,  v.] 

1.  To  caution  or  warn  beforehand. 

"  By  the  disgraces,  diseases,  and  beggary  of  hopeful 
young  im-n  brought  to  ruin,  he  may  be  vrecautioned." 
—Locke  :  On  Education,  I  94. 

2.  To  take  care  of  or  see  to  beforehand. 

"  He  cannot  hurt  me, 
That  I  precaution' d,"    Dryden :  Don  Stbtutian,  U.  L 

pre-cau'-tlon,  *.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  precau- 
tionem,  ace.  of  precautio,  from  prai  =  before, 
and  cautio  =  a  caution  (q.v.).J 

1.  Previous  caution  ;  caution  or  care  taken 
beforehand  to  guard  against  danger  or  risk,  or 
to  insure  success. 

"  The  evils  which  had  brought  that  kingdom  to  ruin 
might,  it  was  said,  have  been  averted  by  timely  pr«- 
caution,"—Macaulai/ :  HM.  Eng.,  ch.  xiv. 

2.  A  measure  of  caution  taken  beforehand 
to  guard  against  danger  or  risk,  or  to  insure 
success  :  as,  To  take  precautions. 

*  pre  cau  tion  al,    pre  can  tion  all,  a. 

[Eng.  precaution ;  -al.\    Precautionary. 

"This  first  filial!  fear  Is  but  virtuous  and  precau. 
tionnU."—Mountague:  Dcvjutt  Huayei,  pk  i.,  treat, 
vl,  |  3. 

pro  cau  tion  ar-y,  a.  &  t.    [Eug.  precau- 
tion; -ary.] 
A.  .4s  ailjective . 

1.  Containing  or  expressing  previous  caution 
or  warning  :  as,  precautionary  advice. 

2.  Done  or  adopted  for  the  sake  of  pre- 
caution ;  adapted  or  intended  to  guard  against 
danger  or  risk,  or  to  insure  success. 

'•  Wholesome  precautionary  rules."  —  Daily  Tel*- 
gra/ih,  Feb.  23,  1886. 

*  B.  As  subst. :  A  precaution. 

"Thou  seest  by  the  above  jjrtcautionarin,  that  I 
forget  uothiug."— KichardiM  :  Clarissa,  iv.  4». 

pre-cau'-tious,  a.  [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
cautious.]  Cautious  beforehand ;  relating  to 
or  using  precaution  ;  precautionary. 

"  To  be  very  penetrant,  prtcautiou*.  or  watchful.* 
—Iforth:  Examen,  p.  as. 

pre-cau'-tious-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  precautinus; 
-ly.]  In  a  prccautious  manner ;  with  precau- 
tion ;  carefully. 

pre  cau  -tious-ne'ss,  s.  [Eng.  precaution; 
-ness.]  Tne  quality  or  state  of  being  pro- 
cautious  ;  precaution. 

*pre-cS-da'-n5-ous,  a.  [PRECEDE.]  Going 
itefore  iu  time;  preceding,  previous,  antece- 
dent. • 

"  Prrredanfou*  to  the  constitution  or  ordination."— 
Barrow :  On  the  fope'i  Supremacy. 

pre  5ede',  v.t.  &  i.    [Fr.  preceder,  from  Lnt. 
pr  I'cedo,  from  prot  =  before,  and  cedo  =.  to  go; 
tip.  &  Port,  preceder  ;  Itul.  precetiere.] 
A.  Transitive  : 

1.  To  go  ttefore  in  order  of  time  ;  to  happen 
previously  to. 

"  Acts  of  the  will  hy  which  they  were  preceded."— 
S  eienrt :  of  /he  .Mind.  vol.  i..  ch.  if. 

2.  To  go  before  in  place,  rank,  or  import- 
ance. 

"  Rome  for  Its  magnitude  ought  to  precede  Carthage," 
— narrow  :  On  t  te  rnpri  Xuprrmary. 

*  3.  To  cause  something  to  go  before  ;  to 
preface. 


B.  Intrant. :  To  go  before ;  to  be  or  happen 
before  in  time  or  place. 

"  Eminent  among  the  seven  professors  of  the  pr». 
ceding  year."—  Mavauluy :  Bitl.  Eng.,  ch.  zL 

pr6-9ed    en9e,    *  pre   ped-en-jy,    •- 

[Fr.  precedence,  from  Lat.  pr<Kceaentia  =  a  going 
before,  from  prcecedens  —  precedent  (q.v.).] 

1.  The  act  or  state  of  preceding  or  going 
before  in  order  of  time ;  precession,  priority 
in  time. 

2.  The  stale  of  going  or  being  before  in  point 
of  rank  or  dignity  ;  the  right  to  a  more  honour- 
able place  in  public  processions  or  ceremonies, 


tate.  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  tail,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cor,  rule,  foil ;  try,  Syrian.   »,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


precedent— precise 


3721 


or  in  the  civilities  of  life ;  order,  place,  or 
position  according  to  rank. 

"  Halifax,  whose  rank .  age.  aud  abilities  entlUed  him 
to  preixdem*,  was  spokesman."  —  MacauAay :  Hut. 
fng.,  ch.  ix. 

U  Precedence  in  Great  Britain  is  regulated 
partly  by  statutes  aud  letters  patent,  and 
partly  l>y  ancient  usage  and  established  cus- 
toms. In  the  United  States,  where  all  are 
presumably  of  equal  rank  and  importance, 
questions  of  precedence  are  much  less  con- 
sidered than  abroad. 

3.  The  foremost  or  chief  place  in  a  cere- 
mony;  a  superior  place  to  another;  priority 
in  place.    (Milton:  P.  L.,  ii.  33.) 

4.  Superiority  ;  superior  importance  or  in- 
fluence. 

"  If  we  here  measure  the  greatness  of  the  virtue,  by 
the  difficulty  of  its  exercise,  passive  obedience  will 
certainly  gain  the  precedency."— Houth :  Sermons,  vol. 
TilL,  »er.  7. 

*  5.  That  which  precedes  or  goes  before ; 

something  past. 

"It  Is  an  epilogue  or  discourse,  to  make  plain 
Some  obscure  precedence  that  hath  totore  been  sain." 
Shakap. :  Love't  Labour'!  Lust,  iii.  L 

If  Patent  of  precedence :  Letters  patent 
granted  as  a  mark  of  honour  by  the  Crown  to 
persons  entitling  them  to  such  precedence  or 
preaudience  as  is  stated,  in  their  respective 
letters. 

prS -jed'-ent,  a.  &  s.  [Fr.  precedent,  pr.  par. 
of  preceder  =  to  precede  (q.v.) ;  Lat.  pnece- 
dens.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Going  before  in  time ;  ante- 
cedent, previous,  former,  prior. 

"  Our  own  precedent  passions  do  instruct  us." 

Shaketp. :  Timon  of  Athens,  L  L 

B.  As  substantive  (pron.  pref'-e-dfnt) : 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Something  done  or  said  which  may  be 
adduced,  or  serve  as  an  example  or  rule  to  bo 
followed,  in  subsequent  cases  of  the  same  or 
•  similar  kind  ;  an  authoritative  example. 

"  'Twill  be  recorded  for  a  precedent." 

Shaketp.  :  Merchant  of  Venice,  iv.  I. 

2.  A  rule  or  course  of  action  founded  on 
the  course  adopted  in  similar  antecedent  cases. 

"  Precedent  was  directly  opposed  to  this  odious  dis- 
tinction."— tlacaulay  :  Hitt.  Eng.,  ch.  xi. 

*3.  A  preceding  circumstance  or  condition. 

',   "  For  much  he  knows,  and  just  conclusions  draws 
From  various  precrdetitt,  and  various  laws.' 

Pope  :  Homer ;  Odyuey  iii.  *>7. 

*  4.  A  sign,  an  indication,  an  example. 
"Your  grace  has  giveu  a  iirecedent  of  wisdom." 

Hhakeip. :  Henry  rill.,  11.  2. 

*  5.  A  first  draught  of  a  document ;   the 
Original  copy  of  a  writing. 

"  Return  the  precedent  to  these  lords  again." 

Shaketp. :  King  John,  v.  1 

II.  Law: 

1.  A  judicial  decision,  interlocutory  or  final, 
which  serves  as  a  rule  for  future  determina- 
tions in  .similar  cases. 

"  To  abide  by  former  precrdenti,  where  the  same 
points  coiue  again  in  litigation."— Blackttone:  Com- 
ment. (Introd.) 

2.  A  form  of  proceeding  to  be  followed  in 
Similar  cases. 

precedent  condition,  *. 

Law  :  Something  which  must  happen  or  be 
performed  before  an  estate  can  vest  or  be  en- 
larged. 

•  prey-S-dSnt-e'd,  a.    [Eng.  precedent;  -ed.] 
Based  on  or  having  a  precedent ;  authorized 
or  sanctioned  by  a  precedent. 

"  It  is  allowable  and  precedented  to  expatiate  in 
praise  of  the  work."—  WalpaU :  A  necdotet  of  Painting, 
TO),  i.  (Pref.) 

U  Now  only  used  negatively :  as,  unprece- 
dented (q.v.). 

•  pre9-e-dsn'-tial  (tl  as  sh),  a.    [Eng.  pre- 
cedent ;  -ial.]    Of  the  nature  of  a  precedent ; 
fit  to  be  acted  upon  or  followed  as  a  precedent. 

"Their  practice  hath  proved  precedential  to  other 
places  in  the  same  nature."— filler:  Worthiet ;  6'iou- 
Cftterthtrf. 

•  prS-9ed'-ent-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  precedent ;  -ly.] 
Beforehand)  antecedently. 

•  pre-cSl',  *  pre  celle,  ».{.&*.    [Lat.  pro- 

Cello.]     [PRECELLENT.] 

A.  Intrant. :  To  excel,  to  surpass,  to  have 
precedence. 

"He  which  preceJleth  in  honor,  should  also  pr»- 
eelleln  vertues. —  Udal:  Timotnye  iii. 

B.  Trans. :  To  excel,  to  surpass,  to  exceed. 

"He  pondred  .  .  .  his  aduersaries,  whose  pnlssannce 
be.  both  in  nombre  and  force,  farre  did  surmount  and 
frtceH."—Hall:  Henry  VII.  (an.  2). 


*  pre-cel  -Ien9e,    * 

ft).  Fr.  precellence,  from  Lat.  praxtUentia, 
from  praxellens  =  precellent  (q.v.).]  Excel- 
lence, superiority. 

"  The  great  variety  of  things,  and  precetlency  of  one 

above   another."— MOT* :    Antidote    againtt    Atheitin. 

(Pr«t) 

*  pre-cel'-lent,  o.     [O.  Fr.,  from  Lat.  prce- 
cellens,  pr..  par.  of  proxello  =  to  excel,  to  sur- 
pass.]   [EXCEL.)    Excellent,  surpassing. 

"  The  rectitude  of  reason  in  the  precellent  knowledge 
of  the  truth. "—P.  Holland :  Plutarch,  p.  663. 

pre-9en'-tor,  $.  [Lat.  prascentor;  from  prat 
=  before,  and  cantor  (q.v.);  Fr.  precenteur, 
prechantre;  Ital.  precentore.] 

1.  Church  of  Eng. :  An  officer  in  a  cathedral, 
formerly    sometimes    called    chaunter,   and 
ranking  in  dignity  next  to  the   dean.    His 
stall  is  on  the  opposite  (north)  side  of  the 
choir,  and  that  side  is  called  cantoris  side, 
the  side  of  the  cantor,  as  the  other  is  called 
decani,  the .  side  of  the  dean.     He  has  the 
direction  of  the  musical  portion  of  the  ser- 
vice. The  precentor  is,  in  Cathedrals  of  the  new 
foundation,  a  minor  canon,  and  is  removable 
by  the  Dean  and  Chapter. 

"  A  preoentor  in  a  choir  both  appointeth  and  moder- 
atyth  all  the  sougs."— t'other  by  :  Atheomastix,  p.  318. 

2.  Presbyter. :  The  person  whose  duty  it  is  to 
lead  the  congregation  in  singing  the  psalms,  &c. 

pre -9<5n' -tor-ship,  s.  [Eng.  precentor;  -ship.] 
The  post,  dignity,  or  office  of  a  precentor. 

"  From  a  mere  office,  the  precentorship  in  cathedrals 
became  a  dignity."— Mainer  i  Barrett :  Met.  of  Mutic, 
B.V.  Precentor. 

pre'-9&pt,  *  pre-cepte,  «.  [Fr.  precepte, 
from  Lat.  prceceptum  =  a  precept,  a  rule ; 
prop.  neat.  sing,  of  prteceptus,  pa.  par.  of 
praxipio  =  to  take  beforehand,  to  give  rules  : 
prce  •=•  before,  and  caplo  =  to  take  ;  Sp.  pre- 
cepto;  Ital.  precetto.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  An  authoritative  rule  or  direction   for 
action ;  a  mandate,  a  command,  an  injunc- 
tion ;  an  order  authoritatively  laid. 

"  Whanne  he  hadde  takuu  such  a  precept,  he  pntte 
hem  in  to  the  ynner  prisouu."—  Wycliffe :  lieais  xvi. 

2.  An  injunction  respecting  moral  conduct ; 
a  maxim. 

"  Precepti  are  short,  necessarily  must  be  so."— 
Palty  :  Sermon  10. 

IL  Law: 

1.  A  command  or  order  in  writing  given  by 
a  justice  of  the  peace,  &c.,  for  the  bringing  a 
person,  record,  or  other  matter  before  him. 

*  2.  The  direction  issued  by  the  sheriffs  to 
the  returning  officers  of  cities,  boroughs,  &c., 
for  the  election  of  members  of  parliament. 

3.  The  direction  of  the  judges  for  the  sum- 
moning a  sufficient  number  of  jurors. 

4.  The  direction  issued  to  the  overseers  of 
parishes  for  the  making  out  of  the  jury  lists. 

5.  An  order  or  demand  for  the  collection  and 
payment  of  a  certain  sum  of  money  under  a  rate. 

*  pre'^Spt,  v.t.    [PRECEPT,  ».]    To  direct,  to 
enjoin  ;  to  instruct  or  order  by  rules. 

*  pre  ^Sp'-tiaJ  (tl  as  sh),  a.    [Eng.  precept ; 
-ial.]    Consisting  of,  or  containing,  a  precept 
or  precepts  ;  instructive,  preceptive. 

"Their  counsel  turns  to  passion,  which  before 
Would  tive  prece/itial  medicine  to  rage." 

Shaketp. :  Much  Ado  About  Xothing,  v.  4. 

*  prS  -9ep'-tion,    *.     [Lat.   prceceptio,    from 
praeceptus,  pa.  par.  of  prcecipio.]    [PRECEPT,  *.] 
A  precept. 

"Their  Leo  calls  these  words  a  precrption,  I  did 
not."— Bj>.  SaU  :  Monour  of  the  AlaHed  Clergie,  }  17. 

*  prS-cSp'-trve,  a.  [Lat  prceceptivus.]  [PRE- 
CEPT, «.]    Consisting  of,  containing,  or  giving 
precepts ;  instructive,  admonitory. 

"It  is  not  so  much  preceptive  as  permissive."— 
Bp.  Hall :  Letter  on  Cnritft  A'atieity. 

pre-9ep'-tor,  *  pro-cep-tour,  ».  [Lat. 
prceceptor,  from  pneceptus,  pa.  par.  of  prcecipio 
=  to  give  rules  ;  Fr.  precepteur;  Sp.  preceptor; 
Ital.  precettort.]  [PRECEPT,  «.] 

1.  A  teacher,  a  tutor,  an  instructor. 

"The  students,  under  the  sanction  of  their precyp- 
tort.  had  taken  arms."— Macaulav :  But.  tng.,  ch.  viii. 

2.  The  head  of  a  preceptory  among   the 
Knights  TempJare. 

"  The  Grand  Master  observed  that  the  seat  of  one  of 
the  prneptart  was.vacant."— Scott  :  laanhoe,  cb.  xxxvii. 

•pre-eSp-tcrM-al,  o.  [Eng.  preceptor; 
•ial.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  preceptor. 


pre'-98p-t6r-jf,  *  pre-cep-tor-ie,  o.  &  s. 

[PRECEPTOR.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Giving  or  containing  precepts ; 
preceptive. 

B.  As  subst. :   A  religious   house   of  the 
Knights  Templars,  subordinate  to  the  Temple, 
or  principal  house  of  the  order  in  London, 
under  the  government  of  an  eminent  knight. 
The  preceptories  of  each  province  were  sub- 
ject to  a  provincial  superior,  three  of  whom 
ranked  above  all  the  rest,  viz.,  those  of  Jeru- 
salem, Tripolis,  and  Antioch. 

"The  establishments  of  the  Knight  Templars  wera 
called  preceptoriet,  aud  the  title  of  those  who  presided 
in  the  order  was  Preceptor;  as  the  principal  Knights 
of  Saint  John  were  termed  Commanders,  and  tueir 
houses  Commanderies.  But  these  terms  were  some- 
times, it  would  seem,  used  indiscriminately."— Scott: 
Itanhoe,  ch.  xxxv.  (Note.) 

*  prS~9ep -tress,  $.     [Eng.  preceptor;  -ett; 
Lat.    prasceptrix.]      A   female    preceptor    or 
teacher. 

pre-9^88  -Ion  (ss  as  sh),  ».  [Lat.  *prcs<xssiot 
from  prcecessus,  pa.  par.  of  prcecedo  =  to  pre- 
cede (q.v.);  Fr.  precession;  Sp.  precesion; 
Ital.  precesaione.] 

*  1.  The  act  or  state  of  going  before  or  for- 
ward. 

*  2.  Precedence, 

U  Precession  of  the  equinoxes : 

(1)  Astron. :  The  going  forward  of  the  equi- 
noxes.   The  arrival  of  the  sun  at  the  point 
Aries  a  little  earlier  than  he  might  be  expected 
to  reach  it  was  first  observed  by  Hipparchus 
about  150  B.C.  Depending,  as  the  phenomenor 
does,  for  its  explanation,  on  the  law  of  gravity 
Hipparchus  could  not  account  for  it.     Sir 
Isaac  Newton  was  the  first  who  did  so,  and 
that  his  newly  discovered  law  of  gravitation 
explained  the  precession   of  the   equinoxes 
was  a  confirmation  of  the  accuracy  with  which 
he  had  read  the  law  itself.    Excepting  only  at 
the  two  equinoxes,  the  plane  iii  whk-h  the 
sun  moves  in  his  orbit  and  that  in  which  the 
earth  rotates  do  not  coincide.    By  the  law  of 
gravitation  one  body  does  not  attract  another 
in  mass,  but  acts  on  its  separate  particles.  The 
sun  then  does  not  attract  the  earth  as  a  whole, 
but  tends  to  pull  the  parts  nearest  it  away 
from  those  in  proximity  to  the  centre,  and  the 
centre  again  away  from  those  on  the  other  side. 
The  bulged-out  equatorial  zone  is  specially 
liable  to  be  thus  acted  upon,  and,  but  for  the 
rotation  of  the  earth,  would  be  so  drawn 
down  towards  the  ecliptic  that  it  and  the 
equator  would  ultimately  be  in  one  plane. 
The  earth's  rotation,  however,  modifies  this 
action,  and  simply  causes  the  points  at  which 
the  earth's  equator  intersects  the  plane  of  the 
ecliptic  to  move  slowly  in  a  direction  opposite 
to  that  in  which  the  earth  rotates.    This  is 
what  is  denominated  the  precession  of  the 
equinoxes.      It  is  generally  associated  with 
the  sun,  but  the  moon  is  twice  as   potent 
in  producing  it ;  owing  to  her  comparative 
nearness  to  the  earth  she  is  able  to  produce 
a  greater  differential  effect  on  the  nearer  and 
more  remote  portions  of  our  planet.      The 
annual  motion  of  the  first  point  of  Aries  is 
about  50",  and  about  25,867  years  will  be  re- 
quired for  the  entire  revolution.    [ARIES.] 

"The  portion  of  the  precruion  of  the  rguinoin 
attributable  to  the  sun  is  called  solar  precession,  aud 
that  produced  by  the  moon  lunar  precession."— Prof. 
Airy:  Pop.  Aaron,  (ed.  6th),  p.  269. 

(2)  Geol. :  It  has  been  supposed  that  the 
precession  of  the  equinoxes  may  have  had 
some  influence  in  producing  the  Glacial  period. 

process  -ion-al  (ss  as  sh),  a.  [Eng.  pre- 
cession; -al.]  Pertaining  or  relating  to  pre- 
cession. 

"The  precruional  movement  of  the  pole  of  tht 
earth."— LyeU :  Prin.  deal.  (ed.  1840).  ch.  xxxii. 

*  pre  9088  -  ion-er$  (ss  as  sh),  preshcss- 
iners,  s.  pi.    [Eng.  precession ;  -er.]    Candles 
used  in  processions  on  Candlemas  Day. 

*  pre-«5s'-s6r,  *  pre-ces-sour,  «.    [L*t 

proxessor.  ]  One  who  goes  before ;  a  prede- 
cessor. (Fuller:  Church  Hist.,  X.  v.  7.  In 
Hist.  Cambridge  (iii.  62)  it  is  used,  apparently, 
adjectively.) 

*  preche,  v.i.  &  t.    [PREACH.] 

*  pre  -9I-8B  (or  9  as  sh),  «.  pi    [Lat  pneta, 
pretiat  =  a  kind  of  grape-vine.] 

Bot. :  The  fiftieth  order  in  Linnieiis's 
Natural  System.  It  included  some  of  to* 
modern  Primulacese. 


boil,  bo? ;  pmit,  jo^l ;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  chin,  bench ;  go,  gem  ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,     hlg. 
-tian  =  shan.    - tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -{ion,  -flon  =  xhun.   -clous,  -tious,  -sioua  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


3722 


precidaneous— precis 


*  pre^I-da'-ng-OUS,  o.     [Lat.  praxido  =  to 
cut  off  in  front]    [PRECISE.]    Cut  off  before. 

pre  ~9inct,  *  pre-cynct,  *.  [Low  Lat.  prce- 
cinctum  —  a  boundary  ;  prop.  neut.  sing,  of 
prcrcinctus,  j>a.  par.  of  praxingo  =  to  enclose, 
to  gird  round  :  pros  =  before,  and  cinpo  =  to 
surround,  to  gird  ;  Ital.  precinto.] 

1.  Tlie  exterior  line  or  boundary  enclosing  a 
place ;  a  bound,  a  limit,  a  confine  (often  used 
topi.). 

"  Whan  thU  Dan?*  kynge  Athelstanne  had  y.  pos- 
session of  thyae  «ayd  countrees.  ye  shall  vudcrsiAmlu 
that  all  luche  Angle*  as  dwelled  there,  and  within  ye 
precynct  of  them,  were  (under)  his  obedyence.' — 
Futyan  :  Chronicle,  vol.  i..  ch.  clxxii. 

2.  A  portion   of  space   within   a  certain 
boundary. 

"  The  common  vice  of  these  castle-builders  is  to 
draw  everything  within  Its  precincts,"—  Warburton  : 
Difint  Legation,  bk.  iv.,  1 1 

3.  A  district  within  certain  boundaries;  a 
minor  territorial  or  jurisdictional  division. 

"  The  precinct  of  this  house  had.  before  the  Refer- 
mattou,  been  a  sanctuary  fur  criminals,"— Jfacaulay: 
Hitt.  Eng.,  ch.  1:1. 

4.  A  constable's  district    (Wharton.) 

•  prS-cI-os'-i-ty,  (p  as  sh)  *  pre-cy-os- 

y-te,  s.    [Bug.  precious  ;  -ity.] 

1.  Value,  preciousness. 

*  Ye  blacke  crosse  of  Scutlande  Is  gpecyally  namyd, 
a  relyke  accomptyd  of  great  prrcyoii/tc."—t'at>yan  : 
Chronicle,  vol.  U.  (an.  1327). 

2.  Something  valuable  or  precious. 

"  The  index  or  forefinger  was  too  naked  whereto  to 
commit  their  preciosities."—  Brown*  :  Vulgar  Errours, 
bk.  iv..  ch.  ir. 

preV-lous  (O  as  sh),  a.  &  adv.  (O'.  FT.  precios, 
precieus  (Fr.  precieux),  from  Lat.  pretiosus  = 
=  valuable  ;  pretium  —  price,  value  ;  Sp.  & 
Port,  prtcioso  ;  Ital.  prezioso.]  [PRICE.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

L  Of  great  price  or  value  ;  very  costly. 


2.  Of  great  value  or  worth  ;  very  valuable, 
highly  esteemed.    (Milton  :  P.  L.,  iii.  611.) 

3.  Very  great  or  large  ;  considerable.  (Colloq. 
OT  tlang.) 

4.  Worthless,  rascally.    (Used  in  irony  or 
Contempt) 

•  5.  Fastidious,  over-nice. 

"  But  lest  that  precious  folk  be  with  me  wroth. 
How  that  he  wrought,  I  dare  nut  to  you  tell." 

Chaucer:  C.  T..9,tXI. 

B.  As  adv. :  Very.    (Colloq.  or  slang.) 
precious  garnet,  s.    [ALMANDINE.] 

precious-metals,  s.  pi.  Gold  and  silver, 
•o  called  on  account  of  their  value. 

precious  opal.  «. 

Min. :  A  very  pure  variety  of  opal,  exhibiting 
a  play  of  bright  and  contrasting  colours.  The 
most  durable  are  obtained  from  the  mines  of 
Czerwenitza,  Hungary ;  those  from  Mexico, 
when  first  found,  surpass  them,  however,  in 
Tividness  of  colour. 

precious-ophite,  *.  [PRECIOUS-SERPEN- 
TINE.] 

precious  -  serpentine,  precious  - 
ophite, .-. 

Petrol. :  A  pure  variety  of  Serpentine  (q.v.), 
usually  very  fre«  from  accessory  minerals, 
and  of  a  rich  yellow  to  dark-green  colour. 

precious-stones,  i.  pi.    Jewels,  gems. 
pr£c    ious  Iv  (O  as  Sh),  adv.   [Eng.  precious; 

•iv.} 

1.  In  a  precious  manner ;  to  a  great  price ; 
valuably. 

2.  Very   much,    very    far,    very    greatly. 
(Colloq.  or  slang.) 

pr£c  lous-ness  (c  as  sh),  s.  [Eng.  precious ; 
•nets.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  precious  ; 
great  value  or  worth  ;  high  price. 

"  The  precioiisnta  of  gospel  dispensation*. "— South  : 
Sermons,  TO!.  IT.,  Bar.  7. 

pre'^I-pe",  *.    [PR^CIPB.] 

prSc'-»-pIce,*.  [Pr.,  from  Lat.  prcecipitlum— 
a  falling  headlong  down,  a  precipice ;  prcccepi 
(genit.  praseipitis)  =  head-foremost :  pros  —  be- 
fore, and  caput  (genit.  capitis)  =  the  head ;  8p. 
frecipicio ;  Ital.  prtclpizio.} 

*  1.  A  headlong  falL 

"  His  fall  is  with  a  preripirr,  from  a  sublime  pinnacle 
of  i-jnour  to  a  deep  puddle  of  peuuiy."— Adams: 
Work*,  iii.  291. 


2.  A  headlong  steep  ;  a  very  steep  declivity; 
a  bank  or  cliff  extremely  steep  or  perpendicu- 
lar  or  overhanging.    (Milton:  P.  L.,  i.  173.) 

3.  The  brink  of  a  precipice ;  the  edge  of  a'cliff: 
hence,  a  situation  of  extreme  danger  or  risk. 

"  It  caunut  be  safe  for  any  man  still  to  walk  upon  a 
precipice  .  .  .  and  to  be  always  upon  the  very  border 
of  destruction."— South  :  Sermon*.  vol.  vi.,  ser.  11. 

*  pre-9l-pl  -clous,  a.    [PRECIPITIOUS.) 

*  prS-9ip'-I-ent,  a.  [Lat.  prcecipiens,  pr.  par. 
of  pracipio  =  to  give  rules.]     [PRECEPT,  s.] 
Commanding,  directing. 

*  prS-cIp-i-ta-bll'-X-ty,  ».    [Eng.  precipita- 
bU ;  -ity.]    The  quality  or  state  of  being  pro- 
cipitable. 

*  prS-olp'-i-ta-ble,  a.     [Eng.  precipU(ate) ; 
-able.]     Capable  of  being  precipitated  to  the 
bottom,  as  a  substance  in  solution. 

pr5-Cip'-I-tan9e,    pre^lp'-i-tan-cy,  ». 

[Eng.  precipitan(t) ;  -ce,  -cy.]  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  precipitant ;  headlong  or  rash 
haste  or  hurry  ;  excessive  haste  in  forming  an 
opinion  or  resolve,  or  in  executing  a  purpose. 

"  The  boilings  of  a  fever  and  the  rashness  of  pre- 
cipitancy."— Bp.  Taylor :  Sermons,  vol.  i.,  ser.  5. 

pr5-9ip'-i-tant,  a.  &t.  [Lat.  pratipitam,  pr. 
par.  of  prcecipito  =  to  precipitate  (q.v.);  Fr. 
precipitant;  Ital.  precipitante.] 

*  A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Falling  or  rushing  headlong ;  headlong, 
precipitate. 

"  His  flight  precipitant.'       Milton  :  P.  L..  iii.  5««. 

2.  Precipitate  ;  rashly  hurried  ;  hasty. 

"  These  dreams  the  precipitant  and  unskilful!  are 
forward  to  conceit  to  be  representations  extraordinary 
and  supernatural."— More :  Enthusiasm,  f  27. 

3.  Rushing  or  moving  precipitately. 
B.  As  substantive : 

Chem.  :  A  term  applied  to  any  substance 
which,  on  being  added  to  a  liquid,  causes  the 
precipitation  of  something  held  in  solution. 

t  priS-Cip'-i-tant-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  precipitant ; 
-ly.]  In  a  precipitant  or  precipitate  manner; 
headlong,  precipitately ;  with  rash  or  foolish 
haste. 

"  If  we  make  a  rash  beginning  and  resolve  prtcipi- 
tantty."— Scott :  Christian  Life,  pi  i.,  ch.  iv. 

*pre  9lp'-I-tant-ness,s.  [Eng.  precipitant: 
•ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  pre- 
cipitant ;  rash  or  foolish  hurry  or  haste. 

prS-9ip'-I-tate,  v.t.  &  t.  [PRECIPITATE,  a.] 
[Fr.precipiter;  Sp.prtcijtiiar;  Ital.precipitare.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  throw  headlong  ;  to  hurl. 

"  A  single  touch  might  bury  him  under  a  crag  pre- 
cipitated from  above."— Euttace  :  Italy,  vol.  i.,  cb.  i. 

2.  To  urge  or  press  on  with  eager  haste  or 
violence. 

••  Swift  to  the  ships  precipitate!  her  flight." 

Pope:  Homer;  Iliad  ii.  204. 

3.  To  hurry  on  hastily,  rashly,  or  blindly  ; 
to  bring  to  a  crisis  too  soon. 

"To  precipitate  the  great  struggle,  to  long  foreseen." 
—Evening  Standard,  Oct.  3,  1885. 

*  4.  To  throw  or  drive  suddenly. 

"Short  intermittent  and  swift  recurrent  pains  do 
precipitate  patients  into  consumptions."— Harvey :  On 
Consumption. 

5.  To  throw  or  cause  to  fall  to  the  bottom 
of  a  vessel,  as  a  substance  in  solution. 

*  6.  To  bring  to  ruin  ;  to  ruin,  to  overthrow. 

"  Without  reason  or  discretion,  to  precipitate  him- 
•elf  and  the  said  see."— Gurnet :  Records,  vol.  i.,  bk. 
It,  No.  22. 

B.  Intransitive: 
*1.  To  fall  headlong. 

"So  many  fathom  downprectpUattn/r* 

Xliaktip. :  Lear,  IT.  «. 

2.  To  fall  to  the  bottom  of  a  vessel,  afl  a 
substance  in  solution ;  to  be  deposited  a*  a 
aediment 

*  3.  To  make  too  great  haste ;  to  hurry  over- 
much. 

prS-elp'-I-tate,  o.  &  «.  [Lat.  praxipilatus, 
pa.  par.  of  praxipilo  r=  to  tlirow  headlong ; 
prrtceps,  genit  precipUit  =  headlong  ;  Ital. 
precipitate ;  Sp.  precipitado.]  [PRECIPICE.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Falling  headlong ;  flowing  or  rushing  with 
•teep  descent  and  violently  ;  headlong. 

"  Precipitate  the  furious  torrent  flow*." 

Prior.    (Todd.) 

*  2.  Rapidly  running  its  course ;  short  but 
violent    (Arbuthnot). 


3.  H'a'llonj,',  hasty,  tumultous. 

"  A  retreat  so  precipitate  that  it  might  be 
a  flight"—  Macautav:  Hat.  Eng.,cb.  xii. 

4.  Hasty,  overhasty,  rash. 

"The  archbishop,  too  precipitate  in  pressing  the 
reception  of  that  which  he  thought  a  reformation, 
paid  dearly  for  it."— Clarendon. 

*5.  Adopted  without  due  deliberation  or 
care ;  hurried,  rash. 

"  Provided  the  same  requisition  be  reasonably  made, 
not  upon  rash  and  pncipilate  advice."—  Hot. on: 
Remain*,  p.  533. 

B.  As  substantive : 

Chem. :  A  term  applied  to  any  solid  mnttei 
thrown  down  from  a  state  of  solution,  l,y  the 
action  of  heat,  light,  or  chemical  reagent. 

•  U  (1)  Red  precipitate : 

Pharm. :  The  red  oxide  of  mercury  prepared 
by  heat.    Called  also  Precipitate  per-se. 
(2)  IWiite  precipitate : 
1'harm. :  Ammonio-chloride  of  mercury. 
precipitate  per-se,  s.   [Red-precipitate.] 

pre-9ip'-I-tate-Iy,  adv.    [Eng.  precipitate; 
-ly.]      In  a  precipitate    manner ;    headlong, 
hastily,  rashly  ;  in  blind  haste. 
"  Ill-counsel  I'd  force,  by  its  own  native  weight  jir»- 
cipitately  falls."    Francis  :  Horace,  bk.  iii.,  ode  4. 

pre"-9lp-I-ta'-tlon,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  prae- 
cipitationem,  ace.  of  precipitatio  —  a  throwing 
headlong,  from  praecijritatus,  pa.  par.  of  prat- 
cipito  =  to  precipitate  (q.v.) ;  Sp.  precipitation; 
Ital.  precipitazione.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  actof  precipitating orthrowing head- 
long ;  the  state  of  being  precipitated. 

"  In  peril  of  precipitation 
From  off  the  ruck  Tar)>eiaii." 

Shakesp. :  Cariolanus,  iii.  X. 

2.  A  falling,  flowing,  or  rushing  headlong 
with  violence  and  rajiidity. 

3.  Great   or   blind  hurry  or  haste  ;    rash 
hurry ;     tumultuous    or    rapid     movement ; 
with  hurried  or  rash  action. 

"  Let's  avoid  precipitation."          Digby  :  Elvira,  i.  I, 

II.  Chem. :  The  act  of  precipitating,  or  the 
formation  or  subsidence  of  a  precipitate. 

pre^lp'-I-ta-tSr,  *.  [Eng.  precipitate);  -or.] 
1.   Ord.  Lang. :  One  who  precipitates,  or 
urges  on  with  vehemence  and  rashness. 

"The  hast'ners  and  precipitaton  of  the  destruction 
of  that  kingdom."— Hammond  :  Works,  iv.  590. 

t  2.  Chem.  At  Manufact. :  A  vessel  in  which 
precipitation  takes  place. 

*pre"9-l/-pl''-tlous,  *  pre^-l-pl'-clous,  a. 

[Eng.  precipic(e) ;  -ious.J    Preciiiitons. 

"Any  such  prccipitiout  and  impertinent  rupturs) 
as  might  preclude  all  mediation  of  accord.—  II  otton: 
Kemaint,  p.  288. 

*  prS9-I-pi'-tlous-ly,  *  pr89-I-pJ'-clous- 

ly,  adv.      [Eng.  precipitious ;   -ly.]     Precipi- 
tously. 

"  Headlong  riot  precipicioutly  will  on."— /teeny  at 
Christian  Piety,  p.  174. 

prg-9lp'-I-tous,  a.     [O.  Fr.  precipUt-ux.  from 
Lat.   prn-ceps,   genit.   prcucipitif  =  headlong; 
8p.  &  Ital.  precipitoso.] 
1.  Very  steep,  like  a  precipice. 

"Through  a  series  of  narrow  rallies  and  precipltovt 
gorges."— field,  Jan.  2,  IbSg. 

*2.  Headlong;  directly  falling  or  descending. 

"Such  a  precipitous  fall  as  they  Intended."— Aj'nf 

Chnrles:  Eikon  Basilike. 

*  3.  Hasty,  rash,  precipitate. 

"  Nature  .  .  .  tnkei  no  precipitous  leaps  from  on* 
extreum  to  another."— GlanvUl :  Scepsis,  ch.  xiiL 

pr8-9lp'-I-tOUS-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  precipitous  ; 
•ly.]  In  a  precipitous  manner;  with  steep 
descent  or  fall;  precipitately.  (Brovrnti 
Vulgar  Errours,  bk.  iii.,  ch.  xxi.) 

prS-9ip'-I-tous-ness, ».    [Eng.  precipitous} 

-ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  precipitous ; 
steepness  of  descent  or  falL 

2.  Haste,  precipitation,  rush,  hurry.   (Ham- 
mond: Works,  vol.  iv.,  ser.  3.) 

precis'  (s  silent),  ».    [Fr.]    [PRECISE.I 

1.  A  concise  or  abrMged  statement  or  »nm- 
mary  of  facts  or  circumstances ;  an  abstract 

2.  The  act  or  practice  of  drawing  up  such 
abstracts. 

precis-writing,  *.  The  same  as  PRE- 
CIS, 2.J 


Cite,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wojj;  work,  who,  sin ;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,   as,  os  =  e ;.  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


precise — preconization 


3723 


pre-9ise',  *  pre-cyse,  *  pre-syse,  o.  [Fr. 
jrt-eti.s  fern,  precise  =  strict,  precise,  from  Lat. 
jiMcifux  =  cut  off,  shortened,  concise,  pa.  j>ar. 
of  pr'i'ddo  =  to  cut  off  near  the  end  :  pro}  = 
before,  and  ctedo  (in  comp.  -cuio)  =  to  cut; 
8p.  &  ItaL  precise.] 

1.  Sharply  or  exactly  defined  or  limited ; 
having  nice  and  exact  limits  ;  definite,  exact ; 
not  loose,  vague,  or  equivocal. 

"  Fix  the  year  preci>« 
When  British  bards  begin  f  immortalize." 

J'Oj* :  Horace  ;  Ep.  to  A  uyuttut. 

2.  Exact  or  nice  in  conduct ;  strictly  ad- 
hering to  rule  ;   excessively  nice  or  exai^t ; 
formal,  punctilious,  scrupulous,  particular. 

-If  [she  be]pr«ci«.  you  must  feast  all  the  silenced 
brethren."— lien  Joiuon:  Silent  tt'aman,  ii.  1. 

prS-9ise'-ly,  *  pre-syse-ly,  adv.    [Eng. 

precise;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  precise  manner ;  exnctly,  nicely,  ac- 
curately ;    with  exact  adherence    to    truth, 
reality,  or  rules. 

"Word*  of  precisely  the  same  signification."— 
Xdtcnrdt:  On  the  Will,  |.t.  1.,  i  1. 

2.  With    excessive  formality  or   niceness ; 
with  scrupulous  exactness  or  punctiliousness  ; 
punctiliously. 

3.  As  a  positive  reply. 

precise  ness,  *  pre-cise-nesse, s.  [Eng. 
precise;  -ness.] 

1.  Exactness,  rigid  niceness,  precision. 

2.  Excessive  formality  or  punctiliousness ; 
scrupulous  adherence   to   form,  custom,  or 
fashion  ;  rigid  formality,  stiffness. 

"Savoring  of  pnritaiiisme  and  over-atrlct  precitc- 
neiK.'—J'rynne :  1  Hittriu-.VastU,  v.  7. 

prS-fl'-sian  (si  as  zh),  *.  &  a.  [Eng.  pre- 
cis(e)  ;  -ian.] 

A.  As  subst. :  One  who  is  rigidly  or  super- 
stitiously  precise  in  adherence  to  form,  custom, 
or  fashion  ;  a  punctilious  person. 

"This  pronunciation  in  the  mouth  of  an  affected 
precituiit  is  offensive."— A l/ord :  (/uern't  EnglM.  p.  78. 

*  B.  As  adj. :  Precise,  punctilious  ;  rigidly 
exact  i  n  adherence  to  form,  custom,  or  fashion. 

•  pre-^i  sian-ism  (si  as  zh),  &    [Eng  pre- 
cisian ;  -ism.]    The  quality  or  state  of  being 
•  precisian  ;  the  act  or  views  of  a  precisian  ; 
preciseness,  punctiliousness,  formality. 

"  Tis  now  esteemed  precirianitm  In  wit" 
Ben  Jnruon  :  Ever)/  Man  out  a/hit  Humour,  IT.  4. 

•  pre  cl'-slan-Ist  (si  as  zh),  s.    fEng.  pre- 
cisian;  -int.]     One  who  rigidly  adheres  to 
form,  custom,  or  fashion  ;  a  precisian. 

pr5-9l'-8lon,  s.  [Fr.,  from  precis  —  precise 
(q.  v.).]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  precise  ; 
preciseness,  exact  limitation,  exactness,  ac- 
curacy. 

"Tli»  line  of  demarcation  was  not  .  .  .  drawn  with 
preation.'—Macaulay:  Hut.  Eng.,  ch.  ill. 

•pre-ci-sion-Ize,  v.t.  [Eng.  precision :  -tee.] 
To  lay  down  or  define  precisely. 

"  What  a  pity  the  man  does  not  prrcitionite  other 
quest  loin."— Sir  Q.  C.  Levit:  Letteit,  p.  143. 

»prg-9l'-slve,  a.  [Eng.  precise);  -ive.] 
Exactly  limiting,  by  cutting  away  all  that  is 
not  absolutely  relative  to  the  present  purpose  ; 
producing  or  causing  precision,  accuracy,  or 
exactness. 

"  rrn-i-ivt  abstraction  is  when  we  consider  those 
things  «i>art.  which  cannot  really  exist  apart.  "— Wattt: 
Logic,  pi.  i..  ch.  vi. 

•  pre-clair',  a.    [Lat.  proxlarus.  ]   Illustrious, 
eminent 

"That  puissant  prince  prrclair." 

Lyndeiay  :  Monarcht. 

PTC"  elude',  v.t.  [Lat.  pradudo,  from  prce  = 
before,  and  daudo  =  to  shut.] 

1.  To  shut  out ;  to  hinder,  to  stop,  to  im- 
pede. 

"To  preclude  his  majesty  from  consenting  to  any 
arrangement."— Burke :  Lctttr  to  Air  H.  Langrishe. 

2.  To  shut  out  by  anticipative  action ;  to 
render  inoperative  by  anticipation  ;  to  obviate, 
to  neutralise  ;  to  render  ineffectual ;  to  hinder 
or  prevent  the  action  of,  access  to,  or  enjoy- 
ment of. 

"Intercourse  which  nearly  preclude*  the  necessity 
of  domestic  visit.."—  Suttace :  Italy,  vol.  111.,  ch.  xii. 

pre-clu'  sion,  s.  [Lat.  prceclusio,  from  pr<c- 
dusus,  pa.  par.  of  pra-cludo  =  to  shut  out.] 
[PRECLUDE.]  The  act  of  precluding ;  the  state 
Of  being  precluded. 

"St.  Augustine's  prrc'iition  of  all  star-predictions 
oat  of  this  place."— Adamt:  Horfci,  i.  9. 


pre-clu'-slve,  a.  [Lat.  prcedusus.]  [PRE- 
CLUDE.] 

1.  Shutting  out. 

2.  Precluding  or  tending  to  preclude  by 
anticipatory  action, 

pre-clu-slve-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  prednsive; 
-ly.]  In  a  preclusive  manner  ;  in  a  manner 
tending  to  preclude. 

*pre-co9e',  a.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  proccox  = 
precocious  (q.V.).]  Precocious. 

"  Divers  forward    and   prtcoce  youths."—  Jkdjm  : 
J/emoin,  ii. 

pre-co'-cious,  *  pre-co  -tious,  a.  [Lat. 
praxox  (genit.  praxocis),  praxoquia,  prcecoquis 
=  ripe  before  its  time  ;  prce,  before,  and 
coquo=:to  cook,  to  ripen;  Fr.  precoce;  Sp. 
precoz;  Ital.  precoce.] 

*  1.    Prematurely  ripening   or  ripe  ;    ripe 
before  the  natural  or  usual  time. 

"  Precotioiu  trees  .  .  .  may  be  found  in  most  parts 
of  Euroi>e."—  tirotmu:  Vulgar  Erruurt,  bk.  ii..  ch.  vi. 

2.  Intellectually    or    mentally    developed 
before  the  usual  time  ;  having  the  faculties 
developed  more  than  is  natural  or  usual  at  a 
given  age. 

"Other   precociout    and    conceited    wits    also."— 
Cwlvorth  :  Intell.  Syttem.  bk.  L,  ch.  iv. 

3.  Too  forward,  pert  :  as,  a  precocious  child. 

pre-CO'-CioUS-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  precocious  ;  -ly.] 
In  a  precocious  manner  ;  with  premature 
ripeness  ;  with  forwardness  or  pertness. 

pre-co-  clous  -n&ss,  s.  [Eng.'  precocious; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  preco- 
cious ;  precocity, 

"  To  prevent  a  saucy  precocioutrutt  in  learning."— 

Mannyngham  :  Ducourtet,  p.  10. 

prS-CO9'-I-tjf,  *.  [Fr.  precocite,  from  precoce 
=  precocious  (q.v.).J 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :    The   quality   or   state   of 
being  precocious  ;  premature  ripeness  or  de- 
velopment of  the  mental  faculties  ;  premature- 
ness,  forwardness. 

"  8«me  impute  the  cause  of  his  fall  to  a  precocity  of 
spirit  and  valour."—  Hovel  :  Vocal  Forett. 

2.  Bot.  :  The  state  of  being  ripe  before  the 
usual  time. 

-ta'-nS-an,  *.      [Pref.  pre-,  and 
g.  coetanean  (q.v.).]      One   contemi-orary 
with  but  yet  older  than  another. 


*  pre-9O"g'-I-tate,  v.t.     [Lat.  prtecogito  :  prce 
=  before,  and  cogito  =  to  think.]    To  think  of, 
consider,  or  contrive  beforehand. 

*  pre-cd'g-J-ta'-tion,  ».      [Pref.  pre-,  and 
Eng.    cogitation   (q.v.).]     Previous    thought, 
consideration,  or  contriving. 

pre  c5g-nf  -tion,  ».    [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
cognition  (q.v.).] 

*  1.  Ord.   Lang.  :   Previous   knowledge   or 
cognition  ;  antecedent  examination. 

"  Let  us  first  take  notice  by  way  of  prtcoynUian."— 
Bp.  Taylor  :  Sermont,  voL  ill.,  ser.  L 
2.  Scot*  IAIW  :  A  preliminary  examination  of 
a  witness,  or  of  one  likely  to  know  something 
about  a  case,  or  the  evidence  taken  down  ; 
especially  an  examination  of  witnesses  to  a 
criminal  act  before  a  judge,  justice  of  the 
peace,  or  sheriff,  by  a  procurator-fiscal,  in 
order  to  know  whether  there  is  ground  of 
trial,  and  to  enable  him  to  set  forth  the  facts 
in  the  libel. 

"A  Commission  of  Premonition  had,  a  few  hours 
before,  passed  in  all  the  forms."—  Macaulay  :  11  ut. 
Eng.,  ch.  XXL 

pre-cog'-ni-tum,  *.    [PR4tcooNrrDH.] 

*  pre    cog  -  niz  -  a  -  ble,  pre-c6g'-nis- 

a-ble,  o.  (Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng.  cognizable.] 
Cognizable,  or  capable  of  being  known,  before- 
hand. 

"Work  to  certain  definite  and  prtcoynitablt  ends." 
—Daily  Telegraph,  Sept.  11,  IMS. 

*  pre  -cog-nize,  v.t.     [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
cognize  (q.v.  ).]    To  acknowledge  or  recognize 
beforehand  ;  to  proclaim.    [PBBCONIZE.] 

••  PrtKognittna*  Oambettist  ministry."—  Daily  If  em, 
Aug.  M,  1882. 

pre  -c8g  n6s96,  v.t,    [Pret  pre-,  and  Eng. 
cognosce  (q.v.).] 

Scots  Lav  :  To  take  the  precognition  of  :  as, 
To  precognoice  a  witness. 


*  pre-col-lec'-tion,  s.     [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
collection   (q.v.).]      A    Collection   previously 
made. 

*  pre-com-mend',  v.t.  [Pref.  pre-,  and  Bug. 
commend  (q.v.).]     To  commend  or  approve 
beforehand.    (Su,*(ft.) 

*  pre-com-pose',  v.t.     [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
compose  (q.v.).]     To  compose  beforehand. 

"He  did  not  i>r<vamuote  his  cursory  sermons."  — 
Johmon  :  Lift  of  Wattt. 

*  pre-con-9eit',  v.t.     [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
conceit,  v.  (q.v.).]    To  conceive  beforehand ;  to 
preconceive. 

"  Whose  sweet  supposed  sowers 
Of  preconcerted  pleasures  grieu'd  ine  most." 

Stirling :  A  urora,  s.  ». 

'  pre  conceit,  *.  [Pief.  pre-,  and  Eng.  con- 
ceit, s.  (q.v.).]  A  conceit  or  notion  formed 
beforehand  ;  a  preconception. 

"Their  misfuhioued  preconceit."—  Soaker  :  fee's*. 
Polity. 

*  pre-oin-ciit'-^d-ly,  adv.    [Pref.  pre-,  and 
Eng.  conceitedly.}     By  previous  arrangement ; 
according  to  prearrangement. 

"  My  cousin  and  I,  preconceltedly  paid  Uncle  Rum- 
gudgeon  a  visit."— Pot :  Work*  (1864),  ii.  MO. 

*  pre -con  90!  ve',  v.t.     [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
conceive   (q.v.).]     To    conceive    or    form    an 
opinion  of  beforehand  ;  to  form  a  preconcep- 
tion of.    (rt'aterford :  Works,  ii.  2.) 

*  pre  con-9<5p  -tion,   *.      [Pref.  pre-,   and 
Eng.  conception  (q.v.).]     The  act  of  precon- 
ceiving ;  a  conception,  idea,  or  opinion  formed 
beforehand. 

"  And  others  that  do  admit  of  these  things,  precon- 
ception* from  education."—  More:  Immortality  of  (k» 
Soul,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  xvi. 

pre-cin-9ert',  v.t.  [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
concert,  v.  (q.v.).]  To  concert,  plan,  contrive, 
or  agree  on  liy  previous  arrangement. 

"  Executed  some  preconcerted  stratagem."—  Wartan  : 
Englit\  Poetry,  iii.  166. 

*  pre-con'-9ert,  *.      [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
concert,  s.  (q.v.).]    An  ariangement  previously 
made ;  something  arranged  or  concerted  before- 
hand. 

pre-con-jerf  -4»d,  pa.  par.  or  o.  [PRECON- 
CERT, V.] 

pre-con-cert'-ed-ly\  adv.  [Eng.  precov 
certed  ;  -ly.]  In  a  preconcerted  manner  ;  toy 
preconcert  or  previous  arrangement. 

pri-cin^erf-Sd-ne'ss,  *.  [Eng.  precon- 
certfd;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
preconcerted. 

*  pre-c6n-9er'-tlon,  s.      [PRECONCERT,  t).] 
The  act  of  preconcerting  or  arranging  before- 
hand ;  preconcert. 

pre  con  demn  (final  n  silent),  *  pre-con- 
demne,  v.t.  [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng.  condemn 
(q.v.).]  To  condemn  beforehand. 

"They  will  quite  reject  and  precondrmn*  them."— 
Prynnt:  BUMo-HatUx.  (Ep.  Ded.  p.  8.) 

»  pre-con-dgm-na  -tion,  «.  [Pref.  pre-, 
and  Eng.  condemnation  (q.v.).]  The  act  of 
condemning  beforehand  ;  the  state  of  being 
precondemued. 

*  pre^cin-dl  -tion, ».    [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
condition  (q.v.).J     A  virevious  or  antecedent 
condition  ;  a  preliminary  condition. 

*  pre-o6n-form',  r.i.     [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
conform  (q.v.).]    To  conform  in  anticipation. 

*  pre-cin-form'-I-ty.  ».     [Pref.  pre-,  and 
Eng.  conformity  (q.v.).J    Previous  or  antece- 
dent conformity. 

pre  -cSn-Ise,  v.t.    [PRECONIZE.] 

*  pre  con   i  zate,  *  pre  con  ni  sate,  v.t. 
[PRECONIZE.] 

1.  To  proclaim,  to  publish. 

2.  To  summon,  to  call. 

"  She  was  thrice  vreconniiate.  and  called  ef t-soons  to 
return  and  appear.  —Burtiet :  Record*,  bk.  ii..  No.  2*. 

pre  c6n  I  za  tion,pre  con-I  sa-tion,*. 

[PRECONIZATB.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  public  proclamation ;  a 
publishing  by  proclamation.  (Now  scarcely 
ever  used  except  in  Convocation.) 

•*  The  minister,  in  a  solemn  preconiaition,  called  yea 
either  then  to  speak,  or  for  ever  after  to  hold  your 
peace."— Bp.  Ball:  Cote* of  Contcience.  add.  S. 


boil,  boy ;  poiit,  jowl ;  cat,  90!!,  chorus,  $hin.  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xcnophon,  exist    -Inc. 
-clan. -ttan  =  Shan,  -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -flan  =  zhan.  -oions,  -tious,  -dons  =  safe,   -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


3724 


preconize— predestination 


2.  Ecdee.  :  The  solemn  ap'pro>--ati 'ja  \y  tbe 
Pope  of  a  person  designated  to  uaj  of  the 
higher  ecclesiastical  dignities. 

"  A  bull  of  precuniiatum  is  ex  indited  to  the  candi- 
date."—Adda  t  Arnold  :  Ccuh.  Diet.,  p.  (83. 

pre  -con-ize,  pre  -cdn  ise.  r.t.  [Eccles. 
Lat.  prceconiso,  from  Lat.  pneconor  =  to  pro- 
claim ;  pneco  =  a  public  crier,  a  herald.] 

Eccles. :  To  approve  solemnly  ;  used  of  the 
act  by  which  the  Pope  approves  the  appoint- 
ment of  a  person  nominated  to  any  of  the 
higher  ecclesiastical  dignities,  when  a  majority 
of  the  Cardinals  have  reported  in  his  favour. 

"The  Pope  will  preconiv.  among  others,  the  rector 
of  the  Irish  College  her*  for  the  See  of  Epuesus."— 
Daily  Telegraph,  Jan.  14,  18'xi. 


•  pre  con'-quer  (qa  as  k),  v.t.    [Pref.  pre-, 
and  Eng.  conquer  (q.v.).]    To  conquer  before- 
hand. 

"  The  p«rt*«  of  »J>is  kingdoms.  which  they  had  pre. 
conauered  in  their  hopes.  —Fuller  :  Worthiet  ;  Corn- 
tfolL 

pre  -con  -sole  us  (BO  as  sh),  a.  [Pref.  pre-, 
And  ILng.  co/wcu/ia  (q.v.).J  Pertaining  to,  or 
involving,  a  state  anterior  to  consciousness. 

•  pre-con-sent,  *.      [Pref.  Pr«-.  and  En8- 
eo/tsc7it,  s.  (q.v.).J     Previous  consent. 

..     "  Whoever  but  his  approbation  added. 
Though  not  bis  precontent." 

Shaketp.  :  Peridet,  IT.  4. 

pre-con-sld'-cr,  v.t.  [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
consider  (q.v.).J  To  consider  or  think  over 
beforehand. 

•  pre-con  sid-er-a'-tion,  «.      [Pref.  pre-, 
and  Eng.  consideration  (q.v.).]    Previous  con- 
sideration. 

•  pre  con  sign'  (g  silent),  v.t.     [Pref.  pre-, 
and  Eng.  consign  (q.v.).]    To  consign  before- 
hand ;  to  make  a  previous  consignment  of. 

pre-con-sdl'-I-dat-ed,  a.  [Pref.  pre-,  and 
Eng.  consolidated  (q.v.).]  Consolidated  before- 
hand. 

•  pre  c6n-sti-tute,   v.t.     [Pref.  pre-,  and 
Eng.    constitute    (q.v.).]     To    constitute    or 
establish  beforehand. 

pre-con  sume',  v.t.  [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
co«*um*(q.v.).]  To  consume  beforehand. 

"  A  premature  necessity 

Blocks  out  the  forms  of  nature,  prec/ruamel 
The  reason."        Wordiwrth  :  Excurtion,  bk.  vili 

•  pre-con'-tract,  *.     [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
contract,  s.  (q.v.).]    A  previous  contract;   a 
contract   or  engagement   entered   into   pre- 
viously to  another. 

"  He  U  your  husband  on  a  precontract." 

.  :  Measure  /or  Measure,  IT.  L 


pro  co.n-tract  ,  v.i.  &  t.  [Pref.  pre-,  and 
Eng.  contract,  v.  (q.v.).J 

A.  Intrant.  :  To  contract  or  bargain  before- 
hand ;  to  make  a  previous  contract  or  engage- 
ment. 

B.  Trans.  :  To  engage  or  bind  by  a  previous 
contract. 

"This  Leplda  has  been  precontracted  unto  Metellus 
Bcipio."—  AortA  :  Plutarch,  p.  631. 

pro  c6n-trive',  v.t.  or  i.  [Pref.  pre-,  and 
Eng.  contrive  (q.v.).]  To  contrive  or  plan 
beforehand  ;  to  preconcert. 

pro  cor'-di-al,  o.    [PR^CORDIAL.] 

pre  cor'  dials,  s.  pi.  [PR^COKDIAL.]  The 
same  as  PK*XX>RDIA  (q.v.). 

*  pre-cnr'-rer,  s.     [Lat.  prcecurro  =  to  run 

nefore  :  prce  •=.  before,  aud  curro  =  to  run.) 
A  precursor. 

"  Foul  precvrrer  of  the  (lend." 

ShaUip.  :  The  PattionaU  Pilgrim,  JO. 

*  pre-curse',  ».     [Lat   pree  =  before,  and 
curs'is  =  a  running.]    A  forerunning. 

"  The  like  prtcurte  of  fierce  events." 

S*akttp.  :  Samlet,  L  1. 

*  pre^sur'-sive,  a.     ITref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
cursive  (q.v.).]    Preceding,  introductory,  pre- 
cursory. 

"  A  deep  prrcurtive  sound.* 

Coleridye  :  Dtttiny  of  ffationt. 

pre-CUT'-SOr,  ».  [Lat  pro-cursor,  from  prce 
=  before,  and  cursor  —  a  runner  ;  Fr.  preciir- 
tevr  ;  Sp.  precursor.]  A  forerunner;  one  who 
or  that  which  precedes  and  leads  up  to,  or 
indicates  the  approach  of  anything;  a  har- 
binger, a  messenger  ;  an  omen,  a  sign. 


*  pre-our'-sor-shlp,  «.  [Eng.  precursor  ; 
-ship.]  The  condition  or  position  of  a  pre- 
cursor. (Raskin.) 

pre-CUP'-sor-^,  a.  At  «.    [Lat.  praxursorius.] 
A.  As  adj.  :   Forerunning  ;   preceding  and 
indicating  as  a  forerunner,  precursor,  or  har- 
binger. 

"  A  prwurtory  Judgment  of  the  latter  day."—  Bacon  : 
CAurcA  Controrertiet. 

*  B.  As  subst.  :  An  introduction. 

"A  necessary  precunory  to  depth  of  knowledge."— 
Hammond  :   Work*,  iv.  M8. 

pre  da  -cean  (oe  as  sh),  «.  [PKEDACEOUS.] 
A  carnivorous  aniiuaL 

pre  da  -ceous  (ce  as  sh),  a.  [Lat  prceda 
=  prey.]  Living  by  prey. 

"  Those  are  endowed  with  poison  because  they  are 
predaceoiu."—Derlum:  PltyiKO-T/teol.,  bk.  ix.,  ch.  li. 

*pre-daLo.  [Lat.  prceda=  prey.]  Practis- 
ing plunder;  plundering,  predaceous. 


*  pro  date  ,  v.t.     [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng.  date, 
v.  (q.v.).]    To  date  by  anticipation  ;  to  ante- 
date :  as,  To  predate  a  letter. 

*  pre  da  tion,   *  pre  da-ci-on,  s.    [Lat. 
prcedatio,  from  prcedatiis,  pa.  par.  of  preedor 
—  to  plunder  ;  preeda  —  prey,  booty.]    The 
act  of  plundering  or  pillaging. 

"  This  sodaln  visitacion  or  predadon  cleane  shaued 
them."—  Ball  :  Henry  I  V.  (an.  17). 

*  pre-da  tor  -es,  *.  pi.    [Lat  prcedatores,  pi. 
of  prcedator  =  a  plunderer.] 

Ornith.  :  Swainson's  first,  or  typical,  tribe 
of  Coleoptera.  They  feed  upon  other  insects. 
Families  :  Cicindelidae,  Carabidae,  Dyticid*, 
Silphid*,  and  Staphylinidae. 


*  pred  a  tor  -I-ous,    o. 

[Lat,  prcedatorius,  from  pnedator  =  a  plun- 
derer, from  prctidatus.]  [PREDATION.] 

1.  Given  to  or  practising  plunderer  pillage  ; 
plundering,  pillaging  ;  characterised  by  pil- 
lage. 

"  The  old  predatory  habits  were  effectually  broken." 
—Macaulav  :  Hut.  Eng.,  cli.  ziiL 

*  2.  Hungry,  ravenous,  rapacious. 

"Air  is  predatory."—  Religuia  H'ottoniana.  p.  48*. 

prS-dazs'-ite  (zz  as  tz),  s.  [After  Prcdazzo, 
Tyrol,  where  found  ;  sutt'.  -ite  (Afui.).] 

Mln.  :  A  massive  substance  resembling  a 
fine-grained,  crystalline  dolomite.  Colour, 
white.  Investigation  shows  it  to  be  a  mix- 
ture of  calcite  and  brucite(q.v.).  [PENCATITE.] 

*  pride,  s.    [Lat  prosda.]    Prey,  booty. 

"  llis  kinsman  would  seeme  to  rescue  the  prede  at 
his  deadlla  la."—ffotinilied  :  Havript.  of  Ireland,  ch.  vi. 

*  prede,  *  preide,  v.t.    (Lat.  prredor.]    To 
pillage,   to  plunder.  (Holinshed:  Descript.  of 
Ireland,  cli.  vi.) 

*  pre-dS-cay',  »•    [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng.  decay 
s.  (q.v.).]    Premature  decay. 

"  Some  predrc'in  [of  oracles  Us  observable  from  that 
of  Cicero.—  Browne  :  Vulgar  Krrouri,  bk.  vit,  ch.  xii. 

*  pra-dS-cease',  ».     [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
decease  (q.v.).]    The  decease  or  death  of  one 
person  before  another. 

pre-de-pease',  v.t.  [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
decease  (q.v.).]  To  die  before.  Shakesp.  : 
Rapt  o/Lucrece,  1,756.) 

*  pre-de-pfiss',  v.t.    [Coined  from  predecessor 
(q.v.).]  To  precede  ;  to  be  the  predecessor  of. 

"Lord  John  Sackville  predecened  me  here."— 
Walpole  :  Let  tert,  1.  164. 

*  pro  de-pes  -slve,  a.   [PREDECESSOR.]  Pre- 
ceding.   (Afo»suijer  :  Old  Law,  i.  1.) 

pre  de  968  sor,   *  pre  do  ces  -sour,  «. 

[  Lat  prcedecessor,  from  prce  =  before,  and 
dec?s*or  =  one  who  leaves  an  office,  from 
decessus,  pa.  par.  of  dtcedo  =  to  go  away.] 

1.  One  who  precedes  or  goes  before  another 
in  any  position,  state,  office,  Ate.  ;  one  who 
held  an  office  or  position  l«f»re  another  ;  one 
whom  another  follows  in  an  office  or  position. 

"  His  revenues  farexceedwl  those  of  hi*  prtdecettort." 
—ilacatUa*  :  Hat  Knf.,  ch.  vi. 

2.  An  ancestor. 

*  pre-dS-clare  ,  v.t.     [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
declare  (q.vA]     To  d«-clare  beforehand  ;  to 
foretell.    (Massingtr:  Guardian,  i.  1.) 


*  pre -de -fine',  v.t.     [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
dejine  (q.v.).J    To  define  or  limit  beforehand  ; 
to  preordain.    (Bp.  Hall :  Hard  '1'ttU  ;  Daniel 
ix.  2). 

*  pre-def-i-nl-tion,  •  pre  -  dsrf  -  fyn  -  y- 

Ci  on,  s.  IFref.  pee-,  and  Eng.  dtjininnn. 
(q.v.).J  A  deUuing  or  limiting  beforehand  ;  a 
preordaining.  (Bale :  Image,  pt.  i.) 

*  pre-dS-lIb-er-a'-tion,  s.    [Pref.  pre-,  and 
Eng.  deliberation  (q.v.).]    Deliberation  before- 
hand ;  forethought. 

*  pre-de  lln-e-a  -tion,  «.    [Pref.  pre-,  and 
Eng.  delineation  (q.v.).]  Previous  delineation. 

pre-deT-la,  s.    [itaL] 

Ecclesiology : 

1.  The  upper  platform  in  front  of  the  altar 
on  which  the  celebrant  stands  to  say  mass, 
&c. 

2.  The  ledge  at  the  back  of  the  altar  on 
which  candlesticks,  vases,  &c.,  are  placed. 

3.  A  strip  under  an  altar-piece,  containing 
small  paintings  of  subjects  closely  related  to 
that  of  the  altar-piece  itself ;  hence  sometimes 
used  in  art  for  a  small    picture  connected 
with,  and  in  the  same  frame  as  a  larger  work. 
(Athen.,  Ap.  30,  18S7,  p.  5SO.) 

*  pre  -dS-  serf,  s.     [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
desert,  s.  (q.v.).]    Previous  desert  or  merit 

"Those  [offices!  are  the  noblest  that  we  do  without 
predeterl.  —LEttrange:  Seneca'i  Jloralt,  cb.  ii. 

*  pre-de^Ign'  (3  silent),  v.t.   [Pref.  pre-,  and 
Eng.  design,  v.  (q.v.).]     To  design  or  pitri>ose 
beforehand  ;  to  predetermine,  to  preordain. 

pre  des  -Ig-nate,  a.  [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
desio-»ttie(q.v.).J 

Logic  :  One  of  Hamilton's  divisions  of  Pro- 
positions according  to  the  Quantity,  merely 
from  the  accidental  circumstances  of  the 
external  expression  of  the  internal  thought. 

"  Propositions  have  either,  as  propositions,  their 
quantity  {determinate  «r  indeterminate)  marked  out 
by  a  verbal  sign  or  they  have  not ;  such  quantity 
being  involved  in  every  actual  thought  They  may  lie 
called  in  the  one  case  Predengn-ite ;  in  the  other 
Preiudesiguate."—  Hamilton:  LoyicduL  Manscl).  i.  244. 

pre-des-Ig-na  -tion,  s.  [Pref.  pre-,  and 
Eng.  designation  (q.v.).] 

1/jgic :  A  sign,  symbol,  or  word  expressing 
logical  quantity. 

pre-de's'-ig-na-tor-y',  a.  [Eng.  predesig- 
nat(e) ;  -ory.]  'Marking  the  logical  quantity 
of  a  proposition. 

pre-des  tln-ar  -I-an,  <*.*«.     [Eng.  prt- 
destin(e);  -arian.] 
A.  As  adjective : 
1.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  predestination. 


2.  Holding  or  supporting  the  doctrine  of 
predestination.  (Jortin:  Dissertations,  No.  2). 

*  B.  As  subst. :  One  who  believes  or  sup- 
ports the  doctrine  of  predestination.    (Demy 
of  Piety.) 

predestinarian-controversy,  s. 
[GRACE,  s.  II.  6.] 

pre  des  tln-ar-i-an-Ism,  s.  [Eng.  prt- 
destinarian;  -ism,]  "The  doctrines  or  system 
of  the  predestinariaus. 

*  pre-des'-tln-ar-y^  o.    [Eng.  predestine)  ; 
-ary.}    Predestinarian. 

"  Their     predettinart    doctrines."— Berlin :     ffifL 

rrtibyteriam.  p.  21. 

*  pre-des' -tin-ate,  *  pre-des-tyn-ato,  a. 

TLat  prftdeitindtus,  pa.  par.  of  pnniestino  = 
to  determine  beforehand  :  prce  =  before,  and 
destine  =  to  destine  (q.v.).]  Predestinated  ; 
ordained  or  appointed  beforeliand. 

"They  were  prrdr.tt  itnate  tosuffre  yet  more  plague*." 

—  ll'it! :  Henry  l\'.  [an.  4). 

pre-des'-tln-ate.  v.t.  k  i.  [Fr.  preifesftiier ; 
8p.  A  Port  pred  stinar ;  Ital.  pr«iesti?uire.J 
[PREDESTINATE,  a.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  appoint  beforehand  by  ir- 
reversible decree  or  unchangeable  purpose  ;  to 
preordain  ;  to  predetermine.  (Epn.  i.  5.) 

*  B.  Intrans. :   To   hold    the   doctrine   of 
predestination.    (Dryden.) 

prS-dSs-tln-a'-tion,  *  pre  -  des  -  tin-  a- 
ci  on,  *  pre-des-tin-a-ei  onn,  s.  [Fr. 
predestination,  from  I^t.  yw<afesti;iafio,  from 
prmlestinatiis  =  predestinate  (q.v.)  •  8p.  prt- 
desttnacion:  Ital.  prtdeftinazione.} 


CU«,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wit,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  p5t, 
•T*  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mote.  eub.  cur*,  unite,  oar,  rale,  fall ;  try,  Syrian.    ».  ce  =  e ;  ey  -  a ;  QU  =  kw. 


predestinative— predominance 


3725 


1.  Ord.  Jang.  :    The  act  of  ordaining,  de- 
creeing, or  determining  events  beforehand. 

"God's  infallible  providence  aud  predestination.'— 
Joye  :  Expat.  of  Daniel,  ch.  xiL 

2.  Theol.  :  Foreoidination  (q.v.).    The  word 
"predestination"  does  not  occur  in  the  A.V. 
of  the  Bible.    The  verb  "to  predestinate"  is 
found  in  Rom.  viii.  29,  30,  and  Eph.  i.  5,  11. 
[CALVINISM,  ELECTION,  II.  2.] 

*  pre-dSs'-tin-a-tive,  a.  [Eng.  predestin- 
at(e);  -ive.]  Predestinating;  determiniug  or 
ordaining  beforehand. 

*pre-des'-tln-a-tor,  *.  [Eng.  predestinate); 
•or.] 

1.  One  who  predestinates  or  preordains. 

2.  One  who  holds  the  doctrine  of  predestin- 
ation ;  a  predestinarian. 

"  Let  all  predi-stinators  me  produce, 
Who  struggle  with  eternal  tit*  in  vain." 

Cavity  :  My  Fate. 

pre-des'-tine,  v.t.    [Fr.  predestiner.]    [PRE- 
DESTINATE, a.]    To  decree  or  appoint  before- 
hand ;  to  preordain  ;  to  predestinate. 
"  Tlie  very  lips  and  eye* 
Predefined  to  have  all  our  siiihs." 

Moore:  Light  of  the  Harem. 

•pre-des'-tln-$f,  *pre-des-tin-e,  *.  [Pref. 
pre-,  and  Eng.  destiny  (q.v.).]  Appointment 
or  ordinance  beforehand  ;  predestination. 

"  In  his  morites  soothly  for  to  lie, 
As  they  ehull  coineu  by  predestine.' 

Chaucer  :  Troiltu  &  L'reuida.  IT. 

pre-de-teV-mln-a-blo,  o.  [Pref.  pre-,  and 
Eng.  determindble  (q.v.).J  Det«rininable  be- 
forehand ;  capable  of  being  predeterf  lined. 

pre-de-ter'-mln-ate,  o.  [Pref.  pre-,  and 
Bug.  determinate  (q.v.).]  Determined  before- 
hand ;  preordained. 

"  Ood's  providence  and  predeterminate  purpose,"— 
Richardson  :  Old  Teitament,  p.  313. 

pre-de-ter-mln-a'-tion,  *.  [Pref.  pre-, 
and  Eng.  determination  (q.v.).]  Previous  de- 
termination ;  purpose  determined  or  formed 
beforehand  ;  predetermined  purpose. 

"By  an  Irresistible  prrdrtermina'ion  of  the  faculty 
to  that  action."—  South  :  Sermons,  vol.  vii.,  ser.  5. 

tpre-de-ter'-inine,  v.t.  &  t.  [Pref.  pre-,  and 
Eng.  determine  (q.v.).] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  determine,  appoint,  or  ordain  before- 
hand ;  to  preorduin. 

"If  God  preseee  events,  he  must  hare  predetermined 
them."—  Bale  :  Orig.  of  Mankind. 

2.  To  foredoom  ;  to  predestinate. 

"He  did  not  predetermine  him  to  imy  evil."—  Bp. 
Taylor  :  Sermons,  vol.  i..  ser.  9. 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  form  a  determination  or 
purpose  beforehand. 

•pre-de-voilr',  v.t.  [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
devour  (q.v.).J  To  devour  or  swallow  up  in 
anticipation. 

"The  Queen's  kindred  had  predevjured  hi*  estate." 
—Fuller:  Worthies,  it  207. 

pre-dl-al,  praa'-dl-al,  o.  [Fr.  predial, 
from  Lat.  prcedium  =  an  estate,  a  farm.] 

1.  Consisting  of  lands  or  farms  ;  landed,  real. 

"  Ttieir  predial  estates  are  1  iable  to  fiscal  payment* 
and  taxes.  —  Ayliffe:  rarergon. 

2.  Attached  to  lands  or  farms. 

"Slavery  evidently  appears  at  Its  be«t  (such  as  the 
best  is)  when  seen  in  an  old  slave  community,  where  it 
is  purely  domestic  rather  than  pradial."—fall  Mull 
Gazette,  Oct.  13,  1882. 

3.  Rising  from  or  produced  by  land  :  as, 
predial  tithes. 

predial-servitudes,  s.  pi. 
Scots  Law  :  Real  servitudes  affecting  herit- 
age. 


'-I-ty,  s.  [Eng.  predicabUe); 
ity.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  predi<vible  ; 
capability  of  being  predicated  or  affirmed  of, 
or  attributed  to  something. 

"Thelrexistence  is  nothing  hut  predicnbpiti/  or  the 
capacity  of  lieing  attributed  to  a  subject  ."—Iteid  : 
Analysis  of  A  rittotle't  Logic. 

pred'-I-ca  ble,  a.  &  ».  [Lat  prfedicnUliit, 
from  jrrirdico  —  to  proclaim,  to  publish;  Kr. 
predicate;  Sp.  predicabU  ;  ItaL  predicabiU.] 
[PREDICATE,  v.] 

A.  As  culj.  :  Capable  of  being  predicated  or 
affirmed  of  something  ;  attributable  as  a 
quality  to  something  :  as,  Whiteness  is  predic- 
able  of  snow. 

"The  property,  last  now  mentioned,  is  no  way 
prettieaote  concerning  the  existence  of  matter."— 
Baiter  :  On  the  Haul.  ft.  266. 


B.  As  suhst.  :  Anything  that  may  be  predi- 
cated or  affirmed  of  something  ;  specif.,  in 
logic  a  term  that  may  be  affirmatively  predi- 
cated of  several  others. 

"Genus,  species,  difference,  property,  and  accident, 
might  with  more  propriety,  iierhaps,  have  Iweu 
called  the  five  classes  of  predicates,  but  use  has 
determined  them  to  be  called  the  five  preaicaulet."— 
Reid  :  Inalyut  of  Aristotle  s  Logic. 

pre-dlc'-a-ment,  ».     [I-ow  Lat  prcedica- 
mentum,   from   Lat   prcedicatus,   j*.   par.    of 
prredico  =  to  publish,  to  proclaim;  Fr.  predica- 
ment; Sp.  &  Ital.  predicamento.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Class  or  kind  defined  or  described  by  any 
definite  marks  or  qualities  ;  a  category. 

"Called  reasonable  creatures,  and  in  that  predict- 
mntt.  compared  and  ioyued  wyth  augelles.  —  Sail  : 
Ed.va.ra  if.  (an.  23). 

2.  A  particular  state,  condition,  or  position  ; 
especially   a  state  or  position  of  difficulty, 
trial,  or  danger. 

"In  which  predicament  I  say  then  stand's!" 

Shakesp.  :  Merchant  of  Venice,  iv.  1. 

U,  Logic:  [CATEGORY,  1,  H]. 

•  pre-dlc-a-ment'-at,  a.     [Eng.  praitca- 
ment  ;  -al.]    Pertaining  or  relating  to  predica- 
ments. 

"A  specificial  diversity  among  our  predicament  al 
oppositea,"—  Olantill:  Scepsis  Scienttflca.  ch.  xxir. 

*  pred'-I-cant,  s.  &  a.    [Lat  prcediaans.  pr. 

par.   of  prccilico  =  to  proclaim,  to  publish.] 
[PREDICATE,  v.] 

A.  As  substantive  : 

1.  One  who  affirms  anything. 

2.  A  preaching  friar  ;  a  Dominican. 

B.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Affirming,  predicating. 

2.  Preaching. 

pred'-f-cate,  v.t.  k  i.  [Lat.  prcedieatvs,  pa. 
par.  of  prcedico  =  to  proclaim,  to  publish  :  prce 
=  before,  and  dim  —  to  proclaim.  Predicate 
and  preach  are  doublets.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  affirm  one  thing  of  another. 

"Which  may  as  truely  be  predicatert  of  the  English 
playhauuters.  —  Prynne  :  1  Histrio-Mastix.  vL  4 

2.  To  found,  as  an  argument,  proposition, 
or  the  like,  on  some  basis  or  dati  ;  to  found  ; 
to  base. 

B.  Intrans.  :   To  affirm  something  of  an- 
other ;  to  make  an  affirmation. 

pred'-I-cate,  a.  &  s.  [Lat.  prcedicatus,  pa. 
par.  of  pr'cedico.]  [PREDICATE,  v.] 

*  A.  As  adj.  :  Predicated,  affirmed. 
B.  As  siAstantive  :  (Fr.  predicat). 

1.  Gram.  :  The  word  or  words  in  a  proposi- 
tion which  express  what  is  affirmed  or  denied 
of  the  subject 

2.  Logic:  The  term  in  a  proposition,  express- 
ing that  quality  which,  by  the   copula,  is 
affirmed  or  denied  of  the  subject.     Thus,  in 
the  propositions,  Snow  is  white,  Coal  is-not 
white,  whiteness  is  the  quality  affirmed   of 
snow,   and   denied  of  coal.     In   both   cases, 
therefore,  the  term  "  white  "  is  the  predicate. 

prSd-I-ca'-tion,  ».  [Lat  prcedicatio,  from 
prcedicatus,  pa.  par.  of  prcedico  =  to  proclaim  ; 
Fr.  predication;  Sp.  predicacion;  Ital.  predi- 
cazione.]  [PREDICATE,  v.] 

1.  The  act  of  predicating  or  affirming  one 
thing  of  another;  affirmation,  assertion. 

*  2.  That  which  is  predicated  or  affirmed  ;  a 
predicate. 

*  3.  The  act  or  art  of  delivering  sermons  ; 
preaching. 

"The  powerful  predications  of  thine  holy  apostles." 
—Rf.  Ua.ll:  Milter*  of  Uodtineu,  i  8. 


,  a.  [Eng.  jmdi<Mt(r)  ;  -ive.] 
Expressing  affirmation  or  predication  ;  predi- 
cating, affirming. 

"The  }>rc<H<-atite  or  verbal  rooU."—  Whitney:  Life 
it  Growth  of  Language,  ch.  x. 


-^,  a.     [Lat   prasdinatorivs.] 
Predicating,  affirmative,  positive. 

pre-dl-crof-ic,  o.    [Pref.  pre-,   and  Eng. 
dicrotlc.] 

Physiol.  :  An  epithet  applied  to  a  pnlse  wave 
in  an  artery  a  little  before  the  dicrotic  one. 
(Foster.) 

prS-dlcf,  f.t.     [Lat  prcedictus,  pa.   par.   of 
prtedico  =  to  tell  before  :  prce  =  before,  and 


dico  •=.  to  tell;  FT.  predire  ;  Ital.  predicert, 
predire  ;  Sp.  predecir.]  To  tell  beforehand  ; 
to  foretell,  to  prophesy,  to  foreknow,  to  for- 
bode,  to  prognosticate. 

"Things  long  before  predicted  to  us."—  Cudwortkl 
InteU.  Sifttem,  p.  107. 

*  pre-dict',  «.    [PREDICT,  D.I    A  prediction; 
prophecy.    (Shakesp.  :  Sonnet  14.) 

pre-dlc'-tion,  *.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  prn-diatio, 
from  prcedictus  ;  Sp.  prediccion;  lUil.  prt* 
dizione.]  [PREDICT,  v.] 

1.  The   act  of  predicting,  foretelling,    or 
prophesying  future  events. 

2.  That  which  is  predicted  or  prophesied  ; 
a  prophecy. 

"  These  predictions 
An  to  the  world  in  general,  as  to  Caesar." 

Shaketp.  :  Julius  Catar.  1L  & 

*  prS-dic'-tion-al,  a.   [Eng.  prediction  ;  -oZ.] 


pr-dc'-tion-al,  a. 

Predictive,  prophetic. 


"The  contests  .  .  .   were  observed  predictional.'— 
fuller  :  Worthies,  ii.  22L 

t  prS-dlc'-tlve,  a.  [Lat.  prcedictivus,  from 
prcedictus,  pa.  par.  of  prmlico  =  to  predict 
(q.v.).]  Predicting,  foretelling,  presaging, 
prophesying,  prophetic. 

"  With  bitter  smile  prrdictite  of  my  woes." 

Crabbe  :  Tales  of  the  Hal!,  z. 

*pr8-dlc'-tivo-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  predictive; 
•In.}  In  a  predictive  or  prophetic  manner; 
prophetically. 

prS-dio'-tor,  «.  [Eng.  predict,  v.  ;  -or.]  One 
who  predicts  or  foretells  ;  a  foreteller. 

"  This  false  aud  audacious  predictor."—  Siri/t  :  Bicker- 
staff  Detected. 

»  pre-dic'-tor-^,  o.  [Eng.  predict  ;  -ory.] 
Predicting,  presaging,  prophetic. 


*  pre-di-gest  -ion  (i  as  y),  s.    [Pref.  pre-, 
and  Eng.  digestion  (q.v.).]     Digestion  hastily 
performed  ;  too  hasty  digestion. 

"  Predigestion.  or  ha«ty  digestion,  ts  sure  to  fill  th« 
body  full  of  crudities."—  Bacon  :  £ssayi;  Of  Dispatch. 

*  pre-dl-lect'-^d,   o.      [l&t.  prce  =  before, 
and  dilectus—  chosen,  loverl.)    Chosen  befure- 
hand.    (Uarte  :  Charitable  Mason.) 

pro  di-lec'-tion,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  prce  = 
before,  and  dilectio  =  choice,  love,  from  dilectxs, 
pa.  par.  of  diligo  —  lo  choose,  to  love.]  A  pre- 
vious liking  ;  a  prepossession  of  mind  or  pre- 
judice in  favour  of  something. 

"  A  predilection  for  that  which  suit*  onr  particular 
turn  aud  disposition."—  Hume  :  Essays,  pt.  i.,  eat.  -i 

*  pre-dis-cov'-er,  v.t.    [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
discover  (q.v.).]     To  discover  beforehand  ;  to 
foresee.    (Fuller:  Church  hist.,  IX.  i.  i2.) 

*  pre-dls-cSv'-er-y,  «.  [Pref.  pre-.  and  Eng. 
discovery  (q.v.).]      A  discovery  made  before- 
hand. 


*  pre-dls-po'-nen-f  jf,  ».     [Eng. 
nen(t)  ;  -cy.]    The  state  of  being  predisposed; 
predis^iosition. 

pre-dis-po'-ncnt,  a.  &  «.    [Pref.  pre-,  and 
Eng.  disponent  (q.v.).] 

A.  As  adj.:  ThesameasPnEDispOsiNc(q.T.). 

B.  As  subst.  :  That  which  predisposes. 

pre-dis-pose',  v.t.      [Pref.   pre-,  and    Eng. 
disjwse  (q.v.).] 

1.  To  fit  or  adapt  previously  to  a  state  cr 
purpose. 

2.  To  dispose  or  incline  beforehand  ;  to  g!v^ 
a  predisposition  or  tendency  to. 

"Thu  germs  are  seeds;  and  the  lv*ly.  fitted,  or.  ri 
the  doctor*  sny,  i>i-t<li*;>  >*<-d,  to  ail  .rd  them  lotluuit;iiU" 
—Daily  Jfews,  Feb.  1.  1686. 

pre-dls-p$-S  I'-tion,  «.   [Pref.  pre-,  and  En?. 
disposition  (q.v.).] 

1.  Previous  fitness  or  adaptation   to   any 
state,  change,  impression,  or  purpose  ;  sus- 
ceptibility :  as,  predisposition  to  a  disease. 

2.  The  state  of  being  previously  disposed 
or  inclined  to  anything  ;  previous  inclination, 
tendency,  or  bent  ;   predilection,   prejudice, 
bias  :  as,  A  predisposition  to  mirth  or  melan- 
choly. 


pre-dom  -I-nance, 

».    [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng.  dominance  (q.v.)  ;  Fr. 
predominance.] 
1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Prevalence  or  ascendency 


boil. 


>  ;  pout.  Jowl  ;  oat,  $cll.  chorus,  chin,  bench  ;  go,  gem  ;  thin,  this  ;  sin,  a§  ;  expect,  ^Cenophon,  exist,    ph  -  fc 
-tian  -  Bhan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun  ;  -(ion,  -fion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -clous  -  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bf  L,  deL 


3726 


predominant— prefacor 


over  others  in  power,  strength,  influence,  or 
authority. 


•  2.  Astral. :  The  superior  influence  or  power 
of  a  planet.    (Sliakesp. :  Lear,  i.  2.) 

pre  dom  I  nant,  a.  [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
dominant  (q.v.) ;  Fr.  predominant.}  Predom- 
inating, prevailing,  or  having  the  ascendency 
over  others  in  power,  strength,  influence,  or 
authority  ;  superior,  overruling,  controlling. 

"  Man's  predominant  passions  cease." 

In- y, ten  :  Hind  *  Panther.  UL  SS7. 

predominant-passion,  s. 

Herman  Thtol.  :  A  besetting  sin  (q.v.). 

pre  d5m'-I-nant-ljr,  adv.  [Eng.  predomi- 
nant; -ly.]  In  a  predominant  manner  or 
degree ;  with  superior  strength,  influence,  or 
authority. 

"Predominantly  inclined  to  follow  God."— Scott: 
CkrittUn  Lift,  pt.  L.  cb.  iii. 

pre  dom-I-nate,  r.t.  &  t.  [Pref.  pre-,  and 
Eng.  dominate  (q.v.)  ] 

A.  Intrant. :  To  prevail ;  to  he  ascendant ;  to 
be  superior  or  supreme  in  strength,  influence, 
or  authority  ;  to  have  controlling  power  or 
Influence  over  others  ;  to  have  the  mastery. 

"  The  style  that  had  predominated  both  in  painting 
and  architecture.'—  H'ulpole :  Anecdotet  of  Painting, 
TO),  iv.,  ch,  iit 

*  B.  Trans.  :  To  dominate  over,  to  over- 
power, to  master,  to  conquer. 

"  Let  your  close  fire  predominate  his  smoke," 

Shaketp. :  Timon  of  A  them,  IT.  S, 

prS-dom  I-na'-tion,  *.  [Pref.  pre-,  and 
Eng.  domination  (q.  v.).J  The  act  or  state  of 
predominating ;  the  state  of  being  predomin- 
ant ;  ascendency,  predominance ;  superior 
influence. 

**  Their  predomination*  sway  so  much 
Over  the  rest." 

Browne:  Britannia  i  Pattora.lt,  i.  I 

•pro-done',  o.  [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng.  done 
(q.v.) ;  cf.  foredone.]  Exhausted  beforehand. 

"  Predane  with  various  kind*  of  work  at  once."— 
O.  Kin j tic y  :  Life,  i.  SO. 

pre  doom ,  v.t.  [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng.  doom,  v. 

(q-v.).] 

1.  To  doom  beforehand ;  to  sentence  to  a 
doom  by  anticipation. 

"  Fredonrntd  to  miserable  failure."— Daily  Televrapk, 
Dee.  26,  18S5. 

2.  To  foreordain. 

"  To  the  predoomed  adventure." 

Coleridje :  Dettiiiy  of  Italian*. 

pre  dor'-sal,  a.    [Fret  pre-,  and  Eng.  dorsal 
q.v.).] 
Anat. :  Situated  in  front  of  the  back. 


=  -or.]   A 
Descrip.  c/ 


•  pre-dour,  «.    [Eng.  prtd(e);  -our  = 
plunderer,  a  pillager,   (tiolinshed:  De 
Ireland,  ch.  vi.) 

pre'-dy,  a.  &  adv.    [Fr.  prft=  ready.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

Naut. :  A  term  applied  to  a  ship  cleared 
and  ready  for  action. 

B.  As  adv. :  Easily,  readily.    (Prov.) 

pree,  prie,  v.t.  [Mid.  Eng.  prieve  =  prove.] 
To  try  or  prove  by  tasting  ;  to  taste.  (Scotch.) 

•  pre-e-lect',  v.t.    [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng.  elect, 
v.  (q.v.).]    To  elect  or  choose  beforehand. 

"  Ood  .  .  .  prerlerted  her  before  the  worldn  to  be 
the  mother  of  the  Lonle."— fox:  Jlartyrt,  p.  7:u. 

•  pre-e-lec'-tlon,  *.     [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
election  (q.v.).]   Election  or  choice  by  previous 
determination  of 'the  will.    (Bp.  Taylor:  Ser- 
mons, vol.  ii.,  ser.  11.) 

pre-Sm'-I-nence,  *  pre-em-y-nenoe, 
*  pre-hem'-i-nen9e,  s.  [Fr.  preeminence, 
from  Lat.  pr<r-eminentiri,  from  prct  =  before, 
and  emint ntia  —  eminence  (q.v.) ;  Sp.  &  Port. 
preeminencia.] 

L  The  quality  or  state  of  being  pre- 
eminent ;  superiority  in  excellent  or  noble 
qualities  ;  superior  or  surpassing  eminence  or 
nigh  position  ;  distinction  above  others  in 
quality,  position,  rank,  or  the  like.  (Rarely 
used  for  superiority  or  notoriety  in  evil.) 

"  [They  1  disputed  the  preeminence  of  the  Kings  of 
Scotland.  —  Macaulay  :  Hat,  Eng..  ch.  xiii. 

2.  Superiority  of  power  or  influence ;  pre- 
dominance. 

""  The  same  preeminence  over  OUT  other 
Stewart :  Phil.  Euayt,  pt  ii..  ess.  L 


pre  cm  I  nent,  *  pre-hem'-I-nent,  a. 
[Kr.  preeminent,  from  Lat.  pru-emineiui  pr.  par. 
of  prmettiiiieo  =  to  excel:  Sp.  preemineitte.} 
[PREEMINENCE.]  Eminent  above  all  others; 
superior  t*>  or  surpassing  all  others  in  quality, 
position,  rank,  or  the  like.  (Rarely  used  in  a 
bad  sense  for  eminent  or  notorious  above 
others  in  evil  qualities.) 

••  Hi*  own  services  had  been  preeminent."— Jtacau- 
lay/  Hut.  Eng..  ch.  xiii. 

pre-em'-I-nent-ly\  adv.  [Bug.  preeminent; 
-ly.]  In  a  preeminent  manner  or  degree  ;  in  a 
manner  or  degree  surpassing  all  others. 

"  Preeminently  fertile  both  ill  legal  and  in  parlia- 
mentary ability.'"— Jlacaulay  :  Hut.  t'ng.,  ch.  iv. 

*  pre-em-pl6y',  v.t.      [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
employ,  v.  (q.v.>]    To  employ  previously  or 
before  others. 

"  That  false  villain, 
Whom  I  employ'd,  wa»  preempt  one  I  by  him." 

Shaketp. :  Winter1!  Tale.  1L  1. 

pre-empt  (mp  as  m),  v.t.  &  i.  [Coined  from 
..ition  (q.v.).]    To  take  up,  as  land,  with 
the  right  of  preemption  (q.v.). 

pro  emp'-tion  (mp  as  m),  s.  [Lat  prce  = 
befoi-e,  and  emptio  —  a  buying,  from  emptug, 
pa.  par.  of  emo  =  to  buy  ;  Fr.  preemption.] 

*  1.  The  act  or  right  of  buying  before  others  ; 
specif.,  the  right  or  prerogative  formerly  be- 
longing to  the  sovei-eign  in  England  of  buying 
provisions  for  his  household  in  preference  to 
others.  Abolished  by  19  Charles  II. 

2.  The  right  of  a  settler  on  lands  in  the 
United  States  to  purchase  in  preference  to 
others,  when  the  land  is  sold. 

H  Clause  of  Preemption  : 

Scots  Law :  A  clause  sometimes  inserted  in 
a  feu-right,  regulating  that  if  the  vassal  should 
be  inclined  to  sell  the  lands,  he  shall  give  the 
superior  the  first  offer,  or  that  the  superior 
shall  have  the  lands  at  a  certain  price  fixed  by 
the  clause. 

*  pre-Smp'-tlve  (mp  as  m),  a.     [Eng.  pre- 
empt; -we.]     Pertaining  or  relating  to  pre- 
emption ;  preempting. 

pre-Smp'-tor  (mp  as  m),  ».  [Eng.  preempt ; 
-or.]  One  who  preempts ;  one  who  takes  up 
land  with  the  right  of  preemption. 

preen,  s.    [A.S.  preon  =  a  clasp,  a  bodkin ; 
Dan.  preen  =  the  point  of  a  graving  tool; 
Gael,  prin  ;  Icel.  prjon  =  a  pin.] 
L  A  forked  tool  used  by  clothiers. 
2.  A  pin,  a  bodkin.    (Scotch.) 

"  My  memory's  no  worth  a  prten.* 
Burnt :  To  William  Simpson.    (Postscript.) 

preen,  v.t.  [A  variant  of  prune  (q.v.).]  To 
trim  with  the  beak,  as  birds  trim  their  feathers, 
by  drawing  over  them  the  oil  secreted  by  the 
uropygial  gland. 

"  Water-fowl  .  .  .  preen,  when  they  sleek  or  replace 
their  wet  feathers  In  the  sun."—  n'arton :  Otiervationi 
onSpenter. 

pre-e'n-gage',  v.t.  [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
engage  (q.v.).] 

1.  To  engage  by  previous  con  tract,  promise, 
or  agreement. 

"  By  being  the  first  solicitors,  preenyape  the  Oods  In 
their  favour."— Hum*  :  Nat.  History  of  Religion,  f  4. 

2.  To  engage  or  occupy  by  previous  influ- 
ence :  to  preoccupy :  as,  To  preengage  one's 
attention. 

pre  en  ga£e'- merit,  '  pre  -  In  -  gage'- 
ment,  ».  [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng.  engagement 
(q.v.).] 

1.  A  previous  engagement ;  precedent  obli- 
gation or  engagement :  as,  He  cannot  come,  as 
he  has  a  prtengagement. 

2.  A  previous  attachment,  binding  the  will 
or  affections. 

*  pre-S-rScf ,  v.t.      [Pref.   pre-,  and   Eng. 
erect,  v.  (q.  v. ).  ]    To  erect  or  set  up  previously  ; 
to  preestalilish. 

"To  institute  their  preerrrlat  principalities.*  — 
frynne  :  Treachery  t  DitioyaUy,  pt  L,  p.  »L 

*  prees,  *  prease,  s.    [PRESS,  ».] 

pre-e»-tab'-Ush,  v.t.  [Pr?f.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
estaM is/i  (q.  v.). ]  To  establish  or  settle  before- 
hand. 

" fTheyl  showed  him  the  laws  they  had  prtettub. 
lUud."— frynne  :  Treachery  *  DitloyaUn,  p.  77.  (App.) 

*  pre-es-tab'-Ush-ment,  ».      [Pref.  pre-. 
and  Eng.  establishment  (q.v.J.J    Establishoieut 
or  settlement  beforehand. 


*  prene-ter'-nl-t^,  s.    [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
tt-nuty  (q.v.).J     Time  without  a  beginning; 
infinity  of  previous  existence  or  duration. 

"To  maintain  the  world's  ureetemity."—  Cudwrth: 
IntelL  Sytttm,  p.  3s>l 

preeve,  v.t.    [PROVE.]   (Scotch.) 

pre  ex-am  i-na'-tion,  ».  [Pref.  pre-,  and 
Eng.  examination  (q.v.).]  Previous  examina- 
tion. 

"  By  no  means  proceed  any  farther,  without  a  pre- 
txatnination  of  the  furesald  Qiovau  Battuta.'— KeU- 
yma  H'ottoniana.  p.  3W9. 

pre-ex  am  Ine,  v.t.  [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
examine  (q.v.).]  To  examine  beforehand. 

pre -ex-Ist ,  *  prse-ex-ist',  v.i.  [Pref.  pre-, 
and  Eng.  exist  (q.v.).]  To  exist  previously  or 
before  something  else. 

"That  preexittiny  created  substance,"—  Water! and : 
Work*,  i.  188. 

pre-ex-isf -enoe,  *  pre-ex-Ist'-en-jy,  a 

[Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng.  existence  (q.v.).j 

1.  Existence  previous  to  or  before  something 
else. 

"  Wisdom  declares  her  antiquity  and  preexiitence  to 
all  the  works  of  this  earth."— gurnet :  Theory  of  tHt 
Jtarth. 

2.  Existence  in  a  previous  state  ;  existence 
of  the  soul  previous  to  its  union  with  the 
body.      Preexistence  was  a  doctrine  of  the 
Pythagoreans,  and  several  others  of  the  old 
philosophers,   and    is    still    found    in    many 
Eastern  religions.    [TRANSMIGRATION.] 

"  ThU  consequence  of  our  soul's  preexittmce  is  more 
agreeable  to  reason  than  any  other  hyg>otl>e>is  what- 
ever."— More:  Immort.  (if  the  Soul,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  xii. 

*  pre-ex-Iflt'-en-Clst,    «.       [Eng.    preexitt- 
encff) ;  -ist.]    A  supporter  of  the  doctrine  of 
the  preexistence  of  the  soul, 

*  pre-ex-Ist'-en-cy",  *.    [PREEXISTENC*.] 

pre-ex-Ist'-ent,  o.  [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
existent  (q.v.).]  Existing  previously,  or  before 
something  else ;  preceding  or  prior  existence ; 
preexisting. 

"  All  generation,  the  rude  peasant  knows, 
A  preexittent  matter  must  suppose. 

Hlackm.jre    CrtaHon,  Ui. 

*  pre-ex-Ist-I-ma'-  tion, ».    [Pref  pre-,  and 
Eng.  existimation  (q.v.).J    Previous  esteem  or 
estimation. 

*  pre  ex-pec-ta'-tion,  s,     [Pref.  pre-.  and 
Eng.  expectation  (q.v.).J      Previous  expecta- 
tion. 

prSf'-ace,  «.  [Pr.,  from  Low  Lat.  •  pne- 
fatium,  from  Lat.  prctfatio,  prafutum  =  a  pre- 
face :  pro:  =  before,  and  futus,  pa  par.  of  /c/r= 
to  speak;  Ital.  prejazio,  prejazione;  Sp.  pre- 
facio,  prejucion,] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Something  spoken  or  written 
as  introductory  to  a  discourse    treatise,  or 
other  composition  ;  a  series  of  preliminary  re- 
marks ;  an  introduction,  a  preamble,  a  pro- 
logue, a  prelude. 

"  In  his  preface  he  expanded  witn  great  skill  and 
elegance  the  character  which  had  been  niveu  of 
Shakspeare  by  Uiyiiea."—JoHnton:  Life  of  Poo*. 

2.  Eccles. :  In  the  Roman  and  Greek  Church 
an  introduction  to  the  Canon  of  the  Mass.    It 
is  an  exhortation  to  thanksgiving,  and  ends 
with  the  Sanntus  (q.v.).     The  Roman    rite 
recognises  ten  prefaces  :    the  Common,  and 
those  of  Christmas,  Epiphany,  Lent,,  Easter, 
Ascension,      Pentecost,     the     Trinity,     the 
Apostles,  and  the  Cross.    The  Greek  Church 
has    but    one    preface.      In    the   Anglican 
obedience  the  preface  is  said  in  the  Com- 
munion Service.    In  addition  to  the  common 
preface,  there  are  proper  prefaces  for  Christ- 
mas, Easter,  Ascension,  Wiiitsunday,  and  the 
Feast  of  Trinity. 

pref '-8,90  (1),  v.t.  &  {.    [PREFACE,  «.] 

A.  Trans.:  To  introduce  by  a  preface  or 
introductory  remarks. 

B.  Intrant. :  To  make  introductory  or  pre- 
fatory remarks. 

"Havine  prefaced  concerning  prudence,"— Bp. 
Taylor:  Sermont,  vol.  11.,  ser.  S3. 

»  prgf  '-ace  (2),  v.t.  [Pref.  pn-t  and  Eng.  fact 
(q.v.).]"  To  cover,  to  face. 

"  Not  frtftciny  old  rags  with  plush." 

CUaotlana. 

pref -a9~er,  t.  [Eng.  preface,  B;  -er.]  One 
who  prefaces  ;  the  writer  of  a  preface. 

"The  pref  oner  to  these  aatyra."  —  Wood :  fatti 
Ozon.,  vol.  ii 


J&te,  tat,  lare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  gc,  p* 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    ae,  CD  -  e  ,'  ey  =  a ;  qu  -  kw. 


prefatorial— preformative 


3727 


pref-a-tor'-l-al,  a.      [Eng.  prefatory;   -oL] 
Prefatory,  introductory,  preliminary. 

"  Much  prefactorial  matter  also  may  arise." — Gilpin  : 
Preface  to  Sertnom. 

pref '-a-tor-I-ljf,  adv.    [Eng.  prefatory  ;  -ly.] 
By  way  of  preface  or  introduction. 


of  the  nature  of,  a  preface  ;  introductoi 
liminary.    (Waterland  :  Works,  ii.  158.) 


'prefe, 

[PROOF.] 


prove,   *priefe,  *priev«,  *. 


pre'  feet,  *pr»'-fe'ct,  8.  [O.  FT.  prefect 
(Fr.  prefet),  from  Lat.  prcefectus  =  a  prefect, 
irom  pros  =  before,  Anil  foetus,  pa.  par.  of  facia 
=  to  make,  to  set  ;  Sp.  &  Port,  jtrefecto;  Ital. 
prefetto.] 

1.  A  governor,  a  commander,  a  chief  magis- 
trate ;  specif.  : 

(1)  A  title  given  to  several  officers,  military, 
j  naval,  and  civil,  in  ancient  Rome.    Thus,  in 
i  the  time  of  the  kings  the  officer  appointed  by 

the  king  to  act  as  his  deputy  when  he  was 
compelled  to  leave  the  city  was  called  the 
Prcefectus  Urbl,  or  Prefect  of  the  City.  Later, 
during  the  earlier  ages  of  the  republic,  when 
.  both  consuls  were  required  for  military  service, 
a  Prcefectus  Urbi,  was  named  by  the  Senate  to 
act  during  their  absence.  He  must  have  held 
ithe  office  of  consul,  and  he  enjoyed  during 
the  period  of  his  office  the  same  powers  and 
privileges  within  the  walls  as  the  consuls 
themselves.  In  times  of  dearth  or  famine  a 
Commissioner  was  appointed  to  procure  sup- 
plies, his  official  title  being  Prwfectus  annonce, 
or  Prefect  of  Corn.  In  war  the  whole  body 
of  the  cavalry  was  under  the  command  of  an 
officer,  also  styled  a  Prefect.  The  captain 
Of  a  ship  of  war  was  called  Prcefectus  navis, 
and  the  admiral  of  a  fleet,  Prcefectus  classis. 
Under  Constantino  the  Prefects  became  go- 
vernors of  provinces. 

(2)  In  France  a  prefet,  the  civil  governor  of 
•  department,  having  control  of  the  police, 
and  extensive  powers  in  regard  to  municipal 
administration. 

"The  very  place  where  the  Prefect  w*s."—  Standard, 
fan.  16,  1886. 

*  2.  A  superintendent. 

"  The  psalm  thus  composed  by  David,  was  committed 
to  the  prefect  of  his  music.  "—Hammond  :  Workt,  iv.  so. 

3.    A  monitor  in  a  public  school. 

*  4.  Tutelary  power. 

pre-fec-tor'-a'-al,    *  prS-fSc'-tor-al,   a. 

(Eng.  prefect  ;  -orial,  -oral.]    Of  or  pertaining 
to  a  prefect  or  prefects. 

"  Exempt  from  prefectoral  pressure."—  Ajtfj/  Tele- 
graph, Jail.  2,  1846. 

pre'-fect-ship,  ».  [Eng.  prefect  ;  -ship.]  The 
office,  position,  or  jurisdiction  of  a  prefect  ; 
prefecture. 

pre'-fec-ture,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat  prcefectura, 
from  prcefectus  =  a  prefect  (q.v.).] 

1.  The  office,  position,  or  jurisdiction  of  a 
prefect  or  chief  magistrate. 

"The  members  of  the  Eure  Prefecture."—  Standard, 
Jau.  16,  1886. 

2.  The  official  residence  of  a  prefect. 

"The  news.  .  .  reached  the  Prefecture  tA  Evreux." 
—Dally  Telegraph,  Jail.  18.  1886. 

3.  The  officials  of  a  prefecture. 

"The  Prefecture  of  Polioe  confirm*  the  arrest,"  — 
Kcho,  Feb.  6.  1896. 

pre'-fer',  *  pre-ferre,r.«.  [Fr.  preferer,  from 
Lat.  preefero  =  to  carry  in  front,  to  prefer  : 
prce  =  before,  and/ero  =  to  carry;  Sp.preferir; 
Ital.  prefer  ire.] 
I.  Ordinary  language  : 

1.  To  offer  or  present  for  one's  consideration, 
decision,  or  acceptance  ;  to  set  forth  or  before 
one  ;  to  address. 

"  Presently  prefer  his  suit  to  Cswar." 

HHiikeip.  :  Juliui  Caaar,  lit  1. 

2.  To  exhibit  or  bring  forward  publicly  :  as, 
To  prefer  a  charge. 

*  3.  To  offer.  (Shakesp.  :  Hamlet,  iv.  7.   Many 
editions  read  prepared.) 

4.  To  advance,  as  to  a  dignity  or  office  ;  to 
raise,  to  promote,  to  exalt 

"  I  will  love  thee,  and  prefer  thee  too." 

tihaXetp.  :  Richard  ///„  IT.  fc 

*  5.  To  address,  to  direct. 

"If  ...  you  know  any  such, 
" 


... 

Prefer  them  hithe 


. 

Taming  of  the  Shrew,  L  L 


*  6.  To  recommend. 

"  He  is  preferred  by  thee  to  ns." 

Shaketp.  :  Cymbeline,  Iv.  2. 

7.  To  set  above  or  before  something  else  in 
estimation ;  to  have  a  greater  liking  for ;  to 
hold  in  higher  estimation  or  favour  ;  to  choose 
rather.  (It  is  now  usually  followed  by  to, 
sometimes  by  before  :  formerly  also  by  above.) 

"  Though  a  man  would  prefer  flying  to  walking,  yet 
who  can  say  be  ever  wills  it? '  —Locke  :  Sum.  Undent., 
bk.  ii.,  cb.  xxi. 

IL  Law:  To  apply  or  move  for :  as,  To  prefer 
for  costs. 

*  pref'-er-a-bfl-I-ttf;   s.    [Eng.  preferabk; 
•ity.\    The  quality  or  state  of  being  preferable. 

"To  be  cross-questioned  and  persecuted  about  the 
preferabUUii  of  Milton  to  Eliza  Cook."— Matt/me 
Arnold  :  Mixed  Euayi,  p.  138. 

pref  -er-a-ble,  *  pre-fer-ra-ble,  *  pre- 
fer-ri-ble,  a.  [Fr.  preferable,  from  preferer 
—  to  prefer  (q.v.)  ;  Sp.  preferible.] 

1.  Worthy  or  deserving  of  being  preferred 
or  chosen  before  something  else ;  to  be  pre- 
ferred ;  more  eligible,  more  desirable. 

"Whether  an  education  formed  by  travelling,  or  by 
a  sedentary  life,  be  preferable."— Goldimith :  Polite 
Learning,  ch.  xiii. 

*  2.  Preferring. 

"I  hare  a  preferable  regard  for  Mr.  Lovelace."— 
Jtichardson:  Clariua,  i.  203. 

pref'-er-a-ble-ness,  *.  [Eng.  preferable; 
•ness,]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  prefer- 
able ;  preferability. 

"  To  measure  or  weigh  the  prtferablenets  of  several! 
vocations."— Montague  :  Devout  e  Esiauet,  pt.  i.,  treat, 
x..  J7. 

preT-er-a-bljf,  adv.  [Eng.  preferable);  -ly.} 
In  preference  ;  in  such  a  manner  as  to  prefer 
one  thing  to  another ;  by  preference. 

"  Do  not  think  I  make  a  merit  of  writing  to  yon 
preferably  to  a  good  supper."— Gray .'  To  Mr.  neO. 

pref-er-ence,  *.    [Fr.]    [PREFER.] 

1.  The  act  of  preferring  or  choosing  one 
thing  before  another;   choice  of  one  thing 
before  another ;  higher  esteem  or  estimation 
of  one  thing  above   another ;   predilection. 
(Followed  by  to,  above,  before,  or  over.) 

2.  The   right,    power,    or   opportunity   of 
choosing  between  two  things ;  right  of  choice. 

3.  That  which  is  preferred;  the  object  of 
Choice;  choice. 

4.  A  game  at  cards. 

If  Fraudulent  preference: 

Law:  The  act  of  transferring  a  snm  of 
money  or  other  valuables  to  a  creditor  by  a 
debtor,  with  the  intent  of  preventing  the 
equal  distribution  of  the  debtor's  estate 
among  all  his  creditors. 

preference  shares,  or  bonds,  s.  pi. 

Comm. :  Shares  or  bonds  on  which  a  fixed 
dividend  is  to  be  paid  before  any  part  of  the 
company's  profits  are  divided  among  the  ordi- 
nary shareholders.  Called  also  Preference 
Stock. 

pref  er-en'-tial  (ti  as  sh),  a.  [PREFER- 
ENCE.] Giving,"  indicating,  or  having  a  pre- 
ference. 

"  Shares  which,  though  not  entitled  to  a  fixed  in- 
terest, shall  enjoy  a  firrierrntial  claim  to  profits  up  to 
a  specified  point'  —liithell :  i'vuntiny-Houte  Jjict. 

pre-fer'-ment,  «.    [Eng.  prefer;  -ment.] 

*  1.  The  act  of  preferring  or  choosing  before 
another ;  preference. 

2.  The  act  of  preferring  or  advancing  to  a 
higher  post,  rank,  or  dignity ;  advancement, 
promotion. 

3.  A  superior  place  of  honour  or  profit, 
especially  in  the  church. 

"Any  ecclesiastical  or  academical  preferment."— 
Macaulay:  Hist.  Eng..  ch.  xi. 

*  4.  That  which  is  preferred,  placed  before, 
or  at  an  advanced  grade,  position,  or  the  like. 

pre-fer'-rer,  s.  [Eng.  prefer;  -tr.]  One  who 
prefers. 

pre-fet'  (t  silent),  ».    [Fr.]    A  prefect  (q.v.). 

*  pref '-I-den96,  s.    [Eng.  prefiden(t);  -«e.] 

1.  Excessive  confidence  or  trust 


2.  Previous  confidence  or  trust 

*  pref  '-i-dent,  a.     [Lat.  pros/idem,  pr.  par. 
of  prcefido.] 

1.  Trusting  too  much ;  over-confident 

2.  Trusting  before. 


*  pre-flg'-u-rate,  v.t.     [Lat  pnefiguratut, 
pa.  par.  of  prafiguro,  from  prcet=  before,  and 
figuro  =r  to  figure,  to  form.]     To  show  by  an 
antecedent  figure  or  representation;  to  pre- 
figure. 

"  This  Mathtualab  ...  did  preftgurate  the  viii.  af» 
of  the  world."—  Urafton  :  Chronicle,  pU  i.,  Firtt  Agt, 

t  pri-f  Ig-u-ra'-tion,  s.  [Lat.  prafiguratio, 
from  prcefiguratus,  pa.  par.  of  prcejlguro  ;  Sp. 
prefiguracion.]  The  act  of  prefiguring;  the 
state  of  being  prefigured  ;  antecedent  repre- 
sentation. 

"  Prefguratloru  of  or  preludes  to  his  passion."— 
Barrow:  Sermons,  voL  ii.,  ser.  27. 

t  pre-f  ig>u-ra-tiVe,  a.  [Eng.  prefigurat(e): 
-ive.]  Prefiguring  ;  showing  by  antecedent 
figures,  signs,  or  types. 

"  Preflguratite  of  this  most  true  and  perfect  sacri- 
fice."— flarrow/  Sermtmt,  vol.  ii.,  ser.  27. 

pre-flg'-ure,  *  pre-fyg-ure,  v.t.  [Pref. 
pre-,  and  Eng.  figure,  v.  (q.v.,  ;  Fr.  prefigurer; 
Sp.  prejigurar  ;  Ital.  prefigurare.]  To  exhibit 
by  antecedent  representation,  types,  or  simi- 
litudes ;  to  foreshadow. 

"  These  mercies  .  .  .  were  prefigured  by  ancient  dis- 
pensations.' —.Horn*  .•  On  th»  Ptalmt,  Fs.  Unix. 

*  pre-f  ig'-ure-ment,   s.      [Eng.  prefigure; 
-ment.]     The  act  of  prefiguring;   the  thing 
prefigured  ;  a  prefiguration. 

*  pre  -fine',   *  pre-iyne,   v.t.     [Lat.   pro- 
finio:   pne  =  before,  and  finio  =  to  limit; 
finis  =  a  limit  ;    Fr.  prefinir;  Sp.  prefinir.] 
To  limit  beforehand. 

"Hath  prf  fined  their  constituted  tyines."—  yojr«.' 
Sxpot.  <tf  Daniel,  ch.  v. 

*  pre-f  i'-nite,  a.    [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng.  finite 
(q.v.).]    Defined  beforehand  ;  predefined,  pre- 
arranged. 

*  pre-f  i-ru'-tion,  t.     [Lat  prceflnitio,  from 
prcefinitus,  pa.   par.  of  prcefinio  =  to  pie  lino 
(q.v.).]    Previous  limitation. 

"  A  preytnition  of  their  periods."—  FoOurby:  Athto- 
mattix,  p.  270. 

pre-f  Ix',  *pre-flsce,  v.t.  [Lat.  prafixut, 
l>a.  par.  of  prosfigo  =  to  fix  in  front  :  prte  ^ 
before,  and  figo  =  to  fix  ;  FT.  prefix  =  pre- 
fixed ;  Ital.  prefiggere.] 

1.  To  put,  place,  or  set  before,  in  front,  or 
at  the  beginning  of  anything;  to  attach  to 
the  beginning. 

"  The  disquisition  to  which  it  is  prefixed.*—  Stewart  .• 
Human  Mind,  vol.  i.,  ch.  iv.,  i  4. 

*  2.  To  fix,  settle,  or  appoint  beforehand  ; 
to  preappoint,  to  prearrange  ;  to  determine 
beforehand. 

"  The  hour  prefixed 
Of  her  delivery  to  this  valiant  Greek." 

Shaketp.  :  Troilui  i  Cratida,  IT.  8. 

*  3.  To  settle,  to  arrange,  to  determine,  to 
establish. 

pre'-fix,  a.  &  *.  [Fr.,  from  Lat  prceflxut.] 
[PREFIX,  v.] 

*  A.  As  adj.  :  Prefixed. 

"  The  Greek  word  Bous  is  a  prefix  augmentation  to 
mnny  words  in  that  language.'  —Brotmt  :  t'ulfar 
Errourt.  bk.  iiL,  ch.  xxiv. 

B.  As  substantive: 

*  1.  The  act  of  prefixing  ;  prefixion. 

"By  a  prf  Hi  of  the  letter  X.'—Btddoet:  Mat)*. 
mtitictil  Evidence,  p.  7.  (Note.) 

2.  A  letter,  syllable,  or  word  prefixed  to  or 
put  at  the  beginning  of  a  won!,  usually  to 
vary  its  signification.    It  differs  from  a  pre- 
•position   in    becoming  part  of  the  word  to 
which  it  is  prefixed.    [AFFIX.] 

*  pre-f  fat  -ion  (x  as  ksh),  s.    [0.  Fr.J    The 

act  of  prefixing. 

pre-flbr  a  -tion,  s.    [PR^FLORATION.J 
pre-fo-U-a'-tlon,  s.    [PR^FOLIATION.]       "*, 

*  pre-fool',  v.t.    [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng.  fool,  r. 
(q.v.).J    To  play  the  fool  before. 

"  m  tell  you  a  better  project,  wherein  no  courtier 
has  pref  aoled  yon."—  Xhirleg  :  Bird  i»  a  Cafe,  ii.  L 

pro-form',  v.t.  [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng.  form,  T. 
(q.v.).]  To  form  previously  or  beforehand. 


pre-form'-a-tJve,  ».    [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
formative  (q.v.).] 
Philology  : 

1.  A  formative  letter  at  the  beginning  at  • 
word. 

2.  A  prefix, 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  jo"wl ;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  **«<",  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xcnophon,  exist,    -ing; 
-clan,  -tian  -  Shan,   -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  -  znun.    -cious,  -tioos,  -sious  =  snus.   -ble,  -die,  Ac.  =  bel,  del. 


3728 


prefract— prejudical 


•  pre-fract',  a.   [Lat.  prcefractus.]    Obstinate, 
unbending. 

"Thou  wut  to  pre/ract  and  stout  In  religion,"— 
Bradford :  H'orki.  L  474. 

•  pre-fur-gen-cy,  *.     [Lat.  pntfulgens,  pr. 
par.   of   pnrfulgeo  =  to  excel   in  brightness  : 
prce=  before,  and  fulgeo  =  to  shiue.]   Superior 
brightness  or  effulgency. 

"  The  prrfulgrncy  of  h  is  eicellent  worth  and  merit." 
—Bmrnw :  Popt'i  Supremacy. 

•  pro  gage',  v.t.    [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng.  gage 
(q.v.)7)    To  pledge  or  engage  beforehand  ;  to 
preengage. 

"By  oath  prrgaged  to  the  Pop*."— Fuller :  Church 
Hilt..  IX.  1.  42. 

pre  gla  cl  al  (or  $1  as  shl),  a.  [Pref.  pre-, 
and  Eng.  glacial  (q.  v.).] 

Geol. :  Immediately  preceding  the  Glacial 
period.  Used  by  Lyell  (Elem.  Geol.,  ch.  xiii.) 
as  synonymous  with  Upper  Pliocene. 

•  preg'-na-ble,  a.     [Fr.  prenable,  from  pren- 
dn  (Lac.  'prehendo,  prendo)  =  to  take.) 

1.  Capable  of  being  taken  or  won  by  force  ; 
expregnable.    (Only  used  now  in  the  negative 
impregnable.) 

"  The  marshal  caused  the  towne  to  be  anewed.  to  ae 
U  it  were  pregnable  or  not"— Berneri:  Froiaart; 
Cronycle,  vol.  it,  ch.  1L 

2.  Capable  of  being  moved,  impressed,  or 
convinced. 

•  pre^  naiuje,  ».    [PREGNANCY.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  pregnant ; 
pregnancy. 

4   2.  Inventive  power;  fertility  of  invention. 

"  The  ripeness  and  the  prryna.nct  of  hu  native 
treachery.'  —  Milton:  Colatterion. 

preg-nan  $y,  *.    [Eng.  pregnant);  -cy.} 

L  The  quality  or  state  of  being  pregnant 
or  with  child  ;  the  state  of  a  female  who  has 
conceived  or  is  with  child. 

"  The  terming  pregnancy  of  the  queen."—  Watpole : 
Anecdnta  of  Painting.  voL  L.  ch.  ii. 

2.  The  quality  of  being  full  of  sjmportant 
•ignilication,  contents,  issue,  or  the  like. 

"  You'd  little  think  of  what  consequence  and  preg- 
nancy this  imp  to."—  H'irmvm  :  Th»  Antiquary.  L  1. 

3.  Fertility  of  invention  ;  inventive  genius 
or  power. 

"There  appeared  in  him  a  great  acnteness  of  wit 
and  wonderful  preynnncy  of  part*."— Clarendon  : 
Religion  t  Policy,  cb.  viii. 

*  4.  A  promising  youth. 

"One  or  moeof  the  most  promising  preynanfUt  out 
•f  both  universities."— fuller:  Church  Hat.,  vi.  340. 

^  (1)  Concealment  of  pregnancy : 

Late :  A  misdemeanour  punishable  with  im- 
prisonment for  not  exceeding  two  years,  with 
or  without  bard  labour. 

(2)  Plea  of  pregnancy  : 

Law. :  If  a  woman,  being  pregnant,  is  con- 
victed of  a  capital  crime,  the  execution  of 
the  sentence  is  delayed  until  after  the  birth  of 
the  child. 

preg'-nant  (1).  '  preig-nant,  a.  &  *.  [O.Fr. 
pregnant,  from  Lat.  pregnans  (genit  prccg- 
nantis),  from  prae  —  before,  and  gno  =  to  bear 
(an  obsolete  verb  seen  in  the  pa.  par.  gnatus, 
commonly  spelt  natus);  Ital.  pregnante  :  8p. 
prdlado.] 

A.  As  adjective  : 

L  laterally: 

1.  Being  with  young ;  having  conceived  ; 
great  with  young  ;  gravid. 

"  My  womb 
Prrgnant  by  thee."  Milton :  P.  L..  IL  nt. 

•2.  Fruitful,  fertile,  prolific. 

"  The  smiling  fields  rejoice,  and  hail  the  preynant 
year."  rut :  Fida ;  Art  of  Poetry,  ill 

IL  Figuratively : 

*  1.  Full,  abounding,  overflowing. 

"  Bold  U  his  aspect :  but  Ills  eye 
Is  pregnant  with  anxiety." 

Wvrdntarth:  Hltite  Dot. 

2.  Pull  of  important  contents,  signification, 
Or  issue ;  abounding  with  consequences,  re- 
sults, or  significance ;  weighty. 

"The  lust  motivesandpr^pnanfirrounds,  with  which 
I  thought  myself  furni«h«i."— Kinj  CKarlet :  Eikon 
Battiike. 

*  3.  Full  of -promise  or  excellence;  stored 
with  information  ;  of  unusual  or  high  excel- 
lence, ability,  or  cajttcity. 

"  There  had  not  been  for  twenty  yean  a  more  prej- 
Itant  youth."— Kfelyn. 

*4.  Expert,  clever,  ingenious,  artful,  skilled. 

"  Wherein  the  pregnant  enemy  does  much." 

Shakftp.  :  Twtifth  Xight,  it  1 


*  5.  Probable  in  the  highest  degree  ;  easily 
Been ;  clear,  evident 

"  Most  true,  if  truth  were  ever  pregnant  by  circum- 
stance."— ShaJcetp. :  Winter  t  Tale.  v.  2. 

*  B.  As  subst. :  A  woman  with  child. 
If  Negative  pregnant :  [NEGATIVE]. 
pregnant-construction, «. 

Rhet. :  A  construction  in  which  more  is  im- 
plied than  is  said  or  seems  :  as,  The  beasts 
trembled  from  their  dens,  i.e.,  came  forth 
trembling  from  their  dens. 

*  preg'-nant  (2),  o.    [Fr.  prenant,  pr.  par.  of 
prendre  —  to  take.]  Ready  to  admit  or  receive  : 
giving  access  ;  disposed,  ready,  prompt 

"  My  matter  hath  no  voice,  but  to  your  own  most 
pregnant  and  vouchsafed  ear."— Shaketp. :  Twelfth 
Jtight.  HI.  1. 

*  preg'-nant-ly,   adv.    [Eng.  pregnant  (1) ; 
-ly-] 

1.  In  a  pregnant  manner ;  fruitfully,  weight- 
ily. 

2.  Plainly,  clearly,  evidently.     (Shakesp. : 
Timon  of  Athens,  i.  1.) 

pre-grat  -tite.  «.  [After  Pregratten,  Tyrol, 
where  found  ;  suff.  -iie(Afiw.).] 

ilin. :  A  variety  of  paragonite  (q.v.),  con- 
taining somewhat  more  of  protoxides,  and  a 
higher  percentage  of  water,  which  causes  it 
to  exfoliate  before  the  blow-pipe. 

*  pre'-gra-vate,  v.t.    [Lat.  prcegravatus,  pa. 
par.   of  praegravo  =  to  press    heavily :    prce, 
intens.,  and  gravis  =  heavy.)  To  bear  or  weigh 
down ;  to  depress. 

"  The  clog  that  the  body  brings  with  it  cannot  but 
pregravate  and  trouble  the  soul.  —  Su.  Hall:  Jntitible 
World,  bk.  ii.,  i  1. 

*  pr&:grav'-I-tate,  v.i.  [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
gravitate  (q.v.).]    To  descend  by  gravity  ;  to 
sink. 

*  pre -gust' -ant,  a.     [Lat.   prcegustans,  pr. 
par.  of  prcegusto  :  prce  =  before,  and  gusto  = 
to  taste.]   Tasting  beforehand  ;  having  a  fore- 
taste. 

*  pre  gus-ta  -tion,  s.      [Lat.   pnegustatio.] 
[PREGUSTANT.]    A  tasting  before  ;  a  foretaste. 

*  pre-hend',  v.t.     [Lat.  prehendo.]     To  lay 
hold  of ;  to  seize,  to  take. 

"  Is  not  that  rebel  Oliver,  that  traitor  to  my  year, 
Prehended  yet?" 

iiiddleton  :  Mayor  of  Quinborough,  v.  L 

*  pre-hen'-si-ble,  a.    [Formed  as  if  from  a 
Lat.  prehensibilis,  from  prehensus,  pa.  par.  of 
prehendo >  =  to   take,    to   seize.]     Capable  of 
being  seized. 

pre-hSn'-sile,  a.  [Lat.  prehensus,  pa.  par.  of 
prehendo  =  to  take,  to  seize.]  Seizing,  grasp- 
ing ;  adapted  to  seizing  or  grasping. 

prehensile-organs,  s.  pi. 

Zool. :  Organs  adapted  for  grasping.  In  the 
American  monkeys  the  tail  is  prehensile ; 
the  prehensile  organ  of  the  elephant  is  his 
proboscis  ;  a  similar  but  shorter  organ  exists 
in  the  tapir.  The  technically  prehensile  foot 
among  birds  is  that  of  the  Trochilidae,  which 
8 


PREHENSILE  ORGANS. 

L  Proboscis  of  Tapir;  i  Proboscis  of  Elephant;  8. 
Prehensile  tail  of  American  Monkey ;  4.  Prehensile 
arias  of  Octopus. 

seek  their  food  among  trees.  Various  insects 
hold  tenaciously  by  their  curved  and  sharp 
claws.  The  males  of  many  oceanic  Crustacea 
have  their  legs  and  antennae  modified  extra- 
ordinarily for  the  prehension  of  the  female, 
and  the  octopus  grasps  the  victim  on  which  it 
feeds  by  a  number  of  arms  furnished  with 
suckers. 


pre  -hen'  -si  on,  s.    [Lat.  prehensio,  from  pr»v 
hensus,  pa.  par.  of  prehendo  =  to  take,  to  seize.] 
1.  The  act  of  seizing,  grasping,  or  taking 
bold,  as  with  the  hand  or  other  limb. 

"  Organs  of  prthention  and  locomotion.'—  SerUmer't 
Magazine,  June,  1877,  p.  158. 

*2.  The  act  of  seizing  or  taking  possession  of. 

"The  prehenrion  and  clearing  of  a  definite  tract  at 
ground.  —Phear:  Aryan  rillage,  p.  xv.    (Introd.) 

pre-hen'-sor,  *.     [Lat.  prehensus,  pa.  par.  of 
prehendo.]    One  who  seizes  or  takes  hold  of. 

pre-hen'-sor-^,  o.    [Lat.  prehensus,  pa.  par. 
of  prehendo.}    The  sameas  PREHENSILE  (q.v.). 

pre-his-tor'-ic,  a.      [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 

historic  (q.v.).] 

1.  Archccol.  :  Pertaining   or  relating  to  a 
period  antecedent  to  that  at  which  history 
began  to  record  the  deeds  of  any  particular 
people.    [PROTOHISTORIC.] 

2.  Geol.  :  The  term  applied  to  the  latest 
sub  -period  but  one  of  the  Post  -tertiary,  a 
portion  of  the  recent  period.    [RECENT.] 

prehn'-ite,  s.     [After  Oberst  von  Prehn,  who 

lirst  found  it;  suff.  -ite(Min.).} 

A/in.  :  An  orthoihombic  mineral,  occurring 
as  thin  tables,  sometimes  in  barrel-shaped 
groups,  also  globular,  and  mammillated,  with 
a  crystalline  surface  and  fibrous  diverging 
structure.  Hardness,  6  to  6-5;  sp.  gr.  2-8  to 
2-953  ;  lustre,  vitreous  ;  colour,  various  shades 
of  green,  yellow,  sometimes  gray  or  white  ; 
sub-transparent.  Compos.  :  silica,  43'6  ;  alu- 
mina, 24  '9  ;  lime,  27'1  ;  water,  4  '4  =  100,  cor- 
responding with  the  formula,  (J(HO)3+JCaO 
-fjJAUOj^SSiOa.  Found  in  many  places, 
though  mostly  in  old  igneous  rocks,  but  occa- 
sionally iu  granite,  gneiss,  &c. 

preh-nlt'-ic,  o.     [Eng.  prehnit(e)  ;  -ic.]    Per- 
taining to  or  derived  from  prehnite  (q.v.). 

prehnitic  acid,  t. 

Chem.  :  ClnH6O8  =  C6JI^CO2'B)4.  A  poly. 
basic  acid,  obtained  by  heating  hydromellitic 
acid  with  live  times  its  weight  of  concentrated 
sulphuric  acid.  It  crystallizes  in  large  grouped 
prisms  ;  very  soluble  iu  water.  When  anhy- 
drous it  melts  at  240°,  and  decomposes  into 
water  and  anhydro-prehnitic  acid. 

prehn'-It-oid,  *.    [Eng.  prehnit(e);  suff.  -end.) 

Min.  :    A  dipyre  (q.v.),   found  in  Sweden, 

associated  with  hornblende.    Hardness  given 

as  7  ;  sp.  gr.   2-50.      Resembles  prehuite  in 

aspect,  hence  its  name. 

*  preife,  s.    [PROOF.] 

pre  in  de  sig  nate,  a.     [Pref.  pre-  ;  in  = 
not,  and  Eng.  designate.]    [PREDESIGNATK.] 


*  pre-in-dis-pose',  v.t.      [Pref.   pre-,   and 
before  ha 


Eng.  indifpose  (q.v.).J     To  make  indisposed 

.ml. 


pre  in-Struct',  v.t.  [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
instruct  (q.v.).]  To  instruct  previously  or 
beforehand. 

"  Preinstructed  by  men  of  the  tame  ipirit"— Mom 
Def.  of  Moral  Cabbala,  pt.  iv.,  ch.  i. 

*  pre  in  ti  ma   tion,  s.      [Pref.  pre-,  and 
Eng.  intimation (f\.\.\\     Previous  intimation.; 
a  suggestion  beforehand. 

*  preise,  v.  &  t.    [PRAISE.] 

pre  jink .  a.  [Prob.  the  same  as  pranked  rr 
prinked.]  Trim  ;  dressed  out ;  pi  iin.  (Scotch.) 

pre  judge  ,  v.t.  [Pref.  pre-,  and  EUR.  judge, 
v.  (q.v.).]  To  judge  beforehand,  or  before 
the  case  has  been  fully  heard  or  considered; 
to  judge  or  decide  by  anticipation  ;  hence,  to 
condemn  beforehand  or  without  hearing. 

"  When  Wilkes.  prrjudifd.  is  ceuteuc'd  to  the  towtl* 
Churchill :  EpMle  to  W.  Hogarth. 

*  pre  judg  -mcnt,  *  pre  judge  -ment,  *. 

[PrefT  pre-,  and  Eng.  judgment  (q.v.).]  Th6 
act  of  prejudging  ;  judgment  of  a  case  before- 
hand or  unheard. 

"  It  is  not  free  and  impartial  Inquiry  that  we  depr»- 

cat*,  it  is  hasty  and  arrogant  prejudgement."— Knoxl 

Two  Srrmont,  p.  39. 

*  pre-ju'-<U-ca-9#,  *.     [Lat  prcejudioatto.} 
Prejudice,  prepossession. 

*  pre-JU'-cU-cal,  a.     [Lat    prajudico  =  to 
prejudge  (q.v.).]  Pertaining  to  the  determina- 
tion of  some  matter  net  previously  decided  i 
as,  a  prejudical  inquiry. 


fate.  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot 
or.  wore.  wolf.  work.  who.  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    ee,  ce  -  e  ;  ey  =  a ;  qn  =  L. w. 


prejudicant— prelude 


3729 


*  pre-ju'-dl-cant,  a.    [Lat.  prwjudicans,  pr. 
par.  of  priK/udico  —  to  prejudge.)      Judging 
with  prejudice ;  prejudiced,  biassed. 

"  Hear  him  with  not  too  hasty  and  prejudicant  ears  ' 
—Milton:  Tetrachardox. 

*  pro  ju'-di-cate,  v.t.  &  i.    [Lat.  prajudica- 
tus,  [«.  par.  of  pT'i-judico  =  to  prejudge  :  prce 
—  before,  and  judico  =  to  judge.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  prejudge ;  to  determine  be- 
forehand to  disadvantage. 

"  Oar  dearest  friend 
Pnjudicatet,  the  business." 

Shalcetp  :  All' t  Well  that  Xndi  Well,  i.  2. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  prejudge  ;  to  form  a  judg- 
ment without  due  examination  of  the  facts. 

*  pre-Ju'-dl  cate,  a.    [PREJCDICATE,  t>.] 

1.  Formed  by  prejudice  ;  prejudged,  preju- 
diced. 

"  Outing  away  all  oar  former  prejudicate  opinions." 
—  Wuttt  .-Logic,  pt.  ii..  ch.  iv. 

2.  Prejudiced,  biassed,  prepossessed. 

"  Were  not  the  angry  world  prejudicate." 

Bp.  BaU:  Satiret.  vt  1. 

*pre-Ju'-<U-cat-ed,  a.      [PBEJUDICATE.] 
prejudiced,  biassed. 

"  Such  being  the  froward  disposition  of  prejudicated 
."—Prynne  :  aittrio-Jfaaix.    (E|>ist.  Deo.) 


*  pre-Jti'-dl-Cate-ly^  ad  v.  [Eng.  prejudicate; 
-ly.  |    liia  prejudiced  or  biassed  manner  ;  with 
prejudice  or  bias. 

ipre  ju  dl  ca  -tion,  s.      [Lat.  prcejudicatio, 
from  pr<ejudicatus.\    [PREJUDICATE,  ».] 

*  I.  Ord.  Lang.  :  The  act  of  prejudging  or 
prejudieating  ;    prejudgment  ;    determination 
of  a  case  without  due  examination  of  the  facts 
and  evidence. 
2.  Roman  Law  : 

(1)  A  preliminary  inquiry  and  determination 
about  something  which  belongs  to  a  matter  in 
dispute. 

(2)  A  precedent  or  previous  treatment  and 
decision  of  a  point. 

*  pre-ju'-dl-ca-tlve,  a.    [Eng.  prejudicat(e)  ; 
-iae.\      Prejudging;    forming   an    opinion  or 
judgment  without  previous  examination. 


preju 
fntt 


A  thing  as  ill  beseeming   philosophers  as  hasty 
udicatiot  sentence  political  judges,'—  More  :  In- 


(Pref.) 


prej   u  di9c,  *  prej  n-dlze,  ».    (Fr.,  from 

Lat.  prtKjudicium  =  a  judicial  examination  be- 
fore a  trial,  damage,  prejudice  :  prce  =  before, 
and  jvdici  um  =  judgment  ;  Sp.  perjuicio;  ItaL 
pregiudicio,  pregiudizio.} 

*  1.  The  act  of  prejudging  ;  foresight. 

"That  nought  mote  hinder  his  qulcke  prejudit*." 
Spenter:  f.  O..,  II.  U.  «. 

i  An  opinion  or  judgment  formed  before- 
,  hand  ;  a  decision  arrived  at  without  due  con- 
sideration of  the  facts  or  arguments  necessary 
for  the  formation  of  an  impartial  or  just  deter- 
mination. The  word  did  not  originally  imply 
that  the  judgment  formed  was  unfavourable  ; 
but  the  meaning  now  attached  to  it  is  that  of 
a  bias,  leaning,  or  predisposition  in  favour  of 
or  against  some  person,  action,  or  course  of 
<xjnduct,  formed  without  reason,  or  for  some 
private  Mason,  and  on  insufficient  grounds  ;  a 
prepossession  ;  an  unjustifiable  bias  or  lean- 
ing. (Locke  :  Conduct  of  Understanding,  §  10.) 

3.  Mischief,  hurt,  damage,  injury,  detri- 
ment. (Shakesp.  :  Henry  VIII.,  iv  4.) 

^  Without  prejudice  :  A  legal  phrase,  applied 
to  overtures  or  communications  between  the 
parties  to  a  suit,  after  or  before  action,  but 
before  trial  or  verdict.  It  is  used  to  denote  an 
understanding  that,  if  the  overtures  fall 
through,  no  advantage  shall  be  taken  of  them 
by  either  side.  Thus,  should  a  defendant 
make  an  otter,  without  prejudice,  to  pay  half 
the  amount  of  a  claim,  the  offer  must  not  be 
taken  as  au  admission  of  the  plaiutitf  having 
a  right  to  any  payment. 

Jjrej'-u-di9e,  v.t.    [PRKJUDICE,  «.] 

L  To  prepossess  with  prejudice  or  preju- 

dices ;  to  instil  a  prejudice  into  the  mind  of; 

to  l>ias  ;  to  give  a  prejudiced  leaning  or  bent  to. 

"This  did  not  prejudice  me  much  In  his  favour."— 

Boat  :  Gilbert  Gurney,  ch.  vi. 

8.  To  cause  a  prejudice  against  ;  to  injure 
by  prejudice  :  hence,  generally,  to  injure,  to 
hurt,  to  damage,  to  cause  detriment  to.  to 
harm.  (Daniel:  Civil  Wars,  ii.) 

prej  -u-dr-cial  (ot  as  sh),  prej-n-dl- 
cialL,  a.  [Fr.  prejudiciel,  from  Lat.  praju- 
tUcialis,  from  proejudicium  =  prejudice  (q.v.); 
6p.prejut{icial,perjudicial;  Itai.pregiudiciale.j 


*  1.  Biassed  ;  possessed  or  moved  by  preju- 
1  dice ;  prejudiced. 

*  2.  Contrary,  opposed,  opposite. 

"  What  ...  is  there,  in  all  this,  prejudicial  any  way 
to  that  which  we  hold  ?  "—Booker :  Eccles.  Polita. 

3.  Causing  prejudice,  hurt,  or  detriment; 
hurtful,  mischievous,  detrimental. 

"  I'rejudirinll  to  the  prieuilege  of  the  clergie."— 
0ra/ton :  Henry  11.  (:m.  13). 

prej  u  di  cial-ly  (cl  as  sh),  adv.  [Eng. 
prejudicial ;  -ly.]  In  a  prejudicial  manner  ; 
so  as  to  cause  prejudice,  hurt,  or  detriment ; 
injuriously,  disadvantageous^. 

prej  u-dicial  ness  (ci  as  sh),  s.  [Eng. 
prejudicial ;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  prejudicial ;  hurtfulness,  injuriousness. 

preke,  «.  [PRICK,  «.]  The  squid,  Loligo  vul- 
garis. 

*  preke,  v.i.    [PRICK,  v.] 

pre-knowl-edge  (fc  silent),  «.  [Pref.  pre-, 
and  Eng.  knowledge  (q.v.).  |  Previous  know- 
ledge ;  foreknowledge. 

prel'-a-cy;    *  prel-a-sie,  ».     [Low  Lat. 

prcelatia,  from  Lat.  prcelatus  =  a  prelate  (q.v.).] 

1.  The  office,  dignity,  or  position  of  a  prelate. 

"  Prelacies  may  be  termed  the  greater  benefices.*— 
Ayliffe :  Parergon. 

*  2.  Prelates  or  bishops  collectively. 

"  Bishops,  abbats,  and  others  of  the  prelatie."—Foz: 
Martyrs,  p.  24U 

*  3.  Episcopacy ;    the   system   of    church 
government  by  prelates.    (Formerly  applied 
to  the  forms  and  practices  of  the  High  Church 
party.) 

*  pre'-lal,  a.    [Lat.  praslum=»,  press.]    Per- 
taining'to  printing  ;  typographical :  as,  prelal 
faults.    (Fuller.) 

prel'-ate,  s.  [Fr.  prelat,  from  Lat.  pnelatus 
=  set"  above,  pa.  par.  of  prcefero  =  to  set  be- 
fore, to  prefer(q.v.);  Sp.prelado;  Ital.pretoto.] 
An  ecclesiastical  dignitary  of  the  highest 
order,  having  authority  over  the  lower  clergy, 
as  an  archbishop,  bishop,  or  patriarch ;  a 
dignitary  o/  the  church. 

"  To  the  prtlatn  he  spoke  with  peculiar  acrimony." 
—Xacaulay:  Bitt.  Eng.,  ch.  ix. 

*  prel'-ate,  v.i.    [PRELATE,  ».]    To  act  as  a 

prelate." 

*  prel-a-to'-l-ty,  *.     [Eng.  prelate;  -ity.] 
Prelacy. 

"  Whether  prelaty  or  prelat f  ity  in  abstract  notion 
be  this  or  that"-  Milton :  Church  Govern.,  bk.  a,  ch.  i. 


-ly1,  a.     [Eng.  prelate;  -Jy.]     Pre- 
atical,  "episcopaL 

"In  their  prelately  pompons  sacrifices.  "—JTa/: :  Select 
Workt,  p.  626. 

prel  -ate  ship,  *  pre  lat-ship,  s.  [Eng. 
prelate;  -ship.]  The  office  or  dignity  of  a 
prelate;  prelacy. 

"  That  Thurstinns  should  reenter  his  realme,  and 
quletlls  Inioy  his  prelatohip."—Fox :  Martyrs,  p.  280. 

« prel'-at-ess,  s.  [Eng.  prelate);  -ess.]  A 
female  prelate  ;  the  wife  of  a  prelate. 

"  The  sage  and  rheumatic  old  prelateu.'—Jtilton  ; 
Apol.  far  Smectymnuitt. 

*  pre  la  tial  (tl  as  sh),  o.    [Eng.  prelate) ; 
•ial.]    Episcopal,  prelatic. 

"A  portfolio  ...  of  morocco  and  of  prelatial  p\a- 
ple.~—MtracH:  LaOuur,  ch.  xviiL 

pre-laf-Xo,  pre-l&f-ic-al,  a.  [Eng. 
prelat(e);  -ic, -ical]  Pertaining  or  relating  to, 
or  characteristic  of,  prelates  or  prelacy. 

"  To  set  up  a  prelaticnl  church  In  Scotland."— tlac- 
aulni/  :  Bitt.  Eng.,  ch.  ii. 

pre-lat'-Ic-al-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  prelatloal;  -ly.] 
In  a  prelatical  manner;  with  reference  to 
prelates  or  prelacy. 

"  Formal  outside  men  prtlaticalti/  addicted."— MO- 
Ion :  CAurcft  Gveernment ;  The  Conclution. 

*  pre-la'-tion,  s.    [Lat  prcdatio,  from  pnx- 
latvs,  pa.  par.  of  prcefero  =  to  prefer  (q.v.).] 
The  setting  of  one  above  or  before  another ; 
preference. 

"A  sii]<«radded  pretatian  of  the  sensible  natnn 
above  the  vegetable."— fate  .-  Orig.  Mankind,  p.  47. 

*,pr2l'-at-lsh,  o.  [Eng.  prelate);  -ish.]  Epis- 
copal. 

"Perrerted  with  prelatii*  le»»en.-- MOton. :  Apol. 
far  Smectymnuiu. 

•prer-at-iam,  «.     fj!ng.  prelat(e); 
Prelacy ;  episcopacy. 


*  prel-at-lSt,  s.     [Eng.  prelate);    -iff.]     A. 
supporter  or  advocate  of  prelatisui  or  prelacy  ; 
a  High  Churchman. 

"The  constitueut  bodies  would  have  bwn  merely 
small  kuots  of  prelatut4."—Macaulat:  Hut.  Sng., 
cb.  xiii. 

*  prel  -a-tize,  v.i.  &  *.    [Eng.  prelate)  ;  -ize.\ 

A.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  perform  the  duties  or  office  of  a  prelate. 

2.  To  support   or   encourage    prelacy  ;   ta 
encourage  High  Church  principles. 

"An  episcopacy  that  began  then  to  prelatixe.*—* 
Milton  :  Animad.  on  Remvrut  rant's  Defence. 

B.  Trans.  :  To  bring  under  the  influence 
of  prelacy. 

*  prel'-a-try,  *.    [Eng.  prelate  ;  -ry.]   Prelacy. 

*  prel'-  a  -tare,  ».     [Fr.,    from   prelat  =  a 
prelate  (q.v.).]     The  post,  dignity,  or  office  of 
a  prelate  ;  prelacy. 

"He  never  preferred  to  any  prelatun  more  than 
one  ecclesiastical  person  who  was  allied  to  him."— 
Clarendon  :  Religion  i  Policy,  ch.  r. 

»  prel  a  ture  ship,  *.  [Eng.  prelatun; 
-ship.]  '  The  same  as  PRELATUIIE  (q.v.). 

*  prel'-a-ty,  ».    [Eng.  prelate);  -y.)    Episco- 
pacy, prelacy. 

"  Whatever  faaltlness  was  but  superficial  to  prriufy 
at  the  beginning."—  Milton  :  Church  Government,  bk. 
ii..  ch.  I 

*  pre-leot',  v.i.  &  t.    [Lat.  prcclectus,  pa.  par. 
of  prcelego  =  to  read  publicly  :  pros  =  before, 
in  front,  and  lego  =  to  read.] 

A.  Intrant.  :  To  read  a  lecture  or  discourse 
in  public. 

"To  prelect  upon  the  military  art."—  Bor:':f  • 
Sermon*,  vol.  UL,  ser.  SO. 

B.  Trans.:  To  read,  as  a  lecture,  dc..  in 
public. 

pre  lec  -tion,  «.  [Lat.  prcelectio,  fror.i  pro- 
lectus,  pa.  par.  of  prcelego  =  to  read  iu  public  ; 
Fr.  prelection.]  [PRELECT.]  A  lecture  or  dis- 
course read  in  public,  or  to  a  select  company, 
or  to  a  class  of  students. 

"  In  the  speculative  portion  of  then  pnlettiont.'— 
Daily  Telegraph,  Sept  3,  1886. 

pre-lSc'-tor,   *pr»-  ISC'-  tor,   *.     [L»t 

praslector,  from  prtelectus,  pa.  par.  of  prtelego 
=  to  prelect  (q.v.).]  A  reader  of  lectures  or 
discourses  ;  a  public  lecturer. 

*  pre-li-ba'-tion,  «.     [Lat  pnelibatio,  from 
prcelibatus,    pa.    par.    of   prcelibo  =  to    taste 
beforehand  :  prce  =  before,  and  libo  =  to  taste  ; 
Fr.  prelibation.] 

1.  A  tasting  beforehand  or  by  anticipation  ; 
a  foretaste.    (Courper  :  Task,  v,  574.) 

2.  A  libation  or  pouring  out  previous  to 
tasting. 

t  prS-lIm'-In-ar-I-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  pwh'min- 
«n/>'  •'!'•]  -tn'a  preliminary  manner;  as  a 
preliminary.  (Cont.  Review,  Nov.,  1881,  p.  805.) 

prS-lIm'-In-ar-y;  o.  &  *.  [Fr.  prdiminaire, 
from  pre-  (Lat.  prce)=  before,  and  liminaire  = 
set  at  the  entry,  from  Lat  limen,  genit. 
liminis=&  threshold;  Sp.  preliminar;  ItaL 
preliminare.] 

A.  As  adj.  :    Introductory  ;    prefatory  or 
previous  to  the  main  business  or  discourse; 
preparatory. 

"  Preliminary  considerations  to  prepare  the  way  of 
holiness."—  Bp.  Taylor  :  Scrmont,  vol.  ill.,  ser.  3. 

B.  Assubst.  :  Something  introductory,  pre- 
fatory, or  preparatory  ;   an  introductory  or 
preparatory  act;  something  which  has  to  b« 
done,    examined,    determined,    arranged,    or 
concluded  before  the  main  business  can  lid 
entered  upon,  or  an  affair  treated  on  its  own 
merits  :   as,  the  preliminaries  to  a  duel,  th* 
preliminaries  to  a  treaty,  Ac. 

*  pre-Um'-lt,    v.t.      [Pref.   pre-,   and   En& 
limit,  v.  (q.v.).]    To  limit  beforehand. 


*  pre  liri  -gual  (gu  as  gw)t  «•    [Pref.  pr»> 
and  Eng.  lingual  (q.v.).T  Before  the   intro- 
duction or  general  use  of  articulate  speech. 

"  Admirers  of  the  prelingual  period."—  nta*t*art 
Sail  :  Modern  Xnglith,  p.  SS4. 

*  pre-look',  *  pre-loke,  «.{.     [Pref.  pre-, 
and  Eng.  look,  v.  (q.v.).l    To  look  forward; 
to  direct  the  eye  forward. 

"The  bloody  compnckts  of  those 
That  preloktd  on  with  yre.         Surrey  :  Pialm.  IT. 

pre'-lnde,  prel'-nde.  ».    [Fr.,  from  Low 
Lat  preeludium,  preludium  =  a  prelude  from 


l>6il.  boy ;  polit,  J6%1 ;  eat,  gell,  chortis,  chin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  ^enophon,  exist,    ph  =  C 
-elan,  -tian  =  shan,  -tion. -sion  =  anting -tion, -gion  =  abua.  -dons,  -tions,  -sioos  =  shos.  -ble, -die,  &c.  =  bel,  djl. 


S730 


prelude —premium 


Lat.  pneludo  =  to  play  beforehand:  pro;  = 
before,  aud  ludo  =  to  play  ;  Sp.  d:  Ital.  pre- 
iudio.l 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Something  introductory  or 
preparatory  to  that  which  follows  ;  an  intro- 
ductory   or     preparatory     performance;     an 
introduction. 

"  The  murmuring  prelude  of  the  ruder  gale." 

Huron :  Coriair,  i.  14. 

2.  Music  :  A  movement  played  before,  or  an 
introduction  to  a  musical  work  or  i*rform- 
ance  ;  a  short  introductory  strain  preceding 
the   principal   movement,  performed  on  the 
same  key  as,  and  intended  to  prepare  the  ear 
for,  the  piece  that  is  to  follow. 

"  Then  prelude  light,  of  livelier  tone. 
Expressed  their  merry  marching  uu." 

.•x-oH :  Lady  of  the  Lulu.  il.  IT. 

pre lude .    prcl  ude,  v.t.  &  i.     [Fr.  pre- 
iudtr.\    [PRKLUDE,  *.] 
A.  Transitive : 

1.  To    play  or   perform  a  prelude  to ;  to 
introduce   with  a   prelude;    to    serve  as  a 
prelude  to. 

"We  may  be  surprised  to  find  it  preluding  the 
Delude."— Daily  Telejra/i/i.  Dec.  21.  188&. 

2.  To  serve  as  an  introduction  to ;  to  intro- 
duce ;    to   lead    up   to;   to    preface;   to  be 
preparatory  to. 

"  Preluding  some  mat  tragedy." 

LungfdUm :  Occupation  of  Orion. 

•  B.  Intrant. :  To  serve  as  a  prelude  or 
Introduction  ;  to  act  in  such  a  manner  as  to 
prepare  for  that  which  is  to  follow ;  to  play 
or  give  a  prelude. 

"  Henceforth  in  him  be  blest. 
And  prelude  to  the  realm's  |*r|*tu»l  rest. 

Dryden  :  Britannia  KetiMva,  187. 

•  pre-lud'-er,  s.    [Eng.  prelud(e);  -er.]    One 
who  or  that  which  preludes  ;  one  who  plays  a 
prelude. 

"  Invention,  science,  and  execution.  Rousseau  re- 
quires in  a  good  pretuder."— itaton:  Church  Jtutic, 
p.  60. 

•pre-lu'-dl-al,  a.  [Eng.  prelude;  -al.]  Per- 
taining to,  or  of  the  nature  of,  a  prelude  ;  pre- 
luding, introductory. 

•  pre-lu'-di-ous,  a.   [Eng.  prelude;  -oiw.]  Of 
the  nature  of  a  prelude  ;  preparatory,  intro- 
ductory. 

"  Pretudima  to  and  typical!  of  the  office  of  Christ." 
—B.  More :  nil.  Writin'jt.  (Gen.  Pref,  p.  xxv.) 

•  prS  lu'-dl-um,  ».     [Low  Lat.]    A  prelude 
Tq.v.). 

"  In  a  sweet  prdudium 
Ol  closer  strains."      Cnuliata :  DeliyMi  of  the  Mutet. 

pre  lum  bar,  o.    [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng.  lum- 
6or<q.v.).] 
Anat. :  Placed,  or  situated,  before  the  loins. 

prd  In'  sion,  i.  A  premonition  or  early  in- 
dication. 

•  prt-lu'-slve,  a.    [Lat  prcelusiu,  pa.  par.  ot 
prceludo.]    [PHELUDE,  ».]    Of  the  nature  of  a 
prelude  ;  introductory  ;  serving  as  a  prelude 
or  introduction  to  that  which  is  to  follow. 

"Softly  shaking  on  th«  dimpled  pool 
frtlutive  drops."  Thornton :  Spring,  174. 

•  prS-lu'-Slve-ly,  adv.     [Eng.  prelusive  ;  -ly.] 
By  way  of  introduction  or  prelude ;  previously. 

•  prg-lu'-SOr-I-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  preltuory;  -ly.] 
The  same  aa  PRELUBIVELY  (q.v.). 

•  prS-ln'-Sor-J,  a.     [Lat.  prcelutus,  pa.  par. 
of  prceludo.}    [PRELUDE,  «.]    Prelusive,  intro- 
ductory, preparatory. 

"  The  prefatory  lighter  brandishings  of  these  sword*." 
—Hammond  :  Work*,  iv.  470. 

prcrna  tiire,  a.  [Lat  prtematurus,  from 
proz  •=•  before,  and  matitrus  =.  ripe,  mature 
(q.v.);  FT.  premature ;  Ital.  &  Sp.  prematvro.] 
Rijie  or  mature  too  soon  ;  happening,  arriving, 
existing  or  performed  before  the  proper  time  ; 
too  soon  said,  done,  or  believed  ;  too  hasty, 
too  early  ;  untimely. 

"  From  Tic*  and  premature  decay  preserved." 

Wardneorth :  Ejccurtion.  bk.  TlL 

pre' -ma- tiire -ly,  adv.  [Eng.  premature; 
•ly.]  In  a  premature  manner;  too  soon,  too 
hastily  ;  before  the  proper  time. 

1  pre  ma  tiire  ness,  «.  [Eng.  premature ; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  prema- 
ture ;  a  happening,  arriving,  or  existing  before 
the  proper  time  ;  precocity. 

t  pre-ma-tur'-I-tjr,  *  [Fr.  prtmaturiti.} 
The  same  as  PRKMATTREVESS  (q.v.). 

"The  dancers  of  intellectual  and  military  premo- 
tUrUy.'—  Athenmm.  May  17,  1884.  p.  tM. 


pre  max-il-lw,  praB-mix-ll'-lSB,  s.  pi. 

I'ref.  i>re-,  and  pi.  of  Lat.  maxilla  (q.v.).] 
Compar.  Aunt. :  The  same  as  INTERMAXILL.S. 

pre-max  fl  -la-ry,  a.  &  ».     [Pref.  pre-,  and 
Eng.  maxillary  (<J.V.>] 

A.  .4s  adj.  .'  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  prse- 
maxilke. 

"  Behind  the  premaxitlary  part  of  the  cranium."— 
Daily  Chronicle.  Sept.  14,  18&5. 

B.  An  subst.  (PI.):  [ I NTKKM AXILLAE]. 

premaxillary  angle,  *. 

Aiuit.  :  The  angle  between  the  anterior  ex- 
tremity of  the  basicranial  axis  and  the  front  of 
the  incisor  ridge  of  the  upper  jaw.  It  varies 
in  different  skulls  from  83°  to  110°,  and  affords 
a  means  of  safely  estimating  the  degree  of 
facial  projection.  When  above  95°  it  indicates 
prognathism  ;  when  below  it,  orthognathism. 
(Huxley.) 


premaxillary  -bone,  «. 

LARV,  B.] 


[PREMAXIL- 


*  preme,  o.    [BREME,  a.]    Fierce,  strong. 


*  pre  me   dl- ate,  v.t.    [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
mediate  (q.v.).J    To  advocate  one's  cause. 

pre-med'-I-tate,  v.t.  &  i.  [Lat.  prcemedita- 
tus,  pa.  par.  of  prcemeditor :  pne  =  before,  and 
meditor=to  meditate  (q.v.);  Fr.  premediter ; 
Sp.  premeditar ;  Ital.  premeditare.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  meditate  or  think  on  before- 
hand ;  to  revolve  in  the  mind  beforehand  ;  to 
plan  and  contrive  beforehand. 

"  What  pays  him  for  his  span  of  time 
Spent  in  premeditated  crime  ?  " 

kcott :  Kokeby,  v.  22. 

*  B.  Intrans. :    To    meditate    or    consider 
beforehand  ;  to  deliberate  previously. 

"  They  shoulde  before  hande  premeditate  with  them 
selfes  maturely  and  deliberately."— Hall :  Edward  IV. 
(an.  10). 

*  pre-med'-I-tate,  a.    [PREMEDITATE,  v.] 
Premeditated  ;  planned  and  contrived  by  pre- 
vious deliberation  ;  deliberate  ;  not  done   or 
said  on  the  spur  of  the  moment. 

"  To  di>  a  premeditate  mischief  to  other  persons."— 
Burnet  :  Life  of  Rocheiter,  p.  25. 

pre-med'-I-tat-ed,  pa.  par.  or  a.  [PRE- 
MEDITATE, v.  ] 

*  pre  med  -I  tat-ed  ness,  «.     [Eng.  pre- 
meditated; -nets.]    The  quality  or   slate    of 
being  premeditated  ;  premeditated  or  deliber- 
ate character  or  nature. 

"  Its  [the  Prayer- Book)  order,  premtditatedneti,  and 
constancy  of  devotion."— Gauden  .•  Tean  of  the  Church, 
p.  89. 

*  pre  -me'd'-I-tate-ly',  adv.     [Enp.  premedi- 
tate ;  -ly.]    With  premeditation  ;  deliberately  ; 
of  set  purpose. 

"  He  that  premeditately  cozens  one.  does  not  cozen 
all,  but  only  because  he  cannot," — t'eltham:  Jietolvet, 
pt  ii..  res.  62. 

pre-med-i-ta'-tion,  ».  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  pr<t- 
meditationcm,  accus.  of  jircemeditatio,  from 
pr&meditat'iis,  pa.  par.  of  prosmeditor  =  to  pre- 
meditate (q.v.);  Sp.  premeditacion ;  Ital.  pre- 
meditazione.] 

1.  The  act  of  premeditating  or  deliberating 
beforehand  ;    previous     deliberation  ;    fore- 
thought 

"  The  orations  which  he  made  upon  the  sudden  with- 
out premeditation  before."— A'orth  Plutnrch,  p.  702. 

2.  The  act  of  planning  or  contriving  before- 
hand :  as,  the  premeditation  of  a  crime. 

pre  me-rid  I  an,  a.  [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
meridian  (q.v.).] 

•  1.  Ord.  Ijang. :  Before  the  midday. 

2.  Geol. :  A  term  applied  to  one  of  the  Ap- 
palachian Palaeozoic  strata,  from  the  relative 
date  of  its  origin.  It  is  a  synonym  for  the 
Lower  Helderbeig  limestones  of  New  "York. 
The  thickness  of  the  entire  formation  seldom 
exceeds  300  feet  It  abounds  in  characteristic 
organic  remains;  many  of  them  identical 
with  those  distinctive  of  the  Wenlock  for- 
mation of  Great  Britain,  the  nearest  equivalent 
in  the  European  system  (Prof.  H.  D.  Rogers: 
Geology  of  Pennsylvania). 

*  pre-mer'-It,   v.t.      [Pref.  pre-,  and   Eng. 
merit,  v.  (q.v.).]     To  merit  or  deserve  before- 
hand or  previously. 

"They  did  not  forgive  Sir  John  Hotham.  who  had 
so  much  prrmerited  of  them."—  King  Charltt :  JCUcon 
BatUike. 


*pre'-mi-al,  a.  [PREMIUM,  a.J  Renaming; 
by  way  of'reward. 

"  1  many  penal  statutes  saw, 
But  not  one  premiat."        Omen  :  1 1>  a  rum* 

*  pre  mi  909,  "  pri  ml  908,  s.  pi.     [Fr., 
from  Lat.  primitive  =  first-fruits,  from  prtmu* 
=  first.]     First-fruits. 

"  A  charger,  yearly  filled  with  fruits,  was  offered  to 
the  gcxls  at  their  festivals,  as  the  premier*  or  finfc 
gatherings."— Uryden  :  Origin  i  Progrea  of  Satire. 

pre  -ml^r,  prem'-I-er,  a.  &  *.  [Fr.,  from 
Lat.  primarius  —  principal ;  primus  =  tirst] 

A.  ^s  adjective : 

1.  First,  chief,  principal. 

"The  Spaniard  challenge!!]  the  premier  place,  in  rev 
gard  of  hin  domiuions."— Camden  :  Remain*. 

2.  Most  ancient.     Applied  to  a   peer  in  re- 
gard  to  date  of  creation  :   as,  The  Duke  of 
Norfolk  is  the  premier  duke  of  England. 

B.  As  subst.  :  The  Prime  Minister  (q.v.). 
premier-Serjeant,  s.    [SERJEANT  ] 

pre    ml   er  ship.   prSm'-I-er-ship,  * 

[Eng.  premier;  -*/iij>.]  The  office,  post,  or 
dignity  of  Premier  (q.v.). 

"  Rather  than  run  the  risks  of  the  Premiership."— 
Daily  Telegraph.  Dec.  28,  1885. 

pre  mil  len  m  al,  a.   [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 

miMen»iiaJ(q.v.).J  Previous  to  the  millennium. 
pre-mll-le-na-rl-g,n,  a.  &n.     [Pref.  pre, 

and  Eng.  millennium.} 

1   n.  Of  or  pertaining  to  prernlllennlallsni. 
2.  H.  A  believer  In  the  doctrine  of  pre- 
inillenniallsm. 

pre-mll-le-na-rl-a.n-l8m,  n.  same  as 
premlllennialisin.  Andover  Rev.,  vll.  201. 

pre-mll-len-nl-al-Ism,  «.  The  doctrine 
that  the  second  coming  of  Christ  will  precede 
the  millennium.  (See  Millennium.) 

pre-mll-len-nl-al-Ist,  «.  A  premiiiena- 
rian. 

pre-mis.e',  r.t.  &  t.  [FT.  pre-  (Lat.  prcr)= 
before,  and  inis,  pa.  par.  of  mettre=to  send.) 

A.  Triinaiiive: 

*  1.   Lit.  :  To  send  out  before  the  time. 

••  The  imiuited  flames  of  the  last  day." 

S/mte«p.  :  S  Hrnry  I' I.,  v.  2. 

2.  fig.  :  To  set  forth  or  lay  down  before- 
hand ;  to  lay  down  or  put   forward  as  pre- 
liminary or  preparatory  to  what  is  to  follow  ; 
to  lay  down  ae  an  antecedent  proposition  or 
condition. 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  put  forward  or  lay  down 
antecedent  propositions  or  conditions. 

"  He  tirrmiieth  and  then  infers."—  Burnet :  Theory 
of  the  E,irth. 

prem'-ise,  prem  Iss,  s.  [Fr.  premiss',  from 
Lat.  prcemissa,  fern.  sing,  of  irrmiiiasii*,  pa. 
par.  of  prtemitto  —  to  send  out  before  :  jnrc-a 
before,  and  mitto  =  to  send.] 

L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  2. 

*  2.  A  condition,  a  supposition. 

"  The  premitet  observed. 
Thy  will  hy  my  performance  shall  be  served." 

Shtikrup.  :  Mtl  Well  that  Kndl  Hell.  It  1. 

3.  (PL):  Houses  or  lands  and  tenements; 
a  house  or  building,  together  with  the  out- 
houses, &c.,  attached  to  it ;  a  building  and  it* 
appurtenances  [II.  1]. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Law  (PI.) :  The  beginning  or  early  part  of 
a  deed  or  conveyance,  in  which  the  subject 
matter  is  stated  or  described   in  full,  being 
afterwards  referred  to  as  the  premises  [I.  3.]. 

2.  Logic:  The  name  given  to  each  of  the 
first  two  propositions  of  a  syllogism,  from 
which  the  inference  or  conclusion  is  drawn. 
[MAJOR-PREMISE,  MINOR-PREMISE.]     Thus: 

All  tyrants  are  detestable. 
Cosar  was  a  tyrant, 

are  premises,  and  if  their  truth  be  admitted, 
the  conclusion,  that  Caesar  was  detestable, 
follows  as  a  matter  of  irresistible  inference. 
The  entire  syllogism  reads  as  follows : 

All  tyrants  are  detestable ; 

Cmar  was  a  tyrant ; 

Therefore.  Ciesar  was  detestable.' 

prem'-Iss, «.    [PREMISE,  s.] 

*  pre-mlt',  v.t.    [Lat.  pnemitto.]    To  preml«») 
(q.v.).     (Drmne:   Pseudo-Martyr  (1610),  Pref., 
sig.  E,  1  back.) 

pre'-ml-iim,  ».  [Lat.  premium  =  profit, 
reward,  prop.  =a  taking  before,  from  prce  = 
before,  and  emo  =  to  take,  to  buy.] 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p8t» 
or.  wore,  wplf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try.  Syrian,   »,  »  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qn  =  lew* 


premna— preobtain 


373t 


1.  Ordinary  Langv">i' : 

I.  Areward,arecnin|>en8e  ;  something  given 
or  paid  in  return  for  something  else  done  or 
given  : 

(1)  A  prize  offered  for  competition  ;  a  reward 
tor  some  specific  act. 

(2)  A  bonus  ;  an  extra  sum  paid  or  offered 
as  an  incentive. 

(3)  A  fee  paid  for  the  privilege  of  learning 
flomc  trade  or  profession. 

*  2.  Interest  or  bonus  i»id  for  thu  loan  of 
money. 

"  People  were  tempted  to  leiu!,  by  threat  premium* 
and  Ixrge  Interest"— Swift :  Mitcellunia. 

II.  Commercial,  £c, : 

1.  In  currency,    the    premium   on  gold  or 
«ilver  is  the  difference  of  value  between  gold 
*ml  silver  coins  and  paper  notes  of  the  same 
nominal   amount.      Thus,   when  the   United 
States  gold  dollar  was  at  a  premium  of  '25,  it 
meant  that  125  paper  dollars  were  given  for 
100  gold  dollars. 

2.  In  insurance,  a  sum  periodically  paid  by 
the  [>erson  insured  in  order  to  secure  a  stated 
*uin  of  money  from  the  society  to  whom  the 
premium  is  paid,  in  case  of  damage  by  fire,  or 
by  loss  of  a  vessel  or  goods  at  sea  :  or,  in  case 
of  life  assurance,  the  sum  periodically  paid  in 
order  to  secure  the  payment  to  the  representa- 
tives of  the  person  insured  of  a  stated  sum  in 
«ase  of  the  death  of  the  person  whose  life  is 
Insured.    [ASSURANCE,  INSURANCE,  POLICY.] 

3.  In  finance,  stocks,  bonds,  or  shares  are 
said  to  stand  at  a  premium  when  their  market 
price  is  higher  than  that  paid  for  them  wheii 
originally  issued.      In    this  sense  it  is  the 
opposite  to  discount  (q.v.). 

H  Premium  is  sometimes  used  adject  ively, 
in  .the  sense  of  prize  or  prize-taking :  as,  a 
frtmium  flower. 

T[  At  a  premium : 

1.  Lit.  :  [PREMIUM,  II.  3.]. 

2.  Fig.  :  Enhanced  in  value ;  difficult  to  get 
or  attain  except  at  a  higher  price  than  usual. 

"  Accommodation  is  already  at  a  premium."— Daily 
Chronicle,  Sept.  14,  1885. 

prcm  na  s.  [Or.  irpepvov  (premnon)  =  the 
stump  of  a  tree.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Vlticeae.  Shrubs  or  trees, 
With  opposite  leaves  and  small  flowers  in 
cymes.  Natives  of  Asia  and  Australia.  The 
drupaceous  fruit  of  1'rew.ita  esculenta  is  eaten. 
A  decoction  of  the  root  of  P.  integrifolia,  a 
small  tree,  a  native  of  India  and  Tenasserim, 
is  cordial  and  stomachic,  and  is  used  in 
rheumatism,  neuralgia,  &c.  The  leaves,  with 
pepper,  are  given  in  colds  and  fevers.  The 
milk  of  P.  mucronot'i,  a  small  sub-Himalayan 
tree,  is  applied  to  boils,  and  its  juice  is  given 
to  cattle  in  colic.  The  leaves  of  P.  lati/olia 
are  eaten  in  Southern  India  in  native  curries. 

pre  -mo'-lor,  *.  [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng.  molar 
(q.v.).] 

1.  Camp.  Anat. :  One  of  the  permanent  teeth 
which  replace  the  deciduous  molars  in  diphy- 
odont  mammals.     According  to  Owen,  the 
typical  formula  is  P.M.  ^ 

2.  Anat. :  A  bicuspid  tooth. 

•pre-mon'-ish,  v.t.  [Pref.  pre-,  and  Mid. 
ling,  monish  (q.v.).]  To  warn  or  admonish 
beforehand  ;  to  forewarn. 

"  I  desire  only  to  premonuH  you  that  it  is  my  reso- 
lution "—/f^.  sanderion  :  Promatory  Oatlu,  It,  i  L 

•  pre  m5n -Ish  m&nt,  s.    [Eng.  premonish; 
-ment.]    The  act   of   premonishing   or   fore- 
warning; previous  warning  or  admonition. 

"  After  these  premonithmentt,  I  will  come  to  the 
eomuartition  itself."—  Wotton:  Architecture. pi.  t.p.40. 

t  pre-mo-nl'-tion,  *  pre  mo  ni  ci  on, «. 

[Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng.  monition  (q.v.).]    Pre- 
vious warning  or  notice  :  a  forewarning. 
"  What  friendly  premonitions  have  bene  spent 
On  your  forbearance ;  and  their  value  event" 

Chapman :  Homer ;  Odyuey  li. 

*  pre-mo'n'-I-ti've,  a.    [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
monitive  (q.v.).]    The  same  as  PREMONITORY 
(q.v.). 

*pre-m8n'-I-tor,».  [Lat.  pro-monitor.]  One 
who  or  that  which  gives  premonition  or  fore- 
warning. 

"Some  such. like  uncouth  premrmitort  the  great  and 
holy  God  sends  purposely."— flp.  Ball :  Soliloquy  7». 

*pre-mSn'-i'-t6r-I-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  pre- 
monitor(y);  -ly.]  In  a  premonitory  manner; 
by  way  of  premonition. 


pre-mon'-i-tor-jf,  a.  [Lat,  prcemonitorius.] 
Giving  premonition  or  forewarning  :  as,  pre- 
monitory symptoms  of  a  disease. 

pre  mon  -strant,  a.  &  *.    [PBEMONSTRATEN- 

SIAN.] 

*  pre-mon'-strate,  v.  t.    [Lat.  prcemonstratus, 
pa.    jiar.   of  proemonstro  :    pros  =  l>efoie,    and 
monstn.  =  to  show.]    To  show  beforehand  ;  to 
foreshow. 

"We  premoiittrate  rather,  that  is.  we  deduce  one 
thins:  out  of  another  continually."—  Bartlib  :  Keform 
o/ischooli.  p.  51. 

Pre  mon  stra-ten  -sian  (si  as  sh),  n.  &  s. 
[Eccles.  Lat.  Prcenumstratenses,  from  Fr.  pre- 
montre  =  foreshown  [PRE.MONSTKATE],  the 
name  given  by  the  founder  to  the  sit*  of  the 
first  house  of  the  Order,  in  a  valley  near  Laoii, 
because  he  believed  it  divinely  appointed  for 
that  purpose.] 

A.  As  adj.  :   Belonging   to   the   monastic 
order  described  under  B. 

"In  England  two  small  Premontlrnttniian  houses 
.  .  .  have  6eeu  recently  founded  at  t'rowle  and 
Spaldiug."—  Addii  t  Arnold:  Calk.  Diet.,  p.  6S5. 

B.  As  substantive: 

Church  Hist.  (PI.):  Norl>ertines  ;  an  order 
of  regular  canons,  founded  by  St.  Norbert,  in 
1119.  The  rule  was  that  of  St.  Austin,  and 
their  founder  imposed  upon  his  subjects 
perpetual  fasting  and  entire  abstinence  from 
meat.  Despite,  or  possibly  because  of,  the 
severity  of  the  life,  the  order  flourished 
greatly,  and  at  one  time,  according  to  Helyot, 
there  were  more  than  a  thousand  abbeys.  At 
the  dissolution  in  England  there  were  thirty- 
five  houses  of  the  order  in  this  country,  of 
which  two  were  nunneries  and  two  cells. 
[CELL,  A.  I.  1.  (3).] 

"A  comnv.'aity  of  French  Premonstratentiant  has 
been  established  at  Storrington."—  Addii  t  Arn-jtd, 
Cath.  Diet.,  p.  685. 

*  prS-mon-stra'-tion,  ».     [Lat.  prarmon- 
stratio.]     [PREMONSTRATE.]    The  act  of  fore- 
showing ;  a  showing  beforehand. 

"  The  like  premonttration  Is  to  be  looked  for  in  the 
fulfllliiig."—  Shelford  :  Learned  Ditcouriet,  p.  333. 

•pre'-mon-stra-tor,  ».  [Lat.  prcemon- 
strator.]  (PREMONSTRATE.]  One  who  or  that 
which  premonstrates  or  shows  beforehand. 

pre  morse,  prae'  -morse,  a.  [Lat.  prcemor- 
sus,  pa.  par.  of 
prcemordeo  : 
prce  =  before, 
and  mordeo  = 
to  bite.] 

Bol.  (Of  a  root, 
leaf,£c.):  Hav- 
ing so  perished 
at  the  extrem- 
ity, as  to  sug- 
gest that  a  piece 
has  been  bitten. 
oft'.  Nearly  the 
same  as  trun- 
cate, except 
that  the  termi- 
nation is  ragged 
and  irregular.  The  root  figured  as  an  example 
is  that  of  Scabiosa  succisa. 

pre-mo-sa'-ic,  a.  [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
mosaic  (q.v.).]  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the 
times  before  Moses. 

*  pre-mo  tlon,  ».     [Pref.    pre-,   and    Eng. 
motion  (q.v.).]    Previous  motion   or   excite- 
ment to  action. 

pre-mu-nir'-e',  *.    [PR.<EMTJKIRE.] 

*  pre-mu-nite',  v.t.     [Lat  pnzmunitvs,  pa. 
par.  of  prcemunio  :  pr<z  =  before,  and  munio 
to  fortify.]    To  fortify  or  strengthen  before- 
hand ;  to  guard  against  objection. 

"To  pnmnnlte  the  succeeding  treatise  with  this 
preface."  —  fotherby:  Atheomaitix.  U'ref.) 

*  pre-mn-nl'-tlon,    s.     [Lat.    pramunitio, 
from  rrrcemunitus,  pa.  par.  of  pnemvnio.}    The 
act  of  fortifying  or  strengthening  beforehand 
against  objections. 

pre-mu'-nl-tor-y,  a.  [PR.«rrNiRE.]  Per- 
taining or  relating  to  a  pnemunire. 

*  premyonr,  ».    [Lat.  premium.]    A  recom- 
penser,  a  rewarder. 

"Jesus  Is  ...  his  lovers  rewards  and  prrmyour."— 
The  feftitnl,  to.  cxxlii.  (back). 

pre-nan  -thes. 

drooping,  and 


PBEMORSE   ROOT. 


[Or.    ffpTjnfr  (pren&)  = 
anthos)  =  a  flower.] 


Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Lactuce*.  Prenanthtt 
purpurea  is  naturalised  in  bkye  and  neat 
Edinburgh.  The  old  P.  muralis  is  now 
Lactuca  muralis.  It  is  indigenous. 

pren'-der,  s.  [Fr.  prendre  (Lat  prendo)  =  to 
take.] 

Law:  The  right  or  power  of  taking  a  thing 
before  it  is  offered. 

"This  Ueriot  was  Parcel  of  the  Service*,  and  thaw 
lie  in  Render,  and  not  in  Prender."  —  Xelton:  Lai 
Maneriorum,  p.  115. 

*  prine,  s.    [A.S.  preon.]    A  pin,  a  preen, 

*prene,  v.t.  [PREXE,  s.]  To  fasten  with  a 
pin  ;  to  stick  with,  or  as  with,  a  pin  ;  to  prick. 

"Through  bis  herte  he  prened  him." 
R  de  Br unite :  Medit.  on  Supper  of  Our  Lord,  MsX 

*  pre-no  -men,  s.    [PR.EJJOMEN.] 

*pre-ndm'-I-nal,  a.  [Lat  i>nrnom*n(genlt. 
pnen-imiHis)  —  pneuomen  (q.v.).J  Serving  aa 
the  first  element  in  a  compound  name. 

"They  deceived  in  the  name  of  horse  raddlsh.  hone- 
mint,  bull-rush,  and  many  more ;  conceiving  therein 
some  prrnomimtl  consideration."— Browne:  Vulgar 
£rrourt.  bk.  11.,  cb.  vij. 

*  pre-nom  I-nate,  v.t.     [PRKNOMINATE.  a.1 

To  name  Iwforehand  or  previously  ;  to  fore- 
name ;  to  tell  by  name  beforehand. 

"  To  f-rrn-iminate  in  nice  conjecture, 
Where  thou  wilt  hit  me  dead." 

shaketp.  :  Troilui  t  CreaUa.  If.  t. 

*pre-nom'-I-nate,  a.  [I^at.  prcenominatui. 
pa,  par.  of  prcenomino :  prte  =  before,  and 
nomino  =  to  name  (q.v.).]  Named  before- 
hand ;  forenamed.  (Hhakesp. :  Hamlet,  ii.  1.) 

-pre  nom  I-na  tion,  s.  [Pref.  pre-,  and 
Eng.  nomination  (q.v.).j  The  privilege,  right, 
or  state  of  being  named  first. 

"The  watery  productions  should  have  the  prtnomi- 
nation."—Broimu :  Vulgar  Brrourt,  bk.  li..  ch.  ixiv. 

*pre  nos  tic,   *  pre-nos-tlke,   ».     [Lat. 

prif  =  before,  and  nose)  =  to  know.]    A  prog- 
nostic, an«omen,  an  augury. 

"  Be  eaith  for  such  a  prrnosttk* 
Most  of  an  hounde  was  to  him  like." 

Oower:  C.A^U. 

*  pro-note',  v.t.     [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng.  nof» 

(q.v.).]    To  note  or  make  out  previously  or 
beforehand. 

"This  blind  ignorance  of  that  age  thus  »boo»  prs> 
noted."— fox :  A/artyn,  p.  12u. 

*  pre-no'-tlon,  *  prae-no -tlon,  *.    [Prefc 
pre-,  and  Eng.  notion  (q.v.);  Fr.  prenotion.] 
A  notion  or  idea  which  precedes  something 
else;  a  previous   notion  or   thought;   fore- 
knowledge. 

"  Connecting  emblems  with  nranotinni,  as  the  mott 
powerfull  of  all  adminicles  to  the  faculty  of  memory.' 
—Stewart :  Human  Mind,  vol.  ii..  en.  li..  i  i  (Note.) 

*  pren  sa'-tion,   ».     [Lat    prensatio,   from 
prensntus,  pa.  par.  of  prenso  (prehenso),  intend, 
of  prendo  =  to  take,   to  seize.]    The  act  of 
seizing  with  violence.    (Barrow:  Pope's  Supre- 
macy.) 

prent,  v.  &  *.    [PRINT.]    (Scotch.) 

prent-book,  s.  A  printed  book.  (Scott: 
Antiquary,  ch.  xxxix.) 

*pren'-tl9e,  *pren-tla,  •pren-tyse,  & 

[See  def.]    A  colloquial  co-j traction  of  appren- 
tice (q.v.). 

"My  accuser  Is  my  prentite.'—Shaketp.  :  1  Hutrf 

•pren -1196- ship.  *  pren  ti  ship,  4V 
[Eng.  prentice;  -ship.]  Apprenticeship. 

"  Aa  they  had  served  with  want  two  prrntitliipt,* 
Browne  :  Britannia*  f'attoralt.  ii.  L 

•pren-tis,*.    [PRENTICE.] 

*  pren-tls-hode,  *   [Eng.  *prtntte=:  appren- 

tice ;  -hode  =  -head.]  Apprenticeship.  (Chau- 
cer:  C.  T.,  4,384.) 

*  pre-nun-$I-a'-tion, «.  [La*-  prrmunciatla, 
from  prcenunciatus,    pa.    par.   of   pr&nuncio, 
from  proe  =  before,  and  nuncio  =  to  announce 
(q.v.).]    The  act  of  announcing   or   telling 
beforehand. 

*  pre-nun'-olous,  o.  [Lat  prcenuncius,  from 
prre  =.  before,   and   nundut  =•  a   messenger.l 
Announcing  beforehand;  foretelling,  presaging; 

*  pre-6-bllge',  v.t.  [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng.  obligt 
(q.v.).]    To  obtain  previously  or  beforehand. 

*  pre-ib-taln',  v.t.  [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng.  obtain 

(q.v.).]    To  obtain  previously  or  beforehand. 


t>6il,  boj^ ;  pout,  jolt-1 ;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  ^xist.    -Ing. 
-dan,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion.  -sion  -  anon ;  -(ion,  -sion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -Uous,  -sious  -  shua.    -hie,  -die,  <fec.  =  bfl*  del. 


3732 


preoccupancy— prepollence 


pre-6c'-cu-pan-9&  «•    [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 

<MXufXincy\q.v.).] 

1.  The  act  of  occupying  or  taking  possession 
before  another ;  preoccupation. 

2.  The  right  of  taking  possession  of  and 
holding  I tet i >re  others  :  as,  the  preoccupancy  of 
a  country  by  right  of  discovery. 

*pre-OC'-CU-pant,  s.  [Pref.  pre-,  and  En;;. 
occupant  (ii'v.).j  One  who  preoccupies;  one 
having  preoccupancy. 

•  pre-6c -cu-pate,  v.t.    (Lat.  pneoccupatus, 

la.,  par.  of  prceoccupo  =  to  seize  beforehand, 
to  anticipate  :  prce  —  before,  and  occupo  =  to 
oecupy(q.v.);  Fr.  preoccuper.}  To  preoccupy, 
to  prepossess,  to  bias,  to  prejudice. 

"  Least  the  pleasure  of  the  eye  preoccupuU  the  judg- 
ment. "— Jielvjuia  Wottonuuut,  p.  40. 

pre-6c-cu-pa -tion,  ».  [Fr.  preoccupation, 
from  Lat." prceuccupatio.]  [PREOCCUPATE.] 

*  1.  The  act  of  seizing  or  taking  possession 
of  anything  before  another ;   preoccupaucy  ; 
prior  occupation  or  possession. 
*2.  An  anticipation  of  objections. 
"  As  if  by  way  of  preoccupation,  he  should  haue 
•aid. "— .SouiA :  scrmom. 

3.  Anything    which    preoccupies    or    pre- 
possesses tlie  mind,  so  as  to  give  it  a  certain 
disposition,  leaning,  or  tendency;  preposses- 
sion, bias,  prejudice. 

"  Not  giving  way  to  any  preoccupation,  or  bya»8."— 
Locke:  Conduct  of  the  Undemanding.  f  10. 

pre-oc'-cu-pied,  pa.  par.  or  a.  [PREOCCUPY.] 

fjre-OC'-CU-py,  v.t.  [Fr.  preoccuper,  from 
Lat  fraeaecupo.]  [PREOCCUPATE.] 

1.  To  seize  or  take  possession  of  before  an- 
other :  as,  To  preoccupy  a  country  not  before 
held. 

2.  To  engage  or  occupy  the  attention  of 
beforehand  ;  to  pre-engage,  to  prepossess,  to 
engross  beforehand. 

"Preoccupied  with  what  you  rather  must  do 
Thau  what  you  should." 

Shaketp. :  Coriolantu.  il.  S. 

•  pre-5m'-I-nate,  v.t.     [Lat.  prce  =  before, 
and  omiiiatus,  pa.  par.  otominor  =  to  presage.] 
[OMEN.]     To   prognosticate,   to   presage,  to 
augur,  to  portend.  (Browne:  Vulg.  £rr.,bk.v., 
ch.  xxi.) 

pre'-o-per-cle,  s.    [PREOPERCULUM.] 

pre-o-per'-cu-lar,  prae-d-per'-cu-lar, 

a.  [Eng.,  &.C.  ~preopercul(um) ;  -ar.]  Belonging 
to,  or  connected  with,  the  preoperculum  (q.  v.). 

pre-o-per'-cu-lum,  pree-6-per'-cu- 
lum,  pre'-6-per-cle,  s.  [Pref.  pr«-,  prce-, 
and  Eng.,  &C,  operculum.] 

Ichthy. :  A.  sub-semicircular  bone,  present 

In  the  post-orbital  part  of  the  head  in  most 

Teleosteons   Fishes  and  many  Ganoids,  and 

forming  part  of  the  gill-cover. 

"Two,sixiU]onthepreopercJ<."— Field,  March  20, 1888. 

•  pre-S-pln'-ion  (1  as  y\  s.    [Pref.  pre-,  and 
Eng.  opinion  (q.v.).]     An  opinion  previously 
formed  ;  a  prepossession,  a  prejudice. 

"  Others  out  of  a  tlmerons  preopinion,  refraining 
wry  many."— Browne  :  Vulg.  Err.,  bk.  lit,  ch.  xxv. 

•  pre-op'-tion,  *.   [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng.  option 
(q.v.).J   The  right  or  privilege  of  first  choice. 

pre-oV-al,  a.   [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng.  oral  (q.v.).] 
Anat. :  Situated  in  front  of  the  mouth. 

pre  or  dain ,  *  pre  or  deine,  v.t.  [Pref. 
pre-,  and  Eng  ordain  (q.v.).]  To  ordain, 
appoint,  or  determine  beforehand ;  to  pre- 

appoint,  to  predetermine. 

"The  purpos'd  counsel  preordain  d  and  flxt 
Of  the  Most  High."  Milton  :  f.  Jt..  1  1ST. 

•  pre-or'-der,  v.t.     [Pref.   pre-,   and   Eng. 
order,  v.  (q.v.).]    To  order  or  arrange  before- 
hand ;  to  prearrange,  to  preordain. 

•  pre  or  dl  nance,  *  pre  or  di  naunce, 

*.  [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng.  ordinance  (q.v.).] 
Antecedent  or  previous  decree  or  ordinance. 

"  Turn  prrordinanct,  and  flrst  decree 
Into  the  law  of  children." 

Shaketp. :  Juliut  Catar.  ill  1. 

•pre-or'-di-nate,  *pre-or-dl-nat,  *pre- 
or-dy-nate.  a.  [Lat.  praeordinatus.]  Pre- 
ordained, predetermined. 

"  Preardynate  by  prouydence  dyuin«." — Sir  T.  Elyot  : 
Oofernour.  bk.  It,  ch.  xii. 

•  pre-or-dl-na'-tion,  *.     [Pref.  pre-,  and 


Eng.  ordination  (q.v.).]    The  act  of  preordain- 
ing ;  preordinance. 

"To  be  ministered  vuto  them  by  th«  preordination 
of  God." — Bale:  Image,  pt.  ii. 

pre  -paid',  a.  [  Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng.  paid  (q.  v. ).  ] 
1'aia  beforehand  or  in  advance  :  as,  a  prepaid 
letter. 

pre-pal'-a  tal,  a.  [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
partial  (a,,  v.).] 

.in "t.  :  Immediately  in  front  of  the  palate  : 
as,  the  prepalatal  aperture. 

*  pre-par'-a-ble,  a.    [Eng.  prepares);  -able.} 
Capable  of  being  prepared. 

*  pre  -  par'-  31196,  *  pre  -  par  -  aunce,  s. 

[Eng.  prepare)  ,   -am*.]     Preparation. 

"  All  this  busy  preparaunce  to  war."— Sir  T.  Mart  : 
Utopia. 

*  preparat,   a.      [Lat.  prceparatus,  pa.  par. 
of  prceparo  =  to    prepare  (q.v.).]     Prepared. 
(Chaucer:  C.  T.,  16,278.) 

prep-a-ra'-tion,  s.  [Fr..  from  Lat  prce- 
paratioiiem,  accus.  of  prcei>aratio  =  a  making 
ready  beforehand,  from  prceparatus,  pa.  par. 
of  pr<Eparo  =  to  prepare  (q.v.);  Sp.  prepara- 
cion ;  Ital.  preparozio/ie.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  of  preparing  or  fitting  before- 
hand for  any  special  purpose,  use,  service,  or 
condition  ;  a  making  ready  or  fit. 

"You  make  grand  preparation  for  a  duke."— 
Shakesp.  :  Merry  Wiaei  of  Windtor.  iv.  5. 

2.  Previous  measures  of  adaptation  or  fitness. 

"  I  will  shew  what  preparations  there  were  in  nature 
for  this  dissolution.  —Bur net :  Theory  of  the  Earth. 

*  3.  Ceremonious  introduction  ;  ceremony. 

"  I  make  bold  to  press,  with  so  little  preparation, 
upon  you."— Shaketp. :  Merry  Witet,  ii.  2. 

4.  The  state  of  being  prepared,  ready,  or  fit ; 
preparedness,  readiness. 

5.  That   which  is  prepared,  made,  or  ar- 
ranged for  a  particular  purpose :  the  measures 
taken  or  things  done  in  readiness  for  any  thing 
or  person. 

"Jealousy  shall  be  call'd  assurance,  and  all  the 
preparation  overthrown." — Shakesp. :  Much  Ado  About 
frothing,  ii.  2. 

6.  Anything  made  or  prepared  by  a  special 
process,  as  a  medical  substance  prepared  for 
the  use  of  a  patient,  a  part  of  the  body  for 
anatomical  study,  a  subject  for  the  micro- 
scope, a  dish  prepared  by  cookery,  &C. 

"  I  wish  the  chemists  had  been  mure  sparing,  who 
magnify  their  preparation*.  "—Browne.-  (  ulg.  Err. 

*  7.  A  force  ready  for  combat,  as  an  army 
or  fleet. 

"  The  Turkish  preparation  makes  for  Rhodes." 

Shaketp. :  Othello,  L  8. 

*  8.  Accomplishment,  qualification,  parts. 

"Your  many  warlike,  courtlike,  and  learned  pre- 
parationt.'—Hhaketfi. :  Merry  Wiaet  of  Windtor,  ii.  2. 

IL  Music:  The  causing  a  discord  to  be 
heard  as  a  concord  immediately  before  its 
percussion.  It  must  take  place  in  the  same 
part  as  that  which  has  the  discord. 

pre-par'-a-tlve,  *  pre-par-a-tife,  o.  &  «. 

[Fr.  preparatij ;  Sp.  &  Ital.  preparotiw.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Tending  or  serving  to  prepare 
or  make  ready ;  preparatory. 

"  Some  rude  preparative  strokes  towards  efTorma- 
tion."— More :  fmmort.  Soul,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  x. 

B.  As  substantive  : 

1.  That  which  tends  or  serves  to  prepare ; 
anything  which  serves  to  make  ready  or  to 
pave  the  way  ;  a  preparatory,  a  prelude. 

"A  preparative  and  introduction  t<>  the  doing  of 
something  worse."— South :  Sermont,  vol.  Iv.,  ser.  8. 

*  2.  That  which  is  done  in  readiness  or  pre- 
paration for  something  else  ;  a  preparation. 

"  The«e  yonr  most  holy,  pure  preparatttei 
For  death  and  judgment"       Lytton  :  Richelieu,  i.  1 

pre-par'-a-tive-lfo  adv.  [Eng.  preparative ; 
-ly.\  In  a" preparative  or  preparatory  manner  ; 
by  way  of  preparation. 

"  It  it  prfparntively  necessary  to  many  useful  things 
In  this  life."— Hale:  (trig,  of  Mankind. 

pre-par'-a-tor,  s.  [Lat.]  One  who  prepares 
subjects  beforehand,  as  anatomical  specimens, 
subjects  for  dissection,  Ac. 

"  He  st>ved  in  the  museum  as  preparator."— A'ature, 
Feb.  7,  1884.  p.  :n:>. 

pre-par'-a-tor-^,  a.  &  s.    [Fr.  preparalotre.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Tending  or  serving  to  prepare 

the  way  for  something  to  follow  ;  necessary 

to  be  done  in  order  to  prepare  for  that  which 

is  to  follow  ;  antecedently  necessary  ;   intro- 


ductory   to  and   making    provision   for  that 
which  is  to  come  ;  preparative 

"  To  pass  a  small   portion  of  Its  existence  in  on* 
state  to  be  preparatory  to  another." — Paley.  xrrmoml. 

*  B.  Aisulat.:  A  preparative.   (Bp.  Taylor r 
Sermons,  vol.  i.,  ser.  3.) 

*  pre-par'-a-ture,  s.    [Lat.  pros  =  i>efore» 
and  paratur'a  :n"a  preparing.]    Preparation. 

"  Making  such  preparature."— fox :  Martyr  i,  p.  1.TU. 

pre-pare',  v.t.  &  i.     [Fr.  preparer,  from  Lat. 
'/•»;    prce  —  before,    and  pnro  =  to  gefc 
ready,  to  set  in  order  ;  Sp.  &  Port,  preparar; 
Ital.  preparare.] 

A,  Transitive: 

1.  To  make  ready,  fit,  adapted,  or  qualified 
for  any  special  purpose,  use,  service,  or  con- 
dition, by  any  means  whatever  ;  to  put  into 
such  a  state  as  to  be  fit  for  use  or  application  j 
to  adapt :  as,  To  prepare  ground  for  seed. 

2.  To  make  ready  for  something  which  is  to 
come,  happen,  or  be  told  ;  to  make  ready  to 
expect  something.    (Frequehtly  used  reflex- 
ively  in  this  sense.) 

"  Prepare  her  ears  to  hear  a  wooer's  tale." 

Shakesp. :  Kirhard  III..  1».  «. 

3.  To  get  ready  ;  to  provide  ;  to  procure  *• 
suitable  and  necessary. 

"  Let  us  prepare  some  welcome  for  the  mistress." 

Shakesp.  :  Merchant  of  Venice,  T. 

4.  To  make  ready  for  examination  ;  to  study : 
as,  To  prepare  lessons. 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  make  all  things  ready  ;  to  make  th» 
necessary  preparations. 

"  Bid  them  prepare  for  dinner."— Shaketp. :    Mer- 
ehant  of  Venice,  ill.  5. 

2.  To  take  the  previous  measures  necessary  j 
to  get  ready. 

"  May,  gentlemen,  prepare  not  to  be  gone." 

Khukeip. :  Romeo  &  Juliet,  i.  t. 

3.  To  make  one's  self  ready  ;  to  hold  one's 
self  in  readiness ;  to  be  prepared.  (Amoa  i  v.  12.) 

*  4.  To  repair,  to  proceed. 

"  With  these  instructions  he  prepare!  to  the  Comrfe 
of  Scotland."— llcy tin:  Hist.  Prubyteriant,  p.  220. 

*  pre-pare',  ».    [PREPARE,  v.]    Preparation. 

"  Go  levy  men,  and  make  prepare  for  war." 

Shaketp. :  1  Henry  VI.,  Iv.  1. 

pre-pared',  pa.  par.  or  a.    [PREPARE,  r.] 

*  pre-par'-ed-lj^,  adv.    [Eng.  prepared  ;  -ly.) 
In  a  prepared  manner  ;  in  a  state  of  readiness 
or  preparation.  (Shakesp. :  Ant.  <£  Cleop.,  v.  1.) 

*  pre-par'-ed-ness,  ».      [Eng.  prepared  f 
-ness.]    The  quality  or  state  of  being  pre  pared, 
or  in  a  state  of  readiness. 

"  An  appearance  of  martial  order  and  prepared- 
neu."—Macaulay  :  HM.  Eng.,  ch.  xvi. 

pre-par'-er,  *  pre-palr-er,  s.  [Eng.  pn~ 
par(e),  v.  ;  -er.]  One  who  or  that  which  pre- 
pares, fits,  or  makes  ready. 


pro-pay,  v.t  [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng.  pay,  T. 
(q.v.).J  To  pay  previously  or  beforehand  ;  to 
pay  for  before  obtaining  possession  of  the 
article  paid  for ;  to  pay  in  advance  :  as,  To 
prepay  calls  or  shares,  &c. 

pre-pay'-ment,  ».  [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
payment  (q.v.).]  The  act  of  prepaying;  pay- 
ment beforehand  or  in  advance. 

pre-pense',  o.    [Fr.  pre- (Lat.  yrte)  =  before, 
and  penser  =  to  think.]      Premeditated;  de- 
literate  ;    meditated   and   contrived    before- 
hand ;    preconceived,    aforethought.     (It   is 
Elacred  after  the  word  to  which  it  refers,  and 
i  almost  obsolete,  except  in  the  phrase  malic* 
prepense.)    [MALICE,  s.  II.] 

*  pre-pense',  v.t.  &  i.    [PREPENSE,  o.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  weigh  or  consider  before^ 
hand  ;  to  premeditate. 

"All    circumstances   prepenud."  —  Bp.    Hall:   Via 
Media :  The  Way  of  Peace. 

B.  Intrans.  :    To    deliberate    belorehand, 
(Spenser:  F.  Q.,  III.  xi.  14.) 

*  pre-pense'-l^,  adv.     [Eng.  prepense;  -ly.) 

In  a  prepense  or  premeditated  manner;  with 
premeditation  ;  deliberately. 

*  pre-pdl'-lence,     *  pre-poT-len-c&  *v 

[Eng.  pr<"polltn(t) ;  -ce,  -cy.]  The  quality  or 
state,  of  being  prepollent  ;  superiority  of 
power ;  predominance,  prevalence. 

"Having  a  prepoltencf  of  good   iu    its  effecta."— 
Coventry    Philemon,  to  Hyde,  conv.  Hi. 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian.   «e,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kwv 


prepollent— prerequisite 


3733 


*  pre-pol'-lent,  a.    [Lat.  pnrpollens,  pr.  par. 
of  pnepolleo  —  to  be  very  powerful  or  strong : 
prce  =  before,  and  polleo  —  to  be  able.]  Having 
superior   power,   weight,  or  influence ;    pre- 
dominating. 

"  The  ends  of  self-preservation  or  of  prepollent 
utility."— Up.  Hard:  Work*,  vii.  315. 

*  pre-pon'-der,  r.t.     [Lat.  prcepondero  =  to 
preponderate  (q.v.).]     To  outweigh. 

"  Unless  appearances  preponder  truths."—  Wotton  : 
Architecture,  p.  27. 

pre-pon'-der-ange,  *  pre-pon'-der-an- 
C$T,  s.    [Fr.  preponderance.]   [PREPONDERATE.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Lit. :  The  quality  or  state  of  being  pre- 
ponderant or  of  preponderating  ;  superiority 
of  weight 

"This  nccessional  preponderance  is  rather  an  ap- 
Dearuice  than  reality.  —Bryant :  Vulgar  Errouri. 
bk.  iv..  ch.  viL 

2.  Fig. :  Superiority  of  power,  weight,  or  in- 
fluence ;  excess  of  force,  influence,  or  numbers. 

"  The prepmaertince  in  my  favour  was  further  in- 
creased. —/>oi/y  Telegraph,  Sept  14,  1885. 

IL  Ordn. :  The  excess  of  weight  of  the  part 
In  rear  of  the  trunnions  over  that  in  front.  It 
Is  usually  7^  the  weight  of  the  gun. 

*  prS-pon'-der-ant,  a!    [Lat.  prceponderans, 
pr.  par.    of  prcepondero ;    Fr.  preponderant.} 
Preponderating,  outweighing. 

"  The  preponderant  scale  must  determine."— Reid, 
in  Richardson. 

•pre-pdn'-der-ant-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  pre- 
ponderant; -ly.]  In  a  preponderant  or  pre- 
ponderating manner  or  degree  ;  so  as  to  out- 
weigh or  preponderate. 

pre-pSn'-der-ate,  v.t.  <fe  t.  [Lat.  prcepon- 
deratus,  pa.  par.  of  pratpondero  =  to  outweigh  : 
pros  =  before,  and  pontlero  —  to  weigh  ;  pondia 
(genit.  pmrleris)  =  a  weight ;  Sp.  preponderar; 
Ital.  preponderare.  ] 

*  A,  Transitive : 

L  Lit. :  To  outweigh  ;  to  exceed  in  weight ; 
to  overpower  by  weight. 

"In  statick  extwriineut.  an  inconsiderable  weight 
.  .  .  will  preponderate  much  greater  magnitudes.  — 
Glatitrill :  Vanity  of  Dogmatizing,  cb.  xv. 

IL  Figuratively: 

1.  To  have  more  weight,  force,  or  influence 
than  ;  to  outweigh. 

"  The  triviallest  thing,  when  passion  is  cast  into 
the  scale  with  it,  preponderate*  substantial  blessings." 

2.  To  cause  to  prefer;  to  cause  to  incline 
to  or  decide  on  anything.     (Fuller.) 

3.  To  ponder  or  consider  previously.  (Shaftes- 
tury.) 

B.  Intransitive : 

*  1.  Lit. :  To  exceed   in  weight :  hence,  to 
incline  or  descend,  as  the  scale  of  a  balance. 

2.  Fig. :  To  exceed  in  influence,  weight, 
force,  numbers,  or  extent. 

"  Th«  preponderating  influence  of  the  polled  type." 
—field,  Jan.  2,  1886. 

pre-pSn'-der-at-Ing,  pr.  par.  or  o.  [PRE- 
PONDERATE.] 

*  pre'-po'n'-der-at-ing-l^,  adv.    [Eng.  pre- 
ponderating ;  -ly.]  In  a  preponderating  manner 
or  degree  ;  preponderantly. 

"  Towns  which  past  reformers  generally  regarded  as 
preponderating!  y  Liberal."— Daily  Telegraph,  Nov.  26, 
1885. 

*  pre-pSn-der-a'-tion,  s.     [Lat.  pratpon- 
deratio.]    [PREPONDERATE.] 

1.  The  act  or  state  of  preponderating  or  out- 
weighing ;  preponderance. 

"The  prepnnderation  of  the  scale  of  a  balance."— 
Kdvards  :  OH  the  Will,  pt.  ii.,  J  7. 

2.  The  act  of  mentally  weighing  or  consider- 
ing beforehand. 

*  pre-pose',  v.t.   [Fr.  preposer.]  [PosE,  v.] 

L  To  set  or  place  before  ;  to  prefix. 

"  Bis  (H.  Smith]  life  .  .  .  preimsed  to  his  printed 
Mrmons."— fuller :  Worthiet;  Leicetter. 

2.  To  set  out  or  expose  publicly. 

"  Prizes  were  prepoiile  for  such." 
Warner:  Albion*  England,  bk.  xi.,  ch.  1x11. 

prep-6-si  tion,  *  prep-o-si-ci-on, 
*  prep^o-si-cy-on,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat. 
prcepositionem,  ace  us.  of  prcepositio  =  a  plac- 
ing before,  a  preposition,  from  prce  =  before, 
»nd  positio  =  a  placing,  position  (q.v.);  Sp. 
preposition;  Ital.  preposiziane.] 

1.  Gram. :  A  part  of  speech,  so  named 
because  originally  prefixed  to  the  verb,  in  order 


to  modify  its  meaning.  Prepositions  serve  to 
express :  (1)  the  relations  of  space,  and  (2) 
other  relations  derived  from  those  of  space, 
and  marked  in  some  languages  by  case-endings. 
Prepositions  are  usually  placed  before  the 
word  which  expresses  the  object  of  the  rela- 
tion :  as,  heat/rom  fire,  he  is  going  to  London 
from  York,  a  house  on  a  hill,  <tc.  Frequently, 
however,  the  preposition  is  placed  after  the 
object  of  the  relation  :  as,  Whom  are  you 
speaking  of?  what  are  you  thinking  of?  what 
house  do  you  stop  at?  Sic.  Prepositions  are 
either  simple  or  compound.  Simple  preposi- 
tions are  at,  by,  fur,  from,  in,  on,  out,  to,  up, 
with  ;  compound  prepositions  are  across,  after 
(a  comparative  from  of),  against,  above,  about, 
along,  amid,  amidst,  among,  athwart,  but,  into, 
over,  through,  toward,  until,  unto,  within,  with- 
out. The  prepositions  concerning,  during, 
except,  notwithstanding,  *outtake,  &c.,  arise  out 
of  a  participial  construction. 

"  PrepotUion*.  in  our  sense  of  the  term,  are  of  yet 
more  recent  origin." —  Whitnry :  Life  t  Growth  of 
Language,  ch.  x. 

*  2.  A  proposition,  an  exposition,  a  dis- 
course. 

"  The  said  Sir  John  Busbe,  in  all  his  prepositions  to 
the  king."— lirafton  :  Chronicle;  Kichard  II.  (an.  21). 

»  prep-O-Sl'-tion-al,  a.  [Eng.  preposition; 
-al.]  Pertaining  to,  or  having  the  nature  or 
function  of,  a  preposition. 

"The  prepositional  form  of  the  infinitive  is  not 
peculiar  to  English."— Earle  :  Philology,  j  592. 

prep-i-sl'-tion-al-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  preposi- 
tumnl ;  -ly.]  In  a'prepositional  manner  ;  as  a 
preposition  :  as,  To  use  a  word  prepositionally. 

*  pre-pos'-l-tlve,  a.  &  s.    [Lat.  prcepositivus, 
from   priepositus,  pa.    par.  of  prcepono  =  to 
place  before  ;  Fr.  prtpositif;  Sp.  &  Ital.  pre- 
positive.] 

A.  As  adj. :   Placed  or  put  before  or  in 
front ;  prefixed. 

"  The  Dutch  prepositive  article  tie  or  lie,  as  oar  the, 
Ac."— Drayton :  Poly-Olbion,  s.  iv.  (Illust) 

B.  As  subst. :  A  word  or  particle  put  before 
another  word. 

"  Grammarians  irere  not  ashamed  to  have  a  class 
of  postpositive  prepositive*."—  Tooke :  Diversions  of 
Parley,  vol.  L,  ch.  ix. 

*  pre-pos'-i-tor,  *.     [Lat.  prapositor,  from 
prcepositus,    pa,    par.  of  prtepono  =  to   place 
before.]    A  scholar  appointed  by  the  master 
to  overlook  other  scholars  ;  a  monitor. 

*pre-pSs'-I-ture,  s.  [Lat.  prcepositura.] 
[PROVOST.]  The  office,  dignity,  or  place  of  a 
provost ;  a  provostship. 

"  The  king  gave  him  the  prepon'ure  of  Wells  with 
the  prebend  annexed."— Lowth:  Life  of  Wykeham.  j  L 

pre-pos-sess',  v.t.  [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
possess  (q.v.).J 

1.  To  take  possession  of  and  bold  before 
others ;  to  preoccupy. 

"The  Spirit  of  God  .  .  .  prevents  the  external  rites, 
and  prepossesses  the  hearts  of  his  servants."— Up. 
Taylor:  Sermons,  vol.  iii..  ser.  10. 

2.  To  preoccupy  the  mind  or  heart  of;  to 
fill  beforehand  with  a  certain  opinion,  leaning, 
bias,  or  prejudice.  (Not  so  strong  as  prejudice.) 

"The  .  .  .  did  not  prepnttess  the  ship's  company  in 
bis  favour." — Smollett :  Roderick  Random,  ch.  xxxv. 

pre-pos-sess -Ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.  [PRE- 
POSSESS.] 

A.  As  pr.  pur. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj. :  Attractive. 

"The  plaintiff,  a  young  woman  of  prepossessing 
and  ladylike  appearance,  was  then  called."— Evening 
Standard,  Hay  22,  1886. 

pre  pos  scss  -ion  (ss  as  sh),  s.  [Pref. 
pre-,  and  Eng.  possession  (q.v.).] 

1.  Prior  possession  or  occupancy ;   preoc- 
cupancy,  preoccupation. 

"To  give   piety   the   prepossession."  —  Hammond : 

2.  A  preconceived  opinion  ;  a  judgment  or 
estimate  formed  beforehand,  either  in  favour 
of,  or  against,  any  person  or  thing.    It  is  fre- 
quently, if  not  generally,  used  in  a  good  sense  ; 
when  used  in  a  bad  sense  it  is  a  milder  term 
than  prejudice. 

"  The  unfavourable  prepossession  which  at  first  yon 
testified  toward  our  excellent  neighbour."—  Li/lton  : 
Eugene  Aram,  bk.  i  .  ch.  Till. 

*  pre-pos-ses'-sdr,  s.    [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
possessor  (q.v.).]    One  who  prepossesses ;  one 
who  possesses  before  another. 

"They  signify  only  a  bare  prepfutieitor,  one  that 
possessed  the  land  before  the  present  possessor."— 
Brady  :  Glossary. 


pre-p8s  -ter-ous,  *  pre  pos  ter-cuse, 
a.  [Lat.  jrrceimsterus  —  reversed,  inverted  ; 
lit.  =  last  part  forwards  :  prce  —  before,  in 
trout,  and  posterus  =  latter.]  [POSTERIOR.] 

*  1.  Properly,  having  that  first  which  should 
be  last ;  in  vulgar  language,  putting  the  cart 
before  the  horse  ;  inverted,  reversed. 

"  It  is  a  prepoiterovt  order  to  teach  first  and  to  lean 
after."— Bible  (1611);  Translators  to  tlu.  Deader. 

2.  Contrary  to  nature,  reason,  o>  common 
sense  ;  utterly  or  glaringly  absurd  or  ridicu- 
lous ;  totally  opposed  to  the  nature  of  things; 
monstrous. 

"  Whit's  more  preposterous  than  to  see 
A  merry  beggar  ?  "       Dryden  :  Prrriiu,  sat.  L 

.    *  3.  Foolish,  ridiculous,  perverse. 

pre-p8s'-ter-ous-ly\,  adv.  [Eng.  prepotter- 
ous;  -ly.] 

*  1.  In  an  inverted  or  perverted  manner  i 
with  the  wrong  part  first. 

"Some,  indeed,  preposterously  misplaced  these."— 
South  :  Sermons,  xi.  3. 

2.  In  a  preposterous,  ridiculous,  or  very  ab- 
surd manner ;  ridiculously.  (Byron :  Beppo,  Iv.) 

*  pre-j  as  ter  ous  ness,  s.     [Eng.  prepos- 
terouf,  -ness.]    The  quality  or  state  of  being 
preposterous ;  wrong  order  or  method  ;  ab- 
surdity. 

pre-po'-ten-9^,  ».  [Lat.  prcepotentia,  from 
prrepotens  =•  prepotent  (q.v.).]  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  prepotent ;  superior  influence 
or  power  ;  predominance. 

pre-pd'-teiW,  a.  [Lat.  prcepotens,  from  prm 
=  beforehand  potens  =  powerful.] 

1.  Very     powerful;     superior     in    power, 
strength,  or  authority. 

"  Here  is  no  grace  so  prepotent  but  It  may  b*  dto- 
obeyed."— Plai/ere :  App.  to  Oospel,  ch.  xiv. 

2.  Possessing  superior  influence  or  force; 
prevailing,  predominant. 

3.  Highly  endowed  with  potentiality  or  po- 
tential power. 

•  pre-prac'-tlse,  v.t.     [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
practise  (q.v. ).]     To  practice  or  do  previously. 


•  pre-pr6-vide',  v.t.    [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
provide  (q.v.).]    To  provide  beforehand  or  in 
advance. 

"He provisionallypreproeWed incumbents  for  them." 
—Fuller:  Church  Bitt.,  III.  Ix.  25. 

pre'-pufe,  *.     [Fr.,  from   Lat  prcepiUivm.] 

The  foreskin. 

•  pre-punc-tn-aT-i-ty',  *.    [Pref.  pre-,  and 
Eng.  punctuality  (q.v.).]      More  than  punctu- 
ality ;  the  habit  or  practice  of  keeping  ap- 
pointments or  engagements  before  the  time; 
excessive  punctuality. 

pre-pu  tial  (tl  as  sh),  a.  [Eng.  prepuce; 
-al.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  prepuce  or  fore- 
skin. (Corbet :  To  Thomas  Coryate.) 

pre  raph    a  el  Ite.      pre  raff    a  el 

ite,  a.    Of  or  pertaining  to  prerapbaelitiim. 

pro  raph'  a  el  \  t  if  m.  pre  raff  a. 
el  I-tism,  «. 

1.  In  art,  that  strict  adherence  to  nature 
characteristic  of  the  Italian  school  before 
Baffael,  revived  about  1847  by  the  English 
"  Preraphaelite  Brotherhood,"  which  consisted 
of  D.  G.  Rossetti,  W.  H.  Hunt  and  J.  Millais. 

2..  In  literature,  and  especially  in  poetry, 
a  painstaking  adherence  to  the  minutest  of 
natural  details. 

•  pre-rSg'-nant,  «.     [Pref.   pre-,  and  Eng. 
r*gnant(q.v.).]  One  who  reigns  before  another; 
a  sovereign  predecessor. 

"  Edward,  king  Harold's  prereanant.' 

Warner:  Alblont  Kngtand,  bk.  v.,  ch.  rxlt 

•  pre-rS-mote',  o.    [Pref.  pr«-,  and  Eng.  «- 
mote  (q.v.).]    More  remote  in  previous  time 
or  prior  order. 

•  pre-rSpf ,  v.t.     [Lat.  prcereptus,  pa.  par.  of 
prrrripio :  prce  =before,  and  rapio  =  to  snatch.] 
To  snatch  or  seize  before. 

•  pre-rS-quire',  v.t.    [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
require  (q.v.).]    To  require  previously  or  be- 
forehand. 

"  Some  things  •«  prtretuired  of  M."— Bp.  Batt: 
Betout  Soul,  i  9. 

t  prerequisite  (as  pre-rSk'-  wis-ft),  a.  tit. 

[Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng.  rejuisite  (q.v.).] 


boil,  bo^v ;  pout,  Jo^rl ,  oat,  9011,  chorus,  9hin,  benob ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this  ;  sin,  as  ;  expect,  y cnophon,  exist,    ph  -  C 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.   -tion.  -sion  =  shun ;  -tioo,  -gion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  -  anus.    -ble.  -die.  &c.  -  bel,  deL 


3734 


preresolve— presbyterian 


A.  As  adj.  :  Required  or  necessary  before- 
hand ;  necessary  to  soinetliing  subsequent. 

"  Necessarily  prorrquuitr  to  the  mixing  these  par- 
ticles.'1— Haiti     uHg.  ,,t  Mankind. 

B.  Assiihtt.;  Something  previously  required 
or  necessary  f  >r  an  end  proposed. 


•pre-rfc  jolve',  v.i.  [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
resolve,  v.  (q.v.).]  To  resolve  or  make  up 
one's  mind  beforehand  ;  to  predetermine. 

"  No  man  goes  thus  prerMolMtf  to  a  play. "— Pryimt: 
t  ffi*tri,*Jt<utix.  iv.  a. 

pre-r5g'-a-tlve,  a.  &  ».    [Lat.  prcerogatlvus 
=  first   asked  for  an  opinion  :   prce=-  l>efore, 
and  rogatus,   pa.   par.  of  rogro  =  to  ask  ;   Fr. 
prerogative ;  Sp.,  Port.,  &  Ital.  prerogative,.] 
A.  As  adjective : 

*  1.  Called  upon  to  vote  first ;   having  the 
it-lit  or  privilege  of  voting  before  others. 

•I'hls  furedome  mid  choise  of  the  prerogative 
ceuturle  all  the  rent  followed  after,  and  by  their 
surtY  n;e-<  couflrme."— P.  Holland  :  Lieiui,  p.  401. 

*  2.  Prior,  first. 

"  The  affirmative  hath  the  prerogative  Illation."— 
Brourne  :  Vulgar  Krruurt,  bk.  I.,  cu.  vii. 

3.   Pertaining  to  or  held   by   prerogative, 
right,  or  privilege. 


B.  As  substantive : 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  The  right  or  privilege  of  voting  before 
Others. 

"The  centurie  of  the  younger  tort  .  .  .  had  the  pre- 
rogative."—P.  Holland  :  Limut.  p.  513. 

*  2.  Preeminence,  precedence. 

"Then  give  me  leave  to  have  prerogative." 

Shaketp.  :  Taming  of  the  Shrew,  lit  L 

*  3.  Privilege,  right. 

"The  centurie  Galeria  .  .  .  had  by  lot  tl\»  prerogative 
•f  giving  ttieir  first  voices."—/'.  Holland :  Liriut.  p.  830. 

4.  An  exclusive  right  or  privilege  ;  a  right 
or  privilege  vested  in,  or  belonging  to,  any 
person  in  virtue  of  his  position  or  character; 
In  a  narrower  sense,  an  official  and  hereditary 
right  which  may  be  asserted  withoi't  question, 
and  for  the  exercise  of  which  there  is  no 
responsibility  or  accountability,  as  to  the  fact 
and  the  manner  of  its  exercise. 

"  Bat  yours  the  wailt  by  high  prerogatioe." 

Spenter :  F.  <j..  IV.  xii.  SI. 

IL  Eng.  Law:  An  exclusive  privilege  of  the 
Crown,  the  expression  the  prerogative  being 
employed  for  the  whole  or  any  part  of  sunn 
exclusive  privilege.  The  prerogative  may  be 
confined  or  limited  by  the  supreme  legislative 
authority,  and  has  in  fact  been  much  re- 
stricted, notably  by  Magna  Charta  (1215),  the 
Habeas  Corpus  Act  (1679),  the  Bill  of  Rights 
(1628),  and  the  Act  of  .Settlement  (1639).  The 
chief  existing  prerogative)*  are 

L  Pertonal :  ID  order  that  the  State  may  never  be 
without  a  ruler  and  head,  the  sovereign  is  regarded  as 
»  corporation  ;  he  cannot  die,  nor  CHU  ne  be  under  age. 
Be  i»  personally  Irresponsible  for  any  crime,  the 
resinnslbility  of  his  acts  resting  on  his  ministers.  He 
cannot  be  guilty  of  negligence.  No  lapse  of  time  will 
bar  his  right  to  prosecute  ;  though  In  civil  matters  he 
cannot  sue  after  a  lapse  of  sixty  years.  He  is  exempt 
from  taxation  and  tolls :  his  person  cannot  be  arrested, 
Dor  Ills  goods  distrained  upon.  The  i>aloces  which  he 
QMS  as  dwellings  are  exempt  fr»m  taxation,  as  Is  the 
disused  Uolyrood  House,  whose  precincts  still  afford 
sanctuary  from  civil  proceas. 

2.  Political :  All  land  In  theory  is  held  of  the  king. 
He  can  dissolve  or  prorogue  parliament,  but  cannot 
prolong  it  beyond  seven  years.  He  can  refuse  assent 
to  a  Bill  passed  by  both  Houses.  He  can.  with  the 
advice  of  his  Privy  Council,  issue  proclamations, 
biu<hng  only,  however,  in  so  far  as  they  do  not  clash 
with  existing  laws.  He  la  not  bound  by  an  Act  of 
Parliament  unless  expressly  named  there  In.  He  can 
prevent  a  subject  from  leaving  the  kingdom,  by  a 
writ  of  ne  exeat  ream,  and  compel  the  return  of  a 
subject  from  abroad.  He  Is  the  fountain  of  honour, 
an.l  hy  13  Car.  II.,  c.  8.  in  him  is  vested  the  command 
of  the  army  and  navy.  He  alone  can  coin  money, 
grant  charters  to  corporations,  and  establish  markets 
and  fairs.  Hs  is  guardian  of  lunatics.  Idiots,  and 
inl.'tuts. 

5.  Judicial:  The  king  Is  the  fountain  of  justice,  and 
the  Supreme  Court  of  Appeal,  but  he  cannot  erect 
tribunals  contrary  to  the  law,  nor  can  he  add  to  the 
in,    diction   of  court*.     He  may    Intervene    in    all 
litigation  where  h'«  own  rights  are  concerned,  or  the 
Interests  of  public  (ostice  demand  it 

4.  Rcdetiattical :  The  statutes  W  Henry  VIII..  c.  1 
and  I  Eliz.,  c.  1  recognise  the  king  as  the  Supreme 
Head  of  the  Church.  He  convenes  and  dissolves  Con- 
vocation  (q  v.).  and  nominates  to  vacant  bishoprics 
[BisHor,  CONOI  D't  1.1  RE!  but  he  can  erect  no  new  See  In 
England,  though  he  may  do  so  in  the  Crown  colonies. 

6.  fucal :  A  few  unimportant  feudal  dues  are  still 
the  prerogative  of  the  king;  as  in  the  case  of  treasure' 
trove,  escheats,  royal  fish,  wrecks,  waifs,  and  strays,  Ac. 

In  theory  all  these  privileges  fall  within 
the  prerogative  of  the  Crown ;  yet,  with  the 
exception  of  such  as  are  purely  personal, 
and  the  conferring  of  honours  (which  are 
usually  conferred  on  the  initiative  of  the 


Premier),  they  are  exercised  l>y  the  respon- 
sible minister  of  the  Crown,  chosen  from 
that  party  which  has,  for  the  time  being,  a 
majority  in  the  House  of  Commons. 

*  prerogative-court,    s.     An   ecclesi- 
astical court  for  the   trial  of  testamentary 
causes,  where  the  deceased  had  left  effects  in 
two  different  dioceses.     It  wan  abolished,  and 
its  jurisdiction  transferred  to  the   Court  of 
Probate  by  the  Act  20  &  21  Viet.,  c.  77. 

prerogative-  writs,  s.  pi 

Law:  Processes  issued  upon  extraordinary 
occasions  on  proper  cause  shown.  They  are 
the  writs  of  procedendo,  mandamus,  pro- 
hibition, quo  warranto,  habeas  corpus,  and 
certiorari. 

*  prS-roV-a-tlved,  a.     [Eng.  prerogative); 
-ed.]     Haviag    a    prerogative    or    exclusive 
privilege  ;  privileged. 

"  '  I'i  j  the  plague  of  great  ones  ; 
"  Prerogatit'd  are  they  less  than  the  base." 

Shaketp.  :  Othello,  ill.  S. 

*  pre-rdg'-a-tlve-ly,  adv.     [Eng.  preroga- 
tive ;  -ly.]    By  prerogative;  by  exclusive  or 
peculiar  right  or  privilege. 

*  pres,  s.    [PRESS,  *.] 

pre'-aa,  s.    [Ital.,  lit.  =  taken  or  caught.] 

Music  :  A  character  or  mark  used  generally 
in  continuous  fugues  or  canons  to  mark  the 
point  of  entry  for  the.  .voices  or  instruments  ; 
a  lead. 

pre'-sa*e,  pres'-age  (age  as  Ig),  ».    [Fr., 

from  Lat.  priesagium,  from  prassaglu  ^  to  per- 
ceive beforehand  :  prce  —  before,  and  sagio  = 
to  perceive  quickly  :  allied  to  sagus  =  pre- 
saging, predicting  ;  Sp.  &  Ital.  presagio.] 

1.  Something  which  portends  or  forebodes 
a  future   event  ;  a  prognostic,  an  omen,  an 
augury. 

"Abortives,  pretaaet,  and  tongues  of  Heaven." 

Shaketp.  :  King  John,  HI.  «. 

2.  A  foreboding  ;  a  presentiment  or  feeling 
of  something  about  to  happen. 

"Better  grounded  preiagei  of  victory."—  South  : 
Sermnnt,  vol.  v.,  ser.  6. 

3.  A  prophecy,  a  prediction. 

"Enough  to  confirm  the  worst  pretage."—  Daily 
Tflri/raph,  Aug.  81,  1885. 

4.  Power  of  predicting  or  foreseeing  future 
events  ;  foreknowledge. 

"  If  there  be  aught  of  presage  in  the  mind." 

Milton  :  Samion  Agontstet,  1,887. 

pre  sage',  v.t.  k  i.  [O.  Fr.  presagier;  Fr. 
resager,  from  Lat.  prcesagio  —  to  presage  ; 
p.  presagiar;  Ital.  presagire.]  [PRESAGE,  s.j 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  forebode,  to  foreshow  ;  to  indicate  by 
gome  sign  or  omen  ;  to  augur. 

44  Let  It  preiage  the  ruin  of  your  love." 

Shaketp.  :  Merchant  of  Venice,  ill.  1 

*  2.  To  foretell,  to  prophesy,  to  predict. 

44  This  contagion  might  have  been  pretaged  upon 
consideration  of  its  precursors."—  Harvey  :  On  Con- 
ntmption. 

*  3.  To  have  a  presentiment  of  ;  to  foresee 
prophetically. 

*  4.  To  point  out  beforehand  ;  to  indicate, 
as  a  road  or  path. 

"  Then  seeV  this  path  that  I  to  thee  pretage." 

Spenter  :  F.  Q.,  I.  x.  «. 

*  B.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  form  or  utter  a  prediction  ;  to  prophesy. 

"The  art  of  presaging  Is,  in  some  sort,  the  reading 
of  natural  letters  denoting  order."—  Stewart  :  Human 
Mind.  vol.  11.,  {  1. 

2.  To  feel  or  have  a  foreboding  or  presenti- 
ment of  ill. 

44  He  said,  and  pass'd.  with  sad  prttnying  heart, 
To  seek  his  spouse,  his  soul's  far  dearer  part.'4 

Pope  :  Homer;  Iliad  vi.  MX 

*  prg-sage'-fal,  a.     [Eng.  presage;  -JW(0-] 
Full  of  presages  or  forebodings  ;  ominous. 

44  No  sad  pretageful  thought  preluded  fate." 

Savage:  Wanderer,  T. 

*  pi-3-sage  -ment,  «.    [Eng.  presage;  -ment.] 

1.  The  act  or  power  of  presaging;  a  fore- 
telling, a  prediction. 

44  Not  beyond  his  preiagement."  —Brovme  :  Vulgar 
Xrrourt.  hk.  I.,  ch  x. 

2.  That  which  is  presaged  ;  a  presage,  an 
omen. 

"I  have  spent  some  enquiry  whether  he  had  any 
oroliinus  pnt-'geinent  before  his  end."—  Keliyuia  Wot- 
tonittna,  PL  K\. 

*  prS-sag'-er,  *.    [Eng.  presag(e);  -er.]    One 
who  or  that  which  presages  or  foretells  ;  a 
foreteller,  a  foreboder.    (Shakesp.  :  Sonnet  23.) 


pr 
o 


*  pre  -  sa'  -  gioiis,  a.     [Eng.  presnw;  -CTU.J 
Predictive,  ominous.  (Sidney:  Arcadia,  p.  204.) 

*  pre-sa-gy,  *  pre  sa-gie,  s.    [Lat.  pne-w- 
gium.]     A  presage  (q.v.). 

"This  Is  a  pretagie  of  God's  fearce  wrath."—  Stubbet: 
Two  Kzatnplet. 

*  pre-sar-tor'-I-al,  a.    [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
sartorial  (q.v.).]     Before  the  age  of  tailoring  ; 
prior  to  the  use  of  fashioned  clothes. 

*  pref  '-bj'-dpe,  s.    [PRESBYOPIA.]    One  who 
is  affected  with  presbyopia  ;  one  who  is  long- 
sighted ;  a  presbyte. 

pref-bjF-d'-pI-a,  pr64j-by'-6  py,  s.  [r,r. 
npe<r/iv<;  (presbus)  =  old,  and  io\!>  (ops),  genit. 
<oiro?  (opos)  —  the  eye.]  Long-sightedness  (4.  v.). 
Opposed  to  myopia  (q.v.). 

pre-j-by-op'-lc,  a.  [Eng.  presbyopia)  ;  -ic.] 
Affected  with  presbyopia  ;  long-sighted. 

pref-by-Sp'-tlc,  «•  [Or.  trp«'<r/3us  (presbus) 
—  old,  and  Eng.  optic.]  Presbyopic.  (Hanoi: 
Physics,  ed.  Atkinson,  p.  499.) 

pre-j'-byte,  s.  [PRESBYTIA.]  One  who  is  af- 
fected with  presbyopia  ;  a  long-sighted  person. 

preiy'-bjf-ter,  s.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  vpevpvrcpot 
(presbuteros)  —  elder,  comp.  of  >rpfo-|3v<;  (pres- 
bus)  =  old  ;  O.  Fr.  prebstre,  prestre  (Fr.  prrtre)  ; 
Sp  presbytero,  prest-e;  Ital.  pr&te.  Presbyter 
and  priest  are  doublets.]  [PRIEST.] 

*  1.  An  elder,  or  a  person  advanced  in  years 
who    had    authority   in    the    early  Christian 
Church  (1  Peter  v.  1). 

*  2.  A  priest,  a  parson. 

44  What  better  title  could  there  bee  ginen  them  then 
the  retierend  name  of  prrtbyteri,  or  fatherly  guides?" 
—  Soaker  :  Ecclet.  Pol.,  bk.  v.,  I  78. 

3.  (In  the  Presbyt.  Church)  :  A  member  of  a 
presbytery  :  spec.,  a  minister. 

*  4.  A  Presbyterian. 


rt'-er-al,  a.  [Fr.  presbyteral  ;  Sp. 
presbiteral.]  Pertaining  or  relating  to  a  pres- 
byter or  presbytery. 

prSj-b^t'-er-ate,  s.  [Lat.  presbyteratui,  from 
presbyter  =  a  presbyter  (q.v.)  ;  Fr.  presbyterat, 
presbyteriat  ;  Ital.  presbiterato;  Sp.  presbiterado.  ] 

1.  The  office  or  state  of  a  presbyter  or  priest 

2.  A  presbytery. 

*  pref'-byt-er-ess,  *  pres-byt-er-esse. 

s.    [Eng.  presbyter;  -ess.]   A  female  presbyter;  . 
the  mistress  of  a  priest. 

44  Some  of  these  were  prrtbyterrKtet,  as  they  pleased 
the  spiritual  fathers."—  Sale  :  Engluh  Votariet,  pt.  i. 

*  pref  -b^-ter'-i-al,  a.  [Eng.  presbyter  ;  -iaL] 
The  same  as  PRESBYTERIAN  (q.v.). 

44  Little  is  It  that  I  fear  lest  any  crookedness,  any 
wrinkle  or  spot  should  be  found  In  preibyterial 
government."—  Hilton  :  Church  Government,  bk.  xi. 

prS-j-b^-teV-I-an,  a.  &s.  [Eng.  presbyter; 
-ion;  Fr.  presbyterien  ;  Sp.  &  Ital.  presbi- 
teriano.] 

A,  As  adjective  : 

*  1.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  a  presbyter. 

2.  Pertaining  to  presbyters  as  governors  IB 
a  church  ;  pertaining  to  church  government 
or  discipline  by  presbyteries. 

44  An  act  was  prepared  for  securing  the  pretttytrriom 
government."—  Burnet  :  Own  Ttmet  (170«). 

3.  Pertaining  to  presbyterianism  or  its  sup 
porters  ;  belonging  to  the  Presbyterian  church. 

B.  As  substantive  : 

Church  Hist.  d>  Ecclesiol.  (PI):  Those  who 
believe  that  the  government,  of  the  church 
by  means  of  presbyters  is  "  founded  on 
and  agreeable  to  the  word  of  God."  They 
hold  that  presbyter  (elder)  and  bishop  are 
•different  names  for  the  same  ecclesiastical 
functionary  (cf.  Acts  xx.  17,  28,  R.V.,  Phil.  i.  1, 
Ac.);  that,  consequently,  every  presbyter  is 
a  bishop,  and  on  a  footing  of  equality  with  his 
other  brethren  in  the  eldership.  Presbyters 
are  divided  into  two  classes  —  teaching  and 
ruling  elders  (1  Tim.  v.  17).  The  former  are 
popularly  called  "ministers,"  the  latt.-r  "el- 
ders," or  "lay-elders;"  but,  theoretically, 
both  hold  spiritual  office.  The  government  il 
by  means  of  four  courts  of  judicature,  rising 
consecutively  in  dignity  and  authority.  The 
lowest-called  in  Scotland,  &c.,  the  "Kirk- 
session,"  or  simply  the  "Session"  [KiRK- 
8B8S10N],  rules  over  the  congregation  in  all 
spiritual  matters  ;  while  finance,  being  deemed 
more  secular,  is  relegated  to  deacons  or 


fete,  tat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pdt, 
or,  wore,  wplf,  work,  wh6,  son ;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    ce,  t»  -  e ;  ey  =  a ;  o.u  =  kw. 


presbyterianism— prescription 


3735 


managers.  Above  the  Session  is  the  Presby- 
tery (q.v.).  Above  this  again  is  a  Synod  for  a 
province  ;  it  is  held  half-yearly.  Highest  of 
ail  is  the  General  Assembly,  meeting  annually. 
Tne  minUter  of  a  congregation  presides  ex 
ojfrcio  iii  the  Session,  and  non-ministerial 
elders  are  ineligible  for  the  Moderatorship  of 
the  Presbytery,  Synod,  and  Assembly.  A 
Presbyterian  denomination  stands  to  an  Epis- 
copal one  nearly  in  the  same  relation  as  a 
republic  to  a  monarchy.  The  Waldensian 
church  was  constituted  on  an  essentially 
Presbyterian  model.  The  system  was  partially 
introduced  into  Switzerland  in  1541,  and  its 
discipline  was  subsequently  carried  out  by 
Calvin  with  iron  firmness  at  Geneva.  The 
first  French  Synod  met  in  Paris  in  1559,  the 
first  Dutch  Synod  at  Doit  in  1574.  The  Hun- 
garian and  various  other  continental  Protes- 
tant churches  are  also  Presbyterian.  The 
aystem  thoroughly  rooted  itself  in  Scotland, 
the  flrst  General  Assembly  being  held  there  in 
1560.  [CHURCH  OF  SCOTLAND.]  The  same 
year  a  presbytery  was  formed  in  Ireland,  at 
Carrickfergus  [SYNOD  or  ULSTER],  and  in  1572 
one  in  England,  at  Wandsworth.  In  1646-7 
the  Church  of  England  was  reconstituted  on  a 
Presbyterian  basis,  but  in  IfifiO  was  avain 
made  episcopal.  [CHURCH  OF  ENGLAND.]  The 
first  Presbyterian  congregations  in  the  Amer- 
ican colonies  were  organized  in  Maryland, 
that  of  Rehoboth  about  1690.  The  first  Pres- 
bytery met  in  Philadelphia  in  1705.  The 
earliest  members  were  immigrants  from  Scot- 
land and  Ireland.  A  "ynod,  composed  of  four 
Presbyteries,  was  organized  in  1716.  In  1758 
the  American  Presbyterian  churches,  which 
had  been  divided  by  dissensions,  were  re-united, 
and  in  1788  a  General  Assembly  was  instituted. 
At  that  date  there  were  419  congregations, 
with  188  ministers.  The  church  grew  rapidly 
in  the  United  States.  In  18.S4  it  had  '22  synods 
and  about  1900  ministers.  In  1838  a  division 
took  place,  the  church  dividing  into  the  Old 
School  and  New  School  Presbyterians,  the 
former  holding  high  Calvinistic  doctrines,  the 
latter  a  modified  Calvinism.  A  union  between 
these  divisions  was  accomplished  in  1869. 
There  are  several  divisions  of  the  Presbyterian 
church  in  the  United  States,  each  with  a 
special  title,  and  having  its  own  theological  col- 
leges and  seminaries.  In  18'JO  there  were  in  all 
13,619  churches  with  a  membership  of  1,220,012. 

Presbyterian-baptists,  s.  pi. 
Eccles. :  A  small  Baptist  denomination  under 
presliyterian  government. 

j>res  bjr-ter-I-an-Ism,  ».     [Eng.   presby- 

terian ;  -ism.]  The  doctrines,  tenets,  or  dis- 
cipline of  the  Presbyterians. 

"  The  Whig  scheme  would  end  In  Prttbyterianim.' 
—Adtlison:  Freeholder,  No.  54. 

•  pres -by-ter'-I-an-ljf,  adv.    [Eng.  presby- 
terian ;  -ly.  ]  Towards,  or  in  favour  of,  presbyter- 
ianism; with  the  principles  of  presbyterianism. 

"This  person,  tho*  pretbyterianly  affected,  yet  he 
had  the  king's  ear."— (food  .  Athena  Oxon..  vol.  Ii. 

•  pres'-by-ter-Ism, s.  [Eng.  presbyter;  -ism.] 
Presbyterianism. 


"  pres-by^'-er-lte,  *.  [Eng.  presbyter;  -ite.] 
A  presbytery  ;  a  body  of  elders,  whether 
priests  or  laymen. 

"  The  distinct  order  of  nresbj/terite."— Jeremy  Tay- 
lor :  Kpitcopacy  Auerted,  ix.  1. 

prSf-by-ter'-I-um,  s.    [Low  Lat.,  from  Gr. 
irpeo-|3uT«'piox  (presbuterion)."]     [PRESBYTER.] 
Arch. :  That  part  of  a  church  where  divine 

i  service  is  performed ;  the  presbytery.  Applied 
to  the  choir  or  chancel,  because  it  was  the 
place  appropriated  to  the  bishop,  priest,  and 
other  clergy,  while  the  latty  were  confined  to 
the  body  or  the  church. 

*  pros' -  by -ter- Ship,  s.  [Eng.  presbyter; 
-ship.  ]  The  office  or  station  of  a  presbyter  ; 
prcsbyterate. 

pres'-by-ter-y'.  ».  [Low  Lat.  presbi/terium  ; 
Fr.  presbi/tere ;  Ital.  &  Sp.  presbiterio.]  [PRES- 

BYTKItU'M.] 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 
1.  A  body  of  elders  in  the  Christian  church. 
"The  laying  on  of  the  bands  of  the  preibytery."— 
1  Timothy  iv.  14. 

*  2.  Presbyterianism. 


IL  Technically: 

1.  Arch. :  The  same  as  PRESBYTERIUM  (q.v.). 

2.  Presbyterian  Church  :  A  court  of  judica- 
ture above  the  session  and  beneath  the  synod. 
It  is  composed  of  all  the   ministers  of  an 
assigned  dUtrict,  with  a  representative  ruling 
elder  from  each.     These  elders  hold  office  for 
six  months,  and  are  capable   of  re-election. 
Professors  of  theology  are  members  of  that 
Presbytery  in  which  the  college  is  situated. 
The  Moderator  opens  and  closes  each  meeting 
with  prayer.     The  functions  of  the  court  are 
executive,   not  legislative.      The  Presbytery 
supervises  all   the   congregations  within   its 
bounds,  hears  appeals  from  the  decisions  of 
sessions,  examines  candidates  for  the  ministry, 
licenses  probationers,  and  ordains  ministers 
by  laying  on  of  hands  (1  Tim.  iv.  14)  [ORDINA- 
TION], &c.     Appeal  lies  from  it  to  the  Synod 
(q.v.). 

3.  Roman  Church :  (See  extract). 

"  Pretbyterii  is  often  used  among  English  Catholics 
to  designate  the  priest's  house.  In  this  sense  it  is  a 
traiwlHt ion  of  the  French  presbytere,  so  used  (Littrel 
since  the  twelfth  century  ;  pretbyterium  (see  Ducmige) 
apiwars  never  to  have  had  this  meaning."— Addii  i 
Arnold  :  Cath.  Diet.,  p.  6sK>. 

t  pres'-b^-tes,  *.    [PRESBYTIA.] 

Zool. :  A  synonym  of  Semnopithecus  (q.v.). 

pres-byt'-I-a,  t  pres'-byt-lsm,  s.  [Gr. 
jrp«o-/3u'T!)s  (presbutes)=  an  elderly  person.] 
The  same  as  PRESBYOPIA  (q.v.). 

pr5s-byt'-Io,  a.  [Mod.  Lat.  presby^ia) ;  Eng. 
adj.  suff.  -ic.]  Pertaining  to,  or  affected  with, 
presbytia ;  long-sighted. 

t  pres'-byt-lsm, ».    [PRESBYTIA.] 

*  pre-S9§ne',  *  pre-sceene,  ».    [Pref.  pre-, 
and  Eng.  tcene  (q.v.).]    An  induction,  a  pro- 
logue. 

"  The  pretcane  of  HelL" 
S.u'feiter:  Da  Barlat ;  Sixth  day,  first  week,  1,072. 

pre'-scl-en9e  (sc  as  sh),  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat. 
prcescientia  =  foreknowledge  :  prm  =  before, 
and  scientia  =  knowledge,  science  (q.v.)  ;  Sp. 
precienda;  Port,  presciencia;  Ital.  prescienza.] 
[PRESCIENT.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
prescient;  foreknowledge,  foresight;  know- 
ledge of  events  before  they  take  place. 

"  And  you  may  guess  the  noble  Dame 
Durst  not  the  secret  pretcience  own." 

Scott :  Lay  of  the  Lent  Minttrel,  iv.  SO. 

pre-sc!  ent  (sc  as  sh),  a.  [O.  Fr.,  from  Lat. 
prizscien's,  pr.  par.  of  prcescio  =  to  know  be- 
forehand :  prce  =  before,  and  scio  =  to  know  ; 
Ital.  presciente.]  Having  knowledge  of,  or 
foresight  into,  events  before  they  take  place  ; 
foreknowing,  foreseeing. 

"  To  show  the  wisdom  of  their  master's  pretnfnt 
injunctions."— Dally  Telegraph,  Sept.  7.  1885. 

pre-891-en-tIf -Ic,  a.  [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
scientific.]  Prior  to  the  period  at  which  science 
began  to  be  extensively  cultivated  :  as,  a  pre- 
scient ific  age. 

*  pre  -SCient-1^  (SC  as  sh),  adv.     [Eng.  pre- 
scient;   -ly.}     With  prescience  or  foresight. 
(De  Quincey.) 

*  pre-selnd',  v.t.  &  i.    [Lat.  prcescindo,  from 
prce  —  before,  and  scindo  =  to  cut.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  To  cut  off ;  to  abstract. 

2.  Metaph. :  To  consider  by  a  separate  act 
of  attention  or  analysis. 

"  The  bare  essence  of  the  soul  quite  pretcinded  from 
all  union  with  matter."— il ore. :  Immortality  qf  tht 
Soul,  bk.  ill.,  ch.  i 

B.  Intrans. :   To    consid:r   or   reason   on 
things  separately  or  independently.    (Berke- 
ley; Alciphron,  dial.  7,  3tf.) 

*  pre-89ind'-ent,  a.    [Lat.  prcescindens,  pr. 
par.  Hi  pnesritido  =.  to  prescind  (q.v.).]     Pre- 
scinding, abstracting. 

"  The  prttrinttent  faculties  of  the  soul."- 
Philoiophifal  Prtnciplet. 

'  pre   sci  ous  (so  as  sh),  a.     [Lat.  prcescius, 

I     Pre 
ledge. 

••  Prftrinut  of  ills,  and  leaving  me  behind. 
To  drink  the  dregs  of  life  by  fate  assigned." 

Dryden:  firyU  ;  .Kne~id  xi.  241 

pre-SCribe',  v.t.  &  i.  [Lat.  prcescribn  =  to 
write  beforehand,  to  appoint,  to  prescribe  : 
pro;  =  before,  and  scribo  =  to  write  ;  Sp.  pre- 
scribir ;  Port,  ptrscrri'fr ;  Ital.  prescrivere; 
O.  Fr.  prescriber;  Fr.  prescrire.] 


pi  u  -Dvi-uuo  \.9U  M  ou;,  u.      |_ijau  vrv 
from  prmrin  =  to  be  president  (q.v.).  I     Pre- 
scient, foreknowing  ;  having  foreknown 


A.  Transitive : 

I.  Ordinary  Language  : 
1.  To  lay  down  with  authority,  as  a  dire*, 
tion  or  rule  of  conduct ;  to  appoint,  to  dictate. 

"  My  rapid  hours  pursue  the  course 
Preicribed  them  by  love's  sweetest  force." 

Cowper :  Ouion ;  Joy  of  tin  Croft. 

*  2.  To  direct,  to  appoint. 

°*  Let  streams  pretcribe  their  fountains  where  to  run.* 
Dryden.     (Todd.) 

IL  Med. :  To  direct  to  be  used  as  a  remedy. 

B.  Intransitive : 

*  I.  Ord.  Lang.  :  To  lay  down  rules  or  direc- 
tions tor  conduct ;  to  give  law  ;  to  dictate. 

"  Time  and  long  possession  enable*  it  to  prticrib*."~ 
South  :  Vermont,  vol.  iv.,  »er.  ». 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Law: 

(1)  To  claim  by  prescription ;  to  make  a 
claim  to  a  thing  by  immemorial  use  and  enjoy- 
ment. 

"  The  lord  of  a  manor  cannot  pretcribe  to  raise  * 
tax  or  a  toll  upon  strange™."— Blackitone :  Comment., 
bk.  ii..  ch.  14. 

(2)  To  become  extinguished  or  of  no  validity 
through  lapse  of  time,  as  a  right,  debt,  obliga- 
tion or  the  like. 

2.  Med. :  To  direct  what  remedies  are  to  be 
used  ;  to  write  or  give  directions  for  medical 
treatment. 

"  Garth,  generous  as  his  muse,  preterites  and  give*." 
Dryden :  To  hit  Kimman.  John  Dryden, 

pre-scrib'-er,  s.    [Eng.  prescribe) ;  -er.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  One  who  prescribes  ;  one 
who  gives  rules  or  directions. 

"  The  pretcriberi  and  appoynten  what  it  is  that 
muste  bee  genen  to  the  sycke."—  Udal :  Luke.  (Pref.) 

2.  Med. :  One  who  prescribes  medically. 

*  pre'-scrfpt,  *  pre-scripte,  a.  &  s.    [Lat. 

prcescriptus,  pa.  par.  of  prcescribo  ;  to  prescribe 
(q.v.);  Fr.  prescrif,  Sp.  prescripto;  Ital.  pn»- 
scritto.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Prescribed ;   set  or  laid  down 
as  a  rule  ;  directed. 

"  The  pmi-ript  number  of  the  citizen*."— Mart: 
Utopia,  bk.  ii..  cb.  v. 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  A  direction,  a  prescription,  a  precept,  a 
model  prescribed.    (Milton  :  P.  L.,  xii.  249.) 

2.  A  medical  prescription ;  a  thi  ng  prescribed. 

*  pre-SCrip-tl-bll'-i-ty,  ».     [Eng.  prescript' 
Me;  -ity.]     The   quality  or  state  of  being 
prescriptible. 

*  pro-scrip  ti-blo,  a.    [Fr.]    Suitable  or  fit 
to  be  prescribed ;  depending  or  derived  from 
prescription. 

"  The  whole  prescription  of  the  Scottes,  if  th« 
matter  were  pretcriptible,  is  thus  deduced  euidently  to 
xiii.  yerea."—  Graflon :  Chronicle ;  Henry  fill.  (an.  S4). 

pre-scrfp'-tlon,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  prcescrip* 
tionem,  accus.  of  pr&scriptio  •=  a  prescribing, 
from  prcescriptus,  pa.  par.  of  pra'scribo  =  to 
prescribe  (q.v.) ;  Sp.  prescription;  Ital.  prescri- 
zione.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The   act   of   prescribing,    directing,    or 
dictating,  as  a  rule  of  conduct;  direction, 
prescript,  precept. 

"  No  workes  myght  than  be  vsed  of  God's  prrtcrip- 
tion,  but  such  as  were  fantasyed  by  them  for  aduaun- 
tage. "—Bale:  Image,  pt.  L 

2.  A  title  or  claim  based  on  long  use  or 
custom. 

"  He  has  no  reverence  for  pretcription."—Macaulaw  i 
Hitt  Eng..  ch.  ii. 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Civil  Law:  A  cU'im  or  title  to  a  thing  by 
virtue  of  immemorial  use  or  enjoyment ;  tba 
right  or  title  acquired  by  such  use  or  by  posses- 
sion had  during  the  time,  and  in  the  manner 
fixed  by  law,  as  a  right  of  way,  of  common,  or 
the  like.  Uninterrupted  enjoyment  or  use  for 
a  term  of  years  fixed  by  legislative  enactment 
gives  a  primH  facie  title  by  prescription  to  the 
thing  enjoyed,  and  enjoyment  for  a  certain 
term,  unless  such  enjoyment  has  continued 
mrl  T  gome  consent  or  agreement,  gives  an 
!  al'-. 'lute  and  indefeasible  title.  Prescription 
dilTers  from  custom,  which  is  a  local  usage  and 
not  annexed  to  any  person,  whereas  prescrip- 
'  tion  is  a  personal  usage. 

"  In  the  flrst  place  nothing  but  Incorporeal  heredita- 
ments CTUI  be  claimed  }>y  prnrriptian  .  .  .  Secondly,  a 
prnfription  cannot  be  for  a  thing  which  cannot  )w 
raised  by  grant  For  the  law  allows  prescription  only 
to  supply  the  loss  of  a  grant,  and  therefore  every  pr*. 
teriptinn  presupposes  a  grant  to1  have  existed."— Black- 
Hone:  Comment.,  bk.  ii..  ch.  14. 


boll,  l>oy ;  poUt,  Joltrl ;  cat,  90!!,  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xcnophon,  exist.    -Ing; 
-clan,  -tian  -  shan.    -tion,  -sion   -  shun ;  -tion,    sion  -  zhun.    -clous,  -tious,  -sious  —  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


3736 


prescriptive— presentation 


2.  Softs  Law:    Positive    prescription    is   a 
claim  or  title  to  lands  acquired  by  uninter- 
rupted possession  upon  some  written  title  for 
a  period  of  twenty  years.    Negative  prescrip- 
tion is  the  loss  or  omission  of  a  rijrlit   by 
neglecting  to  use  it  during  the  time  limited 
by  law.     The  term  is  also  used  for  limitation 
in  the  recovery  of  money  due  by  bond,  &c. 

3.  tied. :   A  direction    of  remedies  for  a 
disease,  and  the  manner  of  using  them  ;   a 
recii* ;  a  written  statement  of  the  remedies 
or  medicines  to  be  taken  by  a  patient. 

prS-SCrlp'-tlve.o.  [Lat.  prascriptivus,  from 
proiscriptiis,  pa.  par.  otpnescribo  =  to  prescribe 
(q.v.)  ;  Sp.  prescriptive.] 

1.  Consisting  in,  arising  from,  or  acquired 
by  prescription. 

"  It  (common  In  gross]  may  be  claimed  by  pretcrip- 
tlve  right."— Blackstnne:  Comment .  bk.  ii..  ch.  3. 

*  2.  Arising  from  or  sanctioned  by  use  or 
custom. 

•  pro-scrip' -tive-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  prescriptive; 

-ly,]    By  prescription.    (Burke.) 

•  pro-scrip -turn,  *.     [Lat]     A   prescript 
(q.v.). 

•  prose,  v.t.  or  i.    [PRESS,  ».] 

•  pre-se-ance,  s.    [Fr.]    Priority  of  place  in 
Bitting. 

"The  ghests,  though  rude  In  their  other  fashions, 
may.  for  their  discreet  judgment  in  precedence  and 
preteance,  read  a  lemon  to  our  civilest  gentry."— 
Carets :  Survey  of  CormeaU. 

pros' -en§e,  *.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  prcesentia  = 
presence,  from  prtesens  =  present  (q.v.);  Sp. 
presencia;  Ital.  presenza,  presenzia.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  present; 
the  state  of  being  or  existing  in  a  certain 
place. 

2.  The  state  of  being  within  sight  or  call ; 
neighbourhood  without  the  intervention   of 
anything  that  hinders  or  prevents  intercourse. 

"  The  hostile  armies  were  now  In  pretence  of  each 
Other."— Jfocauiny  :  Hitt.  Eng..  ch.  xii. 

3.  Persons  present  or  assembled  in  a  place, 
especially  persons  of  rank  ;  noble  company. 

"  Then  slow  her  drooping  head  she  raised. 
And  fearful  round  the  presence  gazed." 

Scott :  Lady  of  the  Lake,  ri.  », 

4.  Company,  society. 

"  From  bis  pretence  I  am  barred." 

Shaketp.  :  Winter  i  Tale,  lit  2. 

*  5.  Approach  face  to  face  or  nearness  to  a 
superior  or  great  personage. 

"Thinking  it  want  of  education  which  made  him  so 
discountenanced  with  unwonted  pretence."— Sidney  : 
Arcadia. 

*  6.  The  room  or  apartment  in  which  an 
assembly  is   held   before  a  prince  or  other 
great  personage ;  a  presence-chamber. 

"  The  two  great  cardinals  wait  in  the  pretence." 

Shaketp. :  Henry  VI II..  lit  1. 

*  7.  Something  present,  close,  or  near. 

"  I  stay,  and  like  an  invisible  pretence 
Hover  around  her." 

Longfellow :  UUet  Standith,  T. 

*  8.  Personality,  person. 

"  Lord  of  thy  pretence,  and  no  land  beside** 

Shaketp.  :  Kiny  John,  i. 

*  9.  Personal  appearance,  mien,  air,  deport- 
ment.   (Shakesp. :  Sonnet  10.) 

If  (1)  Presence  of  mind  :  A  calm,  collected 
state  of  the  mind,  with  its  faculties  under  con- 
trol ;  undisturbed  state  of  the  thoughts,  which 
enables  a  person  to  act  or  speak  without  em- 
barrassment or  disorder  in  unexpected  diffi- 
culties ;  quickness  or  readiness  of  invention 
or  of  devising  expedients  in  positions  of 
sudden  difficulty  or  danger. 

"  What  is  called  pretence  of  mind  really  means  that 
power  uf  self-control  which  prevent*  the  bodily  ener- 
gies being  paralyzed  by  strong  sensory  impressions."— 
Xnftjc.  flrfc'ed.  irth),  XT.  381. 

(2)  Real  Presence :  [THAI-SUBSTANTIATION]. 

presence  -  chamber,  presence - 
room,  s.  A  room  or  apartment  in  which  a 
great  personage  receives  company. 

•  pre-sen-sa  -tion,  s.    [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
sensation.  (q.v.>]     Previous  sensation,  idea, 
or  notion. 

"  The  presage  and  presentation  of  it,  has  In  all  ages 
»eu  a  very  -  .  -  - 

Cabbala,  ch. 

•  pro-sen' -sion,  «.     [Lat.   praesensio,    from 
wro?  —  before,  and  sentio  =  to  feel,  to  perceive.] 
Perception  beforehand. 

"A  prrtention   and   foretaste   of   the  Joys  of  the 

celestial  life."— Scott  .•  Christian  Life,  pt.  i.,  ch.  iv. 


pres'-ent,  a.  &  s.  [Fr.,  frora  Lat.  prtesrns  = 
being  in  front,  present :  proe  =  before,  and 
*sens,  an  old  participle  from  sum,  =  to  l>e  ; 
cogn.  with  Sansc.  sant  =  being;  Sp.,  Port., 
&  Ital.  presente.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Being  in  a  certain  place ;  opposed  to 
absent,    (it ilton  :  Samson  Agunistes,  1,085.) 

2.  Being  in  comi«any  or  society  >  being  in 
the  presence  or  before  the  face  of  another. 

3.  Now  existing ;  being  at  this  time  ;  not 
past  or  future. 

4.  Being  now  in  view  or  under  consideration. 

5.  Not   forgotten ;   kept    in    the  mind  or 
memory. 

*  6.  Done  or  used  on  the  spot ;  instant,  im- 
mediate. 

"  Sign  me  a  present  pardon." 

Shaketp. :  ileaturefor  Jfeature.  Ii.  4. 

*  7.  Favourably  attentive ;  not  neglectful ; 
propitious. 

"  Nor  could  I  hope,  in  any  place  but  there. 
To  find  a  god  so  pretent  to  my  pray'r." 

Dry  den.     (Toad.) 

*  8.  Ready  at  hand  ;  quick  in  emergency. 

"  He  bad  need  have  a  pretent  wit."— Bacon :  Euayi. 

B.  -4s  substantive  : 

I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  present  time  ;  time  now  passing. 

"  Many  aman  there  is.  even  at  this  pretent." 

Shaketp.  :  Winter  t  Tale,  i.  «. 

2.  An  affair  in  hand  ;  a  question  under  con- 
sideration. 

"  Shall  I  be  charged  no  further  than  this  present  >" 
Shaketp.  :  Coriolanut,  Hi.  3. 

*  3.  The  money  or  property  which  a  person 
has  about  him. 

"  111  make  division  of  my  pretent  with  yon." 

Shaketp.  :  Twelfth  Night,  iii.  4. 

*  4.  A  mandate,  a  document. 

"  What  pretent  hast  thou  there  1 " 

Shaketp, :  Lote't  Labour  t  Lott,  iv.  S. 

U.  Law :  A  term  used  in  a  deed  of  convey- 
ance, a  lease,  a  letter  of  attorney,  &c. ,  to 
denote  the  writing  itself  :  as,  Be  it  known  to 
all  men  by  these  presents,  i.e.,  by  the  present 
writing  or  the  document  itself.  (Now  only 
used  in  the  plural.) 

"IT  (1)  The  present :  An  expression  used  ellip- 
tically  for  the  present  time. 

(2)  At  present :  At  the  present  time ;  just 
now. 

(3)  For  the  present :  For  the  time  or  moment. 
present-tense,  *. 

Gram. :  That  tense  or  modification  of  a  verb 
which  denotes  existence  or  action  at  the 
present  time,  as  /  write,  or  /  am  writing. 

present-use,  s. 

Law:  A  use  which  has  an  immediate  exist- 
ence, and  can  be  at  once  operated  on  by  the 
Statute  of  Uses. 

pro  sent',  v.t.  &  i.  [Fr.  presenter,  from  Lat. 
prcesento  —  to  set  before,  to  offer,  lit.  =  to  make 
present,  from  prcesens  —  present  (q.v.) ;  Sp.  & 
Port,  presentar;  Ital.  presentare.] 

A.  Transitive : 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  To  set  before,  or  introduce  to  the  presence 
of  another ;  to  introduce  formally,  as  to  a 
superior  ;  to  offer  for  acquaintance. 

"  Let's  pretrnt  him  to  the  iluke." 

Shaketv. :  At  You,  LUee  It,  iv.  z. 

2.  To  exhibit,  to  display,  to  show,  to  offer 
to  view  :   as,  To  present   an  appearance  of 
misery. 

3.  To  give ;  to  bestow  as  a  gift,  donation,  or 
offering ;  especially  to  give  or  offer  for  accept- 
ance formally  and  ceremoniously. 

"  My  last,  least  offering,  I  present  tbee  now.* 

Ccnoper:  Guv..\  ;  VicutUudet. 

4.  To  bestow  a  gift  upon  ;  to  favour  with  a 
gift.    (Followed   by   with   before   the  thing 
given.)    (Shakesp.  :  Henry  V.,  ii.  4.) 

5.  To  hand,  or  put  into  the  hands  of  another 
with  ceremony. 

6.  To  lay  or  place  before  a  public  body  for 
consideration  :    as,  To  present  a  petition  to 
parliament. 

*  7.  To  offer  openly  ;  to  proffer. 

8.  To  point,  to  level,  to  aim  ;  to  direct,  as  a 
weapon,  and  more  particularly  a  firearm  :  as, 
To  present  a  gun  at  a  person. 

•  9.  To  represent,  to  personate. 

**  To-night  at  Berne's  Oak,  Jnst  'twixt  twelve  and  one. 
Must  my  sweet  Nan  pretrnt  the  Fairy  Queen." 

Shaketp.  :  Merry  Wivet  of  Windtor,  iv.  «. 


10.  To  nominate  for  support  at  a  pubite 
school  or  other  institution. 
IL  Law: 

1.  To  nominate  to  an  ecclesiastical  benefice, 

"When  a  person  has  been  admitted  to  h.ily  orders, 
he  may  >>e  jiretented  to  a  fantunaife  or  vicarage  ;  that 
is.  the  patron,  to  whom  the  advowsoa  belongs,  may 
offer  his  clerk  to  the  bishop  t.i  be  Instituted.'— Black- 
ttone  :  Comment.,  bk.  i..  clu  11. 

2.  To  bring  an  indictment  or  action  against; 
to  accuse  ;  to  lay  before  a  court  of  judicature 
(lay  orecclesiastical)asanolvjectof  inquiry  ;  tx> 
give  notice  officially  of,  as  a  crime  or  offence. 

"  And  say  yon  would  prrtent  her  at  the  leet." 
Shake,,,.  •  Taming  of  the  Shreta.    (Induct.  Ii.) 

B.  Intransitive  : 

Law :  To  nominate  a  clerk  to  an  ecclesiastical 
benefice. 

"The  Roman  Catholic  .  .  .  cannot  pretent  te  a  living 
In  the  English  Church."— Daily  Telegraph,  Feb.  20, 1898. 
*1F  (1)  To  present  a  bill  for  acceptance  :  To 
bring  it  to  the  person  ou  whom  it  is  drawn, 
and  request  him  to  undertake  to  pay  it,  which 
he  does  by  writing  the  word  "Accepted  "  on  its- 
fact-,  and  signing  his  name  thereto. 

(2)  To  present  a  Bill  or  Promissory  Note  for 
Payment :  To  bring  it  to  the  principal  debtor 
and  demand  payment  for  it.     It  should  be 
presented  for  payment  punctually  on  the  day 
when  it  falls  due  ;  otherwise,  all  the  parties  to- 
it,  except  the  drawer  and  acceptor,  are  dis- 
charged from  their  liability. 

(3)  To  present  arms: 

Mil. :  To  hold  the  arms  or  rifle  in  a  perpen- 
dicular position  in  front  of  the  body  t<.  salute 
a  superior  officer,  or  as  a  token  of  respect. 

pres'-ent,  s.    [PRESENT,  v.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  That  which  is  presented  or 
given ;  a  gift. 

"  The  ambassadors  .  .  .  brought  hym  pretentet."— 
Brende:  (fuintiu  Curtiut,  to.  51. 

2.  Mil.  (pronounced  pre-fenf):  The  position 
from  which  a  rifle  is  fired. 

pre-s enf  -a-ble,  a.    [Eng.  present,  v. ;  &ble.} 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Capable  of  being  presented ;  fit  to  be 
exhibited  or  offered. 

2.  Fit  to  be  introduced  into  society  ;  fit  to 
be  shown  or  seen. 

"Scoured  to  make  them  more  presentable." — Cat- 
tell't  Technical  Educator,  pt.  xii..  p.  372. 

IL  Ecclesiastical : 

1.  Capable  of  being  presented  to  an  eccle- 
siastical benefice  :  as,  a  presentable  clerk. 

2.  Admitting  of  the  presentation  of  a  clerk. 

"  Incumbents  of  churches  presentable  cannot,  by 
their  sole  act,  grant  their  incumbencies  to  others."— 
Ayliffe  :  Pan-rgan. 

•prSs-en-ta'-ne-oiis,  a.  [Lat  prtesenta' 
ncus,  from  prcesens  =  present,  a.  (q.v.).J 
Quick,  ready ;  rapid  in  effect. 

"  Some  plagues  partake  of  such  malignity,  that.  Ilk* 
a  pretentaneout  poison,  they  euecate  in  two  hours."— 
Survey  :  On  Consumption. 

•  pres-ent-ar-le,  a.  [Lat.  prasentariut.} 
Present. 

"An  eteme  and  a  pretentarie  estate. " — Chaucer: 
Astrolabe;  fonclutiont. 

pres-en-ta'-tion,  •*.    [Fr.,  from  Lat.  prce~ 
sentationem,  ace.  of  prcesentatio,  from  prvesen- 
tatus,  pa.  par.  of  prcesento  —  to  present  (q.v.) ; 
Sp.  presentation ;  Ital.  preseniazione.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  of  presenting,  giving,  bestowing,  or 
offering  ;  the  state  of  being  presented  or  given. 

"Prayers  are  sometimes  a  presentation  of  man 
desires."—  Hooker:  Ecdet.  Polity. 

2.  The  act  of  representing,  exhibiting,  or 
displaying ;  display,  representation. 

*  3.  Semblance  ;  show,  appearance. 

"  Under  the  presentation  of  that  he  shoots  his  wit" 
—fihakesp. :  At  You.  Like  It.  v.  4. 

4.  That  which  is  presented ;  a  present,  a  gift. 
IL  Technically: 
1.  Ecclesiastical: 

(1)  The  act  or  right  of  presenting  a  clergy- 
man, or  of  offering  him  to  the  bishop  or  ordi- 
nary for  institution  to  a  benefice. 

(2)  The  same  as  PRESENTMENT,  2. 

*'  When  the  bishop  is  also  the  patron,  and  confers  the 
living,  the  presentation  and  institution  are  one  and 
the  same  act."— Blackttone :  Comment.,  bk.  i.,  ch.  1TL 
II  Prior  to  the  abolition  of  patronage  in  th« 
Church  of  Scotland,  in  1874,  the  term  was 
applied  to  the  nomination  of  a  minister  by  • 
patron  to  be  pastor  of  a  congregation,  subject 
to  the  approval  of  the  Presbytery. 


fite,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father :  we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit.  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go.  pdt, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who.  son ;  mute,  cub,  euro,  unite,  cur,  rule,  fall  •  try,  Syrian,   as,  ce  -  e  ;  ey  -  a ;  q.u  =  kw. 


presentative— preserve 


8737 


2.  Obstetrics:  The  part  of  a  foetus  which  ia 
felt  presenting,  on  examination  per  vaginam. 
Presentations  are  of  three  kinds  :  (1)  Natural, 
when  the  head,  foot,  knee,  or  breech  pre- 
sents ;  (2)  Preternatural,  when  any  other  part 
presents,  necessitating  the  operation  of  turn- 
ing ;  (3)  Substituted,  when  any  portion  of  the 
presenting  mass  of  the  foetus  becomes  changed 
for  another. 

H  (1)  Bond  of  presentation : 

Scots  Law :  A  bond  to  present  a  'debtor  so 
that  he  may  be  subjected  to  the  diligence  of 
liis  creditor. 

(2)  Feast  of  the  Presentation :  [CANDLEMAS], 

(3)  Order  of  the  Presentation: 

Church  Hist.  :  An  order  of  nuns  founded  in 
Ireland  in  1777  by  Miss  Nano  Nagle  (1728-84), 
now  possessing  nearly  100  houses  in  that 
country,  America,  India,  and  Australia.  It 
was  at  first  an  institute  with  simple  vows, 
but  in  1805  Pius  VII.  raised  it  to  the  rank  of 
8  religious  order,  with  solemn  vows  and  strict 
enclosure.  The  nuns  take  a  fourth  vow,  bind- 
ing themselves  to  instruct  young  girls,  espe- 
cially the  poor,  in  the  principles  and  practices 
of  religion. 

presentation-copy,  *.  A  copy  of  a 
book  presented  to  a  person  by  the  author  or 
publisher. 

pre-sent'-a-tive,  a.    [PRESENTATION.] 
L  Ecclesiastical : 

1.  Having  the  right  of  presentation  to  an 
ecclesiastical  benefice. 

"  An  advowson  presentative  Is  where  the  patron 
hath  a  right  of  presentation  to  the  bishop  or  urdi- 
nary."— Bliickitone:  Comment.,  bk.  Ii.,  ch.  a 

2.  Admitting  of  the  presentation  of  a  clerk. 

"To  annex  the  same  to  the  vicarage,  and  to  make  it 
pretentative."— Spelman:  On  Tytties.  (PreL,  p.  Ixiii.) 

IL  Jfetaph. :  Capable  of  being  immediately 
apprehended. 

"A  presentative  revelation  implies  faculties  in  man 
which  can  receive  the  presentation."— Jiansel :  Bump- 
ton  Lectures,  L 

presentative-advowson,  s.    [Aovow- 

prescntativo  faculty,  -•. 
Metaph. :  The  faculty  for  acquiring  know- 
ledge. 

"The  latter  term,  Presentat if e-f acuity,  I  use  ...  in 

contrast  and  correlation  to  a  Representative  Faculty. 
It  is  sub-divided  into  two.  according  as  Its  object 
is  external  or  internal.  In  the  former  case  it  is  called 
External  Perception,  or,  simply.  Perception ;  In  the 
latter,  Internal  Perception,  Reflex  Perceptinii.  Internal 
Sense,  or,  more  properly.  Self  Consciousness."— Hamil- 
ton :  Melaphytia  (ed.  Mansel),  ii.  23. 

*  pres-en-tee',  s.  [Eng.  present,  v. ;  -««.]  One 
who  is  presented  to  an  ecclesiastical  benefice. 

"  Give  notice  to  the  patron  of  the  disability  of  hi* 
presentee."— Ayliffe :  Parergon. 

pre-sent' -er,  s.    [Eng.  present,  v. ;  -«r.]   One 

who  presents,  offers,  or  gives. 

"  The  presenter  was  rewarded  with  the  stroke  of  a 
sabre."— Reliquia  Wottvnianct,  p.  297. 

"  pre  sen  -tial  (ti  as  sh),  a.  [Eng.  present, 
a. ;  -in!.]  Supposing  or  implying  actual 
presence ;  present. 

•  prS-sen-ti-al'-J-tjf  (ti  as  shl),  s.    [Bug. 
presential ;    -ity.]     The  quality   or   state   of 
being  present,  presence. 

"  This  eternal,  indivisible  act  of  his  existence  makes 


*  prS-s en'-tial-ly  (tl  as  sh),  adv.     [Eng 
present ial ;  -ly.}    Inapresentialmanner;  with 
the  notion  or  state  of  actual  presence. 

"  All  spirits  that  around  their  rales  extoll 
Possesse  each  point  of  their  circumference 
Pretentious" 
More :  Immurt.  of  Ou  Soul,  pt.  iii..  c.  11.,  i.  28. 

*  prg-sen -ti-ate   (tl  as  shl),   v.t.     [Eng. 
present,  a.  ;  -iate.]    To  make  present. 

"  Perfection  to  prttmttate  them  all."— Orew  :  Cotmo. 
Sacra,  bk.  iii..  ch.  iv. 

*  pre-sSn  ti-ent  (ti  as  shl),  «•    [Lat.  prce- 
tentiens,   pr.  j&r.   of  prcesentio  =  to  feel  or 
perceive  beforehand.]    (PRESENTIMENT.)  Feel- 
ing or  perceiving  beforehand. 

•pre-sen-tJf'-Ic,  *  pre-sen-tfT-Ick, 
*  pre-sen-tlf -Ic-aJ,  o.  [Lat.  prcesens  = 
present,  and  facio  "=  to  make.]  Making 
present.  (Afore :  Defence  of  Philosophical  Coo- 
tola,  ch.  ii.) 

*  pre-sen-tlf  -ic-ly,  adv.     [Eng.  presentiflc ; 


•ly.]    In  a  presentific  manner ;  so  as  to  make 
present. 

"The  whole  evolution  of  times  and  ages  collectively 
and  pretentiflckly  represented  to  God  at  once,  and  ex- 
istent  before  him."— More :  Def.  of  Phil.  Cabbala,  ch.  ii. 

pre-sent  I-ment,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  prce- 
sentio •=.  to  feel  or  perceive  beforehand  :  prce 
=  before,  and  sentio  =  to  feel  or  perceive.) 

*  1.    Previous    perception,   conception,    or 
opinion  ;  previous  apprehension  of  something 
future. 

"  Reason  to  change  their  favourable  presentiments 
of  you."— Lord  Chesterfield :  Letters. 

2.  Anticipation  of  impending  evil ;  a  fore- 
boding; a  vague  or  undefined  antecedent 
impression  or  conviction  that  something 
calamitous  or  serious  is  about  to  happen. 

"  These  presentiment*  at  disaster  were  unfortunately 
justified."— Eiata.ce:  Itnly,  voL  iii.,  ch.  v. 

*  pre-sent-I-ment'-al,  a.  [Eng.  presenti- 
ment ;  -al.]  Pertaining  to,  or  having,  presenti- 
ments. 

pre-sent'-Ive,  a.  &  «.    [Eng.  present,  a. ;  -ive.] 

Grammar : 

A.  As  adj. :  A  term  applied  to  a  class  of 
words  which  present  any  conception  to, the 
mind.     The  things  presented  may  be  objects 
of   sense,   acts,   or  abstract  qualities.     Sub- 
stantives, adjectives,  adverbs,  and  most  verbs 
are  presentive  words.     Presentive  is  opposed  to 
symbolic  (q.v.). 

"  How  greatly  the  word  '  will '  is  felt  to  have  lost 
prftentiff.  power  iu  the  last  three  centuries."— Earle : 
Philology.  I  235. 

B.  As  subst. :  A  presentive  word. 

"In  English  prose  the  number  of  symbolic  words  Is 
generally  about  sixty  per  cent,  of  the  whole  number 
employed,  leaving  forty  per  cent,  for  the  presentivei." 
—Earle  :  Philology.  ^  244. 

pre-sent' -Ive-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  presentive;  -ly.] 
As  a  presentive  word  ;  with  presentive  force. 

"  I  have  let  the  word  '  home '  stand  once  preten- 
tively."— Earle:  Philology,  i  244. 

pre  sent-Ive-ness,  *.  [Eng.  presentive; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  presen- 
tive ;  presentive  power  or  force  ;  capability 
of  presenting  an  independent  notion  or  con- 
ception to  the  mind  or  to  the  imagination. 

"  The  word  'shall '  offers  a  good  example  of  the  move- 
ment from  preientieenea  to  symbolism."  —  Earle: 
PhUoloay.  §  235. 

pres'-ent-ly,  *  pres-ent-lie,  adv  [Eng. 
present,  a. ;  -ly.] 

*  1.  At  present ;  at  the  present  time ;  now. 

"  The  towns  and  forts  you  presently  have.** — Sidney  : 
Arcadia. 

2.  At  once ;  immediately,  directly,  forthwith. 

"  Pretently  I  Ay,  with  a  twink." 

ShaJcetp.  :  Tempest,  iv. 

3.  In  a  short  time ;  soon,  shortly ;  before  long. 

*  4.  With  actual  presence  ;  actually  present. 


pre-sent  ment,  *  pro   sent e  -  meat.  *. 
[Eng.  present,  v.  ;  -ment.] 
L  Ordinary  .Language : 

1.  The  act  of  presenting ;  presentation ;  the 
state  of  being  presented. 

"  Upon  the  heels  of  my  presentment." 

Shaketp.  :  Tinum  of  A  them,  I  L 

2.  Representation  ;  anything  presented  or 
exhibited ;  a  picture. 

"  The  Feast  of  the  Leafy  Pavilions 
Saw  we  in  living  presentment." 

LongfeUou  :  Children  of  the  Lonfi  Supper. 

3.  Conduct,  behaviour. 

"  In  his  presentment  as  a  member  of  society  he  should 
take  a  sacred  care  to  be  more  than  he  seems.'  —Blaclde  : 
Self-Culture,  p.  «. 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Law: 

(1)  (See  extract). 

"  A  pretentment  is  a  very  comprehensive  term :  in- 
cluding not  only  presentments  properly  so  called,  but 
also  Inquisitions  of  office  and  indictments  by  a  grand 
jury.  Properly  speaking,  it  Is  the  notice  taken  by  a 
grand  jury  of  any  offence  from  their  own  knowledge  or 
observation,  without  any  indictment  laid  before  them 
at  the  suit  of  the  crown  :  as  the  preirntmrnt  of  a 
nuisance,  a  libel,  and  the  tike;  upon  which  the  officer 
of  the  court  must  afterwards  frame  an  indictment, 
before  the  party  presented  can  be  put  to  answer  it."— 
Blackstone:  Comment.,  bk.  iv.,  ch.  23 

(2)  The  formal  information  to  the  lord  by 
the  tenants  of  a  manor  of  anything  done  out 
of  court. 

2.  Eccles.:  Complaints  lodged  by  the  authori- 
ties of  a  parish  before  the  archdeacon  or  bishop. 

3.  Comm. :  The  presenting  a  bill  of  exchange 
to  the  drawee  for  acceptance  or  to  the  acceptor 
for  payment. 


*  pres  -ent-neSS,   s.      [Eng.   present ;  -nest.) 
The  'quality  or  state  of  being  present ;  pres- 
ence. 

"Goring  had  a  much  better  understanding,  a  much, 
keener  courage,  and  pretentness  of  mind  in  uaii*:er  "— 
Clarendon  :0ivil  War.  ii.  555. 

presentoir  (as  pr  e -zant- war ),  s.    [Fr.J 
An  ornamental  cup, 
very   shallow,    and 
having  a  tall,  enriched  stem. 
It  was  a  decorative  article 
of  luxury,  serving  no  parti- 
cular use,  but  was  much 
fabricated  in  the  sixteenth 
century.    (Fairholt.) 

*  pre-se-pe,  *.   [PR^ECIPE.] 

t  pre-serv'-a-ble,  a.  [Eng. 
presence) ;      -able.]       __^ 
Capable    of    being 
ireserved  ;  adapted 


PRKSENTOIR. 

for,  or  admitting  of,  preservation  (q.v.), 

pres  -er-va'-tion,  s.  [Fr.,  from  preserver  = 
to  preserve  (q.v.);  Sp.  preservacion ;  Ital.  pre- 
servazione.} 

1.  The  act  of  preserving  pr  keeping  in  safety 
or  security  from  harm,  injury,  decay,  or  de- 
struction. 

"  In  their  dear  care 
And  preservation  of  our  person." 

Shakeip.  :  Henry  V..  IL  1 

2.  The  state  of  being  preserved  ;  escape  from, 
injury  or  danger ;  safety. 

"  I  mean  our  preservation." 

Shiikap.  :  Tempett.  Ii.  1. 

3.  The  state  or  condition  of  being  preserved 
from  decay,  damage,  or  destruction :  as,  a. 
picture  in  good  preservation. 

*  4.  One  who  or  that  which  preserves  or 
saves. 

5.  The  act  or  system  of  protecting  from 
being  hunted,  taken,  or  killed. 

"  The  success  which  has  attended  the  pretertation  at 
salmon  in  the  Usk."— Field,  Jan.  23,  1886. 

pre-serv'-a-tlve,  a.  &  s.  [Fr.  pretervatif; 
Sp.,  Port.,  &  Ital.  preservative.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Having  the  power,  quality,  or 
property  of  preserving,  or  keeping  safe,  a  per- 
son or  thing  from  injury,  decay,  corruption,, 
pr  destruction  ;  capable  of  preserving  ;  tend- 
ing to  preserve. 

"  Preservative  against  all  poisons.1*— Drayton  :  Poly. 
Olbion.  s.  8.  (Must.) 

B.  As  subst. :  Anything  which  preserves  or 
tends  to  preserve  against  injury,  decay,  cor- 
ruption, or  destruction ;  that  which  secures 
or  Keeps  something  else  iu  a  safe  and  sound 
state  ;  a  preventive  of  injury  or  decay. 

"  It  [religion]  Is  the  surest  bond  and  itreservativt  at 
society  in  the  world."— Sharp:  Sermons,  vol.  i.,  s«r.  2. 

•  pre-s  erv'-a-tor-jf,  o.  &  s.    [PRESERVE,  v.l 

A.  As  adj. :  Preserving,  preservative  ;  tend- 
ing to  preserve. 

"  But  all  this  while,  the  Intentions  and  indeavouro 
must  be  no  other  then  preservatory.~—Bp.  Hall :  Cant 
of  Conscience,  dec  2.  case  3. 

B.  As  subst. :  That  which  has  the  power  or 
property  of  preserving ;  a  preservative. 

"  Such  vain  presmatoriet  of  us.-—  trhitlock  :  Van- 
nen  of  the  English. 

pre-jerve',  v.t.  &  i.  [Fr.  prtsercer,  from  Lat^ 
pro;  =  beforehand,  andf>servo  =  to  keep  ;  Sp. 
&  Port,  preservar  ;  Ital  preservart.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  save  ;  to  keep  safe  or  secure  from  in- 
jury, loss,  or  destruction  ;  to  defend  or  guard 
from  harm,  evil,  or  hurt  ;  to  protect.  (Genesis 
xlv.  5.) 

2.  To  maintain  in  the  same  state ;  to  uphold, 
to  sustain,  to  protect.    (Psalm  xxxvi.  6.) 

3.  To  save  or  keep  from  decay  or  corruptioa 
by  means  of  some  preservative,  as  sugar,  salt, 
&C.  ;  to  keep  in  a  sound  state  :  as,  To  prtservr 
fruit. 

4.  To  keep  from  being  hunted,  taken,  or 
killed,  except  at  certain  seasons,  or  by  certain 
persons. 

"  Foxes  will  be  strictly  preserved  as  heretofore."— 
Field,  Feb.  27.  1880. 

6.  To  protect  the  game  or  fish  in. 

"  There  Is  no  better  preserved  wood  throughout  tfc» 
length  and  breadth  of  the  Hertfordshire  country."— 
field,  Feb.  13,  1886. 

B.  Intransitive: 

L  To  season  fruits,  ftc.,  for  preservation. 

"  To  make  perfumes,  distil,  preserve." 

Shakap. :  Cymoelin*  1.  S. 

2.  To  protect  game  for  purposes  of  sport. 


boil,  b£y ;  pout,  J6%1 ;  cat,  fell,  chorus,  fhin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this  ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  yenophon,  exist,    ph  =  fc. 
-«ian,  -tian  -  shan.    - tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  - tion,  -sion  =  lihun.    -cious,  -tious,  -•ion*  =  ahus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  de]» 


3738 


preserve— press 


tirS-serve',  ».    [PRESERVE,  v.] 

1.  That  which   is   preserved  ;   fruit  or  the 
like  seasoned  and  kept  from  decay  by  preserva- 
tive substances. 

"  The  fruit  with  the  busk,  when  Under  and  young, 
makes  &  good  preserve." —  *urtimer  :  J/usbandry. 

2.  A  place  in  which  game  is  preserved  for 
purposes  of  sport. 

preserved',  pa.  par.  &  a.    [PRESERVE,  v.] 

preserved  meat,  s.  Meat  preserved  by 
being  frozen  or  by  antiseptics.  It  was  first 
introduced  into  England  from  Australia  in 
Istjo,  and  from  America  about  1875. 

.pro-serv'-er,  s.     [Eng.  pretence),  v. ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  preserves,   protects,   or  saves 
from  injury,  hurt,  or  destruction  ;  a  saviour. 

"  The  Greeks'  preierrer,  great  Machaon." 

Pope  :  Homer;  Iliad  XL  724. 

2.  One  who  preserves  fruit,  &c. 

3.  One  who  preserves  game ;  a  game-pre- 
ierver. 

•*  prS-serv'-er-ess,  *.  [Eng.  preserver;  -ess.] 
A  female  preserver. 

"  Memory,  preterlrtsi  of  th'tvjs  done." 

Daniel :  Ciril  Wan.  1. 

3>r6'-ses,  s.  fLat.  prre*es,  from  pr&sideo.] 
[PRESIDE.!  One  who  presides  over  tlie  meet- 
ings or  deliberations  of  a  sor-i-tv  :  a  president 
or  chairman  of  a  meeting.  (Scotch.) 

"*  pro  Show',  v.t.  [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng.  show, 
v.  (q.v.).]  To  show  beforehand ;  to  foreshow. 

pre-Slde',  v.i.  [Fr.  primler,  from  Lat.  prce- 
siileo  —  to  sit  before :  prve  =  before,  and  sedeo  — 
to  sit;  Sp.  presidir;  Ital.  prtsedert.]  [PKESES.] 

1.  To  be  set  over  others  ;  to  have  the  place 
of  ruler,  moderator,  controller,  or  director, 
as  the  chairman  or  president  of  a  meeting, 
board,  &<•. ;  to  act  as  director,  controller,  or 
president :  as.  To  preside  at  a  public  meeting. 

2.  To  exercise  superintendence ;  to  watch 
over. 

"  God  himself  in  his  own  person  Immediately  prt- 
tided  over  them."— Scott :  Chrtttian  Life,  pt  ii..  ch.  Til. 

•  pros  I  den9e,  *.    [Fr.]    Superintendence, 
presidency. 

"  The  pr'ridmce  and  guidance  of  an  unseen  govern- 
ing power."—  WoUaMton  :  Kelijion  of  Nature.  }  5. 

S>rey-I-den-cjf,  s.    [Eng.  president ;  -cy;  8p. 
&  Port,  presideneia;  Ital.  presidenza.] 
•  1.  Superintendence  ;  control  and  care. 

"  The  presidency  and  guidance  of  some  superior 
agent."— Ray :  Creation,  pt  I. 

2.  The  office  of  a  president ;  as  of  the  repub- 
lic of  the  United  States,  of  France,  Switzer- 
land, Ac. 

3.  The  period  or  term  during  which  a  presi- 
dent holds  his  office ;  presidentship. 

4.  One  of  the  three  great  divisions  of  British 
India,  viz..  Calcutta,  Madras,  Bombay. 

"  Difficulties  of  communication  rendered  inter- 
course  between  the  Pretidenciet  slow."— Echo.  Sept.  7. 
IMS. 

pres'-I-dent,  *.  <t  a.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  preesi- 
dens,  pr.  par.  of  pr<Esideo  =  to  preside  (q.v.) ; 
8p.,  Port.,  &  Ital.  presidents.] 

A.  As  substantive : 

1.  One  who  is  appointed  to  preside  over  and 
control  the  proceedings  of  a  number  of  others : 
*«, 

(1)  The  chairman  or  chief  officer  of  a  com- 
pany, board,  society,  or  office  ;  as,  the  presi- 
•dent  of  an  insurance  company,  the  president 
of  the  Board  of  Trade. 

(2)  The  chief  officer  of  a  college  or  university. 
(S)  The  chairman  of  a  public  meeting. 

(4)  The  highest  officer  of  state  in  a  republic : 
-as,  the  President  of  the  United  States. 

t  The  office  of  President  of  the  United  Statee 
was  instituted  by  the  Constitution,  formed  in 
17-7,  under  which  General  Washington  be- 
came the  first  incumbent  of  the  office.  There 
have  been  to  the  present  date  23  Presidents  of 
this  country,  several  of  them  serving  for  two 
terms,  or  eight  years,  while  in  four  instances 
the  Vice- President  haa  succeeded  to  the  office 
through  the  death  of  the  President.  The  simi- 
lar officials  in  Switzerland  and  France,  in  like 
manner,  bear  the  title  of  President. 

Vice-President:  The  second  in  authority  to 
the  president. 

*  pres  I  dent-ess,  *.    [Eng.  president ;  -*».] 
A  female  president     (Mad.  d'Arblay :  Diary, 


pres  I-den  -tial  (ti  as  Sh),  a.     [Eng.  presi- 
dent; -ial.] 
*  1.  Presiding  or  watching  over  others. 


•_'.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  president:  as,  a 
presidential  chair. 

*  pres -I -dent -Ship,  ».      [Eng.  president; 
•ship.] 

1.  The  office  or  place  of  a  president ;  presi- 
dency. 

"To  hold  his  preridentthip  of  S.  John's  Coll.  In 
comiuendaui  with  It."—  H'o-*l:  Athena  Ox  m..  ii. 

2.  The  term  during  which  a  president  holds 
his  office. 

*  pre-sid'-er,  *.    [Ens.  presid(e);  -er.]    One 
who  presides  ;  a  president. 

"  The  hospitable  pretiilrr  is  never  so  happy  an  when 
surrounded  l>y  a  large  party  of  friends."— D.  Powell : 
Living  Aushort.  p.  192. 

*  pre-sld'-I-al,  a.     [I^at.  presidium  =  a  gar- 
rison.)   [PRKSIDE.]    Pertaining  to  a  garrison ; 
having  a  garrison. 

"  There  are  three  prrtidinl  castles  In  this  city."— 
Hovell  :  Lettert,  bk.  !.,  {  i..  let  33. 

*  pre-sid'-I-ar-jf,  a.  &  ».    [PRESIDIAU] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Presidial,  garrisoned. 

"  Ha'-lnu  "ear  upon  fifty  nretirliary  walled  towns 
in  their  hands."— Hnvell :  Lettert,  bk.  L,  S  ii.,  let  2i. 

B.  As  subst. :  A  guard. 

"  One  of  those  heavenly  )<retidiaritt."—Hall :  Con- 
temp. ;  Elitha  i  the  Auyriant. 

*  pres-i-die,  *.    [PRESIDIAL.]    A  garrison  ;  a 
fortified  town  or  place  ;  a  fortress. 

"  Seisfiiiour  Renzio  shall  He  in  a  preiidie.'— fox : 
Xarti/n,  p.  905. 

*pre-slg-nl-fi-ca'-tion,  s.    [Pref.  pre-, 
and  Eng.  signification  (q.v.).] 

1.  The  act  of  signifying  or  showing  before- 
hand. 

"Some  pretigniflcation  at  prediction."— Barrow; 
Sermoru,  voL  it.  ser.  9. 

2.  A  type,  an  emblem. 

"This  is  but  a  dark  pretignjflctMon  of  the  new 
wine  we  shall  drink  in  our  Father's  kingdom."— 
if  union:  Workt,  i.  117. 

*  pre-Slgf'-nl-fy,  v.t.     [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
s'ujnifii  (f|.v.).]     To  signify,  intimate,  or  de- 
note beforehand ;  to  presage. 

"  Prtrignifying  unlucky  event*."— Browne  :  Tutgar 
Errouri.  bk.  v.,  ch.  xxi. 

pre-sphe'-noid,  prre  -  sphe     noid,  a. 
[Pref.  pre-,  prce-,  and  Eng.  sphenoid.] 

Comp.  Anat. :  A  term  applied  to  the  centrum 
of  the  third  cranial  segment,  corresponding  to 
the  front  part  of  the  sphenoid  bone  in  man. 

t  pre-spin  -al,  o.  [Pref.  pre-, and  Eng.  spinal.] 
Anat. :  Situated  in  front  of  the  spine. 

press  (1),  *  pres,  v.t.  &  i.    [Fr.  presser=to 
press,  to  strain,  from  Lat.  presso,  a  frequent, 
from  pressus,  pa.  par.  of  premo  =  to  press.] 
A.  Transitive : 

1.  To  compress  with  force  or  weight ;  to  act 
upon  with  weight.    (Luke  vi.  38.) 

2.  To  squeeze,  to  crush;   to   extract   the 
juice  of  by  using  pressure.    (Genesis  xl.  11.) 

3.  To  embrace,  to  hug,  to  clasp  fondly. 

4.  To  bear  or  lie  upon. 

"  Pam'd  son  of  Hippasus !  there  prat  the  plain." 
Pope :  Homer  ;  Iliad  xi.  565. 

5.  To  be  urged  or  driven  against. 

"  My  spur  pretted  my  courser's  side.* 

Scott :  Rokeby,  i.  1». 

6.  To  crowd  upon  ;    to  throng   round   or 
against.    (Luke  viii.  45.) 

7.  To  follow  closely  upon  ;  to  keep  close  to. 

8.  To  urge,  to  ply  hard,  to  constrain ;  to 
plead  earnestly  with  ;  to  solicit  with  earnest- 
ness or  importunity. 

"  Preu  me  not"          Shaketp. :  Wtnter't  Tale,  i.  8. 

9.  To  urge  or  compel  the  acceptance  of ;  to 
offer  with  earnestness :   as,   He  pressed  the 
offer  on  me. 

10.  To  straiten,  to  distress  ;  to  weigh  or  bear 
down  upon.    (Psalm  xxxviii.  2.) 

11.  To  bear  hard  upon  ;  to  ply  hard. 

*  12.  To  affect,  strongly.    (Acts  xviii.  5.) 

13.  To  inculcate  with  earnestness  or  Im- 
portunity ;  to  enforce,  to  urge. 

"  The  President  had  not  Insisted  upon  pretting  views 
of  his  owi,.--flatfy  Telegraph.  Feb.  14,  1884. 

14.  To  offer  freely. 


*  15.  To  commit  to  the  press;  to  print. 

"The  discourse  upon  this  conference  staid  Ion* 
before  it  could  eudure  to  be  pressed." — HeyUn :  Lift 
of  Laud,  p.  121. 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  exert  pressure  ;  to  act  with  weight  or 
compressive  force. 

2.  To  throng,  to  push.     (.Mark  iii.  10.) 

3.  To  push  forward  towards  an  object ;  to 
strive  or  strain  eagerly  or  with  zeaL 

"  I  prett  toward  the  mark.  '—Phil.  ill.  14. 

4.  To  make  invasion  ;  to  encroach.    (Pope: 
Essay  on  Man,  i   w>  ) 

5.  To  push  forward  improperly  ;  to  intrude, 
to  pry. 


6.  To  bear  or  weigh  heavily  :  as,  His  diffi- 
culties are  pressing. 

*  7.    To  urge    with  .vehemence  or  impor- 
tunity ;  to  importune,  to  solicit  earnestly. 

"  He  pretted  upon  them  greatly,  and  they  turned  in 
nuto  him."— (jenriit  xix.  3. 

*  8.  To  act  with  weight  or  influence ;   to 
have  influence  or  moral  force. 

H  (1)  To  press  sail : 
Naut. :  To  crowd  sail.    [CROWD,  v.] 
(2)    To  press  upon :    To   attack  or  pursue 
closely ;  to  attack  violently. 

press  (2),  v.t.  [A  corrupt,  of  prest  =  ready, 
the  spelling  being  influenced  by  the  compul- 
sion used  in  forcing  men  to  enter  into  the 
naval  service.]  [PREST.] 

*  1.  To  hire  for  service  at  sea. 

"  I  was  prett  to  go  on  the  third  voyage."— Sackluut  : 
Voyage*,  lii.  487. 

2.  To  impress  ;  to  force  into  service,  espe- 
cially into  the  naval  service.    [IMPRESSMENT.] 

"  Her  husband  had  been  preued  aud  seut  to  sea."— 
Daily  Telegraph.  Oct  B,  18*5. 

*  3.  To  constrain,  to  oblige. 

"  I  was  prest  by  his  majesty's  commands,  to  assUt  at 
the  treaty."- -7Vnip/«.  Jlitcellaniet. 

press  (1),  *  prease,  *  preasse,  *  prees, 
*  pres,  *presse,  s.  [Fr.  ;>resse  =  a  press- 
ing, a  throng,  from  presser  =  to  press.  ]  [PRESS, 
(D,  •».] 

*  1.  A  crowd,  a  throng. 

"There  wes  a  great  prrate  about  the  king."— 
Orafton :  Chronicle ;  Edward  111.  (an.  SO). 

*  2.  A  hand-to-hand    fight ;    a    melee,    an 
affray. 

"  He  was  forced  to  retire  out  of  thepreate  and  fight." 
—Korth :  Plutarch,  p.  842. 

3.  The  act  of  pressing  or  pushing  forward ; 
a  crowding,  a  thronging. 

"  In  their  throng  and  prea  to  that  last  hold.' 

Shaketp. :  King  John,  v.  1. 

4.  Urgency,  pressure  ;  urgent  demands  ol 
business  or  affairs  :  as,  a  press  of  business. 

b.  An  instrument  or  machine  for  pressing, 
squeezing,  compressing  or  crushing  any  body 
or  substance,  or  for  forcing  it  into  any  desired 
and  more  compact  form.  Presses  are  oi 
various  forms,  according  to  the  particular 
uses  for  which  they  are  intended,  and  are 
usually  distinguished  by  a  descriptive  prefix  ; 
as,  a  printing-press,  an  hydraulic-»r«*»,  a 
cheese-press,  &c. 

6.  Specially  applied  to 

(1)  A  wine-press,  a  wine-vat. 

"  Thy  prettei  bunt  with  wine."— Prorerbi  ill.  10. 

(2)  A  printing-press  (q.v.). 

"All  the  prettei  and  pulpits  In  the  realm  took  part 
in  the  conflict"—  Jiacaulay :  Hist.  Eng.,  ch.  ii. 

(3)  In  photography,  a  printing-frame  (q.v.). 

7.  The  publications  of  a  country  collectively; 
printed  literature  in  general,  but  more  especi- 
ally applied  to  newspaper  literature  ;  the  peri- 
odical literature  of  a  country.    [NEWSPAPER.) 

"  The  eighty  or  ninety  reporters  for  the  prett  then 
in  Parliament."— Grant :  A'ewtpaper  Preu,  1.  tat. 

8.  Those  engaged  on  the  press  ;  espec.  re* 
porters  for  newspapers. 

9.  An  upriftht  case  or  closet  in  which  clothe* 
and  other  articles  are  kept. 

"A  cupboard  with  a  faire  pretu."— Foz :  H  irtyrt, 
,  P.  1.76L 

U  (1)  Censorship  of  the  press:  [CENSORSHIP]. 

(2)  Liberty  of  the  press:  [LIBERTY,  If  4J. 

(3)  Press  of  sail: 

Naut. :  As  much  sail  as  the  ship  can  carry. 

press-agent,  s.  One  who  attends  to  the 
newspaper  advertising  of  a  theatrical  company. 

press-cake,  s.    [MILL-CAKE,  1.] 


fite,  tat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p8t, 
or.  wore,  wolf;  work,  whd,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule*  full ;  tryt  Sjrrian.    so,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


press— prest 


press-keys,  s.  pi.    Brass  keys  to  hold 
tightly  the  strings  in  a  sewing-press. 

press-pack,  v.t.    To  compress  by  an  hy- 
draulic or  other  press  :  as,  To  press-pack  wool. 

press-pin,  *.    The  iron  lever  of  a  screw- 
press. 

press-printing,  5. 

Porcelain:  One  of  the  modes  of  printing 
porcelain.     The  process  is  applied  to  biscuit. 

press-room,  s. 

1.  Ord.   Lang.  :  The  room  in  a  house    in 
which  presses  for  any  purpose  are  kept. 

2.  Print.  :  The  room  where  the  press-work 
is  done,  as  distinguished  from  the  composing- 
room,  ic. 

press-wheel  roller,  s. 


.  :  A  roller  constructed  of  a  series  of 
wheels  which  combine  to  form  a  rolling  ridge 
and  hollow  face,  and  avoid  clogging,  or  the 
necessity  for  a  scraper  to  clean  the  roller. 

press-work,  s. 

1.  Joinery  :  Cabinet  work   of  a  number  of 
successive  veneers  crossing  grain,  and  united 
by  glue,  heat,  and  pressure. 

2.  Print.  :  The  act  or  process  of  taking  im- 
pressions from  type,  &c.,  by  means  of  a  press  ; 
the  print  ng-oft  of  a  forme  by  hand-press. 

*  press  yard,  s.    A  room  or  yard  in  New- 
gate in  which  aroused  persons  who  refused  to 
answer  were  subjected  to  the  penalty  of  peine 
forte  etdure(q.v.) 

"  We  have  still  in  Newgate  what  is  called  the  prett- 
ya.rd.~-  Blaclutons  :  Comment.,  DSL  IT.,  ch.  26. 

pr$ss  (2).  .«.    [PRESS  (2),  v.]    A  commission  or 
order  to  press  or  force  men  into  service. 

"I  have  misused  the  king's  press."—  Shnkesp.  :  1 
Henry  /I'.,  iv.  2. 

press-gnng,  s.  A  detachment  of  seamen 
under  an  officer  empowered  to  press  or  force 
men  into  the  naval  service.  (English.) 

"They  heard  that  the  prets-gangt  were  out"— 
Harryat  :  Peter  Simple,  ch.  x. 

*  press-master,  s.    The  leader  of  a  press- 
gang.    (UUrfry:  Collin's  Walk,  ii.) 

*  press-money,  s.    Prest-money  (q.v.). 

"I  never  yet  did  take  press-money." 

CartvrigM  :  Ordinary,  HL  L 

pres-san'-te,  adv.    [Ital.] 

Music:  Pressing  on,  hurrying  the  time. 
pressed,  pa.  par.  or  a.    [PRESS  (1),  v.] 

pressed  brick,  s.  A  brick  forcibly  com- 
pressed, when  nearly  dry,  into  a  metallic 
mould  This  gives  a  smooth  face,  and  leaves 
the  arrises  very  sharp. 

pressed  glass,  s.  Glass  brought  to 
shape  in  a  mould  by  a  plunger. 

press  -er,  *  press-our,  s.    [Eng.  press  (1), 
v.  ;  -er.] 

1.  Ordinary  Language  : 

*  1.  One  who  or  that  which  presses. 

"Of  the  ntufta  I  give  the  profits  to  dyen  and 
pressert.  "—Swift. 

2.  One  who  presses,  urges,  or  enforces  any- 
thing by  argument. 

*  3.  A  wine-press. 

"The  prraour  of  wlyn  of  strong  ueniaunce  of  the 
wrathe  uf  alinyghti  God.-—  Wycltfe  :  ApocaUpt  ziz. 

4.  A  form  of  ironing-machine. 
H.  Technically  : 

1.  Knitting:  The  bar  in  a  knitting-machine 
which  drives  the  barb  of  the  needle  into  the 
groove  of  the  shank  in  order  to  let  off  the  loop. 

2.  Sewing-mach.  :  The  foot-piece  in  a  sewing- 
machine  which  rests  upon  the  cloth  to  hold  it 
steady  while  the  needle  penetrates  and  with- 
draws, and  then  rises  to  allow  the  cloth  to  be 
fed  ;  a  presser-foot. 

3.  Spinning: 

(1)  The  pressure-roller  of  a  drawing-frame. 

(2)  The  spring-finger  of  a  bobbin-frame. 
presser  bar,  s. 

Kniiiing-mach.  :  A  bar  which  presses  upon 
the  barb  of  the  hook,  so  as  to  close  it  against 
the  shank  of  the  needle. 

presser  flier,  s. 

Spinning  : 

1.  A  machine  fitted  with  the  fliers  described 
under  2. 

2.  A  flier  with  a  spring  arm  pressing  upon 
the  bobbin  upon  which  it  delivers  the  yarn. 


presser-foot,  s.    [PRESSER,  II.  2.] 
presser  frame,  s. 

Spinning:  A  frame  furnished  with  presser- 
fliers.  [PRESSER-FLIER,  2.] 

*  press'  -fat,  s.  [Eng.  press  (2),  s.,  and  fat  = 
a  vat.l  The  vat  of  a  wine-  or  olive-press  for 
the  collection  of  oil  or  wine.  (Haggai  ii.  16.) 

press  ing,  pr.  par.  &  o.     [PRESS  (1),  v.] 

A.  As  pr.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  A  s  adjective  : 

1.  Urgent,     important  ;    demanding     im- 
mediate attention. 

"  There  is  room  for  economy  in  works  of  a  less 
pretting  kind."—  Times.  March  M,  1886. 

2.  Urging,  importuning. 

"The  pretoing  questions  of  the  divines.  "—ilacaulay  : 
Hist.  Eng.,  ch.  iv. 

If  Pressing  to  death  :  [Peine  forte  et  dure], 

pressing-bag,  ».  The  horsehair  cloth 
bag  in  which  flaxseed  or  stearic  acid  is  pressed. 

pressing-board.  • 

1.  An  ironing-board  upon  which  seams  are 
pressed. 

2.  Bookbinding:  A  board  placed  between  a 
layer  of  books  when  piled  in  the  standing- 
press  (q.v.). 

pressing-plate,  .«.  A  follower-board  in 
an  oil-press  ;  board  and  bags  of  the  material 
alternate. 

pressing-roller,  s. 

1.  A  wire-gauze  roller  which  takes  up  the 
moisture  from  the  felted  pulp  in  paper-malcing. 

2.  The  roller  which  presses  the  sheet  of 
damp  paper  to  remove  moisture. 


g-l^,  adv.     [Eng.  pressing  ;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  pressing  manner  ;  urgently,  import- 
antly, busily.    (Southey  :  Letters,  iv.  451.) 

*  2.  Shortly,  quickly. 

"The  one  contract*  his  words,  speaking  pretring'j." 
—HotseU. 

*  press'  -ion  (ss  as  sh),  s.    [Lat.  prtssio,  from 
press  us,   pa.   par.  of  premo  =  to  press  ;    Fr. 
pression.] 

*  1.  Ord  Lang.  :  The  act  of  pressing  ;  press- 
ure. 

"If  light  consisted  only  in  prettion.'—lfevton: 
Optics. 

2.  Cartesian  Philos.  :  An  endeavour  to  move. 

t  pres-sl-ros'-ter,  s.  [PRESSIROSTRES.]  Any 
individual  of  the  Pressirostres. 

t  pres-sl-ros'-tral,  a.  [Mod.  Lat.  pressi- 
rostr(es)  ;  Eng.  stiff,  -al.]  Belonging  to,  or 
having  the  characteristics  of,  the  Pressirostres 
(q.v.). 

t  pres-sl-ros'-tres,  s.  pi  [Lat  pressus  = 
flattened,  compressed,  and  rostrum  =  a  beak.] 
Ornith.  :  A  section  of  the  old  order  Gralla- 
tores.  Bill  moderate,  seldom  longer  than 
head,  with  tip  protracted,  hard,  compressed, 
somewhat  tumid  behind  the  nostrils.  Feet 
elongate  ;  toes  somewhat  short,  almost  always 
connected  at  the  bases  by  membrane  ;  hallux 
in  some  resting  on  point  only,  in  many  absent. 

*  press   i  tant,  a.    [PRESS  (1),  *.]    Gravitat- 
ing, heavy. 

*  press'-ive,  a.    [Eng.  press  (1),  v.  ;  -ivt.} 

1.  Oppressive,  burdensome. 

"The  taxations  wen  so  prettite.'-^Bp.  Halt:  Cork 
tempi.  ;  Kehuboam. 

2.  Pressing,  urgent,  important;  demanding 
immediate  attention. 

•press'-lf,  *pres-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  press  (l), 
s.  ;  -/j/.]  With  compression  ;  closely,  concisely. 

"  No  man  ever  spake  more  neatly,  more  pretty,  more 
weightily."—  Sen  Jonson  :  Discoveries. 

press'  -man  (1).  ».  [Eng.  pro*  (1),  s-i  and 
man.) 

1.  One  who  attends  to  a  printing-press. 

"The  prttsmnn  begins  the  work  by  printing  a  dozen 
flat  proofs  of  the  cut  on  different  thicknewes  of  fine 
paper."—  Scribner't  Magazine,  May,  1880.  p.  40. 

2.  A  journalist,  a  reporter. 

"  A  sporting  reporter  was  on  his  way  with  another 
prettmnn."—  Beta,  April  15.  18M. 

*  3.  One  enjjaged  in  a  wine-press. 

"One  only  path  by  which  the  pressman  came." 
Chapman:  ffomer  ;  Iliad  iviii.  SIS. 

*  press  man  (2),  s.    [Eng.  press  (2),  v.,  and 
man.] 


1.  A  member  of  a  press-gang  ;  one  who  im- 
presses men. 

2.  One  who  is  pressed  into  the  public  service. 

3.  A  man  ready  for  service. 

*  press' -ness,  s.    [Eng.  press  (l),  v.  •  -neu.i 
The  state  of  being  pressed :  closeness,  comprea- 
siou  ;  condensation  of  thought  or  language. 

*  press-our, s.    [PRESSER.  ] 

*  press' -ur-age,  •  press  -er-age  (age  a* 
Ig),s.     [Fr.] 

1.  The  act  of  pressing  ;  pressure. 

"  A  gret  presseratie  of  teres  that  of  the  sorwe  uv 
messanitere.  —  De  Deguiletilt :  Pilgrimage  of  the  .Van. 
Juxte,  p.  184. 

2.  The   juice    of   the    grape    extracted  b> 
pressure. 

3.  A  fee  paid  to  the  owner  of  a  wine-presfc. 
for  its  use. 

press  -ure  (ss  as  sh),  *.     [O.  Fr.,  from  Lat- 
pressure,    orig.    fetn.  sing,  of  pressure,  fut- 
part,  of  premo  =  to  press  ;  Ital.  presswro.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  constraining,  compressing,  squeezing^ 
Or  crushing ;    the  state  of  being  pressed  or 
compressed.    (Longfellow:  Dedication.) 

2.  A  state  of  difficulty  or  embarrassment  i 
severity,  difficulty,  or  gi ievousness,  as  of  per- 
sonal affairs ;  straits,  difficulties,  distress. 

"Sorrow  and  her  saddest  pressures."— Bp.  Taylor? 
Sermons,  vol.  Hi.,  wr.  7. 

3.  A  constraining,  compelling,  or  impelling; 
force  ;  that  which  constrains  the  intellectual 
or  moral  faculties. 

"  He  had  no  painful  prttsure  from  without." 

irordsttvrth  :  Excursion,  bk,  L 

4.  Urgency  ;  pressing  or  urgent  demand  oik 
one's  time  or  attention  :  as,  a  p-essure  of  busi- 
ness. 

*  5.  An  impression  ;  a  stamp ;  *  character 
impressed. 

"  All  saws  ol  books,  all  forms,  all  prestum  p»«t~ 
Shalaup.  :  Hamlet,  \.  S. 

•6.  A  wine-press  ;  a  press. 

"  An  housbondeman  that  plauntide  a  vineyerd  an4> 
...  dalfeaprewuretherynne."—  Wycltfe:  J/att.xii.M. 

II.  Technically  : 

1.  Gtnl. :  Pressure  is  one  of  the  great  agencies* 
in  solidifying  rocks. 

2.  Mech. :  The  force  exerted  by  one  body- 
on  another  by  weight  or  the  continued  appli- 
cation of  power.    [HYDROSTATICS.] 

IT  If  a  body  be  compressed  int«  smaller 
space,  its  temperature  rises  as  the  volume* 
diminishes.  Pressure  is  a  source  also  of  elec- 
tricity. 

IT  (1)  A tmotpheric  pressure  :  [ATMOSPHERIC^. 

(2)  Centre  of  pressure :  [CENTRE,  s.  III.  (301, 
(31)]. 

pressure-filter,  *.  A  filtering-chamber 
placed  in  a  pipe  under  a  head  of  water. 

pressure-frame,  s.    [PRIXTINO-FRAMK.I 
pressure-gauge,  s. 

1.  Steam-tng. :    A  gauge  for  indicating  the 
pressure  of  steam  in  a  boiler.    [MANOMETEB.} 

2.  Naut.  :  A  deep-sea  pressure-gauge  is  on» 
which  is  constructed  for  measuring  depths  by 
the  amount  of  compression  to  which  the  con- 
tained fluid  is  subject  when  submerged. 

pressure  -  sensations,  s.  p.'.     [SENS** 

TION.] 

t  prest,  pret.  &  pa,  par.  of  v.    [PRESS  (1),  v.] 

'prest,  a.,  s.,  &  adv.  [O.  Fr.  pres^  =  (a.)ready.. 
(s.)  a  loan,  ready  money  ;  Fr.  pret  =  ready.f 
[PREST,  v.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Ready,  in  readiness ;  prortpt,  quick,  pre- 
pared. 

"•  Howe'er  we  stand  prepar'd.  vrttt  for  oar  loam**.4 
Beaum,  i  net.  :  Wild  (foots  Chats,  r.  i. 

2.  Neat,  tight,  tidy. 

**  More  people,  more  handsome  and  prest 
V here  find  ye  T  *          Tutter :  Husbandry.  Ixtti.  T. 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  Ready  money  ;  a  loan  of  money. 
"Reqniring  of   the  citle  a  prest  of  six  thoawn* 

marks.  -^Saom :  ffenry  VII.,  p.  15. 

2.  A  dnt.y  in  money  to  be  paid  by  the  sheriA 
on  his  account  in  the  exchequer,  or  for  money 
left  or  remaining  in  bis  rnnds. 

C.  As  adv. ;   Quickly,    readily,    Dromptly, 
immediately. 


boil,  boy ;  poUt,  Jowl ;  cat,  90!!,  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    - 
-«Un,  -tian  =  shan.   -tion,  -sion  _  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  --  zhun.     cious,  -tious,    sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  -  Del,  del. 


3740 


prest— presumptive 


prest-money,  s.  Money  paid  to  men 
who  enlist  into  the  public  service  ;  pri-ss- 
money.  (So  called  because  those  who  receive 
it  are  to  be  prest  or  ready  when  called  on.) 

*  prest,  r  t.     [O.  Fr.  prester  (Fr.  prefer),  from 
Lat.  prceato  =  to  become  surety  for,  to  give,  to 
provide  .   pros  =  before,  and  sto  =  to  stand  ; 
Ital.  prestiire  =  to  lend.]    To  offer  or  give  as  a 
loan  ;  to  lend. 

"  Suche  summes  of  money,  as  for  the  sayd  marlage 
before  time  li.ul  ben  disbursed,  or  Crested  out  in  lone." 
—Hall:  Kaward  If.  (an.  B). 

prest  able,  a.  [O.  Fr.]  Payable;  capable 
of  being  made  good. 

pres'-tant, ».    [Fr.] 

Music:  The  open  diapason  of  an  organ, 
sometimes  of  sixteen  feet,  sometimes  of  eight 
feet  in  length. 

*  pres-ta'-tion,  s.     [Fr.,  from  Lat.  prcestatio 
=  a  giving,  a  providing  ;  prcesto  =  to  give,  to 
provide.]    [PREST,  v. ]    A  payment  of  money; 
purveyance.    (Cowell.) 

prestation  money,  s.  A  sum  of  money 
paid  yearly  by  archdeacons  and  other  digni- 
taries to  their  bishop. 

*  pres'-ter  (1),  s.     [Gr.,  from  Trpr/Su  (pretho)  = 
to  kindle.] 

1.  A  meteor   or  exhalation  formerly  sup- 
posed  to   be  thrown   from  the  clouds   with 
such  violence  that  by  collision  it  is  set  on  fire. 

2.  One  of  the  veins  of  the  neck,  which 
swells  when  a  person  is  angry. 

*  pros' -ter  (2),  «.     [A  contract,  of  presbyter 
(q.  v.). J     A  priest. 

Prester  -  John, 

«. 

1.  A  mythical  de- 
scendant of  O^ier  the 
Dane,  believed  in  the 
nii'Ulleagesto  rule  as 
a  Christian  sovereign 
and  priest  somewhere 
in  the  interior  of  Asia. 

2.  Her. :  A  Prester- 
Jnhn  is  borne  in  the 
arms  of  the  See  of 
Chiehester. 

pre-ster'-num,  praB-steV-num,  s.  QPref. 
pre-,  prce-,  and  Mod.  Lat.  sternum  (q.v.).J 

Comp.  Anat. :  The  anterior  portion  of  the 
"breast  bone  as  far  back  as  the  articulation  of 
the  second  rib.  I<  corresponds  to  the  manu- 
brium  sterni  in  man. 

pros  tezz  -a  (zz  as  tz), s.    [Ital.] 

Music :  Haste,  hurry,  or  quickness  of  move- 
ment or  execution. 

*  preo-tf-dlg'-It-al,  a.     [Lat.    prcesto  =  at 
nand,  ready,  and  Eiig.  digital.]  Having  fingers 
fit  for  juggling. 

"  The  second  hit  prestidigital  hand."— Made  Jfever 
too  late  to  Mend.  cli.  vi. 

prSs-tJ-dlg-I-ta'-tion,  *.  [Lat.  prcesto  =  at 
hand,  ready,  and  digitits  =  ti  finger]  [PRES- 
TIOIATION.J  Bleight  of  hand;  legerdemain, 
juggling. 

pres-ti'-dlg'-l'-ta-tdr,  *.  [PRESTJDIOITA- 
Tiox.j  One  who  practises  or  is  skilled  in 
prestidigitation  ;  a  juggler. 

'pres-tl-dJg-I-ta-tbr'-i-al,  a.     [Eng. 

prestidigitator;    -ial.]      Of  or    pertaining    to 
prestidigitation  or  legerdemain. 

pros  tige,  pres  tige',  *.     [Fr.  =  fascina- 
tion,   manic   spell,   magic  power,   from   Lat. 
prcestii/ium  =  a  deceiving  by  juggling  tricks, 
a  delusion;  prcRstigiae  =  tricks,  trickery:  prce 
=  Iwfore,  and  stig-,  root  of  stinguo  =  to  ex- 
tinguish ;    allied    to    Gr.    <niC,<a    (stizo)  =  to 
Erick  ;  Eng.  stick.    Prestige  is  one  of  the  rare 
istances  of  a  word  acquiring  a  good  in  place 
of  a  bad  meaning.     Ital  &  Sp.  prrstigio.] 

*  1.  An  illusion,  a  trick,  a  juggling  trick,  a 
delusion,  an  imposture. 

"The  sophisms  of  infidelity,  and  the  prettigei  of 
Imposture.'1—  Warburton  :  Work*,  vol.  in.,  «er.  4. 

2.  Influence  or  weight  derived  from  former 
feme,  excellence,  <>r  achievements  ;  influence 
or  weight  arising  from  a  confident  expectation 
of  future  successes  or  triumphs  derived  from 
previous  achievements. 

"The  power  and  prestige  which  it  him  gained  through 
the  success  of  the  present  strike  is  prodigious."—  rimei, 
March  26,  1886. 


*  pres-tig'-I-ate,  v.t.    [PRESTIGIATION.]    To 
deceive,  to  cheat.    (Dent:  Pathway  to  Heaven, 
p.  10.) 

*  pres-tlg-l-a -tion,  s.      [Lat.   pramtigire  = 
tricks.]    [PRESTIGE.]    The  acting  or  playing 
of    legerdemain ;   juggling,  trickery,   presti- 
digitation. 

"  Divers  kinds  of  fascinations,  'ncantations,  pr*. 
ttigiatwn*."—Bowell :  L.tttrt,  ill  23. 

*  pres-tlg'-l-a-tor,    s.      [Lat.    prrestigiator, 
from  prceatigiae  =  tricks.]    A  juggler,  a  cheat. 

"This  cunning  prettigtator  (tue  devil)  '—More: 
Ml/tiers/  of  Godlinett. 

•pres-tlg'-I-a-tor-y,  o.  [Eng.  prestigiator ; 
-y.]  Juggling,  cheating,  deceiving. 

"  Petty,   low.  and    useless   preitigiatory   tricks."— 

*  pres -tig1- ious,  *  pres-ti-gy-ous,  a. 

[Lat.   prcestigionus,   from  prcestigice  —  tricks.] 
Cheating  ;  practising  cheating  or  tricks. 

"  The  prfitiffiont  conveyance  of  a  mysterious  witch- 
craft."— Cott on  Mather:  Memorable  Providence*  (ed. 
1689),  p.  43. 

pres'-tl-mon-y,  s.  [Fr.  prestimonie,  from 
Low  Lat.  proestimonium,  from  Lat.  prcesto  •=. 
to  afford,  to  provide.] 

Canon  Law:  A  fund  for  the  support  of  a 
priest,  appropriated  by  the  founder,  but  not 
erected  into  any  title  or  benefice,  and  not 
subject  to  the  pope  or  the  ordinary,  but  of 
which  the  patron  is  collator. 

pres-tis'-sl-mo,  adv.    [Ital.] 
Music  :  Very  fast  indeed. 

*  presf  -1$,  adv.  [Eng.  prest,  a. ;  -ly.]  Quickly. 


pres'-to,  adv.  [Ital.,  from  Lat.  prcesto  =  at 
hand,  ready.]  [PREST,  a.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Quickly,  at  once. 

If  Now  only  used  by  jugglers  as  a  word  of 
command  for  sudden  changes. 

2.  Music :  Fast,  quickly  :  presto  assai  =  very 
fast. 

*  pre  stric'-tion,  *.     [Lat.    prcestrictio  =  a 
Dinding  up,  from  prcestrictus,  pa.  par.  of  prce- 
stringo  =  to  tie  or  bind  up,  to  make  blunt  or 
dim.)    An  obstruction  of  the  sight ;  dimness 
or  dulness  of  sight. 

"  It  is  feared  you  have  Balaam's  disease,  a  pearl  in 
your  eye,  Mammon's  prettriction."— Milton .  Animad- 
vertion,  ic. 

*  pre-Stud'-j^,  v.t.    [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng.  study, 

v.  (q.v.).]    To  study  beforehand. 

"He  ...  preached  what  he  had  prettudied." — 
Fuller  :  Worthiet,  i.  165. 

prest-wl^h'-I-a,  s.  [Named  after  Mr.  Joseph 
Prestwich,  Professor  of  Geology  at  Oxford. 
He  was  appointed  in  1874.] 

Palceont.  :  A  genus  of  Xiphosura  (q.v.). 
Known  British  species  three,  from  the  Car- 
boniferous Rocks. 

*  pre-sul-tor,  s.    [Lat.  prassultor,  from  prce 
—  before,  and  salio  =  to  leap,  to  dance.]    A 
leader  or  director  of  a  dance. 

"  The  Coryphaeus  of  the  world,  or  the  precentor  and 
pretultor  of  ii."—Cadtmrth  :  Inteli,  Syitem.  p.  897. 

pre-sum -a-ble,  a.  [Eng.  presum(e);  -able.] 
That  may  be  presumed  or  supposed  to  be  true, 
or  entitled  to  belief,  without  direct  evidence 
or  enquiry  ;  such  as  may  be  assumed  or  taken 
as  granted.  - 

pre-sum'-a-bly,  adv.  [Eng.  presumable); 
-ly.]  In  a  presumable  manner  or  degree  ;  ac- 
cording to  or  by  presumption. 

"  Authors  presumably  writing  by  common  placet 
break  forth  at  last  into  useless  rhapsodies."— Browne: 
Vulgar  Emiur*.  bk.  i ,  ch.  viii. 

pre  -  same',  v.t.  &  i.     [Fr.  prt&imer,  from  Lat. 
prcKumo  —  to  take  beforehand,  to  anticipate, 
to  presume :  prce  —  before,  and  SM  mo  —  to  take ; 
Sp.  &  Port,  presumir ;  Ital.  presumere.] 
A.  Transit 

*  1.  Lit. :  To  take  or  assume  beforehand  ;  to 
venture  on  without  leave  previously  obtained. 

"  Bold  deed  thou  hast  presumed." 

Miltnn  :  P.  L.,  U.  921. 

2.  Fig. :  To  assume ;  to  take  for  granted 
without  previous  enquiry  or  examination  ;  to 
hold  or  regard  as  true,  false,  Ate.,  on  probable 
or  reasonable  grounds ;  to  infer. 

"  Every  man  is  to  be  prrtumed  innocent  till  be  U 
found  guilty."— BlacJatone  :  Comment. 


B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  suppose  or  believe  without  previous 
enquiry  or  examination  ;  to  infer  or  assume 
on  probable  or  reasonable  grounds  but  without 
direct  or  positive  evidence. 

"  Pretume  not  that  I  am  the  thing  I  was." 

Shake*?. :  2  Henry  ir.,  v.  *. 

2.  To  venture  without  previous  leave  given 
or  asked  ;  to  take  the  liberty  ;  to  go  beyond 
what  is  justifiable  or  permissible  ;  to  be  or 
make  bold  ;  to  be  presumptuous. 

"  Dare  he  firetume  to  scorn  us  in  this  manner  T" 

Shaket)i  :  S  Henri/  fl..  iii  S. 

3.  To  form  over-confident  or  arrogant  ideas  ; 
hence,   to  act   upon  such   over-confident  or 
arrogant  conclusions ;  to  make  unjustifiable 
advances   on  an  over-confident  or  arrogant 
opinion  of  one's  self  or  of  one's  powers,  rights, 
&c.    (Followed    by   on  or  upon    before    th« 
cause  of  over-confidence  ;  formerly  it  was  also 
followed  by  of.) 

'•  Pretumina  on  an  ague's  privilege." 

Shaketp. :  Richard  II..  11.  1. 

4.  To  act  in  a  presumptuous,  forward,  inso- 
lent, or  arrogant  manner;  to  transgress  the 
bounds  of  reverence,  respect,  or  courtesy  ;  to 
behave  with  assurance  or  arrogance.  (Milton: 
P.  L.,  viii.  121.) 

*  5.  To  commit  presumptuous  sin. 
"  To  inrrtume.  ur  to  commit  a  presumptuous  •in,"— 
South:  Sermon*,  vol.  vii.,  ser.  10. 

pre-sumed',  pa.  par.  or  o.    [PRESUME.] 

pre-sum'-ed-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  presumed;  -ly.) 
By  presumption ;  presumably. 

pre-sum'-er,  s.  [Eng.  presume);  -er.]  One 
who  presumes  ;  an  arrogant  or  presumptuous 
person.  (South:  Sermons,  vol.  vii.,  ser.  11.) 

pre-sum'-ihg,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [PRESUME.] 

pre-sum'-ing-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  presuming: 
-ly.]  In  a  presuming  or  presumptuous  man- 
ner ;  presumptuously. 

pre-sump  -tion  (mp  as  m),  *  pre-sum- 
ci-oun,  *  pre-sum  ci  un,  s.  [O.  Fr.  pn* 

sumpcion  (Fr.  presomption),  from  Lat.  prce- 
sumptionem,  accus.  of  prresumptio  =  a  taking 
before,  a  presuming,  from  prcesumptus,  pa. 
par.  of  prcesumo  —  to  presume  (q.v.) ;  Sp.  pre- 
suncion ;  Ital.  presunzione.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The   act   of   presuming ;    assuming   o» 
taking  anything  as  true,  false,  granted,  Ac., 
without  previous  enquiry   or   examination ; 
assumption  or  supposition  of  the  truth  or 
existence  of  something  based  on  probable  or 
reasonable  grounds,  but  not  on  direct  or  posi- 
tive proof  or  evidence. 

2.  A  ground  or  reason  for  presuming ;  an 
argument,   strong,    but  not   demonstrative ; 
strong  probability. 

"  A  strong  pretumptinn  that  God  hath  not  moved 
their  hearts  to  think  such  things  as  be  Imth  not  enabled 
them  to  prove."— Hooker  :  Ecctet.  Polity. 

3.  That  which    is  presumed  or  assumed ; 
that  which  is  supposed  or  taken  as  true  or 
real  without  direct  or  positive  evidence. 

4.  Blind,  headstrong,  or  unreasonable  con- 
fidence :  over-confidence,  presiimptuousness ; 
boldness  in  doing  or  venturing  to  do  anything 
without  reasonable  probability  of  success. 

5.  Assurance,  arrogance  ;  an  overstepping 
of  the  bounds  of  reverence,  respect,  or  cour- 
tesy ;  impudence,  effrontery. 

"  Let  my  pretumption  not  provoke  thy  wrath." 

Shalcetp.  :  1  Henri/  IV.,  U.  S. 

II.  Law :  In  the  absence  of  direct  evidence 
that  which  comes  nearest  to  the  proof  of  ft 
fact.  Presumptions  are  of  three  degrees  : — 
Violent,  in  which  those  circumstances  appear 
which  necessarily  attend  the  fact;  probable, 
arising  from  such  circumstances  as  usually 
attend  the  fact ;  and  li^ht  (without  validity} 
A  presumption  "juris  et  de  jure  "  (of  law  and 
from  law)  is  where  law  or  custom  assumes 
the  fact  to  be  so  on  a  presumption  which  can- 
not be  traversed  by  contrary  evidence.  A 
presumption  "Juris"  (of  law)  is  one  estab- 
lished in  law  until  the  contrary  is  proved.  A 
prf>umption  "hominis  vel  judicis"  (of  the 
man  or  judge)  is  one  which  is  not  necessarily 
conclusive,  though  no  proof  to  the  contrary 
be  adduced. 


pre-sihnp'-trve  (p  silent),  a. 
tif;  Sp.  (k  Ital.  presuntivo.] 


[Pr.  presomp- 


1.  Presumed  ;  taken  by  previous  supposi- 
tion or  assumption. 


Ate,  lat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wgt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p6t, 
•c,  wore,  W9lf,  work,  who,  son;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    so,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


presumptively— pretension 


3741 


2.  Based  on  presumption  or  probability ; 
prol>able  ;  grounded  on  probable  or  reasonable 
grounds,  though  not  directly  or  positively 
proved ;  proving  circumstantially  not  directly. 

"  A  strong  prrmmptire  proof  that  bin  interpreta- 
tion of  Scripture  is  not  the  true  cue."  —  Water/and  : 
Work*,  i.  821. 

*  3.  Unreasonably  confident ;  arrogant,  pre- 
tumptuous. 

presumptive-evidence,  s. 

Law:  Evidence  derived  from  presumptions 
or  circumstances  which  necessarily  or  usually 
attend  a  fact.  It  is  distinguished  from  direct 
evidence  or  positive  proof. 

presumptive  heir,  s.    [HEIR.] 
presumptive-title,  s. 

Law:  A  kind  of  title  founded  on  the  fact 
that  one  is  in  possession  of  land  though  he 
cannot  tell  the  reason  why.  It  is  the  lowest 
and  most  insecure  title  of  any. 

*  pre-sump'-tive-l^  (mp  as  m),  adv.  [Eng. 
presumptive;  -ly.]    In  a  presumptive  manner ; 
by  or  according  to  presumption  ;  presumably. 

*'  He  who  could  read  and  write  was  presumptively  a 
person  in  holy  orders."— Burke :  Powers  of  Juries,  Jtc. 

pre- sump -tu-ous  (mp  as  m),  *pre- 
sump-ti-ouse,  a.  [O.  Fr.  presumptuouse 
(Fr.  presomptueux),  from  Lat.  prassumptuosus, 
from  prassumo  =  to  presume  (q.v.);  Sp.  &  Ital. 
presuntuoso ;  Port,  presumptuoso.] 

1.  Acting  with  or  characterized  by  presump- 
tion ;  taking  undue  liberties  ;  over-bold,  arro- 
gant, insolent. 

"  She  had  not  seemed  to  be  displeased  by  the  atten- 
tions of  tier  presumptuous  admirer." — Macaulau  : 
Bitt.  Eng.,  ch.  xiL 

•2.  Over-confident ;  bold  or  confident  to  ex- 
cess ;  over-venturous,  rash. 

"  Huge  as  the  tower  which  builders  Tain 
Presumptuous  piled  ou  Shinar's  plain." 

Scott :  Lady  of  the  Lake,  i.  11. 

3.  Irreverent  with  regard  to  sacred  things. 
{Uilton.) 

4.  Done  with  presumption  or  violation  of 
known  duty.    (Psalm  xix.  13.) 

presumptuously  (mp  as  m),  adv. 
[Eng.  presumptuous ;  -ly.]  In  a  presumptuous 
manner ;  with  presumption  or  rash  confidence ; 
arrogantly,  wilfully,  irreverently. 

"  Wax  presumptuously  confident."— Runyan :  Pti- 
ffrim's  Progress,  pt.  i. 

pre  sump  tu  ous  ness   (mp  as  m),   «. 

[Eng.  presumptuous;  -ness.}  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  presumptuous ;  rash  or  ground- 
less confidence  ;  presumption,  arrogance. 

"  He  is  pitilessly  admonished  of  his  presumptuous- 
nea.'—FitzedvMrd  Ball:  Modern  English,  p.  196. 

*  pre-sup-pos'-al, «.    [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
supposal  (q.v.).]    A  snpposal  or  supposition 
previously  formed  ;  presupposition. 

"  Presuppotal  of  knowledge  concerning  certain  prin- 
ciples."—floater  .•  Xcdn.  Polity. 

pre-sup-pose ,  v.t.     [Fr.  presupposer.] 

1.  To  suppose  or  imagine  beforehand ;  to 
take  for  granted  ;  to  assume. 

"  There  is  presupposed  a  knowledge  of  the  thing."— 
South  :  Sermons,  VOL  ix..  ser.  11. 

2.  To  cause  to  be  taken  for  granted  ;  to  imply 
as  antecedent  or  previously  existing. 

"  A  remembrauuce  presuppoteth  the  thyng  to  be 
absent"— Fryth  :  Works,  p.  1SL 

pre"-sup-p4-sl'-tion,  s.  [Pr.,  from  presup- 
poser =  to  presuppose  (q.v.).] 

1.  The  act  of  presupposing  or  of  forming  a 
supposition  beforehand. 

2.  That  which  is  presupposed  ;  a  supposition, 
notion,  or  idea  formed  beforehand  a  surmise. 

"  Indeed  the  presupposition,  absurd  as  it  really  is, 
hai  been  generally  entertained.'— Lewes :  Hist,  of 
nuotophy,  i.  311. 

'  pre  -sur-mise,  s.  [fret,  pre-,  and  Eng.  sur- 
mise, s.  (q.v.).]  A  surmise  formed  beforehand. 

"  It  was  your  presitrmise. 

That,  in  the  dole  of  blows  your  son  might  drop." 
Shaketp.  :  2  Henry  IV ,  L  L 

pre-s$rs  tol'-Ic,  a.  [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
systolic.] 

PhysioL  <t  Pathol.  :  Occurring  just  previous 
to  thu  systolic  contraction.  The  presystolic 
murmur  may  be  faintly  heard  when  the  orifice 
between  the  auricle  and  the  ventricle  is  so 
narrowed  as  to  obstruct  the  flow  of  the  blood 
from  the  former  to  the  latter. 

pre-ten9e', »  pre  tense',  s.  [Lat.  pmtenmt, 
pa.  par.  of  pnrtendo  =  to  spread  before,  to 
pretend  (q.v.) ;  Sp.  pretensa.] 


*  1.  Anything  stretched  out,  put,  or  set  as 
a  cover ;  a  cover.    (Not  necessarily  in  a  bad 
sense.) 

"  The  tree  whose  leaves  were  intended  for  the  heal- 
ing of  the  nations,  not  for  a  pretence  aud  palliation 
for  sin."— More :  Mystery  of  Godliness,  bk.  lit,  ch.  i. 

2.  A  reason,  ground,  or  claim,  true  or  false, 
put  forward  as  the  excuse  for  a  line  of  con- 
duct ;  a  pretension. 

"  Spirits  that  in  our  Just  pretences  armed. 
Fall  with  us."  Milton  :  P.  L.,  ii.  825. 

*  3.  An  excuse,  a  pretext.    (Not  necessarily 
false  or  hypocritical.) 

4.  The  act  of  pretending  ;  the  act  of  assum- 
ing or  displaying  to  others  a  false  or  hypo- 
critical appearance,  either  in  words  or  actions, 
with  a  view  to  conceal  that  which  is  true,  and 
thus  to  deceive  ;  a  false  or  hypocritical  show  : 
as,  He  made  a  pretence  of  going ;  This  was  done 
under  pretence  of  friendship. 

5.  A  deceptive  or  hypocritical  excuse,  argu- 
ment, or  reason,  put  forward  to  hide  or  cloak 
one's  real  designs  or  purpose. 

"  Glory  your  aim,  but  Justice  your  pretence." 

Camper:  Heroism. 

*  6.  Assumption ;  claim  to  notice ;  preten- 
sions., 

*  7.  Intention,  purpose,  design. 

M  The  pretence  whereof  being  .  .  .  laid  open." — 
Shaketp. :  Winter's  Tab.  iii.  ». 

If  The  pretence  and  the  excuse  are  both  set 
forth  to  justify  one's  conduct  in  the  eyes  of 
others  ;  but  the  pretence  always  conceals  some- 
thing more  or  less  culpable,  and  by  a  greater 
or  less  violation  of  truth ;  the  excuse  may 
sometimes  justify  that  which  is  justifiable. 
Pretence  is  now  always  used  in  a  bad  sense  ; 
pretext  is  not  necessarily  so  used. 

If  Escutcheon  of  pretence :  [ESCUTCHEON  OF 

PRETENCE]. 

*  pre-tenced ,   *  pre  tensed ,   a.     [PRE- 
TENCE.] 

1.  Intended,  designed. 

"  Farther  if  they  can  their  pretensed  enterprise."— 
HoM :  Henry  VII..  to.  «. 

2.  Pretended. 

"  Pretensfd  synods  and  convocations."— Stapylton. 

»  pre-ten9e -less,  o.    [Eng.  pretence;  -less.] 
Having  no  pretension  or  excuse. 

-What  rebellions,  and  those  the  basest  and  most 
pretencelfss,  have  they  not  bin  chief  int"— Milton :  Of 
Reformation,  bk.  it 

pre-tend',  v.t.  &  i.  [Fr.  pretendre  =  to  pre- 
tend, to  lay  claim  to,  from  Lat.  prastendo  = 
to  spread  before,  to  hold  out  as  an  excuse, 
to  pretend  :  prce  —  before,  and  Undo  =  to 
stretch,  to  spread ;  Sp.  &  Port,  pretender ; 
Ital.  pretendere.] 
A.  Transitive : 

*  1.  To  hold  out,  to  put  forward,  to  stretch 
out  (of  material  things). 

"  His  target  always  over  her  pretended." 

Spenser :  F.  Q.,  VI.  xi.  1». 

*  2.  To  put  forward,  to  assert  (of  imma- 
terial things). 

"  Though  God's  honour  is  mainly  pretendrd  in  it  [the 
Sabbathl  yet  it  is  man's  happiness  that  is  really  in- 
tended."— More :  Mystery  of  Oodlineu.  bk.  viii..  ch.  xiiL 

*  3.  To  put  forward,  to  hold  out  or  plead 
as  an  excuse,  to  allege. 

"  Pretendinglnaowu  imperfectnessand  insufficiency 
to  undergo  such  a  change." — E.  Isaacson :  Life  Jt 
Death  of  Lancelot  Andrewes. 

*  4.  To  lay  claim  to  ;  to  claim,  to  assert. 

"  My  Lorde  of  Norffolk  pretrndeth  title  to  serteyn 
londys  of  Sir  John  Pastons."— Paston  :  Letters,  ii.  344. 

5.  To  hold  out  or  put  forward  falsely ;  to 
allege  falsely ;  to  put  forward  falsely  as  an 
excuse  or  ground. 

"  The  contract  you  pretend  with  that  base  wretch." 
Shakfsp. ;  Cymbeline.  ii.  8. 

*  6.  To  threaten,  to  intend. 

"  Perill  by  this  salvage  man  pretended." 

Spenser :  F.  Q..  VI.  v.  10. 

*  7.  To  plot,  to  design. 

"  Such  as  shall  pretend 
Malicious  practices  against  his  state." 

Sltakesp. :  1  Henry  VI.,  IT.  1 

*  8.  To  attempt.    (Spenser:  F.  Q.,  II.  xi.  15.) 

*  9.  To  aim,  to  strive. 


10.  To  make  false  show  or  appearance  of; 
to  simulate,  to  feign,  to  sham ;  to  put  on  a 
false  or  hypocritical  show  or  appearance ;  to 
counterfeit :  as,  To  pretend  friendship  for 
another. 

*  11.  To  exhibit  or  put  forward  as  a  cloak 
or  disguise  for  something  else  ;  to  hold  out  as 
a  delusive  appearance.  (Milton.) 


B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  make  a  claim,  true  or  false ;  to  make 
pretensions. 

"  Some  indeed  hare  pretended,  by  art  and  physical 
applications,  to  recover  the  dead."— South:  Sermons, 
vol.  iii..  ser.  10. 

2.  To   hold  out  an    appearance  of  being, 
doing,  or  possessing ;  to  sham ;  to  make  a 
pretence ;  to  feign,  to  affect. 

"  Annaudale  retired  to  Bath,  and  pretended  to  drink 
the  waters."— Macaulay :  Hist.  Eng.,  ch.  xvii. 

*  pre  tend   ant,  '  pre  tend  ent,  s.    [Pr. 
pretendant,  pr.  par.  of  pretendre  =  to  pretend 
(q.v.).]    A  pretender,  a  claimant. 

"  The  provisional  possession  of  the  two  pretendentts 
—  Wotton :  Remains,  p.  480. 

pre-tend' -ed,  pa.  par.  or  o.    [PRETEND.] 

pre-t<md'-ed-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  pretended;  4y.J 
By  way  of  pretence  or  liaise  representation ; 
not  genuinely  ;  falsely. 

*  pre-tend' -ence,   ».     [PRETEND.]     A  pre- 
tence, a  pretension. 

"  Their  projects,  censures,  vain  pretrndenees." 

Daniel :  Panegyric  to  the  King's  Majesty. 

pre-tend'-er,  *.    [Eng.  pretend;  -er.] 
L  Ordinary  Languagt : 

1.  One  who  pretends,  or  makes  a  false  or 
hypocritical  show  or  appearance. 

2.  One  who  makes  a  claim  to  anything ;  ft 
claimant. 

"As  for  our  pretendtrt  to  the  spirit"— South : 
Sermons,  vol.  v.,  ser.  7. 

II.  Hist. :  One  who  made  claim  to  a  throne 
under  a  pretence  of  right  (as  Perkin  Warbeck, 
Lambert  Simnel,  in  English  history),  specif., 
applied  to  the  son  and  grandson  of  James  II., 
the  heirs  of  the  House  of  Stuart,  who  laid 
claim  to  the  throne  of  England,  from  which 
they  had  been  excluded  by  Parliament  in  1688. 
The  former,  often  termed  the  Old  Pretender, 
died  in  1776 ;  his  son,  Charles  Edward  Stuart, 
the  Young  Pretender,  in  1788. 

"All  these  pretenders  could  not  be  rightful  Em- 
perors."— MacoMlay  :  Hist.  Eng.,  ch.  xiv. 

pre-tend'-er  Ship, s.  [Eng.  pretender ;  -ship. ] 
The  position,  claim,  or  character  of  a  pretender. 

pre-tend' -ing,  pr.  par.  &  a.    [PRETEND.] 

*  pre-te"nd'-ing-l&  adv.     [Eng.  pretending; 
-ly.]    In  a  pretentious  manner;  arrogantly, 
presumptuously. 

"  I  have  a  particular  reason  to  look  a  little  pretend- 
ingly at  present."— Collier  :  On  Pride. 

*  pre  tens,  a.   [PRETENCE.]    Pretended,  false. 

"  The  prrtent  bargayn  that  John  Paston  yn  hys  lyflb 
surmytted."— Paston  Letters,  ii.  SJS. 

*  pre -tense',  s.    [PRETENCB.] 
*pre-tensed',  o.    [PRETENCED.] 

pretensed  right  or  title,  *. 

Law :  The  right  or  title  to  land  set  up  by 
one  who  is  out  of  possession  against  the 
person  in  possession. 

Pretensed-titU  Statute : 

Law:  The  Act  32  Henry  VIII.,  c.  19,  §  2L 
regulating  the  sale  or  purchase  of  pretended 
titles  to  land. 

*  prS-tens'-Sd-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  pretensed ;  -ly. ] 
Pretendedly,  hypocritically. 

"  In  case  thou  walke  prttensedly." 

Drant:  //grace;  E/j.  to  Quintiu*. 

prS-ten'-sion,  s.  [Fr.  pritention,  as  if  from  • 
Lat.  prcrtensio.]  [PRETEND.] 

*  1.  An  excuse,  a  plea. 

"  We  yet  withdraw  ourselves  from  it  with  prrtsm- 
lions  of  insufficiency."— Sanderson  :  Sermons,  p.  20S. 

*  2.  A  pretence,  a  pretext,  a  deception. 

"  Invention  and  pretension  given  out  by  the  Sp*A- 
iards."— Bacon :  War  wit*  Spain. 

3.  A  claim,  true  or  false. 

"No  man  had  fairer  prefensiont  to  be  put  at  the 
bead  of  the  naval  administration."— Mucaulay :  Hist. 
End.,  ch.  xiv. 

4.  The    holding    out    the    appearance   of 
possessing  a  certain  character. 

5.  An  alleged  or  assumed  right  or  claim  ;  a 
claim  to  something  to  be  obtained  ;  a  desire 
to  obtain  something,  manifested  by  words  or 
actions. 

If  Arms  of  pretension  : 

Her. :  Arms  quartered  by  sovereigns  who 
claim  the  right  to  rule  over  a  state  or  states 
not  actually  under  their  authority,  and  parade 
the  arms  of  such  state  or  states,  to  keep  alive 


boil,  boy ;  pout.  J6%1 ;  cat,  90!!,  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  «*<«,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  -  L 
-elan,  -tian  =  sham.    - 1 ion,    sion  -  shun ; -lion,    sion  -  zhun,    -cioua, -tious, -sious  -  shus.   -We,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


3742 


pretentative— pretty 


their  claim  till  a  convenient  time  arrives  for 
putting  it  in  force.  From  the  time  of  Ed- 
ward 111  till  1801,  in  the  reign  of  George  III., 
the  kings  of  England  thus  quartered  the  anus 
of  France,  in  prosecution  of  a  claim  familiar 

•  to  the  general  public  fi-om  the  fact  that  the 
preface    to  the  Authorized    Version    of   the 
Bible  is  addressed  to  the  "  Most   High   and 
Mighty  Prince,  James,  by  the  grace  of  God, 
King  of  Great  Britain,  France,  and  Ireland," 
&c.    By  the  Treaty  of  Amiens,  dated  Jan.  1, 
1801,  it  was  stipulated  that  this  quartering  of 
the  French  arms  should  be  abandoned. 

*pre-ten-ta-tlve,  a.  [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
tentative  (q.v.).]  Making  trial  beforehand; 
attempting  to  try  or  test  previously. 

"This  Is  hut  an  exploratory  and  prrtentatire  purpose 
between  us."—  H  ottan :  /Irmai/u,  p.  507. 

pre  ten   tious,  a.     [Fr.  pretentifux.]    Full  of 

Sretension  ;  attempting  or  characterized  by  a 
esire  to  pass  for  more  than   the  reality  is 
worth  ;   having  only  a  superficial   claim  to 
excellence ;  characterized  by  or  indicative  of 
presumption  or  arrogance. 

"The  more  prttrntioia  vehicle  was  brought  out."— 
Daily  Chronicle,  Sept  s.  1883. 

J>re-ten'-tious-lJT,  adv.  [Eng.  pretentious  ; 
-ly.]  In  a  pretentious  manner  or  degree  ;  with 

•  desire  to  pass  for  more  than  the  reality  is 
worth. 

pre-ten'-tious  ness,  *.  [Eng.  pretentious; 
-ness.}  The  quality  or  state  of  being  preten- 
tious ;  false  assumption  of  excellence  or 
superiority. 

"Two  or  three  grandiose  measures  of  the  utmost 
pretfntioutiteu."—St.  Jameii  Gazette,  March  18,  1886. 

|>re' -ter,  pr»'-ter,pre/.  &  o.  [Lat.  prceter  = 
beyond.) 

A.  Aspref.:  Used  with  many  words  of  Latin 
origin,  with  the  force  of  beyond,  in  place, 
time,  or  degree  ;  excess. 

*  B.  As  adj. :  Past. 

"Future  and  prater  both  are  in  time,"—Andremi : 
Workt,  1.  ISi 

•  pre-ter-ca'-nine,  a.     [Pref.  preter-,  and 
Eng.  canine  (q.v.).]    Beyond  the  capacity  or 
nature  of  a  dog. 

"  Look  np  with  strange  pretercanine  eye*."— <?. 
Bronli  :  Jane  Eyre,  ch.  xlt. 

•  pre-ter-hu'-man,  a,     [Pref.  preter-,  and 
Eng.    human   (q.v.).]      More    than    human ; 
superhuman. 

•pre-ter'-I-ent,  »  prw-teV-I-ent,  a.  [Lat 

pr'rteriens,  pr.  par.  of  prcetereo  =  to  pass  by.] 
(PRETERIT.)  Past  through  ;  anterior,  previous. 

"The  faculty  of  remembering  all  the  actions  of  its 
pntterient  states."— Obterver,  No.  ». 

pro  ter-im  per'-fSct,  a.  &  s.    [Pref.  preter-, 
and  Eng.  imperfect  (q.v.).] 
Gram. :  The  same  as  IMPERFECT  (q.v.). 

pro  -ter  ist,  prse'-ter-ist,  s.  &  a.  [Eng. 
preter;  -ist.] 

A.  As  substantive : 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  One  who  has  most  regard 
to  the  past ;  one  whose  chief  interest  is  in  the 
past. 

2.  Hermeneutics:  A  term  applied  to  the 
opinion  that  the  prophecies  in  tne  Apocalypse 
have  been  almost,  or  altogether  fulfilled ; 
that  they  refer  principally  to  the  triumph  of 
Christianity  over  Judaism  and  paganism, 
signalised  in  the  downfall  of  Jerusalem  and 
Koine.  Among  the  supporters  of  this  view 
may  be  reckoned  Alcasar,  Grotius,  Hammond, 
Bossuet,  Calmet,  Wettstein,  Eichhorn,  Hug, 
Herder,  Ewald,  Luecke,  de  Wette,  Duester- 
dieck,  Stuart,  Lee,  and  Maurice. 

"  The  views  of  the  Pntteritti  have  been  adopted  .  .  . 
by  almost  the  whole  school  of  German  critics."— 
fHrr.tr:  Early  Dam  of  Christianity,  ch.  xxvii.  }2. 

B.  Asarlj. :  Belonging  to  or  connected  with 
the  views  described  in  A.  2. 

"  This  is  our  fundamental  objection  to  what  is  called 
the  Prateritt  scheme."— Saturday  Review,  Nov.  11, 
1881.  p.  638. 

pre't'-er-It,   pret'-er-Ite,   praet'-er-ite, 

a.  &  a.  [Fr.  preterit  (fem.  preterite)  =  past, 
from  Lat.  prceteritus,  pa.  par.  of  prcetereo  =  to 
pass  by  :  prater  —  by,  l>eyond,  and  eo  =  to  go : 
Sp.,  Port.,  &  ItaL  preterito.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

Gram. :  Expressing  time  past  indefinitely  ; 
applied  to  that  tense  of  a  verb  which  ex- 
presses action  or  existence  in  time  indefinitely 
past  and  completely  finished. 


pa. 

by, 


B.  As  substantive: 

I.  Ord.  .  Lang.  :   The  past  ;    past   time   or 
things. 

"  It  is  present  and  proceedeth  fro  preteritee*,  into 
futures."—  t'/iuucer:  Bawtiu,  bk.  T. 

•2.  dram.  :  Tliat  tense  or  modification  of  a 
verb  which  signifies  past  time,  or  expresses 
action  or  existence  perfectly  past  and  finished. 

*  pret'-er-Ite-nSss,  *  pret'-er-It-ness,  s. 

[Eng.  preterite;  -ness.]    The  quality  or  state 
of  being  past. 

"  F.ir  surely  we  cannot  conceive  a  preteriteneu  (if  I 
may  say  so)  still  backwards."—  Ui  rules/  :  Sermon  6. 

*  pret-er-i'-tion,    prse-ter-i'-tion,    s. 

[Lat.  prceteritio,  from  pneteritiis,  pa.  par.  of 
prcetereo  =  to  go  by,  to  pass  by.  ]  [PRETERI  ENT.  ] 
*  I.  Ord.  Lang.  :  The  act  of  passing,  going 
past  or  over  ;  the  state  of  being  past  (Bp. 
Hall  :  Sermon  before  the  Lords,  Feb.  18.) 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Law  :  The  passing  over  by  a  testator  of 
one  of  his  heirs  entitled  to  a  portion. 

2.  Rltet.  :  A  figure  by  which,  while  pretend- 
ing to  pass  over  anything,  the  speaker  makes 
a  summary  mention  of  it  :  as,  I  wilrnot  say 
he  is  brave,  he  is  learned,   lie  is  just,   &c. 
The  most  artful  praises  are  those  bestowed  by 
way  of  preterition. 

pre-teV-i-tive,  o.     [Eng.  preterit  ;  -ive.} 

Gram.  :  An  epithet  applied  to  verbs  used 
only  or  chiefly  in  the  preterit  or  past  tenses. 

*  pref-cr-ft-ness,  ».    [PRETERITENESS.] 

»  pre'-ter-lapsed,    a.      [Lat,    prceterlapsus, 
.  par.  of  prceterlabor  =  to  glide  by.)    Gone 
y,  past  and  gone.     (Glanvill  :  Vanity  of  Dog- 
matizing, ch.  xv.) 

*  pre-ter-le  -gal,  a.     [Pref.  prefer-,  and  Eng. 
legal  (q.v.).]     Exceeding  the  limits  of  law  ; 
not  agreeable  to  law  ;  illegal. 

"  Kvil  customs  preterleaal.  and  abuses  personal."— 
King  Charlet  :  Eikan  Uatilike. 

pre-ter-miss'-idn  (ss  as  sh),  s.  [Fr.,  from 
Lat.  prcKtermissio,  from  prcetermissus,  pa.  par. 
of  prcetermitto  =  to  pass  by,  to  omit  :  prceter 
=  by,  and  mitto  =  to  send.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  The  act  of  passing  by  or 
omitting  ;  omission. 

"  A  foul  pretermission  in  the  author  of  this,  whether 
story  or  fabric."—  Hilton  :  ffitt.  Eng.,  bit.  i. 

2.  Rhet.  :  The  same  as  PRETERITION  (q.v.). 

*  pre-ter-mit',  *  pre-ter-myt,  v.t.    [Lat 
pnetermitto.]    [PRETERMISSION.]    To  pass  by 
or  over  ;  to  omit. 

"  Not  so  much  as  one  iote  or  one  title  could  be 
pretermitted."—  Bp.  Gardner  :  True  Obedience,  fol.  15. 

*  pre'-ter-mit-ter,  *  pre-ter-mit-er,  s. 

[Eng.  pretermit;   -er.]    One  who  passes  over 
or  omits. 

"  A  sluggard*,  and  pretermUer  of  duetifull  occa- 
sion*."— Drant  :  Horace,  bk.  ii..  sat.  iii.  (ProL) 

pre-ter-nat'-U-ral,  a.  [Pref.  preter-,  and 
Eng.  noiurai(q.v.).]  Beyond  what  is  natural  ; 
out  of  the  regular  course  of  nature  ;  contrary 
to,  or  not  in  accordance  with,  the  natural 
course  of  things  ;  extraordinary. 

"  Miracles  .  .  .  and  other  preternatural  events  are 
exploded  now,  even  from  romances."—  H.  Walpole: 
Cattle  of  Otranto.  (Pref.) 

t  pre  ter-nat'-u-ral-ism,  s.  [Eng.  preter- 
witural  ;  -ism.)  Unnatural  or  preternatural 
state  ;  preternaturalness. 

"  Saturated  .  .  .  with  preternaturalltm  of  suspi- 
cion. "-Cariyte  .•  French  Ret.,  pt.  Iii.,  bk.  ill.  ch.  vUL 

*  pre-ter-nat-u-r&l'-i'-ty,  s.    [Eng.  preter- 
natural ;  -ity.  ]    Preternaturalness. 

*  pre-ter-nat'-u-ral-ly,  adv.      [Eng.  pre- 
ternatural; -ly.]'  In  a  preternatural  manner 
or  degree  :  contrary  to  the  natural  course  of 
things.    (Bacon  :  -Vat.  Hist.,  §  30.) 

*  pre  ter  nat  u  ral-ness,  s.     [Eng.  pre- 
ternatural ;  -ness.  |     1The  quality  or  state  of 
bein^    preternatural  ;   a    state    or    condition 
different  from  the  common  order  of  nature. 

*  pre-ter-ntip'-ttal  (ti  as  sh),  a.    [Pref. 
prefer-,  and  Kng.  nuptial  (q.v.).]     Transgress- 
ing the  marriage  vows  ;  adulterous. 

"  She  takes  np  with  pretfrnuptial  persons."—  Car- 
lyle  :  Mitctllaniet,  Iv.  »7. 

pre-ter-peV-ie'ct,  a.  &  *.    [Lat.  prteteritun 
perfectum  =  the  perfect  or  complete  past] 
Gram.  :  The  same  as  PERFECT  (q.v.). 


pre-ter-plu'-per-fSct,  a.  &  s.     [Pref.  pr»- 
ter-,  aud  Eng.  pluperfect  (q.v.).] 
dram..  ;  The  same  as  PLUPERFECT  (q  v.\ 

*  pre-ter-vec'-tion,  s.     [Lat  prasttrvectio, 
from  prcetervectus,  pa.  par.  of  prceterveko  =  to- 
carry  by  or  beyond.]  The  act  of  carrying  past 
or  beyond. 

*  pre-tex',   v.t.      [Lat.   prcetexo,   from  prte  = 
oefore,  and  texo  =  to  weave.] 

1.  To  cloak,  to  hide,  to  conceal,  to  disguise. 

"  Ambition's  pride 
Too  oft  prettied  with  country's  good." 

T.  Edicardt  :  Canoni  of  Criticim. 

2.  To  frame,  to  devise. 

3.  To  pretend  ;  to  declare  falsely. 

"  Leste  tlieir  rasshnes  (as  thei  pretex  it)  shnld  con- 
firmethe  enimies  of  the  gospell."—  Jvye:  Exponcvnt 
of  Daniel,  ch.  xli. 

pre'-text,  pre"-text',  *.  [Fr.  pretexte,  from 
Lat.  prietextum  =  a  pretext  :  prop.  neut.  sing. 
of  prceti'xtus,  pa.  par.  of  prretero  =  to  weave- 
before  ;  Sp.  pretexto  ;  Ital.  praetesto.]  An 
excuse;  an  ostensible  reason  ormotive  assigned 
or  assumed  as  a  cover  or  cloak  for  the  real 
reason  or  motive. 

"An  honorable  pretext  was  found."—  Miicaulav  : 
Bitt.  En,j.,  ch.  xiv. 

If  For  the  difference  between  pretext  and 
pretence,  see  PRETENCE. 

*  pre-tex'-ture,  s.    [Eng.  pretext;  -ure.}   A 
pretext 

"  Textures  of  words  and  pretextura  of  manners."— 
Adami:  Works,  Ii.  <16. 

*  pre  thought   fiil  (ough  as  a),a.    [Pref. 
pre-,  and  Eng.  thoughtful  (q.v.).]     Thoughtful 
beforehand  ;  considerate,  prudent. 

pri-tlb'-I-al,  a.  [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng.  tibiat 
(q.v.).] 

Anat.  :  Situated  in  front  of  the  tibia. 

*  pre-ti-o's'-i'-t^  (ti  as  shi),  s.     [Lat.  pre- 
tiositas,  from  pretium  —  price,  value.]    A  pre- 
cious or  valuable  thing,  as  a  jeweL 

pre'-tt-um  (ti  as  shi),  s.   [Lat.]  Price,  value. 
pretium  affectlonis,  s. 

Scots  IMW  :  The  imaginary  value  put  upon  a 
subject  by  the  fancy  of  the  owner,  or  by  the- 
regard  in  which  he  held  it. 

*  pre'-tor,    pre-tbr  -I-al,   &c.     [PR^roBy 

PR^El'ORIAL,  &C.) 

*  pre-tor'-ture,  v.t.     [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
torture,  v.  (q.v.).]    To  torture  beforehand  or 
previously. 

"  Pretorturing  of  many  whom  afterwards  they  put 
to  death."—  Fuller:  Church  aift.,  VUL  ii  11. 

*  pre-tor-y,  s.    [PR^TOPIUM.] 

*  pret'-ti-fy  (e  as  I),  v.t.    [Eng.  pretty;  -fy.f 
To  make  pretty  ;  to  embellish. 

pref  -tl-ljr  (e  as  i).  *  pret-i-ly,  adv.  [Eng. 
pretty  ;  -ly.]  In  a  pretty  manner  ;  with  pretti- 
ness  ;  with  taste  and  elegance  ;  pleasingly, 
neatly. 

"  How  prettily  the  young  swain  seems  to  wash 
The  hand  was  fair  before." 

fihatetp.  :  Winter't  Tale,  iv.  4. 

pret  ti  ness,  pret'-t^-neas  (e  as  I),  «. 

[Eng.  pretty  ;  -ness.} 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of   being  pretty  ; 
pleasingness  or  attractiveness  without  dignity 
or  stateliness. 

"  If  low,  her  prettineu  does  please." 

Cowley  :  Diaembler. 

2.  A  pretty  or  pleasing  quality  or  feature. 

"  The  prettineuet  with  which  Ouarini's  shepherd- 
esses  have  been  reproached."—  UoldtmM  .  Polite  Lean- 
ing, ch.  iv. 

3.  Neatness  and  taste  exhibited  in  small 
objects  ;  petty  elegance  ;  over-niceness,  fini- 
calness,  affectation,  foppishness. 

*  4.  Anything  serving  for  ornament  rather 

than  ' 

"  Close  thinkers  are  not  found  surrounded  \typretty- 
neuft  which  argue  and  cherish  dissipation  of  the 
iuti\d."—Oentleman't  Magazine.  July.  1814,  p.  37. 


(e  as  1),  *prat-i,   *prat-yr 

*  pret-ie,  a.  &adv.  [A.S.  pratig, 


to  trick.] 

A*  As  adjective  : 

»1.  Clever,  able.    (Destrvct.  of  Troy,  10,815.) 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  he"r.  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
«r,  wore,  wolf;  work,  whd,  son ;  mate,  cub.  cure,  unite,  cur.  rale,  full ;  try.  Syrian,    so,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  «iu  =  kw. 


prettyish— preventability 


3743 


£  Stout,  strong,  able,  valiant.    {Scotch.) 

3.  Of  a  pleasing  or  attractive  form  or  appear- 
ance,  without  elegance  or  dignity ;    having 
diminutive  beauty  ;  pleasing,  attractive. 

"  Tbe  pretty  fi.ick  which  I  had  rearM." 

Wordmorth :  The  Ltitt  of  the  Flack. 

4.  Neat;  neatly  arranged;  elegant  without 
grandeur:  as,  a. pretty  flower-garden. 

6.  Pleasing  in  idea,   style,    conception  or 
arrangement. 

"  Waller  has  celebrated  their  nuptials  in  cue  of  his 
prettiett  poems."—  Walpolt :  Anecdota  of  fainting, 
voL  iii.,  en.  L 

6.  Nice,   excellent,   fine.     (Byron:   Beppo, 
Ixxii.)    (Used  ironically  or  with  a  certain  de- 
gree of  contempt.) 

7.  Affectedly  nice  ;  foppish,  affected. 

8.  Used  as  a  term  of  endearment,  and  supply- 
ing the  place  of  a  diminutive. 


*  9.  Moderately  great  or  large ;  not  very 
much  or  great. 

"  My  daughter's  of  a  pretty  age." 

Shatetp.  :  Romeo  t  Juliet,  i.  S. 

B,  As  adv.  :  Tolerably,  moderately ;  ex- 
pressive of  a  degree  less  than  very. 

"  The  same  power  pretty  equally  over  all  men."— 
Burke  :  On  the  Sublime ;  On  Taste.  (Iritrod.) 

^  Pretty  much:  Nearly,  almost. 

pretty-pinion,  .--. 

Entom. :  A  British  geometer  moth,  Emmelesia 
bland  iota. 

*  pretty-spoken,  a.    Spoken  or  speaking 
in  a  pleasing  manner. 

*  pref-ty-Ish  (e  as  1),  o.    [Eng.  pretty ;  -ish.] 
Somewhat  pretty  ;  tolerably  pretty.  (Walpole.) 

*  pret-ty-ism  (e  as  I),  *.  [Eng.  pretty;  -ism.] 
Affected  prettiness  of  style,  manner,  or  the 
like. 

pre-tu-ber'-on-lar,  o.  [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
tubercular.} 

PathoL :  The  epithet  applied  by  Dr.  E. 
Smith  to  a  morbid  state  just  preceding  the 
deposition  of  tubercles  in  the  lungs. 

*  pre-tyij'-I-ly,  v.t.     [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
typijy  (q.v.).")    To  exhibit  by  a  type  before- 
hand ;  to  prefigure. 

preun'-ner-ite,  s.    [PRUNNERITE.] 

pre-vail ,  *  pre  vaile,  *  pre-vayle,  v.i. 
[Fr.  prevaloir,  from  Lat.  prcevaleo  =•  to  have 
great  power  :  pro;  =  before,  in  excess,  and 
valeo  =  to  be  strong;  Sp.  premier;  ItaL  pre- 
valere.] 

1.  To  have  or  gain  the  superiority  or  victory ; 
to  overcome,  to  conquer;  to  have  the  upper- 
hand  or  the  mastery. 

"It  came  to  pass  that  when  Hoses  held  up  his  band 
then  Israel  prevailed,  and  when  he  let  down  his  haud 
Amalek  prevailed."— Exodut  xvll.  11. 

2.  It  is  followed  by  against  or  over,  before 
an  object. 


3.  To  be  in  force  ;  to  have  effect ;  to  have 
influence  ;  to  extend  with  power  or  influence ; 
to  obtain. 

"  If  such  loose  principles  as  I  am  here  confuting 
prevail."—  Waterlind:  Worts,  ii.  371 

4.  To  gain  influence  or  predominance;  to 
operate  effectually. 

"  Thy  grave  admonishments  prevail  with  me," 

Shaketp. :  I  King  Henry  VI.,  it.  5. 

*  5.  To  succeed  ;   to  gain  one's  object  by 
persuasion. 

"  Let  me  upon  my  knee  prevail  In  this." 

Xhakftp.  :  Juliut  Cottar,  il  S. 

6.  To  persuade,  to  induce ;  followed  by  on 
or  upon :  as,  1  prevailed  on  him  to  stop. 

pre-vail'-ing,  pr.  par.  &  a.    [PREVAIL.] 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Having  superior  force,  power,  or  influ- 
ence ;  predominant. 

2.  Persuading,  inducing,  efficacious. 

"  My  tears  are  now  prevailing  orators." 

Shatetp.  :  Titui  AnUionicut,  ill  1. 

3.  Prevalent ;  most  common  or  general ;  ex- 
isting most  extensively  or  widely  :  as,  the 
prevailing  opinion. 

•  prS-vail'-ing-ly^  adv.  [Eng.  prevailing; 
-ly.  ]  I  n  a  prevailing  manner ;  so  as  to  prevail ; 
with  su-«ess. 


*  pre-vail' -ment,  s.  [Eng.  prevail;  -menl.] 
Prevalence ;  superior  influence. 

"  Messengers 
Of  strong  prernilment  in  unharden'd  youth." 

Hhatetf.  :  Midsummer  Myhti  Dream,  L  J. 

preV-a-lence,  *  preV-a-len-cjf,  ».  [Fr. 
prevalence,  from  Low  Lat.  prcevalentia,  from 
Lat.  prcevalens  =  prevailing,  prevalent  (q.v.).] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  prevalent ; 
superior  strength,  force,  influence,  or  efficacy ; 
greatest    efficacy   iu    producing    an    effect ; 
superiority.    (Pope:  Homer;  Iliad  xxii.  435.) 

2.  Most   generaj    existence,    reception,    or 
practice ;  predominance  ;  the  state  of  being 
most  widely  spread  ;  most  extensive  influence. 

"The  prevalence  of  the  logical  errors  now  under 
consideration. "—  kteicart :  Human  Mind,  vol.  ii., 
ch.  iv.,  |  S. 

prev'-a-lent,  o.  [Lat.  prcerale*u,  pr.  par.  of 
prcevaleo  —  to  prevail  (q.v.).] 

1.  Prevailing  ;  gaining  or  having  the  superi- 
ority ;  superior  in  force,  influence,  or  efficacy ; 
victorious,  predominant,  efficacious. 

"How  prevalent  the  prayers  of  good  men.  are  with 
God  appears  from  this."— Sharp .•  iSermant,  voL  iv., 
ser.  a. 

2.  Most  widely  spread  or  current;   most 
generally  received,  adopted,  or  practised  ;  pre- 
dominant, prevailing. 

preV-a-lent-ly^  adv.    [Eng.  prevalent;  -ly.] 

*  1.  In  a  prevalent  manner ;  so  as  to  prevail ; 
prevailingly. 

"  He  Interceded  more  prevalently  by  this  significant 
action."— Scott .-  Chrittian  Life,  pt.  it,  ch.  vii. 

2.  Most  widely  spread,  received,  or  adopted  ; 
most  commonly. 

pre-var'-i-cate,  v.i.  &  t.  [Lat.  prtnaricatut, 
pa,  par.  of  prcevaricor  =  to  spread  the  legs 
wide  apart  in  walking ;  hence,  to  swerve,  to 
shuffle  :  pros  =  before,  and  varicus  =  strad- 
dling, from  varus=  bent,  straddling.] 

A.  Intransitive : 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  To  be  in  collusion  with  the  party  one 
is  nominally  opposing,  and  betray  the  cause 
one  is  nominally  advocating. 

"I  proceed  now  to  do  the  same  service  for  the 
divines  of  England,  whom  you  question  first  iu  poiut 
of  learning  and  sufficiency,  and  then  in  poiut  of 
conscience  and  honesty,  as  prevaricating  iu  the 
religion  which  they  profess  and  Inclining  to  Popery." 
— ChiUiiiftaorth :  KeUgion  of  Protettantt.  (Pref.) 

2.  To  act  or  speak  evasively ;  to  shuffle  or 
quibble  in  one's  answers  ;  not  to  be  straight- 
forward and  plain  in  answering ;  to  shift,  to 
equivocate. 

"The  witnesses  prevaricated."— Macaulay :  Hilt. 
Eng.,  ch.  T. 

IL  Lav: 

1.  To  undertake  a  thing  falsely  and  deceit- 
fully, with    the   intention  of  defeating  and 
destroying  the  object  which  it  is  designed  to 
promote. 

2.  In  the  same  sense  as  1. 1. 

*  B.  Trans. :  To  evade  by  shuffling,  quibbles, 
or  paltry  excuses  ;  t'j  transgress,  to  pervert. 

"  When  any  of  us  hath  prevaricated  our  part  of  the 
covenant."— £p.  Taylor :  Vermont,  voL  it,  ser.  5. 

pre-var-I-ca'-tion,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  prce- 
varicationem,  ace.  of  prasvaricatio,  from  proe- 
varicatus,  pa.  par.  of  prcevaricor  =  to  prevari- 
cate (q.v.);  8p.  prevaricacion ;  ItaL  pre- 
varicaziane.} 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  Collusion  with  the  enemy  one  professes 
to  oppos«.    [II.  1.] 

"  If  we  be  not  all  enemies  to  God  In  this  kind,  yet, 
in  adhering  to  the  enemy,  we  are  enemies;  iu  our 
firetHiricati'.nit,  and  easy  betravings  and  surrendering 
of  ourselves  to  the  enemy  of  his  kingdom,  Satan,  we 
are  bis  enemies. " — Donne  :  Sermon  7,  On  the  Xatimty. 

*  2.  A  inverting,  a  perversion  ;  a  turning 
to  wrong  or  improper  uses. 

*  3.  A  secret  abuse  in  the  discharge  of  a 
public  trust,  office,  or  commission. 

"They  sent  Taaffe  to  prison  for  prevarication."— 
Macaulay  :  ffiit.  Xny.,  ch.  xxl. 

4.  A  shuffling  or  quibbling ;  an  endeavour 
to  evade  the  truth  or  the  disclosure  of  the 
truth  by  quibbling ;  the  evasion  of  what  is 
honourable  or  just  by  the  practice  of  some 
trick  or  quibble;  a  deviation  from  what  is 
just  and  fair.  (Cowper :  Retirement,  657.) 

IL  Law: 

1.  The  act  of  an  advocate  who  acts  in  col- 
lusion with  his  opponent,  and  betrays  the 
cause  of  his  client. 

2.  The  undertaking  of  a  thing  falsely  and 


deceitfully,  with  the  intention  of  defeating 
and  destroying  the  object  which  it  is  designed 
to  promote. 

3.  The  wilful  concealment  or  misrepresent- 
ation of  the  truth  by  giving  evasive  or 
equivocating  evidence. 

pre-var'-i-ca-tor,  s.  [Lat.,  from  prcevari- 
catus,  pa.  par.  of  prcevaricor  =  to  prevaricate 
(q.v.);  Fr.  prevaricateur  ;  ItaL  prevaricutore.] 

1.  One  who  betrays  or  abuses  a  trust  ;  one 
who  by  collusion  betrays  the  cause  of  his 
client. 

"  The  law,  which  is  promulged  against  prevarica- 
tun.'—Prynne  :  Treachery  i  Uulonalty.  p.  160.  (App.) 

2.  One  who  prevaricates  ;  one  who  quibbles 
or  shuttles  in  his  answers  ;  a  shunter,  a  quia- 
bler. 

*3.  At  Cambridge  University  a  sort  of 
occasional  orator,  who  in  his  oration  at  the 
Commencement,  used  to  make  satirical  allu- 
sions to  the  conduct  of  the  members  vf  the 
Uni\ersity. 

*  preve,  v.t.  &  i.    [PROVE.) 

t  preV-e-nan9e,  *.   [PREVENANCY.]   The  Ml 
of  going  before  ;  prevenience. 
U  Law  of  prevenance  : 
Metaph.  :  (See  extract). 

"  It  will  be  understood  then  at  once  that  what  the* 
[PhenomeuUtsI  call  the  '  law  of  causation,'  and  wecafi 
the  law  vf  prevenance  is  simply  the  well-known  law  of 
phenomenal  sequence.  "—  Dr.  Ward,  in  Dublin  Jttriiw, 
uxii.  309. 

*  preV-e'-nan-cy,  «.     [Fr.  prevenance.]    At- 
tention, obligingness,  civility  ;  readiness  to 
oblige. 

"  La  Fleur'a  prevena»cy  .  .  .  soon  set  every  servant 
In  the  kitchen  at  ease  with  him."—  Sterne  :  Seat. 
Journal  ;  The  Letter. 

*  pre-vene',   v.t.  &  i.     [Lat.  prcevenis  =  to 
come  before  :  prce  =  before,  and  venio  =  to 
come  ;  Fr.  prevenir.]     To  prevent,  to  hinder. 

"If  thy  indulgent  care 
Had  notprtven''i.  among  uubody'd  shade* 
I  now  had  wander'd."  fhilipt  :  Cider,  it 

*  pre-ven'-J-enje,  «.     [PREVENIENT.]     TLe 
act  of  anticipating  or  going  before  ;  anticipa- 
tion. 

*  pre-ven'-I-ent,  o.     [Lat  prcevenient,  -pr. 
par.  of  prvevenio.]    [PREVENK.) 

1.  Coming  or  going  before  ;  preceding,  an- 
ticipating. 

"  Love  celestial,  whose  prevenieiU  aid 
Forbids  approaching  ill." 

Mallet  :  Amyntor  t  Tktodor*. 

2.  Preventive,  preventing. 

"  Prcvenient  grace."  JftMon  :  P.  L..  J±  *. 

pre-venf  ,  v.t.  &  i.  [Lat.  prteventus,  pa,  par. 
of  prcevenio  =  to  come  before,  to  precede,  to 
anticipate;  Fr.  prevenir;  Sp.  prevenir'  ItaL 
prevenire.] 

A.  Transitive: 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

*  L  To  come  before  o»e  to  a  place  ;  to  pre- 
cede, to  anticipate  ;  to  be  before. 

"  Then  had  I  come,  preventing  Sheba's  Queen. 
To  see  the  comeliest  of  the  sons  of  men." 

Prior:  Solomon,  IL  43T. 

*  2.  To  go  before  as  a  guide,  or  to  supply 
what  is  necessary  and  make  the  way  easy. 

"  Prevent  us  O  Lord,  in  all  oar  doings,  with  tbf 
most  gracious  favour."—  BoolCof  Common  Prayer. 

*  3.  To  be  before  or  earlier  than  ;  to  antici- 
pate.   (Psalm  cxix.  14.) 

*  4.  To  escape  by  anticipating  ;  to  avoid,  to 
frustrate. 

"  She  hath  prevented  me." 

Shateip.  :  Taming  of  the  Shrttc,  T.  t. 

*  5.  To  be  beforehand  witli  ;  to  forestall,  to 
anticipate. 

"  Sir  George  prtventi  every  wish."—  Mrt.  fneMald, 
in  .Itinandale. 

6.  To  be  beforehand  with,  and  so  in  the  way 
of  ;  to  hinder  by  something  done  before  ;  to 
stop  or  intercept  ;  to  impede,  to  thwart,  to 
obstruct. 

"  This  vile  purpose  to  prevent." 

Shatftp.:  KaiH  of  Lucrece,  tM* 

IL  Canon  Law  :  To  transact  or  undertake 
any  affair  before  an  inferior,  by  right  of  posi- 
tion. [PREVENTION,  II.) 

*  B.  Intrans.  :  To  come  before  the  usual 
time. 

"  Strawberries  watered  with  water,  wherein  bath 
been  steoprd  sheep's  dung,  will  prevent  and  come  early.' 
—Bacon:  Xat.  Hist. 


'-l-ty,  «.  [Eng.  preventable  ; 
-ity.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  prevent- 
able ;  capability  of  being  prevented. 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  jowl ;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  chin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  <*<",  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.    -Inc. 
-dan,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -si on  -  shun ;  - tion,  -sion  =  zhun.    -ci  ous,  -tious,  -sious  =  shits,    -ble,  -die,  4c,  =  bel,  del. 


3744 


preventable— price 


pre-ve'nt'-a-ble,  pre-v5nf -I-ble,  a.  [  Eng. 
prevent ;  -able.]  Capable  of  lieiiig  prevented  ; 
that  may  or  can  be  prevented. 

"  The  ignorance  of  the  end  is  lar  more  prerentabU." 
—Reynold* :  Worki.  p.  771. 

pre-vent'-a-tive,  a.  &  t.      [Eng.    prevent; 

-ative.] 

A.  -As  adj. :  Preventing,  preventive. 

"  Adopting   preventative   measures."  —  Daily  Tele- 
graph, Sept.  to.  168&. 

B.  As  subst. :  A  preventive. 

•  pre-vent'-a-tlve-ljr,  adv.     [Eng.  prwen- 
tative;  -ly.\    By  way  of  prevention ;  so  as  to 
prevent  or  hinder. 

"  One  of  the  RmuUu  peasants  who  came  from  Smo- 
lensk to  be  iuoculated'^r«Mn<ari«<-;y  agninst  the  effects 
I      of  bite*  Inflicted  by  »  mad  wolf."— Daily  Telegraph, 
March  26,  lest 

pre"-vent'-er,  ».    [Eng.  prevent ;  -tr.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  One  who  goes  before  ;  one  who  is  before 
or  forestalls  another. 

"The  archduke  was  the  assailant,  aud  the  pre- 
•enter.'— Bacon:  War  trith  Spain. 

2.  One  who  prevents,  hinders,  or  obstructs ; 
•  hinderer. 

H.  Naut. :  An  additional  rope,  spar,  chain, 
or  bolt,  as  a  support,  stay,  or  substitute.  A 
supplementary  or  auxiliary  rope  to  support  a 
Bpar,  stay,  &c.,  in  a  gale  or  in  action. 

pre-vent'-I-ble,  a.    [PREVENTABLE.] 
pre-vent  -ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [PREVENT.] 

•  pre- vent' -Ing-ljf,  adv.     [Eng.  preventing  ; 
~ly.]    So  as  to  prevent  or  hinder. 

pre-ven'-tion,  s.    [Fr.,  8p.  prevention ;  ItaL 
prevenzione.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

•  1.  The  act  of  going  before ;  the  state  of 
being  before  or  in  advance  ;  space  or  time  in 
advance. 


*  2.  The  act  of  anticipating  needs  or  wishes ; 
anticipation,  foresight. 

*  3.   Hence,  a  bestowal  of  favours ;  good- 
ness, kindness. 

4.  The  act  of  preventing,  hindering,  or  ob- 
structing ;  hindrance,  obstruction. 

"  Nor  odds  appeared 
In  ...  nrift  prevention."         Milton:  P.  L.,  vi.  310. 

6.  The  act  of  obviating  or  preventing  by 
measures  taken  or  acts  done  beforehand. 

"  For  the  prevention  of  such  inconveniences." — Glan- 
fill :  Sceptii,  ch.  xii. 

*  6.  A  measure  taken,  pr  an  act  done,  to 
prevent  or  obviate  something ;  a  precaution. 

"  Achievement*,  plots,  orders,  prewntiont." 

Shatetp.  :  Troilut  t  Croatia.,  i.  S. 

*  7.  Caution,  foresight ;  precaution,  care. 

"Where   one  prevention    ends,   danger    begins."— 
Carew :  To  A.  D. 

*  S.  Prejudice,  prepossession.  (A  Gallicism.) 

"  Let  them  bring  no  particular  gusto,  or  any  preven- 
tion of  mind."—  Dryden,  \T"dd.) 

*  9.  Jurisdiction. 

"  By  verteu  off  your  legantine  prerogative  and  pr*- 
fenlion."— Stale  Papert,  L  UL 

H.  Canon  Law:  The  right  which  a  superior 
person  or  officer  has  to  lay  hold  of,  claim,  or 
transact  an  affair  prior  to  an  inferior  one  to 
whom  otherwise  it  more  immediately  belongs ; 
as,  when  the  judges  prevent  subaltern  ones. 

•  pre-yen'-tton-al,  o.  |Eng.  prevention;  -al.] 
Tending  to  prevent ;  preventive. 

•  pre-vinf-i-tlve,  a.    [PREVENTATIVE.] 

pre-vent'-ive,  a.  &  «.    [Eng.  prevent ;  -ive ; 
Fr.  preventif.] 
A*  As  adjective : 

*  L   Going  before ;  prevenient,  preceding. 

"Directed  by  any  previous  connsel  or  preventive 
understanding."— Cudworth :  Intell.  Syttem,  p.  7X 

2.  Tending  to  hinder  or  prevent ;  hinder- 
ing, obviating  ;  preventing  the  access  of  ill ; 
preventative. 

"Physic  Is  either  curative  or  preventive."— Browne: 
Vulgar  £rrourt,  hit.  iv.,  ch.  xili. 
B.  As  substantive : 

1.  That  which  prevents,  hinders,  or  ob- 
structs the  approach  or  passage  of  anything ; 
a  hindrance,  an  impediment. 

"  Though  it  be  a  natural  preventive  to  some  evils." — 
Wotton :  Jlemaini,  p.  868. 

2.  Spec. :  An  antidote  taken  previously  to 
prevent  an  attack  of  disease  or  illness. 


preventive- service,  «.  (COAST-BLOCK- 
ADE, COAST-GUARD.  ] 

*  pre-venf  -Ive-ly,  adv.      [Eng.  preventive  ; 
-In.]    In  a  preventive  manner ;  in  a  manner  to 
prevent  or  hinder. 

"  It  i*  preventively  the  asaertor  of  its  own  rights."  — 
Burke :  Kegicide  Peace,  let.  L 

pre-ver'-te-bral,  a.  [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
vertebral  (q.v.).] 

A  not. :  Situated  in  front  of  the  vertebra  : 
as,  the  preveitebral  muscles  and  fasciae  of  the 
neck.  (Quain.) 

*  pro-view"  (lew  as  u),  v.t.    [Pref.  pre-,  and 
Eng.  view  (q.v.).]    To  view  beforehand. 

pre'-vi-oiis,  o.  [Lat.  prcevius  =  on  the  way 
before,  going  before  :  prce  =  before,  and  via 
=  a  way  ;  ItaL  &  Sp.  previo.] 

1.  Going  before  in  time ;  prior,  antecedent ; 
being  or  happening  before  something  else. 

"To  make  myself  fitter  for  the  work  by  some  prt- 
fioui  meditations."— HoaeU :  Letleri,  bk.  L,  let.  32. 

2.  (See  the  extract.) 

"  He  is  a  little  before  his  time,  a  trifle  pretiouM,  as 
the  Americans  say.  but  so  are  all  gemuses."— Daily 
Telegraph,  Dec.  14, 188$. 

previous-question,  s.    [QUESTION,  s.] 

pre'-vi-OUS-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  previous;  -ly.] 
In  time  previous  or  preceding ;  before,  ante- 
cedently, beforelxand. 

"  They  were  previously  led  to  take  a  comprehensive 
survey  of  hum:m  nature."— Stewart :  Human  Hind, 
pt.ii.iL  (Introd.) 

pre'-vi-ous-ness,  s.  [Eng.  previous;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of "  being  previous  or 
prior  ;  antecedence  in  time. 

*  pro-vise',  v.t.     [Lat.  prcRvisus,  pa.  par.  of 
prcevideo  =  to  see  before  :  prae  =  before,  and 
video  —  to  see.] 

L  To  see  beforehand,  to  foresee. 
2.  Te  warn  or  inform  beforehand,  to  pre- 
warn. 

"Sir.  Pelham  has  previted  the  reader  that  Lord  Vin- 
cent was  somewhat  addicted  to  paradox."— Lytton  : 
Pelham,  cb.  xv.  (Note.) 

*  pre-vT-sion,  s.    [Fr.,  from  Lat.  prcevisus, 
pa.  j>ar.  01  prcevideo ;  Sp.  prevision;  Ital.  pre- 
visione.]    (PREVISE.)    The  act  of  foreseeing; 
foresight,  foreknowledge,  prescience. 

"  Daniel's  prevision  of  the  performance."— Pearson  : 
On  the  Creed,  Art.  2. 

*  pre-vis'-ive,  a.  (Eng.j>revts(«);  -ive.]  Fore- 
seeing, prescient. 

"  It  (intelligence  awakened  by  sensation]  is  through- 
out premtioe.  —  A.  C.  Frater  :  Berkeley,  p.  51. 

Pre-vost  (st  silent),  s.    [M.  Pierre  Prevost,  a 

Genevan  physicist.]    (See  etym.) 

Prevost's  theory,  s. 

Thermology :   The   theory  that   all   bodies 

*  radiate  heat,  the  hotter  giving  off  more  and 
the  colder  less  than  they  receive,  till  a  mobile 
equilibrium  is  established  among  them. 

"pre-vo'y'-ant,  a.  [Fr.]  Foreseeing,  pre- 
scient. (Mrs.  Oliphant.) 

*  pre-warn',  v.t.  or  t.    [Pref.  pre-,  and  Eng. 
warn  (q.v.]     To  warn  Beforehand ;  to  fore- 
warn, to  preadmonish. 

"  Comets  prevxtrn  whose  havock  in  vast  field 
Unearthed  skulls  proclaim." 

Two  Noble  Kintmen,  v.  L 

prey,  *praie,  *pray,  *preie,  *preye,  s. 

[O.  Fr.  prnie,  frreie  (Fr.  proie),  from  Cat.  prceda 
=  booty ;  cf.  Wei.  praidd  =  flock,  herd, 
booty  ;  Ital.  &  O.  Sp.  preda.]  (PREDATORV.) 

1.  Booty,  spoil,  plunder ;  goods  taken  from 
an  enemy  in  war ;  anything  taken  or  got  by 
violence. 

"The  rest  of  the  prisoners  he  dystrybuted  among  his 
•ouldiers  every  man  one  m  name  of  a  pray." — Hold- 
ing* :  Conor,  fo.  237. 

2.  A  person  or  thing  given  up  to  another,  a 
victim. 

"Give  her,  as  a  prey,  to  law  and  shame." 

Khaketp. :  2  Henry  17.,  IL  1. 

3.  That  which  is,  or  may  be,  seized  to  be 
devoured  by  carnivorous  animals.  (Jo*iv.  11.) 

4.  The  act  of  preying  on,  or  of  catching  and 
devouring  other  creatures ;   ravage,  depreda- 
tion. 

"  You  »at  smiling  at  his  cruel  prrv" 
Shateip. :  Midtummer  Night' t  Dream.  11.  1 

T  Beast  (or  bird)  of  prey :  A  carnivorous 
beaat  or  bird  ;  one  which  lives  on  the  flesh  of 
Other  animals. 


*  prey-catcher,  *  praye-catcher,  *. 

A  thief,  a  robber. 

"Three  waies.  therefore,  it  shal  be  leful  to  discern* 
the  true  slieiwherd  ftorn  ye  thefe  or  prayc-catcher."— - 
I'dal :  John,  x. 

prey,  r.t.    [PREV,  *.] 

1.  To  take  booty  or  plunder;  to  plunder,  to 
ravage,  to  take  food  by  violence. 

"  Like  an  o'ergron  n  lion  in  a  cage 
That  gues  not  out  to  prey." 

Xhakap.  :  Meaiurefor  Meaturt,  L  & 

2.  Followed  by  on  or  upon, 

(1)  To  rob,  to  plunder. 

"They  pray  continually  unto  their  saint,  the  com- 
monwealth ;  or  rather  not  pray  to  her,  but  prey  on 
ber."—Shaketp.:  1  Henry  /»'.,  ii.  1. 

(2)  To  seize  as  prey  ;  to  seize  and  devour  ; 
to  chase  and  seize  as  food. 

"To  prey  on  nothing  that  doth  seem  as  dead." 

Shatetp.  :  Al  You  Lilce  fl.  iv.  8. 

(3)  To  waste  or  wear  away  gradually  ;  to 
cause  to  waste  or  pine  away :  as,  His  mis- 
fortune preyed  on  his  mind. 

*  prey'-er,  *prei-er,  s.    [Eng.pr«/,  v  ;  -er.} 
One  who  preys ;  a  plunderer,  a  robber,  a  de- 
vourer. 

"  She  would  needs  be  a  preie  vnto  the  preinr."— 
Hooker :  Cotiquett  of  Ireland,  ch.  L 

*  prey'-ful,  *  prey-full,  a.  [Bug.  prey ;  -futt.} 

1.  Given  to  prey  ;  savage. 

"The prey/ull  broode  of  savage  beasts." 

Chapman :  Homer ;  Hymn  to  Venus. 

2.  Rich   in    prey  ;    killing    much    game. 
(Shakesp. :  Low's  Labour's  Lost,  iv.  2.) 

prey'-ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.     [PREY,  v.] 

A,  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective : 

1.  Ord.Lang. :  Plundering,  wasting,  wearing 

2.  Her. :  Applied  to  any 
ravenous    beast    or   bird, 
standing    on,    and    in    a 
proper  position  for  devour- 
ing its  prey. 

pri-a-can  -thus,  s.    [Gr. 

•npitov  (prion)  =  a  saw,  and 
dxa>'0u  (cita  11  thd) = a  spine.  ] 

1.  Ichthy. :    A  genus  of 
Percidae(q.v.).  Body  short,          PREYINO. 
compressed,  covered  with 

small  rough  scales,  which  extend  also  over 
the  short  snout ;  one  dorsal  fin  with  ten  spines, 
anal  with  three.  Pi  aeoperculum  serrated,  with 
a  flat,  triangular  spine  at  the  angle.  Seventeen 
species,  from  the  tropical  seas ;  all  about 
twelve  inches  long;  red,  pink,  and  silvery- 
white  the  prevailing  colours.  (Giinther.) 

2.  PalcKont. :  One  species  from  the  Yorkshire 
Carboniferous.     (Etheridge.) 

*  pri-al,  s.    [PAIR-ROYAL.] 

pri-a'-pe-an,  s.  [Lat.  priapeia=*  collec- 
tion of  poems  upon  Priapus  by  different 
authors.]  A  species  of  hexameter  verse,  so 
constructed  as  to  be  divisible  into  two  por- 
tions of  three  feet  each,  having  generally  a 
trochee  in  the  flrst  and  fourth  feet,  and  an 
amphimacer  in  the  third. 

pri'-a-pism,  s.  [Fr.  priapisme.]  [PRIAPOLITE.J 
Morbid  tension  of  the  male  genital  organ. 

pri-ap'-6-lite,  s.  [From  Gr.  irpi'ouros  (priapos) 
=  the  god  of  gardens  and  country  life,  and 
Ai'Sos  (mhos)  =•  a  stone  ;  Fr.  priapolithe.] 

Petrol. :  A  limestone  of  stalagmitic  origin, 
in  the  form  of  cylindrical  tubercules,  the  nu- 
cleus of  which  was  probably  vegetable. 

*  price  (1),  *.    [PRIZE  (2),  ».]     Reward,  re- 
compense. 

"  What  then  ?  is  the  reward  of  virtue  bread? 
That  vice  may  merit ;  'tis  the  price  of  toll." 

Pope:  Euan  on  Man,  iv.  15L 

price  (2),  *  pris,  *  pryce,  *  prys,  t.    [O.  Pr. 

pris,  preii  (Fr.  prix),  from  Lat.  pretium,= 
price;  Sp.  precio ;  Ital.  prezzo.  Price,  prize 
(1),  s.,  andpraise.are  essentially  the  same  word.J 

1.  Theequivalentin  money, orothermedium 
of  exchange,  paid  or  given  for  anything ;  the 
sum  of  money  paid  for  goods  ;  the  value  which 
a  seller  puts  on  his  goods  ;  the  current  value 
of  a  commodity.    (2  Samuel  xxiv.  24.) 

2.  Value, estimation.  (Spenser:  F.Q.,  V.i.l.) 

3.  Worth,  value,  excellence.  (Matt.  xiii.  26.) 
U  The  early  political  economists  used  the 

words  value  and  price  as  synonymous  terms, 
and  they  are  not  always  discriminated  even 
by  Ricardo.  John  Stuart  Mill  and  the  modern 


Ste,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    »,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qn  =  lew. 


price— pricker 


3745 


economists  discriminate  them,  using  price  to 
express  the  value  of  a  thiug  in  relation  to 
money,  and  value,  or  exchange  value,  to  denote 
its  general  power  of  purchasing.  The  price 
of  an  article  is  regulated  by  the  law  of  demand 
and  supply. 

If  (1)  Price  of  money : 

Comm. :  The  rate  of  discount  at  which  capital 
may  be  lent  or  borrowed. 

(2)  Market  price :  [MARKET-PRICE]. 

(3)  Natural  price :  [REAL- VALUE]. 
price  current,  price-list,  • . 

Comm. :  A  price-list ;  a  table  or  account  of 
the  current  value  of  merchandise,  stocks,  &c., 
issued  periodically. 

price-list,  s.    [PRICE-CURRENT.] 

pri9e,  v.t.    [PRICE,  ».] 

*  1.  To  pay  the  price  of;  to  pay  for. 

"  With  his  own  blood  price  that  he  bath  spilt.* 

Spcitter:  f.  Q.,  I.  v.  28. 

*  2.  To  set  a  price  on  ;  to  value,  to  prize. 

"  Thy  life  with  mine  is  evenly  prude. 

Chairman :  Bomtr  ;  Iliad  vli. 

8.  To  ask  the  price  of.    (Colloq.) 

pri9ed,  a.  [PRICE,  ».]  Set  at  a  value ;  valued  ; 
having  a  price  or  value  set  on.  (Used  in  com- 
position, as  low-priced,  high-priced,  ic.). 

pri96'-Ite,  ».  [After  Mr.  T.  Price,  of  San 
Francisco  ;  suff.  -Ue  (if in.).] 

M in. :  A  compact  mineral,  sometimes  chalk- 
like,  consisting  of  minute  rhombic  crystals. 
Soft ;  sp.  gr.  2-262  to  2'298 ;  colour,  milk- 
white  ;  lustre,  dull  to  satiny ;  feel,  greasy.  Com- 
pos. :  a  hydrated  borate  of  lime,  the  analyses 
suggesting  the  formula,  3CaO,4BO3  +  6HO. 
Found  in  Curry  county,  Oregon,  in  layers  be- 
tween slate  and  blue  steatite. 

prije'-less,  a.    [Eng.  price,  g. ;  -Jess.] 
1.  Invaluable,  inestimable. 

*  2.  Of  no  value  ;  worthless,  unsaleable. 

*  pric'-er,  *  pryc-er,  *.  [Eng.  pnc(e),  v. ; 
•cr.}  One  who  sets  or  names  a  price  ;  a  valuer. 
(Richmondshire  Wills,  p.  31.) 

prick,  *  prlke,  *  prik-en,  *  prlk-i-en, 
*  pryke,  v.t.  &  i.  [Icel.  prika ;  Ger. prikken.] 
[PRICK,  «.] 

A.  Transitive : 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  To  pierce  with  a  sharp-pointed  instru- 
ment or  substance  ;  to  puncture. 

"  If  their  wound  swelleth  it  may  be  pricked  with  a 
brazen  bodkin."— Loeell:  Animalt  i  ilintra.lt,  p.  253. 

If  Sometimes  the  effectof  the  pricking,  rather 
than  the  thing  pricked,  is  made  the  object  of 
the  verb  :  as,  To  pricfc  a  hole  in  paper. 

2.  Specif. :  To  spur ;  to  drive  spurs  into. 

"  Ai  o'er  the  plain  the  Pilgrim  prided  hU  steed." 
Bynn  :  Childe  Harold,  i.  48. 

*  3.  To  urge,  to  spur,  to  goad,  to  incite. 
(Often  followed  by  on.) 

"  My  duty  prick*  me  on  to  utter  that" 

bhaketp :  Twi  aentlenun  of  Verona,  ii.  7. 

4.  To  affect  with  a  sharp,  shooting  pain.  «t 

5.  To  sting  with  remorse.    (Acts  ii.  37.) 

6.  To  cause  to  pierce  through. 

"Prick  a  pin  through  the  eye."— Dr.  H.  Power: 
Experimental  Philosophy,  bk.  i..  p.  5. 

7.  To  mark  with  a  pointed  instrument ;  to 
mark  with  dots  or  small  marks. 

"  Atkinson  did  not  commence  his  play  Immediately, 
but  pricked  the  chance*  on  a  card  as  ther  ran."— 
Jfarryat :  Japhet  in  Search  of  a  father,  ch.  lii. 

*  8.  To  mark  or  write  down  in  notes. 

"  A  valuable  collection  of  music  pricked  moatly  by 
himself."— Annual  Regiiter  (176S).  p.  46. 

*  9.  To  hang  or  fix  on  a  point. 

*  10.  To  fasten  by  means  of  a  pin  or  other 
pointed  instrument. 

11.  To  bed  out ;  to  plant  in  a  bed. 

"  But  if  you  draw  them  [seedlings]  only  for  the  thin- 
ning of  your  seminary,  prick  them  into  some  empty 
beds."— Evelyn  :  Sylva,  p.  10. 

*  12.  To  fix  by  the  point. 

"  Pricking  their  points  into  a  board  so  that  their 
edges  might  look  towards  one  another."—  Setaton. 

13.  To  cause  to  point  upwards  ;  to  erect ; 
said  of  the  ears,  aud  primarily  of  the  pointed 
«ars  of  an  animal.    (Generally  with  up.) 

"  It  is  alike  troublesome  to  both  the  rider  and  his 
beast,  if  the  latter  goes  pricking  up  his  ears  and  start- 
ing all  the  way."— Sterne  :  Sentimental  Journey,  i.  202. 

14.  To  mark  off.    [PRICKING,  If.] 

"Her  Majesty  pricked  the  list  of  Sheriffs  for  Eng- 
land and  Wales."— Daily  .Voiw,  Feb.  24,  1879. 


15.  To  appoint  or  designate. 

"  He  was  after  that  pricked  for  Sheriff  of  Surrey."— 
Johruon :  Licet  of  the  Poett ;  Denham. 

*  16.  To  mark,  to  describe. 

"Prick  him  down  for  a  knave."— Iforrii:  Practical 
Ditcourtet,  p.  58. 

17.  To  mark  down  ;  to  find  and  mark. 

"  I  have  pricked  a  ten-horned  ti&g.'—JIri.  Gore  : 
Fascination,  p.  111. 

18.  To  beat  for  game. 

"  Did  yon  not  accompany  him  to  prick  the  wood  t " 
—Sin.  Gore  :  Futcmation,  p.  109. 

*  19.  To  dress  up. 

"Pricking  up  their  children  in  vaine  fashions."— 
Roger t :  tfaaman,  the  Syrian,  p.  391. 

*20.  To  render  acid  or  pungent  to  the  taste. 
(Butler:  Hudibras.) 

*  21.  To  make  proud,  to  puff  up. 

"  Whom  prouender  pricketh  are  often  the  wurse." 
Tutser  :  Husbandry,  Ixxvii.  22. 

*  22.  To  intermix,  to  interweave. 

"  Pricke  in  some  flowers  of  that  be  hath  learned 
•broad."— Bacon :  Eaays ;  Of  Travel. 

H.  Technically: 

1.  Nautical : 

(1)  To  trace  a  ship's  course  on  a  chart. 

(2)  To  run  a  middle  seam  through  the  cloth 
of  a  sail. 

2.  Farr. :  To  drive  a  nail  into  a  horse's  foot 
so  as  to  cause  lameness. 

3.  Malting:  The  floor  of  a  malt-kiln  is  per- 
forated with  small  holes  which  get  cholced 
during  the  malting  season.     A  lad  is  then 
employed  to  clear  each  hole,  which  operation 
is  called  pricking  the  kiln. 

B,  Intransitive : 

1.  To    cause    pain,  as  by  a  sharp-pointed 
instrument. 

2.  To  suffer  or  feel  penetration  by  a  point 
or  sharp  pain  ;  to  be  punctured. 

1 3.  To  spur ;  to  ride  rapidly  or  hastily. 

"  A  gentle  knight  was  pricking  on  the  plaine." 
Spenter:  P.  Q.,  I.  i.  L 

•4.  To  go  in  state. 

"  And  so  he  pricketh  forth  in  his  Pontifi  ealibus,"— 
Jewell :  Defence,  p.  »-i. 

*  5.  To  aim  at  a  point,  place,  or  mark. 

"Yet  will  I  pricke  at  Yenlade  with  another  out  of 
the  same  quiver,  and  happily  go  neerer  to  it." — Lam- 
barde :  Perambulation  of  Kent,  p.  233. 

*  6.  To  do  embroidery. 

"All  day  pricking  on  a  clout." 

Tuner  :  Husbandry,  Ixvii .  18. 

*  7.  To   appoint   or   designate   persons  or 
things  by  pricking.    [PRICKING,  If.] 

"  Our  own  Sovereign  Lady  .  .  .  prickt  for  sheriffs." 
-De  Quincey:  Joan  of  A  re  (Works,  iii.  223). 

*  8.  To  dress  one's  self  for  show. 

*  9.  To  become  acid  or  sour  ;  to  turn. 

*  10.  To  run,  leaving  footprints  behind  (said 
of  a  hare). 

"  For  when  she  [a  hare]  beateth  the  plaine  highway, 
where  you  may  yet  perceive  her  footing,  it  is  said  she 
pricketh."— Otmllim:  Display  of  Heraldry,  { iii.,  ch.  xiv. 

*  11.  To  stimulate,  to  incite,  to  urge. 

"  When  reason  aduiseth  to  forbeare  and  the  appetite 
pricketh  to  takedriuke,  a  man  ought  rather  to  lollowe 
reason."—  Udal :  Apoph.  of  Eratmut,  p.  8. 

12.  To  germinate. 

If  (1)  To  prick  out :  To  plant  out  for  the  first 
time.  [A.  I.  11.] 

(2)  To  prick  up  one's  self:  To  show  off,  to 
make  a  show. 

prick,     •  pricke,     *  prike,     *  prikke, 

•pryk,     *  pryke,       prykke,   s.    [A.S. 

pricu,  prica  =  a  point,  a  dot ;  cogn.  with  O.  Dut. 

pricfc  =  a  prickle  ;  Dut.  prikkel ;  Dan.  prik  = 

a  dot ;  Sw.  pricfc  =  a  point,  a  dot,  a  prick  ; 

Wei.  pric  =a  stick,  a  broauh  ;  Ir.  pricadh  =  a 

goad,  prioca  =  a  sting  ;  Dan.  prikke  =  to  mark 

with  dots  ;  Sw.  prika.] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  dot,  a  point,  a  small  mark  ;  applied  to 

*(1)  A  vowel-point  used  in  Oriental  writing. 

"  Martinus  afflrtiieth  that  these  Masorites  invented 
the  pricket,  wherewith  the  Hebrew  is  now  read."— 
Purchat:  Pilgrimage,  bk.  ii..  ch.  iii. 

*  (2)  A  point  in  geometry. 

"  A  point  or  pricke  \s  the  beginning  of  a  line."— 
Ooldtny :  De  Hornay,  cb.  iz.,  p.  120. 

*  (3)  The  point  or  mark  on  a  target  at  which 
an  archer  shot. 

"  Yf  thou  shot*  and  wvnke 
The  prycke  thou  shalt  hytte." 

The  Frere  i  the  Boy.  99. 

•(4)  Hence,  fig.,  used  for  the  object  aimed 
at ;  one's  aim. 

"Gain  and  ease 
Be  the  only  pricket  that  they  shoot  at." 

UK  of  Dice-plat,  V- W. 


*  (5)  A  mark  on  a  dial  denoting  the  hoar. 

"  Now  Phaeton  hath  tumbled  from  his  car. 
And  made  an  evening  at  the  noontide  prick." 

Shaketp. :  S  Henry  VI.,  i.  t 

(6)  The  mark  made  by  pricking  with  a 
pointed  instrument ;  a  puncture. 

2.  A  pointed  instrument  or  substance,  sharp 
enough  to  pierce  the  skin :  as,  a  skewer ;  a 
goad  for  oxen. 

"  Beared  with  the  polnte  of  a  wooden  pricke  or  stiff* 
reede."— ByU  :  Profitable  Arte  of  Gardening,  p.  129. 

*  3.  A  sting,  a  thorn. 

"The  kyug  of  bees  hath  no  prykke  to  styuge  wyth." 
—Caxton :  Bake  of  the  Chette,  p.  so. 

4.  A  stinging  or  tormenting  thought ;  re- 
morse. 

"  The  pricks  of  conscience  will  not  so  much  afflict 
us."— Tucker :  Light  of  A'ature.  ii.  526. 

5.  The  print  or  mark  of  a  hare  or  deer  on  the 
ground  :  hence,  fig.  a  trace,  a  mark. 

**  That  discourse  of  whose  footing  we  have  found  the 
prickt  already."— Guzman  de  Alfarache,  p.  122. 

*  6.  (See  extract.) 

"They  bear  not  their  first  bead  which  we  call 
Broches  (in  a  fallow  deare  pricks],  untH  they  enter  tho 
second  yere."— Turbemille:  Bake  of  Venerie,  p.  42. 

*  7.  A  mark  denoting  degree  ;  pitch. 

"  To  prick  of  highest  prayse." 

zpenter:  f.  «.,  IL  xii.  1. 

•8.  A  goal. 

"  He  overrunne  them  al  and  came  firste  of  all  to  the 
pricke."— Bale :  Gardner;  De  I" era  Obedient ia,  sig.  Q.  i. 

*  9.  A  point,  a  pitch,  a  state. 

"  Ther  is  no  man  can  bryug  hir  to  that  prikke." 
Chaucer:  C.  T.,  6.44». 

*  10.  A  pricking  sensation. 

"I  find  pimples  and  prickt  all  over  my  body."— 
Pepyt :  Diary,  ill  98. 

*  11.  A  spur  ;  an  incitement. 

"  Example*  joined  with  the  pricke  of  emulation."— 
Lamaudaye :  French  Academy,  bk.  L,  p.  23& 

IL  Naut. :  A  small  roll :  as,  a  prick  of  yarn 
or  tobacco. 

*  H  Prick  and  praise,  prick  and  price,  prick 
and  prize :  The  reward  of  excellence. 

"  It  doth  surmount  and  carry  away  the  pricke  and 
prize  of  all  others."— Xetaton :  Touchstone  of  Com- 
plexiont,  p.  76. 

prick  -  eared,    *  pry ko  -  eared,    a. 

Having  pointed  ears. 

"  Thou  prick-eared  cur  of  Iceland." 

Shaketp. :  Henry  r.,  0.  L 

J  The  term  was  commonly  applied  by  the 
Cavaliers  to  the  Puritans,  because,  from  their 
hair  being  cut  close  all  round,  their  ears  stuck 
up  prominently. 

prick  -  me  -  dainty,  prick  -  ma  - 
dainty,  a.  Characterized  by  the  use  of 
over-nice  or  finical  language;  finical,  over* 
precise. 

prick-post, ».    [QUEEN-POST.] 
prick-punch,  s. 

Forging:  A  pointed  instrument  used  bjr 
smiths  to  mark  their  centres. 

*  prick-shaft,  s,    A  shaft  for  shoot  i  ng  at 
a  mark  ;  an  arrow. 

"  Yon  should  use  prid^thafti."— Rowley  :  A  Mate*  at 
Midnight,  ii.  L 

prick-song, *. 

Afusic :  Written  music,  as  opposed  to  extem- 
pore descant. 

"  He  fights  as  yon  sing  prir*-»on<7." 

Shaketp.  :  Romeo  i  Juliet,  ii.  4 

prick-timber,  s.    [PRICKWCOD.] 

*  prick-wand,  s.    A  wand  set  up  for  • 
mark  to  shoot  arrows  at. 

*  prick-a-sour,  •  pric-a-sour,  s.    [PRICK, 
v.}    A  fast  or  hard  rider. 

"  He  was  a  pricatour  aright." 

Chaucer:  C.  T.    (Prol.  I'M.) 

prfck'-er,  *.    [Eng.  pricfc,  v. ;  •«•.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  pricks  ;  a  prick  ; 
a  sharp-pointed  instrument  for  pricking ;  • 
prickle. 

2.  A  long  slender  iron  used  for  probing  or 
sounding  the  depth  of  a  bog  or  quicksand. 

*3.  A  light  horseman. 

"  Northumbrian  prickrrt,  wild  and  rude." 

Scott :  J/<irmion,  v.  17. 

•4.  One  who  tested  whether  women  were 
witches,  by  pricking  them  with  pins  ;  a  witcU 
finder. 

•5.  One  who  beats  for  game. 

DL  Technically: 

1.  Blasting:  [NEEDLE,  «.,  II.  2]. 

2.  Gunnery :  A  sharp  wire  introduced  at  the 


boil,  bo'y ;  pout,  j£wl;  cat,  90!!.  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  fc 
-elan,  -tian  =  sham,    -tlon,  -sion  -  sliun;  -(ion,  -$ion  =  zhun,    -cious,  -tious,  -sioua  -  shus.    -ble,  -die,  ic.  =  b«i,  del. 


3746 


pricket— prie 


vent  to  puncture  the  bag  which  holds  the 
charge,  in  order  that  the  priming  may  touch 
the  powder. 

3.  Naut. :  A  small  instrument  having  an 
enlarged  head  and  a  curved  tapering  point. 
It  is  similar  to  the  fid  and  marline  spike,  but 
is  used  for  smaller  work. 

4.  Saddlery:  A  tool  used  to  mark  stitch- 
holes,  to  render  them  uniform  in  distance. 

5.  Ichthy :  The  Basking-sliark  (q.v.). 

prick" -et,  s.   [PRICK,  «.] 

1.  A  buck  in  his  second  year. 
"TwuapHcJter  that  the  princess  kill'd."— ao*«»p.  .• 

iore'l  Lain/an  Loit.  iv.  I 

*  2.  A  wax  taper. 

3.  Bot. :  Sedumacre, S. album,  and  S.  reflexum. 

prick  -ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  «.    [PRICK,  v.] 

A.  &  B.  At  pr.  par.  <t  particip.  adj. :   (See 
the  verb). 
C.  As  substantive : 
L  Ordinary  Language : 
L  The  act  of  piercing  or  puncturing  with  a 
,     sharp- pointed  instrument. 

"  There  is  that  speaketh  [  wordes]  like  the  priclcingi 
!  of  a  sword."— Proverb  xii.  18.  (1583.) 

2.  A  tingling  pain  ;  a  sharp-shooting  pain. 

"  By  the  pricking  of  my  thumbs, 
Something  wicked  tills  way  comes." 

Shaketp.  :  Macbeth,  ii.  L 

•  3.  The  making  an  incision  at  the  root  of  a 
horse's  tail  to  cause  him  to  carry  it  higher. 
[PICK  (\\  v.,  B.  ^  2.) 

•  4.  The  prick  or  mark  left  by  an  animal's 
foot,  as,  by  a  hare,  deer,  Ac. ;  the  act  of  tracing 
animals  by  such  marks. 

"Those  which  cannot  discerne  the  footing!  or  prick- 
.  ingi  of  the  hare."— ToptaU :  four-footed  BeatU,  p.  152. 

•5.  The  state  or  condition  of  becoming  acid 
or  sour,  as  wine. 

TL  Farr. :  The  act  of  driving  a  nail  into  a 
horse's  foot  while  shoeing  him,  so  as  to  cause 
lameness. 

f  Pricking  for  Sheriffs:  The  annual  ceremony 
of  appointing  sheriffs  for  each  county  for  the 
ensuing  year.  It  is  so  called  from  the  names 
of  the  persons  chosen  being  marked  by  the 
prick  of  a  pin.  (English.) 

pricking-note,  «. 

Comm. :  A  document  delivered  by  a  shipper 
of  goods  authorizing  the  receiving  of  them  on 
board.  So  called  from  the  practice  of  prick- 
ing holes  in  the  paper  corresponding  with  the 
number  of  packages  counted  into  the  ship. 

prloklng-np,  s. 

Plastering :  The  first  coot  of  plaster  on  lath  ; 
the  surface  is  scratched  to  form  a  key  for  the 
next  coat. 

pric'-kle,  *  pric-le,  ».     [Eng.  prick;  dimin. 

sutf.  -le.] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 
•LA  little  mark  ;  a  dot,  a  jot 

2.  A  little  prick  ;  a  small  sharp  point. 

"  Let  us  endure  their  bad  qualities  for  their  food  ; 
allow  the  prickle  fur  the  rose." — Chapman :  All  Foolt, 
.lii-L 

3.  A  sharp-pointed  process  as  from  the  skin 
of  an  animal ;  a  spine. 

4.  A  kind  of  basket,  of  willow  or  brier,  con- 
taining rather  more  than  a  gallon  measure. 

5.  A  sieve  of  filberts,  containing  about  half 
•  hundred-weight. 

H.  Bot. :  A  rigid,  opaque,  conical  process, 
formed  of  cellular  tissue,  and  terminating  in 
an  acute  point.  It  may  be  considered  a  com- 
pound hardened  hair  developed  from  the 
epiphloeum  of  the  bark,  and  differs  from  a 
•pine  in  belonging  to  the  epidermis  only,  and 
therefore  breaking  off  smoothly. 

prickle-  back,  s.  The  stickleback  (q.v.). 
prickle-tang,  s. 

Bot. :  Fucus  serratut. 

*  prickle-yellow,  ». 

Bot. :  Xanthoxylon  Clava  Hereulit.  In 
Jamaica  it  is  esteemed  a  good  timl>er  tree,  and 
is  imported  into  England  for  making  walking 
•ticks.  In  the  West  Indies  and  the  Carolines 
an  infusion  of  it  is  used  in  toothache. 

To  prick 


'pric'-kle,  v.t.      [PRICKLE,  i.J 
slightly ;  to  prick. 


Felt  a  horror  orer  me  creep, 

fricU*  my  akin  Mid  catch  my  breath." 

Tenni/ion :  Maud.  1.  X!T. 


*  pric'-kled  (le  as  el),  a.    [Eng.  pnda(le),  s. ; 
•ed.]    Having  prickles  ;  prickly. 

"  The  little  red-brest  to  the  prickled  thorne 
Ketnru'd."          Browne :  OrUanniai  Paitoralt.  11.  S. 

prick -11-neSS,  s.  [Eng.  prickly;  -nrss.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  prickly  or  having 
many  prickles. 

*  prick  -louse,  s.    [Eng.  prick,  and  louse.}   A 
word  of  contempt  for  a  tailor. 

"  A  taylor  and  Ms  wife  quarrelling  ;  the  woman  in 
contempt  called  her  Lusuaiulj/rioUou**."— L' Ettrange : 
JWtaL 

prick'-ly,  o.    [Eng.  prickle);  -y.} 

1.  Full  of,  or  covered  with,  sharp  points  or 
prickles;  armed  with  prickles. 

"  Fix'd  in  the  centre  of  a  prickly  brake." 

H'ordttmrth  ;  Excurtion,  bk.  T. 

2.  Bot. :   Furnished  with  prickles,  as  the 
stem  of  some  roses. 

prickly-ash,  s. 

Rot, :  Xanthozylon  americanum,  an  aroma  tic 
plant,  with  yellowish  flowers  appearing  bef«  re 
the  leaves. 

prickly-back,  s.    [PRICKLE-BACK.) 
prickly-bullhead,  s. 

Ichthy. :  A  fresh-water  fish.  Coitus  asper. 
prickly-cedar,  s. 
Bot. :  Cyathodes  Oxycednu. 
prickly-cockle,  t. 

Zool. :  Cardium  aculeatum, 
prickly-grass,  s. 
Bot. :  The  genus  Echinochloa. 
prickly-heat,  s. 

PaihoL  :  Lichen  tropicus;  a  skin  disease, 
characterised  by  minute  papulae  formed  by 
the  hypersemia  of  the  sweat  follicles.  V\VH 
European  residents  in  the  tropics  escape  it 
when  they  are  exposed  to  the  sun.  It  is  not 
in  the  least  dangerous. 

prickly-pear,  *.    [Orus-nx.] 
prickly-pole,  s. 

Bot. :  Bactris  Plumieriana.  (West  Indian.) 
prickly-samphire, «.  [ECHINOPHOHA.] 
prickly-withe,  s. 

Bot. :  Cereus  triangularis. 

prick' -mad-am,  s.  [Eng.  prick,  and  madam.] 
Bot. :  Sedum  reflexum. 

*  prick' -shot,  «.    [Eng.  prick,  and  shot.}    A 
bowshot. 

"  A  prickihot  as  under."— Patten  :  Exped.  to  Scott  md. 
prfck'-WOOd,  s.     [Eng.  pricl;,  and  wood.] 
Bot. :  The  Spindle-tree,  Euonymus  europmu. 

»  prick' -y,  *  prick -ey,  *  prick -ie,  a. 

[Eng.  prick,  s.  ;  -y.]    Prickly. 


pride  (1),  *  pmide,  *  prude,  *  pryd,  s. 

[A.S.   pryte,  from   prut  =  proud  (q.v.).     Cf. 
Icel.  prydhi  =  an  ornament ;  prudhr  =  proud  ; 
Dan.  pryde  ;  Sw.  pryda  =  to  adorn.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  proud  ;  in- 
ordinate self-esteem  ;  unreasonable  conceit  of 
one's  own  superiority  in  rank,  talents,  accom- 
plishments, or  position,  manifesting  itself  in 
reserve,  distance,  airs,  and  evident  contempt 
of  others. 

"  Pride  it  that  exalted  Idea  of  our  state,  qualifica- 
tions, pr  attainments,  which  exceeds  the  boundaries 
of  justice." — Coffan :  I'atiiant,  pt.  i.,  ch.  ill. 

2.  Generous  elation  of  heart ;  a  noble  self- 
esteem  arising  from  consciousness  of  upright 
conduct,  noble  actions  or  the  like  ;  sens*  of 
one's  own  worth  and  abhorrence  of  what  is 
beneath  or  unworthy  of  one. 

3.  Insolence;  proud  or  haughty  behaviour 
towards  others  ;  haughty  or  arrogant  brsriug 
or  conduct ;  insolent  treatment  of  others ; 
haughtiness,  arrogance.    (Daniel  iv.  37.) 

4.  Exuberance  of  animal  spirits ;  fire,  mel.tle ; 
hence,  lust;  sexual  desire  ;  espec.  the  excite- 
ment of  the  sexual  appetite  in  a  female  animal. 

"  Were  they  as  salt  as  wolves  In  pride." 

Shakeip.  :  (JthfUo,  Hi.  S. 

•  5.  Wantonness,  extravagance,  excess. 
"  Who  in  their  pride  do  presently  abuse  It* 

Hhakap.  :  Kapt  of  Lucrea,  Ml 

*  6.  Impe-tinence,  insolence,  impudence. 

"  Advance  their  prfcteagainat  that  power  that  bn<d  If 
Biaketp.  :  Much  Ado  About  Nothing,  lit.  L 


7.  That  of  which  one  is  or  may  be  proud ;  * 
source  or  cause  of  pride. 

(1)  A  person,  or  numberof  persons,  of  whom 
others  are  proud. 

"  A  bold  peasantry,  their  country's  pride. 
When  once  destroyed,  can  never  be  supplied. " 
Uoldtmith  :  UeterU-d  Village,  5*. 

(2)  A  feature  or  characteristic  of  which  one 
may  be  proud  ;  an  ornament. 

(3)  Ornament,  decoration,  beauty. 

"  The  purple  pride  that  on  thy  soft  cheek  dwells." 
Shakeifj. :  Sonnet  W. 

(4)  Splendid  show  ;  rstentation. 

"  Pride,  pomp,  and  circumstance  of  glorious  war." 
Shaktip.  :  Othello.  itL  8. 

(5)  Prime  ;  highest  excellence  or  pitch. 

11  There  died  my  Icarus  in  his  pride." 

Shatetp. :  1  Hairy  VI*  IT.  T. 

*  8.  Highest  point. 

"  A  falcon  towering  In  her  pride  of  place.* 

Shakcip.  :  Juucbeth,  U.  4 

*  9.  The  full  power. 

"  Hardly  we  escaped  the  pride  of  France." 

Shaketp.  :  1  Henry  K/,  Ui  *. 

*  10.  Excessive  richness. 

"  The  ground  having  his  pride  abated  in  the  firs* 
crop."— O.  Markham:  Husbandry. 

IL  Her. :  A  term  applied  to  the  peacock, 
turkey  cock,  and  other  birds  which  spread 
their  tails  in  a  circular  form  and  drop  their 
wings  :  as,  A  peacock  in  his  pride. 

U  Pride  and  vanity  are  not  the  same,  or 
even  closely  akin.  The  proud  man  has  so 
good  an  opinion  of  himself,  and  is  so  satisfied 
that  that  opinion  is  correct,  that  he  does  not 
care  what  the  world  thinks  of  him,  and  makes 
no  special  effort  to  conciliate  its  good  opinion. 
The  vain  man  distrusts  his  own  favourable 
judgment  of  himself,  and  wishes  it  to  be  con- 
firmed by  the  world.  He  therefore  makes 
known  his  good  deeds.  Hen  really  great  are 
under  temptation  to  be  proud,  while  smaller 
men  and  many  females  tend  to  vanity. 

pride  of  India,  s. 

Bot. :  Melia  Azedarach. 

pride  (2)  ».     [For  etym.  see  extract]    The 
saudpride  or  mud-lamprey.    [AMMOC/ETES.] 

"  In  Rodeley,  county  of  Gloucester,  certain  tenants 
of  the  manor  of  Roileley  pay  to  this  day,  to  the  lord 
thereof,  a  rent  called  pndgavel.  in  duty  and  acknow. 
lodgement  to  liim  for  the  liberty  and  privilege  of  fish- 
ing for  lampreys  in  the  river  Severn.  Pridgavel: 
prid,  for  brevity,  being  the  latter  syllable  of  laiuprid, 
as  the  fish  was  anciently  called  ;  and  gavel,  a  rent  or 
tribute."—  Blounfi  Tenure!,  by  Beckvilh,  cited  by 
1'arreU,  ill  llutory  of  Britilh  Fiihct. 

pride,  v.t.  &  t.    [PRIDE,  s.} 

A.  Trans. :  To  make  or  consider  proud  ;  to 
rate  highly ;  to  plume.  (It  is  only  used  re- 
flexively.) 

"  Pluming  and  priding  himself  in  all  his  service*." 
— South  :  Sermant,  vol.  xi.,  «er.  14. 

*  B.  Intrans. :  To  be  proud ;  to  glory ;  to 
pride  one  s  self. 

"  Ton  only  pride  in  your  own  abasement."— & 
Brooke  :  foot  of  Duality,  L  368. 

*  pnde'-ful,  o.    [Eng.  pride  (1),  s. ;  -/ 
Full  of  pride ;  proud,  haughty,  insolent. 

"  Thou  didst  spread  thy  prideful  sail." 
Bloxkte :  Hongt  at  Bightandi  i  Itiundt,  p.  W. 

*  prlde'-lul-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  prideful ;  -ly.]  In 
a  proud  manner ;   proudly,  haughtily,  inso- 
lently. 

*  pride'-ful-ness,  s.     [Eng.  prideful;  -nest.} 

i  he  quality  or  state  of  being  prideful ;  pride, 
haughtiness. 

*  pride  less,  *  pride  les.  a.     [Eng.  pridt 
(1),  s. ;  -less.]    Destitute  of  pride  ;  not  proud. 
(Chaucer:  C.  T.,  8,800.) 

*  prid'-i-an,  a.    [Lat.  pridie  =  on  the  day  be- 
fore.]  Pertaining  or  belonging  to  the  previous 
day.   (Thackeray :  Sftabtty  Uenieel  Story,  ch.  ii.) 

prld  -ing,  pr.  par.  or  o.     [PRIDE,  v.] 

*  prid'-lng-ly,  adv.     [Eng.  priding ;  -ly.}    ID 
a  proud  manner;  with  pride;  proudly. 

"  He  pridinglf  doth  set  himself  before  all  others."— 
Barrow :  Pope't  Supremacy. 

prie,  v.t.     [For  prieve  =  prove.]     To  taste; 
to  prove  by  tasting. 

"  But  I  am  in  some  haste  to  ;/n>  your  worship's  good 
cheer."— Scott :  KedyaunUet,  ch.  vU. 

*  prie,  *.  [See  def.]  An  old  name  for  the  privet. 

"  Lop  popler  and  sallow,  el  me,  maple,  and  prie." 

Tuner  :  Husbandry,  xxxv.  16. 

*  prie,  v.l.    [Fr.  prier  =  to  pray.] 

prie  dieu,  s.  [Fr.  =  pray  God.]  A  kneel- 
ing desk  for  prayers. 


fite,  tat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  ILere;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  poX 
or,  wore,  woll,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ,  try,  Syrian.    »,  ce  -  i;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


prief;  s.    [Paoor.] 

pri'-er,  «.  [Eng.  prie  (=  pry) ;  -er.]  One  who 
pries;  one  who  inquires  narrowly;  one  who 
searches  into  the  business  of  others  ;  an  in- 
quisitive pei-son. 

priest,     *  preest,     *  preost,     *  prest, 
*  preste,  a.     [A.S.  preost,  contracted  from 
Lat  presbyter  =  a  presbyter(q.v.) ;  Ital. presta; 
Dut  &  Ger.  priester  ;  Dan.  priist;  Bw.  pritst.] 
L  Ordinary  Language: 
L  One  who  in  any  religion  performs  the 
sacred  rites  and,  more  or  less,  intervenes  be- 
tween the  worshipper  and  his  God,  especially 
toy  offering  sacrifice. 
"  2.  A  priestess. 
"The  Virgiue  Prieit  of  the  Goddesse  Honor.' 

Chapman :  Miuqut  qf  Middle  Tempi*. 

EL  Technically: 

L  Ethnicism :  In  tlie  same  sense  as  I.  1. 
(Gen.  xlvii.  22,  Acts  xiv.  13.) 

2.  Patriarchism :    Under  this  dispensation 
the  patriarchs  themselves  exercised  priestly 
functions,  e.g.,  sacrifice  (Gen.  xxii.  1-13)  and 
blessing  (xxvii.   28,  29).     The  case  of  Mel- 
chisedek  belongs  to  an  older  ritual,  by  no 
means  confined  to  Palestine  (cf.  Virg.,  Mn.  iii. 
80,  and  Serv.  in  toe.). 

3.  Judaism:  Heb.  ]rrt3  (kohen)  (Lev.  xxl. 
10,  &c.).  Sept.  and  New  Testament  Gr.  iepdit 
Viiereus)  (Matt   viii.  4,  xii.  4,  15,  &c.).     A 
descendant  of  Aaron,  and  therefore  one  of 
the  sacred  caste.    The  Jewish  priests  filled 
all  the  important  offices  in  connection,  first 
with  the  tabernacle  and  then  with  the  temple 
worship,  less  important  ones  being  handed 
over  to  the  Levites,  and  those   still   more 
menial  to  the  Nethiuims  (q.v.).     They  con- 
stituted a  sacred  hierarchy,  of  which  the  high 
priest  was  the  head.    Their  chief  duties  were 
to  offer  sacrifices   for   themselves   and   the 
people,  and  intercede  for  them   with  God. 
The  priests   were   divided  into  twenty-four 
courses  for  the  service  of  the  temple  (1  Chron. 
xxiv.  1-19  ;  Luke  i.  5).    Probably  the  "chief 
priests  "  were  the  heads  of  these  courses,  with 
•ny  high  priest  out  of  office  (Matt  xxvi.  3). 

4.  New  Test. :  A  rendering  of  the  Greek 
itfKvs  (hiereus).    [3.]    In  this  sense  applied 
largely  to  Christ  (Heb.  v.  6,  viL  11,  15,),  the 
Great  High  Priest  of  our  profession,  and,  in 
an  inferior  sense,  to  Christians  in  general, 
inasmuch  as  they  offer  spiritual  sacrifices  (1 
Pet.  ii.  5 ;  Rev.  i.  6,  v.  10,  xx.  6),  but  never 
used  of  any  order  in  the  Christian  ministry. 

6.  Anglican:  A  clergyman  in  priest's  orders, 
as  distinguished  from  a  deacon.  Only  a  priest 
flan  administer  the  Holy  Communion  and  read 
the  Absolution.  [ORDINATION,  ORDERS.] 

6.  Roman :  A  cleric  who  has  received  the 
third  grade  in  holy  orders,  and  who  is  there- 
by empowered  to  "offer,  bless,  rule,  preach, 
and  baptize."  [MASS.] 

.    priest-cap,  priest's  cap,  s. 

Fort. :  An  outwork  with  three  salient  and 
two  entering  angles. 

priest's  crown, «. 

Hot. :  Taraxacum  Dens-leonis. 

priest's  tree,  5. 

Bot.  :  t'icus  indica.    [BANYAN.] 

priest,  v.t.  &  i.    [PRIEST,  s.] 
A.  Trans. :  To  ordain  priest. 
*  B.  Intrans. :  To  hold  the  office  of  priest. 
(Jh  'Iton.) 

priest-craft,  ».  [Eng.  priest,  and  craft.] 
Priestly  policy ;  fraud  or  imposition  in  reli- 
gious concerns  ;  management  of  selfish  and 
ambitious  priests  to  gain  wealth  and  power, 
or  to  impose  on  the  credulity  of  others. 

•priesf-craft-jf,  a.  [Eng.  priestcraft ;  -y.] 
Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by  priestcraft. 

*  priest'-er-jf,  *.  [Eng.  priest ;  -try:}  Priests 
collectively ;  the  priesthood. 

priest' -ess,  s.  [Eng.  priest ;  -ess.]  A  female 
priest ;  a  woman  who  officiated  in  sacred  rites. 

"Of  late  none  found  such  favour  in  his  sight 
As  tin  young  Prieiteu."    Moore  :  Yelled  Prophet 

priest  hood,  *  preest  hod,  *  pricste- 
hoodc,  a.  [A.S.  preosthdd.] 

1.  The   office   or   character    of  a   priest ; 
priestly  office.    (Udal :  1  Tim.  i.) 

2.  The   order  of  men  set  apart  for  holy 
offices ;  priests  collectively. 


prief—  primage 

*  priest  -Ish,  *  prest  ish,  o.    [Eng.  priest; 
-ish.]    Priestly. 

"  This  act  of  prettith  maydenhede  t  yrst  In  Irelande." 
—Bale:  £nylith  Votariet,  pt.il. 

*  pritlsf  -ism,  s.     [Eng.  priest  ;  -ism.]     The 
character,   influence,  or  government  of  the 
priesthood. 

*  priest  -less,  a.   [Eng.  priest  ;  -less.]  Having 
no  priest  ;  destitute  of  a  priest 

Priest  -ley,  s.  [The  Rev.  Dr.  Joseph  Priestley 
(1733-1804).]  (See  compound.) 

T  Priestley's  green  matter:  A  green  organised 
crust  occurring  in  places  where  direct  sun- 
light does  not  penetrate.  It  consists  either  of 
immature  lichens  or  algals,  or  of  small  but 
mature  Palmellese.  (Berkeley.) 

priest-like,  a.  [Eng.  priest;  -like.]  Re- 
sembling a  priest  or  that  which  belongs  to 
priests  ;  befitting  a  priest  ;  priestly. 

44  Who.  for  thy  drowsy  prirsttikc  rede, 
Would  leave  the  Jovial  horu  aud  hound  T" 

Scott:  The  Chat*,  xi. 

priest  U-ness,  ».  [Eng.  priestly;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  priestly  ;  the 
appearance  or  manner  of  a  priest 

"  Its  pritttlinea 
Lending  itself  to  hide  their  beastliness." 

K.  Bruming  :  Chriumai  EM,  L 


[Eng.  priest;  -ly.] 
1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  priest  or  to  the 
priesthood  ;  sacerdotal. 

"  Winchester  and  Eton  are  under  priettly  govern- 
ment"— JYacau/ay  :  Httt.  Eng.,  ch.  xi. 

*  2.  Becoming  or  befitting  a  priest  :  as,  a 
priestly  manner  of  living. 

*  priest  -ress,  a     [Eng.   priest;  -res*.}     A 
priestess.    (P.  Holland  :  Plutarch,  p.  806.) 

priest  rid  den,  *  priest-rid,  a.  [Eng. 
priest,  and  ridden  (q.v.).]  Governed,  ruled, 
or  swayed  completely  by  priests  ;  under  the 
absolute  power,  influence,  or  control  of  priests. 

*  priest  -rid  -den-  ness,  s.     [Eng.  priest- 
ridden  ;  -ness.]    The  quality  or  state  of  being 
priestridden. 

*  prieve,  v.t.    [PROVE.] 

prig,  «.  [Etym.  doubtful;  by  some  referred 
so  far  as  meaning  1  to  prick,  v.,  or  pragma- 
tical ;  in  meaning  2  perhaps  connected  with 
brigand  (q.v.).] 

1.  A  pert,  conceited,  pragmatical  person. 
"  Though  swoln  with  vanity  and  pride, 

You're  but  one  driveller  multiplied. 

A.  prig."  Smart:  FaXUt. 

2.  A  thief,  a  pilferer.    (Slang.) 

"  Every  prig  Is  a  Slav*."—  Fielding  :  Jonathan  Wild, 
bk.  iv..  ch.  iiC 

*  prig-man,  *  pryg-man,  ».    A  thief. 
(Fraternitie  of  Vagabondes.) 

*  prig-napper,  s.    A  borse-stealer. 

prig.  *  prigg,  v.t.  &  i.    [PRIO,  *.]  . 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  steal,  to  ttlch,  to  pilfer.    (Slang.) 

"  They  mightn't  be  prigged  more'n  two  or  three  at  a 
time."—  Datiy  Telegraph,  Sept  4.  1884. 

2.  To  haggle  about,  to  cheapen.    (Scotch.) 

B.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  steal,  to  pilfer.    (Slang.) 

2.  To   higgle   for  a   bargain;   to  entreat 
earnestly,  to  plead  hard. 

"Took  the  pains  to  prigg  for  her  himself.*—  Scott: 
Heart  of  Mid-Lothian,  ch.  xxi  v. 

*  prig'-dom,  *.  [Eng.  prig  ;  -dom.]  The  state 
or  condition  of  a  prig  ;  priggism. 

"  Do  you  think  that  men  can  grow  out  of  prigdom  I" 
—Betant  t  Riot  :  The  Monki  of  Thtltma,  p.  SO. 


-y,  s.  (Eng.  prig  ;  -ry.]  The  manners, 
qualities,  or  conduct  of  a  prig  ;  priggism. 

prig  -gish,  o.    [Eng.  prig;  -ish.] 

1.  Like  a  prig  ;  conceited,  pert  ;  character- 
istic of  a  prig. 

2.  Thievish,  dishonest 

"  His  own  prigyith  desires  enslar*  Mm."—  Fielding  : 
Jonathan  Wild,  bk.  iv.,  ch.  iii. 

prig1  -gish-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  priggish  ;  -ly.]  In 
a  priggish  manner  ;  conceitedly,  pertly. 

prig'-gish-ness,  a.  [Eng.  priggish;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  priggish  ;  prig- 
gery,  priggism. 

"A  monster  of   pedantry  and  priygithnru'—Fito- 
tdteard  Bail  .  Modern  Knglith,  p.  334. 


3747 

prig'-gis m,  s.     [Eng.  prig;  -ism.} 

1.  The  manners  or  characteristics  of  a  prig; 
priggery. 

"  The  narrowness  and  prig  firm  so  often  associated 
with  Boeum." — Scribtier't  Magazine,  April,  ISSu.  p.  Ma. 
»  2.  Thievery. 

"  A  roguery,  a  priggim  they  call  it  here."— Fielding: 
Jonathan  Wild,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  iv. 

*  prike,  *  prikke,  v.t.    [PRICK,  ».J 

pri-less'-ite,  *.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 
Min. :  The  same  as  ALLOI-HAXE  (q.v.). 

*  prill  (1),  *.    [Etym.  doubtful.]    A  stream. 

"  Each  silver  prill  gliding  on  golden  sand." 

Datiet :  Miancutmot,  p.  l& 

priU(2),  *.    [BRILU] 

prill  (3),  «.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

1.  Meta.ll.:  The  button  of  metal  from  aa 
assay. 

2.  Mining :  The  better  portions  of  ore  from 
which   inferior    pieces   (dradge)   have    been 
s  pulled  by  the  cobbing-hanuner. 

prill,  v.i.    [PRILL  (1),  *.]    To  flow. 

"  Then  was  set  up  an  alabaster  image  of  Diana, 
water  conveyed  from  the  Thames  prilling  from  her 
naked  breast."— Stow :  London  (ed.  Thorns),  p.  loo. 

pril  -Ion,  prtl'-li-on,  *.    [Prob.  connected 
with  prill  (3),  s.] 
Mining :  Tin  extracted  from  the  slag. 

prim,  *  prym,  o.  [O.  Fr.  prim  (fern,  prime) 
=  prime,  first  .  .  .  thin,  slender,  small,  from 
Lat.  primus  =  first]  [PRIME.]  Neat,  formal, 
precise ;  affectedly  nice. 

"  The  garden  in  its  turn  was  to  be  set  tret  from  It* 
prim  regularity."—  Wulpolt :  Anectiotu  <tf  Painting, 
vol.  iv.,  oh.  v-ii. 

*  prim,  v.t.  &  i.   [PRIM,  a.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  make  prim  ;  to  deck  out  with 
great  nicety  or  preciseness,  to  prink. 


B.  Intrans. :  To  make  one's  self  prim ;  to 
act  in  a  prim  or  formal  manner. 

"  Tell  dear  Kitty  not  to  prim.  up.~-Mad.  ffArblag: 
Mary,  ii.  108.  i 

prim,*.  [A  contract,  of  primprint  (q.v.).]  A 
plant,  the  privet  Ligustrum  rulgare.  [PRIVET.  J 

"Set  prime  or  prim. "        Tuuer:  Hutoandrie,  p.  Si 

pri  -ma,  o.  &  s.    [ItaL,  from  Lat  primus.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

Music:  First  (fern.),  as  prima  bufa,  chief 
comic  actress  or  singer ;  prima  donna,  chief 
female  singer  in  the  opera ;  prima  viola,  first 
viola ;  prima  vista,  at  first  sight ;  prima  volta, 
the  first  time,  i.e.,  before  repeating. 

"  The  lady,  as  she  retired,  curtseyed  like  a  prim* 
donna."— Ditraeli :  tyott,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  x. 

B.  As  substantive : 

Print. :  The  first  forme  of  a  sheet,  the  first 
galley  for  inaking-up,  or  the  first  folio  of  copy- 
tor  a  sheet  or  galley.  (In  this  sense  pron. 
prV-ma.) 

pii'-ma-c&  *  pri-ma-cie,  *.    [O.  Fr.  pri- 

mace  (Fr.  irrimatlt),  from  Lat  primutus  =  first 
rank  or  place;  Sp.  primacia;  Ital.  primazia.] 

[PRI  HATE.] 

*  1.  The  condition  or  state  of  being  first ; 
first  place  or  rank,  supremacy. 

"There  are  several  kinds  of  primacy,  which  oaf 
belong  to  a  person  in  respect  of  others."— Sorrow  : 
Pope't  Supremacy. 

2.  The  office,  rank,  or  character  of  a  pri- 
mate ;  the  office,  rank,  or  dignity  of  an  arch- 
bishop; the  chief  ecclesiastical  station  or 
dignity. 

pri  -ma  fa'-ci-e  (or  5!  as  shi),  phr.  [LatJ 
At  first  sight  or  appearance. 

If  (1)  Prima  facie  ease : 

Law :  A  case  which  is  established  by  suffi- 
cient evidence,  and  can  be  overthrown  only 
by  rebutting  the  evidence  brought  forward  on 
the  other  side. 

(2)  Prima  fade  evidence : 

Law:  Evidence  which  establishes  a  prim* 
facie  case. 

prim-age  (age  as Ig),  s.    [PRIMK.] 

Comm, :  A  small  contribution,  usually  about 
one-tenth  the  amount  of  the  freight,  formerly 
paid  to  the  captain  of  a  vessel  for  taking  care 
of  the  cargo ;  now  charged  as  an  addition  to 
the  freight 


fcoil,  boy;  pint,  jowl;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  eyistT  -ing. 
-Clan,  -tian  =  shan.   -tion.  - sion  =  shun ;  -fion,  -fion  -  «httrtT    -  c ioua,  -tions,   sious  =  shus.   -ble,  -die,  &c.  —  bel,  del. 


374S 


primal— prime 


prim'-al,  a.  [Low  Lat.  primalu,  from  Lat. 
primus  =  first.]  [PRIME,  a.J 

•  I.  Ord.  Lang. :  Primary ;  first  in  time, 
order,  or  importance  ;  original. 

"  The  prjmal  father  of  oar  lln«." 

Bladde :  Lu*l  of  Highland!,  p.  44. 

2.  Geol. :  A  term  applied  to  tlie  earliest  Palaeo- 
zoic series  of  the  Appalachian  Basin,  from  its 
originating  in  the  dawn  of  the  Palaeozoic  day 
of  North  America.    The  entire  thickness  is 
considerably  more  than  2,000  feet. 

•  prl-mar-i'-ty,  *.  [Eng.  primal ;  -ity.]  Th« 
quality  or  state  of  being  primal  or  first. 

Pri-mar'-I-an-Ist,  *.    [See  def.] 

Chunk  Hitt.  :  A  follower  of  Primarius ;  a 
Donatist. 

pri'-mar-I-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  primary;  -ly.]  In 
a  primary  manner ;  in  the  first  or  most  im- 
portant place ;  originally. 

"  If  it  doe*  not  primarily,  and  in  it*  first  design. 
Intend  it"— South :  Sermota. 

pli'-mar-I-ness,  ».    [Eng.  primary;  -ness.] 

The  quality  or  state  of  being  primary  or  first 

in  time,  act,  or  intention. 
pri'-mar-y\  <*.*«.    [Lat.  primarius,  from 

primus  =  first ;   FT.   primaire;   Sp.  A   ItaL 

priniario.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

I.  First  in  order  of  time ;  primitive,  first, 
original. 

"The  ruins  both  primary  and  secondary  were 
•ettled."— Burnet:  Theory  of  the  Earth. 

2  First  in  importance  or  dignity  ;  principal, 
Chief. 

3.  First  in  intention ;  original,  radical. 

4.  Lowest  in  order;  preparatory,  elemen- 
tary :  as,  primary  schools. 

t  6.  Palceont. :  Occurring  in  the  Palaeozoic 
rocks  :  as,  primary  crinoids.  (Seeley.) 

B.  As  substantive : 

L  Ord,  Lang. :  That  which  stands  or  comes 
first  in  order,  rank,  or  importance.  Also  ( U.  S. 
polil.)  a  meeting  of  voters  of  the  same  political 
party  in  a  ward,  township,  Ac.,  for  the  purpose 
of  nominating  candidates  for  office,  chooeing 
delegates,  Ac. 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Attron. :  A  primary  planet  (q.T.). 
"These,  with  their   respective   primnriet  (as   the 

central  planets  are  called),  form  in  each  cue  miniature 
•ystems."— Strtchel :  Attronomy  (ed.  1676),  p.  533. 

2.  Ornith.  (PI.):  The  largest  quill-feathers 
of  the  wing,  arising  from  bones  correspond- 
ing to  those  of  the  typical  hand.    [REMIOES.] 

primary-alcohol,  s. 

Chem. :  An  alcohol  in  which  the  carbon 
•torn,  united  to  hydroxyl,  is  combined  with  at 
least  two  atoms  of  hydrogen. 

primary-assembly,  ».  An  assembly 
in  which  all  the  citizens  have  a  right  to  be 
present,  and  to  speak  :  as  distinguished  from 
•  representative  assembly. 

primary-axis,  s. 

Bot. :  The  principal  axis  or  stalk  of  any 
form  of  compound  inflorescence. 

primary-coil,  s.  [RUHMKORFF'S  COIL.] 
primary-colors,  ».  pi.  [rnmiTivi- 

COLOR8.] 

primary-conveyances,  *.  pi. 

Law:  Original  conveyances,  consisting  of 
feoffments,  gifts,  grants,  leases,  exchanges, 
partitions. 

primary-election,  «.     A  choice  of 
nominees  or  delegates  at  a  primary.     (  U.  S.) 
primary-nerves,  *.  pi 

Bot. :  The  nerves  which  are  given  off  later- 
ally from  the  midrib  of  a  leaf. 

primary-planet,  s.    [PLANET.] 

primary  -  qualities,  s.  pi.  Qualities 
which  are  original  and  inseparable  from  the 
bodies  in  which  they  are  found. 

"  These  I  call  origin*!  or  primary  gualitiet  .  .  . 
solidity,  eiteuniou,  tifure,  motion,  or  rest,  and  num- 
ber."—iocte  :  Hum.  Undent. :  bk.  ii.,  ch.  viii..  f  8. 

primary-quills,  s.  pL  [PRIMARY,  II.  2.] 
primary-rocks,  s.  pi. 

Gtol. :  A  term  formerly  including  all  the 
crystalline  and  non-fossiliferous  rocks  which 
were  deposited,  it  was  believed,  anterior  to 
the  appearance  of  life  upon  the  earth.  At 


first  the  term  comprehended  rocks  afterwards 
called  Plutonic  and  Metamorphic  (q.v.). 
Then  it  was  limited  to  the  latter ;  now  applied 
to  Palaeozoic  rocks.  [HYPOQENE,  CRYSTAL- 
LINE, U  5.] 

pri  -mate,  *  prim-at,  s.  [Fr.  primat,  from 
Lat.  primatem,  accus.  of  primus  —  a  principal 
or  chief  man  ;  primus  =  first ;  Sp.  primado ; 
ItaL  primatt.]  The  chief  ecclesiastic  in  certain 
churches.  The  Archbishop  of  York  is  called 
the  Primate  of  England,  the  Archbishop  of 
Canterbury  the  Primate  of  All  England. 
[PRIMUS.] 

pri-ma'-tes,  *.  pi.  [Lat.,  pL  of  primas,  genii, 
primatis  =  principal,  chief.] 

Zool. :  The  first  and  chief  of  Linnaeus's 
orders  of  the  class  Mammalia.  He  included 
under  it  four  genera  :  Homo  (one  species,  five 
varieties),  Simia  (twenty-one  species),  Lemur 
(three  species),  and  Vespertilio  (seven  species). 
Cuvier  ignored  the  order,  classing  Man  as 
Bimana  (Owen's  Archencephala)  and  Apes 
and  Lemurs  as  Quadrumana  (q.v.);  the  Bats 
now  constitute  an  order  by  themselves 
[CHEIROPTERA],  and  the  Lemurs  rank  as  a 
sub-order  [LEMUROIDEA.]  With  the  advance 
of  zoological  and  anatomical  knowledge  the 
use  of  the  name  has  revived  "  for  the  Apes, 
not  only  by  naturalists,  who,  like  Huxley, 
retain  Man  within  its  limits  ;  but  also  by 
others  (e.g.  Profs.  Isidore  Geoffrey  St.  Hilaire 
and  Gervais),  who  consider  he  should  be  ex- 
cluded from  it "  (St.  G.  Mivart,  in  Encyc.  Brit. 
(ed.  9th),  ii.  148).  Prof.  Flower  (Encyc.  Brit. 
(ed.  9th),  xv.  444),  breaks  up  the  order  into 
five  families  : 

L  Hominidn,  containing  Han.       • 

S.  Simiidse,  with  four  genera.  Troglodytes,  Gorilla, 
Simia,  and  Hylobates. 

8.  Cercopithecidae,  containing  the  rest  of  the  Old 
World  Monkeys. 

4.  Cebidae,  containing  the  American  Monkeys,  with 
three  true  molars  on  each  side  of  each  jaw. 

5.  Hapalidae,  the  Marmosets. 

Huxley  (Introd.  to  Class.  Anim.,  p.  99)  defines 
the  Primates  as  having  "never  more  than 
I.  £^| .  The  hallux  is  always  provided  with  a 
flat  nail  (with  occasional  individual  excep- 
tions), and  is  capable  of  a  considerable  amount 
of  abduction  and  adduction."  He  divides  it 
into  three  sub-orders  :  (1)  Anthropidse,  (2) 
Simiadae  (Apes  and  Monkeys),  and  (3)  Le- 
muridae. 

"Moreover,  as  man  is  the  highest  animal,  an* 
zoologically  considered,  differs  leas  from  even  the 
lowest  ape  than  such  ape  differs  from  any.  other 
animal,  man  and  apes  must  be  placed  together  in  one 
order,  which  may  well  bear  its  primitive  Liunfean 
name,  Primatet.  —  Prof.  Minirt,  in  tucyc.  Brit.  (ed. 
»th),  ii  168. 

pri'-mate-ship,  s.  [Eng.  primate;  -ship.'] 
The  office,  dignity,  or  position  of  a  primate  ; 
primacy. 

*  pri-ma'-tial  (ti  as  sh),  a.  ("Fr.  primat  = 
a  primate  (q.v.).]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a 
primate. 

•ipri-mat'-Ic-al,  a.    [Eng.  primate;   -icoZ.] 
kThe  same  as  PRIMATIAL  (q.v.). 

"  The  original  and  growth  of  metropolitical.  pri- 
matical.  and  patriarchal  jurisdiction."— Barrow :  The 
Pope't  Supremacy. 

prime,  o.  &  ».    [Fr.  prime  —  the  first  hour  of 
the  day,  from  Lat.  prima  (hora)  =  the  first 
(hour) ;  primus  —  first ;  Sp.  &  ItaL  prima.] 
A.  As  adjective : 

1.  First  in  order  of  time ;  primitive,  original, 
primary.    (Milton:  P.  L.,  ix.  940.) 

2.  First  in  rank,  dignity,  influence  or  degree. 

"  The  prime  man  of  the  state." 

Shaketp. :  Benry  VIIJ.,  ill.  t. 

3.  First  in  excellence,  value,  or  importance. 


4.  Capital,  excellent.    (Slang.) 

"'AJlfnn.  ain't  it?"  'Primer'  said  the  young  gentle- 
man."— Dickeiu :  Pickwick,  ch.  xl. 

*  5.  Early,   blooming  ;   being  in   the  first 
stage.    (Milton:  P.  L.,  xi.  245.) 

*  6.  Ready,  eager  :  hence,  lustful,  lecherous, 
lewd.    (Shakesp.  :  Othello,  iii.  3.) 

B.  As  substantive : 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  The  first  or  earliest  stage  or  beginning 
of  anything.    (Milton:  P.  L.,  v.  295.) 

*  2.  Hence,  the  first  .opening  of  day  ;  the 
dawn,  the  morning. 

"  That  sweet  hour  of  prime."     Milton :  P.  L..  T.  170. 

*3.  The  spring  of  the  year.     (Waller:  To 
Lady  Lucy  Sidney.) 


4.  The  spring  of  life  ;  you*  iu  full  health, 
strength,  and  beauty. 

"  The  far  greater  part  had  bee«  cut  off  in  their 
prime."— Euttwx :  Italy,  vol.  i..  ch.  xi. 

5.  Hence,  a  state  of  the  highest  perfection  ; 
the  highest  or  most  perfect  state  or  condition 
of  anything. 

6.  The  best  part  of  anything;  thnt  which 
is  of  the  first  quality. 

"Give  him  always  of  the  prime."— Swift:  /rurra*. 
tioni  to  Sermntt. 

*  7.  Persons  of  the  first  or  highest  rank, 

"  The  place  where  he  before  had  sat 
Among  the  prime."          Milton  :  P.  R..  i.  41& 

*  8.  The  same  as  PRIMERO  (q.v.). 
9.  The  footsteps  of  a  deer. 

U.  Technically : 

1.  Cards :  A  term  at  primero. 

2.  Fencing :  The  first  of  the  chief  guards. 

3.  Music:  (I)  The  tonic  or  generator;  (2) 
the  lower  of  any  two  notes  forming  an  in- 
terval ;  (3)  the  first  partial  tone. 

4.  Print. :  A  mark  over  a  reference  letter 
(o",  V,  &c.)  to  distinguish  it  from    letters 
(a,  b,  &c.)  not  so  marked. 

5.  Roman  Ritual :  The  first  of  the  canonical 
hours,  succeeding  to  lauds. 

"  The  senent  day  of  Juny,  Whitson  euen  that  tyme. 
Died  that  lady,  biteux  vndron  and  prime." 

R.  Brunne,  p.  ML 

H  (1)  Prime  and  ultimate  ratio:  [RATIO]. 
(2)  Prime  of  the  moon :  The  new  moon  when 
it  first  appears  after  the  change. 

*  prime  cock-boy,  «.  .  A  freshman,   » 
novice. 

prime-conductor,  s. 

Electr. :  The  metallic  conductor  of  an  elec- 
trical machine. 

prime-entry,  s. 

Comm. :  An  entry  made  on  two-thirds  of  a 
ship's  cargo,  liable  to  duty  before  she  com- 
mences to  discharge.  Unless  the  goods  are 
bonded,  the  duty  must  be  paid  up  on  an  esti- 
mated amount,  (Bithell.) 

prime-factors,  s.  pi. 
Arith. :   The    prime    numbers   which  will 
exactly  divide  a  number. 

prime-figure,  s. 

Gtom. :  A  figure  which  cannot  be  divided 
into  any  other  figure  more  simple  than  itself, 
as  a  triangle,  a  pyramid,  foe. 

*  prime-fine,  s.    [FIXE,  «.,  II.  2.] 
prime-meridian,  s. 

Geog. :  That  meridian  from  which  longitude 
is  measured.  In  Great  Britain  and  its  depen- 
dencies it  is  the  meridian  of  Greenwich. 

prime-minister,  s.  The  first  minister 
of  state  in  Great  Britain  ;  the  Premier. 

prime-mover,  -•. 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  One  who  starts  or  originates 
a  movement ;  the  original  author  or  starter  of 
a  movement. 

2.  Machinery : 

(1)  The  initial  force  which  puts  a  machine 
in  motion. 

(2)  A  machine  which  receives  and  modifies 
force  as  supplied  by  some  natural  source,  as 
a  water-wheel,  a  steam-engine,  &c. 

prime-number,  s. 

Arith.  :  A  number  or  quantity  is  prime  when 
it  cannot  be  exactly  divided  by  any  other 
number  or  quantity  except  1.  Two  numbers 
or  quantities  are  prime  with  respect  to  each 
other,  when  they  do  not  admit  of  any  common 
divisor  except  1. 

*  prime  staff;  s.    A  clog-almanack  (q.v.). 

*  prime -tide,  s.    Spring. 

*  prime-time,  s.   [PRIMETEMPS.]  Spring; 
early  years  or  period. 

"  Grafted  in  prime-time.'— Ootden  Bike,  ch.  xO. 

prime-vertical,  *. 

Navig.  &  Sure. :  A  vertical  plane  perpen- 
dicular to  a  meridian  plane  at  any  place. 

Prime  vertical  dial :  A  dial  drawn  upon  the 
plane  of  the  prime  vertical  of  the  place,  or  a 
plane  parallel  to  it. 

Prime  vertical  transit^instrument :  A  transit 
instrument,  the  telescope  of  which  revolves 
in  the  plane  of  the  prime  vertical,  used  for 
observing  the  transit  of  stars  over  this  circle- 


late,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  >8t, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    so.  oa  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  an  =  kw. 


prime— primitive 


3749 


prime,  r.t.  &  i.    [PRIME,  a.] 

A.  Transitive : 

I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  To  prepare  or  put  into  a  condition  ready 
for  firing ;  to  put  powder  in  the  pan  of  a  fire- 
arm, or  lay  a  train  of  powder  to  a  charge. 

"  Prime,  prime,  your  piece  anew. 
The  powder1!  wet."        Tomkii :  Albumatar,  i.  S. 

2.  To  make  ready  or  prepare  to  act  or  suffer ; 
espec.  to  instruct  a  person  beforehand  what 
be  is  to  say  or  do  ;  to  post  up,  to  coach. 

"  I  primed  my  lips  with  iuch  »  ready  charge  of 
flattery."— Obterver,  No.  M. 

3.  To  trim,  to  prune.    (Prov.) 

*  4.  To  make  up  ;  to  get  up  ;  to  prepare. 

"  She  every  morning  primet  her  face." 

Uldham  :  Satiret. 

IL  Paint. :  To  cover,  as  a  canvas,  with  a 
,     preparation  as  a  ground  on  which  the  pig- 
ments are  afterwards  applied  ;  to  put  a  first 
coat  of  paint,  size,  &c.,  on,  as  on  a  wall. 

"  One  of  their  faces  has  not  the  priming  colour  laid 
on  yet."— Urn  Jontan :  Silent  Woman,  il  ». 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  Ordinary  Language  : 

*  1.  To  be  or  become  as  at  first ;  to  be  re- 
newed. 

"  Night's  bashful  empress,  though  she  often  wane. 
At  oft  repeats  her  darkness,  primet  again." 

Quartet:  Kmblemt. 

2.  To  serve  for  the  charge  of  a  gun. 

II.  Steam-eng. :  To  carry  over  water  with 
the  steam  from  the  boiler  to  the  cylinder. 

"  The  excessive  priming  of  her  boilers."— Daily  Tele- 
graph, Sept.  80, 188o. 

U  To  prime  a  pump :  To  pour  water  down 
the  tube,  with  a  view  of  saturating  the  sucker, 
so  causing  it  to  swell  and  act  efficiently  in 
bringing  up  water. 

prime'-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  prime,  a. ;  -ly.] 

*  1.  In  the  first  place  ;  primarily,  originally, 
at  first 

"The  thing  primely,  nay  solely.  Intended  by  him." 
—South .  Sermont,  vol.  v.,  ser.  8. 

2.  Excellently,  capitally. 

prime  nSss,  ».    [Eng.  prime,  a. ;  -ness.] 

*  1.  The   quality  or   state  of  being  first ; 
primariness. 

2.  The  quality  of  being  prime  or  excellent ; 
excellence. 

*  prim'-er,  *  primier,  a.    [O.  Fr.  primer, 
primier  (Fr.  premier),  from  Lat.  primarius, 
from  primus  =  first.]    Original,  first,  primary. 

"  No  man  can  forgive  them  absolutely,  authorita- 
tively, by  primer  and  original  power."— Jtountagm : 
Appeale  to  Ccesar,  p.  S17. 

primer-election,  s. 

Law :  First  choice. 
primer-fine,  s.    [PRIME-FINE.] 

*  primer-seisin,  s. 

Law :  The  right  of  the  king,  when  a  tenant 
<n  capite  died  seized  of  a  knight's  fee,  to 
receive  of  the  heir,  if  of  full  age,  one  year's 
profits  of  the  land  if  in  possession,  and  half  a 
year's  profits  if  the  land  was  in  reversion, 
expectant  on  an  estate  for  life.  It  was  abolished 
V  12  Charles  II. 

"  These  two  payments,  relief  and  primer  teitin.  were 

only  due  if  the  heir  was  of  full  age."— Blackttone  ; 

Comment.,  bk.  ii.,  cb.  S. 

primer-serjeant,  s.    [SERJEANT.] 

prim'-er (!),«.  [Eng.  prime,  v.,and-er.]  One 
who  or  that  which  primes ;  specif.,  a  wafer, 
cap,  or  tube  containing  a  compound  which 
may  be  exploded  by  percussion  or  by  friction  ; 
used  for  igniting  the  charge  of  powder  in  a 
cannon,  blasting,  &c. 

prim'-er  (2),   *  prim -ere,  *prym-er, 

*  prym-ere,  s.     lEng.  }>rim(e),  s.  ;  -er.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  A  small  prayer-book  for  church  service ; 
an  office  of  the  Virgin  Mary.    (In  this  sense 
often  pronounced  pri'-irier.) 

"The  lomes  that  ich  laboure  with  anil  lyflode deserve, 
Ys  pater-uoster  and  my  prumrr." 

Pirrt  Plowman,  p.  77. 

2.  A  small  elementary  txx>k  or  treatise  ; 
especially  an  elementary  book  for  teaching 
children. 

IL  frint. :  [GREAT-PRIMER,  LOSO-PIUMER]. 

•  pri-mer'-6, ».    [Sp.]    A  game  at  cards. 

Left  him  at  primero 
With  the  duke  of  Suffolk." 

Shaketjt.  :  Henry  VIII.,  T.  L 


*  prim-er-ole,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Low  Lat.  primu- 
larius.]    A  primrose. 

*  prime -temps,  s.     [Fr.  prime  =  first,  and 
temps  =  time.J    Spring. 

•  Primetempt  full  of  frostes  white.* 

Jtumnunt  i'/  the  Rote. 

pri-me'-val,  pri-nue'-vaL  a.    [Lat.  primce- 
vus,  from  primus  ;=  first,  and  cevum  =  an  age.] 
1.  Original,    primitive ;  belonging  to   the 
first  or  earliest  period. 

"  Hatch  primeval  day.'      Blaclcmore :  Creation,  L 
*  2.  Original,  primary. 
"  Or  when  my  first  haraugue  received  applause, 
His  sage  instruction  ttie  primeval  cause." 

Byron:  Childith  OecoUeetiota. 

*  pxi-me'-val-ly,  adv.     [Eng.  primeval;  -ly.] 
In  a  primeval  manner  or  time  ;  originally  ;  in 
the  earliest  times  or  period. 

*  pri-me'-vous,  a.    [Lat  primcemu.]     The 
same  as  PRIMEVAL  (q.v.). 

*  primier,  a.    [PRIMER,  a.] 

prim-i-ge'-ni-al,  a.  [Lat.  primigenius,  from 
primus  =  first,  "and  g-igno,  pa,  t.  genui=to 
beget]  First-born,  original,  primary. 

"  Primiyenial  innocence." — Glannll  :  Preexittenot 
ofSoult,  cb.  xiv. 

'  prl-mig'-e'n-ous,  *  pri-mi-ge'-nl-ous, 

a.    [Lat  primigetiius.]    First-formed  or  gene- 
rated ;  original,  primigenial  (q.v.). 

"  Their  primigeniout  antiquity."  —Up.  Hatt  :  Honour 
of  the  Harried  Clergy,  p.  la*. 

*  prim-in-ar-y,  s.    [PREMTJNIRE.] 

prim'-ine,  s.    [Fr.,  from  Lat.  primus  =  first ; 
Eng.  suff.  -int.] 
Hot. :  The  outermost  sac  of  an  ovule. 

prim'-Ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  ft  t.    [PRIME,  v.] 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  t  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 
C.  As  substantive: 
L  Ordinary  Ls.nguafe  t 

1.  The  act  of  one  who  primes,  as  in  pre- 
paring a  gun  or  charge  for  firing,  &c. 

2.  The  act  of  preparing  or  making  ready ; 
preparation. 

3.  That  with  which  anything  is  primed. 

"Prayer  is    the  priming  of  the  eouL"—Feltham: 
Setolvet,  59. 
IL  Technically: 

1.  Fire-arms,  Ordn.,  &  Blasting :  The  com- 
bustible   which    communicates    fire  to   the 
charge  ;  a  train  leading  to  a  bursting-charge. 

2.  Paint. :  The  first  layer  of  paint,  size,  or 
other  material  laid  upon  a  surface  which  is  to 
be  painted  or  glazed.     The  priming  of  the 
gilder  on  wood  is  composed  of  size  and  whiting. 

3.  Steam:  The  carrying  over  of  water  with 
the  steam  into  the  cylinder. 

1  Priming  of  the  tides : 

Naut. :  The  acceleration  of  the  tide-wave,  or 
amount  of  shortening  of  the  tide-day  in  the 
second  and  fourth  quarters  of  the  moon. 
Opposed  to  lag  of  the  tides. 

priming-born,  s. 

Blasting:  The  powder-horn  of  the  miner  or 
quarryman. 

priming-iron,  s.    [PRIMING-WIRE.] 
priming-powder, «. 

1.  Detonating  powder. 

2.  The  train  of  powder  connecting  a  fuse 
with  a  charge. 

priming  tube,  s. 

Ordn. :  A  tube  to  contain  an  inflammable 
composition,  which  occupies  the  vent  of  a  gun 
whose  charge  is  tired  when  the  composition  is 
ignited. 

priming-valve.  5. 

Steam :  A  spring  valve  fitted  to  the  end  of  a 
cylinder,  to  permit  the  escajie  of  water  with- 
out danger  to  the  machinery  from  the  shock 
of  the  piston  against  the  incompressible  fluid. 
This  water  collects  ]>artly  from  the  condensa- 
tion of  steam  within  the  cylinder,  but  is  chiefly 
carried  over  from  the  boiler,  either  as  priming 
or  in  a  state  of  suspension  with  the  steam. 

priming-wire,  priming-iron,  . 

Ordn. :  A  pointed  wire  to  prick  a  cartrMpe 
when  it  is  home,  and  clear  the  way  for  the 
priming  or  loose  powder.  A  flat-headed  wire 
to  clear  the  vent  of  any  ignited  particles. 


pri-mlp'-a-ra,  s.     [Lat  primus  =  first,  and 
pario  =  to  bring  forth.  ] 
Med. :  A  woman  in  her  first  accouchement. 


'  pii-mip'-a-rous,  a. 

ing  young  for 


[PRIMIPARA.] 
the  first  time. 


Bear- 


*  pri-mlp'-I-lar,  a.    [Lat  primipilaris,  from 
primipilus  =  the  first  centurion  of  a  Roman 
legion.)    Pertaining  to  the  first  centurion  or 
captain  of  the  vanguard  in  the  Roman  army. 

"A  primacy,  such  an  one  as  the  primipilnr  ceu- 
turlon  had  in  the  legion."— Harrow.  Pope't  Supremacy. 

pri-mlt-i-a  (t  as  sh),  s.  [Mod.  Lat.] 
[PRIMITIVE.] 

Palteont. :  A  genus  of  Ostracoda  (q.v.),  from 
the  Cambrian  to  the  Upper  Silurian.  Known 
British  species  twenty-six. 

prl-mlt-i-se  (t  as  oh),  s.  pi.  [Lat.,  from 
primus  =  first] 

1.  The  first  fruits  oT  any  produce  of  the 
earth  ;    specif.,  the  first  year's  profits  of  a 
benefice,  formerly  payable  to  the  Crown,  but 
restored  to  the  Church  by  Queen  Anne,  under 
the  name  of  Queen  Anne's  Bounty.    [BOUNTY.] 

2.  Obstetrics :  The  waters  discharged  before 
the  extrusion  of  the  foetus. 

*  pri-mit'-I-al  (t  as  sh),  a.    [Lat  primitive 

=  first-fruits!]    Being  of  the  first  production ; 
primitive,  original. 

prim  -i-twe,  *  prim'-a-tive,  o.  &  s.  [Fr. 
primitif  (fern.  primitive),  "from  Lat.  prim'Mvus, 
an  extension  of  primus  =  first ;  Sp.,  Port,  ft 
Ital.  primitive.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

L  Pertaining  or  belonging  to  the  beginning 
or  the  earliest  periods ;  primary,  original, 
primordial,  primeval. 

"  The  golden  age  of  primitive  Christianity."— Sharp*: 
Sermont,  vol.  i.,  ser.  1. 

2.  Characterized  by  the  manner  of  old  times ; 
old-fashioned. 

"We  abandoned  our  horses  at  a  primitive  road-aid* 
inn."— Field,  Jan.  30,  1886. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Geol. :  The  same  as  PRIMARY  (q.v.). 

2.  Gram. :  Applied  to  a  word  in  its  simplest 
etymological  form  ;  not  derivative  ;  radical, 
primary  :  as,  a  primitive  verb. 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  A  primitive  or  primary  word ;  opposed 
to  a  derivative. 
•  2.  An  early  Christian. 

"This  fervor  of  the  apostle*  and  other  holy  primt, 
tivet."—Bp.  Taylor:  Sermont,  voL  L,  ser.  13. 

If  Primitive  axes  of  coordinates : 

Geom. :  That  system  of  axes  to  which  th« 
points  of  a  magnitude  are  first  referred  with 
reference  to  a  second  set  or  second  system, 
to  which  they  are  afterwards  referred,  and 
which  is  called  the  new  set  of  axes,  or  the  new 
system. 

primitive-chord, «. 

Music :  That  chord,  the  lowest  note  of  which 
is  of  the  same  literal  denomination  as  the 
fundamental  bass  of  the  harmony. 

primitive -circle,  ».  In  spherical  pro- 
jections, the  circle  cut  from  the  sphere  to  be 
projected,  by  the  primitive  plane. 

primitive-colours,  s.  pi 

Optics:  The  three  colours  from  which  all 
others  can  he  compounded.  Dr.  Brewster 
considered  them  to  be  blue,  yellow,  and  red ; 
but  Belmholtz  and  Maxwell  have  held  that 
they  are  violet,  green,  and  red,  yellow  being 
produced  by  green  and  red,  whilst  a  mixture 
of  pure  blue  and  yellow  does  not  make  green, 
but  white.  Called  also  Primary  colours. 
Modern  physicists  refer  these  primitives 
merely  to  the  colour-sensation,  or  mechanism 
of  the  retina,  and  as  regards  the  vibration  or 
wave-motion  which  produces  any  colour  in 
the  si>ectrum,  consider  none  as  more  primitive 
or  secondary  than  others,  the  sole  distinction 
being  in  period  or  wave-length.  [SPECTRCM.] 

Primitive-Methodists,  s.  pi. 

Ecclesiol.  £  Church  Hist. :  A  section  of  the 
'Wesleyan  community  which  arose  in  Stafford- 
shire, under  the  leadership  of  Mr.  Hugh 
Bourne  (1792-1852).  Having  held  camp  meet- 
ings like  those  of  America,  he  was  censured 
for  it  by  the  Wesleyan  Conference  in  1807, 
and,  seceding,  formed  a  new  connexion,  th« 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jdwl;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  $hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  af ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  L 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun:  -tion,  -sion  =  zhun.   -cious,  -tious,  -sious  -  shus.   -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  deL 


3750 


primitively— primy 


first  class-meeting  of  which  was  held  at 
Standley,  in  Staffordshire,  iu  1810.  In  due  trine 
the  Primitive  Methodists  agree  with  the 
Wesleyaus.  They  more  freely  admit  laymen 
to  take  part  in  their  government.  They  are 
the  second  iu  numbers  of  the  Methodist  bodies. 
Sometimes  called  by  their  opponents  Ranters. 

primitive-plane,  ».  In  spherical  pro- 
jections, the  plane  upon  which  the  projections 
are  made. 

prim'-l-tlve-ly,  adv.    (Eng.  primitive;  -ly.] 
*  1.  Originally  ;   at   first  ;   in   the  earliest 
times. 

',  "Host  kingdom!  wen  primitlrely  erected,  either 
among  Faiiaii  nations  .  .  .  or  among  Christian  state*.  " 
—Prynne  :  Treachery  t  IHtlofaUf.  pt.  UL  p.  117. 

•2.  Primarily;  not  derivatively. 
3.  According  to  the  ancient  or  original  rule 
or  practice  ;  in  the  primitive  or  ancient  style. 

prim'-I-tlve-ness,  *.  [Eng.  primitive  ;  -nes$.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  primitive  or 
original  ;  antiquity  ;  conformity  to  primitive 
style  or  practice. 

•prfm-J-tIV-i-ty,  «.  {Eng.  primitive)  ;  -try.] 
Frimiti  veil  ess. 

"Celebrated  (or  more  primUMty  than  the  disinter- 
wtedJueu  of  Mr.  Deard."-  Walpole  :  To  Mann,  lii.  031. 

•  prim'-i-t^,  ».  f_Eng.  prince);  -ity.]  The 
state  of  being  original  ;  primitiveness. 

11  This  primity  God  requires  to  be  attributed  to  him- 
ttlL'—Pearion  :  On  tin  Creed,  art.  i. 


'-l^,  adv.  {Eng.  prim  ;  -ly.]  In  a  prim 
or  precise  manner  ;  with  primness  or  precise- 
ness. 

prfm'-ness,  ».  (Eng.  prim;  -nets.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  prim  or  precise  ; 
stiffness,  preciseness,  formality. 

"  Primnea  aud  affectation  of  style."  —  Gray  .•  Wortu, 
rol.  ii.,  let  31. 

pri  -mo,  a.  &  *.    (Ital.) 

A.  As  adjective  : 

Music  :  First  (masc.)  :  as,  primo  basso,  chief 
bass  singer.    [PKIMA.  J 

B.  As  subst.  :  The  master  of  a  lodge  of  the 
Order  of  Buffaloes  (pron.  pri'  -mo). 

•pri  mo  go  nl  al,  "pn  mo-ge'-nl  oils, 

o.  [Lnt.  primiyenius.]  Born,  made,  or  gen- 
erated first;  original,  primitive,  primordial, 
primigeniaL 

"The  primogrnlal  light  at  first  was  diffused  over  the 
tace  of  the  unfashioned  chaos."—  OtanriU  :  Hccpiit.  ch.  i. 

•pri-mi-gSn'-l-tar-y,  a.  [PRIMOGENITURE.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  primogeniture  (q.v.). 

•  pri-mi-gen'-I-tive,  *.  &  a.  [Lat  primus 
=first,  and  yenitivus  —  pertaining  to  birth.] 
(GENITIVE.) 

A.  As  subst.  :  Primogeniture  ;  the  rights  of 
primogeniture. 

"  The  primogrnit'm  and  due  of  birth.* 

Shaketp.  :  Troilut  t  Creuida.  L  *. 

B.  As  adj.  :   Of  or  pertaining  to  primo- 
geniture. 

Pli-md-ge'n'-i-t6r,  *.  f  Lat.  primus  =  first, 
and  genitor  —  R  father.]  The  first  father  or 
ancestor  ;  a  forefather. 


•pri-mft-gen'-J-trfjt,*.  [Lat.  primus  =  first, 
and  genitrix  =  a  mother.]  A  first  mother. 

"  Fluent  as  that  'affable  angel'  who  delighted  onr 
frlmagenttrix."  —  Mortimer  Cotlint :  Blacktinith  i 
Bckolar.  Ill  101 

pri-mft-gin'-I-ture,  «.  [O.  Fr.  =  the  being 
eldest,  the  title  of  "the  eldest,  from  Lat.  primo- 
gtnitus  =  first-born  :  primus  =  first,  and  geni- 
tim,  pa.  )>ar.  of  gigno  =  to  beget ;  8p.,  Port.,  ft 
Ital.  primogenitura.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  the  eldest  of  children 
of  the  same  parents ;  seniority  by  birth  amongst 
Children. 

"  He  was  the  first  born  of  the  Almighty,  and  to,  by 
the  title  of  primnyeniture,  heir  of  all  tilings."— South : 
Sermont,  ToL  IT.,  ter.  10. 

2.  The  right,  system,  or  rule  under  which, 
In  cases  of  intestacy,  the  eldest  son  of  a  family 
succeeds  to  the  real  estate  of  his  father  to  the 
absolute  exclusion  of  the  younger  sons  aud 
daughters. 

pri-mo"  gen'-J-ture-shlp,  t.  [Eng.  primo- 
geniture ;  -ship.]  The  right,  position,  or  state 
of  a  first-born  gon. 

"  By  the  aristocratic*!  law  of  primogeniturttMp  In 
•  family."— Burke:  Vindication  of  RighUof  Man. 


pri-mor'-di-al,  a.  &  s.  fFr.,  from  Lat.  pri- 
mordialis  —  original,  from  primordium  =  a  be- 
ginning :  primus  =  first,  and  ordirt  =  to  begin ; 
tip.  &  Port,  primordial ;  ital.  primordiale.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Ord.    Lang. :   First  in  order ;    primary, 
original ;  existing  from  the  beginning,  primi- 
tive. 

2.  Bot. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  part  earliest 
developed  iu  a  plant. 

t  3.  GeoL :  Exhibiting  the  earliest  indica- 
tion of  life. 

B.  As  subst. :  An  origin  ;  a  first  principle 
or  element 

"  The  primordial!  of  the  world  are  not  mechanical, 
but  spenuatical  aud  vit*L"—Jture:  Divine  Dialogue*. 

primordial  cell,  s. 
Bot. :  An  original  cell ;  a  cell  not  enclosed 
in  a  firm  cell-wall. 

primordial- kidneys,  ».  pi.    [WOLFF- 

IAN-BODIES.] 

primordial  leaves, «.  pi. 

Bot. :  The  first  leaves  produced  by  the 
plumule. 

primordial  Silurian,  «. 

Geol. :  The  Lingula  flags  (q.v.).   (Murchison.) 

primordial-utricle  or  vesicle,  s. 

Bot. :  A  protoplasmic  or  formative  nitro- 
genous layer  lining  the  cell-wall.  Some  have 
doubted  its  independent  existence.  The  term 
was  first  used  by  Mohl. 

*  primordial-zone, «. 

Geol. :  The  Cambrian  rocks  of  Bohemia. 
(Barrande.) 

*  pri  mor  di  al-ism,  *.  [Eng.  primordial ; 
•ism,]  Continuance  or  observance  of  primi- 
tive ceremonies  or  the  like. 

pxi-mor'-di-al-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  primordial; 
-ly.]  At  the* beginning;  originally;  under 
the  first  order  of  things. 


[Etym  doubtful]     A 


pn  mor'-dl  an,  «. 
species  of  plum. 

*  pr i  -  mor '-  di  -ate,  a.    [Lat.  primordium  = 
origin.]      Original ;    existing    from   the   be- 
ginning ;  primordial,  primitive. 

pri-mor'-di-iim  (pi.  pri-mpr'-dl-a),  «. 

[Lat.]  [PRIMORDIAL.]  A  beginning,  an  origin, 
a  first  principle. 

"  Writers  like  Mr.  Green  find  consolation  in  the 
thought  that  in  the  primordia  of  our  English  Con- 
stitution kings  were  elective."— Engliih  Studiet,  p.  71 

*  prim-oV-i-tjf,  *.  [Eng.  prim;  -osity.]  Prim- 
ness.   (Memoirs  of  Lady  II.  Stanhope.) 

primp,  v.t.  &  i.  [Prob.  a  variant  of  prink 
(q.v.),  or  from  prim  (q.v.).] 

A.  Trans. :  To  deck  one's  self  out  in  a  prim 
or  affected  manner. 

B.  Intrans. :  Tobi  prim,  formal,  or  affected. 
(Scotch.) 

primp'-It,  a.  [PRIMP.]  Stiffly  or  primly 
dressed  ;  stiff,  formal,  priin. 

prlm'-print,  «.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  A  name 
sometimes  given  to  the  Privet  (q.v.). 

"  That  great  bushy  plant,  usually  termed  priret  or 
primprint.'—TopKll:  Uitt.  of  Serpentt,  p.  103. 

prim'-rose,  *  prime-rose,  *  pryme  rose, 
*.  &  a,  [A  corrupt,  (due  to  popular  etymology) 
of  Mid.  Eng.  primerole  =  a  primrose,  from 
Low  Lat.  *  primerula,  from  Lat.  primula  =  a 
primrose,  from  primus  =  first;  Sp.  primula,] 

A.  As  substantive : 

Bot. :  Primula  vutgaris.  The  leaves  and 
umbels  are  subsessile,  the  former  ovate, 
oblong,  crenate,  toothed,  wrinkled  ;  the  scape 
umbellate,  sessile  or  stalked ;  the  calyx 
tubular,  somewhat  inflated,  the  teeth  very 
acute ;  the  corolla  pale  yellow.  Common  in 
copses,  pastures,  hedgebanks,  and  woods,  or 
by  the  side  of  streams.  Its  rootstcck  is  emetic. 
[CENOTHERA,  POLYANTHUS.]  The  Peerless 
Primrose  is  Narcissus  bi flora*. 

B.  As  adjective: 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  primrose ;  of  the 
colour  of  a  primrose  ;  of  a  pale  yellow  colour. 

2.  Covered  with,  or  abounding  in,  primroses. 
*  3.  Gay  as  with  flowers  ;  flowery. 

"  The  primrmt  way  to  th'  everlasting  bonfire."— 
Sbaketp.  :  Macbeth,  iL  S. 


Primrose-day,  s.  The  anniversary  of 
the  death  of  Lord  Beaconsfield,  April  19 
(1881).  Every  member  of  the  Primrose  League 
(q.v.)  must  wear  a  bunch  of  primroses  on 
that  day  in  token  of  sympathy  with,  and 
support  of,  the  objects  of  the  League. 

Primrose-league,  s.  A  league  having 
for  its  objects  "the  maintenance  of  religion,  of 
the  estates  of  the  realm,  and  of  the  Imperial 
ascendency  of  the  British  Empire."  It  work* 
by  means  of  "habitations,"  of  which  there 
are  now  (1886)  1,200  in  the  United  Kingdom, 
India,  Africa,  and  the  British  possessions 
generally.  Its  members  are  divided  into 
knights,  dames,  and  associates,  by  far  the 
greater  part  belonging  to  the  latter  class.  IU 
head-quarters  are  at  St.  Margaret's  Offices, 
Victoria  Street,  Westminster.  It  rendered 
the  Conservative  party  great  assistance  in 
the  general  election  of  1885. 

'  prim' -rosed,   o.     [Eng.   primrose);   -td.\ 
Covered  or  adorned  with  primroses. 

"A    zig-zag,    up-and-down     primroted   by-path."— 
Savage :  Reuben  MtdlicoU,  bk.  i.,  ch.  L 


prim'-u-la,  s.  [Fern,  of  Lat.  primulut  =  the 
first,  dimin.  of  primus  =  the  first,  from  the 
early  period  of  the  year  at  which  the  primrose 
flowers.] 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Priranlace* 
(q.v.).  Calyx  tubular  or  campanulate.  herba- 
ceous; corolla  salver-shaped,  limb  spreading. 
The  species  are  all  herbaceous  perennials, 
nearly  all  of  them  natives  of  Europe  and 
Northern  Asia.  Some  are  found  in  mountain 
regions,  while  others  are  among  the  finest  of 
grove  and  meadow  wild  flowers.  They  have 
been  cultivated  as  garden  flowers  from  a  very 
early  period.  Among  them  are  such  favorite 
flowers  as  the  Common  Primrose  (P.  vulgarit)t 
the  Cowslip  (P.  veru),  the  Bird's-eye  Primrose 
(P.  farinosa),  &c.  The  last  named  is  a  rare 
flower  in  the  United  States.  In  the  Western 
States  are  several  species,  P.  parryt,  with  lurgs 
purple  flowers,  growing  on  the  Kocky  Moun- 
tains. 

prim  u  la  -90  », i.pl.  [Mod.  Lat. primula); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -acece.] 

Bot. :  Primworts ;  an  order  of  Perigynon* 
Exogens,  alliance  Cortusales.  Herbs,  generally 
with  radical  exstipulate  leaves.  Flowers  on 
radical  scapes  or  umbels,  or  in  the  axil  of  the 
leaves.  Calyx  five-,  rarely  four-cleft,  inferior 
or  half  superior ;  corolla  rnonopetalous,  regular, 
five-,  four-,  or  six-cleft  Stamens  equal  in 
number  to  the  divisions  of  the  petals,  and 
opposite  to  them.  Ovary  one-celled;  styla 
one,  stigma  capitate.  Capsule  with  a  central 
placenta,  seeds  many,  peltate.  Chiefly  from 
the  north  temperate  zone.  Trilies,  Primul- 
id*,  Anagallidse,  Hottonidse,  and  Samolidae. 
Known  genera  twenty-nine,  species  215  (Lind- 
ley).  Genera  eighteen,  species  about  200  (Sir 
J.  Hooker). 

pri  mu'-U  dee,  ».  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  primula); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -uUr.] 

But. :  The  typical  tribe  or  family  of  Primu- 
lacew  (q.v.).  Ovary  superior,  capsule  valvular. 
British  genera,  Primula,  Lysimachia,  Trienta- 
lis,  aud  Glaux. 

prim'-n-lin,  «.  [Mod.  Lat.  primula);  -in 
(CAew.J.] 

Chem. :  A  crystallizable  substance  obtained 
from  the  root  of  the  cowslip.  (Wattt.) 

pri  mum  mob  i  le,  *.  [Lat.  =  the  first 
mover.] 

Astron. :  In  the  Ptolemaic  system,  an 
imaginary  sphere  believed  to  revolve  from 
east  to  west  in  twenty-four  hours,  carrying 
with  it  the  fixed  stars  and  the  planets. 

pninus,  *.  [Lat  =  first.]  The  first  in  dig- 
nity amongst  the  bishops  of  the  Scottish 
Episcopal  Church.  He  is  chosen  by  the  other 
bishops,  at  whose  meetings  he  presides,  but 
the  position  does  not  carry  with  it  any  metro- 
politan jurisdiction. 

prim'-wort,  ».  [Lat  prim(ula),  end  Eng, 
wort.] 

Bot.  (PI.):  Lindley's  name  for  the  order 
Primulacew. 

*  prim'-^,  a.  [PRIME,  o.]  Being  in  its  prime; 
flourishing,  bloomine. 

"A  »iolet  in  the  youth  of  primy  nature." 

. :  Hamlet.  I.  «. 


Ste,  tat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  rather:   we,  wet,  hero,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go.  p8t» 
or.  wore,  wolt;  work,  who,  son;  mate,  cub,  euro,  Quite,  our,  rale,  fall;  try,  Syrian.    »,  09  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  lew* 


CORONET  OF 
PRINCE  OF  WALES. 


prin,  *.    [Gael.]    A  pin.    (Stotch.) 

"  Aweel,  my  doo,  the  cat's  no  a  prin  the  waur."— 
Scott :  Guy  Jtanneriny,  ch.  xxxvt 

•  prin,  a.    [Apparently  the  same  word  as  prim 
(q.v.).]    Prim,  neat. 
"  Ha  looks  as  gaunt  and  prin."  Fletcher  :  Poemi,  p.  140. 

prince,  *  prynce,  s.  [Fr.  prince,  from  Lat. 
principem,  accus.  of  princeps  =  (a.)  taking  the 
ftrst  place  ;  (s.)  a  principal  person  ;  primus  = 
first,  and  capio  =  to  take  ;  8p.,  Port.,  &  Ital. 
principe  ;  Ger.  prinz  ;  Dut.  &  Sw.  prins  ;  Dan. 
prinds,  prins.] 

L  One  who  holds  the  first,  or  chief  place, 
or  rank  ;  a  sovereign ;  the  ruler  of  a  country 
or  state  (originally  applied  to  either  sex). 

"  The  greatest  prince  that  has  ever  ruled  England ." 
—Maeaulay:  Ilia.  Eng.,  ch.  ii. 

2.  The  ruler  or  sovereign  of  a  state  or  terri- 
tory which  h«  holds  of  a  superior,  to  whom  he 
owes  certain  services. 

3.  The  son  of  a  sovereign,  or  the  issue  of  a 
royal  family :  as,  The  princes  of  the  blood, 
in    heraldic   language,   the   title   of  prince 
belongs    to    dukes, 

marquises,  and  earls 
of  Great  Britain,  but 
in  ordinary  use  it  is 
confined  to  members 
of  the  royal  family. 
The  only  case  in 
which  it  is  a  terri- 
torial title  is  that  of 
the  Prince  of  Wales, 
the  official  title  of 
the  heir-apparent  to 
the  throne.  On  the 
Continent  the  title  of  prince  is  borne  by  mem- 
bers of  families  of  very  high  rank,  though  not 
immediately  connected  with  any  royal  house. 

4.  The  head  or  chief  of  any  body  of  men  ; 
one  who  is  at  the  head  of  any  class  or  profes- 
sion, or  who  is  pre-eminent  in  anything  :  as, 
*  merchant  prince, 

U  (1)  Prince  Albert's  Lyre-bird: 

Ornith. :  Menura  alberti.    (LYRE-BIRD. ] 

(2)  Prince  Alfreds  Deer : 

Zool. :  Rusa  atfredi,  about  the  size  of  a 
Fallow-deer,  first  described  by  Dr.  Sclater, 
from  a  specimen  brought  by  the  Duke  of 
Edinburgh  from  the  Philippine  Islands  in 
1870.  The  body  is  heavy,  with  short  legs ; 
rich  chocolate  above,  with  pale  yellow  spots, 
pale  yellow  beneath. 

•  (3)  Prince  of  the,  Senate : 

Roman  Antiq.:  The  person  first  called  in  the 
roll  of  the  Senators.  He  was  always  of  con- 
•ular  and  censorian  rank. 

*  prince-royal,  s.    The  eldest  son  of  a 
•overeign. 

If  Princes  of  the  Blood  Royal : 

Law :  The  younger  children  of  the  sovereign, 
and  other  branches  of  the  royal  family,  who 
•re  not  in  the  immediate  line  of  succession. 

Prince  Rupert's  drops,  s.  pi.  Drops 
of  melted  glass  consolidated  by  falling  into 
water.  If  a  fragment  be  broken  off  the  thin 
«nd,  they  fly  to  pieces  with  explosive  force. 

prince's  feather,  s. 

Bot. :  (1)  Amaranthus  hypochondriacus,  (2) 
Polygonum  orientate.  {American.) 

prince's  metal,  *.  A  jeweller's  alloy  of 
copper,  72 ;  zinc,  28.  Said  to  have  been  in- 
Tented  by  Prince  Rupert,  whence  its  name. 

prince's  pine,  s. 

Bot.  :  Chimaphila  umbellata,  [CHIMAPHILA.] 
prince's  wood,  s.   [PRINCE WOOD.] 

*  pringe,  v.i.    [PRINCE,  ».]    To  play  or  act 
the  prince  ;  to  assume  state.   (Shalxsp. :  Cym- 
beline,  iii.  S.) 

*  prin96  age  (age  as  Ig),  s.    (Eng.  prince ; 
-age.}    The  body  of  princes;  princes  collec- 
tively. 

*  prlnge'-dom,  *  prince-dome,  «.    [Eng. 
prince;    -dom.]     The  jurisdiction,  rank,  or 
estate  of  a  prince. 

"The    premier   princedom   of    Ilindostan."—  Daily 
Telegraph,  Nov.  84,  1885. 

*prin9e'-hood,  <  prince  hcdc.  *prince- 
hode,  s.  The  dignity,  rank,  or  position  of  a 
prince  ;  princely  rank,  sovereignty. 

"The  faith  of  hys  body,  and  worde  of  his  prinet- 
hode.~-UaU:  Henry  VI.  (an.  4J. 


prin—  principal 

Prin9e'-ite,  s.    [See  def.] 

Church  Hist.  (PI.)  :  The  sect  into  which  the 
movement  of  the  Lampeter  Brethren  deve- 
loped. It  was  founded  about  1840  by  the 
Rev.  Henry  James  Prince,  a  clergyman  of  the 
extreme  Evangelical  school,  who  asserted  that 
the  Holy  Ghost  was  incarnate  in  him,  and 
that  the  Gospel  dispensation  was  thereby 
superseded.  Prince  first  held  the  curacy  of 
Charlinch,  near  Bridgewater,  and  his  rector, 
the  Rev.  Samuel  Starky,  was  closely  associ- 
ated with  the  sect,  and  the  members  were 
sometimes  called,  after  him,  Starkyites. 
Means  to  establish  a  community  at  Spaxton, 
near  Charlinch,  with  Prince  at  its  head,  were 
obtained  by  "leading  captive  silly  women;" 
and  the  nature  of  the  community  is  suffi- 
ciently indicated  by  its  name—  The  Agape- 
mone  (q.  v.).  "  The  principle  on  which  the  sect 
was  ultimately  consolidated  was  that  Jesus 
having  suffered  to  redeem  the  spirit  only,  and 
left  the  flesh  alienated  from  God,  Prince  took 
upon  himself  new  flesh  to  redeem  the  flesh, 
and  whosoever  believes  on  him  will  not  die, 
but  will  henceforth  be  without  sickness  or 
pain."  (Blunt;  cf.  Dixon:  Spirit.  Wives  (ed. 
1868),  i.  318-31.) 

*  prince'-kin,   «.     [Eng.  prince;  dim.  sufjf. 
-kin.\    A  little  prince,  a  princeling. 


*  prin9e  less,  a.   [Eng.  prince;  -less.]  With- 
out a  prince. 

"  This  country  Is  princelrtu,  I  mean,  affords  no  royal 
nativities."—  Fuller  :  Worttiiet,  ii.  842. 

*  prince'-let,  *.  [Eng.  prince;  dim.  suff.  -let.] 
A  petty  prince,  a  princeling. 

"German  princelett  might   sell  their  country."— 
C.  Kmgiley  :  Alton  Locke,  on.  xxxiL 

prince'  -like,  a.  &  adv.    [Eng.  prince;  -like.] 

A.  -4s  adj.  :  Becoming  or  befitting  a  prince, 
princely. 

"  The  wrongs  he  did  me 
Were  nothing  princeMke." 

Shaketp.  :  Cymbelint,  T.  I. 

B.  At  adv.  :  Like  a  prince. 

"  I  euer  set  my  fotestepps  fre, 
Princelike  where  none  had  gone.* 

Drant:  Horace;  Ep.  to  Haemal. 

pxince'-li-ness,    *.     [Eng.  princely;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  princely. 

*  prin9C  -ling,  *.    [Eng.  prince  ;  dim.  suff. 
-ling.] 

1.  A  petty  prince. 

"Great   Powers    will    replace  princelingi.  —Daily 
Telegraph,  Oct.  17,  1885. 

2.  A  young  prince. 

"  Addressed  ...  to  a  clever  princeling."—  Scoonei  : 
Four  l.'tnturifi  of  Enfflith  Letters,  p.  43. 

prin9e   ly,  *  prince-lye,  a.  &  adv.    [Eng. 
prince;  -ly.] 
A.  As  adjective  : 

*  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  prince. 

'  Princely  office."        Shakeip.  :  Rape  of  Lucrece,  «S8. 

2.  Having  the  appearance  of  or  resembling  a 
prince,  or  one  of  noble  birth  ;  stately,  dignified. 

3.  Having  the  rank  or  position  of  a  prince  ; 
royal,  noble.    (Dryden:  Virgil;  jEneidi.  979.) 

4.  Becoming  or  befitting  a  prince;  royal, 
grand,  noble,  august,  magnificent. 

"  Dames  and  chief*  of  princely  port." 

Byron  :  iltueppa,  IT. 

5.  High-minded,  noble  ;  acting  like  a  prince. 

"  He  was  most  princely."  Shakeip.  :  Henry  nil.,  tv.  1 

6.  Consisting  of  princes  or  persons  of  noble 
birth. 

"Take  that,  ere  yet  thon  quit  this  princely  throng." 
Pope  :  Homer  ;  Odyuey  xvll.  545. 

*  B.  As  adv.  :  In  a  princely  manner;  like  a 
prince,  as  becomes  a  prince. 

"My  i 
3  Henry 

pxin'-cSss,  *  pr  in  ces  sa,  *  prin-cesse,  s. 

[Fr.  princesse;  8p.  princesa;  Port,  princeza; 
Ital.  principessa.] 

*  1.  A  female  sovereign  ;  a  woman  having 
sovereign  power  or  the  rank  of  a  prince. 

2.  The  daughter  of  a  sovereign  ;  a  female 
member  of  a  royal  family. 

3.  The  wife  of  a  prince  :  as,  the  Princess  of 
Wales. 

princess-royal,  s.    The  eldest  daughter 
of  a  sovereign. 

"  The  princea-royal.  or  rMe.it  daughter  of  the  king," 
—Blackttone  :  Comment.,  bk.  L,  ch.  4. 


3751 

*  prin'- 9688 -ly,    a.     (Eng.   princess;    -ly.] 
Princess-like  ;  having  the  rank  of  a  princess. 

"To  engage  her  to  her  princeuly  daughter."— 
Jttchardion :  Clariua,  L  22L 

t  prin9e'-ship,  s.  [Eng. prince; -ship.]  The 
state,  condition,  or  individuality  of  a  prince. 

••  Your  princethip  will  keep  them  jealously  inside 
your  iron  palaces."— Daily  ffevt,  March  S,  1886,  p.  5. 

prIn9e'-WOOd,  s.     [Eng.  prince,  and  wood. J 

Bot.  otc. :  A  light-brown  West  Indian  wood 
furnished  by  Cordin  gerascanthoides  ami 
Hamelia  ventricosa.  (Treas.  of  Bot.) 

*  prin'-cl-f  ied,  a.    [Eng.  prince,  and  Lat. 
fio  =  to  become.]    Imitating  a  prince  ;  done 
in  imitation  of  a  prince  ;  fantastically  dignified. 
(Thackeray.) 

prin  91  pal,  *  prin -ci-  pall,  *  prin-cy- 
pal,  *  pryn-cy-pall,  a.  &  *.  [  Fr.  principal, 
from  Cat.  principalis,  from,  princeps,  gen  it. 
principis  =  chief,  a  chief ;  Sp.  &  Port,  prind- 
pal;  Ital.  principale.]  [PRINCE,*.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Chief;  highest  or  first  in  rank,  authority, 
importance,  influence,  or  degree;  main,  essen- 
tial, most  important :  as,  the  principal  men 
in  a  city,  the  principal  productions  of  • 
country,  &c. 

»  2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  prince ;  princely. 
(Spenser.) 

B.  As  substantive : 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  chief  or  head ;  a  chief  party ;  one  who 
takes  the  lead  or  principal  part  in  anything. 

2.  A  president  or  governor ;   one  who  is 
chief  in  authority,  as  the  head  of  a  college, 
university,  or  other  institution  ;  the  head  of  » 
firm,  ic. 

*  3.  The  principal  or  main  point. 

"  Netheless  let  euery  diligent  reder  knowe  hymself* 
miche  to  haue  profited,  if  he  but  the  chief  prind  paOt 
vnderstand."— Joye :  Expot.  Daniel.  (Arg.) 

*  4.  One  of  the  turrets  or  pinnacles  of  wax- 
work and  tapers  with  which  the  posts  and 
centre  of  a  hearse  were  formerly  crowned. 

*  5.  An  heirloom  ;  sometimes  the  mortuary, 
the  principal  or  best  horse  led  before  the 
corpse  of  the  deceased. 

"  Also  that  my  best  horse  shall  be  mj  principal.'— 
Tettamenta  Vetiuta,  p.  75. 

«  6.  (PL)  First  feathers  of  a  bird. 
"  A  blrde  whose  principal*  be  scarce  grown*  ant.* 
— Spenter :  Kpit.  to  Jfaitter  Harvey. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Carp. :  An  important  timber  fn  a  frame. 

2.  Comm. :  A  sum  of  money  employed  to 
produce  a  profit  or  revenue,  periodically  pay- 
able over  a  length  of  time  under  the  name  of 
interest. 

3.  Fine  Arts:  The  chief  circumstance  in  a 
work  of  art,  to   which  the  rest  are  to  be 
subordinate. 

4.  Lav: 

(1)  The  actual  or  absolute  perpetrator  of  S 
crime,  or  an  abettor. 

"  A  man  may  be  principal  in  an  offence  In  two  de- 
grees. A  principal  in  the  first  degree  is  he  that  is  th* 
actor,  or  absolute  perpetrator  of  the  crime  ;  and,  in  to* 
second  degree,  he  is  who  is  present,  aiding  and  ilwt- 
ting  the  fact  to  be  dune,  which  presence  need  not 
always  be  an  actual  immediate  standing  by,  within 
sight  or  hearing  of  the  fact ;  but  there  may  be  also  a 
constructive  presence,  as  when  one  commits  a  robtierjr 
or  murder,  anil  another  keeps  watch  or  guard  at  some 
convenient  distance.  In  high  treason  there  are  no 
accessories,  but  alt  are  principal*.' —  Blacktton*  : 
Comment.,  bk.  iv.,  ch.  S.  . 

(2)  One  who  employs  another  to  act  for  or 
nnder   him,  the  person  so  employed  being 
termed  an  agent. 

(3)  A  person  for  whom  another  becomes 
surety ;  one  who  is  liable  for  a  debt  in  the 
first  instance. 

5.  Music: 

(1)  The  subject  of  a  fugue. 

(2)  In  an  organ  the  chief  open  metal  stop, 
one  nctave  higher  in   pitch   than  the  open 
diapason.    On  the  manual  four  feet,  on  the 
pedal  eight  feet  in  length. 

principal-axis, «. 

Geom. :  The  major  axis.    [Axis.] 

principal-brace, .«. 

Carp. :  A  brace  immediately  under,  or  par- 
allel to,  the  principal  rafters,  assisting  with 
the  principals  to  support  the  roof  timbers. 

principal-challenge, «.    [CHALLENGE, 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jo%l;  cat,  90!!,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  «!<",  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   -ing. 
-clan,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  - tion,  -sion  -  ihon.    -cious,    tious,  -clous  =  shns.   -We,  -die,  4c.  =  bel,  del. 


3752 


principality— print 


principal-plane,  s. 

Geom.:  In  spherical  projections,  the  plan'j 
upon  which  tlie  projection  of  the  different 
circles  of  the  sphere  are  projected, 

principal  point,  s. 

Perspective :  The  projection  of  the  point  of 
sight  upon  the  perspective  plane.  It  is  the 
game  as  the  centre  of  the  picture. 

principal-post,  ». 

Carp.  :  The  comer-post  of  •  timber-framed 
house. 

principal-rafter, *. 
Carp. :  A  rafter  supporting  the  purlins  Vxl 
ordinary  rafters. 

principal-ray,  s. 

Perspective:  The  ray  drawn  thrx'j»;h  the 
point  of  sight,  perpendicular  to  the  perfective 
plane. 

principal-section,  s. 

Crystal!. :  A  plane  passing  tVrough  the 
optical  axis  of  a  crystal. 

principal-subject  •- .  t&etae,  s. 

Music :  One  of  the  chief  subjects  of  a  move- 
ment in  sonata  fcrai,  •&  opposed  to  a  sub- 
ordinate theme. 

prln-ci-pal'-i-ty,  *  prin-ci-pal-i-tee, 
•  prln-ci-pal-1-tie,  »  prin-ci-pal-te,  *. 

IFr.  principalite,  from  Cat  principalitatem, 
accus.  of  principalitas  =  excellence,  from 
principalis  =  principal  (q.v.)  ;  Sp.  principali- 
dad;  ItaL  principalita,] 

*  L  Sovereignty  ;  supreme  power. 

"  The  gouernementand  principalitie  of  the  coun  trey 
•f  Boa*.  —  Bread*:  (juintui  Curtiut,  foL  109. 

*  2.  One  invested  with  supreme  power  ;  a 
sovereign,  a  prince. 

"  Yet  let  her  be  a  principality, 
.     Sovereign  to  all  the  creatures  on  the  earth." 

ShaJtetp.  :  Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona,  ii.  4. 

8.  The  territory  or  jurisdiction  of  a  prince. 

"  Hi*  principality,  left  without  a  bead,  was  divided 
•gainst  itself.'  —  Jfacaulay :  ffitt.  Kny.,  ch.  xiii. 

U  Applied  specif,  to  Wales,  as  giving  the 
title  of  Prince  to  the  heir  apparent  to  the 
throne  of  England. 

*  4.  Royal  state  or  condition. 

"  Tour  principatUiei  (ball  come  down,  even  the 
crown  of  your  glory."— Jeremiah  xiii.  18. 

*  5.  Superiority,  predominance. 

"The  prerogative  and  principality,  above  everything 
•be."— -Jer.  Taylor  :  Worthy  Communicant. 

prin'-cl-pal-ly,  *  prin-ci-pal-lye,  adv. 

[Eng.  principal;  -ly.]  In  the  principal  or 
Chief  place  or  degree  ;  chiefly,  mainly  ;  above 
all ;  more  than  all  else. 

•prln'-9l-pal-ness,  «.  [Eng.  principal; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  principal 
or  chief. 

•  prin'-ci-pate,  *.     [Lat.  principatut,  from 
princeps,  genit.  principi*  =  a  prince  (q.v.)  ;  Fr. 
principal ;  Sp.  &  Port,  principado;  ItaL  prin- 
eipato.] 

L  Sovereignty  ;  supreme  power. 

"  This  man  helde  longe  the  principate  of  Brytayne." 
—Fabyan  :  Chronicle,  vol.  L,  ch.  xlv. 

2.  A  principality,  an  authority,  a  power. 

"  Principatet  and  powers."— Fox :  Hartyrt,  p.  1,609. 

prin-clp'-l-a,  s.  pL  [Lat.,  pL  ot  principium 
=  »  beginning.]  First  principles  ;  elements  ; 
specif.,  the  abbreviated  title  of  Newton's 
"Philosophise  Naturalis  Principia  Mathema- 
tical 

•  prln-clp'-l-al,  o.     [Lat.  principialis,  from 
princeps  =  a  prince  (q.  v.).J     Original,  initial, 
elementary. 

•  prfn-cip'-I-ant,  o.     [Lat.  principium  =  a 
beginning.]    Pertaining  or  relating  to  princi- 
ples or  beginnings. 

"  Those  principiant  foundations  of  knowledge  are 
themselves  unknown," — (ilannll :  Vanity  of  ffogmatu- 
ing,  ch.  iv. 

•  prin-cip'-J-ate,  v.t.    [Lat.  principium  =  a 
beginning.]    To  begin,  to  initiate. 

*'  It  import*  the  things  or  effects  principiatfd  or 
effected  by  the  intelligent  active  principle  '—Hale: 
(frig,  of  Mankind. 

•  prin  -  9lp  - 1  -  a'  -  tion,  t.     [PRINCIPIATE.] 
Analysis  into  constituent  or  elemental  parts. 

"  The  third  is  the  separating  of  any  metal  into  its 
original  or  materia  prtma.  or  element,  or  call  them 
what  you  will ;  which  work  we  call  principiation."— 
Bacon :  Phyaological  Remarkt-1 


*  prin-91p  -icicle,  *.     [Lat.  princeps,  genit. 
prindpis  =  a  prince,  and  ctedo  (in  com  p.  -cidu) 
=  to  kill.]    A  murderer  of  a  prince. 

"  The  chances  of  immediate  escape  for  iprincipicWe 
must  be  taken  as  very  small."— Ht.  Jamei'i  Gazette, 
July  18,  1881. 

prin'-9i-ple,  ».  [Fr.  principe  =  a  principle, 
a  maxim,  a  beginning,  from  Lat.  principium 
=  a  beginning,  from  priuceps  =  chief.  For  the 
added  I  cf.  syllable;  Sp.  St  ItaL  principle.] 
[PRINCE,  *.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  A  beginning.  (Spenser:  F.  Q.,  V.  xi.  2.) 

2.  That  from  which  anything  proceeds  ;  a 
source  or  origin  ;  an  element ;  a  constituent 
part ;  a  primordial  substance. 

"  That  one  first  principle  must  be." 

Dryden.    (Todd.) 

3.  An  original  cause;  an  operative  cause. 

"  A  vital  or  directive  principle  seeuieth  to  be  assist- 
ant to  the  corporeal." — Grew  :  Cotmotogia  Sacra. 

4.  An  original  faculty  or  endowment  of  the 
mind. 

5.  A  general  truth  ;  a  fundamental  truth  or 
tenet ;  a  comprehensive  law  or  doctrine  from 
which  others  are  derived,  or  on  which  others 
are  founded  ;  an  elementary  proposition ;  a 
maxim,  axiom,  or  postulate. 

"  He  who  fixes  upon  false  principles  treads  upon  in- 
firm ground."— South  :  Sermon*,  vol.  ii. ,  ser.  1. 

6.  A  tenet ;  a  settled  rule  «f  action  ;  that 
•which  is  believed  or  held,  whether  true  or  not, 
and  which  serves  as  a  rule  of  action  or  the 
basis  of  a  system  ;  a  governing  law  of  conduct. 

"  He  firmly  adhered  through  all  vicissitudes  to  bA 
principlei'—llacaulay :  Hut.  Eng.,  ch.  vii. 

7.  A  right  rule  of  conduct ;  uprightness  : 
as,  a  man  of  principle. 

8.  Ground  of  conduct ;  motive. 

"  There  would  be  but  small  improvements  in  the 
world,  were  there  not  some  common  principle  of  ac- 
tion, working  equally  with  men."—  Additon.  (Todd.) 

*  IL  Chem. :  A  name  formerly  given  to  cer- 
tain proximate  compounds  of  organic  bodies  : 
as,  bitter  principle.    [PROXIMATE-PRINCIPLE.] 

*  pr!n'-9l-ple,  v.L    [PRINCIPLE,  «.] 

1.  To  establish  or  fix  in  certain  principles  ; 
to  impress  with  any  tenet,  good  or  ill. 

"  Principled  by  these  new  philosopher*."— Cudmrth  : 
Intel'..  Syttem.  p.  SSL 

2.  To  establish  firmly  in  the  mind. 

"The  promiscuous  reading  of  the  Bible  is  far  from 
being  of  any  advantage  to  children,  either  for  the 
perfecting  their  reading.  OT  principling  their  religion.11 
—Locke:  On  Education. 

prin'-cl-pled  (le  as  el),  a.  [Eng.  principle ; 
•ed.]  Impressed  with  certain  principles  or 
tenets  ;  holding  or  based  on  certain  principles. 

"A  parliament,  to  principled,  will  sink 
All  antient  schools  of  empire  in  disgrace." 

Young  :  On  Public  Affairt. 

*  prfnck,  v.t.    [PRINK.] 

*  prin'-cock,  *  prin'-cox,  *.  &  a.    [A  cor- 
rupt, of  Eng.  prim  and  cock,  or,  according  to 
the  Rev.   A.  8.  Palmer,  a  corrupt,  of  Lat. 
praxox  =  precocious  (q.  v.).] 

A.  As  subst. :  A   coxcomb ;  a   conceited 
person ;    a   pert   young   rogue.      (Shakesp. : 

,Jiomeo  £  Juliet,  i.  5.) 

B.  As  adj. :  Conceited,  pert. 

"  Naught  reek  I  of  thy  threats,  thou  princox  boy.* 
Tylney  (/) :  Locrine,  ii.  4. 

pring'-le-a,  *.  [Named  after  Sir  John  Pringle 
(1707-1782),  physician,  and  President  of  the 
Royal  Society.] 

Bat. :  A  genus  of  Cruciferous  plants,  family 
Alyssidae.  Pringlea  antiscorbutica  is  the  Ker- 
guelen's  Land  Cabbage.  Boiled,  it  was  found 
a  most  efficient  antiscorbutic  in  the  voyage 
of  the  Erebus  and  Terror. 

pn'-nl-a,  ».  [Javanese  prinya,  the  name  of 
the  typical  species.] 

Ornith. :  A  genus  of  Sylviidae,  sub-family 
Drymcecinse,  with  eleven  species,  from  the 
Oriental  region.  (Tristram.)  Bill  rather  long, 
much  compressed,  entire  ;  feet  large,  strong. 

prink,  *  princk,  v.i.  &  t.  [The  same  word 
as  prank,  a.  (q.v.);  cf.  Low  Ger.prunken  =  to 
make  a  show,  prunk  =  show,  display ;  Ger., 
Dan.,  &  Sw.  prunfc=show;  Ger.  prangen-= 
to  make  a  show  ;  Dan.  prange.] 
A.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  dress  for  show  ;  to  prank. 

"She  was  every  day  longer  prinking  In  the  glass 
than  you  was."— Jane  Collier :  Art  of  Tormenting. 

2.  To  strut ;  to  put  on  fine  airs. 


B.  Trans. :  To  prank  or  dress  up  ;  to  adorn 
fantastically. 

"  Just  JEnjp'i  crow,  prink  d  up  in  borrow'd  feather*.* 
Tonka:  Albumaiar  ii.  6. 

prink' -er,  *.  [Eng.  prink;  -er.]  One  who 
prinks  ;  one  who  dresses  for  show. 

pri'-nds,  *.  [Gr.  ir pivot  (prinos)  —  the  ever- 
green oak.  ] 

Bot. :  Winterberry  ;  a  genus  of  Aquifoliaceae. 
Low  shrubs,  with  alternate  leaves,  rotate  ;  a 
six-parted  corolla,  six  stamens,  one  style  and 
stigma,  and  a  berry  with  six  stones.  Frinos 
glabra,  an  evergreen  bush  from  North  America, 
is  used  as  a  substitute  for  tea.  The  bitter  bark, 
of  P.  verticillalus  has  been  given  in  fever  ahd 
used  as  a  lotion  in  gangrene.  The  berries  are 
tonic  and  emetic. 

prin-sep'-I-a,  s.  [Named  after  James  Prinsep, 
a  former  secretary  of  the  Royal  Asiatic  Society 
in  Calcutta.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Chrysobalanaceae.  An  oil 
expressed  from  the  seeds  of  Priitsepia  utilis,  a 
deciduous,  thorny,  Himalayan  shrub,  is  used 
for  food,  for  burning,  as  a  rubefacient,  and  as 
an  application  in  rheumatism,  &c. 

print,    *  preent,    *  pr cento,    *  prent, 

*  printe,    *  prynt,   v.t.   &   i.     [O.    DuU 
printen,  prenten.]    [PRINT,  s.] 

A.  Transitive: 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  To  mark  by  pressing ;  to  impress. 

"  On  his  fiery  steed  betimes  he  rode. 
That  scarcely  printt  the  turf  on  which  he  trod.* 
Ijryden.    (Todd.) 

*  2.  To  impress  anything,  so  as  to  leave  its 
mark  or  form. 

"  Printing  their  hoofs  in  the  earth.* 

Shaketp.  :  Henry  V.    (ProU 

3.  To  take  an  impression  of ;  to  form  by 
impression;  to  stamp. 

"  Vpoii  his  brest-plate  he  beholds  a  dint. 
Which  in  that  field  young  Edward's  sword  did 
print.'  Beaumont :  Bomorth  field. 

4.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  3. 

*  5.  To  fix  deeply  or  imprint  in  the  mind  ; 
to  implant,  to  instil. 

"  How  soone  a  loke  will  print  a  thought  that  never 
may  remove."         Surrey  :  fraittie  of  Beaut  ie. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Fabric:   To   stamp    or    impress    with 
coloured    figures  or  patterns ;    to  stamp  or 
impress  figured  patterns  on. 

2.  Photog. :    To  obtain  a  positive   picture 
from,  by  the  exposure  of  sensitized   paper 
beneath  a  negative  to  the  sun's  rays. 

3.  Print. :  To  form  or  copy  by  pressure,  as 
from  an  inked  stereotyped  plate,  a  form  of 
movable  types,  engraved  steel  or  copper  plates, 
lithographic  stones,  &c.    [PRINTING.] 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  practise  or  use  the  art  of  typography 
or  printing. 

2.  To  publish  books  ;  to  rnsh  into  print. 

"He  shall  not  begin  to  print  till  I  have  a  thousand 
guineas  for  him."—  Thackeray :  Enalith  Uumouritti; 
Swift. 

3.  To  come  out  in  the  process  of  printing"': 
as,  A  negative  prints  well  or  badly. 

print  (1),  *  preente,  *  prente,  *  prcynt, 

•  preynte,  *  printe,  *  prynt,  s.   [Formed, 

by  loss  of  the  first  syllable,  from  Fr.  em- 
preinte  =  a  stamp,  a  print ;  prop.  fem.  of  em~ 
preint,  pa.  par.  of  empreindre  =  to  print,  to 
stamp,  from  Lat.  imprimo  =.  to  impress  :  im- 
(m-)=on,  and  premo—to  press ;  O.  Dut.  print.} 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  mark  or  form  made  by  impression ;  a 
line,  figure,  character,  or  mark  made  by  the 
impressing  of  one  thing  on  another. 

"  The  print  of  a  foot  in  the  Baud  can  only  prove, 
when  considered  alone,  that  there  was  some  figure 
adapted  to  it.  by  which  It  was  produced."— Hume:  On 
the  Understanding,  ill. 

2.  Hence,  fig.,  a   mark,   impression,  cha- 
racter, or  stamp  of  any  kind. 

"  If  God  would  promise  me  to  raize  tliepHnttof  time, 
Caru'd  in  luy  bosome." 

Chapman :  Bomer ;  Iliad  Ix. 

3.  That  which  by   pressure  impresses   its 
form  on  anything  :  as,  a  print  for  butter. 

4.  Printed  letters ;  the  impressions  of  types 
generally,  considered   in    relation   to   form,    » 
size,  Ac.  :  as,  large  print,  small  print,  &c. 

5.  The  state  or  condition  of  being  printed, 
published,  or  issued  from  the  press. 

••  A  clever  speech  which  he  made  against  the  place- 
men stole  into  print  and  was  widely  circulated."— 
Macaulay  :  Ilut.  Eng.,  ch.  XV. 


Bite,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wol£  work,  who,  son;  mate,  cub,  cure,  nnite,  car,  rale,  fall;  try,  Syrian.    »,  OB  =  e;  ey  =  a;  au  =  kw. 


print — prionopidae 


3T53 


1     6.  That  which  is  printed ;  that  which  is 
produced  by  the  act  or  process  of  printing. 

(1)  The  representation  of  anything  produced 
by  impression ;    specif.,   an    engraving    pro- 
duced from  wood,  stone,  steel,  or  copper  plate. 

(2)  A  printed  publication ;  espec.  a  news- 
paper or  other  periodical. 

(3)  A  plaster  cast  of  a  flat  ornament,  or  a 
plaster  ornament  formed  from  a  mould. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Fabric :  A  cotton  cloth  printed  ;  calico. 

2.  Foundry: 

(1)  A  projection  on  a  pattern  which  leaves 
a  si>ace  in  the  sand  for  the  purpose  of  sup- 
jjorting  a  core  in  its  right  position  and  place. 

(2)  A  mould  sunk  in  metal  from  which  an 
Impression  is  taken  by  swaging ;   a  boss,  a 
§wage. 

3.  Photog. :  A  positive  picture. 
If  1.  In  print : 

(1)  Lit. :  In  a  printed  form  ;  issued  from 
the  press ;  published. 


*  (2)  Fig. :  In  a  formal  manner ;  with  exact- 
ness ;  in  a  precise  manner. 

"  To  hare  his  maid  lay  all  things  in  print,  and  tack 
him  in  warm."— Locke. 

2.  To  rush  into  print :  To  be  over-hasty  in 
publishing  one's  thoughts. 

print-field,  s.  An  establishment  for 
printing  and  blocking  cottons,  &c. 

print-room,  ».  A  room  where  a  collec- 
tion of  prints  or  engravings  is  kept. 

print-seller,  *.  One  who  deals  in  prints 
or  engravings. 

"William  Faithorna  .  .  .  wa»  bred  under  Peake. 
painter  and  print-teller."— Walpolt :  Anted,  of  Paint- 
ing, vol.  v. 

print-works,  s.  An  establishment  where 
machine  or  block  printing  is  carried  on ;  a 
place  for  printing  calicoes. 

print  (2),  ».  [A  shortened  form  of  primprint 
(q.v.).]  The  privet 

print  -a  ble,  a.  [Eng.  print,  v. ;  -able.]  Ca- 
pable of  being  printed ;  fit  or  suitable  to  be 
printed.  (Carlyle.) 

prlnt'-ed,  pa.  par.  or  a.     [PRINT,  v.] 

printed  carpet,  t.  A  carpet  dyed  or 
printed  in  colours. 

printed-goods,  «.  pi.  Printed  or  figured 
calicoes. 

printed  ware.  s. 

Pottery:  Porcelain,  queen's  ware,  Ac.,  orna- 
mented with  printed  figures  or  patterns  ;  this 
is  usually  done  previous  to  glazing  the  ware. 

print -er,  s.  [Eng.  print,  v.  ;  -er.]  One  who 
prints  books,  pamphlets,  &c.  ;  one  who  prints 
cloth  ;  as,  a  calico  printer ;  one  who  takes  im- 
pressions from  engraved  plates,  stone,  Ac.  : 
as,  a  lithographic  printer. 

printer's  devil,  s.  The  newest  appren- 
tice lad  in  a  printing  office. 

printer's  gauge,  ». 

1.  A  rule  or  reglet  cut  to  the  length  of  a  page, 
so  that  all  pages  may  be  made  of  uniform 
length. 

2.  A  piece  of  cardboard  or  metal  of  proper 
size  to  regulate  the  distance  between  pages  in 
imposing  a  form. 

printer's  ink,  ».    [PRINTING-INK.] 

prlnt'-er-y,  «•  [Eng.  print;  -try.}  An  esta- 
blishment for  printing  cottons,  &c. ;  a  print- 
ing-office. 

print'-Ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &,  t.    [PRINT,  «.] 

A.  &  B,  As  pr.  par.  A  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 
C.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  act,  process,  or  practice  of  impressing 
letters,  characters,  or  figures  on  paper,  cloth, 
or  other  material ;  the  business  of  a  printer ; 
typography.  There  are  several  branches  of 
the  art,  as,  the  printing  of  books,  &c.,  by 
means  of  movable  types  ;  the  printing  of  en- 
graved steel  or  copper  plates  [ENGRAVING)  ; 
the  taking  impressions  from  stone  [LITHO- 
GRAPHY], and  the  printing  of  figured  patterns 
on  fabrics  [CALICO-PRINTING].  Letterpress- 

Erinting,  or  the  method  of  taking  impressions 
•om  type  or  letters,  and  other  characters  cut 


or  cast  in  relief  upon  serrate  pieces  of  metal, 
is  the  most  important  branch  of  printing. 
Printing  in  its  earliest  form  consisted  in  taking 
impressions  from  engraved  blocks.  [BLOCK- 
BOOKS,  BLOCK-PRINTING.]  The  use  of  separate 
types  was  invented  by  Guttenberg,  of  Mentz, 
about  the  year  A.D.  1450.  In  company  with 
Faust  and  others  he  printed  several  works 
with  wooden  tyi>es  and  wooden  blocks.  These 
were  the  AUxandri  Galli  Doctrinale  and  Petri 
Hispani  Tractatus  in  1442,  and  subsequently 
the  TabiUa  Alphabetica,  Catholicon,  Donati 
Grammatica,  and  the  Confessvtnalia,  between 
the  years  1444  and  1450.  In  the  years  1450-55, 
the  Bible  of  637  leaves  was  printed  by  Gut- 
tenberg and  Faust  with  cut  metal  types. 
Guttenberg  died  in  1468,  in  high  honour  for 
his  genius  and  jierseverance.  Faust,  after 
dissolving  partnership  (1455)  with  Guttenberg, 
became  allied  with  Schoetfer  ;  and  they  pub- 
lished in  1457  the  Cod-ex  Psalmoruin  with 
metallic  types— the  most  ancient  book  with  a 
date  and  inscription.  Cast  metallic  types 
were  invented  by  Schoeffer  in  1459.  As  first 
practised  in  Europe  the  sheets  were  printed 
on  one  side  only,  and  the  backs  of  the  pages 
pasted  together.  The  art  of  printing  was  in- 
troduced into  France  in  1469 ;  Italy,  1465  ; 
Spain,  1477,  and  England  (by  Caxton)  in  1474. 
In  letterpress  printing  the  impressions  are 
taken  directly  from  the  surface  of  the  types, 
or  from  stereotyped  plates  [STEREOTYPE]  by 
superficial  pressure,  as  in  the  hand  printing- 
press,  or  by  cylindrical  pressure,  as  in  the 
steam  printing-machine,  or  by  the  action  of  a 
roller,  as  in  the  copper-plate  press.  The  ink 
or  pigment  employed  is  laid  upon  the  surface 
of  the  type  with  a  printer's  roller.  Printing 
is  divided  into  two  departments,  composition 
and  press-work.  (See  these  words.)  In  print- 
ing for  the  blind  the  letters  or  characters  are 
impressed  in  relief  on  stout  paper  or  cardboard 
without  the  use  of  ink. 

2.  Photog. :  The  process  of  obtaining  proofs 
from  negatives.  [AUTOTYPE,  PHOTOCOLLO- 
TYPE,  PLATINOTYPE,  POWDER- PROCESS,  SILVER- 
PRINTING,  STANNOTYPE,  WOODBCRYTYPE.] 

printing  body.  s. 

Pottery :  A  piece  of  ware  prepared  for  being 

printed. 

printing-frame,  t. 

1.  Print. :  [FRAME,  *.,  II.  8]. 

2.  Photog. :  A  frame  for  holding  sensitive 
material  in  contact  with  a  negative  during 
exposure  to  light,  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining 
proofs.    It  is  usually  of  wood,  glazed  with 
plate  glass,  and  having  a  movable  Kick,  which 
is  divided  and  hinged  to  admit  of  one  half 
of  the  print  being  occasionally  raised  tliat  its 
progress  may  be  watched. 

t  printing-house,  ».    A  printing-office. 

"  He  there  found  employment  in  the  printing. houte 
of  Weichels."— O.  a.  Level :  HMory  of  I'hUotophy.  it 
102. 

printing-ink,  ».  The  ink  used  by 
printers.  Generally  it  is  a  compound  of  lin- 
seed-oil and  lamp  or  ivory  black. 

printing  machine,  s.  A  machine  for 
taking  impressions  on  paper  from  type,  elec- 
trotype, or  stereotype  forms,  steel  or  copper 
plates,  lithographic  stones,  Ac,  It  is  moved 
by  hand,  or  by  steam,  or  other  power.  The  im- 
pression from  the  forms  is  generally  effected 
by  cylindrical  pressure.  Letterpress  printing 
machines  are  of  three  kinds  :  (1)  Single  cylin- 
der, by  which  the  sheet  of  paper  is  printed  on 
one  side  only ;  (2)  Perfecting,  which  prints 
both  sides  of  the  sheet  at  one  operation  ;  and 
(3)  Platen,  which  prints  one  side  of  the  sheet 
by  flat,  instead  of  cylindrical,  pressure.  There 
are  also  various  kinds  of  Rotary  machines  used 
for  printing  newspapers,  into  which  the  paper 
is  drawn  from  reels,  instead  of  being  fed  by 
single  sheets.  The  first  cylinder  printing- 
machine  was  patented  by  W.  Nicholson  in 
1790.  In  1814  the  London  Times  was  for  the 
first  time  printed  by  machinery,  at  the  rate  of 
1,100  copies  per  hour,  by  a  machine  invented 
by  Kiinig.  Of  the  later  presses,  the  most  cele- 
brated is  that  invented  by  Hoe,  of  New  York, 
which  has  been  successively  improved,  and 
remains  to-day  the  fastest  and  most  satisfactory 
press  made.  The  best  of  these  machines  print 
four  to  six  page  papers  at  the  extraordinary 
speed  of  48,000  impression*  per  hour.  In 
this  country  it  is  termed  a  printing  press. 

printing-office,  s.  A  house  or  esta- 
blishment where  printing  is  executed;  a 
printing-house. 


printing-press,  s.  A  press  or  machine 
for  the  printing  of  books,  &c.  The  first 
printing-press  was  a  common  screw-press  with 
a  bed,  standards,  a  beam,  a  screw,  and  a  mov- 
able platen.  A  contrivance  for  running  the 
forme  in  and  out  was  afterwards  added.  In  the 
printing-press  the  matter  to  be  printed  is  laid 
on  an  even  horizontal  surface,  usually  of  iron, 
and  the  pressure  is  produced  by  a  parallel  sur- 
face, also  usually  of  iron,  called  a  platen,  by 
means  of  a  screw  or  lever,  or  both  combined. 

"  It  iva»  not  till  more  than  a  hundred  yean  after 
the  invention  of  printing  that  a  single  printing-pren 
had  been  introduced  into  the  Biualan  empire."— 
Macaulay ;  Silt.  Eng..  ch.  xxili. 

printing  -  telegraph,  ».  An  electro- 
magnetic telegraph  which  automatically 
records  transmitted  messages.  The  term  is, 
however,  generally  applied  only  to  those  which 
record  in  the  common  alphabet,  so  that  the 
message  may  be  understood  by  an  ordinary 
reader. 

printing-type,  *.    [TYPE.] 

printing-wheel,  *.  A  wheel  used  in 
paging  or  numbering  machines  or  in  tieket- 
printing  machines.  It  has  letters  or  figures  on 
its  periphery. 

printing-yarn,  s.  A  machine  for  print- 
ing  yarn  for  partly-coloured  work. 

*  print -I8ss,  *print-lesse,  a.  [Eng.  print? 
-lets.]  Leaving  no  print  or  impression, 

"  Thus  I  set  my  printlcu  feet 
O'er  the  cowdip'i  velvet  head.* 

MUtan  :  «kmu«  «9T. 

prfnt'-zl-a,  s.  [Named  after  Jacob  Prints,  » 
Swede,  and  a  correspondent  of  Linnaeus.] 

Hot.  :  A  genus  of  Mutisiaceae,  tribe  Barna- 
desiese.  The  leaves  of  Printzia  aromatica  are 
used  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  as  a  substitute 
for  tea. 

pn   on,  $.    [Gr.  »rpu»v  (pridn)  =  a  saw.] 

Ornith. :  Blue  Petrels ;  a  genus  of  Pro- 
cellariidee  (q.v.),  with  five  species,  from  the> 
South  Temperate  and  Antarctic  regions. 
(Wallace.)  Prion  is  a  much  specialised  form, 
and  has  a  broad  beak,  with  a  fringe  of  lamellae. 

pri-on-,  pri-tfn-J-,  prtf.    [PBJON.]   Serrated. 
pri-on-I-,  pref.    [PRION-.] 

pri-o-ni'-nae,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  prion(us); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ince.] 

Entom, :  A  sub-family  of  Cerambycidae. 
Pronotum  separated  from  the  flanks  by  & 
sharp  edge  ;  haunches  of  the  first  pair  of  legs, 
elongate,  and  lying  in  transverse  sockets. 
The  sub-family  contains  many  of  the  most 
gigantic  beetles.  Some  nocturnal,  other* 
diurnal.  Chiefly  tropical. 

prl-on-a-rhyn'-chus, ».  [Pref.  priori-,  and 
Gr.  puyxo?  (rhungchos)  =  a  beak,  a  bill.] 

Ornith. :  A  genus  of  Momotidae  (q.v.),  with 
two  species,  ranging  from  Guatemala  to  the 
Upper  Amazon.  They  have  the  habit  of  the 
family,  viz.,  denuding  the  central  rectrices. 

pri-6 -ni-tes,  s.  ;//.     [Mod.  Lat.,  from  Gr. 
vpiuv  (priori)  =  a  saw.] 
Ornith. :  Illiger's  name  for  Momotus(q.v.), 

pri-o'n-I-tiir'-us,  «.  [Pref.  prioni-;  t  con- 
nect., and  Gr.  oupd  (oura)  =  a  tail.] 

Ornith :  A  genus  of  Androglossinse,  or,  in 
some  classifications  of  Palseornithida,  with 
three  species,  from  Celelws  and  the  Philip- 
pines. The  central  rectrices  have  the  shaft 
produced,  and  end  in  a  spatule  or  racket. 

prl-on'-o'-dd'n, ».    [PRJONODONTES.] 

Zool. :  Horsfield's  name  for  Linsang  (q.v.). 

pri  6n-6-don'-tes,  s.  [Pref.  prion-,  and  Gr. 
Mows  (odous),  geiiit  cAorros  (odontos)  =  a* 
tooth.) 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Dasypodidae,  with  one 
species,  the  Dasyput  ffigas,  of  Cuvier.  [AR- 
MADILLO.] 

pri-o-nop'-I-daa,  *.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  prionop(s); 
Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idae.} 

Ornith. :  Wood-shrikes  ;  a  family  of  Turdi- 
formes,  separated  from  the  older  family 
Laniidae(q.v.). 


boil,  b6y;  pout,  Jowl;  cat,  96!!,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  eyist.    ph  - 
-cum,  -t.in.Ti  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -(ion,  -sion  =  zh  tin.    -clous,  -tious,  -sioua  =  anus,    -ble,  -die,  fcc.  =  bel,  del. 


3754 


prionops— prison 


pri'-6n  ops,  ».    [Pref.  prion-,  and  Gr.  tty  (ops) 

—  the  face.] 

Ornith. :  Helmeted  Wood-shrike  ;  the  typi- 
cal genus  of  the  family  Prionopidse,  with  niue 
species,  from  tropical  Africa. 

prl-O-no'-tiis,    s.    [Pref.   prio(n)-,    and    Gr. 

KWTO?  (notos)=  Wue  back.] 

1.  Entom. :  A  genus  of  Bugs,  family  Re- 
duviidae.    Prionotus  serratus  gives  an  electric 
shock. 

2.  Ichthy. :  One  of  the  three  groups  into 
which  the  genus  Trigla  is  divided.    Palatine 
teeth   are  present     The   American    species 
belong  cbi«fly  to  this  division.    [TBIOLA.] 

prI-6-niir  -iis,  *.  [Pref.  prion-,  and  Gr.  ovpo 
(owra)=a  tail] 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Aoanthopterygii,  family 
Acronuriilae.  It  is  allied  to  Naseus  (q.  v.),  but 
has  a  series  of  keeled  bony  plates  on  each  side 
of  the  tail. 

pri'-on-us,  s.    [PRION.] 

1.  Entom. :  The  typical  genus  of  the  sub- 
family   Prionin*  (q.v.).      Antennae  generally 
pectinated.      One   British    species,    Prionus 
coriarius.     It  flieo  In  the  evenings  or  sits  on 
old  oak  trees.    P.  brevicornis  destroys  orchard 
and  other  trees  in  North  America. 

2.  Palceont. :  One  species  from  the  Jurassic 
rocks. 

pri'-or,  o.  &  adv.    [Lat.  =  sooner,  former.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Former  ;  preceding,  especially 
In  onler  of  time ;  earlier,  previous,  antecedent, 
anterior,  foregoing :  as,  a  prior  discovery,  a 
prior  claim. 

B.  As    adv. :    Previously,    antecedently, 
before. 

pri'-or,  »prl-onr,  «.  [O.  Fr.  prtour  (Fr. 
prieur),  from  Lat.  priorem,  ace.  of  prior  = 
former,  and  hence,  a  superior ;  Sp.  &  Port 
prior;  Ital.  prior*.]  [PRIOR,  a.] 

Church  Hist. :  A  title  loosely  applied  before 
the  thirteenth  century  to  any  monk,  who,  by 
reason  of  age,  experience,  or  acquirements, 
ranked  above  his  fellows.  It  was  thus  a  mark 
of  sui>eriority  due  to  personal  qualities,  rather 
than  an  official  title  of  dignity.  Priors  arenow 
of  two  kinds :  Conventual  and  Claustral.  A  con- 
ventual prior  is  the  head  of  a  religious  house, 
either  independently,  as  among  the  Regular 
Canons,  the  Carthusians,  and  the  Dominicans, 
or  as  superior  of  a  cell  or  offshoot  from  some 
larger  monastery.  A  conventual  prior,  in  the 
former  sense,  has  generally  a  sub-prior  under 
him.  A  clanstral  prior  is  appointed  in  houses 
in  which  the  head  is  an  abbot,  to  act  as 
superior  in  the  abbot's  absence,  and  to  main- 
tain the  general  discipline  of  the  house. 

T  Grand  prior:  A  title  given  to  the  com- 
mandants of  the  priories  of  the  military 
orders  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  of  Malta,  and 
of  the  Templars. 

•prl'-or-ate,  «.  [Low  Lat.  prioratus,  from 
prior  =  a"  prior  ;  Fr.  priorat,  prieure  ;  Sp.  & 
Ital.  priorato  ;  Port,  priorado.]  The  dignity, 
office,  or  government  of  a  prior  ;  priorship. 

"  There  were  several  distinct  positions,  all  of  which 
might  be  described  an  pt-ioratei."—AddU  i  Arnold: 
Calk.  Met.,  p.  694. 

pra  -6r-ess,  *  pri  or  ease,  ».    [O.  Fr.  prior- 
essf.\    [PRIOR,  i.] 
Church  Hist. :  (See  extract). 
"  A  prlareu  under  an  abbess  held  nearly  the  same 
po«l  t  ion  Ma  claustral  prior,  and  prioreua  governing 
their  own  houses  wer»  like  conventual  prior*."— Addu 
*  Arnold  :  Cath.  IHct.,  p.  6M. 

pri-or'-i-tjf,  *  prl-or-i-tie,  t  pri-or-1-te, 

*.    [Fr.  priorite,  from  Low  Lat.  prioritatem, 
ace,  of  prioritas  =  priority,  from  Lat.  prior  = 
prior,  previous.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  prior  or 
antecedent  in  pnint  of  time  ;  the  state  of  pre- 
ceding something  else  ;  precedence  in  time. 

"  Without  posterlorite  or  prtoritie."  —  Chaucer  : 
Tat.  of  Lw.  bk-  ill. 

2.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  prior  or 
first  in  place  or  rank ;  precedence. 

"  Equalitle  without  all  distinction  of  prioritie."— 
Fox  :  Martyrt.  p.  1S«. 

II.  Law:  A  preference  or  precedence,  as 
when  certain  debts  are  paid  in  priority  to 
others,  or  when  certain  encumbrancers  of  an 
estate  have  the  priority  over  others ;  that  is, 
are  allowed  to  satisfy  their  claims  out  of  the 
estate  first. 


*  pri'-6r-ly, adv.    [Rug.  j>rior,a. ;  4y.]    Ante- 
cedently, previously. 

"  Prior'y  to  that  era,  when  It  [tlie  earth]  was  made 
the  Imbibition  of  mtai'—Ueddti  :  Pref.  to  Tram,  of 
the  Uible. 

pri'-or-ship,  *.  [Eng.  prior;  -ship.]  The 
state  or  office  of  a  prior  ;  a  priorate. 

"The  archbishop,  prouoked  the  more  by  that,  de- 
posed him  from  the  priurthip."—t'oz :  Martyrt,  p.  214. 

pri'-6r-$r,  "pri-or-ie,  *  prl-or-ye,  t. 

[Eng.  prior,  s. ;  -y :  Fr.  prieure.] 

1.  A  religious  house  of  which  a  prior  or 
prioress  is  the  superior  (in  dignity  it  is  next 
below  an  abbey). 

"  Our  ablieys  and  ourprioriei  shall  pay 
This  expedition's  charge." 

Shaltetp. :  King  John,  i.  1. 

2.  A  pre-Reformation  church  with  which  a 
priory  was  formerly  connected. 

t  Alien  priory :  A  small  religious  house 
dependent  on  a  large  monastery  in  some  other 
country. 

*  pris  (IX  «.    [PRAISE.] 

*  pris  (2),  «.    [PRICE.] 

pris  a-can  thus,  *.    [PRISTACANTHUS.] 

*  pris' -age  (age  as  ig),  s.  [O.  Fr.  =  valuing, 
prizing,  rating,  from  priser  =  to  value.] 

1.  A  right  which  belonged  to  the  crown  of 
taking  two  tuns  of    wine  from    every   ship 
importing  twenty  tuns  or  more  =  one  before 
and  one  behind  the  mast.    This,  by  charter  of 
Edward  I.,   was  exchanged  into  a  duty  of 
two  shillings  for  every  tun  imported  by  mer- 
chant strangers,  and  called  Butlerage  (q.v.), 
because  paid  to  the  king's  butler.     Prisage 
was  abolished  by  51  George  III.,  c.  15. 

2.  The  share  which  belongs  to  the  crown  of 
merchandise  taken  as  lawful  prize   at   sea, 
usually  one-tenth. 

t  pris' -can,  a.  [Latpriscu*,  forpriua-cM*.]  Of 
or  belonging  to  former  time  ;  primitive,  prim- 
eval. 

"A  pack  of  wild  Jogs  co-operating  with  prttcan  men 
in  driving  a  herd  of  wild  cattle  along  a  track  in  which 
a  pitfall  had  been  dug."— Greenmll :  Britith  Barrowi, 
p.  742. 

pris^IT-as,  ».    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Glass-blowing:  A  jaw-tool,  resembling  pin- 
cers, used  for  pinching  in  the  neck  of  a 
bottle,  or  giving  it  some  peculiar  shape  while 
it  is  revolved  on  the  end  of  the  pontil  which 
rolls  upon  the  arms  of  the  glass-blower's  chair. 

Pris  §11'  li-an  ist,  *.     [For  etym.  see  defs.] 

Church  History  (PI.) : 

t  1.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the  Mon- 
tanists,  from  the  name  of  one  of  the  two  ladies 
(1'iisrilla  and  Maxilla)  who  joined  Montanus, 
and  professed  to  have  the  spirit  of  prophecy. 

2.  The  followers  of  Priscillian,  bishop  of 
Avila,  in  Spain,  in  the  fourth  century.  They 
were  condemned  by  a  synod  at  Saragossa  in 
380,  but  lingered  on  till  after  the  Council  of 
Braga,  in  563.  [HERETIC,  II.  1.] 

"  The  Priictllianltti  came  very  near  In  their  views 
to  the  Manicheeans.  For  they  denied  the  reality  of 
Christ's  birth  and  incarnation ;  maintained  that  the 
visible  uniKene  was  not  the  production  of  Ood.  but  of 
some  demon  or  evil  principle  :  preacheu  the  existence 
of  /Kous.  or  emanations  from  Ood  .  .  .  condemned 
marriages,  denied  the  resurrection  of  the  body,  &c." — 
Moikeim :  Ecclet  JIM.  (ed.  Todd),  p.  170. 

pris  co  del  phi  nus,  s.  [Lat  prixcus  = 
pertaining  to  former  times,  and  delphinus 

(q-v.).] 

Palceont. :  A  genus  of  Delphinidae,  from  the 
Miocene  of  Europe. 

*  prise  (1),  v.t.    [PRIZE  (1),  v.] 

prise  (2),  prize,  v.t.  [PRISE  (2),  ».]  To  raise, 
as  by  means  of  a  lever  ;  to  force  open  or  up. 

"The  chest  In  which  the  church  plate  Is  kept  was 
also  prized  open."— Echo,  Jan.  «,  1886. 

*  prise  (1),  *.    [A  contract,  of  emprise.'}    An 
enterprise.    (Spenser:  F.  Q.,  VI.  viii.  26.) 

prise  (2),  prize,  «.  [Fr.  prise  =  a  taking,  a 
grasp.]  A  lever. 

prise-bolts,  s.  pi. 

Ordn. :  The  projecting  bolts  at  the  rear  of 
a  mortar-bed  or  garrison  gun-carriage  under 
which  the  handspikes  are  inserted  for  trainin 
and  manoeuvring  the  piece.    They  are  forme< 
by  the  prolongation  of  the  assembling  bolts. 

•pris'-er,  *.    [PRIZER.] 


prism,  *  prisme,  t.    [Lat.  prisma,  from  Or. 
irpto>ia  (prisma)  =  a  prism,  lit.  =  a  thing  sawn 
off,  from  irpi^ta  (pri- 
to)  =  to  saw ;  Fr. 
prism*.] 

1.  Geom. :  A  solid 
having  similar  and 
parallel   bases,   its 

sides  forming  simi-  PRISM. 

lar  parallelograms. 

The  bases  may  l>e  of  any  form,  and  this  form 

(triangular,  pentagonal,  &e.)  gives  its  nam* 

to  the  prism. 

2.  Optics :  Any  transparent  medium  com- 
prised between  plane  faces,  usually  inclined 
to  each  other.    The  intersection  of  two  in- 
clined faces  is  called  the  edge  of  the  prism,  &c. ; 
the  inclination  of  the  one  to  the  other,  the 
refracting  angle.    Every  section  perpendicular 
to  the  edge  is  called  a  principal  section.    The 
prism  generally  used  for  optical  experiments 
is  a  right  triangular  one  of  glass,  the  principal 
section  of  which  is  a  triangle.    It  is  used  to 
refract  and  disperse  light,  resolving  it  into 
the  prismatic  colours  (q.v.).    [Nioou] 

prism-Shaped,  a.    [PRISMATIC,  3.] 

pris  mat  ic,  '  pris  mat -ical,  a.  [Lat. 
prisma,  genit.  prismat(is)  =  a  prism  ;  Eng. 
adj.  suff.  -ic,  -ical :  Fr.  prismatique.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  a  prism. 

"Giving  to  a  piece  of  ordinary  glass  a  pritmatical 
shape,"— Bon  If:  irwrtj.iii.4B7. 

2.  Formed  by  a  prism  ;  separated  or  distri- 
buted by  a  prism  :  as,  a  prismatic  spectrum. 

3.  Bot. :  Haying  several  longitudinal  angles 
and  intermediate  Hat  faces,  as  the  calyx  of 

Frankenia  pulverulenta. 

prismatic  colours,  s.  pi.  The  colour* 
into  which  a  ray  of  light  is  decomposed  by 
passing  through  a  prism.  [SPECTRUM.] 

prismatic  compass,  a.  An  instrument 
for  measuring  horizontal  angles  by  means  of 
the  magnetic  meridian. 

prismatic  iron-pyrites,  ».     [ MARCA- 

SITE.J 

pris-mat'-ic-al-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  prismatioal; 
•ly.]  In  the  form  or  manner  of  a  prism;  by 
means  of  a  prism. 

pris-mat  6-car  pe-se,  s.  pi.     [Mod.  Lat 
pnsmatocarp(us)  ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -eae.} 
Hot. :  A  tribe  of  Campanulaceee. 

pris  mat-6-car'-pus,  s.  [Gr.  trp«o><» 
(prisma),  genit.  irpio-^arot  (pri5matot)  =  a 
prism,  and  Kopiroc  (karpos)  =  fruit] 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Prismatocarpea 
(q.v.).  Prismatocarpus  speculum  is  Venus'* 
Looking-glass. 

pris  ma  toid'-al,  a.  [Lat.  prisma,  genit. 
prismatis  =  a  prism,  and  Gr.  elSoe  (eidos)  = 
form,  appearance.]  Having  a  prism-like  form. 

pris  men  chy-ma,s.  [Gr.  irpi'o>ta (prisma) 
=  a  prism,  and  fyxufia  (engchuma)  =  an  in- 
fusion.] 

Bot. :  Prismatic  tissue,  a  division  of  Paren- 
chyma (q.v.).  It  is  a  slight  modification  of 
Hexagonienchyma  (q.v.). 

pris'-mold,  s.  [Eng.  prism;  -oid.]  A  volume 
somewhat  resembling  a  prism.  The  right  pris- 
moid,  is  the  frustum  of  a  wedge  made  by  a 
plane  parallel  to  the  back  of  the  wedge. 

pris- moid' -al,  o.  (Eng.  prismoid;  -oL] 
Having  the  form  of  a  prism. 

••The  prumaidal  solids  used  in  railroad  cutting  and 
embankment,  are  bounded  by  six  quadrilaterals."— 
Datiet  t  Ptck :  M<ith.  Diet. 

*  pris'-xn^,  o.  [Eng.  prism;  -y.]  Pertaining 
to  a  prism  ;  prismatic. 

pris'-on,  *  pros  on,  *  pris  oun,  *  pris- 
un,  *  prys-oun,  s.  [O.  Fr.  prisun,  prison 
(Fr.  prison),  from  Lat.  prensionem,  accus.  of 
prensio  =  a  seizing  (fur  prehensio,  from  prehen- 
ms,  pa.  par,  of  prehendo  =  to  seize) ;  Sp. 
prision  =  a  seizure,  a  prison  ;  Ital.  priyione.] 

1.  A  place  of  confinement ;  espec.  a  plac« 
for  the  confinement  or  safe  custody  of  crimi- 
nals, debtors,  or  others  committed  by  legal 
authority  ;  a  gaol.  (Acts  v.  23.) 

If  It  is  frequently  used  adject! vely,  as  prison 
doors,  prison  gates,  &c. 

•  2.  A  prisoner.    (Sir  Ferumbras,  1,000.) 


fete,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
•c,  wore,  welf,  work,  whd,  sis ;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian.    »,  t»  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  lew. 


prison— privateer 


3755 


prison-base,  prison-bars,  s.  A  boys' 
game,  consisting  chiefly  in  running  and  being 
pursued  from  goals  or  bases. 

**  At  barley-breake  or  prison-bate 
Do  pass  the  time  away." 

Drayton :  Mutes  Elyiium,  Nympbal  i. 

*  prison-fellow,  s.    A  fellow-prisoner. 

"  I  found  among  those  my  priion-feUowi  some  that 
had  known  me  before."— Hackluyt :  Voyage*,  ill  485. 

*  prison-bouse,  s.    A  prison ;  a  place  of 
confinement    (Scott :  Rokeby,  iv.  29.) 

prison-Ship,  s.  A  ship  fitted  up  for  the 
reception  and  detention  of  prisoners. 

prison-van,  s.  A  close  carriage  in  which 
prisoners  are  conveyed  to  and  from  prison. 

*  prJs'-on,  v.t.    [PRISON,  ».] 

1.  To  imprison  ;  to  shut  up  in  prison. 

"  fruoned  on  Cut  liber  t's  islet  gray." 

Scott  ;  Marmion,  It  7. 

2.  To  confine,  to  restrain. 

"  Then  did  the  king  enlarge 
The  spleen  he  prisoned." 

Chapman:  Homer;  /Ziad  xxlll. 

*  pris'-oned,  a.    [Eng.  prison;  -ed.] 

1.  Confined  in  prison  ;  imprisoned  ;  in  con- 
finement.   (Scott:  Lady  of  the  Lake,  vi.  22.) 

2.  Spent  or  passed  in  prison. 

"  The  memory  of  his  pritoned  yean 
Shall  heighten  all  his  joy." 

Ooutluy  :  Joan  of  Are,  ii. 

pris'-6n-er,  *  pris-nn-er,  «.  [Fr.  prison- 
nier,  from  prison;  Ital.  prigioniere;  Sp.  pri- 
sionero.] 

1.  One  who  is  confined  in  prison  under  legal 
arrest  or  warrant. 

"  Caesar's  Ill-erected  tower. 
To  whose  flint  bosom  my  condemned  lord 
Is  doomed  a priumer." 

Shaketp.  :  Richard  II.,  v.  1. 

2.  A  person  under  arrest  or  in  custody  of 
a  magistrate,  whether  in  prison  or  not;  a 
person  charged  before  a  judge  or  magistrate. 

"  The  jury  passing  on  the  pritoner't  life." 

Shaketp. :  Meature/or  Manure,  ii.  1. 

8.  A  person  taken  in  war  ;  a  captive. 
*  4.  The  keeper  of  a  prison  ;  a  jailer. 

"  Bo  gan  him  luveu  the  prisoner." 

Qenetii  t  Exodut,  2.041 

5.  A  person,  member,  &c.,  confined  or  dis- 
abled by  anything. 

"  O.  then,  how  quickly  should  this  arm  of  mint. 
Mow  pritoner  to  the  palsy,  chastise  thee." 

Shakeip. :  Richard  11.,  it  S. 

prisoner's  base,  $.    [PRISON-BASE.] 

•prls'-6n  mcnt.  '  pris  one-ment,  s. 
[Eng.  prison;  -ment.]  Confinement  in  a 
prison ;  imprisonment,  captivity. 

"  We  subjects'  liberties  preserve 
By  pritonment  and  plunder." 
Brome:  SairU't  Encouragement.    (IMS.) 


prist-,  pris-tl-,  pref.   [PRISTIS.]   Resembling 
a  saw  ;  serrated. 

prist-a-can  -thus,  *.    [Pref.  prist-,  and  Or. 
ixavOa.  (akantha)  =  a  spine.] 

PaUnont. :  A  genus  of  fossil  Plagiostomes, 
from  the  Jurassic  group.  (Gunther.) 

pris-ter'-d'-don,  s.    [Gr.  irpiemjp  (pristlr)  = 

a  saw  ;  suit',  -odon.] 

Palaont. :  A  genus  of  Lacertilia,  from  strata 
in  Africa,  believed  to  be  of  Triassic  age. 

pris-ti-,  pref.    [PRIST-.] 

prfs'-tl-dw,  s.  pi.     [Lat  prist(is);  fern.  pL 
adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Ichthy. :  A  family  of  Plagiostomous  Fishes, 
division  Batoidei  (Rays,  q.v.).  The  snout  is 
produced  into  an  exceedingly  long  flat  lamina, 
armed  with  ft  series  of  strong  teeth  along  each 
edge.  There  is  a  single  genus,  Pristis  (q.v.). 

•  prls'-tln-ate,  a.    [Lat.  pristinus  =  ancient, 
former.)    Pristine,  original. 

"Contempt  of    their  vriitinute  Idolatry."— Holin- 
Iked:  Chronicle,  vol.  L,  bk.iii.coLl 

prts'-tine,  a.    [O.  Fr.,  from  Lat.  pristinus  = 
ancient,  former.)    Of  or  belonging  to  an  early 
period  or  state ;  original,  primitive,  ancient. 
"  We  have  an  Image  of  the  prittine  earth." 

W ordsvorth :  Bxcurtion,  bk.  11. 

pris-tt-i-phoV-J-dae,  *.  pL  [Mod.  Lat 
printiophor(us) ;  Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idoB.) 
Ichthy. :  A  family  of  Plagiostomous  Fishes, 
division  Selachoidei  (q.v.).  The  rostral  carti- 
lage is  produced  and  armed  like  the  snout  in 
the  family  Pristidse(q.v.),  but  the  gill-openings 
are  lateral  One  genus,  Pristiophorus,  with 


four  species,  from  the  Australian  and  Japanese 

Seas.      [SqUALORAJA.] 

prfs-ti-dph'-dr-us,  *.  [Pref.  pristi-,  and 
Gr.  4>opos  (phoros)  =  bearing.]  [PRISTIO- 
raOBI&B.] 

prfs-tl-pho'-ca,  s.  [Lat.  pristinus  =  ancient, 
and  phoca  (q.v.).] 

Palceont. :  A  genus  of  Phocidae,  from  the 
older  Pliocene  of  Montpellier. 

pris-tl-po -ma,  s.  [Pref.  pristi-,  and  Gr. 
Tnofia  (poma)='a.  lid,  a  cover.) 

Ichthy. :  A  marine  genus  of  Percidse ;  in  older 
classifications,  of  Pristipomatidse.  About 
forty  species  are  known ;  they  are  of  plain 
coloration,  small  size,  and  extremely  common 
between  the  tropics. 

t  pris-ti  po  mat  -I-dw,  *.  pi.  [Lat  pristi- 
poma,  genit.  pristipomatiis);  Lat.  fem.  adj. 
suff.  -idee.] 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Acanthopterygii,  division 
Perciforrnes,  containing  those  Percoid  genera 
in  which  the  palate  is  toothless. 

pris'-tfo,  ».    [Lat,  from  Gr.  irp«m'«  (pristis).'] 

1.  Ichthy.  :  Sawfish  (q.v.) ;  the  sole  genus 

of  the  family  Pristidae  (q.v.).    Body  depressed 

and  elongate,  gradually  passing  into  the  strong 


FEISTIS  ANTIQUORTJM. 

muscular  tail ;  teeth  in  jaws  minute,  obtuse ; 
dorsals  without  spine.  Five  species  are  known, 
from  tropical  and  sub-tropical  seas. 

2.  Pulosont.  :  Saws  of  extinct  species  have 
been  found  in  the  London  Clay  of  Sheppey  and 
in  the  Bagshot  Sands.  (Giinther.) 

plis-tl-ur'-fis, ».  [Pref.  pristi-,  and  Gr.  ovpa 
(ouru)  =  a  tail.] 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Seylliidae,  allied  to 
Scyllium  (q.v.),  but  having  small  fiat  spines 
on  each  side  of  the  upper  edge  of  the  caudal 
fin.  There  is  but  a  single  species  Pristiurus 
melanostomus,  the  Black-mouthed  Dogfish. 

pritch,  s.    [A  softened  form  of  prick  (q.v.).] 

1.  A  sharp-pointed  instrument;  an  instru- 
ment for  making  holes  in  the  ground. 

2.  An  eel-spear  with  several  prongs. 

*  3.  Offence,  pique. 

"  The  least  word  uttered  awry,  the  least  conceit  taken, 
or  pritch."— Roger*. •  Kaaman  the  Syrian,  p.  270. 

prft9h'-el,  s.    [Eng.  pritch;  dimin.  suff.  -el.] 

Forging:  The  tool  employed  for  punching 
out  or  enlarging  the  nail-holes  in  a  horseshoe. 

prith'-ee,  interj.    [A  corrupt,  of  pray  thee,  or 

I  pray  thee.  The  7  is  generally  omitted.]  Pray. 

"  Away  1  I  prithee  leave  me  1"       Rowe :  Jane  Shore. 

prit'-tle-prat-tle,  ».  [A  reduplication  of 
prattle  (q.v.).]  Empty  talk  ;  chattering,  lo- 
quacity, tittle-tattle. 

"  It  is  plain  prittlepratile."— Bramhalt :  Church  of 
England  Offended,  p.  46. 

pri'-va-o^,  *  pri-va-cie, ».  [Eng.  private) ; 
•cy-] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  private, 
secret,  or  in  retirement  from  the  company  or 
observation  of  others  ;  secrecy. 

2.  A  place  of  retirement  or  seclusion ;  a 
retreat ;  a  place  in  which  one  is  private. 

"  Woe  to  the  vassal  who  durst  pry 
Into  Lord  Haruiion's  privacy  I 

Scott :  MarmioK,  ill  U. 

*  3.  Joint  knowledge  ;  privity. 

"Frog  .  .  .  Is  to  hearken  to  any  composition  without 
yowr  privacy."— Arbuthnot :  Hitt.  John  Bull. 

*  4.  Secrecy,  concealment.    (Stiakesp.) 
*5.  Taciturnity.    (Ainsworth.) 

*  6.  A  private  or  secret  matter  ;  a  secret 

"  The  judgment  of  Master  Calvin  .  .  now  no  longer 
*  privacies-Fuller:  Church  Hut,.  VII.  11  18. 

*  pri-va'-do,  s.  [Sp.]  A  secret  or  intimate 
friend.  [PRIVATE.] 

"  If  yon  had  been  a  privado,  and  of  the  cabinet 
council  with  your  angel  guardian,  from  him  you  might 
have  known  how  many  dangers  you  have  escaped.  — 
Bp.  Taylor :  Kermont,  vol.  ii..  ser.  11 


pli-vat',  a.  [Ger.  =  private.]  (Set  compound.) 

prlvat-dpcent,  s.  A  graduate  of  a  Ger- 
man University  who  is  admitted  on  his  own 
application  to  the  governing  body,  and  after 
giving  evidence  of  adequate  qualifications,  is 
recognised  as  a  member  of  its  staff  of  teachers. 
His  lectures  are  announced  on  the  official 
notice-board,  side  by  side  with  those  of  the 
ordinary  professors,  and  his  certificate  of  at- 
tendance has  equal  force  and  validity  with 
theirs  for  all  public  purposes.  He  has,  how- 
ever, no  share  in  the  government  of  the 
university,  and  receives  nothing  but  what  he 
makes  by  the  fees  of  the  students  who  attend 
his  lectures.  Many  distinguished  men  have 
held  the  position  of  privat-docent,  Kant  among 
others,  and  it  is  often  the  stepping-stene  to 
an  appointment  as  professor. 

prl'-vate,  a.  &  ».  [Lat.  privatus,  pa.  par.  o^ 
privo  —  to  bereave,  to  make  single  or  apart ; 
prims  —  single  ;  Fr.  prive  ;  Sp.  &  Port  pri- 
vado;  ItaL  private.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

L  Alone ;  unconnected  with  others ;  by 
one's  self.  (Sliakesp. :  Henry  Vlll.,  ii.  2.) 

2.  Apart  from  public  view  ;   secret ;   not 
openly  known  or  displayed. 

"  By  public  war  or  private  treason." 

Shaketp. :  Pericl*.  L  1 

3.  Peculiar  to  one's  self;  pertaining  to  or 
concerning  one  person  only  ;  particular.    Op- 
posed to  public,  general,  or  national :  as,  pri- 
vate means,  private  property,  private  opinions. 

4.  Employed  by  or  serving  one  particular 
person. 

"  Chief  musician  and  private  secretary  of  the  Elec- 
tor of  Bavaria."— Macaulay :  ffitt.  Eng.,  ch.  zlz. 

6.  Not  invested  with  public  oftlee  or  em- 
ployment ;  not  holding  a  public  position ;  not 
haying  a  public  or  official  character:  as,  a 
private  citizen,  a  private  member  of  the  House 
of  Commons,  «c. 

6.  Connected  with  or  pertaining  to  one's 
own  family  :  as,  a  private  fife. 

7.  Applied  to  a  common  soldier,  or  one  who 
is  not  an  officer. 

*  8.  Participating  in  knowledge ;  priTy. 

B.  As  substantive : 

*  L  Privacy. 

"  Go  off  1  let  me  enjoy  my  private.™ 

Shaketp. :  Twelfth  .Viyht,  111  1 

*  2.  A  secret  message ;  a  private  intimation. 
"  Whose  private  with  me  of  the  Danphin's  love." 

Shaketp.  :  King  John,  IT.  S. 

*  3.  Private  or  personal  business,  interests, 
or  concern.    (Ben  Jonson :  Catiline,  iii.) 

4.  (PI.) :  The  privy  parts  ;  the  genitals. 

5.  A  common  soldier;  one  of  the  lowest 
rank  in  the  army. 

"  Long  lists  of  non-commissioned  officer*  and  pri- 
vatet."— Jlacaulay :  Ilia.  Eng.,  ch.  XV. 

H  In  private :  Privately  ;  in  secret ;  not 
openly  or  publicly. 

private  bill,  $.    [BILL  (3),  «.,  III.) 

private-chapeL  s.  A  chapel  attached 
to  the  residence  of  noblemen  and  other 
privileged  persons,  and  used  by  them  and 

their  families. 

private-way, ». 

Law:  A  way  or  passage  in  which  a  man 
has  a  right  and  interest,  though  the  ground 
may  belong  to  another  person. 

'  pri'-vate,  v.t.  [Lat.  privatus,  pa.  par.  of 
privo  =  to  deprive.)  To  deprive. 

••  Private*  of  their  ly  ues  and  worUely  feliclU*."— 
Hall:  Richard  111.  (an.  S). 

pri-va-teer',  ».    [Eng.  private);  -ter.] 

1.  A  ship  owned  and  equipped  as  a  vessel  of 
war  by  one  or  more  private  persons,  to  whom 
letters  of  marque  are  granted.    [MARQUE.] 

"  The  pritatrert  of  Dunkirk  had  long  bam  oaKv 
brated."—  Macaulay  :  Sitt.  Eng.,  ch.  xir. 

2.  The  commander  of  a  privateer. 

"  Kidd  soon  threw  off  the  character  of  a  pHwiCMr, 
and  became  a  pirate.  "—J/acaulay :  Hitt.  Eng.,ch.  xzv. 

privateer-practice,}.  (PRIVATEERISM.) 

pri-va-teer',  v.i.  [PRIVATEER,*.]  To  cruise 
in  a  privateer  or  commissioned  private  ship 
for  the  purpose  of  seizing  the  ships  of  the 
enemy,  or  of  annoying  their  commerce. 

"  The  granting  of  letters  of  marque  has  long  been 
disused,  the  conference  which  met  at  Paris  in  IBM, 
after  the  close  of  the  war  with  Russia,  having  recom- 
mended the  entire  abolition  of  privateering.'  —  liladt- 
ttone:  Comment.,  bk.  L,  ch.  7. 


boll,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  9 ell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-dan.  -tian  =  shan.   -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -tion,  -j ion  =  zhun.   -clous,  -tious,  -sious  =  shns.   -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


3756 


privateerism— privy 


pri-va-teer'-Ism,  s.     [Eng.  privateer;  -ism.] 
Naut. :  Disorderly  conduct,  or  anything  out 
of  man-of-war  rules.    (Smytk.) 

pri-va-teers'-man,  5.  [Eng.  privateer,  and 
man.]  An  officer  or  seaman  of  a  privateer. 

pri-vate-ljf,  "  pri-vate-lye,  adv.     [Eng. 

private,  a.  ;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  private  or  secret  manner  ;  not  openly 
or  publicly  ;  in  private. 

**  She  user)  to  accommodate  me  with  Mine  prirately 
purloined  dainty."— C.  Bronte:  Jant  Eyre.  ch.  xxi. 

2.  In  a    manner   affecting    an   individual ; 
personally,  individually  :  as,  He  was  privately 
benefited. 

•  pri'-vate-ness,  *.    [Eng.  private;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  private ; 
privacy,  secrecy. 

2.  Seclusion  or  retirement  from  company  or 
•ociety. 

"  A  love  of  leisure  and  privatenfu."—  Bacon  :  Ad- 
tancrment  o/  Learning,  bk.  i. 

3.  The  condition  or  state  of  a  private  in- 
dividual, or  of  one  not  invested  with  office. 

pri-va  -tion,  *  pri-va-ci-on,  «.  [Fr.  pri- 
vation, from  Lat.  privationem,  accus.  of  pri- 
vatio  =  a  depriving,  from  privatus,  pa.  par.  of 
priro  =  to  deprive  ;  Sp.  privation;  Ital.  pri- 
vazione.] 

1.  The  act  of  removing  something  possessed ; 
the  removal  or  destruction  of  any  tiling  or 
quality ;  deprivation. 

2.  The  state  of  being  deprived  of  anything  ; 
•pecif.,  deprivation  of  that  which  is  necessary 
to  life  or  comfort ;  want,  destitution  :  as,  To 
die  of  privation. 

3.  Loss,  deprivation. 

"In  grexte  ieopardie  either  of  privation  of  his 
realiue  ur  losse  of  his  lite."— nail :  Kichard  III.  (an. 3). 

*  4.  The  act  of  making  private,  or  of  re- 
ducing from  rank  or  office. 
fi.  Absence,  negation. 

"But  a  privation  it  the  absence  of  what  doe* 
naturally  belong  to  the  thing  we  are  speaking  of."— 
Wattt :  Logic,  pt  L.  ch.  ii. 

priv'-a-tive,  a.  &  *.  [Lat.  privativus,  from 
privatus,  pa.  par.  of  privo  =  to  deprive  ;  Fr. 
frivatif;  bp.  &  Ital. privativo.]  [PRIVATE,  a.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

L  Causing  or  tending  to  cause  privation. 

"To  this  privative  power  are  required  seventeen 
tails  at  least."  -Kelujuia  \\~uttuniana.  p.  261. 

2.  Consisting  in  the  absence  of  something; 
cot  positive.  Privative  is  in  things  what 
negative  is  in  propositions. 

"  Priealivf  happiness,  or.  the  happiness  of  rest  and 
indolence,  "-.'icott :  Chriuian  Life,  pt.  i.,ch.  ill 

IL  Grammar : 

1.  Changing  the  meaning  of  a  word  from 
positive  to  negative  :  as,  &  privative  prefix. 

2.  Predicating  negation. 

B.  As  substantive : 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  That  which  depends  on,  or 
of  which  the  essence  is  the  absence  of  some- 
thing, as  silence  exists  in  the  absence  of  sound. 


IL  Grammar: 

'  1.  A  prefix  or  suffix  to  a  word  which. changes 
Its  signification,  and  gives  it  a  meaning  the 
opposite  to  its  original  meaning  :  as,  un-,  in-, 
«s  in  unhappy,  inhuman,  or  -less,  as  in  joy- 
less, Ate. 

2.  A  word  which  not  only  predicates  nega- 
tion of  a  quality  in  an  object,  but  also  in- 
volves the  suggestion  that  the  absent  quality 
is  naturally  inherent  in  it,  and  is  absent 
through  loss  or  other  privative  cause. 

privative-jurisdiction,  s. 

Scots  law :  A  court  is  said  to  have  privative 
jurisdiction  in  a  particular  class  of  causes, 
when  it  is  the  only  court  entitled  to  adjudi- 
cate in  such  causes. 

*  priv'-a-tlve-ljr,  adv.     [Eng.  privative  ;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  privative  manner  ;  with  the  force  of 
•  privative. 

2.  By  the  absence  of  something  necessary ; 
negatively. 

"  Privatierly  for  want  of  motive  or  Inducement  to 
do  otherwise.  —  WhMi :  firt  Polntt,  dis.  i v.,  ch  i..  j  5. 

* priv'-a-tive-ness,  ».  [Eng.  privative; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  privative ; 
privation,  negation. 


*  prive,  a.  <fc «.    [PRIVY.] 

*prive,  *pryve,  v.t.  [Latprtw.l  To  deprive. 

"  That  he  pryued  Geffrey,  yt  was  chosen  to  ye  see  of 
Torke,  of  his  mouablea."— Fabyan.  voL  ii.  (all.  11M). 

*  priv-e-ly,  adv.    [PRIVILY.] 

priV-St,  *prim-et,  *  prim  '-print,  prim, 

*  prie,   s.      [The  oldest  form  was  perhaps 
prim,  of  which  primet,  corrupted  into  privet, 
was  a  diminutive.    Primprint  was  a  redupli- 
cation.    Prob.  from  Proviuc.  Eng.  prime  =  to 
trim  trees.    (SJteot.)] 

Hot. :  The  genus  Ligustrum  (q.v.),  and 
spec.  L.  vulgare. 

privet  hawk  moth,  5. 

Entom. :  Sphinx  ligustri.  Fore  wings,  pale 
brown,  streaked  with  black  and  clouded  with 
brown  ;  hind  wings,  pale  rosy,  with  three 
broad  bands  ;  expansion  of  wings  about  four 
inches.  It  tties  at  dusk  very  rapidly.  The 
eggs  are  deposited  on  the  leaves  of  privet  and 
lilac  about  the  end  of  June.  The  larvae  are 
two  to  three  inches  long,  bright  green,  with 
lilac  streaks  on  the  back  and  white  ones  on 
the  sides  ;  caudal  horn  black  and  yellow.  The 
pupa  is  buried  from  August  to  June.  Very 
common  in  the  couth  of  England,  very  rare 
in  Scotland. 

*  priv-e-tee,  *.    [PRIVITY.] 

*  priv-ie,  o.    [PRIVY.] 

prlV-i-lege  (eg  as  ig),  *  priv-i-leg-ie, 

*  privi  ledge,  *  pryv-e-lage,  «.     [Fr. 
privilege,  from    Eat.  privilegium  =  (l)  a  bill 
against  a  person,  (2)  an  ordinance  in  favour 
of  a  person,  a  privilege  :  privus=  single,  and 
lex,  genit.  legis  =  a  law  ;  Sp.,  Port.,  and  Ital. 
privileaio.} 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  peculiar  benefit,  right,  advantage,  or 
immunity  ;  a  right,  advantage,  ic.,  enjoyed 
by  a  person  or  body  of  persons  beyond  the 
ordinary  advantages  of  other  persons ;  the 
enjoyment  of  some  peculiar  right ;  exemption 
from  certain  evils  or  burdens ;  an  immunity 
or  advantage  enjoyed  in  right  of  one's  position. 

"  Borough  after  borough  was  compelled  to  surrender 
1U  privilfget."— Macaulay  :  Uitt.  Eng.,  ch.  ii 

*  2.  A  right  in  general. 

"  Only  they  hath  privilege  to  live." 

Ohatesp.  :  Richard  II.,  II.  L 

*  3.  An  advantage ;   a  favourable  circum- 
stance. 

"  Your  virtue  is  my  privilege.'* 
Shaketp.  :  Midtummer  Kighft  Dream,  Ii.  1. 

IL  Law:  The  state  or  quality  of  being  a 
privileged  communication :  as,  To  plead 
privilege. 

f  (1)  Breach  of  privilege :  A  breach  of  any 
of  the  privileges  of  Congress  or  Parliament. 
[PARLIAMENT,  II.  fl  2.] 

(2)  Personal  privileges:  Privileges  attached 
to  the  person  :  as,  the  privileges  of  ambas- 
sadors, peers,  members  of  Congress,  ic. 

(3)  Privilege*  of  Parliament :  [PARLIAMENT, 
II.  1  (2)]. 

(4)  Question    of  pricilege :    In    Congress,    a 
question  affecting  the  privileges  appertaining 
to  the  members  of  either  house  individually, 
or  to  either  house  collectively,   or  to  both 
houses  conjointly. 

(5)  Real  privileges:   Privileges  attached  to 
places  :  as,  the  privileges  of  the  royal  palaces 
iu  England. 

(6)  Water  privilege  :  The  ad  vantage  of  getting 
machinery  driven  by  a  stream,  or  a  place 
affording  such  advantage. 

(7)  Writ  of  privilege : 

Law:  A  writ  to  deliver  a  privileged  person 
from  custody  when  arrested  in  a  civil  suit. 

priv'-i-lege  (eg  as  Ig),  v.t.    [PRIVILEGE,  5.] 
1.  To  invest  with  a  privilege ;  to  grant  a 
privilege  to ;    to   grant   a  particular   right, 
benefit,  advantage,  or  immunity  to. 

"  Such  neighbour  nearness  to  our  sacred  blood 
Should  nothing  privilege  him.* 

liliakeip. :  Richard  II.,  i.  1. 

*  2.  To  license,  to  authorize. 

"  To  privilege  dishonour  In  thy  name." 

OhaJcetp. :  Rape  of  Lucrece,  tn. 

prlv'-I-leged  (eg  as  Ig),  o.  [Eng.  privilege); 
-ed.]  Invested  with  or  enjoying  some  privi- 
lege ;  holding  or  enjoying  a  peculiar  right, 
benefit,  advantage,  or  immunity. 

"Quickness,  energy,  and  audacity  united,  soon 
raised  him  to  the  rank  of  a  privileged  man." — Mac- 
aulay  :  But.  Eng.,  ch.  xL 


privileged-altar,  s. 

Roman  Church:  Altare  privilegiatum,  a  term 
applied — 

(1)  To  an  altar,  by  visiting  which  certain 
indulgences  may  be  gained. 

(2)  To  an  altar,  at  which  votive  masses  may 
be  said,  even  on  feasts  which  are  doubles. 

(3)  To  an  altar  with  a  plenary  indulgence 
for  one    soul    in    purgatory  attached  to  all 
masses  said  there  for  the  dead. 

privileged  communlcatic^s,  s.  pi. 
Law: 

1.  Communications  which,  though   primA 
facie  libellous  or  slanderous,  are  yet,  from  the 
circumstances  under   which   they   are  made, 
protected  from  being  made  the  ground  of  pro- 
ceedings for  libel  or  slander. 

2.  Communications  which  a  witness  cannot 
be  compelled  to  divulge,  such  as  those  which 
take  place  between  husband  and  wife,  o.-  be- 
tween a  client  and  his  solicitor. 

privileged-copyhold,  s. 

Law :  The  same  as  CCSTOMARY-FREEHOLD. 

privileged-debts,  s.  pi.  Debts  payable 
before  other  debts,  as  rates,  servants'  wages,  &c 

privileged-deeds,  s.  pi. 

Scots  Law:  Holograph  deeds,  which  are 
exempted  from  the  law  which  requires  other 
deeds  to  be  signed  before  witnesses. 

*  privileged-place,  *.    [SANCTUARY.] 
privileged-summonses,  s.  pi. 

Scots  Law:  A  class  of  summonses  in  which, 
from  the  nature  of  the  cause  of  action,  the 
ordinary  inducise  are  shortened. 

privileged-villenage,  s.   [VILLEXAGE.] 

priV-I-ly,  *prev-e-ly,  «priv-e-li,  adv. 
[Eng.  privy  ;  -ly.]  In  a  privy  manner ; 
secretly.  (Matt.  ii.  7.) 

prfV-I-tjr,    *  priv-i-te,    •  priv-y-te,   & 

[Eng.  privy;  -ty.} 
L  Ordinary  Language : 
*l.  Privacy,  secrecy.    (Wycliffe:  John  vii.) 
*2.  That  which  is  to  be  kept  private  or 

secret ;  a  secret. 

"(Candaulesl  praysed  her  .  .  .  and  bewrayed  the 
privitiet  of  wedlock." — Goldyng :  Jtatine.  fol.  5. 

3.  Joint  knowledge  or  consciousness  in  any 
matter;  it  is  generally  conf.idered  to  imply 
consent  or  concurrence. 

"  With  the  privity  and  knowledge  of  Numitor."— 
North  :  Plutarch,  p.  17. 

*  4.  (PI.) :  The  private  or  ser.ret  parts  ;  the 
genitals. 

IL  Law :  A  peculiar  mutual  relation  which 
subsists  between  individuals  as  to  some  par- 
ticular transaction  ;  mutual  or  successive  re- 
lationship to  the  same  rights  of  property. 

U  (1)  Privity  of  contract : 

Law :  The  relation  subsisting  between  the 
parties  to  the  same  contract. 

(2)  Privity  of  tenure : 

Law:  The  relation  subsisting  between  a 
lord  and  his  immediate  tenant. 

prfV-y,  *  prev-y,  *  priv-e,  *  priv-ee,  a. 

&  *.     [O.  Fr.  prive  (Fr.  prive),  from  Lat.  pri- 
vatus  =  private  (q.v.).] 

A.  As  adjective : 
*1.  Secret,  private. 

"  Oo  thou  the  inoost  preryeit  wayes  thou  c»n»te."— 
Berncn:  Pruiuart ;  Crunycle.  vol.  11.,  ch.  cxxxui. 

*  2.  Private,   retired,  sequestered  ;   appro- 
priated to  retirement.     (Ezekiel  xxi.  14.) 

*3.  Secret,  clandestine;  done  in  secret  or 
by  stealth.  (2  Maccabees  viii.  7.) 

4.  Cognizant  of  something  secret ;  privately 
knowing  ;  participating  in  knowledge  of  some- 
thing secret  with  another.    (Followed  by  to.) 

"  He  was  privy  to  all  the  counsels  of  the  disaffected 
party."— liacaulay:  Uitt.  Eng.,  ch.  xvii. 

B.  As  substantive : 

*  L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  One  who  is  privy  to  any  matter,  design,  &c, 

"  The  cytezens  glad  of  hys  coiumynge,  made  not  the 
French  capitainee  .  .  .  either  parties  or  privict  of 
their  eutent."— .ffa«:  Henry  VI.  (an.  1»). 

2.  A  necessary-house. 

EL  Law :  A  partaker :  a  person  having  an 
interest  in  any  action  or  thing  :  one  having 
an  interest  in  an  estate  created  by  another ; 
one  having  an  interest  derived  from  a  contract 
or  conveyance  to  which  he  is  not  a  party. 


fete,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  WQlf,  work,  whd,  son;  mute.  cub.  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    «e.  09  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


prize— probabiliorist 


3757 


privy-chamber,  *.  A  private  apartment 
in  a  royal  residence  or  mansion. 

H  Gentlemen  of  the  Privy  Chamber :  Officers 
of  the  royal  household  of  Great  Britain,  who 
attend  on  the  sovereign  at  court,  state  pro- 
cessions and  ceremonies,  &c. 

*  privy-coat,  s.  A  light  coat  or  defence  of 
mail  worn  concealed  under  the  ordinary  dress. 

privy -Council,  «.  The  principal  Coun- 
cil of  a  British  sovereign,  made  up  of  members 
chosen  at  hia  or  her  pleasure.  Its  dissolution  de- 
pends upon  the  royal  pleasure  ;  by  co'miuon 
law  it  was  dissolved  ipso  facto  by  the  demise 
of  the  sovereign,  but  to  prevent  the  incon- 
venience of  having  no  council  in  being  at  the 
accession  of  a  new  prince,  the  privy  council 
la  enabled  by  statute  to  continue  for  six 
months  after  the  demise  of  the  crown,  unless 
sooner  dissolved  by  the  successor.  It  is  pre- 
sided over  by  the  Lord  President  of  the 
Council,  who  has  precedence  next  after  the 
Lord  Chancellor.  Members  of  the  privy 
council  are  addressed  as  Right  Honourable. 
The  duty  of  a  privy  councillor  appears  from 
the  oath,  which  consists  of  seven  articles  : 

L  To  advise  the  king  according  to  the  best  of  his 
cunning  and  discretion ;  2.  To  advise  fur  the  king's 
honour  and  good  of  the  public,  without  partiality 
through  affection,  love,  meed,  doubt,  or  dread ;  3.  To 
keep  the  king's  counsel  secret ;  4.  To  avoid  corruption; 
i.  To  help  and  strengthen  the  execution  of  what  shall 
be  there  resolved  ;  6.  To  withstand  all  persons  who 
would  attempt  the  contrary ;  and  lastly,  in  general, 
1.  To  observe,  keep,  and  do  all  that  a  good  and  true 
councillor  ought  to  do  to  his  sovereign  lord. 
The  office  of  a  privy  councillor  is  now  confined 
to  advising  the  sovereign  in  the  discharge  of 
executive,  legislative,  and  judicial  duties.   The 
former  have,  since  the  accession  of  Queen 
Anne,  been  entrusted  to  responsible  ministers ; 
and  it  has  consequently  become  the  settled 
practice  to  summon  to  the  meetings  of  the 
council  those  members  of  it  only  who  are  the 
ministers  of  the  crown.     The  power  of  the 
privy  council  is  to  inquire  into  all  offences 
against  the  government,  and  to  commit  the 
offenders  for  trial ;  but  their  jurisdiction  is 
only  to  inquire  and  not  to  punish,  except  in 
the  case  of  the  judicial  committee,  which  has 
full  power  to  punish  for  contempt  and  to 
award  costs.    The  duties  of  the  privy  council 
are,  to  a  great  extent,  performed  by  com- 
mittees, as  the  judicial  committee,  who  hear 
allegations  and    proofs,  and   report  to   the 
sovereign,  by  whom  judgment  is  finally  given, 
and  the  committee  of  council  on  education, 
presided  over  by  the  Vice-president  of  the 
Council,  who  is  a  member  of  the  government. 

privy-councillor,  s. 

1.  A  member  of  the  privy  council. 

*2.  An  officer  of  the  royal  household  who 
paid  the  sovereign's  private  expenses ;  now 
called  the  keeper  of  the  privy  purse. 

privy-purse,  s.  The  income  set  apart 
for  the  sovereign's  personal  use. 

privy-seal,  *  privy-signet,  a. 

1.  The  seal  used  in  England  to  be  appended 
to  grants  which  are  afterwards  to  pass  the 
great  seal,  and  to  documents  of  minor  im- 
portance, which  do  not  require  to  pass  the 
great  seal.    In  Scotland  there  is  a  privy  seal 
used  to  authenticate  royal  grants  of  personal 
or  assignable  rights. 

2.  The  Lord  Privy  Seal.    [SEAL  (2),  ».] 
privy-tithes,  s.  pi 

Law :  Small  tithes. 

privy-verdict, ». 

Law :  A  verdict  given  to  the  judge  out  of 
court;  it  is  of  no  force  unless  afterwards 
openly  affirmed  in  court.  (Blackstone:  Com- 
ment., bk.  iii.,  ch.  13.) 

•  prize  (IX  *•    [PRIZE  (1),  «.]    [PRICE  (2),  *.] 
Estimation,  value. 

"  Then  had  my  prize  been  less." 

Shakeip.  :  Cymbtline,  lit  S. 

prize  (2),  s.   [Fr.  prise  =  a  taking  ...  a  prize, 
prop.   fern,   of  pris,  pa.  par.  of  prendre  =  to 
take,  from  Lat.  prendn,  prehendo;  Dut.  prijs  ; 
Dan.  priis;  Sw.  pris.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  That  which  is  taken  from  an  enemy  in 
war  ;  that  which  is  seized  by  fighting,  espec. 
a  ship,  with  the  goods  contained  in  her ;  any 
description  of  goods  or  property  seized  by 
force  as  spoil  or  plunder. 

2.  Anything  gained  ;  a  valuable  acquisition ; 
a  gain,  an  advantage.    (Massinger :  New  Way 
to  Pay  Old  Debts,  iv.  2.) 


3.  That  which  is  offered  or  won   as   the 
reward  of  exertion  or  contest. 

"Now  be  witness  and  adjudge  the  prize." 

Hoole :  Orlando  Furioto,  ll. 

4.  That  which  is  won  in  a  lottery  or  similar 
manner. 

*  5.  A  contest  for  a  prize  or  reward. 

V  "  Like  two  contending  in  a  prize." 

Shatxtp.  :  Macbeth,  iii.  S. 

H.  Law :  The  law  as  to  prizes  taken  at  sea 
Is  regulated  by  international  law,  and  juris- 
diction in  all  matters  relating  to  them  is  in 
England  vested  iu  the  High  Court  of  Admi- 
ralty. Prizes  are  condemned,  that  is,  declared 
to  be  lawfully  captured,  in  the  courts  of  the 
captors,  called  Prize-courts  (q.v.). 

t  (1)  Prix  of war: 

Law:  Property  captured  in  war,  which,  by 
grace  of  the  crown,  to  whom  it  belongs,  is  sur- 
rendereff  to  the  force  by  which  it  was  captured. 

*  (2)  To  play  prizes :  To  be  in  earnest 

"  They  did  not  play  prttei .  .  .  and  only  pretended 
to  quarrel."— atillingjleet :  Sermon  (Feb.  24,  1S74). 

prize-court,  s.  A  court  established  to 
adjudicate  on  prizes  captured  at  sea. 

"  The  Court  of  Admiralty  has,  in  time  of  war,  the 
authority  of  a  prize-mart,  a  jurisdiction  secured  by 
divers  treaties  with  foreign  nations  ;  by  which  parti- 
cular courts  are  established  In  all  the  maritime  coun- 
tries of  Europe  for  the  decision  of  this  question, 
whether  lawful  prue  or  not."— Mackttoue  :  Comment., 
bk.  iii.,  ch.  3. 

prize-fight,  s.  A  boxing  match  or  pugilis- 
tic encounter  for  a  prize  or  stake  of  money. 

prize-fighter, ».  A  professional  pugilist ; 
one  who  fights  another  with  his  fists  for  a 
prize  or  stake  of  money. 

prize-fighting,  s.  Fighting  with  the 
fists  or  boxing  for  a  prize  or  stake  of  money. 

prize-list,  s. 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  list  of  prizes  gained  in  any 
competition,  with  the  names  of  the  winners. 

"  All  horses  deemed  worthy  of  places  in  prize-listt." 
—Daily  Telegraph.  Feb.  23,  1886. 

2.  Kant.  :  A  return  of  all  the  persons  on 
board  a  ship'when  a  prize  is  captured,  whether 
they  belong  to  the  ship  or  are  supernumerary. 

prize-master,  s. 

Naut. :  A  person  put  in  command  of  a  ship 
that  has  been  taken  as  prize. 

prize-money,  s. 

Naut.,  <tc. :  Money  paid  to  the  captors  of 
a  ship  or  place  where  booty  has  been  obtained, 
in  certain  proportions  according  to  rank,  the 
money  being  realized  by  the  sale  of  the  booty. 

prize-ring,  s.  A  ring  or  enclosed  space 
in  which  prize-fights  are  fought.  Originally 
such  contests,  no  doubt,  took  place  within  a 
ring  formed  by  the  spectators,  but  now  the 
"ring"  is  a  square  space  of  eight  yards. 
The  term  is  also  applied  to  the  system  of 
prize-fighting  itself. 

prize  (3),  s.    [PRISE  (2),  s.] 

prize  (1)  *  prise,  v.t.  [Fr.  prfcer  =  to  prize, 
to  esteem,  from  O.  Fr.  pris  (Fr.  prix)  =  a 
price,  from  Lat  pretium.] 

*  1.  To  value  ;  to  set  a  value  or  price  on ;  to 
rate.    (Chapman:  Homer;  Iliad  vii.) 

2.  To  value  highly  ;  to  set  a  high  value  on  ; 
to  esteem  as  of  great  value  or  worth  ;  to  rate 
highly. 

"  Kind  souls !  to  teach  their  tenantry  to  prize 
What  they  themselves,  without  remorse,  despise." 
Coitper :  Hope,  a»L 

»  3.  To  risk.    (Greene :  Friar  Bacon.) 
prize  (2),  v.t.    [PRISE  (2),  ».] 

prize'-a-ble,  a.  [Eng.  prize ;  -able.]  Valua- 
ble. (In  use  in  Sussex.) 

"  Prudence  is  more  prizeable  in  love." 

Taylor  :  Virgin  Widow,  U.  1. 

prize' -man,  s.  [Eng.  prize  (2)  «.,  and  man.] 
One  who  "wins  a  prize. 

*  priz'-er, ».    [Lat.  priz(e)  (l),  v. ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  estimates  or  sets  a  value  on 
anything.    (Shakesp. :  Troilus  ii.  2.) 

2.  One  who  contends  for  a  prize ;  a  prize- 
fighter.   (Shakesp. :  As  You.  Like  It,  ii.  3.) 

pro,  abbrev.  [See  def.]  A  professional,  as 
opposed  to  an  amateur.  Formerly  used 
chiefly  of  actors,  now  extended  to  pedestri- 
ans, rowing  men,  &c. 

"History  did  not  know  Myers,  the  pro,  at  the  dis- 
tance*."— Referee,  May  «S,  188«,  p.  L 


pro-,  pref.  [Lat.  =  before,  for  ;  Gr.  irpo  (pro> 
=  before.]  A  prefix  having  the  force  of  for, 
fore,  forth,  forward. 

H  Pro  and  con :  [For  pro  and  contra  —  for 
and  against]  A  phrase  equivalent  to  the 
English  for  and  against :  as,  To  hear  the  argu- 
ments pro  and  con.  It  is  also  used  sutistantiv- 
ally,  with  the  meaning  of  "  reasons  or  argu- 
ments for  and  against"  a  certain  proposition. 
"  Vociferously  discussing  the  prot  and  com  of  the 
critical  situation."— Daily  Telegraph,  Sept.  7, 1884. 

H  It  was  formerly  used  as  a  verb  =  To  weigh 
the  arguments  on  both  sides. 

"  A  man  in  soliloquy  reasons  with  himself,  and  prat 
and  com  and  weighs  all  hU  designs. " — Conor***; 
Double  Dealer  (Epist.  Dedic.). 

pro-cathedral,  *. 

Eccles. :  A  church  (chiefly  Roman)  rued 
provisionally  as  a  cathedral. 

"  Preaching  of  ten  in  a  church  In  Wertbourne  Orova, 
and  sometimes  iu  the  pro-calhraral  in  Moornelda."— . 
lliui..  London  Xevn,  April  3,  l»sO.  p.  »i«. 

pro-leg,  *.    [PROLEG.] 
pro  ostracum,  •-. 

Comp.  Anat. :  Huxley's  name  for  the  anterior 
shell  of  a  Belemnite  (q.v.). 

"A  straight  phragmacone  is  Enclosed  within  a  more 
or  less  conical  calcined  laminated  structure,  the  guasd, 
or  rostrum,  which  is  continued  forwards  into  a 
variously-shaped,  usually  lamellar  pro-onnicum.  The 
proottracum  and  the  rostrum  together  represent  the 
pen  iii  the  Teuthidas."— Huxley  :  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  M2. 

pro-ratable,  a.  Capable  of  being  pro- 
rated. (Amer.) 

pro-rate,  v.t.  To  assess  pro  rota;  to  dl» 
tribute  proportionally.  (Amer.) 

pro-slavery,  a.    In  favour  of  slavery. 

"That  tumid  clique  of  pro-iUaery  politician*."-* 
Daily  Telegraph,  Dec.  21,  186S.  . 

pro-tutor,  .         - 

Scots  Law :  One  who  acts  as  a  tutor  to  A 
minor  without  a  regular  title  to  the  office 

pro -a,  pra-hu',  s.    [Malay  prati.] 

Nautical :  ' 

1.  A  narrow  canoe,  thirty  feet  long  and 
three  feet  wide,  used  by  the  natives  of  the 
Lad  rone  Islands.  The  stem  and  stern  are 
similar,  the  boat  sailing  either  way.  Tke  lee 
side  is  flat,  so  that  the  canoe  resembles  half  of 


a  vessel  divided  vertically  in  the  line  of  the 
keel.  Extending  to  leeward  is  an  outrigger, 
consisting  of  a  frame  at  the  end  of  which  is  a 
floating  ranoe-shaped  timber,  which  prevent* 
the  crank  and  narrow  canoe  from  upsetting. 
2.  A  Malayan  boat  propelled  by  sails  and  oars. 

"  Large  fleets  of  Malay  proa*  were  formerly  em- 
ployed in  searching  for  this  curious  product  of  tropical 
seas.*— Daily  Telegraph,  Nov.  26,  1885. 

*  proach,  •  proche,  t>.i.  [Fr.  proche  =  near.J 
To  approach  (q.v.). 

"  To  the  eutent  to  haue  protlirrl  nerer  to  the  pnynt.* 
—Bernen:  Froutart ;  Cronycle,  vol.  ii.,  ch.  cc-xxxvL 

pro-au'-ll-o'n,  s.     [Gr.  *p6  (pro)  =  before, 
and  avAij  ('(«/(")  =  a  hall.] 
Arch. :  A  vestibule. 

prSb-a-bir-I-or-Ism, ».  [Eccles.  Lat.  prdba- 
btiior'ismus,  from  Lat  probubilior,  couipar.  uf 
probabilis  —  probable  (q.v.).] 

Roman  TheoL  :  The  teaching  that  a  law  is 
always  to  be  obeyed,  unless  an  opinion  clearly 
very  probable  (probabilior)  is  opposed  to  it 

"  We  cannot  see  that  Protxibilioritm  is  logical  and 
consistent."— Addit  t  Arnold:  Cath.  Diet.,  p.  MS. 

prSb-a-biT-l'-or-lst,  ».  [Eng.  probabiliar- 
(ism) ;  -ist.]  A  teacher  or  supporter  of  Proba- 
biliorism  (q.v.). 

"  The  ProtnbilioritU  put  no  restraint  OH  nberty 
where  a  man  was  convinced  on  solid  grounds  that  tb« 
balance  of  evidence  was  decidedly  in  favour  of  hiM 
liberty."— A dOtt  *  Arnold:  Cath.  Diet.,  p.  602. 


boll,  boy;  pout,  jo'wl;  cat,  90!!,  chorus,  gbJn,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect;  Xenophon,  exist,    ph      fc 
-eian.  -tian  =  shaa.    -tion,  -sion  -  shun;  -$ioa,  -gion  -  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.   -ble,  -die,  ic.  =  bel,  del. 


3758 


probabilis  causa— probity 


pro-bab'-i-lis  cau  -fa,  phr.  [Lat.  =a 
probable  cause.]  (See  etyin.  aud  compound.) 

Probabilis  causa  litigandi  : 

Scots  Law:  Plausible  ground  of  action  or 
defence. 

prob'-a-bfl-ism,  ».  [Eccles.  Lat.  proba- 
bilismus,  from  probabilis.]  (PROBABLE.] 

Roman    Theol.  :    The   doctrine,    first    pro- 

pouiuled  by   Medina,  a  Spanish   Dominican 

(1528-81)  and    professor  at  Salamanca,  and 

thus  formulate!  by  Gury,  (Camp.  Theol.,  ed. 

1853,  i.  35),  that,  in  matters  of  conscience, 

"of  two  opinions  it  is  lawful  to  follow  the 

less  probable,  provided  that  opinion  rests  on 

\     solid  grounds.       From   Medina's  death  till 

'     about  1650  Probabilism  flourished,  and  then 

a  reaction  set  in  in  favour  of  Prohabiliorisin 

(q.v.).    St.  Alphonsus  Liguori  (1732-87)  in  his 

homo  Apostulicus  and  Theologia  Moralis  revived 

Probabilism,  which  is  now  the  ordinary  rule 

)     of  confessors  in  the  Roman  Church. 

"  The  Pope  would  dot  have  made  St  Liguori  a 
Doctor  of  the  Church  had  he  regarded  the  great 
literary  work  of  bi»  life  in  defending  and  expounding 
frobabilum  as  a  mi»take."-^a<iu  i  Arnold:  Cat  A. 
Met.,  p.  604. 


t,  >.  [Eng.  probabil(ism)  ;  -4st.] 
A  supporter  of  the  casuist  doctrine  of  Proba- 
bilism. They  are  usually  divided  into  : 

(1)  Probabilists  pure  and  simple,  who  hold 
that  a  man  may  use  his  liberty  if  he  has 
really  probable  grounds  for  thinking  the  law 
does  not  bind  him,  though  the  argument  on 
the  other  side  is  the  more  probable. 

(2)  .£quiprobabilists,  who  hold  that  a  man 
does  wrong  to  use  his  liberty  unless  the  proba- 
bilities are  at  least  evenly  balanced. 

prob-a-Wl'-I-ty,  s.    [Fr.  probabilite,  from 
probable  —  probable  (q.v.).] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  probable  ; 
that  state  of  a  case  or  question  of  fact  which 
arises  from  superior  evidence,  or  a  preponder- 
ance of  argument  ;  likelihood.    (It  is  less  than 
moral  certainty.) 

2.  That  which  is  or  appears  probable  ;  any- 
thing which  has  the  appearance  of  probability 
or  truth.    (In  this  sense  the  word  admits  of 
a  plural  number.) 

"  The  existence  of  the  city  of  Pekin.  and  the  reality 
of  Gwar's  assassination,  which  the  philosopher  clasaes 
with  prrob'ibtUtift,  because  they  rest  solely  upon  the 
evidence  of  testimony."—  Stewart  :  Human  Mind,  voL 
It,  ch.lv.,  |4. 

U.  Math.  :  Likelihood  of  the  occurrence  of  an 
event  ;  the  quotient  obtained  by  dividing  the 
Dumber  of  favourable  chances  by  the  whole 
number  of  chances,  both  favourable  and  un- 
favourable. The  word  chance  is  here  used  to 
signify  the  occurrence  of  any  event  in  a  par- 
ticular way,  when  there  are  two  or  more  ways 
in  which  it  may  occur,  and'when  there  is  no 
reason  why  it  should  happen  in  one  way  rather 
than  in  another.  One  of  the  most  common 
and  useful  application  of  the  methods  of  pro- 
babilities is,  in  computing  the  elements  em- 
ployed in  the  subject  of  annuities,  reversions, 
assurances,  and  other  interests,  depending 
upon  the  probable  duration  of  human  life. 

prSb'-a-ble,  o.  &  ».     [Fr.,  from  Lat  proba- 
bilis =  that  may  be  proved  ;  probo  =  to  prove 
(q.v.);  Sp.  probable;  ItaL  probabile.] 
A.  As  adjective  : 

*  1.  Capable  of  being  proved. 

"He  who  maintains  traditions  or  opinions  not 
prob:it>te  hy  scripture."  —  MUtan  :  Of  Cunt  Pawn-  in 
Xcdetiattieal  Catues. 

2.  Havinst  more  evidence  for  than  against; 
having  evidence  sufficient  to  incline  the  mind 
to  belief,  but  leaving  room  for  doubt  ;  likely. 

••  Philosophers  are  accustomed  to  speak  of  the  event 
M  ouly  PTOeWU*."—  dtMMft  :  Of  the  Human  Mind.  vol. 
It.  cb.  lv.,  i  4. 

3.  Rendering  something  probable  :  as,  prob- 
able evidence. 

*  4.  Plausible,  specious,  colourable. 

*  B.  As  suhst.  :  That  which  is  probable  ;  a 
probable  thing  or  circumstance. 

probable-cause,  i.  [PROBABILIS  CAUSA], 
probable-error,  s. 

Astron.  &  Physics  :  When  a  great  number  of 
observations,  each  of  which  is  liable  to  error, 
have  Dnen  made  for  the  purpose  of  determining 
any  element,  the  element  to  be  determined 
IB  also  liable  to  error  ;  the  probable  error  is 
the  quantity  such,  that  there  is  the  same 
probability  of  the  true  error  being  greater  or 
less  than  it. 


probable -evidence,  «.       * 

La\o :  Evidence,  distinguished  from  demon- 
strative evidence  in  this,  that  it  admits  of 
degrees,  from  the  highest  moral  certainty  to 
the  very  lowest  presumption. 

prob'-a-bly,  adv.  [Eng.  probable)  ;  -ly.]  In 
a  probable  manner  or  degree;  in  all  likelihood 
or  probability ;  likely. 

"  To  her  father  she  had  probably  never  been  at- 
tached."— Macaulay :  tint.  Kng.,  ch.  ix. 

*  prd'-ba-cy,  «.      [Lat  probatio  =  probation 
(q.v.).]    Proof,  trial. 

"  The  lawea  of  the  cete  stont  In  probary: 
They  us*u  non  enquestU  the  wrongis  for  to  try." 
Chaucer:  Mardumtet Second  Tale. 

*prob'-al,o.  [Lat.  probo  =  to  prove.]  Calcu- 
lated to'bias  the  judgment;  satisfactory. 

"  This  advice  is  free  I  give  and  honest, 
Probal  to  thinking."  Shaketp. :  Othello.  U.  S. 

*  pro-bal'-i-ty^  *.   [Eng. probal ;  -ity.]   Prob- 
ability. 

"  Others  might  with  u  great  probality  derive  them 
from  the  Brhjantes."— P.  Holland:  Camden,  11.  84. 

pro  -bang,  s.    [PROBE.] 

Surg. :  A  slender  whalebone  rod  with  a 
piece  of  sponge  on  one  end,  for  pushing  down 
into  the  stomach  bodies  which  may  have 
lodged  in  the  oesophagus. 

H  Larger  and  stronger  forms  are  used  in 
veterinary  surgery. 

pro  -bate,  s.  &  a.  [Lat  probatus,  pa.  par.  of 
probo  =  to  prove.] 

A.  As  substantive : 

•  L  Ord.  Lang. :  Proot 

"  Of  Scipion's  dream  what  was  the  true  probate." 
Skelton :  Poem,  p.  30. 

2.  Law  :  The  official  proof  of  a  will.    This 
is  'lone  either  in  common  form,  which  is  upon 
the  oath  of  the  executor  before  the  Register  or 
other  official  provided  for  this  purpose  by  the 
laws  of  the  several   states;   or  per  testes   (by 
witnesses),  in  some  solemn  form  of  law,  incase 
the  validity  of  the  will  is  disputed.    When  this 
is  done  the  original  will  must  be  deposited  in 
the  office  of  registry,  and  a  copy  on  parch- 
ment   under    tha    seal    of   the    Register    is 
delivered  to  the  executors,  together  with  a 
certificate  of  the  will  having  been  duly  proved, 
all  which  together  is  usually  styled  the  pro- 
bate of  the  will. 

B.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  proving 
of  wills  and  testaments  :  as,  probate  duties. 

probate-court,  ». 

English  Law :  A  court  of  record  established 
to  exercise  jurisdiction  and  authority  in  rela- 
tion to  probate  of  wills  and  letters  of  adminis- 
tration, and  to  hear  and  determine  all  questions 
relating  to  matters  and  causes  testamentary. 
Its  principal  registry  is  in  the  metropolis;  but 
it  has  a  number  of  local  registries. 

probate-duties,  s.  pi.  Duties  payable 
on  property  passing  under  a  will. 

pro-ba'-tion.  *  pro-ba-cy-on, ».  [Fr.  pro- 
bation, from  Lat  probationem,  accus.  ot  proba- 
tio =  a  proving  ;  probatus,  pa.  par.  of  probo  = 
to  prove  (q.v.) ;  Sp.  probation ;  Ital.  probazione.] 

•  1.  The   act   of  proving  ;   proof.      (Fox : 
Martyrs,  p.  12.) 

•  2.  That  which  proves  anything ;  evidence, 
proof. 

"  Bryng  fourth  your  honest  probacyont,  and  ye  shall 
be  heard. —Bale :  Apologie,  fol.  92. 

3.  Any   proceeding   designed   to  ascertain 
truth,  to  determine  character,  qualifications, 
and  the  like  ;  trial,  examination  :  as,  To  engage 
a  person  on  probation.    Especially  applied  to — 

(1)  Novitiate ;  the  time  of  trial  which  a  per- 
son must  pass  in  a  religious  house  to  prove 
his  or  her  fitness  morally  and  physically  to 
bear  the  severities  of  the  rule. 

"  I .  in  probation  of  a  sisterhood. 
Was  sent  to  by  my  brother." 

Shal.np. :  Meaturefor  Meaner*,  r.  L 

(2)  Moral  trial ;  the  state  of  man  in  this 
present  life,  in  which  he  has  the  opportunity 
of  proving  his  character  and  becoming  quali- 
fied for  a  happier  state. 

"  Of  the  various  views  under  which  human  life  has 
been  considered,  no  one  seems  so  reasonable  u  that 
which  regards  It  as  a  state  of  probation :  meaning,  hy 
a  state  of  probation,  a  state  calculated  for  trying  us, 
and  for  Improving."— Pale* :  Sermont,  No.  81 

(3)  The  trial  of  a  ministerial  candidate's 
qualifications  previous  to  his  settlement  in  a 
pastoral  charge.    (Chiefly  Amur.) 

(4)  The  examination  of  a  student  for  a  de- 
gree.   (Amer.) 


*  probation-robs,  s.     The  dress  glvea 
to  novices  in  religious  and  military  orders. 

"  I'll  send  you  a  probatim-robe  ;  wear  that 
Till  yn.i  shall  pli-:i>e  t..  !«;  our  brother." 

Beaum.  t  Ftet.  :  Knight  of  Malta.  JU.  ft. 

"  prd-ba'-tion-al,  a.     [Eng.  probation  ;  -aZ.) 

.Serving  for  probation  or  trial  ;  probationary. 

"A  state  of  purgation  they  imagined  to  consist  of* 

probatioiial  flre.  —  Wheatley  :  Common  Prayer,  ch.  vt 

pro-ba'-tion-ar-y,a.  [Eng.pro'»a<ion;  -ary.) 
Pertaining  or  relating  to  probation  ;  serving 
for  probation  or  trial. 

"  It  Is  our  duty  to  consider  this  life  throughout  M  a 
probationary  state."—  Paten  :  Sermont,  No.  30. 

pro-ba'-tion-er,  ».    [Eng.  probation;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  is  in  a  state  of  probation  or 
trial,  so  that  he  may  give  proof  of  his  qualifi- 
cations for  a  certain  position,  place,  or  state. 

"Every  probationer  for  the  corps  must  be  un- 
married. —  natty  Chronicle.  Sept  80,  188$. 

2.  A  student  in  divinity,  who,  producing 
certificates  from  the  theological  professors  in 
a  university  of  his  good  morals  and  qualifica- 
tions, and    showing  also  that  he  has  gone 
through  the  prescribed  course  of  theological 
studies,  is  admitted  to  several  trials  by  a 
presbytery,  and  on  acquitting  himself  satis- 
factorily, is  licensed  to  preach.    (Scotch.) 

pro  ba  -tion-er-sblp,  s.  [Eng.  probationer; 
-ship.]  The  state  or  condition  of  a  proba- 
tioner ;  novitiate. 

*  pro-ba'-tion-ship,  ».     [Eng.  probation; 
•ship.]     A   state   of  probation  ;    probation, 
novitiate. 

*  pro'-ba-tlve,  o.    [Lat  probativus,  from  pro- 

oatus,  pa.  par.  of  prooo  =  to  prove  (q.v.);  Fr. 

probatif;  Sp.  &  ItaL  probativo.]    Serving  for 

probation  or  proof. 

"Some  [Judgments]  are  only  frobativt.  and  designed 
to  try  and  stir  up  those  virtues  which  before  lay 
dormant  in  the  souL"—  South  :  Sermont,  lv.  368. 

*  pro-  ba'-tor,  «.   [Lat  ,  from  probat  us,  pa.  par. 
of  probo  =  to  prove.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  An  examiner,  an  approver, 
A  pro  ver. 

"  Some  nominated  and  appointed  for  prooutorj."— 
Mailman  :  Jfaval  Speculation!,  p.  182. 

2.  Law  :  One  who  turns  king's  (or  queen's) 
evidence  ;  an  approver  (q.v.). 

*  pro'-ba-tor-^,  *  pro-ba-tor-ie,  a.  4  «. 

[Lat   probatonus,   from   probator;    Fr.   pro- 
batoire.] 

A.  As  adjective:  .4 

1.  Pertaining  to,  or  serving  for,  proot        ' 

2.  Serving  for  trial  ;  probationary. 

"The  duration  and  continuance  of  their  probatorjf 
tt».le.'—Cheyite:  On  Regimen,  dis.  5. 

B.  As  subst.  :  A  house  for  novices. 

"  With  whom  he  was  in  the  Probatorie  at  ClarevaU,* 
—P.  Holland:  Camden,  ii.  151. 

probe,  *.    [Lat  probo  =  to  prove  (q.v.).] 

1.  Surg.  :  An  instrument,  usually  made  of 
silver  wire,  having  a  rounded  end,  and  intro- 
duced into  cavities  in  the  body  in  exploring 
for  balls,  calculi,  ascertaining  the  depth  of  S 
wound,  the  direction  of  a  sinus,  &c. 

"  A  round  white  stone  was  ...  so  fastened  in  that 
part,  that  the  physician  with  his  probe  could  not  stir 
If—  Felt:  Life  of  Hammond,  p.  xxxli. 

*  2.  A  printer's  proof. 

"  Ye  shall  see  In  the  probe  ot  the  priiif'-Ortndol.- 
Rem,tint,  p.  268. 

probe-scissors,  ».  pi. 

Surg.  :  Scissors  used  to  open  wounds,  the 
blade  of  which  to  be  thrust  into  the  orifice 
has  a  button  on  the  end. 

"The  sinus  was  sulpt  up  with  probe-Kiuon.*— 
Wurman. 

probe,  v.t.  &  i.    [PROBE,  «.) 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  Lit.  :  To  apply  a  probe  to  ;  to  search  or 
examine,  as  a  wound,  ulcer,  &c.,  with  a  probe. 

2.  Fig.  :  To  search  or  examine  deeply  into  ; 
to  scrutinize  or  examine  thoroughly  or  to  the 
bottom. 

"  Only  to  be  examined,  ponder'd,  search  'd. 
Prabnl."  H'ordiiaorth  :  Xxeurtion,  bk.  IT. 

B.  Intrant.  :  To  search  or  examine  a  wound, 
nicer,  &.C.,  with  a  probe  ;  to  use  a  probe. 


tjf,  ft.  [Fr.  probitf,  from  Lat  probi- 
tatem,  ace.  of  probitas  =  honesty,  from  probu» 
=  honest  ;  Ital.  probita.  ;  Sp.  probidad.]  Tried 
honesty,  sincerity,  or  integrity  ;  strict  honesty 
or  uprightness  ;  virtue,  high  principle,  recti- 
tude. (Waterland  :  Works,  ii.  367.) 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot. 
•r.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mate.  cub.  cure,  unite,  car,  rale,  fall ;  try,  Syrian.    »,  ce  -  e ;  ey  =  a;  <n*  =  kw.  * 


problem— prooeleusmatic 


3759 


pr6b  -lem,  *  prob-leme,  s.  [Fr.  prohleme, 
from  Lat  problema,  from  Gr.  n-po/SArj^a 
(problema)  =  anything  thrown  or  put  forward, 
a  question  put  forward  for  discussion  :  irpo 
(pro)  =  forward,  and  j3Aijp.a  (blema)  =  a  casting  ; 
0oAAci>  (hallo)  =  to  cast  ;  Sp.  &  Ital.  prootema.j 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  In  the  same  sense  as  II. 

2.  A   question    proposed   for   solution  ;  a 
matter  put  forward  or  stated  for  examination 
or  proof! 

"  This  problem  let  philosophers  revolve." 

Bliickmore:  Creation. 

3.  Hence,  a  question  involving  doubt,  un- 
certainty or  difficulty. 

"Th'   grave   problem   which    had   hitherto   defied 
English  statesmanship."—  Standard.  Feb.  8.  I88«. 

IL  Geom.  :  A  question  propo&d  that  re- 
quires solution  by  some  operation  to  be  per- 
formed or  some  construction  made,  as  to 
describe  a  triangle,  to  bisect  an  angle  or  a 
line,  &c.  It  thus  differs  from  a  theorem,  in 
which  the  truth  of  some  proposition  requires 
to  be  proved,  or  some  relation  or  identity  to 
be  established. 

prob-le  mat  ic,  prob  Ie-m3,t  -ic-aL,  a.f 
[Gr.  irpoj3Ai)(xoTi«d«  (problematikos),  from  irpo- 
0A>uia  (problema)  =  a  problem  ;  Fr.  problema- 
tv/ue.]  Of  the  nature  of  a  problem;  doubt- 
ful, questionable,  uncertain,  unsettled. 


But.  Bng. 

pTSb-le-mat'-lC-al-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  prob- 
lematical ;  -ly.]  Iii  a  problematical  manner  ; 
questionably,  doubtfully. 

*  prob'-lem-a-tlst,  s.  [Lat.  problema,  genit 
problematis  =  a  problem  ;  Eng.  suff.  -ist.]  One 
who  proposes  problems. 

"This  learned  problematist  was  brother  to  him,  who, 
preaching  at  St.  Mary's,  Oxford,  took  his  text  out  of 
the  history  of  Balaam.  4c.--.gw/yn  :  Letter.  (1668.) 

*pr5b'-lem-a-tize,  v.t.  [Lat.  problema, 
genit.  problematis  =  a  problem  ;  Eiig.  suff. 
-ite.l  To  propose  problems. 


•  prob-6l-ist'-IC,  O.  [Gr.  irpo/SiAAco  (pro- 
ballo).']  [PROBLEM.]  Casting,  throwing,  or 
burling  forward. 

••  He  brought  his  fettered  heels,  like  a  double-headed 
hammer,  as  bard  as  his  probolittic  swiug  could  whirl, 
against  the  very  thickest-crowded  cells  of  bygone 
domicile."— Blackmort:  Crippt  the  Carrier,  vol.  iii., 

ch.  x. 

prSb-Ss'^l'-date,  a.  [PROBOSCIS.]  Furnished 
with  a  proboscis  ;  proboscidean. 

tpr6b-6s-9id-e-a  (1),  *.  [Lat.  proboscis, 
genit.  proboscid(is) ;  fern.  sing.  adj.  suff.  -ea.] 

ZooL :  A  synonym  of  Rhynchonyeteris 
(q.v.). 

prSb-$S-$Id'-S-a  (2),  «.  pi.  [Lat  proboscit, 
genit.  proboscid(is) ;  neut.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ea.} 

\.  ZooL  :  An  order  of  Mammalia,  character- 
ized by  the  absence  of  canine  teeth ;  the 
molars  few  in  number,  large,  and  transversely 
ridged  or  tuberculate  ;  incisors  always  present, 
growing  from  persistent  pulps,  and  constitut- 
ing long  tusks.  The  nose  is  prolonged  into  a 
flexible,  highly  sensitive  cylindrical  trunk,  at 
the  extremity  of  which  the  nostrils  are  situated, 
and  terminating  into  a  finuer-like  prehensile 
lobe.  Feet  with  thick  pad,  and  jientadactyle, 
but  some  of  the  toes  are  only  partially  in- 
dicated externally  by  the  divisions  of  the  hoof. 
Clavicles  absent;  testes  abdominal ;  two  mam- 
mae, pectoral ;  placenta  zonary  and  deciduate. 
One  living  genus,  Elephas  (q.v.). 

2.  PaUeotit. :  [DINOTHERIUM,  MASTODON]. 

prob  6s-9id  e  an.  prob  6s-9id  I  an, 
a.  &  i  f  PROBOSCIDEA.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Pertaining  or  belonging  to  the 
order  Proboscidea  (q.v.). 

B.  Assubst. :  Any  mammal  belonging  to  the 
order  Probosoidea. 

"  Vts  bonrs  have  been  found  associated  with  skele- 
tons of  the  mammoth  and  other  proboscidian!." — 
Wilton :  Prehittorie  Man,  ch.  U. 

prob-os-jId'-S-ous,  a.    [PROBOSCIDEA.] 

Bo.'. :  Having  a  hard  terminal  horn,  as  the 
fruit  of  Martynia. 

pr8b-5s-$Xd'-i-al,  o.  [PROBOSCIDEA.]  The 
same  as  PROBOSCIDATE  (q.v.). 

prob  6s-cld  -I  an,  a.  &  s.   [PROBOSCIDEAN.] 


prSb-os-cid'-I-form,  a.    [Lat  proboscis, 
genit.  proboscidis  =  a  proboscis   (q.v.),  and 
Eng.  form.] 
Zool. :  Having  the  form  of  a  proboscis. 

pro-bos'-cis,  *.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  irpo£oo-«ci's 
(proboskis)  =  an  elephant's  trunk,  lit.  =  a 
front-feeder,  from  irpo  (pro)  =  before,  and 
p6<rx<a  (bosfo5)=  to  feed  ;  Sp.  &  ItaL  proboscide.] 

1.  Lit.  <t  Co-mpar.  Anat. :  The  elongated  nose  of 
an  elephant  or  tapir.  [PROBOSCIDEA.]  Loosely 
applied  to  the  spiral  trunk  of  the  Lepidoptera 
[ANTLIA],  the  suctorial  organ  of  some  Hymen- 
optera,  as  the  Apiareae,  the  pharynx  of  the 
Errant  Annelids,  the  retractile  oral  organ  of 
Gephyrsea,  the  preoral  organ  of  Planarida,  the 
central  polypite  of  Medusae,  &c. 

2.  F ig.  :  The  human  nose.  (Used  ludicrously 
or  in  humour.) 

proboscis-monkey,  s.    [EAHA.] 

*  pro-ca  -clous,  a.    [Lat.  procax,  genit  pro- 
cans.]    Forward,  pert,  petulant. 

"Spill  the  bloud  of  that  procaciout  Christian." — 
Barrow:  Sermoni,  voL  ii.,  ser.  20. 

*  pro-cac'-I-ty,   ».     [Lat.   procaeitas,    from 
procax  =  procacious   (q.v.).]     Forwardness, 
pertness,  petulance. 

"  Porphyrius  with  good  colour  of  reason  might  have 
objected  procacity  against  St.  Paul  in  taxing  his 
betters."— Sorrow:  On  the  Pope'i  Supremacy- 

pyo  cam'-bi-um,  s.  [Pref.  pro-,  and  Lat, 
&C.  cambium  (q.v.).] 

Sot. :  A  tissue  formed  from  the  entire  outer 
zone  of  the  plerome,  or  having  only  a  few 
groups  of  cells,  which  are  ultimately  trans- 
formed into  permanent  cells. 

pro-ca-me'-lus,  s.  [Pref.  pro-,  and  Lat 
cameiiis.] 

Palceont. :  A  genus  of  Camelidse, .  closely 
allied  to  Camelus,  and  having  one  of  its  six 
species  about  the  size  of  the  living  Camel,  but 
with  an  additional  premolar  on  each  side. 
FTOIU  the  Miocene  of  Virginia,  the  Pliocene  of 
Nebraska  and  Texas,  and  the  Post- pliocene  of 
Kansas. 

pro -cat -arc' -tic,  a.  [Gr.  irp0(caTap«criic6« 
(prokdtarktikos)  =  beginning  beforehand;  irpo- 
Ktno.p\<a  (prokatarcho)  =  to  begin  before  :  »po 
(  pro)  =  before  ;  Kara  (kola),  used  intensively, 
and  opx«>  (archo)  =  to  begin.] 

Pathol. :  Preexistent  or  predisposing.  Ap- 
plied to  causes,  whether  contingent,  violent, 
or  fortuitous,  which  give  occasion  to  health  or 
to  the  generation  of  disease. 

"James  IV.  of  Scotland,  falling  away  In  his  flesh, 
without  the  precedence  of  any  procatttrctick  cause, 
was  suddenly  cured  by  decharming  the  witchcraft."— 
Harvey  :  Diicoune  of  Comumptiont. 

prd-Ca-tarx'-lS,   *.      [Gr.  irpoKarapxw  (.pro- 
katarcho) =  to  begin  before.]   [PROCATARCTIC.] 
Pathol. :  Any  state  of  the  system  predis- 
posing to  disease. 

*  pro-ce-den'-do,  phr.     [Lat]    [PROCEED.] 

Law  (More  fully  procedendo  adjudicium)  : 

1.  (See  extract). 

"  A  writ  of  procedenda  ad  JudMum  issues  ont  of 
Chancery,  where  judges  of  any  subordinate  court  do 
delay  the  parties :  for  that  they  will  not  give  judg- 
ment, either  on  the  one  side  or  the  other,  when  they 
ought  so  to  do.  In  this  case  a  procedendo  shall  be 
awarded,  commanding  them  to  proceed  to  judgment. 
.  .  .  This  writ  is,  however,  rarely  resorted  to.  the 
remedy  by  mandamus  being  preferable." — Blackstone  : 
Comment.,  bk.  lit,  cb.  4. 

2.  A  writ  by  which  the  commission  of  the 
justice  of  the  peace  is  revived  after  having 
been  suspended. 

pro  9ed'-ure,  *.  [Fr.,  from  proceder  =  to 
proceed  (q.v.).] 

*  1.  The  act  of  proceeding  or  going  forward  ; 
progress,  advancement. 

"  The  better  procedure  of  real  and  material  religion. " 
— Up.  Taylor:  Sermoni,  vol.  iii.,  «er.  7. 

2.  Manner  of  proceeding  or  acting  ;  course 
or  line  of  action  ;  conduct,  proceeding. 

"  The  act  of  the  will,  in  each  step  of  the  foremen- 
tloned  procedure,  does  not  come  to  pass  without  a 
particular  cause."— Edward! :  On  the  Will,  pt.  11.,  J  6. 

3.  A  step  taken ;   an  act  performed ;   an 
action,  a  proceeding. 

*  4.  That  which  proceeds  from  something ;  a 
product. 

pro  ceed ,  *  pro-cede,  *  pro-ceede,  v.i. 
[Fr.  procraer,  fr«m  Lat  proeedo  =  to  go  before : 
pro = before,  and  cedo  =  to  go  ;  8p.  &  Port  pro- 
ceder; Ital.  procedure.] 


1.  To  pass,  move,  or  go  forward  or  onward; 
to  advance,  to  go  on  ;  to  pass  from  one  plan 
to  another ;  to  continue  or  renew  motion. 

"  Here  unmolested,  through  whatever  sign 
The  sun  proceed!,  I  wander."    Covrper  :  Tatt,  Tt, 

2.  To  issue  or  come  forth,  as  from  an  origin 
or  source  ;  to  arise ;  to  be  the  effect  or  result 
of ;  to  be  produced  from  or  by  something ;  U 
have  or  take  origin. 

"  He  bath  forced  us  to  compel  this  offer: 
It  proceedt  from  policy,  not  love." 

Shateip.  :  t  Henry  IV.,  Iv.  1  » 

3.  To  pass  from  one  point,  topic,  or  stage  to 
another. 

"  To  proceed  at  once  to  judgment  and  execution."— 
BlaclMone:  Comment*  bk.  ill.,  ch.  10. 

*4.  To  go  on  ;  to  continue. 

"  If  thou  proceed  in  this  thy  insolence." 

Shaketp. :  1  Henry  ri..  L  L 

5.  To  carry  on  a  series  of  actions  ;  to  act 
according  to  some  method ;  to  set  to  work 
and  go  on  in  a  certain  way  and  for  some 
particular  purpose. 

6.  To  take  steps ;  to  set  to  work. 

"  The  king  .  .  .  proceeded  to  make  his  arrango 
ments."— Macaulay  :  Hut.  Eng.,  ch.  xix. 

7.  To  continue,  as  a  narrative,  &c. ;  to  re- 
sume. 

"  But,  without  further  bidding, 
1  will  proceed."     Wordtwortk:  Excurtion,  bk.  L 

8.  To  begin  and  carry  on  a  legal  action  ;  to 
take  legal  action  ;  to  carry  on  judicial  process. 

»  9.  To  act    (Milton :  P.  L.,  xi.  69.) 

*  10.  To  be  transacted  or  carried  on  ;  to  tw 
done  ;  to  happen  ;  to  take  place. 

"  He  will  tell  you  what  hath  proceeded." 

Shakap.  :  Julius  Catar,  L  t, 

*  11.  To  be  propagated  ;  to  come  by  genera- 
tion ;  to  spring.    (Milton :  P.  L.,  xii.  381.) 

*  12.  To  take  effect ;  to  come  into  effect  or 
action ;  to  obtain. 

"  This  rule  only  proceed!  and  takes  place,  when  a 
person  cannot  of  common  law  condemn  another  by 
his  sentence."— Aj/llffe:  Parergon. 

*  proceed ,  *  pro-cede,  «.    [PROCEED,  «.) 

Proceeds,  result 

"  The  only  procede  (that  I  may  nse  the  mercantU 
term)  you  can  expect  is  thanks.  —  Howett:  Lrtlert, 
bk.  i.,  {  1,  let  29. 

*  pro-geed'-er,  «.    [Eng.  proceed ;  -er.]    On« 
who  proceeds  or  moves  forward ;  one  who 
makes  a  progress. 

"  Quick  proceederi.  marry." 

Shaketp.  :  Taming  of  the  Shrew,  IT.  1 

proceed' -ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &.s.  [PROCEED,  p.l 
A.  &  B.  A 3  pr.  par.  &  particip.  adj. :   (Sot 
the  verb). 
C.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  act  or  state  of  moving  on  or  forward  < 
progress,  advancement 

2.  The  act  of  one  who  proceeds ;  espec.  • 
measure  or  course  taken  ;  a  line  of  conduct  { 
a  transaction. 

"  Such  an  unnatural,  strange  proceeding." 

Longfellow :  The  Golden  Legend,  L 

8.  Specif,  in  the  plural,  the  course  of  step* 
or  procedure  in  the  prosecution  of  an  actioa 
at  law. 

"  In  every  other  part  of  the  procefdinat,  when 
either  side  perceives  any  material  objection  in  point 
of  Iiw.'—Blackstone:  Comment.,  bk.  lit,  ch.  12. 

4.  (PI.):  The  records,  journal,  or  account 
of  the  transactions  of  a  society  :  as,  The  pro- 
ceedings  of  the  Royal  Zoological  Society. 

pro'-ceeds,  *.  pi.  [PROCEED,  ».]  The  produo 
or  amount  proceeding  or  accruing  from  some 
possession  ;  specif.,  the  amount,  sum,  or  value 
realized  by  the  sale  of  goods,  the  discounting 
of  a  note,  Ac. 

"  He  threw  it  up,  invested  the  proceed!  a*  a  capital, 
and  lived  on  the  interest  as  a  gentleman  at  large.*— 
LordLytton:  What  will  he  do  tnth  U I  bk.  L,  ch.  vii. 

pro-cel-eus-mat'-lc,  a.  &  ».  [Gr.  irpoiceX**- 
trno.Ti*6s(prokeleusmatikos):  irpo  (pro)  =  before, 
and  KtAevo-pa  (keleusma)  =  a  command,  a* 
incitement ;  «A«wu  (keleuo)  =  to  command.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

*  L  Ord.    Lang. :    Inciting,    encouraging; 
animating. 

"The  ancient  procelfumattc*  song,  by  which  tht 
rowers  of  galleys  were  animated."— Johnion  :  Joturmif 
to  the  Wettern  Itlandi. 

2.  Pros. :  Applied  to  a  foot  consisting  eft 
four  short  syllables  ;  a  double  pyrrhic. 

B.  As  substantive : 

Pros. :    A   foot   consisting   of^  four 
syllables  ( ^  w  v/). 


boil,  boy;  poUt,  jowl;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e-pist.    -ing. 
-clan,  -tlan  -  shan.    -tion,  -sion  -  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  -  zhun,    -dons,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -bio,  -die,  &c.  =  bel.  d«L 


3760 


procellaria— prochein 


pro-jel-lar'-I-a,  ».    [Lat.  procrlla  =  a  tem- 
pest] 

Ornith. :  The  typical  genus  of  the  sub- 
family Procellariiuse.  In  older  classifications 
the  number  of  species  was  stated  at  eighteen, 
but  the  old  genus  has  been  divided. 

pro -eel  lar'-I-an,  a.  &  *.    [Mod.  Lat  pro- 
eellari(a);  Eng. "suff.  -an.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Belonging  to  the  Procellariidse. 

"  By  supposing  that  these  small  Procellarian  forms 
mre  less  >iwciali»ed  than  the  larger  ouei."— Challenger 
Report  (toot ),  iv.  SC. 

B.  As  subst. :  Any  individual  of  the  Pro- 
cellariidse. 

"The  ribs  in  the  Oceanitidse  are  peculiarly  broad, 
and  flattened  out  dursally.  to  an  extent  nut  seen  in 
any  ProctUarian."— Challenger  Report  (ioot.t,  iv.  46. 

pro-cel-la  ri'-i-d»,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat  pro- 
cellari(a) ;  Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Ornith.  :  A  family  of  Tubinares  (q.v.). 
Their  anatomy  and  affinities  are  fully  treated 
by  Prof.  Forbes  (Challenger  Report,  iv.  1-tW), 
who  divides  it  into  two  sub-families  : 

1.  Diomedeinae,   with   three  genera :    Dio- 
medea,  Thalassiarche,  and  Phcebetria. 

2.  Procellariinae,  with  five  groups  : — 

I  Pelecanoides.  a  highly  specialised  form. 

S.  Procellaria,  Cymuchurea.  and  Halocyptena,  dis- 
tinguished bv  general  small  size  and  sombre  coloration, 
•omparatively  long  tarsi,  nearly  single  uaaal  aperture, 

a  Prlnn  (q.r.)  and  (probably)  Halotxena. 

4.  Fulmarua,  Thalassoeca.  Ossifraga,   and  Aeipetea, 
with  Daption  and  Pagodroma  iutermtdute  between 
Prion  and  the  Fnlmariue  in>\ij>. 

5.  (Estralata,  Puffinus,  Adaioastor.  Majaqueua,  and 
Bulweria. 

pro-cel-lar-l-i'-mo,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat.  pro- 
ctUari(a);  Lat  fem  pi.  adj.  suff,  -inoe.]  [P&o- 

CKLLA.RIID.&] 

•  pro-eel -loiis,  o.  iL&t.procellosu$.]  Stormy, 
tempestuous. 


«.  [Lat.  pro  =  before,  and 
ceptio  =  a  taking.]  Preoccupation  ;  the  act 
of  seizing  or  taking  something  sooner  than 
another. 

"Having  so  little  power  to  offend  other*,  that  I 
have  uoue  to  preserve  what  is  mine  own  from  their 
proceptwn."  —  King  Cha.lt*  :  Eikon  tiatilike. 

•  pro-cere',  a.    [Lat.  procenis.]    Tall. 

"  Hard  of  sabstauce,  wroc«r«  of  stature.'—  JSfelvrt. 
(lutrod.,  {  3.) 

f  proper"  -e-brum,  >.    [Pref.  pro-,  and  Lat, 
cerebrum  (q.v.).] 
Anat.  :  The  prosencephalon  (q.v.). 


'-i'-ty^  s.  [O.  FT.  procente,  from  Lat. 
procerilaUm,  ace.  of  proceritas,  from  procerus  = 
tall.]  Tallness,  height. 

"  Eiperiments  In  consort  touching  the  prtx-rrity 
and  lowness,  and  artificlall  dwarfing  of  trees.  —Ba  con  : 
Jfat.  Silt.,  i  632.  (Note.) 

•pr6'-cer-ous,a.  [Lat  procmis.]  Lofty,  high. 

"  The  pnxxrma  stature  of  it."—  .YoiA«  .-  Lenten  Otuffi. 

prd-geV-vu-lus,  *.     [Pref.  pro-,  and  Mod. 
Lat  dimiu.  from  cervus  —  a  stag.] 

Palaont.:  A  genus  of  Cervidse,  from  the 
Middle  Miocene. 

props'  (s  silent),  *.    [Fr.]    (See  compound.) 

proces-verbal,  s.  In  French  law,  a 
detailed  authentic  account  of  an  official  act  or 
proceeding;  a  statement  of  facts  ;  the  minutes 
of  the  proceedings  of  a  meeting. 

pro  9CS8,  •  pro  ces,  *  pro  cesse,  ».  [Fr. 

proces,  from  Lat  processum,  accus.  of  processus 
=  a  vrogress  ;  prop.  pa.  par.  of  procedo  =  to  pro- 
ceed (q.v.);  8p.  proceso;  ItaL  &.  Port.  processo.J 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  The  act  or  state  of  proceeding  or  moving 
forward  ;  progressive  course  ;  progress. 

"Any  longe  proceue  of  tbe  mat«r."—  fabyan  : 
Chronicle.  vol  ii.  (an.  13K). 

2.  Course,  lapse  ;   a   passing  or  elapsing. 
{Chaucer:  C.  T.,  2,909.) 

3.  The  way  and  order  in  which  anything 
ls»i-j*"is  or  is  done  ;  course. 

"  Thou  shalt  tell  the  procea  of  their  d»ath  " 

Sltakttp.  :  Richard  111.,  ir.  S. 

4.  A  line  of  action  or  conduct  ;  a  course, 
•  proceeding,  an  operation. 

"  Extricate  himself  from  his  financial  difficulties  by 
the  simple  proecat  of  calling  a  farthing  a  shilling."— 
Macaulat:  Bill.  Sag.,  ch.  xli. 

5.  A  series  of  operations  or  treatment  ap- 
plied to  something  ;  a  series  of  actions  or 
experiments  :  as,  a  manufacturing  process. 


6.  A  series  of  motions  or  changes  going  on 
in    anything,  as  in  growth,   decay,    &<•.,    of 
physical  bodies  ;  continuous  operation  :  as, 
the  process  of  decomposition. 

7.  Normal  or  regular  manner  of  activity 
natural  exercise  of  appropriate  functions  :  a*, 
the  process  of  nature. 

8.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  4. 
II.  Technically: 

1.  Anat.  :   An    enlargement,   such   as   the 
zygotnatic  process  of  the  temporal  bone,  the 
vermiform  process  of  the  cerebellum,  &c. 

2.  But.  :  Any  extension  of  the  surface  ;  a 
protrusion  whether  natural  or  monstrous. 

3.  Law  :  A  term  applied  to  the  whole  course 
of  proceedings  in  a  cause,  real  or  personal, 
civil  or  criminal,  from  the  original  writ  to  the 
end  of  the  suit  ;  properly,  the  summons  citing 
the  party  affected  to  appear  in  court  at  the 
return  of  the  original  writ    This  was  some- 
times called  original  process,  being  founded 
upon  the  original  writ  ;  and  also  to  distinguish 
it  from  mesne  or  intermediate  process,  which 
issues,  pending  the  suit,  upon  some  collateral 
interlocutary    matter;   as   to   summon    wit- 
nesses, and  the  like.    Mesne  process  is  also 
sometimes  put  in  contradistinction  to  final 
process  or  process  of  execution  ;  and  then  it 
signifies  all  such  process  as  intervenes  between 
the   beginning  and  end  of  a  suit     Formerly 
the    English     common-law     courts     differed 
greatly  iu  their  mode  of  procedure  in  the  case 
of  personal  actions  :    thus,  in  the  Court  of 
Queen's  Bench  a  plaintiff  might  proceed  by 
original  writ,  but  the  more  usual  method  was 
by  a  species  of  process  entitled  a  Bill   of 
Middlesex,  so  entitled  because  the  court  gene- 
rally sat  in  that  county.    In  the  Exchequer 
the  first  process  was  by  a  writ  of  quo  minus, 
in  order  to  give  the  court  a  jurisdiction  over 
pleas  between  party  and  party,  in  which  the 
plaintiff  was  alleged  to  be  the  king's  farmer  or 
debtor,  and  that  the  defendant  had  done  him 
the  injury  complained  of,  quo  minus  sufficient 
exist  it,  by  which  he  was  the  less  able  to  pay 
the  king  his  rent  or  debt.    And  upon  this  the 
defendant  might  have  been  arrested  as  upon 
a  capias  from  the  Common  Pleas.     By  the 
Process  Uniformity  Act,  the  procedure  iu  all 
personal  actions  except  replevin,  is  the  same 
in  all  the  courts,  and  all  actions  are  now  com- 
menced by  a  writ  of  summons,  under  the  seal 
of  the  court  in  which  the  action  is  brought, 
directed  to  the  defendant,  and  commanding 
him  to  cause  an  appearance  to  be  entered  for 
him  on  a  certain  day.    In  ecclesiastical  suits 
the  mode  of  commencing  an   action   is   by 
process  termed  a  citation  or  summons,  con- 
taining the  name  of  the  judge,  the  plaintiff, 
and  the  defendant,  the  cause  of  complaint, 
and  the   time  and  place  of  appearance.     The 
ruK'H  of   English  law,  here  given,  have  been 
somewhat  closely  followed  in  the  United  States. 

If  (1)  Final  process  :  The  writ  of  execution 
used  to  carry  a  judgment  into  effect 

(2)  In  process:  Begun  but  not  complete;  in 
progress  ;  in  the  condition  of  being  done. 

process-server,  «.  A  bailiff  or  sheriff's 
officer. 


v.t.    [PROCESS,  ».]    To  sue  by  legal 
process.    (Ireland.) 

"He  was  at  the  quarter-sessions  prnceuing  hi* 
brother."—  Miu  Bdyewarth:  A'nnut,  ch.  viii. 

*  pro-cesse,  *.    [PROCESS.] 

pro-cess'  -ion  (ss  as  sh),  *  pro-ces-si- 
oun,  *  pro-ces-si-un,  s.  [Fr.  procession, 
from  Lat.  procesnionem,  accus.  of  processio  = 
an  advance,  a  proceeding  ;  from  processus,  pa. 
par.  of  procedo  =  to  proceed  (q.v.);  Sp.  pro- 
cesion;  ItaL  processions.] 

•  1.  The  act  or  state  of  proceeding  or  issu- 
ing forth  or  from. 

"The  Word  of  God  by  generation,  the  Holy  Ghost 
by  profeuion."—  ftarion  :  On  Uu  Creed,  art.  ii. 

2.  A  train  of  persons  marching  on  foot,  or 
riding  on  horseback  or  iu  vehicles  with  cere- 
monious solemnity. 

"  Bank'd  in  procettian  walk  the  pious  train." 

Drgden  :  Orut  ;  Mttumarpkoist.  x. 

H  Procession,  of  the  Holy  Ghost: 

1.  Theol.  :  The  noun  procession  is  not  found 
In  8cri(>ture,  it  was,  however,  legitimately 
framed  by  theologians  from  the  verb  occurring 
in  John  xv.  26,  "  The  Spirit  of  truth,  which 
jr.  •  eedeth  from  the  Father."  There  is  no 
similar  passage  categorically  stating  proces- 
sion from  the  Son,  and  the  question  arises,  can 
equivalent  language  be  found  ?  If  the  words 


in  John  xiv.  26,  "  The  Comforter,  which  is  tht 
Holy  Ghost,  whom  the  Father  will  send  in 
my  name,"  imply  the  procession  of  the  Holy 
Ghost,  so  do  those  iu  xv.  26,  "  But  when  the 
Comforter  is  come,  whom  I  will  send  unto  you 
from  the  Father,"  and  there  is  a  Procession  of 
the  Holy  Ghost  from  the  Son  as  well  as  from 
the  Father,  if  they  are  not  equivalent  there  i» 
no  procession  from  the  Son.  (Cf.  Gal.  iv.  6.) 
2.  Church  Hist.  :  The  clause  "  filioque " 
[XiCENE  CREED],  implying  procession  from  the 
Father  and  the  Son,  being  accepted  iu  the 
West  while  rejected  in  th«  East,  was  one 
potent  cause  of  the  ultimata  separation  be- 
tween the  Greek  and  Latin  Churches.  [GREKK- 
CHURCH.]  The  clause  was  accepted  by  the 
Reformed  Churches  and  by  Nonconformists 
generally,  and  appears  in  the  Presbyteriani 
Confession  of  Faith  (ch.  ii.,  §  3). 

procession-flower,  *. 

Hot. :  Poly  gala  vulgaris. 

pro  cess  Ion  (ss  as  sh),  v.i.  ft  (.  [PROCES- 
SION, s.] 

*  A.  Intrant. :  To  go  in  procession. 

"  And  when  theyr  feastf oil  d:tres  come,  they  are  yet 
In  the  papisticke  churches  of  England,  with  no  small 
•olemuitye,  mattenaed,  massed,  canceled,  lyghted. 
procettioned,  ceused,  &c.~—Bale.  EngliA  Folaria, 
pt.1. 

B.  Trans. :  To  ascertain,  mark,  and  estab- 
lish the  boundary  lines  of;  as  lands.  (Anier.) 

*  pro  -cess   ion  ade   (ss  as  sh),  ».    [Kng. 
procession,  a. ;  -ode.]    A  procession. 

"  Proclaim  a  grand  procevionadf.' 

Churchill :  Oho*,  11L 

pro-cess' -ion-ail  (ss  as  sh),  a.  &  *.  [Eng. 
procession;  -al.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  procession ; 
consisting  in  a  procession  ;  carried  in  a  pro- 
cession :  as,  a  processional  cross. 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  In  the  Roman  Church,  a  service-book 
containing  the  prayers  to  be  said,  and  the 
hymns  to  be  sung,  at  different  stages  in  reli- 
gious processions. 

"  To  bring  in  and  deliuer  rp  all  antlphoners.  mi* 
•ales,  graile*.  prweuionudt,  niauu&ls,  iu."  —  Fa*: 
Martyrt,  p.  1.211. 

2.  A  hymn  sung  during  a  procession. 

"The  bishops  robed  in  Lambeth  Palace,  and.  OO 
their  entering,  the  48th  Psalm  was  sung  as  a  proc«a. 
ttotvd."—PaU  Mall  Otaette.  June  21,  ISM. 

*  pro  cess  -ion  al  1st  (ss  as  sb),  ».    [Eng. 
processional;  -ist.]    One  who  walks,  or  take* 
part,  in  a  procession. 

*  pro-cess'-idn-al-iy  (ss  as  sh),  adv.  [Eng. 
processional;  -ly.]    By  way  of  procession. 

*  pro-gess'-idn-ar-jr  (ss  as  sh),  o.    [Eng. 
procession;  -ary.]    Consisting  in  processions. 

"In  that  proceuionary  service. "—Hooktr:  A'cciaa, 
Polity,  bk.  T.t  }  41. 

proccssionary  moth,  s. 

Eittom. :  Cnethocampa  processionea.  The 
larva-  feed  gregariously  on  oaks,  advancing  in 
cuneate  processionary  order.  C.  pityocampa 
similarly  feeds  on  pines.  The.hairs  of  the 
caterpillars  and  the  dust  from  their  webs  are 
exceedingly  irritating  to  the  skin.  Found  ia 
the  south  of  Europe. 

pro  9css  -ion-er  (ss  as  sh),  «.  [Eng, 
procession;  -er.] 

*  1.  The  same  as  PROCESSIONAL,  B.  1. 

2.  An  officer  appointed  to  procession  lands. 
UMT.) 
*3.  One  who  goes  in  procession. 

"  The  prnceuionert  seeing  them  running." — Jarrit: 
Don  Quixote,  pt.  i.,  bk.  jr.,  ch.  xxv. 

*  pro  9688  -ion  ist   (ss  as  sh),   s.     [Eng. 
procession;  -int.]     One  who  takes  part  in  a 
procession. 

"  The  praceaitnitli  groaned  and  shouted  at  them." 
—  Weekly  Echo,  Sept  5,  1685. 

»  pro-ces'-slve,  a.  [Lat.  processus,  pa.  par. 
of  procedo  =  to  proceed  (q.v.).]  Proceeding, 
going  forward,  advancing. 

pro  903  sum  con  tin  u  an  -do,  s.  [Lat.] 
Law:  A  writ  for  the  continuation  of  procest 
after  the  death  of  a  judge  in  the  commission 
of  oyer  and  terminer. 

pro'-chein,  a.  [Fr.  prochain  =  (a.)  near, 
from  proche  =  (adv.)  near,  from  Lat.  propius, 
compar.  of  prope  —  near.]  Near,  nearest, 
next 


fite,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  eub,  cure,  njiite,  cur,  rule,  roll;  try,  Syrian,    re,  ce  =  e;ey  =  a;qu  =  kw. 


prochilodus— procreation 


8761 


prochein  amy,    prochein  ami,    «. 

PlEXT-KRIEND.] 

prochein  avoidance,  $. 
Law :  A  power  to  present  a  minister  to  a 
church  when  it  shall  become  void. 

pro- cnil'-O-dnS,  s.  [Gr.  irpdyeiAoc  (procheilos) 
=  having  prominent  lips,  and  o&ovs  (odous)  = 
•  tooth.] 

Ichthy.:  A  genus  of  Characinidse,  remark- 
able for  the  great  length  of  the  intestine, 
•which  is  coiled  round  many  times.  They  are 
mud-eating  fishes,  from  South  America. 

*  pro-chi'-lus,  s.   [Gr.  jrp6x«iAo*  (procheilos).'] 

IPROCHILODU3.) 

Zool. :  A  name  given  by  Illiger  to  Ursus 
labiatus,  the  Sloth-bear.  He  referred  it  to 
the  Edentata,  because  the  specimen  first  ob- 
served had  accidentally  lost  the  incisors. 

pro-chlcV-Ite,  ».  [Pref.  pro-,  and  Eng. 
chlorite.} 

Min. :  A  name  given  by  Dana  to  a  species 
of  chlorite,  which  was  the  earliest  crystallized 
kind  recognised.  Crystallization  probably 
hexagonal.  Occurs  in  crystals,  with  mica- 
like  cleavage,  also  in  fan-shaped  groups,  and 
granular.  Hardness,  1  to  2 ;  sp.  gr.  2'78  to 
S'tfo  ;  translucent  to  opaque  ;  lustre,  feeble  ; 
colour,  various  shades  of  green,  mostly  dark  ; 
laminae  flexible.  Compos. :  silica,  26'8  ;  alu- 
mina, 19'7  ;  protoxide  of  iron,  27  ~5  ;  magnesia, 
15'3  ;  water,  10'7  =  100,  which  yields  the  for- 
mula (}(MgOFeO)3-l-fAl2O3)S:O2+ jHO.  It  is 
the  Ripidolite  of  Brit.  Alus.  Cat. 

prd'-Chron-ism,  s.  [Gr.  TrpoxpoVtovu.oc  (pro- 
chronUmos),  from  irpo\povfu>  (prochroneo)  —  to 
precede  in  time  :  irpb  (pro)  =  before,  and 
XpoVos  (chronos)  =  time ;  Fr.  prochronisme.] 
An  error  in  chronology,  consisting  in  ante- 
dating something  ;  the  dating  of  some  event, 
occurrence,  or  action  before  the  time  when  it 
really  took  place. 

"He  had  put  the  verb,  and  without  proehronltm, 
Into  the  mouth  of  Osborne,  the  bookseller."— Fitf 
•award  Ball :  Modern  Enyluh,  p.  130. 

pro  9i-den9e,    s.     [Lat  procidentia,  from 
proculens,  pr.  par.  of  procido  =  to  fall  forward  : 
pro  =  forward,  and  cado  =  to  fall.] 
Ned. :  A  falling  down,  a  prolapsus. 

"Troubled  with  the  procidence  of  the  matrix."— 
Cfiilmead:  Ferrand;  Love  Melancholy,  p.  15. 

pr6-9l-den'-ti-a  (t  as  sh),  s.   [PROCIDENCE.] 

Pathol. :  A  particular  case  of  Prolapsus 
(q.v.),  in  which  the  uterus  protrudes  beyond 
the  vulva. 

*  pro^id'-n-oiis,  a.     [Lat.  prociduus,  from 
procido  =  to  fall  forward.]     [PROCIDENCE.] 
Falling  from  its  proper  place. 

*  proeinct',  a.     [Lat  procinctus,  pa.  par.  of 
pracingo  =  to  prepare :  pro  =•  before,  and  cingo 
—  to  gird.]    Prepared,  ready. 

H  In  proeinct  [Lat.  in  procinctu] :  At  hand, 
ready,  close. 

"War  in  proeinct."  Milton  :  P.  L.,  vl.  It. 

prock'-S-W,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  prock(ia);  Lat 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -«B.] 

Bot. :  A  tribe  of  Flacourtiaceae  (q.v.).  Style 
Rim  pie,  fruit  not  splitting. 

prock  -i  a,  s.    [Etym.  unknown.  (Loudon.)] 
Hot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Prockere  (q.v.). 

pro  claim ,  *  pro  clame,  v.t.  [Fr.  pro- 
clitmer,  from  L;it.  proclamo :  pro  =  before,  and 
clamo  =  to  cry,  to  shout ;  Sp.  proclamar;  Ital. 
proclamare.] 

1.  To   make   known   by  proclamation  or 
public  announcement ;  to  publish  ;  to  pro- 
mulgate publicly.    (Milton:  P.  L.,  ii.  499.) 

2.  To  declare  or  tell  publicly  or  openly. 

,  "  Yet  they  were  determined  not  to  proclaim.    In 

their  legislative  capacity,  that  they  had,  in  their 
Judicial  capacity,  been  guilty  of  Injustice."— Mae- 
OK/II j/ :  in»t.  Eng.,  ch.  xiv. 

3.  To  show,  to  point  ont ;  to  make  known. 

"For  the  apparel  oft  proclaimt  the  man." 

Shaker  ..•  aamlet,  i.  8. 

*  4.  To  outlaw  by  public  proclamation. 

"  1  heard  myself  proclaimed." 

Shaketp. :  Lear,  11.  S. 

5.  To  declare  under  some  special  act  of 
parliament,  e.g.,  as  affected  with  cattle  dis- 
ease, or  as  a  place  in  which  firearms  are  for- 
bidden to  be  carried  without  a  licence. 

"To  proclaim  whole  countries."— Daily  Telegraph, 


*  pro -claim' -ant,  ».    [Eng.  proclaim;  -ant.] 

A  proclaimer.  * 

"  The  first  prodaimant  of  her  flight."— E.  Bronte  : 
Withering  B  fight*,  ch.  xiL 

pro  claim  er,  *  pro-claym-er.  s.  [Eng. 
proclaim ;  -er.]  One  who  proclaims  or  pub- 
lishes ;  one  who  makes  proclamation  or  public 
announcement. 

"  The  great  proclaimer,  with  a  vole* 
More  awful  tluui  the  nouiid  of  trumpet,  cried 
Repentance."  Milton :  P.  L.,  L  18. 

proc-la  ma  -tion,  5.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  pro- 
clamationem,  accus.  of  proclamutio,  from  pro- 
chimatus,  pa.  par.  of  proclamo  =  to  proclaim 
(q.v.)  ;  Sp.  proclamation  ;  Ital.  proclamazione.] 

1.  The  act  of  proclaiming  or  making  publicly 
known  ;  the  act  of  publishing  or  notifying  by 
public  announcement ;  an  official  or  general 
notice  to  the  public. 

"  Againut  the  proclamation  of  thy  passion." 

Shakeip.  :  AU'i  Well  that  tJndt  Well,  i.  S. 

2.  That  which  is  proclaimed  or  announced 
publicly  ;  a  public  or  general  announcement ; 
a  public  ordinance. 

"  A  second  and  a  third  proclamation  were  published 
at  Edinburgh."— Macaulay  :  Hut.  Eng.,  ch.  vii. 

*pro-<sla-ma'-tor,  s.  [Lat,  from  procla- 
matus,  "pa,  par.  of  proclamo  =  to  proclaim 

(q.v.).] 

Law  :  An  officer  of  the  Court  of  Common 
Pleas. 

Pro'-cli-an-ist,  s.    [Seedef.] 

Church  Hist.  (PI.):  A  sect  of  Montanists, 
named  after  their  founder  Proclus.  They 
either  denied  the  Incarnation  altogether,  or 
held  some  form  of  the  Docetic  heresy. 

prd-cllt'-ic,  a.  &  $.  (Gr.  irpoxAtVu  (proklinff) 
=  to  lean  forward  :  irpo  (pro)  =  forward,  und 
xAiVw  (klino)  =  to  bend,  to  lean.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

Gram. :  Applied  to  a  monosyllabic  word 
which  leans  upon,  or  is  so  closely  attached 
to,  a  following  word,  as  to  have  no  inde- 
pendent existence,  and  therefore  no  accent ; 
atonic. 

B.  As  subst. :  A  proclitic  or  atonic  word. 

*  pro-clive',  a.      [Lat.  proclivis :  pro  =  for- 
ward, and  clivus  =  a  hill.]    Inclined,  bent. 

"  A  woman  is  frxile  and  prof  tins  unto  all  evils." 

Latimer :  Ftrit  Sermon  before  King  Edward,  fol.  28. 

pro-clIV-i-ty,  s.  [Lat.  proclivitas,  from  pro- 
clivis =  proclive  (q.v.).] 

1.  Inclination,  bent ;  natural  disposition  or 
propensity ;  tendency. 

"  Difficulty  in  the  way  of  a  man's  duty,  or  proclivity 
to  sin."— Edwardt:  On  the  Witt,  pt  i..  {  ». 

2.  Readiness  ;  facility  or  quickness  of  learn- 
ing. 

*  pro-cli'-VOUS,  a.      [Lat.  prodivus.]    [PRO- 

CLIVE.]   Inclined,  disposed  ;  having  a  natural 
tendency. 

prd-cce'-li-a,  s.  pi.    [Pref.  pro-,  and  Gr.  KO!A<K 

(koih>s)  =  hollow.] 

1.  Zool. :  A  sub-order  of  Owen's  Crocodilia, 
having  the  dorsal  vertebrae  concave  in  front. 
Called  also  Eucrocodilia. 

2.  Palaeont. :  From  the  Greensand  onward. 

pro-9O3'-li-an,  a.  &  ».    [PRCKXELIA.] 

A.  As  adj. :    Having  the  dorsal  vertebrae 
concave  in  front. 

B.  As  subst. :    Any  individual  of  Owen's 
sub-order  Proccelia  (q.v.). 

pro-903'-lous,  a.     [PROCOZLIAN.]    The  same 

as  I'm  nXKI.I AN  (q.V.). 

pro  c6n-fes  -so,  phr.  [Lat.  =  for  a  thing 
confessed.] 

Law :  Held  or  taken  as  confessed  or  ad- 
mitted ;  as,  if  a  defendant  in  chancery  did 
not  file  an  answer,  the  matter  contained  in 
the  bill  was  taken  pro  confesso,  that  is,  as 
though  it  had  been  confessed  or  admitted. 

pro  con'-siil,  ».     [Lat., 'from  pro  =  for,  and 

consul  =  a  consul.] 

Roman  Antiq. :  An  officer  who,  though  not 
actually  holding  the  office  of  Consul,  exercised 
in  some  particular  locality  all  the  powers  of  a 
consul.  The  office  was  held  for  a  year,  and 
appears  to  have  been  originally  an  extension 
of  power  during  the  progress  of  a  campaign, 
primarily  for  finishing  the  war  without  a 


change  in  the  command,  and  then  for  the 
peaceful  settlement  and  rule  of  the  conquered 
territory.  Later,  certain  of  the  provinces 
were  ruled  by  ex-consuls  sent  out  from  Rome 
on  the  expiration  of  their  terms  of  office,  with 
the  title  of  proconsul,  the  others  being  under 
the  rule  of  propraetors. 

"  Praetors,  procontult  to  their  province* 
Hastening."  Milton :  P.  K..  Iv.  «& 

pro-con -su-lar,  a.      [Lat.  proconsular  it ; 
Fr.  proconsulaire.] 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  proconsnL 

"Invested    with     the     procoi<tular    authority."— 
Gordon :  Tacitut;  Annalei,  bk.  xin.,  ch.  v. 

2.  Governed  by,  or  under  a  proconsul :  as, 
a  proconsular  province. 

pro-con'-sn-lar-y,  *  pro-con-su-lar-ye, 

a,  [Eng.  proconsular ;  -y.]  The  same  as  PKO- 
CONSULAR  (q.v.). 


pro-cdn'-SU-late,    «.      [Lat    proconsulatui ; 

Fr.  procons-ulat.]  The  office  or  jurisdiction  of 
a  proconsul ;  the  time  during  which  a  pro- 
consul held  bis  office. 

"Britain  formed  part  of  a  vast  procontulate."— 
Elton :  Oriffini  of  Engluh  ffittory,  p.  336. 

pro  -  con'  -sul-  ship,  s.  [Eng.  proconsul; 
-ship.]  The  same  as  PROCONSULATE  (q.v.). 

pro-eras  -tin-ate,  v.t.  &  i.  [Lat.  procrasti- 
natus,  pa,  par.  of  procrastinor  =  to  put  off 
till  the  morrow,  to  delay  :  pro  —  forwaitl,  off, 
and  cru.it inns  =  pertaining  to  the  morrow  ; 
eras  =  to-morrow  ;  Fr.  procnutiner ;  Sp.  pro- 
crastinar;  Ital.  procrastinare.] 

*  A.  Trans.  .-"To  put  off  to  a  future  day  ;  to 
postpone  or  delay  from  day  to  day  ;  to  defer, 
to  prolong. 

"  But  all's  become  lost  labour,  and  my  cause 
Is  still  procrattinated."       Brewer :  Lingua,  L  L 

B.  Intrans. :  To  delay  ;  to  be  dilatory. 

"  I  procrattinate  more  than  I  did  twenty  yean  agoi" 
— Sv\ft :  To  Pope. 

prd-cr&s-ti-na'-tion,  *.  [Fr.,  from  Lat. 
procrustinationem,  accus.  ofprocrasiinatio.from 
procrastinatus,  pa.  par.  of  procrastinor  =  to 
procrastinate  (q.v.);  Ital.  procrastinazione.] 
Delay,  dilatoriuess  ;  the  act  or  habit  of  pro- 
crastinating. 

"  Procraftination  is  the  thief  of  time." 

I'oung:  Kight  Thouglttt,  L  8»i. 

pro-cras'-ti-na-tdr,  *.  [Lat.]  One  who 
procrastinates ;  one  who  puts  off  the  doing  of 
anything  from  day  to  day. 

"  He  will  tell  iheprocrattinator.  that  the  tblef  upon 
the  crow  was  heard  by  our  Saviour  at  the  last  hour."— 
Juniut :  Sin  Stigmatiied,  p.  MS. 

pro-cras'-ti-na-tor-^,  «•  [Eng.  procrasti- 
nat(e)  ;  -ory.]  Pertaining  or  given  to  procras- 
tination ;  dilatory. 

*  pro-cr&S'-tine,  v.t.    [Fr.  procrastiner.]    To 
procrastinate  (q.  v.).   (Hall :  Henry  Vll.,  an.  1.) 

*  pro'-cre-ant,  a.  k  s.  [Latprocreaw,  pr.  par. 

of  procreo  =•  to  procreate  (q.V.).] 
A.  As  adjective : 
1.  Generating ;  producing  young. 

"The  loss  of  liberty  is  not  the  whole  of  what  th» 
procreant  bird  sufli-re. "— Pale* :  Xat.  Theol..  ch.  xvut 

*  2.  Assisting  in  producing  young;  contain- 
ing a  brood. 

"No  coign  of  vantage,  but  this  bird  hath  made 
HLs  peudeut  bed,  and  procreant  cndle." 

tJuiLetp. :  Macbeth,  L  «. 

*  B.  As  subst. :  One  who  or  that  which  pro- 
creates. 

"Two  most  unlike  procreantt,  the  sun  and  mud."— 
Milton:  Anim.  on  Kemonarant'i  Defence,  i  IX 

pro'-cre-ate,  v.t.  [Lat  procreatus,  pa.  par. 
of  procreo :  pro  =  liefore,  and  creo  =  to  create  ; 
Fr.  procreer;  Sp.  &  Port,  procrear ;  Ital.  pro- 
creare.]  To  generate  ;  to  beget  and  produce; 
to  engender. 

"  Since  the  earth  retains  her  fruitful  power 
To  procreate  plants."          aim-It  mure  :  Creation. 

*  pro'-crS-ate,  a.    [Lat  procreatus.]    [Pao- 
CREATE,  v.]    Begotten. 

"  Unproereate  Father,  tm-procreate  Son." 

Drummond :  Oymn  on  the  f'airnt  fair. 

procreation,  'procrcacion,  t. 
[Fr.,  from  Lat.  procreationem,  accus.  of  pro- 
creatio,  from  procreatus,  pa.  par.  of  procreo  = 
to  procreate  (q.v.).]  The  act  of  procreating 
or  generating ;  begetting  and  producing  of 
young. 

"  To  enjoye  a  perpetual!  ncietie  In  lawful!  procrtf 
don." — Joye :  ExpotMon  of  Daniel,  ch.  xii. 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  jo'wl ;  cat,  961!,  chorus,  9bin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  "»<«,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  £ 
-cian,  -tian  =  snan.    -tion.  -blon  =  shun ;  - tion,    f ion  =  zhua.   -cious,  -tions,  -sioua  -  aaoa.   -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  be],  deL 


3762 


procreative— Procyon 


prd'-cre-a-tive,  a.  [Eng.  procreate);  -it*.] 
Having  the  powtr  or  property  of  generating  ; 
generative,  productive. 

"  That  procreatife  light  of  heaven."— Hammond  : 
Workt,  iv»51i. 

pro'-cre-a-tive  -ness, «.  [Eng.  procrtative ; 
•ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  procrea- 
tive ;  power  of  generation  ;  productiveness. 

"Then  .  .  .  have  reconciled  the  procreatitenett  of 
corporeal,  with  the  duration  of  incorporeal  sub- 
stances."— Decay  of  Piety. 

pro'-cre-a-tor,  *.  [Lat.,  from  procreatus, 
pa.  par.  of  procreo  =  to  procreate  (q.v.).]  Oue 
who  begets  ;  a  begetter,  a  generator. 

"  Natural  parent**  andprocreaJorj.'—tfaS.-  .Edward 
IV.  (an.  8|L 

pro'-cris,  *.  [Class.  Mythol.,  the  wife  of 
Cephalus.] 

1.  Bot. :  A  genus  of  Urticaceae.    Shrubs  from 
the  East  Indies,  &c. 

2.  Entam. :  A  genus  of  Hawkmoths,  family 
Zyga-nidse.     Fore-wings  green,  without  spots, 
hind-wings  smoky  brown.    Three  are  British  : 
JVocrw  staticts,  the  Forester  Sphinx,  with  the 
tips  of  the  antennae  blunt ;  P.  globularia,  the 
Scarce  Forester,  with  them  pointed ;  and  P. 
Geryon,  the  Cistus  Forester,  closely  akin  to 
the  species  last  named. 

pro-crus'-te-an,  a.  [From  Procrustes,  a 
famous  robber  of  Attica,  who  compelled 
travellers  to  lie  down  on  a  couch,  and  lopped 
off  .is  much  of  their  limbs  as  would  suffice  to 
make  their  length  equal  to  that  of  the  couch. 
If  they  were  too  short,  he  stretched  them.] 

1.  Lit. :  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  or  resembling 
Procrustes  or  his  mode  of  torture. 

2.  Fig. :  Reducing  to  strict  conformity  by 
violent  measures  ;  producing  strict  conformity 
by  force  or  mutilation. 

"  We  do  not  believe,  however,  that  this  Procrustean 
treatment  of  the  human  mind  commends  itself  to 
those  who  have  had  actual  experience  in  missionary 
work."— Scritmer'i  Magazine,  May,  1880,  p.  104. 

•  pro-crus'-te-an-ize,  v.t.     [Eng.  procrus- 
tean;  -ize.]    To  stretch  or  contract  to  a  given 
or  required  size  or  extent. 

•  pro-crus-to'-sl-an,  a.     [Eng.  Procrustes ; 
•tan.]    The  same  as'PROCRCSTEAN  (q.v.). 

prdc'-to-jile,  *.      [Gr.   irfxaK-rfc  (proktos)  = 
the  anus,  and  <o)A>j  (kele)  —  a  tumour.] 
Pathol:  Hernia,  or  prolapsus,  ani. 

proc  t6-no'-tus,  *.  [Gr.  wpa»eT<k  (proktos)  = 
the  anus,  and  euro?  (notes)  =  the  back.] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  JSolid*  (q.v.).  Animal 
oblong,  depressed,  pointed  behind ;  two  dorsal 
tentacles,  with  eyes  at  their  base  ;  oval  tenta- 
cles short ;  vent  dorsal,  whence  the  generic 
name.  Three  species,  from  the  North  Atlantic. 

pro c  -  tor,  *  proV-  ter,  *  proce  -  tour, 
*  proke-towre,  s.  [A  shortened  form  of 
procurator  (q.v.).] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  One  who  is  employed  to   manage   the 
affairs  of  another ;  a  procurator. 

"  Affiances  made  and  taken  by  proctor*  and  deputies 
on  bothe  parties."— Ball :  Richard  111.  (an.  3). 

2.  The  same  as  Proctors  of  the  Clergy  (q.v.). 
•'  Forty-four  jwoetorj  were  elected  by  the  eight  thou- 

•and  parish  prieats."— Macaulay  :  Bin.  Eng.,  ch.  xiv. 

»  3.  A  beggar. 

1L  Technically: 

L  Law :  A  i>er8on  employed  to  manage 
another's  cause  in  a  court  of  civil  or  ecclesi- 
astical law.  He  answers  to  an  attorney  at 
Common  law  and  a  solicitor  in  equity. 

2.  Univ. :  Two  officials  chosen  from  among 
the  Masters  of  Arts  to  enforce  the  statutes, 
and  preserve  good  order  and  discipline,  by 
repressing  and  summarily  punishing  disorder. 

If  Proctors  of  the  Clergy:  Clergymen  elected 
to  represent  cathedral  or  other  collegiate 
churches,  and  also  the  common  clergy  of  every 
diocese  in  Convocation. 

•pr6c'-tor,  v.t.  [PROCTOR,  «.]  To  manage, 
as  a  proctor  or  agent. 

"  I  cannot  praetor  mine  own  cause  so  well* 
Warburton:  On  Shaketpeare'i  Antony  t  Cleopatra. 

?proc'-tdr-age  (age  as  Ig), «.  f Eng.  proctor ; 
•age.]  Management  by  a  proctor  or  other 
agent ;  management  or  superintendence  gener- 
ally. 

"  The  fogging  prectoragc  of  money."  —  Milton :  Of 
Reformation  in  England,  bk,  U. 


prSc-tof-I-al,  a.  [Eng.  proctor;  -ial.]  Per- 
taining to,  or'connected  with,  a  proctor,  espec. 
a  proctor  of  a  university  :  as,  proctorial 
authority. 


*  proc-toV-Ic-al,  a, 

Proctorial. 


[Eng.  proctor;  -ical] 


"Every  tutor.  .  .  shall  have  protorical  authority  over 
his  pupils."—  Prideaux:  Life,  p.  231. 

pr  OC'  -tor-Ship,  s.  [Eng.  proctor;  -ship.]  The 
office  or  dignity  of  a  proctor  ;  the  time  during 
which  a  proctor  holds  his  office. 

••This  Mr.  Savile  died  in  his  proctorthip  of  this 
University."—  Wood  :  Athena  Oxon. 

prdc-to-tru'-pes,  s.  [Gr.  WOWKTOS  (proktos) 
=  the  anus,  the  tail,  and  rpuira  (trupa)  —  a 
hole.] 

Entom.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Proctotrupirtse 
(q.v.).  Lubbock  discovered  that,  unlike  other 
llynienoptera,  the  species  are  aquatic,  diving 
here  and  there  by  means  of  their  wings. 

pr6c-to-tru'-pi-d»,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  proc- 
totrup(es);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Entom.  :  A  family  of  Hymenoptera,  tribe 
Entomophaga.  Antennae  with  fourteen, 
fifteen,  or  rarely  eight  joints.  Wings  often 
wanting  ;  if  present,  with  a  distinct  stigma 
on  the  anterior  margin,  but  no  complete  cells. 
Minute  black  ichneumons,  with  opaque,  hairy, 
whitish  wings. 

prd-cum'-bent,  a.  [Lat.  procwmbens,  pr.  par. 
of  procumbo  =  to  lean  or  incline  forward  :  pro 
=  forward,  and  -cumbo  =  to  lean  or  lie  (only 
used  in  composition),  from  cubo  =  to  lie  down.] 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Lying  down  or  on  the  face  ; 
prone. 

2.  Bot.  :  Spread  over  the  surface  of  the 
ground. 

pro-cur'-a-ble,  a.  [Eng.  procure);  -able.] 
Capable  o'f  being  procured  ;  that  may  or  can 
be  procured  ;  obtainable,  acquirable. 

"  Even  money  was  procurable  about  her  chance."— 
Field,  Oct.  3,  1886. 

*  proc'-u-ra-cy,  *  proc-u-ra-cle,  *.    [Fr. 

procuruiie;  "Low  Lat.  procuratia.] 

1.  The  office  or  service  of  a  procurator; 
management  of  an  affair  for  another. 

2.  A  proxy  or  procuration. 

"  He  sayde  he  would  seude  thither  a  sufficient  pro- 
curocie  and  conuenient  proctors."  —  Hall;  Henry  ¥111. 
(an.  35). 

proc-u-ra'-tion,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  procura- 
tionem, accus.  of  procuratio,  from  procuratus, 
pa.  par.  of  procure.]  [PROCURE.] 

1.  The  act  of  procuring  ;  specif.,  the  act  of 
procuring  young  girls  for  unlawful  purposes. 

"  That  if  parents  assented  to  the  sale  or  procuration 
of  their  children  for  immoral  purposes."—  Daily  Tele- 
graph, Nov.  5,  1885. 

2.  The  management  of  affairs  for  another. 

"  [  take  not  upon  me  either  their  procuration  or 
their  patronage."—  Bp.  Hall  :  Kemaint,  p.  870. 

3.  The   document    by  which  a  person  is 
authorized  to  transact  business  for  another  ;  a 
proxy. 

"  No  one  ii  allowed  to  sign  by  procuration  except 
those  specially  authorized."—  BUhell  :  Counting  Bouie 
Dictionary. 

4.  (PI.)  Payments  formerly  made  yearly  by 
the  parochial  clergy  to  the  Bishop  and  Arch- 
deacons on  account  of  visitations  ;  they  are 
now  payable  to  the  Ecclesiastical  Commis- 
sioners under  the  Acts  23  &  24  Viet.,  c.  124, 
and  30  &  31  Viet.,  c.  135.    They  are  also  called 
proxies. 

procuration-fee,  s. 

Law  :  The  commission  taken  by  a  scrivener 
on  effecting  loans. 

proc'-u-ra-tor/pro-cu-ra-tour.s.  [Lat., 
from  procuratus,  pa.  par.  of  procure  =  to  take 
care  01  ;  Fr.  procurateur.]  [PROCURE.] 

1.  One  who  acts  or  transacts  business  for 
another  under  his  authority  ;  one  who  manages 
another's  affairs  ;  espec.  one  who  undertakes 
the  care  of  any  legal  proceeding  for  another, 
and  stands  in  his  place.  In  ."Scotland,  one  who 
represents  parties  in  the  inferior  courts. 

"  May  I  not  axe  a  lihel.  sire  soinpnour, 
And  answere  tber  by  my  /irocuratourf  " 

Chaucer:  C.  T..  7.178. 

*2.  The  governor  of  a  Roman  province  under 
the  Emperors,  also  the  officer  who  had  the 
management  of  the  imperial  revenue  in  a 
province. 


procurator-fiscal,  s. 

Scots  Law:  The  officer  appointed  by  tne 
sheriff,  magistrates  of  burghs,  or  justices  of  the 
peace,  at  whose  instance  criminal  proceedings 
before  such  judges  are  carried  on. 

pro'c-u-ra-tor'-I-al,  a.  [Eng.  procurator; 
-ia/.]  Of*  or  pertaining  to  a  procurator  or 
proctor ;  done  or  made  by  a  proctor. 

"  All  procnratorial  exceptions  ought  to  be  made  be- 
fore contestation  of  tui\S—Ayl(ffe:  fareryvn. 

proc'-u-ra-tdr-ship,  *.  [Eng.  procurator ; 
•ship.]  The  office  of  a  procurator. 

"The  office  which  Pilate  bore  was  the  procuratorMp 
of  Judas."— Pear  ion:  On  the  Creed,  art.  iv. 

pr6c'-U-ra-t6r-y,a.  &s.  [Eng.  procurator  ;-v.] 

*  A.    As   adj. :    Tending   to  procuration ; 
authorizing  procuration. 

"  Commended  to  the  pope  by  the  letters  procure* 
tory  of  the  king."— Fox :  Marty n,  p.  248. 

B.  As  subst. :  The  instrument  by  which  any 
person  constitutes  or  appoints  another  as  hia 
procurator  to  represent  him  iii  any  court  or 
cause. 

H  Procurator^  of  resignation: 

Scots  Law :  A  written  mandate  or  authority 
granted  by  a  vassal,  whereby  heauthorizes  hia 
feu  to  be  returned  to  his  superior,  either  to 
remain  with  the  superior  as  his  property,  or 
for  tlie  purpose  of  the  superior  giving  out  the 
feu  to  a  new  vassal,  or  to  the  former  vassal 
and  a  new  series  of  heirs. 

pro-cure',  v.t.  &  i.    [Fr.  procurer,  from  Lat. 
procure  =  to  take  care  of,  to  manage  :  pro  = 
for,  and  euro  =  to  take  care,  euro  =  care  ;  Sp.  & 
Port,  procurar  ;  ItaL  procurare.] 
A.  Transitive: 

*  1.   To  manage,  as  agent  for  another ;  to 
negotiate,  to  arrange.  (Spenser:  F.  Q.,  II.  ii.  32.) 

2.  To  obtain  or  get  by  any  means,  as  by 
loan,  purchase,  labour,  or  request ;  to  gain ; 
to  come  into  possession  of. 

"  He  valued  power  chiefly  as  the  means  of  procuring 
pleasure." — Macaulay  :  But.  Eng.,  ch.  xvili. 

3.  Spec. :  To  get  or  obtain  for  unlaw  ful  or 
lustful  purposes. 

"  Money  for  a  procured  child  was  customarily  paid 
to  the  procuress.  —Daily  Telegraph,  Nov.  5,  1885. 

4.  To  gain,  to  win,  to  attract :  to  cause  to 
come  on. 

"  Money  procures  all  those  advautagea."— Ootdtmith! 
Polite  Learning,  ch.  x. 

*  5.  To  cause,  to  contrive,  to  bring  about, 
to  effect.    (Shakesp. :  Lear,  ii.  4.) 

*  6.  To  induce  to  do  something ;  to  lead,  to 
bring.    (Shakesp. :  Romeo  £  Juliet,  iii.  5.) 

*  7.  To  entreat,  to  solicit  earnestly. 

"  Of  the  fair  Alma  greatly  were  procar'd 
To  make  there  longer  sojourn  and  abode." 

Center:  ?.({,.  1IL  L  1. 

*  B.  Intrans. :  To  pimp  (q.v.). 

"  How  doth  my  dear  morsel,  thy  mistress?  Procurm 
•he  still?  " — Snaketp. :  feature  for  feature,  ill  2. 

pro-ciire  '-mint,  «.     [Eng.  procure;  -ment.) 
1.  The  act  of  procuring,  gaining,  or  obtain- 
ing ;  obtaiumeut,  attainment. 

*  2.  The  act  of  causing  or  effecting. 

"  Done  by  his  consent  and  /.rocurement."— Guiding*  : 
Cottar,  fol.  16. 

pro-ciir'-er,  *  pro-cur-our, «.    [Eng.  pro- 
curif);  -er.\ 
1.  Oue  who  procures  or  obtains. 

*  2.  One  who  causes  or  effects ;  one  who 
uses  means  to  bring  any  thing  about,  especially 
one  who  uses  secret  or  corrupt  means. 

3.  One  who  procures  for  another  the  grati- 
fication of  his  lust ;  a  pimp,  a  pander. 

"  A  statesman  stooping  to  the  wicked  and  shameful 
part  of  a  procurer."— Macaulay :  Hut.  tng.,  ch.  vL 

prdc'-u-ress,  pro-ciir'-ess,  *.  [Eng.  pro. 
citr(e);  -ess.\  A  lemale  pimp  ;  a  bawd. 

"  Wickedly  dealt  with  by  men  and  procureuei  and 
sucli  like. "— Uaily  Telegraph,  Dec.  17,  lesi. 

»  pro-cur-va'-tion, ».  [Pref.  pro-,  and  Eng. 
curvation  (q.v.).J  A  bending  or  curving 
forward. 

Prd'-cjf-8n,  prd'-cy^-Sa,  s.  [Lat.,  from  Gr. 
UPOKUUIV  (Prokuon)  =  a  dogstar.  J 

1.  Astron.  (Of  the  form  Procyon)  :  A  star  of 
the  first  magnitude  in  Cams  Minor.  It  may 
be  found  by  drawing  a  line  through  Orion'a 
belt  and  Sirius,  and  another  from  Sirius  up- 
wards at  right  angles  to  it ;  the  latter  will 
cut  Procyon.  It  has  a  blue  colour,  and  is  a 
binary  star. 


fitte.  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wit,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go.  p8t» 
or,  wore,  W9lf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub.  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian.    •e,os  =  e;  cy  -  a;  «u  =  kw. 


procyonidae— prr>dnct 


3763 


fc  Zool.  (Of  tht  form  procyon)  :  Raccoon 
(q.v.) ;  the  typical  genus  of  the  family  Pro- 
cyonidae. Body  stout;  head  broad  behind, 
with  pointed  muzzle ;  limbs  plantigrade,  but 
in  walking  the  entire  sole  is  not  applied  to 
the  ground,  as  it  is  when  the  animal  is  stand- 
ing. Tail  non-prehensile.  There  are  two  well- 
defined  species :  Procyon  loior,  from  North, 
*nd  P.  cancrivorus,  from  3outh  America.  The 
specific  name  of  the  former  has  reference 
to  the  animal's  habit  of  dipping  all  its  food, 
except  meat,  in  water,  before  eating  it.  Prof. 
Mivart  (Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1885,  p.  347)  adds  a 
third  species,  P.  nigripes,  distinguished  from 
P.  cancrivorus  by  having  darker  feet. 

3.  PaUeont. :  From  the  Pliocene  or  Post- 
Pliocene  deposits  of  Illinois  and  Carolina. 

^rd-cjr-Sa'-it-iUB,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat. procyon; 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  idee.] 

Zool.  :  A  family  of  Arctoid  Mammals  of 
exclusively  American  habitat,  ranging  from 
Britisl.  Columbia  and  Canada,  in  the  north,  to 
Paraguay  and  the  limits  of  the  tropical  forests, 
in  the  ><ou*h.  There  are  five  genera :  Procyon, 
Hassans,  Bassaricyon,  Nasua,  and  Cercoleptcs. 
IPRajYON,  NASCA.] 

pro  -$y-6-nlne,  a.  [Mod.  Lat.  procyon ;  Eng. 
suff.  -int.]  Belonging  to,  or  having  the 
characteristics  of,  the  Procyonidae  (q.v.). 

"  This  name  [Bassaricyon]  has  recently  (18761  been 
given  to  a  distinct  modification  of  the  I'rocyonine 
type,  of  which,  »t  present,  only  two  examples  are 
known,  one  from  Costa  Rica  and  the  other  from  Ecua- 
dor, which  have  been  named  Rautaricyon  gabbi  and 
B.  ulleiii.  They  much  resemble  the  Kinkajou  (Or- 
coleptes)  in  external  appearance,  but  the  skull  and 
teeth  are  more  like  those  of  Procyon  and  Nasua."— 
Jtncyc.  Brit.  (ed.  9th),  xv.  441. 

prod  (1),  *.    [The  same  word  as  BROD  (2),  *.] 

1.  A  pointed  instrument  or  weapon,  as  a 
goad,  an  awl,  &c. 

"At  the  other  end  a  (harp  steel  prod."— Daily  Tele- 
graph.  Dec.  5,  1885. 

2.  A  prick  with  a  pointed  instrument ;  a  stab. 

•  prod  (2),  ».    [PRODD.] 

prod,  v.t.  [PROD  (1),  «.]  To  prick  with  a  prod 
or  pointed  instrument ;  to  goad. 

"ShaU  I  prod  him  with  my  spear?" 

H.  Taylor:  £ne  nf  St.  Clement. 

*  prodd,  *  prod  (2),  s.   [Etym.  doubtful.]  A 
kind  of  light  cross-bow  for  killing  deer. 

Pro-die' -Ian  (c  as  sh),  s.    [See  def.] 

Church  Hist.  (PI.) :  A  body  of  Antinomian 

Gnostics,  who  took  their  name  from  Prodicus, 
:    a  heretic  of  the  second  century,  the  founder 

of  the  Adamites  (q.v.). 

prod'-i-gal,  *  prod-1-gall,  a.,  ».,  &  adv. 
[O.  Fr.  prodigal,  from  Low  Lat.  prodigalis, 
from  Lat.  prodigus  —  wasteful,  from  prodigo 
=  to  drive  forth  or  away:  prod-  (  =  pro-)  = 
forward,  and  ago  =  to  drive;  Sp.,  Port.,  & 
Ital.  prodigo.] 

A.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Given  to  extravagant  or  excessive  ex- 
•  penditure ;   expending  money  wastefully  or 

•without  necessity  ;  wasteful,  lavish,  extrava- 
gant, profuse.    (Said  of  persons.) 

"As  amusing  as  the  prodigal  son  of  the  family 
i  generally  is  in  his  conversation  and  career."— Daily 
,  Telegraph,  Feb.  K,  1886. 

2.  Characterized  by  extravagance  or  waste- 
fulness ;  lavish,  profuse.    (Said  of  things.) 

8.  Very  liberal ;  lavishly  bountiful. 

\  "  Prodigal  ot  thanks." 

Daniel :  CMl  Wart,  11 

•  4.  Excessive,  superabundant. 

f          "  Oppression  of  their  prodigal  weight." 

Shakap.  :  Richard  II.,  lit.  4. 

B,  As  subst. :  One  who  exjiends  money  ex- 
travagantly or  without  necessity ;  a  lavisher 
of  money  ;  a  spendthrift,  a  waster. 

"Worthless  prodigal!  .  .  .  despised  eren  by  fooU." 
—Burnt :  Euan;  On  Moru't,  j  6. 

*  C.  As  adv. :  Prodigally,  profusely,  lavishly. 

"  How  prodigal  the  soul  lends  the  tongue  vows." 
Shaketp. :  Samlet,  L  S. 

pro'd-I-gal'-I-ty,  *prod  e-gal  i  te, 
*  prod-l-gal-i-tie,  s.  [Fr.  prodigalite, 
from  Lat  prodigatitatem,  ace.  of  prodigalitas, 
from  prodigus  =  prodigal  (q.v.).] 

L  The  quality  or  state  of  being  prodigal; 
extravagant  or  wasteful  expenditure,  particu- 
larly of  money  ;  profusion,  lavishness,  waste. 

"  Prodigality  is  the  devil's  steward  and  purse-bearer." 
—South  :  Sermoni,  vol.  lv..  ser.  10. 

2.  Excessive  or  lavish  liberality. 

"  The  prodigality  of  nature." 

Shaketp. :  Richard  I  IT.,  L  1 


*  prod  -I  gal-ize,  tt.i.  4  t.    [Eng.  proaigai; 
•we.] 

A.  Intrans. :  To  act  prodigally ;  to  he  ex- 
travagant or  wasteful  iu  expenditure. 

B.  Trans. :  To  lavish. 

"  Major  MacBlaraey  prodigalize*  his  offers  of  ser- 
vice."— Lytton :  Caxtani.  bk.  xvii.  ch.  L 

prod'- i- gal -ly,  *  prod  i-  gal -lie,  adv. 
[Eng.  prodigal;  -ly.] 

L  In  a  prodigal,  wasteful,  or  extravagant 
manner ;  extravagantly.  (Golden  Buke,  ch.  xlv.) 

2.  With  lavish  bounty;  profusely,  in  pro- 
fusion. 

"  She  did  starve  the  general  world  beside. 
And  prodigally  gave  them  alt  to  you." 

xtiakxtp, :  Love'!  Labour!  Lost,  iL  1. 

*  prod'-I-gate,  v.  1.    [Lat.  prodigus  =  prodigal 
(q.v.).]     To  squander  lavishly  ;  to  lavish,  to 
waste.     (Thackeray.) 

*  prod'-J-gen9e,  s.     [Lat.  prodigentia,  from 
prodigens,   pr.    par.    of  prodigo  =  to  waste.] 
Waste,  profusion,  prodigality. 

"This  is  not  bounty,  it  is  prodigence."—Bp.  Hall: 
Contemp. ;  John  Baptia  beheaded. 

pro-dig'-ioiis,  a.  [Fr.  prodigieux,  from  Lat. 
prodigiosus,  from  prodigium  =  a  sign,  a  por- 
tent, a  prodigy  (q.v.)  ;  Sp.  &  Ital  prodigioao.] 

*  1.  Belonging  to  a  prodigy,  or  portentous 
omen  ;  having  the  character  or  nature  of  a 
prodigy.  (Beaum.  &  Flet. :  Philaster,  v.  1.) 

*2.  Extraordinary,  monstrous. 

Nature  breeds 
all  pra<li</iout  i 
Hilton:  P. 

3.  Enormous  in  size,  quantity,  extent,  &c. ; 
huge,  very  great. 

"An  immense  hall,  lighted  up  with  a  prvdigioiu 
number  of  candle*."— Euitact :  Italy,  voL  L,  ch.  L 

*4.  Excessive,  intense. 

pro-dlg'-ious-ly,  odt> .  fEng.  prodigious  ;-ly.] 
1.  In  a  prodigious  manner  or  degree ;  enor- 
mously, wonderfully,  astonishingly. 

"  Twice  every  month  th'  eclipses  of  our  light 
Poor  mortals  should  prodiyiouily  affriuht." 

Drat/ton:  Man  in  the  Moon. 

•2.  Exceedingly,  excessively,  immensely. 
(Colloquial.) 

"  I  am  prodi'tiotidy  pleased  with  this  Joint  volume." 
— Pope.  (Todd.) 

pro-dig' -ious-ness,  5.  [Eng.  prodigious; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  pro- 
digious ;  enormousness  of  size,  &c.  ;  porten- 
tousness. 

"A  further  prodiyioutneu  and  honour.*— Hale! : 
Remain!,  p.  289. 

prod'-I-gy,  s.  [Fr.  prodige,  from  Lat.  pro- 
digium  =  a  showing  before,  a  portent ;  Sp.  & 
Ital.  prodigio.} 

1.  Something  extraordinary  or  out  of  the 
ordinary  course  of  nature,  from  which  omens 
are  drawn  ;  a  portent. 

"[Be]  trusted  Heaven's  informing  prodigiei." 

Pope :  Homer  ;  Iliad  vi.  226. 

2.  Something  of  so  extraordinary  a  nature 
as  to  excite  astonishment ;  a  marvel. 

"  If  a  damsel  had  the  least  smattering  of  literature 
the  was  regarded  as  a  prodigy."— Jlacaulay ;  Hi*. 
Eng.,  ch.  iii. 

3.  A  monster  ;  a  production  of  nature  out 
of  the  ordinary  course. 

*  pro-dl-tion,  s.     [Lat.  proditio,  from  prodo 

=  to  betray.]    Treachery,  treason. 

"  It  had  bene  better  for  thee  not  to  have  accused  the 
king  of  this  prodUion."—Orafton :  Henry  II.  (an.  18). 

*  prdd'-I-tor,  «.     [Lat.,  from  prodo  =  to  be- 
tray.]   A  traitor. 

"  Thou  most  usurping  proditor* 

Shatetp.  :  1  Henry  VI.,  L  S. 

» prod-i-tbV-J-ous,  o.    [PRODITOR.] 
L  Treacherous,  traitorous,  perfidious. 

"  Now,  proditoriout  wretch !  what  hast  thou  done?" 
Daniel.     (Todd.) 

2.  Apt  to  make  discoveries  or  disclosures. 

*  prod-J-toV-I-OUS-ly,  adv.     [Eng.  prodi- 
torious ;   -ly.}      Treacherously,  traitorously, 
perfidiously.    (Nashe :  Lenten  Stv/e.) 

*  prod -I-tor-y,  a.    [PRODITOR.]    Traitorous, 

treacherous.    (Milton :  Eikonoklastes,  §  2.) 

*  pro  '-drome,  «.     [Fr.,  from  Or.  irpoopo^o? 
(prodromos)  =  a  forerunner:  npo  (pro)  —  be- 
fore, and  o>d>of  (dromos)  =  a  course  ;    Lat, 
pro<lromus;   Sp.  &  Ital.  prodrome.]    A  fore- 
runner. 

" These  may  prove  the  prodrome!  ...  to  the  ruin 
of  our  monarchy."— Softer  Sadnea,  p.  4ft. 


•  pro    drom  oiis,    a. 
running,  preceding. 


[PRODROME.]     Fore- 


pro -drom-iis,  s.    [Lat]    [PRODROME.] 

Literature :  A  preliminary  course,  chiefly 
used  as  the  title  of  elementary  works. 

pro-du9e',  v.t.  &  i.  [Lat  produce  =  to  bring 
forward  :  pro  =  forward,  and  ditco  =  to  lead  ; 
Sp.  producir ;  Port,  proditzir ;  It&l.  producer*  f 
Fr.  pruduire.] 

A.  Transitive: 

L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  To  bring  forward  ;  to  bring  into  view  or 
•  notice  ;  to  exhibit :  as,  Tc  produce  a  play. 

2.  To  draw  out ;  to  lengthen.    [II.] 

*  3.  To  extend,  to  lengthen,  to  prolong. 

"  Perhaps  our  stay  will  be 
Beyond  our  o»  n  will  produced." 

Ben  Jonion  :  Sejamu,  ill.  4 

4.  To  bring  forth,  to  give  birth  to  ;  to  bear, 
to  generate. 

"  The  greatest  jurist  that  his  country  had  produced.' 
—Macaulay:  11 M.  Lnj.,  ch.  xiii. 

5.  To  bear,  to  yield  :  as,  Trees  produce  fruit. 

6.  To  cause,  to  effect ;  to  bring  about ;  to  give 
rise  or  origin  to.   (Coirper :  Conversation,  378.) 

7.  To  manufacture,  to  make  :  as,  To  produce 
wares. 

8.  To  yield,  to  cause  to  accrue ;  to  gain : 
as,  Money  produces  interest. 

IL  Geom. :  To  draw  out  in  length  ;  to  ex- 
tend  :  as,  To  produce  a  line. 

B.  Intrans. :    To  bring  forth,  to  bear,  to 
yield  :  as,  A  tree  produces  well. 

prSd'-U9e,  *.  [PRODUCE,  v.]  That  which  is 
produced,  yielded,  or  brought  forth  ;  the  out- 
come yielded  by  labour  or  natural  growth  ; 
product,  yield,  production,  result  (It  is 
generally  confined  in  meaning  to  that  which 
is  produced  by  land  or  raw  products.) 

produce-broker,  s.  A  dealer  in  foreign 
or  colonial  produce,  as  grain,  groceries,  spices, 
dye-stud's,  &C. 

*  pro-duce'-ment,  *.   [Eng.  produce  ;  -ment.} 
Production. 

"Theproducementof  inch  glorious  effect*.*— Milton: 
Apol.  for  Smectymnuut. 

pro-dU9'-ent,  *.  [Lat  prcdvcens,  pr.  par.  of 
produce  =.  to  produce  (q.v.).]  One  who  ex- 
hibits or  offers  to  view  or  notice. 

"  Construed  to  the  advantage  of  the  productnt."— 
Ayliffe:  fareryon. 

pr6-duc'-er,  s.    [Eng.  produce),  v. ;  -tr.} 

1.  One  who  or   that   which   produces  or 
generates. 

"  It  is  both  the  producer  and  the  ground  of  all  lt» 
acts."— .SoufA :  Sermoni,  voL  vni.,  ser.  10. 

2.  Specif. :  One  who  manufactures  wares  or 
grows  produce  on  land. 

"  The  very  goods  which  they  themselves  most  want 
are  unsaleable  because  the  producer!  are  thus  denied 
the  possil  iili  t  y  of  purchasing  them."— Daily  Tel  f  graph, 
Feb.  16,  1886. 

*  pr6-du9-I-bQ'-I-ty,  *.  [Eng.  produciW(«); 
-ity.\    The  quality  or  state  of  being  produci- 
ble ;  capability  of  being  produced. 

"  Nothing  contained  in  the  notion  of  substance  In- 
consistent with  such  a  producibility."— barrow :  S*r- 
mont,  vol.  iL,  ser.  li. 

pri-duc'-i-ble,  o.    [Eng.  produce) ;  -ible.]  ' 

1.  Ca]>able  of  being  produced,  exhibited,  or 
brought  forward,  or  into  notice. 

"  Many  warm  expressions  of  the  fathers  are  produci- 
ble in  this  case."—  Decay  of  Piety. 

2.  Capable  of  being  produced,  generated,  or 
made. 

••  Producible  by  the  fortuitous  motions  of  matte*.  "— 
Cudworth  ;  Intellectual  Syaem,  p.  673. 

pr6-du9'-I-ble-ness,  ».  [Eng.  producible; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  produci- 
ble ;  producibility. 

"  The  produfi'ilrnrts  of  other  principle*  also  may  bo 
discovered. "—Boyle :  Work*,  i.  661. 

prod'-tict,  *.     [Lat  productnm,  neut.  sing,  of 
productx*,  pa.  par.  of  produco  =  to  produce 
(q.v.);  Fr.  produit.] 
L  Ordinary  language  : 
1.  That  which  is  produced  by  nature,  as 
fruits,  grain,  metals,  &c. ;  that  which  is  yielded 
by  the  soil ;  produce. 

"  Tet  hen  all  product!  and  all  plant*  abound." 

Pope :  Homer ;  Odyuey  iz.  lit 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  jowl ;  cat,  9011,  chonis,  chin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xcnophon.  exist.    -Ing. 
-Oian.  -tian  =  snan.   -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -9 ion  =  zhiin.    -cions,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.   -ble,  -die,  &c.  —  bel,  del. 


3764 


product— profectloft 


2.  Tiiat  which  is  produced  or  formed  by 
laJ>our,  art,  or  mental  application  ;  a  produc- 
tion, a  composition. 

3.  Effect,   result,    consequence,    outcome ; 
something  consequential. 

"  These  are  the  product 
Of  those  111  mated  marriages." 

tIMn:  P.  L..  Ii.  S8S. 

tt  Math.  :  The  result  obtained  by  taking 
one  quantity  as  many  times  as  there  are  units 
In  another  ;  the  result  or  quantity  obtained  by 
multiplying  two  or  more  numbers  or  quanti- 
ties together  :  thus  the  product  of  3  and  6  is 
18.  The  twoquantities  multiplied  together  are 
called  factors.  Product  is  the  result  of  mul- 
tiplication, as  sum  is  of  addition.  The  con- 
tinued product  of  any  number  of  factors  is  the 
result  obtained  by  multiplying  the  first  factor 
by  the  second,  that  result  by  the  third  factor, 
that  by  the  fourth,  and  so  on. 

•  pr6-duct',  v.t.     [Lat  product**,  pa.  par.  of 
produce  =  to  produce  (q.v.).] 
L  To  produce  ;  to  bring  forward. 

"  Being  prndurted  to  hii  but  examination."— Fax  : 
Martyr*,  p.  1.6*5. 

2.  To  lengthen  out ;  to  extend. 

&  To  produce,  to  make,  to  generate. 


t  pro-due' -ta,  ».    [PRODUCTUS.] 

•  pro-duct-I-blT-l'-ty,  *.    [Eng.  producible ; 
•ity.]    Pnxlncibility  (q.v.). 

"  No  produce  ever  maintains  a  consistent  rate  of 
produftibUiln."—  Ktutin:  i'nto  ThU  Ltat,  p.  S3. 

•  pro-duct'-I-ble,  o.     [Eng.  product;  -tile.] 
Capable  of  being  produced  ;  producible. 

pro-duc'-ti-dw,  s.  pi.  [Lat  productus); 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.} 

Palceont.  :  A  family  of  Brarhiopoda,  with 
three  genera,  Productus,  Strophalosia,  and 
Chonetes.  (Woodward.)  Animal  unknown  ; 
•hell  entirely  free  or  attached  to  submarine 
objects ;  no  calcified  supiiorts  for  oral  pro- 
cesses. Characteristic  of  Devonian,  Carboni- 
ferous, and  Permian  deposits. 

•pro-dfic'-tile,  o.  [Lat  productU.it,  from 
productus,  pa.  par.  of  produce  =  to  produce 
(q.v.).]  Capable  of  being  produced  or  extended 
in  length. 

f»ro  duc-tlon,  ».     [Fr.,  from  Lat.   produc- 
tionem,  accus.  otproductio  =  a  producing,  from 
productus,  pa.  par.  of  produce  =  to  produce 
(q.v.);  Sp.  production ;  Ital.  prodmione.] 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  The  act  of  producing,  bearing,  yielding, 
Or  generating. 

"  By  its  constant  production  of  saleable  comraodi- 
'     ties."— Locke :  Coniideratimt  on  Jnterett. 

2.  The  act  of  producing  or  bringing  forward 
inter  view  or  notice  ;  as,  the  production  of 
evidence,  or  of  a  witness. 

*  3.  The  act  of  lengthening,  or  extending  In 
length  .  as,  the  production  of  a  line. 

4.  That  which  is  produced,  or  made  by  na- 
ture or  art  :  the  productions  of  nature  com- 
prise fruits,  vegetables,  &c.  ;  the  productions 
of  art,  manufactures  of  all  kinds,  books,  paint- 
Ings,  &c.  (Covper:  Progress  of  Error,  527). 

JL  Technically : 

1.  Pol  it.  Econ. :  The  producing  of  articles 
having  an  exchangeable  value. 

U  The  requisites  of  production  are  two, 
labour  and  appropriate  natural  objects.  La- 
bour is  classified  into  productive  and  non- 
productive or  unproductive  :  only  the  former 
is  directly  employed  in  the  production  of 
wealth.  (Mill:  Polit.  Econ.,  bk.  i.,  ch.  i.-iii.) 

2.  Scot*  IMW  (PI.) :  In  judicial  proceedings 
the  name  given  to  written  documents  or  other 
things  produced  in  process  iu  support  of  the 
action  or  defence. 

H  To  satisfy  production: 
Scots  Law :  To  produce  a  document  bearing 
on  a  case. 

prd-dnc'-t?ve,  a.    [Eng.  product; -ire.] 

1.  Having  the  power  or  quality  of  producing. 

"  The  former,  a>  It  produces  a  value,  majr  be  called 
frrxiitctive.  the  latter.  uupr.Kluctive  labour. "— Smith : 
Wc.,lth  of  K^iont,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  iii. 

1    2.  Producing ;  bringing  into  being ;  causing 
to  exist ;  originating. 

"  That  an  was  productive  of  men  of  prodigious 
Itature."—  Broome :  On  On  Odyttty. 

3.  Fertile  ;  producing  large  crops  .  as,  pro- 
ductive land. 


pro-duo' -tlve-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  productive; 
-It/.]  In  a  productive  manner ;  by  production ; 
with  abundant  produce. 

pro  due -tive-ness,  «.  [Eng.  productive ; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  produc- 
tive. 

"  In  every  department  of  tmductivtnru  Texas  Is 
bard  to  beat.'— Kaily  Telegraph,  Jan.  us,  IBM. 

*  pr6-duc-tiV-I-ty,  «.     [Eng.   productive); 
-ity.]    Power  of  producing  ;  productiveness. 

"  They  have  reinforced  their  own  productivity  "— 
Rmrrtm :  Sngliih  Train,  ch.  x. 

*  pro  due -tress,  «.     [Eng.  product;  -ress.] 
A  female  who  produces. 

pro-duc'-tus,  t  pro-due' -ta, «.  [PRODUCT.] 
Palceont. :  The  typical  genus  of  the  family 
Productidae  (q.v.),  with  eighty-one  species, 
widely  distributed,  and  ranging  from  the 
Devonian  to  the  Permian.  Etheridge  enum- 
erates five  species  from  the  Devonian,  forty- 
five  from  the  Carboniferous,  aud  two  from  tie 
Permian  of  Britain. 

pro-e-gu'-mln-al,  a.  [Gr.  wpoiryov^tu  (proe- 

goumai),  for  irpoijyt'o/toi  (proegeomai)  =  to  lead : 

wpo  (pro)  =  before,  and  q-yc'ofuu  (higeomai)  =  to 

lead.] 

Med. :  Serving  to  predispose  ;  predisposing. 

prd'Hsm,  *  pro-erne,  *  pro-home,  s.  [Fr. 
proeme,  from  Lat.  procemium;  Gr.  Trpooifuov 
(prooimum)  =  an  introduction,  a  prelude  .  irpo 
(pro)  =  before,  and  o*/io«  (oi?7w>s)  =  a  way,  a 
path.]  A  preface,  an  introduction;  introduc- 
tory or  preliminary  observations. 

"  The  proeme,  or  preamble,  is  often  called  in  to  help 
the  construction  of  an  act  of  parliament."— Blade- 
*tone :  Comment ,  vol  L  (In trod ,  }  2.) 

*  pro'-em,  *  pro-erne,  v.t.    [PKOEM,  *.)   To 
preface. 

"  Hoses  might  here  very  well  proeme  the  repetition 
of  the  covenant  with  this  upbraiding  reprehension."— 
South:  Sermont,  voL  viii.,  ser  IS. 

pro:em-bry-6,  «.     [Pret  pro-,  and  Eng. 
embryo.] 
Botany  : 

1.  Hofmeister*»  name  for  a  cellular  mass 
which  ultimately  becomes  the  embryo  of  a 
seed.    It  consists  of  the  suspensor  and  the 
embryonal  cell  at  its  extremity.      As  it  de- 
velops it  breaks  through  the  embryo  sac,  and 
the  embryo  is  formed  at  its  lower  end. 

2.  The  youngest  thallus  of  a  lichen. 

3.  (Less  properly) :  The  prothallus  (q.v.). 

*  prd-em'-i-al,  a.  [Eng.  proem ; -ial.]  Having 
the  character  or  nature  of  a  proem  ;  intro- 
ductory, prefatory,  preliminary. 

"  A  piece  ol  proemial  piety."— Hammond :  WorJa, 
IT.  491 

pro  emp  td'-sis  (second  p  silent),  ».  [Gr., 
from  irpd  (pro)  =  before,  and  eftirroKTis  (empto- 
sis)  =  a  falling  :  ip-  (em-)  —  iv  (en-)  =  in,  and 
wrio-is  (ptosis).]  [PTOS1S.] 

Chronol. :  The  lunar  equation  or  addition 
of  a  day  necessary  to  prevent  the  new  moon 
happening  a  day  too  soon. 

pr6-ef-I-d»,  ».  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  proft(us); 
Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idte.] 

Palceont. :  A  family  of  Trilobites.  Head 
semi  -  circular  ;  eyes  smooth;  body -rings 
twenty-eight. 

prd'-e"-tua,  «.  [Pref.  pro-,  and  Gr.  trot  (etos) 
=  a  year  (?).] 

Palaxmt. :  The  typical  genus  of  Proetidse 
(q.v.).  From  the  Lower  Silurian  to  the  Car- 
boniferous. 

*  pro-face',  a.     [O.  Fr.  prow  face  (or  fasse), 
from  prou  •=  profit,  and  faire  =  to  do.]    A  for- 
mula, partaking  of  the  nature  of  a  welcome  or 
wi.sli  on  behalf  of  the  guest  uttered  by  the 
host ;  much  good  may  it  do  you. 

"Master  page,  rood  master  page,  sit:  pro/ace/"— 
Shake,,,.  lUcnrtir.,  v.  ii. 

'  prof  an  ate,  *  proph  an  ate,  r.f.  [PRO- 
FANE.]" To  profane,  (fox:  Martyrs,  p.  430.) 

prof-a  na  tion,  *  prof-a-na-cl-on,  s 
[Fr.  'prufanaticn,  from  Lat.  profanationxn, 
accus.  of  profanatio,  from  pro/anus  =  profane 
(q.v.);  8p.  profanacion;  Ital.  profanazione.] 

1.  The  act  of  violating  anything  sacred,  or 
of  treating  it  with  contempt  or  irreverence; 
desecration  :  as,  the  profanation  of  the  Sab- 
bath, the  profanation  of  a  church,  &c. 


2.  Irreverent  or  indelicate  treatment;  the. 
act  of  making  unduly  public  or  common. 
"  'Twere  profanation  of  our  Joys, 
To  tell  the  IK! ty  oar  love."         Donne.    (Todd.) 

*  pr5-fan'-a-t6r-y,  a.    [Eng.  pro/a nal( ion); 
-on/.]     Profaning. 

"  So  profanatory  a  draught"— C.  Bronte :  rillettt, 
ch.  xxv. 

pro  fane',  •  pr8  phane',  o.  [Fr.  pro/aw, 
from  Lat.  pro/onus  =  unholy  :  pro  =  Iwfore, 
and/anum  =  a  temple  ;  Sp.  &  ItaL  profano.] 

1.  Not  sacred  ;    not  devoted  to  sacred  or 
religious  objects  or  v.ses  ;  not  holy  ;  not  pos- 
sessing  any    peculiar   sanctity;   not   conse- 
crated ;  secular. 

"  The  universality  of  the  deluge  I*  attested  by  pra- 
fane  history."— Bumtt :  Theory  of  the  K«rth. 

2.  Irreverent  towards  God  or  holy  things ; 
speaking  or  acting  lightly  or  with  contempt 
of  sacred  things  ;  impious,  blasphemous. 

"  But  remember,  that  profaneness  is  comruonl* 
something  that  is  external,  and  he  is  a  //r.,/,(;i«  per- 
sou  who  neglects  the  exterior  part  of  religiuu  "—Bp. 
Taylor:  Sermont,  vol.  iii.,  ser.  11. 

3.  Characterized  by,  or  done  with,  profan- 
ity; blasphemous. 

"  The  offence  of  profane  and  common  swearing  *«^ 
cursing."—  Ulackttone .  Comment.,  bit.  iv.,  ch.  4. 

II  Profane  swearing  is  an  offence  punishable 
by  law. 

*  4.  Polluted ;  not  pure. 

"  Nothing  la  profane  that  scrveth  to  holy  things."— 
Xaleigh:  Bin.  of  the  World. 

5.  Not  initiated  into  certain  religious  rites. 

pro-fane',  *  prd  phane ,  v.t.  &  i.  [Fr  pro 
faiier,  from  Lat.  profano.]  [PROFANE,  a.] 

A.  Trv.nsihve: 

1.  To  treat  with  irreverence,  impiety,  01 
contempt ;  to  desecrate  ;  to  violate,  as  some- 
thing sacred ;  to  pollute. 

"  But  the  gods  of  the  pagan  shall  never  profane 
The  ahriiie  where  Jehovah  dUdain'd  not  to  reign." 
Byron  •  Destruction  of  Jerutale**. 

*  2.  To  turn  to  improper  use ;  to  misuse,  to 
abuse. 

"So  idly  to  profane  the  precious  time." 

Shaketp.  :  t  Henry  IV ,  11.  t, 

t  B.  Intrant. :  To  speak  or  act  profanely  ; 
to  blaspheme. 

pro  fane  ly,  *  pro  phane'-ly,  adv.  [Eng. 
profane;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  profane  manner;  with  irreverence1 
or  contempt  of  sacred  things ;  impiously, 
blasphemously. 

"  Water  Instead  of  wine  Is  brought  in  urns. 
And  pour'd  profanely  as  the  victim  bums." 

Pope:  Homer;  Odyuey  xlit 

*  2.  With   abuse   or   disrespect ;    without 
proper  or  due  respect  for  anything  venerable. 

"That  proud  scholar,  intending  to  erect  altars  to 
Virgil,  speaks  of  Homer  too  profanely'— Broomt :  On 
the  (Jdyueu. 

pro  fane  ness,  *  pro  phane  ness.  $. 

[Eng.  profane ;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  profane  ;  profane  actions  or  language ; 
profanity  ;  irreverence  towards  sacred  things, 
especially  towards  God  ;  blasphemy  (q.v.). 

"Nothing  can  equal  the  prophaneneu  of  them,  but 
the  absurdities."— Sautti ;  Sermnnt,  vol  v..  ser.  S. 

pro  fan  er,  *  pro-phan'-er,  *.  [Eng 
prof  a  ti(n) ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  acts  profanely;  one  who  pro- 
fanes or  treats  sacred  things  with  irreverence  ; 
one  who  uses  profane  language  ;  a  blasphemer. 

2.  A  polluter,  a  defiler. 

"These  playhaunters  and  propTumeri  of  his  holy 
day."— Prynne:  1  Jlutrio-Matiix.  vi.  19. 

*  pro-fan' -esP,  «.     [Eng.  pro/a(nc),   -ness.} 

Profanenes* 

pro-far'  *-ty,  ».  [Lat  profanitas,  from  pro- 
Janus  —  profane  (q.  v.).] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  profane; 
profaneness. 

2.  That  which  is  profane  ;  profane  conduct 
or  language. 

*  pro-fec'-tlon  (1),   *.     [Lat.   profectio,  from 
profectui,  pa.  par.  of  projiciscor  •=.  to  set  out.) 
Departure,  progress. 

"The  time  of  the  yeere  hasting  the  proftction  and 
departure  of  the  ambassador."— Hacltiuyt  •  t'oi/aaet, 

i.  -J-s. 

*  prft-fec'-tion  (2),  s.     [Lat.  profectio,   from 
proficio  —  to  go  forward,  to  advance.]    A  going 
forward,  advance,  progression. 

"  Which,  together  with  other  planets,  and  profeetioit 
of  the  bonincope.  unto  the  seventh  house.  orop)>osit» 
signet  every  seventh  year  "— Browne  Yulyar  Errourt, 
bk.  iv.,  ch  xii. 


late.  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot* 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    so,  ce  =  e ;  ey  -  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


profectitious— proficient 


8765 


•pro-fec-tJ'-tlons,a.  [I,at.  prnfectitins,  from 
proficiscor  =  to  set  out.l  Proceeding  from,  as 
from  a  father  or  ancestor;  derived  from  an 
ancestor  or  ancestors. 

"The  threefold  distinction  of  profectitviui.  adven- 
titious. and  profnwiunal  was  ascertained  l>y  tlie  juris. 
prudence  of  the  code  and  pandecU."—  Oibbon  :  Ruman 
Umpire,  voL  viii..  ch.  xliv. 

prd'-fert,  .».  [Lat.  3rd  pers.  sing.  pr.  indie,  of 
prtfero  =  to  bring  forward,  to  protfer  (q.  v.).] 

Law  :  (Properly  an  abbreviation  of  profert 
in  curia.  =  lie  produces  it  in  court.)  An  exhi- 
bition of  a  record  or  paper  in  open  court. 
When  either  party  alleges  any  deed,  he  is 
generally  obliged,  by  a  rule  of  pleading,  to 
make  profert  of  such  deed  ;  that  is,  to  produce 
it  in  court  simultaneously  with  the  pleading 
in  which  it  is  alleged.  According  to  present 
usage,  this  prnfert  consists  of  a  formal  allega- 
tion that  he  shows  the  deed  in  court,  it  being 
in  fact  retained  in  his  own  custody. 

pro-fess',  *  pro-fesse,  v.t  &  i.  [Lat.  pro- 
fessus,  pa.  par.  of  profiteer  =  to  profess,  to 
•vow  :  pro  =  before,  openly,  and  fateor  =  to 
confess  ;  Fr.  professer  ;  Sp.  profesar.] 

A.  Transit  ire  : 

1.  To  make  open  or  public  declaration  of  ; 
to  avow  publicly  ;  to  acknowledge  ;  to  own 
freely  ;  to  affirm.    (It  is  frequently  followed 
by  a  clause.) 

"  Luther  .  .  .  profttted  openly  to  abhore  all  that 
might  be  noted  Papish."—  Bp.  Gardner  :  ExpJic..  fol.  6. 

2.  To  lay  claim  openly  to  the  position  or 
character  of  ;  to  acknowledge  ;  to  own  as  being. 

"  I  profeu  myself  an  enemy." 

Shnkesp.  :  Lrar,  1.  1. 

3.  To  declare  or  announce  publicly  one's 
•kill  in  ;  to  affirm  one's  self  to  be  versed  in  ;  to 
hold  one's  self  out  as  proficient  in  :   as,  To 
profess  medicine. 

4.  To  affirm  or  avow  faith  in  or  allegiance 
to  ;  to  declare  one's  adherence  to  :   as,  To 
profess  Christianity. 

5.  To  make  protestations  or  show  of;  to 
make  a  pretence  of;  to  pretend.     (Spenser: 
F.  Q.,  II.  x.  31.) 

B.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To    declare    openly  ;     to    make    open 
Acknowledgment  or  avowal. 

2.  To  make  professions. 

*  3.  To  enter  into  a  state  by  public  declara- 
tion or  profession. 

*4.  To  declare  or  profess  friendship. 
"A  man  which  ever  prof  rued  to  him." 

ShaJketp.  :  Winter  i  Tale,  i  i, 

•prS-fgs'-sant,  *.  [Eng.  profess;  -ant.]  A 
professor. 

"  Upon  the  worthle  and  sincere  proficients  and 
pro/fuanti  of  the  common  law."—  Brathtcayt  :  Kature't 
Embatlie.  p.  327. 

prS  fessed  ,  pr6  fest  ,  pa.  par.  Sc  a.  [PRO- 
FESS.] 

A.  As  pa.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Having  taken  a  final  vow  in  a  religious 
order  or  congregation.    (Gower  :  C.  A.,  v.) 

2.  Avowedly   declared  ;    pledged  by  pro- 
fession. 

"To  yonrpro/UMd  bosoms  I  commit  him." 

Shakftp.  :  Lear,  i,  1. 


sed-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  professed  ;  -ly.] 
By  profession  ;  avowedly  ;  according  to  open 
declaration  made  ;  in  profession,  but  not  in 
reality. 

"  He  which  wrote  profeuetlly  against  the  supersti- 
tions of  ye  people."—  fox  :  M'lrtyn,  p.  6*9. 

prS  -fess'-lon  (ss  as  sh),  *  pro-fes-si-oun, 

*  pro^fes-i-un,  s.    [Fr.  profession,  from  Lat. 
professionem,  accus.  ofprofessio  =  a  declaration, 
from  professus,  pa.  par.  of  profiteer  =  to  pro- 
fess (q.v.)  ;  Sp.  profesion  ;  Ital.  profession*.} 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  The  act  of  professing  ;  an  open  acknow- 
ledgment or  avowal  of  sentiments,  belief,  &c. 

"A  naked  profession  may  have  credit,  where  no 
other  evidence  can  be  given.  '—QlanriU  :  SceptU. 

2.  That  which  is  professed  ;  a  declaration  ; 

•  representation  or  protestation  ;  pretence. 

3.  The  act  of  declaring  one's  self  as  belong- 
ing to  some  particular  party,  opinion,  creed, 
tic.  :  as,  a  profession  of  Christianity. 

4.  The   business  which   one    professes   to 
understand  and  to  practise  for  subsistence  ;  a 
calling,  occupation  or  vocation,  superior  to  a 
trade  or  handicraft. 

"  All  dedicated  to  prafrmlant.  none  left  free  to  Art* 
and  Sciences."—  Bacon  :  Adtana  of  Learning,  bk.  it 


5.  The  collective  body  of  persons  engaged 
in  or  practising  a  particular  calling  or  voca- 
tion. 

IL  Religions  Orders:  The  act  by  which  a 
novice  becomes  a  member  of  a  religious  Order 
or  Congregation.  It  is  usually  accompanied 
with  impressive  ceremonies;  but  its  essence 
consists  in  a  promise,  freely  given  and  law- 
fully accepted,  by  which  a  person  of  requisite 
age,  and  after,  at  least,  a  year  of  probation, 
binds  himself  or  herself  to  a  particular  insti- 
tute approved  by  the  Church.  This  implies 
the  emission  of  the  three  vows  of  perpetual 
chastity,  poverty — the  renunciation  of  owner- 
ship of  the  smallest  thing  without  permission — 
and  obedience.  To  these  a  fourth,  varying 
with  the  particular  institute,  is  usually  added. 
A  valid  profession  secures  to  the  professed  a 
right  of  maintenance  from  the  institute  during 
life,  and  the  enjoyment  of  the  rights  and 
privileges  of  the  clerical  state.  The  institute, 
at  the  time  of  the  profession,  acquires  a  right 
to  all  property  then  in  the  possession  of,  or 
that  may  thereafter  be  possessed  by,  the  per- 
son making  the  solemn  profession.  [Vows.] 

pro  fess  ion-al  (ss  as  sh),  a.  &  «.  [Eng. 
profession ;  -al.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  a  profession  or  call- 
ing. 

"All  .  .  .  their  profeaional  knowledge  was  practical 
rather  than  scientific."— ilacaulay :  Hist.  Eng..  ch.  iii. 

2.  Engaged  in  or  practising   a  particular 
profession. 

"  Again,  the  merely  profrutional  man  is  always  a 
narrow  man." — Burroughs :  Pepacton,  p.  80. 

3.  Contended  in  by  professionals. 

"  A  prof  tutorial  foot  net."— field,  Oct.  S,  183$. 

B.  As  subst. :  Generally  one  who  follows  or 
belongs   to  a   profession  :   more   commonly 
applied,  in  contradistinction   to  "  amateur, 
to  a  person  who  makes  his  living  by  prac- 
tising an  art  or  occupation  in  which  non- 
professionals  also  engage ;  more  specifically, 
a  person  who  practises  an  art,  occupation,  or 
sport  for  a  living,  as  distinguished  from  one 
who  engages  in  them  merely  for  pleasure. 
Generally  applied  to  professional  musicians, 
singers,  actors,  rowers,  cricketers,  and  the  like. 

"  An  amateur  oanman  or  sculler  must  be  an  officer 
of  Her  Majesty's  Army  or  Navy,  or  Civil  Service,  a 
member  of  the  learned  professions,  or  of  the  Univer- 
sities or  public  schools,  or  of  any  established  boat  or 
rowing  club  not  contain  inir  mechanics  or  jiro/et<ionttl» ; 
and  must  not  have  competed  in  any  competition  for 
either  a  stake  or  money,  or  entrance  fee,  or  with  or 
against  a  profruianal  lor  any  prize ;  nor  have  ever 
taught,  pursued,  or  assisted  in  the  pursuit  of  athletic 
exercises  of  any  kind  as  a  means  of  livelihood,  nor 
have  ever  been  employed  in  or  about  boats,  or  In 
manual  labour,  nor  be  a  mechanic,  artisan,  or  labourer." 
—Field,  Jan.  9,  1886. 

pro  fess  -ion-al  Ism  (ss  as  sh),  s.  [Eng. 
professional;  -ism.]  The  following  of  an  art, 
sport,  &c.,  as  a  profession  ;  professionals  col- 
lectively. 

"Where  the  difference  between  this  and  recognition 
of  professionalism  is  to  be  fixed,  no  one  can  tell." — 
Globe,  Nov.  9,  1885. 

*  pro-fess  ion  al-ist  (ss  as  sh),  s.  [Eng. 
professional;  -ist.]  One  who  belongs  to  or 
practises  a  particular  profession. 

prS-fess'-ion-al-ly  (ss  as  sh),  adv.  [Eng. 
professional ;  -ly.]  In  a  professional  manner ; 
in  manner  of,  or  as,  a  profession. 

"  He  had  to  request  all  persons  not  members  or  pro- 
fetiionalli/  engaged  to  withdraw."— Evening  Standard, 
Jan.  12,  1886. 

pro  fes  -sor,  *  pro-fes-sour,  s.  [Lat.  pro- 
fessor, from  professus,  pa.  par.  ofprojiteor  =  to 
profess  (q.v.);  Fr.  professeur;  Sp.  profesor; 
Ital.  professore.] 

1.  One  who  professes  or  makes  open  and 
public  declaration  or  acknowledgment  of  his 
sentiments,  opinions,  belief,  &c. 

"The  pore  prechers  and  profeaours  of  Christee 
Terite."— Voy«:  Jixporicion  of  Daniel.  (Arg.) 

2.  One  who  makes  a  public  profession  of 
religion  in  those  churches  where  such  a  rule 
prevails  instead  of  confirmation. 

3.  One  who  professes  or   affects   unusual 
sanctity  ;  one  who  makes  a  show  or  pretence 
of  religion. 

4.  One  who  teaches  any  art,  science,  or 
branch  of  learning :   specif.,  a   person    ap- 
pointed in  a  university,  college,  &c.,  to  de- 
liver lectures  and  instruct  the  students  in  any 
particular  branch  of  learning :  as,  A  professor 
of  Greek,  a  professor  of  theology,  Ac. 

^  In  the  universities  of  Scotland  and  Ger- 
many the  professors  compose  the  governing 


body,  and  are  the  sole  recognised  instructor! 
of  the  students  ;  but  at  Oxford,  Cambridge, 
and  Dublin  the  instruction  is  given  by  the 
tutors  of  the  several  colleges,  the  lectures 
of  the  professors  being  only  auxiliary.  In  the 
United  States  there  is  usually  a  governing  body 
of  trustees,  overseers,  Ac.  In  common  use, 
the  title  of  professor  is  greatly  abused,  being 
assumed  even  by  teachers  of  boxing. 

*  pro-fes'-sor-e'ss,  ».  [Eng.  professor  ;  -ets.] 
A  female  professor.  (Thackeray:  Roundabout 
Papers,  No.  xxx.) 

pro-fes-sbV-i-al,  o.  (Eng.  professor  ;  -lal.] 
Belonging  to,  or'characteristic  of,  a  professor 
in  a  university.  (Bentley:  Free  Thinking,  §  43.) 

pr6-fes-s6r'-I-al-l£,  adv.  [Eng.  professorial; 
-ly.]  In  a  professorial  manner;  academically. 

"  Merely  lecturing  profeU'irtaUy."  —  Daily    A'  net, 
Jane  S7.  18*4. 


[Eng.    pro- 

fessorial;  -ism.]     The  character,  manner  of 
thinking,  or  habits  of  a  professor. 

pro-fgs-sbr'-i-ate,  *.    [Eng.  professor;  -iate.] 
*  1.  The  position  or  office  of  a  professor; 

professorship. 
2.  A  body  of  professors  ;  the  professorial 

staff  in  a  university. 


,  *.    [Eng.  professor;  -ship.'] 
The  office  or  position  of  a  professor. 

*  prS-fes'-Sor-Sf,  a.    [Lat.  professorius.]    Of 
or  pertaining  to  a  professor  or  professors  ; 
professional. 

"  Dedicating  of  foundations  and  donation*  to  profet- 
tory  learning,  —flucon  .-  Advance,  of  Learning,  bk.  1L 

pr5f  '-fer,  *  prof  er,  *  pro-Ire,  v.t.  &  i. 
[I  T.proferer  =  to  utter,  to  deliver,  to  produce, 
from  Lat.  profero  =  to  bring  forward  :  pro  = 
forward,  and  /ero  =  to  bring;  Sp.  &  Port. 
proferir;  Ital.  profferire,  proferire.] 

A,  Transitive  : 

1.  To  offer  or  propose  for  acceptance;  tt 
make  an  offer  or  tender  of. 

"  Proffert  his  only  daughter  to  your  grace 
In  marriage."  Shaketp.  :  1  Henry  VI.,  T.  L 

•  2.  To  attempt  of  one's  own  accord  ;  to 
undertake,   (Milton:  P.  L.,  ii.  425.) 

B.  Intrant.  :  To  attempt,  to  essay,  to  mulct 
an  attempt 

"An  engyn  had  the!  ther  In,  and  pro/red  for  to  tut, 
The  yerde  brast  in  tuyn."         K.  at  Urunne,  p.  S2S. 

pr5f  '-fir,  s.    [PROFFER,  v.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 
1.  An  offer  made  ;  something  proposed  <X 
offered  for  acceptance  ;  a  tender. 

"  Let  us  willingly  accept  of  the  pro/er.'—Buni/an: 
Pilgrim,'!  Progress,  pt.  ii. 

•  2.  An  essay,  an  attempt 
IL  Law: 

1.  An  offer  or  endeavour  to  proceed  in  aa 
action. 

2.  The  time  appointed  for  the  accounts  of 
officers  in  the  Exchequer,  which  was  twice  a 
year. 

prSf'-fer-er,  «.  [Eng.  proffer,  v.  ;  -er.]  One 
who  proffers  ;  one  who  offers  anything  for 
acceptance. 

"  Since  maids,  in  modesty,  say  '  No,'  to  that 
Which  they  would  have  theprojTrer  construe.  '  Ay." 
ShiiJkesp.  :  Two  Uentlemen  of  Verona,  L  1 

*  pro'-fic'-i-at,  s.     [O.  Fr.]     A  fee  or  bene- 
volence bestowed  on  bishops,  in  manner  of  a 
welcome,  immediately  after  their  instalment. 

"For  bis  profciat  and  other  small  fee*."—  Unjuhart: 
Habtlais,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  xxx. 

prS-fic'-ien-c^,  *  prtf-f  ic'-ienge  (o  as 

Sh),  s.    [Eng.  proficient)  ;  -cy,  -oe.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  proficient  ; 
advancement  or  improvement  in  anything, 
especially  in  any  art,  science,  or  knowledge  ; 
skill  acquired  by  practice  ;  degree  of  advance- 
ment attained  in  any  branch  of  knowledge. 

"The  art  ...  Is  one  In  which  proficiency  Is  only 
acquired  after  long  practice."—  C'awld  Technical  Edu- 
cator, pt  XL,  p.  274. 

•  2.  A  start,  an  advance. 

"  It  [Hebrew!  received  a  wonderful  pnfeitneg*^ 
Berlin  :  Life  of  Laud,  p.  317. 


(o  as  sh),  o.  &  «.    [Lat  pro- 

ficiens,  pr.  par.  of  proflcio  —  to  make  progress, 
to  advance  :  pro  =  forward,  and  facio  =  to 
make  ;  Sp.  &  Ital.  proficient*.] 
A.  As  adj.  :  Well-versed  or  skilled  in  any 


boil,  boj>- ;  pout,  jowl ;  cat,  9 ell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  «*IT»,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  t 
-clan,  -tian  =  shan,   -tion,    sion  =  shun ;  -(ion,  -slon  =  zhun.   -clou*,  - tious,  -sioua  -  shoa.   -ble,  -die.  &c.  -  bei,  del. 


3766 


proflcienily— profound 


business,  art,    science,  accomplishment,    or 
exercise ;  competent. 

B.  As  subst. :  One  who  is  well  versed  or 
•killed  in  any  business,  art,  science,  accom- 
plishment, or  exercise  :  one  who  has  made 
advances  or  acquired  a  considerable  degree  of 
•kill ;  an  adept,  an  expert. 

"Nothing  but  speculation  was  required  In  making 
proficient!  in  their  respective  department*."— OoW- 
truith  :  Polite  Learning,  ch.  ii. 

pro^fic'-ient-ly  (c  as  sh),  adv.  [Eng.  pro- 
firient ;  -ly.\  In  a  proficient  manner  or  degree  ; 
with  proficiency. 

•prS-fic'-u-oiis,  o.  [Lat.  profieuus,  from 
ffrof.no  •=.  to  make  progress,  to  advance.] 
(PROFICIENT.)  Advantageous,  profitable,  use- 
ful. (Philips:  Cider,  i.  627.) 

pr6  -f  ile,  *  pro-fil,  ».  &  a.    [Ital.  profilo  =  a 
border,  a  drawing  of  a  picture,  from  profilare 
=  to  draw,  to  paint :  pro  =  before,  and  flip 
fLat.  filum)  =  a  thread,  a  line.  The  meaning  is 
thus,  a  front-line  or  outline.  Sp.  &  Port,  perfil ; 
Fr.  proJU ;  O.  FT.  porfil,  pourfil.]    [Pr/RFLE.] 
A.  As  substantive : 
L  Ord.  Lang. :  An  outline,  a  contour. 
IL  Technically: 

L  Art:  The  contour  of  the  human  face 

Tiewed  from  one  of  its  sides  ;  the  outlines  of 

the  human    face  in   a   section  through  the 

median  line ;  a  side-view  ;    the  side-face  or 

.  half  face. 

"They  always  appear  In  profile,  which  gives  us  the 
Tiew  of  a  head  very  majestic."— Adduon:  On  Medal!, 
diaLiii. 

2.  Building,  Joinery,  <tc. :  The  outline  of  a 
building,  a  figure,  a  series  of  mouldings,  or  of 
any  other  parts,  as  shown  by  a  section  through 
them. 

3.  Engineering: 

(1)  A  vertical  section  through  a  work  or 
section  of  country  to  show  the  elevations  and 
depressions. 

(2)  Rail-eng. :  A  profile  is  a  vertical  section 
of  the  country  traversed,  showing  the  hills  and 
hollows,  and  enabling  the  cuttings  and  embank- 
ments to  be  so  adjusted  that  the  earth  of  one 
Will  furnish  material  for  the  other.  [RAILWAY.] 

4.  Fortification: 

(1)  A  section  perpendicular  to  the  face  of 
the  work. 

(2)  A  light  wooden  frame  set  up  to  guide 
workmen  in  throwing  up  a  parapet. 

It.  As  adj. :  Drawn  or  made  in  profile. 

\  Profile  of  an  order : 

Arch. :  An  assemblage  and  arrangement  of 
essential  and  subservient  parts.  That  profile 
is  preferable  wherein  the  parts  are  few,  varied, 
and  fitly  applied.  Some  member  should  pre- 
dominate in  each  division,  which  it  should 
appear  the  office  of  the  other  parts  to  fortify, 
support,  or  shelter.  In  a  cornice  the  corona 
is  supported  by  modillions,  dentils,  ovolos, 
Ac.,  and  sheltered  and  covered  from  the  effects 
of  the  weather  by  its  cyma  or  cavetto. 

profile-cutter,  *. 

Wood-working  :  The  cutting-knife,  usually 
made  up  of  sections  which  correspond  to  carts 
of  a  given  pattern  of  moulding,  and  by  which 
moulding  is  cut  in  a  machine. 

•pro'-file,  *  pour-Hi,  v.t.  [Fr.  profiler.} 
[PROFILE,  s.}  To  draw  in  profile  or  with  a 
side  view  ;  to  outline  any  object  or  objects. 

•pro-fil-ist,  *.  [Eng.  profile);  -vt.]  One 
who  draws  profiles. 

pro  fil'o*  graph,  B.  An  i  nut  rumen  t  which; 
records  the  profile  of  the  ground  which  it 
traverse*. 

pro  f  il  6m'-&- ter,  «.  An  instrument  by 
which  the  profile  of  a  person  may  be  trans- 
ferred to  paper. 

prof  it,  •  prof  ite,  »  prof-yt. «.  [Fr.,  from 
Lat  profectvm,  accus.  of  profectut  =  advance, 
progress,  from  profectut,  pa.  par.  of  proficio  = 
to  make  progress,  to  advance  ;  Ital.  profitto.r 
*1.  Improvement,  advancement,  proficiency ,» 
progress, 

"Jacques,  he  keep*  at  school,  and  report  speaks  gold- 
sjoly  of  his  profit."— Shaketp.  :  At  You  Like  It,  L  1. 

2.  Any  advantage,  benefit,  or  accession  of 
good  resulting  from  labor  or  exertion ;  valua- 
ble results,  useful  consequence,  benefit,  gain  ; 
comprehending  the  acquisition  of  anything 
valuable  or  advantagec'is,  corporeal,  or  intel- 
lectual, temporal  or  spiritual. 


3.  The  advan  jge  o.  gsin  resulting  to  the 
owner  of  capital  from  its  employment  in  any 
business  or  undertaking ;  tie  difference  be- 
tween the  cost  of  production  of  anything  and 
the  price  for  which  it  is  sold  ;  pecuniary  gain 
iu  any  action  or  occupation  ;  emolument,  gain. 
If  As  society  advances  profits  tend  tr>  fall  to 
a  minimum.  The  field  of  employment  for 
capital  is  twofold  :  the  land  of  a  country,  and 
foreign  markets  for  its  manufactured  com- 
modities. Only  a  limited  amount  of  capital 
can  be  thus  employed.  As  the  quantity  of 
capital  approaches  the  limit,  profit  falls ; 
when  the  limit  is  reached,  profit  is  annihilated. 
The  causes  which  retard  this  fall  are  the  waste 
of  capital  by  overtrading  and  rash  speculation, 
improvements  in  production,  new  power  of 
obtaining  cheap  commodities  from  foreign 
countries,  and  the  perpetual  flow  of  capital 
abroad  for  the  sake  of  higher  profit.  (Mill: 
Polit.  Econ.,  bk.  iv.,  ch.  iv.) 

"The  revenue  .  .  .  derived  from  stock,  by  the  person 

who  manages  or  employs  it,  is  called  pfojU."— Smith : 

Wealth  of  A'atitnu,  ok.  i.,  ch.  vii. 

H  1.  Mesne  profits :  [MesNE]. 

2.  Ket  profit:  The  difference  in  favor  of  the 
seller  of  "any  commodity  between  the  price  at 
which  it  is  sold,  and  the  original  cost  of  pro- 
duction, after  deduction  of  all  chartjea. 

3.  Profit  and  loss  : 

(1)  The  gain  or  loss  arising  from  the  buying 
and  selling  of  goods,  or  from  other  contingency. 

(2)  A  rule  in  arithmetic  by  which  the  gain  or 
loss  on  mercantile  transactions  is  ascertained. 

4.  Rate  of  profit :  The  proportion  which  the 
amount  of  profit  gained  from  any  undertaking 
bears  to  the  capital  employed  in  it. 

H  In  Book-keeping  both  gains  and  losses 
come  under  the  title  of  profit  and  loss,  but  a 
distinction  is  made  by  placing  the  profits  on 
the  creditor  side  and  the  losses  on  the  debtor 
side. 
prof  -it,  v.  t.  &  i.  [Fr.  profiter ;  Ital.  proflttare.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  benefit,  to  help ;   to  be  a 
source  of  profit,  gain,  or  advantage  to. 

"It profited  not  them  that  they  heard  the  word." — 
Bebrewtir.  2(1551). 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  be  of  profit,  use,  or  advantage;    to 
benefit.     (Proverbs  xi.  4.) 

2.  To  make  improvement;   to  improve;    to 
make  progress. 

"  He  wno  profit!  of  a  superior  understanding." — 
Burke  :  Speech  on  Army  Estimate!  (1790). 

3.  To  gain  any  advantage  or  benefit ;  to  be 
benefited  ;  to  benefit. 

"  It  seemed  perfectly  natural  that  he  should  defend 
abuses  by  which  he  profiled."— Hacaulay  :  Hut.  Eng., 
ch.  iviii. 

4.  To  gain  pecuniarily ;  to  become  richer. 

"  The  Romans,  though  possessed  of  their  ports,  did 
not  prnfit  much  by  trade."— Arbuthnot  :  On  Coin!. 

proT-it-a-ble,  a.  [Fr.,  from  profiter  =  to 
profit ;  Ital.  profittabile.] 

1.  Yielding  or  bringing  profit  or  gain ;  lu- 
crative, gainful. 

"  A  pound  of  man's  flesh,  taken  from  a  man, 
Is  not  so  estimable  or  profitable, 
As  flesh  of  muttons,  beefs,  or  goats." 

ShaJi'tp. :  Merchant  of  Venice,  L  S. 

2.  Advantageous,  useful,  beneficial. 

"  It  is  very  commodious  and  profitable  for  the  defence 
of  cities.*— Ooldinge  :  Ccetar,  Jul.  19L 

proT-it-a  ble-ness,  *.  [Eng.  profitable; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  profit- 
able ;  gainfulness,  advantageousness,  lucrative- 
ness,  usefulness. 

"  That  universal  profltnblenut  of  godliness."  — 
Sharp  :  Sermntu,  vol.  t,  ser.  2. 

proT-it-a-bly,  adv.    [Eng.  profitable);  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  profitable  manner;  so  as  to  bring  or 
gain  profit ;  with  profit  or  gain. 

2.  With  profit,  benefit,  or  advantage  ;  ad- 
vantageously, beneficially. 

"  Would,  I  had  a  rod  In  my  mouth,  that  I  might 
answer  t\\ee  profitably." — tihtikcsp.  :  Timon,  ii.  2. 

prof;  it  less,  *  prof  it-lesse,  a.  [Eng. 
profit ;  -less.]  Void  of  profit  orad vantage  ;  un- 
profitable. 

"  To  inquisition  long  and  profitleu." 

Wordtworth  :  Excurtion,  bk.  lit 

proT-it-l6ss-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  profitless;  -ly.] 
In  a  profitless  manner  ;  unprofitably. 

prftf  '-it-less-ness,  s.  [Eng.  profitless ;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  profitless;  un- 
profitableness. 

"  TViy  perceive  the  profltleuneu  of  the  method."— 
Scribnt'i  Magazine,  August,  1880,  p.  610. 


pr6f '-li-ga-cy,  s.  [Eng.pro/li(7ate;-cy.)  The 
quality  or  "state  of  being  profligate  ;  a  profli- 
gate, vicious,  or  abandoned  course  of  life ; 
shameless  dissipation  ;  the  state  of  being  lost 
to  the  sense  of  shame  or  decency. 

"  The  profligacy  of  the  representation*  soon  ("TOT* 
away  sober  people."— llacaulay  :  But.  Jinff.,  ch.  iii. 

proT-li-gate,  a.  &  *.  [Lat.  profligatus,  pa. 
l«r.  of  profiigo  =  to  dash  to  the  ground,  to 
overthrow,  hence,  abandoned,  dissolute  :  pn 
=  forward,  and  fligo  =  to  dash.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

*  I.  Beaten  down;  overthrown.  (Butter: 
Hutlibras.) 

2.  Abandoned  to  vice ;  lost  to  all  sense  of 
shame  or  decency  ;  extremely  vicious  ;  shame- 
less in  wickedness  or  dissipation. 

"  Thou  art  so  witty,  profligate,  and  thin. 
That  thou  thyself  art  Milton's  Death  and  8m.' 
Young  :  Epigram  on  YMalrt, 

3.  Shameless,  abandoned. 

"  The  corrupt  and  profligate  conversation  of  ths> 
world."— Sharp :  Sermon*,  vol.  vi.,  ser.  13. 

B.  As  subst. :  An  abandoned  person ;  one 
who  has  lost  all  sense  of  shame  or  deoency  ; 
one  who  lives  profligately. 

"  It  is  pleasant  to  see  a  notorious  profligate  seized 
with  a  concern  for  his  religion,  aud  converting  hi* 
spleen  into  zeal."— Adduon. 

*  prof-li-gate,  v.t.     [PROFLIGATE,  o.]     To 
overthrow,  to  overcome,  to  conquer,  to  dis- 
perse. 

"  Subverted  many  townes  and  profligate  and  dlfc 
comHted  mauy  of  them  in  open  battayle."— Ball: 
Henry  VI.  (an.  31). 

proT-li-eate-l$f,  adv.  [Eng.  profligate ;  -ly.} 
In  a  profligate,  vicious,  or  dissipated  manner; 
shamelessly  ;  without  principle  or  shame. 

"  Such  profligately  wicked  person*."— Sharp  :  Str- 
mom,  vol.  L,  ser.  2. 

proT-li-gate-ness,  *.  [Eng.  profligate; 
-ness.]  The'quality  or  state  of  being  profligate  ; 
profligacy. 

"  If  this  country  could  be  preserved  from  utter  prt* 
fligateneu  and  ruin."— Porteout :  Life  of  Seeker. 

*  prSf-li-ga'-tion,  ».    [Lat  profiigatio,  from 
profligatus,  pa.  par.  otprofligo  =  to  overthrow.] 
[PROFLIGATE,  a.]    Overthrow,  defeat,  rout. 

"  To  the  projtigation  and  fearefull  slaughter  of  their 
owne  subject*. ~—Bp.  Hall :  To  Pope  Urban  the  Eighth 

*  prof'-lu-ence,  ».     [Lat.  profiuentia,  from 
profluens,  pr.  par.  of  profluo  =  to  flow  forward: 
pro  =  forward,    and  fiuo  =  to    flow.]      The 
quality  or  state  of  being  profluent ;  forward 
progress  or  course. 

"  In  the  profluence  or  proceeding  of  their  fortune*, 
there  was  much  difference  between  them."—  Wotlon  : 
Remain*,  p.  164. 

*  pr6f '-lu-ent,  a.     [Lat.  profluens,  pr.  par. 
of  profluo.]'  [PROFLUENCE.]    Flowing  forward. 


pro  for'-ma,  phr.    [Lat]    For  form's  sake; 
as  a  matter  of  form. 

pro-found',  a.  &  s.    [Fr.  profond.  from  Lat. 
profundus  =  deep  :  pro  =  forward,  downward, 
and  fundus  =  the  bottom ;  Sp.  &  Port,  pro- 
Jundo  ;  Ital.  profondo.] 
A.  As  adjective : 

*  L  Lit.  :  Descending  far  below  the  surface 
or  the  level  of  surrounding  ground ;  having 
great  depth  ;  very  deep. 

"  A  broad  and  profound  trench  lay  between  him  and 
the  cnnip."— Macaultiy :  Bin.  Enj.,  ch.  v. 

II.  Figuratively : 

1.  Bending  low  ;  lowly,  humble  ;  expressing 
or  characterized  by  deep  humility. 

2.  Intellectually  deep ;   entering  or  pene- 
trating deeply  into  subjects;  not  superficial. 

"Not  orators  only  with  the  people,  but  even  U>* 
very  pro/oitndeet  diaputersinall  faculties,  nave  hereby 
often,  with  the  best  learned,  prevailed  most."— 
Boolter:  Ecdet.  Polity. 

3.  Characterized  by  intensity ;  deeply  felt ; 
intense,  heart-felt. 

"[IJ  worship  nature  with  a  thought  profound." 
Byron  :  Spittle  to  Aufutta. 

*  4.  Deep-fetched,  heart-felt,  sincere. 

*  5.  Thorough,  perfect ;  deep  in  skill  or  ac- 
quirements.   (Hosea  v.  2.) 

*6.  Complete,  j>erfect. 

"In  most  profound  earnest"— Shakap. :  Much  Ai» 
About  nothing,  v.  L 

7.  Having  bidden  qualities ;  obscure,  ab* 
struse. 

"  rjpon  the  corner  of  the  moon. 
There  hangs  a  vap'rous  drop  profound." 

Bhaketp.  :  Macbeth,  ill.  *. 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father:  we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pdt, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  core,  unite,  cor,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    se,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a;  <ju  =  kw. 


profound— programma 


3767 


*B.  As  substantive : 

L  The  deep,  the  sea,  the  ocean. 

"The  broad  bosom  of  the  dark  profound." 

Pitt:  VirgO.;  Jtntidll. 

2.  An  abyss.    (Milton :  P.  L.,  438.) 

•pro-found';,  v.t.  &  i.    [PROFOUND,  a.] 

A.  Trans. :   To  cause  to  sink  deeply ;  to 
cause  to  penetrate  deeply 

B.  Intrans. :  To  penetrate  deeply ;  to  get  to 
the  bottom. 

"To  profound  to  the  bottom  of  these  diversities."— 
Glanrill  :  Scepsis,  ch.  XX. 

pro- found' -ly,   *pro-founde-ly,  adv. 

(Eng.  profound  ;  -ly.] 

•1.  In  a  profound  manner;  with  deep  or 
grave  concern. 

"  Why  sigh  you  so  profoundly  >  "—Shakesp.  :  Troilut 
*  Cressida,  iv.  2. 

2.  With  deep  penetration  or  insight ;  deeply ; 
with  great  knowledge  :    as,  one  profoundly 
learned. 

3.  Exceedingly ;  excessively. 

"  For  if  your  author  be  profoundly  good. 
Twill  cost  you  dear  before  he's  understood." 

Kotcommon  :  Translated  rent. 

pro- found  ness,  *  pro  founde  nesse, .--. 
[Eng.  profound;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  profound  ;  profundity,  depth. 

"  Profoundness  of  wit  and   learning." — Cudvnrth  : 
Intell.  System,  p.  193. 

•prd-fuT-gent,  a.  [Lat.  pro  =  forth,  and 
fulgens,  pr.  par.  otfulgeo  =  to  shine.]  Shining 
forth ;  effulgent. 

"  Profulyent  in  preciousness,  O  Sinope  queen, 
Of  all  feminine  bearing  the  sceptre  and  regaly." 
Chaucer :  Legend  of  Good  Women, 

•pro-fund',  v.t.  [Lat.  pro/undo  =  to  pour 
out.]  [PROFUSE.]  To  lavish,  to  squander. 

"Qrete   expenses  whiche  shuld  be  profunded."— 
State  Papers,  i.  25  L 

pro-fund'-I-ty,  *  pro-found-i-te.  s.    [Fr. 

profondite,  from  profond  =  profound  (q.v.).] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  profound ; 

depth  of  place,  knowledge,  skill,  science,  &c. 

"We  may  respect  the  profundity  of  learning."— 
Observer.  No.  75. 

*  2.  A  depth,  an  abyss.    (Milton.) 

*  3.  A  deep  or  abstruse  point. 

"  Yea,  all  abstruse  profundities  impart." 

Dray  ton  :  Robert  Duke  of  Normandy. 

pro-fuse',  o.  [Lat.  profusus,  pa.  par.  of  pro- 
/undo  =  to  pour  out :  pro  =  forward,  and 
/undo  =  to  pour ;  O.  Fr.  pro/us  ;  Sp.  &  Ital. 
profuse.] 

1.  Poured  forth  lavishly,  lavished ;   over- 
abundant, exuberant 

"  Nor  would  one  say,  that  one  so  young  could  vse, 

(Vnlesse  his  souue)  a  rhetorique  so  profuse." 
I  Chapman :  Homer ;  Odyssey  ill. 

2.  Pouring  forth  lavishly ;  lavish,  extrava- 
gant, prodigal ;  liberal  to  excess. 

"  Of  what  be  gives  unsparing  and  profuse." 

Courier :  Expostulation,  677. 

•3.  Lavishly  supplied  ;  abounding. 

"  On  a  green  shady  bank,  profuse  of  flowers." 

Milton  :  P.  L.,  TliL  2SS. 

*pr&-fuse',  v.t.  [PROFUSE,  o.]  To  pour  out 
or  spend  lavishly  ;  to  lavish,  to  squander. 

"  Mercuric,  thy  helpe  hath  beene  profiade, 
Euer.  with  most  grace,  in  consorts  of  trauailers  dis- 
trest"  Chapman:  Homer;  /Hod  xxiT. 

pro-fuse'-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  profuse ;  -ly.]  In  a 
pn>fuse  manner  or  degree ;  lavishly,  prodi- 
gally ;  with  rich  abundance  ;  in  profusion. 


pro  fuse  n>:3.-,  s.  [Eng.  profuse;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  profuse  ;  profu- 
sion, lavishness,  prodigality. 


*pr&-fus'-er,  *.  [Eng.  profuse);  -er.]  A 
lavisher,  a  squanderer. 

"  Fortune's  a  blind  pro/user  of  her  own." 

Berrick :  Betperiaes,  p.  255. 

pro-fu'-slon,  s.  [Lat.  profusio,  from  pro- 
fusus, pa.  par.  otprofundo  =  to  pour  out ;  Fr. 
&  Sp.  profusion;  Ital.  profusione.] 

1.  Profuse  or  lavish  expenditure ;  extrava- 
gance, prodigality,  wastefulness,  lavishness. 

"  His  prodigalite  and  profusions."— Joi/e:  Exposition 
of  Daniel,  ch.  xi. 

2.  Profuse  or  lavish  supply ;   exuberance, 
over-abundance. 

"Profusion  unrestrained,  with  all  that's  base." 

Cowper:  Talk,  U.  «r». 

*  pro-fu'-sive,  a.  [Eng.  profuse)  ;  -ive.] 
Profuse,  lavish. 


*prog,  *  prokke,  *  progne,  *  proke, 
*prok-kyn,  v.i.  &  t.  [WeL  procic  —  to 
thrust,  to  stab ;  Lat.  proco  =  to  ask  ;  Dan. 
prakke ;  8w.  pracka  =  to  beg  ;  Ger.  prachern, 
praciien.]  [PROWL.] 

A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  poke  about. 

2.  To  beg. 

"  She  went  ont  progging  for  provisions  as  twfor*.*— 
L  Estrange. 

3.  To  rob,  to  steal,  to  thieve. 

"  And  that  man  in  the  gown,  in  my  opinion. 
Looks  like  a  proguing  knave." 

Beaum.  i  flet.  :  Spanish  Curate,  ill  S. 

4.  To  live  by  mean,  petty,  or  beggarly  tricks. 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  poke,  to  prod.    (Scotch.) 

2.  To  pick  up ;  to  beg. 

"  For  want  of  you  to  prog  «Uly  books  for  me.'— 
Elizabeth  Carter:  Letters,  li.  SSL 

prog,  *  progge,  s.    [PROO,  «.] 

1.  Victuals  obtained  by  begging ;  victuals 
generally ;  food. 

"  Albeit  their  prog  be  precarious." — Daily  Telegraph, 
Dec.  5,  iSso. 

2.  One  who  seeks  his  victuals  by  begging 
and  tramping  ;  a  tramp. 

3.  A  poke,  a  prod. 

*  pro-gen'-er-ate,  v.t.  [Lat.  =  progeneratus, 
pa.  par.  of  progenero  =  to  beget.]    To  beget, 
to  generate. 

"They  were  all  progenerated  colonies  from  Scythian 
or  Tartar  race."— Archaologia,  ii.  250. 

*  pro-gen-er-a  -tion,  *.    [Lat.  progeneratio, 
irom  progeneratus,  pa.  par.  of  progenero.]  The 
act  of  begetting  ;  propagation,  generating. 

*  pro-gen'-I-tJve,  a.    [Pref.  pro-,  and  Eng. 
genitive  (q.v.).]    Begetting,  propagating. 

*  pro-gen  -i-tive-ness,  s.  [Eng.  progenitive ; 

-ness.]    The  quality  or  state  of  being  progeni- 
tive. 

pro-gen'-i-tor,  *  pro-gen-y-tour,  s.  [Fr. 
progenitevr.  from  Lat.  progenitorem,  accus.  of 
progenitor =  an  ancestor:  pro  =  before,  and 
genitor  =•  a  parent.]  A  forefather ;  an  ancestor 
in  the  direct  line :  a  parent. 

11  You  have  tum'd  my  thought* 
Upon  our  brave  progenitors." 

Wordsworth :  Excursion,  bk.  IT. 

1T  Darwin  gives  the  word  a  far  more  ex- 
tended meaning.  "At  a  much  earlier  period 
the  progenitors  of  man  must  have  been  aquatic 
in  their  habits."  (Descent  of  Man  (ed.  2nd), 
p.  161.) 

*  pro-gen '-i-tress,  s.  [Eng.  progenitor  ;  -ess.] 
A  female  progenitor. 

"  A  worthy  progenitress  of  a  long  line." — Century 
Magazine.  June,  1333,  p.  29L 

prd-gen'-i-ture,  s.  [Fr.]  A  begetting,  a  birth. 

prog'-Sn-y,  *prog-en-ie,  *prog-en-ye, 
s.  [Fr.  progmSe,,  from  Lat.  progeniem,  accus. 
of  progenies  =  progeny  ;  Sp.  &  Ital.  progenie.] 

*  1.  Descent,  lineage. 

"  Doubting  thy  birth  and  lawful  progeny." 

Shakesp.  :  1  Henry  VI.,  ilL  S. 

*  2.  Race,  family,  ancestry. 

*'  Issued  from  the  progeny  of  kings." 

Shakfsp. :  1  Henry  ri,  T.  1 

3.  Offspring,  children,  descendants. 

"  And  happy  father  of  faire  progeny." 

Spenser :  f.  $.,  II.  xxlL  10. 

*  pro-ger-mi  na  -tion,  s.    [Pref.  pro-,  and 
Eiig.  germination.]    Birth,  growth. 

"  Gave  progermination  unto  them." 

Uerrick :  Besperidet.  p.  *70. 

*  prog'-ging.  a.     [PROO,  v.]     Mean,  petty, 
paltry. 


pro-gl6t'-tls,  s.  [Pref.  pro-,  and  Eng.  glottis 
(q.v.).  Named  from  its  resemblance  to  the 
tip  of  the  tongue.] 

Zool. :  The  sexually  mature  segment  of  a 
tapeworm  (q.v.),  containing  both  male  and 
female  organs  of  generation.  Called  also 
Generative  joint. 

prog  nath  -ic,  a.    [PROGNATHOUS.] 

prog  na  thism,  s.  [Eng.  prognath(ic) ;  -ism.] 
The  state  or  condition  of  being  prognathic. 

prog  na  thoiis.  a.  prog  nath  ic,  a. 
[Gr.  irpo  (pro)  =  before,  and  yvdOos  (gnathos)  = 
a  jaw.]  [ORTHOONATHOCS.] 


prog'-ne,  s.  [Lat,  from  Gr.  npd*vj|  (Prokni\ 
daughter  of  Pandion,  who  was  changed  into 
a  swallow.] 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  swallow. 

2.  Ornith. :  An  American  genus  of  Hirun- 
dinidae,  with  five  species.  Progne  subis  (at 
purpurea)  is  the  Purple  Martin  (q.v.). 

prog-no  -sis,  s.  [Gr. ,  from  wpo  (pro)  =  before, 
and  -ywicri!  (gnosis).']  [GNOSis.] 

Med. :  An  opinion  as  to  the  probable  result 
of  an  illness,  formed  from  a  consideration  of 
similar  cases  and  of  the  case  itself. 

prog-nos  -tic,  o.  &  s.  [O.  Fr.  prognostique, 
pronostique  (Fr.  pronostic),  from  Lat.  prognot- 
ticon  ;  Gr.  irpoyv<o<m.K6i>  (prognostikon)."] 

A.  As  adj. :  Foreshowing ;  indicating  some- 
thing future  by  signs  pr  symptoms  ;   fore- 
shadowing, prognosticating. 

"  Omitting  certain  prognostick  anagrams."— Rcliqvio 
Wottoniana,  p.  137. 

B.  As  substantive: 

L  Ordinary  Language : 
1.  That  which  prognosticates  or  foreshows  ; 
an  omen,  a  token,  a  prognostication. 


*  2.  A  foretelling  or  prognosticating ;  a  pre- 
diction. 

n.  Med. :  The  art  or  skill  of  foretelling 
diseases  by  symptoms ;  also  a  symptom. 

"  Hippocrates's  proanostick  is  generally  true."— 
Arbutknot :  On  Diet,  ch.  ill. 

*pr5g-nos'-tio,  '  prog  nos  tick,  v.t. 
[PROGNOSTIC,  o.]  To  prognosticate,  to  fore- 
shadow. 

"  The  sun  shines  waterishly  and  prognostickt  rain." 
—More  :  Immort.  Soul,  pt.  UL,  bk.  111.,  ch.  v. 

*  prog-nos'-tic-a-ble,  a.  [Eng.  prognostic; 
•able.]  Capable  of  being  prognosticated,  fore- 
told, or  foreknown. 

"  Effects  not  prognosticate  like  eclipses."— Srown*.- 
Vulgar  Errours,  bk.  vL,  ch.  Till. 

prog-nos  -ti  cate,  *  pro  nos  ty  cate, 
v.t.  &  i.  [Eng.  prognostic;  -ate.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  foreshow  by  present  signs ;  to  fore* 
shadow,  to  augur,  to  presage. 


2.  To  predict,  to  prophesy,  to  foretell. 

"  I  neither  will,  nor  can  prognosticate 
To  the  young  gaping  heir,  his  father's  fate." 

Dryden :  Juvenal,  sat  111. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  predict ;  to  judge  or  pro- 
nounce from  presage  of  the  future. 

"  The  son  straight  goes  vnto  the  sooth-saying  or 
prognosticating  priest.  — Hackluyt :  Voyages,  ii.  U. 

*  prog  nos  ti  ca  t  ion.  *  pro  nos  t  i  ca- 
cy-on,  *.    [O.  Fr.  prognostication,  pronostica- 
tion  (Fr.  pronostication).] 

1.  The  act  of  prognosticating,  foretelling, 
or  foreshowing  something  future  by  means  of 
present  signs ;  presage ;  prediction. 

"  A  kind  of  prophecy  or  prognostication  of  thing! 
to  come."—  Burnet:  Theory  of  the  Earth. 

2.  That  which    foretells   or  foreshows  ;   a 
foretoken,  an  omen,  an  augury,  a  sign. 

"  Some  sign  and  prognostication  of  some  wonderful! 
thing  to  come."— .VortA  :  Plutarch,  p.  1U. 

*  prog-nis'-ti-ca-tive,  o.    [Eng.  prognosti- 
cat(e);  -ive.]    Having  the  character  or  nature 
of  a  prognostic  ;  predictive. 

"  Prorinosticatiit  of  effusions  more  meritorious."^ 
Sew  Annual  Register  (1802),  p.  318. 

prog  nos  ti  ca  tor,  *  prog  nos  ti  ca- 
tour,  *  pro-nos-ti-ca-tor,  s.  [Eng.  prop- 
nosticaUf);  -or.]  One  who  prognosticates  ; 
one  who  foretells  or  foreshows  future  event* 
from  present  signs.  (Isaiah,  xlvii.  13  ) 

*  prog-n8s'-tl-ca-t6r-y,  a.      [Eng.  pro0« 
nosticaHf);  -ory.]    Prognosticative  ;  ominous. 

•pro'-gram,  s.    [PROGRAMME.] 

*  pro-gram  -ma,  s.     [Lat.,  from  Gr.  *p6- 
•ypoMfia   (programma)  =  a  public   notice   in 
writing :    n-po     (pro)  =  liefore,    openly,    and 
ypoftjxu  (gramma)  =  a  writing ;  yp<i<pw (grapM) 
=  to  write  ;  Ital.  programma.]    [PROGRAMME.] 

1.  A  public  notice  posted  up ;  an  edict ;  • 
proclamation. 

"  A  programma  stuck  up  in  every  college  halL"— • 
Wood:  Athena  Oxon. 

2.  A  preface  (q.v.).    (Warton :  Life  of  Bath- 
vrst,  p.  218.) 

3.  A  programme. 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  jowl ;  cat,  90!!.  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-Clan,  -tian  =  shan.   -tion,  -sion  _  shun;  -tion,  -f  ion  -  zbon.   -oious,  -tious.  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel.  deL 


3768 


programme— project 


pro  grimme, s.  [Fr.]  [PROORAMMA.]  That 
which  is  written  out  and  made  public  before- 
hand ;  specif.,  an  outline  or  sketch  of  the 
order  of  proceedings  or  subjects  of  any  enter- 
tainment, public  ceremony,  or  performance  ; 
hence,  a  line  of  conduct  or  action  proposed  to 
be  followed. 

programme  music,  s. 

Jfutic:  A  composition  which  seeks  to  por- 
tray, or  at  least  to  suggest  to  the  mind  a 
definite  series  of  events.  A  famous  example 
is  Kotzwara's  Battle  of  Prague. 

prd-grSs-fe'-ta,  s.  [Sp.]  An  advocate  of 
progress ;  one  of  a  political  party  in  Spain 
in  favor  of  local  self-government. 

pro  -gross,  *pro-gresse,  s.  [O.  Fr.  pro- 
grez  (Fr.  progres),  from  Lat.  progressum,  ace  us. 
of  progressus  =  an  advance,  from  progressus, 
pa.  par.  of  progredior  =  to  advance  :  pro  = 
forward,  and  grodwr  =  to  walk,  to  go ;  Sp. 
frogreso;  Ital.  progresso.] 

1.  The  act  or  state  of  advancing  or  moving 
forward ;   a  moving  or  going  forward ;   ad- 
vancement. 

"  Bevere  the  man.  whose  Pilgrim  marks  the  road. 
And  guides  the  progreu  of  the  soul  to  God." 

Cowper  •  Tiroc"nium,  145. 

2.  A  journey  of  state ;  a  circuit ;  a  public 
•nd  ceremonial  journey. 

"  Official  tours  .  .  .  scarcely  inferior  in  pomp  to 
loyal  program."— 1/acaulay  :  Sift.  Eny.,  ch.  v. 

3.  A    moving    forward   or   advancing   in 
growth ;  increase  :  as,  the  progress  of  a  plant. 

4.  Advancement  in  business  of  any  kind  ; 
course:   as,   The  negotiations  have  made  no 
frogrett. 

5.  Advancement  in  knowledge  ;   moral  or 
Intellectual   improvement ;   proficiency :   as, 
To  make  progress  in  one's  studies. 

*  6.  A  journey  or  passage  from  one  place  to 
another. 

••  From  Egypt  arts  their  progreu  made  to  Greece." 
Denham  :  Progreu  of  Learning,  21. 

H  (1)  Progress  of  Titles : 

Scots  Law :  Such  a  series  of  the  title-deeds 
of  a  landed  estate,  or  other  heritable  subject, 
as  is  sufficient  in  law  to  constitute  a  valid  and 
effectual  feudal  title  thereto. 

(2)  To  report  progress :  To  conclude  for  the 
day  all  matters  connected  with  a  bill,  rele- 
gating further  discussion  of  its  provisions  to 
a  future  time  to  be  specified. 

pro-gross',  »prd-gres»,  »pro-gresse, 

«.i.  &  t.    [PROGRESS,  s.] 
A.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  make  progress  ;  to  move  forward  ;  to 
advance,  to  proceed. 

"  Let  me  wipe  off  this  honourable  dew. 
That  silrerly  doth  progreu  on  thy  cheeks.* 

Shakxtp.  :  Xing  John,  T.  1. 

2.  To  proceed  in  any  course ;  to  continue 
to  move  :  as,  The  business  is  progressing. 

3.  To  make  progress  or  improvement ;  to 
advance,  to  improve. 

"  His  scholarship  progreued  no  better  than  before." 
—Kingilty :  Wettvard  Ho  I  ch.  ii. 

*  B.  Trans. :   To  go  forward  in  ;   to  pass 
over  or  through. 

"  Progreuing  the  dateless  and  irrevolnble  circle  of 
•ttrnlty."— Milton  :  Reform,  in  England,  bk.  ii. 

pro  gress'-ion  (as  as  sh),  s.  [Fr.,  from 
Lat.  progressionem,  accus.  of  progressio  =  an 
advancing,  from  progressus,  ^>a.  par.  of  pro- 
gredior  =  to  advance,  to  progress  (q.v.)  ;  Sp. 
progresion;  ItaL  progressiont.] 

I  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  of  progressing,  advancing,  or 
moving  forward  ;  progress,  advance. 

"We  can  easily  proceed  by  wonderful  degrees  and 
steps  of  progreuion."— By.  Taylor:  Herman*.  voL  Hi., 
str.  4. 

*  2.  Course,  passage ;  lapse  or  process  of 
time. 

n.  Technically: 

1.  Math,  :  Regular  or  proportional  advance 
by  increase  or  decrease  of  numbers.  A  series 
*n  which  the  terms  increase  or  decrease  ac- 
cording to  a  uniform  law.  There  are  two 
kinds  of  progressions,  Arithmetical  and  Geo- 
metrical. [ARITHMETICAL-PROGRESSION,  GEO- 
METRICAL- PROGRESSION.]  If  in  a  series  of 
quantities,  the  following  relation  exist  be- 
tween every  three  consecutive  terms — viz., 
that  the  first  has  to  the  third  the  same  ratio 
•which  the  difference  between  the  first  and 
second  has  to  the  difference  between  the 
second  and  third,  such  quantities  are  said  to 


be  in  Harmonical  Progression.  Thus  if  a,  b, 
e,  d,  Ate.  be  such  a  series  that  a  :  c  •:  a-b  : 
b—c;  b  :d  ::  b—c  :  c—d,  and  so  on  ;  then  the 
series  a,  6,  c,  d,  be.  forms  an  Harmonical 
Progression. 

2.  Music :  There  are  two  kinds  of  progres- 
sion, melodic  and  harmonic.  The  former  is  a 
succession  of  sounds  forming  a  tune  or  me- 
lody, but  the  term  is  also  applied  to  an 
imitative  succession  of  melodic  phrases,  that 
is,  to  a  melodic  sequence.  Harmonic  pro- 
gression is  the  movement  of  one  chord  to 
another,  and  is  diatonic  or  chromatic.  The 
term  is  also  sometimes  used  as  synonymous 
with  sequence. 

progression-theory,  s. 

Antkrop. :  The  theory  that,  within  limits, 
the  savage  state  in  some  measure  represents 
an  early  condition  of  mankind,  out  of  which 
the  higher  culture  has  gradually  been  devel- 
oped or  evolved,  by  processes  still  in  regular 
operation  as  of  old,  the  result  showing  that, 
on  the  whole,  progress  has  far  prevailed  over 
relapse.  (Tylor;  cf.  Gibbon :  Roman  Empire, 
ch.  xxxviii.) 

"Advocates  of  this  progreuion-theory  are  apt  to 
look  l>ac-k  toward  yet  lower  original  conditions  of 
mankind."— Tutor:  Prim.  Cult,  (el  1873),  i.  87. 

*  pro-gress'-ion-al  (ss  as  sh),  a.  [Eng. 
progression  ;  -al.]  Pertaining  to  progression, 
advancement,  or  improvement. 

"  There  is  no  further  state  to  come,  unto  which  tills 
•eeines  progreuional." — Browne  :  Cm  Burial,  ch.  T. 

pro-gress'-ion-ist  (SS  as  Sh),  s.  [Eng.  pro- 
gression; -ist.] 

1.  One  who  holds  that  society  is  in  a  state 
of  -progress  towards,  and  that  it  will  ulti- 
mately attain  to,  perfection. 

2.  Biol. :  A  name   used  for  (1)  a  believer 
in  successive  creations;  (2)  an  evolutionist. 
(Spencer :  Prim.  Biol,  pt.  iii.,  §  140.) 

pro'-gress-ist,  s.  [Eng.  progress;  -ist.]  The 
same  as  PROGRESSIONIST  (q.v.). 

pro-gress'-ive,  a.  [Fr.  progressif,  from  pro- 
gres  =  progress  (q.v.);  Sp.  progresivo ;  Ital. 
progressive.] 

1.  Moving  forward  or  onward  ;  advancing. 

"  Progrestive  as  a  stream,  they  seek 
The  middle  field."  Cowper :  Talk,  i.  292. 

2.  Advancing  towards  perfection ;  improv- 
ing ;  in  a  state  of  progression. 

"  It  is  slowly  being  adopted  in  most  of  the  manufac- 
turing and  progressive  countries  in  the  world." — Cat- 
lell'i  Technical  Educator,  pt  xi.,  p.  335. 

3.  Advancing  in  degrees  ;  increasing. 

"  Authorized  the  proyreuive  injustice."— Scott :  War 
Bang  of  Edinburgh  Light  nragoont.  (Note.) 

progressive-development, «. 

Biology : 

1.  [DEVELOPMENT,  T  2). 

2.  Lyell  used  the  term  (Prin.  Geol.  (ed.  1850), 
pp.  131,  553)  for  advance  by  successive  crea- 
tions, and  for  the  evolution  of  higher  from 
lower  forms  of  life.    [EVOLUTION,  II.  2.  (2).] 

progressive-metamorphosis,  s. 

Bot. :  Metamorphosis  of  a  less  into  a  more 
important  organ,  or  a  portion  of  one ;  as  the 
change  of  petals  into  stamens. 

progressive-types,  s.  pi 

Biol. :  (See  extract). 

"Another  combination  is  also  frequently  observed 
among  animals,  when  a  series  exhibits  such  a  succes- 
sion its  exemplifies  a  natural  gradation,  without  im- 
mediate or  necessary  reference  to  either  eiiibryniii 
development  or  succession  in  time,  as  the  Chambers 
Cephalopods.  Such  types  I  call  progreuive-typei." — 
Agouti :  Clauiflcatim,  p.  177. 

pro-gress'-ive-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  progressive; 
-ly.]  In  a  progressive  manner ;  by  regular 
course  or  gradual  advances. 

"  Lost  and  confus'd  proffrrtriwfythey  fade." 

Miuon:  tiu  t'ranoy ;  Art  of  Painting. 

pro-gress'-iVe-ness,  ».  [Eng.  progressive ; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  progress- 
ive ;  a  state  of  progression,  advancement,  or 
improvement. 

*  prS-gress'-or,  *.     [Lat.,  from  progresses, 
pa.  par.  of  proyredior  =  to  progress  (q.v.),] 

1.  One  who  progresses  or  advances. 

2.  One  who  makes  a  progress. 

*  progue,  v.    [PROO,  v.] 

*  pro  -home,  ».    [PROEM.] 

pro-hlb'-it,  v.t.  [Lat.  prohibitus,  pa.  par.  ol 
prokibeo  =  to  prevent,  to  forbid  ;  lit.  =  to  have 


or  hold  in  one's  way  :  pro  =  before,  and  habeo 
=  to  have  ;  Fr.  prohiber  ;  Sp.  &  Port,  prohi- 
bir  ;  Ital.  proibire.] 

1.  To  forbid  by  authority  ;  to  interdict. 

"  Soon  after  it  had  beeu  prohibited,  they  <!i*coreredi 
that  it  was  the  most  graceful  drapery  iu  Europe."— 
Macaulay  :  Hilt.  Eng.,  ch.  xiii. 

2,  To  hinder,  to  prevent,  to  bar. 

"  Gates  of  burning  adamant 
.  ..  prohibit  all  egress."       MUton :  P.  L.,  il.  «T. 

pro-hlb'-It-ed,  pa.  par.  or  a.    [PROHIBIT.] 
prohibited  books,   s.  pi.     [INDEX-EX- 

PURGATORIUS.] 

pr6-blb'-it-er,  *.  [Eng.  prohibit;  -er.]  One 
who  prohibits  or  forbids ;  a  forbidder,  an 
interdicter. 

"  Seeing  from  what  corner  the  prohibiter  would) 
start. "— Mad.  Ii  Arblay  :  Cecilia,  bk.  ix..  ch.  viii. 

prd-bl-bl'-tion,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  prohibi- 
tionem,  accus.  of  prohibitio  •=  a  forbidding, 
from  prohibitus,  pa.  par.  of  prohibeo  —  to  pro- 
hibit (q.v.);  Sp. prohibition;  Ital.  proibizione.1 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  The  act  of  prohibiting  or 
forbidding  ;  an  interdict ;  an  order  or  declara- 
tion to  prohibit,  forbid,  or  hinder  some  action. 
Specif-  (V-  S.),  the  forbidding  by  law  of  th« 
manufacture  aud  sale  of  alcoholic  beverages. 

2.  Scots  Law :  A  technical  clause  in  a  deed 
of  entail  prohibiting  the  heir  from  selling  the 
estate,  contracting  debt,  altering  the  order  of 
succession,  &c. 

•If  Writ  of  prohibition  :  A  writ  issuing  pro- 
perly only  out  of  the  Queen's  Bench,  being 
a  prerogative  writ ;  but,  for  the  furtherance 
of  justice,  now  also  out  of  the  Chancery,  Com- 
mon Pleas,  or  Exchequer  ;  it  is  directed  to 
the  judge  and  parties  to  a  suit  in  any  inferior 
court,  commanding  them  to  cease  from  the 
prosecution  thereof,  upon  a  suggestion,  that 
either  the  cause  originally,  or  some  collateral 
matter  arising  therein,  does  not  belong  to  that 
jurisdiction,  but  to  the  coguizance  of  some 
other  court.  This  writ  may  issue,  for  instance, 
to  the  County  Courts,  if  they  attempt  to  hold 
plea  of  any  matter  not  within  their  jurisdic- 
tion. (Blackstone :  Comment.,  bk.  iii.,  ch.  4.) 


pro-bi-bf-tion-Ist,  ». 

-ist.] 


[Eng.    prohibition  f 


1.  One  who  is  in  favor  of  prohibiting,  by 
law,  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  alcoholio 
beverages;  epecif.,  in  the  United  States,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Prohibition  Party. 

2.  One  who  favors   such   heavy  duties  on 
certain  goods  as  almost  to  amount  to  a  pro- 
hibition of  their  importation  ;  a  protectionist. 

pr6-hlb'-itr*ve,prd-hib'-at--or-y,a.  [Eng. 
prohibit;  -ive,  -ory.] 

1.  Serving  to  prohibit,  forbid,  or  exclude  J 
forbidding,  excluding;  implying  prohibition. 

"  We  have  been  obliged  to  guard  it  from  foreign  com- 
petition by  very  strict  prohibitory  laws."—  Burktf 
Regicide  Peace,  let.  a. 

2.  Excessive  :  as,  a  prohibitory  price. 

pro-id'-on-ite,  *.  [Gr.  irpo  (pro)  =  before; 
fl&ov  (eidon),  2  aor.  of  *  tifio>  (eido)  =  to  see, 
and  suff.  -ite  (Min.);  Ital.  proidonina.] 

Min.  :  A  name  given  by  Scacchi  to  some  ex- 
halations at  the  eruption  of  Vesuvius,  1872. 
Compos.  :  fluoride  of  silicon;  formul 


*  proin,  *  proigne,  v.t.  &  i.    [PRUNE,  v.] 

pro  In-di-vi'-so,  phr.    [Lat.] 

Law  :  A  term  applied  to  rights  held  by  two 
or  more  persons  equally,  and  otherwise  termed 
indivisible  rights;  thus,  the  stock  of  a  com- 
pany is  held  pro  indiviso  by  all  the  partner* 
in  trust. 

*  proine,  v.t.  &  i.    [PRUNE,  v.] 

prS-Ject',  t'.  t.  &  i.     [Lat.  projectus,  pa.  par.  of 

projicio  =  to   throw  forward  :   pro  =  forward, 
and  jacio  =  to  throw  ;  Fr.  projeter;  8p.  proyeo- 
tar;  Ital.  progettare.] 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  throw  out  or  forward  ;  to  cast  out  ;  to 
•hoot  forward.    (Spenser:  F.  Q.,  VI.  i.  45.) 

2.  To  exhibit  a  form  or  delineation  of  a  sur- 
face  ;  to  delineate. 

3.  To  cast  or  revolve  In  the  mind  ;  to  plot» 
to  scheme,  to  contrive,  to  plan. 

"  What  sit  we  then  projecting  peace  and  wart" 
Milton  :  P.  L.,  It  S». 

•  4.  To  mark  out  ;  to  shape,  to  form,  to 
arrange.  (Shakesp.  :  A  ntony  <t  Cleopatra,  v.  2.) 


fete,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  potv 
or.  wore,  wplf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    aa,  ce  =  e:  ey  =  a:  qu  =  kw. 


project— proleptic 


3769 


B.  Intransitive: 

I.  To  shunt  out  or  forward  ;  to  jut  out ;  to 
be  prominent ;  to  extend  beyond  something 
else. 


*  2.  To  plot,  to  scheme. 

prd'-jSct,  s.  [O.  Fr.  (Fr.  projet),  from  Lat. 
projectum,  nent.  sing,  of  projecttis,  pa.  par.  of 
projicio  =  to  project  (q.v.) ;  Sp.  proyecto;  Ital. 
progetto.] 

1.  That  which  is  de/ised,    contrived,    or 
planned  ;  a  plan,  a  scheme,  a  design,  a  con- 
trivance, a  plot. 

"  Thi«  grand  project,  which  existed  only  in  the  mind 
of  the  dictator,  perished  with  him."—  fiutace :  Italy, 
vol.  ii.,  ch.  ix. 

2.  An  idle  or  impracticable  scheme. 

"Often,  at  midnight,  when  most  fancies  come. 
Would  some  such  airy  project  visit  me." 

Browning :  Paraceltut,  It. 

prS  jec  tile,  o.  &  «.    [Fr.] 

A.  .-Is  adjective : 

1.  Projecting  or  impelling  forward. 

"The  planets  are  constantly  acted  upon  by  two 
different  forces,  viz.  gravity  or  attraction,  and  the 
projectile  force. — Chtyne :  On  Regimen,  dis.  S. 

2.  Caused  by  imj)ulse  ;  impelled  forward. 

B.  As  subst. :  A  body  projected  or  impelled 
forward  by  force,  espec.    through    the   air. 
Thus,  a  stone  discharged  from  a  sling,  an  arrow 
from  a  bow,  and  a  bullet  from  a  rifle,  are  all 
projectiles,  but  the  term  is  mere  particularly 
applied  to  bodies  discharged  from  tirearms. 

"The  greater  speed  of  the  light  projectile  at  the 
beginning  of  the  range.'— field.  Feb.  13,  1886. 

U  Theory  of  projectiles :  That  branch  of 
mechanics  which  treats  of  the  motion  of  bodies 
thrown  or  driven  by  an  impelling  force  from 
the  surface  of  the  earth,  andaffected  by  gravity 
and  the  resistance  of  the  air. 

pro-ject  -ing,  pr.  par.  or  i.    [PROJECT,  v.) 

H  (1)  Projecting  line  of  a  point :  In  the  ortho- 
gonal projection,  a  straight  line  passing  through 
the  point  and  perpendicular  to  the  plane  of 
projection.  In  the  divergent  projection  a 
straight  line  drawn  through  the  point  and  the 
projecting  point. 

(2)  Projecting  plane  of  a  straight  line :  In  the 
orthogonal  projection,  a  plane  passing  through 
the  straight  line,  and  perpendicular  to  the 
plane  of  projection.  In  the  divergent  projec- 
tion, a  plane  passing  through  the  line  and  the 
projecting  point. 

projecting- cone,  «.  A  cone  whose 
directrix  is  the  given  line,  and  whose  vertex 
is  the  projecting  point. 

projectlng-cylinder,  *.  In  the  ortho- 
gonal projection,  a  cylindrical  surface  passing 
through  the  line,  and  having  its  elements  per- 
pendicular to  the  plane  of  projection. 

projectlng-point,  ».  The  assumed  posi- 
tion of  the  eye. 

prS-Jec'-tion,  *.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  projec- 
tionem,  accus.  otprojectlo  =  a  projection,  from 
projectiis,  pa.  par.  of  projicio  =  to  project 
(q.v.).] 

1.  The  »ict  of  projecting,  shooting,  or  throw- 
ing out  or  forward. 

2.  The  state  or  condition  of  projecting  or 
extending  out  further  than  something  else ;  a 
jutting  out. 

3.  A  part  which  projects  or  extends  out 
further  than  something  else  ;  a  portion  jutting 
out ;  a  prominence. 

4.  The  act  of  projecting,  planning,  devising, 
or  contriving ;  contrivance. 

*5.  A  plan,  a  project,  a  scheme,  a  design. 


6.  The  representation  on  a  plane  surface  of 
the  parts  of  an  object ;  especially  the  repre- 
sentation of  any  object  on  a  perspective  plane, 
or  such  a  delineation  as  would  result  were  the 
chief  points  of  the  object  thrown  forward  upon 
the  plane,  each  in  the  direction  of  a  line  drawn 
through  it  from  a  given  point  of  sight  or  cen- 
tral point.  There  are  several  kinds  of  projec- 
tion of  the  sphere,  according  to  the  situations 
in  which  the  eye  is  supposed  to  be  placet  in 
respect  of  the  sphere  and  the  plane  on  which 
it  is  to  be  projected ;  such  are  the  Conical, 
Globular,  Guomonic,  Isometric,  Orthographic, 
Spherical,  and  Stereographic  projections.  (See 
under  these  words.) 

•7.  In  alchemy,  the  casting  of  a  certain 
portion,  called  Powder  of  projection,  into  a 


crucible  or  other  vessel  full  of  prepared  metal 
or  other  matter  to  be  transmuted  into  gold. 

IT  (1)  Cylindrical  projection  :  When  the  eye 
is  taken  at  the  centre  of  the  sphere,  and  the 
surface  of  an  equatorial  zone  is  projected  upon 
a  cylindrical  surface  tangent  to  the  surface  of 
the  sphere,  along  the  equator,  which  cylinder, 
with  the  projection,  is  developed  upon  the 
surface  of  a  plane  tangent  to  the  surface  of  the 
cylinder  along  one  of  its  elements. 

(2)  Plane  of  projection :  One  of  the  planes 
to  which  points  are  referred   in  descriptive 
geometry  for  the  purpose  of  determining  their 
relative  position  in  space. 

(3)  Polar  projection :  When  the  eye  is  taken 
at  the  centre  of  the  sphere,  and  the  principal 
plane  passes  through  one  of  the  polar  circles. 

(4)  Projection  of  a  curved  line :  The  projec- 
tion of  a  curved  line  upon  a  plane  is  the  inter- 
section of  the  plane  with  a  cylinder  passed 
through  the  curve,  and  perpendicular  to  the 
given  plane. 

(5)  Projection  of  a  point  upon  a  plane :  In 
descriptive  geometry,  the  foot  of  a  perpen- 
dicular to  the  plane,  drawn  through  the  point. 

(6)  Projection  of  a  straight  line:  The  projec- 
tion of  a  straight  line  upon  a  plane  is  the 
trace  of  a  plane  passed  through  the  line  and 
perpendicular  to  the  given  plane. 

projection-system,  t. 

Anat.  :  Meynert's  name  for  the  upper, 
middle,  and  lower  segments  of  the  tract  of 
nervous  conduction  in  the  brain. 

*pr6^-ject'-ment,  *.     [Eng.  project;  -ment.] 
Design,  contrivance,  projection. 

"  In  their  prnjrctmrntt  ot  each  other's  confusion,"— 
Clarendon :  Civil  War. 

pr&-ject'-dr,  s.    [Eng.  project,  v. ;  -or.] 

1.  One  who  forms  plans,  projects,  designs, 
or  schemes. 


2.  One    who  forms  wild  or  impracticable 
projects. 

"The  breed  of  political  proj'ectori  multiplied  ex- 
ceedingly."—  Macaulay :  Hitt.  Eng.,  ch.  xx. 

prS-Jec'-tUTe,  s.     [Fr.,  from  Lat.  projectura.] 
Arch. :  The  outjutting  or  prominence  which 
the  moulding  and  members  have  beyond  the 
plane  of  a  wall  or  column. 

"A  platband  is  any  square  moulding  whose  height 
much  exceeds  its  projecture."— Cauell'l  Technical 
Hducitor.  pt.  x.,  p.  25S. 

pro'-jet  (t  silent),  *.  [Fr.]  [PROJECT,  «.]  A 
scheme,  a  plan,  a  draft;  specif.,  in  inter- 
national law,  the  draft  of  a  proposed  treaty 
or  convention. 

*  proke,  v.  t.  [Wei.  prncio  —  to  stab,  to  thrust.] 
[PROG,  v.]  To  goad,  to  urge,  to  stimulate. 


*  prok'-er,  s.    [Eng.  profc(«) ;  -er.]    A  poker. 

"  Snor'd  with  his  proker  in  his  hand." 

Caiman  :  Poetical  Vagariet,  p.  46. 

*  prok  -Ing,  pr.  par.  or  o.    [PROKE.] 

*  proking  spit,  s.    A  rapier. 

"  With  a  broad  Scot,  or  proMng-tpit  of  Spalne." 

Biihop  Hall :  Satirel.  if.  4. 

Pr5k'-ne,  s.    [PROGNK.] 

Astron. :  [ASTEROID,  194]. 

pro-la'-W-um,  *.     [Pref.   pro-,    and    Lat. 
labium  (q.v.).] 
Anat. :  The  red  part  of  the  lips.    (Parr.) 

*  pro-lapse',  *.    [PROLAPSUS.] 

pro-lapse',  v.i.  [PROLAPSE,*.]  To  fall  down 
or  out ;  to  project  too  much.  (Generally  a 
medical  term.) 

*  pro-lap'-sion,  *.    [Lat  prolapsio,  from  pro- 
lapsus, pa.  par.  of  prolabor.]    [PROLAPSE,  *.] 
A  falling  down  ;  a.  prolapse. 

pro -lap -BUS,  *  pro-l&pse',  s.  [Lat.  pro- 
lapsus, pa.  par.  of  prolabor  =  to  fall  forwards  : 
pro  =  forwards,  and  labor  (pa.  par.  lapsus)  = 
to  fall,  to  glide.] 

Pathol. :  A  protrusion,  as  well  as  a  falling- 
down,  of  a  part  of  some  viscus,  so  as  to  be 
partly  external,  or  uncovered,  thus  differing 
from  procidence.  Chiefly  nsed  in  the  ex- 
pressions prolapsus  ani  (a  falling  down  and 
protrusion  of  the  extremity  of  the  rectnm) ; 
prolapsus  uteri  (the  protrusion  of  the  womb 
beyond  or  at  the  vulva.) 


*prd'-late,  v.t.  [PROLATE,  o.]  To  lengthen, 
•r  draw  out  in  pronunciation  or  sound  ;  to- 
utter  in  a  drawling  manner. 

"  Foun-der-ed  ; 
Prolate  it  right"        Ben  Jonton  :  JVo»  Inn.  UL  i 

pro'-late,  a.  [Lat.  prolatu*,  pa.  par.  of  profero 
=  to  carry  forward  :  pro=  forward,  and  fero> 
=  to  bear.]  Extended,  elongated  in  the 
direction  of  the  polar  axis. 

prolate-spheroid,  s.  A  solid  that  may 
be  generated  by  revolving  an  ellipse  aliout  its 
transverse  axis.  Its  volume  is  equivalent  to 
two-thirds  of  that  of  its  circumscribing, 
cylinder. 

pro-la  -tion,  *  pro-la-ci  on,  s.    [Lat  pro- 
latio,  from  prolatus  =  prolate  (q.v.).] 
*  L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  The  act  of  delaying  or  deferring ;  delay, 
procrastination. 

"  His  alterations  and  prolaciont  must  be  pricked 
treuly."— Skelton:  Trouth  t  Information. 

2.  Utterance,  pronunciation. 

"  Parrots,  having  been  nsed  to  be  fed  at  the  prolation- 
at  certain  words,  may  afterwards  pronounce  the  same." 
—Kay  :  On  the  Creation,  pt,  ii. 

H.  Music :  The  subdivision  of  a  semibreve- 
into  minims.  Prolation  is  perfect  when  thft 
semibreve  is  divided  into  three  minims,  im- 
perfect when  divided  into  two. 

pro' -leg,  s.    [Lat.  pro  =  for,  and  Eng.  leg.] 

Comp.  Anat.  (PI.):  Soft,  fleshy,  inarticulate 
pediform  appendages  placed  behind  the  true 
legs  of  caterpillars,  and  disappearing  in  the 
mature  insect  Kirby  called  them  Propeda. 
[CATERPILLAR.] 

*  pro-leg  -ate,  «.     [Pref.   pro-,   and    Eng. 
legate  (q.v.)"]    A  deputy  legate. 

pro-le-gom'-en-a,  s.  pi    [PROLEGOMENON.] 

*  pro-le-gom'-en-ar-y,  a.    [Eng.  protegom- 
en(a) ;  -ary.]   Of  the  nature  of  a  prolegomenon ;. 
preliminary,  prefatory,  introductory. 

pro-le-gom  en  on  (pi.  pro-le-gom'- 
en-a),  s.  [Gr.,  from  irpo  (pro)  =  before,  and 
Ac'-yw '(lego)  =  to  say,  to  speak.]  A  prefatory  or 
preliminary  observation.  (Generally  used  in 
the  plural  for  an  introductory  or  preliminary 
discourse  prefixed  to  a  book,  and  containing 
something  necessary  for  the  reader  to  know, 
in  order  the  better  to  understand  the  book, 
and  to  enter  more  closely  into  the  author's 
reasoning.) 

"  Intended  as  a  prolegomenon  to  this  and  the  like 
essays."— Stoket:  On  the  Prophet*  (Fret.) 

*  pro-le-gSm'-en-ous,  a.     [Eng.    prolego- 
men(on) ;  -ous.  ]  Introductory,  prolegomenary. 

"  In  the  prolegomenmu  or  introductory  chapter."— 
fielding. •  Tom  Janet,  bk.  viii.,  ch.  L 

pro-lSp'-sis,  *prd'-lep-sy,  *pro-lep- 
Sie,  s.  [Lat  prolepsis,  from  Gr.  Tj-poAjji^ic 
(proJepsis)  =  an  anticipation  :  n-pd  (pro)  =  be- 
fore, and  A>j<i/tc  (lepsis)  =  a  taking  ;  Aa^6ai-a> 
(lanibano),  fut  Arj^ofiai  (lepsomai)  =  to  take ;. 
O.  Fr.  proUpsie;  Fr.  prolepse.] 
I.  Rhetoric: 

(1)  A  figure  by  which  a  thing  is  represented 
as  already  done  or  existing,  though  in  reality 
it  is  to  follow  as  a  consequence  of  the  action 
which  is  described  :  as,  To  kill  a  man  dead. 

"This  be  spake  by  way  ot  proleprii  or  anticipation.* 
—Scott :  Christian  Lift.  pt.  ii.,  «h.  vii. 

(2)  A  figure  by  which  objections  are  antici- 
pated or  prevented. 


(3)  A  necessary  truth  or  assumption  ;  a  first 
or  assumed  principle. 

2.  Chronol. :  An  error  in  chronology,  con- 
sisting in  dating  an  event  before  the  actual 
time ;  a  prochronism. 

pro-lep'-tic,     *  pr6-le"p'-tlc-al,     *prd- 

lep'-tlck,  a.     [Gr.  irpoAijirrucof  (proleptikos), 
from  irpoAip/«f  (proZep*is)  =  anticipation.] 

*  I.  Ordinary  Language : 

L  Anticipating,  anticipatory. 

2.  Previous. 

"  In  order  of  time  before  them,  and  proltptical  to- 
them."— Cudtoorth  :  Intel/.  Sfttem.  p.  732. 

IL  Technically: 

L  Gram.:  Applied  to  the  use  of  an  adjective 
by  which  anything  is  represented  as  already 
done  or  existing,  though  in  reality  it  is  to 
follow  as  a  consequence  of  the  action  which  i» 
described. 


boil,  b£y ;  pout,  jo"wl ;  cat,  9 ell.  chorus,  chin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   ph  =  L- 
-cian,  -tian  =  shaa.   -tion,  -sion  =  snun ;  -(ion,  -sion  =  zaun,    -cious,  -tious,  -sioua  =  anas,   -ble,  -<Ue,  ic.  =  bel,  del. 


3770 


proleptically— prolong 


2.  Path.  :  Anticipating  the  usnal  time.  Used 
of  a  disease  in  which  the  paroxysms  return 
earlier  each  time. 

•prd-lep'-tic-al-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  proleptical  ; 
-ly.]  In  a  proleptic  manner  ;  by  way  of  antici- 
pation. 


protepticaUit  to  their 
SyOnn.  p.  733. 


istence."—  CuJu 


pro-lep'-tics,  s.  [PROLEPTIC.]  The  art  or 
science  of  prognosticating  diseases  in  medicine. 

pro'-les,  s.    [Lat.] 
Law:  Progeny. 

pro'-le-taire,  >.    [Fr.]    A  proletarian  (q.v.). 

*  pro-le-ta'-ne-ous,  a.  [Lat  proletaneus, 
Trom  proles  •=  offspring.]  Having  a  numerous 
offspring. 

prd-lS-tar'-I-an,  a.  k  s.  [Lat.  proletariats  = 
a  citizen  of  th'e  lowest  class,  one  who  was 
useful  to  the  state  only  in  begetting  children  ; 
proles  =  offspring  ;  Fr.  proletaire  ;  Sp.  &.  Ital. 
proletario.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  common 
people  :  hence,  low,  mean,  vulgar. 

"  law  proletarian  ty  thing-men." 

Butler  :  Hudibrat,  I.  L  717. 

B.  As  subst.  :  One  of  the  lowest  class  of 
citizens  ;  one  whose  only  capital  is  his  children. 

pro-le-tar'-i-an-isin,  s.  [Eng.  proletarian; 
•ism.]  The  condition  or  political  influence  of 
the  lowest  classes  of  the  community. 

prd-le-tar'-J-at,  s.  [PROLETARIAN.]  A  body 
of  proletarians  ;  proletarians  collectively  ; 
the  lower  classes  of  the  community. 

"  Russia  hu  always  boasted  of  being  free  from  an 
economical  proletariat."—  Athenaeum.  Oct.  14,  1882. 

prSr^e-tar-y\  o.  &  *.    [Lat.  proletarius  ;  Fr. 


A.  As  adj.  :  Of  or  pertaining  to  proletarians 
or  proletarianisin. 

B.  As  suhst.  :   A  proletarian  ;  one  of  the 
lower  classes  of  the  community. 

"  He  goes  on  to  preach  at  immense  length  about  the 
crime,  though  the  proletary  has  probably  sneaked 
away  to  the  nearest  wine-shop."—  Saturday  Review, 
Jan.  13.  1884,  p.  50. 

*  prd'-ll-cide,  *.    [Lat.  proles  =  offspring,  and 

ccedo  (in  comp.  -cido)  =  to  kill.]  The  crime  of 
killing  one's  offspring,  either  in  the  womb  or 
after  birth. 

*  prd-lif-er-a'-tion,  *.  [PROLIFEROUS.] 

1.  Bot.  :  The  production  of  one  organ  by  a 
very  different  one,  as  of  branches  by  flowers. 

t  2.  PathoL  :  A  multiplication  of  morbid 
centres  in  an  affected  organ. 

"  Proliferation  of  the  nuclei  always  existing  in  the 
tissues."—  Tanner  :  PracL  Jfed.  (ed.  7th),  i.  68. 

pro-lif  -er-ous,  a.  [Lat  proles  =  offspring, 
and  fero  =  to  bear  ;  Fr.  prolifere  ;  Ital.  pro- 
Hftro.] 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Bearing  offspring. 

2.  Bot.  :  Having  an  unusual  development  of 
parts.    Used  of  a  plant  forming  young  ones  in 
numbers  about  the  roots,  or  of  an  inflorescence 
•which  bears  shoots  in  place  of  flowers. 

"Sometimes  the  spicules  are  proliferout."—Oar- 
tknert  Chronicle,  No.  403,  p.  (69. 

proliferous-cyst,  ».    [OVARIAN-CYST.] 

t  pro-lif  '-er-ous-ly,  adv.   [Eng.  proliferous  ; 
-ly.] 
Bot.  :  In  a  proliferous  manner. 

lir-ic,  *pro-llr-ic-al,  *pro-Uf  '-fak, 

.     [Fr.  prolifiijue,  from  Low  Cat.  *  prolificus, 
from  Lat  proles  =  offspring,  and  facto  =  to 
make  ;  Ital.  &  Sp.  prolifico.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Producing  young  or  fruit,  especially  In 
abundance  ;  very  fruitful  or  productive. 

2.  Causing  fruitfulness  or  productiveness. 

"  Jove  descends  in  each  prolific  shower.* 

Pope  :  Homer  ;  Odyuxy  ix.  12«. 

3.  Serving  or  tending  to  give  rise  or  origin  ; 
generating,    fruitful,   fertile  :   as,    a   quarrel 
prolific  of  evil  consequences  ;  a  prolific  brain. 

*  4.  Abundant,  plentiful. 

"  The  reynard  family,  to  pmHfc  here  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  season,  had  betaken  themselves 
elsewhere.  "—Field,  Jan.  M,  1886. 

H.  Bot.  :  The  same  as  PROLIFEROUS  (q.v.). 

prolific  syllis,    . 

Zool.  :  Syllis  prolifera.    [SYLLIS.] 


*  pro-lif '-ic-a-9y,  ».    [PROLIFIC.]    Fruitful- 
ness  ;  great  productiveness. 

"  My  note  book  bears  witness  to  their  extraordinary 
prolificacy."— Field,  April  10,  1886. 

*  prd-lif-ic-al,  a.    [PROLIFIC.] 

*  prd-llf '-Ic-al-ly,adi>.    [Eng.  prolijlcal;  -ly.] 

In  a  prolific  manner;  fruitfully,  abundantly. 

*  pro-lif '-ic-al-ness,  s.     [Eng.  prolifical; 
-ness.]    Great  productiveness. 

"  The  proliftcalnett  of  the  rivers  In  that  country." — 
Daily  Telegraph,  Aug.  18,  1885. 

*  prd-llf' -i-cate,  v.t.    [PROLIFICATIOX.]    To 
impregnate,  to  fertilize. 

"  A  great  difficulty  in  the  doctrine  of  eggs  is  how 
the  sperm  of  the  cock  prolificatet."— Browne:  Vulgar 
Errourt. 

pro-Uf-i-ca'-tion,  s.  [Lat.  proles=  off- 
spring, and/«cio  =  to  make.] 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  The  generation  of  children, 
young  animals,  or  plants. 

"  ProlifcaHont  descending  from  double  origins."— 
Browne :  Vulgar  Errourt,  bk.  ii..  ch.  xli. 

2.  Bot.  :  The  elongation  of  the  apex  of  the 
floral  axis  above  the  flower,  where  it  bears 
fresh  buds,   leaves,  and  flowers,  as    occurs 
normally  in  the  syncarpous  fruit  of  the  pine- 
apple, and  sometimes  in  apples  and  pears. 
Something  analogous  is  seen  in  the  bud  of 
Polytrichum.      Median    prolification    is   an 
adventitious  bud  springing  from  the  centre  of 
the  flower  ;  axillary  prolification,  one  spring- 
ing from  the  centre  of  the  axil ;  and  lateral 
prolification,  one  springing  from  the  centre  of 
the  inflorescence. 

*  pro-lif '-ic-ness,  *.     [Eng.  prolific ;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  prolific  ;  prolift- 
cation. 

*  pro'-U-fy,  v.i.  [Lat.  proles  =  offspring ;  Eng. 

suff.  -fy.]    To  bring  forth  offspring. 

"Which  in  time  prelified  and  sent  out  great  and 
wasting  sins."— Sanderton :  H'orla,  v.  338. 

pro-lig'-er-ous,  a.  [Lat.  proles  =  offspring, 
and  gero  —  to  bear,  to  produce.]  Producing 
offspring. 

proligerous  disc,  s. 

Anat. :  Von  Baer's  name  for  the  cellular 
layer  imbedding  the  germinal  ovum  of  a  nas- 
cent organism. 

pro'-lix,  *  pro-lixe,  a.  [Fr.  prolixe,  from 
Lat  prolixus  —  extended,  prolix,  from  pro  = 
forward,  and  *lixus,  from  the  same  root  as 
liquor  =  to  flow.  Puttenham,  in  1589,  ranks 
this  word  with  those  quite  recently  intro- 
duced into  the  language.] 

*  1.  Long,  extended  ;  of  long  duration. 

"  If  the  appellant  appoints  a  term  too  prolix,  the 
judge  may  then  assign  a  competent  term.  '—Ayliffe  : 
Parergon. 

*  2.  Long  ;  reaching  a  considerable  distance. 

"  With  wig  prolix  down  flowing  to  his  waist." 

.Cowper:  Tirocinium,  861. 

3.  Long  and  wordy  ;  extending  or  spread 
out   to   a   great  length ;   tedious,  tiresome, 
diffuse. 

"  Cowper,  whose  silver  voice,  task'd  sometimes  hard, 
Legends  prolix  delivers  in  the  ears." 

Cowper  :  Henry  Cowper,  Etq. 

4.  Given  to,  or  indulging  long  and  wordy 
discourses ;    tedious,    prosy ;    discussing  at 
great  length. 

"  I  have  been  purposely  prolix  in  this  demonstra- 
tion."— Mathematical  Evidence,  p.  24. 

*  prd-lIx'-i-OUS,    a.      [Eng.    prolix;    -ions.] 
Tiresome,  wearisome,  prolix,  dilatory. 

"  Lay  by  all  nicety,  and  prolixiout  bl-ishes." 

Shaketp. :  J/caiure/or  ileature,  it  4. 

pro-lix'-i-ty,  s.  [Fr.  prolixite,  from  Lat. 
prolixitatem,  accus.  of  prolixitas,  from  pro- 
lif  us—  prolix  (q.v.) ;  Ital.  prolissita.] 

*  1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  prolix  or 
extended  in  material  length  ;  length,  extent. 

"  The  obsolete  prolixity  of  shade." 

Cooper :  Talk,  L  965. 

2.  Wordiness,  great  length,  tediousness ; 
tiresome  length  of  speaking. 

"  I  have  done  with  France,  and  shall  recompence 
any  prolixity  in  it  with  greater  brevity  in  other  king, 
doms."— Prynnt :  Treachery  *  Dltloyalty,  p.  5L  (App.) 

pro-lix'-ly,  adv.     [Eng.  prolix ;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  prolix  manner  ;  at  great  length. 

"  On  these,  prolixly  thankful,  she  enlarged." 

Itrydm  :  Hind  i  Panther,  Hi.  44. 

*  2.  For  a  long-time  ;  over-long. 


Is  waste  of  he 


Armttrong :  Preferring  Health,  ill. 


pro -l!x-ness,  ».  [Eng.  prolix;  -tie**.]  Th« 
quality  or  state  of  being  prolix  ;  prolixity. 

*  pro'-lixt,  a.  [PROLIX.]  Prolix,  long,  tedious. 
(G.  Douglas.) 

•proll,  *prolle  *prol-lyn,r.«.&t.  [PROWL.} 

A.  Trans. :    To    prowl   after ;   to  rob,  to 
plunder. 

"  By  how  many  tricks  did  he  proll  money  from  all 
parts  of  Christendom."— Barrow:  Supremacy  of  the 
Pope. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  prowl  about ;  to  go  aboufc 
in  search  of  anything. 

"  And  yet  the!  be  dally  and  howerly  cenuersaunt  In 
riche  inennes  houses,  prollyng  for  somewhat  at  their 
hundes." — Udal  '  Apopth.  of  Eratmut,  p.  53. 

*  prolT-er,  s.    [Eng.  proll ;  -er.]    A  prowler, 
a  thief. 

pro-l5c'-u-tdr,  *  pro-loc-u-tour,  s.  [Lat. 
=  an  advocate,  from  prolocutus,  pa.  par.  of 
pi-oloquor,  from  pro  =.  before,  publicly,  and 
loquor  =  to  speak.] 

*  1.  One  who  speaks  for  another  ;  an  advo- 
cate. 

2.  The  chairman  or  speaker  of  one  of  the 
houses  of  Convocation.  The  prolocutor  of 
the  lower  house  is  a  member  chosen  by  the 
house,  and  presented  to  the  bishops  of  the 
higher  house  as  the  person  through  whom 
all  resolutions  passed  by  the  lower  house  will 
be  communicated  to  the  upper  house,  and 
who  is  to  act  as  chairman  and  moderator  of 
their  proceedings. 

"  The  most  important  office  in  the  Convocation  was 

that  of  Prolocutor  of  the  Lower  House."— Macaulaf  : 

Hist.  Eng.,  ch.  xiv. 

pr6-l5c'-u-tor-sliip,  s.  [Eng.  prolocutor; 
-ship.]  The  office  or  dignity  of  a  prolocutor. 

*  pro-loc'-u-trix,  s.  [Lat]  A  spokes  woman. 

"To  be  their  advocate  and  prolocutrix.~—Danitl: 
Hist.  Eng.,  p.  14L 

*  pro- logo,  «.    [PROLOGUE.] 

*  pr6'-l5g-ize,  v.i.   [QT.vpo\oy^u>(prologi2d\ 
from  n-pxiAo-yos  (prologos)  =  a  prologue  (q.v.).J 
To  deliver  a  prologue. 

"  Prologues  are  bad  huishers  before  the  wise : 
Why  may  not  then  an  hulsher  prologize  I " 

Beaum.  i  Flet.  :  Four  Playi  in  On*. 

*pr6'-log-iz-er,  "pro-log-nis-er,  & 

[Eng.  prologise);   -er.]    One  who   makes  or 
delivers  a  prologue. 

"  Your  prologuiferi  all  wear  black." 

Lloyd:  To  Oeorye  Caiman,  Ety. 

pro  -logue,  *  pro-loge,  s.  [Fr.  prologut, 
from  Lat.  prologus;  Gr.  jrpoAoyos  (prologos)^ 
a  forespeech  :  irpo  (pro)  —  before,  and  Ao-yot 
(logos)  =  a  speech  ;  Ae'-yu  (lego)  =  to  speak ;  Sp., 
Port.,  &  Ital.  prologo.] 

1.  A  preface  or  introduction  to  a  discourse 
or  performance  ;  espec.  an  introductory  dis- 
course or  verses  spoken  before  a  dramatic 
performance  or  play  begins.  [EPILOGUE.] 

"  It  is  not  the  fashion  to  see  the  lady  the  epilogue; 
but  it  is  no  more  unhandsome  than  to  see  the  lord  th» 
prologue."— Shaketp.  :  At  You  Like  It  (Epilogue.) 

*  2.  The  speaker  of  a  prologue  before  a  per- 
formance. 

*  3.  An  introduction,  a  preface,  a  prelude. 

"  In  her  face  excuse 
Came  prologue."  Milton.  P.  L.,  ix.  8S4. 

*  pro'-logue,  v.t.    [PROLOGUE,  ».]    To  intro- 
duce, to  preface. 

"  He  his  special  nothing  ever  prolnguei." 

Shaketp. :  All'l  Well  that  Eudt  Well.  U.  L 

pro  long',  *  pro-long-yn, «  pur-long-yn, 

v.t.  &  i.     [Fr.  prolonger  =  to  prolong,  to  pro- 
tract, from  Lat.  prolongo,  from  pro  =  forward, 
and   longus  =  long ;    Sp.   &   Port,  prolongar; 
Ital.  prolungnre.] 
A.  Transitive : 

1.  To  extend  in  material  length ;  to  lengthen  ; 
to  draw  out 

2.  To  extend  or  lengthen  in  time;  to  lengthen 
out ;  to  extend  the  duration  of. 

"  The  flames  ascend :  till  evening  they  prolong 
The  rites."  Pope:  Bomer :  Odyuey  xiii.  8L 

*  3.  To  put  off  to  a  distant  time ;  to  post- 
pone, to  defer. 

"  This  wedding-day  perhaps  is  but  prolonged." 

Shakttp. :  Much  Ado  About  Kothing,  IT.  L 

*B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  put  off  to  a  distant  time ;  to  postpone. 

2.  To  be  prolonged  or  extended. 

"  This  page,  which  from  my  reveries  I  feed. 
Until  it  seems  prolonging  without  end." 

Buron:  ChildeBaroid,Ul.  10«. 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  euro,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    to,  ce  -  6;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


prolongable— promise 


3771 


•  prd'-lo'ng -a-ble,  a.    [Eng.  prolong;  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  prolonged. 

•  pro-lon'-gate,  v.t.    [Lat.  _ 

par.  otprolongo  =  to  prolong  (q.v.).J 
long,  to  lengthen. 

"  His  prolongated  nose." 

Combe:  Dr.  Syntax,  lit  S. 

pro-lon-ga'-tion,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  prolon- 
gatus.]  [PROLONGATE.] 

1.  The  act  of  lengthening  or  extending  in 
material  length  :  as,  the  prolongation  of  a  line. 

2.  A  part  prolonged  ;  an  extension. 

"  Two  remarkable  processes  or  prolongation!  of  the 
.  bones  of  the  leg."— Paley :  Natural  Theology,  ch.  Till. 

3.  The  act  of  prolonging  or  lengthening  in 
time. 

"  Putting  meat  to  my  month  for  the  prolongation 
Of  my  life.  —  Sharp :  Sermont,  vol.  lv.,  «er.  6. 

*4.  Extension  of  time  by  delay  or  post- 
ponement ;  delay. 

"  Thi»  ambassage  concerned  only  the  prolongation 
of  days  for  payment  of  monies."— Bacon :  Henry  Vll. 

pro-longe',  ».    [Fr.] 

Ordn. :  A  rope  used  to  drag  a  gun-carriage 
without  the  limber,  in  manoeuvring  when  it 
is  required  to  move  in  a  narrow  track.  It  has 
a  hook  at  one  end  and  a  ring  at  the  other. 

prS-lo'ng'-e'r,  s.  [Eng.  prolong;  -er.}  One 
who  or  that  which  prolongs,  extends,  or 
lengthens  in  time  or  space. 

"  Hem  and  cough 
Prolongert  to  enlightened  stuff. ' 

Butter:  Hudibrat,  1.  1 

prS-long'-ment,  ».  [Eng.  prolong;  -ment.] 
The  act  of  prolonging  or  extending  ;  the  state 
of  being  prolonged  or  extended  ;  prolongation. 

"  The  utmost  prolongmrnt  of  his  own  ^ineligible 
state."— Sha/tetbury.  Characlerutict,  ii.  ML 

pro-lu'-aion,  ».  [Lat.  prolusio  =  a  prelude  : 
pro  =  before,  and  lusus  =  a  game  ;  ludo  =  to 
play  ;  Fr.  &  Sp.  prolusion  ;  Ital.  profusion*.] 

1.  A  prelude  to  a  game  or  entertainment ;  a 
prelude   or   introduction   generally ;  a   pre- 
liminary. 

"  Onr  Saviour  having  mentioned  the  beginnings  of 
their  throes  of  travail,  and  prolusion*  of  this  so  bloody 
day."— Hammond :  Works,  lv.  490. 

2.  A  preliminary  essay  or  exercise  in  which 
the  writer  treats  briefly  of  a  subject  with  which 
he  intends  to  deal  more  fully  at  a  future  time ; 
a  literary  composition  of  a  preliminary  or  pre- 
paratory character ;  a  fugitive  piece. 

"  Strada  .  .  .  lays  the  scene  of  two  of  his  prolusioni 
111  iU  gardens."— Etutac* :  Italy,  vol.  U.,  ch.  vii. 

f  pro-mam-ma'-H-a,  s.  pi.  [Pref.  pro-,  and 
Mod.  Lat.  mammalia  fo.v.).] 

Palceont. :  A  term  used  by  Haeckel  to  de- 
signate the  extinct  ancestors  of  the  Mono- 
tremata  and  Marsupialia.  [PROTOTHERIA.] 

"  The  unknown,  extinct  Primary  Mammals,  or  Pro- 
mammalia— which  lived  during  the  Trias  period,  and 
of  which  tl.j  two  still  living  orders  of  Beaked  Animals 
icpresent  but  a  single  degenerated  branch  developed 
on  one  side— probably  possessed  a  very  highly  de- 
veloped Jaw  like  the  marsupial  animals  which  de- 
veloped from  them.'— tfoedtei .'  Bin.  Creat.  (Bug.  ed.), 
ii.  235. 

•  pro  ma  na  tion,  s.  [Lat.  pro  =  forth,  and 
manatio  =  a  flowing  ;    mano  =  to  flow.]      A 
flowing  forth  or  out ;  emanation. 

"  Besides  considering  the  pramanation  and  Inter- 
texture  of  the  rays  of  Tight.'— Hare :  Philot.  Cabbala, 
ch.  viii.  (App.) 

prom  en  ade,  *  pour  me  nade,  s.  [Fr. 
promenade  (O.  Fr.  pourmenade),  from  promener 
=  to  walk,  from  Lat.  promino  =  to  drive  on 
by  threats,  to  drive  on :  pro  =  forward,  and 
mi  no  =  to  drive  on  ;  minor  =  to  threaten.] 

1.  A  walk  for  pleasure  or  exercise. 

"To  try  his  fortune  in  another  promenade.*— Burke : 
Regicide  Peace,  let.  3. 

2.  A  place  for  walking ;  a  public  walk. 

"  No  unpleasant  walk  or  promenade  for  the  uncon. 
fined  portion  of  some  solitary  prisoner."— Mountagite  : 
Devoute  Euayet,  pt.  t,  tr.  xix.,  {  6. 

prom-en-ade',  v.i.  [PROMENADE,  *.]  To  take 
a  walk  for  pleasure,  exercise,  or  show. 

prom-en-ad' -er,  ».  [Eng.  promenad(e);  -er.} 
One  who  promenades. 

"Sabbath-breaking  prommadrrt  were  all  forbid- 
den."—0.  Kingitey  :  Alton  Locke,  ch.  L 

•  prom  en  ad'-er-ess,  i.  [Eng.  promenader ; 
-ess.}    A  female  promenader. 

'  White-muslin  promenadereu  .  ,  .  leaning  on  year 
arm."— Carfyle  .•  French  Kevnl.,  pt,  11.,  bk.  vL,  ch.  iv. 

prd-me-phi-tls,  ».  [Pref.  pro-,  and  Lat 
mephitis  (q.r.).] 


Palmont. :  An  extinct  form  of  Mustelidse, 
akin  to  the  European  Marten,  to  the  Otters, 
and  to  the  South  African  Zorilla.  From  the 
Upper  Miocene  of  PikeruiL  (Wallace.) 

*  prd-mer'-it,  v.t.    [Lat.  promeritus,  pa.  par. 
of    promereor  =  to    deserve  :    pro  =  before, 
openly,  and  mereor  =  to  deserve.] 

1.  To  deserve  ;  to  procure  by  merit 

"  Nothing  in  any  other  creature  which  can  promerit 
or  procure  it  to  us."— Pear  ton :  Creed,  art.  2. 

2.  To  confer  a  favour  on  ;  to  oblige. 

"  He  loves  not  God ;  no.  not  while  He  promeriti  him 
with  his  favours."— Bp.  Sail  :  Sermon  on  Jamet  lv.  8. 

3.  To  please,  to  gratify. 

"  Beneficence  and  communication  do  not  forget ;  for 
with  such  hosta  God  is  promtriud."—Ueb.  xiil.  16. 
(Douay  Bible.} 

•  pro-mer'-I-tor,  «.     [Eng.  promerit;  -or.} 
One  who  deserves  well ;  a  praiseworthy  per- 
son. 

"Whatsoever  mischiefs  befall  them  or  their  pos- 
terity, though  many  ages  after  the  decease  of  the  pro- 
meritort,  were  inflicted  upon  them  lu  revenge."— 
Chrittian  Religion  t  Appeal. 

pro-mer-o-pi-nw,  s.  pi.     [Mod.  Lat  pro- 
merops;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ince.] 

Ornith.  :  A  sub-family  of  Nectariniidae,  with 
one  genus,  Promerops  (q.v.). 

pro'-mer-ops,  s.    [Pref.  pro-,  and  Mod.  Lat. 
merops.] 

Ornith. :  The  sole  genus  of  the  Promeropinae 
(q.v.).  Bill  long,  sub-curved  ;  nostrils  linear, 
in  a  fossa ;  tongue  feathery ;  wings  with  ten 
primaries  ;  tail  long,  cuneate.  Two  species, 
Promerops  (Merops,  Linn.)  caffer  and  P. 
gurneyi,  from  South  Africa. 

Pro-me  -the-an,  a.  &  *.    [See  def.] 
A.  ^s  adjective : 

1.  Lit.  £  Greek  Mythol. :  Of  or  pertaining  to 
Prometheus  (lit  =  forethought),  son  of  la- 
petus.    He  stole  fire  from  the  chariot  of  the 
sun,  and  gave  it  to  mortals.    Jupiter,  enraged 
at  this,  caused  him  to  be  chained  to  a  rock  on 
Mount  Caucasus,  where  for  30,000  years  a  vul- 
ture was  to  feed  by  day  on  his  liver,  which 
grew  again  each  night 

2.  Fig. :  Life-giving. 
*  B.  As  substantive : 

1.  A  match  tipped  with  melted  sulphur  and 
then  with  chlorate  of  potash.    They  were  in- 
flamed by  dipping  them  in  sulphuric  acid. 

2.  A  small  glass  tube,  contain  'ng  sulphuric 
acid,  and  surrounded  by  an  inflammable  mix- 
ture, which  it  ignited  on  being  pressed.     (An 
old  contrivance  for  obtaining  a  ready  light) 

prom  -I  nen9e,  prom'-i-nen-c&  s.    [Fr. 
prominence,  from  Lat.  prominentia,  from  proro- 
inens  =  prominent  (q.v.).]) 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  prominent ; 
a  state  of  standing  out  or  projecting  from  the 
surface  of  anything. 

2.  That  which  is  prominent  or  projects  ;  a 
projection,  a  protuberance. 

"  The  rock  itself  la  broken  into .  .  .  insulated  prom- 
inencies, and  fantastic  forms."—  Eiutace  :  Italy,  vol. 
Hi.,  ch.  XL 

3.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  prominent 
or  conspicuous  among  men  ;  distinction,  cou- 
spicuousness,  prominent  position. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Astron.  (PI.):   Curious  red  projections, 
mainly  of  glowing  hydrogen  gas,  from  the 
circumference  of  the  sun's  disk,  existent  at  all 
times,  but  best  seen  during  total  eclipses. 

2.  Bot.  (PI.) :  Risings  or  protuberances  from 
the  surface. 

prom'-I  nent,  a.  &  s.    [Fr.,  from  Lat  prom- 
inens,  pr.  par.  of  promineo  =  to  project :  pro 
=  forward,  and  mineo  =  to  project ;   8p.   & 
Ital.  prominente.] 
A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Standing  out  or  projecting  beyond  the 
surface   of    something  else ;  jutting,    protu- 
berant 

"  From  some  prominent  rock." 

Chapman  :  Homer ;  Iliad  x vi. 

2.  Standing  out  from  the  multitude ;  con- 
spicuous ;  distinguished  above  others. 

"  Personal  pilgrimages  on  the  part  of  prominent 
political  figures.  —Daily  Teltynph,  Feb.  S3, 1S86. 

3.  Likely  to  attract  special  attention  from 
the   size,  position,  or  other  feature ;   most 
striking  to  the  eye :  principal,  chief :  as,  a 

I      prominent  place  in  a  picture,  procession,  &c.    I 


*  B.  As  substantive  : 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  prominence,  a  height 

"Till  highest  prominent*  ...  are  bid." 

Chapman:  Homer;  Iliad  lU. 

2.  Entom,  (PI.);  Various  species  of  Noto- 
dontidse,  of  the  genera  Notodonta,  Ptilophora, 
and  Ptilodontis,  which  have  a  projection  on 
the  inner  margins  of  the  fore-wings.  Colours 
generally  white,  brown,  or  tawny,  with 
darker  margins.  Caterpillars  of  varied  and 
irregular  forms.  Called  also  Tooth-backs. 

prom'-i-nent-ljr,  adv.  [Eng.  prominent;  -fy.J 
In  a  prominent  manner  or  degree ;  con- 
spicuously, eminently ;  in  a  striking  manner. 

prpm-Is-CU'-i-tjr,  «.  [Eng.  promiscuous); 
-ity.] 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Promiscuousness,  confu- 
sion. 

"A  state  of  perplexity  and  promitcuity."— E.  A. 
Pot:  Marginalia,  Ixxv. 

2.  Anthrop. :  The  Hetairism  of  M'Lennan 
and  Communal  Marriage  of  Lubbock— a  state 
in  low  societies  where  the  connections  be- 
tween men  and  women  are  indefinite  and  in- 
constant. 

"  We  must.  I  think,  infer  that  even  In  prehistoric 
times,  promiscuity  was  checked  by  the  ^tablishmeut 
of  individual  connexions;  prompted  by  men's  likings, 
and  maintained  against  other  men  by  force."— Spen- 
cer ;  Sociology  (ed.  1876),  665. 

pro- mis' -cu-ous,  a.  [Lat  promiscuus  = 
mixed  :  pro  =  forward,  and  misceo  =  to  mix ; 
O.  Fr.  promiscue ;  Sp.  &  Ital.  promiscuo.] 

1.  Consisting  of  individuals  mixed  together 
in  a  body  or  mass  without  order ;  confused  ; 
mingled  indiscriminately. 

"  Victors  and  vanquished  join  promitcvota  cries." 
Poite:  Homer;  Iliad  iv.  514, 

*  2.  Forming  one  or  part  of  a  confused  or 
mixed  mass  or  crowd. 

3.  Distributed  indiscriminately  ;  common  ; 
notrestricted  to  an  individual ;  indiscriminate. 

"A  promitcuotu  undistinfcuishing  profuseness."-* 
South:  Sermont,  vol.  iv.,  ser.  10. 

pro  -  mis'  -CU-OUS-ljr,  adv.  [Eng.  promit- 
cuous;  -ly.]  In  a  promiscuous  manner ;  in  a 
confused  or  mixed  mass  or  crowd ;  without 
order ;  indiscriminately  ;  without  distinction 
of  kinds.  (Cowper :  Retirement,  723.) 

pro-mis'-cu-ous-ness,  s.  [Eng.  promi*. 
ciious;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
promiscuous  ;  a  state  of  being  mixed  up  indis- 
criminately without  order  or  distinction. 

prom'-ise,  *  prom-ys,  s.  [Fr.  promesse, 
from  Lat  promissa,  fern.  sing,  of  promissus, 
pa.  par.  otpromitto  =  to  send  forth,  to  promise : 
pro  =  forth,  and  mitto  =  to  send ;  Sp.  promesa; 
Ital.  &  Port  promessa.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  declaration,  verbal  or  written,  made  by 
one  person  to  another,  by  which  the  person 
giving  the  promise  binds  himself  to  do,  or  for- 
bear front  doing,  some  specific  act  and  which 
gives  the  person  to  whom  the  promise  is  made 
a  right  to  expect  and  to  claim  the  performance 
or  forbearance  of  the  specified  act 

"  He,  whlche  is  a  promite  breaker,  escape th  not 
alwaye  free."- Hall  :  Henry  VI.  (an.  14). 

2.  A  ground  or  basis  for  expectation ;  earnest, 
pledge. 

3.  A  ground  or  basis  for  expectation  or  hope 
of  future  distinction  or  excellence. 


4.  That  which  is  promised  ;  performance  or 
grant  of  the  thing  promised. 

"  Walt  for  the  promite  of  the  father."— Aeti  i.  4. 

IL  Law :  A  declaration  made  by  one  person 
to  another  for  a  good  or  valuable  considera- 
tion, whereby  the  person  promising  binds 
himself  to  do  or  forbear  some  act,  and  gives  to 
the  promisee  a  legal  right  to  demand  and  en- 
force a  fulfilment 

"  A  promite  is  in  the  nature  of  a  verbal  covenant, 
and  wants  nothing  but  the  solemnity  of  writing  ana 
sealing  to  make  It  absolutely  the  same.  If  therefor* 
it  be  to  do  any  explicit  act,  it  is  an  express  contract, 
as  much  as  any  covenant ;  and  the  breach  of  it  is  an 
equal  Injury.  The  remedy  it  by  an  action  on  what  U 
called  the  aseumpsit  er  undertaking  of  the  defendant ; 
the  failure  of  performing  which  is  the  wrong  or  injury 
done  to  the  plaintiff,  the  daiuw-es  whereof  a  jury  are 
to  estimate  and  settle."— Blackttone:  Comment,,  bk. 
111.,  ch.  6. 

H  (1)  Promise  and  offer : 

Scots  Law :  An  offer  is  a  proposal  made  by 
the  offerer  to  the  person  to  whom  the  offer  is 
addressed,  to  give  or  to  do  something  either 
gratuitously  or  on  an  onerous  consideration. 
A  promise  is  an  offer  with  this  addition,  that 


brfy;  pofct,  J6M;  oat,  96!!,  chorus,  9hln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xcnophon,  exist.    -Ing, 
-clan,  -tian  =  shan.   -tion,  -sion  -  shun;  -tion,  -sion  =  zhun.    -oions,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  ic.  =  bel,  del. 


3772 


promise— prompt 


the  promiser,  from  the  nature  of  his  proposal, 
thinks  it  unnecessary  to  wait  for  the  other 
party's  assent,  which  he  takes  for  granted. 
An  offerer  is  not  bound  until  his  offer  is 
accepted.  A  promiser  is  bound  as  soon  as  the 
promise  reaches  the  party  to  whom  it  is  made. 
A  promise  may  be  absolute  or  conditional, 
lawful  or  unlawful,  express  or  implied.  An 
Absolute  promise  must  be  fulfilled  in  all  events. 
The  obligation  to  fulfil  a  conditional  promise 
depends  on  the  performance  of  the  condition. 
An  unlawful  promise  is  not  binding,  being 
void  by  the  nature  of  it,  as  being  incompatible 
with  a  prior  paramount  obligation  of  obedience 
to  the  laws.  An  express  promise  is  one 
expressed  in  words  or  writing.  An  implied 
promise  is  one  which  reason  and  justice  dic- 
tate. A  promise  without  deed  is  said  to  be 
parol,  and  the  term  is  usually  applied  to  en- 
gagement by  parol  only,  a  promise  by  deed 
being  technically  called  a  covenant  (q.v.). 
(2)  Breach  of  promise :  [BREACH]. 

*  promise-bound,  *  pro  misc  bound 
Cn,  a.  Bound  by  a  promise.  {Tennyson:  Enoch 
Arden,  870.) 

*  promise-breach,  s.     The  breach  or 
violation   of  a  promise.    (Shakesp. :  Measure 
Jot  Measure,  v.  1.) 

promise-breaker,  s.  One  who  breaks 
or  violates  his  promises. 

"He  bad  »lso  turned  dissembler  and  promiie- 
breaker.'—Macaulay :  Bitt.  Eng..  ch.  vi. 

*  promise-crammed,  a.    Crammed  or 
stufl'ed  with    promises.     (Shakesp. :   hamlet, 
Hi.  2.) 

prom  Ise,  r.t.  &  i.    [PROMISE,  s.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  make  a  promise  of;  to  declare  or  en- 
gage to  do,  give,  procure,  or  grant  to  or  for 
another :  espec.  to  engage  the  conferment  of, 
as  a  benefit.    (2  Peter  ii.  18.) 

2.  To  bind  one's  self  under  a  promise  to. 

"Temures  promited  the  garrison  of  Sebastia,  that, 
If  they  would  .urreiider.  no  blood  should  be  shed."— 
Palet  :  Moral  Philotjphy,  bk.  iii.,  en.  v. 

3.  To   give   promise   of;    to  afford   good 
reason  to  expect  or  hope. 

"  Besides,  his  expedition  promitei 
Present  approach."  Shaketp.  :  Timon,  V.  S. 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  bind  one's  self  by  a  promise ;  to  make 
•  promise  or  promises. 

"  To  promiie  is  most  courtly." 

Shaketp. :  Timon  of  Atheni,  T.  1. 

2.  To  afford  reasonable  grounds  of  hope  or 
expectation  ;  to  give  promise. 

*  3.  To  stand  sponsor. 

"  There  were  those  who  knew  him  near  the  king. 
And  promited  for  him  :   and  Arthur  made  him 

knight."          Teimyton  :  Pelleat  i  EUarrt,  15. 

U  (1)  /  promise  you :  I  assure  you  ;  I  declare 
to  you.  (A  phrase  used  indifferently  of  good 
or  ill,  but  generally  of  something  ill,  or  won- 
derful.) 

"  I  do  not  like  thy  look :  1  promite  thee." 

Shaketp.  :  Much  Ada  Abuut  Nothing,  IT.  1 

*  (2)  To  be  promised :  To  have  a  prior  en- 
gagement. 

"  '  Will  yon  sup  with  me  to-night,  Cascaf 
'  No,  lain  promited  forth.' " 

Shaketp. :  Juliut  Catar,  L  2.    . 
t  (3)  To  promise  one's  self:  To  liave  strong 
confidence  or  expectation  of;  to  assure  one's 
•elf. 

•  prom-Is  ee'.  s.    [Eng.  promise) ; -ee.]    One 
to  whom  a  promise  is  made. 

"The  promise  is  to  be  performed  In  that  sense  in 
which  the  promisor  apprehended  at  the  time  that  the 
promote  received  ttS.-falti:  Moral  rhilotopfiy.  bk. 
liL.  ch.  v. 

*  prom -Ise-fuL,  a.    [Eng.  promise;  -fuVJ).'} 
Full  of  promises.    (Sylvester :  Jtabylon,  96.) 

prom'-Is-er,  s.  [Eng.  promise);  -er.]  One 
who  promises  ;  one  who  engages,  undertakes, 
or  covenants.  (Coleridge :  I  Zapolya,  i.) 

prom  -Is  Ing,  pr.  par.,  a..  &  *.  [PROMISE,  v.] 

A.  Aspr.par. :  (See  the  verbX 

B.  .4s  a/ljectioe : 

1.  Making  a  promise  ;  entering  into  a  cove- 
nant or  undertaking. 

2.  Giving  promise  or  jnst  grounds  for  ex- 
pectation or  hope  of  future  distinction  or  ex- 
cellence ;  likely  to  turn  out  well :  as,  a  promis- 
ing youth. 

C.  As  siibst. :  The  act  of  making  a  promise 
or  covenant. 


pr6m'-is-ing-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  promising ;  -ly.] 
In  a  promising  manner;  so  as  to  give  good 
promise  of  the  future. 

prom'-is-or,  s.    [Eng.  promise),  v. ;  -or.] 

IAIW  :  One  who  promises ;  one  who  enters 
into  a  covenant. 

*  pro-mls'-slve,  a.     [Eng.  promise);  -ive.] 
Making  a  promise. 

*  pro-mls'-s6r-ll--y,  adv.     [Eng.  promissory  ; 

•ly.]    By  way  of  promise. 

"  Nor  was  be  obliged  by  oath  to  a  strict  observation 
of  that  which  pr  ,miuonly  was  unlawful."— Browne  : 
Vulgar  Errourt,  bk.  v.,  ch.  xlv. 

prom'-Is-sor-y,  a.  [Lat.  promissor  =  a. 
promiser ;  Eng.  adj.  suff.  -y.]  Containing, 
or  of  the  nature  of  a  promise  or  covenant  to 
do  or  forbear  to  do  something. 

"As  the  preceptive  part  enjoins  the  most  exact 
virtue,  so  is  it  most  advantageously  enforced  by  the 
promatory."— Decay  of  Chrittian  Piety. 

promissory-note, .-. 

Comm. :  A  written  promise  to  pay  a  given 
sum  of  money  to  a  certain  person,  at  a  specified 
date.  The  phrase  "for  value  received"  is 
usually  inserted,  and  in  some  States  is  definitely 
required  to  insure  legality. 

promissory-oath,  s.    [OATH.] 

*  pro-mit',  v.t.   [Lat.  promitto.]  [PROMISE,  v.} 
To  disclose,  to  publish,  to  confess. 

"  Promising  .  .  .  franke  and  free  pardoi*»  of  all 
offences  and  crimes  pr  omitted."  —  I] a.U  :  Chronicle. 
Henry  ¥11.,  fo.  Si 

*  prom'-ont,  *.      [An  abbrev.  of  promontory 
(q.v.).]    A  promontory. 

"  The  shore  let  her  transcend  the  promont  to  descry." 
Drayton  :  Polf-Olbion,  s.  i. 

*  prom-on-tdr'-I-OUS,  a.    [  Eng.  promontory  ; 

-ous.]  Overhanging,  like  a  promontory  :  hence, 
high  and  predominant. 

"  The  Papists  brag  of  their  .  .  .  promontorioia 
celsltude."— Adanu:  Wn-Jts,  i.  422. 

pr6m'-6n-t6r-y,  s.  &  a.   [Lat.  promontorium, 
from  pro  —  forward,  auil^nons  (genit.  mentis) 
=  a  mountain  ;.  Fr.  promontoire;  Sp.,  Port,  & 
ItaL  promontorio.] 
A.  As  substantive : 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  headland ;  a  high  point  of 
land  projecting  into  the  sea  beyond  the  line 
of  the  coast ;  it  differs  from  a  cape  in  being 

Eroperlyhigh  land,  while  a  cape  maybe  either 
igh  or  low.    (Milton:  P.  L.,  vii.  414.) 

2.  Anat. :  A  small  projection,  used  chiefly, 

(1)  Of  the  ear:   A  small  projection  at  the 
inner  paries  of  the  cavity  of  the  tympanum, 
corresponding  to  the  external  scala  of  the 
cochlea. 

(2)  Of  the  sacrum:  The  projection  formed 
by  the  union  of  the  base  of  the  sacrum  with 
the  last  lumbar  vertebra. 

*  B.  As  adj. :  High,  projecting. 


pro-mote',  v.i.  &  t.  [Lat.  promotus,  pa.  par. 
of  promoveo  =  to  promote,  to  further :  pro  = 
forward,  and  moveo  =  to  move  ;  Fr.  promou- 
voir ;  Sp.  &  Port,  promover;  Ital.  promovere.] 

*  A.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  inform ;  to  act  as  an  informer. 

"  Thou,  Sinus,  that  lov'st  still  to  be  promoting. 
Because  I  sport  about  King  Henry  s  marriage." 
Barington :  Epigramt,  p.  08. 

2.  To  urge  or  incite  another,  especially  to 
a  wrong  act. 

B.  Transitive : 

1.  To  forward,  to  further,  to  advance ;  to 
contribute  to  the  growth,  increase,  or  advance- 
ment of.    (Milton:  P.  R.,  i.  205.) 

2.  To  excite  ;  to  stir  up. 

"  But  why  sbouldst  tbou  suspect  the  war's  success  T 
None  fears  it  more,  as  none  promote*  it  less." 

Pope  :  earner  ;  Ili,,d  xli.  2M. 

3.  To  exalt,  to  elevate ;  to  raise  to  a  higher 
position  or  rank  ;  to  prefer. 

"  He  was  promoted  to  so  high  an  office."— Orafton  : 
Benrt  VI.  (an.  14). 

4.  To  get  up  and  float,  as  a  company. 

*  pro  mote  -ment,  s.  [Eng.  promote;  -ment.] 
The  same  as  PROMOTION  (<j.v.). 

prJS-mot-er, ».    [Eng.  promote) ;  -er.} 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  An  informer. 

"  Prvmot«n  be  those  which  In  popular  and  penal 
actions  do  defer  the  names  or  complain  of  offenders." 
—Cowell:  The  Interpreter. 


2.  One  who  or  that  whicn  promotes,  furthers, 
or  advances  anything  ;  a  furtherer. 

"  That  great  and  learned  promoter  of  experimental 
philosophy."— Boule :  Workt.  i.  44. 

3.  One  who  stirs  up  or  excites. 

"  The  first  promoterot  the  conspiracy."— Goldtmlth: 
The  See,  No.  3. 

4.  One  who  promotes  a  company  or  financial 
undertaking  ;   one  who  gets  up  a  joint-stock 
company. 

"  He  might  have  been  tbe  promoter  of  some  .  . 
Gold  Mining  Company."— Daily  Telegraph,  Sept.  XX 

IL  Law :  The  plaintiff  in  a  suit  in  an  ec- 
clesiastical court. 

"  Mr.  .  .  .  proctor,  who  appeared  on  behalf  of  th» 
promoter."— Church  Timet,  Feb.  12,  1886. 

pro  mo   tion,    *  pro  mo-ci-on,   s.     [Fr. 

promotion,  from  Lat.  promotionem,  accus.  of 
promotio,  from  promotus  ;  Sp.  promocion;  ItaL 
promozione,] 

*  1.  The   act   of    informing ;    information 
against  one.    [PROMOTE.] 

"  Coyetonsness  and  promotion  and  such  like  an 
that  right  hand  and  right  eje  which  must  be  cut  off 
and  plucked  out."— Tyndale  :  Expotitum  of  Matthew  vi. 

2.  The    act   of   promoting,   furthering,   or 
advancing ;  advancement,  encouragement. 

"  No  premium  paid  for  promotion  of  the  company." 
—Daily  Teleyraph,  Feb.  15,  18S6. 

3.  The  act  of  promoting  or  raising  in  rank 
or  position  ;  preferment ;  exaltatiou  iii  rank 
or  position. 

"  Thy  promotion  will  be  thy  destruction." 

Miltnn:  P  R.,  iii.  80S. 

*  pro-mo'-tive,  a.      [Eng.  promote) ;    -ive.] 
Tending  or  serving  to  promote,  advance,  or 
further ;  furthering,  encouraging. 

*  pro-mo'-tor,  *.    [Lat.]    An  informer.    (P. 
Holland :  Plutarch's  Morals,  p.  428.) 

*  pro-mdv'-al,  s.  [Eng.  promote);  -al.]  Pro- 
motion, advancement. 

"  For  the  rromottil  of  the  good  of  that  youth."— 
Urgukart :  Rabelait,  bk.  Iii.,  ch.  xxix. 

*  pro-move',  v.t.    [Lat.  promoveo  =  to  promote 
(q.v.).]    To  promote  to  forward,  to  advance. 
(Suckling :  Loving  <£  Beloved.) 

prd-mov'-ent,  s.  [Lat.  promovens,  pr.  par. 
of  promoveo  =  to  promote  (q.v.).]  Tlie  plaintiff 
in  the  instance  court  of  the  admiralty. 

*  pro-mov'-er,  s.    [Eng.  premov(e);  -er.]     A. 

promoter. 

"Burned  with  all  the  promoveri  thereof."— Joy* .- 
Exttoticion  of  Daniel,  ch.  viL 

prompt  (mp  as  m),  *  prompte,  o.  <t ».  [Fr. 
prompt,  from  Lat.  promptus  =  brought  to 
light,  at  hand,  ready :  prop.  pa.  par.  of  jrromo 
=  to  take  or  bring  forward  :  pro  —  forward, 
and  emo  =  to  take ;  Sp.  &  Ital.  pronto.] 
A*  As  adjective: 

1.  Ready  and  quick  to  act  as  occasion  de- 
mands ;  sharp. 

"She  that  was  prompte  and  redy  to  all  euyll."— 
Fabgan:  Chronicle,  vol.  L,  ch.  cxvi. 

2.  Given,  done,  or  performed  readily  and 
without  delay ;  quick,  ready ;  characterized 
by,  or  done  with,  alacrity. 

"That  exact  order  and  prompt  obedience  In  which 
the  strength  of  regular  armies  consists."— Macaulan : 
H'ut.  Eng.,  ch.  xiii. 

3.  Acting  quickly  and  readily ;  ready  and 
willing. 

"  A  matchless  horse,  though  something  old 
Pro'iipt  to  bis  paces."        Scott  :  Marmion,  ii.  1C 

*  4.  Hasty,  forward,  petulant. 

*  5.  Inclined,  disposed. 

"To  which  the  Grecians  an  most  prompt  and  png. 
iKint."  ShaJketp.  :  Troilut  t  Crettida,  iv.  4. 

*  6.  Unobstructed,  open. 
B.  As  substantive: 
Comm, :  (See  extract). 

"A  prom/it  is  an  agreement  between  a  shipper  or 
Importer  and  a  merchant,  ill  which  the  former  engage* 
to  sell  certain  specified  goods  at  a  given  price,  ami  the 
latter  to  take  them  up  and  pay  fur  them  at  a  specified 
date."— Bithell :  Counting-hoiae  dictionary. 

prompt-book,  s.  The  book  ased  by  the 
prompter  of  a  theatre. 

prompt-side,  s.  The  side  of  the  stage, 
right  of  the  audience,  on  which  the  prompter 
usually  stands. 

prompt  (mp  as  m),  v.t    [PROMPT,  a.] 

1.  To  urge  or  incite  to  action  or  exertion ; 
to  instigate. 

"Revelations  which  prompted  the  paramount  legal 
authority  of  Germany  to  advance  so  grave  an  ijn- 
peachinenf — Daily  Telegraph,  Feb.  18,  188«. 


i&te,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go, 
or,  wore,  wglt,  work,  wh6.  son;  mute.  cub.  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian,    ee.  09  =  e;  ey  -  a;  qu  =  kw. 


prompter— pronounced 


3773 


*  2.  To  dictate  ;  to  suggest  to  the  mind. 

"The  voices  of  the  choir  far  below  may  .  .  .  prompt 
the  song  of  praise."— futtace :  Italy,  vot  ill.,  ch.  x. 

*  3.  To  remind  ;  to  give  notice  to. 

4.  To  assist,  as  a  speaker,  when  at  a  loss,  by 
suggesting  the  words  forgotten  or  next  in 
order :  as,  To  prompt  an  actor. 

promp  ter  (mp  as  m),  *  promp  tare,  •-. 
[Eng.  prompt,  v.  ;  -er.\ 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  prompts,  urges, 
or  incites  to  action  or  exertion. 

2.  One  who  assists  a  speaker,  when  at  a 
loss,     by    suggesting    or    repeating    words. 
Specif.,  a  person  placed  behind  the  scenes  in 
a  theatre,  whose  duty  is  to  prompt  or  assist 
the  actors  when  at  a  loss,  by  uttering  the  ttrst 
words  of  a  sentence,  or  words  forgotten. 

M  No  without-book  prologue,  faintly  spoke 
After  the  prompter,  for  oar  entrance." 

Shakap. :  Komeo  t  Juliet,  L  4. 

promp  -tl-tude  (mp  as  m),  s.    [Fr.,  from 
Low   Lat.  prompt  it  MOO,    from  Lat.  prompt  us 
;    =  prompt  (q.v.).] 

1.  Readiness  or  quickness  of  decision  and 
action  as  occasion  requires. 

t       "The  greater  promptitude  of  suggesting  analogies."— 
I   Burnt:  On  the  Understanding,  {  9.    (Note  H.) 

2.  Readiness   of  will;    cheerful    alacrity; 
promptness. 

prompt  -ly  (mp  as  m),  *  prompt-lie,  adv. 

[Eng.  prompt,  a.  ;  -ly.]    In  a  prompt  manner  ; 
\  with  promptness  or  alacrity  ;  quickly,  readily, 

expeditiously. 

'  "Government  will  promptly  repudiate  his  action."— 
Daily  Telegraph,  Feb.  16,  188& 

prompt' -ness  (mp  as  m),  *  prompt  nes,  -. 
[Eng.  prompt ;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  prompt ;  readiness  or  quickness  in 
decision  and  action ;  promptitude,  cheerful 
alacrity. 


•  prompt'-u-ar-y  (mp  as  m),  s.  &  a.    [Lat. 

promptuarium ;  Fr.  pramptuaire.] 

A.  As  subst. :  A  storehouse,  a  repository, 
a  magazine. 

"  His  Judicious  memory  being  a  copious  promptuary 
i  of  what  was  profitable."— Bom:  Funeral  Sermon  on 
'  Dr.  Bate*. 

B.  As  adj. :    Pertaining  to,  or  serving  to 
make,  preparation. 

*  prompt'-ure  (mp  as  m),  s.    [Eng.  prompt ; 
-ure.]    Prompting,  suggestion,  instigation. 

"  He  hath  fallen  by  promptare  of  the  blood  " 

lAakesp.  :  Meaiurefor  Jleature,  11.  4. 

pro-mill' -gate,  v.t.  [Lat.  promulgatus,  pa. 
par.  of  promulyo  =  to  publish.  A  word  of 
unknown  origin  :  perhaps  for  provulgo,  from 
vulgus  =  the  people,  the  public  ;  Sp.  &  Port. 
promulgar ;  Ital.  promulgare.]  To  publish; 
to  make  known  by  public  declaration,  as  a 
law,  tidings,  &c. ;  to  proclaim,  to  announce ; 
to  teach  publicly  or  openly. 


prom  -  ill  -  ga  -  tion,  $.  [Lat.  promulgatio, 
from  promulgatus,  pa.  par.  of  promulgo  =  to 
promulgate  (q.v.)  ;  Fr.  promulgation  ;  Sp.  pro- 
mulgacion;  Ital.  promulgazione.]  The  act  of 
promulgating  or  publishing;  publication; 
open  declaration,  or  announcement,  or  teach- 
ing. 

I         "  In  the  promulgation  of  the  Mosaic  law."—  South  : 

'      Bermont,  vol.  i.,  ser.  7. 

prom-ul-ga-tor,  pro-mill'  -ga-tor,  s. 

I  Lat.  J    One  who  promulgates  or  publishes  ;  a 

publisher. 

"  How  groundless  a  calumny  this  is,  appears  from 
the  sanctity  ••!  the  cliristun  religion,  which  excludes 
fraud  and  falsehood;  so  also  from  the  desigmnents 
and  aims  uf  its  first  proinulgatori."—  Decay  of  Piety. 

*  pro-miilge',  v.t.  [Lat.  promulgo  =  to  pro- 
mulgate (q.v.);  Fr.  promulguer.}  To  promul- 
gate, to  publish,  to  teach  openly. 


*  prS-mulg'-er,  s.     [Eng.  promulg(e);  -tr.] 
One  who  promulgates  ;  a  promulgator. 

"He  believes  the  Christian  religion  true,  because 
the  great  author  and  promulger  of  it  died,  and  rose 
again  from  the  dead."—  Sourt  :  Sermont,  vol.  Ix.,  ser.  8. 

*  pro-miis'-cls,  s.  [Pref.  pro-,  and  Lat.  musca 

=  afly.] 
Entom.  :  The  rostrum  in  the  Rhynchota. 

pro-my-ce'-li-um,  s.    [Pref.  pro-,  and  Mod. 
Lat.  mycelium  (q.v.).] 


Bot. :  Sacs  in  fungals,  sometimes  multiply- 
ing, sometimes  developing  into  perfect  plants. 
Example,  the  so-called  budding  of  yeast. 

pro-na'-ds,  s.  (Gr.,  from  irpo  (pro)  =  before, 
and  POO?  (naos)  =  a  temple.] 

Arch. :  The  area  immediately  before  a  tem- 
ple. The  term  is  often  used  for  the  portico  in 
front  of  a  building.  [NAOS.] 

pro-na'-tion,  ».  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  pronus  = 
prone  (q.v.).] 

1.  That   position  of  the   hand  when   the 
thumb  is  turned  toward  the  body  and  the 
palm  downward. 

2.  The  act  of  having  the  palm  downwards  ; 
that  motion  of  the  arm  whereby  the  palm  is 
turned  downwards ;  the  opposite  to  supination 
(q.v.).    It  is  effected  by  the  pronator  muscles. 

"The  muscles  .  .  .  can  perform  flexion,  extension, 
pronation,  supiuation."— smith  :  Portrait  of  Old  Age, 
p.  62. 

pro-nat-6r,  *.    [PRONATION.) 

Anat. :  The  name  given  to  two  muscles — 
pronator  teres  and  pronator  quadratus — of  the 
forearm.  Both  assist  in  pronation,  and  the 
latter  bends  the  forearm  on  the  ann,  and  con- 
versely. 

prone,  a.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  promts  =  inclined 
forward,  from  pro  =  forward,  cogn.  with  Gr. 
jrpTjnj?  (prencs)  •=  headlong ;  Sansc.  pravana 
=  declining,  ready,  prone  ;  Sp.  &  Ital.  prono.] 

1.  Bending  forward  or  downward ;  inclined  ; 
not  erect. 

"  That  wl.th  prone  face*  crop  the  foodful  ground." 
Blackie  :  Layi  of  the  Highland!,  p.  137. 

2.  Lying  with   the   face   downward ;    the 
opposite  to  supine. 


*  3.  Rushing  or  falling  downward  or  head- 
long. 

*  4.  Sloping,  inclined  ;  not  level. 

"A  prone  and  sinking  land."    Blackmore  :  Creation. 

5.  Inclined  by  disposition  or  natural  ten- 
dency ;  disposed,  propense.  It  is  usually 
used  in  an  ill  sense  :  as,  Prone  to  strife,  prone 
to  intemperance,  &c- 

*  6.  Eager,  hot. 

"O.  that  prone  lust  should  stain  so  pure  a  bed." 

Shaketp.  :  Rape  of  Lucrece,  684. 

*  prone'-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  prone ;  -ly.]  In  a 
prone  manner  or  position ;  so  as  to  bend  or 
incline  forward  or  downward. 

prone  -ness,  s.    [Eng.  prone;  -ness.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  prone  or  bending  for- 
ward or  downward. 

"  Pronenett,  or  the  posture  of  animals  looking 
downwards."— Browne:  Vulgar  Erroun. 

2.  The  state  of  lying  with  the  face  down- 
ward ;  the  opposite  to  supineness. 

*  3.  Descent,  declivity,  steepness. 

4.  Inclination  of  will ;  disposition,  propen- 
sion,  propensity,  tendency. 

"  front-neu  to  do  all  that  a  man  know*  of  God's 
wilt"— South:  Sermoru,  vol.  L,  ser.  8. 

prong1,  *  pronge,  *  prongue,  a.    [Prob.  of 

Celtic  origin;  cf.  Wei.  procio  =  to  thrust,  to 
poke  ;  procyr  =  a  poker ;  Gael,  brog  •=.  to  spur, 
to  goad ;  Low  Ger.  prange  =  a  stake.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  sharp-pointed  instrument ;  a  fork. 

"One  in  redoubling  mazes  wheels  along. 
And  glides  unhappy  near  the  triple  prong." 
Falconer:  Shtpvreck,  li. 

2.  The  spike  of  a  fork  or  similar  instrument ; 
a  tine. 

"Portcullis  spiked  with  Iron  prong* 

Scott :  Marmion,  v.    (Introd.) 

3.  A  pointed  projection  :  as,  the  prongs  of  a 
stag's  antlers. 

*  4.  A  pang,  a  throe,  a  sharp  pain. 

"  Throwe,  womannys  pronge,  sekenes.  Erumpna." 
—Prompt.  Par*. 

II.  Bot.:  Arundinaria falcata. 
prong-buck,  s.  [PHONO-HORN  ANTELOPE.] 
prong-chuck,  -. 

Turning  :  A  burnishing  chuck  with  a  steel 
prong. 

prong-hoe,  «.  A  hoe  with  prongs  to 
break  the  earth. 

prong-horn,  s.  [PRONO-HORN  ANTELOPE.] 
prong-horn  antelope,  . 

Zcol. :  Antilocapra  americana,  inhabitingthe 
western  parts  of  North  America,  from  53° 


N.  to  the  plains  of  Mexico  and  California.  It 
is  rather  more  than  four  feet  in  length,  and 
stands  three  feet  at  the  shoulder.  Pale  fawn 
above  and  on  the  limbs ;  breast,  abdomen,  and 
rump  white.  The  horns  are  branched,  and 
are  shed  annually. 

*  prong,  v.t.    [PRONO,  ».]    To  stab,  as  with  a 
prong  or  fork.    (Thackeray :  Vanity  Fair,  vol. 
ii.,  ch.  xvii.) 

pronged,  a.  [Eng.  prong;  •*&.]  Having 
prongs  or  sharp  points. 

*  pron'-I-ty,  s.    [Lat.  pronitas,  from  promt* 
=  prone    (q.v.).J     Proneness,     disposition, 
tendency. 

"  Vicious  pronitiet  and  inclinations  of  human 
nature."— SillinabecJt :  Sermon*,  p.  JW. 

pr6-n6m'-In-al,  a.  [Lat.  pronomen,  genit. 
pronominis  =  a  pronoun  (q.v.);  Fr.  &  Sp. 
pronominal;  Ital.  pronominal*.]  Pertaining 
to,  or  of  the  nature  of,  a  pronoun. 

"Thy,  my.  her,  our,  your,  their,  are  pronominal 
adjectives."— lawth:  Introd.  to  Enyluh  Grammar. 

pro-n5m'-in-al-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  pronominal ; 
-ly.]  As  a  pronoun  ;  with  the  force  or  effect 
of  a  pronoun. 

pro-n6n-ce',  a.    [Fr.]    [PRONOUNCE.] 

Lit. :  Pronounced  ;  hence,  strongly  marked 
or  defined  ;  emphasised,  decided,  emphatic. 

prd-no'-tar-y,  *.  [Pref.  pro-,  and  Eng.  no- 
tary.] A  first  notary.  (WTuirton.) 

pro' -noun,  ».  [Pref.  pro-,  and  Eng.  noun; 
Lat.  pronora«»;  Fr.  pronom;  Sp.  pronombre; 
Ital.  pronome.] 

Gram. :  A  word  used  in  place  of  a  noun  or 
name  in  order  to  avoid  the  too  fi-equent 
repetition  of  such  noun  or  name,  but  ditlering 
from  a  noun  in  not  being  permanently  at- 
tached to  any  certain  object  or  class  of  objects, 
and  in  not  being  limited  in  its  application. 
Pronouns  in  English  are  divided  into  (1) 
Personal,  (2)  Demonstrative,  (3)  Interrogative, 
(4)  Relative,  and  (5)  Indefinite.  [DEMONSTRA- 
TIVE, PERSONAL,  POSSESSIVE,  RELATIVE.]  In- 
terrogative pronouns  are  those  which  serve 
to  ask  a  question,  as  who .'  which  ?  what  ?  In- 
definite pronouns,  or  such  as  do  not  specify 
any  particular  object,  are  used,  some  as  sub- 
stantives, some  as  adjectives  :  as,  any,  aught, 
each,  every,  other,  &c.  In  Middle  English 
man,  men,  or  me  was  used  as  an  indefinite  pro- 
noun, its  place  being  now  taken  by  one,  as  in 
"  One  says."  [ONE,  B.  2.] 

"  As  nouns  are  note*  or  signs  of  things,  so  pronoun* 
are  of  nouns."—  WiUcint:  Real  Character,  pt.  UL,  ch.il. 

prd-noun9e',  v.t.  &  i.  [Fr.  prononcer,  from 
Lat.  pron«ncio  =  to  pronounce  :  pro  =  forth, 
and  nuncio  =  to  tell ;  Sp.  &  Port,  pronunciar; 
Ital.  pronunciare,  pronunziare.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  form  or  articulate  by  the  organs  of 
speech  ;  to  utter  articulately  ;  to  speak  ;  to 
represent  vocally. 

"  His  name  is  pronounced  Broom." — Byron  :  Enjlish 
Bardt  i  Scotch  Kenewen.  (Note.) 

2.  To  utter  formally,  solemnly,  or  officially  i 
as,  To  pronounce  sentence  of  death. 

3.  To  speak,  utter,  or  deliver  rhetorically] 
as,  To  pronounce  a  speech. 

4.  To  declare,  to  affirm. 

"  Pronounce  it  faithfully.* 

SlMluap. :  Komeo  t  Juliet,  1L  & 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  articulate. 

"  A  man  may  articulate  every  word,  pronoitnci 
faultlessly,  read  fluently,  and  observe  the  punctuation. 
Mid  yet  be  far  from  a  good  reader."— Earle  :  rhuuloyy, 

jot 

2.  To  declare  or  affirm  with  authority  ;  to 
speak  confidently. 

"Those  who  judged  after  the  event  pronmmrra  (hat 
he  had  not.  on  this  occasion,  shown  his  usual  sagacity." 
— 3lacaula.i/ :  Uitt.  Eng..  ch.  ill. 

*  pro'-noun$e',  s.    [PRONOUNCE,  ».]   Declara- 
tion, pronouncement. 

"The  Anal  pronounce  or  cannon  of  one  archprlmat*." 
—Hilton:  Keaton  of  Church  tiorrrnnunt.  bk.  L,  ch.  vi. 

prS-noun9e'-a-ble,  a.  [Eng.  pronounce; 
•able.]  Cajiable'of  being  pronounced  or  uttered. 

pro  noticed', ;«.  par.  &  a,    [PRONOUNCE,  v.) 

A,  As  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj. :  Emphasised  ;  strongly  marked 
or  defined. 

"  Parts  may  yet  b«  slightly  pronounced  or  emphar 
stsed."— Cauelfi  Technical  Educator,  pt  xL.  p.  81*. 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  j6wl ;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  cMn,  bench ;  go.  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  t, 
-elan,  -tian  -  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -tion,  -sion  _  zhun,    -cious,  -tlons,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -<Ue,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


3774 


pronouncement—  propagable 


pro-nounge'-ment,  s.  [Eng.  prcnounce; 
-meiit.]  The  act  of  pronouncing  ;  a  formal 
declaration  or  announcement. 

"To  add  anything  like  a  pronouncement ...  la  not 
the  province  of  »  general  service."— ilattkew  Arnold  : 
LaU  Euayt,  p.  217. 

pr6-noun9'-er,  *.  [Eng.  pronounce);  -tr.] 
One  who  pronounces,  utters,  or  declares. 

"  He  is  the  pronouncer  and  executor  of  right." — 
Jtaleiflt:  Bat.  Wvrld.  bk.  ii.,  ch.  iv.,  |  4. 

pro  noun9'-  ing,  pr.  par.  &  a.  [PRONOUNCE,  v.] 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj. :  Pertaining  to,  indicating,  or 
teaching   pronunciation  :  as,  a  pronouncing 
dictionary. 

*  prd-nu'-bi-al,  a.  [Lat.  pronuba  =  she  who 
presides  over  marriage  :  pro  =  before,  and 
nwlx>  =  to  marry.)  Presiding  over  marriage. 

pro-nu'-cle-us,  s.  [Pref.  pro-,  and  Eng. 
nucleus.] 

Biology:  A  component  part  of  the  first 
embryonic  or  segmentation  sphere,  or  blasto- 
sphere.  Pronuclei  are  distinguished  as  male 
and  female :  the  former  consists  of  the  ger- 
minal vesicle  after  the  extrusion  of  polar 
globules  from  the  ovum ;  the  second  is  the 
head  of  a  spermatozoon,  which  has  penetrated 
the  vitelline  membrane,  and  sunk  into  the 
yolk  substance. 

"The  male  immucletu  gradually  approaches  the 
site  of  the  female  pronudeia  ;  and  as  soon  as  it  comes 
In  contact  with  it,  the  latter,  which  was  previously 
motionless,  assumes  a  new  activity,  and  the  two  pro- 
nuclei,  impelled  perhaps  by  the  amcelxiid  movements 
of  the  yolk  protoplasm  which  accompany  the  change. 


•  prp-nun'-ci-a-ble,  o.     [Lat.  pronuncia- 
oilis.]    Pronounceable. 

•  pro-nun'-9i-al,   a.     [Lat.   pronuncio  =  to 
pronounce.]    Pertaining  to  pronunciation. 

pro  nun  ci  a  men   to,     pro  nun  ci  a 
mi-en'  -to  (C  as  th),  *.      [Sp.  pronuncia- 
miento.]    A  manifesto  ;  a  formal  declaration 
or  announcement  ;  a  pronouncement 

pro-niin-ci-a'-tion,  *.  [Fr.  pronunciation, 
from  Lat.  pronunciationem,  accus.  of  pro- 
nunciatio  —  a  pronouncing,  from  pronunciatus, 
pa.  par.  of  jtronuncio  =  to  pronounce  (q.v.); 
op.  pronunciation  ;  Ital.  pronunciazione.] 

1.  The   act   or   mode   of  pronouncing   or 
articulating  ;  the  act  of  uttering  with  articu- 
lation ;  the  mode  of  uttering  words  or  letters  ; 
Utterance. 

"One  kind  of  difference  in  the  pronunciation  of  d  iffer- 
•nt  nations."—  H'ilkini  :  Real  Character,  pt.  iii.,  ch.  xiv. 

2.  That  part  of  rhetoric  which  teaches  to 
•peak  in  public  with  propriety  and  graceful- 
ness ;  delivery  of  a  speech. 

"  Propriety   of    pronunciation."—  Blair  :    Lecturet, 
ToL  ii.,  {  S3. 

•  pro-nun'  -cl-a-tive,  a.     [Lat.  pronun- 
t   ciattus),  pa.  par.  of  pronuncio  =  to  pronounce 

(q.v.)  ;  Eng.  adj.  auff.  -ive.] 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  pronunciation  ;  prc- 
nunciatory. 

2.  Uttering  or  affirming  confidently;  dog- 
matical. 

"The  confident  and  firtnuntiatite  school  of  Aris- 
totle.' —Bacon  :  Prometheut. 

•  prS-nun'-cI-a-tor,  *.     [Lat]     One  who 
pronounces  ;  a  pronouncer. 

•  pro-ntin'-cl-a-tor-y,  o.     [Eng.  pronvn- 
eiaUir;  -y.]     Pertaining  or  relating  to  pro- 

!   nunciation. 


pro  O3  mI-Sn,s.  [Or. 
A  proem  (q.v.).    (Tennyson:  Lucretius,  70.) 

proof;  *  preove.  *  preef;  "  prove,  *  profe, 
*  prelfe,  •priele,  'proofe,  s.  &  a.  (Fr. 
preuve  =  a  proof,  from  Low  Lat  proba,  from 
Lat.  pro6o=to  prove  (q.v.);  Port  &  Ital. 
prova  ;  Sp.  prueba;  Dan.  prove;  8w.  prof; 
Dut  proef;  Ger.  probe.] 

A.  As  substantive  : 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

L  The  act  or  process  of  proving  or  trying  ; 
any  act,  process,  or  operation  done  with  a  view 
to  ascertain  the  truth  or  fact  ;  a  test,  a  trial. 

11  Put  it  in  proof."  Shaketp.  :  Ltar.  IT.  «. 

2.  That  which  serves  to  prove,  try,  or  test 
anything  ;  that  which  serves  as  evidence  ; 
that  which  proves  or  establishes  any  truth  or 
fact  ;  that  evidence  which  is  sufficient  to 


satisfy  the  mind  of  the  certainty  of  the  truth 
of  a  fact,  statement,  or  proposition. 

"By  proofi  meaning  such  arguments  from  experi- 
ence as  leave  no  room  fur  duubt  or  opposition."— 
Hume  :  On  the  Under  Handing,  5  6.  (Note.) 

3.  The  state  of  being  proved,  tried,  or 
tested,  and  having  stood  the  test ;  firmness, 
hardness  ;  firm  temper  ;  impenetrability. 

"  I  am  her  knight  by  proof." 

Sliaketp. :  Troilut  i  Creuida.  v.  &. 

*  4.  Defensive   arms  tried  and  found  im- 
penetrable. 

"  He,  Bellona's  bridegroom,  lapt  in  proof, 
Confronted  him."        Shaketp.  :  Macbeth,  L  S. 

*  5.  That  which  is  proved  or  experienced  ; 
truth  or  knowledge  gained   by  experience ; 
experience. 

"  Who  knows  by  history,  report,  or  his  own  proof.' 
Skaketp.  :  Cymbclint,  L  1 

6.  A  test  applied  to  certain  articles,  manu- 
factured or  not    [PROOF-SPIRIT.] 
IL  Technically: 

1.  Engraving: 

(1)  An  impression  taken  from  a  steel  or 
copier  plate  in  the  course  of  its  execution,  to 
determine  its  forwardness. 

(2)  An    early   impression   of  a  completed 
plate  before  the  printing  of  the  regular  edition. 

2.  Print. :  [FIRST-PROOF,  REVISE.] 
B.  As  adjective : 

1.  Impenetrable ;  able  to  resist  physically 
or  morally.   (Frequently  used  in  composition, 
as  water-proo/,  tire-proof,  &c.) 

"  Fight  with  hearts  more  proof  than  shields." 

Shakelp.  :  Coriolanut,  i.  4. 

IT  It  is  now  followed  by  against,  formerly 
also  by  to. 

"  Proof  affainit  all  temptation." 

Mtlton  :  P.  R..  iv.  583. 

2.  Used  in  prov'ng  or  testing :  as,  a  proof 
charge  of  powder. 

3.  Of  a  certain  alcoholic  strength  :  as,  proof 
spirit. 

\  (1)  Proof  of  sugar :  The  test  by  which  a 
sugar-boiler  judges  of  the  condition  of  the 
condensed  syrup. 

(2)  Proof  of  gunpowder :  Samples  of  powder 
are  proved  before  being  made  up  into  cart- 
ridges, to  see  that  each  quantity  produces 
the  same  range,  and  afterwards  a  proportion 
of  cartridges  are  fired  from  rifles  on  fixed 
rests.     These  are  tired  in  pairs  at  a  target 
marked    with    squares,    so   that   the   exact 
position  of  the  bullet-marks  in  a  series  of 
shots  can  be  ascertained.   Powder,  when  freely 
burnt,  should  leave  no  residuum ;  the  grains 
should  be  even  in  size,  well-glazed,  and  without 
dust,  and  its  density  should  be  uniform. 

(3)  Proof  of  ordnance :  Guns  are  proved  by 
using  charges  of  powder  considerably  heavier 
than   they  would  be  required  to  bear  with 
special  bolts  or  projectiles.     The  guns  are 
fired  by  electricity,  and  examined  after  every 
round.      The   number   of  rounds   fired   for 
"proof"  is  not  specified. 

*  proof-arm,  v.t.    To  arm  so  as  to  make 
proof  or  secure. 

proof-house,  s.  A  house  fitted  up  for 
proving  the  barrels  of  fire-arms. 

proof-plane,  s. 

Elect. :  An  instrument  for  collecting  fric- 
tional  electricity,  or  carrying  their  small 
charges  from  one  conductor  to  another.  It 
is  usually  a  small  disc  of  metal,  or  card, 
covered  with  gold  leaf  or  tinfoil,  and  mounted 
upon  a  handle  of  some  insulating  material. 

proof-ping,  i.  A  plug  screwed  tem- 
porarily into  the  breech  of  a  gun-barrel  to  be 
proved. 

proof-print, «.    [PROOF,  A.  II.  l.  (2).] 
proof-sheet,  s.    [PROOF,  A.  II.  2.] 

proof-spirit, «. 

Comm. :  A  mixture  of  about  equal  parts  of 
distilled  water  and  absolute  alcohol.  It  is 
defined  by  the  Act  58  Geo.  III.,  c.  28,  to  be 
"  such  aa  shall,  at  a  temperature  of  51*  of 
Fahrenheit's  thermometer,  weigh  exactly  {} 
parts  of  an  equal  measure  of  distilled  water. 
Its  sp.  gr.  =  -9198  at  15°,  and  it  contains  49J 
per  cent  by  weight  of  absolute  alcohol. 

proof-Staff^  s.  A  metallic  straight-edge 
by  which  a  wooden  staff  is  tested  and  cor- 
rected. [RED-STAFF.] 

proof-stick,  s. 

Sugar-making :  A  stick  with  which  a  small 


quantity  of  syrup  is  lifted  from  the  open  pan 
or  the  vacuum-pan  to  judge,  by  the  rapidity 
and  character  of  its  crystallization,  the  con- 
dition of  the  contents  of  the  pan. 

*  proof-text,  s.  A  text  or  passage  of 
Scripture  relied  uponforprovingadoctrine,  &c. 

*  proof-less,  o.     [Eng.  proof;    -less.]     Un- 
supported by  or  wanting  proof;  unproved; 
not  proved. 

"  Such  questionable,  not  to  say  altogether  vroojUtt, 
conceits."- Boyle.    Worts,  ii.  290. 

*  proof '-less-ly,  adv.     [Eng.  proofless ;  -fy.J 
Without  proof. 

prd-«$p'-ic,  a.  [Pref.  pro-,  and  Gr.  5<<<i«  (opsis) 
=  the  face,  the  visage.] 

Anthrop. :  A  term  applied  to  individuals  or 
races  having  the  naso-malar  index  above  110, 
as  is  the  case  with  the  Caucasians.  [Xuso- 
malar  Index.] 

pro-o'-tic,  a.  [Pref.  pro-,  and  Gr.  o8t  (ous), 
genit.  liroi  (otos)  —  the  ear.] 

Compar.  Anat. :  Pertaining  to  the  anterior 
ossification  of  the  auditory  capsule,  corre- 
sponding to  part  of  the  petrous  bone  in  man. 

prSp,  v.t.    [PROP,  «.] 
L  Literally : 

1.  To  support  or  prevent  from  falling  by 
placing  something  under  or  against  as  a  sup- 
port.   (Generally  followed  by  up :  as,  To  prop 
up  a  wall.) 

2.  To  support  by  standing  under  or  against 

-  Down  it  fell,  and  with  it  bore 
I^rowdero,  whom  it  prop/id  before." 

Butler  :  Hudibrai.  i.  1 

IL  Fig. :  To  support,  to  sustain  ;  to  save 
from  ruin  or  decay.  (Shakesp. :  Cymbeline,  i.  6.) 

prop,  *  proppe,  «.  [Ir.  propa  =  a  prop ; 
Gael,  prop  =  a  support,  prop  =  to  prop  ;  O. 
Dut.  proppe  =  an  iron  branch,  proppen  =  to 
prop  ;  Dan.  prop  =  a  prop ;  Sw.  propp ;  Ger. 
pfropf=  a  cork,  a  stopple,  pfropfen  =  to  cram, 
stuff,  or  thrust  into.] 

1.  Ord,  Lang. :  A  support  ;  that  which  sus- 
tains a  superincumbent  weight ;  that  on  which 
anything  rests  for  support ;  a  stay.  (Lit.  &fig.) 

"  Our  last  prop, 
Our  happy  life's  only  remaining  stay." 

WordncorA .-  Excurfion.  bk.  lit 

*"  2.  Vehicles :  A  stem  fastened  to  the  carriage 
bow  for  the  attachment  of  the  stretcher-piece. 

prop-joint,  s. 

Vehicles :  The  jointed  bar  which  spreads  the 
bows  of  a  calash-top. 

prop-stay,  s.  A  transverse  water-tube 
crossing  a  toiler-flue,  forming  a  passage  for 
the  water  and  increasing  the  flue  surface  by 
the  exposure  of  its  exterior  surface  to  the 
heated  current 

prop-wood,  5. 

1.  Saplings   and   underwood    suitable   foi 
cutting  into  props. 

2.  Short  stout  lengths  of  fir  and  other  wood, 
used  for  propping  up  the  roofs  of  coal-mines. 

prop-word,  s.    [PILLOW-WORD.] 

prO-pSB-deu'-tlC,  a.  &  S.  [Gr.  irpoiroiJevTiicoc 
(propaideutikos),  from  npoiraiStvu  (propaideuo) 
=  to  teach  beforehand  :  irpo  (pro)  =  before, 
and  -rrau&d'ia  (paidtuo)  =  to  teach  ;  nuts  (pais), 
genit.  iraioos  (paidos)  =  a  child.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  propaedeu- 
tics or  the  introduction  to  any  art  or  science; 
acting  or  serving  as  an  introduction  to  any 
art  or  science  ;  instructing  beforehand. 

B.  As  subst. :  An  introduction  to  any  art 
or  science  ;  an  introduction  generally. 

"  Kantianism  ...  Is  being  developed  into  a  propa. 
dtutic  to  Christianity."— AOwnteum.  Dec.  JO,  18S4. 

prd-p&-den'-tfo-al,  a.  [Eng.  propaedeutic; 
-al.]  The  same  as  PROPAEDEUTIC  (q.v.). 

pro-pae-deu'-tics,  s.  [PROPAEDEUTIC.]  The 
preliminary  learning  or  instruction  connected 
with  any  art  or  science  ;  the  knowledge  and 
rules  necessary  for  the  study  of  any  particular 
art,  science,  &c. 

*pr8p'-a-ga-ble,a.  [Eng.  propag(ate);  -able.] 

1.  Capable  of  being  propagated  or  continued 
and  multiplied  by  natural  generation  or  pro- 
duction. 

2.  Capable  of  being  propagated  or  spread 
by  any  means,  as  doctrines,  principles,  &c. 


fete,  f&t,  fare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father ;  we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  p5t, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  sin;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cor,  rule,  fall;  try,  Syrian.    ».  09  =  e ;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  lew. 


prop  aganda— prope  nslo  n 


3775 


prop-a-gdn   da,  s.    [See  def.  1.) 

1.  Church  Hint. :  The  Congregation  de  Pro- 
payatula  Fide,  a  commission  of  Cardinals 
charged  with  the  direction  of  all  matters  con- 
nected with  foreign  missions  in  the  Roman 
Chnrchk  The  Congregation  was  established 
by  Gregory  XV.  Uy  the  bull  Inscrutubile(July 
VI,  1622),  and  now  has  its  seat  in  the  Palazzo 
Ferrattini,  iu  the  Piazza  di  Spagna,  Rome. 
Pope  Url>an  VIII.  (1623-44)  founded  the  Pro- 
paganda College  in  furtherance  of  the  design 
of  his  predecessor  ;  and  here  young  men  of 
all  nations  are  trained  t' >r  the  priesthood,  and 
take  an  oath  to  devote  themselves  for  life  to 
the  foreign  missions  in  whatever  province  or 
vicariate  they  may  be  appointed  to  by  the 
Congregation. 

"  The  celebrated  printing-office  of  the  Propaganda 
U  rich  iu  Oriental  types,  and  has  produced  many 
works  of  great  typographical  beauty.  .  .  .  The  annual 
•xamiijation  of  the  pupils,  which  takes  place  in  Janu- 
ary [on  the  day  before  the  Epiphany  |  is  an  interesting 
•erne  which  few  travellers,  who  are  then  iu  Rome, 
omit  to  attend :  the  pupils  reciting  poetry  and 
speeches  in  their  several  languages,  accompanied  also 
by  music,  as  )>erforined  in  their  several  countries."— 
Murray '»  Handbook  of  Koine  (ed.  1881).  p.  2!t4. 

2.  Hence,  any  institution,  system,  or  pro- 
gramme for  propagating  any  particular  doc- 
trine or  set  of  doctrines. 


prdp-a-gand'-Ism,  *.  [Eng.  propaganda) ; 
-ism.]  The  system  or  practice  of  propa- 
gating any  particular  doctrine  or  views. 

"  His  pmpayanditm  has  by  no  means  been  confined 
to  Great  Britain."— Daily  Chronicle,  Sept.  1,  188S. 

prop  a  gand  1st,  s.  &  a.  [Eng.  propagan- 
d(a);  '-ist.] 

A.  As  subst. :  One  who  devotes  himself  to 
the  propagation  of  any  particular  doctrine  or 
views. 

B.  As  adj.:  Pertaining  to,  or  connected  with, 
proi'agandism  of  any  kind. 

"  Propagandia  objects."— Echo,  Sept.  8,  1885. 

prdp'-a-gate,  v.t.  &  t.  [Lat  propagatus,  pa. 
par.  of  propago  =  to  peg  down,  to  propagate 
by  layers,  to  produce,  to  l>eg«t :  pro-  =  before, 
and  pag-,  root  of  pango  =  to  fasten,  to  fix  ; 
allied  to  propages,  propago  =.  a.  layer;  Fr. 
propager ;  Sp.propogar;  Ital.  propagare.] 

A.  Transitive: 
L  Literally: 

1.  To  continue  or  multiply  by  generation 
or  successive  production  ;  to  cause  to  repro- 
duce itself.  (Said  of  animals  or  plants.) 

*  2.  To  scatter. 

"This  short  harangue  propagated  the  Jnncto."— 
gentleman  Instructed,  p.  544. 

IL  figuratively  : 

*  1.  To  generate,  to  produce,  to  originate. 

"  Superstitious  notions,  propagated  in  fancy,  are 
hardly  ever  totally  eradicated."— Richardton :  Clariua. 

*  2.  To  promote,  to  increase. 

"Griefs  of  mine  own  lie  heavy  iu  my  breast. 
Which  thou  wilt  propagate." 

Shakesp.  :  Romeo  t  Juliet.  L  I. 

3.  To  spread,  to  disseminate,  to  diffuse,  to  ex- 
tend, to  promote ;  to  cause  to  spread  or  extend. 

"This  practise,  therefore,  of  acting  vices,  doth 
onely  propagate  them."—frrnne:  1  Siiirio-Jtaitijc, 
Hi.  3. 

B.  Jntrans. :  To  have  offspring  or  issue ; 
to  be  reproduced  or  multiplied  by  generation, 
or  by  new  shoots  or  plants. 

"  No  need  that  thou 
Shonld'st  propagate,  already  infinite." 

Milton  :  P.  1..  ria  41* 

pr6p-a  ga-tion,  s.    [Lat  propagatio,  from 
propagatus,  pa.  par.  of  propago  —  to  propagate 
(q.v.);  Fr.  propagation.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  of  propagating ;  continuance  or 
multiplication  of  the    kind   or    species   by 
generation  or  reproduction.    (Rarely  applied 
except  to  plants.) 

"  Retarding  or  forwarding  the  propagation  of  man- 
kind."— Hume:  Kuagt,  pt.  it.,  ess.  11. 

2.  The  spreading  or  dissemination  of  any- 
thing, as  of  doctrines,  learning,  &c. ;  diffusion. 

"Concerning  the  excellency  of  learning  and  know- 
ledge, and  the  excellency  of  the  merit  and  true  glory 
in  the  augmentation  and  propagation  thereof."— 
Bacon:  Advancement  of  Learn.,  bk.  t,  p.  S. 

*  3.  Increase,  extension,  augmentation,  en- 
largement. 

U  Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel  in 
Foreign  Parts: 

Church  Hist. :  A  society  incorporated,  June 
16,  1701,  to  remove  the  spiritual  destitution 
then  prevailing  among  the  English  colonists  in 


North  America.  Archbishop  Tenisou  was  its 
first  president.  It  raised  in  the  first  year, 
£452  ;  in  the  second,  £575  ;  in  the  third,  £864  ; 
and  in  the  fourth,  £1,343.  Its  operations  were 
soon  after  extended  to  the  Indians,  and  to  the 
negroes  of  New  York,  and  in  1710  to  those  of 
the  West  Indies.  Its  first  Indian  mission  was 
founded  in  Madias  in  1728,  it  liegan  to  work  in 
Australia  in  1795,  in  South  Africa  in  1820,  and 
in  New  Zealand  in  1839.  It  is  now  one  of  the 
two  great  missionary  societies  connected  with 
the  Church  of  England,  and  is  the  favourite 
of  the  High  Church  party,  while  the  Evangeli- 
cals ^nerally  support  the  Church  Missionary 
Society. 

*  prop  -a-ga-tlve,  a.     [Ehg.  propagate); 
-ive.]    Tending  or  having  the  power  to  propa- 
gate. 

prop  -a-ga  tor,  s.    [Lat] 

1.  One  who  propagates  ;  one  whose  busi- 
ness  it  is  to  propagate  plants  by  budding, 
grafting,  &c. 

2.  One  who  disseminates,  spreads,  or  pro- 
motes ;  a  disseminator. 

"The  chief  propagator  of  that  doctrine  amongst 
the  Greeks."  —  Cudvorth  :  Inttll.  .System,  p.  22. 

*  prop  a  ga  tress,  'prop  a  ga  tresse, 

s.  [Eng.  propagate);  -ress.]  A  female  propa- 
gator or  promoter. 

"Saturnia  .  .  .  the  prime  propauatreue  of  religion 
and  learning."—  Howell:  Party  of  Beattt,  p.  89. 

*  pro-pa'-go  (pi.  pro  pag  -i-nes),  s.    [Lat 

=  a  layer,  a  shoot] 

1.  Hort.  :  The  branch  laid  down  in  the  pro- 
cess of  layering. 

2.  Bot.  (PI.)  :  [BACILLUS]. 

pro  pag  -u-lum  (pi.  pro  pag  -u  -la),  «. 

[Mod.  Eat,  dimin.  from  Lat  propago  (q.V.).] 
Botany  : 

1.  (Sing.):  A  runner,  ending  iu  a  germinating 

bud.      [OFFSET,  II.  3.] 

2.  (PI.):  The  grains  constituting  Soredia 
(q.v.). 


iim,   s.     [Pref.  pro-, 
and  Mod.  Lat  palceotherium  (q.v.).] 

PaUeont.  :  A  genus  of  Tapiridae,  from  the 
Eocene  Tertiary  of  Europe.  The  tnnsverse 
ridges  of  the  molars  are  broken  up  into  trans- 
versely-arramged  tubercles. 

prop  al  a  nine,  *.     [Eng.    prop(yt),    and 
alanine.} 

CH,-CHa-CH-NH2 
Chem.  :  C4H9NOj  =  |      /\ 

Amido-butyric  acid.  An  inodorous,  crystalline 
compound,  produced  by  heating  bromobutyric 
acid  with  ammonia.  It  forms  stellate  groups 
of  small  needles,  or  leafy  crystals,  slightly 
soluble  in  water  and  alcohol,  insoluble  in 
ether,  sweet  to  the  taste,  neutral  to  vegetable 
colours,  and  unites  both  with  acids  and  bases. 
The  nitrate,  C4HoNp2-HNO3,  crystallizes  in 
fern-like  groups  of  silky  needles,  very  soluble 
in  water  and  alcohol,  and  having  an  acid  re- 
action. A  lead  compound,  C8Hi6Pb"NjO4 
H2Pb"O2,  is  obtained  as  a  white  crystalline 
powder  by  boiling  an  aqueous  solution  of  pro- 
palanine  with  lead  oxide. 

pro-pale',  v.t.    [Lat  pro  =  forth,  and  pctlam 
=  openly.]    To  publish,  to  disclose.    (Scotch.) 

pro  -pane,  ».    [Eng.  protfyT)  ;  -ane.] 

Chem..:  C3H8=CH3—  CHj—  CH3.  Methyl- 
ethyl.  One  of  the  constituents  of  petroleum, 
and  produced  by  the  action  of  zinc  and  hy- 
drochloric acid  on  isopropyl  iodide.  It  is  a 
gas,  soluble  in  one-sixth  of  its  volume  of 
alcohol,  and  liquefies  at  -  20*. 

pro-par1  -gyl,  *.     [Eng.  propel),  and  (pel)- 
argyl.] 

Chem.  :  CsHj.  The  hypothetical  radicle  of 
dipropargyl  (q.v.). 

propargyl-etnyl  ether,  s.     [PROPAR- 

OYLIC-ETHKR.J 

pro-par-gyT-lc,   a.    [Eng.  propargyl;  -ie.] 
Derived  from,  or  containing,  propargyl. 

propargylic  alcohol.  -. 

Chem.  :  C^I^O  =  CH  :C'CH2'OH.  A  colour- 
less mobile  liquid,  obtained  by  distilling 
slowly  a  mixture  of  brom-allylic  alcohol,  po- 
tassic  hydrate,  and  a  little  water.  It  has  a 
burning  taste,  an  agreeable  smell,  and  is  mis- 


cible  with  water.  Sp.  gr.  -9628  at  21* ;  vapour 
density,  1-9;  boiling  point,  115°.  Its  vapour 
burns  in  air  with  a  luminous  flame. 

propargylic -ether,  *. 

Chem.:  C5H8O  =  CH:C-CH.yOC3H5.  Pro- 
pargyl-ethyl  ether.  Obtained  by  digesting 
allylene  dibromide  with  ali-oholic  potash.  It 
is  a  colourless  liquid,  possesses  a  disagreeable 
odour,  sp.  gr.  -83  at  7°,  and  boils  at  81°.  With 
aminouiacal  cuprous  chloride  it  gives  a  yellow 
precipitate. 

«  pro-pass  -Ion  (SB  as  sh),  ».  [Pref.  pro-, 
and  Eng.  passion  (q.v.).]  A  substitute  for 
passion  or  suffering. 

"  The  passions  of  Christ  are  by  divines  called  rather 
propasrioni,  than  passions  themselves."— /foyno<<<«:  On 
the  Patriont,  39. 

tpro'-ped,  s.  [Lat  pro  =  for,  and  pes,  genit 
pedis  =  a  foot] 

Entom. :  Kirby's  name  for  a  proleg  (q.v.). 

pro-pel',  v.t.  [Lat  propello  =  to  drive  for- 
ward :  pro  •=.  forward,  and  pelZo  =  to  drive.] 
To  drive  forward  ;  to  cause  to  move  forward  ; 
to  urge  or  press  forward  or  onward  by  force. 

pro -pel' -lent,  a.  [Lat  propellent,  pr.  par. 
of  propello  =  to  propel  (q.v.).]  Driving  or 
urging  forward ;  propelling. 

prd-pel'-ler,  s.  [Eng.  propel;  -er.]  One  who 
or  that  which  propels  ;  specif.,  the  screw  by 
which  a  steamship  is  driven  through  the 
water.  [SCREW,  s.] 

"  Projecting  from  the  two-fold  disc  a  row  of  propel- 
Ifrt  will  be  seen  to  be  in  active  motion."— Daily 
Telegraph,  Aug.  81. 188S. 

propeller-pump,  s.  A  form  of  rotary 
pump  iu  which  the  wheel  resembles  the  pro- 
peller-wheel of  the  marine  service. 

*  pro  pemp  -tl  kon  (mp  as  m),  i.     [Or. 

irpoTCfin-riKos  (propemptikos)  =  accompanying, 
from  7rp07re>iru>  (propempo)  —  to  send  forth  or 
forward :  vpo  (pro)  =  forward,  and  «•«>«•<» 
(pempo)  =  to  send.] 

Literature :  A  poetical  address  to  one  about 
to  start  on  a  journey. 

*  pro-pend ,  t?.t.     [Lat.  propendeo  =  to  hang 
forward  :    pro  =  forward,    and    pendeo  =  to 
hang.]    [PROPENSE.]    To  incline  to  anything ; 
to  have  a  propensity  to  anything. 

"  My  sprightly  brethren.  I  proprnd  to  yon. 
In  resolution  to  keep  Helen  still." 

Shaketp. :  Troilui  t  Creuida,  U.  a. 

*  pr6-pen'-den~9y  (1),  s.  [Eng.  propenden(t); 
-cy.]    A  leaning  or  disposition  towards  any- 
thing ;  a  propensity. 

*  pr6-p5n'-den-cjf  (2),  *.     [Lat  pro  =  for- 
ward,  and  pendo  =.  to   weigh.]      Careful    de- 
liberation or  consideration. 

"That  attention,  and  propendencj/  of  actions."— 
Hale:  Orig.  of  Mankind, 

pro-pend' -ent,  a.  [Lat  propendeni,  pr.  par. 
of  propendeo  =  to  propend  (q.v.).] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Inclining  forward  or  toward 
anything. 

2.  Bot. :  Hanging  forward  and  downward . 

pro'-pene,  s.    [PROPYLEHE.] 

propcne  alcohol,  s. 

Chem,:  CsHgOa  =  (CsHsrXOH)*  A  di- 
atomic alcohol  formed  by  the  action  of  nascent 
hydrogen  on  glycerin.  It  is  colourless,  in- 
odorous, soluble  in  water,  alcohol,  and  ether, 
and  boils  at  188M89". 

*  prd-p£nse',  a.    [Lat  propensut,  pa.  par.  of 
propendeo  =  to  propend  (q.v.).]     Leaning  or 
inclining    morally ;     inclined    or    disposed, 

.  whether  to  good  or  ill  ;  having  an  inclination 
or  propensity ;  prone.  (Cowper:  Task,  v.  585.) 

* prS-pSnse'-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  prepense;  -ly.] 
In  a  propense  manner  ;  with  natural  tendency 
or  inclination. 

"  Is  there  no  difference  betwixt  one  propemttf  going 
out  of  the  road,  and  a  haplem  wanderer,  straying  by 
delusion  T"— Sterne :  Hermont,  No.  xvlii. 

*  pr6  pense  -ness, «.    [Eng.  proptnse ;  -nets. ] 

The  quality  or  state  of  being  propense ;  pro- 
pensity ;  natural  tendency  ;  pronene&s. 

"  There  U  a  vropentmett  to  diseases  in  the  body."— 
Donne  :  Deration!,  p.  STS. 

pr<S-p£n'-sion,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat  propen- 
sionem,  accus.  of  propensio,  from  propensus  = 
propense  (q.v.) ;  Sp.  propension;  Ital.  pro- 
pensicine.] 


boll,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  oat,  50!!,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon.  exist,    -ing. 
-•Ian,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion, -sion  -  shun ; -t^on, -sion  -  zhun,    -clous,  -tious, -sious  =  shus.    -We,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  d^I* 


propensity— prophet 


1.  The  state  <>r  condition  of  tending  to  move 
in  any  direction. 

"Bodies  that  uf  themselves  Lave  no  firnperuionl  to 
any  determinate  place."— IHgby  On  Bttliet. 

2.  Pr»i>eu.sity,  proneuess  ;  natural  tendency 
or  inc-lination. 

"  We  could  not  do  without  our  stock  of  passions  and 
properuioru  of  all  sorts."—  Xntthetr  Arnold:  Lait 
Eunyi,  p.  99. 

pro-pen'-Sl-ty,  *.  [Lat.  propensus  =  pro- 
pense  (q.v.).]  Bent  of  mind  ;  natural  ten- 
dency or  inclination ;  disposition  towards 
anything  good  or  evil,  but  especially  towards 
evil ;  proclivity,  bias,  proneness. 

"Once  the  proprniity  gets  hold  of  »  num.  but  pen 
never  keeps  still."— Theodore  Hook:  Gilbert  Oarney. 
TO!,  i..  ch.lv. 

•pro  pSn'-sIve,  a.  [Eng.  propens(e);  -ive.} 
Inclined,  favourable. 

"His   propentive  minde  towardes   them."— Ifatke : 

Lenten 

pro  pen-yl,  *.    [Eng.  propen(e);  -yZ(q.v.).] 

[Gl^CERYL.) 

propenyl -alcohol,  5.    [GLYCERIN.] 

propenyl  bromide,  s. 

Chem. :  C,H5Br  =  CH3-CH-CHBr.  A  com- 
pound formed  liy  the  action  of  bromine  on 
»llyl  iodide,  C:1H5I.  It  is  isomeric  with  brom- 
proi>ylene,  and  boils  at  48°. 

propenyl  trichloride.  -. 

Chem.  :  C,H5C13  =  CHj-CHCl'CHCla- 
Formed,  together  with  glyceryl  trichloride,  by 
beating  to  170'  a  mixture  of  iodine  chloride 
and  propylene  dichloride.  It  is  a  colourless 
oil,  distilling  between  138°  and  140°. 

prop  er,  *  pro-pro,  *  pro-pire,  a.  &  adv. 
(Fr.  propre,  from  Lat.  proprius  =  one's  own, 

£  roper  ;  prob.  allied  to  prop*  =  near  ;   Port. 
ItaL  proprio.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

•  1.  One's   own ;   belonging  to   one's  self. 
(Joined  to  any  of  the  possess!  ves.) 

"  Our  proper  too."       Shaltetp. :  Othello,  i.  S. 

2.  Peculiar;   not  belonging  to  more;  not 
common  ;  belonging  naturally  or  essentially 
to  one  particular  individual  or  state. 

"  Faults  proper  to  himself." 

Shaketp.  :  ileature  for  ileature.  T. 

3.  Natural,  original.  (Milton:  P.  L.,  Hi.  634.) 

4.  Correct,  just,  suitable,  appropriate,  ac- 
cording to  usage. 

"  I  writ  not  always  in  the  proper  terms  of  navigation. 
land  service.  te."—Dryden:  Virgil;  .t.'urid.  (Dedic.) 

5.  Fit,  suitable,  becoming. 

"  "Til  proper  I  obey  him."    Shaketp. :  Othello,  r.  1 

*  6.  Respectable,  honest,  decent. 

"  A  proper  maid  in  Florence" 
Shaknp  :  Alft  Well  that  Bruit  Well.  iv.  «. 

7.  Well-made,  good-looking,  handsome,  of 
good  appearance.    (Hebrews  ri.  23.) 

8.  Properly   or  rightly   so    called ;    real, 
actual ;  as,  the  garden  proper. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Bot.  :  Enclosing   only   a   single    floret, 
flower,  &c. 

2.  Gram. :  Applied  to  a  noun  when  it  is  the 
name  of  any  particular  person  or  thing,  as 
John,    Shakespeare,    London,    Dublin,   &c.  ; 
the  opposite  to  common. 

3.  Her.  :  Represented  in  its  natural  colour. 
(Said  of  charges.) 

B.  As  adv. :    Properly,  greatly,  very,  ex- 
ceedingly :  as,  proper  good.    (Vulgar.) 

*1/»  proper:  Individually,  privately,  ma 
one's  own. 

proper-chant, ». 

Music :  An  old  name  for  the  key  of  c  major, 
which  had  its  Mi  in  B  :  that  is,  which  had  B 
for  its  leading  note. 

proper-fond,  -. 

.Law :  An  original  and  genuine  feud  held  by 
pure  military  service. 

proper  Jurisdiction,  *. 

Scott  Law:  Jurisdiction  in  virtue  of  office. 
proper-motion,  -•. 

Astron. :  Actual  as  opposed  to  apparent 
motion.  Used  of  the  fixed  stars.  (STAR,  j 

*  prdp'-er-ate,  v.t.  &  i.  [Lat.  properatus, 
pa.  par.  of  propero  =  to  hasten.)  To  hasten, 
to  hurry. 

"  A  while  to  keep  off  death  which  properatn.' 

rican:  Truncation  of  rtryU, 


*  prop-er-a  -tion,  s.  |  Lat.  properatio,  from 
itropenitus,  pa.  par.  of  propero  =  to  hasten.] 
The  act  or  state  of  hastening ;  haste. 

"  There  is  great  preparation  of  this  banquet,  propers- 
lion  to  eat  it,"—Atiami:   H'orlu,  i.  215. 

pro-per  -I-spome,  s.  [Or.  itpontpunrautvov 
(pruperispdmeiion),  from  n-pon-cpto-irau  (pro- 
ptrispiw)  —  to  circumflex  the  penult :  vt>6 
(yro)  =  bvSM»;  fepi  (peri)  =  around,  aud 
o-ircuu  (spao)  =  to  draw.] 

Greek  Pros. :  A  word  having  a  circumflex 
accent  on  the  penult. 

prdp'-er-ltf.  *  pro-pre-liche,  *pro- 
pre-ly,  «oi>.  [Eug.  proper  ;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  proper  manner ;  fitly,  suitably,  be- 
comingly :  as,  To  be  properly  dressed. 

2.  In  a  strict  or  proper  sense ;  strictly. 


3.  Entirely,  quite,  very  much. 

"  Properly  conf  ounded."—  Pepyt  :  Mary,  June  84.  1664. 

prop  er-ness,  •  pro-per-nes,  s.     [Eng. 
proper;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  proper; 
propriety. 

*  2.  Good  looks,  good   appearance,    hand- 
someness. 

"The  propemet  of  the  chllde.'—  Vdal  :  Actt  vli. 

prop  -er-  tied,    a.     [Eng.    property;     -td.} 
Possessed  of  property. 

"An  institution  devoted  to  the  propertied  and 
satisfied  clauses  generally."—  Matthev  Arnold:  Latt 
Essayt.  p.  16S. 

prdp'-er-ty,   *  pro-pre-tee,   *  prop-ir- 

te,  s.  [O.  Fr.  pruprete  —  fitness,  property, 
from  Lat.  proprietatem,  accus.  of  proprietas  = 
a  property,  ownership,  from  proprius  =  one's 
own,  proper;  Fr.  propriete;  ItaL  proprieta. 
Property  and  propriety  are  doublets.] 

1.  A  peculiar   quality  of  anything  ;   that 
which  is  inherent  in  or  naturally  essential  to 
anything  ;  a  quality,  a  characteristic,  an  attri- 
bute. 

"  The  moral  propertiet  and  scope  of  thing*." 

Wonttworth  :  Bxmrtion,  bk.  L 

2.  Character,  disposition,  nature. 

"  It  If  the  abject  property  of  most." 

Copper  :  Talk.  T.  SM. 

•  3.  Propriety. 

"  Our  poets  eicel  in  grandity  and  gravity,  smooth- 
ness and  property,  in  quickness  and  briefness."  — 

4.  The  exclusive  right  of  possessing,  enjoy- 
ing, and  disposing  of  anything  ;  ownership. 
It  may  be  a  right  unlimited  in  point  of  dura- 
tion, and  unrestricted  in  point  of  disposition, 
or  a  right  limited  in  duration,  as  a  life  interest. 

"The  third  absolute  right.  Inherent  in  every  English- 
man, is  that  of  property  :  which  consists  in  the  tree 
use,  enjoyment,  and  ills  >osa]  of  all  his  acquisitions, 
without  any  control  or  diminution,  save  only  by  the 
laws  of  the  land,  which  are  extremely  watchful  in 


5.  That  which  is  held  by  such  a  right  ;  that 
which  is  owned  ;  that  to  which  a  person  has 
the  legal  title,  whether  it  is  in  his  possession 
or  not.  Property  in  English  Law  is  divided 
into  real  and  personal,  and  in  Scots  Law  into 
heritable  and  movable.  (See  these  words.) 


•  6.  Participation. 

"  Here  I  disclaimed  all  my  paternal  care, 
Propinquity  aud  property  of  blood." 

Stiatetp.  :  Lear,  L  L 

7.  A  thing  wanted  for  and  applied  to  a 
particular  purpose;  an  implement;  specif., 
any  article  necessary  for  the  mounting  aud 
production  of  a  play  on  the  stage,  or  for  a 
similar  performance  ;  a  stage  requisite. 

"  The  supernumeraries  and  propertiet,  to  to  speak, 
of  a  theatrical  pageant."—  Daily  Telegraph,  Dec.  4,  1886. 

^  Property  of  matter  :  [MATTER]. 
property  man,  --. 

Theat.  :  The  man  in  charge  of  the  properties. 
[PROPERTY,  s.,  ".] 

"  The  thunders  are  supplied  by  Ihe,  property-man."— 
Bmerton  :  Englith  Trait*,  ch.  xiil. 

t  property  qualification,  .<.  A  quali- 
fication for  tilling  certain  offices,  founded  on 
one's  possessing  property  of  certain  aggregate 
or  annual  value. 

property-room,  ». 

Theat.  :  The  room  in  a  theatre  in  which  the 
properties  are  kept. 

property-tax,  *.  A  direct  tax  levied  on 
property.  [INCOME-TAX,  II.] 


*  prop'-er-ty,  v.t.    [PROPERTY,  *.] 

1.  To  make  property  of;  to  seize  and  hold 
as  one's  owu  ;  to  appropriate. 

"  They  have  here  propertied  me." 

Shaketp.  :  Twelfth  Nig\t,  Iv.  S, 

2.  To  endow  with  properties  or  qualities. 

"  His  voice  was  propertied 
As  all  the  tuned  spheres." 

Shaketp. :  Antony  t  Cleopatra,  T.  ft. 

*  pro  phane ,  a.  &  v.    [PROFANE.] 

proph  a  sis,  *.    [Or.,  from   irpooWyw  (pro- 
phaino)  =  to  show  before  :  >rp6  (pro)  =  before, 
and  4><uVw  (phaino)  =  to  show.] 
Med. :  The  same  as  PROGNOSIS  (q.v.). 

prdph'-e-cy,  *  proph  -  e  cie,  *  proph  e- 
sie.  *  proph-e-sy,  s.  [O  Fr. 

prophetie,  from  Lat.  prophetia,  from  Gr. 
reia.(propheteia)  =  &  prediction,  from  irpo^njn^ 
(prophetes)  =  a  prophet  (q.v.) ;    8p.   i   Port, 
profecia;  ItaL  profezia.} 

*  1.  The  act  of  prophesying,  foretelling,  or 
predicting;  prediction. 

2.  That  which  is  prophesied,  foretold,  or 
predicted ;   a  prediction ;    a   declaration    of 
something  to  come  ;  specif.,  a  prediction  in- 
spired by  God.    [PROPHET,  U  l.J 

"  A  prophecie  sals  he  sail  die." 

Robert  de  Brunne.  p.  sn. 

IT  Some  consider  every  Scripture  prophecy 
as  having  but  a  single  sense  and  a  single  ful- 
filment ;  some,  a  double  sense,  the  first  refer- 
ring to  a  near  event,  the  second  to  a  remote 
one,  specially  the  mission  or  death  of  Christ. 
Extreme  rationalists,  on  the  contrary,  deny 
that  predictions  exist.  The  fulfilment  of  pro- 
phecy is  deemed  one  of  the  leading  branches 
of  Christian  evidence. 

*  3.  A  book  of  prophecies  ;  a  history. 

"  The  rest  of  the  acts  of  Solomon  .  .  .  are  they  not 
written  in  the  prophecy  of  Ahijah  the  ShiloulteT"— 
2  Citron,  ix.  29. 

*  4.    The    public   interpretation    of    Holy 
Scripture  ;  exhortation  and  instruction. 

"  Prophecy  comprehends  these  three  things :  predic- 
tion :  singing,  by  the  dictate  of  the  Spirit ;  and  under- 
standing aud  explaining  the  mysterious,  hidden  sense 
of  scripture."— Locke :  Paraphrase  of  1  Cor.  xli.  (Note.) 

•prophecy-monger,  «.  An  inventor 
of  prophecies.  (Fuller.) 

proph' -5- si -er,  «.  [Eng.  prophesy;  -tr.} 
One  who  prophesies  or  predicts  events  ;  a 
prophet. 

"  He  hath  deceived  me  like  a  double-meaning  propht. 
tier.' —Shaketp.  :  Alti  Well  that  Knot  Well,  Iv.  S. 

prftph'-e'-sy,  *  proph-e-cy,  *  proph  e- 
oie,  v.t.  &  i.  [PROPHECY,  *.] 

A.  Transitive : 

L  To  predict,  to  foretell,  to  prognosticate. 

"To  prophety  against  this  house  all  the  words  that 
ye  have  heard. ' — Jeremiah  ix\i  11. 

*  2.  To  foreshow. 

"  Hethought  thy  very  gait  did  prophety 
A  royal  nobleness."  ShaXetp.  :  Lear,  T.  ft. 

3.  To  give  signs  of  beforehand  ;  to  herald. 

"  The  blue-bird  pmphetying  spring." 

Long/clloic :  It  u  not  altrayt  May. 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  utter  prophecies  or  predictions;  to 
foretell  future  events. 


*  2.  To  interpret  or  explain  Holy  Scripture  ; 
to  preach  ;  to  exhort  in  religious  matters. 

"  [The  exercise]  called  propheiifi'tg  was  this  :  that  th« 


ministers  within  a  precinct  did  meet  upon  a  week-daw 
here  there  was  some  ancieuO 
grave  minister  that  was  president,  and  an  auditor* 


in  some  principal  tuwn.  where  there  was  some  ancieu 

ve  minister  that  was  president,  a 
admitted  uf  gentlemen,  or  other  per 


admitted  uf  gentlemen,  or  other  persons  of  leisu 
Then  every  minister  successively,  beginning  with  t 
youngest,  did  handle  one  and  the  same  part  of  Scrip- 
ture. —Bacon  :  Pacijlcation  of  the  Church. 

U  The  English  Presbyterians  commenced 
meetings  for  prophesying  (prayer  and  the  ex- 
position of  Scripture)  at  Northampton  abouft 
1570.    They  were  forbidden  by  Queen  Eliza-* 
beth  in  1577. 

prdph'-St,  *  proph-ete,  *.  [Fr.  propKete, 
from  Lat.  propheta,  from  Gr.  »rpo4>7JT>js  (pro- 
phetes)  =  one  who  declares  thing?,  an  ex- 
pounder, a  prophet  :  wpo  (pro)  =  before,  pub- 
licly, and  ^ijMt  (phemi)  =  to  say,  to  speak  ; 
8p.,  Port.  4  ItaL  profeta.] 

1.  One  who  prophesies  ;  one  who  foretells 
future  events  ;  a  foreteller,  a  predictor  :  specif., 
one  who,  under  divine  inspiration  and  in- 
struction, announced  future  events,  as  Moses, 
David,  Isaiah,  Ac. 

"  Hence,  in  a  Roman  mouth,  the  graceful  name 
Of  prophet  aud  of  poet  wu  the  same." 

Covprr  :  Table  Talk,  ML   - 


fete,  fat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  w^lf,  work,  who.  son;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    as.  OB  =  «;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


prophet— propitiable 


377? 


•  2.  Au  interpreter,  a  spokesman. 

"  I  have  made  the*  a  Kud  to  Fu»i  noli :  and  Aaron 
thy  brother  shall  be  thy  frofktt'—B&xtut  vu.  1. 

f  L  TheProphttt: 

(1)  Men  divinely  inspired,  and  who  often 
ottered  predictions  of  future  events.    Three 
words   are   applied    to  the    Old  Testament 
prophets ;  the  most  common  is  N'3j  (nabhi), 
from    the    verb    M}1    (nabha)   =    primarily, 
to    bubble    forth,    to    send    forth    copious 
floods    of   speech,    hence    in    Niphal   =    to 
speak  under  a  divine   impulse,  to  prophesy 
(1  Sam.  ix.  9 ;  1  Kings  xx.  13);  the  second  njri 
(TVJ«A)  =  a  seer,  from   rt*n  (raafi)  =  to  see 
(1  Sam.  ix.  9),  and  the  third  rrtn  (chhozeh)  = 
a  seer,  from  nTTt  (chhazah)  —  to  see,  to  look 
(1  Chron.  xxi.  9 ;  xxv.  5,  &c.).    It  is  connected 
with  ^TH  (chhazon)  —  a  vision.     The  second 
tt-riM  was  the  oldest  (1  Sam.  ix.  9).     Both  it 
an.!  chhozeh  suggest  that  the  subjects  of  the 
prophecies  passed  before  the  eyes  of  the  seer 
in  panoramic  vision  (cf.  Isaiah  i.  1 ;  Ezel;.  i.  4 ; 
Rev.  i.  12),  he  simply  recording  what  he  saw. 
In  many  cases,  however,  words  were  commu- 
nicated (Jer.  i.  4,  9,  11,  12).     The  first  word 
nabhi,  suggested  that  when  inspired  communi- 
cations had  to  be  made,  the  prophet,  like  a 
frenzied  person  raving,  uttered  words  in  a 
Copious  flood,  flowing  forth  with  some  con- 
siderable impulse.    Abraham  is  called  a  pro- 
phet (Gen.  xx.  7) ;  it  is  implied  that  Moses 
was  one  (Deut.  xviii.   15  ;  Acts  vii.  37),  but 
the  more  typical  prophets  began  with  Samuel 
(Acts  xiii.  20),  who  was  a  civil  ruler  as  well. 
Yet  the   full  development  of  the   prophetic 
order  was  not  till  the  separation  between  the 
two  kingdoms.     In  Juduh  the  general  faith- 
fulness to  Jehovah  left  them  less  scope.     In 
the  kingdom  of  Israel,  on  the  other  hand, 
where  the  worship,  even  when  nominally  that 
of  Jehovah,  was  idolatrous,  and  where  that  of 
Baal  often  prevailed,  the  prophets  were  very 
prominent  and  influential,  denouncing  apos- 
tasy and  moral  depravity.     The  first,  like 
Elijah,  Elisha,  Ac.  have  left  no  writings  ;  the 
later  prophets  have.    [(2).]    The  last  of  the 
OM  Testament  prophets  passed  away  with 
Mahichi,  and  scribes  took  their  place.    In  the 
early  church  there  were  prophets  (Rom.  xii. 
6 ;  1  Cor.  xii.  28  ;  Ephes.  iv.  11,  Ac.).    Their 
chief  function  seems  to  have  been  preaching 
in  the  church  (1  Cor.  xiv.  2-6). 

(2)  The  prophetic  books  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment, or  the  Old  Testament  except  the  books 
of  Moses  (Matt.  xxii.  40  ;  Luke  xxiv.  27). 

2.  School  of  the  Prophets:  An  association 
of  the  prophets  in  which  the  elder  lovingly 
trained  the  younger,  who  were  called  their 
sons  (1  Kings  xx.  35).  First  Elijah,  and  then 
Elisha,  presided  over  such  a  society. 

•  proph-et,  v.i.    [PROPHET,*.]   To  prophesy. 

"Propheting  Helena!." 

Stanyliurit :   Virgil  ;  .fneid  ill.  727. 

proph'-et  ess,  *  prof  ot  esse,  *  proph- 
et-lose, s.  [Fr.  prophetesee,  from  Lat.  /  /•«- 
phetissa  ;  Port,  profetissa  ;  Ital.  profctessa.]  A 
female  prophet ;  a  woman  who  foretells  future 
events. 

"  Say,  poor  Margaret  was  a  propheteti." 

,-ihakeip.  :  Ilichurd  III..  L  8. 

pr5  phct  Ic,  prophetical,  *  pro"- 
phet  ick,  pro  phot  ique,  -pro 
phot'  ic  all,  a.  [Fr.  prophetiijue,  from  Lat. 
propheticus,  from  Gr.  irpo^rtKof  (prophetikos), 
from  irpoijjnjs  (prophttes)  —  a  prophet  (q.  v.); 
Sp.  <fe  Ital.  profetico.  ] 

1.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  a  prophet  or  pro- 
phecy ;  containing  or  having  the  nature  of  a 
prophecy.    (Milton:  P.  R.,  iii.,  184.) 

2.  Predictive,  presaging,  presageful. 
"Lend  me  ten  thousand  eyes. 

And  I  will  fill  them  with  i'ro,,hettc  tears." 

Shtilcetp. :  Trail  1,1  i  Creuida.  il.  *. 

prophetic  types,  s.  pi. 
Biol. :  (See  extract). 

"Then  an  entire  fain  Him.  among  the  representa- 
tive* of  older  periods,  of  nearly  every  class  of  auimals, 
which,  in  the  state  of  their  perfect  development,  ex- 
emplify such  prophetic  relation*,  and  afford,  within 
the  limits  of  the  animal  kingdom  at  least,  the  most 
unexpected  evidence  that  the  plan  of  the  whole  crea- 
tion had  been  maturely  considered  long  befon  it  was 
executed.  Such  types  I  have  for  some  time  past  been 
in  the  habit  of  calling  prophrtic^ypn."—Aoauit: 
Cl.itnflcaMun,  p.  176. 

•  prd-phSt-I-cal-I-ty,  s.  [Eng.  prophetical ; 
•ity.}  The  quality  or  state  of  being  prophetic; 
propheticalness. 


pro-phet -iC-al-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  prophetical; 

•ly-} 

L  In  a  prophetic  manner ;  in  manner  of  a 
prophecy  ;  by  way  of  prediction. 

"Tu*  eArouteU  *hore  prophetically  shown* 
By  holy  John." 

Stirling:  Domeiday ;  Second  Hour*. 
i.  With  knowledge  of  futurity. 
"  How  oft  I  gaz'd,  prophetically  sad." 

roung  :  Might  Thoughtt.  vi.  17. 

*  prd  phet-Io  al-ness,  s.  [  Eng.  prophetical ; 

-ness.}  The  quality  or  state  of  being  prophetic. 

proph-et  Ism,  s.     [Eng.  prophet;  -ism.} 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  The  act  or  art  of  a  prophet ; 
prophecy. 

"T  ,is  Cauaauite  prophetitm  then  was  a  kind  of 
divination."— RoberUon  Smith :  Old  Tett.  in  the  Jewish 
Church,  lect  xi. 

t  2.  J'hilos. :  In  the  teaching  of  Algazzali,  an 
Arabian  philosopher  of  the  latter  haif  of  the 
eleventh  century,  the  fourth  stage  (Sensation, 
Understanding,  and  Reason  being  the  first 
three)  in  intellectual  development,  when 
another  eye  is  opened  by  which  man  perceives 
things  hidden  from  others — perceives  things 
that  escape  the  perceptions  of  reason,  as  the 
objects  of  reason  escape  the  understanding, 
and  as  the  objects  of  the  understanding  escape 
the  sensitive  faculty.  (G.  H.  Lewes:  Hist. 
Philos.  (ed.  1880),  ii.  56.) 

*  pr8ph'-St~ize,  v.i.     [Fr.  prophetiser,  from 
Lat.    prophetizo,    from    Gr.    irpo^rrrifut  (pro- 
phetizo),  from  irp<xf>7JTnf  (prophetfs)  =  a  prophet 
(q.v.);  Sp.  &  Port,  profetizar ;  Ital.  profetiz- 
tare.}    To  prophesy,  to  presage,  to  give  pre- 
diction. 

"  Nature  doth  warning  send 
By  prophet  Mng  dreams."        Daniel :  Civil  War.  iii. 

*  pro  phor  -ic,  a.     [Gr.  jrpo<J>opiKdc  (prophor- 
ikos),  from  Trp<x£>opa  (prophora)  =  a  bringing 
forward  ;  nyxxjx'pw  (prophero)  =  to  bring  for- 
ward :  irpo  (pro)  =  before,  and  <f>ip<a  (pherd)  = 
to  bring.]    Enunciative. 

pro  -phy-lac'-tic,  '  pro  phy-lac  tick.a. 

&  ».  [Fr.  prophylactique,  from  Gr.  vpo^vXax- 
TIKOS  (prophulaktikos),  from  irpo4>vAao-o~u  (pro- 
phulasso)  =  to  guard  :  irpo  (pro)  =  before,  in 
front,  and  ^vAaoxru  (phulasso)  =  to  guard.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Defending  or  protecting  against 
disease ;  preventive. 

"For  sanitary  and  prophylactic  reasons."  —  Daily 
Jfevt.  Feb.  1,  1886. 

B.  As  subst. :  A  medicine  or  preparation 
which  defends  or  protects  against  disease  :  a 
preventive. 

"  Such  a  prophylactic  may  be  found  In  the  muriatic 
acid."— fordyce:  On  Muriatic  Acid.  p.  6. 

*  pro-phy-lac'-tic-aL  a.  [Eng.  prophylactic ; 

-al.]    The  same  as  PROPHYLACTIC  (q.v.). 

'  pro  phy-l&x  -is,  ».   [Gr.,  from  irpo$vAo<r<r«* 
(propnit&Mso).]    [PROPHYLACTIC.} 
Med. :  Preventive  medicine.    [HYGIENE.] 

prdph'-y-ses,  ».  pi.    [Gr.  wpodWis  (prophusit) 
=  a  germ,  a  bud.] 

BoL  (PI.):  The  abortive  pistillidia  of  the 
Muscales. 

•pro-pice,  *  pro-pise,  a.  [O.  FT.,  from  Lat. 
propitius.]    Propitious,  favourable. 

"  Wind  and  wether  wen  to  theim  jropi'c*  and  con- 
uenlent."— Salt :  Henry  VI.  (an.  31). 

*  pro  pl-ci-ate,  v.t.    [PROPITIATE.] 

*  pro-pi-na'-tion,  s.     [Lat  propinatio,  from 
propinatus,  pa.  par.  ofproptno.]  [PROPINE,  v.] 
The  act  of  drinking  first  and  then  offering  the 
cup  to  another. 

"This  propitiation  was  carried  about  towards  the 
right  hand."— Potter .  Antiq.  O/&TMC*.  bk.  Iv.,  ch.  xx. 

*  pro-pine',  v.t.    [Lat  propino;  Gr.  irpomcw 
Tproptno)  —  to  drink  before  or  to  one  :  irpo 
(pro)  =  before,  and  vima  (pino)=  to  drink.] 

1.  To  pledge  in  drinking  ;  to  drink. 

"  Health,  peace  and  joy  propin',1." 

Smart :  The  Bop  Garden. 

2.  To  offer  in  kindness,  as  when  we  drink  to 
one  and  present  the  cup  to  him  to  drink  after  us. 

ro/nnei  to  us  the  noblest     .  .  pleasui 
Jeremy  Taylor :  Chriaian  KMgion. 

3.  To  expose. 

"  Unless  we  would  propine  both  ourselves,  and  our 
cause,  unto  open  and  Just  derision."— fotherby:  Atheo- 
maitix,  p.  11. 

*  pro-pine'  (1), «.  [PBOPINX,  v.]  Drink  money ; 

a  present,  a  gift. 

pro -pine'   (2),   *.     [Eng.  prop(ione) ;  -int.} 
[ALLYLENK.) 


*prd  pin'-quate,  v.i.  [Lat.  propi>ufuatus,pt* 
par.  of  propinifuo,  from  propinquus  =  near? 
[PROPINQUITY.]  To  approach  ;  to  come,  or  b* 
near. 

*  pro-plnane,  a.  [Lat  propinquus.]  [PROPIN 
QUITY,]    Near,  close. 

"  As  it  is  propinyve  or  near,  it  conslsteth  of  exhala> 
tlons."—  Swan  :  Speculum  Mundi.  p.  si. 

*  pro  pin  qui  ty,  pro-pin  qul  tee,  pro- 

pin-qui-tie,  s.  [LALpropinquitas,  from  pro- 
piti'iu,us=.  near  (a,),  from  prope  —  near  (adv.).] 

1.  Nearness  of  place  or  position  ;  proxim- 
ity, neighbourhood. 

"  In  respect  of  distance  and  propinquity."—  Kay  :  Of 
the  Creation.  |.t.  ii. 

2.  Nearness  in  time. 

3.  Nearness  in  blood  or  kindred  ;  closeness 
of  kindred.    (Shakesp.  :  Lear,  i.  1.) 

pro  pi  on  -amide,  s.  [Eng.  propion(e),  and 
amide.] 

Che*.:  C3H7NO  =  C^5°|N.      Metaceta- 

mide.  Produced  by  the  action  of  ammonia  on 
ethyl-propionate.  It  crystallizes  in  colourless 
prisms,  melts  at  75°-7tT,  and  boils  above  210*. 
By  heating  with  potassium  it  is  decomposed, 
yielding  potassic  cyanide,  hydrogen,  and 
carburetted  hydrogen. 

pro'-pl  -fin-ate,  ».    [Eng.  propioii(ic)  ;  -ate.] 
Chem.  :  A  salt  of  propiouic  acid. 

prd'-pl-6ne,  J.    [Eng.  prupi(ne);  suff.  -one.] 
Chen.  :  CeHlyO  =    '*0  }  •      Metacetone. 


Ethyl-proj)ionyL  The  ketone  of  propionio 
acid,  obtained  by  distilling  sugar,  starch,  or 
gum  with  excess  of  lime.  It  is  a  colourless 
mobile  liquid,  lighter  than  water,  boils  at  101% 
and  is  soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 

prd-pI-On'-Io,  o.  [Gr.  irpwrot  (protos)  =•  first, 
and  vlov  (pion)  =  fat.  Named  by  Dumas  be- 
cause its  salts  have  a  fatty  feel.]  Contained 
in  or  derived  from  propione. 

prcpionic  acid,  s. 

Chem.  :  C3H6Oi  =  C3H5O-HO.  Metacetonic 
acid.  Ethyl-formic  acid.  Discovered  by 
Gottlieb,  in  1844,  among  the  products  of  the 
action  of  potash  on  sugar.  It  is  found  in 
amber-oil,  cocoa-nut  milk,  and  some  wines, 
and  is  produced  by  the  action  of  carbonic 
anhydride  on  sodium  ethyl.  It  is  a  liquid 
resembling  acetic  acid,  sp.  gr.  '991  at  25", 
boils  at  140'5°,  mixes  with  water  in  all  pro- 
portions, but  separates  as  an  oily  layer  on 
saturating  the  solution  with  calcium  chloride. 
Its  salts  are  crystalline  and  soluble  in  water. 
The  barium  salt,  Ba(OC3H5O>2,  crystallizes  in 
rhombic  prisms.  Cupric  propionate  Cu"(O' 
C:iH5O)2.  obtained  by  adding  the  acid  to  cuprio 
carbonate,  forms  regular  green  octahedrons. 

propionic  aldehyde,  s. 

Chem.  :  C3H^O  -  CH?-CH2-CHO.  Metaco- 
tie  aldehyde.  Propylaldide.  Propylidene 
oxi'le.  Prepared  by  the  dry  distillation  of  a 
mixture  of  calcic  propionate  and  formate.  It 
is  a  mobile  liquid  of  suffocating  odour  ;  sp.  gr. 
•8074  at  21°,  boils  at  49°,  and  requires  five 
volumes  of  water  for  solution 

prd-pi-fi-ni'-trile,  *.  [Eng.  propWne),  and 
nitrite.] 

Chem.  :  C3H5N  =  CaH5CN.  Ethyl  cyanide. 
Metacetonitrile.  A  colourless  liquid  of  agree- 
able odour,  obtained  by  distilling  a  mixture 
of  ethylic  iodide  and  potassic  cyanide.  It 
does  not  mix  with  water,  boils  at  98°,  and  ha* 
a  sp.  gr.  of  '787. 

prd'-pl-6n-yl,  «.  [Eng.  propion(e);  -*I.J 
[PROPENYL.] 

•  prd-pl-the'-ens,  *.    [Pref.  pro-,  and  Lat. 


Zool.  :  A  genus  of  the  old  family  Leniuridse, 
founded  by  Bennett,  in  1832,  now  merged  in 
Indris.  It  embraced  those  forms  of  Indris 
which  possess  a  tail. 

prd-plf-I-a-ble  (t  as  sh),  a.    [Lat  pro. 
pitiatiilis,  trompropitio  =  to  propitiate  (q.v.).] 

1.  Capable  of  being  propitiated  ;  that  may 
or  can  be  rendered  propitious  or  favourable. 

"  He  was  either  irritable  or  propitiable  by  the  omit- 
ting or  performing  uf  any  mean  or  insignificant  ser- 
Tice."—  Sort.  (Oen.  Pnf..  p.  x.) 

2.  Capable  of  propitiating  ;  propitiatory. 

"  Propitiable.  a*  well  for  the  slnnes  of  the  quick*  a« 
of  the  dead."—  fax:  Martyrt,  p.  l.tXL 


boll,  bo"y ;  pout,  Jd%l ;  eat,  cell,  chorns,  9hin.  bench ;  go,  Kern ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^lst.    ph  -  L 
tlan     anan.   -tion,  -sion  =  anon ;  -(ton,  -fion  =  zndn.     clous,    tiou*,    sious     sli us.    -We,  -die,  4c-  =  bel,  ^«L 


3778 


propitiate— proportional 


-i-ate  (lirst  t  as  ah),  a.  [Lat. 
propitiatus,  j>a.  par.  of  propitio  =  to  propitiate, 
from  propitius  =  propitious  (q.v.).J  Propiti- 
ated, favourable. 

"  With  such  sacrifices  God  it  made  fauorable,  or  God 
IB  propitiate,  if  we  shall  make  new  Eugliane." — tip. 
Gardner  :  Explication,  fol.  ISO. 

pro  pit  -I  ate  (first  t  as  ah),  v.t.  &  I.  [PROPI- 
TIATE, a.]  [O.  Fr.  propitier;  Sp.  propiciar.] 

A,  Trans. :  To  make  propitious  ;  to  appease 
and  render  favourable  ;  to  conciliate. 

"  What  hope,  Aurora,  to  propitiate  the*  T" 

CroiAafc:  Detigktt  of  tht  iluttt. 

B.  Intrant.  :  To  make  propitiation. 

**  Of  human  victims,  offered  up  to  appease 
Or  to  propitiate."    Wordiworth.  Excunion,  bk.  Ix. 

pro-pit^f-a -tion  (first  t  as  sh),  >.  [Fr., 
from  Lat.  propitiationcm,  accus.  of  propitiatio, 
from  -fopitiatus,  \-A.  par.  of  propitio  =  to 
propitiate  (q  v.);  Sp.  propitiation ;  Ital.  pro- 
piziazione.] 

1.  Ord.   Lang. :   The   act   of  propitiating, 
appeasing,  or  making  propitious. 

2.  Script. :  Christ,  viewed  as  the  atoning 
sacrifice  for  sin.    (1  John  ii.  2.) 

3.  Theol. :  [ATONEMENT]. 

prS-pIt'-I-a-tdr  (first  t  as  sh),  t.  [Lat.,  from 
propitiatus,  pa.  pur.  of  propitio  —  to  propitiate 
(q.v.);  Ital.  propiziatore.]  One  who  propiti- 
ates or  appeases. 

pro-pit-I-a^tor-I-ljf  (first  t  as  sh),  adv. 
[Bug.  propitiatory;  -ly.]  By  way  of  propitia- 
tion. 

pro-pit -i-a-tor-Jf  (first  t  as  sh),  *  pro- 
pic-i-a-tor-ie,  *  pro-pic-i-a-tor-y,  s. 

&  a.  [Lat.  propitiatorium  (Heb.  ix.  5) ;  Fr. 
propit iatoire;  ItaL  propiziatorio  —  propitia- 
tory (a.).] 

*  A.  As  substantive : 

Jewish  Antiq. :  The  mercy-seat  (q.v.). 

"  Declared  Christe  to  be  unto  all  people  the  very 
propitiatory."— L'dal :  Romainst,  iii. 

B.  As  adj. :  Having  the  power  of  propitiat- 
'ng  ;  tending  or  designed  to  propitiate. 

"  A  sacrifice  prvpiciatory  for  al  the  syunes  of  the 
worlde."— Bp.  Gardner:  Explication,  fol.  S3. 

prd  pi'-tious,  a.  [Lat.  propitiw,  a  word  used 
in  augury,  from  pro  =  forwards,  and  peto  —  to 
fly,  to  seek.  Explained  in  Gloss,  to  P.  Hol- 
land's P/tny(ltH)l),  as  if  of  recent  introduction.) 

1.  Favourable  ;  favourably  disposed  towards 
a  person ;  disposed  to  be  kind  orgracious ;  kind, 
forgiving,  merciful     (Milton :  P.  L.,  xii.  612.) 

2.  Affording  or  accompanied  with  favour- 
able conditions  or  circumstances  :  as,  a  pro- 
pitious season. 

prd  pi   tioUS-ly.oJr.   [Eng.  propitious ;  -ly.] 
In  a  propitious  manner  ;  favourably,  kindly. 
"  Yet  oh  !  that  fate,  propftfenuiy  Inclin'd. 
Had  rais'd  my  Mrth.  or  had  debas'd  my  mind.* 
Dryden  :  A  btalom  i  AchitopheL 

pr6  pf^tious-ness,  ».  [Eng.  propitious; 
-ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  propitious  ; 
kindness. 

2.  Favourableness ;    favourable   nature   or 
conditions. 

"  The  propitiautnett  of  climate."— Tempi* :  Ancient 
and  Modern  Learning. 

*pro'-plasm,«.  [Gr.  irp6ir*.ao-ria.(proplasma): 
npo  (pro)  =  before,  and  irAdo>ia  (plasma).} 
[PLASM.]  A  mould,  a  matrix. 

"  Serving  iu  praplamu  or  mould*  to  the  matter."— 
Woodward:  Xatural  Bittary. 

•  pro-plas'-tlc.  a.    [PROPLASM.]    Forming  a 
mould  or  cast. 

pro-plas  -tics,  s.  [PROPLASM.]  The  art  of 
making  moulds  for  casting. 

•  prop'-less,  *  prop  lease,  a.    [Eng,.  prop  ; 
-less.]     Without  support  or  props ;    unsup- 
ported.   (Sylvester :  Little  Bartas,  287.) 

prop  -6-dite,  *.    [PRO*ODIUM.] 

Camp.  Anat.:  The  penultimate  joint  of  a 
maxillipede.  (Huxley.) 

prd-pb'-dl-uin,  *.  [Pref.  pro-,  and  Or.  wovt 
(pout),  genit.  iro&k  (porfos)  =  a  foot.] 

Comp.  Anat. :  The  anterior  portion  of  the 
foot  of  a  mollusc. 

prbp'-o-lis,  s.    [Or.  n-fxSiroAtf  (propolit):  pref. 
pro-,  and  n-oAu  (polis)  =  a  city.] 
Entom.  :  A  species  of  glutinous  resin,  of 


aromatic  odour,  reddish-brown  colour,  be- 
coming darker  and  tinner.  It  la  soluble  in 
alcohol,  ether,  and  fixed  and  volatile  oils,  im- 
parting to  the  solvent  a  beautiful  red  colour. 
Huber  found  the  varnish  exuding  from  the 
buds  of  the  wild  poplar  to  be  chemically 
identical  with  propolis.  With  this  substance 
bees  line  the  inside  and  all  projecting  portions 
of  their  hives,  and  cover  all  foreign  substances 
too  heavy  for  removal.  If  a  snail  should  find 
its  way  into  a  hive,  it  is  stung  to  death,  and 
then  neatly  covered  with  propolis. 

pro-pone',  *  pro  poune,  v.t.  [Lat.  propono 
to  set  forth  :  pro  —  forward,  and  pono  =  to 
set.]  (PROPOUND.) 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  To  put  forward ;  to  pro- 
pose, to  propound. 

"  Your  hlghnes  had  by  your  oratours  proponed  cer- 
tain offrea."— State  Paperi ;  Wolteyto  Uenry  Vlll.(\ya\. 

2.  Scots  Law :  To  state  ;  to  bring  forward. 
If  Pleas  proponed  and  repelled : 
Scots  Law:  Pleas  stated  iu  a  court  and  re- 
pelled previous  to  decree  being  given. 

*  prd-pbn'-ent,  a.  &  s.  [Lat.  proponent,  pr. 
par.  of  propono  =  to  propone  (q.v.).] 

A.  As  adj. :   Putting  forward  or  making 
proposals  ;  proposing. 

B.  As  sulist. :  One  who  makes  a  proposal  or 
lays  down  a  position. 

"The    cardinal    proponent   of    the    Holy    Roman 
Church."— Harrow:  Pope't  Supremacy,    (In  trod.) 

pro  pbr  tion,  *  pro-por-ci-on,  s.    [Fr. 
proportion,  from  Lat.  proportionem,  accus.  of 
proportio  —  proportion,  from  pro  =  before,  and 
portio  =  a    portion    (q.v.);    Sp.    proporcion; 
Ital.  proporzione.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 
1.  The  comparative  relation  of  one  thing  to 
another  as   regards    size,    quantity,    extent, 
degree,  &c. ;  ratio. 


2.  Settled  relation  of  comparative  quantity  ; 
equal  or  corresponding  degree. 

"  Proportion  is  the  measure  of  relative  quantity.** — 
Burke :  Sublime  i  ttcautijul,  pt.  lit,  i  2. 

3.  The  relation  of  one  part  to  another,  or  to 
the  whole  with   respect  to   magnitude ;   the 
relative  size  and  arrangement  of  parts. 


4.  Symmetrical  arrangement ;  symmetry  ; 
the  symmetrical  adaptation  or  adjustment  of 
parts  in  a  whole. 

"  Her  armes  long  In  lust  proporcion  cart." 
Vncertaine  Auctort :  litucriptiont  Praiteof  hit  Loue. 

*5.  That  which  falls  to  one's  lot  when  a 
whole  is  divided  according  to  a  rule  or 
principle  ;  just  share,  lot,  or  portion. 

"  Let  the  women  ...  do  the  same  things  in  their 
proportion!  and  capacities."— Jeremy  Taylor. 

EL  Technically  : 

1.  Arch.,  Art,  £c. :  That  due  observance  of 
the  lialance  of  all  parts,  in  a  statue  or  picture, 
which  constitutes  excellence. 

2.  Arith. :  A  rule  by  which  from  three  given 
quantities  a  fourth  may  be  found  bearing  tlie 
same  ratio  to  the  third  as  the  second  bears  to 
the  first.    Also  called  the  Rule  of  Three. 

3.  Math. :  The  relation  which  one  quantity 
bears    to    another  of  the   same    kind,    with 
respect  to    magnitude    or    numerical   value. 
This  relation  may  be  expressed  in  two  ways  : 

(1)  by  the  difference  of  the  quantities,  and 

(2)  by  their  quotient.     When  the  relation  is 
expressed  by  their  difference,  it  is  called  an 
Arithmetical    Proportion ;    when     by     their 
quotient,  Geometricnl  Proportion,  or  simply 
Proportion.     Fourqnantitiesarein  pro|K>rtion 
when  the  ratio  of  the  first  to  the  second  is 
equal  to  the  ratio  of  the  third  to  the  fourth  ; 
this  relation  is  expressed  algebraically  thus, 
a  :  6  : :  c  :  d.     This  expression  is  called  a  pro- 
portion ;  it  is  read,  o  is  to  6  as  c  is  to  d,  and 
is  equivalent  to  the  expression  |  =  £.     Hence, 
a  proportion  may  be  defined  to  1*  the  alge- 
braic expression  of  equality  of  ratios. 

If  (1)  Compound  proportion :  The  equality 
of  the  ratio  of  two  quantities  to  another  iMtio, 
the  antecedent  and  consequent  of  which  are 
respectively  the  products  of  the  antecedents 
and  consequents  of  two  or  more  ratios. 

(2)  Continued  proportion :  [CONTINUED,  f  (4)]. 

(3)  Harmonical    (or    musical)    proportion : 
[H  A  RHOXICAL-PKO  PORTION]. 

(4)  Reciprocal  proportion  :  A  proportion  in 


which  the  first  term  is  to  the  second  a*  th* 
fourth  to  the  third,  4  :  2  :  :  3  :  o. 

(6)  Rhythmical  proportion  : 

Mutic :  The  pro|x>rtiou  in  relation  to  time 
or  measure  between  different  notes  represent- 
ing durations  ;  thus,  the  semibreve  is  to  the 
minim  as  2  :  1,  the  semibreve  to  the  crotchet 
as  4: 1. 

(6)  Simple  proportion:  The  relation  of 
equality  subsisting  between  two  ratios. 

pro-pbr'-tion.ta.   [Fi  proportionner.]  [Pao- 

PORT1ON,  t.] 

1.  To  adjust  in  a  suitable   proportion ;  to 
adjust  harmoniously  to  something  else  as  re- 
gards dimensions  or  extent. 

"  if  Fate 

Proportion  to  these  themes  my  lengthen  d  ilnte." 

Camper:  Death  of  Damon.    (Trans.) 

2.  To  divide  proportionately  ;  to  apportion. 

*'  I  hjive  j/roportioned  my  loss  among  my  friends." — 
Daily  Telegraph,  August  24,  1885. 

*  3.  To  form   in   due   proportions  or  with 
symmetry  ;  to  give  a  symmetrical  form  to. 

"  Nature  had  proportioned  her  without  any  fault  "— 
Sidney:  Arcadia. 

*  4.  To  bear  proportion  or  adequate  relation 
to ;  to  equal. 

"  His   ransom  .  .  .  must  proportion  the  loases  we 
have  borue."— shtiketp. :  2  Benrg  IV.,  Iv.  L 

prd-pbr'-tion-a-'ble,  a.  [Eng.  projiortion; 
-able.] 

*  1.  Capable  of  being  proportioned  or  made 
proportional. 

2.  Being  in  proportion  ;  bearing  a  due  com- 
parative relation;  corresponding,  equal,  pro- 
portional. 

"The  Pope  thought  it  the  only  remedy  proportion- 
able  to  the  malady?'— Clarendon  :  KeUgion  t  /Wiry. 

*  3.  Well-proportioned,  symmetrical. 

pro  pbr -tion-a-ble-ness,  ».  [Eng.  pro- 
portionable; -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  proportionable. 

"  The  ground  of  nil  pleasure  is  agreement  and  pro- 
portionableneu."— Hammond:  IKoriti.iv.17*. 

pro-pbr'-tion-a-bl-jf,  o/ft>.  [Eng.  proportion- 
ab(le);  -ly.]  In  a  proportionable  manner  or 
degree  ;  according  to  proportion  ;  proportion- 
ally ;  in  proportion. 

"  The  streams  of  liberality  .  .  .  become  proportion- 
ably  shallow."— Goldmit A  .•  Polite  Learning,  cli.  x. 

pro-pbr'-tion-al, a.  &«.  [Lat.propo/<;o;ia/;*; 
Fr.  propoi-tiontiel ;  Sp.  (t  Port,  proporcional ; 
Ital.  proporzionale.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  According   to   proportion ;   having  due 
proportion  or  comparative  relation;  being  in 
suitable  proportion  or  degree  :  as,  The  several 
parts  of  a  building  are  proportional. 

2.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  proportion  :  as, 
proportional  parts,  proporti<inaicomp;is.scs,  &<*. 

II.  Math. :  Having  the  same  or  a  constant 
ratio  :  as,  proportional  quantities. 

B.  As  substantive : 

I.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  quantity  in  proportion. 
n.  Math.:  One  of  the  terms  of  a  proportion. 
II  (1)  Continued  proportionals  :  Quantities  in 
Continued  proportion  (q.v.). 
(2)  Mean  proportional :  (MEAN,  a.]. 

proportional  compasses,  i.  Com- 
passes or  dividers  with  two  pairs  of  opposite 
legs,  turning  on  a  common  point,  so  that  the 
distances  between  the  points,  in  tlie  two  juiirs 
of  legs,  is  proportional.  They  are  generally 
constructed  with  a  groove  in  each  leg,  so  that 
tliry  may  be  set  to  any  ratio.  They  are  used 
in  reducing  or  enlarging  drawings  according 
to  any  given  scale. 

proportional  logarithms,  i.  pi.  [LO- 
GISTIC-ARITHMETIC.] 

proportional  parts  of  magnitude, 

«.  /./.  I'.-irt-i  such  tl.at  the  corresponding  ones, 
taken  in  their  order,  are  proportional. 

proportional    or   primitive -radii, 

«.  pi. 

Gearing  :  If  the  line  of  centres  connecting 
the  centres  of  two  wheels  in  gear  be  divided 
into  two  parts,  proportioned  to  the  number 
of  teeth  in  the  respective  wheels,  the  said 
two  portions  will  l>e  the  proportional  01 
primitive  radii.  [CIRCLE.] 

proportional-representation.  *.  An 
idea  of  representation  the  realization  of  which 


fete,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
8T.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    ae.  os  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  lew. 


proportionality— proprietor 


3779 


would  lead  to  the  presence  In  a  representative 
assembly  of  members  divided  in  opinions  in 
the  same  proportion  in  respect  of  numliers  a» 
the  community  represented.  Ex  gr.,  if  an  as- 
sembly of  100  "members  had  a  constituency  of 
100,000  persons,  and  the  constituency  was 
divided  into  60,000  of  party  A.  and  40,000  of 
p.-irty  B.,  the  assembly  should  consist  of  sixty 
members  of  party  A.  and  forty  of  party  B. 

proportional-scale,  -. 

1.  A  scale  on  which  are  marked  parts  pro- 
portional to  the  logarithms  of  the  natural 
numbers.    They  are  used  in  rough  computa- 
tions and  for  solving  problems  graphically, 
the  solution  of  which  requires    the  aid  of 
logarithms. 

2.  A  scale  for  preserving  the  proportions  of 
drawings  or  parts  when  changing  their  size. 

•  prd-pb'r-tion-aT-i-tjf,   s.      [Eng.    propor- 

tional; -ity.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
proportional  or  in  proportion. 

"  The  equality  or  the  proportionality  of  the  motion." 
—Grew :  Cosmo.  Sacra,  bk.  11.,  cb.  11.,  §  & 

prS-pdr'-tion-al-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  propor- 
tional; -/.y.]  In  a  proportional  manner  or 
degree  ;  in  proportion  ;  in  due  degree  ;  with 
suitable  comparative  relation. 

"  [Christ]  suffered  the  (mines  of  hell  proportionally." 
—Latimer :  Sermon  before  King  Edward. 

•pr8  pbV-tion-ar-jf,  a.  [Eng.  proportion; 
-an/.]  Proportional,  proportionate. 

pro'-pb'r'-tion-ate,  a.  [Lat.  proportionatus, 
from  proportio  =  proportion  (q.v.).]  Adjusted 
to  something  else  according  to  a  certain  pro- 
portion or  comparative  relation  ;  proportional; 
fii  proportion.  (Generally  followed  by  to.) 

"  What  penitence  proportionate 
Can  e'er  be  felt  for  sin  no  great?" 

Longfellow :  Qoldtn  Legend,  111. 

prS-pb'r'-tion-ate,  v.t.  [PROPORTIONATE,  a.] 
To  make  proportionate  or  proportional ;  to 
ail.just  according  to  a  settled  rate  or  to  due 
proportion ;  to  proportion. 

"  Proportionated  to  their  opportunities  of  conversa- 
tion with  the  more  enlightened."— itickle :  Introd.  to 
LuHad. 

pro-pbV-tion-ate-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  propor- 
tionate; -ly.]  In  a  proportionate  manner  or 
degree ;  with  due  proportion  ;  according  to 
settled  rate ;  proportionably. 

"  To  this  Internal  perfection  is  added  a  proportion- 
ately happy  condition."— Peartan  :  Creed,  art.  a. 

pro-por'-tion-ate-ness,  s.  [Eng.  propor- 
tionate; -ness.]  "The  quality  or  state  of  being 
proportionate  ;  proportionableness  :  suitable- 
ness or  justness  of  proportion. 

"  Fitneas  and  pmportlanatenea  of  theae  objective 
impressions." — Hale :  Oriy.  qf  A/unkind,  p.  2. 

pr5-pbr'-tioned,  a.  [Eng.  proportion ;  -erf.] 
In  proportion  ;  having  due  proportion  or  pro- 
portions. (Often  in  composition  :  as,  well- 
proportioned.) 

•  prd-pdr'-tion-lSss,  a.     [Eng.  proportion; 
•less.]     Without  proportion  or  symmetry  of 
parts. 

•  pro"  pbV-tion  mSnt,  s.   [Eng.  proportion  ; 
-mcnt.}    The  act  of  proportioning. 

prft-pos'-al,   *  pro  pos  all,  s.    [Eng.  pro. 
pos+e);  -aL] 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  The  act  of  proposing. 

"  Now  there  could  be  no  satisfactory  confutation  of 
tMs  atheistic  hypothesis,  wit.li.mt  a  fair  proposal  first 
made  of  the  several  ground*  01  it"— Cudteorth :  Intell. 
fiyrfrm.  p.  17&. 

2.  Specif.,  an  offer  of  marriage. 

3.  That  which  is  proposed  or  offered  for  con- 
sideration ;  terms  or  conditions  proposed  ;  over- 
ture, scheme,  design.    (Milton:  P.  L.,  v.  518.) 

4.  Offer  or  presentation  to  the  mind. 

IL  Law  :  A  statement  in  writing  of  some 
special  mntter  submitted  to  the  consideration 
of  one  of  the  masters  of  the  Court  of  Chan- 
cery, pursuant  to  an  order  made  upon  an 
application  exparte,  or  a  decretal  order  of  the 
court. 

pro1 -pose',  v.t.  k  i.    [Pr.  proposer,  from  pro 
as  before,  and  poser  =  to  place.]    [PosK.J 
A.  Transitive  : 

*  1.  To  set  or  place  before  or  forth. 

*  2.  To  place  one's  self  before  or  in  front  of ; 
to  in°et,  to  confront.     (Shakesp. :  Titia  A.n- 
dronicus,  ii.  1.) 


*  3.  To  call  or  place  before  the  eye  or  mind ; 
to  picture. 

"  Be  now  the  father  and  propote  a  son." 

Shaketp.  :  t  Benry  jr..  v.  i. 

4.  To  place  or  set  before,  as  something  to 
be  done  or  gained  ;  to  point  out  as  a  goal  to 
be  reached. 

"  What  to  ourselves  In  passion  we  propote, 
The  passion  ending,  doth  the  purpose  lose.* 

Shaketp. :  Hamlet,  lit  i. 

5.  To  place  or  set  forward  as  a  matter  for 
consideration,  discussion,  or  acceptance  :  as, 
To  propose  terms  of  peace,  to  propose  marriage. 

6.  To  nominate  a  person  for  election  to  a 
post  or  office. 

B.  Intransitive: 

*  1.  To  lay  or  devise  schemes ;  to  plot,  to 
schu—e, 

*  2.  To  converse,  to  speak. 

3.  To  form  or  declare  a  purpose  or  intention  ; 
to  design. 

"  Man  propotet,  but Ood  disposes."— TVani.  of  Thomai 
d  Kempit. 

4.  To  make  an  offer ;  specif.,  of  marriage. 

"  H»  propoted  to  her,  and  was  accepted."—  Daily 
Telegraph,  Feb.  20,  1886. 

*  pro" -pose',  s.    [PROPOSE,  ».]  Talk,  discourse, 
conversation. 

"There  will  she  hide  her 
To  listen  our  propote.* 
Shakrtp. :  Much  Ado  About  Hoiking .  UL  L    (Quarto.) 

pr5-posed',  pa.  par.  or  a.    [PROPOSE,  v.] 

*pr5-pds'-ed-l^,  adv.    [Eng.  proposed ;  -ly.] 
Purposely,  designedly. 

"They  had  propotcdly  been  planned."— Sterne : 
Trittram  Shandy.  L  117. 

prft-pdf'-er,  ».     [Eng.  propose),  v. ;  -er.} 

1.  One  who  proposes ;  one  who  offers  any- 
thing for  consideration  or  adoption. 

"  What  the  propoter  means  by  •  wilfully  dying  a 
Roman-catholic,'  I  know  not." — Sharp  :  Sermont,  vol. 
vil.  (App.) 

2.  One  who  proposes  or  nominates  a  person 
for  a  position  or  office. 

"  His  propoter  and  seconder  will  .  .  .  conduct  him 
to  the  chair."— Daily  Telegraph,  Jan.  12,  1S36. 

*  3.  A  speaker,  an  orator. 

"  By  what  more  dear  a  better  propoter  could  charge 
you  withal."— Shaketp.  :  tiamlei.  it  2. 

prop  6  si  tion.  *  prop  o  si  cl  oun,  s. 
[Kr.  proposition,  from  Lat.  propositionem,  ace. 
of  propositio  =  a  setting  forth,  a  statement, 
from  propositus,  pa.  par.  of  propono  =  to  pro- 
pound (q.v.);  8p.  proposicion  ;  Ital.  propo*i- 
zioiie.  Proposition  is  iiot  related  to  propose.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  The  act  of  setting  or  placing  before ; 
the  act  of  offering. 

1 2.  The  act  of  proposing  or  offering  for  con- 
sideration or  adoption  ;  proposal,  oiler. 

3.  That  which  is  proposed  or  offered  for 
consideration,   acceptance,    or   adoption;    a 
proposal ;  an  offer  of  terms. 

4.  A  statement  in  general  (often  open  to 
doubt  or  controversy,  i.e.,  not  wholly  certain 
of  being  accepted). 

"This  was  meant  to  be  a  mere  abstract  propotition." 
—Macau/ay :  Hia.  Eng.,  ch.  zzv. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Geom.  £  Math. :  A  statement  in  terms  of 
something  proposed  to  be  proved  or  done. 
[PROBLEM,  THKOREM.) 

2.  Gram. :  A  sentence,  or  part  of  one,  con- 
sisting of  a  subject,  a  predicate,  and  copula. 

3.  fMgic  :  A  sentence,  or  part  of  a  sentence, 
affirming   or  denying  a  connection   between 
the   terms ;    limited   to   express    assertions 
rather  than  extended  to  questions  and  com- 
mands.     Logical   propositions    are    divided  : 
first,  as  to   substance,  into  Categorical  and 
Hypothetical ;  secondly,  according  to  quality, 
into  Affirmative  and  Negative;  and,  thirdly, 
according  to  quantity,  into    Universal   and 
Particular. 

"  Logicians  use  to  clap  a  proportion, 
As  justice*  do  criminals,  in  prison." 

Butler:  SlitceUaneoul  T\owi\U. 

4.  Poetry :  The  flrst  part  of  a  poem,  in  which 
the  author  states  the  subject  or  matter  of  it. 

6.  Rhet. :  That  which  is  proposed,  offered, 
or  affirmed,  as  the  subject  of  a  discourse  or 
discussion. 

If  (1)  Condemned  Proposition* : 

Roman  Throl. :  Propositions  condemned  by 
a  Pope  or  a  General  Council,  either  as  heretical 
or  in  some  minor  degree  opposed  to  soundness 


in  the  faith.      Addis   &  Arnold  (Cath.  Diet., 
p.  701)  thus  explain  the  terms  of  censuie  :— 

"A  proposition  is  heretical  when  it  Is  directly  on. 
posed  to  a  truth  revealed  by  Qod.  and  pr»i*»ed  l.y  tU» 
Church  ;  erroneoia.  when  it  is  cuutradicUjry  to  a 
truth  deduced  from  two  premises,  one  an  article  of 
faith,  the  other  naturally  ceit-un  ;  proximate  to  error, 
when  omnMed  to  a  proposition  deduced  with  trreut 
probHbiMty  from  prfnci  .les  of  faith  ;  *t,  .Ur,,tg  a) 
heresy,  when  it  is  capable  of  a  good  senw.  but  seem* 
in  tin-  circuinaUuires  to  have  an  heretical  rneai.iiiK: 
evit-tovndtny.  or  offenjtitv  to  pioug  eart,  when  ol>|N,sca 
to  piety  and  the  reverence  due  to  divine  things, 
according  to  the  common  mode  of  upeakiug;  tcaitd-il- 
ota,  when  it  gives  occasion  to  think  or  act  amUs  ; 
rath,  when  op(«ise**tu  the  common  sense  of  the 
Church  in  matter*  of  faith  and  morals." 

*(2)  Loaves  of  pi-oposition:  [SHKW-BKEAD]. 

pr6p-6-sT-tion-al,  o.  [Eng.  proposition; 
-aL]  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  a  proposition  ; 
considered  as  a  proposition. 

"If  it  has  a  singular  sui.ject,  in  its  proporitionul 
sense  It  is  always  ranked  witli  uiiiversala,  *—  WatU: 
Logic,  pt.  ii..  cli.  u..  I  I. 

pr<S-poilnd',  v.t.  [Formed  from  the  obsolete 
verb  pro/mile,  by  the  addition  of  an  excrescent 
d;  cf.  sound,  rouud  (v.),  compound,  &c.) 
[PROPONE.] 

1.  Ord.  I.ang.  :  To  pnt  forward  or  offer  for 
consideration  ;  to  propose,  to  put  forth  ;  to  put 
or  set,  as  a  question. 

"  Such  questions 
AM  by  your  grace  shall  l>e  prninuitdrd  him." 

Sh-iketp.  :  t  Benry  VI.,  1.  1 

2.  Law  :  To  produce  as  authentic. 

prd  pound  -er,  s.  [Eng.  propound;  -er.] 
One  who  propounds  ;  one  who  proposes  some- 
thing for  consideration. 

"Some  .  .  .  make  the  tradition  of  all  ages  the  In- 
fallible t>ropounder."—Chiiliniitfartit:  Answer  to  tht 
Preface,  p.  17. 

*  prd-poune',  v.t.    [PROPONE,  PROPOUND.) 

*  prop  -page  (age  as  Ij),  *.    [Eng.  prop,  v.  , 
-i'!/c.]    That  which  props  or  supports  ,  ma- 
terials for  propping  ;  a  prop.    (Cadyle.) 

propped,  pa.  par.  or  a.    [PROP,  r.] 

pro-pr»'-tor,  *  pro-pro'  -tor,  *.  [Lat, 
from  pro  =.  lor,  and  pnetor  =  a  praetor  (q.v.).] 
Rom.  Atttiq.  :  A  magistrate,  who,  after  the 
expiration  of  his  term  of  office  as  a  praetor, 
was  sent  out  as  governor  of  a  province,  witli 
the  same  authority  as  a  pnttor.  Generally 
speaking,  propraetors  were  sent  to  govern  pro- 
vinces in  which  tranquillity  prevailed,  and 
which  were  not  likely  to  be  disturbed,  pro- 
consuls being  appointed  to  the  more  import- 
ant or  doubtful  provinces.  The  propraetor 
had  supreme  jurisdiction  in  all  cases,  criminal 
or  civil,  and  could  imprison,  scourge,  or  even 
put  to  death,  provincials  ;  but  Roman  citizens, 
although  resident  abroad,  had,  in  all  criminal 
cases,  right  of  appeal  to  Rome. 

pro-prse-toY-I-an,  a.  [Eng.  proprietor; 
-ian.}  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  a  proprietor.  (D* 
Quincey.) 

prd-pre'-lSct,  ».  [Pref.  pro-,  and  Eng.  pr»- 
fect  (q.v.).]  One  who  acts  for  a  prefect  ;  the 
deputy  of  a  prefect. 

*  prd-pre'-tor,  «.    [PROPRIETOR.) 

*  pro'-prf-ate,  a.    [Lat  propHatus,  pa.  par. 
of  ;>roprto  =  to  appropriate  (q.v.).]    Special, 
appropriated.    (C'owUte  :  Dr.  Syntax,  ii.  7.) 


prft-pri-e'-tar-jf,  ».  &  o.  [Fr. 
(a.)  |iroprieta"ry,  (s.)  a  proprietor,  from  Lat 
proprietarius  —  an  owner,  from  proprietas  = 
property  (q.v.)  ;  Sp.  proptetorio;  Port  &  ItaL 
proprie/ario.J 

A.  As  substantive  : 

L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  A  propi  ietiir,  an  owner  ;  one  who  has  the 
exclusive  legal  right  or  title  to  anything. 

"Tts  a  mistake  to  think  otiraelve*  stewards  in  some 
of  Ood's  gifts,  and  proprietaries  in  others."  —  Uotfm- 
mettt  of  the  Tongue, 

2.  A  book  or  list  of  proprietors  collectively  ; 
the  whole  body  of  proprietors:  as,  the  pro- 
prietary of  a  county. 

IL  Ecclei.  :  A  monk  who  had  reserved  goods 
and  effects  to  himself,  notwithstanding  his  re- 
nunciation of  all  at  his  profession  (q.v.). 

B.  As  adj.  :   Belonging  to  a  proprietor  or 
owner  or  to  a  proprietary  ;  pertaining  or  be- 
longing to  ownership. 

"Though  sheep,  which  are  proprietary,  an  seldom 
marked,  yet  they  are  not  apt  to  straggle,  —0rei». 

pr6-pri'-S-tor,  «.     [Fr.  propri&aire  =  pro- 


boil,  bo^;  poiit,  J6%1;  oat,  cell,  chorus,  9hln,  bench;  go,  gem;  tbin,  $bis;  sin,  a$;  expect,  Xenophon.  exist.   -Ing. 
-oian,    tian  =  snan.     tion,    sion  =  snon ;    tion,  -sion  =  zhun.    -clous,    tioua,   slous  =  sbus.   -ble,  -die,  etc.  =  bel,  del. 


3780 


proprietorial— prorogation 


prietary  (q.v.V]  An  owner;  one  who  has  the 
exclusive  legal  right  or  title  to  anything, 
whether  in  possession  or  not ;  a  possessor  in 
bis  own  right. 

"To  redress  the  injuries  of  the  old  proprietor*.  **— 
itaeaulay :  Out.  Eng..  cb,  xii. 

pr6-pri-4-t6r'-I-al,  a.  [Eng.  proprietor; 
-ial.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  ownership;  pro- 
prietary. 

"Proprietorial  rights  which  have  been  implanted 
In  the  Irish  toil."— l>ady  Ttlegraj*.  Feb.  i,  IBM. 

prd-pri'-e' -tor-Ship,  *.  [Eng.  proprietor; 
-sh  •)'.  \  The  state  01-  condition  of  a  proprietor ; 
the  right  of  a  proprietor. 

'•  He  was  convinced  that  peasant  tiroprietorthip  was 
desirable."—  Keening  standard,  Sept.  11.  1M4. 

prd-pri'-<5  tress,  ».  [Eng.  proprietor;  -ess.] 
A  female  proprietor  or  owner ;  a  mistress,  a 
proprietrix. 

"  The  proprietreu  demanded  possession,  hut  the  other 
begged  her  excuse. '—i'iWra/ve.  Faolei. 

*  prft-pri'-S-trfat,  *.    [Eng.  proprietor) ;  Lat 
fem.  suff.  -trix.}    A  proprietress. 

"  Hi>  bride  was  propriet riz  of  the  lands  and  estate 
of  Harieneugh."— Ruaell :  Unigt  qf  Bemenydt,  p.  254. 

prS -  pri'- e"  -  ty,  *  pro  pri-e -tie,  *.    [A 

doublet  of  property  (q.v.).J 

*  1.  Property. 

"  That  no  quarrel  may  arise  about,  their  propriety." 
—Puller:  Hnl*  state,  bk.  i..  ch.  viil. 

*  2.  An  inherent  property  or   quality ;   a 
peculiarity. 

"This  propriety,  Inherent  and  Individual  attribute 
In  your  majesty.'  —  Bacon :  Ada.  o/  Learning.  >>k.  1. 

*  3.  Property  ;  rights  of  ownership  or  pos- 
session.   (Milton:  P.  L,  iv.  751.) 

*  4.  Individuality;    pro|>er  and  particular 
ttate.    (Shakesp. :  Othello,  ii.  3.) 

5.  Proper  state  or  nature  ;  suitableness  to 
an  acknowledged  or  correct  standard  or  rule  ; 
accordance  with  established  rule,  customs,  or 
principles  ;  correctness,  justness. 

"All  parties  were  agreed  as  to  the  propriety  of  re- 
quiring the  king  to  swear  that,  in  temporal  matters, 
he  would  govern  according  to  law."— Jtacaulay :  HM. 
Eny  .  ch.  xi. 

"fl  To  play  propriety :  To  take  a  nominal,  or 
merely  formal,  part  in  a  matter,  for  the  sake 
of  preserving  decorum. 

pro  proc  tor,  *.  [Pref.  pro-,  and  Eng.  proc- 
tor (q.v.).]  An  assistant  or  deputy  proctor. 

*  prdps,    ».    [PROP,  a.)     A  gambler's  game, 
played  with  four  shells. 

*  pr5-pugn'  (g  silent),  v.t.    [Lat  propugno  : 
pro=  for,  before,  and  pugno  —  to  fight.  J    To 
defend,  to  vindicate,  to  contend  for. 

*  pro  pug  na  cle,  s.    [Lat.  propugnaculum, 
from  propugno.]    A  fortress. 

"The  chlefest  prtpugnaclt  of  the  protestanta," — 
BatteU :  Letter*. 

*  pro  pug  na  tlon,  s.     [I>at.  propugnatio, 
from  propugnut'it,  pa.  par.  of  propugno.]    De- 
fence, vindication,  means  of  combat. 

"  What  propugnatim  is  In  one  man's  valour." 

X»o*«/>.  .•  TraUui  t  Cratida,  IL  1 

*  pro  pugn  er,  *  prd-pugn'-or  (g  silent), 
s.    lEng.  propugn;  -er,  -or.]     A  defender,  a 
vindicator. 

"So  xealuus  prnfntgneri  are  they  of  their  native 
creed." — Government  qf  the  Tongue. 

*  pro-pul-sa'-tion,   ».     [O.  FT.,  from-  Lat. 
propulstttio.  1    [PnopiiL8E.]  The  act  of  driving, 
Keeping  off,  or  repelling;  a  keeping  at  a  dis- 
tance. 

"  The  Just  cause  of  war  Is  the  propultation  of  In. 
Juries."— fl/,.  Hall. 

*  pro-pulse',  v.t.   [Lat.  propulso,  intens.  from 
proi>ulsus,   pa.   par.    of  propello  =  to   propel 
?q.v.);   Sp.  propulsnr;  Ital.  propulsare.]     To 
drive  away  or  off ;  to  repel ;  to  keep  at  a  dis- 
tance. 

"  Force  Is  to  be  repelled  and  proptdted  with  force." 
— Prfnne :  Treachery  t  Diiloyally,  pL  ii..  p.  SO. 

*  prS-puT-Slon,  ».  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  propulsiu.] 
[PROPULSK.]     The  act  of  driving  forward  or 
propelling. 

••  All  the  spirits  are  busle  upon  trouble,  and  Intend 
pmmtlnon,  defence,  displeasure,  or  revenge.'— Bp. 
Ball:  Oamo/Cmueienc*.  dec.  s,  case  8. 

*  prfc-pftl'-sl-ty,  ».     [Eng.  pmpuls(e) ;  -ity.] 
Propulsion.    (Davits:  Summa  Totulis,  p.  10.) 

*  pro  pul'-slve,  a.    [Lat.  propubus,  pa.  par. 
of  propeUo  =  to  propel  (q.v.).]    Having  jiower 
to  propel ;  tending  to  propel ;  propellent 


*  pr&-puT-s6r-y\  a.     [Eng.  propuls(e)  ;  -ory.] 
The  same  as  PROPULSIVE  (q.v.). 

prd'-pyl,  «.    [Eng.  prop(ionic)  ;  -yl.] 

Chem.  :  CSH7.     Trityl.     The  third  of  the 
series  of  the  alcohol-radicals, 


propyl-carbinol, «.   [BUTYL-ALCOHOLS.] 
propyl  formic-acid, «.  (BUTYRIC-ACID.) 

prdp-jf-lae'-UTn, «.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  npo*v,\aiov 
(propulaion),  from  »po  (pro)  =.  before,  aud 
iruAi)  (pule)  —  a 
gate.) 

Greek  Arch.  : 
A  portico  in 
front  of  a  gate 
or  temple  door- 
way ;  the  en- 
trance  to  a 
Greek  temple,  a 
sacred  enclo- 


sure, consisting  PROPYL/KUM. 

of    a    gateway 

flanked  oy  buildings  :  specif.,  the  entrance  to 

the  Acropolis  of  Athens  [see  illustration],  the 

last  architectural  work  executed   under  the 

administration  of  Pericles. 

prd-pyl-al'-dide,  s.    [Eng.  propyl,  and  alde- 
hyde.}     [PHOPIOHIO-ALDEHYDE.] 

pro-pyl'-a-mlne,   *.       [Eng.  propyl,     and 
amine.]    [TRITYLAMINE.] 

pro  -pyl-ene,  s.     [Eng.  propyl ;  -ene.] 

Chem. :  CsHg  =  CH3'CH  :  CH2.  Tritylene. 
Propene.  A  product  of  the  dry  distillation  of 
organic  bodies,  and  Obtained,  nearly  pure, 
when  allylic  iodide  is  treated  with  zinc  and 
hydrochloric  acid  in  presence  of  alcohol.  A 
gas  somewhat  resembling  ethylene,  density 
1'498,  liquefying  on  great  compression. 

propylene  glycol,  s. 

Chem. :  CaHgO^  =  CjH^OH)^  Tritylene 
glycoL  Tritylenic  alcohol.  A  colourless, 
syrupy  liquid  obtained  by  decomposing 
propylene  dibromide  with  argentic  acetate 
aud  saponifying  by  means  of  potash.  It  has 
a  sweet  taste,  a  sp.  gr.  of  T051  at  0",  a  vapour 
density  of  2-5^6,  and  boils  at  188°. 

propylene  hydrate,    s.      [PROPYLIC- 

ALOOHOL.) 

prd-pyl'-Ic,  a.    [Eng.  propyl ;  -ic.]   Contained 
in  or  derived  from  propyl. 

propy  lie  alcohol,  ». 

Chem.  (PI.) :  C3H8O  =  C3H7;OH.  Primary 
propylic  alcohol  or  ethyl  carbinol  is  prepared 
by  the  repeated  fractional  distillation  of  that 
portion  of  fusel  oil  which  distils  between  85* 
and  100°.  It  may  also  be  prejwired  synthetic- 
ally, by  acting  upon  propionic  aldehyde  with 
nascent  hydrogen.  It  is  a  colourless,  agree- 
able-smelling liquid  ;  sp.  gr.  '812,  boils  at  97°, 
and  is  miscible  with  water.  Secondary  pro- 
pylic alcohol,  or  dimethyl  carbinol,  is  prepared 
by  the  action  of  sodium  amalgam  on  aqueous 
acetone.  It  is  a  colourless  liquid ;  sp.  gr. 
791,  boils  at  84°,  and  is  miscible  with  water 
and  alcohol.  By  oxidising  agents  it  is  con- 
verted into  acetone. 

pro  pyr  I-dene,  s.    [PROPYL.) 

Chem. :  An  unsaturated  hydrocarbon  dyad 
radical,  isomeric  with  propylene,  and  having 
H 

the  graphic  formulae  u'. 


propylldene  -  oxide,  «.      [PROPIONIC- 

ALDEHYDE.] 

prd'-py-lite,  ».     ["Pref.  pro-  ;  Or.  irvAij  (pule) 
=  a  gate,  and  sun.  -ite  (Petrol.)."] 

Petrol.  :  A  name  given  by  Richthofen  to  a 
group  of  rocks  which  he  regarded  as  the 
earliest  volcanic  rocks  of  the  Tertiary  period, 
and  as  possessing  a  composition  and  structure 
distinct  from  related  rucks  of  the  same  age. 
These  are  now  shown  to  be  altered  andesites, 
both  the  mineralo^iciil  and  chemical  composi- 
tion agreeing  with  the  less  altered  varieties 
of  the  same  geological  age. 

*•      [Or.  vpoVvAar  (proputon).] 


Arch.  :  A  gateway  standing  before  the  en- 
trance of  an  Egyptian  temple  or  portico. 

prd-pyl-phy'-oite,  «.      [Eng.  propyl,  and 

phyciie.]     [TRITYLPHYCITS.] 


y^If-Ic,  a.       [Eng.   prt>i>yiphy* 
cit(e) ;  -ic.}     Derived  from  propylphycite. 

propy Iphycitic  acid,  «.     [TRITYLPHT- 

CIT1C-ACID.J 

pro  ras  -tO-  mUS,  *.  [Or.  trpipa  (prdra)  =  a 
prow,  and  o-ro^a  (stoma)  =.  the  mouth.] 

Palceoiit. :  A  genus  of  Sirenia,  described  by 
Owen,  from  the  Tertiary  of  Jamaica,  and 
named  Proraftumus  lireiutides.  It  possesses 
np|ier  and  lower  canines,  as  well  as  incisors 
and  molars.  It  is  allied  to  the  Manatees,  but 
not  so  specialised.  [MANATEE.] 

pro  ra'-ta,  phr.  [Lat.]  In  proportion,  pro- 
portionally. Used  in  law  and  commerce  :  us, 
Shareholders  partici)«te  in  profits  pro  raUi  to 
their  interest  or  holding. 

prbre,  s.  [Lat.  prom,  from  pro  =  before.)  The 
prow  ;  the  fore  part  of  a  ship. 

"  Twelve  galleys  with  vermilion  from" 

Pope  :  H'tmrr  ;  Iiiul  ii.  77t. 

pro-rSo'-tdr,  s.  [Pref.  pro-,  and  Eli};,  rtctor.) 
An  olficer  in  a  German  university,  who  pre- 
sides in  the  senate  or  academic  court. 

prd-rSo'-tor-ate,  *.  [Eng.  prorector;  -ate.] 
The  office  of  a"p>'l>rector. 

pro  re  na  ta,  phr.  [Lat.]  According  to  cir- 
cumstances or  exigencies.  A  pro  re  nata 
meeting  is  one  called  on  an  emergency. 

*  pro-rep'-tlon,  s.    [Lat.  proreptiu,  pa.  par. 
uf  prorepo  —  to  creep  for  ward  :  pro  =  forward, 
and  repo  =  to  creep.)    The  act  of  creeping  on 
or  forward. 

*  pro  -rex,  *.     [Lat  pro  =  for,  and  rex  —  a 
King.)    A  viceroy. 

"Create  him  prorex  of  all  Africa.' 

Marlowe :  1  7'umburlaine,  11. 1. 

*  prbr'-I-ta'-tloia,  s.    [Lat.  prorito  =  to  irri- 
tate.]    Provocation,  challenging. 

"  After  all  your  proritation."— Bp.  Ha'! :  Work*,  x. 

ML 

pror'-i-don,  «.  [Or.  vp^pa  (prorn)  =  a  prow ; 
suff.  -odon.] 

Zool. :  The  sole  genus  of  the  family  Pro- 
rodontidae  (q.v.),  with  seven  species,  mostly 
from  fresh  water. 

pror-o^-difn'-tl-dfiB,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  pr#- 
rodon,  genit.  prorodont(is) ;  Lat  fem.  pi.  adj. 
suff.  -idee.] 

Zool. :  A  family  of  Holotrichous  Infusoria, 
with  a  single  genus,  Prorodou  (q.v.). 

*  pror  -6-gate,  v.t.  [Lat,  prorogatus,  pa.  par. 
of  proro30  =  to  prorogue  (q.v.).]  To  prorogue, 
to  adjourn,  to  put  off.    [PROROGATION,  U  (1).] 

pror-^-ga'-tlon,  *.    [Fr.,  from  Lat.  proro- 
gutionem,  accus.  ofprorogratio,  from  prorogate, 
pa.  par.  of  prorogo  —  to  prorogue  (q.v.);  Sp 
proroj/ocion ;  Ital.  prorogazione.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  The  act  of  continuing,  proroguing,  or 
protracting ;  continuance  in  time  or  duration ; 
a  lengthening  out  in  time  ;  prolongation. 

"He  saw  here  noprorogationol  the  time."— Brendt: 
Quintiu  Curtiui,  lo.  36. 

2.  The  act  of  proroguing ;  the  interruption 
of  a  session  and  the  continuance  of  parliament 
to  another  session,  as  distinguished  from  an 
adjournment,  which  is  from  day  to  day,  and 
may  be  of  either  or  both  houses,  while  a  pro- 
rogation is  of  parliament 

"  Prorogation  of  Parliament  ...  is  still  effected  at 
the  close  of  a  Session  by  the  Sovereign  present  either 
in  person  or  by  Commission ;  but  when  Parliament  U 
not  sitting  any  further  prorogation  is  done  by  Pro- 
clamation. Before  the  year  1867.  such  a  Proclamation 
was  necessarily  followed  by  a  Writ  or  Communion 
under  the  Great  Seal,  but  this  additional  formality 
was  abolished  by  the  Statute  30  and  31  Viet.,  cap.  IL 
The  Prorogation  is.  of  course,  to  a  day  named ;  and 
Parliament,  if  not  further  prorogued.  .  .  .  must  meet 
on  that  day.  to  be  formally  opened  by  the  Sovereign  or 
by  Royal  Commission."— Standard,  Nov.  20,  1885. 

*  3.  The  time  during  which  parliament  is 
prorogued 

"  It  would  seem  extraordinary.  If  an  inferior  court 
should  take  a  matter  out  of  the  bands  of  the  high 
court  of  parliament,  during  a  prorogation."— Svift. 

IL  Scots  Law:  A  prolongation  of  the  tim« 
appointed  for  reporting  a  diligence,  lodging  a 
paper,  or  obtemperingany  other  judicial  order. 
T  (1)  Prorogation  of  a  jiulge's  jurisdiction: 
Scott  Law  :  Allowing  a  judge,  by  consent  cf 
both  parties,  to  adjudicate  on  matters  properly 
without  his  jurisdiction. 
(2)  Prorogation  of  a  least : 
Scots  Law  :  An  extension  of  the  time. 


&te,  ttt,  fare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;   we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  gd,  pot, 
wr,  wore,  wolt  work,  who,  son:  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  fall;  try,  Syrian.    •».  o>  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qn  =  kw. 


prorogue  —proselyte 


3781 


prft-rogue'.  pro-roge,  v.t.  [Fr.  proroger, 
from  Cat.  proroox>  =  to  ask  publicly,  to  pro- 
pose a  further  extension  of  office,  to  prorogue, 
to  defer  :  pro  =  before,  openly,  and  rogo  =  to 
ask  ;  Sp.  it  Port,  prorogar  ;  Ital.  prorogare.] 

•  1.  To  protract,  to  continue,  to  prolong,  to 
extend. 

"To  prorogue   Caesar's   guvernmeot  for  five  years 
more.'-r.Vorf/i.-  Plutarch,  p.  (SSO. 

*  2.  To  delay,  to  defer,  to  put  off. 

"  I  hear  thou  must,  and  nothing  may  prorayur  It, 
On  Thunday  next  >>e  married  to  this  county." 

Romto  is  Juliet,  iv.  1. 


8.  To  interrupt  the  session  of  and  continue 
to  another  session,  or  to  an  indefinite  period. 

"The  Parliament  was  prorojued  to  Westminster."— 
Ball  :  nmry  V.  (ail.  2). 

•  pro-rup'-tion,  s.  [Lat.  prvruptio,  from 
proruptus,  pa.  par.  of  prorumpo  =  to  burst 
forth:  pro  =  forth,  and  rnmpo  =  to  burst.) 
The  act  or  state  of  bursting  out  or  forth. 

"The  latter  brood,  impatient  by  a  forcible  pro. 
ruptian,  anticipate*  their  period  of  exclusion."— 
Browne  :  I'ulyar  Rrrourt,  bk.  in.,  ch.  xvi. 

pro-sa'-Ic,  prd-sa'-lc-aL  a.    [Lat.  prosai- 
cus,  from  prosa  =  prose  (q.v.)  ;  Fr.  prosaique  ; 
8p.  &  Ital.  prosaico.] 
L  Literally: 

*  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  prose  ;  In  the  form 
of  prose  ;   resembling  prose  :  as,  a  prosaie 
narrative. 

*  2.  Writing  in  prose. 

"Greek  writers,  both  satirical  and  proiaical."  —  Cud- 
north  :  Intetl.  System,  p.  261. 

TL  Fig.  :  Dull,  heavy,  uninteresting,  life- 
less, spiritless,  commonplace. 

"  Some  persons  may  think  that  Burt  was  a  man  of 


l-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  prpsaical ;  -ly.\ 
In  a  prosaic,  dull,  or  uninteresting  manner ; 
dully. 

•  prd-sa'-i'-clf m,  «.      [Eng.    prosaic;  -ism.] 
The  character  of  prose. 

"  Through  this  species  of  promicim."—  S.  A.  Pot : 
Marginalia,  xxviiL 

•  pro-fa' -if m,  ».    [Lat.  prosa  =  prose  ;  Eng. 
guff,  -ism.]    A  prose  idiom  ;  a  prosaic  manner. 

"A  mode  liable  to  degenerate  into  a  creeping  pro- 
taitrn  aud  trivial  lore  of  detail."— 0.  H.  Lewet :  Hat. 

Of  Philosophy,  it  liS. 

•  pro-sa'-Ist,  «.     [Lat  prosa  =  prose  ;  Eng. 
guff,  -ist.] 

1.  A  writer  of  prose. 

2.  One  devoid  of  poetical  temperament. 

"  Mignet  Is  hevrtlly  and  altogether  a  pntaitt."— 
Carlyle  :  MiKellaniei,  IT.  131. 

•pros'-al,  a.  [Eng.  pros(«);  -al.]  Of  the 
nature  of,  or  pertaining  to,  prose  ;  prosaic. 

"  The  priest  not  always  composed  bis  proial  rapture* 
into  verse."— Brown*:  Mitcf/lany  Tract  xi. 

•  pros-a-ple,  *.    [Lat.  prosapia.]    Stock,  pro- 
geny. 

"Of  a  nuume's  protapie.'—Udal:  Apopk.  of  Brat- 
nut,  D.W. 

pr  o  see -nl  um,  s  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  irpoo-mjitoi/ 
(proskenion)  =  the  part  before  the  scene  where 
the  actors  appeared  :  irpo  (pro)  =  before,  and 
o-KTjnj  (skene)  =  a  scene.] 

1.  Arch. :  The  stage  of  a  theatre,  or  the 
•pace  included  in  the  front  of  the  scene  ;  in 
contradistinction  to  the  postscenium,  onspace 
behind  the  scene.  In  the  modem  theatre  it 
is  improperly  used  to  designate  the  ornamental 
framework  from  which  the  curtain  hangs  when 
performances  are  not  going  on,  dividing  the 
spectator  from  all  engaged  on  the  stage. 

•2.  The  front  of  anything. 

"Thepro$cenium  of  the  face." 

fftrriclc  :  Haperidet.  p.  1«. 

',  v.t.    [Lat  proscindo.]    To  rend. 

"They  did  .  .  .  protcind  and  prostitute  the  Im- 
perial purple."— Oauden  :  Ttari  of  tin  Church,  p.  573. 

pro-sco'-lex, «.  [Pref.  pro-,  and  Mod.  Lat 
»oolex  (q.v.).] 

Zool. :  The  minute  embryo  of 
•  tapeworm,  liberated  when 
the  ovum  has  been  swallowed 
by  a  warm-blooded  vertebrate. 
It  is  a  minute  vesicle,  pro- 
vided with  three  pairs  of  sili- 
ceous spines  for  boring  through 
the  tissues  of  its  host.  PROSCOLEX. 

prdVc5r  la,  s.  [Gr.  vpoo-icoXAaw  (proskollao) 
—  to  glue  on,  or  to  :  vp6«  (pros)  •=.  on,  and 
KoAAiu,  (kottaS)  =  to  glue.  1 


Bot.  :  A  viscid  gland  on  the  upper  side  of 
the  stigma  of  orchids  to  which  the  pollen 
masses  become  attached.  (Treat,  of  Bot.) 

pr6-scrlbe',  v.t.  [Lat  proscribe  =  to  write 
publicly  :  pro  =  before,  openly,  and  scribo  = 
to  write  ;  Fr.  proscrire;  Sp.  proscriotr.) 

L  In  old  Roman  history,  to  publish  the 
name  of,  as  doomed  to  death  and  forfeiture 
of  property  ;  to  declare  doomed  to  destruction 
anil  liable  to  be  killed  by  anyone. 


2.  To  put  out  of  the  protection  of  the  law  ; 
to  outlaw,  to  banish,  to  exile. 

"  Though  proteribrd  and  a  fu-itive,  he  was  still,  in 
some  sense,  the  most  powerful  subject  in  tbe  British 
dominion*.*—  Macaulay  :  llitt.  Eng.,  ch.  v. 

*  3.  To  denounce  or  condemn  as  dangerous, 
and  not  worthy  of  reception ;  to  reject  utterly. 

4.  To  interdict,  to  forbid,  to  prohibit,  to 
exclude. 

"They  [plays] have  been  zealously  protcribtd  by  the 
godly  iu  all  age*."— flume :  Eaant,  ii.  490.  (Note*.) 

pr5-scrib'-er,«.  [Eng.  proscribe)  ;-*T.]  One 
who  proscribes ;  one  who  dooms  to  destruc- 
tion ;  one  who  forbids  or  interdicts. 

"  The  triumvir  and  protrribtr  had  descended  to  a* 
in  a  more  hideous  form."— Drydtn:  Virgil;  Jintid. 

*  pro'-SClipt,  «,     [Lat.  proscriphw,  pa.  par. 
of  proscribe  =  to  proscribe  (q.v.).J 

1.  One  who  is  proscribed. 

"  E.ich  protcript  row  and  stood 
Prom  kneeliug  in  the  ashen  dust."         • 

D.  O.  Rouetti  :  Dante  at  rtrona. 

2.  A  proscription,  an  interdiction. 

"  For  whatooeuer  he  were  which  for  the  diminution 
of  the  liberties  of  the  church  were  excommunicat, 
and  so  continued  a  yeeres  space,  then  he  should  be 
within  the  danger  of  this  pro*aript."—Pox  :  Mtirtyri, 
p.  271  Ian.  125v). 

pro  scrip  tion,  «.  [Pr.,  from  Lat  proscrtp- 
tionem,  aceus.  of  proscriptio,  from  proscriptus, 
pa.  par.  of  proscribe  =to  proscribe  (q.v.);  Sp. 
proscription  ;  Ital.  pnwcrinoTW.)  The  act  of 
proscribing  ;  a  dooming  to  death  and  forfeiture 
of  property  ;  outlawry,  banishment,  denuncia- 
tion, interdiction,  prohibition. 

"Some  .  .  .  large  categories  of  proKription."— 
Ifacaulay:  But.  Eng.,  ch.  ii. 

*  pro-scrip  -tion-al,  a.    [Eng.  proscription ; 
•a.1.]    Pertaining  to  proscription  ;  prescriptive. 

*  pr#-SCrip'-tion-lst,  *.    [Eng.  proscription  ; 
-ist.]    One  who  proscribes  ;  a  proscriber. 

*  prS-Scrfp'-tlye,  o.     [Lat  proscript(u*},  pa. 

par.  of  proscribe  =  to  proscribe  ;  Eng.  adj. 
su ff.  -ire.]  Pertaining  to,  or  of  the  nature  of, 
proscription  ;  proscribing. 

"Oar  constitution  Is  not  made  for  great  general 

and    prnKriptine    exclusion*.  "-»fiurvt«:     To    Sir   H. 

Lanffrithe. 

prose,  s.&a.  [Fr.,  from  Lat  prosa,  for  prorw, 
in  the  phrase  prorsa  oratio  =  straightforward 
or  nnembellished  speech,  from  prorsus  = 
forward,  for  proversus,  from  pro  =  before, 
forwards,  and  versus,  pa.  par.  of  verto  =  to  turn ; 
Sp.,  Port,  &  Ital.  pro*o.] 

A.  As  substantive : 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Language  not  arranged  in  or  confined  to 
poetical   measure ;  the  ordinary  written   or 
spoken  language  of  man  ;  opposed  to  verso  or 
poetry. 

"  Mould  the  future  poem  Into  prate." 

PUt :  Fida ;  Art  of  Poetry,  L 

2.  Dull  or  commonplace  language  or  dis- 
course ;  prosaic  language. 

IL  Roman  Church:  A  rhythm  sometimes 
sung  between  the  epistle  and  gospel  at  Mass ; 
a  sequence  (q.v.). 

B.  As  adjective: 

1.  Relating  to,    or   consisting   of,    prose ; 
written  in    prose ;  not   metrical  or  poetic ; 
prosaic  :  as,  a  prow  sketch. 

2.  Using,  or  writing  iu,  prose ;  as,  a  prose 
writer. 

3.  Dull,  commonplace,  prosaic. 

*  prose-man,  «.    A  writer  of  prose;  a 
proscr. 

"  Let  them  .  .  .  send  forth  all  their  powers, 
Tucir  verse-men  and  pratr-mm." 

Oarrick,  In  BotittlCt  Joknton.  it  (1 

prose,  v.i.  &  t.    [PROSE,  «.] 
A.  Intransitive : 

*  1.  To  writ*  prose,  as  bpposed  to  rers*. 

Prating  or  versing."— Milton:  ChurekSo*.,  hk.  IL 


2.  To  write  or  speak  in  a  dull,  prosy,  cota- 
monplace,  or  prosaic  style 

"  Till  both  home*  bad  prottd  and  divided.* 

Moort :  Twopenny  Pottoaf, 

*  D.  Trans. :  To  write  or  relate  In  a  dull, 
prosy  manner. 

pro-seo'-tor, ».  [Lat.  pro  =  before,  and  sector 
=  acutter;  woo  =  to  cut]  One  who  prepares 
subjects  for  anatomical  lectures;  an  anato- 
mist 

*  prSs'-S-CUt-a-ble,  a.  [Eng.  prosecute); 
-able.]  Capable  of  being  prosecuted  ;  liable 
to  prosecution. 

pros  -e  cute,   *  pros  e  quute,  v.t.   ft  i. 

[Lat  prosecittus,  piosequutiu,  pa.  par.  of  prow- 
quor  —  to  pursue  :  pro  —  forward,  and  s^i^uor 
=  to  follow.  Prosecute  and  pursue  are  doublets.) 

A.  Transitive: 

L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  To  pursue  or  follow  np  with  a  view  to 
attain,  execute,  or  accomplish  ;  to  proceed  in 
or  go  on  with ;  to  continue  endeavours  to 
attain  or  accomplish  ;  to  carry  on. 

"  Why  should  not  I  then  proteeute  my  rightt" 

Muiketp. :  UUUummer  SigMi  DrtaM,  L  L 

2.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  2. 
II.  Law: 

1.  To  seek  to  obtain  by  legal  process :  as, 
to  prosecute  a  claim  in  a  court  of  law. 

2.  To  accuse  and  proceed  against  for  somo 
crime  or  breach  of  law  before  a  court  of  jus- 
tice ;  to  pursue  for  redress  or  punishment 
before  a  legal   tribunal :   as,  to  prosecute  a 
person  for  trespass.  A  person  instituting  civil 
proceedings  in  a  court  of  law  is  said  to  prose- 
cute  his  action  or  suit :  one  who  institutes 
criminal  proceedings  against  another  is  said 
to  prosecute  the  person  accused. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  institute  and  carry  on  » 
prosecution  ;  to  act  as  a  prosecutor. 


pr8s-e-cu'-tlon,  ».  [Lat.  prosecutio,  from 
prnsecut  s,  pa.  par.  of  prosp^uor  =  to  prose- 
cute (q.v.) ;  Sp.  pro&ciicion.] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  of  prosecuting  or  of  endeavour- 
ing to  attain,  execute,  or  accomplish ;  th« 
pursuit  of  any  olycct  by  efforts  of  mind  or 
body  ;  the  carrying  on  or  following  up  of  any 
matter  or  scheme :  as,  the  prosecution  of  • 
scheme,  a  claim,  a  war,  &c. 

*  2.  The  act  of  following  in  haste ;  pursuit. 

"  When  I  should  see  behind  me 
Tb.'  Inevitable  praiecution  of  disgrace  ami  honor." 
Shaketp.  :  Antony  t  Cleopatra,  iv.  IS. 

3.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  2. 
IL  Law: 

1.  The  instituting  and  carrying  on  of  a  snit 
in  court  of  law  or  equity  to  obtain  some  right, 
or  to  redress  and  punish  an  injury  or  wrong. 

2.  The  act  or  process  of  exhibiting  formal 
charges   against  an  offender  before  a  legal 
tribunal,  and  pursuing  them  to  final  judg- 
ment ;   the  instituting  and  continuing  of  a 
criminal  suit  against  any  person  or  persons. 
[PRESENTMENT,  INDICTMENT.] 

"  The  next  step  towards  the  punishment  of  offender* 
is  their  pratecution.  or  formal  accusation;  which  Is 
either  upon  a  previous  finding  of  the  tact  by  an  in- 
quest orgrand  Jury,  or  without  such  previous  finding. * 
—Blackttone:  Comment.,  bk.  Iv.,  ch.  21. 

8.  The  party  by  whom  criminal  proceedings 
are  instituted  ;  the  prosecutor  or  prosecutors 
collectively. 

pros'-S-cu-tdr,  «.   [Lat]  [PROSECUTE.] 

1.  Ord.    Lang. :    One    who    prosecutes   or 
carries  on  any  purpose,  plan,  or  business. 

2.  Law :  One  who  prosecutes  or  institutes 
and  carries  on  proceedings  in  a  court  of  law, 
whether  civil   or  criminal.      It  is  generally 
applied  to  the  person  who  prosecutes  another 
criminally. 

"  In  prosecutions  for  offences  the  sovereign  appear* 
In  another  ca|nclty.  that  of  pntecutor.'—BlackUunt: 
Comment.,  bk.  L,  ch.  7. 

pros -g-CU-trix, «.  [Eng.  prosecute);  -trix.] 
A  female  who  prosecutes. 

pros'-S-lyte,   *  prSs -S-lIte,  «.     [O.   Fr. 

pmselite  (Fr.  proselyte),  from  Lat.  proselylus ; 
Gr.  wpoo-i/AwTos  (prosflutos)  =  one  converted 
to  Judaism,  a  convert,  from  irpotr«'pxo/uu 
(pros«rcAoinat)  =  to  come  to:  irpoc  (pro«)  = 
to,  and  fpxofiai  (erchnmai)  —  to  come;  Sp.  A 
Ital.  proselito;  Port  proselyto.] 


boil,  boy;  poUt,  jowl;  oat,  50!!,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  (his;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   ph  =£ 
-cian,  -tian  -  shan.    -tion,    sion  =  shun ;  -tlon,    sion  =  ihon.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  ic.  =  be],  4eL 


3782 


proselyte— prosopite 


1.  On/.  7xi  ng.  :  A  new  convert  to  some  re- 
ligion, sect,  opinion,  party,  or  system. 

•  Every  prote'vte  too  must  be  reckoned  twin  ever." 
~.ltacaul,iy  :  Utit.  Kii'J..  ch.  xi 

2.  Jmlaism  :  A  gentile  convert.    Two  kind* 
were   discriminated  :   (1)   Proselytes   of  the 
gate,  who  followed  a  few  Old  Testament  rulee, 
and  (2)  proselytes  of  righteousness,  who  ac- 
cepted the  whole  Mosaic  ritual. 

•  pr5s'-e-lyte,  v.t.  &  i.    [PROSELYTE,  *.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  make  proselytes  or  converts 
of ;  to  convert  to  some  religion,  sect,  opinion, 
party,  or  system. 

"  Those  profane  and  conceited  men  who  must  needi 
protel'ite  others  to  their  own  douott."  —  Bertutey  : 
AU-iphrin,  ill.tl.  viL.  133. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  endeavour  to  make  prose- 
lytes or  converts  ;  to  proselytize. 

"  He  seemed  to  have  no  taste  for  ffOMttting."— 
Scrfineri  J/'ipuine,  August,  18T7,  p.  M8. 

pros' -e-lyt-Isna,  s.     [Eng.  proselyte) ;  -ism.] 
1.  The  act  or  practice  of  making  proselytes 
or   converts  to  any  religion,  sect,  opinion, 
party,  or  system. 

"To  turn  national  education  into  an  engine  of  ag- 
gressive and  unscrupulous  pr<*elytiim."—BrU.  Quart. 
A-tlew  (1873),  Ivii.  210. 

•2.  Conversion  to  any  religion,  creed,  sys- 
tem, or  party. 

"  Spiritual  proteliiHm  to  which  the  Jew  was  wont  to 
be  WHshed  as  the  Christian  is  baptized."— Hammond : 
Workt,  iv.  MO. 

pros  -S-lyt-ize,  pros' -e-lyt-ife,  v.t.  &  i. 
[Eng.  pronely t(e) ;  -izt.\ 

A.  Trans.  :  To  make  a  proselyte  or  convert 
of;  to  convert  to  any  religion,  sect,  opinion, 
party,  or  system. 

"  One  of  those  whom  they  endeavour  to  protetyttae." 
-Burke  :  Letter  to  a  Xoble  Lord. 

B.  Intrans. :   To  make,  or  endeavour  to 
make,  proselytes  or  converts. 

"A  militant,  aggressive,  proielytizinj  body."— Daily 
TWsp-ti/A.  March  It.  1346. 

prSs'-e-lyt-iz-er,  pros-e'-lyt-is-er,  *. 

[Eng.  progelytizfe) ;  -er.]  One  who  proselytizes  ; 
one  who  makes,  or  endeavours  to  make, 
proselytes  or  converts. 

•  prd-sem'-I-nar-y, ».  [Pref.  pro-,  and  Eng. 
•ewii;ian/(q.v.).]"  The  lower  of  two  institutions 
connected  with  education,  in  which  the  actual, 
or  probable,  candidates  for  admission  into  the 
higher  were  trained. 

"  .Merchant  Taylors'  school  in  London  was  then  last 
founded  as  a  protemimtry  for  Saint  John's  College, 
Oxford."—  VTarton:  Hut.  Eng.  Poetry. 

•  prd-sem-I-na'-tion,  s.  [Lat  proseminatio, 
from  proseminatiu,  pa.  par.  of  prosemiiio :  pro 
=  forward,  and  semino  =  to  sow ;  semen,  genit 
teminis  =  a  seed.)    Propagation  by  seed. 

"  We  are  not,  therefore,  presently  to  conclude  every 
vegetable  sponfe  nnfum.  because  we  see  not  it*  pro- 
ieminatiiin^—Hale :  Orlg.  Mankind,  p.  208. 

pros  en  96  phd!  Ic,  a.  [Mod.  Lat  prosen- 
ctphal(on);  Eng.  adj.  suff.  -if.]  Pertaining  or 
relating  to  the  prosencephalon  ;  pertaining  to 
the  forehead  or  front  of  the  cranium  ;  frontal. 

pros  en  9eph  a-lon,  s.  [Pref.  pros-,  and 
Eng.  encephalon.] 

Anat. :  The  forebrain  in  the  embryo  of  man 
and  other  mammals.  From  it  are  developed 
the  cerebral  hemispheres,  corpora  striata,  cor- 
pus callosum,  the  lateral  ventricles,  and  olfac- 
tory bulb.  Sometimes  called  Procerebrnm. 

prSs-en'-chy-ma,  *.  [Pref.  pros-,  and  Or. 
fy\vaa.  (engchuma)  =  an  infusion.] 

Bot. :  Link's  name  for  tissue  composed  of 
fibre.  [FIBRE,  *.,  II.  2.  (1).]  One  of  its  most 
characteristic  forms  is  woody  fibre.  [FIBRE, 
«.,  t  (3).] 

pros-en -chym'-a-tous,  a.    [Mod.  Lat 
proscnchyma  ;  t  connect,  and  Eng  sun*.  -OILS.] 
Bot. :  Of,  belonging  to,  or  composed  of, 
prosenchyma  (q.v.). 

"  The  proienchtimatoiu  cell*  of  the  rylem."— Tkomt  : 
Botany  (ed.  llennett},  p.  364. 

pros-en-ne  a  he  dral,  a.  [Or.  irp<*  (pro») 
=  towards,  and  Eng.  enneahtdral  (q.v.).] 

Crystal!. :  Having  niue  faces  on  two  adjacent 
parts  of  the  crystal. 

prds'-er,  *.    [Eng.  pros(e);  •«»••] 

*  1.  A  writer  of  prose. 

"And  surely  Xasbe.  though  he  a  prater  were, 
A  branch  of  laurel  yet  deserve!  to  bear." 

Dryden :  Poett  t  Poety, 


2.  One  who  proses ;  one  who  describes  any- 
'.hing,  in  writing  or  verbally,  in  a  dull,  tedious, 
or  prosy  style. 

"  With  the  unfailing  dexterity  peculiar  to  protert, 
be  contrived  to  dribble  out  his  tale  to  double  it*  usual 
length.-— jfcort :  Pirate,  ch.  xiv. 

Pros-ey-pin-a,  i.    [Lat]    [PROSERPINK.] 

Zool.  (t  Palceont.  :  (1)  A  sub-genus  of  Helix. 
(Woodward  )  (2)  The  type  of  a  family,  Pro- 
serpinidse  (q.v.).  The  shell  is  depressed, 
shining,  callous  beneath,  aperture  toothed  in- 
side, peristome  sharp. _, 

Recent  species  six,  from    "~ 
the  West  Indies  and  Mex- 
ico.   Fossil,  from  the  Eo- 
cene onward.     (Tate.) 

Frds'-er-pine,  «.     [See 
def.  1.) 

1.  Class.  MytKol. :  The 
daughter  of  Ceres  and  Ju- 
piter, and  wife  of  Pluto, 
who  seized  her  as  she  was 
gathering  flowers  in  Sici- 
ly, and  carried  her  away 
to  the  infernal    regions. 
The   chief  seats    of   her 

worship  were  Sicily  and        PROSEHPINE. 
Magna  Graecia;   but  she 
had  temples  also  at  Corinth,  Megara,  Thebes, 
and  Sparta. 

2.  Astron. :  [ASTEROID,  26]. 

pros-er-pln'  I-dae,  *.  pi.  [Lat.  proserpin(a) ; 
fern,  ph  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Zool.  :  A  family  of  Pulmonifera.  Shell 
heliciform,  imperforate,  the  base  callous ; 
animal  with  a  short  annulated  muzzle,  and 
two  lateral  subulate  tentacles.  (Tate.) 

*  pro-siT-I-en-$y\  *.     [Lat.  prosilient,  pr. 
par.  of  prosilio  =  to  leap  forward  •  pro  =  for- 
ward, and  Wio  (in  comp.  -silio)=to  leap.] 
The  act  of  leaping  or  springing  forward  ;  pro- 
jection.   (Coleridge.) 

pros'-I-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  prosy ;  -ly.]  In  a  prosy 
manner ;  tediously,  tiresomely. 

*  pros  i-mel-rlc-aL  a.     [Eng.  prosy,  and 
metruxd.]  Consisting  both  of  prose  and  verse. 

*  pro-slm'-l  -a,  ».    [Pref.  pro-,  and  Mod.  Lat. 
simia  (q.v.).]  " 

Zool. :  Boisson's  name  for  the  Linnaean 
genus  Lemur. 

t  pr o  slm  I-»,  t  pro-slm'-i-i, «.  pi.    [Pao- 

BIMIA.] 

Zool. :  Half-apes  (Ger.  Halba/en).  The  first 
form  was  used  by  Storr,  in  1780,  and  the 
second  by  Illiger,  in  1811,  for  the  old  genus 
Lemur,  the  present  sub-order  Lemnroidea 
(q.v.). 

pros'-I-ness,  *.  [Eng.  prosy;  -net*.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  prosy. 

prof  -Ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.     [PROSE,  v.] 

pros' -ing-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  prosing;  -ly.]  In  a 
prosing  or  prosy  manner ;  prosily. 

*  prosne,  *.    [O.  Fr.,  FT.  pr6ne  =  a  lecture,  a 
sermon.]    (See  extract.) 

"  The  proinei  are  the  Publications  of  the  Feasts  and 
Fasts  of  the  Church,  Banes  of  Matrimony,  Excom- 
munications, tc."— Cotton  :  Life  of  Etpernon,  bk.  Ix., 
p.  611.  (Side-note.) 

pros-i-bran-chl-a'-ta,  *.  pZ.  [Pref.  proso-, 
and  Mod.  Lat  branchial'a.] 

1.  Zool. :  An  order  of  Gasteropoda,  founded 
by  Milne-Edwards,  embracing  the  Pectini-, 
Svuti-,  Cyclo-,  and  Tubulibranchiata  of  Cu  vier. 
The  gills  are  pectinated  and  in  advance  of  the 
heart ;  the  soft  parts  are  protected  by  a  shell, 
into  which  the  animal  can  usually  withdraw 
its  body  ;  eye-pedicels  and  tentacles  on  same 
stalk  ;  sexes  distinct   There  are  two  divisions 
of  the  order,  Holostomata  and  Siphonostoma 
(q.v.). 

2.  Palceont. :  From  the  Silurian  onward. 

pros-o-bran'-chi-ate,  a.  [PROSOBRAXCHI- 
ATA.]  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  characteristic  of 
the  Prosobranchiata. 

*  pros-o-di'-a-cal,    a.      [Eng.   prosody; 
-acal.]     Pertaining  'or  relating  to  prosody  ; 
prosodicaL 

*  pr8s-i-di'-a-oal-iy,  adv      [Eng.  prosodi- 
aoal;  -ly.]    In  a  prosodianal  manner;  accord- 
ing to  the  rules  of  prosody. 


*  pro  SO'-dl-aL,  a.    [Eng.  prosody  ;  -at.]  Ptf- 
taiuiiig  or  relating  to  prosody  ;  prosodiacaL 

*  prd-sd'-dl-al-ly,   adv.     [Eng.   prosodial ; 
•ly.]    Prosodiacally. 

*  prd-SO'-dl-an,  s.  [Eng.  prosody ;  -an,.]  On« 
who  is  versed  in  prosody  or  the  rules  of  pro- 
nunciation and  metrical  composition. 

"  Some  have  been  so  bad  proxxttani,  as  from  thence 
to  derive  '  malum,'  liecause  that  fruit  was  the  first 
occasion  of  evil"— Browne :  I'ulg.  Err.,  bk.  vii.,  ch.  L 

*  pro-sod  -Ic-al,  a.     [Eng.   prosody ;   -cai.] 
Of  or  )>ertaining  to  prosody  ;  according  to  the 
rules  of  prosody  ;  prosodiacaL 

"Not  destitute  of  tn-utodical  harmony."—  Warton : 
Eitt.  Eng.  Poetry,  ii.  366. 


al-ljf,  adv.      [Eng.    prnsodieal; 
~ly.]    lii  a  prosodical  manner ;  prosodially. 

pros  -6-dIst,  s.   [Eng.  prosod(y) ;  -ist.]   One 
versed  in  prosody  ;  a  prosodian. 

"  The.exact  protodiit  will  find  the  line  of  swiftness! 
by  one  time  longer  than  that  of  tardiness."— Juhnton  : 
Life  of  Pope. 

pros  -6-dy,  *  pros-o-die,  s.  [Fr.  prosodit, 
from  Lat.  prosotiia ;  Gr.  irpoo-wSia  (prosodia) 
=  a  song  sung  to  a  lute,  a  tone,  an  accent, 
prosody  :  irpo?  (pros)  =  to,  accompanying,  and 
taSri  (ode)  —  a  song  ;  Sp.  &,  ItaL  prosodia,] 

Gram. :  That  part  of  prammar  which  treats 
of  the  quantities  of  syllables,  of  accent,  and 
of  the  laws  of  versification.  In  Greek  and 
Latin  every  syllable  had  its  determinate  value 
or  quantity,  and  verse  was  constructed  by  a 
system  of  recurring  feet,  each  consisting  of  a 
certain  number  of  syllables,  possessing  » 
certain  quantity  and  arrangement  In  Eng- 
lish, verse  is  constructed  simply  by  accent 
and  number  of  syllables. 

prd-so'-ma,  *.  [Pref.  pro-,  and  Gr.  o-w/xa 
(soma)  =  the  body.) 

Corop.  A  not. :  The  anterior  part  of  the  body ; 
used  chiefly  of  the  Cephalopoda. 

pr6s-3n-&-ma'-$i'-a,  «.  [Gr.  irpoc  (pnw)  = 
to,  towards,  and  ovo^a^u.  (onomazo)  =  to  call, 
to  name  ;  ovo^a.  (onomu)  =  a  name.] 

Rhet. :  A  figure  in  which  allusion  is  made  to 
the  likeness  of  sound  in  several  names  or 
words  ;  a  sort  of  pun. 

pros-o-paT-gt'-a,  *.    [Gr.  irpoo-wirof  (pro*5- 
pon)  =  a  face,  and  <!Ayo«  (algos)  =  pain.] 
Pathol. :  Tic-douloureux,orbrow-ague(q.v.). 

prds-6-pid-o-<sli'-n8-8B,  s.  pi.  [Gr.  irpoo-w- 
iretoi/  (prosopeiori)  =  a  mask;  c75ot  (eiilos)  = 
form  ;  KAt'wj  (kline)  =  a  couch,  and  Lat  fern. 
pi.  adj.  suff.  -ere.} 

Bot. :  A  tribe  of  Euphorbiacea.  Ovule, 
solitary ;  involucre,  globose,  bladdery,  con- 
taining from  three  to  six  flowers  ;  flowers, 
dioecious,  apetalous. 

prfis-d'-pls,  *.  [Lat.,  from  Or.  npoo-wiri's  (pro- 
sopis)  =  the  burdock  (?).] 

1.  Bot. :  A  genus  of  Eumimoseae.    Trees, 
prickly,  thorny,  or  both  ;   from  the  warmer 
parts  of  both  hemispheres.     The  legume,  in 
some  species  twisted,  is  generally  filled  with 
a  sweetish  substance,  which  may  be  eaten  by 
men  or  cattle.    Pmsopis  dulcis  is  the  Algaroba 
of  Earay,  P.  qla.ndv.losa  that  of  Texas.    The 
latter  has  a  hard,  durable,  and  beautifully- 
grained  wood ;   it   yields   a   gum  like  gum 
arable,  as  does  P.  spicigera.    P.  pubescent  is 
the  Screw-bean  (q.  v.).    P.  spicigera,  a  native 
of  arid  places  in  India,  is  planted  in  the  Pun- 
jaub,  its  wood  furnishing  excellent  fuel.     It  is 
not  good  for  carpentry,  being  easily  destroyed 
by  insects.     Its  legume  is  astringent      Its 
bark  is  good  for  tanning,  as  are  those  of  the 
American  P.  pallida  and  P.  pubescent.     The 
leaves  and  branches  of  P.  iuliflora  are  poison- 
ous to  cattle. 

2.  Entom. :  A  genus  of  Andrenidae,  generally 
making  their  nests  in  bramble-sticks. 

pr6'-SO-pite,  *.  [Gr.  irpoo-con-eloi'  (prosGpeion) 
=.  a  mask  ;  suff.  -ite  (M in.).] 

Afin. :  A  monoclinic  mineral  occurring  only 
in  crystals  associated  with  iron-glance.  Hard- 
ness, 4'5  ;  sp.  gr.  2'89  ;  lustre,  feeble  ;  colour- 
less or  grayisn.  Analysis  yielded  :  silicon 
and  fluorine,  1071 ;  alumina,  42'68 ;  protoxide 
of  manganese,  0'31  ;  magnesia,  0'25  ;  lime, 
22'98  ;  potash,  0'15  ;  water,  15'50  =  92'58. 
Found  at  the  tin  mines  of  Altenberg,  Saxony, 
the  crystals  being  much  altered. 


fate,  fat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wit,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mate,  cub,  cure,  nnlte,  ear,  rale,  fall;  try,  Syrian.    «,  03  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


prosopography— prostate 


3783 


•  pros  -  6"  -  pSg  -  ra  -  phy ,    *  pros-o-pog- 

ra  phie,  s.  [Gr.  irpoauirov  (prosdpon)  =  a 
free,  a  person,  and  ypd<t>ia  (graphd)  =  to  de- 
scribe.] The  description  of  the  personal  ap- 
pearance of  any  one. 

"  First  touching  the  protopographit  or  description 
of  bis  person."— Uotiiuhed  :  Utephan  (an.  lii-i). 

^,  s.  [Gr.  irpocrwirpAi)ifrta 
)  —  respect  of  persons:  irpdcrumop 
(prosdpon)  —  a  face,  a  person,  aud  Ajji^is  (iepsis) 
=  a  taking  ;  Aofi^acu  (lambano),  tut.  Aij^o^cu 
(tepsomai)  =  to  take.]  Regard  or  favour  to  per- 
sonal appearance  ;  personal  partiality  or  bias; 
an  opinion  or  prejudice  foimed  against  a 
person  from  his  personal  appearance. 

"Without  the  iu  j  ustice  olprotopolepqi'—Cudvortk: 
liitell.  System,  p.  5B7. 

pr63-op-6-nis-cus,  *.  [Gr  vpovuitov  (pros- 
opon)  —  look,  and  Mod.  Lat.'oniscua  (q.v.).] 

Palteont. :  A  genus  of  Amphipod  Crusta- 
ceans (?X  with  one  species,  Prosoponiseus 
proUematicus,  found  in  the  English  Mag- 
nesian  Limestone  (Permian). 

pr6s-6-pd-p6'-ia,  pros-d-pS-pce'-ia 
(i  as  y),  *  pros-o-pop-ey.  s.  [Lat.  proso- 
popasia,  from  Gr.  irpoauiroiroua  (prosopopoiia), 
personilication ;  irpoo-tuironWw  (prosopopoied) 
=  to  personify  :  irpcxrioitov  (prosSpon)  =  a  face, 
a  person,  aud  iroi<u>  (poied)  —  to  make.] 

Khtt. :  A  figure  by  which  things  are  re- 
presented as  persons,  or  inanimate  objects  as 
animate  beings,  or  by  which  an  absent  person 
is  represented  as  speaking,  or  a  deceased 
person  as  alive  and  present.  It  is  more  ex- 
tensive than  personilication. 

"  Of  the  proiopopaia.  or  personification  there  are 
two  kinds:  one,  when  action  aud  character  are  attri- 
buted to  fictitious,  irrational,  or  even  inanimate  ob- 
jects ,  the  other,  when  a  probable  but  fictitious  speech 
b  aM*ued  to  a  real  character."— lowth :  Lectures; 
Gregory,  vol.  L 

•pros-d-pos'-cd-py,  ».     [Gr.  wp&rwiroi/ 
(prosdpon)  =  a  face,  a    person,  and   crxoirew 
(sfcopeo)=to  see.]     A  kind  of  divination  or 
magic  by  which  the  face  or  person  of  one 
absent  or  dead  was  made  to  appear  in  a  mirror. 
"  As  when  in  mirror  bright  we  see 
A  face  by  prosoposropy." 

The  Putt  Banter1*  (1702),  p.  10. 

pr6s   pect,  s.    [Lat  prospectus  =  a  look  out, 
a  distant  view,  from  prospectus,  pa.  par    of 
prospicio  =  to  look  forward  :   pro  =  forward, 
and  spicio  =  to  look  ;  Ital.  pruspetto.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  View  of  things   within  the  reach  of 
Bight ;  survey,  sight. 

"  Which  to  our  general  sire  gave  protjtct  large." 
Milton:  P.  L.,  iv.  144. 

2.  That  which  is  presented  to  the  eye ;  a 
place  and  objects  seen  ;  scenery,  a  scene. 

'*  Prospects,  however  lovely,  may  be  seen. 
Till  half  their  beauties  fade." 

Camper:  Talk,  i.  509. 

*  3.  A  place  or  position  which  affords  a 
wide  or  extended  view. 


*  4.  The  position,  as  of  the  front  of  a  build- 
ing, &c.,  looking  towards  a  certain  point  of 
the  compass  ;  aspect. 


*  5.  A  view  delineated,  drawn,  or  painted  ; 
a  sketch  ;  a  picturesque  representation,  as  of 
a  landscape. 

"  A  coni|iosltion  of  the  various  draught*  which  he 
has  previously  made  from  various  beautiful  scene* 
aud  protlfi-ls.  —Keynoldt:  Discourses. 

*  6.  A  looking  forward ;  a  view  into  futurity ; 
foresight,  anticipation. 

"  I*  he  a  prudent  man  .  .  .  that  lay*  designs  only 
for  a  day.  without  any  protptct  to.  or  provision  for, 
the  remaining  part  of  his  life?"— TiUotson. 

7.  Expectation;  ground  of  hope  or  expec- 
tation. 

"  The  near  proiprrt  of  reward  animated  the  troop*." 
—Jlacaulay  :  Uitt.  Eng.,  ch.  v. 

8.  The  outlook  ;  probable  result  or  outcome 
of  events  :  as,  The  prospect  is  discouraging. 

9.  (PL):  The  chances  of  future  success  or 
fortune. 

"  The  prorptrt*  of  the  mine  are  improving  dally."— 
ilon-y  Market  Review.  Feb.  to.  1884.  p.  KM 

*  10.  An  object  of  view  or  contemplation. 

"  Man  to  himself 
If  a  large  prospect."  ItenKam ;  Sophy. 

II.  Mining:  Among  gold-miners,  what  one 
finds  in  examining  the  first  panful  of  earth, 
(.diner.) 

W»   got   many  good   protpects-~— Mark 
It,  p.  44S. 


pro-spect',  v.i.  &  t.    [PROSPECT,  «.] 

A.  Intransitive: 

»  1.  To  look  forward  or  towards. 

"  The  mountayues  protecting  toward*  the  north.** 
— Eden. 

2.  To  look  around ;  to  seek,  to  search,  to 
explore. 

"  He  prospected  around  for  a  more  propitious  place 
of  settlement."— Daily  Telegraph,  Sept.  3,  ISM, 

3.  Specif.,  in  mining,  t*>  search  for  mines  or 
deposits  of  gold  or  silver. 

"  Tbi*  i*  a  prospecting  party,  which,  being  Inter- 
preted, means  t  hat  they  are  on  the  look-out  for  ore."— 
Literary  World,  June  3,  IMS. 

B.  Transitive. : 

Mining :  To  examine  or  explore,  in  search 
of  gold  or  silver. 

"  1  (hall  be  able  to  spare  time  ' jr  prospecting  other 
parts  of  the  Company's  property.'  —Money  Market 
Ketieu,  Feb.  20,  1886,  p.  826. 

*  pr5-spec  -tiqn.   s.     [PROSPECT,    v.]     The 
act  of  looking  forward  ;  providence,  foresight. 

"  The  projection,  which  must  be  somewhere,  i*  uot 
in  the  animal."— Paiey:  Sat.  Theol.,  ch.  xvlii. 

pro- Spec'- tive,  a.   &  «.      [Fr.,   from    Lat. 
prospectivus,  from  prospectus,  pa.  par.  of  pro- 
spicio  =  to  look  forward.]    [PBOSPECT,  «.] 
A.  As  adjective : 

*  1.  Perspective;  suitable  for  viewing  at  or 
from  a  long  distance. 

"  Time'*  long  and  dark  protpettite  glass." 

Milton:  Vacation  Exercise,  71. 

2.  Looking  far  ahead  in  time  ;  acting  with 
or  characterized  by  foresight  or  prudence ; 
looking  to  the  future. 

"  The  French  king  aud  king  of  Sweden  are  circum- 
spect, industrious,  and  prospective  too  iu  this  anair." 
—Child. 

3.  Being  in  prospect  or  expectation  ;  looked 
forward  to ;  probable. 

"The  evil.  If  evil  existent  or  prospective  there  was, 
seemed  to  lie  with  me  only."— t'.  Jironte .  Jane  Eyre, 
ch.  xxiiL 

*  B.  As  substantive : 

1.  A  prospect ;  the  scene  viewed  around  or 
before  one. 

"  The  whole  scene  of  affair*  was  changed  from  Spain 
to  France,  there  now  lay  the  prospective."— Keliquia 
Wottmiana,  p.  219. 

2.  Outlook,  forecast,  foresight,  providence. 
(Bacon.) 

3.  A  point  of  view  ;  a  standpoint. 

"  lien,  standing  according  to  the  prospective  of  their 
own  humour."— Ixiniel :  liefence  of  Rhyme. 

4.  A  perspective   glass ;   a  glass  through 
which  things  are  viewed.    (Chaucer:   C.  T., 
10,547.) 

t  prd-SpSc'-tlve-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  prospective ; 
•ly.]  In  a  prospective  manner;  with  regard 
or  reference  to  the  future. 

"  Dispensatioui  were  granted  only  as  to  canonical 
penances,  but  uot  prospecti*ely."—Hailam:  Middle 
Ages,  ch.  vii.  (Note.) 

* pro'-spe'c'-tive-ne'ss, ».  [Eng. prospective; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  prospec- 
tive ;  regard  had  to  the  future ;  foresight. 

*  pros'-pect-less,  a.     [Eng.  prospect;  -lest.] 
Having  no  prospect  or  view. 

"A*  dismal  aud  protpectlets  a*  if  it  stood  'on  Stan- 
more  wintry  wild.'  —  W atpoU  :  Letter*,  lit  330. 

pr6-sp8c'-tor,  s.    [Eng.  prospect,  v. ;  -or.] 

Mining :  One  who  prospects  or  searches 
for  precious  stone  or  metals. 

prfi-spe'c'-tus,  *.  [Lat.  =  a  prospect  (q.v.).] 
A  brief  sketch  or  plan  of  some  projiosed  com- 
mercial enterprise  or  undertaking,  as  a  literary 
work,  containing  the  details  of  the  general 
plan  or  design,  the  manner  and  terms  of 
publication,  &c. ;  specif,  applied  to  a  docu- 
ment issued  by  the  directors  or  promoters  of 
a  new  company  or  joint-stock  association, 
containing  the  objects  of  the  association,  the 
names  of  the  directors  and  other  officers,  the 
amount  of  capital  required,  the  security 
offered,  the  profits  estimated  to  be  realised, 
and  such  other  details  as  may  assist  the 
public  in  judging  of  the  feasibility  of  the 
undertaking.  Also,  a  sample  showing  speci- 
men pages  and  bindings  uf  a  publication  sold 
by  subscription. 

pro*' -per,  v.t.  A  i.  [Fr.  prosperer,  from  Lat. 
prosptro,  from  prosperus,  prosper  =  prosperous 
(q.v.);  Sp.  prosperar;  Ital.  prosperare.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  makn  prosperous,  fortunate, 
or  successful ;  to  favour ;  to  give  or  bring 
prosperity  to.  (Genesis  xxiv.  40.) 


B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  be  prosperous,  fortunate,  or  success- 
ful ;  to  succeed,  to  make  gain. 

"  I  wish  In  al  thiuges  that  thou  prosperedtt  »"H 
faredest  well."— 3  John.    ( 1.^.1. ) 

2.  To  thrive  ;  to  be  in  a  healthy  state. 


3.  To  be  in  a  successful  or  favourable  state  ; 
to  go  on  or  turn  out  successfully  ;  to  succeed, 
to  thrive. 

"  Things  prospered  with  him  still  more  and  more,* 
—2  J/ucc.ifreet,  via.  8. 

4.  To  give  or  bring  prosperity. 

"  Greatest  blessings  prosp'ring  Peace  impart*." 
Stirling  :  Paranetis  to  Prince  Henry. 

*  5.  To  increase  iu  size  ;  to  grow. 

"  Black  cherry-trees  prosper  even  to  considerable 
timber."—  £i>ctyn:  Sylta. 

pros-pei'-I-ty,  *  pros-per-i-te,  *.  [Fr. 
pronperite,  from  Lat.  prosperitatein,  accus.  of 
prosperitas,  from  prosperus,  prosper  =  pros- 
perous(q.v.);  fiip.  prosperidad  ;  Ital  prospentd.] 
The  state  of  being  prosperous  ;  good  progress 
or  success  in  any  business  or  enterprise  ;  ad- 
vance or  gain  in  anything  good  or  desirable  ; 
attainment  of  wishes  or  the  object  desired. 

"Prosperity  is  but  a  bad  nurse  to  virtue."—  South: 
Sermons,  vol.  iv.,  »cr.  2. 

pr&S'-per-OUS,  a.  [Lat  prosperus,  prosper  = 
according  to  one's  hopes,  favourable  :  pro  = 
forward,  and  spes  =  hoi>e,  spero  —  to  hope  ;  Fr. 
prospere;  Sp.,  Port,  &  Ital.  prospero.] 

1.  In  a  state    of   prosperity  ;   successful, 
thriving  ;  making  progress  or  advancement. 

"  Iu  prosperous  counties  the  weekly  wage*  of  husband- 
men amount  to  twelve,  fourteen,  and  even  sixteen 
•hillings."—  Macaulay:  BM.  Eng.,  ch.  ill. 

2.  Attended  witli  good  fortune  or  success  ; 
successful,  favourable,  fortunate,  auspicious. 

"To  bring  the  negotiations  with  Tyrconuel  to  a 
prosperous  u»ue,"—Jtacautay  :  Hist.  Kng.,  ch  xiL 

3.  Favourable,  favouring  success  ;  helpful  ; 
as,  a  prosperous  wind. 

pr&S'-per-ous-ly.  adv.  [Eng.  prosperous; 
•ly.]  In  a  prosperous  manner;  with  good 
fortune  or  success  ;  thrivingly,  fortunately. 

"That  concern  goe»  on  prosperously."—  i>harp: 
Sermons,  vol.  v..  ser.  4. 

*  prSs'-per-oiis  ness,  s.    [Eng.  prosperous; 
-ness.\    Hie  quality  or  state  of  being  prosper- 
ous or  successful  ;  prosperity. 

*  prSs-phy-o-don  -tes,  s.  pi.    [Gr.  irpoo-^v** 
(prosphuo)  =  to  cause  to  grow  to,  and  uSovt 
(odoui),  genit  ooorroc  (odonios)  =  a  tooth.] 

ZooL  :  Wiegmann's  name  for  Wuglcrt 
Fleurodontes  (q.v.). 

pros-phy-sisdi.  pros'  -phy-scs),s.    [Gr. 

irpoo-^vo-is  (prosfihusis)  =  a  growing  U)  ;  irpotr- 
6vw  (prosphuo)  =  to  cause  to  grow  to  :  irpof 
(pros)  —  to,  and  <j>vu  (f'hud)  —  to  bring  foi  th.  J 
Hot.  (PL):  Ehrart's  name  for  the  pistillidia 
of  Mosses. 

*  pro-spltf-iei^e  (c  as  shX  *•    [Lat.  pro- 
spiciens,  pr.  par.  tjfprospicio  =•  to  look  forward,] 
IPaosrECT,  «.]    The  act  of  looking  forward. 

pr£ss,  «.  [A  variant  of  prose  (q.v.).]  Talk, 
generally  of  a  gossiping  nature;  gossip. 
(Prov.) 

pr&s-t&n'-ther-a,  «.  [Gr.  wp<xr0ij<c»)  (prot- 
th«A:e)  =  an  appendage,  and  av9^p6t(antlicros) 
=  flowery.] 

Bot,  :  The  typical  genus  of  Prostanthere» 
(q.v.),  Prostunthera  lasianthes  is  cultivated. 

pr8«-t&n-ther'-4l-s9,  s.  pi.   [Mod.  Lat.  pro*. 
tanthei\a)  ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ece,] 
Bot.  :  A  tribe  of  LabiaUe. 


,  .  «.  [Gr.  irpooronn  (]>rostatl$) 
=  one  who  stands  bafon;  irpooratcw  (pros- 
taten)  =  to  stand  before,  to  guard  :  vpn  (pro):a 
belore,  and  <rra-  (s/a-)=  root  of  io-njfu  (histemf) 
s  to  stand  (q.v.).] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Standing  before  :  prostatic. 

B.  At  subst.  :  The  same  as  PROSTATE  GLAND. 
prostate-gland,  «. 

Anat.  :  The  largest  of  all  the  organs  con- 
nected with  the  male  generative  system.  It 
is  an  aggregation  of  glands  of  the  racemose 
type,  resembling  a  chestnut  in  size  and  shape, 
situated  before  the  neck  of  the  bladder, 
behind  the  tymphysis  pubis,  anJ  surrounding 
the  first  portion  of  the  urethra.  Its  secretion 


boil,  boy;  po*ut,  jowl;  cat,  fell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  ay;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   -inc. 
•dan,  -tian  -  •ban,   -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -(loo,  -gion  =  zhun.   -cious,    tlous,  -sloua  -  shus.   -ble,  -die,  ic.  -  bel,  del. 


3784 


prostatio— protester 


(a  white  viscid  humour,  discharged  into  the 
urethra  by  ten  or  twelve  excretory  outlets)  is 
probably  allied  to  that  <>{t\\ev«sicuicsseminaUs, 
for  which  it  serves  as  a  vehicle. 

prfi-Stat'-ic,  a.  [Eng.  prostate);  -ic.)  Per- 
taining or  relating  to  the  prostate  gland :  as, 
prostatic  ducts. 

prostatic  calculi,  s.  pi. 

Patliol.  :  Concentrically  laminated  con- 
cretions, deposited  from  the  secretion  of  the 
prostate.  They  occur  almost  universally  in 
advanced  age. 

pros-ta   ti  -tis,   «.    [Eng.  prostate);    suff. 
-iti»(q.v.).] 
Pat  hoi. :  Inflammation  of  the  prostate-gland. 

*  prds  ter-na'-tion, *.    fLat.  prosterno  =  to 
strew  forth  or  forward.)    (PBOSTKATION.)    The 
state  of  being  cast  down  or  depressed  ;  de- 
pression, dejection,  prostration. 

"  There  if  a  rirotternatitm  In  assaulU  unlookt  f  or.  "— 
feUham :  Retotnt,  W. 

pr6s-the  ma-def-a,  s.  [Gr.  *p6<r0«pa  (pros- 
thema)  =  an  appendage,  and  Att.  Stprj  (dere)  = 
the  neck.] 

Ornith. :  Poe-bird  (q.v.) ;  a  genus  of  Meli- 
phagidie,  with  a  single  species,  from  New 
Zealand. 

pros '-the -sis,  «.  [Or.,  from  upot  (pros)  =  to, 
and  (Wis  (thesis)  =a  placing.] 

1.  Philol. :   The  addition  of  one  or  more 
letters  to  the  beginning  of  a  word,  as  in  be- 
loved, bereft.   The  opposite  toaphseresis(q.  v.). 

2.  Surg.  :  The  addition  of  an  artificial  part 
to  supply  a  defect  of  the  body,  as  a  wooden 
leg,  tic. ;  a  flesh  growth  tilling  up  an  ulcer  or 
fistula.     Also  called  Prothesis. 

pros  thet  ic,  a.  (Gr.  n-poo-0eTucd?  (prostheti- 
kos),  from  irpoo-TiOrj^i  (prostitiiemi)  =  to  add.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  prosthesis ;  prefixed,  as  a 
letter  to  a  word. 

*  pros-tlb  -U-lous,  a.     [Lat  prostibulum  = 

a  prostitute.]  Pertaining  to  prostitution, 
meretricious,  fornicating. 

"  The  advowterous  cardinal!,  the  prattitndota  prel- 
ates and  \irie&tt."—itale  :  Image,  p.  1L 

pr5s  -ti-tute,  v.t.  &  i.  [Lat.  prottitutus, 
pa.  par.  of  prostituo  =  to  set  forth,  to  expose 
Openly,  to  prostitute  :  pro  =  openly,  and  statue 
=  to  place  ;  Fr.  prostituer;  8p.  prostituir.] 

A.  Transitive: 

•  L  To  offer  for  sale  ;  to  offer  freely. 

"  Whereu  here  whole  shires  of  fruitfull  richgrounds, 
lying  now  waste  for  want  of  people,  do  prottitatt  them- 
ielv<»  uuto  ui.~-Backlu.yt :  fotagei,  ML  CM. 

2.  To  offer  for  lewd  purposes  ;  to  expose  for 
hire  for  indiscriminate  lewdness.(J>v.xix.l9.) 

3.  To  offer  or  expose  upon  vile  terms  or  to 
unworthy  persons. 

-  Prottituting  holy  thing*  to  Idol*.' 

Hilton  :  Sanuon  Affanittm. 

4.  To  give  up  or  devote  to  low,  base,  or 
unworthy  uses  or  purposes ;  to  use  for  base  or 
wicked  purposes  ;  to  abuse  shamefully. 

"  Compelled  by  want  toproititute  their  pen." 

Ootcommon :  Ettay  on  Translated  I'trif. 

*B.  Intrant. :  To  associate  with  prostitutes ; 
to  commit  fornication  or  adultery. 

"  Marrying  or  prottitutiny  aa  befelL" 

MUton :  P.  L.,  ll.  Tis. 

*  prdV-ti-tute,  a.   [Lat  prostitutus.]   [PROS- 
TITUTE, ».]    Prostituted  ;  given  up  to  lewd- 
ness  or  to  base  and  unworthy  purpose*. 

"  Now  pmtituU  to  infamy  and  bate." 

Ifrayton  :  Banra'  Wan,  L 

prds -ti-tute,  *.  [Lat  prostituta;  Fr.  pro*. 
tituee.} 

1.  A  female  abandoned  to  indiscriminate 
lawdneas  ;  a  strumpet,  a  harlot. 

"  The  vilest  prottitute  in  all  the  stews. - 

Cungrere  :  Juvrnal.  sat  xi 

2.  A  base  hireling  ;  a  mercenary  ;  one  who 
Will  undertake  the  basest  employment  for 
hire.    (Byron  :  Childe  Harold,  iv.  113.) 

pro*  ti  tu  tlon,  «.  [Fr.,  from  Lat  prostitu- 
tionem,  arena,  of  prostitutio,  from  prottiiiUvi, 
pa.  par.  of  prostttuo  =  to  prostitute  (q.v.) ;  8p- 
prostitucion ;  Ital.  prostitution*.] 

1.  The  act  or  practice  of  prostituting  or 
giving  one's  self  up  to  indiscriminate  lewd- 
Bess  for  hire  ;  harlotry  ;  the  life  or  habits  of 
•  prostitute. 

"  Fornication  rappcecs  prosttruMon ;  and  pntHtution 
bring!  and  leaves  the  victims  of  it  to  almost  certain 
misery."— Patty :  Moral  PhU.,  bk.  ilL.  pt.  ill.  cb  li. 


2.  The  act  of  employing  for  base  or  un- 
worthy purposes  for  hire. 

"lit!  renders  their  mental  pnxrtfufton  more  to  be 
re«rett«d."- 

»i«»»r«  (jrd 


-0vron       SnglHh    Marat    t    Scotch   M+ 
ed.    Fret). 


prds  -ti-tu-tor,  s.  [Lat]  One  who  pros- 
titutes; one  who  submits  himself  or  offers 
another  to  vile  purposes  ;  one  who  prostitutes 
anything  to  base  uses. 

"  The  prottUiituri  of   the  Lord'*  supper."—  Burd  : 
To  Warburtm,  let.  150. 

pro-Std'-ml  um,  s.  [Gr.  vpoOTOfuof  (prosto- 
mion)  =  a  mouth,  specif,  of  a  river  :  pref. 
pro-,  and  Gr.  crro^o  (stoma)  =  mouth.] 

ZooL  :  A  portion  of  an  animal  before  the 
mouth.  Used  of  the  Planaiida  and  certain 
Annelids. 

pros  -trate,  a.     [Lat  prostralus,  pa.  par.  of 
prosterno  =  to  throw  forward  on  the  ground  : 
pro  =  forward,  and  sterno  =  to  throw  on  the 
ground,  to  strew.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Lying  at  full  length  on  the  ground  or 
other  surface. 

"  It  is  good  to  alepe  prottrnte  on  their  bellies."— 
«r  T.  Jllfot:  Cattel  a}  Belt*,  bit.  it,  ch.  xxx 

2.  Lying  in  a  posture  of  humility  or  hum- 
blest adoration. 


3.  Lying  at  mercy,  as  a  suppliant 

**  They  left  their  steeds,  and  proitrate  on  the  place. 
From  the  fierce  king  implored  the  offenders  grace." 
Jiryd,-n  :  Patainon  t  Arctic,  ii.  32*. 

IL  Bot. :  Lying  flat  upon  the  ground. 

pros  -trate,  v.t.  [PROSTRATE,  a.]  [Fr.  pro- 
tterner;  O.  Sp.  &  Port,  prostrar  ;  Sp.  postrar  ; 
Ital.  prostrare.] 

I.  To  cause  to  fall  or  lie  prostrate  ;  to  lay 
flat ;  to  throw  down. 


2.  (Reflex.):  To  throw  one's  self  down  or 
fall  in  a  posture  of  the  deepest  humility  or 
adoration  ;   to  bow  in  reverence,    (Spenser : 
F.  Q.,  L  xii.  6.) 

3.  To  reduce  totally ;  to  cause  to  sink ;  to 
deprive  of  all  strength  or  energy  :  as,  He  was 
prostrated  by  sickness. 

*  4.  To  destroy  utterly ;  to  demolish ;  to 
ruin  utterly. 

"  In  the  streets  many  they  slew,  and  fired  diver* 
places,  proitrating  two  parishes  almost  intirely."— 
aafwara. 

pros  tra  -tion,  *  pros-tra-ci-on,  t.    [Fr. 
prostration.,  from  Lat.  pruttrationem,  accus.  of 
prostratio,  from  prostratus  =  prostrate  (q.v.) ; 
Sp.  postracion  ;  Ital.  proxtrazione.} 
L  Ordinary  Language : 
L  The  act  of  prostrating,  throwing  down, 
or  laying  flat. 

2.  The  act  or  state  of  falling  down  in  deep- 
est humility  or  adoration;  properly,  the  act 
of  falling  prostrate  on  the  face,  but  applied 
generally  to  kneeling  or  bowing  in  adoration 
or  reverence. 

"  To  serve  or  worship  them  with  any  renerent  be- 
bauiuur  ether  by  aduraciou.  prauracion.  knelyug,  or 
kiasiug  " — loyt:  Kz,«,iicion  of  Daniel,  Hi. 

*  3.  Servile  submission. 

"  Can  prostration  fall  deeper?  could  a  slave  bow 
lower?"—  Thackeray:  fnyluk  ffumaurittt ;  Swift. 

4.  Great  depression  or  dejection. 

"  Weakness  with  prottration.  inferiority,  and  sub- 
mlsBiou."- Stewart :  Phil.  Eunyt.  ess.  II..  ch.  lit 

IL  Patkol. :  Great  but  temporary  oppression 
of  the  system,  depressing  but  not  perma- 
nently exhausting  the  vital  energies. 

*  pr6s  -trat  or,  s.  [Lat,  from  prostratus 
pa.  par.  of  prusterno  —  to  prostrate  (q.v.).J 
One  who  prostrates  or  overturns. 

"  Infallible  nrratratort  at  ail  religion."— Omudat  : 
Tean  of  tilt  Church,  p.  IN. 

pros  tyle,  t.    [Fr.,  from  Lat.  prostylut,  from 
Gr.  irpoorvAof  (prostulos) :  »po  (pm)  =  before, 
and  o-TvAot  (stuloi)  —  a  pillar,  a  column.] 
Architecture : 

1.  A  temple  which  has  a  portico  in  one 
front,  consisting  of  insulated  columns  with 
their  entablatures  and  fastigium  [AMPHIPRO- 

BTYLE.J 

2.  A  portico  in  which  the  columns  stand 
out  quite  free  from  the  walls  of  the  building 
to  which  it  is  attached. 

"  The  DTMtyCe,  whose  station,  being  at  front,  con- 
sisted of  only  four  columns.'—  Evelyn :  Archil ecti  t 
Architecture. 


prof'-?,  a.  [Eng.  pros(t);  -y.]  Consisting  of 
or  like  prose  ;  prosaic,  dull,  tedious,  tiresome. 

"  Her  pnty  fat  Camllle  in  spectacle*. "— Thactfra*  : 
The  flewcomet  led.  1861).  li.  (7. 

pro  syl  -lA-gism,  «.     [Pref.  pro-,  and  Eng. 
ryllogism  (q.T.).J 
Logic :  (See  extract). 

"  A  proMlloffim  It  when  two  or  more  syllogisms  are 
so  connected  together,  that  the  conclusion  of  the 
former  is  the  major  or  the  minor  of  the  folluwiac.*— 
WoJtt:  Logic. 

prot-,  pref.     [PROTO-.J 

*  pr6  tac  -tic,  a.     [Gr.  rponucriictft  (protofc- 
tikos).]    Placed  or  being  at  the  beginning; 
previous ;  giving  a  previous  narrative  or  ei- 
planation,  as  of  the  plot  or  personages  of  a  play. 

pro-ta-gdn,  s.  [Gr.  wpmray^t  {prdtagot)  = 
leading  the  van.] 

Chem. :  CiigH^i^POaj  (f).  A  phospho- 
retted  fatty  body  extracted  from  the  biain- 
substance  by  alcohol  of  85  per  cent.  It  is 
colourless,  without  smell,  slightly  soluble  in 
water  and  ether,  very  soluble  in  warm  alcohol, 
from  which  it  crystallizes  in  bundles  of  tine 
needles.  When  boiled  in  absolute  alcohol  it 
decomposes  with  separation  of  oily  drops. 

pro-tag  -6n-18t,  s.  [Gr.  irpurayui'iirnjf  (pro- 
tagdniafcs),  from  irpwrot  (protos)  =  first,  and 
ayumomjf  (ago itistes)  —  an  actor.) 

1.  Greek  Drama :  The  leading  character  or 
actor  in  a  play. 

"  Behind  whose  mask  the  protaanniu  spoke  during 
the  \>t*y."—UvnaJdion  :  Theatre  of  the  tirttkt,  p.  lug. 

2.  A  leading  character  generally. 

"To  take  his  place  in  history  for  all  time  aa  one  of 
Its  foremost  protugonitti."— /laity  Telegraph,  Dec.  X 
Mh 

pro  ta  -mi-a, «.  [Pref.  prot-,  and  Hod.  Lat 
amiu,  (q.v.).] 

Pakeont. :  A  genus  of  Amiidae,  from  the 
Tertiary  deposits  of  Wyoming,  U.S.A. 

prot-a  moe'-ba,  s.  [Pref.  prot-,  and  Mod. 
Lat.  anueba.] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Haeckel's  order  Lobo- 
monera.  They  are  minute  masses  of  proto- 
plasm, increasing  by  symmetrical  fission. 

pro  tan  drous,  prot  er-an  -drous,  o. 
[Pref.  prot-,  protef(o)- ;  Gr.  a*Tjp  (aner),  genit 
ai'ipds  (andros)  =  a  man,  here  =  a  stamen,  and 
Eng.  sun".  -<m.-:] 

Bot. :  Of  or  belonging  to  plants  in  which  the 
stamens  are  ready  to  discharge  their  pollen 
before  the  stigma  is  ready  to  receive  it,  thus 
inviting  cross  fertilization.  Examples :  Digi- 
talis pu.rpu.rea,  PotentUla  anserina,  &.C. 

pro-tan' -drj^,  ».    [PROTANDROUS.] 
Bot. :  The  state  of  being  protandrous. 

pro  tan  -to,  phr.    [Lat]    For  so  much. 

*  prot  -arch,  *.     [Pref.  prot-,  and  Gr.  opx» 
(arclto)  =  to  rule.]    A  chief  ruler. 

"National  Protardu  or  Patriarchs."  —  BramhcM : 
Workt.  ii.  ni. 

prot  a-sis,  s.  [Gr.,  from  trporctW  (proteino) 
=  to  stretch  before,  to  present] 

*  L  Ord.  Lang. :  A  proposition,  a  maxim. 

"  I  would  I  had  not  cause  to  give  you  this  protatit.* 
—Morton  :  DiKharyt  of  the  fire  Jmputationi,  p.  377. 

U.  TeclinicaUy : 

*  1.  Anc.  Drama :  The  first  part  of  a  comedy 
or  tragedy,  in  which  the  several  characters 
are  displayed  and  the  argument  of  the  piece 
explained. 

"Do  you  look  for  conclusions  inaproto«io  I  thought 
the  law  of  comedy  bad  reserved  them  to  the  cata- 
strophe."—/ten  Jonian  :  Magnetic  Lady.  1.  L 

2.  Gram.  £  Rhet. :  The  first  clause  of  a  con- 
ditional sentence,  being  the  condition  on 
which  the  main  term  (apodosis)  depends,  or 
notwithstanding  which  it  takes  place :  as, 
Although  he  was  incompetent  (protasis),  he 
was  elected  (apodosis). 

prot  as'-ta  Cine,  a.  [Pref.  prot-;  Mod.  Lat. 
attains),  and  Eng.  suff.  -int.]  Belonging  to, 
resembling,  or  connected  with  the  hypotheti- 
cal ancestor  of  the  Crayfishes.  (Huxley :  Cray- 
fish, p.  844.) 

pro  tas  -ter,  s.    [Pref.  prot-,  and  Or. 
(aster)  =  a  starfish.] 

Palaont. :  A  genus  of  Ophiuroidea,  with 
four  species  from  the  Silurian  and  two  from 
the  Upper  Devonian.  The  body  consists  of  a 


fate,  fit,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go.  p6t, 
or.  wore,  WfU,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  core,  unite,  ear,  rale,  fall;  try.  Syrian,    m,  o*  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qa  » lew. 


protatio— protege 


3785 


circular  disc,  covered  with  small,  imbricated, 
calcareous  plates,  with  five  long,  flexuous 
arms,  each  with  two  rows  of  ventral  plates, 
•o  disposed  as  to  give  origin  to  a  series  of 
distinct  pores. 

•  prd-t&t  -Ic,  *  pr*-tatf  -Ick,  a.    [Gr.  »po- 

TaTixo*  (protatikos) ;  Lat.  proUtticus  ;  Fr.  pro- 
tatique.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  protasis  ;  intro- 
ductory. 

"Then  are  protatick  persons  in  the  ancienU,  whom 
they  use  in  their  plays  to  hear  or  give  the  relation."— 
Dryden- 

prd'-te-a,  ».  [Mod.  Lat,  from  Proteu*  (q.v.), 
from  the  diverse  appearance  of  the  species.] 
Sot. :  The  typical  geuus  of  the  Proteacese 
(q.v.).  Small  trees  or  shrubs,  chiefly  from 
South  Africa,  with  large  heads  of  flowers, 
often  surrounded  by  bracts.  An  elongated 
two-parted  calyx,  the  broader  lip  with  three 
Dearly  sessile  stamens,  the  narrower  lip  with 
one ;  fruit  a  hairy  one-seeded  nut.  The  species 
are  many,  and  with  beautiful  foliage  and 
flowers.  The  wood  of  Protect  grandiftora  is 
made  into  waggon  wheels ;  its  bark  is  given 
in  diarrhoea.  The  honey  from  the  flowers  of 
P  mellifera  and  P.  speciosa  is  boiled  down  and 
taken  for  coughs. 

pro-te'-a  oe-«e,  i.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat.  prote(a); 

Lat.  fein.  pi.  adj.  Buff,  -aceir.] 

1.  Bot. :  Proteads  ;  an  order  of  Perigynons 
Exogens,  alliance  Daphnales.   Shrubs  or  small 
trees,  with  hard  dry  leaves,  calyx  in  four 
divisions,  corolla  none,  stamens  four,  some  of 
them  sterile;  ovary  superior,  with  one  ascend- 
ing ovule,  or  two,  or  two  rows.    From  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope  and  Australia.  Sub-orders 
Nucamentacese    and    Folliculares.      Known 
genera  forty-four,  species  650. 

2.  Palceobot :   Various  Proteads,  some  ap- 
parently of  the  existing  genera,  Dryandra, 
Banksia,  Grevillea,  Ac.,  exist  in  the  Creta- 
ceous rocks  of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  others  in  the 
Upper  Molasse  of  Switzerland. 

pro-te-a'-ceoiis  (ce  as  sh),  a.  [PROTEACE.E.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Proteaceae. 

pro  te  ad,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.  prote(a);  Eng.  suff. 
-ad.] 

Bot.  (PI.):  The  order  or  tribe  Proteaceae. 
(Lindley.) 

pro-te'-an,  a.  [PROTEUS.]  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  Proteus  :  hence,  readily  assuming  dif- 
ferent shapes  ;  exceedingly  variable,  versatile. 

"In  all  the  protean  transformation*  of  nature."  — 
Cudworth :  Intett.  Si/aem,  p.  33. 

•  pr6-te'-an-l^,  adv.     [Eng.  protean;    -ly.] 
In  a  protean  manner ;  with  the  assumption  of 
many  shapes. 

"Proteanlf  transformed  into  different  shapes."— 
ClutoorIA  .•  fnttli.  .ft/stem,  p.  M. 

pro  tect',  v.t.  [Lat.  protectus,  pa.  par.  of  pro- 
tego  =  to  protect :  ;>ro-  =  l*fore,  in  front,  and 
tego  =  to  cover  ;  Fr.  proteger ;  8p.  proteger ; 
ItaL  proteggere.] 

1.  To  cover,  shield,  or  defend  from  injury, 
barm,  hurt,  or  danger  of  any  kind.     It  is  a 
word  of  very  general  import,  both  literally 
and  figuratively :  thus,  a  house  protects  us  from 
the  weather,  a  fort  protects  a  harbour  from  the 
enemy,  clothes  protect  the  body  from  cold,  a 
shade  protects  us  from  the  heat  of  the  sun,  a 
father  protects  his  children,  Ac. 

"'Gainst  the  height  of  Dion  you  never  shall  prevail*, 
Jove  with  hu  oaaa  protecteUt  it" 

Chapman  :  Homer ;  Iliad  IT. 

2.  To  encourage  or  support  artificially  by 
means  of  protective  duties. 

"  Their  Industries  were  protected  aud  our*  wen  not." 
—Daili  TeUffra/Jt,  Sept.  ».  IMS. 

*  3.  To  act  as  regent  or  protector  for. 

"  Why  should  he  then  protect  our  sovereign  T" 

SAaXap.  :  i  Ht-nry  VI.,  J.  1. 

•  pr8-tgc-tee't  i.    [Eng.  protect;  -ee.]    A  per- 
son protected,  a  protege. 

••  Yonr  protect**  .  .  .  wu  clerk  to  my  cousin."-  W. 
Taylor  (of  Norwich) :  Hemairt,  ii.  lag. 

pr6  t6ct  ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [PROTECT.] 

•  prd-tect'-ing-iy,  adv.     [Eng.  protecting ; 
•ly.]    In  a  protecting  manner  ;  by  protecting. 

pro  tec  tion,   "  pro-tex-cl  -on,  «.     [Fr. 

protection,  from  Lat.  protect  iontm,  acctis.  of  pro- 
lectio,  from  protectus,  pa.  par.  of  protego  =  to 
protect  (q.v.)  ;  bp.  protection;  Ital.  proteziant.} 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  The  act  of  protecting  ;  the  state  of  being 


protected ;  defence  ;  shelter  from  danger,  hurt, 
injury,  or  evil ;  preservation  from  anything 
hurtful  or  annoying. 

"  No  one  doubts  that  both  seies  of  many  birds  have 
bad  their  colours  adapted  for  the  sake  of  protection." 
—txirwtn:  IteKtnt  of  Han,  fit.  ii..  ch.  ivi. 

2.  That  which  protect*,  shelters,  or  preserves 
from  danger,  injury,  or  evil ;  a  shelter,  a 
defence  :  as,  Clothes  are  a  protection  against 
the  cold. 

*  3.  A   writing   which   assured    safety   or 
protection  ;  a  passport,  a  safe-conduct. 

4.  Exemption  from  arrest  in  civil  suits. 
Also,  in  English  legal  custom,  a  special  protec- 
tion given  by  virtue  of  the  royal  prerogative 
against  suits  in  law  or  other  vexations,  in 
respect  of  the  party  being  engaged  in  the 
sovereign's  service. 

II.  Polit.  Economy :  Protection  in  this  sense 
is  said  to  have  been  derived  from  the  name  of 
the  Society  for  the  Protection  of  Agriculture 
(1844-53).  But  .the  idea  is  old,  and  has  been 
known  to  a  greater  or  less  extent  in  all  ages 
and  in  all  lands.  Taxes  levied  solely  for  the 
raising  of  revenue  operate  in  restraint  of  free 
trade,  and  are  therefore  a  foi  m  of  protection,  but 
the  term  is  generally  limited  to  cases  in  which 
these  taxes  are  imposed  for  other  than  fiscal 
purposes.  It  is  believed  that  the  protectionist 
system  on  a  large  scale  was  first  proposed  by 
the  Chanceller  de  Birague,  an  Italian,  in  the 
suite  of  Catherine  de  Medici.  It  was  developed 
by  Colbert  in  1664,  and  has  not  since  passed 
away.  In  1692  England  retaliated  on  France, 
according  to  Adam  Smith,  taxing  goods  im- 
ported from  that  country  in  1696  75  per  cent,  or 
more.  Bounties  were  abolished  in  Britain  be- 
tween 1818  and  1824,  and  this,  with  the  repeal 
of  the  Coin  and  Navigation  Laws.  In  the 
United  States  a  protective  policy  was  inaugu- 
rated early  in  the  history  of  the  country,  and 
baa  been  maintained  in  a  greater  or  less  degree 
ever  since,  the  purpose  being  to  protect  Amer- 
ican manufacturers  against  European  competi- 
tion, and  tavor  the  accumulation  of  capital 
and  the  paying  of  better  wages  to  workmen. 
It  has  long  been  maintained  liy  a  strong  party 
in  the  country  that  all  the  benefit  to  be  derived 
from  this  policy  has  long  situ  e  been  gained,  and 
that  open  competition  with  the  manufacturers 
of  the  wot  Id  would  be  mi  re  advantageous. 
The  Republican  party  is  based  largely  on  the 
principle  of  protection,  the  Dem<  ciutic  on  that 
of  free  trade  or  tarifl  for  revenue  only.  Both 
policies  have  been  adopted  from  time  to  time,  as 
one  or  the  other  party  gained  the  ascendency, 
but  for  more  than  30  yeais  after  1860  the 
government  remained  effectively  under  Repub- 
lican control,  and  the  policy  of  Protection  was 
sustained.  In  1893  the  Democratic  paity  gained 
the  predominance  in  the  government,  and  in 
1894  a  new  tarifl  bill  was  passed  by  C<  ngrees. 
In  this,  however,  the  principle  of  protection  was 
largely  retained,  though  various  raw  materials 
were  admitted  free  of  duty,  the  most  import- 
ant being  wool.  A  duty  was  placed  on  sugar, 
which  had  previously  been  free. 

5  Writ  qf  Protection : 
Lav: 

*  L   A  writ  by  which  the  sovereign  ex- 
empted a  person  from  arrest. 

2.  A  writ  issued  to  a  person  required  to 
attend  court,  as  party,  juror,  &c.,  to  protect 
him  against  arrest  for  a  certain  time. 

*  protection-order,  s. 

Law :  An  order  formerly  obtained  from  the 
Court  of  Divorce  or  from  a  magistrate  to  pro- 
tect the  earnings  of  a  deserted  wife  from  her 
husband.  The  Married  Women's  Property 
Act  has  rendered  these  orders  unnecessary. 
[MARRIED,  *i.J 

*  prd-tec'-tion-aL,  a.  [Eng.  protection;  -al.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  protection. 

prd- tec' -tion -Ism,  «.  [Eng.  protection; 
•ism.]  The  doctrine  or  principles  of  protec- 
tionists ;  the  doctrine  or  system  of  protection. 

"  Spanish  protettionitm  won  the  day."— Tinut,  April 
IS,  18M. 

pr6  tec  -tion  1st,  i .  &  a.  [Eng.  protection ; 
-ist.] 

A.  As  tubst. :  One  who  supports  the  system 
of  protection  ;  one  opposed  to  free-trade. 

B.  As   adj. :   Advocating   or   maintaining 
protection  in  commodities  of  home  produc- 
tion ;  opposed  to  free-trade. 

"  Proivtionut  countries,  a*  well  as  free-trade  Eng- 
land, wen  alike  suffering  from  over-production."— 
tclu.  Sept  s.  IM*. 


prS-tec'-tlve,  a.  [Eng.  protect;  -ttw;  Ft. 
protect  if.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Affording  protection ;  shel- 
tering,  defending,  defensive. 

"  Protective  of  hi*  young."       Thornton :  Spring,  T8J. 

2.  Polit.  Econ. :  Protecting  commodities  of 
home  production  by  means  of  duties. 

protective-resemblance,  s.  [MIMI- 
CRY, ii.] 

*  pro  tec  -tive -ness,  *.     [Eng.  protective; 
•ness.  ]   The  quality  or  state  of  being  protective. 

"Imbued    with    that    blessed    protectiieneu.- -9. 
XUot-    ttaniel  Veranda,  eh.  Irr. 

pro  tec  tor,  *  pro-tec-tonr,  *.    [Fr.  pro- 

tecteur,  from  Lat.  protectorem,  accus.  of  pro- 
tector, from  protectut,  pa.  par.  of  protego  =  to 
protect  (q.v.);  Sp.  &  Port,  protector;  ItaL 
protettore.] 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  One  who  or  that  which  pro- 
tects, guards,  shelters,  or  defends  against 
danger,  injury,  hurt,  or  evil  of  any  kind  ;  a  de- 
fender, a  guardian,  a  suppoiter,  an  encourager, 
a  patron. 

"Charles  I.,  a  protector  of  the  arta,"—  Walpolt: 
Jneedotet  of  fainting,  vol.  ii..  ch.  ii. 

IL  Technically : 

1.  Eng.  Hist. :  One  who  had  the  care  of  the 
kingdom  during  the  minority  of  the  king  ;  a 
regent ;  specif,  applied  to  Oliver  Cromwell, 
who  took  the  title  of  Lord  Protector  in  1653. 

"  Whit's  a  protector  I  He's  a  thing 
That  apes  it  in  the  non-age  of  a  king." 

Cleveland. 

2.  Ecclet. :  A  cardinal  belonging  to  one  of 
the  more  important  Catholic  nations,  who, 
in  Rome,  watches  over  questions  affecting  his 
country.    There  are  also  Cardinal  Protectors 
of  religious  orders,  colleges,  &,&. 

U  Protector  of  tke  Settlement : 

Law:  The  person  appointed  by  the  Fines 
and  Recoveries  Act,  in  substitution  of  the 
old  tenant  to  the  prtecipe,  whose  concurrence 
in  barring  estates-tail  in  remainder  is  required 
in  order  to  preserve,  under  certain  modifica- 
tions, the  control  of  the  tenant  for  life  over 
the  remainder  man. 

*  pro-tec  -tor-al,  a.    [Eng.  protector;  -aL] 
Pertaining  or  relating  to  a  protector  ;  proteo 
tonal. 

"The  representative  system  and  the  protectoral 
power."— &«4*rin:  HandnMe,  i.  icii. 

prd- tec -tor-ate,  ».  [Eng.  protector;  -ate; 
Fr.  prutectttrat ;  Sp.  protectorado ;  Ital.  pro- 
tettoreUo.] 

L  Government  by  a  protector  or  regent; 
specif,  applied  to  that  period  of  English 
history  during  which  Oliver  Cromwell  was 
Protector. 

"  In  the  day*  of  the  P-rotectirat*.  he  had  been  a 
Judge.'— Macaulaf ;  Hut.  Sng.,  ch.  xm. 

2.  A  position  sometimes  assumed  by  a  strong 
country  towards  a  weak  one,  in  virtue  of 
which  the  former  protects  and  upholds  the 
interests  of  the  latter,  taking  in  return  a 
greater  or  less  interest  in  the  management  of 
its  domestic  and  foreign  a  flairs. 

"  In  favour  of  an  English  Protectorate  for  Egypt."— 
Daily  TtUyrapk.  Aug.  24,  1886. 

*  prd-tic-tor'-i-al,  a.  [Eng.  protector ;  -ial] 
Pertaining  or  relating  to  a  protector ;  protec- 
torul.     (AoWe :  Biog.  Hist.  Eng.,  iii.,  70.) 

*pro-t«Se-tbr'-i-an,o.  [Eng.  protector;  -ion.} 
Pertaining  to  the  "Protector ;  Cromwellian. 

"  During  the  tyranny  of  the  /Vutectorion  time**— 
fuller :  Worthier,  i.  MS. 

•prd-tec'-tdr-less.a.  [Eng.  protector;  -leu.} 
Destitute  of  a  protector ;  having  no  protector ; 
unprotected. 

pro  tec  tor  ship,  *  pro  tec  tour  ship, 
«.  [Eng.  protector;  -skip]  The  position  or 
office  of  a  protector ;  a  protectorate. 

ppo-tec-tory,  «.  (Sp.  protectorio.)  An  in- 
stitution for  the  protection  and  training 
of  destitute  vagrant  or  vicious  children  ; 
Chiefly  used  in  titles,  as  in  the  specific 
name  of  a  Roman  Catholic  institution  in 
New  York. 

•prft-teV-tress,  *prd-t5c'-trfce,  t.  [Fr. 

protectrtce.]    A  female  who  protects. 
protege,  protegee  (as  pro-ta-zha').  «. 

[Fr.,  i*.  i>ar.  of  proteger  =  to  protect  (q.v.). J 
One  who  is  under  the  protection  and  care, 
or  who  enjoys  the  kindly  consideration,  of 
another. 


boll,  bo>;  p«5ut,  J6>1;  eat,  jell,  chorus,  jhln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin.  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  -  t, 
-elan, -tian  =  snan.   -ttoa,  ntloa  =  shun ;  -$ion.  -flon  =  shon.   -clous, -ttous, -sions  =  ahus.   -We,  -die,  *c.  =  bel.  del. 


3786 


proteidae  —  protestant 


prd-te'-a-d«  (1),  s.  pi.  [Lat.  proU(us);  fern. 
pL  adj.  suff.  -lite.) 

Zool.  :  A  family  of  Iclitliyoidea,  group 
Perennibraiichuita.  Four  feet  are  present, 
and  persistent  external  branchiae  In  some 
classifications  Proteus  is  the  sole  genus  ;  in 
others  Menobranchus  (q.v.)  is  included. 

pro-te'-I-dsB  (2),  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  prote(a); 
fern.  pi.  adj.  sufT.  -itto.] 

Bot. :  The  typical  family  of  the  tribe  or  sub- 
order Nucamentacea?  (q.v.). 

pro'-te-Ids,  s.  pi.  [PROTEIN.]  (ALBUMINOIDS.) 

pro'-t6-in,  *.  [Or.  irpurtvu  (proteuff)  =  to  be 
the  first ;  irpioTot  (protos)  =  first ;  suff.  -in 
(Cliem.).  Named  from  holding  the  first  place 
aiming  albuminous  principles.]  [ALKALI-ALBU- 
MIN, ALBUMEN,  1.] 

pro  tfi-i'-na, s.  pi.  [Lat  profits);  neut.  pi. 
adj.  sulf.  -ina.) 

Zool.  :  Wallich's  name  for  a  group  of  Rhizo- 
poda,  having  both  a  nucleus  and  a  contractile 
vesicle.  There  are  two  divisions  :  Actino- 
pht  yua,  with  monomorphous,  and  Amtebina, 
with  polymorphous  pseudopods. 

pro  te  In  a  ceous  (ce  as  sh),  pro  te  in 
OUS,  a.      [Eng.  protein;  -aceous,  -out.}    Per- 
taining to  protein  ;  containing  or  consisting 
of  protein. 

prd-te-I-ni'-nw,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  protein(us); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ince.] 
Entoin. :  A  sub-family  of  Staphylinidse(q.v.). 

prd-t^-i'-nus,  s.    [PROTKUS.] 

Entom.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Proteininae 
(q.v.).  Antenna1  slightly  perfoliated,  inserted 
in  front  of  the  eyes  ;  elytra  covering  the 
major  part  of  the  abdomen. 

pro'-te-lef,  *.  [Pref.  pro-,  and  Or.  T«Aijti5 
(telieii)  —  complete,  because  the  fore  feet  are 
pentadact.vle,  as  in  the  Canida,  while  in  the 
Hyaenas  they  are  tetiadactyle.  (D'Orbigny).~\ 
Zool.:  Aard-wolf;  Protelts  lalandii,  an 
aberrant  form,  constituting  the  family  Pro- 
telidse,  a  connecting  link  between  the  Viverridie 
and  the  Hy*- 
nkla>.  It  is 
about  the  size 
of  a  full-grown 
to  x  ;  h  y  se  n  a- 
like  in  colour, 
with  dark- 
brown  stripes 
and  a  black 
muzzle.  It  re- 
sembles  the 
fox  in  habits, 
and  feeds  on  PROTELES. 

ants  and  car- 
rion.   It  was  discovered   and   described  by 
Bparmann,  about  1725,  rediscovered  by  Dela- 
lamle.  and  the  genus  was  founded  by  Isidore 
Geoffrey  St.  Hilaire. 

pro-tel  -I  dse,  «.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  proteges) ; 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  raff-itte.] 

Zool,  :  A  family  of  Jiluroidea,  with  one 
genus,  Proteles  (q.v.). 

prd-tim'-nd-ddn,  «.  [Or.  irpor«>Ku>  (pro- 
temno)  =  to  cut  oil  in  front ;  suff.  -odon.] 

Palceont. :  A  genus  of  Dipiotodont  Marsu- 
pials, related  to  Dendrolagus  (q.v.),  from  late 
Tertiary  or  Post-Tertiary  deposits  of  Australia. 

pro  tern'-por-i,  phr.  [Lat.]  For  the  time  ; 
temporarily.  (Frequently  abbreviated  to 
pro  tern.) 

*  pro-tend'  v.t.     [Lat.  protendo,  from  pro  = 

forth,  forward,  and   tendo  =  to  stretch.]    To 
hold  out ;  to  stretch  forth. 
"  [He '  tbreaten'd  with  bli  long  protended  >pe«-.* 
Drydtn     Virgil  ;  .fneid  x.  L25«. 

•  prd- tense',  5.     [Lat.  protensus,  pa.  par.  of 
pruUndo  =  to    protend    (q.v.).]      Extension. 
(Spenser:  F.  Q.,  III.  iii.  4.) 

*prd-te"n'-slve,  o.  [Lat  protens(us),  pa.  par. 
of  protendo  =  to  protend  (q.v.}  ;  Eng.  adj.  suff. 
-ive.]  Drawn  out,  extended,  continued. 
(Sir  W.  Hamilton.) 

pro -tS-&-lite,  *.  [After  Proteus  of  Greek 
mythology,  aiid  Or.  At'0o«  (lilhos)  =  a  stone.] 

Petrol. :  A  very  hard  and  compact  rock, 
consisting  of  an  intimate  mixture  of  quartz, 
felspar,  and  mica,  and  showing  distinct  traces 


of  bedding,  associated  with  granites.  Re- 
garded as  a  result  of  contact  metamorphism. 
A  variety  of  Coruubianite  (q.v.).  Occui-s  in 
Cornwall. 

prd-te'-O'-my^f '-a,s.  pi.  [Lat.  proteiis;  o  con- 
nect., and  (jr.  fiu'fo  (muxa)  =  slime.] 

Zool.  :  A  class  of  Protozoa,  consisting  of 
Gymnninyxa,  exhibiting  in  the  amoeba  phase 
various  forms  of  pseudopodia  often  changing 
in  the  same  individual,  and  not  producing 
elaliorate  spore  cysts.  Its  founder  (Prof.  E.  R. 
Lankcstfr)  does  not  group  the  genera  into 
families  and  orders. 

prot  er-an  -drous,  a.    [PROTANDROUS.] 

t  prot  er-an  thous,  a.      [Pref.  proter(o)-, 
and  Gr.  ai^o?  (anttuis)  —  a  flower.] 
Botany : 

1.  A  term  used  when  the  leaves  of  a  plant 
appear  l>efore  the  flowers.    (Lindley.) 

2.  Protaudrous  (q.v.).    (Darwin.) 

Prd-ter'-I-an,  s.    [See  def.] 

Church  Hist.  (PL):  The  Catholic  party  in  Alex- 
andria who  maintained  the  orthodox  faith,  for 
which  Proterius,  after  whom  they  were  called, 
was  barbarously  murdered. 

prdt-er-6-,  prtf.  [Gr.  irporepoc  (proteros), 
compar.  of  irpo  (pro)  =  before.]  Before,  either 
in  time  or  space. 

pr6t'-er-$-l»ase,  *.  [Or.  vporepos  (proteros) 
=  prior,  and  Eng.  (dia)base.] 

PetroL  :  A  rock  regarded  as  intermediate  in 
composition  between  diabase  and  dim-He. 

prot  er-o-glyph'-i-a,  s.  pi.  [Pref.  protero-, 
and  Gr.  yAiKf>7J  (glupke)  =  a  carving.] 

Zool. :  Poisonous  Colubrine  Snakes ;  a 
division  of  the  sub-order  'Ihanatophidia  (q.v.). 
The  first  fangs  of  the  upper  jaw  are  grooved 
along  the  front,  and  the  general  appearance  of 
the  species  resembles  that  of  the  harmless 
snakes.  There  are  two  families :  Elapidee 
(terrestrial),  some  of  the  genera  with  the 
power  of  expanding  their  neck  into  a  kind  of 
hood  ;  and  Hydrophida'  (aquatic). 

prot-er-og'-yn-ous,  a.    [PROTOGYNOUS.] 

prot-er-Sp'-o-des,  s.  pi.  [Pref.  protero-,  and 
Gr.  B-OUS  (potts),  genit.  iro&o*  (jiodos)  =  a  foot.] 
Ichthy.  :  A  division  of  Siluridae  (q.v.). 
Rayed  dorsal  always  present,  and  rather  short; 
ventrals  inserted  below  (very  rarely  in  front 
of)  the  dorsal. 

pr6t-er-Sp'-ter-89,  *.  pi.  [Pref.  protero-,  and 
Gr.  wrepov  (pteron)  =  a  fin.] 

Ichthy. :  A  division  of  Siluridse  (q.v.).  The 
rayed  dorsal  belongs  to  the  abdominal  portion 
of  the  vertebral  column,  and  is  always  in 
advance  of  the  ventrals. 

prot-er-o-sau'-rus,  s.    [PROTOROSAURUS.] 

prdt-er-o-spon'-gi-a,  s.  [Pref.  protero-,  and 
Gr.  cnroyyos  (»jjongyos)'=  a  sponge.] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Phalansteriidae  (q.v.), 
formed  by  Saville  Kent  (named  at  first  Proto- 
spongia).  He  considers  it,  "  so  far  as  is 
known,  the  nearest  concatenating  form  be- 
tween the  respective  groups  of  the  ordinary 
Choano  -  Flagellata  and  the  Spongida,"  and 
that  it  may  be  "  consistently  accepted  as  fur- 
nishing a  stock-form,  from  which,  by  the  pro- 
cess of  evolution,  all  sponges  were  primarily 
derived."  (Man.  Infus.,  i.  365.)  There  is  a 
single  species,  Proterospongia  haeckeli,  from 
the  lake  in  Kew  Gardens. 

*  prd-teV-vI-ty,    «.     [Lat  protervOnf  •  pro- 
tennis  =  perverse.]    Perverseness,  petulance. 
"A  Tain  and  trail  protervUy,  an  euvioui  pratling.  " 
—Lennard  :  Of  Wudum,  bk.  L,  ch,  xzxv.,  {  4. 

pr6  test',  v.i.  &  t.    [Fr.  protester,  from  Lat 
protesto,  protestor,  from  pro  =  oj  ienly,  and  tKstur 
=  to  bear  witness ;  testis  =  a  witness  ;  8p.  & 
Port,  proteitar ;  ItaL  protestare.] 
A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  make  a  solemn  affirmation,  declara- 
tion, or  protestation ;  to  affirm  with  solemnity ; 
to  declare  or  affirm  solemnly ;  to  asseverate. 

"  I  doe  prole* 
The  proceue  of  my  plaint  Is  true.* 

UOKoigne :  tttvorct  of  a  Lofer. 

2.  To  make  a  solemn  or  formal  declaration 
(often  in  writing)  against  some  act  or  proposi- 
tion.   (Followed  by  aijainnt.) 


B.  Transitive: 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

I.  To  make  a  .solemn  affirmation  or  'leclaro- 
tion   of ;   to   affirm  or  assert  solemnly ;   to 
asseverate. 

"  I  firotat  true  loyalty  U>  her." 
Shakap. :  Two  OtnUrmen  of  Verona,  IT.  J. 

•  2.  To  call  as  a  witn-ss  to  affirm  or  deny  a 
statement  or  affirmation  ;  to  appeal  to. 

"  Protetting  fate  supreme."         tlUton    P.  L.,  *.  480. 

*  3.  To  prove,  to  show,  to  declare,  to  publish. 
"Do  me  right,  or  I"U  protett  your  cowardice." 

S>iuk''ti>.  :  i/ucA  .Ida  A  bout  Xu'hiuy.  T.  L 

*4.  To  promise  solemnly  ;  to  vow. 

"On  Diana's a.tar  U>  r-r  1'ir 
For  aye  austerity  aul  niiiifie  life  " 

Shaketii.  :  Midtuiimer  .\  vil.t  s  lirram.  L  L 

II.  Comm.  :  To  mark  or  note  a  bill  before  a 
notary    public,     for    non-payment     or    non- 
acceptance.     [PROTEST,  s.,  11.  1.  (2).] 

•  The  bill  ...  if  not  taken  H|.  tliKiuteruuon  will 
be  pi-oteited."— Caiman  :  The  Spleen.  L 

pro  -test,  *.    [PROTEST,  v.] 

I.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  solemn  affirmation  or 
declaration  of  opinion  (frequently  in  writing), 
generally  in  opposition  to  some  act  or  proposi- 
tion ;  a  solemn  affirmation  by  which  a  person 
declares  either  that  he  entirely  dissents  from 
and  disapproves  of  any  act  or  proposition, 
or  else  only  conditionally  gives  his  assent  or 
consent  to  an  act  or  proposition  to  which  he 
might  otherwise  be  considered  to  have 
assented  unconditionally. 

"The  Oppoeitiou.  content  with  their  protett.  re- 
frained from  calling  for  a  division."— iMUy  Telegraph, 
Feh.  23,  1886. 

IL  Law: 

1.  Commerce: 

(1)  A  formal  declaration  by  the  holder  of  a 
bill  of  exchange  or  promissory  note,  or  by  a 
notary  public  at  his  direction,  that  acceptance 
or   payment  of  such   bill  or  note   has  l*en 
refused,  and  that  the  holder  intends  to  recover 
all   expenses   to   which  he  may  be  put   in 
consequence  of  such  non-acceptance  or  non- 
payment 

"  In  England,  the  proceu  of  noting  is  accepted  as  a 
sufficient  protett  fur  Inland  Bills,  but  Foreign  Bills 
niust  be  pruteated  in  a  mure  formal  way."— BMell  : 
Cuuii'iny-Iluute  Dictionary. 

(2)  Marine  Insurance :  (See  extract). 

"  A  protett  is  a  declaration  made  nn  ualh  by  the 
captain  of  a  vessel  which  has  met  with  any  dUuwr  at 
sea,  or  has  been  compelled  to  run  into  a  foreign  or 
Intermediate  port  for  safety.  The  firoteit  should  be 
made  as  soun  as  he  enters  the  port,  .  .  .  the  limit 
usu.-illy  assigned  being  within  twenty -four  hours  of  hit 
arrival."—  tin  hell :  Counting-Mouse  IHctionary. 

(3)  A  declaration  made  by  a  party  before  or 
wliile  paying  a  tax,  duty,  or  the  like  demanded 
of  him,  which  he  deems  illegal,  denying  the 
justice  of  the  demand,  and  asserting  his  own 
rights  and  claims,  in  order  to  show  that  the 
payment  was  not  voluntary. 

2.  ParL  procedure  :  (See  extract). 

"  Each  peer  has  a  right,  by  leave  of  the  house,  when 
a  vote  passes  contrary  to  his  sentiments,  to  enter  hit 
dissent  on  the  journals  of  the  hotue.  with  the  reasons 
for  such  dissent;  which  is  usually  styled  his  protett. " 
—Blackttone  :  Comment.,  bk.  i.,  cu.  8. 

pr8t'-Ss-tan-9^,  *  prot- es- tan- cle,  «. 

[Eng.  protestan(t) ;  -cy.]    Protestantism. 

"  What  uiUerable  subdivisions  are  there  ill  our  pnfc 
teitancie."—t>p.  11  all :  Ifuo  t'lutiil  i  !«. 

pro  tes-t&n  -do,  s.    [Lat] 

Law :  A  protestation.     [PROTESTATION,  II.} 

prot  -es-tant,  o.  &  *.     fFr.,  pr.  par.  of  pro 
tester  =  to  protest  (q.v.).J 

A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Making  a  protest ;  protesting. 

2.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the  Protestante, 
their  doctrines,  or  forms  of  religion. 

"The  general  consent  of  all  sound  frottttant  writera." 
—Hilton:  Civil  Power  in  Eeelei.  Cauiei. 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  One  who  protests. 

2.  Church  Hist. :  The  name  given  to  thoes 
princes  and  others  who,  on  April  19,   1529, 
at  the  second  diet  of  Spire,  protested  against 
the  decision  of  the  majority,  that  the  per- 
mission given  three  years    before  to  every 
prince  to  regulate  religious  matters  in  his  do- 
minions till  the  meeting  of  a  General  Council 
should  be  revoked,  and  that  no  change  should 
be  made  till  the  council  met.     Besides  pro- 
testing, they  appealed  to  the  emj-erorand  to 
the  future  council.     The  diet  rejecting  their 
protest,  they  presented  a  more  extended  one 
next  day.   Ihose  first  Protestants  were  John, 
Elector  of  Saxony,  the  Margrave  George  of 


fete,  f&t,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pit, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  sin;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian.    »,  09  -  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


protestantical— protocatechuio 


3787 


Brandenburg,  OnoLzbach,  and  Culmback,  the 
Pukes  Ernest  aud  Francis  of  Luneberg,  the 
Landgrave  Philip  of  Hesse,  Wolfgang,  Prince 
of  Anlialt,  and  the  representatives  of  the  im- 
perial cities  <>f  Straslmrg,  Ulm,  Nuremberg, 
Constance,  Reutlingen,  Windsheim,  Mem- 
mint;en,  Lindan,  Kempten,  Heilbron,  Isny, 
Wei*ienbnrg,  Nordlingen,  and  St.  Gall.  The 
name  is  now  extended  to  all  persons  and 
churches  holding  the  doctrines  of  the  Re- 
formation and  rejecting  Pupal  authority. 
Protestanism  has  extended  until  its  adherents 
embrace  the  great  majority  of  church  mem- 
bers in  the  United  States,  liritain,  and  the 
countries  of  the  north  of  Europe;  while 
Roman  Catholicism  is  the  ruling  faith  in 
^pani.-h  America,  Ireland,  France,  Spain,  and 
Italy.  Protestants  are  divided  into  numerous 
sects,  each  founded  on  some  special  result  of 
Biblical  interpretation,  method  of  church  gov- 
ernment, or  other  basis  of  separation.  The 
name  of  Protestant  is  repudiated  by  a  con- 
siderable section  of  the  Church  of  England. 

protestant-dlssenters.  *.   pi.     [DIS- 
SENTER. | 

protestant  succession,  «.     [SUCCES- 
SION.] 

"  prot-es-tant'-Ic-al,  a.     [Eng.  protestant ; 
•icul.]    Protestant. 


t  prof  -es-tant-Ism,  s.  [Eng.  protestant  ; 
-ism.]  "The  state  of  being  a  protestant;  pro- 
testants  collectively  ;  the  principles  or  religion 
of  protestants. 

"  The  only  thing  that  makes  prntettatttlrm  consider- 
able in  Christendom  is  toe  Church  of  England."— 
South:  Sermons,  v.  64. 

"  prot'-es-tant-ize,  v.t.  (Eng.  protestant; 
-ize.]  To  render  protestant;  to  convert  to 
protestantism. 

•pr6t'-Ss-tant-l&  a.  [Eng.  protestant; 
•ly.]  Like  a  protestant  ;  in  conformity  with 
protestantism  or  protestants. 


pro  t  e  s  ta  ti  on,  *  prot  -  es  -  ta  -  ci  -  on, 
*  prot-es-ta-ti-OUn,  s.  [Fr.  protestation, 
from  Lat.  protestationem,  accus.  of  protestatio, 
from  protestatns,  pa.  par.  of  prbtesto,  protestor 
=  to  protest  (q.v.)  ;  Sp.  protestation  ;  ItaL 
frotestazione.] 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

L  A  solemn  affirmation  or  declaration  of  a 
fact,  opinion,  or  resolution  ;  an  asseveration. 

"  But,  to  year  protrttittan  ;  let  me  hear." 

SAateup.  .-  Winter  t  Tale.  Iv.  8. 

2.  A  solemn  declaration  of  dissent  ;  a  pro- 
test 

"  If  the  lurds  of  the  council  issued  out  any  order 
against  them,  some  noMemau  published  a  urotettation 
Igaiust  it."—  Clarendon  :  Civil  War. 

3.  A  solemn  vow  or  promise. 


Upon  lii» 


ny  protatatinru  to  marry  me," 

/i.  :  Alfi  Well  that  End*  WtU,  T.  S. 


•  4.  A  calling  upon  ;  an  appeal. 

"  Be  made  no  lengar  protritacion  to  his  souldiors, 
but  that  they  should  hnue  iu  remembrance  theyr 
aum  ifiit  prowesse."—  (loUinge  :  Cauar,  to.  67. 

IL  Law: 

*  1.  Eng.  Law  :  A  declaration  In  pleading 
by  which  the  party  interposed  an  oblique 
allegation  ordenial  of  some  fact,  by  protesting 
that  it  did,  or  did  not,  exist,  and  at  the  same 
time  avoiding  a  direct  affirmation  or  denial. 

2.  Scots  IMW  :  A  proceeding  taken  by  the 
defender  where  the  pursuer  neglects  to  pro- 
ceed, to  com[>el  him  cither  to  proceed,  or  to 
sutler  the  action  to  fall. 

•  prot  -esta  tor,  s.    [Lat]    One  who  pro- 
tests ;  a  protester. 

pro   test  -or,  '  pro  -test  -our,  s.     [Eng. 
protest  ;  -tr.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  One  who  protests  ;  one  who 
utters  a  solemn  protest,  affirmation,  or  declara- 
tion.   (Shakesp.  :  Julius  Ccesar,  i.  2.) 

2.  Law  :  One  who  protests  a  bill  of  exchange 
or  promissory  note. 

pro  test'-ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [PROTEST,  v.] 


-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  protesting;  -ly.] 
In  a  protesting  manner  ;  by  way  of  protest  ; 
with  protests  or  protestations. 

•  pro  tes-ti-on,  *.     [Eng.  protest,  v.  ;  -ion.] 

Protestation. 

"  Ymir  greatest  protttHan  any  assurance  of  deep* 
affection.'  —  Greene  :  JfenapAon,  p.  H. 


pro'-te-us,  pro  -tens,  s.    [Lat.  =  the  name 
of  Neptune's  herdsman.  He  changed  his  shape 
at  will.    (Virgil :  Georg.  iv.  41-508.)] 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  Lit. :  (See  etytn.). 

2.  Fig. :  A  changeable,  shifty,  or  fickle  per- 
son ;  one  who  readily  changes  his  principles. 

"  Being  such  proteutei  iu  religion  that  aobody  was 
ever  able  to  discover  what  shai*  or  standard  their 
coudcienet-d  are  really  of." — Maandrell :  Travel*,  p.  13. 

II.  Zoology: 

\.  The  typical  genui  of  the  Proteidae  (q.v.X 

[HVPOCHTHOS.] 

*  2.  The  name  given  by  Rosel  In  1755,  to  the 
genus  Amoeba  (q.v.).     As   Proteus  was  oc- 
cupied [1.]  it  is  no  longer  used  in  this  sense. 

*  proteus  animalcule,  s. 
Zool. :  The  same  as  PROTEUS,  II.  2. 

•prdt-e-van-ge'-ll-on,  s.  [Gr.  wpiTo? 
(protos)=  first,  and  rvayye\iov  (euanggeliori) 
=  a  gospel. ]  [EVANGELIST.]  An  apocryphal 
gospel,  ascribed  to  St.  James  the  Less. 

*  pro  tha  la  mi  on,    *  pro  tha  la  mi- 

um,  s.  [Gr.  Trpo  (pro)=  before,  and  fliAofios 
(t/ialamos)  =  the  marriage- bed.]  A  song  ad- 
dressed to,  or  in  honour  of,  the  bride  and 
bridegroom,  with  rhich  the  marriage  cere- 
monies opened.  [E--  THALAMION.] 

"  Poets  wrote  prothilatniunu  m  tlieir  praise.1* 

Dray  ton  :  The  Muerust  of  (fueen  Margaret. 

pro-thai  -lus,  prd-thal'-li-um,  s.  [Pref. 
pro-,  and  Lat  thallus;  Mod.  Lat  thallium.] 
[THALLOS.] 

Bot. :  The  first  result  of  germination  after 
the  impregnation  of  a  cell  in  the  archegonia 
of  some  higuer  cryptogams,  as  Ferns,  Equise- 
tacea:,  and  Marsileaceae.  It  differs  iu  the  dif- 
ferent orders. 

pro'-the-Ite,  ».    [Etym.  doubtful.) 

Min. :  A  name  given  by  Ure  to  a  dark-green 
variety  ofSahlite  (q.v.),  resembling  fassaite, 
found  in  the  Zillerthal,  TyroL 

proth-e-sis,  s.  [Gr.,  from  irporifcjM*  (pro- 
tithetni)  =  to  place  before.] 

1.  Ecclet. :  A  credence-table  (q.v.). 

2.  Surg. :  The  same  as  PROSTHESIS  (q.Y.). 

prdjtho-nd-tar'-i-at  (th  as  t),  pro-to- 
no-tar -l-at,  s.  [Fr.]  The  college  consti- 
tuted by  the  twelve  apostolic  prothonotaries 
in  Rome. 

pr6-thon'-fc-tar-jr,*pr6-t5-n5'-tar-y, 

*.     (From   low   Latin   Prototiolariui,  from  Gr. 
irpu>To?  (proton)  =  first,  and  Lat.  notarins  =  a 
notary  (q.v.).  The  proper  spelling  thus  is  pro- 
to notary.) 
L  Ord.  Lang. :  A  chief  clerk  or  notary. 

"  I  poyut  you  to  be  protonotary 
Ol  Fame'.-  court."  Skelton  :  Poemi,  p.  23. 

IL  Technically: 

*  1.  Eng.  Law :  A  chief  clerk  in  the  Court 
of  Common  Pleas  and  in  the  King's  Bench  ; 
there  were  three  such  officers  in  the  former 
court  and  one  in  the  latter.    The  offices  are 
now  abolished. 

2.  United  States   Lav:   A  chief  clerk   of 
court  in  certain  states. 

3.  Roman  Church:  A  title  introduced  into 
the  West   from   Constantinople  about   A.D. 
800,  replacing  the  term  primicerius  notarior- 
um.    It  is  now  applied  to  any  member  of  the 
College  of   Protonotaries   Apostolic   of  the 
Curia,    twelve   in    number.      They   register 
the  Pontifical  acts,  and  make  aud  keep  the 
official  records  of  beatifications. 

4.  Greek  Church :  The  chief  secretary  of  the 
patriarch  of    Constantinople,   who   superin- 
tends the  secular  business  of  the  province. 

pro-tho-no'-tar-y-sMp  (th  as  t),  pro- 
t  ho  no  tar  i -ship,  pro-to-no  -tar-y- 
ship,  s.  I  Eng.  prothonotary,  &c. ;  -sliip.']  The 
office  or  position  of  a  prothonotary. 

"  Her  majesty  .  .  .  gave  him  [fl.  Carrw]  a  nroskono. 
tarythip  in  the  chancery."—  Wood :  Athena  Oxon.,  i. 

pro  thbr'-ax,  s.  [Pret  pro-,  and  Eng.,  &c. 
tAorox(q.v.).] 

Eiitom. :  The  anterior  ring  of  the  thorax, 
carrying  the  first  pair  of  legs. 

pro'-th^-runi,  ».  [Gr.  vp6  (pro)  =  before, 
and  0vpa  (t/inra)  =  a  door.] 

Arch. :  A  porch  before  the  outer  door  of  a 
house.  (Gwilt.) 


prdt'-ic,  a.     [Eng.  protein)  ;  -ic]     (See  the 
compound.) 

protic-acid,  s. 

Chem.  :  An  acid  discovered  by  Llmprieht  In 
the  flesh-juice  of  the  roach  (Leucisiis  rutilus). 
It  forms  a  yellow  brittle  mass  insoluble  in 
water,  slightly  soluble  in  dilute  acids,  but 
soluble  in  ammonia,  potash,  and  soda.  When 
boiled  with  dilute  sulphuric  acid,  it  yields  a 
large  quantity  of  leucine. 

prot-ich-ni  -tes,  s.     [Pref.  prot-,  Or.  l\vof 
(ichnos)  •=.  a  track,  and  sun",  -if  es.] 

Palceont.  :  Owen's  name  for  certain  tracks 
or  markings  from  the  Potsdam  Sandstone  of 
Canada,  which  he  considered  to  have  been 
made  by  Trilobites.  Principal  Dawson 
ascribes  them  to  fossil  Eurypterids,  and  the 
smaller  forms  of  Protichnites  occurring  in  the 
Carboniferous  to  Belinurus,  akin  to  the  recent 
Limulus  (q.v.). 

prd^tis'-ta,  s.  pi.    [Ger.  profis'en,  from  Gr. 
irpuiros  (protos)=  first  in  point  of  time.) 

Zool.  :  A  kingdom  proposed  by  Haeckel,  in 
order  to  overcome  the  difficulty  long  felt  by 
zoologists  and  botanists  in  differentiating  the 
lowest  of  the  Protozoa  from  the  highest  of 
theProtophyta.  In  Dos  Protistenreich  (Leipzig, 
1878)  he  gives  the  following  classification  :  — 

CLASSES.  ORDERS. 

MO.VERA      .        .    Lobomonera,  Tachymonera,  Rhiio- 

uiouera. 

LOBOSA        .    .    .    Gyninulobosa,  Thecolohosa. 
OREOARIKX    .    .    Monocyatlda,  Polycistlda. 
FLAiitLLATA    .    .    Kudo.,  Tlieco-,   Cillo-,  and   Cysto- 

tta^ellata. 
CATALLACTA    .    . 
CILIATA       .    .    .    Hole-.  Hetero-,  Hjrpo-,  and  PerltH. 

cha. 
.    .    .    Mouacinetie,  SynaciuetA      • 


LAB 


NTH  tt 


BACILLARI*    .    .    NavicuUtc,     EchinelUt*.    Lacer- 

natas. 
FOKOI     ....    Phycu-.  Conlo-,  Asco-,  Gastro-,  and 

Uyriicnomycetes 
MrzoxTCETE*     .    Ph.vMn.-e.  Stemoultete,  Tricheaceas, 

Lycogalen. 
TBALAMOPHO&A  .    Monuetegia,  Polystegla,  Houothala- 

niia,  Polythalauiia. 
HELIOZOA    .    .    .    Aphro-,     Chalaro-,     and     Deemo. 

tbontca. 
RADIOLARIA    .    .    Pancollae.      Panacanthie.      Panso- 

ICMKV.  PlenuloXt,  sphsrideaa, 

Dist-ideae.  Cyrtideas. 

prd-td-,  prot-,  pref.  [Gr.  irpiros  (protos)  = 
first] 

1  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  prefix  used  to  express 
priority  :  as,  pro/o-martyr,  Ac. 

2.  Chem.  :  A  prefix  originally  used  to  denote 
ths  first  of  a  series  of  binary  compounds 
arranged  according  to  the  number  of  atoms  of 
the  electronegative  element.  At  present  it  is 
used  to  designate  that  compound  in  a  series 
which  contains  one  atom  of  the  electro- 
negative element. 

pro-to-bas'-tite,  s.  [Pref.  proto-,  and  Eng. 
bastite.] 

Min.  :  A  variety  of  the  Enstatite  group  of 
minerals  found  in  the  Hartz  mountains,  Ger- 
many ;  and  believed  by  Strong,  who  named  it, 
to  have  been  the  original  mineral  from  which 
hostile  was  derived. 

pro-to  cal-9ite,  s.  [Pref.  proto-,  and  Eng. 
calciU.] 

Petrol  :  The  same  as  CRYSTALLINB-LIMB- 
STONE  (q.v.). 

pro-to-cam'  -pus,  s.  [Pref.  proto-,  and  Gr. 
Ka/uiirof  (kampos)  =  a  sea-animal.] 

Ichthy.  :  A  genus  of  Syngnathidae,  with  one 
species,  Protocampus  hymenolomus,  from  the 
Falkland  Islands.  "  It  may  he  regarded  as  an 
embryonal  form  of  Nerophis"  (Giinther). 

prd-td-c&t-S-chu'-Io,  a.  [Pref.  proto-,  and 
Eng.  catechuic.]  Contained  in,  or  derived  from, 
catechu  or  other  resin. 

protocatechuic  acid,  s. 

Chem.  :  CyHgOi.  A  frequently  occurring 
product  of  the  decomposition  of  resins  by 
fusion  with  potassic  hydrate,  and  readily  pro- 
duced by  the  action  of  melted  potash  on 
piperic  acid.  It  crystallizes,  with  one  mole- 
cule of  water,  in  plates  and  needles,  soluble 
in  water,  alcohol,  and  ether,  and  melts  at 
199*.  Its  aqueous  solution  is  coloured  a  dark 
bluish-green  with  ferric  chloride,  changing  to 
red  on  the  addition  of  soda  or  potash. 

protocatechuic  aldehyde,  s. 

Chem.:  C7H6OS  =  C«H3(OH)2.CHO.  Dioxy- 
benzaldehyde.  A  crystalline  body  produced 
by  the  action  of  chloroform  on  an  alkaline 
solution  of  pyrocatechin.  It  is  soluble  la 


boil,  boy:  pout,  jo"wl;  oat,  90!!.  chorus,  9h1n.  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon.  exist,    -ing* 
-olan.  -tlan  =  snan.  -Uon, -«ion  =  slmn; -tion, -}ion  =  «nun,   -dons,  -tlotu.  -oious  =  Shu*,   -ble.  -die,  &o.  =  be],  del. 


3788 


protococcidfiB— protopterufl 


Water,  melts  at  150",  and  is  coloured  deep 
preen  by  a  solution  of  ferric  chloride.  By 
fusion  with  potash  it  is  converted  into  proto- 
catecliuic  acid. 

pro-to-cdc  -cl  d»,  i.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  proto- 
coecius):  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  snff.  -idee .] 

Bet.:  A  tribe  of  Palmellese.  Chlorospermous 
Alg*,  having  the  slimy  substratum  obsolete. 

pro-to-cdc'-cfts,  *.  [Pref.  proto-,  and  Mod. 
Lat.  coccus  =  a  berry.] 

Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  the  family  Pro- 
tocoecidse.  In  one  of  the  two  conditions  in 
which  it  occurs  it  is  a  spheroidal  body,  ^J^  to 
THJJTVT;  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  consisting  of  a 
•truet-neless,  tough,  transparent  wall,  in- 
closing viscid  and  granular  protoplasm.  It 
multiplies  by  fission.  In  certain  circum- 
stances it  becomes  locomotive.  It  occurs  in 
the  mud  which  accumulates  in  roof-gutters, 
water-butts,  and  shallow  pools.  (Hnxlty  <t 
Martin:  Elementary  Biology,  p.  11.)  Proto- 
toccut  nivalis  is  Red  Snow  (q.v.).  P.  jtuvia- 
lii  (?)  is  common  in  Europe  on  stones,  leaves, 
straws,  &c.  Dunal  says  that  the  crimson 
colour  of  the  salt-water  tanks  on  the  shores 
of  the  Mediterranean  is  caused  by  P.  talinut. 

pro'- 1£  col,  ».  (O.  FT.  protocol*,  protecole, 
from  Low  Lat.  jrrotocollum,  from  late  Or. 
=  irpwTcjcoAAoi/  ( rrrotokollori),  orig.  the  first 
leaf  glued  on  to  JI.SS.  to  register  under  whose 
administration  and  by  whom  the  MS.  was 
written,  afterwards  applied  to  documents 
drawn  np  by  notaries  because  accompanied 
by  such  a  first  leaf  or  fly-leaf:  Or.  irpwrot 
(pro  (-.)>)  =  first ,  and  icoAAow  (kollao)  =  to  glue  ; 
cdAAa  (knlla)  =  glue. ] 
I  Ordinary  Language  : 

•  1.  The  original  draft  or  copy  of  a  deed, 
Contract,  or  other  document. 

"  An  original  is  itiled  the  protocol,  or  ttriptura  mo- 
tfix."— Afl&e:  Parrryon. 

2.  In  the  same  sense  as  II. 

**  Endorsing  protocol!  witli  the  most  Intense  regard 
tor  the  propriefiee."— Scrionrr'i  Mayatine,  March,  1880, 
p.  71*. 

*  3.  In  Scotland,  a  record  or  registry ;  on  the 
admission  of  a  notary  he  receives  from  the 
cli-ik -register  a  marked  book,  called  a  proto- 
col.    In  this  the  notary  must  insert  copies 
of  all  the  documents  he  may  execute,  to  be 
there  preserved,  as  in  a  record. 

II.  Diplomacy :  The  minutes  or  rough  draft 
of  an  instrument  or  transaction ;  the  original 
copy  of  a  treaty,  despatch,  or  other  document ; 
a  document  serving  as  the  preliminary  to  dip- 
lomatic negotiations  :  a  diplomatic  document 
or  minute  of  proceedings,  signed  by  the  repre- 
aentatives  of  fi-iendly  powers  in  opder  to  secure 
certain  political  ends  peacefully ;  a  convention 
not  subject  to  the  formalities  of  ratification. 

pro'-to-coX  v.i.  &  t.    [PROTOCOL,  *.] 

A,  Intrans. :  To  draw  up  protocols  or  first 
drafts. 

"  Serene  Highnesses  who  sat  there  protnfotHng.' — 
Carlyle  :  French  Ke**.,  pt.  it.  bk.  vL,  ch.  iii. 

B.  Trans. :  To  make  a  protocol  of ;  to  enter 
on  a  protocol. 

•pr6-t6-CoT-ic,  a.  [Eng.  protocol;  -4e.]  Per- 
taining or  relating  to  protocols. 

"His  favourite  portfolio  was  now  In  your  Lordship's 
protocortccuitody."— Dlrraeli:  Letteri  of  Kunnymede. 
pi  10L 

•prd'-ti-oo'l-ist,  *.     [Eng.  protocol;  -itt,] 
L  A  registrar  or  clerk. 
2.  One  who  draws  up  protocols. 

**  If .  HnnoUux,  Secretary  of  the  French  Emhany, 
will  act  at  protocolitt."— Daily  Telegraph,  Oct.  30, 18&S. 

•pro'-to'-co'l-ize,  v.i,  [Eng.  protocol;  -ize.} 
To  write  or  draw  up  protocols. 

''Kept  prutocnl'uing  with  soft  promise*  and  delusive 
delays/-- F.tHer  Maltoneg  :  Xelu/uet  of  father  front, 
p.  55.  (Note.) 

•pr6-t6-d6r'-aC,  o.  JTPref.  proto-,  and  Eng. 
Doric  (q.v.).]  Belonging  to,  or  characteristic 
of,  the  earliest  period  of  Doric  architecture. 

"The  architect  invent*  the  protndnric  column."— 
Cooper:  Monumental  Bin.  Eyvpt,  p.  *L 

Pro-to'-fce-nei'-a,  ».    [Or.  wpuroy^vtut  ( pro- 
togeneia),    pecul.  "fern.   Of  wp^troyty^t   (proto- 
genes)  —  first- bora.] 
Astron. :  [ASTEROID,  147]. 

pro  tog-en-es,  s.    [PROTOOENDA.] 

Zool.:  A  genus  of  Haeckel's  Lobosa  and 
Lankester's  Proteomyxa  ;  apparently  the  same 
as  Amoeba  porrecta  of  Schultze. 


pro  -t6-gine,  pro  -t£  gin,  s.   [Pref.  proto-, 
and  Or.  ycVof  (genos)  =  age,  origin.) 

Petrol.  :  A  name  used  to  designate  varieties 
of  granite  and  gneiss  (q.v.),  which  contain 
talc  or  chlorite  as  a  constituent,  in  place  of 
ordinary  mica.  Abundant  in  the  Swiss  Alps. 

protogin  gneiss,  protogin  granite, 

».      [PROTOGI-SE.] 

pro-  tog1-  jrn-ou«,  o.  [Eng.  protogyn(y);  -out.] 
Bot.  :   Having  the  stigma  mature  before  the 
pollen  is  so. 

pro-tpg'-y-ny,  ».     [Pref.  proto-,  and  Or.  yw>) 
(ffune)  =  a  woman.] 

Bat.  :  The  development  of  the  stigma  of  a 
plant  before  the  stamens  are  mature.  It  is 
less  common  than  protandry.  Examples, 
Ranunculus  sceleratus,  Plantago  major,  &c. 

pro-to  hip-pus,  t.    [Pref.  proto-,  and  Or. 
Iinro*  (hippot)  =•  a  horse.] 

Palceont.  :  A  genus  of  Equidse,  from  the 
Lower  Pliocene  of  North  America.  Some  of 
the  species  equalled  an  ass  in  size,  and  the 
feet  resembled  those  of  Hipparion. 

pro-to-his-tor'-aC,   a.     [Pref.   pro<o-,    and 
Eng.  historic.] 

Archrfol.  :  Belonging  to,  or  connected  with, 
the  earliest  period  of  which  history  gives  any 
account 

"The  populations  and  their  languages  mast  hare 
been  largely  modified  by  prnt^hittorie  influence*."— 
Journ.  Anthrop.  Instil.,  iv.  1ST. 

pro-ti-lab'-ls,  s.   [Pref.  proto-,  and  Or.  \aftit 
(labis)  =  a  handle.] 

Palceont.  :  A  genus  of  Camelidse,  from  depos- 
its of  Pliocene  age. 

prd-ti-lith'-ic,  o.    [Pref.  proto-,  and  Eng. 
Itihic.] 

Anthrop.  :  Belonging  to  the  dawn  of  the 
Stone  Age. 

"A  possible  protolUhic  period  of  still  older  geological 
epochs."—  Wilton  :  Prehistoric  Man,  i.  97. 

pro'-to-mar-tyr,  *  pro-tho-mar-tyr,  *. 

[Fr.  protomurtyre,  from  Lat.  protomartyr  ;  Gr. 
irfxaronaprvp  (protomartur),  from  irpturo;  (pro- 
tos)  —  first,  and  fidp-rvp  (martur)  —  a  witness,  a 
martyr  (q.v.).] 

1.  The  first  martyr;  applied  especially  to 
St.  Stephen,  the  first  Christian  martyr. 

"  In  the  honoure  of  that  holy  proth,,  martyr,  seynt 
Albon."—  Fubyan  :  Chronicle,  ToL  L,  ch.  cli. 

2.  The  first  who  suffers  in  any  cause. 

"  Hampden,  J^rin  inserter  of  her  laws, 
And  prolomartyr  in  the  glorious  cause." 

Boyie  :  Triumpht  of  Ifaturt. 


C,  ».     [Pref.   proto-,   and   Or. 
TJpuf  (merux)  =  a  fish  supposed  to  ruminate.] 
Palaeont.  :  A  genus  of  fossil  Camelidae,  from 
the  Lower  Miocene  of  North  America. 

pro-ti-niSn'-as,  «.     [Pref.  proto-,  and  Mod. 
Lat.  monat  (q.v.).] 
Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Proteomyxa  (q.v.X 

prd-tov-mjfar'-a,  ».      [Pref.  proto-,  and  Gr. 
fivfa  (miua)  ="slime.] 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Haeckel's  Rhizomonera, 
with  one  species,  Protontyxa  aurantiaca,  found 
by  him  in  the  form  of  orange-yellow  flakes, 
consisting  of  branching  and  reticular  proto- 
plasm on  shells  of  Spimla  on  the  coasts  of 
the  Canaries.  This  condition  is  a  plasmodinm, 
formed  by  the  union  of  several  young  amcebse. 

pro-td-ne'-ma,    ».     [Pref.  proto-,  and   Or. 
rfina.  (nemo)  =  yarn.] 
Hot.  :  A  filiform  prothallns. 

pro-td-no-tar'-I-at,  ».    [PROTHONOTABIAT.] 
pro-to-no  -tar-y,  ».    [PROTHONOTART.] 

•  prd'-to-nyin,  «.     [Pref.  prot-,  and  Gr.  avvfia. 

(onuma)  —  a  name.]    The  first  person  or  thing 
of  a  particular  name. 

"The  wrecked  canal  -  boat,  the  '  Ereninc  Star.' 
tgnoininloiuly  quenched  In  the  twilight,  with  it. 
heavenly  protonym  palpitating  in  the  vapor  above  it." 
—Scrtbntr't  Magazine.  March.  1840,  p.  M7. 

pro-td-pap    as,   *.      [Or.    irpirov   (pr5(o»)  = 
first,  and  irtiirac  (papas)  =  a  father,  a  priest.] 

Greek  Church.  :  A  chief  priest  ;  a  priest  of 
superior  rank,  corresponding  with  a  dean  or 
archdeacon  in  the  English  Church. 

•  prd-to-par'-«nt,  ».    [Pref.  proto-,  and  Eng. 
par«U.)    A  first  parent     (Davit*  :   Microcot- 
mos,  p.  23.) 


pro  t6  p!iJT-lum,  ».  [Pref.  proto-,  and  Or. 
^uAAot-  (p:utlon)  —  a  leaf.) 

H"t.  :  Tlie  first  leaf  of  a  cryptogamic  plant 
when  germination  logins. 

prd-tO-phy  -t^,  *.  pi.  [Gr.  vfM-ro^vrtn  (pro- 
tophutos)  =  first  proihtced  :  irpwrot  (proto»)  = 
first,  and  <f>vro*  (pliutoa)=.  grown.) 

Bot. :  Perleb's  name  for  plants  of  the  lowest 
and  simplest  organization. 

prot'-d-phyte,  s.  [PROTOI-HYTA.]  Any  indi- 
vidual of  the  Protophyta  (q.v.). 

pro-td-phy-tdl'-i-fcy, «.  [Pref.  proto-,  and 
Eng.  phytdogy  (q.v.).]  Palatubotany. 

prd-to-pI-tho'-CUS,  ».  [Pref.  proto-,  and 
Lat.  pithtcus  (q.v.).] 

Palamnt.:  A  genus  of  Cebidse  (Platyrliina), 
of  Urge  size,  from  the  bone-caves  of  Ui-u/il  of 
Post-Pliix;ene  age. 

pro'-to-plasm,  tpro-t4-plas'-oa,s.  [Gr. 
jrpuiro?  (protna)  :=  first,  and  irA<io*/ia  (plasma) 
=  anything  formed  or  moulded.] 

Bif>l.,  <tc.:  "The  living  matter  from  which 
all  kinds  of  living  beings  are  formed  and 
developed,  and  to  the  properties  of  which  all 
their  fiinctionaare  ultimately  referred '' (Eucye. 
Drit.,  ed.  9th,  xix.  828).  It  was  first  noticed 
and  described  by  R-^sel  v  Rosenhof,  in 
his  account  of  the  Proteus -animalcule,  and 
was  named  sarcode  by  Uujardin  in  1S35.  In 
1846  v.  Mohl  gjiye  the  name  protoplasm  to 
the  "tough  slimy  granular,  semi-fluid" 
portion  of  the  contents  of  the  vegetable  cell. 
Colin  suggested  the  identity  of  vegetable 
protoplasm  and  animal  sarcode,  which  was 
established  by  Scliultze  (Arch.  /.  Anat.  « 
Phys.  (Leipzig),  1861,  pp.  1-27),  whose  con- 
clusions were  probably  aided  by  the  researches 
of  L>e  liiiry  and  Koelliker.  Protoplasm  is  a 
transparent  homogeneous,  or  granular-looking 
substance.  Under  high  microscopic  power, 
in  many  instances,  it  shows  a  more  or  less 
definite  structure,  composed  of  fibrils  more  or 
less  regular,  and  in  some  instances  giouped 
into  a  honeycombed  or  fibrillar  reticulum,  in 
the  meshes  of  which  is  a  homogeneous  inter- 
stitial substance.  The  closer  the  meshes  of 
the  reticulum,  the  less  there  is  of  this  inter- 
stitial substance,  and  the  more  regularly 
granular  does  it  appear.  Water,  dilute  acids, 
and  alkalies  cause  protoplasm  to  swell  up, 
and  ultimately  become  disintegrated,  and  it  is 
coagulated  by  those  substances  that  coagulate 
proteids.  Its  composition  is  a  problem  with 
which  science  has  still  to  deal. 

"  It  is  now  known  that  in  the  embryo  and  adult 
In  plant  and  animal,  vertebrates  and  in  vertebrate*, 
all  kind*  of  cells,  before  their  protapiatm  ui.drrgoM 
division,  show  eomulicBtad  change  of  their  nucleua, 
leading  to  divuiou.  —  Klein :  Slementt  Huiologi/.  p.  7. 

prd-to-plis'-mic,  a.  [Eng.  protoplnsm ;  -ic.] 
Pertaining  to,  consisting  of,  o.-  resembling 
protoplasm. 

prd'-ti-plast,  «.  [Lat.  protoplasm ;  Or. 
irpwroirAoTTO":  (proto;i/osto<),  from  »rpa>T«  (prd- 
tox)  =  first,  and  irAao-<rw  (p/»ts*6)  =  to  mould.] 
The  original;  the  thing  first  formed,  as  a 
pattern  to  be  copied  ;  the  liist  individual  or 
pair  of  individuals  of  a  species. 

"  The  original  sinner  in  this  kind  was  Dutch  :  Oallo- 
belgicna,  the,  prot oplatt.'— Cleveland:  Worlu(cA.  K»»|, 
p.8*. 

pro  to-plas'  tic,  •  pro  to  plis  tick,  a. 

[Eng.  protoplast ;  -tc.J     First  formed. 
"  Onr  pr-itoplaitick  «lre. 
Lost  paradise."         H<n*ett :  Lexicon  Tetraglotton. 

prd-t8p'-o-dite,  ».  [Pref.  proto-,  and  Gr. 
irovs  (pous),  genit.  iro$(k (podos)  =  a  foot.] 

Comp.  Anat.:  The  basal  segment  of  a  typical 
maxillipede. 

"  The  fmtopodile and  theendopodite.  taken  together. 
ire  i. ,111111  .nly  called  the 'item'  of  the  niniilllped*, 
while  the  exopodite  1*  the  '  palp.'"—  Huxley :  7%» 
CrayJUh,  p.  167. 

pr6'-to>-pdpe,  *.  [Russ.  protnpop.]  In  Russia 
the  same  as  a  PROTOPAPAS  (q.v.). 

t  prd-tip'-tir-i,  *•  P'-    [Pref.  proto-,  and  Gr. 
wrepov  (pteron)  =  a  tin.) 
Ichthy. :  Owen's  name  for  the  Dipnoi  (q.v.). 

pro-top' -tep-Is,  s.  [Pref.  proto-,  and  Or. 
«T«pi'{  (pteri*)  =  a  fern.] 

Palocobot. :  A  genus  of  Tree-ferns,  with  on« 
species,  from  the  coal-measures  of  Whitehaven. 

pro  top  ter-fts,  >.  [Pref.  proto-,  and  Or. 
wttpov  (pteron)  =  a  fin.] 


t&te,  tat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot* 
or.  wore.  wolf,  work,  who.  son;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our.  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian,    aa.  09  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


protornis— protrude 


.3789 


Ichthy.  :  African  Mud-fish  ;  a  genus  of  Sire- 
nldae,  with  a  single  species,  Protopterux  an- 
ntctens,  from  tropical  Africa.  Very  similar  to 
Lepidosiren  (q.v  )  In  the  dry  season  these 
fish  imbed  themselves  in  mud,  from  which 
they  emerge  when  the  rains  fill  the  pools.  In 
this  state  the  clay  balls  containing  the  flsh 
are  often  dug  out,  and  the  imbedded  fishes 
can  be  transported  to  Europe  and  released  by 
being  immersed  in  slightly  tepid  water.  They 
are  carnivorous,  and  attain  a  length  of  six 
feet.  (Owen,  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.,  18.18,  xviii.) 

prot  or-nts,  f.  fPref.  prot-,  and  Or.  6p«t 
=  a  bird.) 

Palftont  :  A  genus  of  Passerine  birds,  with 
one  species,  Protornis  glariensis,  from  the 
Lower  Eocene  Slates  of  Claris.  It  was  some- 
what similar  to  a  lark,  and  la  the  earliest 
known  Passerine. 

pr5t'-or-&-saur,  *.  [PROTOROSAURUS.]  Any 
individual  of  the  genus  Protorosaurus  (q.v.). 
((Owen:  PaUeont.  (ed.  2nd),  p.  281.) 

prot-dr-d-sau'-riis,  prSt-er-o-sau'-rus, 

*.    [Pref.  protero-,  and  Gr.  craOpot  (sauros)  = 
lizard.     (Agassiz.)"] 

Paltcont,  :  A  genus  of  Lacertilia,  founded 
by  Von  Meyer,  to  include  what  was  deemed 
the  fossil  monitor  of  Tliuringia.  The  neck  is 
long,  the  skull  of  moderate  size,  the  tail  long 
and  slender,  the  teeth  sharp-pointed  and 
implanted  in  sockets,  the  cervical  vertebrae 
slightly  amphiooelous.  Two  species,  Protoro- 
saurux  speiieri  and  P.  huxleyi,  from  the  Per- 
mian marl  slates  of  Durham,  and  the  corre- 
sponding Kupferschiefer  in  Germany,  are  the 
earliest  lizards  known.  They  were  six  or  more 
feet  in  length.  Owen  places  them  among  the 
Theeodontia  (q.v.),  whilst  Seeley  thinks  they 
were  Dinosaurs. 

prd'-ti-salt,  *.    [Pref.  proto-,  and  Eng.  salt.] 
i'lifin  :  A  salt  corresponding  to  the  lowest 
oxide  of  a  metal. 

pro  td-spon'-gf-a,  *.  [Pref.  proto-,  and  Gr. 
oitoyyo*  (sponggos)  =  a  sponge.] 

1.  Zool.  •  [PROTEROSPONOIA]. 

2.  I'alceont.  .•  A  genus  of  Keratoda  (?),  with 
four  species,  from  the  Lower  Silurian.    "  The 
minute  structure  of  this  old  type  is  very  im- 
perfectly known."    (Nicholson.)    Protospongia 
jbuffrafa  is  from  the.  Lowe1.  Cambrian.  (Hicks.) 

pr5-td-8p6re,   s.      [Gr.   irp*>To<nr6po«  (proto- 

sporos)  =  sowing  or  begetting  first  :  irpwrot 
(proto*)  =  first,  and  criropot  (sporos)  =  a  seed.] 
Bot  •  Berkeley's  name  for  the  first  apparent 
spores  of  the  Pucciniei,  which  are  analogous 
to  the  prothallus  in  the  higher  cryptograms. 

pro-to-tax-i'-tej,  *.  [Pref.  proto-,  and  Mod. 
Lat.  taxites  (q.v.).] 

PuJteobot.  :  A  fossil  genus,  from  the  Lower 
Devonian  of  Canada,  regarded  by  Sir  J.  Win. 
Dawson  as  coniferous,  but,  according  to  Mr. 
Carrnthers,  founded  on  trunks  of  gigantic  sea- 
weeds, and  called  by  him  Nematophycus.  The 
trunks  vary  in  diameter  from  one  to  three 
feet,  exhibit  concentric  rings,  and  are  made 
up  of  tubes,  the  larger  running  in  the  direc- 
tion of  the  axis,  and  the  smaller  passing  in 
and  out  among  the  larger  in  a  horizontal 
direction. 

pro-ti-ther'-I-a,  *.  pi  [Pref.  proto-,  and  Gr. 
0i)piov  (theritm)  =  a  wild  animal.] 

Zoot.  :  Huxley's  name  for  those  primary 
mammals,  from  which,  it  is  conceived,  the 
Honotremata  were  evolved. 


are  froiu  the  KJenUU  .  Hence,  itwill  be  convenient 
to  liareadistluctuanie./VoCorVrta.  for  thegroup  which 
includes  these,  at  present,  hypothetical  embodiments 
of  that  lowest  stage  of  mammal  ian  type,  of  wblch  the 
existing  monotremes  are  the  only  known  representa- 
tives."— Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1880,  p.  643. 

pro-td-ther'-I-an,  a.  &  s.    [Mod.  Lat.  proto- 
thfri(n);  Eng.  siifT.  -an.] 

A.  .Is  n'lj.  :  Belonging  to  or  characteristic 
of  the  Prototheria. 

"  Protot)terian  characters."—  Proe.  fool.  Sac.,  1MO, 
p.  654. 

B.  As  subst.  :  Any  individual  of  the  Proto- 
theria. 

pro-to  trSc'-tes.  ».     [Pref.  proto-,  and  Gr. 
Tpiuimjs  (trokUs)  =  a  nibbler] 

Ichthy.  :  A  genus  of  Haplochitonida,  with 
two  species,  Protutroctes  murcena,  common  in 


South  Australia,  and  P.  oxyrhynchus,  in  New 
Zealand.  The  settlers  call  them  Grayling. 
They  have  the  hal>it  of  Coregotius,  are  scaly, 
and  are  provided  with  mmute  teeth. 

pro'-ti-type,  *.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  prototypum, 
accus  of  prvtotypus  =  original ;  Gr.  irpwrorviroi' 
(proto<upon)  =  a  prototype,  prop,  neut  sing, 
of  TTpoiTorviros  (jrrotolupos)  =  according  to  the 
first  form  :  irpwrot  (proto*)  =  first,  and  ruirm 
(tupo*)  =  type  (q.v.).]  An  original  or  model 
after  which  anything  Is  copied  ;  the  pattern 
of  anything  to  be  engraved,  cast,  or  otherwise 
copied ;  exemplar,  archetype. 

"  He  and  his  favourite,  Charles  Brandon,  were  the 
prot.jtypri  of  those  illustrious  heroes."—  Walpolt . 
Anecdotei  of  Puinting,  vol.  L,  ch.  iv. 

*pro-t4-typ'-Ic-al,  a.  [Eng  prototype); 
-icaL]  Of  the  nature  of  a  prototype 

"The  strongest  prototypical  mole,  with  the  biggest 
.  .  .  forefeet/*—  Pott  Hall  Oatette,  May  11.  IMS. 

prd-td-ver-mKc'-u-lite,  ».  [Pref.  proto-, 
and  Eng.  vermiculite.] 

Min. :  A  vermiculite-like  mineral  found  in 
large  folia  at  Magi:el  Cove,  Arkansas.  Sp.  gr. 
2"2ti9 ;  lustre,  siibmetallic ;  colour,  grayish- 
greeu.  Analysis  yielded  :  silica,  33"28  ;  alu- 
mina, 14'88 ;  sesquioxidu  of  iron,  6'36 ;  pro- 
toxide of  iron,  0'57  ;  magnesia,  21'52  ;  water, 
8-36 ;  hygroscopic  water,  20-54  =  100  51. 

pro-to-veV-te-bra,  «.  [Pref.  proto-,  and 
Eng  vertebra  (q.v.X] 

Embryo!.  (PL):  Tranverse  clefts  in  a  mass 
or  plate  of  mesoblast  on  each  side  the  axial 
cord,  gradually  developing  into  the  vertebrae. 

prd-tO-Ver'-te-bral,  a.  [Eng.  protovtrte- 
br(a);  -al.]  Of  or 'belonging  to  the  proto- 
vertebrse. 


-J;,  *.  [Pref.  proto-,  and 
Lat.  vestiariits  =.  (Wtuining  to  clothes  ;  vestis 
=  clothes.]  The  head  keeper  of  the  wardrobe. 

"  Magister  and  protovatiary.  or  wardrobe  keeper."— 
Warlon .  Engluh  Poetry,  i.  129. 

pro-tox'-Ide,  s.    [Pref.  prot-,  and  Eng.  oxide.] 
Chem. :  When  a  metal  forms  more  than  one 
oxide,  the  one  containing  the  least  proportion 
of  oxygen  is  called  the  protoxide. 

U  Protoxide  of  copper  =  Melaconite;  pro- 
toxide of  nickel  =  Bunsenite  ;  protoxide  of 
zinc  =  Zincite .  protoxide  of  lead  =  Massicot. 

pro-tSx'-I-dlze,  v.t.   [Eng.  protoxide);  -ize.] 
Chem. :  To  combine  with  oxygen,  as  any 
elementary  substance,  in  the  projmrtion  of  one 
equivalent  of  oxygen,  and  one  of  the  other. 

pro  to-zo  -a,  s.  pi.    [PROTOZOON.) 

Zool,  :  A  group  of  animals,  occupying  the 
lowest  place  in  the  animal  kingdom.  They 
consist  of  a  single  cell,  or  of  a  group  of  cells 
not  differentiated  into  two  or  more  tissues ; 
incapable,  as  a  rule,  of  assimilating  nitrogen 
in  its  difTUsible  compounds  (ammonia  or  ni- 
trates, or  carbon  in  the  form  of  carbonates). 
The  food  is  taken  into  the  protoplasm,  either 
by  a  specialised  mouth  or  by  any  j>art  of  the 
rell  substance,  in  the  form  of  particles.  Prof. 
Ray  Lankester  (Encyc.  Brit.  (ed.  9th),  xix. 
830-66)  has  brought  together  the  results  of  the 
latest  investigations  on  the  nature  of  these 
minute  organisms,  and  adds  full  bibliography. 
He  divides  them  into  two  grades  : 

L  OTVHOIIYXA,    with   seven    classes— Proteomyxa, 

Mycetozoa.  Lobnaa.  Lahyrluthulldea,  Heliozoa, 

Reticularia.  and  Radiolaria. 
S.  CORTICAT*.  with  six  classes— Sporozna.  Flagellata, 

Dinofiagellata,  Rhyncboflagellata,  Ciliata,  and 

Acluetarla. 

prd-ti-ZO'-an,  5.  [Mod.  Lat  protozo(a) ;  Eng. 
sufT.  -on.]  "Any  member  of  the  sub-kingdom 
Protozoa  (q.v.);  a  protozoon. 

pro^-td  -zo'-Jc,  a.  [Mod.  Lat.  protozoa) ;  Eng. 
adj.  sutf.  -ic.] 

1.  Geol. :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  strata  in 
which,  or  to  the  time  when,  life  first  appeared. 

" The   prototnic,  or   first  era  of  \\le."—Hurchimm  : 
Stiuria  led.  1SMI,  p.  11. 

2.  ZnoL  :   Of  or  belonging  to  the  Protozoa 
(q.v.). 

prd-td-ZO'-on,  ».  [Pref.  proto-,  and  Gr.  £poi/ 
(soon)  =  an  animal  :  £o  (20)  =  to  live.]  Any 
individual  of  the  Protozoa  (q.v.). 

pro-tract',  *  pro-track,  v.t.  [Lat  ;>ro- 
tractus,  pa.  par.  of  prot  mho  =.  to  draw  out,  to 
prolong :  pro-  =  forth,  forward,  and  troAo  = 
to  draw.] 


L  Oriiijiory  Language : 

1.  To  draw  out  or  extend  in  duration  ;  to 
prolong,  to  continue.     (Byron :  Corsair,  i.  17.) 

2.  To  extend  or  draw  out  in  length ;   to 
lengthen  out  in  spAce. 

3.  To  delay,  to  defer,  to  postpone  ;  to  put 
off   to  a  distant  time :    as,   To  protract  the 
decision  of  a  question. 

EL  Surv. :  To  plot ;  to  draw  to  a  scale ;  to 
lay  down  the  lines  and  angles  of  by  means  of 
a  scale  and  protractor. 

*  pro-tract',  s.    [PROTRACT,  v.]    Tedious  de- 
lay or  continuance. 

"  Without  further  jmtrnct  and  dilation  of  time.*— 
Wyatt:  Workt;  lltnry  VII I  to  WyaU  (an.  15»). 

pro- tract' -ed,  pa.  par.  or  a.    [PROTRACT,  ».] 

protracted  meeting,  s.  A  religious 
meeting  protracted  or  continued  for  several 
daysj  a  religious  revival  (('  *.; 

pro-tract'-Sd-lJ;  adv.  [Eng.  protracted; 
-ly.]  In  a  protracted  or  prolonged  manner; 
tediously. 

pro-tract' -ed-ness,  *.  [Eng.  protracted; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  pro- 
tracted ;  long  duration. 

pr8-tract'-er,  *.    [Eng.  protract,  v. ;  -tr.] 

1.  One  who  protracts  or  lengthens  out  in 
time. 

2.  A  protractor  (q.v.). 

pro  trac  -tlon,  s.  [Lat.  pro«rac<io,  from  pro- 
tractns,  pa.  par.  of  protroAo  =  to  protract 
(q.v.);  Ital.  protrazione.] 

L  Onl.  Lang. :  The  act  of  protracting  or 
lengthening  out  in  time  ;  the  act  of  delaying 
the  completion  or  termination  of  anything  ;  a 
putting  off  or  deferring  anything ;  delay. 

"  The  other  manager  .  .  .  had  recourse  to  the  old 
mystery  of  protraction,  which  he  exercised  with  such 
success,  that  the  season  was  almost  consumed."— Smot- 
lett:  Tl>e  Kegicide.  (Pref.) 

EL  Surveying: 

1.  The  act  of  plotting  or  laying  down  on 
paper  the  figure  or  dimensions  of  a  piece  of 
land,  &c. 

2.  That  which  is  plotted  on  paper;  a  plan. 

*  pro-tr&c'-tive,  a.     [Eng.  protract ;  -ive.\ 
Protracting  or  lengthening  out  in  time ;  pro- 
longing, continuing,  delaying. 

"  The  protract! vr  trials  of  great  Jove.* 

Shaketp.  :  Truiltu  t  Creuida.  L  S. 

prft-trao'-tor,  ».     (Eng.  protract;  -or.] 

L  Ord.  Lang.  :   One    who    or    that  which 
protracts ;  a  protracter. 
IL  Technically: 

1.  Anat. :  A  muscle  which  draws  forward  A 
part. 

2.  Surg. :  An  instrument,  resembling  a  pair 
of  forceps,  for  drawing  extraneous  bodies  out 
of  a  wound. 

3.  Surv. :  An  instrument,  of  various  forms 
and  materials,   for  laying  down   angles   on 
paper,  &c. 

4.  Tailoring :    An    adjustable,    expansible 
tailor's  pattern. 

*  prS-trep'-tlc-al,  a.  [Gr.  -rpoTp«imie<k  (pro- 
treptikos)  =  urging   forward,  hortatory,  from 
wporpiiria  (protrepo)  —  to  urge  on  :  irpu  (pro)  = 
forward,  and  rpc'irw  (trepo)  =  to  turn.]   Horta- 
tory, persuasive,  persuasory. 

"  The  means  u.<ed  are  partly  didactical  and  protrtp* 
ttcal.--Ward:  On  Infidelity. 

*  pro' -trite,  a.    [Lat  protritus,  pa.  par.  of 
protero  =  to  rub  to  pieces.]    Worn  out,  ob- 
solete. 


pro-tri'-ton,  «.  [Pref.  pro-,  and  Mod.  Lat. 
triton  (q.v.).] 

Pnl(tont. :  A  genus  of  Tailed  Amphibians  (?) 
of  Permian  age.  The  skin  seems  to  have  been 
naked ;  the  head  was  larger  than  that  of 
Salamandra,  and  the  tail  relatively  much 
shoit-r;  the  ribs  were  short,  limbs  short  and 
tetradactyloua. 

*pr8-trAd'-a-ble,o.  [Eng.protrud(«);  -abU.} 
Protrusile. 

"  The  pratrudab'e  trunk  or  probo«cis  of  other  aniM- 
Uds.-— /Xtnmn  :  ftgetnkle  ifould  t  Earthwormt,  p.  It. 

pr&-trikde',  v.t.  &  t.  [Lat  protrudo  —  to 
thrust  forth  or  forward  :  pro  =  forward,  and 
tmdo  =  to  thrust] 


boil,  1x>y ;  pout,  j«%l;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem.;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  oyist.    ph  =  C 
-elan,  -tian  -=  shaa.    -tlon, -sion  -  shun ; -{ion,    eion  -  zhun.    -ciooa,  -tiou*.  -clous  =  chdo.   -We,  -die,  *c.  =  bfl.  del. 


3790 


protrusile— provectlon 


A.  Transitive : 

1.  To  thrust  or  push  forward ;  to  drive  or 
force  along. 

2.  To  shoot  out,  to  project,  to  cause  to  pro- 
ject.   (Cowper :  Familiarity  Dangerous.) 

3.  To  thrust  or  put  forth,  as  from  confine- 
ment ;  to  cause  to  come  forth. 

"  When  young  Spring  protrwift  the  bunting  gems." 
Thornton  :  Autumn,  1.310. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  h«  thrust  out  or  forward; 
to  project,  to  shoot  forward. 

•  pro-tru'-slle,  a.  [Lat.  protmsus,  pa.  par. 
of  protrudo  =  to  protrude  (q.  v.).]  Capable  of 
being  protruded  and  withdrawn. 

pro-tru'-slon,  s.    [PROTRUSILE.] 

1.  The  act  of  protruding  or  thrusting  for- 
ward ;  a  push  ;  a  thrusting  beyoud  the  proper 
or  usual  limits  or  bounds. 

2.  The  state  of  being  protruded  ;  projection. 

"  Which  to  conceive  in  bodies  Inflexible,  and  with- 
out all  pntrusifn  of  part*,  were  to  expect  a  race  from 
Hercules  his  pillars.  —  Browne:  Vulgar  Errourt,  bk. 
lii.eh.L 

*  3.  An  urging  or  driving  forward  ;  incite- 
ment. 


4.  That  which  protrudes. 

"  prS-tTU'-sive,  o.  [Lat.  protrus(us),  pa.  par. 
of  protrudo  =  to  protrude  (q.v.);  Eng.  adj. 
sulT.  -it*.]  Protruding ;  thrusting  or  pushing 
forward. 

•  prfc-tTU'-S ive-ly\    adv.     [Eng.   protrusive; 
-ly.]    In  a  protrusive  manner;  obtrusively. 
(Carlyle.) 

pro  tu  -ber-an9e,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  pro- 
tuberant =  protuberant  (q.v.).]  A  part  which 
swells  above  the  rest ;  a  swelling,  a  promin- 
ence, a  knob,  a  bunch  ;  anything  which  is 
swelled  or  pushed  above  the  level  of  the  sur- 
rounding or  adjacent  surface  ;  a  hill,  a  knoll, 
an  elevaiion.  It  is  used  in  this  sense  in  Anat- 
omy, as  the  occipital,  the  external,  and  in- 
ternal protuberances. 

"  So  many  wens  and  unnatural  protubfranivt  upon 
the  face  of  the  earth."—  More:  Antidote  againtt 
Atheitm,  pt.  L.  bk.  iL,  en.  11L 

•  pr o-tu'-ber-an-cy, .?.    [Eng.  protuberant) ; 

-cy-} 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  protuberant. 

2.  A  protuberance,  a  swelling. 

pro  tu'-ber-ant,  a.  [Lat.  protuberans,  pr. 
par.  of  protubero  =  to  bulge  out :  pro  =  for- 
ward, forth,  and  tuber  =  a  swelling.]  Swelling, 
bulging  out ;  swollen  or  prominent  above  the 
surrounding  or  adjacent  surface. 

"  With  glowing  life  protuberant  to  the  view." 

Thornton  :  Autumn,  1ST. 

prS-tu'-ber-ant-ly\  adv.  [Eng.  protuberant; 
•ly.]  In  a  protuberant  manner;  with  a  pro- 
tuberance. 

*  pr5-tu'-ber-ate,  v.i.     [Lat.  protuberatus, 
pa.  par.  of  protnbero  —  to  bulge  out.]    [PRO- 
TUBERANT.]   To  swell  out  or  rise  above  the 
surrounding  or  adjacent  surface ;    to  bulge 
out ;  to  be  prominent. 

"  If  the  navel  prof  u beratet,  make  a  small  puncture 
with  a  lancet  through  the  skin."— Sharp:  Surgery. 

•pr6-tu-be»-a'-tlon,s-  [PROTUBERATE.]  The 
act  or  state  of  swelling  or  bulging  out  beyond 
the  surrounding  or  adjacent  surface ,  pro- 
tuberance. 

"The  protiiberattm  or  bunching  ont  of  the  para- 
•taUe."— Coot*.  Detcrip.  Body  of  Han,  p.  206. 

*  pro-tu'-ber-OUS,  a.    [Lat.  proM>er(o)  =  to 

protnbemte ;    Eng.  adj.  suff.  -mis.}     Protu- 
berent,  bulging  out. 

"Being  protu'terout,  rough,  crusty,  and  hard." — 
Smith  :  On  Old  Age.  p.  18S. 

prot'-u-la,  s.  [Pref.  pro-,  and  Or.  n\ot  (tulos) 
—  a  knot] 

ZooL  :  A  genus  of  Tubicola,  sub-family  Ser- 
pulinse  ;  it  is  widely  distributed.  In  Protula 
dy<teri  after  sixteen  somites  have  developed 
the  seventeenth  enlarges,  and  becomes  the 
head  and  thorax  of  a  new  zooid. 

•proud,  •  prowd,  v.t.  &  i.    [PROUD,  o.] 

A.  Trans. ;  To  make  proud. 

"  Sitter  proudet  titter ;  brother  hardens  brother." 
Sylvetter:  Trophiet,  l,m. 

B.  Intrant. :  To  be  or  become  proud. 

"Tn«l«  pmmleth  Pnw'r." 

Sylieaer :  Henrie  the  Great.  111. 


proud,  *  proude,  *  prout,  *  prut,  a. 

[A.S.  prut  =  proud  ;  pruting  =  pride  ;  Icel. 
prudhr  =  proud  ;  Dan.  prud  =  stately,  magni- 
ficent.) 

1.  Feeling,  displaying,  or  actuated  by  pride, 
either  good  or  bad  : 

(1)  Having  an  excessive  or  unreasonable 
opinion  of  one's  self,  or  of  one's  own  qualities, 
accomplishments,  power,  position,  &c.  ;  filled 
with  or  displaying  inordinate  self-esteem ; 
acting  with  haughty  or  lofty  airs  or  mien  ; 
haughty,  arrogant,  presumptuous,  conceited. 

"  I  would  assay,  proud  queen,  to  tuake  thee  blush." 
Shakeip. :  3  Henry  VI.,  i.  4. 

^2)  Possessing  an  honourable  and  justifiable 
pride  or  self-esteem. 

(3)  Prid  ing  one's  self ;  feeling  pride;  valuing 
one's  self :  as,  proud  of  one's  country. 

2.  Lofty  of  mien ;   of  fearless   and    high- 
spirited  character. 

"  In  look  and  language  promt  as  proud  might  be." 
Scott :  Vition  of  Don  Xoilericlc,  S». 

3.  Spirited,  mettlesome,  untamable. 

"  The  pruudeit  panther  In  the  chaw." 

Shakrip.  :  TUtu  Andronicui,  ii.  1 

4.  Pleased,  gratified.    (Amer.) 

5.  Affording  reason  or  grounds  for  pride, 
self-gratulation,  or  boasting;  splendid,  mag- 
nificent, grand,  gorgeous. 

"Their  deeds,  as  they  deserve, 
Receive  fraud  recompense."     Cowper:  Tatt.  v.  rat, 

6.  Noble,  honourable. 

"The  proudest  boast  of  the  most  aspiring  philoso- 
pher."— Ooldmith  :  Polite  teaming,  ch.  xiv. 

7.  Proceeding    from,   or  characterized  by, 
pride  or  arrogance  ;  daring,  presumptuous. 

*  8.  Excited  by  the  animal  appetite.    (Ap- 
plied to  the  female  of  certain  animals.) 

"  He  gave  it  unto  a  bitch  that  was  proud."— Brottmt : 
Vulgar  Errourt. 

*  9.  Luxuriant,  exuberant,  abundant. 

proud-flesh,  s.  A  fungous  growth  or 
fleshy  excrescence  arising  in  wounds  or  ulcers. 

"The  sores  had  generated  proud- fleth."— Daily 
Telegraph,  Nov.  SO,  1885. 

proud-hearted,  a.  Haughty,  arrogant, 
proud.  (Shakesp. :  3  Henry  VI.,  v.  i.) 

*  proud-pied,  a.    Gorgeously  variegated. 
(Shakesp. :  Sonnet  98.) 

*  proud-stomached,  o.    Of  a  haughty 
spirit ;  haughty,  high-tempered,  arrogant. 

t  proud'-Ish,  a.  [Eng.  proud;  -ith.]  Some- 
what proud. 

*  proud -ling,  s.     [Eng.  proud;  -ling.]    A 
proud  person. 

*'  To  proudlinyt  steme  and  strict," 

Sfleetter:  Henrie  the  threat,  151 

proud' -ly,  adv.  [Eng.  proud;  -ly.]  In  a 
proud  manner ;  with  pride,  haughtiness,  or 
loftiness  of  mien  ;  haughtily,  arrogantly ; 
with  spirit  or  mettle. 

"  He  spoke,  and  proudly  turned  aside.* 

Scott;  Rokebf,  v.  10. 

*  proud'-ness,  s.     [Eng  proud;  -ness.]    The 
quality  or  state  of  being  proud  ;  pride. 

"  Set  aside  all  arrogancy  and  proudneu."—Latimer  : 
Second  Sermon  on  the  Lorttt  Prayer. 

proust'-ite,  «.  [After  the  French  chemist, 
J.  L.  Proust ;  sufiT  -ite  (Min.).  J 

Min. :  An  important  silver  ore  occurring 
also  in  distinct  crystals.  Crystallization, 
rhombohedraL  Hardness,  2  to  2'5  ;  sp.  gr. 
5*42  to  5 '56  ;  lustre,  adamantine  ;  colour  and 
streak,  cochineal-red;  transparent  to  sub- 
translucent  ;  fracture,  uneven,  conchoidal ; 
brittle.  Compos. .  sulphur,  19'4  ;  arsenic, 
15-2  ;  silver,  65'4  =  100  ;  yielding  the  formula, 
SAgS+AsoSs  ;  isomorphouft  with  pyrargyrite 
(q.v.).  Found  in  many  silver  mines.  A 
group  of  crystals  in  the  Natural  History 
Museum,  South  Kensington,  from  the  mines 
of  Chanarcillo,  Copiapo,  Chili,  is  stated  to  be 
unique  for  size  and  perfection  of  form. 

prov'-a-ble,  a.    [Eng.  prov(e);  -able.] 

1.  Capable  of  being  proved  or  demonstrated  ; 
demonstrable. 

"Proof supposes somethingprotwi/a."— tfift:  Si/arm 
o/  Logic,  pt  (.  ch.  Hi.,  f  1. 

2.  Capable  of  being  proved  or  established  as 
valid. 

"Many  of  the  claims  wen.  .  .  not  provable  in 
bankruptcy."— Evening  Standard,  Feb.  1.  188*. 

*  prdv'-a^ble-ness.  s.  [Eng.  prowble ;  -ness.] 

The  quality  or  st-ite  of  being  provable  ;  capa- 
bility of  being  proved. 


*  proV-a-bly,  orfr.      [Eng.   provable) ;    -ly.] 
In  a  manner  eatable  of  being  proved ;  to  u 
to  be  proved. 

"  No  fault  can  profably  be  laid  'into  him."— Utal: 

Titat.  i. 

*  proV-and,    »  prov  -end,    *  prov  ant, 

*  prov-ende,  *.  &  a.    [Fr.  provende  •=.  pro- 
vender (q.v.).] 

A.  As  substantive : 

L  Food,  provisions,  supplies,  provender. 

"  C'Hinels  .  .  .  have  their  prorand 
Only  for  bearing  burdens." 

Shakeip.  :  Coriotanui.  IL  L 

2.  A  prebend. 

B.  As  adj. :   Provided  for  the  use  of  the 
general  body  of  soldiers ;  hence,  of  inferior 
quality ;  inferior,  common. 

"A  knave  .  .  .  with  a vromnf  sword 
Will  slash  your  scarlet." 

MoMinger:  Maid  of  Honour,  L  1 

*  provant  master,  s.     A  person  who 
supplied  clothes  for  the  soldiers. 

*  prS v'-ant,  v.t.     [PROVAND,  «.]    To  supply 

with  food  or  necessaries  ;  to  victual. 

"  To  provant  and  victuall  this  monstrous  army  o! 
•traugers."— A'athe:  Lenten  Stuffe. 

prove,  *  preeve,  *  preov  en,  *  preve, 

*  prieve,  v.t.   &  i.     [O.  Fr.  prm-er,  pruver 
(Fr.  prouver),  from  Lat.  probo  =  to  test,  try, 
or  prove  the  good  quality  of  anything  ;  probut 
=  good,  excellent ;  A.  S.  prtfian ;  DuLproeven; 
Icel.  prnfa  ;  S-w.profva;   Dan.  prove;   Ger. 
proben,  probiren,   priifen;  Sp.  probar ;  Port. 
provar ;  Ital.  pruvare.] 

A, 'Transitive: 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  To  test  or  try  by  an  experiment,  in  order 
to  ascertain  the  quality  of,  according  to  a 
certain  standard;  to  make  trial  of;  to  bring 
to  the  test.    (Lit.  <tfig.)    (1  Thess.  v.  21.) 

2.  To  experience ;    to   gain    personal   ex- 
perience of;  to  try  by  suffering,  encountering, 
or  passing  through.  (Spenser:  F.  Q.,  IV.  vi.  34.) 

3.  To  evince  ;  to  show  by  argument,  reason- 
ing, or  testimony ;  to  establish,  or  ascertain 
as  truth,  reality,  or  fact;  to  demonstrate. 

"  If  on  the  Book  itself  we  cast  oar  view. 
Concurrent  heathens  prose  the  story  true." 

Itrydtn  :  Keliyio  Laid,  14T. 

4.  To  establish  the  authenticity  or  validity 
of :   as,  To  prove  debts  in  bankruptcy  ;   to 
obtain  probate  of :  as,  To  prove  a  wilL    [PRO- 
BATE.] 

IL  Arith. :  To  show  or  ascertain  the 
correctness  of,  as  by  a  farther  calculation  ; 
thus  in  addition  the  result  may  be  proved  by 
subtraction,  and  in  multiplication  by  division. 

B.  Intransitive: 

*  1.  To  make  trial ;  to  try,  to  essay. 

2.  To  be  found  by  experience  or  trial ;  to 
have  its  qualities  ascertained  by  experience  or 
trial. 

"  All  esculent  and  garden  herbs,  set  upon  the  tor*  of 
hills,  will  prove  more  medicinal,  though  less  esculent" 
—Bacon. 

3.  To  be  ascertained  by  the  event  or  result  ; 
to  turn  out  to  be. 

"  Lest  on  the  threshing  floor  his  hopeful  sheaves 
Prote  chaff"  Milton :  P.  L.,  Iv.  98*. 

*  4.  To  make  certain  ;  to  have  or  attain 
certain  proof  or  demonstration. 

"  Believing  where  we  cannot  prove." 

Trnnyion .  In  Memoriam.    (ProL) 

*  5.  To  succeed. 

"If  the  ex|«riraent  prated  not.  It  might  be  pra. 

5  dut 

*  1  To  provt  masteries :  To  make  trial  of  skill ; 
to  try  for  the  mastery. 

*  prove,  s.    [PROOF.] 

*  prd-vgcf ,  *  pro-vecte,  a.    [Lat  provectut, 

pa.  par.  of  proveho  =  to  carry  forward  :  pro  = 
forth,  forward,  and  veho  =  to  carry.]  Carried 
forward,  advanced. 

"  The  faictes  and  gesture  of  them  that  be  proved*  IB 
years."— Sir  T.  Kli/ot:  The  Oorernour,  bk.  L 

prS-vec'-tiou,  s.  [Lat.  provectio,  from  pro- 
vectus,  pa.  par.  of  proveho  =  to  carry  forward.] 
Philol. :  The  carrying  on  of  the  terminal 
letter  of  a  word,  and  attaching  it  to  the 
succeeding  word,  when  it  begins  with  a  vowel, 
as  a  newt  for  an  ewt ;  a  nickname  for  an  eke- 
name. 

"  Another  fertile  soured  of  error  lies  In  the  habit  at 
what  Mr.  Whitely  Stokes  calls  •  Provfrtion.'  a  wort 
which  may  well  take  a  place  In  the  nomenclature  of 
Philology."— A'ey.'  PhUoloyicnl  Buayt,  p.  227. 


fete,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p5t, 
or,  wore,  wgli.  work,  whd,  son;  mnte,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  fall ;  try,  Syrian,    se,  ce  =  e :  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


proveditor— provident 


3791 


•pro-VC  -dl-t6r,  s.  [Fr.  provediteur;  Ital. 
proveditore,  from  provedtre  =  to  provide  (q.  v.).] 
A  purveyor,  a  provider ;  oue  employed  to 
provide  supplies  for  an  army. 

"  Can  anyone  dare  to  make  Him  .  .  .  his  proveditor* 
tor  sii..-h  things  as  ein  only  feed  his  pride  aud  flush  Ms 
ambition?"— South:  Sermant,  lit  104. 

*prov'-5  dbre,  s.  [Sp.  provedor.]  A  pro- 
vider ;  one  who  provides  or  supplies ;  a 
proveditor 

"  An  officer  .  .  .  busied  with  tbe  dutiea  of  a  pror*- 
(tore."—  Washington  Irving. 

prov'-en,  pa.  par.  or  a.  [PROVE,  v.}  (It  is 
used  now  only  in  poetry  and  in  the  verdict 
Not  proven.) 

^  Not  proven : 

Scots  Law:  A  verdict  given  by  a  jury  in  a 
criminal  case  when  there  is  sufficient  evidence 
to  raise  strong  suspicion  of  the  guilt  of  the 
accused,  but  not  sufficient  to  convict  him. 

Pro  verbal  (as  Pro  van  sal), «.  &  a.  [Fr.] 

A.  As  substantive : 

1.  A  native  of  Provence. 

2.  The  Langue  d'oc  (q.v.). 

"The  chief  dialect  of  southern  France,  the  Pro- 
fencal."—  tfhitm-f  :  Life  i  Growth  of  Language,  ch.  x. 

B.  As  adj  :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Provence, 
its  language  or  inhabitants. 

Provence  (as  Prov'-ans),  $.     [Fr.,  from 
Lat.  provincia  =  a  province  (q.v.).J 
Geoff. :  A  province  in  the  south  of  France. 

Provence-oil,  s. 

Chem. :  A  name  applied  to  olive  oil  obtained 
by  cold  pressure  from  the  ripe  fruits  imme- 
diately after  gathering.  (Watts.) 

Provence-rose,  s.     [CABBAGE-ROSE.] 

Pro-veV-ci^l  (ci  as  sh),  o.  [Fr.  Provencal.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  Provence  ;  Provencal. 

•prov-end,  '  prov-ende,  s.    JPROVAND,  «.] 

proV-fin-der,  *  prov-en-dre,  s.  [From 
Mid.  Eng.  prouende  (three  syllables),  from  Fr. 
provende,  from  Lat.  prtebenda;  Dut. provande.] 
[PREBEND,  PROVAND.] 

*  L  Provisions,  food,  meat. 

2.  Dry  food  for  beasts,  as  hay,  corn,  straw. 

"Give  their  fasting  bone*  provender." 

HhaJcetp.  :  Henry  r.,  Iv.  i. 

*  3.  A  prebendary ;  a  person   enjoying   a 
prebend.    (Robert  de  Brunne,  p.  81.) 

•  pr5v'-en-der.  v.t.     [PROVENDER,  ».]    To 
supply  with  provender  or  food  ;  to  feed. 

"  His  horses  are  provendered  as  epicurely."— Hcuke: 
Lenten  Stuffe. 

*  prov-en-dre,  s.    [PROVENDER,  «.] 

*  prov-ent,  *.    [PRO VEND.] 

pro-ven-tric'-u-lus,  *.  [Pref.  pro-,  and  Lat 
ventriculus  =  the  belly.]  [VENTRICLE.] 

Corn-par.  Anat.  :  The  second  cavity  iu  the 
oesophagus  of  birds  below  the  crop.  It  corre- 
sponds to  the  cardiac  portion  of  the  stomach 
in  mammals,  but  is  the  chief  place  where  di- 
gestion is  carried  on.  Used  also  of  a  muscular 
crop  in  the  earthworm. 

•  prov'-en-ne,  *.    [PROVEND.]    Provision. 


prov  -er,  s.    [Eng.  prov(e),  v. ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  proves  or  tries. 

"  Make  that  demand  of  the  prover'—Shaketp.  : 
Troilui  i  Creuida.  ii.  a. 

t  2.  An  approver.    (Wharton.) 

pr6V-erb,  *proy-erbe,  *.  [Fr.  proverbe, 
from  Lat.  proverbium  =  a  common  saying,  a 
proverb  :  pro  =  openly,  publicly,  and  verbum 
=  a  word  ;  Sp.,  Port.,  &  Ital.  proverbio.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 
1.  An  old  and  common  saying ;  a  short  or 
pithy  sentence  often  repeated,  and  containing 
or  expressing  some  well-known  truth  or  com- 
mon fact  ascertained  by  experience  or  obser- 
vation ;  a  sentence  which  briefly  and  forcibly 
expresses  some  practical  truth ;  a  maxim,  a 
aaw,  an  adage,  an  aphorism,  an  apophthegm. 

"  A  proverb  Is  usually  defined,  an  instructive  sen- 
tence,  or  common  and  pithy  saying,  in  which  more  is 
generally  designed  than  expressed,  famous  for  IU 
peculiarity  and  elegance,  and  therefore  adapted  by  the 
learned  as  well  as  the  vulear,  by  which  'tis  dintin- 
flushed  f  roiu  omnterf  ci  t  s  «  tush  want  such  authority." 
-Sag:  Proverbt.  <Pr«L) 


2.  A  by-word ;   an  expression  or  name  of 
contempt,  hatred,  or  reproach.  (1  Kingsix.  7.) 

3.  A  short  dramatic   composition,  chiefly 
French,  in  which  some  well-known  proverb  or 
popular  saying  is  taken  as  the  foundation  of 
the  plot. 

IL  Scripture: 

1.  A  moral  saying  or  maxim,  enigmatical 
or  allegorical  in  its  nature.    (Proverbs  i.  6.) 

2.  (PL) Old  Test.  Canon:  Heb.  '^Dp  (AHshlei), 
pi.  of  ^£tp  (mashal)  —  (1)  a  similitude,  a  para- 
ble (Ezek.  xvii.  2,  zxiv.  3);  (2)  a  pithy  saying, 
generally  involving  latent  comparison;  (3)  a 
proverb  properly  so-called ;   (4)   a  song   or 
poem,  prophetic  (Num.  xxiii.  7,  18),  didactic 
(Job  xxvii.  1),  or  derisive  (Isaiah  xiv.  4),  &c. 
The  noun,  b^jlp  (mashaT),  is  from  the  verb 
""TTO  (mashat)  =  to  make  like,  to  assimilate. 
(Gesenius.)    It  was  therefore  to  be  exjiected 
that  the  book  of  Proverbs  would  not  consist 
exclusively  of  proverbs  properly  so  called ; 
nor  does  it.     For  instance,  ch.  ii.  is  not  a 
series  of  detached  sayings,  but  a  didactic 
treatise.    Dr.  Otto  Zpckler  (Prov.  Solomon  (ed. 
Aiken),  pp.  35-37)  divides  the  Book  into  five 
leading  portions  :  (1)  Introductory  (i.   7-jx. 
IS);   (2)  original  nucleus  of  the  collection, 
genuine  Proverbs  of  Solomon  (x.  1-xxii.  16) ; 
(3)  additions    made    before    Hezekiah's  day 
(xxii.  17-xxiv.  34) ;  (4)  gleanings  by  the  men 
of   Hezekiah   (xxv.-xxix.) ;   (5)  the  Supple- 
ments (xxx.-xxxi.),  the  first  being  the  words 
of  .Agur  (xxx.),  and  the  second  the  words  of 
Lemuel,  with  the  poem  in  praise  of  the  matron 
(xxxi.).     Chapter  xxxi.  10-31  constitutes  an 
alphabetical  acrostic.    Chapters  i.-xxix.  are 
generally  attributed  to  Solomon,   who  was 
"  wiser  than  all  men,"  and  "  spake  3,000  pro- 
verbs" (1   Kings  iv.  31,  32),  which  do  not 
seem  to  have  been  founded  solely  on  his  own 
experience,   but  on  the  shrewd  observation 
of  the  nation  at  large  (i.  6).    The  collection 
made  under  Hezekiah  repeats  many  proverbs 
which  appeared  in  the  earlier  one.    The  lives 
of  Agur  and  of  King  Lemuel's  mother,  and 
the  dates  of  the  two  appendices  ascribed  to 
them,  are  unknown.     The  New  Testament 
directly  quotes  from  this  book  in  very  many 
instances. 

Cl  Prov.  ill.  11,  13  with  Heb,  ill.  5,  «,  Rev.  ill.  10 ; 
Prov.  ill.  34  with  James  ir.  6  ;  Prov.  ii.  II  with  1  Pet. 
Iv.  H ;  Prov.  x»v.  21,  22  » ith  Rom.  xii.  20 :  Prov.  xxvi. 
11  with  2  Pet  ii.  2-:.  Allusion  is  made  to  Pruv.  L  16  in 


*  proV-erb,  v.t.  &  <.    [PROVERB,  ».] 

A.  Transitive  : 

1.  To  speak  of,  or  mention  in  or  as,  a  proverb. 

"  Am  I  not  sung  and  proverb'd  for  a  fool 
In  ev'ry  street  ?  "    Milton  :  Samton  Agonittet,  20. 

2.  To  provide  with  a  proverb. 

"  I  am  proverb'd  with  a  grandsire  phrase.* 

Shaketp.  :  Romeo  t  Juliet,  \.  4. 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  utter  proverbs  ;  to  speak 
in  proverbs. 

"  All  their  pains  taken  to  seem  so  wise  in  proverb- 
ing  serve  but  to  conclude  them  downright  slave*."  — 
Milton  :  Article!  qf  Peace. 

prS-vfirb'-i-ai,  *  pro-verb-1-aH,  o.  [Fr., 
from  Lat.  proverbialis,  from  proverbium  =  a 
proverb  (q.v.);  Sp.  proverbial;  Ital.  prover- 
biale.] 

1.  Mentioned  in  a  proverb   or   proverbs  ; 
used  as  a  proverb  ;  as  familiar  or  well-known 
as  a  proverb  ;  used  or  current  in  a  proverb. 

"  The  loyalty  of  Lochiel  Is  almost  proverbial."— 
Macaulay  :  Biit.  Eng.,  ch.  iiii. 

2.  Suitable  for  a  proverb. 

"  This  river's  head  being  unknown,  and  drawn  to  a 
proverbial  obscurity,  the  opinion  became  without 
bounds."  —  Browne. 

3.  Resembling  a  proverb  :  as,  To  speak  with 
proverbial  brevity. 


[Eng.  proverbial; 
•ism.]    A  proverbial  saying  or  phrase. 

prS-verb'-J-ijl-iSt,  ».  [Eng.  proverbial; 
•ist.]  A  writer,  composer,  collector,  or  admirer 
of  proverbs.  (iMnghorne  :  Theodosivt  &  Con- 
stantia,  pt.  ii.,  let.  3.) 

prd:verb'-I-al-Ize,  v.t.  &  i.  [Eng.  pro- 
verbial ;  -ize.] 

A.  Trans.  :  To  make  into  a  proverb  ;  to  turn 
Into  a  proverb. 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  use  proverbs  ;  to  speak  in 
proverbs. 

"I   forbear   from   any   farther  prtrveroiatMng.*— 
Sennet  :  Eramut  ;  Praite  of  folly,  p.  186. 


pr8-verb'-I-al-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  proverbial; 
•ly.]  In  a  proverbial  manner;  by  way  of 
proverb  ;  as  a  proverb  ;  in  proverbs. 

"  The  like  we  affirm  proverbially  of  the  beetle."— 
Browne  :  Vulgar  Errowrt,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  xrlii. 

*prdv'-erb-ize,».<.  [Eng. proverb ;  -ize.]  To 
make  into  a  proverb. 

"  They  proeerbited  the  Attik-house." 
Sylvetter:  Dv.  Bartai ;  teventh  day,  tint  ueek,  MS. 

prov-es,  s.  [See  def.)  A  corrupt,  of  provost 
(q.v.).  (Burns:  Brigs  of  Ayr.) 

prfc-vide'.  *  pro  vyde,  v.t.  &  i.  [Lat.  pro- 
vuleo  =  to  see  beforehand,  to  foresee,  to  act 
with  foresight :  pro  =  before,  and  video  =  to 
see  ;  Ital.  provedere ;  O.  Fr.  prowoir,  porvoir; 
Fr.  pourvoir ;  Sp.  proveer;  Port,  prover.] 

A.  Transit  in : 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  To  foresee. 

"  Providing  the  hurts  these  licentious  spirits  may 
do."— Ben  J onion :  Volpon*.  (Dedic.) 

2.  To  get  ready,  procure,  collect,  or  prepare 
beforehand ;  to  procure  or  get  ready  for  future 
use. 

"  Provide  your  block  aud  your  axe." 

Shakes?. :  Meaiure/or  Meamn,  iv.  S, 

If  It  is  frequently  followed  in  this  sense  by 
for  or  against :  as,  To  provide  warm  clothing 
for  winter,  to  provide  a  refuge  against  attack. 

3.  To  furnish,  to  supply.    (Now  followed  by 
with  ;  formerly  also  by  of.) 

"  I  am  provided  qf  a  torch-bearer.* 

Mukes],.  :  Merchant  of  Venice,  IL  4. 

4.  To  supply  with  what  is  needed ;  to  make 
ready. 

"  I  pr'ythee.  let  us  be  provided 
To  shew  them  entertainment." 

ShaJcetp. :  Timon  of  A  them.  L  & 

5.  To  make  or  lay  down  as  a  previous  or 
preliminary  arrangement,  condition,  or  pro- 
vision ;  to  stipulate. 

*  IL  Eccles. :  To  appoint  to  a  benefice  before 
it  is  vacant.    [PROVISOR,  PROVISION.] 

B.  Intrans. :   To   make   preparations ;    to 
make  provision  ;  to  take  measures  for  protec- 
tion against,  or  escape  from,  a  possible  or 
probable  evil,  or  for  comfort,  safety,  or  supply 
of  all  things  necessary.    (Followed  by  for  or 
against.) 

"  Warn  wiser  princes  to  provide  for  their  safety." 
Ben  Joruon :  Hejanut,  T. 

prfc-vid'-e'd,  pa.  par.,  a.,  &  conj.    [PROVIDE.] 
A.  &  B.  As  pa.  far.  £  partitip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  conj. :  It  being  agreed,  arranged,  or 
understood  beforehand ;  on  condition.    (Fre- 
quently followed  by  that.) 

"  Provided  that  you  do  no  outrages." 

Shaketp. :  Tm  Gentlemen,  IT.  L 

IT  In  the  use  as  a  conjunction,  provided  la 
really  a  past  participle  agreeing  with  the  word 
this  or  the  whole  sentence,  as  a  Latin  ablative 
absolute  ;  thus,  the  above  example  might  be 
rendered,  "  This  being  provided,  that,  &c." 

pr8v'-I-den9e, ».  [Fr..  from  Lat.  providentia, 
from  provident  =  provident  (q.v.);  Sp.  &  Port. 
providencia ;  Ital.  jirovidema.  Providence  and 
prudence  are  doublets.] 

*  L  Foresight,  timely  care,  prevision,  pru- 
dence ;  the  act  of  making  provision  for  the 
future. 

"  Providence  Is.  whereby  a  man  not  onely  foreseeth 
comniodytie  and  incoiuinyditie,  urocperitie  and 
aduersitle,  but  also  cousulteth."— T.  Elyot :  Gnernvur. 
bk.  L.  ch.  xxiii. 

2.  Frugality,  economy,  or  prudence  in  the 
management  of  one's  concerns. 

3.  The   care   of  God  over  his  creatures; 
divine  superintendence. 

"  To  His  due  time  and  providence  I  leave  them." 
Milton.-  /•.«.,  ill.  440. 

4.  Hence,  used  for  God  himself,  regarded 
as  exercising  care,  foresight,  and  direction 
over  his  creatures. 

"  But  Providetice  Himself  will  Intervene." 

Cowper  :  Table  Talk,  444. 

5.  A  manifestation  of  the  care  and  super, 
intendence   which    God   exercises   over   his 
creatures  ;  an  act  or  event  in  which  the  provi- 
dence and  care  of  God  over  his  creatures  are 
directly  exhibited  and  seen  ;  often  used  almost 
synonymously  with  mercy  or  blessing :  as,  It 
was  a  providence  he  was  not  killed. 

proY-I-dent,  •  prov-1-dente,  a.  [Lat 
providens,  pr.  par.  of  prorideo=  to  foresee,  to 
provide  (q.v.);  Fr.  provident ;  Sp.pro-cidentt; 
ital.  prnwidtntt.  Provident  and  prudent  are 
doublets.] 


boll,  bo>;  poiit.  jo\vl;  oat,  cell,  chorus,  shin,  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  (his;  tin,  aa;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.    -Ing, 
-clan,   tian  =  shan,    -tion.    slon  -  shun ; -^ion, -?ion  =  zhan,    -cious. -tioua, -«ious  -  shua.    -ble, -dlo,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


3792 


providential— provislonary 


*1.  Foreseeing,  forecasting,  pi  escieut.  (Fol- 
lowed by  of.) 

2.  Foreseeing    and   making   provision   for 
future  wants  ;  prudent  in  preparing  or  provid- 
ing for  the  future.  (Sometimes  followed  by  of.) 

"  He    li    lyke   to   a  providtntt   and    clrciuiupeuM 
builder."—  U,lal:  Lulu  vl. 

3.  Frugal,  economical,  not  wasteful. 

"  So  Just  »ud  yet  to  provident  of  blood." 

Druden  :  Palamon  *  Ar.-ite.  ill.  Vtl 

prSv-I  den'-tial  (ti  as  sh),  a.    [Eng.  provi- 

dent; -Ull.] 

1.  Effected  by  divine  providence  ;  referrible 
to  the  providence  of  God  ;  proceeding  from 
divine  direction  or  superintendence  :  as,  a 
providential  escape  from  danger. 

*2.  Provident;  exercising  foresight  and 
Oare. 

"  SuitMn'd  mlone  by  providential  hear"!!." 

Tnonuon  :  Spring,  684. 

*  3.  Characterized  by  foresight  and  care. 

"  Be  bis  guard  thy  providential  care." 

Pope  :  Bomer  ;  Iliad  xvi.  tM. 

prSv-J-den'-tial-ly  (ti  as  sh),  adv.  [Eng. 
providential;  -ly.]  In  a  providential  manner; 
by  an  act  of  divine  providence. 

"  Every  animal  is  providentially  directed  to  the  use 
of  ita  proper  weapons."—  &iy  .•  On  Ike  Creation. 

proV-I-dent-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  provident  ;  -ly.] 
In  a  provident  or  prudent  manner  ;  with  fore- 
aight,  and  wise  precaution  ;  prudently. 

"  [He  J  provident!!/  caters  lor  the  sparrow." 

Shaketp.  :  At  i'ou  Like  It.  ii.  S. 

•prfiv'-I-dent-ness,  s.  [Eng.  provident; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  oeing  provi- 
dent ;  providence,  foresight,  prudence. 

"  Profidentneu,  good  heede-giving."—  Atcham  :  Toxc- 


pr6-vid'-er,  »  pro-vyd-er,  *.  [Eng.  pro- 
vid(e);  -er.]  One  who  provides,  procures,  or 
supplies  that  which  is  necessary.  Often  used 
(17.  8.  colloq.)  in  referring  to  the  head  of  a 
bouse  ;  as  a  good  provider  —  one  who  supplies 
the  table,  Ac.,  literally. 


g,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  conj.    [PROVIDE.] 
A.  &  B.  Aspr.  par.  A  particip.  adj.  :   (!See 

the  verb). 
C.  As  conj.:  Provided  ;  on  condition  that; 

It  being  understood  that.    [PROVIDED,  ^.] 

•  proV-i-dore,  *.    [PROVEDORE.] 

prov  11196,  *  prov-ynce,  *.  [Fr.  province, 
from  Lat.  provincia  =  a  territory,  conquest  ;  a 
word  of  doubtful  etymology  ;  Sp.,  Port.,  & 
Ital.  provincia.] 

I  Ordinary  Language  : 

L  Literally  : 

(1)  Orig.  :  A  country  or  district  of  consider- 
able extent,  beyond  the  con  fines  of  Italy,  com- 
pletely subjugated,  deprived  of  its  independ- 
ence, under  the  rule  of  a  governor  sent  from 
Rome,  and  liable  to  such  taxes  and  contribu- 
tions as  the  Roman  Senate  saw  fit  to  decree. 

"  Every  province  from  Britain  to  Egypt  had  it*  own 
Aagnstua.  —  ilaeaulay  :  Bat.  £ng..  ch.  xiv. 

*  (2)  A  region  of  country  ;  a  district,  a  tract. 

"  Over  many  a  tract 

Of  heav'n  they  march'd,  and  many  a  province  wide." 
Milton  :  P.  L.,  vl.  77. 

(8)  A  colony  or  dependent  country  at  a  dis- 
tance from  the  ruling  state  ;  a  division  of  a 
kingdom,  country,  or  state:  as,  The  province* 
Into  which  France  was  divided  previous  to 
the  Revolution. 

(4)  PI.  :  Districts  or  portions  of  a  country 
at  a  distance  from  the  metropolis,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  capital,  or  home  counties. 

2.  Figuratively: 

(1)  The  proper  sphere,  auty,  office,  or  busi- 
ness of  a  person  or  body  ;  sphere  of  action  ; 
proper  or  peculiar  functions. 

(2)  A  division  or  department  of  knowledge 
or  speculation  ;  a  department  or  branch  of 
learning. 

"  They  never  look  abroad  Into  othar  pravinctt  of  th< 
Intellectual  world."—  VatU. 
IL  Technically: 

1.  Ecclesiastical: 

(1)  Anglican:   A   division    of  England    for 
ecclesiastical    purposes,    under    the   jurisdic- 
tion of  an  archbishop.    In  England  there  are 
two  provinces,  Canterbury  and  York. 

(2)  Roman:  [PROVINCIAL,  B.  2.]. 

2.  Rial.  <t  Geog.  :  A  division  of  the  earth's 
surface  characterized  by  peculiar  species,  or 


by  peculiar  assemblages  of  animals  or  plants. 
[REGION,  II.]  The  term  province  is  chiefly 
used  with  reference  to  marine-life,  and  the 
most  important  provinces  will  be  found  in  this 
Dictionary  under  the  adjective  denoting  their 
locality  or  range.  Provinces  existed  in  geolog- 
ical times. 

*  3.  Zool.  :  A  sub-kingdom.     (Owen.) 
province-rose,  s.    [PROVENCE-ROSE.] 

pro  vin   cial  (o  as  sh),  *  pro  vin  ci  all, 

a.  &  s.  [Fr."  provincial,  from  Lat.  provincials 
=  pertaining  to  a  province  (q.v.)  ;  Sp.  ft  Port. 
provincial;  Ital.  provinciate.] 

A.  As  adjective  :  . 

1.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  a  province  :  as, 
a  provincial  government,  a  provincial  dialect. 

"  In  the  reign  of  Charles  the  Second  no  pr<jvincial 
town  in  the  kingdom  contained  thirty  thousand  in- 
habitanta."—  Uacaulay  :  JIM.  Eng..  ch.  Hi. 

2.  Constituting  or  forming  a  province  ap- 
peudant  to  the  principal  kingdom  or  state. 

3.  Pertaining  to  an  ecclesiastical  province, 
or  to  the  jurisdiction  of  an  archbishop  :  as,  a 
provincial  synod. 

4.  Characteristic  of  a  province  ;  exhibiting 
the  manners  or  peculiarities  of  a  province  ; 
hence,  countrified  ;  rustic,  rude,  unpolished. 

"  The  base  allay  of  their  provincial  speech."—  .Sir  W. 
Temple  :  On  P'tetry. 

5.  Used  in  a  province  ;  characteristic  of  a 
province. 

"  This  participle  is  provincial."  —farle  :  Philology, 
J  3C« 

•  6.  Exercising  jurisdiction  over  a  province. 
7.  Specif.  :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Provence  in 

France  ;  Provencal. 

B.  As  substantive: 

1.  Ord.  Ia.ng.  :  One  who  belongs  to  a  pro- 
vince, or  to  the  provinces  ;  a  native  or  in- 
habitant of  any  part  of  the  country  except  the 
metropolis. 

"  When  the  Roman  legions  were  finally  withdrawn, 
the  provincials  .  .  .  fell  a  prey  to  the  ravages  of  the 
Celtic  tribes."—  Gardiner  t  MuUinger  :  Intrwl.  to  Eng. 
But.,  ch.  ii. 

2.  Roman  Church  :  The  religious  who,  being 
appointed  by  the  General  or  a  chapter,  has 
general  superintendence  of  a  province  com- 
mitted to  his  charge.    Provinces  are  of  vary- 
ing extent  ;  but,  generally  speaking,  the  more 
numerous  the  religious  houses,  the  smaller 
the  province  containing  them. 

provincial  constitutions,  i.  pi. 

Eccles.  :  (See  extract). 

"  The  provincial^onttitutiont  are  principally  the 
al  synods,  held  unde 


decrees  of  provincial  synods,  held  under  diver*  arch- 
bishops of  Canterbury,  from  Langtoii  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  III.  t<>  Chichele  in  the  reign  of  Henry  V.  ;  and 
adopted  l>y  the  province  of  York  in  the  reign  of  Henry 
VI.  —  Blaclatont  :  Comment..  |  2.  (Introd.) 

provincial-courts,  s. 

Eccles.  :  The  archiepiscopal  courts  in  the 
two  provinces  of  England.    (Wharton.) 

*  provincial-rose,  t. 

1.  The  same  as  PROVENCE-ROSE  (q.v.). 

2.  An  ornamental  shoe-tie,  probably  from 
its  resemblance  to  a  Provence-rose. 

"  With  two  provincial^rotet  on  my  razed  shoe*."— 
Shakttp.  :  Hamlet,  iii.  2. 

pro  vin  cial  ism  (c  as  sh),  *.  [Eng.  pro- 
vincial; -ism.]  A  manner  of  speaking,  or  a 
word  or  expression,  peculiar  to  a  province  or 
districts  remote  from  the  mother  country,  or 
from  the  metropolis,  and  not  recognized  in 
the  literary  language  of  the  time,  or  in  more 
polished  circles  ;  words,  phrases,  or  idioms 
peculiar  to  persons  residing  in,  or  natives  of, 
the  provinces. 

"  To  get  this  prmlncialitm  accepted  or  at  least  per- 
mitted. ~-Earle:  Philology,  |  g». 

*  pro  vin   cial  ist  (c  as  sh),  *.      [Eng.  pro- 
vincial; -isl.\ 

1.  An  inhabitant  or  native  of  a  province  ;  a 
provincial. 

2.  One  who  uses  provincialisms. 

*  pro^vin-ci-al'-i-ty  (c  as  sh),  *     [Eng. 
provincial;    -ity.]     The    quality  or  state  of 
being  provincial  ;  provincial  peculiarities  of 
language  ;  a  provincialism. 

"  That  circumstance  must  ha\c  added  neatly  to  the 
provinciality,  and  consequently  to  the  ui.  intelligibility 
of  the  poem.  —  H'arton  :  Howie?  ;  Enquiry,  p.  <& 

«  pro  vln'Hslal-ize  (c  as  sh),  v.t.  [Eng.  pro- 
vincial ;  -ize.]'  To  render  provincial. 

pr6-vin'-Clal-ly  (c  as  sh),  adv.  [Eng.  pro- 
vincial; -ly.]  In  a  provincial  manner. 


*  pro- vin' -cial -ship  (o  as  sh),  *.     [Eng. 

provincial ;  -ship.]    The  office  or  dignity  of  • 
provincial.    [PROVINCIAL,  B.  2.J 

"  In  the  said  generalship  or  firovincialikip  he  suc- 
ceeded Dr.  Henry  Btaudiah.  —  Wood :  faui  Oxen.,  vol.  L 

*  pro-vin'-ci-ate  (o  as  sh),  v.t.    [Eng.  pro- 
vince; -ate.]    To  turn  into  a  province. 

"  A  design  to  provinciate  the  whole  kingdom." — 
Bowtll  :  Vocal  forett. 

*  pro-vine',  v.i.    [Fr.  provigner,  from  provin 
=  a  layer  of  a  vine,  from  Lat.  propaginem, 
accus.   of  propago  •=-  a  layer,  a  snoot.      The 
spelling  of  the  French  provigner  has  no  doubt 
been  influenced  by  Fr.  vigne  =  a.  vine.]    To 
lay  a  stock  or  branch  of  a  vine  in  the  ground 
for  propagation. 

prdv-ing,  *preev-lng,   *prev-lng, 

*  prevying,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.     [PROVE,  v.} 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  £  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  subst. :  The  act  of  one  who  proves, 
tries,  or  ascertains ;  the  act  of  trying,  ascer- 
taining, or  demonstrating  ;  proof,  trial ;  an 
experiment  to  test  or  ascertain  the  strength  of 
anything. 

"  The  preuying  of  youre  f  eithe."—  Wycl iffe  :  Jamtt  L 

U  Action  of  proving  the  tenor : 

Scots  Law:  An  action,  peculiar  to  the  Court 
of  Session,  by  which  the  terms  of  a  deed 
which  has  been  lost  or  destroyed  may  be 
proved. 

pro-vi'-sion,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  provisionem, 
accus.  of  provisio  =  a  foreseeing,  foresight, 
provision,  from  provisus,  pa.  par.  of  providto 
=  to  provide  (q.v.);  Sp.  ^roviiion ;  Ital.  pro- 
visione.i 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  of  providing  beforehand  ;  pre- 
vious preparation. 

"  Five  day*  we  do  allot  thee  for  proviiion." 

Shakeip. :  Lear,  1. 1. 

2.  A  measure   taken   beforehand ;   a    pre- 
cautionary measure  taken  to  provide  against 
contingencies. 

3.  The  providing  or  accumulation  of  stores 
or  materials  for  a  proposed  undertaking ;  a 
stock  or  store  provided  beforehand. 

"  He  had  made  such  vast  prontion  of  materials  for 
the  temple." — South :  Sermon*. 

4.  A  stipulation  or  condition ;  a  measure 
proposed  in  an  enactment  or   the   like  ;   a 
proviso. 


5.  A  stock  or  store  of  food  provided  :  hence 
food  generally  ;  victuals,  eatables,  provender. 
*  IL  Eccles. :  The  previous  nomination  by 
the  pope  to  a  benefice  before  it  became  vacant, 
by  which  act  the  rightful  patron  was  deprived 
of  his  right  of  presentation.  Provisions  were 
made  by  Clement  V.  about  1307  A.D.,  it  being 
stated  that  all  ecclesiastical  benefices  belonged 
to  the  pope.  John  XXII.  (A.D.  1316-1334) 
gave  them  an  increased  impulse.  The  Council 
of  Basle  abolished  them  March  25,  1436. 

"And  in  the  thirty.fifth  year  of  his  [Ed.  I.]  reign 
was  made  the  first  statute  against  papal  provuiont.  — 
Bliu-kttoiie  :  Comment.,  bk.  vL,  ch.  8. 

provision -dealer,  provision  mer- 
chant, ».  A  general  dealer  in  articles  of 
food,  as  cheese,  butter,  eggs,  bacon,  &e. 

prfi-vi'-sion,  v.t.  [PROVISION,  *.]  To  pro- 
vide or  stock  with  necessaries,  especially  with 
victuals  ;  to  victual. 

pri-vi'-sion-al,  a.  [Eng.  provision;  -al.] 
Provided  or  established  for  the  time  or  present 
need;  temporarily  established;  temporary; 
not  permanent.  (Wotton :  Remains,  p.  495.) 

pr$-vf -sion-al-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  provisional ; 
•ly.]  In  a  provisional  manner  ;  by  way  of 
provision  for  present  time  or  need ;  tempor- 
arily;  not  permanently. 

"The  French  ministers  have  taken  up  this  eqx  Uity 
of  government  (inly  urovirimnilly:'— Bp.  Batt  :  Epit- 
eopacy  by  Divine  /tight,  pt.  i..  §  &. 

*  pri-vi'-sion-ar-y,  u.  [Eng.  provincm; 
-an/.] 

1.  Provident,  making  provision. 

"  His  master  might  hare  reasons  of  his  own  (or 
wishing  a  proritionary  settlement."— Carlylt :  /!tmin- 
itcencet.  i.  S8. 

2.  Provided  for  present  time  or  need  ;  pro- 
visional. 

3.  Containing  a  provision  or  proviso. 

"  He  subjoined  a  proffMonary  **lvo  for  the  worthip 
of  God  the  Son."—  H'aterland  :  Workt,  v.  378. 


Ate,  fat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit. 
•r.  Wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son  ;  mute,  cub.  core,  nnite,  cor,  role,  full  ;  try.  Syrian.    j 


sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p8t» 


kw. 


provisionless— prowl 


3793 


a.     [Eng.  provision; 
•Us*.]    Foodless. 

"  The  night  wu  bulged  with  tract. 
And  they  prosinonteu." 

Cutcridgt :  Deuiny  of  Jtationt. 

pr5-vl'-so,  *  pro-vy-so,  >.  [Lat.  law  phr. 
proviso  quod  =  it  being  provided  that,  from 
Lat.  provisus,  pa.  par.  of  provideo  =  to  pro- 
vide (q.v.).]  A  provisional  condition ;  a 
qualifying  clause  in  any  legal  document  by 
which  a  condition  is  introduced,  generally 
beginning  with  the  words  provided  that;  a 
conditional  stipulation  affecting  an  agreement, 
contract,  law  grant,  or  the  like. 

"To  insert  a  proriio  In  favour  of  Lord  Dover."— 
Macaulay :  iliit.  Eng.,  ch.  xvi. 

H  Trial  by  proviso : 

Law :  A  trial,  at  the  instance  of  the  defend- 
ant, in  a  case  in  which  the  plaintiff,  after 
issue  joined,  fails  to  proceed  to  trial. 

"The  defendant  being  fearful  of  such  neglect  in  the 
plaintiff,  ,-md  willing  to  discharge  himself  from  the 
action,  will  himself  undertake  to  bring  on  the  trial, 
giving  proper  notice  to  the  plaintiff  Which  proceed- 
ing it  called  the  trial  by  pronto ;  by  reason  «f  the 
clause  which  was  formerly  in  such  cue  inserted  in  the 
sheriffs  venire,  viz..  '  proviso,  provided  that  II  two 
write  come  to  your  hands,  that  la,  one  from  too  plain- 
tiff and  another  from  the  defendant,  you  shall  execute 
only  one  of  them.' "— Blackttone :  Comment,,  bk.  ili-, 
ch.  13. 

pro-vi'-jor,  *  pro-vl-sour,  «.  [Fr.  pnvi- 
teur,  from  Lat.  provisorem,  accus.  of  provisor, 
from  provisus,  pa.  par.  of  provideo  =  to  pro- 
vide (q.v.).] 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  One  who  pro  vide* ;  a  provider. 

*  IL  Ecclesiastical : 

1.  A  person  appointed  by  the  pope  to  a 
benefice  before  it  was  vacant  by  the  death  of 
the  incumbent,  and  to  the  prejudice  of  the 
rightful  patron.    Acts  against  the  appoint- 
ment of  provisory  were  passed  in  the  reigns  of 
Richard  II.  and  Henry  IV. 

"  Whoever  disturbs  any  patron  in  the  presentation 
to  a  living  by  virtue  of  any  papal  provision,  such 
pruviitir  shall  pay  fine  and  ransom  to  the  king  at  his 
will,  and  be  imprisoned  till  he  renounces  such  pro- 
vision."-  BUtdatont:  Comment.,  bk.  iv.,  ob.  8. 

2.  The    purveyor,    steward,    treasurer,    or 
manciple  of  a  religious  house. 

*  prd-vi'-sor-i-ljf,    adv.     [Eng.    provisory; 
-ly.]    In  a  provisory  manner;  conditionally; 
with  a  proviso. 

*  prd-vi'-sor-shlp,  *.    [Bng.  provisor  ;  -ship.  ] 
The  office  of  a  provisor. 

"  A  worthy  fellow  he  la :  pray  let  me  entreat  (or 
The  proritortMp  of  your  horse." 

Wetiter  :  DiuAeu  of  Malfy,  1. 1 

*  pro-vi'-aor-y,  o.     [Fr.  provisoire;  Sp.  & 

ItaL  provisorio.] 

1.  Containing  a  proviso ;  conditional. 

2.  Provisional,  temporary. 

pro-vl  ver'-ra,  *.  [Pref.  pro-,  and  Mod.  Lat. 
viverra  (q.v.).] 

Palatont. :  A  genus  of  Viverridae,  from  the 
Lower  Miocene  of  Europe. 

•pr6-voo'-»-ble,o.    [PROVOKABLZ.J 

prov-6 --ca'-tion,    *  prov  o-ca-ci-on,    ». 

[Fr.  provocation,  from  Lat  proyocationem, 
accus.  of  provocatio  =  a  challenging,  a  pro- 
voking, from  provocatus,  pa.  par.  of  provoco  = 
to  provoke  (q.v.)  ;  Sp.  provocation  ;  ItaL  pro- 
•jocazione.] 

L  Ordinary  Language: 
L  The  act  of  provoking  or  stirring  up  to 
anger   or   vexation ;    vexation ;   the   act  of 
lousing  the  passions. 

"  By  uieaues  of  protocacion  on  eyther  party  vaed, 
the  Romaynes  issued  oute  of  the  cytle  and  gaue 
batayl  to  the  Brytona."— Fabyan :  Chronicle,  vot  L, 
ch.  ikl v. 

2.  Incitement,  stimulus :  as,  a  provocation 
to  mirth. 

3.  Anything  which  excites  anger ;  s  cause 
of  anger,  resentment,  or  vexation. 

"  Haughtiness  of  temper  which  is  ever  finding  out 
provocatiorti."  —  Paley  :  Moral  PhUotovhy,  bk.  11L, 
pt  ill.,  ch.  vii. 

IL  Technically: 

*  L  Law :  An  appeal  to  a  court  or  judge. 
(A  Latinism.) 

"A  prnvocation  is  every  act,  whereby  the  office  of 
the  Judge  or  his  aaslstance  la  asked."—  Ayti/e : 
Parergon. 

2.  Script. :  The  time  of  the  Jewish  wander- 
ings in  the  wilderness,  when  they  provoked 
God  by  their  backslidings  and  unbelief. 

"  Harden  not  your  hearta,  at  In  the  provocation  and 

ju  In  the  day  of  temptation  In  the   wilderneaa,"— 

Pialm  lev.  e. 


*  prdv-o-ca'-tioua,    a.      [Pno  ocATigs.J 
Causing  provocation. 

"High  prevociitioui  and  rebellious  attempt*."** 
Chrittlan  Religion  i  A/iptal,  p.  138. 

*J  Possibly,  as  this  is  an  isolated  instance  of 
the  word,  it  may  be  a  misprint  for  provocations. 

pr&-VOC'-a-tive,  a.  &  *.  [Lat.  provocativus, 
from  provocatus,  pa.  par.  of  provoco  =  to  pro- 
voke (q.v.);  S  p.,  Port.,  &  Ital.  prwvcativo  ; 
O.  Fr.  provocatif.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Tending  to  provoke,  excite,  or 
stimulate  ;   exciting  or  inciting  to  passion  ; 
rousing  the  passions. 

"  No  bargaining  line  there,  no  proroc'tift  verse.  * 
Vartwri'jht  :  To  the  Memory  of  Ben  J  onion. 

B.  As  subit.  :   Anything   which    tends   to 
provoke,  excite,  or  stimulate  ;  a  stimulant  ; 
anything  apt  or  tending  to  excite  the  passions 
or  appetite. 

"  Then  there  is  another  protneottro  to  unity,  It  not 
union."—  Daily  Telegraph,  Jan.  It,  18M. 

pro-  voc'-a-tlve  -ness,  *.  [Eng.  provocative  ; 
•ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  provoca- 
tive or  stimulating. 

*  pr&-v6c'-a-t6r-&  o.  &  «.    [Lat.  prowoo- 
torvus.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Tending  to  provoke  or  excite  ; 
provocative. 

B.  As  subst.  :  A  challenge. 

*pr6-vdk'-a-ble,    *  pri-voc'-^-ble,    o. 

[Eng.  pnvok(e)  ;  -able.]    Capable  of  being  pro- 
voked ;  easily  provoked. 

"A  spirit  easily  proeocabte  and  revengeful."— 
Kavlim  :  Sermon  at  Wonxtter,  p.  8  (1770). 

pro-voke',  v.t.  &  i.  [Fr.  provoquer  =  to  pro- 
voke, from  Lat.  provoco  =  to  call  forth,  to 
challenge,  to  provoke  :  pro  =  forth,  and  voco  = 
to  call  ;  vox,  genit.  vocis  =  a  voice  ;  Sp.  &  Port. 
provocar;  Ital.  provocare.} 

A.  Transitive: 

•  L  To  challenge,  to  call  out 

"  He  now  provoke*  the  sea-gods  from  the  shore." 

Drydm  :  rirgil  ;  JSneid  vi.  MS. 

2.  To   rouse  ;   to  excite   or   stimulate   to 
action  ;  to  incite. 

"They  gladly  hear  also  the  young  men:  yea,  and 
purposely  vrotoke  them  to  talk."—  Man:  Utopia, 
bk.ll.,  ch.T. 

3.  To  excite  or  stir  to  anger  ;  to  incense  ; 
to  enrage,  to  exasperate,  to  irritate,  to  offend. 

"  Son,  what  f  urie  hath  thus  provoked  thee  ?  " 

Sumy  :  Virgil  ;  .Kneii  ii. 

4.  To  stir  up,  to  cause,  to  produce,  to  excite, 
to  arouse. 

"  The  meditation  of  his  bounty  and  goodnes*  will 
provoke  love  and  gratitude."—  WWcint:  Th»  Gift  of 
Prayer,  oh.  TL 

B.  Intransitive: 

•  L  To  appeal.    (A  Latinism.) 

"  Ev'n  Arius  and  Peliigius  durst  provoke 
To  what  the  centuries  preceding  spoke.* 

Dry  den  :  Keliyio  Laid,  M*. 

2.  To  excite  or  produce  anger  ;  to  irritate  ; 
to  give  provocation. 

*  pri-voke'-mSnt,  «.  [Eng.  provoke;  -went.} 
Provocation. 

"  The  excellency  of  her  beauty  was  no  protoltemeni 
to  him."—  Srendf  :  yuintui  Curtiut,  fol.  81. 

pro-vdk'-«r,  s.    [Eng.  provok(e);  -«r.] 

L  One  who  or  that  which  excites,  stimu- 
lates, or  promotes. 

"Drink,  sir.  is  a  great  promoter  of  three  thing*,"— 
Skaketp.  :  Macbeth,  ii.  3. 

•  2.  One  who  excites  or  stirs  up  sedition  or 
war. 

3.  One  who  or  that  which  provokes,  Irri- 
tates, or  incenses. 

"  And  my  prmoken  hereby  doo  augment*." 

Wyatt:  fatlme,  M. 

pr6-vok'-Ing,  pr.  par.  &  a.    [PROVOKE.] 

A.  As  pr.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj.  :  Tending  to  provoke,  annoy,  or 
incense  ;  annoying,  exasperating. 


g-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  provoking;  -ly.] 
In  a  provoking  manner  or  degree  ;  so  as  to 
provoke  or  annoy  ;  vexatiously. 

"  They  sank  Into  impiety,  made  wan,  and  became 
profoleinfly  human."—  Daily  Telryraph,  Sept  2S,  1886. 

pr5v'-ost,  *prov-«st,  «.  [O.  Fr.  provost, 
prwost  (Fr.  prev6t),  from  I-at.  prcepositum,  ace. 
of  praspositus  =  one  who  is  set  over,  a  prefect, 
from  praspositus,  pa.  par.  of  pnepono  =  to  bet 
before  or  over  :  pree  =  before,  and  pono  =  to 
place,  to  set;  A.S.  prtfnst  ;  Sp.  ft  Port  pn- 
ooste  ;  Ital.  prevosto,  preposto,  prepnsii  ;  Dut 


proeoat,  prevooii ;  Dan.  provst ;  I  eel.  profasti; 
8w.  prost ;  Ger.  profosz,  probst,  propst.]  One 
who  is  set  over  others  ;  one  who  is  appointed 
to  superintend  or  preside  over  something ; 
the  principal,  head,  or  chief  of  certain  estab- 
lishments or  bodies ;  applied  to : 

*  L  A  gaoler ;  the  head  or  governor  of  a 
pruou. 

"  The  provost  hath 
A  warrant  for  his  execution." 

Shatoip. :  Meaiure/or  Meatnrt,  L  L 

2.  The  heads  or  principals  of  several  colleges 
in  the  Universities  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  : 
the  principal  of  the  University  of  Dublin,  ana 
of  some  universities  in  the  United  States. 

3.  The  chief  dignity  of  a  cathedral  or  colle 
giate  church. 

4.  In  Scotch  burghs,   the  chief  magistrate, 
corresponding    to    the     mayor    in     English 
boroughs.   The  provosts  of  Edinburgh  and  Glas- 
gow are  styled  lord  provosts.    The  same  title 
is  popularly  given  to  the  provost  of  Aberdeen. 

provost-marshal  (provost  as  pro- 
W),  «. 

Mil. :  A  commissioned  officer  specially 
appointed,  at  great  permanent  camps  or  in  the 
field  on  active  service,  to  carry  out  sentence* 
of  military  law.  Formerly  they  had  powers 
of  immediate  punishment  on  the  commission 
of  offences  against  published  orders ;  but  now 
they  can  only  arrest,  and  detain  for  trial, 
offenders  and  carry  the  punishments  awarded 
by  court  martial  into  effect 

* prd-v6st'-6r,  s.  [Eng.  provost;  -«r.J  A 
provost,  a  chief,  a  head  teacher. 

"  Maisters  to  teach  it,  with  his  protottert,  ashen, 
and  scholars. "— AKham  :  Schoole  o/Shootinge,  bk.  i. 

* pr6V-o'st:rjf,  s.  [Bug.  provost;  -ry.]  The 
office  or  dignity  of  a  provost ;  prefecture, 
provostship. 

"  Certos  the  dignite  of  the  protottry  [prefecture]  of 
Rome  waa  whilom  a  great  power.'— Chawxr :  Botciut, 

Cm 

prov'-ost-slrip,  s.  [Eng.  provost;  -thip.] 
The  office  of  a  provost. 

"  Worth  more  than  my  pro*oittMp.~  —  Rtliyui* 
Wottonianm,  p.  327. 

prdlv-  (1),  *prowe,  «.  [O.  Fr.  prone  (Fr. 
proue),  from  Lat  prora  =  a  prow,  from  Gr. 
vptfpa  (prora),  from  n-pwi  (proi)  =  in  front; 
Sp.  proa;  Ital.  prora,  prua.]  The  stem  or 
forward  post  of  a  vessel,  often  used  for  the 
vessel  itself ;  the  bow. 

"That,  of  a  thousand  vessels,  mine  should  be 
The  foremost  prow  in  pressing  to  the  strand." 

WorAtwortk :  LaodamU. 

prow  (2),  *.    [PROA.] 

*  prow  (3),  *  proa,  «.    [O.  Fr.  prou.]    Advan- 

tage, benefit,  profit.    (Chaucer:  C.  T.,  12,234.) 

•prow,  a.  [O.  Fr.  prou;  Fr.  preux.]  [PROW- 
ESS.] Brave,  valiant  (Spenser:  F.  Q.,  III., 
iii.  28.) 

prow'-gss,    *prow-es,    *  prow-essc, 
1  pru-esse,  s.     [Fr.   prouesse,   from  O.  Fr. 
prov  (Fr.   preux)  =  valiant,  origin  doubtful ; 
Sp.  &  Port  proeza  ;  Ital.  prodezta.} 
•L  Integrity,  honour. 

"  N'ovre  than  so  as  bountie  and  protfttte  ben  made  to 
good  folke."— Chaucer  :  Boeeitu,  bk.  Iv. 

2.  Valour,  bravery ;  gallantry  and  intre- 
pidity in  war  or  danger  ;  fearlessness. 

"  Lochlel  was  especially  renowned  for  hi*  physical 
protfen."—Maeaufay  :  Jlitt.  tng.,  xiil- 

•  prow-«s»e,  s.    [PRO  WBSS.  ] 

* prow'-Sssed, a.  [Eng.  prowess;  -ed]  Dis- 
tinguished for  prowess ;  valiant 


*  prow'-Sss-fil,  o.     [Eng.  prowess;  -f 
Powerful,  vigorous. 

••  HI*  promtful  policy." 

8yl*ett»r:  Babylon.    (Argnmenl) 

prowl,  *pronle,  *  prol  lyn,  *  proUe,  v.t. 
&  i.  [A  word  of  doubtful  origin.  According 
to  Skeat  "a  contracted  frequentative  form 
standing  for  proglM,  weakened  form  of  prokle  ; 
where  progle  is  the  frequentative  of  progue  or 
prog  =  to  search  about,  espec.  for  provisions, 
rnd  proMe  is  an  old  verb  meaning  to  thrust  or 
poke."]  [PROO,  t>.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  rove  or  wander  over  or  through  in  • 
stealthily  manner. 

"  Ee  prowli  eaeh  place,  still  In  new  colours  Jeckt' 
• 


To  gather  or  get  together  by  plunder. 


boil,  bo?;  p6iit,  Jowl;  eat,  9011,  ebonu,  fbin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  eylst.   ph  =  t 
-olan,  -tl&n  =  slian.    -tion,  -«ion  =  stun ;  -tion,  -slon  -  zbon.   -clous,  -ttons,    siou»  =  and*.   -Ue.  -die,  &c.  =  del,  del. 


379-i 


prowl-prune 


B.  Intransitive  : 

I.  To  ruve  or  wander  stealthily,  as  one  in 
search  of  prey  or  plunder. 

"H<?r  crew,  distributed  among  tweuty  bngautmes, 
prowled  for  booty  over  the  te*."~Jlacaulay  :  Uiit. 
Xng.,  ch.  xix. 

*  2.  To  rov«  and  plunder  ;  to  pillage,  to  prey, 
to  plunder. 

pr<$\krl,  s.  [PROWL,  v.]  The  act  of  prowling 
or  roving  about  stealthily,  as  in  search  of  prey 
or  plunder  :  as,  To  be  on  the  prowl.  (Colloq.) 


-er,  s.  [Eng.  prowl,  v.  ;  -er.]  One 
who  prowls  or  roves  about  stealthily,  as  for 
prey  or  plunder. 

"There  are  so  many  young  prowteri  on  the  lookout 
that  they'd  precioui  toon  empty  »  biu."—  Daily  Tel*- 
graph,  Sept  4,  188S. 


-y,  s.     [Eng.  prowl;  -ery.]    Bob- 
bery, plunder,  pillage. 

"  Thirty  jwveu  monopolies.  with  other  shocking 
prowteriet."  —Uacket  :  Lift  of  Williana.  |.t.  i.,  p.  6U 

pro"wr-Ing,  pr.  par.  ot  a.    [PROWL,  v  .] 

pr<Jwl'-ing-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  prowling;  -ly.] 
In  a  prowling  manner. 

prox,  *.  [A  contract,  of  proxy  (q.v.).]  A 
ticket  or  list  of  candidates  at  elections,  pre- 
sented to  voters  for  their  votes.  (Am.tr.) 

•prox'-ene,  *.  [Fr.  proxene;  Or.  irpo£«i>o« 
Tprate/ios),  from  irpd  (pro)  =  before,  and  £ccof 
(xenos)  —  a  friend,  a  guest.] 

Greek  Antiq.  :  An  official  who  had  the  charge 
of  showing  hospitality  to  strangers. 

•  pro'x'-e'n-e't,  *.     [Fr.  proxfnete  ;  Lat.  pror- 
tneta,  from  Gr.  irpofenj-njs  (proxtnete*),  from 
wpofci/fw  (proxeneo*)=to  act  as  a  proxene  (q.  v.).} 
A  go-between,  a  negociator. 

"  He  being  the  common  proxenet  or  contractor  of  all 
natural  matches."—  Mart:  Jmmort.  oft)*  Saul.  pt.  ill., 
bk.  iii..  ch.  xlii. 

•  prox  -ic-al-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  proxy  ;  -catty.} 
By,  or  as  by,  proxy.  (Southey  :  Letter*,  iv.  113.) 

prox"  Im  al,  a.  &  .«.  [Lat.  proximus=\ery 
near,  superlative  of  projie  =  near.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  part  of 
•  limb  or  other  orgau  nearest  the  point  of 
attachment. 

B.  As  substantive  : 

Anat.,  Bot.,  <t  Zool.:  The  comparatively 
fixed  end  of  a  limli  <n  an  organism;  the  more 
•lowly  growing  »nd  ;  spec  the  fixed  end  of  a 
limb  or  organism  In  the  Hydrozoa.  Opposed 
to  distal. 

proV-I-mate,  a.  [Lat.  proximatus,  pa.  par. 
of  proximo  —  to  approach,  from  proximuy  = 
very  near.]  Nearest,  next,  immediate. 

"Tin  proximate  capacity  of  iti  efficient."  —  Glan- 
9ttl  :  Vanity  of  bogmatiting,  ch.  ill. 

proximate-analysis,  5.    [ANALYSIS.] 

proximate-cause,  s.  That  which  im- 
mediately precedes  and  produces  the  effect,  as 
distinguished  from  the  remote,  mediate,  or 
predisposing  cause. 

"We  were  to  shew  the  proximate  natural  cautei  of 
It."—  Burnet  :  Theory  of  the  Earth. 

proximate-principles,  t.  pi. 

Chem.  :  The  definite  constituents  forming 
the  substance  of  plants  or  animals.  They 
embrace  such  compounds  as  albumin,  fibrin, 
fat,  cellulose,  starch,  sugar,  organic  acids, 
ethers,  alkaloids,  &c.,  some  of  which  can  be 
formed  artificially. 

prSx'-I-mate-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  proximate;  -ly.] 
In  a  proximate  manner,  position,  or  degree  ; 
immediately,  directly  ;  with  immediate  or 
direct  relation  to  or  effect  on. 

"  They  know  It  Immediately  or  proximattJy  from 
their  proper  guide*."—  Waterland:  Wnrki,  v.  287. 

•prox'-ime,  o.     [Lat.  proximus,  snperl.  of 

prope  =  near.]     Next  ;  immediately  preceding 
or  following.    (Watts  :  Logick,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  i.) 

•prox-im'-I-ous,  *  prox'-Im-fius,  a. 
[Lat.  profimus.]  Nearest,  proximate. 

prox-fon'-K-ty,  *  prox-im  1-tie,  s.  [Fr. 
proximiti,  from  Lat.  proximitatem,  accus.  of 
proximitat  =  nearness,  from  proximus,  superL 
of  prove  =  near  ;  Sp.  proximidad  ;  Ital.  prost- 
imita.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  prox- 
imate or  next  ;  Immediate  nearness  in  place, 
blood,  or  alliance  ;  close  relationship. 

"  By  way  of  nearness  and  Inward  proximity  to  If— 
South:  Sermont,  ToL  Til.,  ser.  13. 


prox'-I  mo,  s.  [Lat.  nusc.  and  neut.  abla- 
tive of  Lat.  proximus  =  the  next.)  The  month 
which  succeeds  (lie  present.  Often  contracted 
to  prox. :  as,  1  shall  come  on  the  10th  prox. 

*  prox  -Im-ous,  a.    [Pnoxisnous.] 
prdx'-y,  *  procke-sy,  *  proke-oye,  s. 

(A  contract,  of  procuracy  (q.v.),  from  Low 
Lat.  prvcuratiu ;  Lat.  procuratio  =  uiauaye- 
iii. Mit. ]  [PROCURATION.] 

1.  The  agency  of  another  who  acts  as  a 
substitute  for  a  principal;   the  agency  of  a 
substitute;   authority    to   act    for   another, 
especially  in  voting. 

"All  may  easily  be  done  by  proxy." — Scribntr'i 
ilayaiine,  Oct.  1878.  p.  8Kb. 

2.  One  who  acts  as  a  substitute  for  another  ; 
one  who  is  deputed  to  act  for  or  in  the  place 
of  another,  especially  in  voting.    A  member 
of  the  House  of  Lords  could  formerly  depute 
any  member  of  the  same  ordei  to  oe  his  proxy, 
to  vote  for  him  in  his  absence,  but  this  right 
was  suspended  by  a  Standing  Order  on  March 
31,  1886. 

"  The  scale  was  but  Just  turned  by  the  proxitt."— 
ilacunda.ii :  Hitt.  A'*V-.  cl>.  xi 

3.  A  written  document  authorizing  one  per- 
son to  act  or  vote  for  another,  as  at  a  meeting 
of  the  shareholders  of  a  company,  &c. 

4.  T')e  same  ae  PROCURATION  (q.v.). 

5.  The  same  as  PROX  (q.v.). 

6.  Anything  'intended  to  take  the  place  or 
perform  the  functions  of  something  else ;  a 
substitute. 

*  proxy- wedded,  a.    Wedded  by  proxy. 
(Tennyson :  Princess,  i.  33.) 

*  prdx'-y,  v.i.    [PROXY,  *.]    To  vote  or  act  by 
proxy  or  by  the  agency  of  another. 

prox -y- ship,  •  prox1- 1 -ship,  s.  [Eng. 
proxy  ;  -ship.]  The  position,  office,  or  agency 
of  a  proxy. 

"The  same  correspondency  and  proxiihip  between 
these  spirits  and  their  images."— Brevint :  Saul  A 
Samuel,  ch.  xvi. ,  p.  3j*. 

*  pru9e,  s.    [See  def] 

1.  An  old  name  for  Prussia. 

2.  Prussian  leather. 

" Folded  hides  and  other  shields  of  pruee* 

Drydrn  :  PaUanon  t  Arcite.  Hi.  80. 

prude,  t.  [Fr.  prude  =  virtuous,  prudent ;  O. 
Fr.  prude,  prode,  fern,  of  prud,  prod  =  excel- 
lent.] A  woman  who  att'ects  great  reserve, 
coyness,  and  excessive  virtue ;  a  woman  of 
affected  or  over-sensitive  modesty  or  reserve  ; 
a  woman  who  is  overnice  or  precise. 

"  Though  prude*  may  condemn  me.  and  bigots  re- 
prove." Byron  :  Firtt  Kin  of  Lot*. 

prude-like,  o.    Over-precise  or  nice. 

"  It  is  the  more  prude-like  and  disagreeable  thing  of 
the  two.'— Berkeley:  Alciphran,  dial  ii.,  i  9. 

pru'-dence,  «.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  prudentia, 
from  prudent  =  prudent  (q.v.);  8p.  &  Port. 
prudencia ;  ItaL  prudenza.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  prudent ; 
wisdom    applied  to   practice  ;    the   habit  of 
acting  with  deliberation  and  discretion. 

"  Under  prudence  is  comprehended,  that  discreet, 
apt  suiting  and  disposing  as  well  of  actions  as  words. 
In  their  due  place,  time,  and  manner."—  Peacham. 

2.  Frugality,  economy,  providence. 

II  Blair  thus  discriminates  between  wisdom 
and  prudence :  "  Wisdom  leads  us  to  speak 
and  act  what  is  most  proper :  prudence  pre- 
vents our  speaking  and  acting  improperly.  A 
wise  man  employs  the  most  proper  means  for 
success  ;  &  prudent  man  the  safest  means  for 
not  being  brought  into  danger."  (Rhetoric 
(1817),  i.  231.) 

*  pru'-den-ey,  *  pru-den-cie,  «.     [Lat. 
prudentia.]    Prudence,  discretion. 

"  O  marvellous  political  and  princely  prudeneU."— 
Hackluyt :  \'oyaget,  i.  7. 

pru'  dent,  a.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  prudentem, 
accus.  of  prudent,  for  provident  =  provident 
(q.v.)  ;  Sp.  &  Ital.  prudente.] 

*  1.  Provident,  foreseeing. 

"  The  prudent  crane."  Milton  :  F.  L.,  Tit.  M. 

2.  Cautions  or  circumspect  in  determining 
on  or  adopting  an  action  or  line  of  conduct ; 
practically  wise  ;  careful  of  the  consequences 
of  any  measures,  actions,  or  business  under- 
taken.   (Proverbs  xiv.  18.) 

3.  Characterized,  dictated,  or  directed  by 
prudence  :  as,  prudent  measures. 


4.  Frugal,    economical,    provident  :    as.  a 
prudent  expenditure  of  money. 

*  5.  Correct  and  decorous  in  manner;  dis- 
creet :  as,  a  prudent  woman.     (Latham.) 

U  Used  in  a  bad  sense,  in  Matt.  xi.  26.    Th* 
R.V.  has  "  understanding." 

pru  don   tial  (ti  as  sh),  a.  &  «.    [Eng.  pn*. 

dent;  •««'] 
A.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Characterized  by,  or  proceeding  from, 
prudence  ;  prudent,  discreet. 

"  Check  each  Impulse  with  prudential  rein."  i 

Byron:  Vh.ldiih  Rrcotltcttcmt.   • 

2.  Exercising  prudence  ;  hence,  advisory, 
discretionary. 

3.  Superintending   the   discretionary  con- 
cerns of  a  society  :  as,  a  prudential  committee. 

*  B.  As  subst.  :  A  matter  requiring  prudence 
or  discretion.    (Watts.) 

*  pru-den  -tial  1st  (ti  as  sh),  ».  [Eng. 
prudential;  -ist.]  One  who  acts  from,  or  is 
governed  by,  prudential  motives. 


i-&l'-I-tjr  (ti  as  shJ),  «.  [Eng. 
prudential;  -ity.]  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  prudential  or  directed  by  prudential 
motives. 

"  Rightly  to  Judge  the  nrudentiality  of  affairs."— 
Browne  :  Vulgar  Jirrouri.  bk.  1..  ch.  lit 

*  pru-den  -tial-ly  (ti  as  sh),  a,iv.  [Eng. 
prudential;  -ly.]  In  a  prudential  manner; 
with  prudence  ;  prudently. 


"  His  conscience  is  prudtntially  conniving  at  suck 
n.  pt.  ii.,  i  47. 


falsities."—  More:  On  £iuku 


pru'-df  nt-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  prudent  ;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  prudent  manner  ;  with  prudence  or 
discretion  ;  warily,  discreetly,  judiciously. 


2.  With  frugality  or  economy;  frugally, 
economically. 

prud'-er-y,  «.  [Fr.  pruderie.]  [PRUDE.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  prudish  ;  the  man- 
ners or  characteristics  of  a  prude ;  affected 
or  excessive  niceness  or  preciseness  ;  coyness. 

"  Instances  of  this  prudery  were  rare   indeed."— 
Uacaulay  :  Hitt.  Eng.,  ch.  xv. 

pru-d'hdmme',  s.  [Fr.  =  a  skilful  man  ;  O. 
Fr.  prud  =  excellent,  and  homme  =  a  man.] 
A  skilful  or  discreet  man  ;  specif.,  in  France, 
a  member  of  a  board  composed  of  masters 
and  workmen  whose  office  is  to  arbitrate  in 
trade  disputes.  They  existed  as  early  as  the 
fifteenth  century,  and  were  revived  in  France 
by  Napoleon  I.  in  1806.  The  expression  is 
used  for  the  typical  French  citizen  ;  Jacques 
Prudhomme  answering  to  the  English  John 
Bull. 

prud-ish,  a.  [Eng.  jmid(c);  -ish.]  Like  a 
prude ;  affectedly  or  excessively  reserved, 
precise,  or  nice  ;  coy,  reserved. 

"  Vainly  the  dotard  mends  her  priidiih  pace." 

Byron  :  Reply  to  tome  Eicgant  I'erset. 

prud'-ish-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  prudish; -ly.]  In  a 
prudish  manner ;  like  a  prude. 

"  Though  Christchurch  long  kept  prudithty  away.* 
Pope  :  Dunctad,  iv. 

*  pru'-in-ate,  o.   [Lat.  pruina  =  a  hoar-frost) 

Hoary,  pruinose. 

pru'-In-6se,  pru'-In-ous,  o.  [Lat.  pruin- 
osus,  from  pruina  =  hoar-frost ;  Fr.  pruineux  ; 
Ital.  pruinoso.] 

Ord.  Lang,  it  Bot.  (the  latter  of  the  form  prui- 
nose) :  Appearing  as  if  covered  with  hoar- 
frost; hoary,  frosted  (q.v.). 

pru-in-ous,  a.    [PRUINOSE.] 

prune,  *proin,  "  proine,  *  proyn,  v.t.  &  i. 
[Prob.  from  Fr.  provigner  =  to  plant  or  set 
suckers  or  slips,  to  propagate,  from  O.  Fr. 
provain  ;  Fr.  provin  —  a  vine-sucker  set  in  the 
ground,  from  Lat.  propaginem,  accus.  of 
propago  =a  shoot,  a  sucker  ;  Ital.  propaggine.] 
[PROVINE.] 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  cut  or  lop  off,  as  the  superfluous 
branches  or  shoots  of  trees  ;  to  cut  or  lop  off 
the  superfluous  branches  or  shoots  of;  to 
trim  with  a  knife. 

"It  Improves  greatly  under  high  culture  and 
pruning."— Sxribner't  Magazine,  April  1MO,  p.  8ZT. 

*2.  To  free  from  anything  superfluous  or 
overabundant. 

"One  sees  him  clipping  his  apricots  and  pruning 
his  essays."— Thaelceray:  £nglitli  BumouritU  ;  Swt/t 


Cite,  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  tether;  we,  wit,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p6t» 
or,  wore,  wolt  work,  who,  son;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  oar.  rale,  fall;  try,  Syrian.    •,  o» s •;  ey  =  6;  «a  =  kv. 


prune— prytanls 


•3.  To  dress  up  ;  to  make  trim  and  neat. 

-A  husband  that  loveth  to  trim  and  (jammer  his 
body,  caiueth  his  wife  by  that  means  to  study  nothing 
•Ise  but  tli*  trickiug  and  pruning  of  herself."—  /*. 
Solland  :  Plutarch'i  Stonilt.  p.  318. 

4.  To  trim  or  dress  with  the  bill. 

"To  prune  his  ruffled  wing." 

.-i'ott  :  Lady  of  tin  Lake.  I  20. 

*B.  Intrans.:  To  dress  up;  to  prink. 
(Dryden  :  Epil.  to  All  for  Love.) 

prune,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  prunvm  =  a  plum, 
from  Or.  irpovvov  (prounoii),  for  irpovnvov 
(proumnon)  =  a  plum);  irpovvo?  (prouiios), 
fur  irpouni/os  (provmnos)  =  a  plum-tree;  8p. 
pruna  ;  Itnl.  pruna,  prugna.]  The  dried  fruit 
of  I'runus  domesiica,  especially  of  the  varieties 
called  St.  Catherine  and  Green  Gage.  Chiefly 
prepared  in  France  and  Portugal.  They  con- 
tain a  large  proportion  of  sugar,  &c.,  so  that 
brandy  can  be  distilled  from  them.  Used  as 
a  condiment  and  as  a  domestic  laxative  medi- 
cine, but  they  are  apt  to  gripe. 

prone-tree,  *. 

Bot.  :  Prunus  occidentalis.    (West  Indian.) 

pru'-ne-se,  *.  pi.  [Lat.  prun(us);  fern.  pL 
adj.  suff.  -ece.} 

Bot.  :  A  tribe  of  Rosace®.  Calyx  deciduous, 
carpel  one  ;  ovules  two,  pendulous  ;  fruit  a 
drupe.  (Sir  J.  Hooker.) 

prfi-neT-la  (1),  *.  [Lat.  prunella  =a  sloe, 
dimin.  from  prunum  —  &  plum  ;  Fr.  prunelle, 
So  called  probably  from  the  dark  colour.] 

Fabric:  A  smooth,  dark-coloured,  woollen 
stuff,  used  as  lasting,  for  making  the  uppers 
of  slices  and  gaiters,  and  for  clergymen's 
gowns.  Also  spelt  prunello. 

11  Worth  makes  the  man,  and  want  of  It  the  fellow  : 
The  rest  is  all  but  leather  or  prnnello." 

Pope  :  Kuan  an  if  an,  IT.  803. 

pru-nel'-la  (2),  *.  [Altered  from  Mod.  Lat. 
brunella,  from  Ger.  6raii?ie=the  quinsy.] 

Bot.  :  Self  -  heal  ;  a  genus  of  Scutellarese 
(Lindley),  of  Stachydeae  (Sir  J.  Hooker).  Upper 
lip  of  the  calyx  plane,  three  -  toothed,  lower 
bifid  ;  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  nearly  entire, 
arched,  lower  three-lobed.  Known  species 
three  ;  one,  Prunella  vulgaris,  Common  Self- 
heal,  is  common  in  Britain  in  moist  and  barren 
pastures,  the  flowers,  which  are  densely 
whorled,  are  violet-blue.  It  is  a  febrifuge. 

•  pru-nel'-laed,  a.  [Eng.  prunella  (1);  -ed.] 
Gowned,  from  barristers'  gowns  being  made 
of  the  stuff  called  prunello. 

"Nodi  the  pruneltaed  bar,  attorneys  smile." 

J.  *  H.  Smith  :  Hfjected  Addreun,  p.  136. 

pru-nelle  ,  «.    [Fr.]    (See  compound.) 
prunelle  salt,  «. 
Chem.  :  Fused  saltpetre. 

pru-nel'-lo,  «.    [PRUNELLA  (1).] 
1.  The  same  as  PRUNELLA  (1), 


2.  A  kind  of  dried  plum,  imported  from 
France.  Called  also  Brignole. 

prun'-er,  *  proln-er,  «.    [Eng.  prun(e)  ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  prunes  or  trims  trees  or  plants. 
"The  pruneri  have  not  the  slightest  horticultural 

knowledge."—  field.  Jan.  !«,  1886. 

2.  One  who  removes  or  cuts  away  anything 
that  is  in  excess  or  superfluous. 

pru-nif-er-OUS,  a.  [Lat  prunum  =  plum; 
fero  —  to  bear,  and  Eng.  suff.  -out.}  Bearing 
or  producing  plums. 

prim'  -In,  s.  [Lat  prun(us)  =  a  plum  ;  -in 
(Chem.).]  [BASSOKIN.] 

prun  Ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  *.    [PRUNE,  ».] 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  &  particip.  adj.  :  (See 
the  verb). 
C.  As  substantive  : 

1.  The  act  of  lopping  or  cutting  off  what  is 
superfluous;    specif.,  the  act  of  lopping  or 
cutting  off  superfluous  branches  or  shoots  of 
trees,  &c.,  with  a  view  to  strengthening  those 
that  are  left,  or  to  bringing  the  tree  or  plant 
to  a  particular  form. 

2.  Falconry:  That  which  is  cast  off  by  a 
bird   when  it  prunes  its   feathers  ;   refuse, 
leavings. 

prunlng-chlsel,  «.  A  chisel  for  pruning 
trees. 

prunlng-hook,  «.  A  cntting  tool  with 
•  hooked  blade,  used  in  trimming  trees, 
shrubs,  and  vines. 


pruning-knife,  s.  A  knife  with  a  con- 
cave edge  used  for  pruning. 

pruning-saw,  s.  A  saw  set  in  a  stock  of 
buckhorn,  and  having  double  teeth  sharpened 
to  points  on  alternate  sides.  The  edge  is 
thicker  than  the  back,  which  serves  for  a  set. 

pruning  shears,  *.  A  jaw-tool  for 
trimming  trees,  shrubs,  and  hedges,  pruning 
fruit  trees,  vines,  &c. 

prun'-ner-ite,  s.  [After  Prunner  of  Cagliari, 
Sardinia ;  suff.  -Ue  (.l/i/i.).  j 

Min. :  A  variety  of  calcite  occurring  in  very 
obtuse  rhombohedrons,  of  a  pale  plum-blue 
colour,  and  chalcedony-like  aspect.  Found 
at  Hestoe,  Faroe  Islands,  associated  with 
apophyllite. 

prun'-us,  *.    [Lat]    [PRONE.] 

1.  Bot. :  Plum  and  Cherry.    Calyx  five-cleft, 
petals  five,  nut  of  the  drupe  smooth,  or  fur- 
rowed at  the  margin.    Species  about  eighty, 
chiefly  natives  of  the  north.     P.  ceratifera,  the 
Cherry  Plum,  is  a  native  of  the  United  States, 
and  is  cultivated  for  its  fruit.    The  same  is  the 
case  with  P.  maratima,  a  shrub  found  on  sandy 
gracoasts  from  Massachusetts  to  Alabama,  with 
a  dark-purple,  agreeable  fruit.    There  are  sev- 
eral other  species  in  this  country.    P.  armeniacm 
is   the    Apricot   (q.v.),  P.  Laurocerasus  the 
Cherry  Laurel.    The  bark  of  P.  Coccomilia  is 
a  febrifuge,  that  of  P.  Capollim  is  given  in 
Mexico  against  dysentery ;  the  kernel  of  P. 
brigantiaca  yields  a  fixed  oil.     The  scented 
kernels   of  P.   Mahaleb  are  used  by  native 
doctors  in  India  as  a  substitute  for  prussic 
acid,  and  they  prescribe  the    kernel  of  P. 
Puddum  in  stone  and  gravel. 

2.  Pakeobot. :  Prunus  occurs  in  the  Bourne- 
mouth lieds  (Eocene),  in  the  Italian  Pliocene, 
and  in  the  English  Pleistocene. 

pru'-ii-ence,  pru'-ri-en-cy,  «.  [Eng. 
prurien(t);  -ce,  -cj/.J 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  prurient ; 
an  itching  or  longing  desire  or  appetite  for 
something. 

"  There  is  a  prurience  in  the  speech  of  some." 

Cowper  :  Conteriation,  8L 

2.  A  tendency  or  disposition  towards,  or 
a   dwelling  upon,    lewdiiess   and    lascivious 
thoughts. 

"  If  such  action  were  prompted  by  motives  of  pru- 
riency or  lust."— Daily  Telegraph,  NOT.  11,  1665. 

pru'-li-ent,  a.     [Lat.  prurient,  pr.  par.  of 
prurio  =  to  itch.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Itching   after,   or  eagerly  desirous   of, 
something. 

2.  Inclined  or  disposed  to  lewdness  or  las- 
civious thoughts ;  having  a  lecherous  imagi- 
nation. 

"To  excite  the  prurient  Imaginations  of  his 
readers."— Scribner'i  Hagiaine,  Dec.,  1878,  p.  JW. 

3.  Characterized  by  pruriency  or  lewdness. 

"  The  Tendon  or  hawkers  of  prurient  publications." 
—Daily  Telegraph.  Aug.  as,  18S6. 

IL  Bot.:  Stinging. 

pru'-rf-ent-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  prurient ;  -ly.] 
In  a  prurient  manner  ;  with  longing  desire  or 
lasciviousness. 

pru-rlg'-ln-ous,  a.  [Lat  pruriginosut,  from 
prurigo,  geuit  pruri-ginis  =  an  itching,  from 
prurio  =  to  itch  ;  8p.  &  Ital.  pruriginoso ; 
Fr.  prurigineux.]  Affected  with  prurigo; 
caused  by,  or  of  the  nature  of,  prurigo. 

pru-ri'-go,  ».    [Lat] 

Pathol. :  Serous  exudation  and  cell-prolifera- 
tion into  and  within  the  papillae  and  follicles 
of  the  skin,  also  from  the  effects  of  prurigo 
senilis,  a  form  of  phthiriasis  (q.v.)u 

pru-ri'-tus,  s.    [Lat] 

Pathol. :  An  intolerable  itching  of  the  mucous 
membrane,  chiefly  of  the  vulva  or  of  the  anus. 

Pruss'-ian  (ss  as  sh),  a.  &  *.    [See  def. ;  Fr. 
Prussien;  ItaL  Prussia.no.) 
A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  Prussia. 
D.  As  substantive : 

1.  A  native  or  inhabitant  of  Prussia. 

2.  The  ancient  language  of  Prussia  proper, 
now  extinct,  it  being  superseded  by  Low  Ger- 
man.   It  belonged  to  the  Slavonic  family. 

Prussian-blue, «. 

1.  Chem.  :  [FERROCYANIDE   OF  IRON]. 


2.  Min. :  A  pulverulent  variety  of  vi  vianrU 
(q.v.). 

Prussian-brown,  *. 

Chem. :  Ferrocyauide  of  cor  par. 
Prussian-carp,  «. 

Ichthy. :  (See  extract). 

"  The  Crucian  Carp  (Carauiiu  carauiui)  is  generally 
distributed  over  Central  and  Northern  Europe,  and 
extends  Into  Italy  and  Siberia.  It  inhabits  stagnant 
waters  only.  ...  It  is  much  subject  to  variation  of 
form  :  very  lean  examples  are  commonly  called  I'rut- 
nan-carpi." — uiinther :  study  uf  fiihet,  p.  39L 

Prussian-green,  *. 

Chem. :  An  intimate  mixture  of  Prussian- 
blue  and  chrome  yellow.  It  forms  a  useful 
green  for  oil  colours. 

prus  si  ate,  prus -si -ate,  *.  [Eng. 
prussHc) ;  -ate.) 

Chem. :  A  ferri-  or  ferrocyanide.  Thus  the 
Red  prussiate  of  potash  is  Ferricyanide,  and 
the  Yellow  prussiate  of  potash  is  Ferrocy- 
anide of  Potassium. 

prus -sic,  prus' -sic,  o.  [Fr.  Prussiqu*.} 
(bee  compound.) 

prussic  acid,  s.    [HYDROCYANIC  ACID.] 

prus' -sin,  s.    [Eng.  pruss(ic);  -in  (Chem.).'] 

Chem. :  Graham's  name  for  the  hypothetical 
radical,  CsNs  =  Cyj  or  Pr,  which  may  be  sup- 
posed to  exist  in  the  ferro-  and  ferricyanides. 

Pru-ten'-Ic,  a.  [Lat.  Prutenicus.]  Prussian; 
a  term  applied  to  certain  astronomical  table* 
published  by  Rimbold  in  the  sixteenth  cen- 
tury, founded  on  the  principles  of  Copernicus. 

"TopM-fectsuchJYurentetables."— Hilton:  Docirinf 
at  Diaorce,  c  L .  L 

pry  (1), "  prie,  *  pri  en,  *  pry-en,  v.i.  [llie 
same  word  as  Mid.  Eng.  prien  —  to  peer.] 
[PEER  (3),  v.]  To  peep  narrowly  ;  to  inspect 
or  look  closely  or  narrowly ;  to  try  to  discover 
anything,  whether  impertinently  or  not 

"To  pry  into  every  part  of  the  executive  adminj» 
tratiou,"— Jlacaulay  :  UUt.  Knj.,  ch.  U. 

pry  (2),  v.t.  (An  abbrev.  of  prize,  v.]  To 
move  or  raise  by  means  of  a  lever ;  to  prize 
up  or  open. 

"  The  barn  or  house  was  pried  up."— Scrilmfr't  Maga- 
zine, Nov.,  1878,  p.  46. 

t  Pry  (1),  s.   [PRY  (1),  v.)  A  peeping,  a  prying; 
narrow  inspection,  impertinent  peeping. 
"  Secluded  from  the  teasing  pry 
Of  Argus'  cariosity."  Smart :  A  Xoon-iiec*. 

pry  (2),  *.  [PRY  (2),  v.)  A  large  lever  used  to 
raise,  move,  or  force  open  heavy  substances. 

pry  -an,  «.    [Corn,  pryi  =  clay.] 

Mining :  A  felspathic  clay,  containing  no- 
dules or  pebbles  of  metalliferous  ore. 

pry'-er,  ».    [PRIEB.] 

pry'-Ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.  [PBY  (1),  v.]  Looking 
closely  into  ;  peeping,  inquisitive,  curious. 

"The  foremost  uf  the  prying  baud." 

Byrm:  Bride  of  A  by  dot,  li  4S. 

pry'-lng-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  prying;  -ly.]  In  ft 
prying  or  inquisitive  manner ;  with  inquisi- 
tiveness  or  impertinent  peeping. 

*  pryk,   «.     [PRICK,  «.]    A  spur ;  hence,  in 
feudal  law,  a  kind  of  tenure  or  service  under 
which  the  tenants  holding  land  had  to  find  a 
spur  for  the  king. 

*  pry'-mer,  «.    [PRIMER.J 

*  pryse,  v.t.    [PRICK,  v.] 

pryt-a-ne'-um,  *•  [Lat,  from  Or.  wpvrar 
vtlov  (prutaneion),  from  irpiiravit  (prutanis)  = 
prytanis(q.v.).] 

Greek  Antiq. :  The  public  hall  in  ancient 
Greek  states  or  cities  ;  espec.  the  public  hall 
at  Athens,  in  which  the  duties  of  hospitality 
were  exercised  towards  citizens  and  strangers. 
Foreign  ambassadors  were  entertained  there, 
and  envoys  on  their  return  from  a  successful 
mission.  The  prytanes,  and  others  to  whom 
the  privilege  was  granted,  also  took  their 
meals  there  at  the  public  cost 

pryt  a  nis  (pi.  pryt'-a-nSs),  «.  [Gr.  *pv- 
ram  (prutanit).] 

Greek  A  ntiquities : 

1.  One  of  a  committee  of  fifty,  composed  of 
five  deputies  chosen  by  lot  from  each  of  the 
ten  phulai  or  tribes,  and  so  forming  one-tenth 
of  the  Council  or  Senate  at  Athens.  Out  of 


boil,  b6y;  pout,  jo%l;  eat,  cell,  chorus,  yhlTi.  bench;  go,  gem;  tT««",  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  ejlst.   -Ing. 
-«ian,    tian  =  snon,    -ttOB.  -*ion  =  shun ;  -(ion,  -sion  -  -  shun,     clous,    tioua,  -slous  =  shus.   -ble.  -die.  &  c.  -  bel,  del. 


3796 


prytany— psammodynastes 


these  one  was  chosen  by  lot  as  chief-president. 
Their  term  of  office  was  somewhat  more  than 
a  month,  during  which  time  all  treaties  and 
public  acts  ran  in  their  name.  [PRTTANY.] 

2.  One  of  the  chief  magistrates  in  several 
states,  as  at  Corinth,  Miletus,  &c. 

pr^f  -a-njf,  ».     [Gr.  vpinavfia.  (prutaneia).'] 

Greek  Antiq.:  The  presidency  at  Athens  ;  a 
period  of  35  or  36  days,  during  which  the  pry- 
tanes  of  each  phule  in  turn  presided  in  the 
Senate.  The  first  six  in  the  year  consisted  of 
85,  the  last  four  of  30  days. 

pvyth'-ee,  interj.    [PRITHEE.] 

prz  I-bram  -ite  (pr*  as  pretz),  «.    [After 
Pizibram,  Bohemia;  suff.  -ite  (Jfin.).] 
Mineralogy : 

1.  A  variety  of  Gothite  (q.v.),  occurring  in 
stellate  groups  of  acicular  crystals,  having  a 
velvety  surface. 

2.  A  variety    of  Blende  (q.v.)  containing 
cadmium. 

U  Pt  and  pt  are  pronounced  as  s  and  t. 

psal-l-do-proc'-ne,  s.  [Or.  ^oAi?  (psalis), 
genit.  ^oAtios  (psalido$)  —  &  pair  of  shears, 
and  IIpojciTj  (Prohie)  =  the  daughter  of  Pan- 
dion,  King  of  Athens.] 

Ornith. :  The  typical  genus  of  the  sub-family 
Psalidoprocninae  (q.v.).  with  ten  species,  from 
tropical  and  southern  Africa. 

psal-I  do-proc-ni  -rue,  *.  p>-  [Mod.  Lat. 
psalidoprocn(e) ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  guff,  -irux.} 
Ornith. :  Rough-winged  Swallows,  a  sub- 
family of  Hirundinidse,  with  two  genera, 
Psalidoprocne  and  Stelgidopteryx.  In  the 
males  the  outer  margin  of  the  first  primary 
has  a  strongly  serrated  edge. 

psalm  (I  silent),  *  psalme,  *  salm,  s.  [Lat. 
psalmus,  from  Or.  i^oAfiot  (psalmos)  =  a  touch- 
ing, espec.  the  strings  of  a  harp,  the  sound  of 
a  harp,  a  song,  a  psalm,  from  i^ioAAw  (psallo) 
=  to  touch,  to  twang;  A.S.  sealm;  O.  F. 
psalme,  salme ;  FT.  psaume ;  Sp.  &  Ital.  salmo ; 
Port,  ptolmo.]  A  sacred  song  or  hymn ;  a 
song  or  hymn  composed  on  sacred  subjects, 
and  in  praise  or  worship  of  God ;  espec.  one 
of  the  hymns  composed  by  David,  and  other 
Jewish  sacred  writers. 

H  The  Book  of  Psalm*: 

Old  Test.  Canon. :  Heb.  C^nj;!  (techttlim  or 
tehillim),  an  abnormal  pi.  of  masc.  form  to 
the  fern.  rrVr^i  (techiUah  or  tehillah)  =  (1) 
praise ;  (2)  a  hymn  of  praise ;  (3)  glory.  In 
one  codex  the  Septuagint  calls  the  book 
+OA/IOI  (Psalmoi)  •=.  Psalms  ;  in  another  +oA- 
rnpiov  (psalteriun)  =  a  stringed  instrument.  It 
was  the  praise-book  or  psalter  of  the  Hebrew 
temple  or  synagogues.  In  the  present  Hebrew 
Bibles  it  is  placed  just  after  the  Prophets  at 
the  head  of  the  Hagiographa  (q.v.),  and  in 
Luke  zziv.  44,  is  generally  supposed  to  stand 
for  that  division  of  the  Old  Testament  books. 
The  hundred  and  tifty  psalms  are  arranged  in 
Hebrew  in  five  books,  each  terminating  with 
adoxology,  in  some  cases  closing  with  ''Amen 
and  amen."  The  R.V.  prints  them  separately. 
Book  1  contains  i.-xli. ;  book  2,  xlii.-bcxii. ; 
book  3,  Ixxiii.-lxxxix. ;  book  4,  xc-cvi.,  and 
book  5,  cvli.-cl.  All  but  thirty-four  psalms 
have  titles  in  the  Hebrew  Bible  :  the  latter 
were  called  by  the  Rabbins  orphan  psalms. 
In  the  Septuagint  all  Imt  two  have  titles. 
Though  not  as  a  rule  accepted  as  part  of 
Scripture,  they  are  ancient,  and  worthy  of 
high  respect.  They  attribute  all  Book  1  to 
David,  except  Ps.  i  ,  ii.,  x.,  and  ixxiii.  The  name 
of  the  Supreme  Being  used  in  this  book  ii 
chiefly  Jehovah.  Book  2  assigns  Psalms  to 
David,  to  Korah,  to  Asapb,  and  to  Solomon, 
ant!  leaves  others  anonymous.  The  name  for 
the  Supreme  Being  in  this  book  is  Elohim 
(q.v.).  Book  3  ascribes  Psalms  to  David,  to 
Korah,  to  Asaph,  to  Ethan,  and  to  Heman 
the  Ezrahite.  Elohim  and  Jehovah  are  about 
equally  common  in  the  book,  the  former, 
however,  being  apparently  preferred.  Book  4 
•scribes  Psalm  xc.  to  Moses,  the  others  not 
anonymous  to  David.  Book  5  leaves  many 
psalms  anonymous,  attributing  others  to 
David.  The  Hebrew  Bible,  but  not  the  Sep- 
tuagint, assigns  Psalm  cxxvii.  to  Solomon. 
This  volume  contains  the  Songs  of  Degrees. 
The  book  was  evidently  brought  together 
from  many  Bourses.  It  was  commenced, 
lather  than  entirely  composed,  by  David 
Its  composition  and  compilation  extended 


over  centuries.  Psalm  cxxxvii.  speaks  of  the 
Babylonish  captivity  as  an  event  recently 
gone  by.  Psalm  xliv.  and  Ixxix.  seem  very 
suitable  to  the  time  of  the  persecution  under 
Antiochus  Epiphanes  (B.C.  168-165).  If  the 
Talmudic  statement,  discovered  byGratz,  that 
the  night  service  alluded  to  in  Psalm  cxxxiv. 
did  not  become  part  of  the  Jewish  ritual  till  the 
time  of  Queen  Alexandra  (B.C.  79-70),  it,  and 
perhaps  others  of  the  Songs  of  Degrees  may  be 
slightly  more  recent  than  that  date.  The  book 
of  Psalms  is  quoted  or  alluded  to  as  an  inspired 
composition  by  Our  Saviour  and  his  Apostles 
at  least  seventy  times :  no  Old  Testament 
book  is  more  frequently  quoted.  Its  canonical 
authority  has  never  been  seriously  doubted. 
It  has  become  the  psalter  of  the  Christian 
Church.  Its  rhythmical  form  and  careful 
parallelism  (q.v.)  (now  rendered  obvious  by 
the  R.V.)  adapt  it  for  the  musical  part  of 
public  worship.  [MESSIANIC.] 

*  psalm  (I  silent),  v.t.    [PSALM,  «.]    To  sing, 
to  celebrate  in  psalms. 

"  Ptatming  hi*  praise."  Syltattr  :  Bandit-Crafti,  73. 

psalm  -1st  (I  silent),  psal  -mist,  s.     [Lat 

psalmista,  from  late  Gr.  i/mApio-nit  (psalmistes), 
from  ifiaApot  (psalmos)  =  a  psalm  (q.v.) ;  Fr. 
psalmiste ;  Sp.  A  Ital.  salmista;  Port,  psal- 
mifta,  salmista.] 

L  Ord.  Lang.:  A  writer  or  composer  of 
psalms ;  a  title  applied  es]>ecially  to  the 
authors  of  the  scriptural  psalms,  and  speci- 
fically, with  the  definite  article  prefixed,  to 
David. 

"She  tuned  to  pious  notes  the  ptalmitt't  lyre." 
Hwjhfi :  On  Divine  Poetry. 

2.  Church  Hist. :  Singers  in  the  early  Church 
whose  duty  it  was  to  lead  the  people.  They 
were  set  apart  for  the  office  by  a  ceremony 
performed  by  a  priest,  who  gave  them  this 
charge  :  "See  that  thou  belie  vest  in  thy  heart 
what  thou  singest  with  thy  lips ;  and  manifest 
by  thy  actions  what  thou  believest  in  thy 
heart." 

*  psalm  -Is-try  (I  silent),  psal  -mls-trf,  *. 

[Eng.  psalmist;  -ry.]  The  act  of  singing 
psalms,  psalmody ;  the  use  of  psalms  in  de- 
votion. (Milton.) 

*  psal  mod  -Ic,    *  psal  mod  Ic-al,    a. 

[Eng.  psaimod(y);  -ic,  -ical.]  Pertaining  or 
relating  to  psalmody.  (Mason  :  Church  Musick, 
p.  170.) 

*  psalm -o-dlat  (I  silent),  psal -mo-dist, 

s.  [Eng.  psalmod(y);  -ist.]  A  composer  or 
singer  of  psalms  or  sacred  songs  ;  a  psalmist. 

"  The  »piri  to  utd  inflamed  affect  ions,  and  voices  of 
foalnuxttttt."— Hammond:  Worki.  Ir.  1. 

*  psalm  -6-dize,  *  psalm  -6-dise  (I  silent ; 

or  as  psaT-mo  dise),  v.i,  [Eng.  psalmod(y); 
-we,  -ise.]  To  sing  psalms ;  to  practice 
psalmody.  (Cooper:  Ver-vtrt,  c.  ii.) 

p»alm'-o-dy  (I  silent),  psal'-mo-dy,  ». 
[Fr.  psalmodie,  from  Low  Lat.  psalmodia; 
Gr.  i/foA/iwiia  ( psalmodia)  =  a  singing  to  the 
harp  :  ifmAfiot  (psalmos)  =  a  psalm,  and  uSi) 
(fitlf)  =  a  song  ;  Sp.  &  Ital.  $almodia ;  Port. 
psalmodia.] 

1.  The  act,  art,  or  practice,  of  singing  psalms 
or  sacred  songs  ;  psalmistry. 

"  They  that  allot  any  constant  part  of  their  time  to 
private  ptalmody.  "—Hammond :  Worki,  Ir.  7. 

2.  Psalms  collectively  ;  metrical  versions  of 
the  Psalms  to  which  short  airs  are  either  set 
or  adapted. 

*  pealm  -6-dy  (l  silent),  *  psal  -m6  d£,  v.t. 

[PSALMODY,  «.]  To  celebrate  in  psalms ;  to 
•ing. 

"An  event  which  may  still  .  .  be  celebrated  and 
ptalmoditd."  - Carlyle :  ilucillania,  IT.  11» 

*  psal  -m6  graph,  «.     [Eng    psalm ;  o  con- 
nect., and  suff.  -graph.]    A  writer  orcomposer 
of  psalms  or  sacred  songs  or  hymns  ;  a  psalm- 
ist. 

"Following  the  aMeng  of  king  David  the  ptalmo- 
frapk.~—foxt :  Martyri,  p.  14*  (an.  10661. 

•psalm-6g  ra  pher  "psalm  6gra- 
phlst  (I  silent),  •  psal -mdgf-ra- pher, 
•psal-mdg^ra  phlst,  «.  [Eng.  psalmo- 
graph(y);  -cr,  -ist.]  A  psalmograph  (q.v.). 

"  The  ptalmopraplitr.  that  for  the  well  tuning  of  hii 
tongue  is  called  the  Sweet  Singer  of  IiraeL"— Adamt  : 
Turning  of  At  Tonfut,  p.  M4. 

•psal-mSg'-ra-phy,  '  psalm- 6g-ra- 
phjf  (I  silent),  «.  [PsALMOGRAPB.]  The  a'ct 


or  practice  of  writing  or  composing  psalm* 
or  sacred  songs. 

psal'-ter,  *  psaul-ter,  *  saut-er,  «.  [O.  Fr. 

psaltier(fT.psauti«r),  from  Lat.  psalteriiim=:(\) 
a  psaltery,  (2)  a  song  sung  to  the  psaltery,  the 
Psalter  ;  Sp.  saltrrio  ;  Ital.  salterio,  saltero  ;  Port. 
psalterio,  salterio;  A.8.  psaltere.]  (PSALTERY.) 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  The  Book  of  Psalms  ;  also  a 
book  containing  the  Psalms  separately  printed, 
and  with  musical  accompaniment  adapted  to 
each;  also  specif.,  the  version  of  the  Psalms 
in  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer. 

2.  Roman  Ritual:   The  daily  office  in  the 
Breviary. 

If   Our  Lady's  Psalter:  The  Little  Office. 
[Omct] 

•psal-ter'-I-an,   a.    [Eng.  psaltery;   -aw.) 
Sweet,  like  the  notes  of  a  psaltery. 

"  Warm,  tremuloui,  devout,  ptaltenan.' 

Keatt:  Lamia. 

psal  ter'-I-iim,  s.     [Lat]     [PSALTERY.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  psalter  (q.v.). 

2.  Comp.  Anat.  :  The  omasum  (q.v.). 


PSALTERY. 


r-^,  *.     [O.  Fr.  pxtlterie,  from  Lat 
psaUerium,  from  Gr.  ^aAr^piof  (psalterion)  = 
a  stringed  instrument,  from  ^oArqp  (psalier)= 
a    harper  ;    i/idA.A« 
(psaUff)  =  to    play 
on  the  harp  ;   Fr. 
psalttrion.] 

•L  Ord.  Lang.: 
The  Psalter. 

"Gotten  the  puO- 
t*rn"  —  Hammond  : 
Worlu,  iv.  7. 

2.  Music:  A 
stringed  instru- 
ment of  music  used 
by  the  ancient 
Jews,  the  form  of 
which  is  not 
known.  That  which 

is  now  used  is  in  the  form  of  a  trapezium  or 
triangle  truncated  at  the  top,  having  thirteen 
strings  of  wire,  mounted  on  two  bridges  at 
the  sides,  and  is  struck  with  a  plectrum. 

"  Sireua,  with  harps  and  silver  pm.lt  trit* 
Shall  wait  with  luiuic  at  thy  frigate's  stem." 

Oreent  .  Friar  Bacon. 

•psal'-  tress,  «.    [Gr.  tfioAnip  (psalter)  =  • 
narper.)    A  female  player  on  the  psaltery. 


Browning  :  Paracellut,  T. 

psam  -ma,  s.    [PSAMMO-.] 

Sot. :  Marrem  grass ;  a  genus  of  Arundina- 
ce«.  Lindley  makes  it  a  synonym  of  Ammo- 
phila  (q.  v.).  Kir  J.  Hooker  revives  it,  and  calls 
Ammopkila  arundinacea,  Psamma  arenaria. 

psam'-mite,  s.     [Gr.    ^aMf*<*  (psammot)  = 
sand  ;  suff.  -ite  (Petrol.).] 
Petrol. :  The  same  as  SANDSTONE  (q.T.). 

psam-mlt -Ic,  a.  [Eng.  psammit(e);  -ic,) 
Pertaining  to  or  containing  psammite;  of  the 
nature  of  psammite. 

psam-mo-,  pref.  [Gr.  i|/a/i»io«  (pmmmot)  = 
sand.]  Living  in,  connected  with,  or  re- 
sembling sand. 

psam-mo-bat -Is,  a.  [Pref.  psammo-,  and 
Lat.  batit  =.  a  ray.] 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Rajidae,  from  the 
southern  coasts  of  South  America.  The  disc 
is  circular,  and  only  five  inches  wide ;  the 
tail  is  three  and  a  half  inches  long. 

psam-mo  bl  a,  s.  [Pref.  psammo-,  and  Gr. 
ftiou  (bioS)  —  to"  live.) 

Zcol.  A  Palceoni. :  Sunset-shell ;  a  genus  of 
Conchifera,  family  Mactrida?  (q.v.).  Shell 
oblong,  compressed,  gaping  slightly  at  both 
ends;  siphons  very  long  and  slender.  They 
inhabit  sand  and  mud,  and  range  from  the  lit- 
toral zone  to  100  fathoms.  Fifty  recent  species, 
from  Britain,  Norway,  India,  New  Zealand, 
and  the  Pacific.  Fossil  fiity,  from  the  Eocene 
Tertiary  of  the  United  States  and  Europe. 

psam  -mo-dft*,  *.  [Pref.  psamm(o)-,  and  Gr. 
oooiif  (odous)  =  a  tooth.] 

Palccont. :  A  genus  of  Cestraphori,  with 
three  species,  founded  on  teeth  from  the  Coal- 
measures  of  Armagh,  Bristol,  and  Oreton. 

psim-mo-dy  nas-tes,  s.    [Pref. 
and  Gr.  iuvdo-nis  (dymistea)  =  a  ruler.J 


ate,  fit,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wit,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go.  pdt, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who.  son;  mote,  cub,  cure,  onlte,  cur.  rule,  fall;  try.  Syrian.    SB,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  few. 


psammolithie— pseudo- 


3797 


ZooL  :  A  genus  of  Pbammophidae  (q.v.),  with 
two  species,  ranging  from  Sikkim  to  Cochin 
China,  Borneo,  and  the  Philippines.  Psam- 
modynastes  pulverulentus  is  a  native  of  British 
India.  "Its  aspect  is  very  repulsive;  its 
dark,  undefined  colours,  short  and  thick  head, 
and  swollen  lips  caused  by  large  hidden  fangs, 
give  it  the  appearance  of  a  venomous  snake." 
(Gtinther :  Kept.  Brit.  Italia,  p.  292.) 

psam  mo  Uth'-Ic,  a.     [Pref.  psammo-,  and 

Eng.  lit  hie.] 

Geol. :  Consisting  in  large  measure  of  sand. 
Used  of  groups  of  strata.  (Seeley.) 

psam-md-ne'-ma  ta,  s.  pi.  [Pref.  psammo-, 

and  pi.  of  Or.  n^a  (nemo)  —  yarn.] 

Zool. :  A  sub-order  of  Cerospongia,  having 
foreign  bodies,  and  notably  sand,  within  the 
axis  of  the  spongine  fibre.  Example  the  Bath 
sponge. 

psam  moph  -I-dse,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  psaro- 
moph(i>):  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  stiff,  -idee.] 

Zool. :  Desert-snakes  ;  a  family  of  Colubri- 
formes,  with  five  genera,  characteristic  of  the 
Ethiopian  and  Oriental  regions.  Body  and 
tail  generally  elongate,  sometimes  stout, 
rounded  ;  head  very  distinct  from  the  neck. 

psam'-mdph-Is,  *.  [Pref.  psamm-,  and  Or. 
6<t>it  (nphis)  =  a  serpent.] 

Zool. :  The  typical  genus  of  the  family 
Psammophidae  (q.v.),  with  sixteen  species, 
ranging  from  West  Africa  to  Persia  and  Cal- 
cutta. I'sammophis  condanarus  is  about  forty 
inches  in  length. 

psam  mo  sau  -riis,  *.  [Pref.  psammo-,  and 
Gr.  craOpot  (sauros)  =  a  lizard.] 

Zool. :  Sand-monitor ;  a  genus  of  Monitor- 
id*,  with  one  species,  Psammosaurus  areruri- 
eus,  from  the  north  of  Africa  and  north- 
western India.  The  genus  is  often  merged  in 
Monitor  (q.v.). 

psar'-o-mte,  *  psar'-d-lite,  s.  [PSARO- 
NIUS.]  Any  individual  of  the  genus  Psaronius. 

psa-ro'-nl-us,  *.  [Lat  =  an  unknown  pre- 
cious stone  (Pliny).'] 

Palreobot.  :  A  genus  of  Tree-ferns.  It  is 
probably  the  interior  of  the  stem  of  Stem- 
mhtopteris.  Twenty-four  were  described  by 
Gopiiert  (1864-5).  From  the  Devonian  to  the 
Permian.  Valued  by  collectors  for  the  con- 
servation of  their  fibre  and  the  fine  polish 
they  take. 

psath'-jf-rite,  «.     [Gr.  6o0v'po«  (psathuroi)  = 
friable  ;  suff.  -ife  (Afin.).J 
Afin.  :  The  same  as  XYLORETINITE  (q.v.). 

psat'-n-rose,  «.     [Gr.  \lia»vp6t  (psathuros)  = 
friable.] 
it  in. :  The  same  as  STEPHANITE  (q.v.). 

psat'-jf-rln,  s.  [Gr.  *o9vpo?  (psathuros)  = 
friable  ;  -in  (CVi«m.).]  [HARTIN.] 

psg-laph'-I-dae,  *.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  pselaph(u») ; 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sun".  -></"•.) 

Kntom.  :  An  anomalous  family  of  Palpi- 
cornia.  Very  small  beetles,  with  clavate  and 
often  nodose  antenna-,  short  elytra,  and  three- 
jointed  tarsi.  Many  of  them  found  in  ants' 
nests.  They  occur  in  most  countries.  Nine 
genera  are  British. 

psel  -a-phus, ».  [Gr.  <l,i)\a.<t>d<a  (psilapKaff)= 
to  feel  or  grope,  as  in  the  dark.] 

Kntom. :  The  typical  genus  of  Psclaphidae 
(q.v.).  Two  species  are  British. 

t  psel-lls -mus,  s.  [Gr.  i^AA.ovek  (psellw- 
mos)  =  stammering ;  ifieAAot  (psellos)  =  failing 
in  speech.] 

Pathol. :  A  generic  term  for  all  defects  in 
speech,  as  stammering,  Ac. 

pseph'-lsm,  s.  [Gr.  iff^t(rfia  (psephinma), 
from  \fnj4>i^u>  (pstphizo)  =  to  vote  by  pebbles  : 
iJrfjfxK  (psephos)  =  a  pebble,  a  round  stone,  and 
<jiiua(psaff)=.  to  rub.] 

Greek  Antiq.  :  A  public  vote  of  the  people 
of  Athens,  given  by  means  of  pebbles ;  a 
decree  or  statute  enacted  by  such  a  vote. 

pseph'-ite,  $.  [Gr.  <Jr^Ao«  (pilphos)  =  a  small 
stone  ;  suff.  -ite  (Petrol.).'] 

Petrol. :  A  name  given  byNanmann  to  those 
breccias  and  conglomerates  in  which  the 
fragments  are  not  larger  than  a  hazel-nut 


psdph-ur'-u*,  «.  [First  element  doubtful ; 
second,  Gr.  ovpct  (nura)  =  a  tail.] 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Polyodontidte,  differing 
from  Polyodon  in  having  the  rostral  process 
less  depressed  and  more  conical.  Upper 
caudal  fulcra  (six)  enormously  developed. 
Psephurus  gladius  inhabits  the  Yau-tse-kiaug 
and  Hoaug-ho. 

pset-tich'-thys,  s.  [Mod.  Lat  psett(us),  and 
Gr.  ix^v's  (ichthus)  =  a  lish.] 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Pleuroneetidse,  con- 
fined to  the  western  coast  of  North  America. 

pset'-to-des,  *.  [Mod.  Lat.  psett(us),  and  Gr. 
«'6o«  (eidos)  =  form.] 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Pleuronectidae,  with 
one  species,  Psettodes  enimei,  common  in  the 
Indian  Ocean.  It  has  retained  inon  of  sym- 
metrical structure  than  the  other  members  of 
the  family  ;  the  eyes  are  as  often  found  on  the 
right  as  on  the  left  side,  and  it  not  unfre- 
quently  swims  in  a  vertical  position. 

pset'-tus,  s.  [Lat  psetta,  from  Att.  Gr.  i^rra 
(psetta)  =  a  flat  fish  ;  not  the  modern  genus.] 
Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Carangidae.  Body  much 
compressed  and  elevated  ;  snout  rather  short; 
one  dorsal,  ventrals  rudimentary  ;  teeth  villi- 
form,  none  on  palate ;  scales  small,  ctenoid. 
Three  species  are  known.  Psettus  argenteus, 
about  ten  inches  long,  is  very  common  in  the 
Indo-Pacific. 

pseud-,  pref.    [PSEUDO-.] 

pseud  haemal,  pseudo  haemal,  o. 

Comp.  Annt. :  A  term  applied  to  a  system 
of  canals  in  the  Annelida,  in  some  cases  com- 
municating freely  with  the  perivisceral  cavity, 
but  in  the  majority  of  cases  shut  off  from  it. 
(See  extract.) 

"These  canals  ar*  filled  by  a  clear,  usually  non- 
corimsculated  fluid,  which  may  be  red  or  green,  and 
constitute  the  psmd-kaema.1  system.  ...  It  Menu 

Rrobable  that  the  fluid  of  the  pteud-hamtal  vessels,  as 
;  contains  a  substance  resembling  haemoglobin,  repre- 
sent* a  ion  of  respiratory  Wood."— Huxley  :   Anat. 
Invertebrate*,  p.  57. 

pseud-se-liir  -us,  ».  [Pref.  pseud-,  and  Mod. 
Lat.  celurus.]  [AILURUS.] 

Pakeont. :  A  genus  of  Felidse,  akin  to  Felis, 
but  with  an  additional  premolar  in  the  lower 
jaw.  From  the  Miocene  of  Europe  and  the 
Pliocene  of  North  America. 

pseud-aes-thd'-sf -a,  ».  [Pref.  pseud-,  and 
Gr.  aio-0rjTia  (aisthesia)  =  perception.]  Ima- 
ginary or  false  feeling ;  imaginary  sense  of 
touch  in  organs  that  have  been  long  removed. 

*pseud-a-p6's'-tle  (tie  as  el).  *.  [Pref. 
pseud-,  and  Eng.  apostle  (q.v.).]  A  false 
apostle. 

"  Phllllplan  pteudapoKUt."  —  Bp.  Hall :  Sermon 
on  Phil.  til.  18,  19. 

pseud-as'-ta-cine,  a.  [Mod.  Lat  pseudas- 
tac(us);  -ine'.]  Belonging  to,  resembling,  or 
connected  with  the  genus  Pseudastacus  (q.v.). 

pseud-as'-ta-cus,  «.  [Pref.  pseud-,  and 
Mod.  Lat  astacus.] 

Palceont. :  A  gen  us  of  Microurous  Decapoda, 
with  one  species,  Pseudastacus  pustulosus, 
from  the  lithographic  slates  of  Bolenhofen 
and  the  Chalk  of  the  Lebanon. 

pseud-e'ch-e'-ne'-Is,  *.  [Pref.  pseud-,  and 
Mod.  Lat  echemis.] 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Siluridae  (q.v.)  with  one 
species,  from  the  mountain-streams  of  Khas- 
sya.  There  is  a  thoracic  adhesive  apparatus, 
formed  by  transverse  plaits  of  the  skin 
between  the  pectorals,  enabling  the  fish  to 
cling  to  stones,  thus  preventing  the  current 
from  sweeping  it  away. 

pseud-Sell'-Is,  «.  [Pref.  pseud-,  and  Gr.  i\^ 
(tchis)  =  a  viper.] 

ZooL  :  A  genus  of  Elapidae,  from  Australia. 
Pseudech.it  porphyriaca.  the  Australian  Black 
Snake,  is  the  commonest  venomous  snake  in 
that  country.  It  frequents  wet  and  marshy 
places,  and  resembles  the  cobra  in  many  of 
its  actions. 

pseud-Sl-g-fei'-ntts,  *.  [Pref.  pstud-,  and 
Mod.  Lat  eleginus.} 

Pakeont. :  A  genus  of  Trachinidse,  from  the 
Miocene  of  Licata. 

pseud-Sm'-br^-o, «.  [Pref.  pseud-,  and  Eng., 
Ac.,  embryo  (q.v.).] 

Zool. :  Sir  Wyville  Thomson's  name  for  the 
l»rva  of  the  Echinodermata, 


*  pseud-Sp-I-graph'-Ic,  a.     [Eng.  pseud> 
pigraph(y);  -ic.]    The  same  as  PSEUDEPIGRA- 
PHOus(q.v.). 

"This  lait  cliws  of  pttudfpigrap\ic  works."—  fiotxrC. 
ton  Smith  :  Old  Tett.  in  Jewish  CHurch,  lect  T. 

*  pseud-g-pig'-ra-phous,  a.     [Gr.  «^«v««- 

viypa4>o*  (pseudepigraphos),  from  ^evoijf 
(pse«d€«)  =  fah}e,  and  <iriypa4>w  (eptgrapho)  = 
to  inscribe.]  Inscribed  with  a  false  name; 
falsely  or  wrongly  ascribed. 

"  Toconclude  the  Orphick  poein*  to  have  been  oteudt- 
pigraphout."—Cuditort>t  :  InteU.  Si/ttem,  p.  »«. 

•pseud-g-pig'-ra-ph^,  *.  [Pref.  pseud-, 
and  Eng.  epijrrapfti/"(q.v.).]  The  ascription  of 
false  names  as  authors  to  books. 

*  pseud-e  pis'-co  pa  9^,  *.    [Pref.  pseud-, 
and  Eng.  episcopacy  (q.v.).]  False  or  pretended 
episcopacy. 

"  [He]  stands  np  for  all  the  rest,  to  Justify  a  lone 
nsnnwtiou  and  convicted  pteiuievitcopact/  of  prelate*. 
—Milton  :  Remonit.  Defence.  (Fret) 

psen'-dls.  s.    [Gr.  i/»eOa«  (pseurfwX  poet  for 


PSEUDIS  PABADOIA. 


=  false.] 

Zool.  :  Jakie  ; 
a  genus  of  Ra- 
nidae  with  one 
species,  Pseudis 
paradoxa,  from 
Guiana.  It  is 
greenish,  spot- 
ted with  brown, 
and  has  irregu- 
lar linear  mark- 
ings of  brown 
along  its  thighs 
and  legs.  So  re- 
latively large  is  the  larval  form,  that  when  the 
tail  is  absorbed  no  increase  of  growth  occur* 
in  the  adult 

pseud-i-sod  -6-mon,  *.  [Pref.  pseud-,  and 
Eng.  isodomon.] 

Greek  Arch.  :  A  mode  of  building  in  which 
the  walls  were  filled  in  between  the  bond- 
stones  or  stretchers  with  rubble  or  small  stones 
bedded  in  mortar,  with  course  of  equal  height 
(Weale.) 

pseud-*-,  pref.  [Gr.  ^CVOTJ*  (  pseudes)  =  false  ; 
i^evo'of  (pseudos)  =  a  falsehood.]  A  prefix, 
signifying  false,  counterfeit,  or  spnrious  ;  in 
scientific  compounds,  having  a  deceptive 
appearance. 

If  Obvious  compounds  :  pseudo  -  apostle, 
pseudo-bard,  pseudo-clergy,  pseudo-tvangelicism  , 
pseudo  -  martyr,  pseudo  -  philosopher,  pseudo  - 
philosophy,  pseudo-republican,  &c. 

pseudo  acetic  acid,  «. 

Chem.  :  CiHsOa-QjH^.;.  Butyracetic  acid. 
Obtained  in  the  free  state  by  the  fermentation 
of  tartrate  of  calcium,  and  by  adding  to  sul- 
phuric acid  an  equivalent  of  a  butyrate  and 
acetate.  It  is  isomeric  with  propionic  acid, 
and  in  many  respects  behaves  like  it  but 
differs  in  being  resolved  by  distillation  into 
buytric  and  acetic  acids.  It  is  a  mobile 
liquid,  freely  miscible  in  alcohol  and  water,  and 
boiling  at  140°. 

psendo-alkarmln,  s.    [ANcmranr.] 
pseudo  branchiae,  «..  pi.   [PSECDOBRAN- 

CHIJE.] 

pseudo-bulb,  «. 

lint.  :  A  stem  like  a  bulb.  Example,  the 
thickened  aerial  stem  of  some  Orchids. 

pseudo  bntene,  s. 

(  CH-CHj 
Chem.:  4  ||  Formed   by  beating 

(  CH-CHj. 

pseudo-butyl  iodide   with  alcoholic  potash. 
It  boils  at  3*  and  solidifies  at  a  low  tempera- 
ture. 
Pseudo-butyl-alcohol  : 


alcohol.  An  fsomer  of  normal  butyl  alcohol 
obtained  from  erythrite  by  distilling  with 
fuming  hydriodic  acid.  The  iodide  formed  is 
treated  with  racist  oxide  of  silver,  which 
yields  the  alcohol  as  a  colourless  oily  liquid, 
having  a  bun  .ing  taste,  a  specific  gravity  of 
•86  at  0°,  and  lioiling  at  97  . 

pseudo-calculi,  «.  pi. 

Pathol.  :  Calculi  of  fibrin  or  blood-coaguU., 
or  of  urostealith.    They  are  very  rare. 


boll,  bo? ;  poTit,  J6%1 ;  oat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xcnophon,  exist,   ph  =  C 
-oiaa, -tian  =  sha».   -tion,  -ston  =  shnn:  -tion,  -fion  =  zhun.   -clous,  -Uous,  -dous  =  sbfts.   -ble,  -die,  <tc,  =  beJ,  del 


3798 


pseudoalbite— pseudocyon 


pseudo  ceraiii, .«. 

Chem. :  A  neutral  amorphous  fatty  substance 
found  in  bees'  wax,  and  obtained  by  saponi- 
fying with  potash  and  precipitating  with  an 
acid. 

pseudo-china, .«. 

Sot. :  Smilax  Pseudo-China,  a  native  of  North 
America.  In  South  Carolina  the  root  stocks 
are  manufactured  into  beer,  and  also  used  to 
fatten  hogs. 

pseudo-compounds,  s.  pi. 

Chem. :  Pseudols.  A  term  applied  gener- 
ally to  substances  having  a  degree  of  resem- 
blance to  certain  other  bodies  without  being 
identical  in  composition,  or  similar  in  proper- 
ties, as  pseudo-quinine.  In  a  more  restricted 
sense  it  is  used  to  descril*  secondary  com- 
pounds, as  pseudo-propyl  alcohol,  which 
contains  two  alcohol  radicals  united  by  the 

group  CHHO,  thus  j  ^cH3)HHO,  and  is 
converted  by  oxidation  into  a  ketone  instead 
of  into  an  acid. 

pseudo -costate,  a.     [FALSELY-RIBBED.] 

pseudo-cotyledon,  5.    [PROEMBKYO.] 

pscudo  curarine,  s. 

Chem. :  An  alkaloid  obtained  from  the  leaves 
of  the  oleander.  The  aqueous  decoction  is 
treated  with  tannic  acid,  the  soluble  portion 
boiled  with  litharge  and  the  filtrate  evaporated 
nearly  to  dryness.  It  is  then  washed  with 
ether,  and  the  part  insoluble  in  that  liquid 
dissolved  in  alcohol.  On  evaporation  pseudo- 
curarine  remains  as  a  yellowish  tasteless 
varnish,  very  soluble  in  water  and  alcohoL 
It  neutralises  acids,  but  the  compounds  are 
not  crystallizable. 

pseudo-dipteral,  a.  &  ». 

Architecture : 

A.  As  adj.:  Falsely  or  imperfectly  dipteral; 
applied  to  a  disposition  in  temples  wherein 
there  were  eight  columns  in  front  and  only 
one  range  round  the  cell.     It  is  called  false 
or  imperfect,  because  the  cell  only  occupying 
the  width  of  four  columns,  the  sides  from  the 
columns  to  the  walls  of  the  cell    have  no 
columns  therein,  although  the  front  and  rear 
present  a  column  in  the  middle  of  the  void. 

B.  As  subst. :   A  temple   arranged  on  a 
pseudo-dipteral  plan. 

pseudo-erytnrin,  .«. 

Chem. :  The  old  name  for  orseflinate  of 
ethyl,  CjHs,  CgH7O4,  obtained  by  exhausting 
Roccella  tinctoria,  with  boiling  alcohol.  It  is 
crystalline  and  readily  soluble  in  water, 
alcohol,  and  ether. 

pseudo-gyrate,  a. 

Bot. :  Having  a  false  ring.  (Used  when  the 
elastic  ring  of  the  spore  case  in  ferns  is  con- 
fined to  the  apex.) 

pseudo  haemal,  a.    [PSEUD-H.CMAL.] 
pseudo-heart,  ». 

Camp.  Anat.  (PI.)  :  Certain  contractile  cavi- 
ties connected  with  the  atrial  system  of  the 
Brarhiopoda,  formerly  (Considered  to  be  true 
hearts,  but  now  known  to  be  connected  with 
reproduction.  Rolleston  thought  they  cor- 
responded to  the  Organ  of  Bojauus  (q.v.)  in 
the  Lamellibranchiata. 

pseudo  hexene  Rlycol,  *. 

Chem.:  C6H14O2 =  (C-Hs^H-XOH^.  Diallyl 
dihydrate.  Prepared  by  converting  diallyl 
into  the  hydriodide  by  heating  in  a  closed 
vessel,  acting  on  the  iodide  with  acetate  of 
silver,  and  decomposing  the  acetate  formed 
with  an  alkali.  It  is  a  colourless  syrup  of 
•p.  gr.  =  -9638  at  0%  and  boils  about  214*. 

pseudo-hymenium, s. 

Bot. :  A  false  hymenium,  covering  the 
sporida  in  Algals,  and  resembling  a  hymenium 
in  other  plants.  (Fries.) 

pseudo -membrane,  s.  A  false  mem- 
brane arising  from  inflammation. 

pseudo-metallic,  a.  Falsely  or  imper- 
fectly metallic ;  specif,  applied  to  a  kind  of 
lustre  which  is  perceptible  only  when  held 
towards  the  light,  as  in  minerals. 

pseudo  monocotyledonous,  a. 

Bot.  (Of  cotyledons):  Cohering.  Example: 
the  horse-chestnut. 

pseudo-morphine,  «.    [PHORXIXK.] 


pseudo  navicellae,  s.  pi. 

Zool. :  The  embryonic  forms  of  the  Grega- 
rinidse,  so  called  from  their  resemblance  to 
the  genus  Navicula  (q.v.). 

pseudo  navicular,  a.  Of,  or  pertain- 
ing to,  the  Pseudo-navicellse  (q.v.). 

pseudo  nitropropane,  s. 

Chtm.:  •{  ^yp>CH(NO2).    A  limpid  liquid, 

boiling  at  112°-117*,  obtained  by  the  action 
of  silver  nitrite  on  pseudo-propyl  iodide. 

pseudo  orcin,  s.  [ERVTHRITE,  ERVTHRO- 

MAMNITE.] 

pseudo-peripteral,  a. 

Arch. :  Falsely  or  imperfectly  peripteral. 
Applied  to  a  temple  having  the  side-columns 
attached  to  the  walls  instead  of  separated  by 
an  interval,  as  in  a  peripteral  temple. 

pseudo  propyl-alcohol,  s. 

Chem. :  j  ^H(CH  )HO  Secondary  propylic 
alcohol.  An  isomer  of  propyl  alcohol  obtained 
by  the  action  of  nascent  hydrogen  on  acetone. 
A  colourless  liquid  of  a  peculiar  odour  ;  hav- 
ing a  sp.  (jr.  "791  at  15",  and  boiling  at  83*. 
It  mixes  with  water  in  all  proportions. 

pseudo  purpurin,  s. 

Chem.:  CaoH^Og.  Trioxyalizarin.  A  sub- 
stance obtained  along  with  purpurin  by 
extracting  madder  according  to  Kopp's  method. 
It  is  insoluble  in  alcohol  but  dissolves  in 
warm  benzene,  from  which  it  crystallizes  in 
slender  brick-red  needles,  and  is  converted 
into  purpurin  by  heating  with  alcohol  to 
180" -200.  It  forms  with  mordants  a  rather 
unstable  colouring  matter.  According  to 
Rosenstiehl,  it  consists  of  purpurin-carbonic 
acid,  as  C^I^OgCOjH,  inasmuch  as  it  is  re- 
solved by  heat  into  purpurin  and  carbonic 
acid. 

pseudo  quln*,  « 

Bot. :  Strychnin  P*tudo-Quina,  a  Brazilian 
plant,  with  edible  fruit ;  it  furnishes  Colpache 
bark,  considered  to  be  as  good  a  febrifugal 
medicine  as  quinine. 

pseudo-quinine,  s. 

Chem. :  A  base  said  to  hare  been  obtained 
from  a  cinchona  extract  of  unknown  origin. 
It  crystallized  in  prisms,  was  insoluble  in 
ether,  but  soluble  in  alcohol.  It  was  tasteless, 
and  its  sulphate  was  scarcely  bitter. 

pseudo  stearoptene,  s. 

Chem.  (PI.):  A  term  applied  to  certain 
crystalline  bodies  separated  from  volatile  oils, 
differing  from  the  true  stearoptenes  by  their 
greater  solubility  in  water,  e.g.,  primrose 
camphor  from  Primula  Auricula,  and  the 
camphors  derived  from  other  species  of  the 
same  genus. 

*  pseudo-strata,  «.  pi. 
Geol.  :  Masses  of  rock  extending  in  tabular 
plates,  but  not  laminated.    (MacCulloch.) 

pseudo-sulpho-  cyanogen,  *.    [PER- 

8ULPHO-CYANOOEN. ) 

t  pseudo-tinea,  «. 
Entom. :  The  larva  of  certain  Moths,  spec, 
the  Bee-moth  (q.v.). 

pseudo  toxine, «. 

Chem. :  A  light  yellow  poisonous  extract 
obtained  from  belladonna  leaves,  soluble  in 
water  and  weak  alcohol.  It  is  not  a  pure 
substance,  and  is  believed  to  owe  its  poisonous 
properties  to  the  presence  of  atropine. 

pseudo  uric  acid,  «. 

Chem. :  CgHgN^.  Formed  by  the  action 
of  potassium  cyanate  on  uramil.  The  com- 
pound is  precipitated  from  its  potash-salt  by 
hydrochloric  acid  as  a  white  powder  made  up 
of  prisms.  It  is  without  taste  or  smell,  is 
slightly  soluble  in  water,  and  forms  crystalline 
salts  with  the  alkalis  and  metals. 

pseudo  veratrine,  «. 

Chem.:  CuHagNjOs  (T).  Veratrin- resin. 
Helonine.  A  brown  resinous  substance  ob- 
tained from  the  alcoholic  extract  of  sabadilla 
seeds  after  the  removal  of  sabadilline  and  vera- 
trine. It  melts  at  185*,  is  soluble  in  alcohol, 
insoluble  in  ether  and  water,  and  does  not 
neutralise  acids. 

pseudo  volcanic,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
produced  by,  a  pseudo-volcano. 


pseudo-volcano,  .<.  A  volcano  which 
emits  smoke  and  sometimes  flame,  but  not 
lava  ;  also,  a  burning  mine  of  coal. 

pseu  do-al  -bite,  i    (Pref.  pseudo.,  and  Eng. 
albite.] 
Min. :  The  same  as  ANDESINE  (q.v.). 

pseu-do-ap'-a-tlte,  «.  [Pref.  pseudo-,  and 
Eng.  apatite.] 

Min. :  Apatite  pseudomorphous  after  pyro- 
morphite  (q.v.). 

pseu  do  ba-salt ,  s.  [Pref.  pseudo-,  and  Eng. 
basalt.] 

Petrol. :  A  name  given  by  Humboldt  to  the 
semi-vitreous  varieties  of  trachyte. 

pseu-do-beV-yx,  ».  [Pref.  pseudo-,  and 
Mod.  Lat.  beryx  (q.v.).] 

Palaont.  :  A  genus  of  Berycidae,  with  ab 
dominal  ventral!,  from  the  Chalk  of  Mount 
Lebanon. 

pseu-do-ber-ze'-ll-ite,  *.  [Pref.  pseudo-, 
and  Eng.  berzeliite.] 

Min. :  An  anisotropic  form  of  berzeliite 
(q.v.). 

pseu-dd-ble'p'-sls,  °-    [Pref.  pseudo-,  and  Gr. 
P\e<fii<;   (blepsis)  =  sight ;  /3A<(ira>  (blepo)  =  to 
see  ;  Fr.  pseudoblepsie.] 
Med. :  False,  deceptive,  or  imaginary  vision. 

pseu-do-bran'-chl  SB,  s.  pi.  [Pref.  pseudo-, 
and  Mod.  Lat.  branchiae  (q.v.).] 

Compar.  Anat.  :  The  remains  of  an  anterior 
gill  performing  respiratory  functions  during 
embryonic  life.  In  the  adult  fish  these  organs 
lose  those  functions,  and  appear  as  retia  mira- 
bilia,  receiving  oxygenised  blood,  which,  after 
having  passed  through  the  capillary  system, 
is  carried  to  the  other  parts  of  the  head. 

pseu-do-brook'-Ite,  «.  [Pref.  pseudo-,  and 
Eng.  brookite.] 

Min. :  A  mineral  occurring  in  thin  tabular 
crystals,  associated  with  szaboite  (q.v.),  in 
andesite,  at  Aranyer  Mount,  Transylvania. 
Crystallization,  orthorhombic.  Hardness,  6'0; 
sp.  gr.  4'98  ;  lustre,  adamantine  to  greasy; 
colour,  dark-brown  to  black,  tliin  crystali 
red;  streak,  ochre-yellow.  Analysis  yielded: 
titanic  acid,  52'74  ;  sesquioxide  of  iron,  42'29; 
loss  on  ignition,  0 '69 ;  traces  of  alumina,  lime, 
magnesia,  and  silica. 

pseu'-do-carp,  s.  [Pref.  pseudo-,  and  Gr. 
Kopwos  (karpos)=  fruit.] 

Bot. :  A  similitude  of  a  true  fruit,  consisting 
of  the  mature  ovary  combined  with  other 
parts  of  the  flower.  Example,  a  rose  fruit, 
which  consists  of  the  mature  ovaries  and  the 
enveloping  calyx-tube. 

pseu  do  chro'-mi-des,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat. 
pseiidochrom(is);  Lat.  muse,  or  fein.  pL  adj. 
suff.  -ides.] 

Ichthy. :  A  group  of  Trachinidse,  having  one 
continuous  dorsal  fin,  and  the  lateral  line 
interrupted.  Genera  :  Opisthognathus,  Pseu- 
dochromis,  Cichlops,  and  Pseutloplesiops. 
They  inhabit  coral  reefs  and  coasts. 

pseu  do-chro  -mis,  ».  [Pref.  pseudo-,  and 
Mod.  Lat.  ctoromw(q.v.).]  [PSEUDOCHROMIDES.] 

pseu  do  chry -so  lite,  «.  [Pref.  pseudo-, 
and  Eng.  chrysolite;  Ger.  pseudochrysolith.] 

Petrol. :  A  name  given  to  the  dark  olive- 
green  vitreous  fragments,  formerly  regarded 
as  obsidian,  and  known  as  Bottlestone,  found 
at  Moldanthein,  in  Bohemia.  They  are  now 
shown  to  be  of  artificial  origin. 

pseu-di  -clas'-tic.  s.  [Pref.  pseudo-,  and  Eng. 
clastic.} 

Petrol. :  A  name  suggested  for  various  tuffs 
and  breccias  of  volcanic  rocks. 

pseu  do  co  tun-nite,   s.     [Pref.   pseudo-, 
and  Eng.  cotunnite.] 
Min. :  A  name  given  by  Scacchl  to  some 


pseu-d6$'-y-#n,  «.    [Pref.  pseudo-,  and  Gr. 
Kviav  (kuGn)  =  a  dog.] 

Palteont. :  A  genus  of  fossil  Canidae,  from  the 
Miocene  of  Europe. 


ffcte,  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we.  wit,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf;  work,  whd,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian.    »,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


pgendodax— pseudorhombns 


3799 


pcen  -d&-dax,  *.     [Pref.  pseud-,  and  Mod. 
Lat.  -odax.} 

Ichthy.  :  A  genus  of  Labridae,  with  one 
•pecies,  Pseudndax  moluccensis,  from  the  East 
Indian  archipelago.  Four  broad  incisors  in 
each  jaw,  teeth  of  lower  pharyngeal  confluent, 
pavement-like. 

pseu-do-di-al  lage  (age  as  lg),  pseu  - 
do-di-ar-la-ge,   s.     [Pref.   pseudo-,    and 
Eng.  diallage.] 
if  in.  :  The  same  as  VASADIN-BRONZITE  (q.v.). 


•  pseu'  -  d&  -  dox,  a.   &  s.     [Or. 
(pseudodoxos),  from  i^evS^s  (  pseudis)  —  false, 
and  Sofa  (doxa)  =  opinion.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Not  true  in  opinion  ;  false. 

B.  As  subst.  :  A  false  opinion. 

"  To  maintain  the  atheisticaJl  pteudodox."—Adanu: 
Worto,  i.  4S&. 

•  pseu-dft-dox'-all,  a.      [Eng.   pteudodox; 
•al.]     False,  mistaken.     (Howell:  Parley   of 
toasts,  p;  122.) 

pseu-d6-f&n'-gi-d«e,  «.  pi.    [Pref.  pseudo-, 
and  Mod.  Lat.  fungidoe  (q.v.).] 

Zool.:  A  family  of  Aporose  Actinozoa.  Only 
known  genus  Merulina. 

pseu-do-ga-le  -na,  >.     [Pref.  pseudo-,  and 
Eng.  galena.] 
Min.  :  The  same  as  BLENDE  (q.v.). 

pseu-do-gay-lus  -site,  «.     [Pref.  pseudo-, 
and  Eng.  gaylussite.] 

Min.  :  Crystals  of  gaylussite  wholly  or 
partly  replaced  by  carbonate  of  lime. 

•pseu'-d6-grSph,*  psen-d8g'-ra-phy,  ». 

[Gr.  \litvSoy  pa<f>ia.(psendographia),  from  I^UJTJC 
(pseudes)  =  false,  and  ypd<j>ia  (graphff)  =  to 
write.]  False  writing;  a  forgery. 

"  Many  other  psrudoyrapfu  were  circulated  in  the 
name  of  Clemeut"—  Supernatural  Religion,  voL  L, 
pt  L,  ch.  L 

•p«eu-d5g/-ra-pluze,».i.   [PSEUDOORAPH.] 
To  write  or  spell  words  incorrectly. 

"A  wide-spread  conspiracy  among  old  printer*  to 
r*eudoyraphiie.'—FUted»ard  Ball  :  Mod.  ting.,  p.  1S». 

pseu  -do  -gyps,  s.     [Pref.  pseudo-,  and  Lat. 
(fyps(q.v.)J 

Ornith.  :  A  genus  of  Vulturinse  (q.v.),  allied 
to  Gyps,  but  with  only  fourteen  tail-feathers. 
Two  species,  from  north-east  Africa  aud 
Senegal,  India,  and  Burmah. 

pseu-do-li-beth  -en-ite,  *.    [Pref.  pseudo-, 
and  Eng.  libethenite.] 

Uin.  :  A  mineral  having  the  form  of  libethe- 
nite,  but  the  composition  of  ehlite  (q.v.).  t 

pseu'-do-lite,  *.     [Pref.    pseudo-,  and   Gr. 
Aiflot  (lithos)  =  a  stone.] 
Min.  :  A  variety  of  Talc  (q.v.).    (Adam.) 

pseud-i-li-va,  s.     [Pref.  pseud-,  and  Mod. 
Lat.  oliva.] 

Zool.  <t  Palcfont.  :  A  genus  of  Buccinidse. 
Six  recent  species,  from  Africa  and  California  ; 
five  fossil,  from  the  Eocene. 

•  pseu  -  ddl'  -  8  -  gist,  s.    [Eng.  pseudolog(y)  ; 
-ist.]    A  retailer  of  falsehood  ;  a  liar. 


f,  S.     [Gr.  \lievSo\oyia.  (pseu- 

~dolog'ia),  from  <l>ev&^  (pseudes)  =  false,  and 
Aoyot  (logos)  =  &  word.]    Falsehood  of  speech. 

"  It  Is  not  according  to  the  sound  rules  of  pteudology, 
to  report  of  a  pious  prince,  that  be  neglects  his  devo- 
tion. —  Arbuthnot. 

pseud '-ols,  s.  pi.  [Pref.  pseud- ;  Lat.  -oleum.] 

[PSEDDO-COMPOUNDS  ;  SECONDARY-ALCOHOLS.] 

pseu-do-mal-a-chite,  *.     [Pref.  pseudo-, 
and  Eng.  malactiite.] 

Min. :  An  orthorhombic  (monocllnic  T)  min- 
eral, rarely  found  well  crystallized,  but  mostly 
reniform  or  massive,  with  an  indistinct  fibrous 
structure.  Hardness,  4*5  to  5 ;  sp.  gr.  4  to 
444 ;  lustre,  adamantine ;  colour,  various 
shades  of  dark  green  ;  streak,  paler  than  the 
colour;  translucent  to  opaque.  Compos.  : 
essentially  a  hydrated  phosphate  of  copper, 
but  the  proportions  of  these  constituents 
vary  very  much.  Dana  divides  it  into :  (1) 
Ehlite,  with  the  formula  (5CuO)POs  +  8HO  ; 
(2)  Dihydrite,  with  formula  (5CuO)PO5+2HO ; 
and  (3)  Pseudomalaehite,  with  the  formula 
(6CuO)PO5  +  3HO.  Occurs  in  various  locali- 
ties, but  the  best  has  been  found  near  Bhein- 
breitenbach,  and  at  Ehl,  on  the  Rhine. 


*  pseu-do-mant'-Ist,  f.    [Pref.  pseudo-,  and 
Gr.    p.dimt  (mantis)  =  a  prophet.]     A  false 

prophet.    (Gaule.) 

pseu-di-morph,  «.  [Pref.  pseudo-,  and 
Gr.  M°P<W  (morphf)  =  fona.] 

Min. :  A  mineral  which  has  replaced  an- 
other, or  which  appears  in  crystal-forms  whirh 
are  foreign  to  its  original  formation.  Massive 
varieties  of  minerals  are  more  subject  to 
such  changes,  l>ut  the  action  is  frequently 
more  difficult  to  trace.  There  are  three  kinds  : 
(1)  Pseudomorphs  proper,  divided  originally 
by  Blum  into :  (a)  those  formed  by  loss  of  a 
constituent ;  (6)  by  gain  of  a  constituent ; 
(c)  by  change  of  constituents ;  (d)  by  total 
replacement,  among  which  are  included  cer- 
tain fossils  ;  (2)  Epimorphs,  which  are  formed 
by  the  encrustation  of  another  mineral ;  and 
(3)  Paramorphs  (q.v.). 

pseu-do-morph  -Ic,  pseu  do  morph- 
OUS,  a.  [Eng.  pseudomorph;  -ic,  -out.]  Per- 
taining to  Pseudomorphism  (q.v.). 

pseu-do-morph' -ism,  «.  [Eng.  pseudo- 
morph  (q.v.) ;  -ism.] 

Min. :  The  process  by  which  one  mineral 
replaces  another. 

pseu  -  do -na'-tro"- lite,  ».  [Pref.  pseudo-, 
and  Eng.  natrolite.] 

Mint :  A  mineral  occurring  in  minute  acicn- 
lar  crystals.  Crystallization,  orthorlionibic  (?). 
Hardness,  5'6 ;  lustre,  vitreous  to  pearly ; 
colourless.  An  analysis  yielded  :  silica,  62-64 ; 
alumina,  14*76  ;  lime,  8*54 ;  lithia,  soda,  and 
potash,  TOO;  water,  14-82  =  10176.  Found 
in  the  granite  of  Elba. 

pseu-do-neph'-el-ine,  «.  [Pref.  pseudo-, 
and  Eng.  nepheline.] 

Min. :  An  altered  variety  of  nepheline  (q.  v.), 
found  at  Capo  di  Bove,  near  Naples. 

pseu-do-neph'-rite.  »     [Pref.  pseudo-,  and 
Eng.  nephrite.] 
Min. :  The  same  as  AOALMATOLITK  (q.v.). 

pseu  -  do  -  neu  -  rop'  -  ter  -  a,  s.  pi.  [Pref. 
pseudo-,  and  Mod.  Lat.  neuropteru.] 

1.  Kntom. :  A  group  or  sub-onler  of  Orthop- 
tera,  having  the  wings,  when  present,  mem- 
branous and  reticulated.     It  is  divided  into 
four  tribes  :  (1)  Socialia  (Termitidse);  (2)  Cor- 
rodentia  (Embiidse,  Psocidae);  (3)  Plecoptera 
(Perlid*),  and  (4)  Subulicornia  (Ephemeridae 
and  Libelltilidse).     Some  authorities  place  here 
the  Thysanoptera  and  Mallophaga,  and  many 
regard  the  I  itter  as  dejrraded  Pseudoneurop- 
tera,  while  giving  them  sub-ordinal  rank. 

2.  Pakeont. :  According  to  Mr.  McLachlan 
Breyeria  boriiiensis,  from  the  Belgium  Coal- 
measures,  belongs  to  the  Ephemeridae  ;  other 
authorities  place  it  with  the  Saturnidue. 

psau-don-d-ma'-nJ-a,  ».  [Pref.  pseud- ;  Or. 
ovofia  (finoma)  =  a  name,  and  Eng.  manin 
(q.v.).]  A  form  of  insanity  characterized  by 
a  morbid  propensity  to  lying. 

pseu'-do-nym,  «.  [Fr.  pseudrmyme,  from  Gr. 
v^euouiVufios  ( pseudonumos)  =  called  by  a  false 
name  :  \ffvSo<;  (pseudos)  =  a  falsehood,  and 
oi/ofza  (finoma)  =  a  name.]  A  false,  feigned,  or 
fictitious  name ;  a  nom-de-plume. 

*  pseu-d6-njfin'-I-t&  «.    [Eng.  pseudonym ; 
-ity.]     The  quality  or   state  of  being  pseu- 
donymous, or  of  bearing  a  false  name  or  sig- 
nature ;  the  act  or  practice  of  writing  under 
an  assumed  name. 

pseu-don  -y mous,  a.  [PSEUDONYM.]  Bear- 
ing'a  false  name  or  signature.  Applied  either 
to  the  author  who  publishes  a  book  under  a 
fictitious  name,  or  nom-de-plume,  or  to  the 
work  so  published. 

*  pseu-d8n'-^-mous-ly,  adv.     [Eng.  pseu- 
donymous; -ly.]    Under  a  false  name  or  title ; 
falsely. 

"  A  staff  by  drapers  most  pttiufonymatuty  termed 
everlasting."— Barium  :  Ing.  Leg  ;  Jarnt't  Wig. 

pseu-do-p&r'-a-slte,  s.    [Pref.  pseudo-,  and 
Eng.  parasite.] 
Hot. :  A  parasite  on  dead  tissues  only. 

pseu-dd-par-en'-chy-ma,!.  [Pref. pseudo-, 
aud  Eng.,  &c.  parenchyma  (q.v.).] 

Hot. :  A  tissue  having  filaments  of  distinct 
cells  arranged  in  rows.  Example,  the  pilous 
of  certain  Fungi. 


psen  do  pe-rld  -i-um.  *.  [Pref.  pseudo-, 
and  Mod.  Lat.  peridium  (q.v.).] 

Sot. :  A  false  peridium ;  a  covering  of  the 
sporidia  in  Algals  resembling  a  p«ridium  in 
other  plants.  (Fries.) 

pseu-d6-per-I-the  -91-um,  «.  [Pret 
pseudo-,  and  Mod.  Lat.  perithecium  (q.v.X] 

Sot. :  A  false  perithecinm  ;  a  covering  of 
the  sporidni  in  Algals  resembling  a  pcrithe- 
ciuui  in  other  plants.  (Fries.) 

pseu-do -phite,  *.  [Pref.  pseud(o)-,  and 
Eng.  ophite.} 

Min.:  A  compact  massive  mineral  resem- 
bling serpentine.  Hardness,  2'5  ;  sp.  gr.  2"75 
to  2'77 ;  lustre,  feeble ;  colour,  shades  of 
green  ;  feel,  unctuous.  Compos.  :  similar  to 
that  of  loganite,  and,  like  it,  referred  to  pen- 
ninite  (q.v.).  It  forms  the  matrix  of  enstatite 
at  Mount  Zdjar,  Moravia. 

pseu'-do-phone,  «.    [Pref.  pseudo-,  and  Gr. 

<f>uvri  (phone)  =  a  sound.] 

Acoustics :  The  name  given  by  Prof.  Sil  vanns 
Thompson  to  an  instrument  illustrating  the 
laws  of  the  acoustic  perception  of  space  by 
the  illusions  it  produces.  [PSEUDOSCOPE.]  It 
consists  of  several  adjustable  reflectors  which 
can  be  attached  to  the  head,  and  which 
perform  the  function  of  the  natural  pinnae 
fn  hearing.  (Brit.  Assoc.  Report  (1879),  p.  255.) 

pseu-do-phy'-cis.  *.  [Pref.  pseudo-,  and 
Mod.  Lat.  phycis  (q.v.).") 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Gadidse,  with  two 
species.  Pseudophycis  bachui  is  common  on 
the  coast  of  New  Zealand. 

pseu-d4-ple':-«I-o'ps, «.  [Pref-  pstudo-,  and 
Mod.  Lat.p/«siops(q.v.).]  [PSEUDOCHROUIDES.] 

pseu'-do-pod,  s.  [PSEDDOPODIA.]  Any  in- 
dividual of  the  Protozoa  furnished  with 
pseudopodia  (q.v.). 

pseu-do-po'-dl-a,  *.  pi.  [Pref.  pseudo-, 
and  Gr.  JTOUS  (pom),  geuit.  wo&6<;  (podos)  =  a 
foot] 

Compar.  Anat. :  Organs  of  locomotion  and 
prehension  in  the  lower  Protozoa,  They  con 
sist  simply  of  prolongations  of  the  proto- 
plasm of  the  cell-body,  which  can  usually  be 
emitted  from  the  greater  part  of  the  general 
surface,  and  are  capable  of  being  again  re- 
tracted, and  blending  completely  with  the 
body -substance. 

"  These  pteudopodia  are  sometimes  broad  short 
lohes,  at  others,  elongated  filaments.  When  lobate. 
the  pteudopodia  remain  distinct  from  one  another, 
their  margins  are  clear  and  transparent,  and  the 
granules  which  they  may  contain  plainly  flow  Into 
their  interior  from  the  more  fluid  central  part  of  the 
body.  But,  when  they  are  filiform,  they  are  Tery  apt 
to  run  into  one  another,  and  give  rise  to  networks,  the 
constituent  filaments  of  which,  however,  readily 
separate,  and  regain  their  previous  form  ;  and  whether 
they  do  this  or  not,  the  surfaces  of  these  pteudoprxUa 
are  often  beset  by  minute  granules  which  an  IB 
incessant  motion."— ffuxitr;  Anat.  Inrtrt.,  p.  78. 

pseu-do-po'-dl-al,  a.  [Eng.  pseudopod; 
-ial.]  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  a  pseudopod  or 
pseudopodia.  Chiefly  used  of  the  apertures) 
in  the  tests  of  many  of  the  Foraminifera, 
through  which  the  pseudopodia  are  emitted. 

Dseu-di-por'-pliy-ry,  *.     [Pref.  pseudo-. 
aud  Eng.  jtorphyry.] 
PetroL  :  The  same  as  MELAPHTRE  (q.v.X 

pseu  de-pr6s  -tyle,  «.  [Pref.  pseudo-,  and 
Eng.  prostyle  (q.v.X] 

Arch. :  Tte  name  given  to  a  portico  the 
projection  of  which  from  the  wall  is  less  tha  i 
the  width  of  its  interctfluroniation. 

pseu'-do-pus,  «.  [Pref.  pseudo-,  and  Gr.  irov» 
(pous)  =  a  foot.] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Zonuridje  (q.v.),  with 
two  species :  one,  Pseudopus  pallasii,  from 
south-eastern  Europe,  the  other  from  Assam 
and  the  Khasya  Hills.  Rudimentary  hind 
limbs  are  present,  and  there  are  traces  of 
shoulder  and  pelvic  girdles. 

pseu-dd-py-ren'-J-ftsn, ».    [Pref.  pteudo-, 

and  Mod.  Lat.  pyrtnium  (q.  v.).  ] 
Bot. :  The  perithecium  of  certain  fungals. 

pseu-d6-rh6m  -bus,  s.  [Pref.  pseudo-,  ana 
Mod.  Lat.  rAowhiw  (q.v.).] 

Ichthy.  :  A.  genus  of  Fleui'onectidsp.  with 
seventeen  species,  mostly  tropical,  chiffly 
from  the  Indo-Pacific.  Lateral  line  with  .» 
strong  curve  anteriorly  ;  eyec  on  left  side. 


boll,  boy;  pout,  Jo\vl;  eat,  9 ell,  chorus,  ohla,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as:  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.    -En** 
-clan,    tian  =  shan.    -tlouu    sion     shun ; -t^ion, -f  ion  -  zhun.    -cious,    tious, -sious  -  shua.    -blc, -die,  ic.  -  b?l.  deL 


3800 


pseudoscapolite— psittacid 


pseu-do-scjip'-o-llte,  *.    IPref.  pteudo-,  and 

Eng.  scapolitf.] 

Min. :  Srapolite,  which  has  become  altered 
by  chemical  changes. 

pseu  d6  scar  fts,  «.  [Pref.  pteudo-,  and 
Mod.  Lat.  soarH«(q.v.).] 

Ichthy.  :  A  tropical  genus  of  Labridae,  with 
•bout  seventy  species.  The  upper  jaw  pro- 
jects beyond  tlie  tower,  and  together  they  form 
a  strung  beak,  the  teeth  l>eing  soldered  to- 
gether ;  two  or  more  series  of  scales  on  the 
chocks.  The  species  are  beautifully  coloured, 
but  the  tints  change  with  age,  vary  greatly  in 
the  same  species,  and  fade  rapidly  after  death. 
Many  are  upwards  of  three  feet  in  length. 
The  majority  are  eaten,  but  some  acquire 
poisonous  properties  from  their  food  (corals 
or  fucus).  (Giinther.) 

pseud-6s  -$I-nes,  ».  pi.  [Pref.  pseud-,  and 
Mod.  Lat.  oscines  (q.v.).] 

Ornith. :  A.  group  of  the  old  Insessores, 
equivalent  to  the  Acromyodi  normales  of 
Garrod,  and  comprising  the  two  genera,  Men- 
nra  and  Atriehia  (Scrub-bird,  q.v.). 

pseud  -6-scope,  s.  [Pref.  pseudo-,  and  Or. 
VKoirtta  (skopeo)  =  to  see.) 

Optics:  An  instrument,  invented  by  Wheat- 
gtone,  for  producing  an  apparent  reversion*  of 
th>-  relief  of  an  object  to  which  it  is  directed, 
by  the  transposition  of  the  distances  of  the 
points  which  compo.se  it.  A  false  impression 
is  thus  conveyed  to  the  eye,  a  globe  becoming 
apparently  concaveaudahollow  body  assuming 
a  convex  form. 

pseu-diJ-scor'-pl-on, ».  [Pref.  pseudo-,  and 
Eng.  scorpion  (q.v.).]  Any  individual  member 
of  the  family  Pseudoscorpionidae  (q.v.). 

pseu-d6-8cor-pi-6n-l-d»,  s.  pi.  [Pref. 
pseudo-,  and  Mod.  Lat.  scarpionidce.]  [CHELI- 

FERID/B,  BOOK-SCORPION.] 

pseu-d6-s6m  -nute,  *.    [Pref.  pseudo-,  and 

Bug.  sommite.] 
Min. :  The  same  as  PSEUDONEPHELINE  (q.v.). 

pseu  -do  sper  mic,  pseu -do -sper  - 
mous,  a.  [Pref.  pseudo-,  and  Eng.  spermic 
(q.v.).] 

Hot. :  Having  a  pericarp  so  closely  en- 
Teloping  a  single  seed  that  it  might  be 
mistaken  for  one.  Example,  the  fruits  of  the 
Labiate  and  Boraginaeeae.  (Hensloic,  &c.) 

pseu-dos  -por-a,  s.  [Pref.  pseudo-,  and  Gr. 
<rnopof  (sporos)  =•  seed.  ] 

Zool. :  The  sole  genus  of  the  family  Pseudc- 
poridae  (q.v.).  The  anterior  extremity  bears 
two  long  equal  flagella ;  food  incepted  at  any 
point  of  the  periphery.  One  species,  Pseudo- 
gpora  volvocis,  parasitic  on  Volvox  globator. 

pseu-do  sp6T'-i-d»,  «.  pi     [Mod.  Lat. 
pseudospor(us)  ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  Buff,  -idee.] 
Zool. :  A  family  of  Pantostomatons  Flagel- 
lata,  with  one  genus,  Pseudospora  (q.v.). 

pseu  -do-ste'-a-tite,  *.    [Pref.  pseudo-,  and 
Eng.  steatite.} 
Min. :  The  same  as  BOLE  (q.v.). 

pseu-do-ste'l'-la,  s.  [Pref.  pseudo-,  and  Lat 
stella  =  a  star.]  A  meteor  resembling  a  star. 

pseu-di-stfon'-a-ta, .s.;rf.  [Gr.  ^tv&oirro^ara. 
(pseudostomtita),  pi.  of  \ltevA6iTTOua.  (pseudo- 
stoma)  =  a.  false  mouth,  as  of  a  river:  Vrrvjijt 
(pseudes)  =  false,  and  (rrd/ia  (stoma) •=•  mouth.] 
A  nnt. :  Flattened  connective- tissue  cor- 
puscles passing  up  from  the  interior  to  the 
surface  of  the  serous  membranes.  (Quoin.) 

pseu  do  stro  -ma,  «.  [Pref.  pseudo-,  and 
Gr.  crrpw^a  (stroma)  —  a  mattress.] 

Bot. :  The  receptacle  or  perithecium  of 
certain  fungals. 

pseu-do'-sy'-en-ite,  «.    [Pref.  pseudo-,  and 
Eng.  syenite.] 
Petrol. :  The  same  as  MONZONITE  (q.v.). 

pseii'-do'-syn-carp,  *.  [Pref.  pseudo-,  and 
Mod.  Lat.  syncarpium.  (q.v.).] 

Bot. :  A  pseudocarp  formed  from  a  multiple 
fruit 

pseu-do-tach  -y-Ute,  «.  [Pref.  pteudo-,  and 
Eng.  tachylite.] 
Petrol. :  The  same  as  HYALOMELANE  (q.r.)i 


pseu-do-talc  -ite,  *.  [Pref.  pseudo-,  and 
Eng.  talcite.] 

PetroL  :  A  sedimentary  rock  containing  suf- 
ficient talcosu  material  to  render  it  unctuous 
to  the  touch.  It  occurs  in  the  Silurian  and 
Carboniferous  formations. 

pseu- do -t6- tram' -S-ra,  s.  pL  [Pref. 
pseudo-,  and  Mod.  Lat  tetramera.] 

Entom.  :  Westwood's  name  for  Burmeister's 
section  Cryptotetramera  (q.v.). 

pseu  do  te-trftm  :er-ous,  o.  [PSEUDOTK- 
TKAMKRA.)  Belonging  to,  or  having  the  char- 
acteristics of,  the  Pseud otetramera.  (West- 
wood  :  Class.  Insects,  L  391.) 

pseu  do-thal'-lus,  «.  [Pref.  pseudo-,  and 
Lat.  thaUus  (q.v.).] 

Bot. :  An  axis  of  one-ped uncled  cymes  or 
sarmentidia  formed  by  a  series  of  peduncles 
so  fitted  into  each  other  as  to  look  like  a 
single  stalk.  Example,  Hemerocallis  fulva. 

pseu  doth  -y-rum,  s.     [Pref.  pseudo-,  and 
Gr.  6vpa  (thura)  =  a  door.] 
Arch. :  A  false  door. 

pseu  do  trim  era,  «.  pL  [Pref.  pteudo-, 
and  Mod.  Lat.  trimera.] 

Entom. :  Westwood's  name  for  Burmeister's 
section  Cryptotrimera  (q.v.). 

pseu  do-trnn'-er-ons,  a.      [PSEUDOTRIM- 
"     ERA.]    Belonging  to,  or  having  the  character- 
istics of,  the  Pseudotrimera  (q.v.). 

pseu-do-trlp'-lite,  s.  [Pref.  pseudo-,  and 
Eng.  triplite.] 

Min.:  A  variety  of  triplite  (q.v.),  occurring 
as  a  coating  on  triphylite,  and  resulting  from 
its  alteration. 

pseu-do-tri'-to'n,  *.  [Pref.  pseudo-,  and 
Lat  triton  (q.v.).] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Salamandridee.  A  small 
red  amphibian  with  black  spots,  found  in 
North  America. 

pseu-do-tur-bln-6'r-i-d»,  s.  pi.  [Pref. 
pseudo-,  and  Mod.  Lat.  turbinolidoe  (q.v.).] 

Palceont. :  A  family  of  Aporose  Actinozoa, 
having  each  septum  composed  of  three  laminae 
united  externally  by  a  single  costa.  One  genus, 
Dasmia,  from  the  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary. 

pseu-dd-tur'-qnSise  (qu  as  k),  ».  (Pref. 
pseudo-,  and  Eng.  turquoise.] 

Min. :  A  name  applied  to  fossil  or  semi- 
fossil  teeth  of  animals,  which  have  become 
coloured  a  fine  blue  by  copper,  and  are 
worked  and  sold  as  true  turquoise. 

pseud-d-var'-I-an,  o.  [Eng.psei/dotxiri(«m); 
suff.  -an.]  Belonging  to,  or  connected  with, 
a  pseudovarium  (q.v.). 

pseud-o-var'-I-uin,  pseud-d'-var-J,  s. 

[Pref.  pseudo-,  and  Mod.  Lat.  ovarium  or  Eng. 
ovary.] 
Bid. :  (See  extract). 

"The  young  [of  viviparous  Aphides]  are  developed 
within  organs  which  resemble  the  ovarfolesof  the  true 
females  in  their  disposition,  and  may  be  termed 
pieudovariei.  The  .  .  .  anterior  chamber  of  each 
pseudovariau  tube  is  lined  by  an  epithelium,  which 
encloses  a  number  of  nucleated  cells.  One  of  the 
hlndennost  of  these  cells  enlarges,  and  becomes  de- 
tached from  the  rest  as  a  pseudovum.  It  then  divides, 
and  giver  rise  to  a  cellular  mass  .  .  .  which  gradually 
becomes  fashioned  into  the  body  of  a  larval  Aphis.  A 
portion  of  the  cells  of  which  it  is  composed  becomes 
converted  into  a  p*rudo9ariHm.  and  the  development 
of  new  psendova  commence*  before  the  young  leaves 
the  body  of  its  parent.  It  Is  obvious  that  this  opera- 
tion Is  comparable  to  a  kind  of  budding.  If  the 
paeudovum  remained  adherent  to  the  parental  body 
the  analogy  would  be  complete."— Built)/:  Anat.  In- 
wrf..  op.  447,  441. 

pseud-o'-var-y,  *.    [PSEUDOVARIUM.] 

pseu-d6-vo  -mer,  «.  [Pref.  vseudo-,  and 
Mod.  Lat  vomer  (q.v.).] 

Palatont. :  A  genus  o?  Carangidae,  from  the 
Miocene  marls  of  Licata  (Sicily). 

pseud  o'-vum  (pi.  pseud-o  -va),  *.  [Pref. 
pseud-,  and  Lat.  ovum  =  an  egg.]  [PSEUDO- 
VARIUM.) 

pshaw,  psha,  interj.  [From  the  sound.]  An 
exclamation  of  contempt,  disdain,  or  dislike. 

"  Humour  Is  always  crying  ptha  and  sneering."— 
Thackeray  :  Humouriitt,  p.  «9. 

pshaw,  v.i.  [PSHAW,  interj.]  To  utter  the 
interjection  pshaw  ;  to  utter  sounds  indicative 
of  contempt  or  dislike. 


psl  a  dl  a,  s.  [Gr.  if/ia?  (psias);  *ta«o« 
(  psiados)  =  a  drop.  Named  from  the  glutinous 
drops  on  the  leaves.] 

Bot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Psiadieae  (q.v.X 
Shrubby  plants  from  Madagascar  and  the 
Mauritius. 

psl  a  dl  e-re,  i.  pi  [Mod.  Lat.  ptiadi(a); 
Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -eat.] 

Bot.  :  A  sub-  tribe  of  Composites,  tribe  Aste- 
roideae. 

psi'-dl-um,  s.  [Gr.  o-iftov  (sidiori)  =  pome- 
granate-peel.] 

Bot.  :  Guava  ;  a  genus  of  Myrteae.  Psidium 
Guaiava  is  the  Guava  (q.v.);  P.  Cnttleyanum, 
the  Purple  Guava,  /'.  albidum,  the  Jabuli. 
All  have  excellent  fruit.  [GBAVA.] 

*  psU-an-thrSp'-ic,  a.  [Eng.  psi.1anthrop(y)  ; 
-ic.]    Pertaining  to,  or  of  the  nature  of,  psil- 
anthropy. 

*  psil-an  -thrd-plsm,  *.     [Eng.  psii«n- 
throp(y);  -ism.]    The  same  as  PSILANTHROPY 
(q.v.). 

*  psil-an  -thr  6-pIst,  *.  [Eng.psilanthrop(y); 

-ist.]  A  supporter  of  the  doctrine  of  psilan- 
thropy  ;  one  who  believes  that  Christ  was  • 
mere  man  ;  a  humanitarian. 

-  Your  proper  name  Is  Piilanthropiitt—  believers  in 
the  mere  human  nature  of  Christ'—  Coteridgt  r  T<Mt 
Talk. 

*  psll-an'-thrfc-pjf,  s.    [Pref.  pstto-,  and  Gr. 
arOpuirot  (anthropos)  =  a  man.]    The  doctrine 
of  the  mere  human  existence  of  Christ 


psI-16-,   pref.     [Gr 
Naked,  bare,  mere. 


(ptUo$)  =  naked.] 


*  psI-l5l'-6-ify,  s.    [Pref.  prito-,  and  Gr.  A6yo« 
(logos)  =  a  word,  speech.]    Love  of  idle  talk. 
(Coleridge.) 

psi  lom'-e-lane,  ».  [Pref.  psilo-,  and  Gr. 
fic'Aut  (melas)  —  black  ;  Ger.  psilomelan.] 

Min.  :  An  amorphous  mineral  occurring 
massive  or  in  botryoidal.reniforni,  and  stalac- 
titic  forms.  Hardness,  5  to  6  ;  sp.gr.  37  to 
4'7  ;  lustre,  submetallic  ;  streak,  brownish- 
black  ;  colour,  iron-black  ;  opaque.  Compos.  : 
very  variable,  but  it  consists  essentially  of  the 
proto-  and  sesquioxides  of  manganese,  pro- 
toxide of  barium,  and  in  some  cases  water. 
A  common  ore. 

psi-li-phy'-ton,  s.  [Pref.  psilo-,  and  Gr. 
4>vr6v  (phuton)  =a  plant] 

Palceobot.  :  A  genus  of  plants  described  by 
Principal  Dawson  from  the  North  American 
Devonian,  and  which  is  found  also  in  that  ol 
Britain.  He  considers  it  to  have  possessed  a 
rhizome  and  circinate  vernation  like  that  of 
ferns,  with  stems  and  rudimentary  leaves 
like  those  of  Lycopodiaceae.  A  second 
species  (?),  from  Callender  in  Scotland,  is 
described  by  Mr.  Carruthers  in  Quar.  Journ. 
Geol.  Soc.,  xxxiii.  (1877),  217-219. 

*  psi-l5s'-i-pher,   s.    [Pref.  psilo-,  and  Gr. 

(V>V"f  (sophos)  =  wise.]  A  would  -be  or 
pretended  philosopher  ;  a  sham  sage  ;  a  pre- 
tender to  philosophy. 

psi-16'-te'-»,  ».  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  psilot(um,); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ece.] 

Bot.  :  A  tribe  of  Lycopodiaceae.  Sporangia 
many-celled. 

*  psi  lo  thrftn,  s.  [Gr.,  from  v^cAdtu  (psiloo)  = 
to  make  naked  or  bare  ;  J/i  A6?  (  psilos)  =  naked, 
bare.]  A  medicine  or  application  for  removing 
the  hair  ;  a  depilatory. 

psi-lo'-tttm,  s.  [Gr.  <J>tA<k  (psilos)  =  bare. 
Named  from  having  only  minute  leaves.] 

Bot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Psilotese.  Cap- 
sules tubercular.  Exotic  plants. 

psi-lur'-a,  ».  [Pref.  psilo-,  and  Gr.  ovpa 
(oura)  =  a  tail.] 

Entom.  :  A  genus  of  Liparidae  (q.v.).  Psilura 
monacka  is  the  Black  Arches. 

psi-m  JTth'-lte,  s.     [Gr.  tbinMtov  (psimuthion) 
=  white  lead  ;  suff.  -ite  (Afin,).] 
Min.  :  The  same  as  LEADHILLITE  (q.v.). 

pslt  ta  -oeous  (ce  as  sh),  a.  [Lat.  psittocu* 
=  aparrot.l  Pertaining  to  the  genus  Psitta- 
ciis,  or  to  the  family  Psittacidae,  or  Parrots  ; 
psittacid. 

pslt  ta  9ld,  a.  [Lat.  psittac(us)  =•  a  parrot  ; 
Eng.  suff.  -id.]  The  same  as  PSITTACKODS  (q.v.). 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wit,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  nnite,  our,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    «e,  OB  =  e ;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw 


psittaci— psychoda 


3801 


pslt-ta-§i,«.  pi.    [PsrrTAcus.] 

Ornith. :  Parrots ;  an  order  of  birds,  for- 
merly (and  still  by  some  taxonomists)  regarded 
as  a  family  of  Scansores.  Bill  large  and 
powerful,  much  arched,  tip  elongated,  with  a 
cere  containing  nostrils ;  wings  and  tail  usually 
long ;  two  toes  directed  forward  and  two  back- 
ward. Sclater  divides  it  into  two  families  : 

(1)  Strineopldse  ;  (2)  Psittacidae,  with  the  sub-famll. 
its  Caeatuinse.  Arinrc,  Platycercinse,  PsittaciiisB, 
Loriiioe,  and  Nes  tori  use. 

Barrod  (Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1874,  pp.  586-98) 
made  them  a  sub-order,  or  cohort,  with  two 
families  : 

(1)  Palaeornithld*.  with  two  sab- families.  Pake. 
orniUiiuaeaml  Caeatuina;  (2)  Psittacldse.  with 
the  sub-families  A  rinse,  Stringopinse,  Pyrrhu- 
rhinsK.  Platycercinae.  and  Chrysotlnse 

Reichenow  (Journ.  f.  Ornith.,  1881),  has  the 
following  families  : 

Stringopidae,  Plissolophldae,  Platycercide,  Hicro- 
Miltacidae.  Trichogl.««idsB,  Palseornithidie,  Psit- 
tacidse,  CouuriJas,  and  Pionidse. 

Widely  distributed,  chiefly  in  tropical  and 
sab-tropical  regions. 

pslt-t&§  -I-d»,  s.  pi.    [Lat  psittac(us) ;  fern, 
pi  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 
Ornithology  : 

L  A  family  of  Psittaci  (q.v.). 
2.  A  family  of  Zygodactylae,  co-extensive 
jrith  Psittaci  (q.v.).     Finsch  (Die  Papageien 
(1868),  i.  233-8)  thus  divides  it : 

SuB-rtMiUEs.  OKWIKA. 

L  BTHINOOPIN.I      .    Stringops. 
S.  YucTOiormsM.    Plictolophus.  Callipsittacns,  N»- 

ilterna,  Calyptorrhyuchuj,  Mlcroglossus. 
(.  BITTACIIJ*.    .    .    Sitt-ice,  Henicognatnus,  Conurtu, 
Palseornis.  Brotogerys.  Bolborrhynchus,  Melo- 
psItUcus,  Pezcpovus,  Eupbema,  Platycercus. 
4,  PMTTACIN.«   .    .    Ftittacus,    Dasyptilus.    Eclectus, 

Pionlas.  Chrysotis,  Paittacula  Corylis. 
I.  TRICHOOLOHSISJE    Domicella,  Trichoglossus,  Nestor. 

pslt-ta-9l'-nre,  s.  pi.    [Lat.  psittac(us) ;  fern, 
pi.  adj.  suff.  -ince.] 

Ornith. :  A  sub-family  of  Psittacidas  (q.v.). 
Bill  large,  sides  compressed,  arched  to  length- 
ened tip,  edge  toothed  or  festooned  ;  wings 
long  and  pointed,  tail  squared,  tarsi  short. 

pslt-ta-cin'-ite,  *.     [Lat  psittacinus  =  like 
a  parrot ;  suff.  -ite  (Jfin.).] 

tlin:  A  mineral  occurring  in  crypto-crys- 
talline  crusts,  sometimes  botryoidal.  Colour, 
siskin-green.  A  mean  of  five  analyses  gave 
the  formula  SPbaV^g  +  Cu3V2O8  +  6CuH2C>3 
+  12aq.  Vanadic  acid,  19'32 ;  protoxide  of 
lead,  53-15;  protoxide  of  copper,  18-95;  water, 
8-58  =  100.  Found  in  Montana,  U.S.A. 

pelt  ta  co  mor  -phee,  s.  pi.    [Or.  ^irram* 
(psittakos),  and  /iopcj»j  (morphe)  =  form.] 

Ornith. :  Parrots  ;  in  Huxley's  classification 
a  family  of  Desmognathae.  (Proc.  ZooL  Soc., 
1867,  p.  465.) 

psJt-tac'-U-la,   i.     [Dimin.    from  psittacus 

(q.v.)-] 

Ornith. :  A  genus  of  Psittacinse,  with  six 
species,  ranging  from  Brazil  to  Mexico.  Edges 
of  bill  festooned,  ends  of  tail  feathers  square 
or  pointed. 

psft'-ta-e&S,  «.     [Lat.,  from   Or.  ^irroxot 
(psiMafcos)  =  a  parrot.] 

L  Ornithology: 

•  (1)  A  Linnsean  genus,  co-extensive  with  the 
Psittaci  (q.v.). 

(2)  The  type-genus 
of  Psittacinae  (q.  v.), 
with  two  species, 
from  Western  Afri- 
ca. Upper  mandi- 
ble deeply  scooped, 
lower  deeply  waved 
and  sharp-edged. 

2.  Palceont. :  Re- 
mains have  been 
found  in  the  Mio- 
.  oene  of  France,  ap 
parently  allied  to 
Psittacus. 

_    w  .,  -  PSITTACUS  ERYTHACUS. 

pso-ftd-Io,a.  [Mod. 

Lat  psoas,  genit.  psoadis.} 

Anat.  :  Pertaining  to,  connected  with,  or 
constituted  by  the  psoas  (q.v.). 

psd  as,  s.    [Or.  ^6a  (psoa)  =  the  muscles  of 
the  loins.] 

1.  Anat. :  Two  muscles ;  the  psoas  magnus. 
and  psoas  parvus,  connected  with  the  lumbar 
vertebrae. 


2.  Entom. :  A  genus  of  beetles  allied  to 
Bostrichus. 

pso-cl-dse,  *.  pi  [Mod.  Lat  pwc(tw);  Lat 
fem.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idte.] 

Entom. :  A  family  of  Pseudoneuroptera,  tribe 
Corrodentia,  with  four  genera.  They  frequent 
the  trunks  of  trees,  palings,  old  walls,  stones 
covered  with  lichens,  old  books,  feeding  on  more 
minute  animalcula  or  decaying  animal  matter. 

pad  CUS,  s.  [Or.  ^u'w  (psdo)  =  to  rub  or  grind, 
because  Atropos  pulsatorius  (Leach),  which 
Latreille  considered  a  larval  form  of  his  Psocut 
abdominalis,  makes  a  slight  tapping  noise, 
similar  to  that  produced  by  Anobium.] 

Entom. :  The  typical  genus  of  Psocidse  (q.v.). 
Head  broad,  posterior  margin  of  fore-winjrs 
with  three  cells.  Forty -three  species,  including 
part  of  the  Linnaean  genus  Hemerobius. 

psoph'-l-a,  s.  [Or.  ^os  (psophos)  =  any  in- 
articulate" sound .] 

Ornith. :  Trumpeter ;  the  sole  genus  of  the 
family  Psophiidse.  Bill  shorter  than  the  head, 
culmen  arched,  and  curving  downward,  plum- 
age thick  and  close ;  tarsus  scaled  in  front 
and  behind.  Six  species  from  the  Amazon 
Valley,  where  the  range  of  each  species  appears 
to  be  bounded  by  some  of  the  great  rivers. 
(Wallace.) 

psi-phl'-i-d»,  *.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  psophi(a) ; 
Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Ornith. :  A  family  of  Orallae,  with  a  single 
genus  Psophia  (q.v.). 

psoph-o-caf-ptis,  ».  [Or.  ^<><*>o?  (psophos) 
=  a  sound,  ana  Kapirdt  (karpos)  =  fruit  So 
named  because  the  ripe  seeds  rattle  when  the 
legumes  are  shaken.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Euphaseolese,  often  merged 
in  Dolichos.  Psophocarpus  (Dolichos)  tetra- 
gonolobus  is  cultivated  in  India,  the  seeds 
being  used  in  pickles. 

*  psdV-a,  *.  [Lat.,  from  Or.  ^<ipa  (psora) ; 
i/iaw  (psao)  =  to  touch  or  rub ;  \j/<uu>  (psoo)  = 
to  rub,  to  grind.] 

Pathol. :  Scabies  (q.v.). 

psora  leprosa,  s.    [PSORIASIS  (q.v.).] 

psor-a  Tle-a, ».  [Fem.  of  Or.  vupoAeot  (psom- 
leos)  =  itchy,  scabby,  from  the  little  tubercles 
with  which  most  of  the  species  are  covered.] 

1.  Bot. :   The   typical    genus  of   Psoralieae 
(q.v.).     Psoralea   coryfolia  Is    considered  by 
Indian  doctors  to  be  stomachic  and  deobstru- 
ent.    An  extract  from  it,  prepared  with  oil  or 
ointment,  is  used  externally  in  leprosy.  Camels 
are  fond  of  P.  plioata. 

2.  PaUeobot. :  Occurs  in  the  Italian  Pliocene. 

psbr  a-lI-e'-»,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat  ptoral(ea); 
fem.  pL  adj.  suff.  -iece.] 
Bot. :  A  sub-tribe  of  Lotece  (q.v.). 

psbr'-a-llne,  «.  [Mod.  Lat.  psoral(ea) ;  -ine 
(Cheml).] 

Chem. :  The  name  given  to  a  crystallizable 
nitrogenous  substance  obtained  from  the 
leaves  of  Psoralea  glandulosa,  Paraguay  tea. 
It  is  now  believed  to  be  identical  with  caffeine, 
which  is  present  to  the  extent  of  1-2  per  cent, 
in  the  dried  leaves. 

psbr-l  -a:Slm,  «.  [Or.  ^wpiouns  (psoriasis)  = 
a  being  itchy  or  mangy  ;  tytopiato  (psoriao)  = 
to  have  the  itch.]  [PSORA.] 

Pathol. :  A  cutaneous  disease— the  scaly 
tetter.  The  rett  mucosum  and  the  contiguous 
surface  of  the  cutis  are  inflamed ;  and  there 
is  a  secretion  of  an  unhealthy  epidermis 
forming  itself  into  scales,  which  exfoliate, 
and  are  again  and  again  renewed.  It  is  often 
hereditary,  and  is  akin  to  lepra. 

psbV-Ic,  a.  [Lat.  psorlcun.  from  Or.  ilfuputot 
(paSrtfco*).]  [PSORA.]  Pertaining  to,  con- 
nected witn,  or  suffering  from,  psora  (q.v.). 

psbr-oph  thai  ml-a,  *.  [Or.  vtupo<fr9aAu.'a 
(ps6rophthatm'a)=.si  disease  of  the  eyes,  at- 
tended with  itching  :  <l/uipa(  psora)  =  the  itch, 
and  :>40uAut'a  (ophthalmia)  —  ophthalmia 
(q.v.).J  (For  def.  see  etym.) 

pSbr-O-8per'-mI-8B,».  pi.  [Or.  +<ap&;  (ptdros) 
=  scabby,  and  ovc'p/ia  (sperma)  =  seed.] 

Zool. :  Microscopic,  oval,  depressed  or  dis- 
coidal  corpuscles,  with  or  without  a  tail,  con- 
tained in  the  minute  cysts  within  the  bodies 
of  lishes.  They  were  discovered  in  1841  by  J. 


Mtiller,  and  appear  to  represent  the  immature 
forms  of  some  Gregarinida. 

psych-,  psy-oh6-,  pr«/.  [PSYCHE.]  Pertain- 
ing to  the  soul  or  the  mind. 

*  psych' -al,  a.    [Or.  tyxt  (p»«cW)  =  the  soul ; 
Eng.  adj-  suff.  -o/.l     Of,  or  pertaining  to,  the 
soul ;  psychic.   (E.  A.  Poe :  Marginalia, xxxvi.) 

pay1 -che,  s.    [Lat,  from  Or.  ^x1?  d*ucW)  = 
breath,  the  soul ;  i^vx<"  (jwucW)  =to  blow.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  soul,  the  mind. 

2.  A  cheval  dressiiiR-gl.iss. 
II.  Technically : 

1.  Astron. :  [ASTEROID,  16]. 

2.  Entom. :  The  typical  genus  of  Psychld» 
(1),  (q.v.). 

3.  Greek  Mythol. :  A  nymph,    the    personi- 
fication   of    the    soul.       Her    great    beauty 
excited  the  jealousy  and  hatred   of  Venus, 
who  ordered  Cupid  to  inspire  her  with  love 
for  some  contemptible  being.    Cupid,  how- 
ever, fell  in  love  with  her  himself,  and  after 
many  persecutions  by  Venus,  a  reconciliation 
was  effected,  and  Psyche  was  made  immortal. 
The  allegory  is  first  known  to  us  by  the 
romance  of  Apuleius,  but  it  is  presumed  to 
be  of  much  earlier  origin  from  its  occurrence 
in  relics  of  works  of  art 

*  psy-chi'-a-ter,  «.     [Pref.  psych-,  and  Or. 
tarpdf  (iatros)  =  a  physician.]    One  who  cure* 
diseases  of  the  mind. 

*  psy-chi'-a-trfo,  o.    [Eng.  psychiater;  -io.J 
Of  or  pertaining  to  psychiatry. 

"  Ours  is  not  a  work  intended  to  collect  and  explain 
the  reason  of  suicide  from  the  ptfchiatric  lide."— 
Monelli:  Suicide,  p.  4. 

psy-chi'-a-tr^,  s.  [PSYCHIATER.]  Medical 
treatment  of  diseases  of  the  mind. 

psy  -chic,  psy'-chifc-aL  a.  [Lat  p-tychicut ; 
Or.  i/>vxi<c6f  (psucA.ifcos),"from  \lrvxn  (psuche)  = 
the  soul ;  FT.  psychiyue.] 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  human  soul, 
spirit,  or  mind  ;  psychological. 

"The  psyMcal  condition  of  the  babe  or  child."— 
fatter:  Physio!,  (ed.  4th).  687. 

t  2.  Relating  to  analogous  phenomena  in 
the  lower  animals.  (Owen:  Anat.  Invert.) 

psychic-force,  ».  The  name  given  in 
1871,  oy  Mr.  W.  Crookes,  F.R.S.,  to  what  he 
believed  to  be  a  certain  hitherto  unrecognized 
force,  which  produced  the  phenomena  of 
spiritualism.  (Quart.  Journ.  Science,  1871.) 

psy'-chlc-aL  a.    [PSYCHIC.] 

psy'-chics,  s.  [PSYCHIC.]  The  same  at 
PSYCHOLOGY  (q.v.). 

psy'-Chl-das  (1),  «.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  psych(e); 
Lat.  fem.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.} 

Entom. :  A  family  of  Moths,  group  Bomby- 
cina.  Male  with  antennae  pectinated,  wings 
broad.  Female,  antennae  simple  or  wanting; 
wings  none.  Larva  lives  in  a  moveable  case. 
Six  are  British. 

psy'-chl-dsa  (2),  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat.  psych(ine); 
Lat  fem.  pL  adj.  suff.  -idee,] 
Bot. :  A  family  of  Crucifera,  tribe  Ortho- 

plocese. 

psy-chi'-ne,  *.    [Or.  +vxn  (psucht)  =  a  butter 
fly.    From  the  pod  being  winged.] 
Bot.  :   The  typical  genus  of  Psychidss  (S> 

psy  -chis.  ».    [PSYCH-.] 

Biol. :  Life. 

psy'-chism, ».    [Eng.  psych(e); \-itm.] 

1.  The  doctrine  of  Quesne,  that  a  certain 
subtle  fluid  everywhere  diffused  is  the  ani- 
mating  principle  in  men  and   the    inferior 
animals,  the  different  effects  which  it  pro- 
duces in  each  being  caused  by  the  difference* 
in  their  several  organizations.    (Fleming.) 

2.  The  doctrine  that  there  exists  in  nature 
a  certain  psychic  force  (q.v.X 

psy'-chlst,  s.  [Eng.  psych(e);  -itt,]  A  be- 
liever in  psychic  force  ;  a  spiritualist. 

psy-cho-,  pref.    [PSYCH-.  J 

psy-oho'-da,  *.    [Or.  *u^  (?««**)  =  *  ™oth, 

and  «T6o?  ('itlos)  =  form.] 

Ent'im. :  The  typical  genus  of  Psychodida 
(q.v.).  Ptychoda  phalcenoidet  is  common. 


fcoil.  b6y ;  pout,  je%l ;  cat,  fell,  chorus,  yhln,  bench ;  go,  tern ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenopbon,  o^  1st.    ph  =  L 
-•lam.    t  Ian  =  Shan.    -tiou.  -sion  -  shun ; -Jlon, -sion  =  zhun.    -clous,  -tio  us. -flioas  =  ahus.    -ble, -die,  &c.  -  bel,  del. 


3802 


psychodidsB — pteridology 


j  s.  pi.  fMod.  Lat.  psychod(a); 

at.  fern.  pi.  adj.  stiff,  -nice.] 

Entom.  :  A  family  of  small  Dipterous  In- 
sects, tribe  Nemocera.  They  are  hairy,  and 
resemble  moths.  Akin  to  Cecidomyidte. 


[Pref.  psycho-,  aud 
Eng.  genesis  (q.v.).] 

Biol.  :  The  origin  or  generation  of  the  mind 
as  manifested  by  consciousness.  (Nature, 
Nov.  20,  1884,  p.  64.) 

psy-chSg'-ra-phy,  s.  [Pref-  psycho-,  and  Gr. 
ypdJMo  (graphd)  =  to  write.]  Writing  said  by 
spiritualists  to  be  done  by  spirits  ;  spirit- 
writing. 

psy-cho-lSg'-ic,  psy-cho-log'-lc-al,  a. 

[Eng.  psychologic^)  :  -ic,  -ical.]  Pertaining  or 
relating  to  psychology,  or  to  a  treatise  on  the 
soul.  The  term  psychological  medicine  includes 
the  study  and  treatment  of  insanity. 


psy-chd-lo'g'-i'c-al-ltf,  adv.  [Eng.  psych 
logictd  ;  -ly.  ]  In  a  psychological  manner  ;  wi 
relation  to  psychology. 


th 


ogy,  he  said,  it  was  much  leu  Interest- 
Ing."—  Daily  Telegraph,  Sept.  22,  18SS. 

psy-ch6r-6-gist,s.  [Eng.  psychology)  ;  -ist.} 
One  who  studies,  writes  on,  or  is  versed  in 
psychology. 

•  pay"-  ch6  -  Idgue,  t.     [PSYCHOLOGY.]     A 

psychologist. 

psy-chor-o-gy,  i.  [Pref.  psycho-,  and  Or. 
Myoi  (logos)  =  &  word,  a  discourse;  Fr. 
peychologie;  Sp.  &  Ital.  psicologia.] 

Philos.  :  That  branch  of  Metaphysics  (q.y.) 
which  has  for  its  subject  the  human  soul,  its 
nature,  properties,  and  operations. 

"  Ptycltoloyii.  the  science  conversant  about  the  phe- 
nomena. or  modifications,  or  states  of  the  Mini],  or 
Conscious-subject,  or  Soul,  or  Spirit,  or  Sell,  or  Ego."— 
Bamilton:  Itetaphysict,  i.  129. 

•psy-chSm'-a-chy,  s.  [Or.  ^v^oftaxia.  (psu- 
chomachia),  from  (f»vx*?  (psuche)  =  the  soul,  and 
tta.\i\  (mac/ie)  =  a  battle;  Lat.  psychomachia  ; 
Fr.  psychomachie.]  A  conflict  of  the  soul  with 
the  body. 

•  psy'-cho'-man-cy,  ».    [Pref.  psycho-  ;  Or. 
pan-eta    (manteia)  =  prophecy,     divination  ; 
Fr.  psychomancie.]    Divination  by  consulting 
the  souls  or  spirits  of  the  dead  ;  necromancy. 

•  psy-cho-n&p-o'r-o'-gy,  *.    [Pref.  psycho-, 
and  Eng.  nosology.]    That  branch  of  medical 
science  which  treats  of  the  nature  and  classi- 
f  cation  of  mental  diseases. 

•  pBy-cho-pan'-ny-chlsm,  «.  [Pref.  psycho-; 

Or.  wit  (pas),  neut.  wav  (pan)  =  all,  and  wf 
(  MIX)  =  night.)  The  doctrine  or  belief  that  the 
tout  falls  asleep  at  death,  and  does  not  wake 
until  the  resurrection  of  the  body. 

•  psy-cho-pan'-ny-chlst,  s.     [PSTCHOPAN- 
NYCHISM.]    A  believer  in  psychopannychism. 

"The  Pivchopannyrhlttt  might  deny  the  soul's 
immortality."—  Oauaen  :  Teart  of  the  CAwck,  p.  283. 

•  psy-ch6'p'-a-thy,  s.    [Pref.  psycho-,  and  Gr. 
»ra0os  (pathos)  =  suffering.]    Mental  disease. 

psy-cho-phjfs'-l'o-aL,  a.  [PSYCHOPHYSICS.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  psychophysics  ;  involving 
the  action  of  mutual  relations  of  the  psychical 
and  physical  in  man. 

psy-chd-phys'-lcs,  s.  [Pref.  psycho-,  and 
Eng.  physics  ;  Fr.  psychophysique.] 

If  at.  Science:  The  science  which  investi- 
gates the  physical  basis  of  mind  in  man  and 
the  inferior  animals. 

•  psy'-chd-po'mp,  ».    [Pref.  psycho-,  and  Gr. 
irofi.Trdf  (pompon)  =  a  conductor.)    A  guide  or 
conductor  of  spirits  or  souls. 

psy-chd'-sls,  «.  [PSYCHE.]  Mental  consti- 
tution or  condition. 

"  It  Is,  in  fact,  attended  with  tome  peculiar  diffi- 
culty, because  not  only  are  we  unable  to  m  ike  brute 
f*yc\nti*  a  part  of  our  own  consciousness,  but  we  an 
also  debarred  from  learning  it  by  a  process  similar  to 
that  which  enables  us  to  enter  into  the  minds  of  our 
feilow.men—  namely,  rational  speech."—  St.  O.  Jftrart. 

psy-chSt'-ri-a,  s.  [Said  to  be  from  Gr.  *vx>j 
(pyucW)=  life,  because  of  the  powerful  medical 
qualities  of  P.  tmetica.] 

Hot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Psychotridse 
(q.v.).  Tropical  shrubs  with  white  flowers, 
cultivated  in  English  stoves.  The  bark  of 


Psychotria  Simira,  from  Brazil,  stains  red.  P. 
noxa,  also  Brazilian,  is  considered  poisonous. 

psy-chitf-ii-dse,  s.  pi    [Mod.  Lat.  ptychot- 
r(ia)  ;  Lat.  fern.  pL  adj.  suff.  -wios.] 
Bot. :  A  family  of  Coffeae  (q.v.). 

*  psy'-chro'-lute,  *.    [PSYCHBOLUTES.]    One 
who  bathes  in  cold  water. 

"  Many  were  also  ptychrolutei.  bathing  in  winter  in 
all  states  of  the  rivtr.'—Hp.  Selu>s/n,  ill  "  Cnivcrttfy 
Uart,"  by  Dr.  Morgan,  p.  802. 

psy-chr6-lu'-tis,  s.  [Gr.  i^vxpoAoiinn  (psu- 
chroloutes)  =  a  bather  in  cold-water.]  [PsY- 

CHROLCTI1X£.) 

psy-chro-lu'-tl-dsB,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  psy- 
chrolut(es);  Lat.  fern.  pL  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Ichthy.  :  A  family  of  Acanthopterygii,  with 
one  genuSkContaining  two  species  :  Psychrolu- 
tes  paradoxus,  from  Vancouver  Island,  without 
a  tirst  dorsal,  and  Neophrynichthys  latus,  from 
New  Zealand,  with  two  dorsals.  Both  are 
very  scarce  marine  fishes. 

psy-chrom'-e-ter,  s.    [Gr.  </n>xp<k  (psuchros) 
=  cold,  and  Eng.  meter.] 
Physics  :  A  form  of  hygrometer.      [HYOBO- 

METER,  (3).] 

t  psy-chro'-me't'-iic,  psy-chri-mSt'- 

ric-al,  a.  [Eng.  psychrometr(y) ;  -ic,  -ical.] 
Of,  of  pertaining  to,  a  psyc.hrometer ;  ascer- 
tained by  psychrometry ;  hygrometrical. 

t  psy-chrom'-iS-try,  *.  [Eng.  psychrometer  ; 
-y.]  Hygrometry  (q.v.). 

t  psy-chrS-pho'-bi'-a,  «.  [Gr.  <ln>xp°* 
(psuchros)  =  cold,  and  4><>3o?  (phoboi)  =  fear.] 
Fear  of  cold,  especially  of  cold  water ;  impres- 
sibility to  cold.  • 

*  psych'-tic,   s.      [Fr.  psychtique,  from  Gr. 
V>vKTiicdf   (psuktikos)  =  cooling,  from   \J>vx/>o$ 
(psuchros)  =  cold.]    A  cooling  medicine. 

psyl  -la,  «.    [Gr.  ISAACS  (psullos)  —  a  flea.) 

Entom. :  The  typical  genus  of  the  family 
Psyllid*  (q.v.).  with  twenty-seven  species ; 
head  moderately  notched  in  front,  antennae 
slender,  wing-covers  membranous. 

psyl-U  dse,  *.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  psylUa);  Lat 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idct.] 

Entom. :  A  family  of  Homopterous  Insects, 
section  Dimera,  with  three  genera,  Psylla, 
Livilla,  and  Livia.  Antennae  eight-  or  ten- 
jointed,  terminated  by  a  pair  of  fine  bristles  ; 
three  ocelli,  legs  short,  with  thick  femora; 
tarsi  two-jointed,  forewings  sub-coriaceous. 
The  species  rarely  exceed  an  eighth  of  an  inch 
in  length.  They  do  considerable  damage  to 
the  young  shoots  and  inflorescence  of  trees. 

*  psyl'-ly,  s.     [Lat.  psyllium ;   Gr.    i^uAAiov 
(psullion).]     The  flea-wort,  Inula  coryza. 

"  The  sorrow-bringing  p*yUy." 

Sylatttar:  Tht  Timet,  ITS. 

If  Pt  is  pronounced  as  t. 

*  ptar'-mlc,  *.    [PTABMICA.]   A  sternutatory. 

*  ptar'-miC-a,  *.     [Or.  irropMtKof  (ptarmikos) 
=  causing  to'  sneeze,  from  nrai/xo  (ptairo)  •= 
to  sneeze.) 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Anthemldex,  sometimes 
placed  under  Achilliea  (q.v.).  Ptarnica 
vitlgnris  (Achilbra  Ptarmica)  is  Sneezewoit 
(q.v.).  The  heads  of  P.  nana,  P.  atrata,  and 
P.  moschata  are  used  in  the  Swiss  Alps  for  tea. 
P.  moschata  is  the  basis  of  an  aromatic  liquor. 

ptar'-ml-gan,  «.  [Gael,  tarmachan ;  Ir.  tar- 
moain.  The  needless  initial  p  is  probably 
due  to  the 
French 
spelling.] 

Ornith.: 
Lag  opus 
mutus,  a 
game  -  bird, 
found  in 
Great  Bri- 
tain, the 
North  of 
Europe, 
especially 
in  Norway 
and  Swe- 
den, and  in 
North  Ame- 
rica. In  winter  the  plumage  of  the  male 
is  almost  wholly  white,  with  a  small  patch 


PTARMIGAN. 

L  Summer  Plumage.    2.  Winter 
Plumage. 


behind  the  eye  ;  the  shafts  of  the  primaries 
and  the  bases  of  the  exterior  tail-feathers  are 
Muck,  and  there  is  a  patch  of  bare  red  skin 
round  the  eye.  In  the  summer  the  black 
retains  its  position,  but  the  white  is  mottled 
and  barred  with  Mack  and  gray.  The  length 
of  the  adult  male  is  rather  more  than  fifteen 
inches.  Their  call  is  a  harsh  croak. 

ptel-e  -a,  s.    [Gr.  irreA«'a  (ptelea)  =  the  elm.] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Xanthoxylacese.  Ptelea 
trifoliata  is  the  Shrubby  Trefoil  of  North 
America.  The  bitter  and  aromatic  fruits  have 
been  used  for  hops. 

ptel'-«y-8l,  *.    [Etym.  not  apparent.) 

Chtm.  :  CsIIs-  A  radical,  supposed  by  Kane 
to  exist  in  the  mesitylene  compounds. 


B,  *.      [Gr.   irriivot  (pttnos)  = 
feathered,  and  x«'P  (cheir)  =  the  hand.] 

Zool. :  Cynopterus  jagorii,  a  bat  from  the 
Philippine  Islands  (Dobsori).  Peters  makes  it 
a  sub-genus  of  Cynopterus. 

ptSr-,  pter-I-,  pref.    [PTERO-.] 

pter  -an'  -6-  don,  *.     [Pref.  pter-,  and  Qr. 

avoSow  (anodoun).~\     [ANODON.] 

Paleeont. :  A  genus  of  Pterosauria,  or  the 
typical  genus  of  Marsh's  Pteranodontia  (q.v.). 
The  species,  which  are  of  gigantic  size,  have 
the  general  structure  of  Pterodactylns  (q.v.), 
but  the  jaws  are  wholly  destitute  of  teeth, 
and  were  probably  ensheathed  in  horn.  The 
tail  is  short  aud  slender. 

ptSr-an-o-dSn'-ti-a  (or  tl  as  shl),  *.  pi. 

[PTER  ANODON.) 

Paleeont. :  According  to  Prof.  Marsh,  a  dis- 
tinct section  of  Pterosauria,  with  two  genera, 
Pteranodou  and  Nyctisaurus,  both  from  the 
Chalk  of  North  America. 

pter-as  -pis.  *.  [Pref.  pter-,  and  Gr.  «<nri« 
(aspis)  =  a  shield.) 

Paleeont. :  A  genus  of  Placodermi,  having 
the  cephalic  shield  finely  grooved,  and  com- 
posed of  seven  pieces.  It  had  a  rostrum  in 
front,  and  its  lateral  angles  were  produced  so 
as  to  form  short  cornua.  So  far  as  is  known, 
it  is  the  most  ancient  fish-form,  two  species 
being  known  from  the  Upper  Silurian,  and  six 
from  the  Lower  Devonian  of  Orkney  and 
Perthshire. 

pter-I-,  pref.    [PTERO-.] 

pter-Ich'-thys,  s.    [Pref.  pter-,  and  Gr.  lx°"* 

(ichthus)  =•  a  fish.) 

Palaont. :  A  genus  of  Placoderms,  discovered 
by  Hugh  Miller  in  the  Old  Red  Sandstone. 
The  head  and  anterior 
part  of  the  trunk  were 
defended  by  a  buckler 
of  large  ganoid  scales, 
united  by  sutures,  the 
cuirass  articulating  at 
the  sides  with  a  back 
plate  ;  the  rest  of  the 
body  covered  with  small 
ganoid  scales.  Pectorals 
long  and  wing  -  like  ; 
Owen  is  of  opinion  that 
they  enabled  the  animal 
to  scramble  along  if 
stranded  at  low  water ; 
a  small  dorsal,  two  ven- 
trals,  and  a  heterocercal 
caudal  were  also  pre- 
sent ;  tail  scaly  and 
short  ;  jaw  small,  with  ri>»L0.a,»  .U.LMU. 

Confluent      denticles,    d.  Dorsal  fin  ;  c.  Pectoral 

Twelve   species  :    eight     limb;  j— loHead-buck. 
from  the  Lower,  and  four      {^dJmi.1"14    Dor8*1' 
from  the  Upper  Devon- 
ian of  Orkney,  Cromarty,  Caithness,  and  Ire- 
land. 

pter-Id'-J-um,  s.  [Latinised  dimta.  from  Gr. 
vrtpov  (pteron)  =  a  wing.) 

Bot. :  A  samara  (q.v.).  (Mirbel.)  [PTER- 
ODIUM.) 

ptSr-I-dSl-d-gist,  *.  [Eng.  pteridology); 
-ist.]  One  who  studies,  writes  upon,  or  is 
versed  in,  pteridology. 

"  In  place  of  these  workers  there  are  annelidista, 
pteridologiiti."— Standard.  NOT.  11,  1886. 


rnUCBTBYS  HILLllU. 


,  *.  [Gr.  n-w'pts  (pteris),  genit. 
(pleridos)  —  a  fern  ;  suff.  -ology.]  That 
branch  of  botany  which  treats  of  ferns;  tha 
science  of  ferns  ;  a  treatise  on  ferns. 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pfit, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who.  son;  mute.  cub.  cure,  unite,  cor,  role,  fall;  try,  Syrian.    »,  «  =  e;  ey  -  a;  qu  =  kw. 


pteridomania— pteropus 


3803 


•  pter-I-do-ma'-nl-a,  s    [Gr  ^repi*  (pteris), 
genit.  jrrtpiios  (pterutus)  =  a  tern,  and  Bug. 
mania.]    A  mania  or  rage  fur  terns.    (Kmj.-,- 

^•) 

pter-i-ne  -a,  pter-I-nee  -a,  s.  [Gr.  nr«'pi- 
t/iK  (pterinos)  =  winged.) 

Zool. :  A  sub-gen  ua  of  Avicula  (S.  P.  Wood- 
ward); the  typical  genus  of  Ptcrineina,  a 
sub-family  of  Aviculidae  (Tote).  Juower 
Silurian  to  the  Carboniferous. 

pter-i-ne-i'-nSB,  *.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  pterine(a) ; 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sutf.  -ince.]  [PTERINEA.] 

*  pter-I-ple-gist'-Ic,  a.    [Pref.  pteri-,  and 
Gr.  TrArryij  (pUge)  —  a  blow.]    Relating  to  fowl- 
ing or  shooting  birds. 

pteV-Is,  s.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  irrtpi?  (pteris)  =  a 
kind  of  fern,  so  called  from  its  feathery  leaves.] 

1.  Dot. :  A  genus  of  Polypodeae.    Sori  con- 
tinuous, linear,  marginal ;  involucre  scarious 
or  membranous,  confluent  with  the  recurved 
margin  of  the  frond.    Known  species  eighty, 
of  world-wide  distribution.    One,  Pteris  utjui- 
linn,  is  British.    [BRAKE  (2),  2.J    P.  esculeitta 
is  the  Tasmanian   Fern-root,  eaten  raw  by 
pigs,  and,  when  roasted,  by  the  aborigines. 

2.  Palceobot. :  From  the  Eocene  onward. 

pter-I-tan'-nlc,  a.  [Pref.  pteri-,  and  Eng. 
tannic.]  Derived  from  fern,  and  having  the 
projierties  of  tannic-acid. 

pteritannic  acid,  s. 

Chem. :  QnHsgOg.  An  acid  extracted  from 
the  root  of  Aspidium  t'ilix-mas,  with  boiling 
alcohol  and  precipitation  with  sodic  sulphate. 
From  an  ethereal  solution  it  is  obtained  as  a 
black-brown  shining  substance,  tasteless,  and 
having  a  slight  odour  and  acid  reaction.  It  is 
insoluble  in  water,  soluble  in  ether  and  alcohol, 
and  forms  green  precipitates  with  ferric  salts. 

pter-6-,  pter-i,  pter-,  pref.  [Or.  mtpov 
(pteron)  =  &  wing,  a  feather.]  A  prefix  used 
in  scientific  compounds  =  having  wings  or 
wing-like  processes  ;  winged.] 

pter  6  bran  chi  a,  t  pter  6  bran  chl- 
a'-ta,  s.  pi.  [Pref.  ptero-,  aud  Gr.  flpa.yx.ia. 
(brailchia)  =  the  gills.] 

Zool. :  A  section  of  Polyzoa,  with  two  genera, 
Cephalodiscus  and  Rhabdopleura(q.v.). 

t  ptSr-o-bran-chl-a'-ta,  *.   pi.     [PTERO- 

BRANCHIA.] 

pter-6-bran'-chI-ate,  a.  [PTKROBRANCHIA.] 
Belonging  to,  or  connected  with,  the  Ptero- 
branchia.  (Encyc.  Brit.  (ed.  9th),  xix.  436.) 

pter-OHjar'-pus,  s.    [Pref.  ptero-,  and  Gr. 

Kopn-ot  (karpos)  —  fruit.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  ol  Dalbergieae,  having  a  thin 
wing  at  the  edge  of  the  fruit.  Large  trees, 
chiefly  from  the  tropics.  Pterocarpus  Marsu- 
mvm,  P.  indicus,  and  P.  macroairpus  furnish 
East  Indian  kino,  and  P.  erinaceus,  African 
kino,  P.  Draco  and  P.  Santalinus,  Red  San- 
dal-wood, P.  daltxrgginides,  a  good  Indian 
wood,  and  P.  indicus,  the  excellent  Andaman 
Red-wood.  Cattle  and  goats  teed  on  the 
leaves  of  P.  llarsupium. 

1  Pterocarpi  lignum  is  the  Red  Sandal-wood 
of  the  Pharmacopoeia. 

pter-fr-car'-Jf-a,  ».  [Pref.  ptero-,  and  Mod. 
Lat.  car3/a(q.v.)w] 

PaUeobot. :  A  genus  of  plants  apparently 
akin  to  (Jarya.  From  the  Lower  Miocene  of 
Bovey  Tracey. 

pte'r-o'c'-er-as,  ».  [Pref.  ptero-,  and  Gr. 
ice'paf  (kerns)  =  a  horn.) 

1.  ZooL :    Scorpion    shell ;    Spider   shell. 
Shell,  when  young,  like  that  of  Strombus ; 
afterwards  the  outer  lip  becomes  prolonged 
into  several  long  claws,  one  of  them  forming 
a  posterior  canal.      Recent  species  twelve, 
from  India  or  China. 

2.  Palceont.  :  Species  numerous,  from  the 
Lias  to  the  Upper  Clialk.    (Woodward.) 

ptSr-6-cleS,  *.  [Pref.  ptero-,  and  Gr.  cAcit 
(kleis)=  the  tongue  <>f  a  clasp,  in  allusion  to 
the  pointed  feathers  of  the  tail.] 

1.  Ornith,  :  The  typical  genus  of  the  Ptero- 
clMie,  with  fourteen  species,  having  the  range 
of  the  family. 

2.  Palannt.  .-Occurs  in  the  Miocene  of  France 
and  Central  Europe. 


pter-dc'-U-dte,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  pterocl(es) ; 
Lat.  fern.  pL  adj.  sutr.  -idee.] 

Ornith.  :  Sainl-grouse  (q.v.),  Rock-pigeons  ; 
a  family  of  Gallina;,  with  two  genera,  Ptero- 
cles  and  Syrrhaptes,  and  sixteen  species, 
characteristic  of  the  Ethiopian  region  and 
Central  Asia,  extending  into  southern  Europe 
and  Hindustan. 

pter-o-coc'-cua,  *.  [Pref.  ptero-,  and  Gr. 
KtucKot  (kokkos)  =  a  berry.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Polygonaceae.  The  pounded 
roots  of  Pterococcus  aphyllus  yield  a  mucilage 
like  gum  tragacanth,  eaten  in  Russia. 

pter-6  dac  tyl,  pter  6  dac  -tyle,  s. 
[PTERODACTYLUS.]  Any  reptile  belonging  to 
the  genus  Pterodactylus  (q.v.). 

pter-d-dac'-tjft-oiis,  a.  [Eng.  pterodactyl; 
•mis.]  Pertaining  to,  or  resembling,  the  ptero- 
dactyls. 

pter-i-dac'-t^l-fis, ».  [Pref.  ptero-,  and  Gr. 
6d«TvAo5  (daktulos)  =  a  tlnger.] 

Palteont. :  A  genus  of  Pterosauria(q.v.),  with 
seven  species  from  the  Jurassic,  two  from  the 
Wealden,  and  four  from  the  Chalk.  (Etheridge.) 
There  are  four  phalanges  in  the  wing-tinier, 
the  jaws  for  thei.  whole  length  are  armed 
with  long  and  slender  teeth  ;  tail  short  aud 
movable. 

t  pter-^-der'-ma,  *.     [Pref.  ptero-,  and  Gr. 

6f'p/»u  (derma)  —  tne  skin.] 

Zool. :  Gervais'  name  for  a  genus  of  Phyllo- 
stomids,  akin  to  Phyllostoma  (q.v.). 

pter-o'-di-um,   f.     [Gr.  mtpov  (pteron)  =  * 

wing,  and  «I£o«  (eidos)  =  form.] 
Bot.  :  A  samara.     (Desvaux.) 

pteV-6-don,  *.  [Gr.  irrepoK  (pteron)  =  a  wing ; 
suff.  -ouon.J 

Palceont. :  A  genus  of  Hyaenodontidse,  allied 
to  the  type-genus,  from  the  Upper  Eocene  of 
France. 

pter-o-glos'-siis,  *.  [Pref.  ptero-,  and  Gr. 
•yAuoxra  (glossa)  =  the  tongue.] 

Ornith. :  A  genus  of  Rhamphastidse.  Nos- 
trils vertical,  naked  ;  wings  short,  rounded ; 
tail  lengthened,  graduated. 

pter'  -  o  -  Is,  *.  [Gr.  nrepoei?  (pteroeis)  = 
feathered,  winged.] 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Scorpsenidse,  with  nine 
species,  from  the  tropical  Indo-Pacitlc.  They 
are  beautifully  coloured,  and  the  pectoral  rays 
are  prolonged.  It  was  formerly  believed  that, 
like  Dactyloporus,  they  could  take  short 
flights,  but  the  membrane  connecting  the  pec- 
toral rays  is  too  short  to  enable  them  to  raise 
themselves  from  the  surface  of  the  water. 

pter'-i-lite,  *.  [Pref.  ptero-,  and  Gr.  Aiflos 
(lithos)=  a  stone.] 

IS  in. :  An  altered  lepidomelane  (q.v.),  occur- 
ring in  plumose  groups. 

ptS-ro'-ma,  ».  [Gr.,  from  irr«p6i<  (pteron)  = 
a  wing.] 

Arch. :  The  spaces  between  the  walls  of  the 
cella  of  a  temple  and  the  columns  of  a  peri- 
style. 

pter'-o-mjrs,  ».  [Pref.  ptero-,  and  Gr.  MV« 
(mus)  =  a  mouse.] 

ZooL :  A  genus  of  Sciurinae,  with  twelve 
species,  coniined  to  the  wooded  regions  from 
the  Western  Himalayas  to  Java  and  Borneo, 
with  8]>ecies  in  Formosa  and  Japan.  (Wallace.) 
Tail  cylindrical ;  Hml>s  united  by  a  cutaneous 
expansion  forming  »  parachute,  the  supporting 
cartilage  of  which  springs  from  the  carpus. 

t  ptSr-£-no'-tiis,  ».  [Pref.  ptero-,  and  Gr. 
euro?  (itotos)  —  the  back.] 

Zool. :  According  to  Gray  and  Peters,  a  sub- 
genus  of  Chilonycteris,  in  which  Dobson 
places  it  as  Chilonycteris  davyi.  The  wings 
are  attached  along  the  course  of  the  spine. 

pter-^-niir'-a,  ».  [Gr.  wrep6v  (pteron)  =  a 
wing,  and  ovpa  (aura)  =  a  tail.] 

Zool. :  Margined-tailed  Otter ;  a  genus  of 
Lutrinae,  with  one  species,  Pteronura  sand- 
bachii,  from  Brazil  and  Surinam. 

pter-oph'-a-ne?,  s.  [Pref.  ptero-,  and  Gr. 
4>ou>6v  (phanos)—  bright.] 

Ornith. :  Sapphire-wing  ;  a  genus  of  Tro- 
chilidae  (q.v.).  Wings  large  and  sickle-shaped, 


tarsi  clothed,  bill  very  stout  and  slightly 
turned-up  at  the  point.  The  female  has  much 
more  sombre  plumage  than  the  male.  One 
species  only  known,  Pterophanes  temmincki, 
ranging  into  Columbia,  through  Ecuador,  to 
Peru  and  Bolivia. 


,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat.  ptero- 
phor(u3)  ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sutf.  -idee.] 

Entom.  :  A  family  of  small  Moths,  consti- 
tuting the  group  Pterophorina.  Generally 
with  the  anterior  wings  bifid  and  the  posterior 
ones  trittd.  British  species  tweiity-uiue. 

pter-o-phor-i'-na,  ».  pL    [Mod.  Lat  ptero- 
phor(us)  ;     Lat.    netit.    pi.    adj.    sutf.    -ino.] 

[PTEROPHORID^S.] 

pter-oph  -or-iis,  t.    [Or.  irrepo^opo^  (ptero- 
phoros)  —  feathered  :   pref.   ptero-,  and  <f>opoc 

•    (phoros)  =  bearing.] 

Entom.  :  Plume-moths  ;  the  typical  genus 
of  Pterophoridae,  Small  gray  or  white  moth*. 
Twenty  -eight  are  British. 


*.    [Pref.  ptero-,  and  Gr. 
vAAoi'  (phullon)  •=•  a  leaf.] 
Palteobot.  :  A  genus  of  Cycadacese  (?),  with 
winged  leaves.    From  the  Kinetic,  the  Oolite, 
and  the  Wealden  of  England,  &C. 

ptir'-^-pi,  s.  pi.    [PTEROPUS.] 

pter'-i-pld,  a.  [PTEROPID*.]  Belonging  to, 
or  having  the  characteristics  of,  the  family 
Pteropidae  (q.v.).  (Cassell's  Nat.  Hist.,  i.  330.) 

ptfir-op'-i-dce,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lad.  pterop(u»); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sutf.  -idee.] 

Zool.  :  Fruit-bats,  sometimes  called  Flying- 
foxes  ;  the  sole  family  of  the  sub-order  Mega- 
chiroptera  (q.v.),  the  Frugivora  of  Wagner. 
They,  are  pretty  evenly  distributed  over  the 
tropical  regions  of  the  Old  World  and  Austra- 
lia, and  form  two  groups:  Macroglossi  and 
Pteropi.  [PTEROPCS,  2.] 

pter'-6-pine,  a.  [Mod.  Lat  pterop(us)  ;  Eng. 
suff.  -ine.]  The  same  as  PTEROPID  (q.v.). 
(CatseU's  Nat.  Uist.,  i.  276.) 

ptSr-^-plat-S-9    «.     [Pref.  ptero-,  and  Gr. 

irAarvs  (plutus)  =  broad.) 

Ichthy.  :  A  genus  of  Trygonidte,  with  six 
species,  from  temperate  and  tropical  seas. 
Body  twice  as  broad  as  long  ;  tail  very  short 
and  thin,  with  serrated  spine,  and  sometimes 
with  rudimentary  fin.  Pteroplatea  aUavela 
occurs  in  the  Mediterranean. 

pter'-6-plax.  ».  [Pref.  ptero-.  and  Gr.  »AO£ 
(plax)  —  anything  flat  or  broad.] 

Palceont.  :  A  genus  of  Labyrinthodonts,  from 
the  Northumberland  Coal-measures. 

*  pter-£-plS-g!st'-Ic,  a.    [PTERIPLECISTIC.] 


».  [PTEROPODA.]  Any  individual 
of  the  Pteropoda  (q.r.)t 

pter-op'-o-da,  *.  pi.  [Pref.  ptfro-,  and  Gr. 
B-ovf  (pans),  genit.  «ui<k  (podos)  =  a  foot.] 

Zoology  : 

*  1.  A  class  of  Cuvier's  embranchement  or 
sub-kingdom  Mollusca. 

2.  A  sub-class  of  Cephalopoda,  in  which  the 
mid-region  of  the  foot  is  drawn  out  into  a  |>air 
of  wing-like  muscular  lobes,  used  as  paddles. 
The  hind-region  is  often  absorbed,  but  may 
carry  an  operculum  ;  the  fore-region  is  some- 
times drawn  out  into  tentacles,  provided  with 
suckers.  There  are  two  orders  :  Thecosouiata 
(q.v.)  and  Gymnosomata. 

pter-Sp'-i-dous,  a.  (Eng.  pteropod(a);  -out.] 
Belonging  to  the  Pteropoda  ;  wing-footed. 

pter-6p-to  -chl-dae,  s.  ;>/.  [Mod.  Lat 
pteroptoch(us)  ;  Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  sutf.  -idir.] 

Ornith.  :  Bush-wrens  ;  a  family  of  Songless 
Birds,  confined  to  the  teni]>erate  regions  of 
South  America,  with  a  few  species  in  South- 
east Brazil,  and  one  in  the  valley  of  Madeira. 
There  are  eight  genera  and  nineteen  species, 
remarkable  for  enormous  feet  and  scaled  tarsi. 

ptSr-Sp-to'-chtts,  «.  [Pref.  ptero-,  and  Gr. 
irruMcac  (ptokas)  —  shy,  timorous.  Named  from 
the  habits  of  the  family.) 

Ornith.  :  The  typical  genus  of  the  family 
Pteroptochidw  (q.v.),  with  two  species  from 
Chili.  [BARKINO-BIRD.] 


(pi  pt«r'-*-pi),  «.  [Pref.  ptero-, 
and  Gr.  irovt  (pens)  =  s  foot] 


boy;  pout,  Jowl;  cat,  fell,  chorus,  fhin,  bencn ;  go,  gem;  «*tn,  this;  sin,  af ;  expect,  Xonophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-•tan,  -tlan  =  shan.    -Uon,  raion-8lmii; -tion. -}ion- zhun.    -oioos,  -tlooo,  -cioos  =  ditto.   -We,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


3804 


pterosaur— ptinus 


Zoology  : 

1.  Sing.  :  The  typical  genus  of  the  group 
Pteropi  [2].    Muz/ie  long,  narrow,  aud  cylin- 
drical ;  nostrils  pro- 

jecting ;  upper  lip 

a  vertical  groove  in 

front  ;  tail-less  ;  in- 

terfemoral      mem- 

brane deeply  emar- 

giriate    beliind,    in 

some      species 

scarcely  developed 

in  the  centre.   This 

genus  includes  the 

largest  and  some  of 

the  most  brilliant 

coloured     of     the 

Chiroptera.     Dob 

sonennmeratesand  PTEROPUS. 

descrilies  forty-one 

species.    The  bright-hned  fur  of  some  of  these 

bats  is  probably  due  to  protective  mimicry. 

Dobson  (Cat.  Chirop.,  p.  17,  Note  t)  says  : 

"  Any  one  who  has  wen  a  colony  of  these  Bats  sus- 
pended from  the  brunches  of  a  buiiyan-tree.  or  from  a 
(Uk-cotton  tree,  must  hare  been  struck  with  their  re- 
semblance  to  lar^e  ripe  fruits  ;  and  this  is  especially 
Iioticeable  when  they  bang  in  clusters  from  the  leaf- 
stalks of  the  cucoanut-palm,  where  they  may  be  easily 
mistaken,  fur  a  biuich  of  ripe  cocoanuta," 

2.  PI.  :  Tl.e  typical  group  of  the  Pteropodidse 
(q.v.),  with  six  genera  :  Epomophorus,  Ptero- 
pus,  Cynonycteris,  Cynopterus,  Harpy  ia,  aud 
Cephalotes. 

pteV-o-saur,  «.    [PTEROSAURIA.]    Any  mem- 
ber of  the  order  Pterosauria  (q.v.)t 

pter-O-sau'-rf-a,  t.  pi.    [Pref.  plero-,  and  Gr. 
aaCpot  («iuros)  =  a  lizard.] 

Polifont.  :  An.  order  of  flying  Reptilia  of 
Mesozoicage.  No  exoskeleton  ;  dorsal  verte- 
bra; proccelous,  anterior  trunk-ribs  double- 
headed  ;  broad  sternum,  with  median  keel, 
and  o.ssilied  sternal  ribs.  Jaws  generally 
armed  with  teeth,  implanted  in  distinct  sockets. 
The  fore-limb  consists  of  a  humerus,  ulna,  aud 
radius,  carpus,  and  hand  of  four  fingers,  the 
inner  three  unguiculate,  the  outer  clawless  and 
enormously  elongated.  Supported  by  this 
finger,  the  side  of  the  body,  and  the  compara- 
tively short  hind  limb,  was  a  patagium,  or  fly- 
ing membrane.  The  bones  were  pneumatic. 
Chief  genera  :  Pterodactylus,  Dimorphodon, 
Rhamphorhynchns,  Pteranodon,  and  Orni- 
thopterus.  Prof.  Seeley,  having  regard  to  the 
ornithic  type  of  brain,  and  the  pneumaticity 
of  the  bones  of  the  Pterosauria,  places  them 
in  a  distinct  class,  Omithosauria  which  he  re- 
gards as  most  nearly  related  to,  but  coequal 
with,  the  class  Aves.  Marsh  separated  from 
the  order  the  group  Pteranodontia  (q.v.),  in 
which  he  has  been  followed  by  Giinther  and 
Bt.  G.  Mivart. 

pt5r-&-sper'-mtun,  ».  [Pref.  ptero-,  and  Gr. 
trrrepna.  (sperma)  —  seed.] 

Dot.  :  A  genus  of  Dombeyeae.  Shrubs  or 
trees  with  scaly  down,  fragrant  white  flowers, 
woody  capsul  -s,  and  winged  seeds.  Fourteen 
known  species,  from  Tropical  Asia.  The  down 
on  the  leaves  is  used  in  India  to  stop  wounds. 

pter-8s'-p6r-a,  *.     [Pref.   ptero-,   and   Gr. 
(nropa  (spora)  =  a  seed.] 

Hot.  :  A  genus  of  Monotropaceae.  Only 
known  species,  Pterospora  Andromedea,  used 
by  the  North  American  Indians  as  an  anthel- 
mintic  and  diaphoretic. 

pter  os-ti-chi'-nw,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat.  ptero- 
$tich(us);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sutf.  -ince.] 

Entim.  :  A  sub-family  of  Carabidae.  Some 
are  British,  but  the  finest  are  Australian. 

pteY-Ss'-tl-chus,  «.     [Pref.  ptero-,  and  Gr. 
cri'xof  (*ticAos)  =  a  row,  a  line.] 
Entom.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Pterostichinae. 

t  pte'r-i-tra'-che-a,  «.      [Pref.  ptero-,  and 
Lat.,  &c.  tracltea  (q.v.).] 
Zool.  :  Forsk's  name  for  Firola  (q.v.). 


o'n,   *.     [Pref.   ptero-,   and  Gr. 
£vAoi'  (xulon)  =  wood.] 

Rot.  :  A  doubtful  genus  of  Sapindacea. 
fteroxylon  utU",  a  native  of  Southern  Africa, 
yields  a  timber  like  mahogany. 

ptSr-yg'-I-nin,  ».  [Gr.  irrtovyiov  (pterugion), 
dim.  from  nrepvf  (pterux),  genit.  wrtpvyot 
(pterugos)  •=.  a  wing.] 

1.  Bot.  :  Any  wing-like  membranous  expan- 
sion of  a  seed. 


t  2.  Pathol.  :  A  film  on  the  eye.  Popularly 
called  a  web. 

3.  Surg.  :  A  delicate  |>ointed  instrument  for 
removing  a  web  from  the  eye  [2.] 

pte>-y-g6-,  prtf.  [Gr.  n-Wpvf  (pterux),  geuit. 
vTipvytn  (pterugos)  =  a  wing.] 

Nat.  Science:  Winged,  pterygoid  (q.v.).  In 
anatomy  there  are  pterygo-palatine  plates,  a 
pterygo-uiaxillary  ligament  aud  fissure,  &c. 

pter-y-go-ceph'-a-liis,  *.  [Pref.  pterygo-, 
and  Gr.  «4>aA>j  (kephale)  =  the  head.] 

Palaeont.  :  A  genus  of  fossil  fishes  from  the 
Eocene  of  Monte  Bolca,  probably  belonging 
to  the  Blenniidae. 

pteV-y-gold,  a.  &  s.  [Gr.  irrepvf  (ptemx), 
genit.  Tntpvyos  (pterugo»)  =  a  wing,  and  t'&ot 
(eidos)  =  form.] 

A.  As  adjective  : 
Anat.  :  Wing-shaped. 

B.  As  substantive: 

L  Anat.:  The  interior  pterygoid  plates. 

2.  Conip.  Anat.  :  A  bone  in  the  vertebrate 
skull  corresponding  to  the  internal  pterygoid 
processes  in  man. 

pterygoid-plates,  s.  pi. 

Anat.  :  Two  plates  in  the  skull,  an  external 
or  exterior,  and  an  internal  or  interior  one  ; 
the  former  is  the  broader,  its  outer  surface 
bounds  the  zygomatic  fo.ssa  ;  the  latter  is  pro- 
longed into  a  hamular  process. 

pterygoid  process,  s. 

An/it.  (PI.):  Two  processes  projecting  down- 
wards, and  slightly  forwards,  between  the 
body  and  the  great  wings  of  the  sphenoid  bone. 

pter-y-go-plich'-th^s,  «.  [Pref.  pterygo-; 
second  element  doubtful,  and  Gr.  i\0vs 
(icW/ms)=:aush.] 

Ickthy.  :  A  genus  of  Siluridae,  from  the 
fresh  wall's  of  Brazil.  There  are  long  bristles 
round  the  margin  of  the  snout  and  interoper- 
culum. 

pter-y-go'-ta,  s.    [PTERYOOTDB.] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Sterculeas.  The  seeds  of 
Pterygota  alata,  an  East  Indian  Tree,  are  said 
to  be  narcotic. 

pter-y-gd'-ttis,  ».  [Pref.  pteryg(o)-,  and  Gr. 
ofa  (OKS),  genit.  WTOS  (otos)=  an  ear.] 

Palceont.  :  A  genus  of  Eurypteridae.  It  has 
been  restored  by  Dr.  Henry  Woodward.  An- 
terior portion  of  the  body  with  a  carapace, 
having  a  pair  of  large  compound  eyes  and  a 
pair  of  minute  larval  ones.  Five  pairs  of  ap- 
pendages beneath  the  carapace  ;  the  tirst  pair 
chelate,  ami  constituting  the  antcnme,  the 
next  three  pair  spinous  organs,  and  the  last 
pair  rowing  organs.  Beside  the  head  there 
are  thirteen  free  segments,  counting  the  telson 
as  one.  Various  species  are  known  ;  from  the 
Silurian  and  Devonian  of  England,  Scotland, 
Bohemia,  &c.  Pterygotus  auglicus,  called  by 
the  Scotch  quarrymen  Seraphim,  from  the 
wing-like  form  and  feather  like  ornament  of 
the  thoracic  appendage,  must  have  been  five 
to  six  feet  long,  and  more  than  a  foot  across. 


lfiB,  s.  pi.      [Gr.  irrepoV  (pteron)  =  » 
feather,  and  CAIJ  (hule)  =  a  wood,  a  forest.] 

Ornith..  :  Nitzscb's  name  for  what  are  now 
known  to  English  ornithologists  as  "  feather- 
tracts"  —  clumps  or  tractsof  feathers,  with  bare 
spaces  between  them,  the  whole  forming  the 
pterylosix(q.v.).  John  Hunter  and  Macartney 
had  previously  noticed  these  feather-tracts; 
the  remarks  of  the  latter  were  published  in 
1819  (Reeif  Cyclop.,  art.  Feathers),  and  Owen  in- 
troduced Hunter's  observations  into  his  Cata- 
logue of  the  Museum  of  the  College  of  Surgeons 
(vol.  iii.,  pt.  ii.,  p.  311),  but  in  neither  case  is 
there  any  indication  of  the  taxonomical  value 
of  the  distribution  of  the  pterylae,  which  lias 
since  been  recognised. 

ptSr-y-ld-graph'-Ic,  pte'r-y-lo-graph'- 

io-al,  a.  [Eng.  pterylograph(y)  ;  -ic,  -ical.] 
Pertaining  to,  or  connected  with,  pterylo- 
graphy  (q.v.)  ;  treating  of  the  distribution  of 
the  feather-tracts. 

pter-y-lo  graph'-Io-al-ly,  adv.  [Eng. 
pterylographical  ;  -ly.]  With  reference  to  the 
distribution  of  the  feather  tracts. 

"  This  group,  although  inferior  to  the  preceding  In 
extent,  is,  nevertheless,  much  more  variable,  ptrrylo- 
grapMaUlr.'—A'iUtcJi  :  Ptcrylography  (ed.  Sclater), 
p-M. 


pter-y-16g'-ra-phy.  s.    [Mod.  Lat.  />f«ryl«. 

grapltia  ;    Mod.  Lat.  pteryUe  (q.v.),   aud  Of. 
ypajjua  (graphs)  =  to  write.  ] 

Ornitk. :  "  An  enumeration  and  detailed 
description  f  the  feathered  regions  of  the 
bodies  of  birds.  The  study  of  the  pterylosis 
of  birds  was  liegun  systematically  by  Nitzsch 
in  his  academical  thesis,  Pterylographue 
Avium  pars  prior,  published  at  Halle,  1833-4, 
elaborated  by  him,  and  published,  after  hi? 
death,  in  1840,  under  the  editorship  of  Bur 
meister,  with  the  title,  System  der  Pterylo- 
graphie.  An  English  edition,  translated  by 
W.  S.  Dallas,  F.L.S.,  and  edited  by  Dr.  Sclater 
was  published  by  the  Ray  Society  in  1867. 

pt&r-y-ld'-Bls,  s.    [PTERYL/E.] 

Ornith. :  The  arrangement  of  the  feather- 
tracts  in  any  family,  genus,  or  sjiecies,  con- 
sidered as  a  whole.  Nitzsch  enriched  his 
Pterylographie  with  numerous  figures  of  ptery- 
losis, and  was  of  opinion  that  they  furnished 
"equally  significant  and  important  characters 
for  the  certain  and  natural  discrimination  of 
the  families  of  birds." 

"The  pternloiii  of  this  cuckoo  Is  not  widely  different 
from  that  of  Cuculus,"— Proc.  ZooL  Hoc.,  1886,  p.  176. 

ptiT-i-daa,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat.  ptil(idium);  Lat 
fern.  pi.  adj.  sutf.  -idee.] 
Bot.:  A  family  of  Jungermanneee. 

pti-lld'-l-um.    *.      [Gr.   irriAov    (ptllon)  =  s 
feather,  and  etio?  (eidos)  =  form.] 
Bot. :  The  typical  genus  of  Ptilidae  (q.v.). 

ptfl-6-,  prtf.    [Gr.  7m'Aoi/(ptifoft)  =  a  feather, 
down.] 
Nat.  Science  :  Feathered,  plumose. 

ptil-o-^er'-ctis,  «.  [Pref.  ptilo-,  and  Gr. 
•ce'pKot  (kerkos)  =  &  tail.] 

Zool :  A  genus  of  Tupaiidse  (q.v.),  with  on* 
species,  Ptilocercus  loivii,  the  Pentail  (q.v.). 

ptn-Sn-o-rhyn'-chus,  «.  [Gr.  Tm'Aor 
(ptilon),  genit.  imAoros  (fitilonos)=.  a  fe&tiier, 
and  pvyx°*  (rliungclujy)  =  a  beak,  a  bill.] 

Ornith. :  Satin  Bower-bird  ;  a  genus  of  Tec- 
tonarcliin*,  with  out-  species,  Ptilonorhynchut 
violaceus,  from  Australia.  Bill  rather  stout, 
culmen  curved  to  emarginate  tip ;  nostrils 
basal,  lateral,  nearly  concealed  by  frontal 
feathers;  wings  rather  long,  pointed;  tail 
short,  square ;  tarsi  covered  with  numerous 
scales,  toes  long  and  stout,  claws  curved  and 
acute.  P.  raumsleyi  is  considered  by  Elliot 
to  be  a  hybrid  between  this  species  and  St- 
riculus  meliinis. 

ptIT-6-pus,  *.  [Pref.  ptilo-,  and  Gr.  irov« 
(pous)  •=.  a  foot.] 

Ornith  :  A  genus  of  Columbidae,  with  fifty 
two  species,  from  the  Australian  region  (ex- 
cluding New  Zealand)  and  the  Indo-Malay 
sub-region.  Jerdon  (Birds  of  India,  ii.  (pt  ii.), 
p.  455)  describes  them  as  "  pigeons  of  very 
large  size,  adorned  in  many  cases  with  rich 
and  metallic  colours,  with  the  lower  pails 
usually  pale  and  glossless.  The  tarsus  is 
short,  and  the  feet  are  broad.  The  forehead 
is  low  in  profile,  and  the  feathers  advance  on 
the  soft  portion  of  the  bill ;  gape  wide.  So 
far  as  is  known,  they  lay  but  a  single  egg." 

ptil  6r-ia,  ».    [Pref.  ptilo-,  and  Gr.  p«  (rhis) 

=  the  nose.) 

Ornith.:  Rifle-bird  (q.v.);  a  genus  of  Epi- 
niachir.K,  with  four  species,  from  New  Guinea 
and  Australia.  Bill  longer  than  the  head, 
slightly  curved ;  nostrils  partly  hidden  by 
frontal  feathers ;  wings  moderate,  concave, 
rounded  ;  tail  rounded,  of  twelve  feathers. 
Tarsi  moderate,  covered  by  a  single  scale; 
toes  slender,  claws  much  curved. 

ptin  I  dw,  t.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  ptin(us) ;  Lat. 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suit'.  -id<r.] 

Entom. :  An  aberrant  family  of  Malacoder- 
mata  (?).  Antennae  generally  long  and  fili- 
form ;  body  convex,  oval,  or  rounded.  Larval 
destructive  to  furniture,  Ac. 

pti'-nus,  t.  [Gr.  <f>6tVw  (phthino),  for  4>0u* 
(phthio)  =  to  waste  away  ;  in  fut  to  cause  to 
waste,  to  destroy.] 

Entom. :  The  typical  genus  of  PtinidK(q.v.). 
Body  oblong,  with  the  antennae  inserted  be- 
tween the  eyes,  which  are  prominent  or  con- 
vex. Some  females  wingless.  They  inhabit 
garrets,  *c. ,  and  the  larva*  feed  on  dried 
plants,  prepared  skins,  &c. 


firte,  tat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pit, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work.  who.  son ;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  ear,  rale,  fall;  try,  Syrian,    w,  o»  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


pti'-san,  *  pty-sane,  s.  [Fr.  ptitanne  ;  Lat 
ptuana  ;  Gr.  ano-ori)  (ptisane)  peeled  barley, 
twrley-water  ;  irrtWcu  (ptitso)  =  to  peel,  to 
husk  ;  Sp.  &  Ital.  ttiana.} 

•  1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  decoction  of  barley  with 
other  ingredients. 

2.  Med.  :  A  weak  drink,  containing  little  or 
no  medicinal  agent  ;  a  tisane. 

*  ptlZ'-IC-al,  O.      [PHTHISICAL.] 


-f  ,  ».  (Gr.  irrwxoe  (ptdchos) 
—  a  beggar,  and  yovri  (gone)  =  a  generation.] 
(See  extract.) 

"  The  whole  plan  of  the  Bishop  of  London  is  a  pto- 
chogony.  a  generation  of  beggar*.  "—Sydney  Omit*: 
mm  Letter  to  Archd.  Singleton. 

Ptol-e-ma'-lc,  a.  [See  def.]  Pertaining  to 
any  of  the  numerous  Ptolemies  of  antiquity, 
and  specially  to  the  astronomer  who  flourished 
at  Alexandria  in  the  second  century,  A  J>. 

Ptolemaic-system,  *. 

Astrtn.  :  The  hypothesis  maintained  by 
Ptolemy  in  his  Almagest  that  the  earth  was 
s  fixed  body,  remaining  constantly  at  rest  in 
th*  centre  of  the  universe,  with  the  sun  and 
moon  revolving  round  it  as  attendant  satel- 
lites. To  account  for  the  more  complicated 
movements  of  the  planets,  a  contrivance  was 
devised  by  which  each  planet  revolved  in  a 
circle,  whilst  the  centre  of  that  circle  de- 
scribed another  circle  round  the  earth,  for 
the  ancient  physicists  refused  to  admit  that 
mny  movement  except  in  a  circle  could  be 
perfect.  The  Ptolemaic  system  prevailed  till 
Copernicus  propounded  what  is  now  accepted 
as  the  true  system  of  the  universe,  and  Prof. 
Ball  (Story  of  the  Heavens,  p.  6)  says  of  the 
old  theory  that  "  though  so  widely  divergent 
from  what  is  now  known  to  be  the  truth,  it 
did  really  present  a  fairly  accurate  account 
of  the  movement  of  the  planets."  [EPICYCLE, 
DEFERENT,  COPERNICAN  SYSTEM.] 

Pt6l-6-ma'-ist,  s.  [PTOLEMAIC.]  A  believer 
in  or  supporter  of  the  Ptolemaic  system  of 
astronomy. 

pto  ma  In.  pto'  ma  ine  (p  silent),  «. 
An  alkaloid  derived  from  putrefying  animal 
matter,  or  from  disease  germs  in  the  living 
body. 

pto  sis,  5.  [Gr.  =  a  falling,  from  wiwm  (pipto) 
=  to  fall.] 

Pathol.  :  A  falling  ;  as  Ptosis  palpebrce,  a  pa- 
ralysis of  the  muscle  which  should  keep  the 
upper  eyelid  from  falling. 

pty'-a  lln,  ».  [Gr.  imia\ov  (ptualon)  =  saliva; 
suff.'-in  (CA«m.).] 

Chem.  :  A  sulphuretted  albuminous  sub- 
stance contained  in  the  saliva  of  the  parotid 
gland.  It  differs  in  some  of  its  reactions  from 
albumin,  mucin,  and  casein,  (ll'atts.) 


pty'-al-Ism,  *.  [Or.  irrvaAio^d*  (ptuali»mo»), 
from  JTTVCU  (ptuo)  =  to  spit.] 

Med.  :  Salivation  ;  a  morbid  and  excessive 
secretion  of  saliva. 

pty-al'-o-go'gue,  *.  [Or.  mvaXov  (ptualon) 
•=.  saliva,  and  d-yu-yot  (agogos)  =  leading,  bring- 
ing ;  a-yu)  (ago)  =  to  lead,  to  bring.] 

Pharm.  :  A  medicine  or  preparation  which 
induces  salivation  or  a  flow  of  saliva. 

pty-as,  ».  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  irrvos  (p<uos)  =  a 
fabulous  serpent,  said  to  spit  venom  into  the 
eyes  of  those  who  meddled  with  it.  (Pliny  : 
H,  N.,  xxviii.  6,  18.)] 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Colubrinse,  with  two 
species,  widely  distributed  in  tropical  and 
sub-tropical  regions.  The  body  is  elongate, 
more  or  less  compressed  ;  tail  rather  more 
than  one-third  of  the  total  length  ;  the  head 
distinct  from  neck.  Ptyas  mucosus  is  the  Rat- 
snake  (q.v.). 

ptych-,  prtf.    [PrrcHO-.] 

pty-cha-can  -thus,  «.  [Pref.  ptych-,  and 
Gr.  oxatla  (akantha)  =  a  spine.] 

Palceont.  :  A  genus  of  Plagiostomous  Fishes, 
with  two  species  from  the  Lower  Devonian  of 
Herefordshire  and  Monmouthshire,  and  one 
from  the  Coal-measures  near  Edinburgh. 

pty-cho-,  ptych-,  pref.  [Gr.  wnif  (ptux\ 
genit  n-n/xos  (ptuchos)  =  a  fold,  leaf,  layer,  or 
plait] 

Nat.  Science  :  Having  a  process  or  processes 
like  a  fold,  leaf,  layer,  or  plait. 


ptisan— public 

pty-ch5c'-er-as,  «.  [Pret  ptycho-,  and  Gr. 
«pa?  (keras)  =  a  born.] 

Palceont. :  A  genus  of  Ammonitidee.  The 
shell  bent  once  upon  itself,  the  two  straight 
portions  in  contact  Eight  species.  From  the 
Neocomian  to  the  Chalk  of  Britain,  France, 
and  India.  (61.  P.  Woodward.) 

pty/-Ch6de,  s.  [Pref.  ptych-,  and  Gr.  /Soc 
(eidoi)  =  form.] 

Nat.  Science :  A  membrane  within  a  cell ; 
protoplasm. 

pty  -cho-dus,  s.  [Pref.  ptych-,  and  Gr.  Move 
(ijdous)  =  a  tooth.] 

Palceont.  :  A  genus  of  Cestraphori,  with 
more  or  less  quadrate  teeth,  the  crown  having 
transverse  parallel  plications  surrounded  by  a 
granulated  area.  Etheridge  enumerates  fifteen 
species,  from  the  Chalk. 

*  pty'^-chi-ge'n,  ».  [Pref.  ptycho-,  and  Gr. 
ytwaia  (gennao)  =  to  engender.] 

Bot.  (PI.):  Endogenous  plants,  with  vena- 
tion of  the  typical  kind,  i.e.,  with  the  veins 
running  parallel  to  each  other  from  the  base 
to  the  apex.  Opposed  to  Dictyogen  (q.v.). 

pty-cho-lep'-Is,  s.  [Pref.  ptycho-,  and  Gr. 
Atjris  (lepis)  =  a  scale.] 

Palceont. :  A  genus  of  Sauridae,  with  three 
species  from  the  Lias. 

pty-cho'-tls,  t.  [Pref.  ptycho-,  and  Gr.  out 
(ous),  genit  wrot  (otoi)  =  an  ear.] 

.Bot. :  A  genus  of  Umbelliferous  plants, 
family  Amminid*.  Small  annuals  or  biennials 
from  the  South  of  Europe,  India,  &c.  Pty- 
ehotis  Ajowan  U  the  Ajowan,  Ajowain,  or 
Ajwain.  Called  also  Bishop's  Weed  and  Lor- 
age.  Cultivated  in  many  parts  of  India  for 
its  aromatic  seeds.  [Aj WAINS.] 

pty-ch6-«6'-8n,  *.  [Pref.  ptycho-,  and  Gr. 
£<fov  (zoon)  =  an  animal.] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Geckotidee,  with  one 
species,  Ptychozoon  homalocephalum,  the  Fly  it  g 
Gecko,  from  the  islands  of  the  East  Indian 
Archipelago,  occurring  also  in  British  India. 
It  is  about  seven  inches  long,  and  its  integu- 
ments are  dilated  into  broad  folds,  forming 
wing-like  expansions  along  the  sides. 

pty-O-no'-tus,  s.  [Gr.  -mvov  (ptuon)  =  a  fan, 
and  IWTOC  (n6tas)=  the  back.] 

Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Triglidae,  from  Lake 
Ontario. 

ptys'-ma-gogue,  *.  [Gr.  irrvo>a  (plusma) 
—  saliva,  and  ayuryot  (agogos)  =  leading ;  dyu 
(ago)  —  to  lead.] 


Pharm.  :  A  ptyalogogue  (q.v.). 


«.      [A  contract,  of  public  (q.v.).]     A 
public  house.    (Slang.) 

"  The  difficulty  will  be  to  persuade  him  to  come  out 
of  the  domestic  paradise  into  a  world  without  pubt."  — 
Daily  Telegraph,  Oct.  31,  Itei. 

*  pub'-ble,  o.     [Prob.   a  variant  of  bubble 
(q.v.).]    Puffed  out  ;  fat,  podgy. 

"  Thou  shall  fynde  me  fat,  and  wel  fed, 

As  pubble  aa  may  be." 

ln-itnt  :  Horace  ;  Epittle  to  Tybullut. 

*  pu'-ber-al,  o.    [Lat.  puber  =  of  ripe  age  ; 
Eng.  adj.  sutf.  -ai.j    Pertaining  to  puberty. 

pu'-ber-tjf,  *  pu-ber-tie,  s.    [Fr.  pubrrtt., 

from  Lat.  pvbertatem,  accus.  of  pubertas  = 
the  age  of  maturity  ;  puber  =.  of  mature  age  ; 
pubes  =  the  signs  of  manhood,  hair  ;  Sp.  pu- 
bertad;  Ital.  puberta.] 

L  Ord.  Lang.  :  The  age  at  which  persons 
are  capable  of  liegetting  or  bearing  children  ; 
the  period  marked  by  the  functional  develop- 
ment of  the  generative  system  in  both  male 
and  female,  aiul  their  corresponding  aptitude 
for  procreation.  In  mules  this  usually  occurs 
in  temperate  climates  between  the  ages  of 
thirteen  and  sixteen,  and  in  females  a  year  or 
two  before.  In  very  hot  and  very  cold  cli- 
mates puberty  is  reached  somewhat  earlier. 

"  The  power*  of  Imagination  and  reflection  do  not 
display  themselves  till  a  much  later  period;  the 
former  till  about  the  age  of  puberty,  and  the  latter 
till  we  approach  to  manhood."  —  Stewart  :  Of  the  Human 
Mind,  vul.  ...  ch.  vii..  |  7. 

IL  Technically  : 

t  1.  Bat.  :  The  period  at  which  a  plant  first 
begins  to  bear  flowers. 

2.  Law.  :  The  age  of  puberty  is  fixed  in  the 
case  of  males  at  fourteen  years,  and  in  the 
case  of  female*  at  twelve.  They  are  then  held 
to  be  capable  of  contracting  marriage. 


3805 

pu-ber-u-lent,  o.  [Mod.  Lat.  puberuleni, 
genit  puberulerUis,  dimin.  from  Lat.  pubens  — 
arrived  at  the  age  of  puberty.] 

Bot. :  Covered  with  down  so  short  as  to  bs 
scarcely  perceptible.  (Gray.) 

pu'-bes,  «.    [Lat  =  hair.] 

1.  Anat. :  (1)  The  middle  part  of  the  hypo- 
gastric  region,  so  called  because  at  the  period 
of  puberty  it  becomes  covered  with  hair  • 
(2)  The  hair  itself. 

t  2.  Bot. :  The  down  of  plants. 

pu-bes-cen9e,  -pu-besc-en-cy,».  [Eng. 
pubescen(t);  -ce.] 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  The  state  of  having  arrived 
at  the  age  of  puberty  ;  the  state  of  puberty. 

"  Solon  divided  it  into  ten  septenarles ;  In  the  first 
is  dedeutitiou  or  falling  of  teeth,  in  the  second  pu- 
tetcence."— Browne:  Vulgar  Emurt,  bk.  lv.,  ch.  xiL 

2.  Bot. :  Down  closely  pressed  to  the  sur- 
face ;  hairs  forming  a  short,  soft  stratum,  only 
partially    covering   the    cuticle.      Example, 
Geranium  mulle. 

3.  Entom.  £  Zool. :  The  soft  hairy  down  on 
insects,  etc. 

pii-beV-cent,  a.  [Lat.  pubescent,  pr-  par.  of 
pubesco  =  to  grow  hairy  ;  pubes  —  hair.] 

L  Ord.  Lang.  :  Arriving  at  the  age  of  pu- 
berty ;  of  mature  age. 

"  That  women  are  uu-nstruant,  and  men  pubeicent. 
at  the  year  of  twice  seven,  is  accounted  a  punctual 
truth." — brogue  :  I'utyar  Erroun,  ok.  iv.,  ch.  xiL 

II.  But.  £  Zool. :  Covered  with  short,  weak, 
thin  hairs  ;  downy. 

pu'-bic,  a.  [PUBIS.]  Pertaining  or  relating 
to  the  pubis  (q.v.). 

pu'-bis,  s.    [Lat.] 

Anut. :  The  share-bone ;  one  of  the  bones 
constituting  the  pelvic  arch  in  vertebrates. 

pub' -lie,  *  pub  lick,  «  pub-like,  »  pub- 
lyke,  a.  &  s.  [Fr.  public,  fern,  publique,  from 
Lat  publicus;  O.  Lat.  poblicus,  poplicus,  for 
populicus,  from  popuius  =  the  people ;  Sp.  ft 
Port  publico;  Ital.  pubblico.}  [PEOPLE,  s.] 

A.  Asai.ijectii'e: 

1.  Pertaining   to   or  affecting  the  whole 
people ;    belonging  or  relating   to   a   state, 
nation,  or  community;  general;  opposed  to 
private :    as,   the  public  service,   the  public 
welfare,  a  public  act  of  parliament,  &c. 

2.  Open  to  common  or  general  use. 

"  Th'  unequal  combat  in  the  public  square." 

Or f den  :  ftryU  ;  Jtntid  U.  4ML 

3.  Proceeding  from  the  people  or  the  many; 
belonging  to  the  people  at  large ;  common, 
not  restricted  to  any  particular  class  or  set 

"  A  dismal  universal  hiss,  the  sound 
Of  puUick  acoru.*  MMm  :  P.  L..  x.  K». 

4.  Circulating  among  people  generally;  open 
to  the  knowledge  of  all ;  general,  notorious  ; 
not  private  or  secret    (Matthew  L  19.) 

5.  Regarding  not  private  or  selfish  interests, 
but  the  interests  of  the  community  at  large ; 
directed  towards  or  tending  to  promote  the 
interests  of  a  people,  nation,  or  community : 
as,  public  spirit. 

B.  --Is  substtintive : 

1.  The  people  generally  and  collectively; 
the  general  body  of  mankind ;  the  members 
generally  of  a  state,  nation,  or  community: 
the  people  indefinitely.   (Used  with  the  defin- 
ite article.) 

"  Receive  me,  languishing  for  that  repose 
The  servant  of  the  public  never  knows." 

Coteptr:  Retirement  ST9. 

2.  Any  particular  section  of  the  people  to 
whom  an  author,  actor,  or  other  public  cha- 
racter directly  appeals. 

"  She  has  carried  away  successive  publici  by  her  own 
almost  unaided  geuiua."— AUunaum,  May  8,  1M4, 

p.«sr. 

3.  A  public-house,  an  inn. 

"  Ye  may  come  ower  the  night  as  far  as  Rlccorton. 
where  there  is  a  public."— Scott :  Out  Mannerinf.  ch. 
xiii. 

H  In  public:  In  open  view;  openly,  pub- 
licly ;  not  in  private  or  secret  (Hilton :  P.  B., 
ii  84.) 

public  -  chapel,  *.  A  chapel-of-easa 
(q.v.).  (Wharton.) 

*  public-hearted,  a.    Public-spirited. 

public-house.  «.  A  honse  licensed  foi 
the  retail  of  intoxicating  liquors;  an  ina 
(Englith.) 

Public-houtt  plant :  Atarum  europontm. 


boil,  b6y ;  pout.  ]6%1;  eat.  fell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  (his;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  t 
-tian  =  shan.     tion.  -«ion  =  shun ;  -(ion,    fion  -  shun,   -clous,  -tious,  -sions  -  shus.    -bio,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


publican — puckflst 


public-law,  s.     International  law  (q.v.). 
public-minded,  a.    Public-spirited. 
public-mindedness,  s.  Public-spirited - 
ness. 
public-orator,  «.    [ORATOR,  II.  2.) 

public-prosecutor,  s.  An  officer  ap- 
pointed to  originate  and  conduct  prosecutions 
In  the  public  interest. 

public-right,  5. 

Scots  IMW  :  A  heritable  right  granted  by  a 
vassal,  to  be  held,  not  of  himself,  but  of  his 
superior. 

public-spirited,  a.  Having  regard  to 
the  public  interest  and  welfare,  rather  than 
to  private  interests  or  advantage  :  willing  to 
make  private  sacrifices  for  the  public  advan- 
tage ;  prompted  by  a  public  spirit;  jatriotic. 

public-spiritedly,  adv.  In  a  public- 
•pirited  manner,  with  public  spirit. 

pnblic-spiritedness,  s.  The  quality 
or  state  of  peing  public-spirited;  a  public 
•pint;  a  willingness  to  make  private  sacri- 
fices in  order  to  promote  the  public  interests 
Mid  welfare. 

"The  spirit  of  charity,  the  old  word  (or  public. 
lpirUedneu."—WluUoct:  Mannert  of  the  t'nglith. 

public-worlis,  s.  pi.  Fixed  or  perma- 
nent works  executed  by  civil  engineers  for 
public  use,  as  railways,  canals,  docks,  &c. ; 
more  strictly,  military  or  civil  engineering 
works  executed  at  the  public  cost. 

pub  -Uc-an,  *  pnp-plic-an,  *.  [Lat.  pub- 
licunus  =  a  farmer  of  the  public  revenue, 
from  publicanus  =  pertaining  to  the  public 
revenue,  from  publicus  =  public  (q.v.) ;  Sp.  & 
Port,  publicano ;  Ital.  pubWicano.] 

L  Orig. :  A  collector  of  the  revenues,  or 
fanner  of  the  taxes  consisting  of  tolls,  tithes, 
harbour-duties,  duties  for  the  use  i>f  pasture- 
lands,  mines,  salt-works,  Ac.  in  Roman  pro- 
vinces. From  the  nature  of  their  office,  and 
the  oppressive  exactions  of  many  of  their 
number,  these  officials  were  generally  regarded 
by  the  inhabitants  with  detestation  and  con- 
tempt (Matt.  ix.  10.) 

*  2.  A  collector  of  toll,  tribute,  customs,  or 
the  like. 

"How  like  a  fawning  publican  be  looks." 

Sualtnp.  :  Merchant  of  Venice,  L  1 

3.  An  innkeeper. 

•  pub'-li-cate,  v.t.  [Lat.  pubUcatus,  pa.  par. 
otpublieo  =  to  publish  (q.v.).]  To  publish, 
to  make  publicly  known. 

"Little  sins,  if  publicated.  grow  great  by  their 
•candaU."— Uauden .  Tean  of  the  Church,  p.  1  IS. 

piib-ll-ca'-tion,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat  publica- 
tioiiem,  accus.  of  publicatio,  from  pfu.blio.it  us 
(PuBLiCATE] ;  publicus  =  public  (q.v.) ;  Sp. 
publication,;  ItaL  pubblicazione.] 

1.  The  act  of  publishing,  or  making  known 
publicly ;  the  act  of  notifying  to  the  world, 
by  words,  writing,  or  printing  ;  proclamation, 
promulgation;  divulgation,  notification. 

"  The  communication  of  a  libel  to  any  one  person  is 
a  publication  in  the  eye  of  tbe  law.  —  BlacJatone  . 
Comment.,  bk.  iv  ,  ch.  2. 

2.  Specif. :  The  act  of  offering  a  book,  map, 

Srint,  or  other  literary  or  musical  composi- 
on  to  the  public  by  sale  or  by  gratuitous 
distribution,  or  by  printing  in  a  newspaper, 
journal,  &c 

"(The  letter*]  were  written  without  thought  ot  pub- 
lication."—K.  IJiiratli  Ld.  BeaamiMeUti  C'irretpon- 
dence.  (lutrod.) 

3.  A  work  printed  and  published ;  a  book, 
pamphlet,  in:.,  printed  and  offered  for  sale,  or 
to  public  notice. 

pub'-li-cist,  s.  [Fr.  publicist*;  Ital.  publi- 
cista.] 

1.  A  writer  on  the  laws  of  nature    and 
nations ;  one  who  writes  or  treats  on,  or  is 
versed  in  public  or  international  law. 

"The  arguments  that  tbe  Ingenuity  of  puhlicittt 
could  devise."— Macaulay :  ttitt  of  Eng.,  ch.  xxiii. 

2.  One  who  writes  on  current  social  or  politi- 
cal topics,  espec.  in  magazines,  reviews,  &c. ; 

a  journalist 

"An  international  commission,  to  consist  of  three 
authors,  three  publishers,  aud  three  publicists "— 
Scribner'i  lltigarine.  May,  1880,  p.  1:10. 

pub-lig'-It-y;  *.  [Fr  publiciU.]  The  quality 
or  state  of  being  public,  cr  known  to  tbe 
people  at  large  ,  notoriety. 

"  The  modern  system  of  publicity  brings  rice  more 
to  the  surface."— Daily  Telegraph,  March  2,  1884. 


pub'-llo-ly'.  »  pub-lick-ly,  adv.  [Bug. 
public;  •/</.] 

1.  In  a  public   manner;   openly,  without 
secrecy  or  concealment  ;  in  public. 

"  Publicly  arTronud  by  ftarsQeld.'  —  Maeaulay  :  But. 

Eng.,  ah.  xvu. 

2.  In  the  name  of  the  community. 

"  Great  rewards  an  publickly  ottered  for  Its  supply." 
—Aaditun. 

*  pub  -lie-ness,  *  pub'  -lick-ness,  s.  [Eng. 
public;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  public,  or 
of  belonging  to  the  community. 

"  Nor  does  the  publickneu  of  It  lessen  propriety  in 
lt,"—Uoylt  :  Workt,  i.  Stf. 

2.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  public,  or 
open  to  the  view  or  knowledge  of  the  people 
at  large  ;  publicity,  notoriety. 

pub'-lish,  *pub-lisch-en,  *  pub-lish-en, 
*  pup-lisch-en,  *  pup-lis-en,  *pup- 
plishe,  v.t.  [Fr.publier,  from  Lat.  publico  = 
to  make  public;  publicus  =.  public  (q.v.); 
Sp.  &  Port,  publicar;  Ital.  publicare.} 

L  To  make  public  or  known,  either  by 
words,  writing,  or  printing;  to  notify  publicly; 
to  proclaim,  to  promulgate,  to  divulge. 

That  the  sacred  and  sauiug  truth  of  God  bee  openly 
"—  Hooter  ;  Ecclet.  Potuie,  bk.  v.,  |  18. 


*  2.  To  expose  publicly. 

"  He  was  rightful  aud  wolde  not  puppliihe  fair."  — 
Wycllffe  :  ilutihew  L  19. 

3.  To  make  known  or  notify  by  posting  or 
reeling  in  a  church  :  aa,  To  publish  banns  of 
marriage. 

4.  To  cause  to  be  printed  and  offered  for 
sale  ;  to  issue  from  the  press  to  the  public  ; 
to  put  into  circulation. 

"  Not  to  publish  this  satire  with  my  name."—  Byron  : 
Enjliih  Bardi  *  Scotch  Renewert.  (fret.) 

5.  To  utter,  pass,  or  put  into  circulation  : 
as,  To  publish  counterfeit  paper. 

*  pub'-lish-a-ble,  a.  [Eng.  publish  ;  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  published  ;  fit  to  be  pub- 
lished. 

"  An  editor  accepted  from  a  little-known  correspon- 
dent what  teemed  a  puotuftable  tale,"—  Athenaeum, 
Feb.  9,  18M. 

pfib'-lish-er,  ».    [Eng.  publish;  -er.) 

1.  One  who  publishes  or  makes  known  what 
was   before  private  or  unknown  ;  one  who 
divulges,  promulgates,  or  proclaims  publicly. 

"  Love  of  you 

"Hath  made  me  publisher  uf  this  pretence." 
ShaXttp.  :  Too  Uentlemen  of  Verona,  iii.  1. 

2.  One  who  publishes  or  prints  and  issues 
to  the  public  books  and  other  literary  matter, 
maps,  engravings,  music,  and  the  like  for  sale  ; 
one  who  prints  and  offers  books,  «tc.,  for  sale. 

"Our  respectable.  publithert  are  decidedly  in  favour 
of  the  International  copyright."—  Scribner'i  Magazine. 
May,  1*80,  p.  137. 

3.  One  who    utters,  passes,  or  puts  into 
circulation  counterfeit  paper. 

pub  lish  mcnt,  *  pub-lysshe-ment,  s. 

[Eug.  publish  ;  -ment.\ 

*  1.  The  act  of  publishing  or  making  known 
to  the  public  ;  public  exposure. 

"IHel  rebuked  them  by  open  publj/tthement  and 
otherwise."—  Fabgaa  :  Chronic:*,  vol.  iiL.ch.  ccxxix. 

2.  An  official  notice  made  by  a  town-clerk 
of  an  intended  marriage  ;  the  publication  of 
the  banns  of  marriage. 

pu-bd-,  pref.    [PrjBis.] 

A  not.  :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  pubis,  as  the 
pubo-femoral  ligament 

puc'  9ine,  ».    [Eng.  pucC(oon);  -int.] 

Chen.  :  A  doubtful  alkaloid  said  to  exist  in 
the  root  of  iMnguinaria  canudensis. 

puc-ci'-nl-a,  «.  [Named  after  T.  Pnccinius, 
a  professor  of  anatomy  at  Florence.] 

Bot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Puccinaei  (q.v.). 
Protospores  uniseptate,  stipitnte,  not  liound 
together  by  gelatine.  The  genus  is  parasitic 
and  destructive  to  the  plants  on  which  it 
grows.  Puccinia  graminis,  the  common  mil- 
dew, causes  the  rust  or  blight  in  corn. 

puc-ci-ni-se'-i,  «.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  puccinWa); 
Lat.  masc.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -<ei.} 

Bot.  :  A  sub-order  of  Coniornycetes  (q.v.). 
Formerly  restricted  to  genera  with  septale 
protospores,  but  now  extended  to  those  which 
nave  a  single  cell  but  no  peridium. 

puc-codn',  i.    [Native  name.] 

Bot.  :   Sanguinaria  canadensis,  the  Blood- 


root    About  six  inches  high,  thick  creeping 
rootstock,  a  single  leaf,  and  flower  with  two 

*  sepals  aud  eight  to  twelve  petals.      It  has 
been  used  by  dyers  ;  the  Anierican-Iiniiaus 
formerly  smeared  themselves  with  its  juice. 

pU96,  a.  [Fr.  (O.  Fr.  puke)  =  a  flea  :  couleur- 
jmc«  =  puce-colouied,  from  Lat.  pulicem,  accus. 
of  puiez  =  a  flea.]  Of  a  dcrk-brown  or  reddish- 
brown  colour  ;  of  the  colour  of  a  flea. 

*PU-Cel,*.      [PUCELLK.] 

*  pu9'-el-age  (age  as  I&),  s.  [Fr.]  [PUCELLK.J 
A  state  of  virginity. 

"  The  pucelage  and  virginity  of  women."— Brown*  » 
Keligio  Jf edict,  i  10. 

pu-9eT-las,    «.    [Etym.    doubtful.]     [PEIS- 

CILLAS.] 

*  pu-eSlle',  «.    [Fr.,  from  Low  Lat.  pulicella, 
di'nin.  of  Lut.  pullus  =. a,  young  animal]    A 
virgin,  a  maid. 

"  The  affection  that  rose  in  the  centre  of  that  modest 
and  sober  pucelle'i  luiud."— Painter:  Palao*  of 
Pleature,  ii.,  sig.  I,  L  7. 

H  La  Pucelle :  Joan  of  Arc. 

pug'-er-iSn,  *.  [Fr.,  from  puce  =  a  flea.] 
[Puce.]  The  aphis,  vine-fretter,  or  plant-louse. 

pU'-Cha-pat,  s.     [PATCHOULI.] 

pu'-cher-Ite,  s.  [After  the  Pucher  mine, 
Schneeberg,  Saxony,  where  found ;  suff.  -Ue 
(Jtfin.).] 

31  in. :  An  orthorhombicuiineral  occurring  in 
small  crystals  with  bismiteandasbolite.  Hard- 
ness, 4'0  ;  sp.  gr.  5"91 ;  lustre,  suliadamantine; 
colour,  reddish-brown  ;  streak,  yellow ;  trans- 
lucent to  opaque.  Compos. :  oxide  of  bis- 
muth, 71'67  ;  vanadic  acid,  28'33  =  100,  equi- 
valent to  the  formula  BiO3VO3. 

puck,  *  pouke,  s.  [Ir.  puca  =  an  elf,  a  sprite  ; 
Wei.  pvxti,  pwci  =  &  hobgoblin;  cogn.  w'th 
Gael,  and  Ir.  bocan  =  a  spectre,  an  apparition ; 
Corn,  bucca  =  a  hobgoblin,  a  bugbear  ;  WeL 
bwg  ;  Icel.  puke  =  an  imp  ;  Ger.  sjnik ;  Eng. 
bug.]  [Buc  (1),  s.]  A  sprite,  elf,  or  fairy, 
celebrated  by  Shakespeare  in  his  it idsiimmer 
Niglifs  Dream,  and  kno^'ii  also  by  the  names 
of  Robin  Goodfellow  and  Friar  Rush. 

puc-ka,s.  [Hind.  pfikka  =  ripe.]  Solid,  snb- 
stan tial,  as  opposed  to  kutcha  =.  soft,  flimsy 
Thus,  pucka  bricks  are  those  burnt  in  a  kiln, 
as  opposed  to  kutcha  bricks  dried  in  tbe  sun. 
{Anglo-Indian.) 

puck  -er,  v.t.  i  i.  [A  frequent,  from  the  same 
root  as  poke  =  a  bag,  a  sack,  the  allusion  being 
to  the  top  of  a  poke  or  bag  when  drawn 
closely  together  by  means  of  the  string  ;  cf. 
purse,  in  To  purse  the  lips.] 

A.  Trans.  :  To  gather  into  puckers,  small 
folds,  or  wrinkles ;  to  contract   into  ridges 
and  furrows ;  to  wrinkle.  (Frequently  followed 
by  up.) 

"  A  petticoat  or  puckered  skirt  of  velvet"— Knight : 
Pictorial  BUt.  Kng..  li.  8i7. 

B.  Intrans. :     To    become     wrinkled    or 
gathered  into  folds  or  wrinkles. 

puck  -er,  s.  [PUCKER,  r. ]  A  fold,  a  wrinkle ; 
a  number  of  folds  or  wrinkles. 

•J  To  be  in  a  pucker :  To  be  in  a  state  of 
flutter,  agitation,  or  anxiety. 

"The  whole  parish  tool  in  a  pucker.'— Smollttt: 
Peregrine  Pickle,  ch.  ii. 

puck'-ered,  pa.  par.  or  a.    [PCCKER,  v.] 

puck  ered  ness,  s.  [Eng.  puckered ;  -nest.] 
The  state  or  condition  of  being  puckered  or 
wrinkled. 

puck'-er-er,  «.  [Eng.  pucker,  v. ;  -cr.\  One 
who  or  that  which  puckers. 

puck -er-idge,  5.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  The 
Nightjar  or  Goatsucker,  Caprimulyuseuropocu* 
(Hampshire.) 

*  piick'-er-^,  a.    [Eng.  pucker;  -y.] 

1.  Producing,  ortendingto  produce,  puckers. 

"  Some  of  these  wildings  are  acrid  and  pudury. 
genuine  verjuice.'  —  Thoreau  :  Excurttont.  p.  2»l. 

2.  Full  of  puckers  or  wrinkles  ;  inclined  to 
become  puckered  or  wrinkled. 

puck  -fist,  puck  -foist,  «.    [A  corruptirn 
of  Ger.  boflst  =  a  puff-liall.] 
L  (Of  the  form  puckfist)  :  A  puff-ball  (q.v.). 
2.  (Of  both  forms):  A  term   of  reproach, 


Ate,  fat.  tare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  fall;  try.  Syrian.    «,  «  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  au  -  kw. 


puckish— pueraria 


3807 


equivalent  to  "  vile  fungus,"  "  scum  of  the 
earth."    (\ares.) 

"O  tliey  arc  piuchiug  puck-Jlitt." 

Ben  Jonion  :  Sew  Inn. 

•  puok'-Ish,  a.   [Eng.  puck ;  -ink.  ]  Resembling 

the  sprite  Puck  ;  characteristic  of,  or  suited  to, 
Puck. 

•piick'-rel,  ».  [A  doable  dimin.  from  puck 
(q.v.).]  A  little  fiend.  (Gi/ord:  Dial,  on 
Witches,  1603.) 

pu-cra  -si-a,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Ornith. :  A  genus  of  Phasianidse,  sub-family 
Lophophorinse.  Bill  short,  culnien  much 
arched,  nostrils  nearly  concealed  by  feathers. 
Head  covered  with  a  long  crest;  wings 
rounded,  tail  rather  long,  wedge-shaped. 
Tarsi  equal  to  middle  toe,  toes  rather  long. 
(Elliot.)  There  are  three  species  :  Pucrasia 
macrolopha,  the  Pucras  Pheasant ;  P.  xantho- 
pila,  the  Buff-spotted  Pucras,  and  P.  duvan- 
celi,  Duvancel's  Pucras,  all  from  the  Oriental 
region. 

pud,  «.  [Etym.  doubtful ;  cf.  pad  (2),  s.]  The 
hand,  the  tist,  a  paw.  (Colloq.) 

pud  den-Ing, «.  [Prob.  from  pudding  (q.v.).] 

Nautical: 

1.  A  thick  wreath  or  grommet  of  matting  or 
oakum  tapering  towards  the  ends,  and  used  as 
a  fender.     [DOLPHIN,  s.,  II.  6.] 

2.  A  braid  of  yarns  around  the  ring  of  an 
anchor  when  a  hempen  hawser  is  to  be  bent 
thereto. 

•  pud'-der,  «.    [The  older  form  of  pother.] 

'Pfid'-dir,  V.i.  &  t.      [PfDDER,  S.] 

A.  Intrans. :  To  make  a  pother,  fuss,  bustle, 
or  tumult ;  to  potter. 

"  Som  almost  always  pudder  in  the  mud." 
Byltetter :  Du  Bartat,  Fifth  day.  Pint  week,  171 

B.  Trans. :  To  confuse,  to  bother,  to  per- 
plex, to  embarrass. 

pud  ding,  *  pod-ynge,  s.  [Irish  putog  =  a 
pudding,  the  numbles  of  a  deer ;  Gael,  putag 
=  a  pudding  ;  Wei.  poten  =  a  paunch,  a  pud- 
ding ;  Corn,  pot  =  a  bag,  a  pudding.  Probably 
from  the  same  root  as  pad  (2),  s.,  pod,  podgy.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  An  intestine  ;  the  gut  of  an  animal 

"A*  inn  u  his  guts  are  made  of  puddingi."— 
Shaketp.  :  iltrry  Wivet,  il.  L 

2.  An  intestine  stuffed  with  meat,  &c. ;  a 
sausage. 

3.  A  kind  of  food,  of  a  soft  or  moderately 
bard  consistency,  variously  compounded,  but 
generally  made  of  flour  or  other  farinaceous 
substance,  with  milk  and  eggs,  and  sometimes 
enriched  with  fruit. 

"  In  nice  balance,  truth  with  gold  she  weight. 
And  »olid pudding  against  empty  praise." 

Pope  :  Dunciad,  L  M. 

4.  Food  or  victuals  generally. 

"  E*t  your  pudding,  slave,  and  hold  your  tongue.'* 
Prior :  Merry  A  narete. 

TL  Naut.:  The  same  as  PUDDENING  (q.v.). 
1J  Obvious  compounds :  pvdding-bag,  pud- 
ding-doth. 

pudding-faced,  a.  Having  a  fat,  round, 
and  smooth  face,  like  a  pudding. 

pudding  fish,  s. 

Ichlhy. :  Sparus  radiatus  ;  body  deep  steel- 
blue  ;  with  oblique  blue  streaks  on  the  cheek, 
tnd  blue  spots  on  the  ventrals. 

pudding-grass,  *. 

Sot. :  Pennyroyal  (q.v.). 
pudding-headed,  a.    Stupid,  dull 
*  padding-heart,  s.   A  coward. 

"  Go.  pudding-heart  I " 
Tat/lor:  1  1'hilip  ran  Artmlde,  lii.  L 

•pudding-house,'.  A  stomach.  (Nashe.) 
pudding-pie,  s. 

1.  A  pudding  with  meat  baked  in  it    (Hal- 
llwell.) 

2.  A  kind  of  open  cheese-cake  with  currants. 
(Kent.) 

"Some  cry  the  covenant.  Instead 
Of  pudding  pia  and  gingerbread." 

Butler :  Hudibnu,  L  1 

pudding  pipe-tree,  s. 

Sot. :  Cassia  (Cathartocarpus)  Fistula. 

'pudding-prick,*.  The  skewer  which 
fastened  the  pudding-bag. 


pudding-Sleeve,  s.  A  slui-ve  of  tlie  full- 
dress  clerical  gown. 

"About  each  arui  a  pudding-ilefvr." 

Svift :  Baud*  *  Philemon. 

pudding-stone,  s. 

Petrol. :  A  name  given  to  certain  siliceous 
conglomerates,  notably  that  of  Hertfordshire, 
in  which  the  rounded,  jaspery  flint  pebbles 
resemble  the  plums  in  a  plum-pudding. 

*  pudding-time, «. 

1.  The  time  of  dinner ;  the  time  at  which 
pudding,  formerly  the  first  dish,  was  set  upon 
the  table. 

2.  The  nick  of  time  ;  the  critical  moment 

"Mars  that  still  protect*  the  stout, 
111  pudding-time  came  to  his  aid." 

liutler :  Hudibrai.  L  *. 

*  pudding  -  tobacco,   s.     A  kind    of 
tobacco,  perhaps  made  up  into  a  roll  like  a 
pudding. 

••  He  prays  but  tor  a  pipe  of  pudding-tobacco.'— Btn 
Jonion  :  Cyttthia'i  Revels,  it  L 

t pud'-ding-^,  a.  [Eng.  pudding;  -y.]  Re- 
sembling or  suggestive  of  a  pudding ;  round 
and  plump. 

pud  die,  '  pod  el,     pud  le,  *  pud-del, 

s.  &  a.  [Irish  plodach  =  a  puddle,  mire ;  Gael. 
ptodan=asmall  pool,  dimin.  from  Irish  &  Gael. 
plod  =  a  pool ;  Low  Ger.  pudel  =  a  pool ;  Dut. 
poedelen  —  to  puddle.] 

A.  As  substantive : 

I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  A  small  muddy  pool  or  plash  ;  a  pool  of 
muddy  water. 

"  The  pure  quick  streams  are  marshy  puddla  found." 
Thoiiuoii :  Cattle  of  Indolence,  ii.  66. 

*  2.  Dirty,  muddy  water. 

"Obliged  to  fly  with  his  *ife  and  to  drink  puddle." 
—Burke :  From  the  Old  to  the  fiev>  H'hiyi. 

*  3.  A  dull,  stupid-headed  person. 

"  Hearing  her  called  a  limping  old  puddle."— Had. 
D'Arblay:  Cecilia,  bk.  vii.,  ch.  T. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Build. :  The  same  as  PISE  (q.v.). 

2.  Hydr.-eng.:  Well-tempered  clay  and  sand 
used  to  render  banks  or  dikes  impervious. 

*  J&.  As  adj.  :  Muddy,  dirty. 

"  With  puddle  water  him  they  lewdly  drest." 

brayt'jit :  Baron*  Wan.  Y. 

puddle-ball,  *. 

Iron-matiuf. :  The  lump  or  ball  of  red-hot 
iron,  in  a  pasty  state,  taken  from  the  puddling- 
furnace  to  be  hammered  or  rolled. 

*  puddle-poet,  ».    A  mean,  petty  poet. 

"The  puddle-poet  did  hope  that  the  jingling  of  hi* 
Thymes  would  drown  the  sound  of  his  false  quantity." 
—fuller :  Church  ffiit.,  1.  ill.  L 

puddle-rolls,  «.  pi. 

Iron-manuf. :  The  first,  or  roughing,  rolls  of 
a  rolling-mill,  by  passing  through  which  the 
loop,  or  ball  of  puddled  iron,  after  a  prelim- 
inary forging,  is  drawn  out.  It  is  then  a 
rough  bar. 

puddle-train,  ». 

Iron-manuf. :  A  train  of  rolls  for  reducing 
squeezed  puddle- balls  to  puddle-  or  muck-bars. 

pud  die,  v.t.  &  i.    [PUDDLK,  «.] 
A.  Transitive: 

*  L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Lit. :  To  make  dirty  or  muddy ;  to  be- 
fouL 

"They  threw  on  him 

Great  pails  of  puddled  mire  to  quench  the  hair." 
Shakeep.  :  Comedy  of  Emm,  T. 

2.  To  befoul,  to  muddle. 

"Cockney  admirations  puddling  su:h  a  hfcad."— 
Carlyle  :  Iteminiicrncci.  1.  Alt. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Hydr.-eng.:    To  work   puddle  into;   to 
render  watertight  by  means  of  puddle. 

2.  Iron-manuf. :  To  convert  into  \\i ought- 
iron  by  the  process  of  puddling  (q. \.). 

"  The  effect  of  ihe  puddling  Is  still  further  to  reino*  e 
the  carbon."— Cauettt  Tech.  Educator,  pt  xL,  p.  274. 

*  B.  Intrans. :  To  make  a  dirty  stir. 

pnd'-dler,  5.  [Eng.  puddl(e) ;  -er.  ]  One  who 
or  that  which  puddles  ;  specif.,  in  iron  man'-- 
factuie,  one  who  is  engaged  in  the  process  of 
puddling  iron.  Mechanical  pu?'.dl?rs  Lavi  a'»o 
been  adopted.  [PUDDLINO-MACHINE.) 

"  The  constant  attendance  of  the  -.lud-ller  <ui<»  hi'. 
assisUut"—  CauelCl  Technical  Educator,  pt  xi.,  ,>.  ?  4. 

pud'-dling,  pr.  par.  &  ».    [PrDDt.«,  *.] 
A.  As  prj  par.  :  (See  the  rert). 


B.  As  substantive: 

1.  Hydr.-eng. :  The  act  or  process  of  work- 
ing   plastic    clay  behind    sheet-piling,   in    a 
coffer-dam,  a  wall  in  a  dike,  the  lining  for  a 
canal,  or  any  other  situation,  to  resist  the  pene- 
tration of  water ;  generally  as  supplementary 
to  a  main  structure,  and  forming  a  retentive 
stratum  or  clothing  therefor. 

2.  Iron-manufacture : 

(1)  The  lining  of  the  hearth  or  boshes  of  a 
furnace  in  which  metal  is  melted.    The  term 
puddling  arose  from  the  fact  that  the  hearth  was 
originally  made  by  a  puddling  of  clay  upon  the 
bricks  or  masonry  of  the  furnace.    The  clay 
is  now  superseded  by  ore,  cinder,  and  scrap, 
banked  up  around  the  boshes  to  protect  them 
from  the  heat. 

(2)  The  process   of    converting   cast   into 
wrought  iron  by  boiling  aud  stirring,  by  which 
the  oxygen  and  carbon  of  the  cast  iron  are 
expelled  by  the  decarbonizing  action  of  the 
atmospheric  air  which  passes   through   the 
furnace. 

U  Wet  puddling  :  [ PIG-BOILING]. 
puddling-furnace,  *. 
Iron-manuf. :  A  kind  of  reverberatory  fur- 
nace  for  puddling  iron. 

puddling  machine.  «. 

Iron-manuf. :  A  mechanical  puddler,  operat- 
ing by  means  of  mechanical  rabbles,  or  by 
rotation  of  the  furnace. 

pud'-dljf,  a.  [Eng.  puddUe),  s. ;  -y.]  Muddy, 
dirty,  miry,  foul. 

'•Limy,  or  thick  puddly  water  kllleth   them."— 
Carac  :  Survey  of  Cornwall. 

pud  -dock,  s.  [A  variant  of  paddock,  (1)  * 
(2)  (q.v.).] 

puddock  stool,  .--.  A  toadstool.  (Scotch.) 

"  Hay  sprout  like  simmer  puddock-ttoolt." 

Burnt :  Epittlt  to  William  Cnedk. 

piid'-dy,  a.    [PUDGY.]    Fat,  pudgy. 

*  pu'-den-cjf,  «.     [Lat  pudens,  pr.   par.  of 
pudeo  =  to  be  ashamed.]     Modesty,  shame- 
faced  ness. 

"  A  pi'dency  so  rosy,  the  sweet  view  on't 
Mi-'ht  well  have  warm'd  old  Saturn." 

Shukeip. :  Cirmbeline.  ii.  L 

pu  den'-da,  s.  pi.  [Lat.  neut.  pi.  otpuJendus, 
rut.  pass.  fur.  of  pudeo  =  to  be  ashamed.] 
The  parts  of  generation,  the  privities. 

t  pu-den'-dal,  a.  [PUDENDA.]  Pertaining 
or  relating  to  the  pudenda  or  private  parts  ; 
pudic  :  as,  the  pudendal  nerve. 

pudg1-?,  a.  [A  variant  of  podgy  (q.v.).]  Fat 
and  short ;  thick,  ixxlgy  ;  short  and  wide. 

"  The  now  pudga  north  and  south  ilsln  '  TrrmJin 
•on  :  Level  of  ffntfttld  Chace,  p.  201. 

pud  Ic,  pud  ic  al,  a.  [Lat  pudlcus,  from 
pudeo  =  to  be  ashamed.]  Pertaining  to  the 
pudenda  :  as,  the  pudic  artery. 

*  pu-dlc'-l-tft  t.     [Fr.  pudidU,  from  Lai. 
pudicitia,  from  pudicut  =  modest]    [Proic.;, 
Modesty,  chastity. 

pud  -sy,  a.    [PUDOT.] 

pu-du',  s.    [Native  name.] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  CervidR,  with  one  species, 
Pudu  humilis,  cne  Ve.iadi,  from  Chili.  (Gray./ 
It  is  the  Certus  f.umiiis  of  Bennett,  but  is 
often  known  as  0.  p.idu. 

*  pue,  «.    [Pew.  «.] 

pue,  v.i.  JFrorc  the  sonnd.J  To  crj-  or  chirp 
like  a  bhd  :  to  make  a  low,  whistling  sound. 

pn-e'-old  (Western  prop.. p-W(6Vl6),  *.  [Sp.] 

1.  A   lirge   dwell!  cg-h^use,  sometimea   ac- 
coniiKiitin^    a   wb  ic   tfibr,  peculiar   to    the 
aborigiB««  of  Ne-^  Mexico  and  vicinity. 

2.  A  settlement  of  such  aborigines;  hence,  » 

fv^blo  Ind:.iii,  F.a  distinguished  from  a  nnmadio 
ndi«n. 

puer,  *.    [PURE,  *.] 

TVU  Gr-ar-I  a,  s.  [Named  after  M.  M.  N. 
Fuerari,  a  professor  at  Copenhagen.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Clitorieae.  Plants  from 
southern  and  eastern  Asia,  with  small  blue  or 
purple  flowers  and  linear  It-gumes.  Pueraria 
tuberosa  is  an  Indian  alpine  climber,  with 
large  tuberous  roots,  which  are  eaten.  The 
natives  apply  it  as  a  poultice  to  swelled 


bo?;  pont,  joltl;  oat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  thia;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon.  efict    -ing. 
-clan,  -tian  =  shan.    -tlon,  -sion  =  shun ;  -(ion,  -sion  =  zhun.    -ciou^,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel.  del, 


3808 


puerile— puffing 


joints,   and   give  it  as  a  demulCWlt  and  T8= 
frigerant  in  fevers. 

pn'-er-ile,  a.  &  s.  [Fr.  pueril,  from  Lat. 
paerilis—  boyish,  from  jwer  —  a  boy  ;  Sp.  <Sz 
Port,  pueril  ;  Ital.  puerile.] 


1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Boyish,  childish,  juvenile  ; 
•nir.ed  fur  children  :  aa,  puerile  amusements. 
(Usually  with  idea  of  contempt.) 

2.  Paihol.  :  A  tenn  used  in  the  expression 

Euerile  breathing  or  respiration  ;    breathing 
ke  that  of  a  child,  i.e.,  attended  with  con- 
siderable sound,  arising  in  pulmonary  phthisis. 

*  B.  At  subst.  :  A  childish  toy  or  thing. 
(OmdM.) 

•  pu'-er-lle-ly^  adv.     [Eng.  puerile;  -ly.]     In 
a  puerile   or   childish    manner  ;   childishly, 
triniugly. 

pu'-er-ile-niss,  «.     [Eng.  puerile;   -ness.} 
Tlie  quality  or  state  of  being  paerile  ;  puerility. 

pu  er-fl'-I-ty,  ».     [Fr.  puerilite,  from  Lat. 
yuerilitatrm,  accus.  of  puerUtids,  Cum  pueriiis 
=  puerile  (q.v.).] 
I.  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Th«  quality  or  state  of  l>eing  puerile  ; 
boyishness,  childishness. 

"  A  reserve  of  puerility  not  shaken  off  from  school" 
—Browne  :  Vulgar  Errourt.  bk.  i.,  ch.  vii. 

2.  That  which  is  puerile  or  childish  ;  childish 
or  silly  acts,  thoughts,  or  expressions. 

-The  .   .    .  Belt-evident  or  identical  puerility."— 
Stewart  :  Human  Mind.  vol.  ii.,  ch.  ill.,  f  i 

*  3.  The  time  of  childhood. 

'  I  learnt  it  ill  my  lessons  of  puerility."—  Backet  : 
Ufe  of  If  illuimt,  L  S. 

IL  Civil  Law  :  The  period  of  life  from  the 
age  of  seven  years  to  that  of  fourteen. 

JUj-er'-per-al,  *  pu-er-per'-I-al,  a.  [Fr., 

from  Lat.  puerpera  —  childbirth,  fit  mi  jmer  = 
a  boy,  and  porio  =  to  bear,  to  produce.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  childbirth. 

"  With  puerperial  pain.  " 

Beaumvnt  :  />iycAe,  c.  xvL,  §t  v.  (1551). 

puerperal-convulsions,  s.  pi. 

Paihol.  :  Convulsions  sometimes  occurring 
In  the  later  months  of  pregnancy.  T.iirty  per 
cent  of  the  cases  are  fatal. 

puerperal-fever,  s. 

Pathol.  :  The  low  fever  of  childbed,  com- 
mencing with  rigors  aad  chills  from  septic 
infection  and  contamination  of  fluids,  with 
local  lesion  of  structure  in  most  cases,  and 
often  severe  peritonids.  There  are  three 
marked  varieties  :  the  simple  inflammatory, 
the  mild  epidemic  with  nervous  disturbance, 
and  the  putrid  or  malignant  epidemic.  It  is 
highly  infectious,  and  even  contagious,  some- 
times associate'!  with  erysipelas,  but  oftener 
caused  by  retained  clots,  dirty  habits,  in- 
temperance, carelessness,  <Stc.  It  may  be  re- 
garded as  a  putrid  adynamia  fever  in  the 
puerperal  state,  and  of  aggravated  form. 

puerperal-mania,  s. 

Pathol.  :  Mania  sometimes  attacking  women 
the  fourth  or  fifth  day  after  childbirth,  or 
later,  or  before  delivery.  There  is  often  an 
aversion  to  food,  as  well  as  to  the  husband, 
and  the  child,  Arc.  Recovery  is  general. 

•  DU-er'-per-OUB,  a.    [Lat.  puerpera  =  child- 

birth; Eng.  adj.  sufif.  -out.\    Puerperal. 

•  pu-et,  «.    [PEWIT.] 

purl,  •  puffe,  ».    [Purr,  p.]   [Qer.  puff;  Wei. 
pu-ff;  Dan.  pu/.] 
L  Literally: 

1.  A  short  sudden  and  single  emission  of 
the  breath  from  the  mouth  ;  a  quick  forcible 
blast  ;  a  whiff.    (Pope  :  Moral  Essays,  i.  1.) 

2.  A  sudden  and  sharp  blast  of  wind. 


"  Not  one  pufft  of  »  inde  there  did 


IL 


Spenitr:  F. 


appeare." 
.  «.,  II.  il 


1.  The  same  as  PUFF-BALL  (q.v.). 

2.  Anything  of  a  light  and  porous  or  light 
and  swollen  substance  :  as,  puff  -paste. 

3.  A  light  puffed-tip  tart 

i.  A  substance  of  a  light  and  loose  texture, 
used  to  sprinkle  powder  on  the  hair  or  skin  : 
as,  a  powder-jrujf. 

5.  A  fashion  of  dressing  the  hair  in  rolls  or 
curls.  (ItiisH'etheraU:  Lamplighter  (ed.  1864), 
p.  313.) 


PUFF-ADDER. 


6.  An  exaggerated  and  empty  commenda- 
tion ;  espec.  a  written  commendation,  as  of  a 
lunik,  the  playing  of  an  actor,  tradesmen's 
gooils,  or  the  like. 

"  The  «oc!ety'«  money  had  been  used  to  obtain  pufft 
in  papers."— Morning  Pott,  Jan.  w,  1886. 

*  7.  One  who  writes  puffs  for  hire  ;  a  puffer. 

puff-adder, «. 

Zool. :  Vipera  (Clotho)  arietans,  one  of  the 
most  venomous  serpents  of  South  Africa.  In 
length,  when 
full  grown,  it 
is  from  four 
to  five  feet, 
and  is  as  thick 
as  a  man's 
arm.  The 
head  is  very 
broad,  the 
tail  suddenly 
tapered ;  pre- 
vailing  co- 
lour, bmwn. 
chequered 
with  a  darker 
shade  and 
with  white. 
It  usually 

glides  along  partially  buried  in  the  sand, 
and,  when  disturbed,  puffs  out  the  upper  part 
of  its  body,  whence  its  popular  nan*.  The 
Bosjesmans  smear  their  arrow  with  its  venom. 

puff-ball,  *.  A  fungus  of  the  genus  Ly- 
coperdon  (q.v.).  They  mostly  grow  on  tlie 
ground,  and  are  roundish,  at  first  firm  and 
fleshy,  but  afterwards  powdery  within  ;  the 
powder  consisting  of  the  spores,  among  which 
are  many  fine  filaments,  loosely  tilling  the 
peridium. 

puff-birds,  s.  pi. 

Ornith. :  The  family  Buccor.idse  (q.v.). 

puff-dart,  s.  A  dart  projected  by  puffing 
through  a  tube. 

"  M.ike  about  as  ili-ep  and  lasting  an  inpresaion  upon 
any  pan*:hial  body  within  hearing  of  Big  Ben  a* 
would  a  schoolboy's  puff-dart  on  a  robust  rhiuoceros." 
—Unite  Telegraijh.  Jiui.  IS,  1886. 

puff-legs,  s.  pi. 

Ornith. :  Eriocnemis,  a  genus  of  Humming- 
birds, remarkable  for  the  tuft  of  pure  downy 
feathers  which  envelopes  each  leg. 

in  great   demand    among   the 
st.  Kat.  Hist.,  IL  833 

puff-paste,  s.  Ricli  dough  used  for  the 
ligiit  covers  of  tarts,  &c. 

*  puff-roar,   *  putroare,  ».     A  noisy 
blowing.     (Stanyhvmt.) 

*  puff-wig,  s.    A  species  of  wig. 

"  A  drugget  suit  and  a  puff-vig."—Farquhar:  Tin 
lneantta.nl.  i. 

puff,  *  poffe,  v.i.  &  t.  [Of  imitative  origin  : 
cf.  Ger.  puffen  —  to  puff,  to  pop  ;  Dan.  pii/e  = 
to  pop  ;  Sw.  puja  =  to  crack,  to  push  ;  Wei. 
puffio  =  to  come  in  puffs.] 

A.  Intransitive: 
L  Literally: 

1.  To  blow  with  puffs  or  short,  sudden,  and 
single  blasts. 

"  Wherefore  do  you  follow  her. 
Like  foggy  south.  iniMng  with  wind  and  rain?" 
iSuiketp.  :  A  i  fan  Like  It.  in.  5. 

2.  To  breathe  with  thick  and  hard  gasps,  as 
after  hard  exertion. 

*  3.  To  blow,  as  in  scorn  or  contempt. 

"  A»  for  his  enemies,  he  puffed  at  them."— Ptalm  x.  S. 

*  4.  To  swell  with  air ;  to   be  dilated  or 
disteuded. 

IL  Figuratively: 

*  I.  To  act  or  move  in  a  hurried  or  bustling 
manner  ;  to  hustle  about  with  an  important 
air;  to  assume  importance. 

••  [They)  attempt  to  hid*  their  total  want  of  conse- 
quence in  bustle  and  noise,  and  puj/lng,  and  mutual 
quotation  of  each  other."— Burke :  On  the  French 
Xetviution. 

2.  To  write  puffs ;  to  puff  or  praise  goods 
extravagantly. 

"  The  line  which  separates  deliberate  deceit  from 
barmen  j>u0!»!7."— /«i'v  Telegraph,  March  It,  1884. 

B.  Transitive: 
L  Literally: 

1.  To  drive  with  a  puff  or  blast  of  wind, 
air,  or  breath. 

"  Pines  and  plorotree*  were  poff  '  to  the  erthe." 

P.  "tovman,  p.  N. 

2.  To  inflate,  swell,  or  distend,  with  air. 


II.  Figuratively  : 

1.  To  swi  il  or  inflate,  .is  with   pride,  con- 
ceit, or  tlie  like.     (Generally  with  up.) 
"  Puffed  up  with  pride.'  fuetutr  :  Colin  Clout. 

*  •_'.  To  blow  or  drive  with  a  biast  in  scorn 
or  disgust. 

3.  To  praise  in  an  exaggerated  manner, 
without  regard  to  the  real  meiits  of  the  thing 
iiraised  ;  to  commend  for  hire:  as,  To  pu/a 
book  or  a  play. 

piiff'-er,  s.    [Eng.  -,<u/;  -erS 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Lit.  :  One  who  puffs. 

2.  fig.  :  One  who  puffs  or  praises  for  hire 
with  exaggerated  ami  noisy  commendation  ; 
one   who  attends   sales    by  auction   for  the 
purpose  of  running  up  the  prices  of  goods 
ottered  for  sale,  and  exciting  the  eagerness  of 
bidders.   Called  also  a  bonnet  or  whiteboiiiiet. 
(Cotton  :  A  fable.) 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Cloth-man-.  :   A  vat  in  which  goods  ara 
boiled  in  an  alkaline  solution. 

2.  IcMhy.  :  The  Glolie-tish  (q.v.). 

*  puff"-er-jf,  s.  [Eng.  puff;  -ery.]  The  act  of 
putting  ;  exaggerated  or  extravagant  praiwj. 
(Southey:  Letters,  iv.  63.) 


-I-ljf,  adv.    [Eng.  puffy  ;  -ly.]    In  a  pufly 
manner. 

puff  '-in,  ».    [For  etym.  see  extract.] 

1.  Lit    <fc    Ornitk.  :    Fratercula   arctica,   a 
common  English  sea-bird,  with  many  popular 
names—  Bolt  lenose,   Coulterneh,    Pope,   Sea- 
Parrot,  nnd  Tammy  Noiie,  with  others  that 
are  only  locally  known.     By  extension,  the 
name  is  applied  to  other  species  of  the  genus. 
The  Common  Puffin  is  well  known  all  round 
the  British  coasts,  and  gives  its  name  to  one 
of  its  haunts—  Puffin  Island,  off  Anglesea,    It 
is  rather  larger 

than  a  pigeon  ; 

plumageplossy 

black  above, 

under  -  surface 

pure  white  ; 

feet  orange- 

red  ;  bill  very 

deep,  and  flat- 

tened late  rally, 

particoloured 

—red,   yellow, 

and  blue,  and 

grooved  during 

the    breeding- 

season,    and  PUFFIN. 

undergoing    a 

kind   of  moult  at  its  close  —  a   peculiarity 

shared   by  other   species.     (Cf.   W.  Bitigley: 

Tour  Round  Korth  H'ales,  i.  309,  and  a  paper 

by  Dr.  Bureau,  in  Bull.  Soc.  Zool.  France,  ii. 

377-399,  an  abstract  of  which  appeared  in  the 

Zoologist,  July,  1878.)    Puffins  lay  a  single  egg 

—  white,   with  gray  markings  —  in   a  burrow 

sometimes  excavated  by  themselves,  but  fre- 

quently in  one  from  which  a  rabbit  has  been 

driven.     They  were  formerly  used  for  food, 

and,  being  "repuied  for  fish"  (Curew:  Sure. 

Corn.,  fol.  35),  were  eaten  in  Lent. 

"  There  cannot  be  much  doubt  that  the  name  Pvffln 
given  to  these  yimiu  htrds.  salted  and  dried,  was 
applied  on  accouut  of  their  downy  clothing,  for  mi 
English  informant  or  Gesneri  descrilwd  one  to  I.  tin 
(Ilia.  Avium,  p.  IK.)  as  wanting  true  leathers,  and 
being  covered  only  with  a  sort  of  woolly  black  plu- 
mage. It  is  right,  however,  to  state  that  Cains  ex. 
pre&sly  declares  (Knrior.  anim.  lib.,  fol.  Sll  that  the 
name  is  derived  'a  natural  i  *••<•<•  pufiin.'  1'ruf.  Skeat 
•ays  that  the  word  is  a  diminutive,  which  favours  the 
view  that  It  was  originally  used  as  a  nxine  for  the** 
young  bird*."  -Prof.  A'ewlon,  in  Kncyc.  BrU.  led.  Kth), 
xx.  Ml.  (Note.) 

2.  A  puff-ball. 

*  puffin-apple,  ».    A  species  of  apple. 

pufiT-I-ncss,  *.  [Eng.  puffy  ;  -ness.]  The 
quality,  or  state  of  being  puffy,  tumid,  01 
turgid. 

puff-Ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  *.    [PUFF,  v.} 

A.  As  pr.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj.  :  Given  to  praising  in  extrava- 
gant or  exaggerated  terms  ;  boasting,  bragging. 

C.  As  substantive  : 

1.  The  act  of  writing  or  circulating  puffs. 

2.  A  puff. 

"The  now  utual  admixture  of  knot*  of  ribbon  and 
ptifflngi  of  drapery."—  Daily  Tcleyraiih,  Nov.  26.  1885. 

puffing-billy,  .«.  A  popular  name  for  an 
early  form  of  the  locomotive  steam  engine. 


&te,  fat,  fkre,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  whd,  son;  mote,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian.    «,  oe  =  e-  ey  =  a;  qn  =  lew. 


puffingly— puke* 


puff'-lng-ly,  adv.     [Eng.  puffing  ;  -ly.] 

1.    In  a  putting  manner;    with  puffing  or 
shortness  of  breath. 


2.  With  puffs  or  extravagant  praise  or  com- 
mendation ;  In  puffs. 

pfif '-ffn-US,  *.  [Named  by  Ray,  who  mis- 
took  them  for  the  birds  described  by  Gesiier 
(Mist.  Avium,  p.  110).] 

Ornith. :  Shearwater,  a  genus  of  Procel- 
lariina?  (q.v.),  with  several  species.  Tbe  tip 
of  the  lower  mandible  curves  downwards,  and 
the  nostrils  open  separately. 

piiff'-y,  a-   (Eng.  puff;  -y.] 
L  Literally: 

1.  Swelled  with  air ;  swollen,  puffed ;  dis- 
tended with  air  or  wiud  ;  tumid  with  a  soft 
substance. 

2.  Puffed  out,  fat,  too  fleshy. 

"They  say  that  Laravan  look*  puffy."— Dltrotli : 
Sybil,  bk.  1..  ch.  i. 

*H.  Figuratively: 

1.  Tumid,    turgid,    swollen,    bombastic. 
(Dryden.) 

2.  Puffed  up,  conceited. 

"  Better  tli.in  yon,  or  nil  your  puffy  net, 
1  Imt  better  would  become  the  great  battalion." 
liryden  :  Duke  of  Vuite,  IL  1 

pnfly-faced,  a.  Having  a  puffed  or 
bloated  face. 

puf-ler-ite,  ».  [After  Purler-loch,  Tyrol, 
where  found;  suff.  -itt (Aftn.).] 

Min. :  According  to  Dana  a  variety  of  hypo- 
stilbite  (q.v.),  found  in  small  globular  groups 
of  radiating  aci<-ular  crystals  implanted  on 
an  old  dolerite.  The  fibres  have  two  unequal 
cleavages  at  right  angles  with  one  another. 
Brit.  Mus.  Cat.  makes  it  a  variety  of  slilbite. 

pug  (1),  s.    [A  weakened  form  of  puck  (q.v.).] 
*  1.  An  imp  ;  a  little  demon. 


inu.il.  i. 
•2.  An  elf,  a  sprite,  a  hol>goblin. 

"Bach  M  we  puytnuA  ho' •goblins  call."       Hryxvod. 

*  3.  A  monkey.    (Addison.) 
4.  A  pug-dog. 

"  Poor  puff  was  caught :  to  town  conveyed. 
Tbere  «o!d."  0ay :  fable  xir. 

6.  A  fox. 

"  Hrro.  a  fresh  foi  bavin*  joined  the  bunted  one  out 
of  the  itnrte,  pug  managed  to  beat  his  adversaries"— 
Fit  Id.  Feb.  IS,  18W. 

*  6.    Used   as  a  term   of  intimacy,    good 
fellowship,  or  endearment. 

"  Gall  It  puggn  and  pretye  peate." 

llrunt:  Horace,  bk.  11..  sat  I. 

*  7.  A  salmon  in  its  third  year.    (Harrison : 
Deseript.  Eng..  bk.  iii.,  ch.  iii.) 

8.  A  pug-nose  (q.  v.). 

9.  An  abbreviation  of  pugilist  (q.  v.). 
pug-dog,  «. 

Zonl. :  A  dwarf  variety  of  the  common  dog, 
like  a  diminutive  bull-dog  or  mastiff.  They 
•re  noisy  and  snappish,  but  affectionate. 
Dutch  and  French  pugs  somewhat  differ,  the 
latter  are  the  more  diminutive. 

pug-faced,  a.  Having  a  face  like  a 
monkey  or  pug. 

pug-moth,  s. 

En'.om. :  The  genns  Eupitheoia,  belonging 
to  thin  Larentidie.  Small  moths,  the  males 
with  the  auk-nun-  pubescent ;  abdomen  often 
crested,  wings  smooth,  cloudy,  with  numerous 
wavy  slender  lines ;  wings  in  repose  spread 
out  and  closely  applied  to  the  surface  on 
which  the  insect  .-eats. 

pug-nose, «.  A  short  squat  nose ;  a  snub 
nose. 

"His  little  pug-dog  with  Ms  little  pug-not*. 

Barham  :  Ingoldiby  Legtndi ;  11  and  of  01  on. 

pug-nosed,  a.    Having  a  short  snub  nose. 
pug-piles,  s.  pi. 

Hydr.-eng. :  Piles  dovetailed  into  each  other, 
pug-piling,  5. 

Hylr.-tng. :  A  method  of  securing  piles  by 
dovetailing  them  into  each  other. 

pug  (2),  «.    [Etym.  doubtful.! 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Clay  tempered  and  worked 
•u  as  to  make  it  plastic. 

2.  Pottery:  The  same  as  Pro  MILL  (q.v.). 


pug-mill,  s.  A  mill  by  which  clay  is 
worked,  to  blend  its  materials  and  render  it 
plastic,  for  bricks  or  pottery.  It  has  an 
upright  cylinder  armed  with  intruding  blades, 
and  an  upright  revolving  axis  armed  with 
radial  blades,  which  work  in  the  intervals  of 
the  former.  The  blades  force  the  clay  con- 
stantly downward  towards  the  exit 

pug-tub, .«. 

Alttall. :  A  cistern  in  which  argentiferous 
slimes  are  stirred  up  with  water,  in  order  to 
remove  borne  of  the  mud  which  becomes 
suspended  in  the  water. 

pug,  v.t.    [Poo  (2),  *.] 

1.  To  work  and  temper  clay  in  a  pug-mill. 

2.  To  stop  with  clay ;  to  puddle.     [Pco- 
OINO,  «.] 

pug  ar-e6,  pug-ger-le.  pug-ger-y. 
pug'-gred,  pug'-red,  *.  [Hind,  pugri  =  a 
turban.]  A  piece  of  muslin  wound  round 
a  hat  or  helmet  in  hot  climates  or  warm 
weather,  the  ends  being  left  falling  down, 
to  protect  the  head  by  keeping  off  the  rays 
of  the  sun. 

"The  helmet,  with  or  without  a  pufffrtt.  i*  pretty 
generally  worn."— Da4ty  IWeprapA,  Aug.  is,  1SK. 

*  pug'-gard,  t.    [Etym.  doubtful.]    A  thief. 

"Cheater*,  lifters,  nips,  toliti.vufyardi" 

Tin  Xoarinf  Sirt. 

*  pug-gered,    a.     [Perhaps   for   puckertd.] 
Puckered,  wrinkled. 

"  Nor  an  we  to  cavil  at  the  red  puwtrtd  attire  of 
the  turkey."— Jton :  Again*  AOttim. 

pug  glng,  s.    (Puo(2),*.] 

1.  The  act  of  placing  a  lining  between  floor- 
joists   with   coarse  mortar   to  prevent  the 
passage  of  sound. 

2.  Stuff  laid  on  partition-walls  to  deaden 
sound  ;  felt,  saw-dust,  tan-bark. 

3.  The  act  of  tamping  or  stopping  with 
clay ;  puddling. 

4.  Grinding  of  clay,  with  a  sufficiency  of 
water  to  render  it  plastic. 

_  -ging.a.  [Etym.  doubtful ;  ct.puggard.] 
icvish. 

"A  white  sheet  bleaching  on  a  hedge 
Doth  act  my  puyging  tooth  ou  edge." 

lUtakup.  :  Winltri  TaU,  IT.  S, 

piig'-greS,  *.    [PCOAREE.] 

pugh  (gh  silent),  inttrj.  (From  tbe  sound.] 
An  exclamation  indicating  contempt  or 
disdain ;  pooh  t 

*  pu'-gfl  (1),  *.    [Fr.  pugillt;  Lat.  pugittus, 
pugillum  =  a  handful.]    As  much  as  is  taken 
up  between  the  thumb  and  first  two  fingers. 

"Take  violets,  and  infuse  a  good  pupil  of  them  In  a 
quart  of  vinegar."— Bacon  .•  A' at.  Hilt.,  i  17. 

»pii'-gil(2),».    [Lat]    A  pugilist  (q.v.). 


pu'-gfl- ism,  s.  [Lat.  pugil  =.  a  boxer ;  Eng. 
suff.  -ism.]  The  practice  or  science  of  boxing 
or  fighting  with  the  fists ;  prize-lighting. 

"  PuyilUm  being  at  the  Urn*  reckoned  defunct"— 
Btll'i  Life.  Feb.  17, 1884. 

pu'  gil-Ist,  s.  [Lat  pjigil—s.  boxer;  Eng. 
suit'.  -itU]  One  who  boxes  or  fights  with  the 
fists  ;  a  boxer,  a  prize-fighter. 

"Slow,  about  tbe  wont  fault  a  really  good  pugilitt 
could  be  guilty  ul."-Belti  Lift,  Feb.  17,  18M. 

pu-gfl-lst'-Ie,  a.  [Eng.  pugilitt;  -ie.]  Per- 
taining to  pugilism  or  pugilists. 

"  Tb«  aspect  generally  of  a  peraon  of  puyiUttic  ten. 
deneiea,"— Dotty  lelt-jraph,  Sept  8,  188S. 

pug-na  -clous,  a.  [Lat  pugnax  (genit  pug- 
nacit),  from  pugno  =  to  fight ;  pugnus  =  the 
fist ;  pugna  —  a  fight ;  Sp.  pugnaz.]  Disposed 
or  inclined  to  fight ;  fighting,  quarrelsome. 

"  How  nobly  gave  be  back  tbe  Poles  their  Dl  ;t, 
Tben  told  pugnaciout  Polaod  to  be  quirt  1" 

Ryr»n  :  Age  of  Urenti,  X. 

pug  na -Clous -Ij^,  adv.  [Eng.  puynacious; 
•ly.]  In  a  pugnacious  manner. 

pug  na  -clous  ness, «.  [Eng.  pugnacious; 
-nets.]  Pugnacity,  quarrelsomeness. 

pug  nag'-I-ty. ».  [Fr.  pugnaciU,  from  Lat 
pugnacitattm,  aocus.  of  puqnacitas,  from  pug- 
nax  =  pugnacious  (q.v.).]  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  pugnacious  ;  inclination  or  disposi- 
tion to  fight;  quarrelsomeness. 

"  That  which  cometh  with  pwrnacity  and  conUo- 
Uon."— Bacon  :  jUvunement  <fr  L*imixg.  bk.  U. 


*  pug'-nant,  a.    [Lat  pugnant,  pr.  par.  of 
pufno  a.  to  figlit.]    Conflicting,  opposing. 

"  Tbee  fates  are  fmpnaiit." 

Stanyhurtt  :  V  trail  ;  Antid  ir.  4<a 

piig'-red,  «. 


poll,  inttrj.     (PUOH.) 

piiir,  a.    [PooE.]   (Scotch.) 

puis  -ni  (s  silent),  *  puls-ny,  a.  Iti.    [The 
same  word  as  PUNY  (q.  v.).] 
A.  At  adjective: 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

*  L  Younger  ;  later  in  date  or  time. 

*  It  most  be  In  time,  or  of  a  puiin*  date  to  eternity.* 
—fait:  Orig.  of  Mankind. 

2.  Puny,  petty,  insignificant 

"  A  puimt  Ulter.  that  spurs  his  hone  but  on  on* 
rid*."—  JAalcetp.  :  At  You  IMt  It,  lit  4. 

U.  Law  :  Younger  or  inferior  in  rank.  The 
judges  and  barons  of  the  several  divisions  of 
the  High  Court  of  Justice,  other  than  tba 
chiefs,  are  styled  puisne  judges. 

"  A  puitne  Judge,  who  hath  approved  himself  de- 
terring. should  b*  preferred.'—  Bacon:  Adric*  to 
ViUitrt. 

*  B,  Asfubst.  :  An  inferior,  a  junior;  specif. 
in  law,  a  judge  of  inferior  rank. 

"Shall  I  be  put  down  by  the  puiinel  Shall  n.r 
father's  youngest  sonne  dare  to  attempt  th«t  whieb 


pu'-is-sanoe,   *  pu-ys-saunce,  «.     [Fr. 
puitssancf,  from  puisant  —  puissant  (q.v.).] 
1,  Power,  strength,  might,  force. 

"  The  nations  strove  with  puiuane*.  * 

tfonltwortlt  :  Tkankiyinng  Odt,  Jan..  U1C 

*  2.  An  armed  force. 

**  Draw  our  vuiuanc*  together.* 

.  :  King  John.  Hi.  L 


pu-Is-sant,  *pu-ys-sant,  '  pu  ys- 
saunt,  a.  [Kr.  puistant,  from  a  barbarous 
Lat  potsent  (genit.  poaentis,  for  Lat.  potens  = 
potent  (q.v.);  Port  possan'.e;  Ital.  possent*. 
Puissant  and  potent  are  thus  doublets.]  Power- 
ful, mighty,  strong,  potent 

"  For  piety  renown'd  and  puitiant  deeds." 

Milton  :  P.  L..  xlL  all 

pu'-is-sant-ly,  •  pu-ys-saunt-ly,  adv. 
[Eng.  puissant  ;  -lyT\  In  a  puissant,  powerful, 
or  mighty  mannet  ;  powerfully  ;  with  might 

*  pu  -Is-sant-ngss,    *  pn-is-ant-nes,  *. 

[Eng.  puissant  ;  -ness.]    Puissance  (q.v.). 

"  By  the  puitantnet  of  others  who  wen  knowne  to  b* 
hi*  open  enemy*."—  AK)nm  :  Affairi  of  Otrmany,  p.  t, 

puist,  pnlst-le,  a.  [O.  Fr.  pofst  —  the  rank 
of  yeoman.]  In  easy  circumstances  ;  snug. 
(Applied  to  persons  of  the  lower  rank  who 
have  saved  money.)  (Scutch.) 

'  pnit,  «.  [Fr.  puits,  from  Lat  puteus.]  A 
well,  a  spring,  a  fountain. 

puke,  v.t.  &  t.  (For  spuke  or  ipewk,  an  ex- 
tension of  spew  (q.v.):  cf.  Ger.  spucken  =  to 
•pit] 

A.  Intransitive: 
L  To  vomit,  to  spew. 

"  Mewling  and  puking  In  the  nurse's  arms.* 

muikeip.  :  Ai  rau  Likt  It.  U.  T. 

•  2.  To  be  disgusted  ;  to  sicken. 

"  He  sure  i*  greasy-stoiaached  that  must  pet  and 
puteatsuch  a  trivial  circumstance.  "  —  fcttham:  R»- 

*0<MS,U.l 

•  B.  TVoTU.  :  To  vomit  ;  to  throw  up  ;  to 
eject  from  the  stomach. 

puke,  *.    [PUKE,  v.) 

1.  Vomit 

2.  A  medicine  which  causes  vomiting;  an 
emetic. 

"  A  gentleman  that  live*  not  far  from  Chang*  .  .  . 
Taking  aputo,  has  thrown  up  three  black  crows." 
Byrom  :  Three  Black  Crota. 

*  puke,  a.     [Etym.    doubtful.]     Of  a  dark 
colour,  said  to  be  between  black  and  russet 

"  Embroyded  brown  In  Spaniard  puJte." 

Phner:  Virgil;  JhttUoi  Ix. 

•  puke  -Stocking,   a.      Wearing    puke- 
coloured  stockings. 


"  PuJt»4to<Mng,  caddis  g»rtei. 
IT,  IH. 


*  pnk'-er,  *.    [Eng. 

1.  One  who  pukes  or  vomits. 

2.  A  medicine  or  substance  which  cause* 
vomiting. 

••  The  griper  senna,  and  the  outer  rue.* 

0artA.  Ditptruan,  Ui. 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  jo%l ;  eat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  (hi*;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^iat   ph  -=  ft 
-clan, -tiaa  =  snan,    -Uon, -«ion  =  shun ; -tion, -f  ion  =  zhun.    -cious, -tious, -siou«  =  shua.   -ble,  -dlo,  *c.  =  bel,  del. 


J810 


pukish— pull 


•  puk'-Ish,  *  puk  lahe,  a.  [Eug.  puk(»),  a.  ; 
-i»H.]     Puke-colored. 

pu'-lfis,  «.  [Malay.]  A  twine  made  by  the 
Malaya  from  a  spi-eics  of  iietile. 

*  pul'-chrl-tude,  5.    [Lat  pulchritudo,  from 
pulcher  =  beautiful  ;    8p.    pulchritud  ;    Ital. 
pulchritudine.)   Beauty,  handsomeness,  grace, 
comeliness  ;  elegance  of  figure. 

"  Figured  In  shape  and  stature  with  ton*  and  vul- 
ttritwit.1  -Sail  :  Henry  Till.  (an.  13). 

pule,   *  peule,  v.i.  &  t.     [Fr.  piauler  =  to 
peep  as  a  bird,  from  Lat.  pipilo,  frequent  of 
pipo  =  to  chirp  ;  Ital.  pifolare.] 
A.  Intransitive  : 

*  1.  To  cry  or  chirp,  as  a  chicken. 

2.  To  whine,  to  whimper,  as  a  complaining 
Child. 

I       "  Puling  over  the  insolent  demands  of  a  band  of  con- 
'  tfAn^n^—ilarruna  Pott.  Jan.  16,  1886. 

*  B.  Trans.  :    To   utter   in   a  whining  or 
Whimpering  tone. 

"  I  say,  You  love  ;    on  pmlt  me  out  a  No.' 

Draytun:  Ideal. 

•pul'-er,  ».  [Eng.  puHf);  -tr.}  One  who 
whines  ;  a  whimperer. 

"  If  >he  be  pale  In  complexion,  the  will  prove  but  a 
fttlfr.'-Man  in  tlu  Moon.  tig.  Q. 

pii'-lex,  ».    [Lat  =  a  flea.] 

Entom.  :  The  typical  genus  of  the  Pulioidte 
(q.v.).  Gervais  enumerated  tweuty-h've  spe- 
cies ;  most  of  them  are  con  fined  to  one  animal. 
Pulac  irritant  or  hominis  is  the  common 
flea  [FLEA]  ;  P.  or  Sarcopsylla  penetrans,  the 
Chigre  (q.v.);  P.  fdis  is  the  cats'  flea;  P. 
canis  that  of  the  d<>g  and  fox  ;  P.  gallince  the 
fowls'  flea  ;  P.  columoas  the  pigeons'  flea. 

fpo'-lic,  *pu'-lick,  *.  [Lat  pulic(aria).'] 
Any  plant  of  the  genus  Pulicaria  (q.v.). 

pu-ll-oar'-l-a,  $.  [Lat.  =  a  plant  ;  perhaps 
Plantago  pryllium,  not  one  of  the  present 
genus  ;  from  pulex,  genit.  pulicis  =  a  flea, 
which  the  modern  genus  was  supposed  to 
drive  away  by  its  powerful  smell.]  [FLEA- 
BASE.] 

Bat.  :  Pulicaria  erispa,  dried  and  bruised,  is 
used  in  the  Indian  Salt  Range  as  a  vulnerary 
to  bruises  of  cattle. 

pu'-U-cene.  o.  [Lat  pulex,  genit.  pulicis  =  a 
flea.]  Pertaining  or  relating  to  fleas  ;  pulicous. 

pn  Ug'-I-dw,  s  pi.  fLat  pulex,  genit.  pu- 
Ue(ii)  ;  fern.  pi.  adj.  sun*,  -idee.] 

Entom.  :  Fleas  ;  a  family  of  Aphaniptera. 
BomS  place  them  as  an  aberrant  and  wingless 
form  of  the  Dipt/era.  Head  small,  compressed  ; 
eyes  simple  ;  antenna:  four-jointed  ;  mouth 
with  two  i  lancet-like  mandibles,  forming,  with 
the  maxillae,  a  suctorial  beak,  with  a  slender 
bristle-like  tongue,  coarsely  toothed  on  the 
outer  surface,  and  traversed  throughout  its 
entire  length  by  a  canal,  the  whole  enclosed 
between  two  three-jointed  plates.  The  legs 
are  large  ;  the  hinder  ones  adapted  for  leaping. 
The  family  contains  but  a  single  genus,  Pulex 

(q.v.). 

•pn'-U-odM,  "pu'-ll-cous,  a.  [Lat.  pull- 
coiuf,  from  pulex,  genit  pulici*  =  a  flea.] 
Abounding  with  fleas. 

pul-Ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  $.    [  PC  I.E.] 

A.  At  pr.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  At  adjective  : 

1.  Crying  like  a  young  chicken  ;  whining, 
whimpering. 

"The  anmaeenJlne  rhetoric  of  any  puling  priest  or 
chaplain."—  Milton  :  Tenure  o/  Kinyt. 

*  2.  Infantine,  childish,  trifling. 

"Thi«  puling  Jargon  U  not  ae  innocent  a*  It  U 
foolish."—  Bur/u  On  a  Keyiridt  I'ract,  let.  3. 

C.  AM  tubst.  :  Whining,  whimpering. 

•'  Lear*  thu  faint  puliny.  and  lament  ae  I  do.* 

.  :  Carialanut,  IT.  S. 


-iy,  cuftr.     [Eng.  puling;  -ly.]    In  a 
puling  manner  ;  with  whines  or  whimpers. 

"  Oo  pulinyly 

Like  a  poor  wench  had  loet  her  market  money." 
Braum.  t  flrt.  :  Captain,  i'ii.  1. 

pftlk,  polke,  t.    [Etyn..  doubtful.]    A  pond. 
(frou.) 

"  It  U  euy  for  a  woman  to  (to  to  *  pond  or  pulk» 
standing  Dear  to  her  door."—  Rogtn  :  .Vaanuin  (A« 
Syrian,  p  Ml. 

pulk'-ha,   i.     [Native  word.]     A  travelling 
sled  or'  sleigh  used  by  Laplander!.     It  is 


bhaped  like  a  bout,  cou-.tr  ucted  of  liglit  ma- 


terial, and  covered  with  skin  of  the  reindeer. 
It  U  drawn  by  a  single  reindeer. 

pill,  *  pulle,  v.t.  &  i.  [Prob.  an  English 
word,  though  the  A. 8.  pullian,  given  in  Som- 
ner's  Diet.,  is  not  found  ;  the  pa.  par.  apullad 
occurs  in  A.S.  Leachdums,  i.  362;  cf.  Low 
Ger.  pnlen  =  to  pick,  to  pinch,  to  pull,  to 
tear ;  Lat.  pello  (pa.  t.  pepuli)  =  to  drive.] 

A.  Transitive: 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  To  draw,  or  endeavor  to  draw,  towards 
one  ;    to   draw   forcibly ;  to  drag,  to  haul, 
(Genesis  viii.  9.) 

2.  To  pluck  ;  to  gather  with  the  hand. 

M  Flax,  pulled  in  the  bloom,  will  be  whiter  and 
itronger  (ban  if  let  etaud  till  the  eeed  is  ripe."— 
Mortimer:  Butbandry. 

3.  To  move  or  set  in  motion  by  drawing  or 
pulling  :  as,  To  puU  a  bell. 

A,  To  tear,  to  rend  (followed  by  a  qualifying 
word  or  phrase).    (Acts  xxiii.  10.,) 

5.  To  carry  in  a  boat  by  means  of  oars. 

6.  To  arrest ;  to  make  a  raid  upon,  as  a  gam- 
bling resort.     (Slang.) 

IL  Technically : 

1.  Print. :  To  take  an  impression  of. 

"  A  number  of  proofs  which  appeared  to  hare  been 
pulled  from  it."— Standard,  March  1,  188«. 

2.  Racing:  To  prevent,  as  a  horse,  from 
winning  by  pulling  him  back.    (Slang.) 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  give  a  pull,  to  tug,  to  haul,  to  drag  • 
as,  To  pull  at  a  rope. 

2.  To  row  a  boat 

"  Hi*  boat  was  lowered  down,  and  getting  In  with 
hli  men,  he  pulled  to  another  Teasel."—  Marryat : 
Peter  Simple,  ch  I  viii. 

H  1.  To  pull  a  long  face :  To  look  dejected. 

2.  To  pull  a  thing  off:  To  succeed  in  accom- 
plishing something ;   to  succeed  in  :   as,  To 
pull  a  match  off. 

3.  To  puU  apart : 

(1)  Trans. :  To  pull  asunder  or  into  pieces. 

(2)  Intrant. :  To  become  separated  or  broken 
by  pulling  :  as,  A  rope  pulls  apart. 

4.  To  pull  down : 

(1)  To  demolish  or  take  In  pieces  by  sepa- 
rating the  parts. 

"Shall  all  onrfaonsee  be  putted  down  f—Shaketp.  : 
Metuure/or  Meature,  L  2. 

(2)  To  demolish,  to  destroy,  to  subvert. 

"  In  political  affairs  ...  it  is  far  easier  to  pull  doten 
than  to  build  up."— tfowei :  focal  rural. 

(3)  To  bring  down  ;  to  degrade,  to  humble. 

"  It  was  onely  a  pulling  down  and  tying  short  of  too 
much  greatness."-  .VorlH  :  Plutarch,  p.  276. 

(4)  To  weaken  ;  to  deprive  of  strength. 


•  5.  To  pull  down  a  tide :  To  endanger  or 
destroy  the  chance  of  the  party  or  side  to 
which  one  is  attached. 

6.  To  pull  faces :  To  make  grimaces. 

I.  To  putt  off: 

(1)  To  separate  by  pulling ;  to  pluck. 

(2)  To  take  or  draw  off:  as,  To  pull  off  a  coat. 

8.  To  pull  on :  To  draw  on  :  as,  To  pull  on 
one's  boots. 

9.  To  pull  one  through  :  To  help  one  through 
or  extricate  one  from  a  difficulty. 

"  Hie  extra  speed  pulled  Mm  through."— Ktld,  Jan 
»,  IMS. 

10.  To  pull  one's  self  together :  To  rally  ;  to 
exert  one  s  self  more  ;  to  rouse  one's  self. 

II.  To  pull  out:  To  draw  or  drag  out;  to 
extirpate,  to  eradicate. 


12.  To  pull  the  long  low :  To  exaggerate ;  •» 
lie  boastiiigly. 

13.  To  pull  (or  drau-)  the  strings  (or  wire*) : 
To  be  the  real  though  secret  promoter  or 
mover  ;  to  set  iu  actiou  secretly. 

"  Some  men  with  cooler  heads  who  pullfd  the  itrtnm 
that  lu  tt  ueucetl  UM  mob,  "—Our  Own  Country,  ii.  2i7. 

14.  To  pull  through.  :   To   manaue   to   get 
through  with  any  undertaking  ;    to  succeed 
with  difficulty. 

15.  To  pull  together :  To  cooperate. 

16.  To  pull  up : 

(1)  Transitive: 

(a)  T«  di-ag  up  forcibly ;  to  pluck  up ;  hence, 
to  eradicate,  to  extirpate.    (Amos  ix.  15.) 

(b)  To  stop  by  means  of  reins,  4c. :  as,  To 
pull  up  a  horse. 

(c)  Hence,  to  stop  in  any  course  or  action, 
especially  in  a  bad  one. 

(d)  To  stimulate;   to  rouse  or   excite   to 
greater  exertion. 

(e)  To  apprehend ;   to  cause  to  oe  appre- 
hended and  taken  before  a  court  of  justice. 

(2)  Intn  ,isitive: 

(a)  To  be  stopped ;  to  come  to  a  stop  or 
stand  ;  to  stop. 

(b)  To  overtake  or  come  nearer  to  one  who 
is  in  front. 

17.  To  pull  up  stakes :  To  change  one's  resi- 
dence :  to  remove.    (Amer.) 

18.  To  pull  one't  leg :  To  secure  a  loan  or 
other  favor  by  solicitation ;  frequently  imply- 
ing deceit  in  accomplishing  such  act.    (Slang.) 

PUll,  «.      [1'ULL,  V.] 

A.  Ordinary  Language  : 
I.  Literally  : 

I.  The  act  of  pulling,  drawing,  or  dragging) 
an  effort  to  move  by  drawing  towards  one  ;  S 
haul,  a  tug. 

"  Waiting  a  happy  Spring  to  ripen  fall 
Bis  louy'd-for  harreet.  to  the  reapers  putt." 
Bcaum.  t  t'lel.  :  four  Play,  in  One.    (EpU.) 

•  2.  A  contest,  a  struggle. 

"  For  many  a  man  that  may  not  stand  a  putt 
Yet  liketh  It  him  at  the  wrestlyiug  for  to  be." 
Chaucer  :  A uemo/y  o/  /Vwiea. 

3.  That  which  is  pulled  :  as — 

(1)  The  knob  and  stem  of  *  door-bell  or 
door-gong :  a  bell-pulL 

(2)  A  catch  or  lip  upon  a  drawer  or  door  by 
which  it  is  pulled  open. 

(3)  The  lever  of  a  beer-engine  or  counter- 
pump. 

4.  The  act  of  rowing  a  boat ;  an  ezcunioa 
in  a  rowing  boat. 

5.  A  drink,  a  draught 

"Taking  a  long  and  hearty  pun  at  the  rum -and, 
water."— lUekent:  Pickmck,cb.  lii. 

II.  Fig. :  A  hap,  a  venture  ;  hence,  an  ad- 
vantage.   Specif.,  in  politics,  an  effective  in- 
fluence over  voters  or  those  in  power;    the 
ability  to  control  matters  to  suit  one's  own 
ends.     (Slang.) 

B.  Technically: 
Printing : 

(1)  The  space  on  the  form  which  was  im- 
pressed by  the  platen,  in   the   old    style  of 
printing-press,  where    two   impressions  were 
sometimes  required  for  a  large  form. 

(2)  A  single  impression. 

poll-down,  t. 

Music :  A  wire  which  is  attached  to  the  under 
side  of  the  pallet  of  an  organ,  and  by  which 
the  pallet  is  opened  as  the  key  of  the  manual 
is  depressed  ;  the  pull-down  passes  through  a 
perforation  in  a  brass  plate  on  the  bottom  of 
the  wind-chest,  and  connected  by  stickers, 
roller-boards,  trackers,  Ac.,  with  the  key. 

pnll  Iron,  «.  The  piece  at  the  hind  end 
of  the  tongue  of  a  street-car  by  which  it  U 
attached  to  the  car. 

pull-over,  s. 

Hat-making :  A  conical  cap  of  felted  fur, 
forming  a  nap  to  be  pulled  over  a  bat-body. 

pull-piece.  *. 

Horol. :  The  wire  attached  to  the  striking 
mechanism,  by  pulling  which  the  clock  ii 
made  to  strike. 

poll-pipes, «.  pi. 

Sot. :  The  stems  of  some  Equlseta. 
poll-to,  s.     The  same  as  LAY-CAP  (q.v.). 


»  fir*,  •midst,  whit,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pit, 
•r,  wore,  wjU,  work,  who,  SOB;  ante,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  (nil;  try,  Syriav     •-  «•  •=  e-  ev  =  »;  «w  =  kw. 


pullaile— pulp 


3811 


•pullaile,  ».     [Fr.  poulaille.]    Poultry. 

*  pul-lain,  *  pol-ayne,  *  pul-len,  *.   [Pr. 

puulain.]    Poultry  ;  a  chicken. 

••[Be]  came  like  a  false  (oze,  my  pullain  to  kill  and 

mincheefe."  Oummtr  Ourton't  Xtedle,  T.  2. 

•pull -back,  *pul-back,  *.  [Eng.  pull, 
and  back.]  Tliat  which  pulls  or  keeps  one 
back  from  proceeding ;  a  drawback,  a  hind- 
rance. 

"  A  kind  of  pulltnck  from  the  sin  that  be  has  been 
•bout  to  engage  in."— South:  Sermon*.,  vol.  Til,  aer.  11. 

•pul-len,  5.    [Pumuu.] 

puir-er,».  [Eng.  pull,  v. ;  -«r.]  One  who  or 
that  which  pulls. 

"  Proud  setter  up  and  puller  down  of  kings." 

Shak'tp.  :  t  Henri/  VI..  iii.  S. 

pul  let.    *pol-et,  *pol-ete,  *.    [O.   Fr. 

polete  (Fr.  poulet)  =  »  chicken,  dimin.  otpoule 
=  alien.]  [POULT.]  A  young  hen ;  a  chicken. 

*  pullet-sperm,  *.  Treadle.  (Shakesp. : 
Merry  Wives,  iii.  5.) 

pul  ley,  'pol  eyne,  *pol  ive,  'pol  ley, 
*  pul-llo.  •  pul-ly,  s.  [Fr.  poulie  =  a 
pulley.  The  form  polive  (in  Cliaucer :  C.  T., 
10,498)i8  hard  to  explain,  but  poleyne  (Prompt. 
Port;.)  is  from  Fr.  poulain  =  "a  fole,  or  colt, 
also  the  rope  wherewith  wine  is  let  down  into 
a  cellar,  a  pulley-rope  "  (Cotgrave),  from  Low 
Lat.  pullanns  =  a  colt,  from  Lat.  pullus  =  the 
young  of  any  animal  (cogn.  with  Eng.  foal). 
For  the  transference  of  sense  cf.  horse  —  a  kind 
of  frame ;  Fr.  poutre  =  a  filly  ...  a  Warn  ; 
ehevre  =  a  goat  ...  a  crane;  Eng.  crane  =  in 
its  double  meaning  ;  Gr.  wo?  (onos)  =  au  ass, 
a  crane,  a  pulley,  &c.] 

1.  Afech. :  One  of  the  six  simple  machines  or 
mechanical  powers.     It  consists  of  a  small 
circular  plate  or  wheel  which  can  turn  round 
an  axis  passing  through  the   centres  of  its 
faces,  and  having  its  ends  suppoited  by  a 
framework  which  is  called  the  block.     The 
circular  plate  has  a  groove  cut  in  its  edge  to 
prevent  a  string  from  slipping  off  when  it  is 
put  round  the  pulley.     With  a  single  fixed 
pulley(that  is  one  in  which  the  block  in  which 
the  pulley  turns  is  fixed),  there  is  neither  gain 
nor  loss  of  power  ;  for,  as  the  tension  in  every 
part  of  the  cord  is  the  same,  if  a  weight  be 
suspended  at  one  extremity,  an  equal  weight 
must  be  applied  at  the  other  to  maintain 
equilibrium.      Hence,  the  effect  of  a  fixed 
pulley  is  simply  to  change  the  direction  of  a 
force.    By  means  of  moveable  pulleys  one  can 
gain  mechanical  advantage,  greater  or  less, 
according  to  the  number  and  mode  of  combina- 
tion of  the  pulleys.    This  advantage  may  lie 
computed  by  comparing  the  velocity  of  the 
weight  raised  with  that  of  the  moving  power, 
according  to  the  principle  of  virtual  velocities. 
Thus  : 

In  a  single  moveable  pulley  with  the  strings 
parallel  when  there  is  equilibrium  the  weight  ia  twice 
the  power. 

It  may,  therefore,  be  considered  a  lever  of  the 
second  class,  in  which  the  distance  of  the 
power  from  the  fulcrum  is  double  that  of  the 
weight  from  the  fulcrum. 

In  a  system  of  pulleys  in  which  each  pulley  hangi  by 
•  seixirate  string  and  all  the  pulleys  are  parallel,  when 
there  is  equilibrium  the  weight  is  equal  to  the  power 
multiplied  by  Sn,  where  n  is  the  number  of  pulleys. 

In  a  system  of  pulleys  in  which  the  same  string 
passes  round  all  the  pulleys  and  the  parts  of  it  between 
the  pulleys  are  parallel,  when  there  Vs  equilibrium  the 
weight  is  equal  to  the  power  multiplied  by  the  number 
of  strings  at  the  lower  block. 

In  a  system  of  pulleys  in  which  each  string  is 
attached  to  the  weight,  and  all  the  strings  are  parallel 
when  there  is  equilibrium,  the  weight  is  equal  to  the 
power  multiplied  by  2"—',  where  n  is  the  number  of 
pulleys. 

2.  Mach. :  A  wheel  with  a  grooved,  flat,  or 
•lightly  convex  rim,  adapted  to  receive  a  cord 
or  band,  which  runs  over  it.     It  transmits 
power  or  changes  the  direction  of  motion. 

J  (1)  Cone  pulley :  [CONE-PULLEY]. 

(2)  Conical  pulley :  [CONE-PULLEY,  2.]. 

(3)  Fast  pulley:  A  pulley  firmly  attached  to 
the  shaft  from  which  it  receives  or  to  which 
it  communicates  motion. 

(4)  Loose  pulley:  A  pulley  running  free  on 
the  shaft,  to  receive  the  belt  anil  nllow  it  still 
to  traverse  without  being  affected  by,  or  affect- 
Ing  the  motiou  of,  the  shafting. 

(5)  Sliding  pulley:  A  kind  of  coupling  in 
which  the  band-puUey  is  slipped  into  or  out  of 
engagement  with  an  arm  freely  attached  to  the 
•haft  and  rotating  therewith. 

(6)  Speed  pulley :  [CONE-PULLEY,  2.]. 


pulley-block,  t.  A  shell  with  a  sheave 
or  sheaves. 

pulley-box, «. 

Loom :  A  frame  containing  the  pulleys  for 
guiding  the  tail-cords  in  a  draw-loom. 

pulley-check,  s.  An  automatic  device 
by  which  the  rope  is  kept  from  running  back 
over  a  pulley. 

pulley -clutch,  s.  A  contrivance  for 
fastening  a  pulley  to  a  beam  or  rafter. 

pulley-drum,  t.  The  block  inclosing  the 
sheave. 

pulley-mortice, ».    [CUACE-MORTICE.] 
t  pulley-shaped,  a. 

Sot. :  Resembling  a  pulley,  circular,  com- 
pressed, and  contracted  in  the  middle  of  the 
circumference. 

pulley-Stone,  ».  A  popular  name  for 
a  detached  segment  of  an  encriuite  (q.v.). 

•pul'-ley;  v.t.  [PULLEY,  s.]  To  raise  or  hoist 
with  a  pulley. 

"  Their  heavy  sides  th1  inflated  bellows  heave. 
Tugged  by  iliepullei/'d  line."  Jago:  Edge-Bill,  t>k.  ill. 

pul'-li-cat,  pul  -i-cat,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful.] 
A  kind  of  coloured,  checquered  silk  handker- 
chief. 

pul'-lock,  *.  [See  det]  A  put-log,  of  which 
word  it  is  a  corruption. 

Pull'-man,  s.  [The  name  of  the  inventor.] 
(See  compound.) 

Pullman-car,  s.    [PALACE-CAR.] 

*  pul' -lu -late,  v.L    [Lat.  pullulatus,  pa.  par. 
of  pullulo  =  to  germinate,  from  pullus  —  a 
shoot ;  Fr.  pulluler.]    To  germinate,  to  shoot, 
to  bud. 

"  Whose  root  remaineth  still  within,  and  pu.Uula.Uth 
again."— Grainger :  On  Eccletiattn,  p.  175. 

*  pul-lu-la'-tion,  ».    [Lat  pullulatio.]    The 
act  of  germinating  or  budding  ;  a  germination. 

"  But  the  genuine  puUulationi  of  the  animal  life."— 
More :  Ite/ence  of  the  Moral  Cabbala,  ch.  ii. 

pul  lus,  pal  -as,  pal  -a-si,  ».    [Bengalee, 
Hind.,  &c.;f 
Bot. :  [BuTKA], 

pul  -mo-,  pul-mSn-,  pSl-min-I-,  pref. 
[Lat.  pulmo,  genit.  pulnionis  —  a  lung.]  Of, 
or  belonging  to,  the  lungs. 

t  pul  -  mo -bran -chl- a' -ta,  s.  pi.  [Pref. 
pulmo-,  and  Mod.  Lat.  branchiate.] 

Zool. :  De  Blainville's  name  for  the  Pulmo- 
nifera(q.v.). 

t  pul  mo  bran  -chi-ate,  a.  A  t.    [PULMO- 

BRANCHIATA.] 

A.  -4s  adj. :   Pertaining  or  relating  to  the 
Pulmobranchiata. 

B.  As  subst. :  Any  member  of  the  order  Pul- 
mobranchiata. 

tpul  mo  gas  ter  6p-6-da,  s.  pi     [Pref. 
pulmo-,  and  Mod.  Lat.  gasteropoda,  (q.v.).] 
Zool. :  A  synonym  of  Pulmonifera  (q.v.). 

*pul-m6-gra'-da,s.  pi.  [Pref.  pulmo-,  and 
Lat.  gradior  =  to  walk.] 

Zool.  :  An  order  of  the  old  sub-class  Acale- 
phse,  embracing  the  Discophora  and  (in  part) 
the  Lucernarida. 

pul'-mS-grade,  a.  A  «.    [PULMOGRADA.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Of  or  relating  to  the  Pulmo- 
grada;  resembling  a  pulmograde ;  moving  like 
a  pulmograde. 

B.  As  subst. :  A  member  of  the  Pulmograda. 

pul  mon  ar'-I-a,  *.  [Fern,  of  Lat.  pulmon- 
arius  =  consumptive.  Named  from  its  being 
formerly  used  in  pulmonary  affections.] 

Bot. :  Lungwort ;  a  genus  of  Lithospermeae. 
Calyx  flve-i>artite ;  corolla  regular,  funnel- 
shaped,  with  a  naked  throat ;  stamens  in- 
cluded, filaments  short,  nutlets  stony, 
smooth.  Known  species  five ;  from  Europe 
and  North  Asia.  One  Pulmonaria  auguitifolia, 
Narrow-leaved  Lungwort,  with  the  flowers 
first  pink  and  then  bright  blue,  is  a  native  of 
the  south  of  England,  but  rare.  P.  officinalis, 
Common  Lungwort,  with  pale  purple  flowers, 
is  only  an  escape,  as  is  P.  virginica. 

*  pul  mo  nar'-I-8B,  s.  pi.    [PULMONATA.] 

Zool. :  A  division  of  Arachnida  (q.v.). 


*  pul-mo-nar  -I-OUS,  o.     [Lat.  pulmonariKt, 

from  pulmo,  genit.  pulmonis  =  Si  lung.]     Dis- 
eased in  the  lungs.    (Blount.) 

pul'-mon-a-ry,  o.  &  *.     [Fr.  pulmonair*.} 

[PULMONARIOU8.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Med. :  Pertaining  to  the  lungs  ;  affecting 
the  lungs. 

"  Whence  either  pulmonary  lobe  expires. 
And  all  the  interior  subtle  breath  retires.* 

Brooke:  U  niter tal  Beauty,  bk.  iT. 

*  2.  Entom. :  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the 
Arachnidian  order  Pulmonaria  (q.v.). 

B.  As  substantive  : 
Bot.  :  Lungwort  (q.v.). 

pulmonary  sedatives,  «.  pi. 

Pharm. :  Garrod's  third  order  of  Medicines 
affecting  the  respiratory  organs  and  passages. 
Examples :  opium,  morphia,  belladonna,  &c. 

*  pul  mo-na  ta,  s.  pi.    [Lat.  pulmo,  genit. 
pulmo nis  =  a  lung.] 

Zoology : 

1.  Cuvier's  name  for  the  Pulmonifera  (q.v.). 

2.  The  same  as  PULMONARY  (q.v.). 

pul  mo-nate,  a.  [Lat  jnilmo,  genit.  pul- 
monis ;  Eng.  adj.  suff.  -ate.]  Having  lungs, 
or  organs  that  act  as  lungs. 

pul  mon  i  bran  chi  a  ta,  s.  pi.   [PULMO. 

BRAN  CHI  ATA.] 

pul  mon  I  bran  -chl-ate,  a.  &  ».    [PULMO- 

BRANCHIATE.] 

pul-mon'-Ic,  *  pul'-min-Iok,  a.  &  s.    [Fr. 
pulmonique,  from  Lat.  pulmo,  genit  pulmonit 
=  a  lung.] 
A.  As  adjective: 

1.  The  same  as  PULMONARY  (q.v.X 

"  Those  that  are  subject  to  nervous  or  jnilmoniclt 
distempers,  ought  either  to  go  into  th*  country,  or  to 
be  home  soon  after  sunset."— CA«yn«  :  On  OeaUft, 
ch.  1.,  i  5. 

2.  Useful,  or  intended  for  diseases  of  the 
lungs. 

*  B.  As  substantive  : 

1.  One  affected  with  a  disease  of  the  lungs. 


2.  A  medicine  for  diseases  of  the  lungs. 

*  pul-min -Ic-al,  a.  [Eng.  pulmonic;  -at] 
The  same  as  PULMONIC  (q.v.). 

pul-mon'-i-fer,  ».  [PULMONIFERA.]  An  ani- 
mal having  lungs :  specif.,  a  member  of  the 
Pulmonifera  (q.v.). 

pul-monaif'-er-a,  s.  pi.  [Pref.  pulmoni-,  and 
Lat  fero  =  to  bear.] 

1.  ZooL :  An  order  of  Gasteropoda.    Breath- 
ing organ,  the  simplest  form  of  lung,  resembling 
the  bronchial  chamber  of  the  stomach  of  the 
sea-snail,  but  lined  with  a  network  of  respira- 
tory vessels.     Foot  broad,  generally  a  spiral 
shell.    It  contains  the  land  snails.    Sections  : 
Inoperculataand  Operculata.  (S.  P.  Woodward.) 

2.  Palceont. :  From  the  Carboniferous  on- 
ward. 

pul-mo-nlf'-er-ous,  a.  [Eng.  jntlmoni- 
Jer(a);  -ous.] 

1.  Having  lungs,  or  organs  which  act  as 
lungs ;  pulmonate  (q.v.). 

2.  Pertaining  or  belonging  to  the  Pnlraon- 
ifera  (q.v.X 

pul  mon-I-gra'-da,  t.  pi.    [PULMOORADA.] 

t  pul-mo^trach-S-ar'-I-a,  ».  pi     [Pret 
pulmo-,  and  Mod.  Lat.  Trachearia  (q.v.).] 
Zool. :  The  Araneida  or  Araneida. 

pulp,  *  pulpe,  *.  [Fr.  pulpe,  from  Lat.  pulpa 
—  the  fleshy  portion  of  animals,  pulp,  pith.] 
A  soft,  moist,  slightly  cohering  mass  of  un- 
dissolved  animal  or  vegetable  matter :  specif., 
(1)  The  juicy  portion  of  a  fruit  or  the  juicy 
tissue  found  in  the  interior  of  plants. 

"  The  grub  .  .  .  her  secret  care 
Enlarges  hourly,  preying  on  the  pulp 
Ceaseless."  PMIipt :  Oder,  bk.  L 

t  (2)  The  succulent  hymeniura  of  Fungals. 

(3)  Paper-making   material,  cnt   fine,  and 
8U:<i>ended  in  water,  ready  for  manufacturing 
into  paper. 

(4)  The  soft,  vascular  substance,  ric-.hly  sup- 
plied with  nerves,  in  the  interior  of  a  tooth. 


boy;  pout,  J6%1;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophoa,  e^cist.    -Inff. 
-«ian,  -tian  =  shan.   -tion,  -aion  =  shun ;  - tion,  -fion  -  zhun.    - cious.  -Uous,  -sious  =  shiU.     ble,  -die,  &c.  =  belt  4«1. 


5812 


pulp— pulverarla 


pulp-boiler,  pulp-digester.  «.     An 

Bpiurutus  for  treating  paper  atock,  especially 
grc.uud  wood  or  cut  straw,  to  remove  guui, 
silu.x,  starch,  &c.  ,  from  the  fibre. 

pulp-digester,  «.    [PULP-BOILMU] 

pulp-dresser,  «.    A  machine  for  remov- 
ing specks  and  knots  from  paper-pulp. 

pulp-grinder,  .«.    A  machine  for  grind- 
ing |>a>>er  stock  fur  palp. 

pulp-strainer,  *.     A  strainer  used  for 

straining  the  pulp  used  in  paper-making. 

pulp,  i:t.  &  i.     [PULP,  *.] 
A.  Transitive  : 

1.  To  make  or  convert  into  pulp. 

"  The  economy  of  pulping  root*  U  frequently  re- 
cognized."— Finld,  Jau.  i.  ISM. 

2.  To  extract  the  pulp  or  pulpy  substance 
from. 

•  B.  Intrant.  :  To  be,  or  to  become,  ripe 
and  juicy,  like  the  pulp  of  fruit. 

•pul-pa-todn'.  s.  [Fr.]  An  article  of  con- 
fectionery, probably  made  from  the  pulp  of 

fruit. 

"  With  a  French  troop  of  pulpatoani.  mackarooni, 
.  .  .  graudand  excellent.  "—  .Voft4««.-  Microcotmtu. 

pulp'-er,  s.    [Eng.  pulp,  v.  ;  -er.] 

1.  An  instrument  or  apparatus  for  reducing 
roots,  &c.,  to  pulp. 

"There  Is  *  prejudice  against  the  tue  of  the  pulper 
and  chopper."—  Fiild,  Jan.  -2.  18SS. 

2.  A  machine  for  reducing  paper  stock  to 
pulp 

3.  An  apparatus  for  freeing  the  coffee-berry 
from   the  fleshy  pulp  by  which  it   is  sur- 
rounded. 

pulp  I  ness,  *.  [Eng.  pulpy;  -nets.}  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  pulpy. 

pul  pit,  *  pul  pet,  ».  A  a.  [O.  Fr.  pulpite, 
from  Lat.  pulpitum  =  a  scaffold,  a  stage  for 
motors  ;  Fr.  pupitrt  ;  Sp.  &  Ital.  pulpito.] 

A.  As  substantive  : 

*  1.  A  stand  from  which  disputants  pro- 
nounced their  dissertations  ana  authors  re- 
cited their  works  ;  a  rostrum. 

"  Some  to  the  common  pulpit,  and  cry  oat, 
Liberty,  freedom,  and  enfranchisement  !" 

Shakap.  :  Jultta  Caiar,  III  L 

2.  A  raised  place  or  desk  in  a  church,  from 
which  the  preacher  delivers  his  sermon.  They 
are  now  generally  made  of  wood,  but  were 
formerly  also  made  of  stone,  richly  carved 
and  ornamented. 

3.  Hence,  used  figuratively,  for  preachers 
generally   or    preaching  ;    the    teaching    of 
preachers. 

"  I  say  the  pulpit  (In  the  sober  me 
Of  Its  legitimate,  peculiar  pow'n) 
Hunt  stand  acknowledyd,  whilst  the  world  shall 
The  most  im|H>rtant  ana  effectual  guard,          [stand, 
Sunpurt.  Mid  oruauieut  of  virtue's  cause.1* 

Cowper  :  Tatk,  II.  331. 

B.  As  adj.  :  Belonging,  pertaining,  or  suited 
to  the  pulpit  :  as,  puljrit  eloquence,  &c. 

*  pul  -pit,  v.t.     [PoLprr,  s.]    To  place  in  or 
supply  with  a  pulpit.    (Milton.) 

•  pul  pi  tar  -I-an,  *.    [Eng.  pulpit  ;  -ariaii.] 
A  pulpiteer. 

"  Had  netled  the  aggrieved  ^WpitarLwu."—  Backet: 
Ufeqf  WUUami.  LtoT 

*  pul-plt-eer",  *  puT-pIt-er,  s.    [Eng.  pul- 
jiit  ;  -eer.}  A  term  of  contempt  for  a  preacher. 

"  What  alU  this  pragmatical  pulrfterr,  thai  to  Ulk 
of  goveruuiMit  I  "—  SoulM  :  Sarmoni,  rot  vL  wr.  J. 

•  pul  pit  -leal,  a.    [Eng.  pulpit  ;  -icaL]    Of, 
or  pertaining  to,  a  pulpit  ;  suited  to  a  pulpit. 


l-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  pulpitiml; 
-lij.\  in  a  manner  suited  to  the  pulpit;  in 
manner  of  a  sermon. 

"To  proceed  regular!  jr  and  pu/piffcaty."-  Cftofer- 
fttld:  Lcttcri. 

•pul'-plt-lsh,  a.    [Eng.  pulpit  ;  -ith.]  Smack- 
ing of  the  pulpit  ;  like  a  pulpit  performance, 

'  pul  -pit  man,  «.    [Eng.  pulpit,  and  man.] 
A  preacher. 

"  He  iras  an  excellent  pulpitman,  happy  In  ralsinf 
the  affection*  of  hi*  auditory.'—  fuller:  CAurcA  Uut 
XTULM 

•pul'-plt-rfc*.     [Eng.   pulpit;    -rjr.J     The 
leaching  of  the  pulpit;  preaching. 


pftlp'-OUS,  a.     [Lat  pulposus,  from  pulpa  = 
puip  (q.v.);  Fr.  pulpeux  ;  Bp.  puljxau  ;  Ital. 
Consisting  of  pulp  ;  like  pulp  ;  pulpy. 


The  redstreak's  pulpout  (rui  t 
Wltb  gold  irradiate."  PhtUi*  :  Cuter,  L  ill 

pulp  -OUS-n5ss,  ».  [Eng.  pul  pout;  -ness.] 
ihe  quality  or  state  of  being  pulpous  ;  pul- 
piness. 

pulp  -jf,  a.  [Eng.  pulp;  -y.)  Consisting  of 
pulp  ;  like  pulp  ;  of  the  consistence  of  pulp  ; 
•oft,  pappy. 

"  In  tbe  walunt  and  plumb*  U  a  thick  pulpt  cover- 
Ing."—  Jtay  :  Creation. 

pul'-qu-.'  (qu  as  k),  «.  [Sp.]  A  vinous 
beverage,  made  in  Mexico,  by  fermeuting  the 
juice  of  tbe  various  species  of  the  agave.  It 
resembles  cider,  but  has  a  disagreeable  odour, 
like  that  of  putrid  meat. 

pul'  -Bate,  v.i.  [Lat  pultatui,  pa.  par.  of 
pu!so  —  U>  beat,  frequent,  from  pdlo—\.o 
drive.]  To  beat,  to  throb. 

"  Pultatitig  like  the  heaving*  of  rudimentary  lungm.  " 
—Scrtbner'i  Mayulne,  June,  1877,  p.  157. 

pul  -sa-tile,  a.  [Lat.  pulsatilis,  from  pulsatut, 
pa.  par.  otpulto=  to  beat  ;  tip.  jiuUatil  ;  Ital. 
pulsatile.) 

1.  Oni.  Lang.  :  Capable  of  being  struck  or 
beaten. 

"  The  rattle  ...  li  a  musical  instrument  of  the 
pulutilt  kiud."—  Mutical  Diet.,  p.  1W.  (17W. 

2.  Pathol.  :  Beating  as  a  pulse  ;  throbbing. 
(Applied  to  tumours.) 

piil-sa  tfl'-la,  ».  [Mod.  Lat.,  from  pukatio 
—  a  beating.]  The  pasque  flower. 

pulsatilla-camphor,    «.    [ANEMONIN.] 

pul-sa'-tion,  *.    [Fr.,  from  Lat.  pulsutionem, 

aucus.  of  pulsatlo,  from  pulsatus,  j>a.  par.  of 
pulso  =  to  beat;  Sp.  pulsation;  Ital.  pulsa,- 
tiont.]  [PULSATE.) 

L  Onl.  Lang.  :  The  act  of  beating  ;  a  beat 
or  stroke  by  which  some  medium  is  affected, 
as  in  the  propagation  of  sound. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  tied.  :  The  beating  or  throbbing  of  the 
heart  or  of  an  artery  ;  a  beat  of  the  pulse  ;  a 
throb. 

"  The  wild  foliation  that  I  felt  before  the  strife." 
Tennyvnt  :  Locktltg  Halt, 

*  2.  Law  :  An  assault  or  beating  without 
causing  pain. 

"  Distinguishing  verberatiou.  which  wa»  accompanied 
with  uam.  from  pultation.  which  was  attended  with 
noue.  —  Bladatotu  :  Comment.,  bk.  ill.,  ch.  (. 

*  pul  -sa-tlve,  o.    [Fr.  pulsatif;  8p.  &  Ittu. 
pulsativo.]    Beating,  throbbing. 

*  pul-sa-tdr,  s.    [Lat]    A  beater,  a  striker. 

*  pul'-sa-tor-jf,  o.    [Fr.  pulsatolrt  :   8p.  & 
ItaL  pulsatorio.]    Capable  of  pulsating  ;  beat- 
ing, throbbing. 

"  An  Inward,  pungent,  and  pultatory  ach«  within 
theakulL"—  Walton:  Kemaint,  p.  411. 

pulse  (1),  *  poulce,  *pous,  'puls  (i),  «. 
[Fr.    poult  =  the  pulse,    from    Lat    puUum, 
accus.  olpulsus  =  a  beating,  ...  a  pulse,  from 
pulsus,   pa.   par.  of  petto  —  \a  drive;   Sp.  it 
Port  pulto;  Ital.  polio.  I 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 
L  Lit.  :  In  the  same  sense  as  II. 

2.  Fig.  :  Any  measured  regular  or  rhyth- 
mical brat  ;  any  short  quick  motion  regularly 
repeated  ;  pulsation,  vibration. 

"When  the  ear  receives  any  simp)*  sound,  it  U 
(truck  by  a  single  piUtt  of  the  air."—  Burkt  :  Huolimt 
«  Btauti/ul.  pt.  iv  .  |  11. 

IL  Physlol.  :  The  beat  or  shock  felt  in  any 
artery  when  slight  pressure  is  made  on  it, 
caused  by  the  systole  of  the  heart  At  birth 
the  number  of  beats  is  about  140,  at  the  end 
of  the  first  year  120,  at  the  end  of  the  second 
110  ;  during  middle  life  between  70  and  80, 
and  in  old  age  usually  a  little  more.  It  is 
slower  in  man  than  in  woman,  and  is  also  af- 
fected by  the  position  of  the  body,  being 
about  five  beats  more  in  the  sitting  than  in  the 
recumbent  posture,  and  10  more  per  minute 
in  the  standing  than  in  the  sitting  |K>sture. 

1  To  feel  nne's  pulse:  (Fig.)  To  sound  one  ; 
to  try  to  discover  one's  opinions,  views,  or 
feelings. 

"So  mnch  matter  has  been  ferretted  out  that  this 
Government  olihe*  to  tell  IU  nwo  story,  and  my  pulf 
":  tttten,  iv.  139. 


pulse-glass,  *.    An  instrument  Invented 
by  Franklin  to  exhibit  the  ebullition  of  liquids 


at  low  temperatures.  The  bulbs  are  OOD> 
nected  by  a  slender  stein  and  purtntiiy  charged 
with  water,  the  supernatant  air  haviuy  been 
expelled  by  boiling,  and  the  opening  hermeti- 
cally sealed  by  a  bluw-pi|>e.  By  grasping  one 
of  the  bulbs  the  heat  ot  the  hainl  will  cause 
the  formation  of  vapour  and  drive  the  liquid 
into  the  other  bulb,  producing  a  violent 
ebullition  in  the  latter. 

pulse  (2),  *  puls  (2),  «.  [Lat.  puls  =  pottage 
made  of  nual,  pulse,  6tc.  ;  ci.  Gr.  iroArof 
(poltot)  =  porridge.)  A  general  name  for 
leguminous  plants  or  their  seeds  ;  leguminous 
plauU,  such  as  beans,  peas,  <Ve. 

~  If  all  tbe  world 

Should  in  a  pet  of  tenii^eiaiice  feed  on  /mile.* 
Milton  :  iuiittu,  7SL 

*  pulse,  v.t.  &  1.    [Lat.  pulio  =  to  beat] 

A.  Trans.  :  To  drive  by  a  pulsation  of  the 
heart 

B.  ItUrans.  :  To  beat,  as  the  pulse  ;  to  throb. 

"  The  putting  of  her  eugiues  tliiuued  down."—  HaOm 
TWayrupA,  March  7,  11*2. 

pnlSO'-l&SS,  a.    [Eng.  pulse  (1),  s.  ;  -leu.] 

1.  Having  no  pulsation. 

"She  was  iu  a  state  of  extreme  collai«e  and  almort 
pultelru.'—Uaili  Ttlcgrapk,  Feb.  S.  isti 

2.  In  a  state  of  torpor  ;  languid,  lifeless. 

"  in  a  blank  juid  vulttliu  tun>or." 

iloore:  I'tUed  Prop',*. 

pulse'  -IggS-n&SS,  *.  [Eng.  pulseless;  -nest.] 
The  quality  or  &tr.te  of  being  pulseless  ;  cessa- 
tion of  the  pulse. 

»  pul-sir-ic,  •  pul-sif  '-Ick,  a.  [Lat.  pul- 
tus  =  a  beating  .  .  .  tne  [lUise,  and/ucio  =  to 
make.)  Causing  or  exciting  pulsation;  exciting 
the  pulse. 

"  A  puliijttk  corporeal  quality  in  tbe  suhet&uce  of  the 
heart  itaclL"—  C'uuwurC/i  •  Jnt*ll.  syUein,  p.  ItiL 

pul-sIm'-^-ter,  s.  [Eng.  pulx;  i  connect., 
and  meter.]  A  sphygmometer  (q.v.). 

*  pul'-sion,  s.    [Lat.  puUio,  from  pulsus,  pa, 
par.  of  petto  =  to  drive;   Fr.  pulsion;   ItaL 
pulnione.}     The    net  of   driving  forward,   in 
opposition  to  suctiuu  or  traction. 

"  Examples  of  suction  are  not  the  only  noted  ones  ot 
attrition  that  may  be  reduced  to  puliion'—ItoyU: 
Work*,  it.  lt». 

*pul'-slve,o.    [Eng.  puls(t),  v.;  -ive.]    Con- 

straining, compulsory. 

*'  To  end,  my  pultive  brain  no  art  affords 
To  luuit,  ur  staiup,  or  iortr  uew  vuyned  words." 

John  Taylor. 

pul-som'-6-ter,  s.  [Lat.  pulsus  =  pulse,  and 
Eng.  meter.}  A  form  of  pump  for  raising 
water,  by  the  condensation  of  steam,  in  a 
vessel  situated  at  such  elevation  above  the 
water-supply  that  the  atmospheric  pressure 
will  raise  the  water  to  the  chamber  and  oper- 
ate the  valves. 

*  pul-ta'-eeous  (ce  as  sh),  a.    [Lat  pul*, 
genit  pultis  =  potuige.)    U'ULSE  (2>,  «.]    Mv 
cerated,  softened,  nearly  fluid. 

pul-ten-ea'-a,  ».  [Named  after  W.  Pulteney, 
M.  O.,  a  lx>tanical  writer.) 

Rot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Pulteneae  (q.v.). 
Beautiful,  little  Australian  shrubs,  mostly 
with  yellow  dowers,  of  which  more  titan  tifty 
are  cultivated  iu  Britain. 

pul-ten  -6  oe,  «.  pi.     [Mod.  Lat  pultenau 
(q.v.).] 
Bot.  :  A  sub-tribe  of  Podalyriea  (q.v.). 

*  PUlt-Or,  «.      [POULTEB.] 

*  pul  tCSSO,  *  pUl-tiSe,  I.     [POULTIOS.] 

*  puT-tore,  *.    [PirruRi.] 

pu-lu,  s.  [Hawaian.]  A  vegetable  silk;  a 
yellow  fibre,  like  that  of  cot  on,  but  shorter, 
weaker,  and  more  elastic.  It  has  been  ex- 
ported from  Hawaii  for  many  yearn,  and  is 
used  for  utulliiig  mattrceses,  as  a  ttypiic,  dtc. 

pul  -vcr-a-ble,  a.  [Lat  j^ilvis,  genit  pul- 
veris  —  dust,  and  Eng.  -able.]  Capable  of 
being  pulverized  ;  puherizable. 


pul-ver-a'-ceous  (ce  as  sh),  a,  [Lat  pul- 
vu,  genit  puloerit  =  dust;  Eng.  adj.  suff. 
-aceous.\  Having  a  dusty  or  powdered  sur- 
face pulverulent 

piil-ve'r-ar'-a-a,  «.   [Fern,  of  Lat  pulvtrarivm 
—  pertaining  to  dust  or  sand.] 
Sot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Pulverarida. 


fete,  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wit,  here,  camel,  her.  there     pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  wad.  sdn;  mute,  onto,  care,  unite,  our,  rule,  fall;  tr?,  Syrian.    »,  ce  =  e;  ey  •* »;  «iu  =  Inr, 


pulveraridsB— pump 


3813 


pul-ver-arM-dee,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  pulver- 
ar(ia);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suit  -idee.] 

Dot.  :  A  family  of  Lichens,  tribe  Coniothala- 
mea. 

*  pul'-ver-ate,  v.t.  [Lat  pulveratus,  pa.  par. 
of  pulvero  —  to  cover  with  dust  ;  pulvis.  genit 
pufveris  =  dust.)  To  reduce  to  powder  or 
dust  ;  to  pulverize. 

"Dried    In    the   «unn«  and  pulveraled."—  Sandyt  : 
Tratflt,  p.  65. 

pul'-ver-In,  pul'-ver-ine,  «.  [¥r.  pulverin, 
from  Lat.  pulris,  genit.  pulverit  =  dust.] 
Ashes  of  barilla. 

pul'-ver-iz-a-ble,  o.  [Eng.  pulverise); 
-able.  1  Capable'of  being  pulverized  or  reduced 
to  powder  or  dust. 

pul-ver-i-za'-tion,  ».  [Eng.  pulverise); 
-ation.  ]  The  act  of  pulverizing  or  reducing  to 
powder  or  dust. 

pul'-ver-ize,  v.t.  &  i.  [Pr.  pulverizer,  from 
Low  Lat.  pulverize,  from  Lat.  pulvero  =  to 
cover  with  dust  ;  pulvis,  genit.  pulveris  = 
dust  ;  Sp.  pnlverizar;  Port,  polverizar.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  f.it.  :  To  reduce  to  dust  or  fine  powder, 
by  beating,  grinding,  &c. 


2.  Fig.  :  To  demolish  in  argument. 

"  It  IB  quite  refreshing  to  read  how  be  pulvtritei  hi* 
opponent."—  Standard.  Oct.  30,  1885. 

B.  Tntrans.  :  To  become  reduced  to  dust  or 
fine  powder. 

pul'-ver-iz-er,  ».  [Eng.  pulverise);  -er.] 
One  who  or  that  which  pulverizes. 

Pul'-ver-mach-er,  *.  [Name  of  the  in- 
ventor.] (See  etym.  and  compound.) 

Pulvermacher-chain,  s. 

Galvanism  :  A  form  of  battery  consisting  of 
a  series  of  small  wooden  cylinders  on  which  a 
zinc  and  a  copper  wire  are  coiled  side  by  side, 
but  without  touching  each  other.  The  zinc 
of  one  cylinder,  touching  the  copper  of  the 
adjacent  one.  forms  with  it  a  couple.  The 
whole  is  immersed  in  vinegar  diluted  with 
water.  A  chain  of  120  couples  forms  a  very 
powerful  battery. 

*  pul'-ver-otis,  a.    [Lat.  pulvereus,  from  pul- 
vis,  genit.  puJwi«  =  dust;  Sp   &  Port,  pol- 
voroso  ;    Ital.  polveroso.]     Of  the  nature  of 
powder  ;  like  powder  ;  consisting  of  dust  or 
powder. 

*  pul-vey-u-len9e,  ».  [Eng.  pulvcruUnff)  ;  -ce.  ] 

Dustiness  ;  abundance  of  dust  or  powder. 

ptll-vSr'-u-lent,  a.  [Lat.  pulverulentus, 
from  pulvis,  'genit.  pulveris  =  dust  ;  FT.  pul- 
verulent.] 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

\.  Dusty  ;  consisting  of  dust  or  fine  pow- 
der; powdery. 


*  2.  Addicted  to  lying  or  rolling  in  the  dust, 
as  fowls. 
IL  Bot. :  Covered  with  powdery  matter. 

•  pul-vil',  *.    [PULVILLO.] 

•  pul-vfl',  v.t.    [PCLVILLO.]   To  sprinkle  with 
pulvil ;  to  powder. 

"  Have  you  pttlvilkd  the  coachman  and  postilion, 
that  they  may  not  stink  of  the  stable  ?  "—Conffrnt : 
Way  of  tlit  World,  IT. 

•  pUl-Vfl'-l-O,  *.     [PULVILLO.] 

•pui-vir-io.  *  pui-vir-i-d,  »pui-vfl', «. 

JSp.,  from  Lat.  pulvillus  =  a  li^ht  cushion 
filled  with  perfumes,  contract  from  pulvin- 
ulus.  dimin.  from  jrulviniis  =  a  cushion  ;  pulvis 
=  powder.]  A  sweet-scented  powder,  formerly 
nsed  as  a  perfume,  and  contained  in  a  little 
bag. 

"The  nauseous  scenta  of  their  perfume*  and  put- 
tilioi."-  Country  Oentlemani  fade-mecum  (16W|. 

pul-vfl'-lus,  *.    [PuLviNULus.] 

ptil-vi  '-nap,  «.    [Lat.  =  a  splendidly  covered 
cushioned  couch.] 

Anal. :  The  posterior  tubercle  of  the  cere- 
brum. 

pul'-vin-ate.  a.    [Lat.  pttlviiMtus,  from  pul- 
vinus  =  a  cnshion.] 
Bot. :  The  same  ns  PULVINIFORM  (q.v.). 


pttl'-vin-at-e'd,  o.    [PTJLTTWATE.] 

Arch.  :  A  term  applied  to  a  frieze  whose 
face  is  convex  instead  of  plain,  from  its  sup- 
posed resemblance 
to  the  side  of  a 
cushion,  which 
swells  out  when 
pressed  upon. 

pfil  -  vin'-  1  -  form. 

o.  [Lat.  pulvinux^ 
a  cushion,  and  for- 
ma —  form.) 

Bot.  :  Cushion- 
like,  convex,  or 
somewhat  flattened. 

pfil  -  vin'  -  n  -  Ifis,  PULVIN  ATED. 

pui-vn'-ius  (pi. 

pul-vln'-u-li,  pul-viT-H),  ».  [Lat, 
dimin.  from  pulvinite  =  a  cushion.] 

1.  Botany: 

(1)  A  heap  of  naked  spores. 

(2)  PI.  :  Spongy  excrescences,  sometimes  like 
minute  trees  rising  from  the  thallus  of  lichens. 
(GreviUe.) 

2.  Entom.  (PI.)  :  The  cushions  on  the  feet  of 
the  Diptera,  as  the  fly. 

pul-vi'-nus,  s.    [Lat  =  a  cushion.] 

Bot.  :  A  protuberance  at  the  base  of  the 
petiole  where  it  joins  the  stem.  It  is  the  re- 
mains of  a  swollen  articulation.  (Ruelliut, 
Link,  <fec.)  Example,  the  Spruce  Fir. 

pu'-ma,  *.  [Probably  of  native  origin,  but 
introduced  into  European  literature  by  early 
Spanish  writers  on  South  America.] 

Zool.  :  Felis  concolor,  the  oouguar  of  the 
French,  the  lean  of  the  South  Americans,  and 
the  panther  or  "  painter  "  of  the  trappers. 
It  is  the  largest  feline  of  the  New  World, 
measuring  forty  inches  from  the  nose  to  root 
of  tail,  which  is  about  twenty  inches  more  ; 
the  head  is  small,  mane  absent;  general 
colour  of  upper  surface  tawny  yellowish- 
brown,  varying  in  intensity  in  different  in- 
dividuals ;  lower  parts  of  the  body  and  inner 
surface  of  limits  dirty  white.  The  young, 
when  born,  are  spotted  with  brown,  and  the 
tail  is  ringed.  The  puma  is  destructive,  and 
slays  far  more  than  it  can  eat,  but  rarely,  if 
ever,  attacks  man,  and  may  be  tamed  with 
little  difficulty.  Edmund  Kean  had  one  which 
followed  him  about  like  a  dog.  It  ranges  from 
Canada  to  Patagonia,  being  most  numerous  in 
the  forest  districts  of  Central  America. 

*  pu'-mi-cate,  v.t.  [Lat.  pumicatus,  pa.  par. 
of  pumico,  from  pumex,  genit.  pumicis  =  pum- 
ice (q-v.).]  To  pumice  (q.v.). 

pum  190,  *  pom-eys,  *  pom-yce,  s.   [A.S. 

pumice-stdn  =  pumice-stone,  from  Lat  pumex, 
genit  pumicis,  forspumex,  tromspuma  =  foam, 
from  its  spongy  nature,  resembling  sea-foam  ; 
Fr.  ponce  ;  Sp.  piedra  pomez  ;  Dnt  puimsteen  ; 
Ger.  bimstein  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  pumez,  pumiz  ;  M. 
H.  Ger.  pumz,  biim.} 

1.  Petrol.  :  A  very  porous,  or  cellular,  froth- 
like  rock,  of  extreme  lightness,  floating  on 
water.      Structure,    web-like,    consisting   of 
vitreous  threads  either  intimately  interwoven 
or  parallel.    Like  the  more  compact  fonns  of 
vitreous  lavas,  it  varies  much  in  chemical 
composition,  which,  however,  is  mostly  that 
of  trachytic  rocks.    It  owes  its  cellular  struc- 
ture to  the  enormous  expansion  of  aqueous 
vapour  consequent  on  the  relief  from  pressure 
during  the  extrusion  of  vitreous  lavas  at  the 
earth's  surface. 

2.  Comm.  :  Pumice-stone.  It  is  imported  from 
the  Lipari  Isles,  and  is  used  for  polishing  metals 
and  marble,  and  smoothing  the  surface  of 
wood  and  pasteboard.    It  is  said  to  be  a  good 
glaze  for  pottery. 

•  3.  A  hollow  stone. 


"Their  vaulted  roofs  arc  hang  in  . 

Drydtn  :  t'irgil  ;  Otorfie  Iv.  IL 

pumice-stone,  s.  The  same  as  PUMICE,  2. 

piim'-ice,  f  .t.  [PuMicB,  «.]  To  rub  or  make 
smooth  with  a  pumice. 

pu-mlc'-eoiis  (O  as  sh),  a.  [Lat  pumiceui.] 
Pertaining  to  pumice  •  consisting  of,  or  re- 
sembling, pumice. 

pu-mty-l-form,  o.  [Lat  pumex,  genit 
pnmids  =  pumice,  and  forma  =  form.]  Re- 
sembling pumice;  light,  spongy. 


•  pu'-ml-cose,  a.     [Lat  pumicosus.]     Pumi- 
ceous  (q.v.). 

•  pu'-mie,  a.    [Puxr.] 

•  pn'-mied,  a.    [Eng.  pumy ;  -ed.}    Swollen, 
rounded. 

"  Th*  pumied  or  convex  sole  1*  a  dlsea**  Juit  th» 
reverse  of  the  above."— Lowton :  Modern  Furrier,  p.  T*. 

pum  -mace  (aoe  as  Is),  s.    [POMACE.] 
pum'-mel,  s.  &  r.    [POMMEL,  *.  &  «.] 

pump  (1),  *  pumpe,  s.  [Fr.  pompe.  from  Ger. 
pumpe,  plumpe  =  a  pump  :  Prov.  Ger.  plumpen 
=  to  pump  ;  Ger.  plumpen  =  to  plump,  to  fall 
plump,  the  allusion  being  to  the  plunging 
action  of  the  piston  or  plunger ;  8w.  pump : 
Dan.  pompe ;  Russ.  pompa  =  a  pump.] 

1.  Lit. :  A  machine,  engine,  or  device,  con- 
sisting of  an  arrangement  of  a  piston,  cylin- 
der, and  valves,  for  raising  water  or  other 
liquid  to  a  higher  level,  or  for  compressing  or 
exhausting  air  and  other  gases.  There  are 
numerous  varieties  of  pumps  differing  more 
or  less  in  construction,  according  to  the  pur- 
poses for  which  each  is  intended,  but  the  most 
important  are  the  suction-pump,  the  lifting-  or 
lift- pump,  the  force-pump,  and  the  centrifugal- 
or  rotary-pump.  The  simplest  form  of  pump 
is  that  of  the  common  lift-pump,  which  con- 
sists of  a  straight  tube  with  two  valves,  one  of 
which  is  fitted  to  the  lower  end  of  the  tube, 
and  the  other  is  made  to  slide  air-tight  in  the 
cavity  of  the  tube  or  barrel.  Both  of  these 
valves  are  adapted  to  oj>en  upwards  only,  and 
thus  the  water  is  admitted  and  lifted  from  the 
lower  part  of  the  tube  to  the  discharge  aper- 
ture above.  The  pump  acts  by  the  pressure 
of  the  atmosphere  upon  the  external  body  of 
water  from  which  the  supply  is  raised,  but  by 
the  forcing-pump  water  may  be  raised  above 
the  level  to  which  it  is  driven  by  the  pressure 
of  the  atmosphere.  The  forcing-pump  con- 
sists of  a  barrel  fitted  with  a  solid  piston  or 
forcer,  the  ban-el  being  also  provided  with  a 
branch  forcing-pipe.  The  lower  part  of  the 
barrel  and  the  branch-pipe  are  each  fitted  with 
a  valve  opening  upwards,  and  by  repeated 
strokes  of  the  piston,  the  pressure  of  the  air 
from  above  being  removed,  the  fluid  is  brought 
up  to  fill  the  space  between  the  two  valves, 
and  being  prevented  from  returning  by  the 
lower  valve,  it  passes  through  the  upper  valve 
of  the  branch-pipe  into  a  capacious  upper 
vessel,  and  there  accumulating,  may  be  ejected 
in  a  constant  instead  of  an  intermittent  stream. 

•  2.  Fig. :  A  pumping  question. 


H  For  other  varieties  of  pumps,  see  AIR- 
PUMP,  CHAIN-PUMP,  EJECTOR,  INJECTOR,  NO- 
KIA, &c. 

pump-back,  «.  A  wooden  casing  over  a 
chain-pump  to  receive  the  water  when  raised. 

pump-barrel,  *.  The  wooden  or  metal 
cylinder  or  tube,  forming  the  body  of  a  pump, 
in  which  the  piston  moves. 

pump-bit,  i.  A  large  auger  used  in  bor- 
ing out  timbers  for  pump-stocks  and  wooden 
pipes. 

pump-bob,  *.  A  bell-crank  lever  con- 
verting rotary  into  reciprocating  motion  for 
working  a  pump-piston. 

pump-box,  s.  A  cap  or  ease  covering  the 
top  of  a  pump. 

pump-brakes,  s.  The  friction  amongst 
the  particles  of  fluid  forced  through  a  narrow 
passage. 

pump-break,  «.  A  pump-handle ;  the 
handle  with  which  a  lift-pump  is  worked. 

pump-chain,  *.  The  chain  of  a  chain- 
pump  (q.v.). 

pump-cheeks,  >.  A  forked  piece  serving 
as  a  fulcrum  for  the  handle  of  a  pump. 

pump  cistern,  *. 

1.  A  cistern  to  receive  the  water  from  the 
pumps  of  a  ship. 

2.  A  contrivance  to  prevent  chips  and  other 
matter  getting  into  and  foaling  the  chain- 
pumps. 

pump-dale,  pump-vale,  *. 

Naiit. :  A  pipe  to  convey  water  from  the 
pump-cistern  through  the  ship's  sides. 

pump-drill,  i.  An  upright  drill  acting 
by  percussion. 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jafrl;  oat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   ph  =  £ 
-clan,  -tlan  =  Shan,   -tlon,  -sion  =  stun ;  -tion,  -slon  =  thim.   -clous,  -tious,  -sious  =  thus,    -ble,  -die,  4c.  -  Del,  del. 


S8H 


pnmp— puncWness 


pump  handle,  «.     The  same  as  PCMP- 

BKEAK  (q.V.). 

"  [He]  made  a  motion  with  hl«  urn.  ai  if  he  were 
working  an  immfiuiTj pump-bandit.' —Didifni :  Pick- 
Vic*,  ch.  xvi. 

pump -bead,  s.  An  arrangement  for 
causing  all  the  water  raised  by  a  chain-pump 
to  be  directed  into  the  discharge-spout. 

pump-hood,  s.  A  semi-cylindrical  frame 
of  wood  covering  the  upper  wheel  of  a  chain 
pump. 

pump-hook,  *.  A  hook  used  for  setting 
the  lower  pump-box  in  the  barrel. 

pump-kettle,  «.  A  convex  perforated 
diaphragm  placed  at  the  bottom  of  a  pump- 
tube  to  prevent  the  entrance  of  foreign  matter. 

pump-room,  s.  A  room  in  connection 
with  a  mineral  spring  in  which  the  waters  are 
drunk. 

"  The  register  of  tlie  distinguished  visitors  .  .  .  will 
be  at  the  pump-room  this  morning  at  two  o'clock."— 
Dickeni  Piclneick,  ch.  xxxv. 

pump-scraper,  *.  A  round  plate  for 
cleaning  out  the  pump-barrel. 

pump-spear,  *.  The  rod  suspended  from 
the  end  of  the  brake  and  attached  at  its  lower 
end  to  the  bucket. 

pump-staff^  «.  The  pump-spear  in  a 
hind-pomp. 

pump-stock,  *.  The  solid  body  of  a 
pump. 

pump-vale,  s.    [PUMP-DALE.] 

pump-valve,  ».  A  hinged,  oscillating, 
sliding,  rotating,  or  lifting  plate,  lid,  or  ball 
in  the  barrel,  the  bucket,  or  both,  to  altern- 
ately open  and  close  the  apertures  as  the 
piston  reciprocates. 

pump-well,  s. 

Shipwright. :  A  compartment  extending  from 
the  snip's  bottom  to  the  lower  or  the  upper 
deck,  as  the  case  may  be,  to  contain  the  pump- 
stocks,  &c. 

pump  (2),  •  pumpe,  *.  [Fr.  pompe  —  pomp 
(q.v.);  so  called  because  worn  for  pomp  or 
ornament  by  jiersons  in  full  dress.]  A  light 
shoe,  or  slipper,  with  a  single  unwelted  sole, 
and  without  a  heel ;  chiefly  worn  by  dancers. 
They  were  formerly  ornnmented  with  ribbons 
formed  into  the  shape  of  flowers. 

"  Good  string!  to  your  beards,  new  ribbons  to  roar 
pttm/jt." —OKikap. :  Midtummer  A'ighfi  Dream,  IT.  1. 


pump,  v.t.  &  i.    [PUMP  (1),  *.] 

A.  Transitive: 
L  Literally: 

L  To  raise,  as  water  or  other  liquid,  with  a 
pomp. 

2.  To  free  from  water  or  other  fluid  by  a 
pomp  :  as,  To  pump  a  ship. 

IL  Figuratively : 

*  1.  To  draw  something  out  from ;  to  ex- 
tract, win,  or  obtain  something  from. 

"  I'll  in  to  pump  my  clad,  and  fetch  thee  more." 

Randolph:  Mute'l  Looking-glau,  11.  4. 

J.  To  elicit  or  draw  out  by  artful  interroga- 
tions. 

3.  To  question  or  examine  artfully  for  the 
purpose  of  eliciting  a  secret  or  information. 

"Undergoing    the     process    of    being   pumped."— 
Dickeni :  Pickwick,  ch.  xvi. 

4.  To  exhaust  of  breath  ;  to  wind.    (Slang.) 

"Tiger  .  .  .  had  all  the  best  of  a  long  pumuing 
taurtf."-neld,  Jan.  M,  ISM. 

B.  Intrant. :  To  raise  water  with  a  pump  ; 
to  work  a  pump. 

"To  pump  over  his  head  and  face,  until  he  was 
perfectly  restored."—  Dickeni:  Pickwick,  ch.  xvi. 

pump  -er,  «.    [Eng.  pump,  v. ;  -er.] 

1.  Lit. :  One  who  or  that  which  pumps. 

"The    pumper   began    to   draw   out    air."— Boyle : 
Worki.  L  M. 

2.  Fig. :  A  race,  course,  Ate.,  which  exhausts 
the  wind.    (Slang.) 

pum  per-nic-kel,  ».  [Ger.]  A  species  of 
coarse  bread,  made  from  unbolted  rye,  which 
forms  the  chief  food  of  the  Westphalian 
peasants.  It  is  slightly  acid,  but  very  nourish- 
ing. 

pum'-pe't,  s.    [PoMPET.] 
pump'-Ing,  pr.  par.  or  o.    [Puwp,  t>.] 

pumping-englne,  5.    A  steam  pump. 
•  pum  -pi-on,  *.    [POMPION.  ] 


pump' -kin,  s.  [A  corrupt,  of  pompon  or 
pumpion,  from  Fr.  pompon  =  a  pumpion  or 
pumpkin.]  (PoMPioN.) 

Hort.  <t  Bot. :  Cucurbiia  Pepo,  or  more  loosely 
any  gourd  akin  to  it  The  pumpkin  has  rough 
leaves,  the  flowers  large,  solitary ;  c<  irolla  ban  i  1  y 
cut  half  way  down  into  fine  yellow  petals ;  sta- 
mens three,  inserted  low  down  in  the  calyx, 
anthers  connate.  It  is  a  native  of  Astrachan, 
but  is  now  cultivated  throughout  India  and 
other  parts  of  the  tropics;  and  ii  widely 
cultivated  in  the  United  States,  where  the  fruit 
is  occasionally  of  immense  size,  and  is  much 
used  as  food,  dressed  in  a  variety  of  ways,  as  in 
the  favorite  pumpkin  pie,  sliced  and  fried  with 
oil  or  butter,  made  into  soups,  Ac.  In  many 
countries  it  forms  an  important  part  of  the 
food  of  the  people. 

*  pum -pie,  t.     [  PIMPLE,  ».]    (Cotgrave.) 

*pu'-my,  *pu'-mie,  a.  [POKEY.]  Large 
and  rounded  ;  pommel-shaped. 

pun  (1),  *  puna,  s.  [PUN  (l),  f  •]  A  play  on 
words,  similar  in  sound  but  different  in  mean- 
ing ;  an  expression  in  which  two  different 
applications  of  a  word  present  an  odd  or 
ludicrous  idea ;  a  kind  of  verbal  quibble  or 
equivocation. 

"  Expert  In  science,  more  expert  at  punt." 

Byron :  F.nglith  Bardt  t  Scotch  Itevietfert. 

pun  (2),  «.  [PuN  (2),  v.]  A  pound  for  cattle. 
(Scotch.) 

pun(l),  *punne,  v.t.  &  i.  [A.8.  punian  —  to 
pound,  to  bruise  ;  hence,  to  pun  is  to  pound 
or  bruise  words  to  beat  them  into  new  senses.] 

A.  Transitive : 

1.  Lit. :  To  pound,  to  bruise. 

"  He  would  pun  thee  Into  shivers  with  his  (1st."— 
Shake*?. :  Troilut  i  Creuida.  ii.  1. 

2.  Fig. :  To  persuade  by  a  pun.    (Addison.) 

B.  Intrant. :  To  make  puns  ;  to  play  upon 
words. 

"  Who  dealt  In  doggrel.  or  who  punn'd  in  prose." 
Dryden  :  Juvenal ;  sat.  x.  188. 

pun  (2),  v.t.  [POUND  (2),  ».]  To  shut  up  in  a 
pound ;  to  pound. 

Pu'-na,  s.    [See  def.] 

Geog.  :  A  table-land  to  the  east  of  Areqnipa, 
in  Peru, 

Puna-wind,  s.  A  cold  and  remarkably 
dry  wind  which  blows  from  the  Cordilleras 
across  Puna. 

punch  (1),  ».  [From  the  older  puncheon  or 
punchon  =  an  awl.]  [PUNCHEON.] 

1.  Gen. :   A  tool  operated  by  pressure  or 
percussion,  employed  for  making  apertures, 
or  in  cutting  out  shapes  from  sheets  or  plates 
of  various  materials. 

2.  Carpentry : 

(1)  Studding  used  to  support  a  roof. 

(2)  A  tool  for  driving  nail-heads  below  the 
surface. 

3.  Dent. :  An  instrument  to  extract  stumps 
of  teeth. 

4.  Die-sinking :  A  hardened  piece  of  steel, 
with  the  design  projecting  from  its  face,  used 
to  make  impressions  in  the  faces  of  dies. 

5.  Hydr.-eng. :  An  extension  piece  on  the 
end  of  a  pile,  when  the  latter  is  beyond  the 
stroke  of  the  monkey. 

fi.  Mason. :  A  stonemason's  chipping-tool. 
7.  Mining:   A  timber  balk  to  support  the 
roof  of  a  gallery. 

punch-pliers,  «.  An  instrument  or  tool 
used  by  shoemakers,  and  for  mutilating 
tickets  to  prevent  their  being  used  a  second 
time.  One  jaw  has  a  hollow  punch,  and  the 
other  forms  a  flat  dye  against  which  the 
punch  operates. 

punch  (2),  'pounche,  s.  [Hind.  nanch= 
five,  from  its  consisting  originally  of  five  in- 
gredients, viz.  aqua-vitae,  rose-water,  juice  of 
citron,  sugar,  and  arrack.]  A  beverage,  intro- 
duced from  India,  and  now  compounded  of 
spirit  (whiskey,  brandy,  rum,  &c.),  water  (or 
milk),  lemon-juice,  sn^ar,  and  spice. 

"I   take   punch  to  relieve   me  in   my  agony."— 
Macnulay  :  Bltt.  Eng..  ch.  xiv. 

punch-bowl,  s.  A  bowl  in  which  punch 
is  made,  or  from  which  it  is  ladled  out. 

punch-ladle,  s.  A  small  ladle,  of  silver, 
wood,  Ac.,  used  for  lifting  punch  from  the 
punch-bowl  into  a  glass,  &c. 


punch  (3),  s.    [PUNCH  (2),  ».]    A  blow,  as  with 
the  list  or  elbow. 

"Giving  him,  when  prostrate  on  the  ground,  many 
violent  ;/unrVx  on  the  breast  with  their  knees."— 
Memoir  of  Sir  K.  Godfrey,  p.  71, 


Punch  (4),  f.   [A  contract,  of  punchin 

There  is  )>rob.  a  confusion  with  punch,  a.  (q.v.).] 
Tlie  chief  character  in  tlie  popular  comic  show 
of  Punch-and-Judy  ;  he  is  represented  as  a 
short  hump-backed  man. 

-Ill  look  as  pleased  as  Punch,  ha,  ha  I"—  Morton: 
Secret!  worth  Knotting.  L  L 

punch  (5),  *.    [PUNCH,  a.] 

1.  A  short,  fat  fellow. 

2.  (See  extract.) 

"Punch  is  a  home  that  Is  well-set  and  well-knit. 
having  a  short  back  and  thin  shoulders,  withabru.d 
neck,  and  well  lined  with  ttmh'—Farrier'i  Oictionart. 

punch,  punch'-y,  a.  [Prob.  connected  with 
bunch  or  paunch  (q.v.).]  Short  and  fat; 
thick. 

punch  (1),  *  punch-yn(l),  v.t.  [PUNCH  (l),  *.] 

1.  To  perforate,  or  stamp  with,  or  as  with, 
a  punch. 

"The  ticket  is  punched  a  few  times."—  Scribnfr't 
Maauane,  Aug.  1877,  p.  4«. 

2.  To  bore,  to  perforate.    (Marston:  An- 
tonio's Revenge,  iii.  1.) 

punch  (2),  *  punch  -yn  (2),  v.t.  [An  abbrevia- 
tion of  punish  (q.v.).  Cf.  to  punish  a  man 
about  the  head.)  To  give  a  blow  or  knock  to; 
to  strike. 


pun'-cha-yet,  s.  [Hind.]  A  native  jury  of 
arbitration  in  Hindustan.  Every  caste  has  a 
separate  punchayet  to  decide  on  offences 
against  its  regulations. 

punch  -eon,  *  punch  Ion,  *  punch-on, «. 

[O.  Fr.  pninnoii  (Fr.  poi/ifon).  from  Lai. 
punctionem,  accus.  of  punctio  —  a  pricking,  a 
puncture,  from  punctus,  pa.  par  of  pungo  =  to 
prick,  to  puncture  (q.v.).  O.  Fr.  poinson  (Fr. 
poincon)  also  means  a  wine-cask,  but  it  is  not 
quite  clear  that  it  in  the  same  word  as  jxrin- 
»on=a  bodkin.  Cf.  Sp.  punzon=a.  punch; 
Ital.  punzone  =  a  bodkin  ;  Bavarian  punzen, 
ponzen  —  a  cask.]  [PUNCH  (1),  ».] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  punch  ;  a  perforating  or  stamping  tool. 

"That  other  signet  of  gold,  with  my  puncheon  at 
ivory  and  silver,  fgeue  and  bequeath  unto  Robert  m» 
secunde  sone."— Faoyan  :  Chronicle,  vol.  i.,  pref.  p.  vit 

*  2.  A  staff.  (Phaer :  Virgil ;  jEneidos  vii.) 
IL  Technically: 

1.  Carpentry. 

(1)  A  short  post ;   a  stud  or  quarter  to 
support  a  beam  at   an    intermediate   point 
between  principals. 

(2)  The  small  quarters  of  a  partition  over 
the  head  of  a  door. 

(3)  A  slab  of  split  timber,  with  the  face 
smoothed  with  an  axe  or  adze. 

2.  Stone-working :  The  punch  of  the  marMe 
worker. 

3.  Weights  it  Meas. :  A  measure  for  liquids, 
or  a  cask  containing  from  84  to  120  gallons ; 
the  quantity  varying  in  different  countries 
and  trades. 

*  puncheon-staff,  *  pun  chi  on  staff, «. 
A  staff  with  a  sharp  point. 

"  lie  did  teach  his  souldlers  to  carry  lone  Javelins  or 
puncheon-ttuva"— .forth :  Plutarch,  p.  130. 

punch'-er,  s.  [Eng.  punch  (l\  v. ;  -er.]  On« 
who  or  that  which  punches  or  perforates  ;  a 
punch. 

"  He  was  a  rival  of  the  former,  who  used  puncheon* 
for  his  graving,  which  Johnson  never  did.  calllaf 
Simon  a  punchrr,  not  a  graver."—  Wai  pole :  Anecdote* 
of  Painting,  ch.  iii 

punch-i-neT-16, ».  [A  corrupt,  of  Ital.  pul- 
cinello,  a  character  in  Neapolitan  comedy 
representing  a  foolish  peasant  who  utters  droll 
truths,  dimin.  from  pulcino  =  ayoung  chicken, 
a  variant  of  pulcella  (Fr.  puceM«)  =  a  maiden, 
from  Lat.  pullus  =  the  young  of  any  animal ; 
Ital.  pulcinellr,,  thus  =  (l)  a  little  chicken,  (2) 
a  little  boy,  (3)  a  puppet  (Sfceol.)]  A  buffoon, 
a  punch.  [PUNCH  (4),  ».] 

•••Well.'  said  be.  'I  must  dab  him  tb*  fmtcM- 
netta."—Botwell:  Uf«  of  John  ton, 

t  punch'-I-ness,  *.  [Eng.  punchy ;  -nest.]  The 
state  or  condition  of  beingpunchy;  corpulence. 

"A  short  stout  man,  inclining  to  puncfiine*."— 
Leigh  Hunt :  Autobiagraphy.  cb.  ill 


&te,  fit,  tare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who.  son;  mute,  cub.  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    fa,  o>  =  •:  ey  =  »;  qu  =  l 


Pftt. 
tew. 


punching— pungent 


3815 


punch  -ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [PUNCH  (IX  r.] 

punching  bear,  s.  A  machine  for  making 
holes  in  sheet-metal. 

•  punch'-ion,  s.    [PUNCHEON.] 
punch' -y,  a.    IT  ,Ncn,  o.] 

punc-tar'-I-a,  *.  [Mod.  Lat,  from punctum  = 
a  puncture,  a  dot.  Named  from  the  numerous 
dotted  fructifications.) 

Dot. :  A  genus  of  Fucese,  family  Dictyotidae. 
It  is  sometimes  made  the  type  of  a  family, 
Punctariacese  (q.v.)  Fructification  of  sori 
scattered  all  over  the  frond*  in  minute  dots. 
Several  European  specie*. 

pftnc-tar-i-a'-ce'-BB,  «.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat. 
punctarUa);  Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -acece.] 

Bot. :  A  tribe  or  family  of  Fucoids.  Root  a 
minute  naked  disc,  frond  cylindrical  or  flat, 
nnliranched,  cellular,  having  oval  oosporanges 
intermixed  with  jointed  threads  in  groups  on 
the  surfaces. 

puric  tate,  punc  -tat-ed,  a.  [Lat  pune- 
turn  =a  point  (q.v.).] 

*  1.  Onl.  Lang. :  Ending  in  a  point  or  points ; 
pointed. 

2.  Botany: 

(1)  Dotted,  covered  with  minute  impjessions 
as  if  made  by  the  point  of  a  pin,  as  tiie  seed 
of  Anagallis  arvensis. 

(2)  Having  the  colour  disposed  in  very  small 
round  spots.    (I.indUy.) 

puric'-ta  tor,  s.  [Lat.  punetum  =  a  point] 
One  who  marks  with  points  or  dots  ;  specif., 
applied  to  the  Masorites,  who  invented 
Hebrew  ]>oints. 

*  punc-tlc'-u-lar,    o.     [Lat    punetum  =  a 
point.]    Comprised  in  a  point;  a  mere  point 
as  to  size. 

"  The  puncticular  originals  of  periwinkle*  and  gnat*." 
—Broicne :  Urn  Burial,  ch.  ill. 

piinc'-tl  form,  a.  [Lat.  pitnrfum=a  point,  and 
forma  =  form.]  Having  the  form  of  a  point 

punc-tfl'-I-o,  *  punc-tlT-ld,  *.  [Sp.  pun- 
iii''i>  =  a  nice  point  of  honour,  dimin.  from 
P"nt<>,  from  Lat  punetum  =  ^  point  (q.v.); 
Ital.  puntiglio.] 

*  1.  An  exact  point ;  a  moment. 

*  Iu  that  punctilio  of  time."— Hart :  JHtettL,  IT.  4. 
2.  A    nice    point,    especially  in    conduct, 

ceremony,  or    proceeding ;    particularity  or 
exactness  in  forms. 

"To  be  nice  and  scrupulous  about  the  punctiliot  of 
the  Lord's  day  terries. "— Sharp :  Sermont,  voL  i.,  ser. ». 

punc-tfl'-I-OUS,  a.  [Eng.  punctilio) ;  -ou*.] 
Attentive  to  punctilios  ;  very  nice,  precise,  or 
exacting  in  forms  of  ceremony  or  proceeding ; 
over  precise  or  particular. 

"  Haughty  and  punctUioui  men."— ilacaulay :  Silt. 
Xny..  ch.  zili. 

pnnc-tfl'-I-OUS-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  punctilious ; 
•ly.]  In  a  punctilious  manner;  with  punctil- 
iousness or  exactness. 

"  The  Iliad  of  Salvinl  every  reader  may  discover  to 
be  j'unclili'iuily  exact." — Johnion :  Live*  of  the  Poett ; 
fop*. 

punc-tlT-i-otis-ness,  ».  [Eng.  punctilious; 
•ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  punc- 
tilious ;  exactness  in  observance  of  rules  or 
forms  ;  nicety  or  preciseness  of  behaviour  or 
proceeding. 

punc  tion,  *  pun-ci-on,  «.  [Lat  pvnetio, 
from  punctus,  pa.  par.  of  pungo  =  to  prick.) 
The  act  of  prickir^  or  puncturing  ;  specif,  in 
surgery,  a  punctare. 

••  Tliia  WM  no  dream,  bat  a  puncion  and  prlcke  of 
byi  synfii'l  conscyence."— Sail :  Richard  111.  (an.  3). 

•punc'-tlst,  *  punc'- tu- 1st,  «.  [Lat 
punetum  —  fi  point;  Eng!  sulF.  -ist.]  The 
same  as  PUNCTATOR  (q.v.). 

•  piinc'-td,  *.    [Sp.  &  Ital.  punto,  from  Lat 

punetum  =  a  point  (q.v.).] 

1.  A  nice  point  in  ceremony  or  behaviour  ; 
•  punctilio. 

"  All  the  ,  .  .  religious  puncto*  and  ceremoniee  that 
were  observed."— Aaron  :  Henry  ril.,  p.  los. 

2.  The  point  in  fencing. 

"To  we  thce  pan  thy  puncto."— SJkatmp  :  Merry 
Wirei  tf  Windtor,  ii.  a. 

punc  -tn- aL  *  punc  -tu-alL  o.  [ Fr.  pnne- 
tuel,  from  Low  Lat.  punctualis,  from  Lat 
punetum  — t  point  (q.v.);  Sp.  puntuai  ;  Ital. 
puntuale.] 


*  1.  Consisting  in  a  point. 

"  TliU  punctual  spot.'  Milton  :  P.  L.,  rtli.  23. 

*  2.  Entering  into  minute  detail. 

"  I  could  not  be  too  punctual  in  describing  the  ani- 
mal lilt.'  —a.  Mart  :  Uyttery  o/Oadlineu,  Pret.  p.  x. 

*  3.  Observant  of  nice  points  ;  exact,  punc- 
tilious. 

*  4.  Nice,  exact,  precise. 

"  So  much  on  punctual  niceties  they  stand." 

Put:    Vida;  Art  of  Poetry,  U. 

5.  Exact   or   particular  in  observing   and 
keeping-  engagements  or  appointments  ;  care- 
ful to  keep  engagements. 

"  The  undevlating  and  punctual  sou." 

Covrper:  Talk,  vi.  1ST. 

6.  Done,  made,  or  occurring  with  punctu- 
ality or  at  the  exact  time  :  as,  punctual  pay- 
ment. 

*  punc  -tu  al-ist,  *.  [Eng.  punctual;  -int.] 
One  who  is  very  exact  in  observing  forms  and 
ceremonies. 

"  As  circumstantially  as  *ny  punctuaHtt  of  CasteeL" 
—Jfilton:  Church  Government,  bit.  iL,  ch.  L 

puhc-tu-al  i  ty,   *  punc-tu-al-i-tie,  *. 

[Fr.    ponctualUe  ;    Sp.     puntualidud  ;     Ital. 
puntualitd.] 

*  1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  punctual  ; 
scrupulous   or    over-precise    observance    of 
minute  details  ;  exactness,  nicety,  precision  ; 
punctiliousness. 

"  The  true  and  particular  transactions  In  that  affair 
are  remembered  with  so  much  punctuality  in  all 
languages."—  Clarendon  :  Seliyion  t  Policy,  en.  vliu. 

2.  A  careful  observance  of  the  exact  time  of 
attending  appointments  or  keeping  engage- 
ments. 


-l^,  adv.    [Eng.  punctual;  -ly.} 
*  1.  In  a  punctual  or  minute  manuer  ;  with 
attention  to  minute  points  or  details;  nicely, 
exactly. 

"  Every  one  is  to  five  a  reason  of  his  faith  ;  but 
prieata  or  ministers  more  punctually  than  any.  —  H. 
Mart:  Myittry  of  Qodlineu,  ch,  ill.,  p.  10. 

•2.  Exactly. 

"I  knew  not  punctually  where  the  rest  of  my 
countrymen  were.  —  A'nnz  :  Nineteen  1'ean'  Captivity 
(Engliih  Garner,  L  Sol). 

3.  With  careful  observance  of  the  exact  time 
of  attending  appointments  or  keeping  engage- 
ments; with  punctuality. 

"Every  engagement  should  have  been  punctually 
fulfilled."—  Macaulay  :  But.  Eng.,  ch.  xxv. 

punc'-tu-al-ness,  s.  [Eng.  punctual;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  punctual  ; 
punctuality. 

"  I  can  obey  those,  wherein  I  think  power  U  un- 
graded by  prudence,  with  no  leu  punclualntu  and 
fidelity."—  Boyle:  Warla,  ii.  413. 

punc'-tu-ate,  v.t.  [Fr.  punctuer,  from  Low 
Lat  pu'nctuo  =  to  determine,  to  define,  from 
Lat.  punctum=Si  point  (q.v.).]  To  mark 
with  points  ;  to  divide  into  sentences,  clauses, 
&c.,  by  means  of  points  or  stops. 

punc-tu-a'-tlon,  s.  [Fr.,  from  punctuer  = 
to  punctuate  (q.v.).]  The  act,  art,  or  method 
of  punctuating  or  pointing  a  writing  or  dis- 
course ;  the  act,  art,  or  method  of  dividing 
a  discourse  into  sentences,  clauses,  &c.,  by 
means  of  points  or  stops.  Punctuation  is 
performed  with  four  points  or  marks,  viz., 
the  period  (.),  the  colon  (:),  the  semicolon  (;), 
and  the  comma  (,).  The  other  points  used  in 
composition  are  the  note  of  interrogation  or 
enquiry  (?),  and  of  exclamation,  astonishment, 
or  admiration  (!).  The  first  printed  books 
had  only  arbitrary  marks  here  and  there,  and 
it  was  not  until  the  sixteenth  century  that  an 
approach  was  made  to  the  present  system  by 
the  Manutii  of  Venice. 

"  Functiiatinn  is  the  art  of  marking  In  writing  the 
several  pauses,  or  rests,  between  sentences,  and  the 
parti  of  sentence*."—  Loath  :  JSngliih  Orammar. 

•punc'-tru-a-tive,  a.  [Eng.  •punctuate); 
•ive.]  Pertaining  or  relating  to  punctuation. 

punc'-tu-a-tor,  *.  [Eng.  punctuate);  -or.) 
One  who  punctuates  ;  a  punctuist 

*  piinC  -tU-iSt,  S.      [PUNCTIST.] 

punc  -tu-late,  a.  [PVNCTULATE,  t'.]  Marked 
with  small  spots. 

"  Irregularly,  biseriately  punctulaU."—  Tram.  Amir, 
PhUot.  Society,  xia  lil  (U73J. 

*  punc  -  tu  -  late,   v.t.      [Lat.   punctuHum), 
dimin.  fro'm  punetum  =  »  point;  Eng.  sutT. 
•ate.]    To  mark  with  small  spots. 

"  The  studs  have  their  surface  punrtuiated.  ai  If  set 
all  over  with  other  studi  infinitely  les»er.  -Wood- 
ward :  On  fouut. 


puiry-tum,  *.    [Lat.]    A  point  (q.r.X 

punctum-caecum,  ». 

Anat.  :  A  circular  spot  on  the  retina  on 
which  the  rays  of  light  produce  no  impression. 
The  diameter  of  the  punetum  caecum  is  on* 
seventh  the  diameter  of  the  eye  ;  its  situation 
is  just  wliere  the  optic  nerve  seems  to  expand 
in  thf  .nterior  of  the  eye. 

punc-tu-ra'-tlon,  ».  [Eng.  punctur(e); 
-ation.] 

Surg.  :  The  same  as  ACUPUNCTURE  (q.v.). 

punc'-ture,  s.  [Lat  punctura  —  a  prick,  a 
puncture,  prop.  fern.  sing,  of  puncturus,  fut 
part,  ot  pungo  =  to  prick,  to  puncture;  Sp., 
Port.,  &  Ital.  punetum.]  Tlie  act  of  punctur- 
ing, pricking,  or  perforating  with  a  pointed 
instrument  ;  a  small  hole  made  with  a  pointed 
instrument  ;  a  slight  wound,  as  one  made 
with  a  needle,  a  prickle,  &c. 

"  When  piick'd  by  a  sharp-pointed  weapon,  which 

kind  of  wound  is  called  a  puncture,  they  are  much  to  be 

regarded."—  Wiuman:  Surgery. 

punc  -ture,  v.t.  &  i.    [PUNCTURE,  i.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  Lit.  :  To  make  a  puncture  in  ;  to  prick  ; 
to  pierce  with  a  small  pointed  instrument 

"  To  puncture  the  itlll  supplicating  sage." 

Garth  :  Uuptmarf,  rL 

2.  Fig.  :  To  prick,  and  so  burst  or  explode, 
as  one  would  a  bladder  by  pricking. 

"  A  message  .  .  .  that  would  puncture  the  fallacies) 
of  the  Inflationist*."—  Harper'i  Monthly,  Sept,  IMS. 

B.  Intrant.  :  To  make  punctures  or  boles. 

"  Occasioned  by  the  pumturinjt  of  the  red  spider." 
-Field,  Oct.  3,  188S. 

punc  tu  rcl  -la,  s.  [Mod.  Lat,  dimin.  from 
punctura  =  a  puncture  (q.v.).] 

Zool.  £  Paleeont.  :  A  genus  of  Fissurellidse, 
with  six  (?)  species,  widely  distributed  in 
20-100  fathoms.  Shell  conical,  elevated,  apex 
recurved  ;  perforation  in  front  of  apex,  with 
a  raised  border  internally  ;  surface  cancellated. 
Fossil,  in  glacial  deposits  of  North  Britain. 
(Woodward.)  One  species  from  the  Upper 
Greensand.  (Etheridge.) 

pond,  s.    [POUND.]    (Scotch.) 

pun-dlt,  pan'-dit,  s.  [Sansc.  pandita  = 
learned,  a  wise  or  learned  man,  from  pand  = 
to  heap  up.] 

1.  A  learned  Bralxnan  ;  one  learned  in  the 
Sanscrit  language,  and  in  the  science,  laws, 
and  religion  of  India. 

2.  One  who  makes  a  great  show  of  learning, 
without  really  possessing  it 

*  pun'-dle,  s.     [Etym.  doubtful  ;  perhaps  a 
variant  of  bundU.]    A  short  and  fat  woman. 

*  pu-nese  ,   *  pu-nise  ,  «.     [Fr. 
The  bed-bug. 

"  His  flea,  his  morplon,  and  punete, 
He  'ad  gotten  for  his  proper  ease. 

Butler  :  Budibrat.  tit  L 

Pun  -field,  s.    [See  def.] 

Geog.  :  A  place  in  Dorsetshire,  England. 

Punfleld-beds,  s.  pi. 

Geol.  :  Prof.  Judd's  name  for  beds,  partly  of 
brackip'i,  partly  of  marine  origin,  found  at  Pun- 
field.  '.hey  are  higher  than  the  Wealden  proper. 
Some  of  the  shells  characterize  also  the  Upper 
and  Middle  Neocomian  of  the  North  of  Spain. 

pong,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  A  rude  sort  of 
sleigh  or  oblong  box,  made  of  boards  and 
placed  on  runners,  used  in  the  United  States 
for  drawing  loads  on  snow  by  horses.  (Bartlctt.) 

pun  '-gar,  *.  [Cf.  Or.  v-ayovpoc  (pagoum).] 
A  crab".  (Prov.) 

pun  gen  cy,  *  pun  '-gence,  «.  [Eng.  pun- 
gen(t);  -cy.] 

1.  Tlie  quality  or  state  of  being  pungent; 
heat  or  sharpness  on  the  tongue  or  to  the 
smell  ;  acridness. 

"  The  warm  pungent*  of  o'er-bolllng  tar." 

Crabbe  :  ll'r,,uyh.  let.  t 

2.  Keenness,  sharpness,  causticity,  racineM. 
acrimoniousness. 

"  Many  of  us  have  enjoyed  the  rare  pungency  of  the 
comedy  of  the  last  century."—  Daily  reU/r,i;,fi.  March 
IS,  188*. 


pun'-ger.t,  a.     [Lat.  pungent,  pr.  par. 
=  to  p'rick,  to  puncture  ;  Sp.  piinrjtnte  ;  ItaL 
puwtenie,  pugnente.    Pungent  and  poignant  tn 
doublets.] 


^ ;  pout,  J 6^1 ;  eat,  fell,  chorus,  chin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  erpcct,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-elan,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -don  ~  shun ;  -tion,  -flon  =  zhun.    -clous,  -tlons,  -sious  =  ahus.   -We,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


3S16 


pungently— punter 


L  Ordinary  La 

*L  Pierciiig,  sharp,  biting,  poignant,  severe. 

"His  jMUsiou  is  greater,  his  necessities  more  //un* 
fent.~—Bi>.  Taylor:  Heimoni,  vol.  1.,  ser.  «. 

2.  Sharply  affecting  the  sense  of  smell. 

"The  pungent  grama  of  titillating  dost." 

/><//«  .   «u>.«  u/  (A«  i'*-i,  T.  M. 

3.  Affecting   the   tongue,  as    with   small 
prickle:)  ;  biting,  sharp,  acrid. 

"Simple  tastes,  such  as  sweet,  soar,  bitter,  hot,  pun- 
fmt.'—  Stewart  :  Philut.  i'tiai/t,  ess.  1.  ch.  T. 

4.  Sharp,  latter,  or  severe  to  the  mind  or 
feelings;  caustic,  keen,  racy,  biting,  stinging: 
u,  pungent  language. 

IL  Bot.  :  Terminating  gradually  in  a  hard 
sharp  point,  as  the  leaves  of  A'uiou*  acu.lea.tus. 

piin'-gent-ljf,  odr.  [Eng.  pungent;  -ly.]  In 
a  puug'eut,  snarp,  or  biting  manner. 

pun  -gled  (le  as  $1),  a.  [Etym.  doubtful.) 
Shrivelled,  shrunk  ;  applied  s|>ecif.  to  grain 
whose  juices  have  been  extracted  by  the  insect 
Thrips  cerealium. 


'-g^,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful]   A  small  sloop 
or  shallop  or  a  large  boat  with  sails. 

Pn'-nic,  a.  &  s.  [Lat.  Punicut,  from  Puni  or 
Paid  =  the  Carthaginians.] 

A.  At  adjective  : 

1.  Lit.  :  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the  Car- 
thaginians.   (Milton  :  P.  L.,  v.  340.) 

2.  Fig.  :  Amongst  the  Romans  Punica  fides 
or  Punic  faith,  was  proverbial  forbad  faith  or 
treachery,  hence,  punic  is  used  for  treacher- 
ous, untrustworthy,  faithless. 

"Yes.  yes,  his  faith  attesting  nations  own, 
Til  punic  all."  Brooke  :  Jerusalem  nrllvtred. 

B.  As  subst.  :  The  language  of  the  Cartha- 
ginians.   It  was  an  offshoot  of  Phoenician, 
belonging  to  the  Canaanitish  branch  of  the 
Semitic  tongues. 

Punic-wars,  s.  pL 

Hist.  :  Three  great  ware  between  the  Romans 
and  the  Carthaginians.  Tne  first  (B.C.  264- 
241)  was  for  the  possession  of  Sicily,  and 
ended  by  the  Carthaginians  having  to  with- 
draw from  the  island.  The  second  (B.C.  218- 
202),  the  war  in  which  Hannibal  gained  his 
great  victories  in  Italy,  was  a  death  struggle 
between  the  two  rival  powers  ;  it  ended  with 
decisive  victory  to  the  Romans.  The  third 
(B.O.  149-146)  was  a  wanton  one  for  the  de- 
struction of  Carthage,  which  was  effected  in 
the  last-named  year. 

pn'-nl-ca,  *.  [I-at  Puniea  (arbor)  =  a  pome- 
granate tree,  so  called  from  having  been  first 
found,  or  from  abounding  at,  Carthage.] 

Bot.  :  Pomegranate  ;  a  genus  of  Myrtese, 
with  a  single  species.  [POMEGRANATE-TREE.] 

•pn-nlce',  *.    [PUNESE.] 
•  pu  -  nice,  t>.t. 


pu-nlc    eous,   pu  nlc  -eal  (o  as  ah),  a. 
[Lat.  puniceus.]   Of  a  scarlet  or  purple  colour. 

pu'-ni-9in,  *.    [Lat.  punia(a);  -in.] 

Chem.  :  An  acrid  unrrystallizable  substance, 
obtained  from  the  bark  of  the  pomegranate 
tree,  Punica  Oranatum.  (Watts.) 

•pu'  nta-ship,  *.    [Eng.  puny;  -ship.]  Early 
beginning  ;  youth. 

"  In  the  jninietlup  or  uonaft  of  Cerdlchs  Sandes.'— 
nttn  Bluff*. 


pu-nl-ness,  t.  [Fng.  puny;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  puny  ;  pettiness. 

pun'-Ish,  'pon  ysche,  -pun  Isch  en, 
•  pun  ishe,  *  pun  ysh,  *  pa-nice,  v.t. 
[Fr.  punisi-,  root  of  punis*ant,  pr.  par.  of 
punir  =  to  punish  ;  Lat.  punio;  O.  Lat.  prznio 
=  to  punish,  to  exact  a  penalty  ;  pcena  =  a 
penalty  ;  Sp.  At  Port,  punir  ;  Itul.  punire.] 
[PAIN,  «.] 

1.  To  inflict  a  penalty  on  ;  to  visit  judicially 
with  pain,  loss,  conlinement,  or  other  penalty  ; 
to    chastise.      (Applied    to    the    offender.) 
(Leviticus  xxvi.  18.) 

2.  To  inflict  a  penalty  on  a  person  for  ;  to 
reward  or  visit  with  a  penalty  imposed  on  the 
offender.    (Applied  to  the  offence.) 

"  Loath  as  thou  art  to  punlth  lawless  ln«t." 

Po/t  :  Homer  ;  Iliad  IT.  «. 

3.  To  inflict  pain,  or  injury  on,  generally, 
but  especially  in  boxing. 

"  -  afterward*  rt/nijVJ  his  opponent  T«ry  setsn- 
ilflcallj.  '—  Daily  Telegraph,  March  »,  1M6. 


4.  I'o  exhaust,  to  deprive  of  Strength. 
"  Kach  cuune  to-day   was   of  the  moat 

kiud.'— ftai*.  JAU.  31.  IWi 

5.  To  make  a  considerable  iuruad  on;  to 
consume  a  lar^e  quantity  of. 

"  I  shall  .  .  .  punt  A  the  old  gentleman's  sherry."— 

Ciutflii  Jaturd-iu  Journal,  March  0.  laws,  p.  iiS. 

G.  Cricket:  To  make  many  runs  off;  to  hit 
freely  :  as,  To  punish  a  bowler  or  his  bowling. 

pun  -Ish-a-ble.  *  pun-ysh  -a-blo,  a.    [ Fr. 

puninsable.]  Deserving  of  punislunent ;  liable 
to  punishment ;  capable  of  being  punished  by 
law. 

"The  Russian  laws  had  made  U  puniihable."— 
Macauiay :  Hut,  Eng.  oh.  uiii. 

pun -Ish  a-ble-n6ss,  s.  [Eng.  punishable; 
-nesn.\  The  quality  or  state  of  being  punishable. 

pun'-Ish^er,  s.     [Eng.  punixh;   -er.]     One 
who  punisnes ;  one  who  inflicts  punishment, 
pain,  loss,  or  other  penalty,  tor  an  offence  or 
crime. 
"  This  knows  my  Punither."    Milton :  P.  L..  IT.  10S. 

pirn -Ish- men  t,  •  pun-issne-ment,  i. 

[Fr.  punissement.} 

1.  The  act  ot  punishing ;  the  infliction  of 
pain,  loss,  confinement,  or  other  penalty,  for 
a  crime  or  offence.     (1  Peter  ii.  14.) 

2.  That  which  is  inflicted  as  a  penalty  ;  any 
pain,  loss,  confinement,  or  other  penalty,  in- 
flicted on  a  person  for  any  crime  or  offence  by 
a  duly  qualified  authority  to  which  the  offender 
is  subject ;  penalty  imposed  by  law. 

"  Puniihmrntt  of  unrentonnble  severity  have  less 
effect  in  preventing  crimes,  and  amending  tlie  mau- 
ners  uf  a  people,  than  such  as  are  more  merciful  in 
general,  vet  properly  Intermixed  with  <lue  distinctions 
ot  severity.  —Bladutone:  Comment.,  blc.  lv..  eu.  1. 

3.  Pain  or  injury  inflicted  in  a  general  sense, 
especially  the  pain  or  injuries  indicted  by  one 
person  oil  another  in  a  boxing  match. 

*  pu-nl'-tion,    *  pu-ni-ci-on,    *  pu-nis- 
sy-on,  •  pu-nys-y-on,  *.    [Fr.  punition, 
from  Lat  punitionem,  accus.  of  jmnitio,  from 
punitus,  pa.  par.  of  punio  =  to  punish  (q.v.) ; 
Sp.  punicion;   [tal.  punizione.]     The  act  of 
punishing ;  punishment. 

"  Upon  payne  of  great  puniisvnn.~—Berneri ;  frott- 
lart ;  CrortitcU,  vol.  U.,  ch.  xxxix. 

*  pun'-I-tlve,  a.    [Lat.  punitus,  pa.  par.  of 
punio  =  to  punish.]     Pertaining  or  involving 
punishment ;  awarding  or  inflicting  punish- 
ment; punitory. 

"  His  punitive  aiid  remunerative  Justice. '— Boyle: 
War**,  t  288. 

*  pun'-I-tor-y,  o.    [POSITIVE.]    Punishing ; 
tending  to  punishment. 

Pun'-Janb,  Pun'-Jab,  Pan  -jab,  ».  [Pers. 

panj  =  five,  and  ab  =  water.  Named  from  the 
five  rivers,  the  Jnelnm,  the  Chenaub,  the 
Ravee,  the  Beas,  and  the  Sutlej,  traversing 
the  region.  Perhaps  at  first  the  Indus  may 
have  bt-en  included,  and  the  B«as,  the  shortest 
of  the  whole,  omitted.] 

Geog. :  An  extensive  territory  in  the  north- 
west of  India,  most  of  it  under  direct 
Anglo-Indian  authority,  and  ruled  by  a  lieu- 
tenant-governor, a  large  j>ortion  of  the  re- 
mainder constituting  the  protected  state  of 
Cashmere. 

Punjaub  wild-sheep,  s. 

Zool. :  Ovit  evdoceros,  the  Oorial  (q.v.X 

pun'-Jum,  t.    [Native  name.] 

Fabric:  A  tine,  heavy,  unbleached  long- 
cloth,  made  in  India. 

punk,  *  ponok,  «.    [Contract  of  spunk.] 

1.  A    preparation    that   will    burn  without 
flame;  usually  made  in  sticks. 

2.  Decayed  wood;   vegetable  tinder;  touch- 
wood. 

*3.  A  prostitute. 

"  Thin  IIH  >ik  is  one  of  Cnpld's  carriers." 

SAoiteip.  /  Merry  Him  nf  Wtndtar.  U.  t, 

pun'-ka,  puri  kah,  i.  [Hind,  pankhd  =  a 
fan,  allied  to  jianLha  =•  &  wing,  a  feather; 
Sansc.  paksha  =  a  wing;  Pers.  paafcan  =  a 
nieve,  a  fan.]  A  large,  broad  fan,  suspended 
from  the  ceiling,  or  a  number  of  such  fans, 
acting  simultaneously,  and  worked  by  an 
attendant.  It  is  common  in  India,  being  sus- 
pended over  a  table  or  bed.  It  has  a  line 
attached  to  one  end,  which  passes  through 
the  wall  or  door  to  an  attendant  ontaide. 

"The  atmosphere:  ...  so  delightfully  tempered  as 

to  render  mi»*«*»  and  wlnd-saili  all  but  unnecessary." 

—Da.il*  TeUyraf*.  8ept  M,  IMft. 


•punk'-lsh,  a.     [Eng.  punk;   -ish.]    Mere- 
tricious. 

"  These  punkiih  ontsldes  beguile  the  needy  traveller.' 
—Adami:  H'orlu,  L  -a. 

•punk-ling,  5.     [Eng.   punfc;    dimin.   suff. 
-/i/i(/.J    A  young  prostuute,  a  little  strumpet. 
"Squiring  puuks  and  jmnUiniji  up  and  dowu  the 
city."— Acaum.  i  t'let. :  Martial  Maid.  ii.  1. 

•  piin  -nage  (age  as  Ig),  *.    [Eng.  pun,  s. ; 
•aye.]    Punning. 


punned,  pa.  par.  or  o.    [PUN  (1),  r.J 

pun'-ner,  s.    [Eng.  pun  (1),  v.  ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  pounds  or  rams  ;  a  heavy  tool 
used  for  ramming  and  consolidating  earth  ;  a 
beetle. 

2.  One  who  puns  ;  a  punster. 

pun'-net,  «.  [Cf.  Ir.  buinne  =  a  twig,  a 
branch.]  A  small,  but  broad,  shallow  basket 
used  for  displaying  fruit  and  flowers. 

"The  pickers  advance  through  the  strawberry  quar- 
ters carrying  t»o  jnmneU  each."—  Wadfcmore  :  AUct 
Lorraine,  ch.  xrL 

pun'-ning,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  s.    [Pra  (1),  v.] 

A.  As  pr.  par.:  (See  the  verb)- 

B.  As  adj.:   Given  to  making  puns;  ex- 
hibiting a  pun  or  play  upon  words. 

C.  As  subst.  :  The  act  or  practice  of  making 
puns. 

"The  very  language  of  tlie  court  was  punning."— 
Frtcdumvf  Wit  t  Uainour,  pt.  i..  i  i 


punning-arms,  «.  pi.   [ALLUSIVE-ARMS.] 

*  pun'-nlng-ljr,  adv.     [Eng.  punning  ;   -1y.] 
In  a  punning  manner  ;  witn  a  pun  or  puns. 
(f^-.lyle.) 

*  piin-n6l'-6-g^,  *.    [Eng.  pun;  -ology.]   The 
art  of  making  puns. 


'-n^,  s.    [Eng.  pun,  v.  ;  -y.]    A  punner, 
a  nimmer. 

"Uearliig  the  harmonious  noise  made  witli  1  fells 
and  i>un/iy."—  Smiih:  Lioet  of  lUjkuKtanmii,  i.  -MI. 

pun'-Ster,  s.  [Eng.  pun  (1),  v.  ;  suff.  -ster,  as 
in  trickster,  &c.]  One  who  makes  puns  ;  one 
who  is  given  to,  or  is  skilful  in,  making  puus  ; 
a  quibbler  on  words. 

"  If  yon  ask  him  to  help  you  to  some  bread,  a  ;iin- 
ster  should  think  himself  v.-ry  '111  bred'  if  lie  did 
not;  and  if  he  is  uut  as  '  well-bred'  as  yourself,  he 
hojies  for  suiue  'grains'  of  allowance."  —  StecU  :  Xj*c- 
tutor.  No.  604. 

punt  (1),  f.i.  [Fr.  ponter,  from  ponte  =  a 
punt,  from  Sp.  punto  —  n  point  (<|-v-)-]  To 
play  at  basset  and  ombre.  (Pope  :  2'he  Basset 
Table.) 

punt  (2),  v.t.  &  i.    [PUNT,  «.] 

A.  Transitive  : 

1.  To  propi-1  by  pushing  along  with  a  pole 
through  the  water  ;  to  force  along  by  pushing. 

2.  To  convey  in  a  punt. 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  push  a  punt  along. 

"  We  fuund  It  most  difficult  to  punt  aluug  the  car- 
row  passages."—  field,  Dec.  19.  188S. 

punt  (3),  v.t.  &  i.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

A.  Trans.  :  To  kick,  as  a  football. 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  kick  a  football 

"Moore,  getting  sway  again,  punted  up  to  Haylej.* 
—Field,  Jan.  28.  isa*. 

punt  (1),  *.  [PONT  (1),  v.]  The  act  of  playing 
at  basset  and  onibie  ;  a  punter. 

punt  (2),  ».  [A.S.,  from  Lat.  ponto  =  a  boat] 
[PONTOON.] 

1.  A  large,  square-built,  flat-bottomed  ves- 
sel, without  maM.s,  used  as  a  lighter  Tor  con- 
veying goods,  Ac.,  and  propelled  by  poles. 

2.  A  small,  flat-bottomed  boat,  with  square 
ends,  used  in  fishing,  and  profiled  by  poles. 

pttnt  (3),  «.  [Puur  (3),  v.]  A  kick  of  the  ball 
at  football 

"  Llttledale.  by  a  splendid  r>uru  Into  touch,  relieved 
the  stress."—  field,  Jan.  28,  1802. 

punt  (4),  *.    [PoNTEE.] 

punt  -er  (l),  «.  [Eng.  punt  0),  '•  :  -«••]  O"« 
who  punts  or  plays  at  basset  and  ombre: 
hence,  a  gum  bier  generally. 

"A  crowd  of  awestruck  amxtenrs  and  breathless 
punten.~—Th'ic*eray  :  Xeveomei,  ch.  xxvlit 

punt'-er  (2),  «.  [Eng.  punt  (2).  v.  ;  -er.]  One 
who  propels  or  manages  a  punt  ;  a  puiitsman. 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
•T*  wore,  w9ll.  work,  Tt?,  aoa;  mute,  cub,  cure,  nnite,  cor,  role,  foil;  try,  Syrian,    se,  o»  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qn  =  lew. 


puntil— purana 


3817 


f»Un' -til,  ».      [PONTEE.] 

•  pun'-td,  i.    [ItaL  &  Sp.,  from  Lat.  punctum 
=  a  i>oint  (q.v?).] 

1.  A  dot  or  point  in  music. 

2.  A  thrust,  or  pass  in  fencing. 

panto  dritto,  phr.  A  direct  point  or  hit. 

punto  reverse  (or  riverso),  phr.  A 
back-handc'l  stroke.. 

"Ah,  the  immortal  pamado!  the  punto  revertal  the 
hay  1  '—iAaketp.  :  Romeo  t  Juliet,  ii.  i. 

punts -man,  t.  [Eng.  pun*  (2),  and  man.] 
One  who  managed  a  punt;  specif.,  one  who 
shoots  wildfowl  from  a  punt. 

"The  punttman  followed  every  twUt  and  turn-"— 
nrlit.  Dec.  19,  138S. 

ptint'-y,  ».      [PONTEE.] 

pu'-ny,  •  puts  ny,  a.  &  s.     fPr.  pui«-»U  = 
after-born,  i.e.,  younger,  Inferior;  from  Lat. 
post  =  after,  and  natu*  —  born.]    [PUISNE.] 
A.  At  adjective : 

*  1.  Lately  horn ;  born  later  than  or  after 
another;  young.  (Milton:  P.  L.,  ii.  307.) 

2.  Imperfectlydevelopedin  sizeand  growth ; 
small  >i  ml  weak  ;  feeble,  petty,  insignificant, 
diminutive. 

"  Each  puny  wave  In  diamonds  roll'd." 

Scott :  Lord  of  t\e  If  let.  iv.  IS. 

*B.  Assvbit. :  One  born  after  another,  there- 
fore younger  and  weaker  than  he  ;  a  junior,  a 
freshman,  a  novice  ;  an  inexperienced  person. 

"  If  vuniet  or  frcslmien  should  re.;ret  the  axiom* 
and  principles  u<  Aristotle." — Jacltton:  Sternal  Truth 
o/  Srripturet,  en.  L 

•  pu'-ny,  *.    [Fr.  punaise.]    A  bed-bng. 

"  These  pimiet  or  wall  lice."— P.  Holland :  Plinie, 
bk.  xxix.,  cii.  iv. 

puoy,  s.  [Etvin.  doubtful.)  A  spiked  pole 
used  in  propelling  a  barge  or  boat. 

pup,  t'.i.  &  t.    [Pup,  ».] 

A.  Intrant. :  To    bring   forth    puppies  or 
whelps,  as  the  female  of  the  canine  species. 

B.  Trans. :  To  bring  forth,  as  a  puppy  or 
whelp. 

"  They  -men  pupped  rather  late."— «<-M.  Oct.  a,  1SS5. 

pup,  *.    [An  abbrev.  of  puppy  (q.v.).3 

1.  A  puppy. 

2.  A  young  seal. 

pu'-pa,  pupe,  s.  [Lat.  pupa  =  a  yonng  girl, 
a  doll,  a  puppet ;  fern,  of  pupus  =  a  boy.] 

1.  Entom. :  The  third  stage  in  the  develop- 
ment of  an  insect.    [NYMPH,  CHRYSALIS,  j   On 
reaching  its  full  growth  the  larva  ceases  to 
eat,  and  some  time  later  becomes  encased  in 
a  closed  shell  or  case,  whence  after  a  certain 
lengthened  period,  which  typically  is  one  of 
repose,  it  emerges  as  a  perfect  insect. 

"  The  pupa  of  this  species  are  suspended."— Field, 
Jan.  IS.  1886. 

2.  Zool.  £  Palceont. :  Chrysalis-shell ;  a  genus 
of  Helici'Ue.    Shell  rimaie  or  perforate,  cylin- 
drical, or  oblong;  aperture  rounded,  often 
toothed  ;  margins  distant,  mostly  united  by  a 
callous  lamina.     Recent  secies,  256,  widely 
distributed  in  both  hemispheres ;  fossil  40, 
from  the  Coal-measures  of  America  and  the 
Eocene  of  Europe.    Three  recent  sub-genera : 
Vertigo,  Axis,  and  Steuogyra.    (Wood-ward.) 

pup'-al,  a.  [Eng.  pup(a),  -at.]  Pertaining 
or  relating  tn  a  pupa. 

"The  larval  and  pupal  conditions."  —  Athenaum, 
Dec.  i.  iMf. 

pu-par'-I-al,  a.  [Eng.  pup(a);  -ariai.)  Of, 
or  belonging  to,  a  pupa ;  pupal. 

pu-pate, v.i.  [Eng.  pup(a);  -ate.]  Tot  jume 
the  form  or  state  of  a  pupa. 

"  Butterflies  of  the  Daiiiau  groap  never  go  to  earth 
to  pupate."— PMd,  Jan.  30,  1M& 

pn-pa'-tion,  s.  [PUPATE.]  The  act  or  state 
of  becoming  a  pupa  ;  the  condition  or  state  of 
a  pupa;  pupal  state. 

"  Remaining  so  marked  till  the  period  of  their  pupa- 
aan."— Academy.  Sept  S,  1&8L 

pupe,  s.    [PUPA.] 

pu-pe'-lo,  pu  -p£-lo,  t.  [Etyra.  doubtful.] 
Cider  brandy.  (Amer.) 

pn  -pH  (1),  *  pn-pllle,  ».  [O.  Fr.  pnpiU  (Fr. 
pupiiie),  from  L«t.  pupillm*,  accus.  of  pupillus 
=  an  orphan-buy,  a  ward,  dimin.  from  pupu» 
B  a  boy ;  Sp.  piipiio,  pupUa ;  Port  &  ItaL 

pvpillo,  pup  ilia.] 


L  Ordinary  Language : 
L  A  young  person  of  either  MX  under  the 
care  of  a  teacher  or  tutor ;  a  scholar,  a  dis- 
ciple. 

"  reed  a  puptTt  Intellect  with  store 
Of  syntax."  Cottper:  Tirocinium. 

2.  One  under  the  guardianship  of  another  ; 
a  ward. 

II.  Law :  A  boy  or  girl  under  the  age  of 
puberty. 

*  pupil-monger,  s.    One  who  takes  or 
teaches  pupils.    (Fuller.) 

pupil-teacher,  s.  A  young  person  of 
either  sex  who  is  at  the  same  time  a  pupil  and 
a  teacher,  teaching  the  junior  pupils,  and 
receiving  instruction  from  the  head-teacher  ; 
one  in  apprenticeship  as  a  teacher.  The 
tiaining  is  finished  at  normal  schools  and 
training  colleges,  and  on  passing  the  necessary 
examinations  the  pupil-teacher  becomes  a 
certificated  teacher. 

pu'-pll  (2),  ».  [Fr.  pupiUe,  from  Lat.  pupitta 
=  a  little  girl,  the  pupil  of  the  eye  ;  Sp. 
•pupila  ;  Port  &  I  tat.  pupilla.] 

Anat. :  The  circular  opening  of  the  iris 
(q.v.).  Its  direction  is  slightly  to  the  nasal 
side  of  the  iris  ;  its  contractions  are  caused 
by  the  circular  layer  of  the  iris,  and  dilation 
by  the  radiating  fibres  of  the  anterior  or  mus- 
cular layer. 

"  When  yon  sbut  one  eye,  the  pupil  of  the  other, 
that  Is  open,  dllateth."—  Bacon  :  Nat.  HM.,  |  861. 

H  Pin-hols  pupil : 

PathoL :  The  pupil  of  the  eye  when  so  con- 
tracted that  it  is  suggestive  of  a  pin  bole. 

pu'-pfl-age,  •  pu'  -pil-lage  (age  as  Ig),  «. 

[Eng.  pupil  (1)  ;  -age.] 

1.  The  condition  or  state  of  being  a  pupil 
or  scholar ;  the  period  during  which  one  is  a 
pupil  or  scholar. 

"  I  cannot  altogether  forget  what  I  learned  in  my 
years  of  pupillage?— Qeddet :  Tram,  of  Bible.  (Fret.) 

2.  The  condition  or  state  of  being  a  ward  or 
minor ;  minority. 

"  AJ  if  be  still  were  in  his  pupilage." 

Daniel :  Ciril  Wan,  v. 

pu-pl-lar'-i-ty,  «.      [Fr.   pupiUarite,    from 

pupiUe  =  a  pupil.] 

Scot*  Law :  The  interval  between  birth,  and 
the  age  of  puberty  (q.v.). 

pu'-pH-ar-y,  pu  -pH-lar-y,  a.  [Fr.  pupil- 
laire;  Lat.  pupillari*.] 

1.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  a  pupil  or  scholar. 

2.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  the  pupil  of  the  eye. 
pupillary  meinbrano,  s. 

Anat. :  A  delicate  transparent  membrane 
closing  the  pupil  of  the  eye  in  the  middle 
period  of  fcetal  life. 

pu-plp  -a-ra,  s.  pi.  (Lat.  pupa  (q.v.X  and 
pario  =  to  bring  forth.] 

Entom. :  A  sub-order  of  Diptera,  in  which 
the  larvae  reside  within  the  body  of  the.  mother 
till  after  they  have  become  pup*.  Families, 
Eippoboscidie  and  Nycteribiidae  (q.v.). 

pu-plp'-a-rous,  a.    [PUPIPARA.] 

Entom. :  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  the  Pupipara ; 
bringing  forth  the  young  in  the  pupa  state. 

*  pu-plv'-or-a,  *.  pi    [Lat.  pupa  (q.v.X  and 
two  =  to  devour.] 
Entom.:  The Eutomophaga(q.v.).  (Latreille.) 

'  pu'-pl-vbre,  «.  [PUPIVORA.]  Any  insect 
belonging  to  the  group  Pupivora. 

pu-plv'-or-ous,  A.  [PUPIVORA.]  Entomo- 
phagous(q.v.). 

pup  -pet,  *  pop  ot,  •  pop  ctte,  *  pup  pi  t. 
».     [O.  Fr.  poupette,  dimin.  from  Lat.  pupa  = 
a  doll.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

•  1.  Anything  like  a  child  or  baby  ;  a  doll. 

"  IKvul  Images,  which  be  but  great  puppett  and  babies 
for  old  fouls.  —BomUiei :  Sernnn  against  Idolatry. 

2.  A  small  image,  generally  in  the  human 
form,  moved  by  cords  or  wires,  in  a  comic 
drama ;  a  marionette. 

3.  One  who  acts  at  the  instigation  or  will  of 
another ;  a  tool. 

"  That  the  poor  puppet  might  perform  his  part" 

fcort  ;  Don  Roderick,  xUU. 
IL  Technically: 
L  Mack. :  (PUPPET-VALVB). 
2.  Latht :  [HKAOSTOCK,  TAILSTOCK). 


In  the  church  of  the  Mlnerve,  repre- 
Nativity.'— Evelyn:  Diary.  Dec.  44.  (!««). 


puppet-head,  *.    [POPPET-HEAD.] 
puppet-play.  «.    [PUPPET-SHOW.] 

puppet-player,  ».  One  who  manages 
the  motions  of  puppets. 

puppet-show,  puppet-play,  s.     A 

mock  drama  performed  by  puppets  ;  a  marion- 
ette-show. 

"A  youth.  Just  landed  at  the  Brills,  resembles  a 
clown  at  a  puppet-thou.'—  Qoldmtih  :  Polite  Learning. 
ch.  ziii. 

puppet-valve,  -•  A  disc  with  a  stem 
and  vertical  motion  t.  and  from  its  seat 

*  PUp'-pSt-teh,   'pop  et-ishe,  o.     [Eng. 
puppet  ;   -ish..]     Of  the  nature  of  a  puppet  ; 
puppet-like. 

"Sensinga  wyth  other  popetuhe  gaudes."—  Bale  : 
Image,  pt.  it 

*  pup'-pet-ly.  o.    [Eng.  puppet;  -ly.]    Like 
a  puppet  ;  puppet-like. 

*  pup  -pet  man,  *  pup'-pSt-mas-ter,  ». 

[Eng.  puppet,  and  man,  or  master.}    The  same 
as  PUPPET-PLAYER  (q.v.). 

*  pup'-pet-ry,  *  pop-et-ryt  *  pnp-et-ry, 

*.    [Bug.  puppet;  -ry.] 

1.  Lit.  :  A  puppet-show  ;  mimic  represen- 
tation. 

"The 

senting 

2.  Fig.  :  Finery,  outward  show  ;  affectation. 

"  Adorning  female  painted  puppetry.' 

Martton  :  Scourge  of  Villany,  ill  S. 

•pup'-pl-ly,  'pup  -pi  -fie,  v.t.  [Eng. 
puppy  ;  suff.  -fy.}  To  make  a  puppy  of. 

"Did  fool  and  puppi/le  themselves.  '—flotocll  :  Party 
O/  Beam,  p.  29. 

*pup'-pl-ly,  a.  [Eng.  puppy;  -ly.]  Puppy- 
like  ;  Tike  a  puppy. 

"  To  keep  up  with  its  pupptty  dancings."—  Richartl- 
Km  :  Clariua,  v.  n. 

pup'-py,  5.  4  o.  [Fr.  poupee  =  a  doll,  a  puppet) 

A.  As  substantive  : 

1.  Lit.  :  A  whelp  ;  the  young  of  a  bitch  or 
female  of  the  canine  species. 

"Thy   plays,  like  blind-born   puppiei.    should    bs 
drown  d.  Donet:  To  it.  E.  Uomrd. 

2.  Fig.  :  A  term  of  contempt  applied  to  one 
who  is  conceited,  affected,  and  impertinent  ; 
a  silly  coxcomb,  a  fop. 

"  The  unbred  puppy,  who  had  never  »een 
A  creature  look  so  gay  or  talk  so  tine." 

Rocheiter  :  from  Artetnita  to  Chic*. 

B,  As  adj.  :  Of  or  belonging  to  a  pappy  ; 
hence,  immature.   (Cowper:  Dog  &  Water  Lily.) 

puppy-dog,  «.  A  puppy.  (Shakesp.  : 
King  John,  ii.  2.) 

puppy  -  headed,  o.  Silly,  childish. 
(Shakesp.  :  Tempest,  ii.  2.) 

*PUP'-Py.  ».{.  [Puppy,  ».]  To  jring  forth 
puppies  or  whelps  ;  to  pup. 

"The  skin  which  commetb  away  after  she  bath 
puppitd."—P.  Holland:  Plinie,  bk.  xxz..  ch  xiv. 

pnp'-p^-hood,  s.  [Eng.  pttppy  ;  -nood.]  The 
condition  or  state  of  a  puppy. 

"A  hound  that  1«>1  not  yet  quite  thrown  off  the 
instincU  of  puppyhood.'—  field,  Feb.  30.  188* 

pup'-py  -Ism,  *.  [Eng.  puppy;  -ism.]  The 
characteristics  or  manners  of  a  puppy  ;  that 
which  causes  a  person  to  be  considered  a 
puppy  ;  empty  conceit  or  affectation. 

"The  pttpptrm  of  his  manner."—  Ilia  JIM***. 
Sente  t  SeiuUnlity.  ch.  xxnii. 

*pur,  v.i.    [PORK,  v.] 

*  pur,  «.    [PURR,  ».] 

pu-ra'-na,  ».  [Sans.  =  old,  ancient,  from 
puro  =  old,  past] 

Hinduism:  The  last  great  division  of  Hindoo 
sacred  literature.  Eighteen  principal  Puranas 
are  enumerated,  called  Kiahma,  Pa.lma,  Brah- 
indmia.  Agni,  Vishnu,  Qaruda,  Braiimavaivarta, 
Siva,  Linga,  Xaradiya,  Skanda,  Markandeya, 
Bhavishyat,  Matsya,  Varaha,  Kaurma,  Vaman, 
and  Bliagavat.  None  of  them  is  dated.  Some 
quote  from  others,  and  the  period  of  their  re- 
daction embraces  perhaps  a  dozen  centuries. 
In  their  present  form  none  of  them  appears 
older  than  the  ninth  century  A.D.  The  most 
celebrated  ore  the  Vishnu  and  the  Bliagavat 
Puranas.  They  are  full  of  legends  relating  to 
holy  places  and  ceremonial  rites,  with  minute 
fragments  of  history.  Modem  Hinduism  is 
largely  founded  on  these  compositions,  some  of 
which'  are  sectarian  productions,  advocating 


boil,  boy;  pout,  J6%1;  oat,  cell,  chorus,  ohia,  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  Bin,  af ;  expect,  Xenophon,  cyist.   ph  =  1 
-idan,  -tia&  =  mhaa.   -tion, -tuon  =  •rtiun ; -|ion, -fion  =  ahun,   -oiou*.  -ttous,  -clou*  =  abua,   -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


puranic— pureness 


the  claims  of  particular  divinities  to  the 
disparagement  of  others.  In  addition  to  the 
eighteen  principal  Puranas,  there  are  eighteen 
Upapuranas  or  secondary  Puranas,  enumer- 
ated by  H.  H.  Wilson  (Vishnu  PurAna,  In- 
trod.),  and  these  do  not  complete  the  list  of 
Puranic  literature. 

pu-ran'-Ic,  o.  [Eng.  puron(a);  -ic.)  Per- 
tainiug  or  relating  to  the  Puranas. 

Pur -beck,  «.    [See  def.) 

Geog. :  A  peninsula  running  out  from  the 
coast  of  Dorsetshire,  about  ten  miles  with  a 
breadth  of  seven. 

Pur  beck  beds, s.  />!. 

Geol.  :  A  series  of  beds  generally  considered 
the  highest  part  of  the  Upper  Oolite ;  but 
meriting,  according  to  Mr.  Etheridge,  a  dis- 
tinct place,  as  between  it  and  the  Oiilite  there 
is  a  complete  break,  stratigraphically  and 
pal*ontolojjically.  The  Purbeck  beds  chiefly 
consist  of  freshwater  limestones,  clays,  shales, 
and  sandstones.  They  are  found  on  the 
isle  or  peninsula  of  Purbeck,  in  Durdlestone 
Bay,  near  Swanage,  Dorsetshire,  and  at  Lul- 
worth  Cove.  They  are  divided  into  three 
groups,  a  lower  series  with  Dirt-beds  (DiRT- 
BED],  140  feet;  a  middle  with  "cinder  beds" 
(five  out  of  nine  sections  of  it  Marine), 
130  feet ;  and  an  upper  at  Lulworth,  27  feet. 
The  flora  consisted  of  Characese,  Cycadacese, 
4c.  Mantellia  nidiformis  is  a  cycad  ;  being 
a  typical  species.  In  the  Purbecks  have  been 
found  :  33  Coleoptera,  18  Neuroptera,  15  Dip- 
tera,  18  Homoptera,  9  Orthoptera,  and  2 
Hy  menoptera,  Crocodilia,  Lacertilia,  Chelonia, 
tic.,  with  12  genera  and  28  species  of  Marsu- 
pials, the  last  all  from  the  Middle  Purbecks. 

Purbeck  limestone,  s. 

GeoL,  Comm.,  £c.  :  A  freshwater  limestone 
in  the  Purberk.  Formerly  used  as  a  synonym 
of  the  whole  Purbeck  beds.  It  has  been  em- 
ployed for  paving. 

Purbeck  marble,  s. 

Geol,  Comm.,  <tc. :  A  marble  full  of  Palndina 
shells,  found  in  the  Upper  Purbeck.  It  has 
been  used  asabuildingstoueforcathedrals,  &c. 

pur' -blind,  *  pore -blind,  ' pure  - 
blynde,  *  pur-blynde,  a.  [Eng.  pure  = 
wholly,  and  blind.] 

*  1.  Wholly  blind,  completely  blind. 

"  Purblind  Anrus,  all  eye*  and  no  tight."— ShaXetp- : 
Trail  uj  t  Creuida,  i.  11. 

2.  Near-sighted,  short-sighted  ;  having  dim 
or  poor  sight. 

"  The  truth  appears  to  naked  on  my  fide. 
That  any  ITU r blind  eye  may  find  It  out. 

Skaketp.  :  1  Henry  YI^  U.  4 

pur -blind -Ijf,  adv.  [Eng.  purblind;  -ly.] 
In  a  purblind  manner. 

pur  -blind-ness,  s.  f Eng.  purblind ;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  purblind  ;  dim- 
ness or  shortness  of  sight ;  near-sightedness. 

•  pur-chas,  «.    [PURCHASE,  $.] 

pur'-9has-a-ble,  n.  [Eng.  purchai(e); 
•able.]  That  may  or  can  be  purchased  ;  capable 
of  being  purchased. 

"  New  varieties  railed  In  thii  way  were  not  purehtu- 
obit.' -Field.  March  8,  18M. 

pur  ?hase,  *  por  chac-y,  *  pur  chace, 
*  pnr-Ches,    v.t.   &  i.      [O.   Fr.  purchaser 
(Fr.  pourchasser)  =  to  pursue,  to  purchase,  to 
procure  :  pur  (Fr.  pour)  =  for,  and  chatter  = 
to  chase.] 
A.  Transitive: 
L  Ordinary  Language : 
1.  To  obtain,  acquire,  or  gain  in  any  way  or 
by  any  means. 

"Sicker  I  hold  him  for  a  greater  fou. 
That  lore*  the  thing  he  cannnt  piorVu*." 

Spenter:  SHephwrdi  Calender ;  April. 

*  2.  TO  8f»l. 

3.  To  obtain   or   acquire   by  payment   of 
money  or  its  equivalent ;  to  buy  for  a  price. 
(Genesis  xxv.  10.) 

4.  To  obtain  or  gain  by  an  expenditure  of 
labour,  danger,  or  other  sacrifice. 

"  It  was  necessary  to  purrhote  concession  by  conces- 
sion."— JfocauMy  •  Hitt.  Eng.,  ch.  xzi. 

*  5.  To  redeem,  to  expiate,  to  pay  for. 

*  Nor  tears  nor  prayer*  shall  purchase  out  abuses." 

tJuilc'tp. :  Romeo  t  Julia,  Hi.  L 
IL  Technically  : 
L  Lav: 
(1)  To  sue  out  and  procure,  as  a  writ. 


(2)  To  acquire  by  any  means  except  descent 
or  inheritance. 

2.  Naut. :  To  apply  a  purchase  to ;  to  raise 
or  move  by  mechanical  power  :  as,  To  purchase 
an  anchor. 

B.  Intransitive : 

*  L  Ordinary  Language : 

1,  To  strive,  to  exert  one's  self. 

2.  To  acquire  wealth. 

tt  Naut. :  To  draw  in  :  as,  A  capstan  pur- 
chases apace  ;  that  is,  draws  in  the  cable  apace. 

pur  9hase.    *  pur-chas.    *  pur  chace, 
*  pour  chas,  *  pur-ches,  s.    [O.  Fr.  pur- 
chas  (Fr.  ponrchas)  =  eager  pursuit.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

*  1.  The  acquisition  of  anything  by  any 
means ;  acquirement. 

*  2.  That  which  is  obtained  or  acquired  in 
any  way  or  by  any  means  ;  an  acquisition. 

"  Who  now  but  Areite  mourns  his  bitter  fit*. 
Finds  his  dear  purchate,  and  repents  too  late  ?  " 

Dryden :  Palaman  i  Arcitt. 

*  3.  Robbery,  plunder,  pillage. 

"  A  heavy  load  be  bare  .  .  . 

Which  he  had  got  abroad  by  purch-u  crimlnall." 
Speiuer :  f.  Q..  1.  iii.  IS. 

*  4.  Booty,  plunder. 

"Thou  shalt  have  a  share  in  our  purchate.' — 
Shaketp- :  1  Henry  /»".,  IL  L 

5.  The  acquisition  of  anything  by  payment 
of  money  or  its  equivalent ;  the  act  of  buying. 

6.  That  which  is  acquired  by  the  payment 
of  money  or  its  equivalent. 

"  A  punMtue  which  will  bring  him  clear 
Above  his  rent  four  pounds  a  year."  Swift. 

IL  Technically: 
L  Lam: 

(1)  The  suing  out  and  obtaining  a  writ. 

(2)  The  obtaining  or  acquiring  the  title  to 
lands  and  tenements  by  money,  deed,  gift,  or 
any  means  except  descent. 

"King  William.  Queen  Mary,  and  Queen  Anne,  did 
not  take  the  crown  by  hereditary  right  or  descent,  but 
by  way  of  donation  or  purctuue.  HS  the  lawyers  call 
It."— Blackttoiie :  Comment.,  bk.  I.,  ch.  3. 

2.  Mech. :  A  means  of  increasing  applied 
power ;  any  mechanical  hold,  advantage, 
power,  or  force  applied  to  the  raising  or  remov- 
ing of  heavy  bodies ;  mechanical  advantage 
gained  by  the  application  of  any  power. 

"  A  Kanake  of  Honolulu  .  .  .  tore  the  outer  husk  off 
with  his  teeth,  getting  purchase  on  the  nut  with  his 
feet  and  hands,  like  a  monkey."— Lindtay  :  Mind  in 
the  latter  Anima.1t,  i.  4L 

U  To  be  worth  so  many  years'  purchase :  Said 
of  property  which  will  return  in  the  specified 
term  of  years  a  sum  equal  to  that  paid  for  it. 
Thus,  an  estate  bought  at  twenty  years'  pur- 
chase will  return  in  twenty  years  a  sum 
equivalent  to  that  paid  for  it.  Hence  this  and 
similar  phrases  are  ns^d  figuratively,  as  wh^n 
we  say  that  a  man's  life  is  not  worth  an  hour's 
purchase  ;  that  is,  i.s  in  extreme  peril,  or  is  not 
likely  to  last  an  hour. 

purchase-block,  5. 

Naut. :  A  double-strapped  block,  having 
two  scores  in  the  shell  for  that  purpose.  The 
strap  is  wormed,  parcelled,  served,  and  spliced 
together.  It  is  then  doubled  so  as  to  bring 
the  splice  at  the  bottom  of  the  block. 

purchase-money,  s.  The  money  paid, 
or  contracted  to  be  paid,  for  anything  pur- 
chased. 

purchase  system,  s. 

Milit.  :  The  system  under  which  commis- 
sions in  the  British  army  were  allowed  to  be 
obtained  for  money.  The  regulation  prices 
ranged  from  £450  for  an  ensignry  or  cornetfy 
to  £4,500  for  a  lieutenant-colonelcy,  but  much 
larger  sums  were  actually  paid.  The  system 
was  abolished  in  1871. 

pur'-chas-er,  ».    [Eng.  purchase) ;  -er.] 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  One  who  purchases  or  ac- 
quires the  right  or  title  to  anything  l>y  the 
payment  of  money  or  its  equivalent ;  a  buyer. 
IL  Law :  One  who  acquires  or  oHains  by 
deed  or  gift,  or  in  any  way  other  than  by  de- 
scent or  inheritance.  (Sometimes  written 
purchaser.) 

"The  first  pun-hater,  perqnisltor,  Is  be  who  first 
acquired  the  estate  to  his  family."— Kadtttone  :  Com- 
ment., bk.  IL,  cb.  14. 

pur'-cSn,  s.    [See  def.]   The  native  name  for  a 
priest  of  the  Oriental  fire-worshippers. 

pur  -dah,  i.    [Hind.  =  a  curtain.] 

Fabric :  An  Indian  blue  and  white  striped 
cotton  cloth. 


pure,  *pur,a.,adr.,&«.  [Fr.  pi/ r (fern. pure), 
from  Lat.  purus  =  pure,  clean,  from  the  same 
root  as  Sansc.  pit  =  to  purify ;  Sp.,  Port,  & 
Ital.  puro.)  [FiRE,  ». ;  PURGE.] 

A.  A  s  adjective: 

1.  Free  from  anything  which  contaminates, 
defiles,  or  blemishes  ;  as 

(1)  Free  from  moral  blemish  or  defilement ; 
innocent,  blameless,  spotless,  chaste.     (Said 
of  pei-sons.)    (Proverbs  xxx.  12.) 

(2)  Free  from  admixture  with  any  extraneous 
matter ;  unmixed,  unadulterated. 

"/«ure  and  uiiit,  when  applied  to  bodies,  are  much 
akin  to  simple  and  compound."—  Watti :  Logick. 

IT  A  pure  colour  is  one  without  the  ad- 
mixture of  any  other  .  as,  pure  white. 

(3)  Free  from  anything  foul  or  polluting; 
clear ;  not  filthy. 

"  Replenish 'd  from  the  purett  springs. 
The  laver  «traigt>t  with  busy  care  she  brings." 

Po/te  :  Homer;  Oiiyuey  xix.  450. 

(4)  Free  from  all  that  vitiates,  pollutes,  or 
degrades  ;  stainless,  genuine,  real.     (Said  of 
actions,  thoughts,  motives,  or  the  like.)  (James 
i.  27.) 

"2.  Ritually  or  ceremonially  clean  ;  un- 
polluted. (£zra  vi.  20.) 

*3.  Free,  clear,  innocent,  guiltless.  (Proverb* 
nc.  9.) 

*  4.  Not  vitiated  or  blemished  by  corru  ptions. 

"  As  oft  as  I  read  those  comedies,  so  oft  doth  sound 
in  mine  ear  the  pure  flue  talk  of  Rome."— Aicham. 

5.  Here,  sheer,  absolute,  very. 

"  We  did  it  tor  pure  need."— Shakerp. :  t  Henry  Tl, 

6.  Right,  well. 

B.  As  adv. :  Very,  quite.    (Prov.) 

"Mrs.  Talbot  is  pure  vtll.~-Mut  Jtfritt:  Him 
Cartrr'i  Lettert,  iii.  198. 

C.  As  substantive : 

*  1.  Purity.    (Tennyson :  Merlin  t  Vivien.) 

2.  Dogs'  dung. 

"The  name  of  /"ure-ftnders  has  been  applied  to  tne 
men  engaged  in  collecting  dogs'  dung  from  the  public 
streets.  —Mayhrxt:  London  Labour,  ii.  158. 

3.  Leather  manuf. :  A  bath,  consisting  of  a 
solution  of  dogs'   and  birds'  dung,  used  to 
counteract  the  action  of  the  lime  used  in  uu- 
hairing. 

pure-mathematics, s.  [MATHEMATICS.] 

pure-obligation,  s. 

Scots  Law :  An  unconditional  obligation. 

*  pure-vlllenage,  s. 

Feudal  Law :  A  tenure  of  lands  by  uncertain 
services  at  the  will  of  the  lord,  so  that  the 
tenant  is  bound  to  do  whatever  is  commanded 
of  him. 

•pure,  v.t.  [Lat.  puro.]  [PURE,  a.]  To  purify, 
to  cleanse. 

"  Let  hem  with  bred  of  pared  whete  be  fed." 

Chaucer:  C.  T.,  S.T2S. 

pn'-ree,  *.  [Fr.]  A  kind  of  thick  soup,  mad* 
of  meat,  fish,  or  vegetables  boiled  into  a  pulp, 
and  passed  through  a  sieve. 

pure  ly,  'pure  liche,  * pnr-liche, adv. 

[Eng.  pure;  -ly.} 

1.  In  a  pure  manner ;  with  entire  freedom 
from  anything  polluting  or  defiling  ;  cleanly  ; 
with  freedom  from  admixture  with  any  ex- 
traneous matter  or  substance. 

"  Bent  on  some  object,  which  is  purely  white." 
Drayton  :  Elegy  to  the  Lady  J.  S. 

2.  With  freedom  from  all  that  defiles,  de- 
grades, or  pollutes  ;  innocently  ;  in  a  manner 
free  from  guilt  or  sin  ;  chastely. 

3.  Merely,  absolutely,  completely  ;  without 
reference  to  anything  else  ;  perfectly,  totally : 
as,  It  was  purely  an  accident. 

4.  Very, wonderfully,  remarkably.    (Prov.) 

"He  has  picked  up  again  purely."— dray :  Carre- 
tpondence  of  dray  i  lltuon,  p.  288. 

pur c  ness,  *  pure  nes,  «.  [Eng.  pure; 
-ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  pure  or  fre« 
from  admixture  with  any  extraneous  mutter 
or  substance  ;  freedom  from  anything  pollut- 
ing or  defiling;  cleanness:  as,  pureness  of  gold, 
purenfss  of  air. 

2.  Freedom  from  all  that  pollutes,  degrades, 
or  defiles ;  freedom  from  guilt  or  sin  ;  inno- 
cence ;  moral  cleanness.  (Golden  Boke,  ch.  vi.) 

3.  Freedom  from  vicious  or  corrupt  words, 
phrases  or  modes  of  speech  ;  purity. 

"This  good  propriety  of  words,  and  piireneu  at 
phrases  in  Terence.  —AKham:  Sctutolmatter. 


Site,  fat,  fire,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pfit, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  core,  unite,  oar,  rale,  tall;  try,  Syrian.    ».  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qn  =  lew. 


purflle  —purify 


3819 


PURFLE. 


•pur-flle,  s.    [PURFLE.] 

pur-fle,  *  pur-file,  v.t.  [Fr.  pourJUer,  from 
pour  (Lat.  pro)  —  fur,  and  JU  (Lat.  filum)  —  a 
thread.]  [PROFILE.] 

*  L  Ord.  Lang.  :  To  decorate  with  a  wrought 
or  flowered  border  (used  specif,  of  stringed 
instruments)  ;  to  embroider. 

"  With  rubies  edg'd,  and  pur  fled  o'er  with  gold." 
Hartt:  Vition  of  Death. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Arch.  :  To  decorate  richly,  as  with  sculp- 
ture. 

2.  Her.  :  To  border,  as  wfth  ermines,  &c. 

pur'-fle,  pur'  -flew  (ew  as  u),  *.  [Fr. 
pourfilee.]  [PURFLE,  ».] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  bonier  of  embroidered 
work.  _  _ 

2.  Her.  :  A  border  or  em- 
broidery of  fur  shaped  ex- 
actly like  vair;  when  of 
one  row  it  is  termed  pur- 
flewed,  when  of  two  coun- 
ter -  purflewed,  when    of 
three  vair. 

pur  fled  (leas  el),  pur 
flowed   (ew  as  n),   a. 
[Eng.  purflf,  purflew;  -ed.] 

L  Ord.  Lang.  :  Ornamented  with  a  flowered 
or  puckered  border. 

n.  Technically: 

L  Arch.  :  Ornamented  with  crockets. 

2.  Her.  :  Trimmed  or  garnished  ;  applied  to 
the  studs  and  rims  of  armour,  being  gold  :  an, 
A  leg  in  armour,  purfled,  or. 

pur'-fler,  s.  [Eng.  purfle,  v.  ;  -er.)  One  who 
purfles  ;  specif,  one  who  ornaments  stringed 
instruments  with  purrling  (q.v.). 

"The  prince  of  purjten  was  Stradivari  us."—  Oroft: 
Met.  Altaic,  ill  53. 

*  pur'-  fling,  a.  &  ».    [[Eng.  purfl(e)  ;  -ing.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Ornamented  with  embroidered 
edging  ;  purtled. 

"  The  sleeve  is  more  large  and  purfling,  like  those  we 
tee  woru  by  bishops."—  Sir  T.  Herbert  :  lYatelt. 

B.  As  subst.  :  The  ornamental  border  with 
which  the  backs  and  bellies  of  stringed  in- 
struments are  usually  finished.    (Grove.) 

•  pur'-ga-me'nt,  ».     [Lat.  pu  rgamentum,  from 
purgo  ="to  purge  (q.v.).] 

1.  That  winch  purges  ;  a  purge,  a  cathartic. 

2.  That  which  is  excreted  from  anything  ; 
an  excretion. 

"The  humours.  .  .  are  commonly  passed  over  in 
anatomies  as  purgamentt."  —  Bacon  :  H  orkt.  i.  123. 

pur  ga  tion,  *  pur-ga-ci-on,  *pur-ga- 
Ci-OUH,  s.     [Fr.  purgation,  from  Lat.  pur- 
gationem,  accus.  of  purgatio,  from  purgatus, 
pa.  par.  of  purgo  =  to  purge  (q.v.).] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  The  act  of  purging  or  freeing  from  im- 
parities, defilements,  or  anything  extraneous 
or  superfluous  ;  a  clearing  or  cleansing  from 
admixture  or  adulteration. 

"The  punation  of  the  Universities."—  ilacaulay: 
BUt.  Kuy  ,  ch.vi. 

2.  The  act  of  purging  or  evacuating  the 
intestines  by  means  of  purgatives. 

"  After  that  the  purgation  bath  wrought."—  Etyot  : 
Cattel  of  llelth,  til.  vi. 

IX  Law.  The  act  of  cleansing  or  clearing 
one's  self  from  a  crime  of  which  one  has  t>een 
publicly  accused  or  suspected.  Purgation 
was  of  two  kinds,  Canon  or  Compurgation 
[CoMPUROATOR,  2],  or  Vulgar  [ORDEAL,  s.]. 

"  The  Duke  of  Olocester  seut  his  purgation  upon 
oath  by  the  bishop  of  l/omlou."—  Prfnne:  Treachery 
*  buloyalty.  pt  i.,  p.  24. 

U  To  put  one  to  his  purgation  :  To  call  for 
explanations  ;  to  cause  one  to  justify  or  clear 
himself. 

pur'-ga  tfve,  a.  &  s.  [Lat  purgatirus,  from 
purgatus,  pa.  par.  of  purgo  =  to  purge  ;  Fr. 
purgatif.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Having  the  quality  or  power 
of  purging  or  cleansing  ;  specif.,  having  the 
quality  or  power  of  evacuating  tho  intestines  ; 
cathartic. 

B.  vis  sub  slant  ire  : 

Pharm,  (PI.)  :  Cathartics  (q.v.). 

•  pur-ga-tive-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  purgative; 
-ly.]  In  a  purgative  manner  ;  so  as  to  purge  ; 
cleansingly. 


pur-ga-tdr'-I-al,  a.    [Eng.  purgatory;  -al.] 
Tlie  same  as  PUROATORIAN  (q.v.). 

"  The  idea  of  purgatorial  suffering,  which  hardly 
seems  to  have  entered  the  minds  of  the  lower  races, 
expands  in  immense  rigour  in  the  great  Aryan  reli- 
gious of  Asia.  In  Branmanism  ami  Buddhism,  the 
working  out  of  good  and  evil  actions  into  their  neces- 
sary consequence  of  happiness  and  misery  U  the  rery 
key  to  the  philosophy  ul  life,  whether  life's  successive 
transmigrations  be  in  animal,  or  hurnau,  or  demon 
births  on  earth,  or  in  luxurious  heaven- palaces  of  gold 
and  jewels,  or  in  the  agouiziug  hells  where  Oriental 
fancy  riots  in  the  hideous  inventory  of  torture."— 
Tt lor :  Prim.  Cult.  (ed.  1873),  U.  9r. 

*  pur-ga-tdr'-i-an,  a.  &  ».     [Eng.  purgatory ; 

-an.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Of  or  pertaining  to  purgatory. 
"The  appaiitious  of  purgatorian  ghost*."— Medt: 

Apoittuy  of  Latter  Time*,  p.  4i. 

B.  As  subst. :  A  l*liever  in,  or  supporter  of, 
the  doctrine  of  purgatory. 

"  With  many  Divines  aiii  all  Purgatariant."— 
Batmtl :  Lift  o/Juhnton,  UL  19*. 

*  pur-ga-tor  -i-ous,  a.     [Lat.  purgatorius, 
from  purgatus,  pa.  par.  of  purgo  =  to  purge 
(q.v.).J     Connected    with,    or    having    tue 
nature  of,  purgatory.    (.Milton.) 

pur  ga  tor  y,  *  pur  ga-tor-ie,  a.  &  $. 

[Fr.  purgatoirt,  from  Lat.  purgatorius.] 

*  A.  As  adj. :  Tending  to  purge  or  cleanse  ; 
cleansing,  purgative. 

"  This  purgatory  interval  is  not  unfavourable  to  a 
faithless  representative."— tiurke  :  French  Revolution. 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  Corn-par.   Religions:   Any  place  or  state 
succeeding  the  present  life,  and  serving  as  a 
means  of  moral   purification.     (See    extract 
under  PUROATOKIAL.) 

2.  Roman  Theol. :  A  place  in  which  souls 
who  depart  this  life  in  the  grace  of  God  sutler 
for  a  time,    because    they   still    need  to   be 
cleansed  from  venial,  or  have  still  to  pay  the 
temporal  punishment  due  to  mortal  sins,  the 
guilt  and  eternal  punishment  of  which  have 
been  remitted.     (Addis  tt  Arnold.)    The  ex- 
istence of  a  purgatory   was  defined   by  the 
Councils  of  Florence  (1438-9)  and  Trent.     At 
the  latter  council  (sess.  xxv.,  Dec.  3,  4,  -1563) 
it  was  declared  that  t  lie  "  souls  in  Purgatory 
are  assisted  by  the  suffrages  of  the  faithful, 
and  especially  by  the  Sacrifice  of  the  altar." 
Beyond  this  nothing  is  defined,  and  the  same 
decree   enjoins    bishops    "  to   abstain    from 
difficult  and  subtle  questions  "  in  their  dis- 
courses cm  the  subject,  and  prohibits  curious 
inquiries,   superstitious    pra'.-tices,    and    the 
making   of  purgatory   a   source  of  gain  as 
"scandals    and    stumbling-blocks    to    the 
faithful." 

3.  Anglican:  Art.  xxn.  treats  of  Purgatory, 
and  most  Protestants  consider  that  it  denies 
Scriptural  evidence  for  the  existence  of  such 
a  place.     High  Churchmen,  on  the  contrary, 
hold  that  the  Anglican  Church   lias  no  au- 
thoritative teaching  on  the   point,  and  that 
the  article  is  rather  directed  against  an  erro- 
neous view  of  the  Roman  doctrine  than  that 
doctrine  itself.     Prayers  for  the  dead — the 
natural  outcome  of  the  doctrine  of  purgatory 
— are  in    many  instances  offered   privately 
by  her  members,  and  in  some  few  instances 
publicly  requested  in  her  churches. 

purge,  v.t.  &  i.    [Fr.  purger,  from.  Lat  purgo, 
for  purigo,  from  pun«  =  pure,  and  030=10 
do,  make,  or  cause  ;  Sp.  &  Port,  purgar  ;  Ital. 
purgare.] 
A.  Transitii-e : 

1.  To  cleanse  or  purify  by  removing,  separ- 
ating,  or  carrying  off  impurities  or  super- 
fluities ;  to  clear  or  free  from  impurities. 

2.  To  clarify,  to  defecate,  as  liquors. 

3.  To  remove  by  cleansing  or  purification  ; 
to  wash  or  clear  away.    (Generally  followed 
by  away  or  of.) 

"  Purge  away  my  sin*."— Ptalm  Ixxlx.  9. 

4.  To  make  atonement  or  satisfaction  for ; 
to  clear  or  free  from  consequences. 

"  Whlche  sonne .  .  .  hath  In  his  owne  person  purged 
our  syunes."— Hebrew  L  3.  (1551.) 

5.  To  clear  or  free  from  moral  defilement, 
pollution,  or  guilt.    (Followed  by  of,  off,  or 
from.) 

"  The  blood  of  Christ  shall  purge  oar  conscience 
from  dead  works."— Bear  em  Ix.  14. 

6.  To  clear  from  accusation  or  suspicion  of 
a  crime. 

"  To  purge  himseif  with  words." 

Shaketp.  :  Curiolanut.  T.  6. 

7.  To  operate  on  by  means  of  a  purge  or 
cathartic. 


*  8.  To  void,  to  secrete. 


*  9.  To  excuse  ;  to  make  excuses  for. 

"  They  fell  to  weapiuge  and  puryittge  of  tlieuisela**.* 
—Brende:  Vuixtiu  Curtiut.  fol.  i'^J. 

D.  Intransitive: 

*  1.  To  grow  or  beu.me  pure  by  clarification. 
2.  To  cause  or  produce  evacuations  from 

the  intestines. 

"  Why  does  physic.  If  it  does  good,  purge,  and  cauM 
to  vomit  T- Bun  tan  :  PUgrtmt  Progrta,  pt.  U. 

*  3.  To  use  purges. 

"I'll  purge  aud  leave  sack."— Skoiwp.  .•  1  Henry  IT^ 

purge,  s.    [PURGE,  s.] 

*  1.  The  act  of  purging. 

2.  That  which  purges  ;  specif.,  a  medicine 
that  evacuates  the  intestines  ;  a  purgative. 

purg'-er,  s.     [Eng.  purg(e),  v.  ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  purges  ur  cleanses. 
"  Penauuce  U  the  very  purger  of  synue."— t'uktr: 

Beren  Ptatmi,  Fa.  xxxviil,  pt.  a 

2.  A  purge,  a  cathartic. 

"  If  you  can  retain  the  purging  virtue,  and  Ulu 
away  the  unpleasant  taste  of  tue  purgtr."— Otuxm  : 
A'at.  Hi*. 

purg'-er-jf,  *.    [Eng.  purge ;  -r».] 

Sugar-manuf. :  The  portion  of  a  sugar-house 
where  the  sugar  from  the  coolers  is  placed  in 
hogsheads  [POLLING-CASK]  or  in  cones,  aud 
allowed  to  drain  off  its  molasses  or  imperfectly 
crystallized  cane-juice. 

purg'-ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  ».    [PURGE,  v.] 

A.  &  B.  -4s  pr.  par.  Si  particip.  adj. :  (Se« 
the  verb). 
C.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  act  of  cleansing  ;  purgation. 

2.  A  diarrhoea  or  dysentery  ;  looseness  at 
the  bowels. 

3.  That  which  is  evacuated  or  excreted  ;  • 
deposit. 

"  The  purginyei  of  the  seas  beinge  then  esteemed, 
as  man's  tansy  woulde  make  the  price."—  tlrindt: 
Vuiiitu*  Curtiut.  fol.  23*. 

purging  cock.  - . 

Steam -eng. :  The  mud-cock  or  discharge- 
valve  of  a  steam-boiler. 

purging  nax,  «.    [FLAX,  ».  H  (5).] 
purging  nut,  s.    [CURCAS.] 

pur-I-fi-ca'-tion,  *  pur-1-fl-ca-cl^uii, 

s.  [Fr.  purififation,  from  Lat.  pur,fic<.itii>ntin., 
accus.  of  punficatio,  from  purifico  —  to  puiil'j 
(q.v.);  Sp.  purificacion ;  Ital.  purificazione.] 

L  The  act  of  purifying,  or  making  pure ; 
the  act  or  operation  of  freeing  from  extra- 
neous or  superfluous  matter. 

"A  very  feeble  instrument  of  ourtfcatiott."—lfa»- 
aufciy  :  //<*.  Kng..  ch.  it 

2.  The  act  or  process  of  purifying  cere- 
monially by  removing  pollution  or  defilement; 
lustration. 

"  But  the  feast  of  Lnpercalia,  considering  the  tiro* 
of  celebrating  there.. f.  it  seruieth  it  is  ordained  f»r  • 
purification.  —Stirth  :  Plutarch,  p.  M. 

U  There  were  various  ceremonial  cleansing* 
under  the  Mosaic  law.  (For  purification  afte. 
child-birth  see  Leviticus  xii.) 

3.  A  cleansing  from  guilt  or  the  pollution  01 
sin  ;  the  extinction  of  sinful  desires  or  appe- 
tites. 

H  Feast  of  the  Purification :  [CANDLEMAS]. 

pur'-i-fl-c»-tlve,  ».  [Lat  purificatus,  pa. 
par.  of  purifico  —  to  purify  (q.v.);  Fr.  pnriji- 
catif.]  Having  the  power  or  quality  of  puri- 
fying; purificatory. 

*  pur'-I-f  I-ca-tor,  «.  [Lat.  puriflcatut.  pm. 
par.  of  purifico  =  to  purify  (q.v.). ]  One  who 
or  that  which  purities  ;  a  purifier. 

pur  -I  fi-ca-tor-J-,  a.  [As  if  from  a  Lat 
puriJuMtoritts.}  The  same  as  PURIFICATIVK. 

piir'-I-fi-er,  «.  [Eng.  purify ;  -er.]  One  whc 
or  that  which  purities  or  makes  pure  ;  a  clean- 
ser, a  refiner.  (Malachi  Hi.  3.) 

piuM-form,  a.     [L*t  pus,  genit  jmri*  = 
pus,  And  forma  =  fonn.] 
Med. :  In  the  form  of  pus ;  like  pus. 

pur'-I-fy,  *  pur-1-fle,  v.t.  &  i.  [Fr.  purifier, 
from  Lat.  purifico  =  to  make  pure  :  purus  = 
pure,  and  /act"  •=  to  make  ;  Sp.  A  Port,  purv 
ficar ;  Ital.  purificare.] 


boil,  b6y ;  pout,  Jowl;  eat,  cell,  chorus,  9hln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  tnia;  Bin,  a? ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.   -Ing. 
-clan,  - tian  =  shan.   -tion,  -si on  =  shun ;  -(ion,  -flon  =  zhon.    -cious,  -tion*,  -siou*  =  shns.   -ble,  -die,  ftc.  =  bel,  del. 


3820 


Purim  —  purparty 


A.  Transitive : 

1.  To  make  pure  or  clear  ;  to  free  from  ad- 
mixture of  foreign  or  superfluous  matter  :  as, 
To  purify  gold  or  water. 

2.  TD  free  from  pollution  ceremonially ;  to 
cleanse  from  all  that  defiles  or  pollutes. 

"  In  the  cUi  suyuge  he  was  purijted  with  hem  uid 
eutride  iuto  tbe  Temple.'  —  Wf/vliffe :  Dtdii  xxi. 

3.  To  free  from  the  pollution  of  guilt  or 
sin  ;  to  purge  from  that  which  is  sinful,  vile, 
or  base. 

"  Faitb  i>  a  gnat  purger  and  purifier  of  the  soul ; 
purifying  your  heart*  by  faith."— flp.  Taylor:  Her- 
mom.  vol.  iii..  »er.  3. 

4.  To  free  or  clear  from  Improprieties,  cor- 
ruptions, or  barbarisms  :  as,  To  purify  a  lan- 
guage. 

B.  Intrant. :  To  grow  or  become  pure  or 
clear. 

"  Let  them  begin  to  purify  at  the  same  time."— 
Burn*:  Ttoory  qfthe  Earth. 

Pur'-l'm.s.  [Heb.  nniB  (jmriw)=lots.]  The 
Festival  of  Lots,  which  was  instituted  by 
Mordecai  (Esther  ix.  27-x.  3),  and  is  celebrated 
to  this  day  by  the  Jews  on  the  14th  and  15th 
of  the  month  Ati*r  (March),  in  commemora- 
tion of  their  wonderful  deliverance  from  the 
destruction  with  which  they  were  threatened 
by  Hainan.  On  these  festive  days  the  book  of 
Esther  is  read,  presents  are  interchanged,  and 
gifts  are  sent  to  the  poor.  The  great  popu- 
larity of  thU  festival  in  the  days  of  Christ 
may  be  gathered  from  the  following  remarks 
of  Josephus,  "even  now  all  the  Jews  that 
are  in  the  habitable  earth  keep  these  days  as 
festivals  and  send  portions  to  one  another." 
(Antiij.,  bk.  xi.,  ch.  vi.,  §  13.)  It  is  supposed 
that  it  was  this  feast  which  Jesus  went  up  to 
celebrate  at  Jerusalem  (John  v.  1). 

pur  ism,  s.  [Eng.  pur(e);  -wm.)  Affectation 
of  exact  purity  ;  specif.,  excessive  nicety  in 
the  choice  of  words. 

"To  evince  the  egregious  folly  of  purirm."—Fitt- 
toward  Bali  :  Modern  Enylith,  p.  3L 

pur'-ist,  ».     [Eng.  pur(e);  -itt.] 

1.  One  who  is  excessively  nice  or  precise  in 
the  choice  of  words  ;  a  rigorous  critic  of  purity 
iii  literary  style. 

*  2.  One  who  maintains  that  the  New  Testa- 
ment was  written  in  pure  Greek. 

Piir  J  tan,  Tiir-I  tant,  ».  &  o.  [Eng. 
purit(y)';  -an.] 

A,  As  substantive : 

Church  Hist. :  The  name  given,  at  first  per- 
haps in  contempt,  to  those  clergymen  and 
others  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth  who 
desired  a  simpler  and  what  they  considered 
to  be  a  purer  form  of  worship  than  the  civil 
and  ecclesiastical  authorities  sanctioned.  The 
Puritan  controversy  commenced  as  early  as 
1550,  when  Hooper,  appointed  to  the  See  of 
Gloucester,  refused  to  be  consecrated  in  the 
ecclesiastical  vestments  then  in  use.  The 
name  first  given  to  those  who  objected  to  vest- 
ments and  ceremonies  was  Nonconformists. 
According  to  Fuller  it  was  not  till  1564,  or 
according  to  Strype  till  1569,  that  the  name 
Puritan  arose.  When,  towards  the  close  of 
of  Queen  Elizabeth's  reign,  many  of  the 
Anglican  clergy  began  to  lean  towards  Armi- 
nianism,  the  Puritans  remained  sternly  Calvin- 
istic.  I  For  their  subsequent  history  see  Church 
of  England  and  Dissenters.] 

B.  As  adj.  :  Pertaining  to  the  Puritans  or 
dissenters  from  the  Church  of  England:  as, 
puritan  principles. 

piir-I-tan'-Ic-al,  *pur  I-tan'-Io,  a.  [Eng. 
puritan;  -ical,  -ic.J 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  Puritans  or  their  doc- 
trines or  practice. 

2.  Precise  in  religious  matters;  over-scru- 
pulous or  exact ;  rigid. 

"  These  precise  puritanical  angels."— riyrmt:  1  Hit- 
trio-Mattix,  via.  6. 

pur-I-tan'-ic-al-l;yt,«dp.  [EnR.  puritanical; 
-ly.]  In  a  puritanical  manner;  witli  exces- 
sive exactness  or  preciseneas  ;  according  to 
the  teachings  or  practice  of  the  Puritans. 

"  runt  ini'arin  educated  under  the  tuitiou  of  Sam. 
Radclitt"—  Wood:  fatti  Oxan.,  ToL  L 

piir-i-tan  Ism,  'pur-l-tan-isme,  «. 

[Eng.  Puritan  ;  -ism.] 

1.  The  doctrines,  notions,  or  practice  of  it 
Puritans. 

2.  Purism.  (J.  &  Brewer :  £*g.  Stud.,  p.  63.) 


*  pur'-I-tan-ize,  «.l.    [Eng.  Puritan;  -Ize.] 
To  conform  to  the  doctrines,  notions,  or  prac- 
tice of  the  Puritans  ;  to  affect  or  teach  Puri- 
tanism. 

••BeMuevou]d>juritaniuit.~—MounUiffue:  Appeal 
to  Conor,  ch.  xxiv. 

*  piir'-I-tan-i*-«r,   «.     [Eng.    puritaniz(e) ; 
•cr.]    One  who  puritanizes ;  one  who  affects 
Puritanism. 

"  If  I  wluk  at  a  like  siu  on  the  side  of  PurUanitert." 
—Bp.  Wiioerfonx,  lu  Life,  1.  408. 

*  Pur  -I-tant,  s.  &  o.    [PURITAN.] 
pur'-i-ty,  *  pur-e-te,  *  por-i-te,  ».    [0. 

Fr.  puriie ;  Fr.  purett,  from  Lat.  puritatem, 
a  ecus,  of  puritas,  from  punw=pure  (G..V.); 
8p.  puridad;  Ital.  purita.]  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  pure  :  as, 

(1)  Freedom  from  admixture  with  extra- 
neous or  superfluous  matter :  as,  the  purity 
of  gold,  the  purity  of  water,  &c. 

*  (2)  Freedom  from  foulness  or  dirt ;  clean- 
ness :  as,  the  purity  of  a  dress. 

(8)  Freedom  from  guilt  or  the  defilement  of 
sin;  innocence.  (Spenser:  F.  Q.,  II.  vii.  62.) 

(4)  Chastity ;  chasteness. 

"  Virgin  purity  and  conjugal  fidelity  were  made  a 
Jest."— Uacaulay  :  11M.  Sng..  ch.  ill. 

(5)  Freedom  from  improj>er  or  sinister  mo- 
tives or  views  :  as,  the  purity  of  one's  designs. 

(6)  Freedom  from  foreign  or  vicious  idioms, 
corruptions,  or  barbarisms  :  as,  the  purity  of 
style  or  language. 

Pur-kinge,  s.  [From  Purkiuge,  the  dis- 
cuverer.]  (See  compounds.) 

H  Cells  qfPurkinge : 

Anat. :  Certain  cells  or  corpuscles  lying  in 
a  single  layer  between  the  outer  and  inner 
layers  of  the  cortex  of  the  cerebellum. 

Purkinge's  figures,  s.  pi. 

Optics:  Figures  produced  on  a  wall  of  uni- 
form colour  when  a  person  entering  a  dark 
room  with  a  candle  moves  it  up  and  down 
approximately  on  a  level  with  the  eyes.  From 
the  eye  near  the  candle  an  image  of  the  reti- 
nal vessels  will  appear  projected  on  the  wall. 

purl  (1),  pearl,  *.  [A  contract  of  purfle,  s. 
(q-v-XJ 

1.  An  embroidered  or  puckered  border ;  the 
plait  or  fold  of  a  ruff  or  band. 

"  One  of  the purli  of  your  baud  is,  without  all  dls- 
elpllue,  falleu  out  of  bis  tzuk."—Mwain>/er:  Fatal 
Dowry,  11. 1 

2.  A  loop  used  to  decorate  the  edges  of 
pillow  lace. 

3.  An  inversion  of  the  stitches  in  knitting 
which  gives  to  the  work  in  those  parts  in 
which  it  is  used  a  different  appearance  from 
the  general  surface. 

4.  A  gold  or  silver  wire,  formed  into  a  spiral, 
used  in  lace  work. 

purl  (2),  *.    [PURL  (2),  v.] 

1.  A  circle  made  by  the  motion  of  a  fluid  ;  a 
ripple,  an  eddy. 

"  Whose  stream  an  easle  breath  doth  seem  to  blow ; 
Which  on  tue  iparklmg  gravel  ruua  m  /juries." 

Drayton:  J/ortimtriadot. 

2.  A  continued  murmuring  sound,  as  of  a 
shallow  stream  running  over  small  stones. 

purl  (3),  «.  [According  to  Skeat,  for  pearl,  from 
Fr.  perle  =  a  ]«arl ;  Ger.  perttn=to  rise  in 
small  bubbles  like  pearls,  to  pearl ;  perle  =  a 
pearl,  a  bubble.]  Originally  beer  or  ale  with 
an  infusion  of  wormwood ;  now  applied  to 
beer  warmed  nearly  to  boiling  heat,  and 
flavoured  with  gin,  sugar,  and  ginger. 

"  It  appears  to  have  been  the  practice  at  some  time 
or  other  in  this  country  to  Infuse  wormwood  Into  beer 
or  ale  previous  to  drinking  it.  either  to  nixke  it  suffi- 
ciently bitter,  or  for  sniue  medicinal  immune.  This 
mixture  was  called  purL"—Mayheic:  London  Labour 
*  London  Poor.  ii.  11)8. 

purl-man.  «.  A  man  who  sold  purl  to 
the  sailors  ou  board  vessels  in  the  Thames. 

"  The  drink  originally  sold  on  the  river  WM  purl,  or 
this  mixture,  whence  the  title  purl-man.'—  J/a**rw: 
L-mdon  Labour  t  London  Poor,  U.  108. 

purl  (1),  r.t  &  i.   [A  contract  atpurfie (q.v.).] 

A.  Tram. :  To  form  an  embroidered  edging 
on  ;  to  decorate  with  fringe  or  embroidery. 

"  Redde  meet  purled  with  flue  gold."— HcM  : 
rill.  (an.  11). 

*  B.  Intrant. :  To  embroider. 

"  Shall  he  spend  his  time  in  pinning,  painting, 
pur'imi.  anil  |>erfuialng  u  you  do.  —  Oeattm.  t  /Yet.  : 
Lore  l  Cur*.  L  i. 


purl  (2),  t'.f.     [A  frenuent.  from  purr  (q.v.); 
cf.  Sw.  porla  =  to  bubl'le  as  a  Htreum,  to  purl.. 

1.  To  ripple ;  to  run  in  ripples  or  eddies. 

2.  To  murmur  as  a  shallow  stream  running 
over  small  stones  ;  to  flow  or  run  with  a  gentle 
murmur. 

"  Louder  and  luuder  purl  the  falling  rills." 

Pope  :  Homer  ;  Iliad  xxi. 

*  3.  To  curl ;  to  run  or  rise  in  circles ;  to 
wind. 

"  Thin  winding  breath,  which  purfd  up  to  the  sky." 
HlMlUffi. :  /tape  of  Lacrect,  1.40T. 


•  purl  (3X  v.t.  [PURL  (3),  s.]  To  infuse  worm- 
wood in. 

"  •  Ale,  squire,  you  mean  ?'  quoth  he  briskly  again. 
'  What  urast  It  be  /mr/.-rf; 

Cotton :  Voyage  to  Ireland  in  Burletqut. 

purl  (4),  v.t.  &  i.  [For  pirl,  from  p{rr  =  to 
whirl ;  O.  Ital.  pir/o  =  a  whipping-top  ;  piri- 
are  =  to  twirl  round.  (Skeat.)] 

A.  Traits. :    To    throw    from    horseback. 
(Hunting  slang.) 

B.  Intrant. :  To  turn  over. 
"  His  hat  ...  never  sinks. 

A't-uer  Too  Late  to  Mend,  ch.  xx 

purl'-er,  *.  [Eng.  purl  (3),  v. ;  -er.]  A  fall 
from  horseback. 

"  To  trifle  with  this  Innovation  means  a  certaia 
purler."— field,  Dec.  28,  1884. 

pur'-lieu,  *  pnr-lne,  *  pour  lieu,  *  pur- 
luy,  *  pur-ley,  «.  [A  (Corrupt  of  o.  Fr. 
purulee,  from  Lat.  peram((«kiUo  =  a  perambula- 
tion (q.v.) :  pur,  used  for  Lat  per  —  through, 

and  a«er  =  to  go.] 

*  1.  A  piece  of  land  which,   having  V>een 
added  to  an  ancient  and  royal  forest  unlaw- 
fully, was  afterwards  disafforested,  and  the 
rights  remitted  to  the  former  owners,  the 
extent  being  ascertained  by  perambulation, 
whence  the  name. 

"  Prom  the  river  to  the  purlieu*  of  Bmlthfield."— 
Alacaulay:  Hut.  Eng..  ch.  if. 

*  2.  The  land  lying  adjacent  to  a  forest. 
"  Then  as  a  tiger,  who  by  chance  hath  spied 

lu  some  purlieu  two  gentle  fawns  at  play." 

Milton  :  P.  L.,  1».  40*. 

3.  Adjacent  parts  or  district ;  environs, 
neighbourhood. 

"  Brokers  had  been  Incessantly  plying  for  custom  IB 
the  purlieui  of  the  court.  '—Macaulay :  Silt.  £ng., 
ch.  xi. 

"purlieu  man, 'purllo  man,  s.  A  per- 
son who,  having  land  within  the  purlieu  or 
border  of  a  forest,  and  being  able  to  dispend 
forty  shillings  a  year' freehold,  was  licensed  to 
bunt  within  his  own  purlieu. 

"  Notwithstanding  the  purlieu  is  exempt  from  the 
Forest,  yet  the  Purlieu-twin  lain some caaen  restrained, 
for  he  must  not  hunt  In  his  own  purlieu  in  the  night 
uor  on  a  Sunday."— Helton :  Lam  of  Eng.  concerning 
Uame,  p.  208. 

purl' -In,  s.  [Etym. 
doubtful.]  PU 

Carp.  :  A  hori- 
zontal timber  rest- 
ing on  a  principal 
rafter,  or  a  pur- 
lin-post, which  is 
stepped  iuto  tint 
tie  -  beam,  and 
helps  to  support 
the  rafters  of  the 

roof-  PUKLINS. 

purlin-post, «. 

Carp.  :  A  strut  supporting  a  purlin  (q.v.). 

pur  -loin'.  *  pur-long-en,  *  pur  long- 
yn,  *  pro-long -yn.  r.f.  &  i.  [O.  Fr.  r»>r- 
loignier,  purlaignier  =  to  prolong,  to  retard,  to 
delay  ;  Lat.  prolongo  —  t"  prolong  (q.v.).  Tho 
original  sense  is  to  put  away  or  remove.  Pur- 
loin and  prolong  are  doublets.] 

A.  Transitii>e : 

1.  To  carry  away  for  one's  self ;  to  steal,  to 
filch;  to  take  by  theft. 

"  For  fear  that  some  their  treasure  should  purloin." 
Drayton :  The  Owl. 

*  2.  To  take  by  plagiarism  ;  to  plagiarize. 
(Byron:  English  liards.) 

B.  Intransitive: 

L  To  steal,  to  praetis«  theft.    (Titui  ii.  10.) 

*  2.  To  go  away  or  apart ;  to  retire,    (Art- 
drewes:  Pattern  ffCatechistical  Doctrine,  p.  139.). 

pur-loln'-er,  «.     [Eng.  purloin;  -er.\     One 

who  purloins  ;  a  pilcher,  a  thief,  a  robber. 

"  These  purtolneri  of  tbe  public. "— 9*ifl :  T\e  X*. 
amintr.  No.  2S. 

pur-par-ty,  •  pur-par-tie, ». 


PRINCIPAL 


fate,  fat,  Care,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine ;  go,  pit, 
Or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  sin;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  fall;  try*  Syrian,    so,  ce  -  e ;  ey  -  a;  qu  =  kw. 


purple— purposely 


3821 


pur'-ple,  *  pur-pre,  *  pur-pur,  a.  <fc  s. 

[O.  FT.  porpre,  po»r//re=  purple,  from  Lat. 
puri»ira  =  the  purple-fish,  purple  dye;  Gr. 
wop<t>vpa  (pnrphura)  —  the  purple-fish  ;  iropiti- 
P«K  (prirf,ki<reos)  =  purple.  Probably  a  dull 
red.  For  the  change  of  r  to  I  cf.  marblt  for 
marbre,  from  Fr.  martrre,  Lat.  marmor.  Ital. 
&  Sp.  purpureo  =  purple  (a.) ;  Sp.  &  Port.  pur- 
pura  =  purple(s.);  Ital.  porpara;  A.S.  purpur.] 

A.  -<4s  adjective : 

I.  Ltt. :  Of  a  colour  compounded  of  red  and 
blue  blended. 

"  The  poop  was  beaten  gold, 
Purple  the  sails." 

Shaketp.  :  Antony  i  Cleopatra,  IL  1 

JL  Figuratively: 

1.  Imperial,  regal ;  from  purple  being  the 
distinctive  colour  of  the  robes  of  royal  or 
imperial  personages. 

2.  Red,   livid ;  dyed  as  with  blood ;  dark- 
coloured. 

"  Their  mangled  limbs 
Crashing  at  once,  [death]  ilyea  the  purple  seas." 

I'/ionuun :  Summer,  1,034. 

B.  As  substantive: 

1.  LitcraHy: 

(1)  A  secondary  colour,  composed  of  red 
an-t  blue  in  equal  proportions. 

(2)  A  purple  dress  or  robe. 

:' There  w;i"  :i  certain  rich  man,  which  w«»  clothed 
in  >iur/>le  and  Hue  linen."— LuJie  xvi.  19. 

2.  Figuratively : 

(1)  Imperial  or  reaal  power,  from  the  colour 
of  theroy;il  robes  :  as.To  be  born  ill  Ihepurple. 

[PORPH  VBVOENITDS.  ] 

(2)  The  cardinalate;    from  the  scarlet  hat, 
stockings,  and  cassock  worn  by  cardinals. 

"The  Cardinal,  by  the  privilege  of  his  purple,  hav- 
ing been  strangled  is  priaou."— Clarendon  :  Religion  i 
Policn.  ch.  viii. 

(3)  [PURPLES]. 

«  (4)  A  kind  of  shell-fish, 

If  Purple  ofmollitsca:  A  viscid  liquor  secreted 
by  Purpura  lapillus  and  other  sp«cies  of  the 
genus.  It  gives  a  crimson  dye. 

purple  and  gold,  s. 

Entom. :  Pyraitsta  punicealis. 

purple-bar,  s. 

Entiim  :  Melanthia  ocellata,  'a  British  geo- 
meter moth. 

purple-barred  yellow,  «. 

Entom. :  A  British  geometer  moth,  Lythria 
purpiiraria. 

purple-beech,  s.  A  variety  of  the  beech, 
with  brown  or  purple  foliage. 

purple-black,  «.  A  preparation  of  mad- 
der, of  a  deep  purple  hue,  approaching  to 
black ;  its  tints,  with  white-lead,  are  of  a 
purple  colour.  It  is  very  transparent  and 
powerful,  glazes  and  dries  well  in  oil,  and  is  a 
durable  and  eligible  pigment,  belonging  per- 
haps to  the  semi-neutral  class  of  marone. 

purple-clay,  «. 

Entom. :  Noctiui  brunnea. 

purple-Clover,  «.    [CLOVER.] 
purple-cloud,  s. 

Entnm. :  A  British  night  moth,  Cloantha 
perspicillaris. 

purple  copper-ore,  s.    [BORNITE.] 
purple  cruorin,  ». 
Chem.  :  A  name  for  the  colouring  matter  of 
the  blood  when  partially  deoxidised. 

purple  egg  urchin,  s. 

Zool. :  Echinus  Hindus. 

purple-emperor,  s.  [EMPEROR,  II.,  «J.] 

purple  hair-streak, ».  [HAIR-STREAK.] 

purple-heart,  s.    [PURPLE-WOOD.] 

Purple-heart  urchin: 

Zool. :  Sputangus  purpureus. 

purple-heron,  *. 

Ornlth. :  Ardea  jnirpurea,  about  the  same 
size  as  the  Common  Heron  (.4.  cinerea),  but  of 
much  darker  plumage  ;  the  occipital  plumes 
are  glossy  black,  tinged  with  purple.  It  is  an 
occasional  visitor  to  Britain,  and  is  probably 
the  Black  Heron  of  Sir  Thomas  Browne.  His 
editor  (S.  Wilkin.  F.LS.)  says,  "No  British 
species  appears  to  corres|>ond  so  nearly  with 
Dr.  Browne's  description  as  Ardea-purpurea." 
(Miscellanies ;  Birds  of  Norjolk). 


purple  kalcese,  t. 
Or  tilth.  :  Enplocamus   horsjleldii,    from    the 
Nortli-west  Himalayas. 

purple-Illy,  ». 

Sot.  :  The  Martagon  Lily. 
purple-lip,  5. 

Bot.  :  Vanilla,  clariculata. 
purple-loosestrife,  ». 

Bot.  :  Lythrum  Salicaria. 
purple  marbled,  s. 
Entom.  :  A  British  night  moth, 
Micra  oitrina. 

purple-martin,  s. 

Ornith.  :  Progne  subis  (Baird), 
from  the  whole  of  United  States 
and  North  Mexico.  Plumage 
entirely  lustrous  steel-blue,  with  a  purplish 

gloss. 

purple  of  cassius,  «. 

Chem.  :  An«3n4Oe,4II.jO.  A  brownish  purple 
powder  obtaineil  by  adding  stannous  chloride 
to  a  dilute  solution  of  auric  chloride.  It  is 
used  for  colouring  the  ruby  glass  of  Bohemia. 

purple-starling,  s. 

Ornith.  :  Sturnus  purpur  escens,  from  Asia 
Minor  and  Persia. 

purple-thorn,  *. 

Entom.  :  Selenia  illustraria,  a  British  geo- 
meter moth. 

pnrple-WOOd,  ».  A  species  of  wood 
from  the  Brizils,  the  heart-  wood  of  Copaifera 
puhiflora  and  C.  bracteata.  It  is  a  handsome 
wood  of  a  rich  plum  colour,  very  strong, 
durable,  and  elastic.  It  is  imported  in  logs 
from  eight  to  twelve  inches  square,  and  eight 
to  ten  feet  long,  principally  used  for  ramnids, 
buhl-work,  marquetry,  and  turnery.  Called 
also  Purple-heart. 

t  pur'-ple,  v.t.  &  i.    [PURPLE,  a.] 

A.  Trans.  :  To  make  or  dye  of  a  purple 
colour  ;  to  stain  or  tinge  with  purple  or  a 
dee)t-red  colour. 

"Till  ruddy  morning  purpled  o'er  the  east" 

Pope:  aamer  ;  0<iysiei/  ix.  MS. 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  be  or  become  of  a  purple 
or  deep-red  colour. 

"The  landmark  to  the  double  tide 
That  purpling  mils  on  either  side." 

Byron  .-  Siege  of  Corinth,  t. 

pur'-ples,  s.  pi.    [PURPLE,  a.]    [EARCOCKLE.] 

pur'-ple-wort,  *.    [Eng.  purple,  and  wort.] 
Bot.  :  Comarum  palustre. 

pur'-pllsh,  a.  [Eng.  purpl(e);  -ish.]  Some- 
what purple  in  colour. 

"The  yellow  filaments  are  tipped  with  purplith 
apices."  —Grainger  :  The  Sugar-Can*,  IT. 

pur'  -port,  ».  [O.  Fr.  pnurport.]  [PURPORT,  v.] 
*  1.  Disguise.    (Spen*er:  F.  Q.t  III.  i.  52.) 
2.  Meaning,  tenor,  import  ;  intended  signifi- 
cation ;  drift. 

"  A  look  so  piteous  in  purport" 

Shakap.  :  Bamlet,  11.  1 

pfir'-pb'rt,  v.t.  &  i.  [O.  Fr.  purporter,  pour- 
porter  =  to  intend,  from  pur  (Fr.  pour)  =  Ijit. 
pro  s=  according  to,  and  porter  =  to  carry.] 

A.  Trans.  :  To  imi>ort,  to  signify,  to  mean  ; 
to  convey,  as  a  meaning  or  import  ;  to  intend. 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  have  a  pertain  purport, 
meaning,  or  signification  ;  to  import,  to  signify. 

"There  was  an  article  against  the  reception  of  the 
rebels,  purporting,  that  If  any  such  rebel  should  be 
required  of  the  prince  confederate,  that  the  prince 
confederate  should  command  him  to  avoid  the  coun- 
try."— Bacon:  Henry  VII. 

pur1  -port  -less,  a.  [Eng.  piirport,  8.  :  -less.] 
Having  no  purport,  meaning,  or  import; 
meaningless. 

p  ur  p  6  se  ,  *  ppr-pos,  *  pur-pos,  *.    [O.  Pr. 

pourpng,  a  variant  of  prop/a  •=.  a  purpose,  drift, 
or  end,  from  Lat.  propnsitum  =  a  thing  pro- 
posed, prop.  neut.  sing,  of  propositus,  pa.  par. 
of  propono  =  to  propose,  to  propound  (q.v.).] 

1.  That  which  a  person  sets  liefore  himself 
as  the  object  to  be  pa  ine<l  or  accomplished  ;  the 
end  or  aim  which  one  has  in  view  In  any  plan, 
measure,  or  exertion. 


2.  That  which  one  intends  to  do  ;  intention, 
design,  plan,  project. 

"  Far  tram  the  purpntt  of  his  coming  hither." 

S/taketp,  :  Rapt  of  Lucrrce,  113. 


3.  That  which  is  spoken  of  or  is  to  be  done; 
question,  matter,  or  subject  in  hand. 

"  HuU  her  to  the  purpose."  Shnlretp. :  Troilui,  IT.  E, 

4.  That  which  a  person  or  thing  means  to 
say  or  express ;  sense,  meaning,  purport,  in- 
tention, intent. 

"The  intent  and  purpot*  of  the  law 
Hath  full  relation  to  the  penalty." 

Skaketp. :  Merckmt  of  Venice,  IT.  I. 

*&  That  which  a  person  demands ;  request, 
proposition,  proposal. 

"  Tour  purpott  is  both  good  and  reasonable." 

SkoJutp.  :  1  Henry  ¥1.,  T.  L 

•6.  Instance,  example. 

"Tis  common  (or  douMe-dealen  to  be  taken  In 
their  owu  snares,  as  for  the  purpote  in  the  matter  of 
power."— i'  Ktf  range. 

*  7.  Conversation,  discourse.  (Spenser :  F.  0.. 
II.  vi.  6.) 

*  8.  An  enigma,  a  riddle,  cross-purposes ; 
a  sort  of  conversational  game.     [CROSS-PUR- 
POSES.] 

"Cards,  catches,  purpotet,  questions."  —  Burton : 
Anat.  Melancholy. 

9.  Effect,  result. 

"  To  small  purpose  had  the  council  of  Jerusalem  been 
assembled."— Soaker:  Eccle*.  Polity. 

IF  (1)  On  purpose,  *  in  purpose,  *  of  purpose : 
Purposely,  intentionally,  designedly  ;  of  set 
purpose. 

(2)  To  the  purpose,  *  to  purpose :  With  close 
relation  to  the  matter  in  question. 

"  He  was  wont  to  speak  plalu  and  In  the  purpote."— 
Shaketp.  •'  iluch  Ado  about  tfotkiny.  it  3. 

pur'-pise,  ».  t.  &  i.  [O.  Fr.  purposer,  a  variant 
of  proposer  =  to  propose  (q.v.).  Purpose  and 
propose  are  doublets.  Purpose,  v.,  is  distinct 
In  origin  from  purpose,  s.,  though  completely 
confounded  with  it  in  association.  (Skeat.)] 

A.  Transitive: 

•1.  To  set  forth;  to  bri  ig  forward.  (Wydiffe.) 
2.  To  intend,  to  design ;  to  determine  or 

resolve  on  something,  as  aii  end  or  object  to  be 

gained  or  accomplished. 

"  We  have  friends 
That  parpnit  merriment." 

ShoJcetp. :  He.-chant  of  Venice,  IL  1 

*3.  To  mean,  to  wish,  to  intend. 

"  I  have  possessed  your  grace  of  what  I  purpote." 
ShaJcetp.  :  Merchant  of  Venice.  IT.  L 

B,  Intransitive  : 

*  1.  To  discourse. 

"  She  In  merry  tort 
Them  gan  to  bord,  auJ  purpote  diversely." 

Spenur:  F.  (t.,  II.  xli.  16. 

2.  To  intend,  to  design ;  to  have  intention 
or  design. 

"  Yet  did  I  purpote  as  they  do  in  treat  " 

Shaketp. :  2  llearg  VI.,  ill.  ft. 

pur'-posad,  pa.  par.  &  a.    [PURPOSE,  v.} 

A.  As  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj. :  Having  a  purpose  or  design ; 
resolved,  determined. 

"  I  am  purpoted  that  my  mouth  shall  not  transgress." 
—Ptalm  xvil.  a. 

*pur'-posed-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  purposed;  -ty.J 
Acconling  to  or  with  a  purpose  ;  purposely, 
designedly,  intentionally,  on  purpose. 

"Driven  either  casually  or  purpotedlf."  —  North : 
Plutarch,  p.  615. 

t  pur  pose-ful,  t  pur -pose  full,  n.  [Eng. 

purpose ;  -full.] 

1.  Full  of  purpose  or  intention ;  designed, 
intentional. 

"  With  Mary  he  had  been  happy  and  pur/totefulL"-' 
Mia  Thackeray:  Mitt  WiUiamtant  Oiwayutioni.  p.  US. 

2.  Important,  material. 

"  Most  hideously  purpoieful  accounts."  —  Tyler: 
Prim.  Culture,  1.  46*. 

*pur'-p4se-ful-iy,  adv.  [Ens;,  purposeful; 
-ly.  ]  Of  set  purpose  or  design  ;  with  purpose  or 
intention ;  intentionally.designedly, purposely. 

"Cavalry  that  will  charge  home  and  sacrifice  Itself 
may  be  employed  purpotcfully.~—t'ortnijhtlv  Renew. 
Dee.,  ISM,  p.  m. 

pur-pdse  iSss,   a.     [Eng.    purpose ;    -less.] 
Having  no  purpose,  effect,  or  result;  objectless. 
"A  Tain  and   purpouleu  ceremony."— Bp.   n<M: 
Serm.  on  Xcclet.  111.  4. 

t  pur'-pise-like,  a.  [Eng.  purpose;  -like.] 
Having  the  appearance  of  purpose  or  design  ; 
fit  to  answer  any  particular  design  or  purpose. 

"A  purpotelike  determination  to  acquiesce  no 
longer  in  the  fatuous  policy."— DaUt  Telegraph,  Sept 
T,  IMS. 

pur'-po'se-ly',  adv.  [Eng.  purpose  ;  -ly.)  Of 
set  purpose  or  design ;  on  purpose ;  inten- 
tionally, designedly. 

"I  have  been  purpotett  prolix  in  this  drinonstn- 
Uon."— Beddont:  On  Mathematical  S*idence,  p.  M. 


boil,  boy;  potit,  jowl;  cat,  90!!,  chorua,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  eyist.    ph  =  £ 
-clan,  -tlan  =  sham,   -tion,  -sion  =  sbttn;  -fion,   ?ion  -  shun,   -cions,  -tloua,  -dons  =  shtts.   -ble.  -die,  <tc.  =  bel,  del. 


3822 


purposer— purauable 


pnr-pds-er,  s.    [Eng.  purport),  v. ;  -er.) 

*  1.  One  who  proposes  or  brings  forth  any- 
thing ;  a  setter-forth. 
2.  One  who  purposes  or  intends. 

pur'-pos-Ive,    a.     [Eng.    purpose);    -t»«.] 
Having  an  aim,  object,  or  purpose  ;  designed 

fnr  Rnnif*  nnrnnsi* 


for  some  purpose 


"  Those  _KF 
turea  and  fun 


purpose. 

apparently  purposive  adaptations  of  struc- 

functions. —  .Yature,  vol.  xxiv.,  p.  505. 

*  pur -pos-ive-ness,   5.     [Eng.  purposive; 
-ness.]    The  quality  or  state  of  being  purpo- 
sive or  designed  for  an  end. 

pur-pres'-ture,  s.    [POURPRESTURB.J 

*  pur  -prise,  *  pour-prise,  *.  [Fr.  purpris.  ] 

[POURPRESTUKE.J    A  close  or  inclosure ;  the 
whole  compass  of  a  manor. 

"Environ     the     whole     pourprite    and    precinct 
thereof.  —P.  Holland:  Plutarch,  p.  399. 

pnr'-pn-ra,  s.  [Lat.,  a  name  given  to  many 
molluscs  yielding  a  purple  dye,  and  hence  the 
dye  itself.] 

1.  Zool.  <t  PaUcont. :  A  genus  of  Buccinidae ; 
shell  striated,  imbricated,  or  tuberculated  ; 
spine  short,  aperture  large,  slightly  notched 
in  front,  upper  lip  much  worn  and  flattened. 
Recent  species  140,  very  widely  distributed, 
ranging  from  low- water  tptwenty-five  fathoms. 
Many   yield  a  dull    crimson   dye,  formerly 
utilised.     Purpura  lapillits,  the  sole  British 
species,  abounds  on  the  coast  at  low  water, 
and    is    very    destructive    to    mussel-beds. 
Forty    fossil    species,    commencing    in    the 
Tertiary  and  coming  down  to  the  Pleistocene. 

1J  Tate  makes  the  genus  the  type  of  a  family 
Purpuridae. 

2.  Pathol. :  A  peculiar  unhealthy  condition 
of  the  blood  and  tissues,  evinced  by  purple 
spots,  chiefly  on  the  legs,  due  to  unbealthy 
surroundings,  want  of  proper  food,  intemper- 
ance, and  other  depressing  causes ;  it  some- 
times accompanies  chronic  diseases.     It  may 
be  simple  or  haemorrhagic,  acute  or  chronic, 
and  if  uncomplicated  usually  ends  in  recovery. 

pnr'-pu-rate,  a.  ft  *.    [PDRPURA.] 

A.  At  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  purpura. 

B.  As  substantive: 

Chem.  (PI.) :  Salts  of  purpuric  acid. 

pnrpurate  of  ammonia,  ». 

Chem. :  C8H(jN6O6H2O.  Murexide.  Pre- 
pared by  boiling  four  parts  of  uramil,  with 
three  parts  of  mercuric  oxide  and  water,  and 
filtering  while  hot.  On  cooling  it  separates 
in  the  form  of  square  prisms,  which  by  re- 
flected light  exhibit  a  metallic-green  lustre ; 
by  transmitted  light,  a  deep  red  colour.  It 
is  insoluble  in  alcohol  and  ether,  difficultly 
soluble  in  cold,  but  very  soluble  in  boiling 
water.  It  was  formerly  much  used  in  dyeing, 
but  is  now  superseded  by  rosaniline. 

pur'-pure,  *.  &  a.    [Lat.  purpura  =  purple.] 

A*  As  substantive : 

Her. :  The  term  used  for  purple. 
It  is  represented  in  engraving  by 
diagonal  lines  from  the  sinister 
base  of  the  shield  to  the  dexter 
chief. 

*  B.  As  adj. :  Purple. 

"  Overclad  with  blood  In  purpure  hew.* 

Budton :  Judith.  T.  MJ. 

*  pur-pitr'-e'-al,  a.  [Latpurpurnw.]  Purple. 

"  A  light  so  mild,  *o  powerful  .  .  . 
Shed  s  purpureal  halo  round  the  scene." 

Meltey:  Queen  Mat.  1. 

pur'-pu-rein,  s.    [PURPURA.] 

Chem.:  CjoHjsNOj.  Purpuramide.  Formed 
by  the  action  of  ammonia  on  purpurin.  On 
addition  of  dilute  hydrochloric  acid  it  is  pre- 
cipitated, and  separates  from  its  solution  in 
alcohol  in  crimson  needles  with  fine  green 
colour  when  seen  by  reflected  light.  It  is 
easily  soluble  in  hot  water,  alcohol,  and  dilute 
alkalis,  and  imparts  to  silk  and  wool  a  fine 
rose  colour,  but  does  not  permanently  colour 
vegetable  fabrics. 

pur-pur'-Ic,  a.  [Lat.  purpura ;  Eng.  suff.  -ic.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  genus  Purpura,  or  the 
dye  thence  obtained. 

purpuric-acid,  s. 

Chem. :  C8H8NRO6.  The  hypothetical  acid 
of  the  purpurates.  It  has  not  been  isolated. 

t  pur-pur'-i-daB,  *.  pi.    [PURPURA,  «f.] 


•  pur-pu-rif  -er-o,  ».  pi.    [Lat. 

purple,  "and  fero  =  to  bear.] 

Zool. :  A  group  of  Mollusca,  essentially  the 
same  as  the  modern  Buccinidae.  (iMiruirck.) 

pur'-pu-rin,  *.    [Lat.  purpur(a);  -in.] 

Chem. :  C^H^O?.  Oxyalizaric  acid.  A  red 
colouring  matter  obtained  from  madder  in  the 
same  way  as  alizarin.  It  may  be  separated 
from  the  alum  liquid  from  which  the  alizarin 
has  deposited,  by  adding  sulphuric  acid,  and 
washing  out  the  alumina  by  hydrochloric  acid 
from  the  precipitated  purpurin.  It  crystallizes 
from  alcohol  in  red  or  orange  coloured  needles, 
dissolves  in  alcohol  and  ether,  and  is  more 
soluble  in  water  than  alizarin.  It  dissolves 
in  boiling  alum  water  and  in  caustic  alkalis, 
forming  bright  red  solutions,  and  is  less  easily 
attacked  by  nitric  acid  than  alizarin. 

pur-pur-dx-an'-thlc,  o.  [Eng.  purpurox- 
anth(in);  -ic.]  Derived  from  or  containing 
purpuroxanthin. 

purpuroxanthic  acid,  s. 

Chem.:  Ci5H8O8  =  Ci4H7O4,CO2H.  An  acid 
obtained  by  boiling  purpurin  in  a  solution  of 
alum.  It  is  slightly  soluble  in  water,  soluble 
in  hot  alcohol,  from  which  it  crystallizes  in 
yellow  needles,  and  melts  at  231°.  'At  a  higher 
temperature  it  splits  up  into  carbonic  acid 
and  purpuroxanthin. 

pur -piir-Sx- an' -thine,  *.  [Eng.  pur- 
pur(in);  o(xygen),  and  xanthine.] 

Chem. :  Ci4H10O5  =  C14H8(OH)302H2.  The 
product  of  the  reduction  of  an  alkaline  pur- 
purine  solution  by  phosphorus.  It  is  soluble 
in  alcohol,  acetic  acid,  benzene,  and  alkalis. 

purr,  *  pur,  v.i.  &  t.  [An  imitative  word ; 
cf.  Scotch  pirr  =  a  gentle  wind  ;  Icel.  byrr  = 
a  wind.] 

A.  Intrans. :    To  make  a  soft  murmuring 
sound,  as  a  cat  when  pleased. 

"  With  hunger  plnch'd,  and  plnch'd  for  room. 
She  now  presiged  approaching  doom. 
Nor  slept  a  single  wiuk,  or  purr'd." 

Cowper  :  Retired  Cat. 

B.  Trans. :  To  signify   by    purring  or  by 
making  a  murmuring  noise. 

"The  secretary  purred  delighted  approval."— C. 
Jtingiley  :  Hypatia,  ch.  xxiii. 

purr  (1),  •  pur,  s.  [PURR,  v.]  The  soft 
murmuring  noise  made  by  a  cat  when  pleased. 

"  Here  is  a  pur  of  fortune's,  sir.  or  of  fortune's  cat 
(but  not  a  musk-cat)."— Shakttp  :  Alft  Well  that 
End*  Well,  v.  1 

purr  (2),  purre,  ».  [Prob.  from  the  cry.]  A 
sea-lark,  a  dunlin. 

"Six  dozen  purret  or  stinta."— Gentleman  i  Magazine, 
Feb.,  1685,  p.  152. 

pur-re,  *.    [PERRY.] 

pur'-reS,  s.    [Hind,  peori  =  yellow.] 

Chem. :  A  yellow  colouring  matter  imported 
from  India  and  China,  supposed  to  be  obtained 
from  the  urine  of  camels,  elephants,  and 
buffaloes.  It  is  brown  on  the  outside,  of  a  deep 
orange  colour  within,  and  is  used  in  the  pre- 
paration of  Indian  yellow. 

pfir-re'-Io,  a.  [Eng.p«rre(«);-tc.]  Contained 
in,  or  derived  from  purree  (q.v.). 

pnrreic-acid,  s.    [EUXAKTBIC  ACID.] 
pur'-ren-one,  ».    [PURREE.]   [EUXANTHONE.] 
t  pur'-rSt,  *.    [PORRET.] 
pur  -rock,  s.    [PARROCK.]    A  paddock. 

purse,  *  pors,  *  purs,  *  burs,  *.  [O.  Fr.  borse 
(Fr.  bourse)  =  a  purse,  from  Low  Lat.  bursa  = 
a  purse,  from  Or.  0i.po-i)  (burse)  =  a  skin  or 
hide  ;  Ital.  borsa ;  Sp.  &  Port,  bolsa ;  Dan.  & 
8w.  bors;  Dut  beurs.] 

1.  A  small  bag,  pouch,  or  case  in  which 
money  is  contained  or  carried  in  the  pocket. 

"  Rhall  the  son  of  England  prove  a  thief,  and  take 
purtet  I  a  question  to  be  asked."— Shaketp. :  1  Henry 

2.  Hence,  treasury,  resources,  finance  :  as, 
To  exhaust  the  public  purse. 

3.  A  sum  of  money  offered  as  a  prize,  or 
collected  as  a  present :  as,  To  present  a  person 
with  a  purse  of  money. 

4.  A  specific  sum  of  money.    In  Turkey  it 
consists  of  500  Turkish  piastres,  and  its  value 
is  £4  10s.  Sid.  sterling ;  in  Egypt  a  purse 
consists  of  500  tariff  piastres,  value  £5  2s.  <Hd. 
sterling ;  in  Persia,  50  tomans,  value  £23  4s.  7d. 
sterling. 


H  (1)  A  light  purse,  an  empty  purse :  Poverty, 
want  ef  resources. 

(2)  A  long  purse,  a  heavy  purse:  Wealth, 
riches,  large  resources. 

(3)  Sword  and  purse :  The  military  power  and 
wealth  of  a  nation. 

(4)  To  make  a  purse :  To  put  together  a  sum 
of  money.    (Thackeray  :  Vutnity  Fair,  ch.  liv.) 

purse-bearer.  *.  One  who  carries  the 
purse  of  another. 

purse-crab,  s. 

Zool.  :  The  genus  Birgus  (q.v.). 

*  purse-fuL  *  purse-full,  a.    Rich. 

*  purse-leech,  s.     One  who  grasps  at 
money. 

*  purse  -  milking,    a.       Extortionate. 
(Burton:  Anat.  Melancholy;  To  the  Itmder.) 

*  purse-mouth,  s.    A  pursed-up  mouth. 
(Tennyson :  Maud,  I.  i.  71.) 

*  purse  mulgent,  a.    Sucking  or  drain- 
ing the  purse;  extortionate. 

"In  like  manner  this  purte-mulgenl  physician  Dot 
long  since  dealt  with  a  gentlewoman "—  Yenntr: 
Batht  of  Bathe,  p.  3«4. 

purse-net,  s.  A  net,  the  mouth  of  which 
can  be  drawn  together  and  closed  like  a  purse. 

*  purse-pinched,  a.    Poor. 

"  Purte-pinched  and  soul-pain'd." 

Datie$  :  JHicrocoimot,  p.  14. 

*  purse-pride,  s.     Pride   or   insolence 
arising  from  the  possession  of  wealth. 

"Even  purte-prid*  is  quarrellous."— Bp.  Halt: 
Supernumeraries. 

purse-proud,  a.  Proud  of  one's  money ; 
puffed  up  with  the  possession  of  money  or 
riches. 

parse-seine,  .«.  A  seine  the  bottom  of 
which  may  be  pursed,  thus  confining  the 
shoal  of  fish  around  which  it  has  been  cast. 

purse-taking,  s.    The  act  of  taking  or 

stealing  purses;  thieving. 
purse-tassels,  s. 
Dot.  :  Muscari  comosum. 
purse,  v.t.  &  i.    [PURSE,  *.] 

A.  Transitive: 

*  1.  To  put  into  a  purse. 

11  With  that  he  puri'd  the  gold."    SoHmcm  t  ftn. 

2.  To  draw  up  or  contract,  as  the  opening 
of  a  purse  ;  to  wrinkle,  to  pucker. 

"  Contract  and  purie  thy  brow  together." 

Xhakeip.  :  Othello,  ill  t, 

B.  Intrans. :  To  take  or  steal  purses ;  to 
thieve  ;  to  pick  pockets.     (Beaum.  <C  Fltt.) 

purse' -ful,  s.  [Eng.  purse;  -M(fy']  As  much 
as  a  purse  will  hold. 

purs' -er,  s.  [Eng.  purs(e);  -er.  Purser  and 
bursar  are  doublets.] 

1.  Navy:  The  officer  who  had  to  keep  the 
accounts  of  the  ship  to  which  he  was  attached, 
and  who  had  charge  of  the  provisions,  cloth- 
ing, pay,  &c.,  now  called  a  paymaster. 

"  In  those  days  .  .  .  the  commanders  of  the  vessels 
were  also  the  purteri."—  Marrj/at  Snarltyyow.  ch.  ilL 

2.  Mining  :  The  paymaster  or  cashier  of  a 
mine,  and  the  official  to  whom  notices  of  trans- 
fer are  sent  for  registration  in  the  cost-book. 

3.  Naut. :  The  official  who  hits  charge  of  the 
cash ;  the  ship's  cashier  and  treasurer. 

purs'- er  ship,  s.  [Eng.  purser;  -ship.]  Th« 
office  or  jiosition  of  a  purser. 

pur'-slll,  ».    [Scotch  =  a  purse  full.] 
Bot. :  Alaria  esculenta.    (Scotch.) 

pur  si-ness,  s.  [Eng.  pursy;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  pursy  or  short-winded ; 
shortness  of  breath. 

purs  lane,   *  purse-lane,   *  purs  lain, 
pours-lane, «.    |O.  Fr.  porcelaine,  pourct- 
laine;  Ital.  porcellana,  from  porcilaca  (Pliny), 
portulaca  =  purslane.] 
Botany  : 

1.  The  genus  Portulaca  (q.v.). 

2.  (PI.):  The  order  Portulacacese.  (Lindlty.) 

purslane-tree,  «. 

Bot. :  The  genu.s  Portulacaria.    The  African 
Purslane- tree  is  Portulacaria  afra. 

*pur-SU'-a-ble,  a.  [Eng.  pursv(e);  -able.] 
Capalile  of  being  pursued,  followed,  or  prose- 
cuted ;  fit  to  be  pursued. 


fate,  tat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  p6t, 
or,  wore,  wplt;  work,  whfi,  son;  mate,  cub.  care,  unite,  cur,  rale,  full;  try,  Syrian,    n,  ca  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  lew. 


pursual— Puseyite 


3823 


•pur-su'-al,  s.  [Eng.  pursue);  -ai.]  The 
act  of  pursuing  ;  pursuance. 

pur-su'-ance,  s.  [Eng.  pursuant?) ;  -ce.]  The 
act  of  punning,  following,  or  prosecuting  ;  a 
following  after  ;  a  carrying  out  or  prosecuting 
of  a  design,  order,  &c. 

"In  pursuance  of  tbe  imperial  »rmy."— B ovell: 
Letttrt.  bk.  1..  let.  Ti. 

H  In  pursuance  of:  In  fulfilment  or  execu- 
tion of;  in  consequence. 

"Jupiter,  in  pursuance  of  the  request  of  Thetis, 
•ends  a  deceitful  vision  to  Agamemnon."— Pope : 

Homer:  Iliad  \i.    (Arg.) 

pnr-SU'-ant,  a.  &  adv.  [O.  FT.  porsuiant, 
poursuiant,  from  porsuir,  poursuir,  pursuir  = 
to  pursue  (q  v.).] 

*  A.  As  adj. :  Done  in  consequence,  or  in 
fulfilment,  or  execution,  of  something  ;  hence, 
agreeable,  consonant,  conformable. 

B.  As  adv. :  In  consequence  of ;  agreeably, 
conformably  ;  in  accordance  with.  (Followed 
by  to.) 

"My  master,  purtwint  to  the  advice  of  his  friend, 
carried  me  in  a  box  the  next  market-day  to  the  neigh- 
bouring town."— Swffl  •'  Oulliter'i  Travels,  pt.  it,  cli.  11. 

pur-SU'-ant-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  pursuant;  -ly.] 
Agreeably,  conformably,  pursuant ;  in  accord- 
ance. 

pur  sue',  *  per  sew,  *por-sne,  v.t.  &  i. 
[O.  Fr.  ponmir,  poursuir  (Fr.  poursuivre),  from 
pur-,  por-  (Fr.  pour)  =  Lat.  pro-,  and  suir  (Fr. 
tuivre)  =  Lat.  seguor  =  to  follow.]  [PROSE- 
CUTE.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  follow  with  a  view  to  overtake;  to 
follow  after ;  to  chase. 

"  Onward  they  drive.  In  dreadful  race 
Pursuers  aud  pursued." 

Scott :  Lady  of  the  Lake,  vi.  IT. 

*  2.  To  follow  closely  ;  to  attend,  to  accom- 
pany. 

"Fortune  pursue  thee." 
Shaketp. :  Antony  t  Cleopatra,  iii.  It. 

•3.  To  follow  with  enmity  ;  to  persecute,  to 
seek  to  injure. 

"  If  the!  han  pursued  me,  the!  schulen  purtue  yhou 
•Jso."—  Wyrti/e :  Jon  XT. 

4.  To  prosecute ;  to  proceed  in ;  to  follow 
up  ;  to  carry  on. 

"  Had  we  pursued  that  life." 

Shakesp.  :  Winter's  Tale,  L  2. 

*  5.  To  follow  as  an  example ;  to  imitate. 
(Dryden.) 

6.  To  follow  with  a  view  to  the  attainment 
or  accomplishment  of  some  object. 

"  lien  like  these,  united  by  one  bond,  pursuing  one 
design."— Quldsmith :  folit*  Learning,  ch.  vi. 

7.  To  use  or  adopt  measures  to  obtain  ;  to 
•eek  :  as,  To  pursue  a  remedy  at  law. 

B.  Intransitive: 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

L  To  follow  after  another ;  to  go  in  pursuit 

"  And  the  Indians  .  .  .  pursued  not  after  them."— 
trende :  yuintui  Curtius,  foL  241. 

2.  To  go  on  ;  to  proceed,  to  continue. 

"I  have,  purtuei  Carneades,  wondered  chymlsts 
should  not  consider."— Boyle. 

II.  Law  :  To  follow  a  matter  judicially  ;  to 
act  as  prosecutor. 

•pur-sue', *per-sue,j.  [PURSUE,!).]  Track. 

"  By  the  great  persue  which  she  there  perceav  d. 
Well  lioi«d  she*  the  beast  engor'd  had  beene." 

Spenser :  F.  Q.,  III.  v.  IS. 

pur  su  er,  *per-sew-er,  *pur-su-ere, 

*.     [Eng.  purru(e);  -er.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 
L  One  who  pursues  or  follows  after  another. 
"The  purtii'-ri  took  him." 

Shakes?.  :  1  Henry  ir.,  T.  5. 

•2.  A  persecutor;  one  who  follows  with 
enmity. 


IL  Scots  Law:  One  who  institutes  and  in- 
sists in  an  ordinary  action ;  a  plaintiff,  a 
prosecutor. 

pur  suit ,  *  pour  suitt,  *  pur-ante,  .». 

[O.  Fr.  poursuite,  prop.  fern,  of  poumtit,  pa, 
par.  of  pourtuir  =  to  pursue  (q.v.).] 

1.  The  act  of  pursuing  or  following  with  a 
Tiew  to  overtake ;    a  following  with  haste, 
either  for  sport,  or  in  a  spirit  of  hostility. 
"Arm.  warriors,  arm  for  fight !  the  foe  at  hand. 

Whom  fled  we  thought,  will  save  us  long  pursuit." 
XUlon  :  P.  L,  vi.  &ST. 

•2.  A  following  in  enmity  or  hatred  ;  perse- 
cution. 


3.  The  act  of  following  with  a  view  to  ob- 
tain, reach,  or  accomplish  ;  an  endeavour  to 
reach  or  attain  to.     (Spenser:  F.  Q.,  II.  iv.  1.) 

4.  Prosecution  ;  following  up  or  carrying 
on;  continuance  of  endeavour:  as,  the  pursuit 
of  a  design. 

5.  A  course  of  business  or  occupation  ;  em- 
ployment ;  occupation  with  a  view  to  some  end. 

"  Pursuits  better  salted  to  his  temper."—  Macaulay  : 
Hist.  Eng..  ch.  T. 

*  pur  sui  vant  (u  as  w),  *  pur  -se  vant, 
v.t.  [PURSUIVANT,  s.]  To  follow  or  overtake 
by  a  pursuivant.  (Lit. 


"  Dr.  Baker  was  in  the  beginning  of  the  rebellion 
pursevaitted  and  imprisoned."—  Wood:    Fasti  Oxon., 

K 

*  pur'-sui-vant  (a  as  w),    *  pur-si-  vant, 

$.  [Fr.  poursuivant,  pr.  par  of  poursuivre  =  to 
pursue  (q.v.)]. 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  follower  ;  an  attendant 

"  Pain  would  I  find  the  guide  you  want, 
But  ill  may  spare  a  purtuie  int." 

Scott  :  Jtarmion,  1.  SI. 

2.  Her.  :  An  attendant  on  the  heralds  ;  one  of 
the  third  and  lowest  order  of  heraldic  officers. 
There  are  four  pursuivants  attached  to  the 
English  College  of  Anns,  styled  Rouge  Croix, 
Blue  Mantle,  Rouge  Dragon,  and  Portcullis. 
To  the  court  of  Lyon  King-of-Arms,  in  Soot- 
hind,  there  were  formerly   six   pursuivants 
attached,  viz.,  Unicorn,  Carrick,  Bute.Kintyre, 
Ormond,  and  Ding  wall,  but  the  last  three  have 
been  abolished. 

"  pur-su'-me'nt,  s.  [Eng.  pursue;  -mtnt.]  The 
act  of  pursuing  ;  pursuit. 

"  Their  fights,  their  flights,  or  purtumentt."—  Sandys  : 
Travels,  p,  48. 

purs'-y,  *purs-lf,  *pnr-cy,  *pur-cyt; 
purse  -yf,  *  purs-ie,  a.  [O.  Fr.  pourcif, 
for  poulsif  (Fr.  pousif),  from  O.  Fr.  poulser  ; 
(Fr.  pousser)  —  to  push  (q.v.).] 

1.  Short-winded  ;    fat    and   short-winded  ; 
asthmatical. 

"  Grown  fat  and  puny  by  retail." 

Butler:  Hudibrai,  Hi.  1. 

•2.  Puffed  up  or  swollen  with  pampering. 

"  The  fatness  of  these  pursy  times." 

Sfiaketp.  :  Hamlet,  Ml  4. 

•  pur'-te'-nance,  pnr-te-naunce,  ».    [An 

abbrev.  of  appurtenance  (q.v.).]  Appurten- 
ance :  that  which  belongs  to  anything;  specif., 
the  pluck  of  an  animal,  or  the  heart,  liver, 
and  lungs. 

piir'-u-lence,  piir'-n-len-cy,  *.   [Fr.  pur- 

ulence,  from  Lat.  purulentia,  from  purulentus 
=  purulent  (q.v.).]  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  purulent  ;  generation  of  pus  or  matter. 

"  Consumptions  are  induced  by  purulency  in  any  of 
the  viscera.  —Arbuthnot  :  On  Diet. 

pur'-U-lent,  a.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  purulentus  = 
full  of  pus  or  matter  ;  pus,  genit.  pwrw  =  pus 
(q.v.).]  Consisting  of  pus  or  matter  ;  contain- 
ing, resembling,  or  of  the  nature  of  pus. 

"To  probe  and  search  *  purulent  old  sore."—  South  : 
Sermons,  vol.  ii.,  ser.  8. 

piir'-u-lent-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  purulent;  -ly.] 
In  a  purulent  manner. 

pur-vey',  *por-vey,  *pnr-vei-«n,  *pur- 
vay,  v.t.  &  i.  [O.  Fr.  porvoir  (Fr.  pourvoir)  = 
to  provide  (q.v.)  Purvey  and  provide  are 
doublets.] 

A.  Transitive: 

*  1.  To  foresee. 

•2.  To  provide  beforehand. 

3.  To  provide  ;  to  supply  ;  espec.  to  provide 
or  supply  provisions  for  a  number  of  persons. 

"  Mar  bade  I  should  purvey  them  steed." 

Scott  :  Lady  of  the  Lake,  vi.  7. 

4.  To  procure. 

"  From  outmost  land  and  sea  purveyed" 

Thomson:  Summer. 

B.  Intransitive: 

*  1.  To  contrive  :  tn  ^i0t  ;  to  plan. 

"Tho  No          L_*  urtnern  p^upie]  purueird,  to  do  htm  a 
despiu.  R.  Brunne,  p.  74. 

2.  To  provide  ;  espec.  to  provide  a  supply 
of  provisions,  &c.,  for  a  number  of  people  ;  to 
make  provision. 


•3.  To  pander  (followed  by  to).    (Burke.) 

pur-ve'y'-an9e,  *  pur-vel-ance,  *por- 
ve-ance,"  ».  [From  an  O.  Fr.  form  cor- 
responding with  Fr.  pourvoyance,  and  therefore 
a  doublet  of  providence  (q.v.).] 


*L  Ordinary  Language. 
L  Providence  ;  foresight 

"  The  high  almighty  purrfiana." 
Bower:  C.  A. 

2.  The  act  of  purveying,  providing,  supply- 
ing, or  furnishing;  specif.,  the  providing  or 
procurement  of  provisions  for  a  number  of 
persons. 

"  Philip  for  that  may  [maid]  mad  purteia.nct  redy." 
Robert  d*  Brunne  :  p.  907. 

3.  That  which  is  purveyed  or  provided  ;  pro- 
vision. 

"  Whence  mounting  up,  they  find  purveyance  meet,* 
Spenser  :  f.  Q..  I.  xiL  U. 

*  n.  Law.  The  royal  prerogative  of  buying 
up  provisions  and  other  necessaries,  by  the 
king's  purveyors,  for  the  use  of  his  royal 
household,  at  an  appraised  valuation  ;  and  of 
impressing  carriages  and  horses  for  the  con- 
veyance of  timber,  baggage,  &c.  Abolished 
by  12  Charles  II.,  c.  24. 

*pur-veye,  v.t.    [PUKVEY.] 

pur-vey'-or,  «pur-vey-er,  *pnr-vel- 
our,  pnr-ve-our,  s.  [From  an  O.  Fr.  form 
corresponding  with  Fr.  pourvoyeur  =  a  pro- 
vider.] 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

L  One  who  purveys  or  provides  victuals, 
&c.,  especially  for  a  large  number;  one  who 
supplies  eatables  or  caters  for  a  number  ;  a 
caterer  ;  a  dealer  in  provisions. 


*2.  One  who  provides  the  means  of  gratify- 
ing lust  ;  a  procurer  ;  a  pimp  ;  a  bawd. 

"  The  stranger,  ravished  at  his  good  fortune,  is  In 
troduced  to  some  imaginary  title  :  for  this  purveyor 
has  her  representatives  of  eouie  of  the  finest  ladles."— 
Addison.  (Todd.) 

*H.  Law:  An  officer  of  the  royal  household 
who  provided  or  exacted  provisions  for  the 
king's  table. 

pur'-vlew  (6W  as  uX  »•    [O.  Fr.  p^urveu, 
purvieu  (Fr.  pourvu),  pa.  par.  of  porvoir  (Fr. 
pourvoir)  =  to  purvey  (q.v.).] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

*  1.  A  proviso  ;  a  condition. 

*  2.  The  limit  or  scope  of  a  statute. 

"  If  any  fair  or  market  hare  been  kept  In  any 
church-yard,  these  are  profanations  within  the  pur- 
view of  several  statute*  —Bacin  :  Charge  upon,  te., 
for  the  Verge. 

3.  Limit  or  sphere  of  authority  ;  scope. 

II.  Law:  The  body  of  a  statute,  or  that 
part  which  begins  with  "  Be  it  enacted,"  aa 
distinguished  from  the  preamble. 

"  And  many  times  the  purviev  of  an  act  is  larger 
than  the  preamble  of  the  petition  ~—Bal«  :  Orig.  of 
Mankind. 

pur'-vpe,  ».  [Mahratta  purbhoe.]  The  writer 
caste  in  Bombay.  (Anglo-Indian.) 

pus,  *.  [Lat.  ;  cogn.  with  Gr.  irOpi-  (  puon)  = 
matter  ;  Sansc.  pu>in=  pus,  from  puy  =  to  stink, 
whence  also  putrid,  putrefy,  &c.] 

Paihol.  :  Theproduct  of  suppuration,  athick, 
viscid,  yellow  fluid,  consisting  of  liquor  puris, 
pus  corpuscles,  and  other  histological  parti- 
cles. It  may  lie  healthy  or  laudable,  ichoroua 
or  watery,  purulent  or  serous,  sanious,  Ac., 
and  it  may  become  cheesy  or  even  ultimately 
calcify. 

*  pu-sane,  ».    [O.  Fr.] 

Anc.  Arm.  :  The  gorget,  or  a  substitute  for  it. 

pusph'-kln-ite,  *.  [After  Puschkin,  a  Rus- 
sian senator;  suff.  -ite  (Jfin.).] 

Mi  n.  :  A  pleochroic  variety  of  epidote 
(q.v.),  found  in  loose  crystals  in  auriferous 
sands,  near  Ekaterinburg,  Perm,  Russia. 

Pu'-sey-Ism,  *.  [Named  after  the  Rev. 
Edward  Bouverie  Pusey,  D.D.  (1SOO-1882X 
Canon  of  Christ  Church,  and  Regius  Professor 
of  Hebrew  in  Oxford  University.] 

Church  Hist.  :  A  name  given  to  the  tenets  of 
the  Oxford  School,  of  which  Dr.  Pusey  was  a 
prominent  member.  [TRACTARIASISM.] 

Pu-sey-faf-ic.Pn-8ey-ist'-lo-ai,a.  [Pu- 
8EYI8M.)  Of  or  belonging  to  Dr.  Pusey  or  nil 
followers  ;  Tractarian  (q.v.). 

Pu'-aey-Ite,  o.  &  «.    [PUSEYISM.] 

A.  As  adj.  :ThesameasPusEYiSTiCAL(q.T.)t 

B.  As  subst.  :  A  supporter  of  the  opinions 
or  doctrines  advocated  by  the  Oxford  school  ; 
a  Tractarian. 


boll,  bt$y;  p£ut,  Jowl;  oat,  sell,  chorus,  shin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this:  sin,  as;  expect,  Xcnophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-dan,  -tian  =  shan.   -tion,  -sion  -  shun;  -(ion,  -sion  =  zhun.   -clous,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.   -ble,  -die,  &c.  -  bel,  del. 


3824 


push— put 


push.  *  posse,  'posh,  'puss,  'puss-en, 

v.t.  &  i.  [O.  Fr.  poiuser,  poulaer  (Fr.  jxrusaer), 
from  Lat.  pulso  —  to  beat,  to  strike,  to  thrust  ; 
frequent,  from  pello  (|>a.  par.  pulsua)  =  to 
drive  ;  Sp.  &  Port,  pulsnr,  puxur;  ItaL  btw- 
tore.)  [PULSATE,  PULSE  (1),  s.J 

A.  Transitive: 
L  Literally: 

I.  To  press  against  with  force  or  strength  ; 
to  drive  or  impel  by  pressure  ;   to  drive  or 
force,  or  endeavour  to  drive  or  force,  along  by 
continued  and  steady  pressure  without  strik- 
ing ;  to  shove.    (Opposed  to  draw  or  drag.) 

"  Backward  she  piahtd  him." 

Shakrtp.  :  Kmiu  *  Aiani*.  41. 

•  2.  To  butt  ;  to  strike  with  the  head  or 
horns.    (Exodus  zxi.  32.) 

II.  Figuratively  : 

1.  To  press  or  urge  forward  ;  to  press  to- 
wards completion. 

"  Puth  on  this  proceeding.* 

sHaJtnp.  :  Wintaft  Tale.  IL  1. 

2.  To  urge,  to  drive,  to  impel. 

"  Ambition  putktt  the  tool  to  inch  actions,  ma  an 
apt  to  procure  honour  to  the  actor."—  Spectator. 

3.  To  enforce  or  press,  as  an  argument  ;  to 
drive  to  a  conclusion  :  as,  To  push  an  argu- 
ment to  its  conclusion. 

4.  To  press,  to  urge  ;  to  ply  hard  ;  to  bear 
hard  upon  ;  to  embarrass. 

14  We  are  put\ed  for  au  answer."—  .Svi/t-    (T"M.) 

•  5.  To  importune  ;  to  press  with  solicita- 
tion ;  to  tease. 

6.  To  promote,  to  advance  ;  to  prosecute  or 
follow  closely  and  energetically  :  as,  To  push 
a  business. 

B.  Intransitive  : 

L  Lit.  :  To  make  a  thrust  or  push  ;  to  press, 
to  shove. 

"  You  may  u  well  mu'i  against  Paul's  as  stir  them." 
Shaknp.  :  Bern?  VI  11..  v.  S. 

IL  Figuratively: 

•  1.  To  make  an  attack.    (Daniel  xl.  40.) 

•  2.  To  make  an  effort. 

"  War  seem'd  asleep  for  nine  long  yean  ;  at  length 
Both  sides  resolved  to  path,  we  try'd  our  streni^th." 
Oryden.    (Todd.) 

3.  To  press  or  thrust  one's  self  forward  or 
onward  ;  to  make  or  force  one's  way,  as  in 
society. 

"  This  puiMng.  talltatire  dirlue."—  Haeautay  :  ffiit. 
Xnf..  ch.  vi. 

4.  To  push  a  business  or  trade  ;  to  be  ener- 
getic in  business. 

•  5.  To  burst  out,  as  a  shoot  or  bud. 
H  To  push  on  : 

1.  To  urge  one's  course  forward  ;  to  press 
on  or  forward. 

"  Now  path  we  on.  disdain  we  now  to  fear, 
A  thousand  wotuidi  let  every  busoin  bear." 

Roue  :  Loom  ;  Pharialia,  Ti. 

2.  To  hasten  towards  completion. 

"  Their  south  dock  extension  was  being  steadily 
fnuhtd  an."—  Daily  Chronicle.  Sept.  3,  1884. 

push  (1),  *  pushe,  s.    [PUSH,  v.] 

L  Lit.  :  The  act  of  pushing,  thrusting,  or 
pressing  ag  ijnst  ;  a  steady  and  continued 
pressure  against  ;  a  thrust,  a  shove. 

"  They  immediately  went  beyond  thepreclnctiof  the 
Court,  drew,  and  exchanged  *jweputhei."—Jtacauluy  : 
BUt.  Rnt..  ch  xjcv. 

IL  Figuratively: 

1.  An  assault,  an  attack  ;  a  vigorous  effort  ; 
A  forcible  onset. 

"  Through  the  proweme  of  oar  owne  souldl  >urs 
pnctysed  in  former  conflicts,  they  were  not  able  to 
atiyU  one  piuhr  of  us."—  OoMnp*  :  Cottar,  tuL  78. 

•  2.  An  effort  or  attempt. 

"  Kxact  reformation  is  nnt  to  be  expected  at  the  Arst 
P"«A  "—Milton  •  Rtfnrm.  in  England. 

3.  An  emergency,  a  trial,  an  extremity,  an 
experiment. 

"Tli  common  to  talk  of  dying  for  a  friend  :  hut 
when  It  comes  to  the  puth,  'tis  uo  more  than  talk."  — 
L  fttmngt 


4.  Persevering  eneiyy  ;  enterprise  ;  steady 
and  j>er*evering  applfeation  in  business  ;  that 
quality  which  enables  one  to  force  himself 
onward  or  forward  :  as,  He  has  plenty  of  push. 
(Colloq.) 

^  0)  *"«*&  of  an  arch  :  [THRUST]. 

(2)  To  be  put  to  the  puih  :  To  he  put  to  the 
trial  ;  to  be  placed  in  a  position  of  difficulty 
or  trial. 

•push  a  pike,  i.    Push-pin. 

"  When  at  p-iOt-n-pUu  we  play 
With  beauty,  who  shall  win  the  day  t" 

ll:.<tibr,U  RtdiriHU. 


push-hole,  s. 

Glass-making :  A  hole  In  the  flattening-fur- 
nace  for  annealing  and  flattening  plate-glass. 

push-penny,  s.  A  name  given  to  the 
annual  scattering  in  public  <>f  twenty  shillings 
In  copper  by  the  Dean  and  Chapter  of  Durham 
on  Guy  Fawkes"  day. 

push-pin,  s.  A  game  in  which  pins  are 
pushed  alternately  ;  putpin. 

"  And  every  effort  ends  in  puA-pin  play." 

Cow/Mr  ;   Table  Talk.  Wl. 

push  (2),  ».  [Fr.  poche.]  A  pustule,  a  pimple. 
(Prow.) 

"  Be  that  was  praised  to  his  hurt  should  have  a  puth 
rise  upon  his  nose."— Bacon  :  Exiai/i ;  Of  Praise. 

push  (3),  i.  [A  native  term  in  the  Himalayas.] 
(See  extract.) 

"  The  natural  tint  of  pu.*,  the  nnder  fur  of  hill 
game,  is  the  thing  to  copy."— field,  Feb.  27,  18M. 

push'-er,  *.    [Eug.  push,  v. ;  -er.] 

1.  Ord.   Lang.  :  One  who  pushes,  thrusts, 
or  presses  forward. 

2.  Weaving  :  A  form  of  bobbin-net  machine, 
having    independent    pushers  to   propel  the 
bobbins  and   carriages   from   front   to   back, 
instead  of  pulling  or  hooking  them,  as  in 
other  arrangements. 

*  push'-er-jf,  «.    [Eng.  push  ;  -try.}    Pushing, 
forwardness. 

"  The  flrnt  piece  of  puihery  I  ever  was  guilty  of— 
Jla<l.  D'Arbtay  :  flinty.  IT.  45. 

push' -Ing,  pr.  par.  &  a.    [Pusn,  v.} 
A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 
D.  As  adj.  :    Enterprising  or  pressing  in 
business;  energetic. 

"  We  live  In  itiahinij.  Inventive  days."— Daily  Telt- 
graph,  March  25.  1886. 

pushing-jack,  s.  A  jack  for  moving  a 
railway-car  or  other  object  through  a  small 
distance. 

push'-ln?-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  pushing :  -ly.]  In 
a  pushing  manner;  vigorously,  energetically. 

push'  to,  push' -too,  s.  [Native  name ;  push- 
ta?ie/i= Afghans.]  The  language  of  the  Afghans. 

*  pu'-stt,  a.      [Lat.    pusillus  =  very   little.] 
[PUSILLANIMOUS.]    Veiy  little  ;  petty.  (Bacon.) 

*  pu  sil  la-nime,  a.    [Fr.,  from  Lat.  pusil- 
lanimiis.]    Pnsillanitnons,  cowardly. 

"  That  hee  should  be*  so  putiUanime."  —  Fox  : 
Martyn.  p.  905. 

pu-sH-la-nim'-I-ty,  »  pu  sil  la  nim  it 
tee,  s.  [Fr.  pusillai'.imite,  from  Lat.  pnsil- 
lanimi  totem,  accus.  of  pusillanimitfis,  from 
pusillanimiu  —  pusillanimous  (q.v.);  Sp.  im- 
sita.nim.idad;  Ital.  pusillanimity. ]  The  quality 
or  state  of  being  pusillanimous  ;  want  of 
spirit,  courage,  or  fortitude;  faintheartedness, 
cowardice,  dastardliness,  cowardliness  ;  mean- 
ness of  spirit. 

"  Parted  with  some  of  his  ancient  territories,  out  of 
his  piuilta -imitii.  against  his  nobles'  consent" — 
Prynne:  Treachery  A  DUloyalty  (App.).  p.  108. 

pu  Sil  lan'-i-mous,  a.  [Lat.  pusitlanimus, 
from  pttsillns  =  very  small,  dimin.  of  pusus  — 
small  (allied  to  puer  =  a  boy),  and  animus 
(q.v.);  Fr.  pnsillanime ;  8p.  piisUanime ;  Ital. 
pusillanimo.] 

1.  Destitute  of  spirit,  courage,  firmness,  or 
(ttrength  of  mind  ;  mean-spirited  ;  fainthearted, 
cowardly,  dastardly.    (Said  of  persons.) 

"The  most  flckle,  the  most  piaillani motu,  of  mta- 
*\nd"—M'icaulai/:  l/i«t.  Bng..  ch.  xiil. 

2.  Proceeding  from  or  exhibiting  pusillani- 
mity :  characterized  by  faintheartedness  or 
cowardice. 

"  Showed  a  putWanlmout  anxiety  about  his  personal 
•afety."— i/acaulay :  Hat.  Bny..  ch.  ivi. 

t  pu:sil-lan'-I-moua-ly,  a<rv.  [Eng.  pusil- 
tanimiius  ;  -ii/.]  In  a  pusillanimous  or  mean- 
spirited  manner. 

"  He  might  have  behaved  as  i»iMlanimon*!</  M  any 
of  the  wretched  runaways."— Jtacaulay :  BM.  Ena.. 
ch.  xill. 

*  pu  sil  Ian  -i-motis-ne'ss,  *.    [Eng.  pvsil- 
lanimnm;  -ness.}    The  quality  or  state  of  being 
pusillanimous ;  cowardliness. 

t  pu  sQ  -lots,  a.   [Lat.  pusUlus  =  very  little.) 
Bot.  :  Weak,  diminutive.    (Porton.) 

puss,  •  pusse,  ».  [An  Imitative  word  from  the 
sound  made  from  a  cat  spitting.  Cf.  Dut. 
pnes;  Lo  v  Q«r.  pun*,  pw/u-katte ;  8w.  diaL 
put ;  Irish  &  Gael,  pus,  all  =  a  cat.) 


PUSS-MOTH. 


1.  A  fondling  or  pet  name  for  a  cat. 

2.  A  hare. 

"Dilating  her  hare  about  half  a  dozeu  times  up  to 
the  fence,  where  putt  escaped."—  Field,  Feb.  17.  18M. 

*  3.  A  pet  name  applied  to  a  child  or  young 
woman. 

*  puss-gentleman,   s.     An   effeminate 
man.    (Cowper:  Conversation,  284.) 

puss-moth,  5. 

Entom.  :  Centra  vinula.  Fore-wings  whitish, 
with  black  spots  and  gray  markings,  hind 
wings  white  in  the  male,  clouded  with  gray  in 
the  female,  both 
with  a  dark  cen- 
tral Innnle  Ex- 
pansion of  wings 
from  two  and  a 
half  to  three 
inches.  Larva  of 
odd  appearance, 
dark  green,  with  two  projecting  caudal  appen- 
dages. It  feods  on  sallows,  poplars,  and 
willows  in  July  and  August,  the  perfect  in- 
sect appears  in  the  following  May  or  June. 

*  pus'  -si-ness,   ».     [Eng.    pussy,    a.;   -ness.] 

Pursiuess. 

*  pU8'-Sy,  O.      [PURSV  .] 

pus'-sy,  *  pus'-SiS,  *.  [Eng.  puss;  -V,  -ie.]  A 
diminutive  of  puss. 

"  Putsu  was  seen  coining  back  towards  them."—  Field, 
Dec.  19,  1885. 

pus'-tu-lant,  *.  [Lat.  pustulans,  genit.  jmn- 
tulantis,  pr.  par.  of  pustule  =  to  cause  blisters; 
pustula  —  a  blister,  a  pustule  (q.v.).] 

Pharm.  :  Garrod's  third  order  of  his  class 
Irritants.  They,  even  more  than  epispastics, 
cause  an  effusion  of  fluid  from  the  vessels  of 
the  affected  part  or  its  vicinity.  Examples, 
croton-oil,  a  solution  of  nitrate  of  silver,  &c. 

pUS'-tu-lar,  a,     [Eng.  pmtul(e);  -ar.] 

1.  Onl.  Lung.  :  Having  the  character  of,  or 
proceeding  from,  a  pustule  or  pustules  ;  con- 
sisting of  pustules. 

2.  Rot.  :  Covered  with  glandular  excrescences 
like  pustules.     Example,  Pelargonium  p\istu~ 
losum.    Called  also  Pustulate. 

pus'-tu-late,  v.t.  [PUSTULATE,  a.]  To  form 
into  pustules  or  blisters. 

pus'-tu-late,  a.  [Lat.  pustulatus,  from  ptw- 
tula  =  pustule  (q.v.).]  [PUSTULAR,  2.) 

pus-tu-la'-tion,  s.  [PUSTULATE.]  The  forma- 
tion or  breaking  out  of  pustules. 

pus'-tule,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  pustula,  forjwsnia 
=  a  blister.  Allied  to  Or.  4>v<raAi'c,  </>v<rm) 
(phusalis,  phuske)  =  a  bladder,  a  pustule.] 

1.  Bot.  :  A  pimple,  a  little  blister. 

2.  Pathol.  :  A  vesicle  containing  pus,  as  in 
ecthyma,  furunculus,  and  small-pox.    Malig- 
nant pustule  or  charbon  is  a  disease  trans- 
mitted to  man  from  sheep  or  oxen,  occasion- 
ally from  horses,  to  some  exposed  part,  lip  or 
face  usually,  and  nearly  always  fatal. 

piis-tu-lip'-or-a,  pus  tu  lop   or  a,  ». 

[Lat.  pustula  =  a  pustule,  and  porus  =  a  pas- 
sage.] 

Zool.  d?  Palff.ont.  :  A  genus  of  Polyzoa, 
family  IdmoneidfE.  From  the  Cretaceous  on« 
ward.  Called  also  Entalophora. 

pus'-tu  loiis,  a.  [lat.  pustulosus,  from  put* 
tula  =  a  pustule  (q.v.).]  Full  of,  or  covered 
with,  pustules. 


put,  *  put-en,  *putte,  v.t.  &.  i.    [A.S. 

=  to  thrust,  from  Gael,  put  =  to  push,  to 
thrust;  Welsh  pvtio  =  to  push,  to  poke; 
Corn,  pnnt  =  to  kick,  like  a  horse  ;  Dan.  puttt 
—  to  put  ;  Gael,  puc  —  to  push,  to  jostle  ; 
Irish  poc  =  a  blow,  a  kick  ;  Corn,  poc  =•  a  push, 
a  shove.) 
A.  Transitive  : 

1.  To  move  in  any  direction  ;  to  push,  to 
thrust,  to  imi>el.    (Obsolete  except  in   con- 
junction with  adverbs,  as  to  put  by,  to  put 
away,  4c.) 

2.  To  push  with  the  horns  ;  to  butt,  to  push, 
to  thrust.    (Pron.  put.)    (Scotch.) 

3.  To  cast  or  throw,  as  a  heavy  stone  or 
weight,  with  an  upward  and  forward  motion 
of  the  arm.    (Pron.  put.)    (Scotch.) 

"  Ever  drove   a   IHIW|  ...  or   putteth  a  •ton*."— 
Scott  :  Antiquary,  ch.  xxix.    . 


&t«,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pdt, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    «,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  -  kw. 


put 


3825 


I.  To  drive,  as  the  ball  iu  golf,  towards  tho 
hole. 

H.  To  place,  set,  lay.  deposit,  bring,  or  cause 
t  '  he  iu  uiiy  position,  place,  or  situation. 


6.  To  repose,  to  place.    (1  Chronicles  v.  20.) 

7.  To  bring  to,  or  place  in  any  state  or  con- 
dition. 

"  Chose  ten  legislators  to  put  them  ill  form."—  Swift  : 
Contali  in  Athntu  t  Koine. 

*8.  To  lay  down  ;  to  give  up  ;  to  resign. 

"  No  man  hath  more  love  than  this,  tli.it  a  mail 
puttr  Ida  lyf  lor  biie  f  reudis."—  Wyclije  :  Juhn  xv. 

9.  To  set  before  one  for  consideration,  dis- 
cussion, judgment,  or  decision  ;  to  propose. 

"  I'll  put  another  question  to  thee." 

intake*?.  :  Hamlet,  T.  1. 

10.  To  itate  or  express  in  language  ;  to  lay 
down. 

"  Hi«  ncrltlcal  way  of  put/ing  lt.*—Beamet  :  Comp. 
arum.  Argun  Lang.  [fd.  1872),  1.  2*4. 

11.  To  apply,  as  in  any  effort,  exercise,  or 
tost-  ;  to  set.    (Luke  ix.  02.) 

12.  To  produce,  to  cause,  to  set. 

13.  To  set  ;  to  place  in  a  reckoning. 

*  II.  To  urge,  to  incite,  to  encourage.    (Fol- 
lowed by  upon.) 

*  15.  To  oblige,  to  compel,  to  force,  }j  con- 
strain. 

"  Had  I  first  been  put  to  speak  my  mind." 

Shakeep.  :  2  Uenr*  VI.,  ill.  1. 

*B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  go  ;  to  move  ;  to  sprout  ;  to  shoot. 

"In  fibrous  root*.  the  tap  dellghteth  more  in  the 
aarth,  and  therefore  imtteth  downward."—  Bacon. 

2.  To  steer  ;  to  direct  the  course. 

"  Who  put  unlvickily  into  this  bay.' 

Si;aketp.  :  Comedy  of  Jfrrort,  T. 
1T  1.  To  put  about  : 

(1)  Ord.  Lung.  :  To  put  out  ;  to  put  to  In- 
convenience. 

(2)  Naut.  :  To  change  the  course  of  a  ship  ; 
to  tack.     (Trans.  &  In  trans.) 

2.  To  put  an  end  to  :  To  bring  to  a  conclu- 
ilou  ;  to  stop. 

3.  To  put  away  : 

(1)  To  store  away  ;  to  put  in  a  place  of  de- 
posit or  safe  keeping. 

(2)  To  renounce  ;  to  discard.    (Joshua  xxiv. 
K) 

(3)  To  divorce.    (Mark*.  2.) 

(4)  To  eat  ;  to  swallow.    (.-Hang.) 

(5)  To  get  rid  of  ;  to  make  away  with. 

4.  To  put  back  : 

(l)To  restore  to  the  original  place  ;  to  replace. 

(2)  To  set,  as  the  hands  of  a  watch,  to  an 
earlier  hour. 

(S)  To  hinder  ;  to  delay  ;  to  postpone  :  as, 
Dinner  was  put  back  an  hour. 

*(4)  To  refuse  ;  to  say  no  to  ;  to  deny. 

"Coming  from  thee.  I  could  not  put  him  back* 
lihaketp.  :  Rape  of  Lucrece,  8U. 

6.  To  put  by: 

(1)  To  put  or  set  aside  ;  to  put  away  ;  to 
place  in  safe  keeping  :  as,  To  put  by  something 
for  a  rainy  day. 

(2)  To  thrust  aside  ;  to  ward  off. 

"He  put  it  6jr  with  the  bnck  of  hi*  hand,  thus.'— 
tkakeip.  :  Juliia  Vatar.  i.  2. 

(8)  To  turn  aside  or  away  ;  to  divert. 

"  Smiling  put  the  question  ba." 

Ten  n  ^  ton  :  Day  Dream,  U4. 

•(4)  To  desist  from  ;  to  leave  off. 
"fut.oy  tula  barbarous  brawl." 

Hhaketp.  :  Othello  11.  \ 

8.  To  put  down  : 

(1)  To  lay  down  ;  to  set  down. 

(2)  To  crush  ;  to  quell  ;  to  overthrow  :  as, 
To  put  down  a  rebellion. 

(3)  To  degrade  ;   to  deprive  of  authority, 
power,  or  place. 

"  To  pat  me  down  and  reign  thyself." 

Shakeip.  :  s  Urnrii  VI..  L  1. 

(4)  To  put  a  stop  to  by  authority  :  as,  To 
put  down  gambling. 

(5)  To  bring  into  disuse. 

"Till  eating  and  drinking  be  put  doim."—Shakerp.  t 
Measure  for  feature,  ill.  2. 

(6)  To  confute  ;  to  silence  ;  to  put  to  silence. 

"  Mark  now.  how  a  plain  tale  shall  put  yon  down."— 
BHakeip  :  1  llrnry  /K.  IL  4. 

(7)  To  write  or  set  down  ;  to  enter  in  a  list: 
as,  To  put  one  down  as  a  subscriber. 

•7.  To  put  fair  for  :  To  be  in  a  fair  way  of 
attaining. 

"  H'  had  put  Mr  for  it,  had  not  death  prevented 
htm.'  -Berlin  :  ma.  Pretbyterumt,  p.  ISO. 


8.  To  put  forth: 
(1)  Transitive: 

(a)  To  stretch  or  reach  out  ;  to  hold  out  or 
forth  ;  to  extend.    (Generis  viii.  9.) 

(b)  To  shoot  out  ;  to  send  out. 

"  He  said,  Let  the  earth 

Put  forth  the  verdiuit  grass,  herb  yielding  seed,* 
Hilton:  P.  L..  vii.  810. 

(c)  To  publish,  as  a  book. 

*  (d)  To  otter  to   notice  ;    to    propound. 
(Judges  xiv.  12.) 

(e)  To  exert  ;  to  bring  into  action. 

*  (2)  [tUrunsitive  : 

(a)  To  shoot  ;  to  bud  ;  to  germinate. 

"Before  one  leaf  putt  forth." 

Shakeip.  :  Venus  *  Admit.  41*. 

(6)  To  leave  a  port  or  harbour  ;  to  put  to  sea. 

"Order  for  sea  is  given  ; 
They  have  put  forth  the  haven.* 

p.  :  Antony  t  Cleopatra,  iv.  10. 


0.  To  put  in  : 

(1)  Transitive  : 

(a)  To  insert  :  as,  To  put  in  a  bud  or  scion. 
(6)  To  introduce  among  others;  to  interfere  : 

as,  To  put  in  a  word. 

(c)  To  instate  or  install  in  an  office. 

"  To  put  his  own  sou  i«." 

Shaketp.  :  3  Benrf  TV.,  it.  t, 

(d)  To  enter  ;  to  put  forward  :  as,  To  put  in 
a  claim. 

(e)  Naut.  :     To  conduct  or  guide  into  a 
harbour. 

(2)  Intransitive: 

*(a)  To  offer  or  put  in  a  claim. 

"If  a  man  should  p-it  in  to  be  oue  of  the  knighta  ot 
Malta,  he  might  modestly  enough  prove  his  six  de- 
scent* against  a  leas  qualified  competitor.  —  Collier. 

(b)  Naut.  :  To  enter  a  harbour  ;  to  sail  or 
come  into  port. 

10.  To  put  in  for  :  To  put  one's  self  forward 
as  a  candidate  for. 

11.  To  put  in  force  :  To  enforce. 

12.  To  put  in  mind  ;  To  put  in  remembrance  : 
To  call  to  remembrance  ;  to  remind. 

13.  To  put  in  practice  :  To  apply  ;  to  make 
practical  use  of. 

14.  To  put  in  the  pin  :  To  give  over  ;  to  cease 
a  certain  line  of  conduct,  especially  bad  con- 
duct.   (Vulgar.) 

15.  To  put  off: 

(1)  Transitive: 

(a)  To  lay  aside  ;  to  take  off  from  one's  per- 
son.   (Nehemiah  iv.  23.) 

(b)  To  push  from  land  :  as,  To  put  of  a  boat. 

(c)  To  discard  ;  to  dismiss  ;  to  lay  aside. 

"I  will  put  off  my  hope/ 

•sjEt*  .    Tempest.  ill.  *. 

(d)  To  turn  away  ;  to  elude  ;  to  baffle  ;   to 
disappoint. 

"  Yon  put  me  of  with  limber  rows." 

Skaketp.  :  n'inter't  Tale,  L  1 

*(e)  To  pass  fallaciously;  to  cause  to  be 
circulated  or  received  :  as,  To  put  o/a  report. 
(Swift.) 

(f)  To  defer  ;  to  delay  ;  to  postpone. 

"  The  kyng  was  apoyntyd  to  goo  to  Calys,  and  now 
byt  ys  pute  of."~Fatton  Letter*,  11.  354. 

•(g)  To  refuse  ;  to  decline. 

"  Which  (  in  v  it-it  ion)  my  near  occasions  did  urge  me 
to  put  uJf.'—Ohakeiip.  :  Timon  of  Atheia,  liL  «. 

(2)  Intrant.  :  To  leave  land  ;  to  leave  port. 

"Which  cheers  the  spirit,  ere  its  bark 
Puttqfiutu  the  unknown  dark." 

Moon  :  Pandite  and  the  Peri 

16.  To  pvt  on  (or  upon); 
(1)  Transitive: 

(a)  To  invest  with,  as  clothing.  (Genesis 
zxviii.  20.) 

('/)  To  set,  as  the  hands  of  a  clock  to  a  biter 
hour. 

(e)  To  assume,  to  sham,  to  feign. 

"  Twas  all  put  on  that  I  might  hear  and  rave." 
ttrydrn  :  Duke  a/  Suite,  L  t. 

(<f)  To  impose,  to  inflict.    (2  Kings  xvili.  14.) 
(e)  To  impute  ;  to  charge  with  ;  to  ascribe 

to  ;  as,  To  put  the  blame  on  another 
•(/)  To  promote,  to  advance,  to  instigate, 

to  incite. 

"  Devils  will  the  blackest  sine  put  on" 

Shaketp.  :  Othello,  U.  *. 

(3)  To  set  to  work  ;  to  bring  into  work  or 
action  :  as,  To  put  men  on  a  job,  to  put  on 
steam,  &c. 

(A)  To  deceive  ;  to  cheat  ;  to  trick. 

"The  stork  found  that  he  was  put  upon,  hut 
let  a  good  face  however  upon  hi*  entertainment."- 

LtJr.,nye  :  Fablet. 


(1)  Law:  To  challenge  the  verdict  of:  as. 
To  put  one's  self  on  one's  country,  i.e.,  to  plead 
not  guilty,  and  stand  one's  trial. 

(2)  Intrant. :  To  hasten  motion ;   to  drive 
vehemently. 

17.  To  put  on  av  :  To  assume  ain  of  im- 
portance. 

18.  To  put  out : 

(1)  To  bold  out,    to  extend,    to  show,    to 
reach  out 

"  Put  out  all  your  bands." 

Shaketp. :  Timon  of  Athem.  IT.  S. 

(2)  To  eject,  to  drive  out,  to  expel.    (Luke 
rvi.  4.) 

(3)  To  shoot  out ;  to  put  forth  as  a  shoot  or 
leaves. 

(4)  To  publish  ;  to  make  public. 

"  When  1  was  at  Venice,  they  were  putting  out  curt- 
<ms  stamps  of  the  several  edifices.  "—Adaitan  .On  Italy. 

*(5)  To  place  at  interest;  to  leud  out  at 
usury.    (Psalm  xv.  5.) 

(6)  To  extinguish  :  as.  To  put  out  a  candle. 

(7)  To  deprive  of  sight ;  to  blind. 

"Betray'd,  captiv'd.  and  both  my  eyes  put  out." 
UM'ju  ;  Sanuoii  AyonMet.  St. 

(8)  To  dislocate. 

"  She .  . .  put  her  shoulder  ma  "-Field.  Jail.  30,  IMS. 

(9)  To  confuse,  to  disconcert,  to  interrupt. 

"  I  have  put  you  out" 

siMketp. :  Winter"!  Tn.lt.  i  v.  4. 

19.  To  put  over : 
(1)  Transitive: 

(a)  To  set  or  place  in  authority  over. 

*  (6)  To  refer  ;  to  send. 

"  I  put  you  o'er  to  heav'n  and  to  my  mother." 

Shttktip  :  King  John,  t 

*  (c)  To  defer,  to  postpone,  to  put  off. 
*(2)  intruns.  :  To  sail  over  or  across. 

20.  To  put  through:  To  carry  through  suc- 
cessfully.   (Amer.) 

21.  To  put  to  (or  unto)  : 

(1)  To  add,  to  join,  to  unite.  (Eccles.  iii.  14.) 

*  (2)  To  expose. 

"  Having  lost  two  of  their  bravest  commanders  at 
tea,  they  durst  not  put  it  (a  a  battle  at  sea.— liitcon. 

(3)  To  punish  or  kill  by. 

"And  put  the  Englishmen  unto  the  sword." 

Slmketp.  :  i  Hem?  II..  iii.  1. 

(4)  To  offer  to  sell :  as,  I  put  it  to  him  at  £10, 
(Amer.) 

*  22.  To  put  the  hand  to  (or  unto)  : 

(1)  To  take  hold  of;  to  undertake. 

"  Te  shall  rejoice  in  all  you  put  four  hand  «o."— 
Oeut.  xli.  1. 

(2)  To  take,  as  in  theft ;  to  steal. 

••  To  see  whether  he  have  put  hit  hand  onto  DM 
neighbour's  goods."— Exotiui  xxiL  8. 

23.  To  put  to  death :  To  kill,  to  execute. 

24.  To  put  to  it :  To  distress  ;  to  press  hard  ; 
to  place  in  a  position  or  state  of  difficulty  of 
distress. 

"  They  have  a  leader, 
Tullus  Anfldlut,  that  will  put  you  to  '«." 

Shakci/i :  Corintanul,  1.  1. 

25.  To  put  to  sea:  To  set  sail ;  to  leave  a  port. 

*  26.  To  put  to  a  stand :  To  stop ;  to  arrest 
by  obstacles  or  difficulties. 

27.  To  put  to  rights :  To  arrange  in  an  orderly 
condition  ;  to  set  in  proper  order. 

28.  To  put  to  a  trial,  to  put  on  trial : 

(1)  To  bring  before  a  court  and  jury  for  trial. 

(2)  To  put  to  the  test ;  to  test,  to  try. 

29.  To  put  together :  To  unite ;  to  join  into 
one  mass. 

30.  To  pvt  this  and  that  together ;  to  put  two 
and  two  together:  To  draw  a  conclusion  from 
certain  circumstances;  to  infer  from  certain 
premises. 

31.  To  put  up: 
(1)  Transitive: 

(a)  To  hold  up  ;  to  raise. 

"Put  up  her  lovely  visage." 

Sltakap. :  Benrg  V..  T.  & 

(b)  To  send  forth  ;  to  put  forth  ;  to  shoot  up. 

(c)  To  put  into  its  ordinary  place,  where  a 
thing  is  kept  when  not  in  use. 

"  Put  thy  sword  up.'  Shaketp. ;  Tempmt,  L  *. 

(d)  To  hoard ;  to  put  away. 

(e)  To  park  ;  to  store  up,  as  for  preservation  . 
as,  To  put  up  beef  or  pork  in  casks. 

(/)  To  hide  ;  to  put  aside  or  out  of  sight. 
"  Why  so  earnestly  seek  yon  to  put  up  that  letter  t  "— 
SkaXap.  :  Lear.  i.  S. 

(g)  To  start  from  a  cover. 
"  By  putting  up  the  flock  the  golden  plover  are  easily 
a*ai.'-/VM,  Dec.  l».  18*5. 


boil,  bo^;  poUt,  J6%1;  cat,  50!!,  chomu,  9hin.  bench;  go.  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  05;  expect;,  Xcnophon,  cjist.   ph  =  L 
-oian,  -tlan  =  shrv.   -t!on,  -slon  =  shun ;  -flon,  -f  ion  -  xhun,    -clous,  -tions,  nilous  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  Ac.  =  bel,  del. 


3826 


put— putrescent 


(A)  To  expose  ;  to  offer  publicly  :  as,  To  put 
up  goods  Tor  Kile. 

*  (t)  To  overlook  ;  to  pass  over  nnrevenged  ; 
to  i-ucket.    (The  phrase  now  io  To  put  up  with..) 

"  I  will,  indeed,  uo  longer  endure  It  ;  nor  am  1  yet 

Cnuaded  to  put  up  iu  peace  what  already  I  have  lool- 
ily  suttered."—  Skakap.  :  Othello,  iv  2. 

0)  To  accommodate  with  lodging  ;  to  lodge, 
to  entertain. 
(•2)  Intransitive: 
(a)  To  offer  one's  self  as  •  candidate. 

"  Upon  the  decease  of  a  lion,  the  beasts  wet  to  chuM 

•  king,  when  several  put  up."—L'Eitmnge  :  FaNet. 

(6)  To  lodge  ;  to  lake  up  cue's  lodgings. 
(c)  To  stop. 

"  I  wondered  at  what  hotue  the  Bath  coach  put  up." 
—Dickeju  :  fielttricJe,  ch.  xixv. 

32.  To  put  up  to: 

(1)  Trans.  :  To  give  information  respecting  ; 
to  explain,  t"  teach  :  as,  To  put  one  up  to  * 
trick  or  dodge. 

*  (2)  Intrant.  :  To  make  up  to  ;  to  advance, 
to  approach. 

-  With  thli  he  put  up  to  my  lord."      Otfift.   (Todd.) 

33.  To  put  up  with  : 

(1)  To  overlook  ;  to  pass  over  uaresented  : 
as,  To  put  up  with  insolence. 

(2)  To  take  without  dissatisfaction  or  grum- 
bling; to  tolerate  :  as,  To  put  up  with  bad  fare. 

34.  To  put  the  helm,  up  for  a  place  :  To  direct 
the  course  of  a  vessel  towards  a  place. 

"The  *torm  that  forced  her  Io  ><ut  her  helm  up  for 
QuMustown."—  />««!»  Telejr.tith,  Dec.  11.  IWi. 

*  put-case,  pkr.  &  i. 

A.  At  phrase:  An  elliptical  expression  for 
"  suppose  that  it  may  be  so  ;  "  "  state  a  pos- 
sible or  probable  case." 

"  Put  VIM  that  the  soul  after  departure  from  the 
body  may  \i\e.-llp.  HaU  :  Satan  i  lM.rU.  tc.,  v. 

B.  As  subst.  :  One  who  suggests  or  argues 
hypothetical  cases. 

"  Mo  man  could  be  a  good  lawyer  that  wai  not  a  put- 
•CM.'—  A'oitA  :  life  of  larti  Oufyord,  i.  20. 

put-Off,  $.     Excuse,  shift 
"  Thi»  1*  very  I«re.  and  loulu  like  a  guilty  put-off."— 
Lulu  :  Short  Method  again*  the  Jem. 

put-on,  *.  An  artifice,  a  trick  ;  anything 
assumed  for  the  purpose  of  deceiving  ;  a  sham. 

*  put-pin,  ».    Push-pin. 

"  Flaying  at  put-pin,  dotiug  on  tome  glasse." 

Martton  :  Satire*,  lit  7. 

put  (!),«.    [Par,  ».] 

*  1.  The  act  of  putting  or  placing  in  any 
position  or  state. 

2.  A  thrust,  A  posh. 

3.  A  question,  a  thrust. 

"  To  answer  the  captain's  home  put,*—Riehardion  : 
Claritta,  Ir.  316. 

4.  The  act  of  throwing  a  stone  or  weight 
overhand.    (Scotch.) 

*  5.  A  forced  action  to  avoid  something  ;  an 
action  of  distress. 

"  The  stag's  was  a  forc'd  put.  and  a  chance  rather 
than  a  choice."—  L'fttrange:  f'ablet. 

6.  In  golf,  the  act  of  driving  the  ball,  with  a 
view  to  putting  it  in  the  hole.    (Pron.  put.) 

7.  A  game  at  cards.    (Pron.  put.) 

8.  Oomm.  :    A  contract  whereby  one  person 
•ecures,  by  the  payment  of  money  to  another, 
the  privilege  of  selling  and  delivering  to  the 
latter  within  a  certain  time  and  at  a  specified 
price,  a  stipulated  amount  of  grain  or  other 
merchandise,  stocks,  Ac. 

put  (2),  •  putt,  ».    [Wel.  pwt  =  a  short  thick 
person.]    A  clown,  a  rustic  ;  a  silly  fellow. 

"  Queer  country  putt  extol  Queen  Bess's  reign.* 

Bramtton. 

*  put  (3),  i.   [O.  Fr.  pute,  putain.]  A  strumpet, 
a  prostitute. 

*  pu'-tage  (age  as  ig),  ».    [Per  (3),  *.] 

Law:  Prostitution  or  fornication  on  the 
part  of  a  woman. 

"  If  any  heir  female  under  guardianship  were  guilty 
at  putaffe,  she  forfeited  her  part  to  her  coheirs."  — 
Jacob  :  Law  Dictionary. 

pu-ta-men,    ».      [Lat.  =peel;     puto  =  to 
clean.]    (ENDOCARP.) 


n'-S-a,  *.  pi.   [Lat.  putanun,  genit 
putamin(is)  ;  neut  pt  adj.  suff.  -to..} 

Hot.  :  Linnseus's  thirty-first  natural  order 
of  plants.    Genera,  Capparis,  Ac 

•  pu'-tan-lsm,  ».  [O.  Fr.  putanime.]  [Pur 
(3),  «.]"  Lewdness  or  prostitution  on  the  part 
of  a  woman. 


put  -a-tlve,  o.  (Fr.  putatif,  from  Lat.  jnita- 
tivus  =  imaginary,  presumptive,  from  pututus, 
pa.  par.  of  puto  =  to  think  ;  Sp.  A;  Ital.  puta- 
tivo.  ]  Reputed,  supposed ;  commonly  thought, 
reputed,  or  believed. 

"  If  a  wife  commits  adultery,  she  shall  lose  her 
dower,  though  sue  lie  only  »  putatiee,  and  not  a  true 
aud  real  wUe.'  —  AyiiJFe :  farergon. 

putch-er,  5.  [Native  name.]  A  contrivance 
used  in  Kamtschatka  for  catching  salmon. 

"The  chief  method  of  their  capture  here  is  the 
common  uue  of  putchert.  These  are  funnel-shaped 
baskets  of  wicker-work  set  at  rifr  lit  angles  to  the  shore, 
into  which  the  saluion  press  themselves  in  trying  to 
pass  through,  and  are  unable  to  return."— Daily  J'ele- 
ffra/Jl,  Aug.  18,  1886. 

putch'-ock,  putch'-ult,  *.  [Hind,  pacha!;; 
Tamil  putch.uk.] 

Sot.  A  Comm. :  The  roots  of  Aplotaxut 
Lappa  (Saussurea  Lappa,  Cote.  Exhib.  Rep.). 
[Cosrus.]  It  is  a  tall  composite  plant,  with 
purple  florets,  growing  on  the  mountains  of 
Cashmere,  at  an  elevation  of  eight  or  nine 
thousand  feet.  The  root  is  collected  in 
enormous  quantities,  and  exported  to  China, 
to  l>e  used  as  incense.  It  has  an  odour  like 
orris-root,  a  pungent,  aromatic  taste,  and  is 
used  as  a  perfume.  It  is  given  in  India  in 
cough,  asthma,  fever,  cholera,  dyspepsia,  &c. 
Its  dried  powder  is  the  principal  ingredient 
in  an  ointment  for  ulcers ;  it  is  also  a  hair 
wash. 

pu'-te-aL. *.  [Lat.,  from  jmteus  =  a  well.]  The 
enclosure  surrounding  the  opening  of  a  well, 
to  protect  persons  from  falling  into  it.  It  was 
either  round  or  square,  from  three  to  four  feet 
high. 

put'-e-li,  s.  [Native  name.]  A  large  flat- 
bottomed  boat  used  on  the  Ganges  for  con- 
veying goods.  It  is  from  forty-six  to  sixty-rive 
feet  long,  and  carries  a  single  square  sail! 

*  put-en, «.    [PETUNIA.]    Tobacco. 

*  pnt-er-ie, «.    [Fr.]    Harlotry,  whoredom. 

"  Wliat  say  we  also  of  putours,  that  line  by  the  horri- 
ble shine  of  puterie,  and  coustreine  women  to  yelde 
hem  a  certain  rent  of  lilr  bodily  puterie,  ye  sometime 
his  owen  wif  or  his  childe." — Chaucer:  Farionei  Tale. 

*  pu'-tld,  a.     [Lat.  putidus,  from  puteo  =  to 
stink,  from  the  same  root  as  pus  (q.v.) ;  Fr. 
putide.} 

1.  Foul,  dirty,  disgusting. 

2.  Mean,  low,  worthless,  disgusting. 

"  There  was  no  ostentation  of  a  putid  eloquence." — 
Macaulay  Hilt.  Eng.,  cii.  xvii. 

*pn-tld'-l-t&  *.  [Eng.  putid;  -ity.]  The 
same  as  PUTIDNESS  (q.v.). 

*  pu'-tld-ness,  *.     [Eng.  putid;  -««*.]    The 
quality  or  state  of  being  putid. 

"  To  make  their  putidnru  leas  perceptible." — Gaudtn  : 
Teari  of  the  Church,  p.  1». 

put-log,  pat-look,  *.    [Eng>  put,  v.,  and 

log.] 

Build. :  One  of  a  number  of  short  pieces  of 
timber  about  seven  feet  long,  used  in  building 
scaffolds.  They  lie  at  right  angles  to  the  wall, 
with  one  of  their  ends  resting  upon  it,  and  the 
other  upon  the  poles  which  lie  parallel  to  the 
side  of  the  wall  of  the  building. 

putlog-boles,  *.  pi. 
Build. :  Small  holes  left  in  walls  for  the  use 
of  the  workmen  in  erecting  scaffolding. 

pn-toV-I-US,  *.    [Lat  putor  =  a  stench  ;  puteo 

=  to  stink.] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Mustelinse,  with  thirteen 
species,  having  a  wide  geographical  range 
through  both  hemispheres,  aud  including  the 
animals  commonly  known  as  Polecats,  Ferrets, 
Weasels,  and  Minks.  Teeth  more  sharply 
cusped  than  in  Mustela ;  body  longer  and 
more  Mender,  and  limbs  shorter;  neck  dis- 
proportionately long.  Putoriut  vulgarit,  the 
Weasel,  and  P.  fcetidus,  the  Polecat,  are 
British  ;  P.  Jv.ro,  the  Ferret,  is  domesticated. 

*pu-tour,  ».  [O.  Fr.]  A  whoremonger,  a 
whoremaster.  (Chaucer :  Partonei  TaU.) 

pu-tran-jl'-va,  «.  [Hind.,  &c.  pntrajiva: 
Sansc.  pulra  =  ason,  and  jiva  =  life.  So  named 
because  Hindoo  parents  string  the  seeds 
round  their  children's  necks,  for  the  preser- 
vation of  their  health.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Enphorbiacese.  Putranjiva 
Roxbunghii  is  a  moderate-sized  evergreen  tree 
from  India.  The  seeds  yield  an  olive-brown 
oil  used  for  burning.  The  wood,  which  is 


close-grained  and  very  hard,  is  employed  for 
tools  and  turnery ;  the  leaves  and  the  t-tona 
of  the  1'ruit  is  sometimes  given  in  decoction  iu 
colds  and  levers  ;  the  former  are  also  lopptd 
for  fodder. 

1  pu  tred  In-ous,  a.    [Lat.  putredo  (genit. 
putreainis)  =  rottenness,     from    putreo  =  to 


become  putrid.]   Stinking,  rotten  ;  proceeding 
from,  or  of  the  nature  of,  put    " 
ing  an  offensive  smell. 


from,  or  of  the  nature  o"f,  putrefaction  ;  hav° 
'  ig  an  offensive  smell. 

"  A  putrediiimu  ferment  coagulates  all  humours,  a* 
nllk  with  ruuuet  is  turned."— Floyer:  Anim-tl  Ha- 


*pu-tre-facf-6d,  a.     [Lat 
[PUTREFACTION.]    Putrefied. 

"  Vermin  breed  ot  putrefacted  shine. 

Martton:  Antanio't  Itetxnge,  iv.  «. 

pu  trc  fac   tion,    *  pu  -  trl-fec'-tion,   «. 

(Fr.,  fiom  Lat.  putrefactus,  pa.  par.  of  pulre- 
/acio^to  make  putrid  :  putreo  =  10  I*  roltcn  ; 
puter,  putris  =  rotten,  putrid,  and  facio  —  to 
make;  Sp.  putrefaction;  Ital.  putrifazione.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang,  d:  Lhem.  :  The  apparently  spon- 
taneous decomposition  of  organic  substances, 
especially  those  rich  in  nitrogen.     It  dillers 
from  fermentation  (q.v.)  in  being  accompanied 
by  the  evolution  of  fetid  and  noxious  gases. 
In  the  processof  putrefaction,  oiganic  bodies 
of  a  higher  order  are  changed,  sometimes  into 
lower    organic    compounds,   sometimes    into 
inorganic  compounds,  as  ammonia,  sulphur- 
etted   hyd'rogen,    &c.,   and    sometimes   into 
simple  substances,  as  hydrogen  and  nitrogen. 
Putrefaction  may  be  prevented,  or  its  further 
progress  arrested  by  various  means  : 

(1)  By  keeping  the  substance  in  a  vacuum,  or  in  • 
vessel  containing  air  which  has  been  deprived  of  all 
organic  germs. 

(2)  By  freeing  from  moisture  and  keeping  perfectly 
dry. 

(3)  By  keeping  the  substance  in  an  atmosphere  a 
lew  degrees  au>ve  0". 

(4)  By  heating  to  the  boiling  point,  and  hermetic- 
ally sealing. 

(5)  By  the  use  of  antiseptics,  as  salicylic  acid,  ic. 
From   experiments   made    by    Pasteur   and 
others,    it   appears   that    putrefaction    only 
takes  place  when  a  body  comes  iu  contact 
with  living  germs.    (Used  also  tiguratively.) 

"  The  putrifaction  and  rottenuesse  of  all  the  bodis 
might  bee  noysome,  and  doe  dainiuage  to  the  head."— 
fox  :  ilartyrt,  p.  1.S99. 

2.  That  which  is  putrefied. 

pn-tre-lac'-tlve,    *  pu-trf-fac'-tlve,  o. 

[Fr.  putrefactij,  Irom  Lat.  putrefactus,  pa.  par. 
otputrejacio  =  to  putrefy  (q.v.).J 

1.  Causing  or  promoting  putrefaction  ;  tend- 
ing to  putrefaction. 

2.  Pertaining  to  putrefaction. 

"  Making  pntrifactitv  generations  correspondent 
unto  seminal  productions."-  Hrtnrne:  rulaar  Jirrourt, 
bk.  ii.,  ch.  vi. 

*  pu-trS-tac'-ti've-ness,  *.  [Eng.  putrefac- 
tive ;  -ne.-f.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
putrefactive. 

pu  -tre-f  led,  pa.  par.  or  a.    [PUTREFY.] 
pu'-tr6-f^f  *pu-tre-fle,  *pu-trl-fle,«.t. 

&  i.     [Fr.  putrefier,  from  Lat.  putrefacio  =.  to 
make  putrid  ;   putrefio  =  to  become  putrid  : 
puter,  putris  =  putrid,  aud  facio  (pass,  /io)  =  to 
make  ;  Ital.  putrefare.} 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  make  putrid  ;  to  cause  to  rot  or  decay 
with  an  offensive  odour. 

2.  To  make  carious  or  gangrenous. 

3.  To  make  foul  or  corrupt  ;  to  corrupt 

"  They  would  but  stink,  and  putrefy  the  air." 

p.  :  1  Henry  VI.,  iv.  T. 


*  4.  To  make  corrupt  ;  to  spoil,  to  ruin. 

"  Many  ill  projects  are  undertaken,  aud  private  suit! 
putre/f  the  pulmck  good."—  Uacon. 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  become  putrid  ;   to   rot 
to  decay  with  an  offensive  odour.  (Isaiah  i.  6.) 

pn-tres'-cenfe,  *.  [Eng.  putrescen(t)  ;  -ce.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  putrescent  or  of 
putrefying  ;  a  putrescent  or  putrid  state. 

"Sumptuostty  and  sordiduess;  revenge,  life-  weari- 
ness, ambition,  darkuem.  putreK<-nce.  —i'arlyle: 
FrenA  Revolution,  pt.  L.  bk.  lit.  ch.  iii. 

pn-treV-cent,  a.  [Lat  putrescens,  pr.  par.  of 
putresco  =•  to  begin  to  putrefy  ;  incept,  from 
pittreo  =  to  be  rotten.] 

1.  Becoming  putrid  or  rotten  ;  decomposing, 
putrefying. 


2.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the  condition  or 
process  of  putrefaction. 


late,  fat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
«P,  wore,  woli,  work,  wild,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  fall;  try,  Syrian.    »,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qn  =  kw. 


putrescible— pyaemia 


3827 


pn-trSs'-ci-ble,  a.  k  s.  [Lat.  putresco  =  to 
become  rotten  ;  Eng.  suff.  -able.] 

A.  -As  adj.  :   Capalile  of  being   pi  trefied  ; 
capable  of,  or  liable  to,  putrefaction. 

"  Though  einlueutly  putrescible.  the  animal  and 
vegetable  juices  remained  sweet  aud  clear  "—.future, 
*xiv.  467 

B.  As  sub.it.  :  A    body   generally,    if  not 
always,  nitrogenized,    which   undergoes   de- 
composition at  certain  temperatures,  when  in 
contact  with  air  and  moisture. 

•  pu'-trf-ble,  a.    [As  if  from  a  Lat.  putribilis, 
from  putreo  =  to  be  rotten.  ]    Liable  to  corrup- 
tion ;  putrescent. 

"  Autumnal  fruits  breed  putrible  humour*."—  Vtn- 
iMTt  Via  Recta,  ad  Vitam  Long  am,  p.  284. 

pu'-trld,  a.  [Fr.  putride,  from  Lat.  putridus, 
trompnter,  putris  —  putrid,  allied  to  putreo  = 
to  be  rotten  ;  Sp.,  Port.,  &  Ital.  putrido.] 

1.  In  a  state  of  putrefaction,  decomposition, 
or  decay  ;  corrupt,  rotten  ;  exhibiting  putre- 
faction or  decomposition.    (Said  of  animal  or 
vegetable  bodies.)  % 

2.  Indicating  putrefaction  or  decomposition  ; 
proceeding  from,  or  pertaining  to,  putrefaction. 

"And  though  her  rich  attire  so  curious  be  and  rare, 
From  her  there  yet  proceeds  unwholesome  putrid 
air."  Drnyton  :  Paly-Olbion,  a.  18. 

putrid-fever,  s. 

Pathol.  :  Malignant  fever.     [MALIGNANT,  A. 
IL] 
t  putrid  sore-throat,  ». 

Pathol.  :  A  malignant  form  of  sore  throat, 
tending  to  gangrene. 

pu-trld  ness,  *  pu-trfd'-i'-ty',  ».     [Eng. 

putrid  ;  -ness,  -ity  ;  Fr.  putriditi.  ]  The  quality 
or  state  of  being  putrid  ;  corruption,  rotten- 
ness ;  that  which  is  putrid. 

"  Ntdorous  rnctus  deiwnd  on  the  foetid  spirituoslty 
of  the  ferment,  and  the  putrldnett  of  the  meat."— 
Flayer  :  On  the  Humour  t. 

•  pu-trl-fac'-tion,  >.    [PUTREFACTION.] 

"  pu'-trf-lage  (age  as  Ig),  ».  [Lat.  puter  = 
putrid.]  The  slough  formed  in  ulcers  and 
thrown  off. 

•  pu-tri-lag'-i'-nous,  a.  [PUTRILAOE.]  Rot- 
ten, corrupt,  putrid. 

"  They  expectorate  the  jwtrUaginoui  matter."— 
Vmntr  :  Via.  Recta,  ad  fitam  Longam,  p.  176. 

"  pu'-trj;  a.  [Lat  puter  =  putrid.]  Putrid, 
rotten,  corrupt. 

"  Howl  not,  thou  putry  mould  !  groan  not,  ye  graves  1  " 
Hartton  :  Antonio  t  Jtetenyt,  in.  1. 

•putt  (!),«.    [PUT(2),«.] 

putt  (2),  ».  [Prob.  connected  with  put,  v.J  A 
trap  for  fish  ;  a  putcher. 

"  In  the  early  part  of  the  year  before  the  net*  and 
puttt  are  well  at  work."—  field,  Jan.  16,  1886. 

puff-ter  (1),  ».  [A  corrupt,  of  prfard(q.v.).]  A 
short  piece  of  ordnance.  (Scutch.) 

put'-ter  (2),  *.    [Eng.  put,  v.  ;  -er.] 

L  Or  J.  Lang.  :  One  who  puts  or  places. 

"  The  most  wretched  sort  of  people  are  dreamers 
upon  events  aud  putter  t  of  cases.  —Sir  R.  L't'ttranye. 

IL  Technically  : 

1.  Golf:  One  of  the  clubs  used  In  driving 
the  ball.    (Pron.  put'-(er.) 

2.  Mining  :  One  who  pushes  the  small  wag- 
gons in  a  mine,  or  the  like. 

*  putter-forth,  ».   The  same  as  PUTTER- 
Otrr  (q.v.). 

*  putter-on,  *.    An  inciter,  an  instigator. 

"  You  are  abused,  and  by  some  pulteron. 
That  will  be  daum'd  for't." 

Ohalwp.  :  W  inter'  t  T,tle,  It  1. 

*  putter-out,  *  putter-forth,  s.    One 

who  deposited  money,  when  going  abroad,  on 
condition  of  receiving  a  larger  sum  on  return- 
ing, the  amount  deposited  being  forfeited  in 
the  event  of  non-return.  On  dangerous  ex- 
peditions the  premium  was  sometimes  as 
murh  as  five  pounds  for  each  one  deposited. 
This  kind  of  mixture  of  investment  and  in- 
surance was  common  in  the  reigns  of  Elizabeth 
•nd  James  L 

"  I  do  Intend,  this  year  of  Jubilee  coming  on,  to 
travel  ;  and  because  I  will  not  altogether  go  upon  ex- 
pence.  I  am  determined  to  put  forth  some  five  thousand 
pounds,  to  be  paid  me  five  for  one,  upon  the  return  of 
my  wife,  myself  and  mydog  frum  the  Turk's  Court  at 
Constantinople.  —Ben  Janton  :  i'rery  Han  Out  of  hit 
Humour,  it.  ;t. 


put'-tle,  «.    [Pumr,  2.] 


put  -ting,  put'-tlng,  pr.  par.  or  a.  [Pur,  v.] 

putting-green,  s.  A  part  of  the  links 
on  which  golf  is  played. 

"  The  wind  backed  away  to  the  west, . . .  and  many 
of  the  putting- greent  were  keen."— field,  Oct.  S,  188*. 

putting-stone,  putting-stane,  *.    A 

heavy  stone  to  be  put  or  thrown  with  the 
hand  raised  and  thrust  forward  from  the 
shoulder.  Putting  the  stone  is  a  favourite 
athletic  exercise  in  Scotland. 

piit'-tock  (1),  s.  [For  pout-hawk  or  poot-hawk, 
from  Mid.  Eng.  pout,  poult  •—  pullet  (q.v.) ; 
GaeL  put  =  the  young  of  moor-fowl,  young 
grouse.  The  word  thus  =  pullet-hawk  or 
chicken-hawk ;  cf.  sparrow-hawk.] 

1.  The  common  kite  ;  the  glead  or  gled. 

"  Who  finds  the  partridge  In  the  puttork't  neat, 
But  may  imagine  how  the  bird  was  dead?" 

Shaketp.  :  3  Henry  VL,  lit  i, 

2.  The  Buzzard,  Buteo  vulgaris.    (Prov.) 
put  -tock  (2),  s.     [For/uttocfc  (q.v.).] 

put-ty^  (1),  *  pot-tain,  *.  [O.  Fr.  potle — brass, 
copper,  tin,  &c.,  burnt  or  calcined  .  . .  putty  ; 
cf.  O.  Fr.  pottein  =  broken  pieces  of  metal ; 
pottin  =  solder  of  metal ;  pot  =  a  pot  (q.v.). J 

L  Calcined  tin,  or  oxide  of  tin,  and  lead 
mixed  in  various  proportions,  used  as  polish- 
ing powder  by  opticians  and  lapidaries. 

2.  Plastering :  A  fine  mortar,  nearly  all  lime, 
used  in  stopping  crevices  of  shrinkage. 

3.  Glazing :  A  composition  of  pounded  whit- 
ing and  linseed-oil,  beaten  up  into  a  tough, 
tenacious  cement      It  is  used  for  securing 
window-panes  in  sashes,  for  stopping  crevices 
in  wood-work  which  is  to  be  painted,  and  for 
various  other  work. 

4.  Pottery :  The  mixture  of  ground  materials 
in  which  in  potteries  earthenware  is  dipped 
for  glazing. 

5.  Foundry :  The  mixture  of  clay  and  horse- 
dung  used  in  making  moulds  in  foundries. 

putty-faced,  a.  Having  a  face  resem- 
bling the  pastiness  or  colour  of  putty. 

putty-knife,  ».  A  knife  with  a  short 
lanceolate  blade,  used  for  spreading  putty ;  a 
stopping-knife. 

putty-powder,  s.  A  pulverised  oxide 
of  tin  sometimes  mixed  with  oxide  of  lead. 
Putty  powder  is  extensively  used  in  glass  and 
marble  works,  and  the  best  kinds  are  used  for 
polishing  plate. 

putty-root,*. 

Bot. :  The  viscid  tuber  of  Apleetrum  hyemalt, 
an  American  orchid.  It  is  used  for  cementing 
broken  earthenware. 

put'-ty  (2),  put  -tie,  s.  [Cf.  Hind.,  Mahratta, 
&c.  patti,  puttee  —  a  band,  a  bandage.]  A  kind 
of  legging  used  in  India,  made  of  coarse  water- 
proof cloth,  wrapped  tightly  round  the  legs. 

"  The  Mounted  Infantry  will  receive,  in  addition  to 
the  equipment  already  mentioned,  a  pair  uf  Bedford 
cord  pantaloons,  two  pairs  of  drawers,  a  pair  uf  puttiet. 
a  pair  of  jack  spurs,  a  canvas  bag,  aud  a  cavalry  mess 
tin."— Daily  Telegraph,  Feb.  12,  188S. 

piit'-tjf,  v.t.  [PUTTY,  *.]  To  cement,  stop,  or 
UU  with  putty. 

puf-ty-er,  *.  [Eng.  putty,  \. ;  -er.]  One  who 
works  with  putty ;  a  glazier.  (Thackeray : 
Level  the  Widower,  ch.  ii.) 

»  pu'-ture,  •  pul'-ture,  ».  [Low  Lat.  pul- 
tura,  from  Lat  puls,'gen\t.  pultit  =  pottage. ] 
A  custom  claimed  by  Keepers  in  forests,  and 
sometimes  oy  bailiffs  of  hundreds,  to  take 
man's-meat,  horse-meat,  and  dog's-meat  from 
the  tenants  and  inhabitants  within  the  per- 
ambulation of  the  forest,  hundred,  &c. 

pu'-ya,  s.    [Native  name  (?).] 

Bot. :  A  synonym  of  Pouretia,  a  genus  of 
Bromeliaceae.  (LindUy.)  Puya  chinensis 
yields  an  extract  used  in  healing  broken 
bones,  and  the  spike  of  P.  lanuginota  is  a 
transparent  gum. 

*  pfiz'-zel,  s.  [Fr.  pucelU  =  a  maid.]  A  dirty 
slattern ;  a  hussy. 

"  Pucelle  or  puael,  dolphin  or  dogfish." 

tihaketp. :  1  Henry  VI..  L  4. 

puz  zle,  v.t.    [PUZZLE,  *.] 
A.  Transitive : 

1.  To  perplex,  to  embarrass,  to  confound ; 
to  put  to  a  stand  ;  to  gravel. 

"  I  very  much  fear  then  be  some  languages 
That  would  go  near  to  puttie  inc." 

Randolph :  lluu't  Luoking^lau,  iU.  4. 


*  2.  To  make  intricate  ;  to  entangle. 

"  They  disentangle  from  the  pualed  skein." 

Cowper    Tat*.  1U. 

3.  To  discover,  resolve,  or  work  out  by 
cogitation  ;  to  make  out  by  mental  labour- 
followed  by  out.) 

"  While  the  clerk  Just  pualei  out  his  psalm  " 

Cowper.  Charity. 

B.  Intrant.  :  To  be  bewildered  or  per- 
plexed ;  to  be  at  a  loss  :  as,  To  puzzle  over  a 
question. 


-Zle,  s.  [For  Mid.  Eng.  opposaile,  opposal 
=  »  question  for  solution,  from  Fr.  opposer  =. 
to  oppose,  to  question.]  A  state  of  embarrass- 
ment or  perplexity  ;  that  which  puzzles  ;  a 
riddle  ;  a  toy  or  contrivance  for  exercising  the 
ingenuity. 


puzzle-brain,  s.  One  who  tries  to  ex- 
plain or  propose  puzzles. 

"  They  are  mostly  crotcbet-mongen  and  puale- 
ttrainL—lllackU  :  SeV-CuUur*.  p.  60. 

*  puzzle-head,  *.  A  puzzle-headed  per- 
son. 

"  It  would  rid  Germany  of  ...  mad  Jacobin  puale- 
headi."—J.  R.  Seeley :  Stein,  ill.  893. 

puzzle-headed,  a.  Having  the  bead 
full  of  confused  notions. 

"  He  was  really  a  dull  puttie-headed  man."— Mac- 
aulny  :  Jiut.  ling.,  ch.  zx. 

puzzle-monkey,  *.    [MONKEY-PUZZLK.] 

*  puz-zle-a'-tion,  *.     [Eng.  puzzle;  -ation,] 
A  puzzle ;  a  state  of  bewilderment  or  per- 
plexity. 

«.  "  Upon  my  soul,  they  have  got  the  old  gentleman 
into  such  muxleation,  that  I  don't  believe  he  know* 
what  he  wishes  himself."— Foote :  The  Oanlavpt,  111 

puz-zled  (le  as  el),  pa.  par.  or  a.    [PUZZLE,  v.] 

*  puzzled -ness  (leas  el),  s.  [Eng.  puzzled ; 
•ness.]    The  quality  or  state  of  being  puzzled ; 
perplexity,  bewilderment 

"  Several  instances  of  the  pualedneu  of  iihaniy."— 
S.  More:  Append,  to  Atheim. 

*  puz  zle  dom,  s.    [Eng.  puzzle;  -don.]    Be- 
wilderment. 

"  A  libation  to  the  goddess  of  pualedom."— Kingtbt : 
Ttfo  reort  Ayo,  ch.  xxvi. 

*  puz-rle-ment,  s.  [Eng.  puzzle ;  -ment.]  The 
state  of  being  puzzled  ;  puzzledness,  bewilder- 
ment 

"  A  little  of  the  pualement  that  he  Inflicts  on  others." 
—Mitt  Mitjord:  Our  rUloffe,  ser.  L,  p.  940. 

puz'-zler,  ».  [Eng.  jmzzHe),  v. ;  -er.]  One 
who  or  that  which  puzzles,  bewilders,  or 
perplexes. 

"  Hiss  Ophelia  found  the  case  a  puoler.'—Jfrt.  M, 
B.  Stove:  Uncle  Tumi  Cabin,  ch.  xx. 

puz'-zling,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [PUZZLK,  v.] 

A.  At  pr.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective : 

1.  Bewildering,  confusing,  perplexing,  em- 
barrassing ,  as,  a  puzzling  question. 

2.  Exhibiting  i«erplexity,  bewilderment,  or 
confusion ;  puzzled. 

"The  servant  is  npuoliny  fool."— L' Eitrange. 

puz'-zling-ly,  <trfi'.  [Eng. puzzling;  -Jy.]  In 
a  puzzling  manner  or  degree. 

"  1 1  is  .  .  .  nobly,  aud  at  the  same  time  pualinfly, 
significant."— Motion :  Recent  Britith  rhUoeophy.  147. 

puzz  -6-la-na,  puzz  -u6-la-na  (zz  as  tz), 

S.      [POZZUOLAN.J 

puzz'-6-lite  (zz  as  tz),  *.    [PUZZOLANA.] 

pwen'-yet  (we  as  6),  s.  [Burmese.]  A  resin, 
sometimes  called  Black  Dammar,  obtained  in 
Burmah  from  the  nest  of  a  hymenopterous 
insect,  Trigona  Iteviceps.  It  is  used  for  caulk- 
ing boats.  (Cot.  Exhib.  Rep.) 

py-M'-ml-a.  py-e'-mira, ..  [Or.  wW 
(puon)  =  pus,  and  a!pa  (Aat»»io)  =  blood.) 

Pathol.  :  Blood  poisoning,  pus  in  the  blood, 
the  same  as  septicaemia ;  due  to  disease 
of  bone,  leading  to  suppuration;  heart  or 
vascular  affections,  originating  septic  con- 
tamination of  the  blood,  as  endocarditis,  or 
phlebitis ;  abscess,  or  gangrene,  mucous 
ulcerations,  low  inflammatory  affections  with 
suppuration,  as  of  kidney  or  bladder ;  ery- 
sipelas, small-pox,  revaocination  (rarely),  car- 
buncles, boils,  dissection  »nd  post-mortem 
wounds,  and  sometimes  to  typhus.  Occasion- 
ally it  appears  to  arise  spontaneously,  or  from 
the  most  trifling  injury  in  unhealthy  persons. 


boll,  b£y;  pout,  J6%1;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xcnophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-elan,  -tian  =  shan,   -ttoo,  -sion  -  shun ;  -tion,   sion  -  zhun,   -oions,  - tlous,  -clous  =  shus.   -We.  -die,  *c.  -  bel,  del. 


pysemic— pyk 


py-BB'-mic,    o.      [Mod.   Lat    pytemia  (q.v.); 
tny.  suit',  -ic.) 
Pathol.  :  Of,  or  belonging  to  Pyaemia  (q.v.). 

py^at,  py'-ot,  s.    [Pit] 

pyc-nid  -i-um  (pi.   pyc-nld'-I-a),   s. 

I  latinised  diiiiiu.  from  Gr.  irvxyot  (pukHOs)  — 
Close.] 
Dot.  (PL):  The  special  receptacle  enclosing 

stylosporcs  in  some  Lichens  and  Fungals. 

pyc'-nite,  s.     [Gr.  irvnvas  (puknos)  =  thick  ; 
sutf.  -ite(Min.);  Ger.  pyknit.} 

Min.  :  A  variety  of  topaz  (q.v.)  occurring 
iu  aggregations  of  columuur  crystals  in  the 
till  mines  of  Alleuberg,  Saxony. 


-,  pref.  [Gr.  irvjcoot  (puknos)  =  thick.] 
Thick,  cli>sc  ;  the  meaning  completed  by  the 
second  element. 

pyc'-no-ddnt,  s.  [PVCNODONTES.]  Any  in- 
dividual  of  the  sub-order  Pycuodontoidei. 

t  pyc-ni-dfint'  -09,  ».  pi.  [Pref.  pycno-,  and 
Gr.  u£ovt  (odout),  geuit  uioyrtx  (odontos)  =  a 
tooth.] 

Palceont.  :  A  family  of  Owen's  Lepidoga- 
noidei. 

pycno-dont-Idas,  «.  pL  [Mod.  Lat  pycno- 
dus,  genit.  pyciuxU)iit(ii)  ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj. 
suit,  -idee.] 

Palceont.  :  The  typical  family  of  the  sub- 
order Pycnodontoidei.  They  abound  in  Meso- 
zoic  and  Tertiary  formations.  Chief  genera  : 
Pycnodus,  Gyrodus,  Mesturus,  Microdon, 
Ccelodus,  and  Mesodon 

pyc-no-ddn-toi'-dS-i,  «.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat 
pycnodus,  genit.  pycnodont(is),  and  Gr.  cliot  = 
(eidos)  •=.  form.} 

PaUeont.  :  A  sub-order  of  Ganoidei,  with 
two  families,  Pleurolepid<e  and  Pycnodontidie 
(q.v.).  Body  compressed,  high  and  short  or 
oval,  covered  with  rhomliic  scales  arranged  in 
decussating  pleurolepidal  lines.  Teeth  on  the 
palate  and  hinder  part  of  the  lower  jaw 
molar-like. 

pyc  -ni-dtis,  s.    [PYCNODOKTES.] 

PaUfont.  :  The  typical  genus  of  the  Pycno- 
dontid*.  Fifteen  species  from  the  Lias,  four 
from  the  Chalk,  and  one  from  the  Eocene. 

pyc-no-gon  -I-da,   pyc-n6  gon  -a-ta, 
pyo-no-gon'-i-daa,  s.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat.  pycno- 
g<jn(um)  ;  Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  sulf.  -idee,  or  ueut 
-ida,  -ata.} 

ZooL  :  An  aberrant  family  or  tribe  of  Arach- 
nida,  consisting  of  marine  animals,  having 
the  abdomen  rudimentary,  and  four  jiaiis 
of  legs  enormously  long  and  many-jointed. 
(HuxUy.)  Balfour  considers  the  family  of 
doubtful  affinities.  Borne  lielieve  tliem  Crus- 
taceans. Parasitic  or  independently  amongst 
•tunes  and  sea-weeds  on  sea-  beaches,  or  among 
rocks,  corals,  &<:.,  in  deep  water.  Called  also 
Podosomata  and  Pautopoda. 

pyc-nSg'-o-num,  «.  [Pref.  pycno-,  and  Gr. 
ydtoi  (gunu)  =  the  knee.] 

Zool.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Pycnogonida 
(q.v.).  Some  are  parasitic.  Pycnogonum  bal- 
(enarum  is  so  on  the  whale.  1'.  lateral*,  not 
a  paiasite,  is  common  on  various  European 
sea  coasts. 

pyc-no'm'-e-ter,  «.  [Pref.  pycno-,  and  Eng. 
meter.] 

Chem.  :  An  Instrument  for  determining  the 
specific  gravities  of  aerated  mineral  waters. 

pyc-no-no  ti-dw,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  pycno- 
not(tm)  ;  Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  sutf.  -ides.] 

Ornith.  :  Bnlbuls  ;  a  family  of  Passerine 
Birds,  sometimes  made  a  suit-family  (Pycno- 
notinae,  Gray)  of  Turdidap,  or  (Brachypodinas, 
Swain.  )  of  Tmialiidae.  There  are  nine  genera 
and  U9  species,  characteristic  of  the  Oriental 
region,  some  extending  to  Palestine,  Japan, 
and  the  Moluccas,  but  all  absent  from  the 
Celebes. 

*  pyc-no-no-ti-nsB,  «.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  pycno- 
nut(nx);  Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  sutf.  -inte.]  [Pvc- 


pyc-no-no'-tiis,  *.     [Pref.  pycno-,  and  Or. 
wore*  (ndtos)  —  the  back.] 

Ornith.  :  BulUil  ;  the  typical  genns  of  the 
family    Pycnonotidae  (q.v.),   with    fifty-two 


spi-cies,  ranging  from  Palestine  to  South  Africa. 

Bill    of  medium   size,  strong,  and  slightly 

curved  ;  feet 

strong,  wings 

moderately 

long  ;  plumage 

generally   dull, 

with  the  excep- 

tion of  the  lower 

tail-coverts. 


pyc-nd-phyl'- 
lite,  s.  [Pref. 
pycno-,  ami  Eny. 
phi/llite;  Ger. 
pyknophyllit.] 

Min.:  A  talc- 
like  mineral  oc- 
curring in  close-          PYCNONOTUS  ARSINOB. 
ly  compacted 

scales  in  the  so-called  "Weisserde"  (white 
earth)  at  Aspang,  Austria.  Hardness,  2 ;  sp. 
gr.  2796 ;  lustre,  greasy  ;  colour,  leek-,  apple-, 
and  sea-green.  Compos.  :  a  h yd  rated  silicate 
of  alumina,  potash,  soda,  magnesia,  and  ses- 
quioxide  of  iron. 

pyc   no-style,  «.     [Gr.  irwtwwrrvAo*  (pukno- 
stulos),  from 


tions  are  equal  to  one  diameter  and  a  half  of 
the  lower  part  of  the  shaft 

Pyc  no  trope,  *.  [Gr.  mxcvoTpdiw  (pukno- 
tropos)—  of  compact  property  ;  Ger.  pyknotrop.] 
Min.  :  \  name  given  by  Breithaupt  to  an 
amorphous  mineral  substance,  occurring  in 
closely  compacted  grains  in  the  serpentine  of 
Waldheim,  Saxony.  Compos,  yet  unknown. 

*pye,».  [PIE.] 

*  pye'-bald,  o.    [PIEBALD.] 

py-6"  -li'  -tls,  s.  [Gr.  irvcAot  (puelos)  —  a  trough  ; 
guff.  -His.} 

Pathol.  :  Inflammation  of  the  pelvis  of  the 
kidney. 

py'-«t,».     [PTAT.J 

py-gaer  -a,  ».    [Gr.  iruyi  (pugt)  =  the  njmp, 
and  alput  (airo)  =  to  lift  up.] 

Entom.  :  A  genus  of  Notodontidae.  Pygcera, 
bucei'hula  is  the  Buff-tip  moth,  a  beautiful 
but  sluggish  insect;  the  fore-wings  purplish  - 
gray,  with  black,  chocolate-coloured,  and 
white  lines,  and  an  ochrey  spot  at  the  tip  ; 
the  hind  wings  yellowish-  white,  &c.,  clouded. 
The  larvae  feed  gregariously  on  the  oak,  lime, 
hazel,  <kc. 

py  garg.  py-gar  -giis,  ».     [Or.  mya(>y°< 
(purgargos)  =  white  rump  :  «rvyrf  (page)  =  the 
rump,  and  apyo?  (argos)  =  white  ;  Fr.  pugurgc.} 
L  Ord.  Lang.  :  The  sea-eagle  or  osprey. 
2.  Script.  Heb.  :  rttf»i  (dishon),  Deut.  xiv.  5,  is 
apparently  some  kind  of  antelope. 

«.    [Gr.  «vyi»  (pugg)  =  the 


ZooL  :  A  genus  of  Simiadte.  Pygathrix 
memcevt  is  the  Cochin  China  Monkey,  now 
Semnopithecus  nemanu. 

py-gld  -I-ftm,  «.     (Gr.  jrvyt«ior  (pugidion), 
dim  in.  from  »niyij  (pugf)  =  the  rump.] 

Compar.  Anat.  :  The  caudal  shield,  or  tail, 
of  a  Trilobite.  It  consists  cf  anchylosed  or 
amalgamated  segments,  and  is  usually  trilobed 
like  the  thorax.  There  is  an  elevated  axis, 
with  a  marginal  limb.  The  extremity  is 
sometimes  rounded,  but  it  may  be  prolonged 
into  a  spine,  or  the  ends  of  the  pleurae  may  be 
extended  into  spine-like  projections.  The 
name  is  sometimes  applied  to  the  posterior 
segment  of  a  flea. 

pyg-me'-an,  pyg  mse  -an,  pig-mi  -an, 

a.  A  «.    [Lat  pygmaru*=  dwarfish,  from  Gr. 


rfiryucuot  (Pugmaioi)  •=.  the  race  of  Pygmies, 
frniii  mrfurj  ()>it>jmt)  =  a  measure  of  length, 
the  distance  l>etwe«n  the  elbow  and  the 
knuckles.  So  railed  because  they  were  re- 
puted to  be  of  the  height  of  a  pugme,  or  131 
inches.] 

A.  At  adj.  :    Pertaining    to   a    pigmy   or 
dwarf;  dwartish,  very  small. 

"  Throng  noiuberleu  like  that  ryjmean  race  " 

Milton  :  f.  L..L  IK. 

B.  As  subst.  :  A  pygmy. 

"  TheM  Pigmearu  live  in  hollow  cuves,  and  hol« 
under  the  ground.  '—P.  Holland  :  flint/,  bk.  vli.,  ch.  U. 

pyg'-my,  pig  my,  pig  -mey,  s.  &  o.  [Fr. 
pygme  —  dwarfish,  from  Lat.  Pygmcnts  —  pyg- 
mean (q.v.)  ;  Sp.,  Port.,  ti  Ital.  pigmeo.] 

A.  As  substantive  : 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Class.  Mythol.  :  One  of  a  fabnldns  nation 
of  dwarfs  dwelling  somewhere  near  the  shores 
cf  the  ocean,  and  maintaining  perpetual  wars 
with    the    cranes.       Ctesias    represented   a 
nation  of  them  as  inhabiting  India.    Other 
ancient  writers  believed  them  to  inhabit  the 
Indian    islands;   Aristotle   places    them   in 
Ethiopia,  Pliny  in  Transgangetic  India. 

2.  A  very  short  or  dwartish  person  ;  a  dwarf  ; 
anything  very  little. 

"  Soou  growi  the  piffmy  to  gigsmtic  «!ze." 

DrydtH  :  Viryil  ;  Jtneid  ir.  M. 

*  IL  Zool.  :  The  Chimpanzee. 

B.  As  adj.  :  Pertaining  to,  or  resembling  a 
pygmy  ;  dwarfish,  small,  little. 

"Control  the  course  of  Nature,  bid  the  Deep 
Hush  at  thy  pigmy  voice  her  waves  to  sleep." 

l-iiurchill  :  Epivlt  to  HUliam  liofarOL 

H  For  compounds,  see  PIOMY. 

*  Pyg'-tnjf,  v.t.    [PyoMY,  s.]    To  reduce  to  the 
size  of  a  pigmy  ;  to  dwarf,  to  stunt. 
"  Stand  off.  thon  poetaster,  from  thy  press, 
Who  pygmitu  martyrs  with  thy  dwarf  like  verse." 
Wood.  :  Fatti  Of  on.,  ii.  7»». 

Py-g4-52ph'-a-lU8,  s.  [Gr.  7rvy>i  (puge)=s 
the  rump,  and  «<J>oAij  (kephale)  —  the  head.] 

Pakeont.  :  A  genus  of  Macrourons  Crusta- 
ceans, with  three  species,  from  the  Carbon- 
iferous Limestone  of  Scotland  and  Lancashire. 


py-go-der'-ina,  s.    [Gr.  jrv 
rump,  and  &pp.~u  (derma)  =  skin.] 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Phyllostominae,  group 
Stenodermata.  Muzzle  very  short,  thickened 
vertically,  interfemoral  membrane  short 
One  species,  Pygoderma  bilabiatum,  from 
Mexico  and  Brazil. 


py-gop'-6-de§,  s.  pi.  [Gr.  irvy^  (puge)  =  the 
rump,  and  iroi/t  (pous),  genit  xro66f  (podos)  = 
a  foot.] 

*  1.  In  Illiger's  classification,  a  family  of 
Natatores,  embracing  the  genera  Colymbus, 
Eudytes,  Una,  Mormon,  Kratercula,  and  Alca, 

2.  An  order  of  Carinate  Birds,  with  three  fami- 
lies, Colymbidae,  Alcida;,  and  Podicipedidae. 

py-g6-p6d'-i-d88,  *.  pL  [Mod.  Lat  pygopu», 
genit  pygopod(iii)  ;  Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff. 
-idee.} 

ZooL  :  A  family  of  two-legged  lizards.  Body 
long,  covered  with  rounded,  imbricated,  qnin- 
runcial  scales,  a  pair  of  rudimentary  hind 
limbs  present  ;  head  with  symmetrical  shields  ; 
no  eyelids.  Two  genera,  Pygopus  and  Delma, 
from  Australia  and  Tasmania. 


[PYOOPODES.] 

ZooL  :  The  typical  genus  of  the  family 
Pygopidae,  with  one  species,  Pygopus  Upidopo- 
dus.  It  is  about  two  feet  long,  and  is  a 
Saurian  which  has  apparently  degenerated 
towards  the  Ophidia, 


«.      [Gr.  nv 
rump,  and  o-xeAos  (sktlos)  =  a.  leg.] 

Ornith.  :  A  genus  of  Sphaenisci'tae,  with  two 
or  three  species,  closely  resembling  those  of 
Aptenodytes,  in  which  it  is  often  merged. 
Pygoscelis  Ueniota  (or  pupuensis),  the  Johnnie 
of  the  whalers  =  Aptenodytes  papua. 

py-Ja'-ma,  s.  [Hind.,  Mahratta,  &c.]  A  kind 
of  loose  wide  trousers  or  drawers  supported 
by  a  cord  drawn  round  the  waist  They  are 
worn  in  India,  and  are  generally  made  nf 
a  light  fabric,  such  as  silk  or  cotton,  and  are 
sometimes  made  to  cover  the  feet  entirely. 
Same  as  PAJAMAS  (q.  T.) 

•pyk,tu.   [PICK,  ».) 


tate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we.  wft.  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf;  work.  who.  sin:  mute.  cub.  cure,  unite,  oar.  rule,  fall:  try.  Syrian,   as.  09  =  e.;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  lew. 


pyke-  pyramidio 


3829 


pyke,  «.     [Hind.  paee.L]     A    foot  -messenger; 
a  night  watchinaD.    (baft  I/mi--*.) 


p^k'-non,   «.     [Gr.    neut    sing,    of 
(pukntjs)  =  close.] 

Music  :  The  close  note.  (1)  A  name  given 
to  those  half  or  quarter  tones  which  came 
together  in  the  chromatic  and  enharmonic 
genera  of  the  Greeks.  (2)  In  medieval  music, 
a  semi-tone. 

*  py-lag'-or-as,  pyl'-a-gbre,  «•  [Gr.  irvAa- 
•yvpoc  (pulaguras).} 

Greek  A  ntiq.  :  Tlie  legate  or  representative 
of  a  city  sent  to  the  Amphictyonic  council. 

pyl'-a-gore,  *•    [PYLAGORAS.] 

•  pyle,  i.   [Lat.  pilum  —  a  pestle,  a  javelin  (?).] 

1.  A  small  javelin. 

2.  An  arrow  with  a  square  head  used  in  a 
cross-bow.  • 

3.  A  single  grain  of  chaff.    (Burnt.) 

py'-lon,  *.    [Gr.  irvAiii-  (pulon)  =  a  gateway.] 

Arch.  :  The 
mass      of 


three  part*, 
namely,  of 
two  flanking 

sjai 
.my 
n?d 


thas 

between 

ttum."—Koiengarten:  Arr\  Stylet  (ed.  Sanders),  f  17. 

py-loV-lc,  a.  &  *.    [Fr.  pylorique.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

Anat. :  Pertaining  to  the  pylorus  (q.v.). 

B.  As  substantive : 

Anat.  (PI.):  The  mucous  glands  of  the 
pylorus ;  the  pyloric  glands. 

"  When  ascending  Into  fresh  water  with  their  ova 
nearly  ready  for  extrusion,  their  pylorict  are  loaded 
with  M.'—fteld,  Dec.  M,  1885. 

•pyl-4-lid'-S-a,  ».  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  pylorus); 
neut.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idea.] 

Zool.  :  A  group  of  Lamellibranchiata,  in- 
clii'ling  the  genera  Mya,  Solen,  Ac,  (De 
ElainviUe.)  [MvAciD^E,  SOLEKID.&] 

py-lbV-tis,  s.  [Lat,  from  Gr.  m>A<opoc  (pulo- 
ros)  =  a  gate-keeper,  the  pylorus  :  in!A>|  (pule) 
=  a  gate,  and  ovpoj  (ouros)  =  a  keeper.] 

Anat. :  The  small  and  contracted  end  of  the 
stomach  leading  into  the  small  intestines. 

•  pym-per,  v.t.    [PAMPER.J 

•  pyne, «.  4  v.    [Pmr.] 

py  6-gen  e  sis,  py-6  gc  -nl  a,  s.  [Gr. 
wvov  (puon)  =  pus,  and  Eng.  genesis  (q.v.).] 

Pathol. :  The  generation  of  pus  ;  the  theory 
of  the  formation  of  pus. 

py-o'-gSn  Ic,  a.  [PvooENEsis.]  Pertaining 
or  relating  to  pyogenesis  ;  generating  or  form- 
ing pus. 

py'-oid,  n.  [Gr.  iruov  ( puon)  =  pus,  and  ettoc 
(eidos)=  form,  appearance.]  Resembling  pus  ; 
partaking  of  the  nature  of  pus. 

pyold-corpuscles,  *.  pi. 

Pathol.,  Physiol.,  <tc. :  Pus  corpuscles,  with 
ft  tolerably  transparent  envelope  enclosing 
eight,  ten,  or  more  email  globules.  (Lebert.) 

"  py-on-lng,  s.    [PIONINO.] 


pyr-,  pyr-i-,  pyr-6-,  prr/.  [Or.  »vp  (pur) 
=  fire.)  Having  relation  to,  or  connection 
with  fire. 

pyr'-a-canth,  pyr-a-canth'-tis,  *.  [Gr. 
wvpa.Ka.i'8a.  (purakantha) :  irvp  (pur)  =  fire, 
and  axavda  (akantha)  =  a  thorn.] 

Bot. :  Cratceyus  Pyracantha,  a  hawthorn, 
with  oval,  lanceolate,  glabrous,  entire,  small 
evergreen  leaves,  and  coral-red  flowers,  from 
the  south  of  Europe. 

pyr-ao-^-nJt'-Ic,  a.  [Pref.  pyr-,  and  Eng. 
aconitic.]  Derived  from  aconitic  acid  by  heat. 

pyraconltlo  acid,  «.    [ITACONIC-ACID.J 


»  pyr'-al,  *  pyr  -all,  a.  [Eng.  pyr(e)  ;  -aL] 
Pertaining  or  relating  to  a  funeral  pyre. 

"  Cnctuuusly  constituted  fur  Uie  better  pyralt  com- 
bnstiou."—  Browne:  Urn  tiurial,  ch.  iv. 

PJf-raT-I-4»,  «.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  pyra/(i*); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  sutf.  -idee.] 

Entom.:  The  typical  family  of  the  group 
Pyralidina.  Antenna?  of  the  male  pubescent 
or  ciliated;  wings  entire,  shining,  with  long 
fringes.  Larva  shining,  wrinkled,  vermiform. 
Five  British  species.  (Stainton.) 

pyr-a-lld'-i-otts,  a.  [Mod.  Lat  pyrali- 
d(ina);  Eng.  suff.  -etna.]  Of  or  belonging  to 
the  Pyralidina. 

"The    Pyralideout   gronp  U  farther  dirided  into 
."—  ato 


pyr-al-I-di'-na,  *.  pi.  [Lat  pyralis,  genit 
pyrulid(is)  ;  neut.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ina.] 

Entom.  :  A  group  of  Moths  with  the  fore 
proportionately  much  longer  than  the  hind 
wings  ;  the  abdomen  and  Tegs  long.  It  con- 
tains the  Pearls,  the  Veneers  or  Grass-moths, 
and  the  Knot-horns.  British  species  167. 
Sixteen  families  represented  in  Britain,  viz.: 

Hypenldae.  Herminid*.  Odontic!*.  Pyraliiljr,  Cledeo- 
bldte,  Enuycliidse,  Asopidx,  Steiiiadx,  Hydrucampidje, 
Botydsj.  Nolidc.  ChoreutidJe,  Eudonida,  Galleridss, 
Phycidai,  and  Crambidc. 

pyr'-a-lls,  ».  [Lat  ,  from  Gr.  wvpoAi'e  (puro/i*) 
=  a  kind  of  pigeon.] 

Entom.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Pyralidse. 
Pyralis  costalis  is  the  Gold  Fringe  ;  P.farinalis 
the  Meal-moth. 

pyr-al'-lA-lite,  «.  [Pref.  pyr-;  Gr.  aAAoc 
(alias)  =  other,  and  Atfoc  (lithos)  =  a  stone  ; 
Ger.  pyraUolith.] 

Min.  :  An  altered  pyroxene  (q.v.X  inter- 
mediate in  composition  between  true  pyroxene 
and  talc.  Occurs  mostly  in  limestone  at 
several  localities  in  Finland. 

py-rame',  s.    [Fr.]    A  small  water-spaniel. 

pyr'-a-mld,  *  pyr  -a-mis,  ».  [Lat.  pyra- 
mis  (genit.  pyramidi*),  from  Gr.  n-ypa^i?  (para- 
mi*),  from  Egyi't  pir-tm-us  =  the  vertical 
height  of  the  structure.  The  Eng.  plural  was 
formerly  pyramidts,  as  in  Shakesp.  :  Antony  <t 
Cleopatra,  v.  2.] 

1.  Egyptian  Antiquities:  A  solid  structure 
substantially  invariable  in  form,  viz.,  a  simple 
mass  resting  on  a  square  or  sometimes  ap- 
proximately square  base,  with  the  sides  facing 
with  slight  deviations  towards  the  four  prin- 
cipal winds,  and  tapering  off  gradually  to- 
wards the  top  to  a  point  or  to  a  flat  surface, 
as  a  substitute  for  an  apex.    The  proportion 
of  the  base  to  the  height  is  not  always  the 
same,  nor  is  the  angle  of  inclination  uniform. 
The  pyramids  were  constructed  in  platforms, 
and  then  reveted  or  coated  with  blocks  or 
slabs  of  granite,  as  may  still  be  observed  in 
incomplete  pyramids.    Recently  the  theory 
has  been  maintained  that  in  the  case  of  the 
largest  pyramids,  a  smaller  one  was  erected 
as  a  nucleus,  and  subsequently  enveloped  by 
another  layer.    The  interior  of  these  massive 
structures  contains  narrow  passages,  and  some 
totally  dark  halls  or  chambers,  and  probably 
served  as  the  burial-places  of  the  kings  who 
had  caused  them  to  be  constructed.     The 
entrance   to   these  buildings  is  raised  con- 
siderably above  the  level  of  the  base,  and  was 
blocked  up  by  a  portcullis  of  granite,  so  as  to 
be  on  ordinary  occasions  inaccessible.      In 
the  pyramid  of  Cheops,  the  entrance  is  raised 
about  47  ft    6   in.    above   the    base.      The 
pyramids  of  Egypt  begin  immediately  south 
of  Cairo,  and  continue  southwards  at  varying 
intervals  for  nearly  seventy  miles.  The  largest 
is  that  of  Cheops,  at  Ghizeh,  standing  on  a 
base  each  side  of  which  was  originally  764 
feet  long,  but  owing  to  the  removal  of  the 
coating  is  now  only  746  feet    Its  perpen- 
dicular height,  according  to  Wilkinson,  was 
originally  480  ft  9  in.,  present  height  460  ft 
The  principal  chamber,  the  so-called  Crowning 
Hall  or  King's  Chamber,  is  84  ft.  3  in.  long, 
and  17  ft  1  in.  wide.    Its  roof  is  formed  of 
massive  blocks  of  granite,  over  which,  with  a 
view  to  support  the  weight,  other  blocks  are 
laid,  with  clear  intervals  between.   According 
to  Herodotus,  the  erection  of  this  pyramid 
employed  100,000  men  for  twenty  years. 

2.  Mexican  :  The  Teocallis,  or  Houses  of  the 
gods,  which    have   come  down  from  Aztec 
times,  are    four  -sided    pyramids   rising   by 
terraces  to  a  considerable  height    A  group 


of  such  erections  still  exists  at  Teotihuacan 
about  twenty  miles  nortli-uast  of  the  city  of 
Mexico.  There  are  two  large  pyramids,  with 
some  hundred  smaller  ones  The  lia.se  of  the 
largest  is  900  feet  long,  its  height  160  feet; 
the  height  of  the  second  is  130  feet.  One  is 
dedicated  to  the  sun,  the  other  to  the  moon. 
A  yet  larger  one  is  at  Cholula  ;  its  base  is 
1488  feet  long,  its  height  178  feet.  All  the 
Mexican  pyramids  face  the  cardinal  points. 

3.  Hence,  applied  to  any  mass  or  heap  more 
or  less  resembling  a  pyramid  in  form. 

"  While  those  deputed  to  inter  the  slain 
Heap  with  a  rising  pyramid  the  plain." 

Pupf  :  Homer  ;  Iliad  xxiii.  ML 

4.  Anat.  :  A  conical  bony  eminence  in  the 
anterior  wall  of  the  tympanum  of  the  ear. 
Also  that  portion  of  the  medulla  oUongata 
forming  the  floor  of  the  fourth  ventricle  of 
the  brain  ;  two  conical  eminences,  known  as 
the   posterior   pyramids,  the   corpora   pyra- 
midalia,  leading  to  the  poia  Varulii,  being  the 
anterior  pyramids. 

5.  Geom.  :  A  polyhedron  bounded  by  a  poly- 
gon, having  any  number  of  sides,  called  the 
base,  and  by  triangles  meeting  in  a  common 
point,  called  the  vertex.    Pyramids  take  dif- 
ferent names  according  to  the  natures  of  their 
bases.  They  may  be  triangular,  quadrangular, 
&c.,  according  as  their  bases  are  triangles, 
quadrilaterals,  pentagons,  ic.     The  base  and 
lateral  triangles  are  called  faces  ;  the  lines  in 
which  the  faces  meet  are  called  edges  ;  the 
points  in  which  the  edges  meet  are  called 
vertices  of  the  pyramid.    A  right  pyramid  is 
one  whose  base  is  a  regular  polygon,  and  in 
which  a  perpendicular  let  fall  from  the  vertex 
upon  the  base,  passes    through  its  centre. 
The  regular  pyramid  is  a  pyramid  bounded 
by  four  equal  equilateral  triangles.     It  U 
called  the  tetrahedron. 

6.  Billiards  (PI.)  :  A  game  played  with  fif- 
teen red  balls  and  one  white  ball,  the  former 
being  placed  in  a  triangular  form  at  a  spot  at 
the  top  of  the  table.  The  object  of  the  players, 
who  play  in  turn  with  the  white  bail,  is  to 
pocket  as  many  red  balls  as  possible. 

7.  Bot.  :  The  American  calumba  or  Indian 
lettuce,  Frasera  carolinensis. 

py  rim  Id  aL  *  py  ram  id-all,  a.  [Fr. 

pyramidal.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Pertaiuing  to,  or  having  the 
form  of  a  pyramid  ;  pyramidical. 

"  The  pyramidal  tomb  of  Caias  Cestiut.'—  ftutae*  : 
Jtalr.  vol.  L.  eh.  zL 

2.  Bot.  :  Conical,  as  the  prickles  of  some  roses. 
pyramidal  bell-flower.  *. 

Bot.  :  Campanula  pyramidalis,  wild  in 
Carniola,  &c. 

pyramidal  muscle.  «. 

Anat.:  A  small  muscle  arising  from  the  front 
of  the  pubis,  and  inserted  into  the  linea  alba. 
There  is  also  a  pyramidal  muscle  of  the  nose. 

pyramidal-numbers,  «.  pi.    The  same 

as  ilGURATE-NUMBERS  (q.V.). 

pyramidal-reolite,  *.    [Aroni  VLLITC.) 

*  py  ram'-Id-aHjf,  adv.    [Eng.  pyramidal; 
-fy-J 

1.  In  the  form  of  a  pyramid  ;  like  a  pyramid. 

2.  By  means  of,  or  through  the  instrumen- 
tality of,  a  pyramid. 

"To  be  but  pyramidally  extant"—  JTOOTM:  Um 
Burial,  ch.  T. 

py  ram  I-deT-la,  s.     [Dimin.  from  La» 
pyramis  =  pyramid  (q.v.).J 

Zool.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Pyramidellidsst 
Shell  slender,  pointed,  with  many  plaited  ot 
level  whorls,  apex  sinistral,  operculum  in- 
dented on  the  inner  side  to  adapt  it  to  the 
columellar  plaits.  Recent  species  111,  from 
the  West  Indies,  Mauritius,  and  Australia. 
Fossil  twelve,  from  the  Chalk  of  France  and 
Britain  onward. 


---,  «•  J*  [Mod.  Lat  py- 
ramidel(la);  Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Zool.:  A  family  of  Holostomata  (q.v.). 
Shell  spiral,  turreted,  nucleus  miuute  sinl*- 
tral,  operculum  horny.  Genera  Pyrarnidelia, 
(Jhemnitzia,  &c. 

*  pyr-a-mld  -Ic,   •  pyr-f-mTd'-Io-al,  * 

Tur.  irvp«fiiJiKot  (puramidikot),  from  impo^tf 
(puromw)  =  a  pyramid  (q.v.).]  Pertaining  to, 
or  having  the  form  of  a  pyramid  :  pyramidal. 

"  DtctlniraUhable  tir  pfrvmidicmltfant-"—  Bromu: 
Orw  Oarden,  eh.  UL 


boil.  bo"y ;  ptftt,  J6%1 ;  oat.  fell,  obonu.  fbla,  bench ;  go.  gem  ;  thin,  thl» ;  sin,  *f ;  expect,  Xenophon.  ejlBt.    ph 
-tUn  =  Illftia.    -Uon. -«ion  -  »iun : -tion, -*ion  -  *baja.    Hdoa*.  -UOUJL  -clone  =  •!»&•.    -bU. -die.  *c.  =  b^L  d 


SS30 


pyramidically— pyritolamprite 


•  pjfr-a-mld -Ic-al-ly,  adv.     [Eng.   pyra- 
midical;  -ly.]    In  a  pyramidical  manner;  in 
the  form  of  a  pyramid. 

"  Tbiu  they  rit»  pyramidicaUi/.'  —  Pop*  :  Burner  ; 
Od».M»ii    (Note.) 

•  pyr-a-mld  -Ic-al-uSss,  *.     [Eng.   pym- 
midical;  -nest.}    The  quality  or  state  of  being 
pyramidical. 

pyr-a-mld'-I-o'n,  «.    [Or.] 

Arch. :  The  small  flat  pyramid  which  ter- 
minates the  top  of  an  obelisk. 

py-ram'-Id-oid,  *.    [Eng.  pyramid ;  -otd.] 

Geom.  :  A  figure  or  solid  resembling  a  pyra- 
mid. Called  also  a  Pyramoid. 

py-ram'-Id-6n,  ».    [PYRAMID.] 

Music  :  An  organ  stop  of  16  ft.  or  32  ft.  tone, 
the  pi)«s  of  which  are  closed  at  the  top,  and 
pyramidical  in  shape,  the  top  being  more  than 
four  times  the  width  of  the  mouth.  From  a 
pipe  only  2  ft.  9  in.  in  length,  2  ft  3  in.  square 
at  the  top,  and  8  in.  at  the  block,  the  note 
c  c  c  is  produced.  Invented  by  the  Rev.  Sir 
F.  A.  O.  Ouseley,  Bart,  Mus.  Doc. 

•  pyr'-a-mls,  •  plr'-a-mls,  «.    [PYKAMID.] 
pyr'-am-old,  s.    [PYRAMIDOID.] 

pyr-anf -I-mon-ite,  s.  [Pref.  pyr-,  and  Eng. 
antimouitt.} 
Min. :  The  same  as  KERUESITE  (q.v.). 

pyr-aph'-rd-lite,  *.  [Pref.  pyr- ;  Gr.  a<t>p6t 
(aphros)  =  froth,  and  Ai0ot  (liUioi)  —  a  stone ; 
Ger.  pyraphrolith.] 

Petrol. :  An  amorphous  mixture  of  felspars 
and  opal,  of  a  more  or  less  vitreous  lustre, 
related  to  obsidian  (q.v.). 

pyr-ar'-glll-lte,  s.  fPref.  pyr- ;  Or.  opytAAot 
(argillos)  =  clay,  and  suff.  -ite  (Min.).] 

Min. :  A  variety  of  Fahlunite  (q.v.),  con- 
taining more  water  and  less  of  protoxides.  It 
is  an  altered  iplite  (q.v.),  and  occurs  in  the 
granite  of  Helsingfors,  Finland. 

pyr-ar'-fcy-rite,  *.  [Pref.  pyr- ;  Or.  opyupot 
(arguros)  =  silver,  ana  suff.  -ite  (Min.).] 

A/in. :  A  rhombohedral  mineral  occurring 
in  crystals  and  also  mas.-ive.  Hardness,  2 
to  2-5 ;  sp.  gr.  57  to  5'9 ;  lustre,  metallic- 
adamantine  ;  colour,  black  ;  streak,  cochineal- 
red ;  translucent  to  opaque ;  fracture,  con- 
clioidal.  Compos.  :  sulphur,  17'7  ;  antimony, 
82-5  ;  silver,  59'8  =  100,  corresponding  to  the 
formula,  3Ag8  +  80383.  Isomorphoua  with 
proustite  (q.v.).  Forms  an  important  ore  of 
silver,  occurring  abundantly  in  some  mines. 

pyr-aUS'-ta,  * .  [Gr.  mrpawnjc  (puraustei)  = 
•  moth  which  gets  singed  in  the  candle.] 

Entom. :  A  genus  of  Ennychidae.  Pyrautta 
purpuralis  is  the  Crimson  and  Gold  Moth. 

pyr-aux'-Ite,  *.      [Pref.  pyr-;  Gr.  avfdvw 

(auxano)  —  to  increase,  and  suff.  -ite  (Af  in.).] 

Uin.. :  The  same  as  PYROPHYLLITE  (q.v.) 

Pyre,  *.  [Lat.  pyra,  from  Gr.  wvp<£  ( pura),  from 
wvp  (pur)  =  fire.]  A  pile  or  heap  of  com- 
bustible materials  on  which  dead  bodies  were 
laid  to  be  burnt  to  ashes  ;  a  funeral  pile. 

*  Tb»t  lit  inch  pyrn  from  Tagui  to  the  Rhine. " 

Byron :  Cunt  of  itinirrn. 

pyr-g-la'-In,  *.     [Pref.  pyr-,  and  Eng.  elaln.] 


py-re'-na,  ».    [Gr.  wpijr  ( purin)  =  the  stone 
of  stone  fruit.] 

Bot. :  The  stone  formed  by  the  hardened 
endocarp  of  some  fruits,  as  the  drupe. 

pyr-e'n-ar'-i-um,   «.     [Lat.   pyren,  genit. 
pyrenis;  neut.  sing.  adj.  suff.  -arium.] 
Bot.:  Pomum  (q.v.).    (Desvaux.) 

py-rene',  «.    [Gr.  wvp  (pur)  =  fire ;  Eng.  saff. 
-ene..} 

Chem. :  C16Hio.  One  of  the  hydrocarbons 
obtained  in  the  dry  distillation  of  fats,  resins, 
and  coal.  It  is  tasteless,  inodorous,  and 
crystallizes  in  colourless  plates,  melts  at  142", 
is  insoluble  in  water,  slightly  soluble  in  alco- 
hol, but  very  soluble  in  ether,  benzene,  and 
carbon  disulphide.  When  treated  with  fum- 
ing hydriodic  acid  at  200°,  it  is  converted  into 
pyrene  hexahydric,  which  melis  at  127'. 

pyrene  quinone,  s. 

Chem. :  CigHgOj,.    A  crystalline  body  pro- 


duced  by  heating  pyrene  with  potassium  di- 
cliromate  and  sulphuric  acid.  It  forma  brick- 
red  needles. 

py-re'-nS,  s.    [PYRENA.] 

Bot.  (PI.):  The  separate  sections  of  which 
some  fruits,  as  the  medlar,  are  composed. 
(Thome.) 

Pjhr-S-ne'-an,  a.  [See  def.)  Of,  or  pertain- 
ing to,  the*  Pyrenees,  a  range  of  mountains 
separating  France  from  Spain. 

Pyr  enean  desman,  s. 

Zool.  :  Myogale  pyrenaica.    [II  YOOALE.] 

pyr-5-ne'-ite,  s.  [After  the  Pyrenees,  where 
found  ;  suff.  -Ue  (Min.)  ;  Fr.  &  Ger.  pyrenait.] 
Min.  :  A  variety  of  Melanite-garnet  (q.v.), 
found  in  very  sharp  rhombic  dodecahedrons 
in  a  black  to  gray  schist  near  Bareges,  Hautes- 
Pyreneee. 

py-re  -nl-um,  ».  [Mod.  Lat.  ,  from  Lat  pyren.  ] 
Bot.  :  Either  the  receptacle  or  perithecium 
of  certain  fungals. 

pyr  en-6  de  ous,    py  ren'-6-dine,    o. 
[Mod.  Lat.  pyrena  (q.v.),  and  Gr.  tlios  (eidot) 
=  form.] 
Bot.  :  Wart-like. 

py-ren-o"-my-ce'-tes,  *.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat. 
pyrena,  and  Gr.  pVKi)f  (mukis),  genit.  ^VKTJTO? 
(muketuf:)  =  a  fungus.] 

Bot.  :  A  section  of  Ascomycetous  and  Coni- 
comycetous  Fungals  having  a  closed  nuclear 
fruit.  (Fries.)  Now  divided  iuto  the  orders 
Sphajriacei  and  Phacidiacei. 

py-re'-thrln,  «.    [Lat.  pyrethr(um)  ;  -in.} 

Chem.  :  A  name  given  by  Pansel  to  a  soft 
resin  extracted  from  Radix  Pyethri  by  alco- 
hol and  ether.  Later  researches  have  shown 
it  to  be  a  mixture  of  two  oils  and  a  resin. 

py-re'-thrum,  «.  [La*-,  fr010  Or-  «vpeflpw 
(purethron)  =  a  hot  spicy  plant  of  tlie  pelli- 
tory  kind  (Anthemis  Pyrethrum).] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Chrysantliemeae,  reduced 
by  Sir  Joseph  Hooker  to  a  sub-genus  of 
Matricaria,  having  the  receptacle  almost  flat. 
The  genus  yields  a  number  of  handsome  garden 
flowers,  particularly  P.  roseum,  which  has 
yielded  many  beautiful  and  richly  colored 
varieties.  From  its  flowers  Insect  or  Persian 
Powder  is  made.  [FEVERFEW.] 

py-rSf  -Ic,  a.  ft  «.  [Fr.  pyretvfiie,  from  Lat. 
neut.  pi.  pyretica,  from  Gr.  wvpcTot  (puretos)— 
(1)  burning  heat,  (2)  fever,  from  irvp  (pur)  — 
fire.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Useful  in  fevers  or  feverish- 
ness. 

B.  At  sultt.  :  A  medicine  for  the  cure  of 
fever. 


,  *.  [Gr.  mprrds  (puretos),  and 
Aoyov  (logos)  =  a  discourse.]    [PYRETIC.] 

Med.  :  That  branch  of  medical  science  which 
treats  of  fevers. 


-I-a,  «.  [Fr.  pyrexte,  from  Gr.  ««p«f« 
(purexo),  1  fut  of  irvpcVo-w  (puresso)  =  to  be 
feverish.  [PYRELIC.] 

Pathol.  :  The  pyrexial  state,  or  fever  (q.vA 
(CycL  Prod.  Med.,  ii.  158.) 

py-rex'-Io-al,  py  rcx'-I-al,  a.   [Mod.  Lat. 

pyrexi(a)  ;  -ical,  -uti.]     Pertaining  to  fever  ; 
feverish. 


-y»  *•    [PYREXIA.] 

,,  s.  [Gr.  wvpyiriff  (purgitls)  =  of 
or  belonging  to  a  tower ;  n-vpyos  (purgns)  =a 
tower.] 

Ornith. :  A  genus  of  Fringillidx,  containing 
the  Sparrows. 

pyr'-go'm,  «.      [Gr.    wvpyu^a    (purgdma)  =  A 
tower.] 
Min. :  The  same  as  FASSAITE  (q.v.). 

pyr-he-li-Sm'-S-ter,  *.  [Gr.  irOp  (pur)  = 
fire ;  T)Ait>f  (helios)  =  the  sun,  and  utrpov 
(metron)  =  a  measure.]  An  instrument  in- 
Tented  by  Pouillet  for  measuring  the  amount 
of  heat  radiated  from  the  sun.  It  consists  of 
a  shallow  cylinder  of  very  thin  copper  or 
silver  on  a  stem,  provided  with  means  of 
attachment  to  a  stationary  object,  and  carry- 
ing a  disk  on  which  the  shadow  of  the  cylin- 
der may  be  received,  so  that  it  may  be  pointed 
directly  towards  the  sun.  Tlie  cylinder  is 


blackened  in  order  to  al'sorb  all  the  heat  poo- 
silile,  and  is  tilled  with  water  in  which  the 
bulb  of  a  thermometer  is  placed.  The  instru- 
ment, at  the  atmospheric  temperature,  is  first 
shaded  from  the  sun,  but  exposed  to  the  sky 
for  five  minutes,  and,  the  difference  of  tem- 
perature noted,  the  shading  screen  is  then 
withdrawn,  and  the  cylinder  exposed  to  the 
direct  action  of  the  sun's  rays  for  five  minutes, 
and  the  temperature  noted,  when  it  is  again 
shaded  for  live  minutes,  and  the  fall  of  the 
thermometer  observed, 

pyr-I-,  prtf.    [PYB-.I 

pyr-l-chro'-lite,  *.    [Pref.  pyrt-;  Gr.  XP«« 

(chroa)  •=  colour,  and  At0o,  (lit  tun)  =  a  stone.] 

Min.  :  The  same  as  PYROSTILPNITE  (q.v.). 

pyr'-I-dine,  *.  [Gr.  irOp  (pur)-  fin;  eliot 
(eidos)  =form,  and  suff.  -ine  (Chem.).] 

Chem.  :  CBH6N.  A  base  discovered  by 
Anderson  in  liis  investigations  on  bone-oil,  and 
obtained  in  small  quantity  by  the  action  of 
phosphoric  anhydride  on  isoamylic  nitrate. 
It  is  a  colourless,  mobile  liquid,  of  sharp, 
nauseous  odour,  sp.  gr.  D86  at  0*,  soluble  in 
water  in  all  proportions,  and  boils  steadily  at 
110-5.  With  hydrochloric  acid  it  yields  a 
deliquescent  salt,  CjHsN'HCl,  whose  yellow 
platinochloride,  (CjHsN-HCl^PtCU,  is  very 
insoluble  in  water.  On  heating  pyridine  witu 
sodium  it  is  converted  into  solid  dipyridine, 
which  melts  at  108°,  and  crystallizes  in  needlea. 

py-rld   I  urn,  i.     [Lat.,  from  Gr.  wpitiof 
(puridion),  dimin.  from  wvp  (pur)  =  &  spark, 
or  irvpot  (puros)=.  wheat.] 
Bot.  :  Pomum  (q.v.).    (ifirbel.) 

pyr'-I-fonn,  a.  [Lat.  pyrum  =  a  pear,  and 
jorma  =form.J  having  tlie  shape  or  form  of 
a  pear  ;  obconical. 

'•  The  bladder  .  .  .  it  thereby  dilated  into  a  Urn 
pyr\f,,rm  vsiicle."—  field,  bee.  19,  loai. 

pyr-I-ta'-ceoiis  (ce  as  sh),  a.  [Eng.  py- 
rit(es);  -aceout.}  Pyritic  (q.v.). 

py-li'-te},  «.  [Gr.  nvptnn  (pu-.-ites),  which 
embraced  both  iron  and  copper  pyrites,  in- 
cluding marcasite  and  pyrrhotite  ;  Uer.  eue»> 
kies,  kits.} 

Min.  :  An  Isometric  mineral  occurring  fre« 
quently  crystallized,  also  massive,  in  mam- 
millary  forms  with  filirous  structure,  and 
stalactitic  with  crytalline  surface.  Hard- 
ness, 6  to  6*5;  sp.  gr.  4-83  to  5*2;  lustre, 
metallic,  splendent  ;  colour,  pale  brass-yellow; 
streak,  greenish-black  ;  opaque  ;  fracture 
conchoidal,  uneven  ;  brittle  ;  strikes  fire  when 
struck  with  a  hammer.  Compos.  :  sulphur, 
63'3;  iron,  46'7=100,  which  yields  the  for- 
mula Fe8g.  Othur  elements  sometimes  re- 
place a  part  of  the  iron,  but  only  in  small 
quantity.  Dana  divides  this  species  into  : 
(1)  Ordinary  ;  (a)  distinct  crystals  ;  (b)  no- 
dular or  concretionary;  (c)  stalactitic;  (d) 
amorphous.  (2)  Niccoliferous  ;  (3)  cobaltifer- 
ous  ;  (4)  cupriferous  ;  (5)  stanniferous  ;  (6) 
auriferous  ;  (7)  argentiferous  ;  (8)  thalliferons. 
Occurs  abundantly  distributed  in  rocks  of 
all  ages,  either  as  crystals,  crystal-grains,  or 
nodules,  also  in  metalliferous  veins. 

py-rlt'-Ic,  py-rit'-Ic-al,  pyiMtotis,  & 
[Eng.  pyrWfs);  -ie,  -ical,  -ous.]  Of  or  pertaining 
to  pyrites  ;  containing  or  resembling  pyrites. 

pyr-it-If  '-er-oiis,  o.   [Lat  pyrites),  andyfero 

—  to  bear  or  produce.]    Producing  or  contain- 
ing pyrites. 

pyxMt-Ize,  v.t.  [Eng.  pyrites);  4te.]  ,  To 
convert  into  pyrites. 

pyr-I-tA-he'-dral,  o.  [PYRITOHEDRON.] 
Crystal-like  pyrites  in  hemihedral  modifica- 
tions, having  the  opposite  planes  parallel. 

pyr-X-tfc-lie'-dr&i,  *.    [Gr.  wvpm,*  (puriiii) 

—  pyrites,  and  i&pa  (hedra)  —  a  base.] 
CrysloM.  :  The  pentagonal  dodecahedron,  a 

common  form  of  pyrites. 

pyzy-I-t6id,  t.    [Eng.  pyri(ta)  ;  -aid.} 

Crystall.  :  The  same  as  PYBITOHEDBON  (q.  v.% 


[Eng.  pyrit(et);  e 
connective  ;  Gr.  Aofiirpot  (lampros)  =  bright, 
and  suff.  -ite  (Min.)-] 

Min.  :  A  name  given  to  the  so-called  Arsenlo- 
Bilver  from  Andreasberg,  Uarz.  It  is  now 
shown  to  be  a  mixture. 


ftte,  f&t,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine.  pit.  sire,  sir.  marine;  go,  p6 
or,  wore,  wolt  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cab,  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    »,  09  =  e.    yr  c  ir ;  jrr  -  ir. 


pyritology— pyroligneous 


3831 


pyr-I-t6T-6-£y,  *.    [Ens   r>yri<(es)  ,•  suff. 

•ology.]    A  treatise  or  dissertation  ou  pyrites  ; 
facts  concerning  pyrites. 

pyr'-It-ous,  o.    [PyRmc.l 
pyr-o-,  pref.    [PVR-.] 


,  a.     [Pref.  pjrro-,  and  Eng 
acetic.]    Derived  from  acetjc  acid  by  heat. 
pyroacetic-splrit,  5.    [ACETONE.] 

pyr-o-al-I-zar'-Ic,  o.  [Pref.  pyro-,  and 
£ng.  alizaric.]  Derived  from  allzaric  acid  by 
beat. 

pyroallzarlc-acld,  «.    [PTHALIC-ANHY- 

DBIDE.J 

pyr-o-au'-rite,  *.  [Pref.  pyro-  ;  Lat  aurum 
—  gold,  and  sutf.  -tie  (Win.).] 

Min.  :  A  name  given  by  Igelstrom  to  a 
mineral  of  a  gold-like  colour  occurring  in  six- 
sided  tallies.  Crystallization,  hexagonal.  Com- 
ipos.  :  sesquioxide  of  iron,  23'9;  magnes:;i. 
SJ'8  ;  water,  40'3  =  100,  yielding  the  formula, 
Fe.2O3,3HO  +  6MgHO  +  6HO.  Found  at  Long- 
ban,  Wermland,  Sweden. 


.*.  [Pref.  pyro-;  Gr.^AXa 
(6a7o)  =  to  throw,  to  hurl,  and  suff.  -ology.] 
The  art  or  science  of  artillery. 

"Oobeilu*'  military  architecture  and  pyrobattogi/."— 
Bttrnt.  Trutram  Shandy,  i.  180. 

pyr-«-ben'-z4-line,  *.  [Pref.  pyro-,  and 
Eng.  benzoline.]  [LoPHiNE.] 

pVr-O-c&m-phret'-Ic,  o.  [Pref.  pyro-,  and 
E:ig.  camphrctic.]  Derived  from  cauiphretic 
acid  by  heat. 

pyrocamphretic-acid,  *. 

Chem.  :  CioHj.|Oj.  A  pale  yellow,  viscid 
oil,  heavier  than  water,  produced  by  the  slow 
distillation  of  cauiphretic  acid.  It  has  an 
aromatic  odour,  a  sour  burning  taste,  boils  at 
210°,  and  is  soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether,  pro- 
ducing strongly  acid  solutions. 

pyr-S-cat'-e-chln,  *.  [Pref.  pyro-,  and  Eng. 
catechin.]  [OXYPHENIC-ACID.] 

pyr-o-cat-eyshu'-lc,  a.  [Pref.  pyro-,  and 
Eng.  catechuic.]  Derived  from  catechuic  acid 
by  heat. 

pyrocatechulc-acid,  *.    [OXYPHENIC- 

AC1U.] 

pyr'-d-chlb're,  ».     [Pref.  pyro-,  and  Or. 
xAwp«  (ehloros)  =  green  ;  Ger.  pyrocAtor.] 
Mineralogy  : 

1.  An  isometric  mineral  occurring  in  octa- 
hedrons in  the  zircon-syenite  of  Norway,  and 
of  Miask,  Orenburg,  Russia.     Hardness,  5  to 
5'5  ;   sp.  gr.   4"2  to  4  '35;   lustre,   vitreous; 
colour,  dark  reddish-brown  ;  streak,  lighter  ; 
subtranslucent  to  opaque.  Compos.  :  acolnni- 
bate  of  lime  and  cerium,  with  various  other 
bases  in  variable  amount. 

2.  The  same  as  MICROLITE  (q.v.) 

pjrr-O'-chrd'-a,  s.    [PYROCHROITE.] 

Hot.  :  The  tyy.^al  genus  of-  Pyrochrpidae 
(q.v.).  Two  are  British,  Pyrochroa  coccinea, 
the  Cardinal  Beetle,  and  /'.  rubens,  a  beautiful 
•cadet  species,  found  near  London. 

Pjhr-6v-chrd'-I'-d»,  «.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  pyro- 
cAro(a);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Entom.  :  A  family  of  Coleoptera,  sub-tribe 
Trachelia  or  Trachelides.  The  body,  which  is 
flat,  is  elongated  and  narrowed  in  front,  the 
antennae  in  the  males  are  pectinated  or 
feathery,  the  elytra  completely  cover  the  ab- 
domen. The  larvae  feed  on  rotten  wood.  The 
perfect  insects  are  seen  on  flowers. 

pyr-i-chvo'-ite,  «•  [Pref.  pyro-;  Or.  xp<$a 
(eArou)  =  colour,  and  suff.  -tie  (Jfin.).] 

Min.  :  A  foliated  mineral  found  in  veins  in 
magnetite  at  Paisberg.  Hardness,  2'5  ;  lustre, 
pearly  ;  colour,  white,  changing  on  exposure 
to  Mack.  Compos.:  protoxide  of  manganese, 
79'8;  water,  20'  2  =  100,  corresponding  with 
the  formula,  MnOHO.  A  brncite  in  which 
sesquioxide  of  iron  replaces  magnesia. 


c,  a-     [Pref.    pyro-,    and   Eng. 
citric.]   Derived  from  citric  acid  by  heat 

pyrocitrlc-acids,  s.  pi 

Chem.  :  Acids  produced  by  the  destructive 
distillation  of  citric  acid,  viz.,  acomtic,  citra- 


conic  and  itaconic  acids.  Mesaconic  or  citra- 
cartic  acid,  produced  by  the  action  of  boiling 
dilute  nitric  acid  on  citrucouic  acid,  is  also  in- 
cluded by  (jerhardt  under  the  general  denomi- 
nation. (Watts.) 

p  yr-O-Clas  -Ite,  *.     [Pref.  pyro-  ;  Gr.  «Aa<rit 

(klasis)  =  a  breaking,  and  suff.  -ite  (.A/in.).] 
Min.  :  The  same  as  PYROOUANITE  (q.v.X 

pyr-o-co-men  -ic,  a.    [PYROMECONIC.] 

py-rcV-c^-nine,  «.    [Pref.  pyro-,  and  Eng. 
conine.] 

Chem.  :  A  basic  poisonous  substance  said  to 
be  produced  by  the  dry  distillation  of  hem- 
lock. (Watts.) 

py-roc'-O-nite,  ».     [Pref.  pyro-;  Gr.   K6V« 
(konis)  =  a  powder,  and  suff.  -ite  (M  in.).] 
Min.  :  The  same  as  PACHNOLITK  (q.v.). 

pyr-o^dex'-trin,  *.    [Pref.  pyro-,  and  Eng. 
dextrin.] 

Chem.  :  Pyroglucic  acid.  A  product  obtained 
by  roasting  the  starch  of  cereal  grain,  potatoes, 
maize,  &c.,  dissolving  m  hot  water,  filtering, 
evaporating  the  filtiate  over  a  water  bath,  and 
drying  the  residue  at  140°.  It  is  brown, 
inodorous,  and  tasteless;  soluble  in  water, 
insoluble  in  absolute  alcohol  and  in  ether. 
Its  aqueous  solution  is  not  coloured  purple- 
red,  like  dextrin,  by  iodine. 

pyr-d-e-lec'-trfc,  o.  &  *.    [Pref.  pyro-,  and 
Eng.  electric  (q.v.).J    [THERMOELECTRIC.] 

pyr-6-e-lec-tri9'-i-ty,  s.    [Pref.  pyro-,  and 
Eng.  electricity  (q.v.).]  [THERMOELECTRICITY.] 

pyr-o-gal'-late,  ».    [Eng.  pyrogallic);  -ate.] 
Chem,  :  A  salt  of  pyrogallic  acid. 

pyr-o-gal'-lein,  «.    [Pref.  pwro-,  and  Eng. 
gallein.] 

Chem.  :  CjgHjoNgOio  -f  SHaO.  An  uncrys- 
tallizable  substance  produced  by  the  action  of 
ammonia  or  pyrogallic  acid.  It  forms  brown 
precipitates  with  inany  metallic  salts,  but 
they  decompose  during  the  washing. 

pyr-3-gaT-Uc,  a.      [Pref.  pyro-,  and  Eng. 
gallic.]    Derived  from  gallic  acid  by  heat 

pyrogallic-acid,  s. 

Chem.  :  C6H6O3  =  CeH^OHfo.  Pyrogallol. 
An  acid,  discovered  byScheele,  who  considered 
it  sublimed  gallic  acid,  and  prepared  it  by  heat- 
ing gallic  acid  in  a  stream  of  carbonic  anhy- 
dride. It  crystallizes  in  long  flattened  prisms, 
soluble  in  water,  slightly  soluble  in  alcohol 
and  ether,  melts  at  115°,  and  boils  at  210°.  Its 
solutions  reduce  the  salts  of  gold,  silver,  and 
mercury,  and  give  a  deep  blue  colour  with 
ferrous  salts.  It  dissolves  in  potash  or  soda, 
forming  a  solution  which  rapidly  absorbs 
oxygen  from  the  air  and  turns  black.  Exten- 
sively used  in  photography  as  a  reducing  agent 
Its  salts,  the  pyrogallates,  are  little  known. 

pjrr-4-gai'-lol,  ».  [Pref.  pyro-,  and  Eng.yoHoZ.] 
[PYBOOALLIC-ACID.] 

pyrogallol-phthaleln.    [GALLEIM.] 

pyr'-i-gen,  s.     [PYROOENIC.] 

1.  Chem.  (PL):  Pyro-acids  and  other  products 
of  the  action  of  heat  on  organic  bodies.  (Watts.) 

2.  Electricity. 

pyr-O-gSn'-Xc,  a.    [Pref.  pyro-,  and  Gr.  ytv- 
vata  (gennao)  =  to  beget] 

1.  Pathol.  :  Producing  or  tending  to  produce 
feverishness. 

2.  Chem.  :  Produced  by  heat 
pyrogenlc  acid,  s.    [FORMIC-ACID.] 

•py-rSg'-Sn-otts,  a.     [PYROOENIC.]     Pro- 
duced by  fire  ;  igneous. 


a.     [Pref.  pyjjo-,  and  Eng. 
glu-cic.]    Derived  from  gluten  by  heat 

pyroglnoio-aoid,  •.    [PYRODEXTRIN.] 

I-,  pref.     [Pref.  pyro-,  and  Eng. 
Derived  from  glycenn  by  heat 
pyroglyci  trisulphurous  acid,  & 

(80),     ) 
Chen.  :   C8HlaSsO10  =  (C3HS),   V  Or.      A 

H,      ) 

gummy  deliquescent  mass  produced  by  the 
action  of  nitric  acid  on  dithiogiycerin.  Its 
salts  are  insoluble  in  alcohol. 


pyr-og-nom'-lc,  a.  (Pref.  pyro-,  and  Or. 
•ycuVuiv  (<7nomon)  =  an  iudex.j  Applied  to 
certain  minerals,  which,  wheu  heated  to  a 
certain  degree,  exhibit  aiKincandescent  glow, 
probably  arising  from  a  new  disposition  of 
their  molecules.  (Annandale.) 

pyr-og-nos'-tlc,  a.  [Pref.  pyro-,  and  Enj. 
gnostic.]  Pertaining  to  the  phenomena  ex- 
hibited on  the  application  of  the  blowpipe. 

py-rog'-ra-phy,  *.  [Pref.  pyro-,  and  Gr. 
ypd^xa  (grapho)  =  to  draw,  to  write.]  A  mode 
of  printing  by  a  system  of  heated  metallic 
cylinders,  which  burn  into  the  wood  mjr 
design  required. 

pyroguaiacic  (as  pyr-4-gwa-yas'-Ic),  a. 

[Pref.  pyro-,  and  Eug.  guaiaclc.]  Derived  from 
guaiacic  acid  by  heat 

pyroguaiacic-acid,  •.    [GUAIACOL.] 

pyroguaiacin  (as  pyr  6  gwa-yaa  in), 
».  [Pref.  pyro-;  Eng.  guaiac(ol),  and  -in.] 

Chem. :  A  crystalline  substance  produced 
together  with  guuiacol  by  the  dry  distillation 
of  guaiaretic  acid.  (Watts.) 

pyr-o-gn-an'-ite,  ».  [Pref.  pyro-;  Eng. 
guano,  and  suff.  -ite  (3ft«.).] 

Min, :  A  name  given  by  Shepard  to  the  in. 
durated  guano  of  Monk's  Island,  in  the  belief 
that  it  had  been  hardened  by  heat 

pyr-o-he-li-om'-e-ter,  ».    [PYRHELIO- 

METER.] 

pyr-o-i'-dej-lne,  *.  [Pref.  pyro- ;  Gr.  eliot 
(eidos)  —  form,  and  suff.  -ine  (.Viu.).] 

Min. :  A  mineral  substance  found  at  Do 
Regla,  Cuba.  Two  analyses  showed  it  to  be 
related  to  the  mineral  serpentine  (q.v.). 

pyr'-O-la,  *.  [From  Lat  pyrus  =  a  pear  tree, 
which  it"  somewhat  resembles  in  foliage.] 

Dot. :  Winter-green  ;  the  typical  genus  of 
Pyrolacea?  (q.v.).  Petals  five,  distinct ;  fila- 
ments subulate,  anther  cells  generally  with  a 
single  pore,  rarely  with  two,  Valves  of  the 
capsules  connected  at  the  margin  with  a  web. 
North  Temperate  Zone.  Species  about  twenty. 
These  are  found  throughout  the  northern 
hemisphere.  The  species  of  Cliimaphila,  a 
related  genus,  found  in  the  United  States,  are 
known  as  Spotted  Wi  utergreen.  They,  with  the 
Pyrola,  are  herbaceous  or  half-scrubby  plants. 
P.  rotundifolia  was  once  valued  as  a  vulnerary. 
Two  species  of  other  genera  of  the  family  are 
called  Cbeckerberry  in  the  United  States. 

pyr-$-la'-c5-»,  «.  pL  [Mod.  Lat.  pyrol(a); 
Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -acea.] 

Dot. :  Winter-greens ;  an  order  of  Hypo- 
gynous  Exogens,  alliance  Ericales.  Herbs  or 
undershrubs,  leaves  simple,  entire,  or  toothed. 
Sepals  five,  persistent ;  corolla  four-  or  five- 
parted  ;  stamens  twice  as  many,  half  some- 
times abortive ;  anthers  two-celled,  opening 
by  pores  ;  ovary  superior,  four-  or  five-celled, 
many  seeded  ;  fruit  capsular ;  seeds  minute. 
In  fir  woods,  &c.,  in  the  Northern  Temperate 
Zone.  Genera  five,  species  twenty.  (Lindley.) 

*py-r5l'-%-tor,  *.  [PYROLATRY.]  A  fire- 
worshipper. 

"  Having  too  near  an  analogy  to  the  religion  of  th« 
pyrotatt>rt."—Soulhtt .  TkalaKt.  bit.  vlii.  (Not*.) 

*py-r5r-a-trtf,  «.  [Pref.  pyro-,  and  Gr. 
Aar/Mia  (fatreia)  =  worship.)  Fire-worship 
(q.v.). 

pyr-o'-l5-»,  *.  P/.  [Mod.  Lat  pyrd(a) ;  Lat. 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -we.] 

Bot. :  A  tribe  of  Ericaceae,  equivalent  to 
Liudley's  order  Pyrolaceie.  (Sir  J.  Hooker,  <Ce.) 

pyr-d-le'-ic,  o.  [Pref.  pyr-,  and  Eng.  oWc.) 
Derived  from  oleic  acid  by  heat 

pyroleio-acld,  *.    [SEBACIC-ACID.! 


py-rSl'-e-ter,  «.  [Pref.  pyro-,  and  Qr.  < 
(ollumi)  =  to  destroy.]  An  apparatus  for  ex- 
tinguishing fire,  especially  on  board  ship. 
Hydrochloricacid  and  carbonate  of  soda,  partly 
dissolved,  and  partly  suspended  in  water  are 

8 umped  into  a  cylinder,  and  the  carbonic  acid 
ience  generated  is  projected  into  the  fire. 

pyr-i-llg'-ne'-ous,  a.   [Pref.  pyro-,  and  Eng, 
ligneous.]    Derived  from  wood  by  heat 

pyroligneous-acid, «. 
Chem. :  Impure  acetic   acid,  obtained  by 
the  destructive  distillation  of  wood. 


boll,  boy;  poUt,  Jtffrl:  oat,  cell,  chorus,  shin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.    -Ing, 
-clan,  -t ian  =  shan,    -tion,  -sioa  =  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  =  shun,    -clous,  -tious,  -dons  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  & c.  =  bel,  del. 


3832 


pyrolignita— pyromucio 


pyr-i-tfg'-nite,  ».    (PYROLICSKOUS.) 
Chem.  :  A  salt  of  pyroligneoas  acid. 

pjhr'-^line,  «.    [PYRROL.] 

pyr-d-lith-4-fel'-lIc,  a.  [Pref.  pyro-,  and 
Kng.  lithofellie.]  Derived  from  litbofellic  acid 
by  beat. 

pyrolithofellic  acid,  ». 

Chem.  :  CjoHjiOj.  Produced  by  the  dry 
distillation  of  lithofellic-acid.  In  crystallizes 
in  small,  colourless,  rlioinlxndal  prisms,  in- 
soluble in  water,  slightly  soluble  in  ether  and 
alcohol,  very  soluble  in  boiling  alcohol,  and 
melts  at  205  . 


,  a.     (Pref.  pyr-  ;  Eng.  olivil, 
and  suff.  -ic.  ]   Derived  from  olivil  acid  oy  heat. 

pyrolivilic  acid,  s. 


Chem.:  CjoHjMOg  =  2C10Hi2O2,H2O.  A 
colourless  oil,  heavier  than  water,  obtained 
by  the  dry  distillation  of  olivil.  It  boils  at 
200°,  is  insoluble  in  water,  very  soluble  in 
alcohol  and  etker,  and  dissolves  readily  in 
caustic  potash,  but  does  not  yield  a  crystal- 
lizable  salt. 

*  py-r6l'-$-gIst,  «.  [Eng.  pyrolotfy)  ;  -ist.1 
One  who  studies  or  is  versed  in  pyrology,  or 
the  laws  of  heat 

•py-r81'-d-fcy\  s.  [Gr.  ™p  (pur)  =  fire  ;  suff. 
•oiogy.]  The  science  of  heat. 

pyr-  6  -lu'-  site,  ».  [Pref.  pyro-;  Or.  AOVW 
(low)  =  to  wash,  and  suff.  -ite  (Afin.).] 

Min.  :  One  of  the  most  important  of  the 
ores  of  manganese.  Crystallization,  ortho- 
rliombic  :  fn-quently  occurring  massive  to 
earthy,  soiling  the  fingers.  Hardness,  2  to 
8'5  ;  sp.  gr.  4  '82;  lustre,  metallic;  colour, 
iron-black  to  steel-gray  ;  streak,  black  ; 
opaque  ;  brittle.  Compos.  :  manganese,  63-3  ; 
oxygen,  3t>'7  =  100  ;  yielding  the  formula, 
MiiOo.  Extensively  worked  in  many  localities. 
Used  in  preparing  oxygen  gas.  with  which  it 
parts  at  a  red  heat  ;  and  also  in  glass-making. 

pyr-i-macli'-ite,  «.  [Or.  rupon*x<*  (jmro- 
machos)  =  resisting  tire  :  wvp  (P"r)  =  fire,  *nd 
fid^op.^  (machomai)  =  to  fight  ;  suff.  -ite 
(Min.).} 

Min.  :  A  family  of  silicates  characterized 
by  their  difficult  fusibility.  (Glocker.) 

pyr-o-mag-ne't'-Ic,  o.  [Pref.  pvro-,  and 
Bug.  magnetic  (q.v.).}  Capable  of  being  ren- 
dered magnetic  by  heat. 

pyr-o-mal'-ic,  a.  [Pref.  pyro-,  and  Eng. 
malic.}  Derived  from  malic  acid  by  heat. 

pyromalic-acld,  >.    [MALEIC-ACID.] 

•pyr-o-man'-cjf,  *.  [Pref.  pyro-,  and  Gr. 
fionrd'a  (maiiteia)  =  divination.)  Divination 
by  tire. 

"  Four  kindcof  divination.  bvdromancY.  pyromancy, 
aerouuiuc)  ,  g*ouMK):"—Ajl(ift  :  fnrergon. 

pyr-6-ma  -nl-a,  *.  [Pref.  pyro-,  and  Eng. 
mania  (q.v.).  J  Insanity,  marked  by  an  irre- 
sistn'le  desire  to  destroy  by  tire. 

•pyr-S-man'-tlc,  a.  A  ».    [PYROMANCY.] 

A.  At  adj.  :  Of  or  pertaining  to  pyromancy. 

"  The  pfrimanttc  gtnli 
Are  mighty."  Grcmi  :  friar  Bacon. 

B.  As  subtt.  :  One  who  pretends  to  divine 
by  Ore. 

pyr-o'-mar'-fo,  «.  [Pref.  j>yro-,  an<l  Eng. 
ipiymaric.}  Derived  from  piuiario  acid  by 
neat. 

pyromaric  acid,  *. 
Chem.:   An  acid   probably  identical   with 
sylvic  acid  (q.v.). 

pyr-d-mi-cSn'-ic.  a.  [Pref.  pyro,  «nd  Eng. 
nuconic.)  Derived  from  meconic  acid  by  heat. 

pyromeconic-acid,  «. 

Chem.  :  Cs^Op.  Pyrocomenic  acid.  A 
monoliasic  acid  discovered  by  Sertiirner  in 
1817,  and  prejared  by  the  dry  distillation  of 
meconic  or  of  comenic  acid  at  200*  to  320*. 
It  crystallizes  in  large  transparent  tables  or 
in  l«ng  colourless  needles,  soluMe  in  water 
and  in  alcohol,  melts  at  120*.  but  begins  to 
sublime  at  100*.  Its  aqueous  solution  is 
coloured  red  by  ferric  salts.  It  ii  a  weak  acid, 
and  its  salts  are  very  indefinite  and  unstable. 

py-rSm  -e-lane,  «.  [Pret  pyn>-,  and  Or. 
peAa;  (m&u)  =  black.] 


Conip.  :  a  titillate  of  alumina  and  iron.    Dan 
suggests  that  it  is  a  variety  of  ti Unite  (q.v.). 

py-ro'm'-e'-line,  ».     [Pref.   pyro-,  and  Gr. 
fiijAifot  (melinos)  =  a  clear  yellow.  J 
Min. :  The  same  as  MORENOSITE  (q.v.). 

pyr-i-mSl-llt'-lc,  o.  [Pref.  pyro-,  and  Eng. 
mellUic.]  Derived  from  raellitic  acid  by  heat. 

pyromellitic  acid,  s. 

Chem. :  Ci0H6O8  =  C6H.,(CO  -OH)4.  A  tetra- 
basic  acid  produced  by  the  dry  distillation  of 
mellitic  acid  at  as  low  a  temperature  as 
possible.  It  crystallizes  in  colourless  triclinic 
prisms,  slightly  soluble  in  cold,  very  soluble 
in  boiling  water  and  in  alcohol.  Heated  to 
100*,  it  loses  I'.'i  per  cent,  of  water,  at  240°  it 
melts  and  sublimes  with  partial  decomposi- 
tion. The  pyromellitates  are  colourless, 
crystalline,  very  soluble  in  water,  insoluble  in 
strong  alcohol. 

pyromellitic-anhydrlde,  s. 

Chem.  :  Ci0H2O6  =  C6HdCO)4O.2.  Obtained 
by  distilling  sodic  mellitate  with  one  and  a 
half  times  its  weight  of  sulphuric  acid.  It 
melts  at  286*,  and,  on  being  distilled,  solidifies 
to  a  mass  of  large  crystals. 

py-rSm'-er-ide,  *.  [Pref.  pyro-;  Or.  /«p<5« 
(meros)  =  a  part,  and  suff.  -toe.] 

Petrol :  A  name  originally  given  to  certain 
quartz-felsites  which  contained  spherules  of 
felsite  of  varying  size,  having  a  more  or  less 
radiating  fibrous  structure.  Host  of  these 
rocks  are  now  included  by  English  petrologists 
nnder  the  name  Bhyolite  (q.v.),  irrespective 
of  their  geological  age. 

pyr-$-me't-a-morph'-Ifm,  *.  [Pref.  pyro-, 
and  Eng.  metamorphism,}  [HVOBOMETA- 
MORPHISM.) 

py-r5m'-S-ter,  «.  [Pref.  pyro-,  and  Eng. 
meter  (q.v.).]  A  term  originally  applied  to  an 
instrument  in  the  form  of  a  Mingle  metallic 
bar,  employed  by  Muschenbroek  about  1730,  to 
indicate  temperatures  alnjve  the  boiling  point 
of  mercury,  6t>0*  Fahr.  It  is  now  applied  to 
any  instrument  used  for  such  purpose.  The 
first  which  came  into  extensive  use  was 
that  of  Wedgwood,  about  1780  ;  it  was  devised 
and  used  by  him  for  testing  the  heat  of  his 
pottery  and  porcelain  kilns.  No  fewer  than 
eleven  different  modes  have  been  proposed  or 
actually  employed  for  measuring  high  tem- 
peratures :  (1)  by  contraction  of  clay  on  ex- 
posure to  heat,  as  in  Wedgwood's;  (2)  by  ex- 
pansion of  bars  of  different  metals ;  (3)  by 
change  of  pressure  in  confined  gases:  (4)  by 
the  ai.io'int  of  heat  imparted  to  a  cold  mass  ; 
(5)  by  the  fusing-point  of  solids;  (6)  by  con- 
duction an<l  radiation  of  heat,  depending  upon 
observations  with  thermometers  of  moderate 
range  at  relative  distances  [PvRoscopE] ;  (7) 
by  colour,  as  red  and  white  heat;  (8)  by 
change  in  velocity  of  sounds  depending  on  the 
change  of  pitch  in  musical  notes  ;  (9)  by  reso- 
lution of  chemical  compounds;  (10)  by  genera- 
tion of  electricity,  as  in  Becquerel's  thermo- 
electric pyrometer;  (11)  by  change  in  resist- 
ance to  electricity,  as  in  Siemens'*  pyrometer, 
which  depends  on  the  increased  resistance 
offered  by  an  iron  or  platinum  wire  to  the 
passage  of  electricity.  Of  all  these,  the  third 
(M.  Lamy's),  depending  on  the  measurement  of 
the  tension  of  carbonic-acid  gas  develo|>ed  from 
marble  when  heated,  and  the  last  are  the  best. 
U  Treineschini's  pyrometer  is  founded  on 
the  expansion  of  a  thin  plate  of  platinum, 
heated  by  a  mass  of  metal  previously  raised 
to  the  temperature  of  the  medium.  The 
Tram  pier  pyrometer  is  Iwsed  upon  the  differ- 
ence in  the  coefficients  of  dilatation  for  iron 
and  graphite  ;  the  Gauntlet  pyrometer  on  the 
difference  of  those  of  iron  and  fire-clay.  The 
Ducomet  pyrometer  consists  of  a  series  of 
rings  made  of  alloys  wtiich  have  slightly 
different  melting  points.  In  pyrometers  con- 
structed on  the  Watertype  principle,  the  tem- 
perature is  determined  by  noting  the  amount 
of  heat  communicated  to  a  current  of  water 
of  known  temperature  circulating  in  the 
medium  to  be  observed.  (Nature,  xxx.  (1884), 
pp.  366,  S67.) 

pyr-«-mSt-rIo,  pyr  *-met-rf-cal,  o. 
[Pref.  pyro-,  and  Eng.  metric,  metrical  (q.T.).] 


Of  or  pertaining  to  the  pyrometer  or  pyro- 
metry  ;  ascertaiued  or  determined  by  pyro- 
metry. 

py-rom'-«5-try,  *.  [PYROMETER.]  The  act, 
art,  or  process  of  measuring  degrees  of  heat  ; 
that  branch  of  science  which  treats  of  the 
measurement  of  heat 

pyr-o  mbr-In-tan-mc,  a.  [Pref.  pyro-, 
and  Eug.  morintannic.]  Derived  from  morin- 
tannic  acid  by  heat. 

pyromorintannic-acid,  t.     [OXYPHE. 
NIC-ACID.] 

pyr-d-morph'-Ite,  '.  [Pref.  pyro-;  Gr. 
^opcJ>7J  (morphe)  —  form,  aid  suff.  -ite  (Afvn.).] 
Min.  :  A  lead  salt  occurring  mostly  in  veins, 
with  other  ores  of  lead.  Crystallization,  hex- 
agonal. Hardness,  3'5  to  4  ;  sp.  gr.  6*5  to  7*1, 
though  somewhat  lower  when  part  of  the  lead 
is  replaced  by  lime  ;  lustre,  resinous  ;  colour, 
shades  of  green,  yellow,  brown,  sometimes 
gray  to  white  ;  streak,  white  ;  transparent  to 
subtranslucent  ;  fracture,  subconchoidal,  un- 
even ;  brittle.  Compos.  :  phosphoric  acid, 
15'7  ;  oxide  of  lead,  74  '1  ;  chlorine,  2'6  ;  lead, 
7'6  =  100  ;  proportionate  to  phosphate  of 
lead,  89-8  ;  chloride  of  lead,  10'2  =  100.  For- 
mula (3PbO)sPO5  +  PbCl.  Arsenic  acid  some- 
times replaces  part  of  the  phosphoric  acid. 
Isomorphous  with  mimetite  (q.v.).  Dana 
makes  the  following,  sub-divisions  :—  (1)  Ordi- 
nary ;.  (a)  in  crystals  ;  (6)  acicular  and  moss- 
like  aggregations  ;  (c)  concretionary  ;  (d) 
fibrous  ;  (e)  granular  massive  ;  (/)  earthy.  (2) 
Polysphaerite,  containing  lime,  sp.  gr.  5'89  to 
6'44  ;  colour,  shades  of  brown  ;  this  includes 
miesite,  nussierite,  and  cherokine  (see  these 
words).  (3)  Chromiferous.  (4)  Arseniferous. 
(5)  Pseudomorphous  ;  (a)  after  galena  ;  (6)  after 
cerussite. 

pjrr-i-mor-pho'-sls,  ».  [Gr.  irOp  (pur)  = 
fire,  and  jiop^uo-is  (morphosis)  —  a  shaping.] 

Petrol.  :  The  change  produced  in  rocks  by 
contact  with  igneous  lavas. 

pyr-d-mor'-phous,  a.      [Pref.  pyro-;    Gr. 
/iop4>7J  (morphf)  =  shape,  and  Eng.  suff.  -out.} 
Min.  :  Having  the  property  of  crystallizing 
by  the  agency  of  flre. 

pyr-o-muc'-am-Ide,  «.    [Pref.  pyro-,  and 
Eng.  mucamide.] 
Chem.  : 


C^C-.  J  N 

line  substance  obtained  by  heating  to  120*  a 
mixture  of  ethylic  pyromucate  and  strong 
aqueous  ammonia.  It  is  soluble  in  water  and 
alcohol,  melts  at  130°,  and  sublimes  easily 
without  decomposition. 

pyr-p-mu9'-lc,  o.  [Pref.  pyro-,  and  Eng. 
m'icic.]  Derived  from  or  containing  mucic 
acid. 

pyromucic-acid,  *. 


acid  discovered  by  Schi-ele  in  1780,  and  pre- 
jiared  by  the  dry  distillation  of  mucic  arid,  or 
by  the  oxidation  of  furfurol.  It  crystallizes 
in  colourless  needles  or  prisms,  slightly  soluble 
in  cold  water,  very  soluble  in  boiling  water 
and  in  alcohol,  melts  at  134°,  and  sublimes 
below  this  temperature.  The  pyromurates  01 
the  alkali  metals,  CslIgMO-),  are  very  soluble 
in  water  and  alcohol,  but  cryst-illize  with 
difficulty.  The  other  pyromucates  are  crystal- 
line, and  soluble  in  hot  water. 

pyromuoic  alcohol,  «. 

Chem.:  A  dark-red  oily  liquid  produced  by 
the  action  of  alcoholic  potash,  or  of  sodium 
amalgam  on  furfurol.  It  is  insoluble  in  water, 
very  soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether,  and  is  de- 
composed by  distillation. 

pyromucic-aldehyde,  s.    [FCRFUROL.) 
pyromucic-chloride,  t. 

Chem.  :  CjHsOiCl.  An  oily  liquid  obtained 
by  distilling  pyronmcic  acid  with  phosphorus 
pentachloride.  It  boils  at  170',  and  is  resolved 
by  water  into  pyromucic  acid. 

pyromucic  ether,  t. 

Chem.  :  C5H»(C2H5)Os.  Ethylicpyromncate. 
Obtained  by  distilling  a  mixture  of  pyromucic 
acid,  alcohol,  and  hydrochloric  acid.  It  crystal- 
lizes in  leaves,  insoluble  in  water,  soluble  in 
alcohol  and  ether,  melts  at  34*,  and  boils  at 
208-210*. 


fate,  fat,  fire,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  eire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pit, 
or,  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  sin;  mate,  cttb,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    «,  oe  =  e.     yr  =  Ir :  yr  =  ir. 


pyronomics— pyrostilpnite 


3833 


pyr-d-nim'-Ics    ».     [Pref.  pyro-,   and    Gr. 
vofiot  (nomos)  —  a  law.)    The  science  of  heat. 


py-rope',  *.    [Gr. 
like.) 


(puropos)  —  fire- 


Min. :  One  of  the  garnet-group,  in  which 
magnesia  predominates  among  the  other  pro- 
toxide bases.  It  also  contains  chromium. 
Colour,  a  deep-red ;. transparent.  Found  asso- 
ciated with  serpentines,  and  in  streams  in 
Bohemia.  Much  used  in  jewellery. 

pyr-<i-pec'-tlc,  a.  [Pref.  pj/ro-,  and  Eng. 
pectic.]  Derived  from  or  containing  pectic 
«cid. 

pyropectic-acid,  s. 

Chem. :  CnH^Og.  Obtained  by  heating 
pectin  or  any  of  its  derivatives  to  200°.  It  is 
a  black  jKjwiler,  insoluble  in  water,  but  soluble 
in  alkaline  liquids,  and  forms  brown  uu- 
crystallizable  salts. 

pyr  -6-phane,  *.    [PYROPHANOUS.] 

Min. :  A  name  given  to  hydrophane  (q.v.) 
which  has  been  steeped  in  melted  wax  for 
•ome  time,  when  it  becomes  transparent,  and 
exhibits  a  play  of  colour  when  heated. 

py-ropb'-an-ous,  a.  [Pref.  pyro-,  and  Gr. 
(f>acW  (phaino)  =.  to  show.]  Rendered  trans- 
parent by  heat. 

pyr'-o-phdne,  s.  [Pref.  pyro-,  and  Gr.  <f>wvri 
(phone)  —  a  sound.]  An  instrument  invented 
by  Kastner,  the  sounds  of  which  are  produced 
by  jets  of  gas  burning  under  glass  tubes.  It 
has  three  manuals. 

pyr-o^phSr'-ic,      py-rcph'-dr-ous,     a. 

[Mod.   Liit.  pyrophorius) ;   Eng.  adj.  sutf.  -ic, 
-ous.]  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  pyrophorus. 

py-r6ph'-6r-iis,  *  [Pref.  pyro-,  and  Gr. 
<<>op6?  (phoros)—  bearing.] 

1.  Chem.  :  A  term  applied  to  any  substance 
ca)>ai'le  of  taking  tire  spontaneously,  or  on  a 
sluht  elevation  of  tempeiatnre.     The  pyro- 
phorus of  Homberg  is  a  mixture  of  alum  and 
siuiir  carefully  carbonised  in   an   open   jian, 
ami  then  heated  to  redness  in  a  flask  free  from 
air.     It  ignites  on  exposure  to  the  air. 

2.  Kiitniii.  :  A  genus  of  Elateridae,  emitting 
light  at  will  from  two  rounded  spots  on  the 
prothorax.     About  ninety  species  are  known, 
all  from  America.     They  fly  by  night,  and,  in 
structure,  differ  wi.lely  from' the  fireflies  of 
the  Eastern    hemisphere.     The  type  of  the 
genus  is  I'yropltorus  noil  Hunts,  the  West  In- 
dian Firefly.    [FIREFLY.] 

pyr-d-phos-pham'-Ic,  o.  [Pref.  pyro-,  and 
Eng.  pliosphamic.]  Derived  from,  or  contain- 
ing phosphamic  acid. 

pyrophosphamic  acid,  s. 

Chem.;  P2\H5O6  =  P..<XH2)H3Og.  A  tri- 
basic  add  produced  by  heating  an  aqueous 
solution  of  pyrophosphodiamic  acid.  It  is  a 
semi-solid,  non-crystalline  mass  with  an  acid 
reaction  ;  soluble  in  alcohol,  and  capable  of 
bearing  a  strong  heat  without  decomposition. 

pVr-o-phos-pho-,  pref.  [Prefs.  pyro-,  and 
phospho-.]  Derived  from,  or  containing  phos- 
phorus. 

pyrophospho  diamic  acid,  5. 


Chem.:  P2N2H6O5=  P.XNHaXiHjOs.  A  di- 
basic acid  produced  by  the  action  of  alkalis 
on  an  alcoholic  solution  of  phosphorus  chlorc- 
nitride.  It  is  soluble  in  water  and  alcohol. 

pyrophospho  triamlc  acid,  «. 


Chem.  :  P;jN3H7O4  =  P./NH^HO^  A  tetra- 
basic  acid  formed  by  the  successive  action  of 
ammonia  and  water  on  phosphoric  oxychloride. 
It  is  a  white  amorphous  powder,  almost  in- 
soluble in  water,  but  slowly  attacked  by  it, 
even  at  ordinary  temperatures.  All  the  pyro- 
phospho-triamate?  are  insoluble,  or  very  spar- 
ingly soluble,  in  water. 


,  a,    [Pref.  pyro-,  and 
ng.  phosphoric.]    Derived  from  or  containing 
phosphoric  acid. 

pyrophosphoric  acid,  ,  . 

Chem.  :  H^Oy  =  HSP04-HPO3.  A  tetra- 
basic  acid  discovered  by  Dr.  Clark  of  Aber- 
deen, and  readily  prepared  by  evaporating 
a  solution  of  orthophnsphoric  acid,  till  its 
temperature  rises  to  215  .  It  forms  opaque 
indistinct  crystals,  slightly  soluble  in  water. 
When  heated  to  redness,  it  is  converted  into 


metaphosphoric  acid.  It  forms  four  classes  of 
salts,  three  acid  and  one  neutral,  represented 
by  the  formula,  MH«P3C>7,  MjHsPaOy, 
MaHPzOy,  and  M^P-fr. 

pyr  6  phds'-phor-ite,  i.    [Pref.  pyro-,  an* 

Eng.  phosphorite.] 

Min.  :  A  snow-white  earthy  mineral,  some- 
times botryoidal.  From  a  mean  of  two 
analyses,  after  eliminating  impurities,  Sbepard 
obtaii.ed  :  phosphoric  acid,  51't>7  ;  magnesia, 
3'17  ;  lime,  45'1<5  —  100,  the  calculated  formula 
being  M;;.jP2O7+4<Ca3P.,O8+Ca2P2O7).  Found 
in  the  West  Indian  Islands. 

pyr-o^phyl'-lite,  «.      [Pref.  pyro-,  and  Eng. 
phyllite.] 

Min.  :  An  orthorhombic  mineral  occurring 
in  foliated  and  radiated  lamellar  masses,  some- 
times compact  or  ci  yptocrystalline,  constitut- 
ing schistose  rocks.  Hardness,  1  to  2  ;  sp. 
gr.  275  to  2-92  ;  lustre,  pearly,  massive  kinds 
dull  or  glistening  ;  colour,  white,  apple-green, 
gray,  yellow  ;  feel,  greasy.  Compos.  :  silica, 
65-0  ;  aluminia,  29'8  ;  water,  5'2  =  100.  For- 
mula, 4Al2O315SiO2  +  4HO.  This  species  was 
founded  upon  the  analysis  of  a  specimen  from 
Siberia,  which  yielded  the  formula  AljOs.SSiOj 
+  HO.  When  heated,  the  foliated  varieties 
expand  to  many  times  their  original  bulk, 

pyrophylllte-rock,  «. 

Petrol.  :  Rocks  consisting  almost  entirely  of 
pyrophyllite  in  a  very  compact  form.  For- 
merly included  with  talcose  rocks. 

pyr-^-pby'-sa-lite,  «.      [Pref.  pyro-,   and 
Eng.  physalite  ;  Ger.  pyrophysalith.] 

Min.  :  A  variety  of  topaz,  occurring  in  large, 
coarse,  opaque  crystals,  and  massive,  at  Finbo, 
Sweden.  luminesces  when  heated. 


,    ».     [Gr.   m»p<oiro'«  (puropos)  = 
ttery  ;  -in  (Chem.).] 

Chfm.  :  The  name  given  by  Thomson  to  a 
red  substance  extracted  from  elephants'  teeth, 
apparently  an  albuminoid.  (Watts.) 

pyr-O-piss'-ite,  ».  [Pref.  pyro-;  Gr.  m'ov« 
(pissa)  =  pitch,  and  suff.  -He  (Min.).] 

Min.:  A  name  given  to  an  earthy,  friable 
substance,  of  a  greenish-brown  colour,  and  no 
lustre,  which  forms  a  thin  layer  in  lignite  at 
Weiss-nfels,  near  Halle.  Dana  points  out 
that  it  is  a  mixture  of  species,  and  needs  proper 
investigation. 

pyr-o-qui-nol',  *.  [Pref.  pyro-,  and  Eng. 
guinol.]  [HYDROQUINONE.] 

pyr-O-ra-ei'-mlc,  o.  [Pref.  pyro-,  and  Eng. 
racemic.}  Derived  from  or  containing  racemic 
acid. 

pyroracemic  acid,  -. 

Chem.  :  C3H4O3  =  CH3  Cp-CO'OH.  Aceto- 
formic  acid.  Pyruvic  acid.  A  monobasic 
acid  produced  by  the  dry  distillation  of  ra- 
cemic or  tartaric  acid.  It  is  a  faint  yellowish 
liquid,  boiling  at  165°  with  partial  decomposi- 
tion, and  soluble  in  water,  alcohol,  ami  ether. 
Its  salts  crystallize  well,  provided  heat  is 
avoided  in  their  preparation. 

pyr-d-rfit'-in,  ».    [PYRORETINITE.] 

Min,  :  A  resin  found  in  nodules  and  plates 
in  the  lignite  near  Aussig,  Bohemia.  Hard- 
ness, 2'5;  sp.  gr.  1'05  to  1'18  ;  lustre,  greasy- 
resinous.  Probably  formed  by  the  action  of 
heat  from  a  basaltic  dyke.  It  has  yielded 
various  resin-like  compounds.  [REfssiuiTE, 
STANEKITE,  PTRORETIKITB.) 

pyr-6-ret'-In-lte,  «.  [Pref.  pyro-,  and  Eng. 
retinite.] 

Min.  :  A  resin-like  substance  deposited  from 
a  hot  alcohol  solution  of  pyroretin  during  cool- 
ing. Compos.  :  carbon,  80.0  ;  hydrogen,  9'33  ; 
oxygen,  10'67  =  100,  which  corresponds  with 
the  formula  C^HjgO^. 

pyr-orth'-lte,  *.   [Pref.  pyr-,  and  Eng.  orOiite.] 

Min.  :  A  variety  of  Orthite  (q.v.),  containing 

over  30  per  cent,  of  a  carbonaceous  substance 

which  causes  it  to  burn  before  the  blowpipe. 

Found  near  Fahlun,  Sweden. 

*  pyr  '-o-Bcapbe,  «.  [Pref.  pyro-,  and  Gr.  <7xa<f»j 
(skaphi)  =.  a  skiff.)  (See  extract.) 

"  Then  had  glided  Alongside,  and  nestled  trader  the 
•badow  of  our  Dig  puddle-boxes  »  tiny  vrar-»te»mer  or 
fiyroKafltt'—Saia  :  Jtntrmy  due  A'o 


Jtntrmy  due  A'orth  led.  2nd),  p.  67. 

pyr-$-scheer'-er-ite,  «.    [Pref.  pyro-,  and 
Eng.  scheererite.] 


Min.  :  A  substance  separated  from  konlit* 
(q.v.)  by  hot  alcohol,  which  melts  by  the 
warmth  of  the  hand.  A  mean  of  three 
analyses  gave:  carbon,  87  '446;  hydrogen, 
ll'lOO  =  98-606,  which  correspouds  to  the 
formula  CvH3. 

pyr'-d-sclilst,    ».     [Pref.  pyro-,   and   Eng. 
schist.] 
Petrol.  :  Bituminous  shale  (q.v.). 

pyr-O-SCler'-lte,  a.  [Pref.  pyro-  ;  Gr.  <r«cAT)po« 
(skUroi)  =  hard,  and  suff.  -tie  (Min.);  Ger. 
pyroskUrit.} 

Min.  :  An  apple-  to  emerald-green  mineral, 
occurring  with  chonicrite  (q.v.)  in  veins  in 
serpentine,  at  Porto  Ferrajo,  Elba.  Crystal- 
lization, orthorhombicorinoijoclinic  ;  cleavage, 
basal.  Hardness,  3;  sp.  gr.  ii'74;  lustre, 
somewhat  pearly;  translucent.  Comuos.  , 
essentially  a  hydrated  silicate  of  alumina  and 
magnesia. 

pyr'-O-SCOpe,  ».  [Pref.  pyro-,  and  Gr.  o-icairfu 
(skopeo)  =  to  see.]  An  instrument,  invented 
by  Leslie,  to  measure  the  intensity  ot  heat 
radiating  from  a  hot  body  or  the  frigontic  in- 
fluence of  a  cold  l>ody.  The  instrument  is  like 
a  differential  thermometer,  one  liall  being 
covered  with  thick  silver-leaf;  the  other  ball 
is  naked  and  forms  the  pyroscope. 

py-rd'-sls,  *.  [Gr.  iri'pwo-it  (pi/rosw)  =  a  burn- 
jng;jrv(K><i>(puro6)  =  toburn;  n-0p(/)ur)=:lire.) 
Pathol.  :  Water-brash  ;  a  form  of  eructation, 
with  pain  in  the  epigastric  region,  from  which 
water,  either  tasteless  or  sour  and  acrid,  risea 
into  the  mouth. 

pyr-Sj'-ma-lite,  ».  [Pref.  pyr-;  Gr.  ixr/uj 
(osme)  =  smell,  and  Ai'0os  (lithos)  =  stone  ;  Ger. 
pirodmalit,  pyrosmalit.] 

Min.  :  A  mineml  found  in  crystals  and 
lamellar  massive  in  some  iron  mines  in  Werm- 
land,  Sweden.  Crystallization,  hexagonal  ; 
cleavage,  basal.  Hardness,  4  to  4-5  ;  *p.  gr. 
3  to  3-2  ;  lustre,  somewhat  pearly  ;  colour, 
blackish-green  to  i>ale  liver-brown  ;  streak, 
paler  ;  fracture,  uneven,  splintery.  Comios.  : 
a  hydrated  silicate  of  iron  and  manganese 
with  chloride  of  iron. 

pyr-d-SO'-ma,  s.  [Pref.  pyro-,  and  Gr.  TW/IA 
(soma)  =  the  iiody.] 

ZooL  :  The  sole  genus  of  Pyrosomidw,  a 
family  of  Tunicata  (q.v.),  with  three  siieeies. 
Animals,  comj>onnd,  free,  and  pelagic,  ranging 
from  two  to  fourteen  inches  in  length,  and 
from  half  an  inch  to  three  inches  in  circum- 
ference. They  are  brilliantly  phosphorescent, 
and  Peron  compared  them  to  small  incandes- 
cent cylinders  of  iron.  (See  Phil.  Trans.,  1S51, 
pp.  567-593.) 

pyr'-6-some,  s.  [PTROSOMA.]  Any  individual 
of  the  genus  Pyrosoma  (q.v.). 

pyr-d-sdm'-i-daB,  *.  pi  [Mod.  Lat.  pyro- 
som(a);  Lat  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.}  [PYRO- 


-,   .  [Pref.  pyro-,  and  Eng.  «or- 
lie.}    Derived  from  or  containing  sorbic  acid. 

pyrosorblo-acid,  ».    [MALEIC-ACID.J 


«.    [Pref.  pyro-,  and  Eng. 
stearin.] 

Chem.  :  The  name  applied  by  Borzelins  to 
the  less  fusible  portion  of  the  distillate  ob- 
tained by  distilling  empyreumatic  oils  with 
water,  the  more  fusible  portion  being  called 
pyrelain.  (Watts.) 

pyr'-A-Bt&-'-S-$-type,  ».    [Pref.  pyo-,  and 

Eng.  stereoscope  (q.v.).]  A  process  in  which  a 
block  of  wood  is  prepared  as  a  matrix  for  a 
fusible  metal  by  burning  away  portions  of  it* 
surface. 

pyr-d-stlb'-lte,*.    [Pref.  pyro-;  Lai.  stibium 
=  antimony,  and  suff.  -ite  (Min.).] 
Min.  :  The  same  as  KERMESITB  (q.v.). 

py-rd-stiflp'-nlte,  *.  [Pref.  pyro-;  Or. 
<7T«Airw  (stilpnos)  —  shining,  and  suff.  -its. 
(Min.).] 

Min.  :  A  monoclinic  minrral  in  very  small 
sheaf-like  groups  of  crystals.  Hardness,  2; 
sp.gr.  4-2  to  4'25;  lustre,  adamantine  ;  colour, 
hyacinth-red  ;  translucent  ;  sectile  ;  flexit  le. 
Comi>os.  :  silver,  62'3  per  cent.,  with  sulphur 
and  antimony.  A  rare  species,  known  only  in 
a  few  localities. 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  jo^l ;  cat,  90!!,  chorus,  chin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    pb  =  & 
-don,  -tian  =  shaa.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -(ion,  -flon  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tloua,  -sious  -  shua.    -ble,  -die,  ic.  =  bol,  del. 


3834 


pyrotartanc— pyrrholite 


pyr-6-tar-tar  -1C,  a.  [Pref.  pyro-,  and  Eng. 
tartaric.]  Derived  from  or  containing  tarturic 
acid. 

pyrotartarlc  acid,  s. 

CHj-CH-CO-OH 

Chem.  :  CftHgOiZ          I  An 

CH2'CO-OH. 

acid  discovered  by  Rose  in  1807,  and  produced 
by  the  dry  distillation  of  tartaric  acid.  The 
distillate  is  freed  from  oil  by  dilution  with 
water  and  nitration.  The  acid  nitrate  on 
evaporation  crystallizes  in  colourless  prisms 
with  rhombic  base.  It  is  very  soluble  in 
water,  alcohol,  and  ether,  melts  at  112*,  and 
begins  to  boil  at  200*. 

pyro  tartaric  ether,  s. 

.  Produced  by 
passing  hydrochloric  acid  gas  into  an  alcoholic 
solution  of  the  acid.  It  is  a  liquid  having  an 
aromatic  odour,  and  boiling  at  218*. 

iryr-^tar'-tra-lin,  s.   [Eng.  pyrotart(a)r(ic), 

and  anil(ine).] 

CJkm.  :  C£ff£2]N.  Formed  by  heating  a 
mixture  of  pyrotartaric  acid  and  aniline  to  a 
temperature  of  100*  for  a  short  time.  It  is 
obtained  in  microscopic  needles,  which  melt 
at  98°,  are  without  taste  or  smell,  boil  at  300*, 
easily  soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether,  and  when 
heated  with  aqueous  alkalis  become  converted 
into  pyrotartranilic  acid. 

pjhf-d-tar'-trf-mlde,  «.  [Eng.  pyrotar- 
t(a)i\ic),  and  imide.] 

Chem.:  C*H«£2"]N.    A  diamide  formed  by 

heating  acid  pyrotartrate  of  ammonium.  It 
forms  needles  or  hexagonal  plates,  is  very 
soluble  in  water,  alcohol,  ether,  and  alkalis, 
and  has  a  slightly  bitter  and  acid  taste.  It 
melts  at  66°,  and  boils  at  about  280*. 

pyr  o-tar-tro-ni-tra-nil,  *.  [Formed 
from  Eng.  pyrotartranil,  and  nitric.] 

CTm';  C«H^XO>JN<  Obtained  by  dilut- 
ing with  water  a  solution  of  pyrotartranil  in 
•tn>ng  nitric  acid.  It  crystallizes  from  boil- 
ing alcohol  in  groups  of  crystals  ;  is  nearly 
insoluble  in  water,  easily  soluble  in  alcohol 
and  ether,  and  melts  at  156°.  Boiled  with 
aqueous  ammonia  it  is  converted  into  pyro- 
tartronitranilic  acid  in  combination  with 
ammonium. 

•  pyr-6-tech  -nl-an,  *.    [Eng.  pyrotechny; 

•an.]    A  pyrotechnist. 

pyr-*-tech'-nIc,     •  pyr-  6-  tee"  -nick, 

*  pyr-6-tech  -nlc-al,  a.  [Pref.  pyro,  and 
Eng.  ttchnic;  technical;  Fr.  pyrotechniyue.] 
Pertaining  to  or  connected  with  fireworks,  or 
their  manufacture. 

•  pyr  6-  te  ch-nl  -clan,  ».  [Eng.  pyrotechnic  ; 
-tan.]    A  pyrotechnist. 

pyr-d-te'ch'-nfcs,  *.  [PYROTECHNIC.]  The 
art  of  making  fireworks  ;  the  composition, 
structure,  '  and  use  of  artificial  fireworks  ; 
pyrotechny. 

pyr-*-tSch'-nlst,  «.  [Eng.  pyrotechn(y)  ; 
-i»t]  One  who  is  skilled  in  pyrotechnics  ;  a 
manufacturer  of  fireworks. 

"The  whole  skill  of  th<  ..yrotKhnittt  of  hi*  depart- 
ment was  employed."—  Aocau/ay  .  Sat.  Eng.,  ch-  rxi. 

pyr-d-tSch'-nlte,  *.      [Pref.   pyro-;   Or. 
'        (techne)  =  an  art,  a  trade,  and  suff.  -ite 


A/in.  :  A  name  given  by  Scacchi  to  a  sub- 
limation found  on  the  scoriae  of  Vesuvius  of 
the  eruption  of  1865,  which  on  solution  and 
evaporation  produced  octahedral  crystals. 
It  has  since  been  shown  to  be  che  same  as 
THENARDITE  (q.v.). 

pjfr-d-tech'-njf,  «.    [Fr.  pyroUchnie.]    [Pr- 

BOTECHNIC.] 

*  1.  The  science  of  the  management  of  fire 
and  its  application  to  various  operations. 

"  Great  d  iscnveries  hare  been  made  by  the  meant  of 
pyrotecfcny  and  chymiitry,  which  In  late  ages  have 
attained  toa  greater  height.  —BaU:  Orig.  vf  Mankind. 

2.  The  same  as  PYROTECHNICS  (q.v.). 

pyr-d-tS-re'-blc,  pyr-a-ter-4-blT-Ic,  a. 

[Pref.  pyro-,  and  Eng.  terebie,  terebilic.]     De- 
rived from  or  containing  terebic-acid. 


pyroterebic  acid,  *. 

Chem. :  CsHi0O2  =[  COOH' 
acid.  An  acid  metameric  with  etbyl-crotonic 
acid  and  belonging  to  the  acrylic  series,  it 
is  produced  by  the  dry  distillation  of  terebie 
acid,  and  is  obtained  as  an  oily  liquid,  having 
an  odour  of  butyric  acid,  boiling  at  210°,  and 
soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether,  less  easily  in 
water. 

pyr-o-ter-e'-bil'-ia,  o.    [PYROTEREBIC.) 

py-roth'-on-ide,  s.  [Pref.  pyro-,  and  Gr. 
oflonj  (othone)  =  linen.] 

Med. :  An  empyreumatic  oil,  produced  by 
the  combustion  of  hemp,  linen,  or  cotton 
fabrics  in  a  copper  vessel.  The  brown  pnnluct 
is  acid,  and  its  medical  properties  probably 
resemble  those  of  creasote.  Diluted  with 
three  or  four  times  its  weight  of  water  it  has 
been  used  as  a  gargle  in  quinsy.  Called 
Paper-oil  or  Rag-oil,  according  to  the  material 
from  which  it  is  prepared. 

py-rdt'-Ic,  a.  &  *.  [Gr.  irupwTi<c<k  (purotikos), 
from  irvpujai?  (purosis)  =  burning ;  vvp  (pur) 
=  fire.] 

A.  A»  adj. :  Caustic. 

B.  As  subst. :  A  caustic  medicine. 

py-r6n'-rlc,  a.  [Pref.  pyro-,  and  Eng.  uric 
(q.v.).]  Derived  from  uric-acid  by  heat. 

pyrouric-acid,  t.    [CYANURIC-ACID.] 

py-rox'-am,  ».  [Fret,  pyr- ;  Eng.  ox(atyl),  and 
am(monia).]  [XYLOLDIN.] 

pyr-ox-an'-tlaln,  a,  [Pref.  pyro-,  and  Eng. 
xantfiin.] 

Chem. :  A  yellow  crystalline  substance  pro- 
duced by  the  action  of  alkalis  on  one  of  the 
substances  contained  in  crude  wood  spirit. 
The  residue  obtained  by  heating  the  spirit  with 
slaked  lime  is  treated  with  hydrochloric  acid, 
and  the  insoluble  portion  is  several  times 
digested  in  boiling  alcohol.  The  last  decoc- 
tions contain  the  pyroxanthin.  It  forms 
colourless,  needle-shaped  crystals,  insoluble 
in  water,  soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether,  and 
dissolving  with  deep  red  colour  in  strong 
sulphuric  acid.  Melts  at  144°. 

pyr-6x-an-th6-gen,s.  [Eng.  pyroxanth(in); 
o-  connective,  and  Gr.  ytwana  (gennao)  =  to 
produce.] 

Chem.  :  The  constituent  in  crude  wood 
naphtha  which  is  supposed  to  yield  pyroxan- 
thin by  the  action  of  alkalis. 

pyr'-ox-ene,  ».    [Pref.  pyro-,  and  Or.  ftVos 

(xtnos)  —  a  stranger.] 

Min. :  A  name  used  for  a  group  of  minerals 
of  very  variable  composition  and  origin,  but 
all  of  which  are  referable  (like  the  analogous 
group  of  amphiboles)  to  the  same  chemical 
type,  under  the  general  formula  Rpi3iO2, 
where  R  may  represent  lime,  magnesia,  the 
protoxides  of  iron  and  manganese,  and  some- 
times soda,  potash,  and  oxide  of  zinc.  Two 
or  more  of  these  bases  are  always  present, 
the  most  frequent  being  lime,  magnesia,  and 
protoxide  of  iron,  lime  being  always  present 
and  in  a  large  percentage.  Sometimes  these 
bases  are  replaced  by  sesquioxides,  but  always 
sparingly.  The  result  of  these  isomorphous 
replacements  is  shown  in  the  diversity  of 
.  habit,  colour,  and  form  of  its  numerous 
varieties.  Crystallization  monoclinic.  Hard- 
ness, 5  to  6 ;  sp.gr.  3'23  to  3'5 ;  lustre, 
vitreous  to  resinous  ;  colour,  shades  of  green, 
and  white  to  black  ;  transparent  to  o)>aque  ; 
fracture,  conchoidal.  The  two  most  import- 
ant divisions  are  Non-aluminous  and  Alumin- 
ous. Dana  subdivides  these  into  : 

Noji-ALi-MiHous :  L  Lime-magnesia  pyroxene;  (1) 
malacolit*;  (2!  alalite:  (»)  traveraelUte;  (4)uiusslte; 

!i!  white  coccollte.  2.  Lime-iuagnesia-iron  pyroxene  ; 
II  sahlite ;  (1)  balkallte  ;  (SI  protheite  ;  (41  funkite ; 
Sldiallage.  S.  Iron -lime  pyroxene:  bedenbergite. 
4.  Lime-uiagne»ia-iuaugaue»e  pyroxene ;  scbefferite  of 
Mlcbaelson.  s.  Lime  •  iron  •  uianganew  pyroxene, 
e.  Lime-lron-manganese-zinc  pyroxene,  jeffersouiu. 

ALUMINOUS  :  7.  Aluminous  llme-maguesls  pyroxene, 
lencaugite.  8.  Aluminum  lime-magiiala-iron  pyrox- 
ene ;  (1)  (analte;  (2)  augite ;  IS)  aluminous  dialings. 

9.  Aluminous    iron-lime    pyroxene;    (1)    hudaonite; 
(1)  polylit*.    Appendix.  10.  Asbestos.    11.  Breislakite. 

10.  Lavrofflte. 

This  mineral  is  most  extensively  distributed 
in  metamorphic  rocks,  which  contain  the 
lighter  coloured,  and  also  in  eruptive  rocks, 
which  contain  the  greenish-black  and  black 
varieties.  The  variety  characterizing  serpen- 
tines and  gabbrbs  is  diallage. 


pyr-dx-en'-lC,  a.  [Eng.  pyroxtn(e);  -ic.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  pyroxene  ;  of  the  nature  of 
pyroxene;  containing  or  consisting  of  py- 
roxene. 

pyr-6x-en'-ite,  «.  [Eng.  pyroxene),  snff. 
-ite  (Petrol.).] 

Petrol.  :  A  name  given  to  certain  rocks,  con- 
sisting principally  of  pyroxene  (augite  },  occur- 
ring in  teds  in  the  Laureutian  Limestone  of 
Canada,  also  to  similar  rocks  with  granular 
structure  found  imbedded  with  mica  slates. 


fl'-Ic,  o.     [Eng.  pj/roxil(in)  ;  -ic.] 
pyroxilic-spirit,  s.      [MLTHYLIC-ALOO- 

HOL.) 

py-rdx'-y'-lln,  «.    [Pref.  pyro-,  and  Or.  f  vA*r 

(xulon)  =  wor  [.]    [GUN-COTTON.] 


i),  s.  &  a.    [Gr.  irvppixT)  (purrhichi) 
—  a  warlike  dance  ;  m/ppi'xios  (purrhichios)  =s 
(1)  belonging  to  the  purrhiche,  (2)  a  pyrrbic 
foot  ;  Lat.  pyrrhichius  ;  Fr.  pyrrjiiqut.] 
A.  As  substantive  : 

1.  A  species  of  warlike  dance,  said  to  have 
been  invented  by  Pyrrhus  to  grace  the  funeral 
of  his  father  Achilles.     It  consisted  chiefly  in 
such  an  adroit  and  nimble  turning  of  the 
body  as  represented  an  attempt  to  avoid  the 
strokes  of  an  enemy  in  battle,  and  the  motions 
necessary  to  perform  it  were  looked  upon  as 
a  kind  of  training  for  actual  warfare.     This 
dance  is  supposed  to  be  described  by  Homer 
as  engraved  on  the  shield  of  Achilles.     It  was 
danced  by  boys  in  armour,  accompanied  by 
the  lute  or  lyre. 

2.  A  metrical  foot  consisting  of  two  short 
syllables. 

IB.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Greek  martial 
dance  so  called. 

"  You  have  the  Pyrrhic  dance  as  yet  ; 
1      t  \V  here  is  the  Pyrrb  ic  phalaii  x  gone  T  " 

3~  Byron  :  Don  Juan,  ill 

2.  Consisting  of  two  short  syllables,  or  of 
pyrrhics  :  as,  a  pyrrhic  verse. 

Pyr'-rblo  (2),  o.  [Seedef.]  Of  or  pertaining 
to  Pyrrhus,  king  of  Epirus,  who  invaded  Italy 
in  274  B.C.  to  assist  the  Tarentines  against  the 
Romans.  In  his  first  battle  he  obtained  the 
victory,  but  the  number  of  the  slain  on  both 
sides  was  equal,  so  that  Pyrrhus  exclaimed. 
"  One  such  more  victory  and  I  am  undone. 
Hence,  a  Pyrrhic  victory,  one  by  which  the 
victor  loses  more  than  he  gains. 

"Although  its  acceptance  might  secure  for  the 
moment  the  triumph  of  a  party  division,  It  would 
be  indeed  a  Pyrrhic  victory.'—  Daily  Teiegraph,  Dec.  17, 
1884. 

*  pyr'-rbl-^ist,  «.    [Eng.  pyrrhic  (1);  -trf.) 
One  who  danced  in  the  pyrrhic. 

pyr'-rhite,  «.    [Gr.  irvppo?  (purrhos)  =  yel- 
lowish-red, or  fire-like  ;  suff.  -ite  (Min.).'] 

Min.  :  An  isometric  mineral,  occurring  in 
small  octahedrons.  Hardness,  6  ;  lustre, 
vitreous;  colour,  orange  -y  el  lo  w  ;  subtrans- 
lucent.  Compos,  believed  to  be,  from  blow- 

Eipe  trials,  a  columbate  of  zirconia  coloured 
y  oxides  of  iron,  &c.    Found  with  lepidolite, 
orthoclase,  albite,  &c.,  near  Mursiusk,  Urals, 
and  with  albite  in  the  Azores. 

pyr-rhSc'-or-ax,  «.    [Lat.] 

Ornith.  :  Alpine  Chough  ;  a  genus  of  Fregl- 
linte,  with  one  species,  Pyrrliucorax  alpinui, 
ranging  from  Switzerland  to  the  Himalayas. 

pyr-rh*-c$r'-i-d»,  *.  pi.    [Mod.  Lat  pyr- 
rhocor(is);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  •  aff.  -idee.] 

Entom.  :  Red-bugs  ;  a  fai.iily  of  Geocores. 
General  colour  bright  red,  with  black  spott 
and  other  markings  ;  ocelli  wanting,  mem- 
brane with  numerous  longitudinal  veins. 
Very  predatory.  Widely  distributed. 


pyr-rhfic'-or-Is,  «.     [Gr. 
fire-like,  and  (cd>«  (koris)  =  a  bug.] 

Entom.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Pyrrhocorid« 
(q.v.).  Pyrrhocoris  apterus  is  found  in  num- 
bers on  the  Continent,  and  less  commonly  in 
the  south  of  England  around  the  base  of 
lime  trees. 

pyr'-rhSl,  «.    [PYRROU] 

pyr'-rh^-lite,  t.     [Gr.  irvppds  (pyrrKot)  a. 
fire-like,  and  \C9ot  (lithos)  —  a  stone.] 

Min.  :  An  altered  anorthite  occurring  in  red 
dish  lamellar  masses  at  Tunaberg,  Sweden- 
It  resembles  polyargite  (q.v.). 


fate.  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wit,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pit, 
or.  w*re,  wolf;  work,  who,  son ;  mute.  cub.  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  fall ;  try,  Syrian,    as.  ce  -  e.    yr  =  ir ;  yr  «=  ir. 


py  rrhonic — py  thonidffl 


3835 


pyr-rh5n'  Ic,  pyr-rho'-ne'-an,  a.  [Lat. 
Pyrrhoneut ;  Fr.  Pyrrhonien.]  Pertaining  or 
relating  to  Pyrrhonism. 

PyV-rhon-Ism,  $.  (After  Pyrrho,  a  philo- 
»o]>her  of  Elis,  founder  of  the  sect  called 
Sceptics  or  Pyrrhonis'.s,  about  340  B.C.]  The 
doctrines  of  the  Pyrrhonists ;  ("xcessive  doubt 
or  exaggerated  scepticism. 


_  r-rhd'  al-an, ».    [After 

.Pyrrho.]  A  follower  of  Pyrrho,  who  carried 
the  principle  of  universal  doubt  or  philo- 
sophic nescience  to  an  extreme ;  hence,  a 
sceptic. 

pyr'-rho-pine,  s.  [Gr.  wppo*  (purrhos)  = 
flame-coloured;  ">&i<;  (opsis)= appearance,  and 
•uff.  -ine  (Chem.).] 

Chem. :  An  alkaloid  supposed  to  be  identical 
with  clielerytlirine.  It  was  extracted  from 
the  root  of  Cheledoninm  majus,  and  formed 
with  acids  slightly  soluble  red  salts. 

pyr-rhi-rSf-In,  s.  [Or.  irupp<k  (purrhos)  = 
flame-coloured ;  Eng.  ret(ene),  and  suff.  -ine 
(Chem.).] 

Chem. :  A  substance  found  by  Forchhammer 
In  fossil  pine  wood  of  Denmark,  and  described 
by  him  as  humate  of  beloretin.  It  is  soluble 
in  alcohol,  insoluble  in  ether.  The  substance 
is  probably  a  mixture. 

pyr-rhd'-sa,  *.  [Gr.  irvppo?  (purrhos)  =  flame- 
coloured.] 

Dot. :  A  genus  of  Myristicaceae.  The  mu- 
cilaginous mace  of  Pyrrhosa  tingens,  a  native 
of  Amboyna,  rubbed  between  the  fingers 
stains  them  red.  With  lime  it  makes  a  red 
dye,  with  which  the  natives  stain  their  teeth. 

pyr-rhi-si-der'-Ite.  «.     [Gr.  irvppo*  (pur- 
rhos) =  fire-red,  and  Eng.  sidtrite.] 
Jf in. :  The  same  as  RDBY-HICA  (q.v.). 

pyr-rho  tine,   pyr'-rho; -tite,  s.      [Gr. 

wvpporrK  (purrhotes)  =  reddish ;  suff.  -ine,  -ite 

tfin. :  A  mineral  isomorphous  with  green- 
ockite  (q.v.).  Crystallization,  hexagonal  ; 
cleavage,  basal,  perfect  Rarely  crystallized. 
Hardness,  3'5  to  4'5;  sp.  gr.  4'4  to  4'68 ; 
lustre,  metallic ;  colour,  when  fresh,  bronze- 
yellow,  but  tarnishes  on  exposure  to  a  dark 
copper  -  red  ;  streak,  dark  grayish  -  black  ; 
brittle ;  slightly  magnetic.  Compos. :  mostly 
sulphur,  39 '5  ;  iron,  60 '5  =  100,  correspond- 
ing with  the  formula,  FeySg,  but  these  pro- 
portions are  somewhat  variable.  Frequently 
contains  nickel,  the  nickeliferous  pyrrhotites 
yielding  most  of  the  nickel  of  commerce. 

pyr'-rho  tite,  «.    [PYBBHOTINE.] 

pyr'-rhu-la,  ».  [Gr.  «vppd>  (purrhos)  =  fire- 
red.] 

Ornith. :  Bullfinch  ;  a  genus  of  Fringillidse, 
with  nine  species,  ranging  over  the  Palaearctic 
region  to  the  Azores  and  High  Himalayas.  Bill 
short,  as  high  and  broad  as  long,  tumid, 
tip  slightly  compressed  and  overhanging ;  feet 
formed  for  perching,  rather  broad  in  the  sole ; 
tail  truncate,  emarginate,  rather  long. 

Pyr'-rol,  «.     [Eng.  pyriomucif) ;  -ol.] 

Chem.:  C4H5N  =  C4Hs(NH)H.  Pyrrhol. 
Pyrolin.  Produced  by  the  dry  distillation  of 
amnionic  pyroinucate.  It  is  a  colourless  oil 
of  fragrant  ethereal  odour  ;  sp.  gr.  1'077,  boils 
at  133°,  and  is  soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 
It  turns  brown  on  exposure  to  the  air,  and 
imparts  a  purple  stain  to  fir  wood  previously 
moistened  with  hydrochloric  acid. 

pyrrol-red,  *. 

Chem. :  CjjHi^NjO.  A  substance  separat- 
ing in  amorphous  orangr  .ed  flocks  when  pyr- 
rol is  heated  with  excess  of  sulphuric  acid  ;  also 
produced  when  carbopyrrolic  acid  is  similarly 
treated.  It  is  soluble  in  boiling  alcohol,  but 
Insoluble  in  water,  ether,  acids,  and  alkalis. 

pyr'-u-la,  *.  [Dimin.  from.  Lat  pyrw»  =  a 
pear.] 

1.  Zool. :  AgenusofMuricidae.  [FIO-SHELL.] 

2.  Palceont. :  Prom  the  Lias  onward. 

pyr-U-lar'-I-a,  «.  [Lat,  dimin.  from  pyrus 
=  a  pear ;  fern*,  pi.  adj.  suff.  -aria.] 

Bat. :  A  genus  of  Santalaceae.  The  kernels 
of  Pyrularia  pubera,  from  Carolina,  furnish  an 
oil.  The  fruit  of  P.  edulis,  a  Himalayan 
species,  is  eaten. 


pyr'-us,  ».  [Lat  pyrus,  pirut  —  a  pear-tree ; 
pirum,  pyrum  =  a  pear.] 

Bot. :  A  ftenus  of  Pomaceae  (Lindley) ;  of 
Pomese,  a  tribe  of  Rosaceae  (Sir  /.  Hooker). 
Fruit  two-  to  five-celled,  with  cartilaginous 
walls.  North  Temperate  Zone.  Known 
sj<ecies  about  forty.  Five  are  wild  in  Britain  : 
Pyrus  oommunii,  the  Wild  Pear,  P.  Malus,  the 
Wild  or  Crab  Apple,  P.  (Sorbus)  torminalis,  the 
Wild  Service,  P.  (Sorbus)  Aria,  the  White 
Beam-tree,  and  P.  (Sorbus)  Aucuparia  =  the 
Mountain-ash  or  Rowan-tree.  One,  P.  (Mes- 
pilus)  germanica,  the  Medlar,  is  an  escape. 
P.  baccata,  P.  kumaoni,  P.  lanata,  P.  Pashia, 
and  P.  vestita,  Indian  species,  have  more  or 
less  edible  fruits. 

py-rfl'-vic,  a.  [Pref.  pyr-,  and  Eng.  «t<iOic.] 
Derived  from  or  containing  uvitic  acid. 

pyruvic-acid, t.    [PYBOBACEMIC-ACID.] 

Py-thag-o^-re'-an,  o.  &  s.  [Lat.  Pythagoreus, 
Gr.  Iluflayopeios  (Puthagoreios),  from  Ilufla- 
yopat  (Puthagoras),  the  founder  of  the  sect.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Pertaining  or  relating  to  Py- 
thagoras or  his  system  of  philosophy. 

B.  As  substantive: 

1.  Phttns. :  A  follower  or  supporter  of  the 
system  of  philosophy  taught  by  Pythagoras. 

2.  Music:  One  of  the  followers  of  the  sys- 
tem of  Pythagoras,  in  which  the  consonance 
or  dissonance  of  an  interval  was  judged  by 
the  ratio  of  the  vibrations  without  appeal  to 
the  ear. 

Pythagorean-bean,  s.    [NELUMBIOM.] 

Pythagorean-letter,  *.  The  letter  Y, 
so  called  because  Pythagoras  employed  it  to 
signify  the  bifurcation  of  the  good  and  evil 
ways  of  meu. 

Pythagorean-lyre,  ». 

Music  :  A  musical  instrument  said  to  have 
been  invented  by  Pythagoras. 

Pythagorean-system,  a.   [PYTHAOOB- 

I8M.) 

Pythagorean-table, ».    The  abacus. 
Pythagorean-theorem,  s. 

Geom. :  The  forty-seventh  proposition  of 
the  first  book  of  Euclid's  Elements. 

Py-thag-i-re'-an-Ism,  *.  [Eng.  Pytha- 
gorean; -ism,]  The  same  as  PYTHAOORISM. 

•  Py-tha-goy-lc,  *  Py-tha-goY-Jo-al,  o. 

[Lat.  Pythagoricus ;  Gr.  IIvd<ryopuco«  (Putha- 
0>ortfcos).J    Pythagorean. 

Py-thag'-or-if  m,  «.    [Fr.  Pythagorisme.] 

Philos.,  Astron.,  Ac. :  The  system  of  belief 
attributed  to  Pythagoras,  born  in  Samoa  about 
540  B.C.,  his  mother  being  a  Samian  and  his 
father,  it  is  believed,  a  Phoenician.  After 
travelling  in  Egypt,  Persia,  &c.,  in  quest  of 
knowledge,  he  settled  in  Croton,  in  the  south 
of  Italy,  ultimately  founding  a  society  con- 
stituting at  once  a  philosophical  school,  a 
religious  brotherhood,  and  a  political  associa- 
tion of  aristocratic  sympathies.  He  died 
about  504.  He  never  committed  his  system 
to  writing.  This  was  first  done  by  Philolaus, 
one  of  his  disciples.  Pythagoras  is  said  to 
have  regarded  numbers  as  the  essence  or 
principle  of  things,  the  elements  out  of 
which  the  universe  was  made,  and  attributed 
to  them  a  true  and  independent  existence. 
The  principles  of  numbers  were  contrasted, 
as  a  straight  line  and  a  curve,  an  even  and  an 
odd,  all  traceable  back  to  a  monad  in  which 
both  an  even  and  an  odd  were  included.  The 
world  was  a  breathing  being.  There  were 
five  elements,  fire,  air,  water,  earth,  and 
one  unnamed.  In  the  central  part  of  the 
universe  was  a  fire,  around  which  the  sun, 
moon,  and  planets,  with  the  celestial  sphere 
itself,  revolved.  These  were  either  themselves 
gods,  or  had  their  movements  directed  by 
gods.  There  existed  a  music  of  the  spheres, 
the  celestial  bodies  dancing  a  choral  dance 
around  the  central  fire.  The  soul  of  man  was 
an  emanation  from  the  universal  soul  of  the 
world.  There  was  a  transmigration  of  souls. 
Flesh  and  beans  were  not  to  be  eaten.  Nature 
was  in  uniformity  with  the  will  of  the  Deity, 
and  human  life  should  make  an  approach  to 
the  harmony  of  Nature.  The  Pythagorean  sys- 
tem declined  about  B.C.  300,  but  revived  two 
centuries  later,  and  in  the  Augustan  age  the 
views  of  its  advocates  as  to  the  past  changes 
which  the  earth  had  undergone  through  the 


operation  of  fire,  water,  &c.  (Otrid:  Metamorph.., 
bk.  xv.),  were  essentially  so  sound  as  to  excite 
the  commendation  of  Sir  Charles  Lyell. 
(Princip.  ofGeol.,  bk.  i.,  ch.  i) 

•  py-thag'-or-ize,  v.i.  [Or.  wv«ayop%w  (pu- 
thagori2ff).~\  To  speculate  after  the  manner  of 
Pythagoras. 

pyth-I  ad,  *.    [PYTHIAN.] 

Greek  Antiq.  :  The  interval  between  one 
celebration  of  the  Pythian  games  and  another. 

Pyth'-I-an,  o.  ,  «.  [Lat  Pythius  ;  Or.  riv»W 
(Puthios)  =  pertaining  to  Pytho,  the  older 
name  of  Delphi  and  its  environs.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Pertaining  to  Delphi,  Apollo, 
or  his  priestess,  who  delivered  oracles  there. 

B.  As   subst.  :  One    of  the  four  persons 
whose  office  it  was  to  consult  the  Delphic 
oracle  on  affairs  of  state  ;  hence,  a  devotee  of 
Apollo,  a  poet  (?). 

"  Like  Apollo,  from  hit  golden  bow. 
The  Pyt\ian  of  the  age  one  arrow  sped 
And  smiled."  Shtllty  :  Adonait.  xxriil. 

Pythian-games,  s.  pi. 

Greek  Antiq.  :  One  of  the  four  great  national 
festivals  of  Greece,  celebrated  every  fifth  year 
in  honour  of  Apollo,  near  Delphi.  They  were 
said  to  have  been  instituted  by  Apollo  himself 
after  he  had  overcome  the  dragon  Python. 

py'-thl-da,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  pyth(o);  Lat. 
fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

Entom.  :  A  family  of  Heteromerons  Beetles, 
sub-tribe  Trachelia.  Small  beetles  from  the 
North  Temperate  Zone. 

py'-tho,  i.  [Or.  nufl<i  (PuthS)  =  the  part  of 
Phocis  in  which  Delphi  lay.] 

Entom.:  The  typical  genus  of  Pythidse. 
Body  flat;  thorax  narrowed  behind,  shaped 
like  a  truncated  heart 


[Gr.  m!6V*  (putKS)  = 
to  make  to  rot,  and  Eng.  genesis  (q.v.).]  Gen- 
eration by  means  of  filth. 

py-thS-gSn'-ic,  o.  [PTTHOOENESIS.]  Pro- 
duced by  putridity. 

pythogenlc  fever,  s. 
Pathol.  :  Typhoid    fever  (q.v.)  (Dr.    Chat. 
Murchison). 

py'-tho'n,  *.  [Lat,  from  Gr.  Hv0<av  (Puthdn) 
=  a  celebrated  serpent  which  destroyed  the 
people  and  cattle  about  Delphi,  and  was 
slaiu  by  Apollo.] 

Zool.  :  Rock-snake  ;  the  typical  genus  of 
Pythonidae  (q.v.).  Anterior  half  of  upper  side 
of  head  covered  with  symmetrical  shields,  the 
under  with  scales  ;  nostrils  between  two  shields 
unequal  in  size.  They  have  a  double  row  of 
scutes  under  the  tail,  and  teeth  in  the  inter- 
maxillary bone.  They  are  from  10  to  20  feet 
in  length,  with  a  very  muscular  body,  their 
habit  being  to  seize,  crush,  aud  swallow  small 
mammals.  They  are  natives  of  ludia  and 
Africa,  there  being  several  specie*. 

*  py  -thon  ess,   *  py-thon-esse,  ».     [Fr. 

pythonisse,  from  Late  Lat  pythonissa  ;  from 
pytho  =  a  familiar  spirit]  [PYTHIAN.]  The 
priestess  of  the  temple  of  Apollo  at  Delphi, 
who  delivered  the  oracles  of  the  god  ;  hence, 
applied  to  any  woman  rrho  pretended  to  fore- 
tell coming  events. 

"  Like  Saul,  to  run  to»,,fthomit».~  —  Jrrmi  Taylor: 
Strmont,  p.  171. 

«  py-thSn'-Ic,  *  py-thSn'-Ick.  o.     [Lat. 

Pythonicus  ;  Gr.  nv&oycicof  (Puthonikos).'] 
Pertaining  to  the  prediction  of  future  events  ; 
oracular,  prophetic. 

"  Those  pgOtonick  spirit!  formerly  Inhabited  under 
the  cavities  of  these  three  rocka."  —  Kycaut  :  Prettnt 
Slate  of  the  Orttk  t  Armenian  Church**,  p.  404. 

py-th8n'-I-d»,  «.  pL  [Mod.  Lat  python; 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

1.  ZooL  :  A  family  of  Colubriformes,  with 
twenty  genera,  confined  to  the  tropics,  with 
the  exception  of  one  genus.    Body  and  tail 
of  moderate  length,  or  rather  slender,  rounded  ; 
tail  prehensile  ;  bend  with  snout  rather  long, 
depressed,   truncated   or  rounded    in    front 
Teeth  in  intermaxillary,  maxillary,  palatine, 
and  pterygoid  bones  ;  none  grooved.    Adult 
individuals    with    spur-like    prominence   on 
each  side  the  vent  ;  it  is  the  extremity  of  a 
rudimentary  hind  limb  hidden  between  the 
muscles.    [ROCK-SNAKES.] 

2.  Palttont.  :  One  species,  from  the  Miocene 
Brown-coal  of  Germany.    (Wallace.) 


boll,  b£y ;  p6~Ht,  J6%1 ;  cat,  jell,  ehorns,  jhin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  *»«<",  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  ezLrt.  -Ing. 
-«Un,  -tlan  =  shan.  -tton,  -«ion  — shun;  -(Ion,  -fion  =  shun,  -clous, -tio us, -sious  =  shus.   -ble. -die,  &c.  =  b$L  del. 


3836 


pythoniam— quader 


py^-thon-ism,  s.  [PYTHOKIO.]  The  predic- 
tion of  future  events  after  the  manner  of  the 
oracle  of  Apollo  at  Delphi. 

*  py  '-th&n-lst,  «.  [PYTHONIC.]  A  conjurer. 
(Cocforum). 

py-thon  o-mor'-pha,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat. 
python;  o  connect.,  and  Gr.  M°P0'i  (morphe)=z 
form.] 

Palaont.  :  Cope's  n»me  for  the  Mosasauridw 
(q.v.). 

py-iir'-I-a,  *.  [Or.  wuov  (puon)  —  pus,  and 
ovpov  (ouron)=.  urine.) 

Pathol.  :  Pus  in  the  nrine,  from  disease  of 
the  kidneys  or  urethra,  or  the  rupture  of  con- 
tiguous abscesses  into  the  urinary  passages. 

pyx,  »  pfac,  *  pixe,  «.  [Lat.  pyxis,  from  Gr. 
irvfic  (piixis)  =  a.  b<-i,  from  irrfoc  (piu»s)  = 
box-wood;  L»t.  bums  ;  Fr.  pyxidf;  8p. 
jrixiile  ;  Ital.  poside.] 

1.  ^  not,  :  The  same  as  Pvxis  (q.v.). 

2.  Airman  CTiurcA  :  The  bo*  or  covered  vessel 
In  which  the  consecrated  host  is  kept. 

"The  pyxu  »nd  crucifixes  were  torn  from  the  altars." 
—  tlacaulay  .  Hitt.  Eng..  ch.  it. 

3.  Comm.  :  The  box  in  which  sample  coins  are 
placed  in  the  English  mint.    A  triennial  test 
by  assay  for  purity  is  held,  and  is  termed  the 
trial  of  the  pyx.    Two  pieces  are  taken  from 
each  bag  of  newly  coined  money,  one  for  trial 
In  the  mint,  the  other  is  deposited  in  the  pyx. 
The  Lord  Chancellor  summons  a  jury  of  free- 
men of  the  Goldsmiths'  Company,  who  test 
by  weight  and  assay  in  compariso'n  with  cer- 
tain standard  trial-plates   deposited   in  the 
Exchequer. 

4.  Naui.  :  The  binnacle-box  in  which  a  com- 
pass is  suspended. 

If  Trial  oftkepyx:  [Prx,  *.,  SJ. 

•pyx,  v.t.  [Prx,  ».]  To  test  by  weight  and 
assay,  as  the  coins  in  the  pyx, 

pyx-i  $eph'-a-lus,  *.  [Gr.  *v£{<  (pyxls)  = 
a  box,  and  «c«<£oAjj  (kephaU)  —  the  head.  ] 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Ranidae,  with  seven 
•pecies,  extending  over  the  Oriental  region. 
Fingers  free,  toes  incompletely  webbed  ;  tongue 
large,  free,  and  deeply  notched  behind,  meta- 
tarsal  with  a  shovel-like  prominence,  with 
which  some  of  the  species  burrow. 

pyx-f  c'-^-la,  *.  [Lat  pyxis  =  a  box,  and  colo 
—  to  inhabit  ] 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Vorticellinidae,  sub-family 
Vaginirola.  Animalcules  attached  posteriorly 
within  a  corneous  lorica,  which  can  be  closed 
at  will  by  a  discoidal  operculuin.  Six  species. 

pyx  id  an'-ther-a,  *.    [Gr.  wvf  i?  (puxis)  = 
a  box,  and  ayOrjpos  (antheros).1    [ANTHER.] 
Sot.  :  A  genus  of  Diapensiuceae.    [PvxiE.] 

pyx-Id'-I-Um,  *.  [Gr.  wv£iSiov  (puxidion)  = 
a  little  box.]  [Pyxis.] 

1.  Dot.  :  A  syncarpous  fruit,  superior,  and 
with  the  carpel  dry  and  dehiscent  by  a  trans- 
Terse  suture.    Example  Anagallis. 

2.  Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Vorticellina  (q.v.).  Soli- 
tary animalcules,  according  in  structure  with 
the  zooids  of  the  compound  genus  Opercu- 
laria.    Two  species,  both  from  fresh  water. 

pyV-lS,  ».  [PTXIDANTHEKA.]  An  American 
plant. 

"  First  among  her  treasures  it  the  delicate  pyxlt 
(PyxIdanOtera  bartulata).  *  little  prostrate  trailing 
erergreen.  funning  dense  tufU  or  waxes,  and  among 
its  small  dark  grneu  and  reddish  leaves  are  thickly 
scattered  the  row-pink  bu.ls  and  whit<-  blossoms.  It 
Is  strict!)-  a  pine  barren  plant,  and  IU  locality  is  con- 
fined tu  New  Jersey  and  the  Carolina*."—  Barper'i 
Monthly.  June,  188*  p.«t. 

pjrx-l'-ne,  s.  [Gr.  »>£  ivo*  (puxinos)  =  made  of 
box  ;  yellow,  as  boxwood.] 

Sot:  The  typical  genus  of  Pyxinidaj  (q.v.}. 
It  is  confined  to  the  hotter  countries. 


i,  ».  pi.    [Mod.  Lat  pyxin(e);  Lat. 
masc.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ei.] 

Sot.  :  An  order  of  Lichens,  with  an  orbicular 
superficial  disk  contained  in  an  excipulum. 
Thallua  foliaceous,  generally  fixed  by  the 
centre.  It  contains  the  Tripe  de  Roche,  etc. 
Called  by  Limlley  Pyxinidae,  and  made  a 
family  of  Idiothalameae  (q.v.). 

pyx-fa'-I-d89,  «.  pi     [Mod.  Lat.  pyxin(t); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj  sufT.  -idn.] 
Sot.  :  A  family  of  Pyxlnei  (q.v.). 


py*-!*.  «.   [Pvx, «.] 

*  L  Ord.  Lang. :  A  box,  a  pyx. 

IL  Technically: 

L  A  not. :  The  acetabulum  (q.v.). 

2.  Sot. :  A  pyxidium  (q.v.). 

3.  Zool. :  A  genus  of  Chelonidw,  with  one 
species,  from  the  Ethiopian  region. 

pyxis-nautica,  .-•. 

Ant mn. :  The  Mariner's  Compass,  a  Southern 
constellation. 


Q. 

Q.  The  seventeenth  letter  and  the  thirteenth 
consonant  of  the  English  alphabet,  a  consonant 
having  only  one  sound,  that  of  k  or  c.  It  is 
always  followed  by  u,  and  since  this  combina- 
tion can  be  represented  by  kw  (or  k  when  the 
v  is  silent),  9  is  a  superfluous  letter.  In  Latin, 
as  in  English,  q  was  always  followed  by  u. 
Q  did  not  occur  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  alphabet, 
its  sound  being  represented  by  cw;  or  ot,  as 
cu-ic  =  Eng.  quick,  cwen  =  Bug.  queen,  noelan 
=  Eng.  quail,  &c.  For  qu  in  English  the  Dutch 
use  kw,  the  Germans  1711,  the  Swedes  &  Danes 
qv.  Q  is  most  commonly  found  as  an  initial 
letter ;  it  never  ends  a  word.  The  name  of 
the  letter  is  said  to  be  from  Fr.  queue  =  a  tail, 
the  form  being  that  of  an  O  with  a  tail  to  it. 

L  As  an  initial:  Q  represents  the  Latin 
Quintus  in  inscriptions  or  literature;  in 
geometry,  &c.,  it  represents  the  Latin  quod 
(=  which),  as  Q.E.  D.=qnod  erat  demonstrandum 
=  which  was  to  be  shown  or  proved  ;  Q.E.t'. 
=  quixl  erat  facitndum  =  which  was  to  be 
done,  abbreviations  frequently  written  at  .the 
end  of  a  theorem  or  problem  respectively. 

U.  As  a  symbol : 

1.  Q  was  formerly  used  for  500,  and  with  a 
dash  over  it,  (£,  for  500,000. 

2.  In  the  college  accounts  at  Oxford  for  half 
a  farthing.    [CUE,  2.] 

qua,  adv.  [Lat]  In  the  character  or  quality 
of;  as  being :  as,  He  spoke  not  qua  a  public 
official  but  qua  a  private  person. 

HTM,  s.    [For  etym.  and  def.  see  compound.] 
qua-bird,  *. 

Orniih. :  The  American  Night-heron,  Nycti- 
eorax  navius. 

"  It  U  distributed  generally  orer  the  United  State*, 
residing  permanently  in  the  southern  portion  ;  in  the 
Eastern  states  it  is  called  the  qua-'iird,  from  the  noise 
it  makes."— Kiplfy  4  Dana  :  Amer.  Cyclop..  lii.  443. 

*  quab  (1),  ».    [Cf.  Dut.  kwab,  ktvabbe ;  Dan. 
qvabbe  =  an  eel-pout ;  Ger.  qw.ppe,  quabbe  —  a 
tadpole,  an  eel-pout.]    A  kind  of  fish  ;  prob. 
an  eel-pout  or  the  miller's  thumb. 

*  quab  (2),  «.     [Etym.   doubtful ;  prob.  for 
squab  (q.v.).]   An  unfledged  bird  ;  hence,  any- 
thing immature  or  crude. 

"  You'll  take  it  well  enough  ;  a  scholar's  fancy, 
A  quab ;  'tis  nothing  else,  a  very  yicift." 

f,rU :  Lover1 'i  Melanduly.  IU.  *. 

qna'-cha,  *.    [QUAQOA.] 
qna'-fhl,  s.    [QOASJE.] 

quack,  •  queke,  *  quakko,  v.i.  &  t.  [From 
the  sound;  cf.  Dut.  kwaken  =•  to  croak,  to 
quack  ;  Ger.  qualcen  =  to  qimck  ;  I  eel.  kvaka 
=  to  twitter  ;  Dan.  qvcekke  =  to  croak,  to 
quack  ;  Lat,  coaxo  =  to  croak ;  Gr.  icoaf  (koax) 
=  a  croaking.] 

A.  Intransitive: 

L  Lit. :  To  cry  like  the  common  domes- 
ticated duck. 

*  II.  Figuratively : 

1.  To  made  vain  and  loud  protestations  in 
praise  of  anything  ;  to  boast ;  to  talk  noisily 
and  ostentatiously. 

2.  To  act  the  quack,  to  talk  as  a  quack  ;  to 
pretend  to  medical  knowledge. 

*  B.  Trans. :  To  chatter  or  talk  noisily  in 
praise  of,  as  a  quack. 

"  To  quack  off  universal  cures." 

Butter    Budlbrat,  lit  1. 

quack,  «.  ft  a.    [QUACK,  «.] 
A.  As  substantive : 
L  Literally: 

1.  The  cry  of  the  common  domesticated 
duck. 


*2.  Any  croaking  noise ;  a  cough,  a  wheezing. 

"  A  far  better  medicine  to  keep  the  goodman  aud 
his  famille  from  the  quackt  or  pose."— H olinthnt :  /Me. 
f.iL'j.,  bk.  11.,  ch.  zxii. 

IL  Figuratively : 

1.  A  pretender  to  knowledge  or  skill  which 
he  does  not  possess  ;  an  empty  pretender  ;  a 
charlatan. 

"  Quack  and  critic  differ  but  lu  name ; 
Empirics  (routless  buth,  they  mean  the  same." 
Lloyd  :  Epittli  to  C.  CAurcAiU. 

2.  Specif. :  A  boastful  pret'nder  to  medical 
skill   which   he  does  not  possess ;  a  sham 
practitioner   in   medicine ;   a  charlatan,   an 
empiric. 

B.  As  adj. :  Pertaining  to  quacks  or 
quackery  ;  falsely  pretending  or  pretended  to 
be  able  to  cure  diseases. 

"  Like  the  famous  quack  doctor,  who  put  up  In  his 
bills  he  delighted  in  matters  of  dilUculty."— POM: 
Dunciad.  bk.  lit  (Note.) 

quack  -911,  v.t.  [QCKRKE.N.]  To  choke,  to 
suffocate.  (Prov.) 

quack -er-jr,  ».  [Eng.  quack;  -ery.]  Boast- 
ful pretensions  to  skill  which  one  does  not 
possess  ;  the  practice  of  a  quack,  especially  in 
medicine;  empiricism,  charlatanry,  humbug, 
imposture. 

"  Before  committing  themselves  to  Utopian  jvacktrg 
In  laud  reform."— Fitld,  Oct.  17,  1885. 

'quack* -hood,  s.  [Eng.  quack;  -Kood.] 
Quackery,  charlatanry. 

quack'-Ish,  a.  [Eng.  quack ;  -ish.]  Like  a 
quack  or  charlatan  ;  pretending  to  skill  not 
really  possessed  ;  humbugging ;  characterized 
by  quackery. 

11  The  last  quackith  address  of  the  national  assembly." 
—Burkt:  To  a  Member  of  tht  .\aiiunal  AaeirMg. 
(Note.) 

*  quack' -i$m,  s.     [Eng.  quack;  -ism.]    The 
practice  of  quackery. 

*  qnac'-kle,  v.t.  &  i.    [From  the  sonnd  made 
iu  choking.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  interrupt  in  breathing ;  to 
almost  choke  ;  to  suffocate.    (Prov.) 

"  The  drink,  or  something  in  the  cup.  quackled  him. 
stuck  so  lu  his  throat,  that  he  could  not  get  it  up  DOT 
down,"— (Pan*:  Sermora,  p.  IS*. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  quack. 

"  Simple  ducks  .  .  .  quacklt  for  crumbs  from  young 
roy*l  ft  tigers."— Carlyle:  French  Revolution,  pt.  It. 
bk.  1.,  ch.  L 

»  quack-ling, «.  [Eng.  quack,  s. ;  dimin .  suff. 
-ling.]  A  young  duck  ;  a  duckling. 

"  He  cart  a  wistful  glance  at  the  brood  of  Innocent 
quacklingi."— Daily  Telegraph,  Sept.  4,  188$. 

*  quack  -sal-ver,  s.     [Dut.  kvaksalver  =  a 
charlatan  :  icMMUM*  =  to  quack,  to  puff  up 
salves  ;  Ger.  qimcksalber.]    One  who  brags  of 
his  medicines  or  salves;  a  quack-doctor ;  a 
charlatan ;  a  quack. 

"To  turn  mountebanks,  quacksalver!,  einpirlcka,"— 
Burton:  Anat.  itelan.  (Deiuocritus  to  the  Reader.) 

*  quick   sal -ving,  a.   [QUACKSALVER.]  Cha- 

racteristic of  or  used  by  quncks  ;  quack. 

11  QitackwMng  cheating  mountebanks,  your  skill 

Is  to  make  sound  men  sick,  and  sick  men  kill." 

Jlaninger:  Virgin  Martyr,  iv.  I. 

quad(l),  quod,  s.  [A  contr.  of  quadranglt 
(q.v.).]  The  quadrangle  or  court,  as  of  • 
college,  jail,  &c. :  hence,  a  prison,  a  jaiL 

quad  (2),  *.    [See  def.] 

Print. :  An  abbreviation  of  quadrat  (q.v.) 

'quad,  'quadc,  *qued,  a.  &  s.  [A.a 
cwed  ;  Dut.  &  Low.  Ger.  kwaad.]  [QuED.J 

A.  As  adj. :  Bad,  wicked,  evil. 

"  Both  play,  quad  phtr." 

CHauctr:  C.  T..  4.3U. 

B.  As  subst. :  Hurt,  harm. 

"  I'hai  thought*  to  do  him  qued."     Itumbrai,  til. 

quad-,  quadr-,  quad'-rf-,  quat-,  pref. 
[Lat.  quadrus=  fourfold,  quater=  four  times, 
qiintuor  =  four.]  A  common  pretlx  in  worda 
from  the  Latin,  having  the  force  of  four,  four- 
fold. 

•quade,  v.t.    [QUAD,  o.]  To  debase ;  to  shame. 

"Thine  errors  will  thy  worke  confoonde, 
Aud  all  thine  honours  quade." 

Halle :  Jtlit.  Sxpottulation.  1,S«I. 

* quad'-er,  v.  i.  [F^at.  quadra  =  to  square, 
from  ?vadnw=  fourfold,  square.]  To  quadrate; 
to  square ;  to  match. 

"  The  z  doth  \\otqunder  well  with  him,  because  it 
sounds  harshly."— Hitt.  of  Don  Quixote,  p.  St. 


late,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;  we,  wit,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pit. 
«r»  wore,  welf,  work,  who,  son;  mate.  cub.  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  full:  try,  Syrian.    89,  03  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


quader— quadrennial 


8837 


UPPER     TORUS 


Qua'-der,  «.  [Ger.  =  freestone,  square  stone.) 
(See  etyin.  and  compound.) 

quader-sandstone,  quader-sand- 
stein,*. 

Geol.  :  A  siliceous  sandstone  of  Cretaceous 
age,  with  many  fossil  shells  identical  with 
those  of  the  English  Chalk.  It  is  sometimes 
600  feet  thick,  and,  being  jointed  and  often 
precipitous,  has  much  to  do  with  producing  the 
picturesque  aspect  of  Saxon  Switzerland. 

quad  -ra  (pi.  quad'-rae),  s.   [Lat.  =  a  square 
or  plinth  ;afillet.) 
Architecture  : 

1.  Asocle(q.v.). 

2.  One    of    the 
bamls  or  fillets  of 
thelonicbase.be-     5ppp[    SCOTIA 

tween  which  the  Vs-a^iLiET  OR  QUADRA 

scotia  or  hollow     ;  =^IOWER  TORUS 

ocelli's  ;  also  the 

plinth,   or   lower 

member    of    the 

podium. 

'quad-ra-gS-        QUADRA. 
nar'-I-6us,  a. 

[Lat.  quadragenarius  from  quadrageni  =  forty 
each  ;  quadraginta  =  forty.]  Consisting  of 
forty  ;  forty  years  old. 

*quad'-ra-gene,  s.  [Lat.  quadrageni  =  forty 
each.]  A.  papal  indulgence  for  forty  days. 
[INDULGENCE,  «.,  II.  1.] 

"  So  many  quadragenci,  or  lents  of  pardon.  "  —  Taj/lor: 
Ditsuative  from  Popery,  pt.  i.,  ch.  if.,  {  4. 

quad-ra-ges'-i'-ma,  *.  [Lat.  quadrayesimus 
=  fortieth,  quadraginta  =  forty,  ouatuor  = 
four  ;  Fr.  quadragesime.]  Lent,  so  caned  be- 
cause it  consists  of  forty  days. 

Quadragesima-Sunday,  s.  The  first 
Sunday  in  Lent,  being  about  forty  days  before 
Easter. 

quad-ra-ges'-I-mal,  a.  &  *.  [Fr.]  [QUAD- 
RAGESIMA.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Pertainin<i  to,    or   connected 
with,  the  number  forty,  espec.  with  reference 
to  the  forty  days  of  Lent  ;  belonging  to  or 
used  in  Lent  ;  Lenten. 

B.  Assubst.  (PL):  Offerings  formerly  made 
to  the  mother  church  on  mid-Lent  Sunday. 

quad'-ran-gle,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  quadran- 
gulum,  neut.  sing,  of  quadrangulus  =  four- 
cornered  :  quadrvs  =  square,  andangulu$  =  a.n 
angle  ;  Sp.  quodrangulo  ;  Ital.  quadrangolo.  ] 

L  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  square  or  four-sided  eo'irt 
or  space  surrounded  by  buildings,  as  often 
seen  in  the  buildings  of  a  college,  school,  &c. 

[QUAD  (1),  «.] 

"  Walking  once  about  the  quadrnnqle." 

Shaketp.  :  2  Henri/  VI..  I.  S. 

H.  Georn.  :  A  figure  having  four  angles, 
and  consequently  four  sides. 

quad-ran'-gu-lar,  a.  [Fr.  qwdrangulaire.] 
Having  the  foYrn'or  nature  of  a  quadrangle  ; 
four-sided  ;  having  four  angles  and  sides. 

"The  college  consist*  of  three  fair  quadrangular 
court*."—  Covtey,:  Euayi  ;  The  College. 


n'-gU-lar-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  quadran- 
gular; -ly.]  in  a  quadrangular  manner;  with 
four  angles  and  sides. 

quad  -rans,  ».    [Lat.] 

Bom.  Antiq.  :  The  fourth  part  of  the  as  (q.v.). 
quadrans  mur  alls,  s. 

Astron.:   The    Mural    Quadrant;   a  small 
northern  constellation  with  no  large  stars. 

(nad'-rant,  s.  ft  a.  [Lat.  quadrans  =  a  fourth 
part,  from  quadrus  =  square  ;  Fr.  outran  ;  Sp. 
cuadrante  :  Port.  &  Ital.  quadrante.] 

A,  As  substantive  : 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

•1.  The  fourth  part;  a  fourth,  »  quarter. 

"  The  sunne,  who  in  his  annual!  circle  takes 
A  daye's  full  quadrant  from  th'  ensuing  yeere." 
Beaumont  :  End  of  hit  Majaty'i  first  fear*. 

2.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  4. 
*3.  That  which  matches  or  fits  exactly  with 
something  else. 

"They  did  receive  the  catholic  faith  of  our  Lord 
Jesua  Christ.  «  a  most  perfect  quadrant."—  Fox: 
liartyrt,  p.  S87. 

IL  Technically: 

*1.  Arch.  :  The  same  as  QUADRANGLE  (q.v.). 

"Also  all  the  «ayd  fuarfrantet.  haye».  and  edifices 
•were  n>ially  eutrayled.  -lfart  :  Uenrn  Ylll.  (aii.  12). 


2.  Artillery  :  [CONNER'S  QUADRANT]. 

3.  Geom.,  <tc. :  The  fourth  part  of  a  circle  ; 
the  arc  of  a  circle  containing  90* ;  the  space 
included  between  such  arc  and  two  radii  drawn 
from  the  centre  to  the  extremities  of  the  arc. 

4.  Naut.,  &c. :  An   instilment   for  making 
angular   measurements.    So  called  from  its 
embracing  an  arc  of  90°  or  somewhat  more. 
Formerly  much  employed  in  making  astro- 
nomical observations.    It  is  now  superseded 
by  the  sextant  (q.7.).   (Falconer:  Shipwreck,  i.) 

*  B.  A  s  adj. :  Quadrangular,  square. 
"  A  quadrant  void  place  before  the  doore  of  the 
same  chamber."— Fax :  3/artyrt,  p.  1,20«. 

*!j  Quadrant  of  altitude  :  An  appendix  of  the 
artificial  globe,  consisting  of  a  slip  of  brass  of 
the  length  of  a  quadrant  of  one  of  the  great 
circles  of  the  globe,  and  graduated.  It  is 
fitted  to  the  meridian,  and  movable  round  to 
all  parts  of  the  horizon.  It  serves  as  a  scale 
in  measuring  altitudes,  azimuths,  &c. 

quadrant  compass,  ».  A  carpenter's 
compass,  with  an  arc  and  a  binding-screw. 

quadrant  -  electrometer,  «.  [ELEC- 
TROMETER.] 

quad-rant' -al,  a.  &  *.     [Lat.  qwdrantalis, 
from  quadrans  =  a  quadrant  (q.v.).] 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  quadrant ; 
contained  in  the  fourth  part  of  a  circle  ;  of 
the  form  or  shape  of  a  quadrant. 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  A  cube. 

2.  A  cubical  vessel  used  by  the  Remain, 
and  containing  the  same  as  the  amphora. 

quadrantal  triangle,  s. 
Trigon. :  A  spherical  triangle,  one  of  whose 
sides  is  a  quadrant  or  an  arc  of  90*. 

quad-ran' -tlds ,  s.  pi.    [Lat.  quadrans,  geni t 
ifaatirantis.] 

Astron. :  The  meteors  forming  a  shower 
occurring  on  Jan.  2  and  3,  and  having  its 
radiant  point  in  Quadrans-muralis. 

*  quad'-rant-iy,  adv.    [Eng.  quadrant ;  -ly.] 

In  manner  of  a  square ;  in  a  square. 

"  To  imbattell  1.200  menquadrantly  at  the  sodalne." 
— earrard  :  Art  of  Warn.  p.  183. 

quad-ran-tox'-Ide,  s.    [Eng.  quadrant,  and 
oxide.] 

Chem.  (PI.):  A  name  applied  by  Rose  to 
oxides  containing  four  atoms  of  metal  to  one 
atom  of  oxygen,  such  as  suboxide  of  silver, 
Ag4O.  Better  called  tetrametallic  oxides. 

quad'-rat, *.    [QCADRATK.] 

1.  A  geometrical  square  (q.Y.). 

2.  Print. :  A  block  of  type-metal  lower  than 
the  type,  and  used  for  filling  out  lines,  spacing 
between  lines,  &c.    Commonly  called  a  quad. 

*  quad  rate,  *  quad'-rat,  o.  &  ».    (Lat. 
quadratus  =  squared,  prop.  pa.  par.  of  quadra 
to  make  or  he  square ;  quadrus  =  square.] 

A.  As  adjective : 
L  Literally: 

1.  Square ;  having  four  equal  and  parallel 
sides. 

"  Figures,  some  round,  some  triangle,  some  quad- 
rate." -  f'oi :  jtfarr.yn  Ian.  1558). 

2.  Square,  as  being  the  product  of  a  number 
multiplied  into  itself. 


II.  Figuratively: 

1.  Square,    as   typifying   completeness   or 
perfection  ;  complete,  perfect, 

"  A  quadrat  solid  wise  man."— AoweB :  Lettert,  bk. 
L,  f  6..  let  58. 

2.  Suited,  fitted,  correspondent,  matching. 

"  A  general  description,  quadrate  to  both."— Harvey  : 
On  Coniumptiun. 

B.  As  substantive : 

L  Ord.  7xirt3. :  A  square ;  a  surface  or 
figure  having  four  equal  and  parallel  sides. 
(Spenser:  F.  Q.,  II.  ix.  22.) 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Astral.  :   An    aspect    of    the    heavenly 
bodies,  wherein  they  are  distant  from  each 
other  90',  and  the  same  with  quartile. 

2.  Music:  The  sign  b,  used  originally  to 
raise  B  rotundum  \),  one  semitone.      Hence 
arose  its  general  use  for  the  raising  of  all 
flattened  notes,  as  exemplified  in  its  modern 
form  of  a  natural,  tj. 

3.  Camp.  A  not. :  The  quadrate-bone  (q.v.). 


quadrate  bone, *. 

Compar.  Anat. :  A  bone  by  means  of  which 
the  rami  are  articulated  with  the  skull  in 
Birds,  Reptiles,  and  Fishes  (often  called  th» 
Hypotympanic-bone). 

quad  -rate,  v.i.  &  t.    [QUADRATE,  a.] 

*  A.  Intrans. :  To  square,  to  fit,  to  mutch, 
to  correspond,  to  suit.    (Followed  by  with.) 

"There  Is  a  better  explanation  at  band,  which 
exactly  quadratn  with  the  sense  here  given.  —War- 
burton :  Die.  Legation,  bk.  iv.,  |  6. 

B.  Trans. :  To  trim  a  ship's  gun  on  its 
carriage  and  tracks;  to. adjust  a  gun  for 
firing  on  a  level  range. 

quad-rat' -fc,  a.  ft*.  [Eng.  quadrant);  -40; 
Fr.  quadratique.] 

A.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Alg. :    Pertaining  to  or  involving   th« 
square   or   second    power  of  an    unknown 
quantity  :  as,  a  quadratic  equation :  that  is, 
an  equation  in  which  the  unknown  quantity 
is  of  two  dimensions  or  raised  to  the  second 
power;  or  in  which  the  highest  power  of  the 
unknown  quantity  is  a  square. 

2.  Crystall. :  Dimetric ;  applied  to  the  system 
that  includes  the  square  prism  and  related 
forms.    (Dana.) 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  A  quadratic  equation. 

2.  (PI):   That   branch  of  algebra    which 
deals  with  quadratic  equations. 

quad-rat -rix,  s.    [QUADRATE,  a.] 

Geom. :  A  curve  by  means  of  which  straight 
lines  can  be  found  equal  to  the  circumferences 
of  circles  or  other  curves  and  their  several 
parts.  The  two  most  important  curves  of  this 
class  are  those  of  Dinostratus  and  Tschirn- 
hausen. 

quad'-ra-ture,  «.  [Lat.  quadratura,  from 
quadraturus,  fut  par.  of  quadra  —  to  be  or 
make  square;  Fr.  quadrature;  Ital.  quadra- 
tura.] [QUADRATE,  r.] 

•  I.  Ord.  Lang.:  The  state  of  being  quad  rate 
or  square  ;  a  square  space. 

"All  things  parted  ay  th'  empyreal  bounds. 
His  quadrature  from  thy  orbicular  world." 

Milton:  P.L.,*.*\. 
H.  Technically: 

1.  Astron. :  The  position  of  one  heavenly 
body  with  respect  to  another  90*  distant,  as 
the  moon  when  midway  between  the  points  of 
opposition  and  conjunction. 

2.  Geom. :  The  act  of  squaring ;  the  reducing 
of  a  figure  to  a  square. 

"The  quadrature  of  the  circle  la  a  famous  problem, 
which  has  probably  been  the  subject  of  more  dis- 
cussion and  research  than  any  other  problem  within 
the  whole  range  of  mathematical  science.  The  area  of 
the  circle  being  equal  to  a  rectangle  descritx-d  upon 
the  radius  and  half  of  the  circuuiferem-e.  It  follows 
that  the  quadrature  would  be  possible  if  an  algebraic 
expression,  with  a  finite  number  of  Urins.  could  be 
found  for  the  length  of  the  circumference.  Ueuoe, 
the  problem  is  reduced  to  finding  such  an  expression. 
or  to  finding  an  exact  expression  in  algebraic  terms 
(or  the  ratio  of  the  diameter  to  the  circumference. 
No  such  expression  has  yet  been  found,  and  It  is  by  no 
means  probable  that  such  an  exprrnioii  will  ever  be 
found.  The  problem  may  safely  be  clasxed  »ith  the 
problems  for  the  geometrical  tri-section  of  an  angle, 
the  duplication  of  the  cube.  Ac.,  all  of  which  are  now 
regarded  as  beyond  the  power  of  exact  geometrical 
construction."— Datrie* t  reck:  italhemat.  i 

quad' -re L,  s.    [Low  Lat  quadrellv, 
quadrus  =  square  ;  quatuor  = 
four  ;  Ital.  qtiadrello ;  O.  Fr. 
quarrel,  carrel;  Fr.  oarreau.] 

1.  A  square  stone,  brick, 
or  tile. 

2.  A  kind  of  artificial  stone 
made  of  chalky  earth  dried 
in  the  sun.    So  called  from 
the  square  shape. 

3.  A  piece  of  turf  or  peat 
cut  in  a  square  form.    (Prov.) 

•quad  relle, s  [Fr.]  [QOAD- 

REL.) 

Old  Arm. :  A  mace  having 
a  cross-head  of  four  serrated       QI-IOK 
projections,  used  in  the  fif- 
teenth century,  and  carried  at  the  saddle-bow. 

quad  ren  m  aL  *  quad  rl  en'-nl-al,  a. 

(Lat.  quadrienniun,  from  quadrus  =  square, 
fourfold,  and  onnu*  =  a  year.] 

1.  Comprising  or  consisting  of  a  period  of 
four  years. 

2.  Happening  or  recurring  once  in  every 
four  years  :  as,  quadrennial  games. 


,  from  Lat 


boil.  b6y;  p6ut,  jowl;  oat,  fell,  chorus.  $hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this ;  gin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  t 
•elan,  -tian- suan.   -tion,  -siou  - gbun;  -(ion,  -sion - zliun.   -clous,  -tious,  -sioua -  shus.   -ble,  -die,  &&  =  Del,  aeL 


3838 


quadrennially— quadriphyllous 


qnad-ren'-nl-al-l&  adv.  [Eng.  quadren- 
nial ;  -ly.]  Once  in  every  four  years. 

quad  ri-,  quad-ro-,  pref.    [QUAD-.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  [QUAD-]. 

2.  Chem.  :  Prefixes  synonymous  with  tetra-, 
«L(r.,  SnClt  =  quadri-  or  tetrachloride  of  tin. 

quadri  digltato-plnnate,  a. 

Hot.  (Of  a  compound  leaf):  Having  the 
Mcomlary  petioles  proceeding  in  fours  from 
the  summit  of  a  common  petiole. 

quad  rl-ba*  -ic,  a.  [Pref.  quadri-,  and  Eng. 
basic.] 

Chan.  :  Having  four  parts  of  base  to  one  of 
Mid. 

•  quad'-ri-ble,  o  [Lat.  quadrus  =  square, 
fourfold,  and  EnB'.  able.]  Capable  of  being 
squared.  (Derham.) 

onad'-ric,  «.  [Lat  quadna  =  square,  four- 
fold.] 

Alg.  :  A  homogeneous  expression  of  the  se- 
cond degree  in  the  variables  or  facients.  Ter- 
nary and  quaternary  quadrirs,  equated  to  zero, 
represent  respectively  curves  and  surfaces, 
•whitth  have  the  property  of  cutting  every 
line  in  the  plane,  or  in  space,  in  two  points, 
•ml  to  which  the 
name  quad  He  is 
also  applied.  Plane 
quadrics,  therefore, 
are  identic  >  with 
conic  sections. 
{Brandt  A  Cox.) 

f  quad-rl-cap  - 
Bu-lar,  a.  [Pref. 
quadri-,  and  Eng. 
oy»?iJar(q.v.).] 

Dot.  :     Having 
four  capsules. 


QUADRICAPStTLAB, 

va  -  ler  -  ic,    o. 

|Pref.  quadri- ;  chloro-,  and  Eng.  valeric.]  De- 
rived from  or  containing  chlorine  and  valeric 
acid. 

qnadrichlorovaleric-acid,  s. 

Chem. :  CsH^C^Oj.  Tetrachlorovaleric  acid  ; 
a  semi-fluid  colourless  oil,  obtained  by  the 
prolonged  action  of  chlorine  on  valeric  acid, 
aided  by  exposure  to  the  sun.  It  is  destitute 
of  odour,  has  a  pungent  taste,  and  is  heavier 
than  water.  In  contact  with  water  it  forms  a 
hydrate,  CgHgC^Qe.HjO,  slightly  soluble  in 
water,  but  very  soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether. 

quad  -rl-corn,  ».  (Lat.  quadrus  =  square, 
fourfold,  ami  cornu  =  a  horn.)  A  name  given 
to  any  animal  having  four  horns  or  antennae. 

quad -ri- corn  -oils,  <?.  [QUADRICORN.] 
Having  four  horns  or  antennae. 

quad -ri-cos  tate,  a.     [Pref.   qvadri-,   and 

Eng.  cristate.}    Having  four  ribs. 

quad  ri  de9'-im  al,  a.  [Pref.  quadri-,  and 
Eng.  decimal  (q.v.).] 

Crystal!. :  Applied  to  a  crystal  whose  prism, 
or  the  middle  part,  has  four  faces,  and  two 
summits,  containing  together  ten  faces. 

quad  ri-den  -tate,  a.  [Pref.  quadri-,  and 
Bug.  dentate  (q.v.).] 

Bot. :  Having  four  teeth  on  the  edge. 
*  quad-rl-Sn'-nl  aL,  a.    [QUADRENNIAL.] 

qnad-ri-en'-ni  um,  s.  [Lat.]  [QUADREN- 
NIAL.] A  space  of  fou*  years. 

quadrienniurr  atile,  «. 

Scots  Law:  The  four  years  allowed  after 
majority,  within  which  an  action  of  reduction 
of  any  deed,  done  to  the  prejudice  of  a  minor, 
may  be  instituted. 

quad-ri-far'-I-ous,  a.     [Lat.  quadrifarivt, 
from  quadrui  =  square,  fourfold.] 
Bot. :  Arranged  in  four  rows  or  ranks. 


jnad'-ri-fld,  o. 

•  1.  Ord.  Lang.  o*  Zool.  •  jivided  or  deeply 
cleft  into  four  parts. 
2.  Botany: 

(1)  (Of  a  perianth,  :  Divided  from  the  upper 
margin  to  the  base  into  four  slefts 

(2)  (Of  a  leaf):  Divided  about  hair  way  down 
Into  foi>r  segments  with  linear  sinuses  and 
•traigr  ,  margins. 


quad-rlf-I-dse,  i. pi.  [Lat.  quadrifidus,  from 
quadrus  =  square,  fourluld,  and  Jindo  (pa.  t. 
<Wi)  =  to  cleave.] 

Entom. :  A  section  of  Noctuina.  Wings 
generally  broad,  sometimes  very  large,  hinder 
ones  but  little  folded,  median  wing  of  the 
latter  generally  with  four  branches.  European 
species  few.  Sections  :  Variegatse,  Intru.sit, 
Limbatae,  and  Serj>entiuae.  (Stainton.) 

quad -ri-foil,  a.    [QUADKIFOLIATE,] 

quad  -  rl  -  fo  -  li  -  ate,  quad' -ri-foil,  a. 
[Pref.  quadri-,  and  Eng.  foliate  (q.v.).] 

Bot.  (Of  a  petiole) :  Bearing  four  leaflets  from 
the  same  point 

quad-ri-fur -cate,  quad-ri-fur -cat- 
ed,  o.  [Pref.  quadri-,  and  Eng.  furcate,  fur- 
cated (q.v.).} 
Having  four 
f o  r k  s  or 
branches. 

quad-ri'-ga 
U>1.  quad- 
ri'-gee),  s. 
[Lat.,  con- 
tracted from 
quadrijugce, 
from  quatuor 
=  four,  and 
jugum  =  a 
yoke.] 
Rom,  An- 

"?•  •'   A  tWO-  QUADRIGA, 

wheeled  car 

or  chariot  drawn  by  four  horses,  harnessed  all 
abreast.  It  was  used  in  the  Circensian  games 
of  the  Romans. 

quad-ri-gem'-in-ous,  a.  [Lat  quadri- 
geminus,  from  q^Ladrus  =  fourfold,  and  gcmi- 
niis  =  born  with  another,  twin.] 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Having  four  similar  parts  ; 
fourfold. 

2.  Anat. :  Of,  or  belonging  to  four  rounded 
eminences  (corpora  or  tvbercula  quadrigemina) 
separated  by  a  crucial  depression,  and  placed 
in  twos  above  the  passage  leading  from  the 
third  to  the  fourth  ventricle  of  the  cerebrum. 

*  quad  ri-ge-nar  -I-OU8,  a.     [Lat.  quadri- 
geni,  for  quadringeni  =  four  "hundred  each.] 
Consisting  of  four  hundred. 

quad  ri  glan-du-lar,  a.  [Pref.  quadri-, 
and  Eng.  glandular  "(q.v.).]  Having  four 
glands. 

quad  ri  hi  -late,  a.  [Pref.  quadri-,  and  Lat 
hilum  (q.v.).]  ' 

Bot. :  Having  four  aperture*.  Example, 
the  pollen  of  some  plants. 

quad  ri J  -u-gate,  quad  rij  -u-goiia,  a. 

[Lat.  quadrijugis,  guudrijugus  =  yoied  four 
together.]  [QUADRIGA.] 

Bot.  (Of  the  petiole  of  a  pinnated  leaf) :  Bear- 
ing four  pairs  of  leaflets. 

quad-rl-lam'-in-ar,  a.  [Pref.  quadri-,  and 
Eng.  laminar  (q.v.).]  Consisting  of  four 
laminae, 

quad-ri-lat'-er-al,  o.  &  *.  [Lat.  quadrilat- 
ena  =  four-sided  ;  quadna  =.  square,  four- 
fold and  latus,  genit.  lateris  =  a  side.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Having  four  sides,  and  conse- 
quently four  angles. 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  Gfom. :  A  figure  having  four  sides  and 
four  angles  ;  a  quadrangular  figure.  Parallelo- 
grams, squares,  and  trapeziums  are  quadri- 
laterals. 

2.  Mil.  :  A  space  within  and  defended  by 
four  fortresses,  as  the  quadrilateral  in  Venetia, 
formed    by  Peschiera   and    Mantua   on   the 
Mincio,  and  by'  Verona  and  Legnago  on  the 
Adige. 

quad-li  lat  eral  ness,  s.  [Eng.  quadri- 
lateral; -ness.  ]  Tli'e  property,  quality,  or  state 
of  being  quadrilateral. 

*  quad  ri  lit   er  aL,  a.     [Pref.  quadri-,  and 
Eny.  literal  (q.v.).]  *  Consisting  of  four  letters. 

qua  drille  (qu  as  k).  «.  [Fr.,  from  8p. 
ntadrillo  =  a  small  square,  euadrilla  =  a  meet- 
ing of  four  or  more  ]«rsons,  from  cuaai.ro.  =.  a 
square  ;  from  Lat.  quadra,  fern,  of  quadrus  = 
square,  fourfold  :  quadrula  =  a  little  square.] 


1.  A  dance   consisting   of  five  figures  or 
movements,  executed  by  four  sets  of  couples, 
each  forming  the  side  of  a  square. 

"The  madrillt  wu  ended,  mud  the  uiniic  (topped 
pl»ymg  '  —Marryat:  Snurleyyuw,  cU.  Iz. 

2.  The  music  composed  for  such  a  dance. 

3.  A  game  of  cards  played  by  four  persons 
with  forty  cards,  the  tens,  nines,  and  eights 
being  thrown  out  from  an  ordinary  pack. 

"  O  filthy  check  ou  all  industrious  skill 
To  (poll  the  nation's  but  great  trade—  quadrilltt 
fopt  :  Moral  Axayt,  111.  T*. 

*  qua  drille'  (qn  as  »-),  v.i.    [QCADRILLK,  «.] 

1.  To  dance  a  qu  .urille  or  quadrilles. 

2.  To  play  at  quadrille. 

quad-ril  li  on,  «.    [Fr.] 

1.  According  to  American  and  French  nota- 
tion, a  unit  followed  by  fifteen  ciphers. 

2.  According  to  English  notation,  the  num- 
ber produced  by  raising  a  million  to  its  fourth 
power,  or  a  number  represented  by  a  unit 
followed  by  twenty-four  ciphers. 

quad-ri-lo  -bate,      quad  ri  lobed,    « 

[Pref.  quadri-,  and  Eng.  luUite,  lobed  (q.v.).] 
Bot.  :  Having  four  lobes. 

quad  ri  loc'-u  lar,  o.  [Fret  quadri-,  and 
Eng.  Zocutor(q."v.).] 

Bot.  :  Having  four  cells  or  compartments  ; 
four-celled.    (Used  of  an  ovary  or  fruit.) 

*  quad-ri-loge,  ».     [Low  Lat.  quadrilogut, 
from   Lat.  guodn/s=fouifold,  and  Gr.  Aoytx 
(logos)  =  a  discourse.] 

1.  A  book  written  in  four  parts. 

2.  A  narrative  depending  on  the  testimony 
of  four  witnesses,  as  the  four  Gospels. 

3.  A  work  compiled  from  or  by  four  authors. 
(Lambarde  :  Perambulations,  p.  515.) 

*  quad  rim  -a-ni,  s.  pi.    [QUADRUMANA.] 

Entom.  :  Latreille's  name  for  the  Harpalida 

*  qu  ad  rim'-a-nous,  a.    [Qu  ADR  UM  ANOUS.) 

*  quad-ri-mem  -bral,  o.     [Pref.   quadri., 
and   memtrrum  —  a  member.]     Having    four 
members  or  parts. 

•quad  rin,  'quad-line,  quat  rine,  *. 
[O  Fr.,  from  Lat.  quadrini—  four  each.]  A 
small  piece  of  money  ;  a  farthing,  a  mite. 

'On*  of  her  paramours  tent   her  a  pune  full  of 
~ 


quad-ri-no  -mi-al,  a.  &  «.     [Pref.  quadri', 
and  Eng.  nomial  (q.v.).] 

A.  As  adj.  .    Consisting  of  four  terms  or 
denominations. 

B.  As  subst.  :  A  quantity,  consisting  of  four 
terms  or  denominations. 

*quad-ri  nom-ic-al,  a.     [Lat.  quadrut  a 
fourfold  and  nomen  =  a  name,  a  term.] 
Alg.  :  The  same  as  QUADRINOMIAL^.V.). 

quad  -xi-nom'-in-al,  o.    [Pref.  quadri-,  and 
Eng.  nominal  (q.v.).] 
Alg.  :  The  same  as  QUADRINOM:AL  (q.v.). 

quad  ri  part  -ite,  a.    [Lat  quadripartlt\u: 
quatuor  —  lour,  and  partitus  =•  divided.] 
I.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Divided  into  four  parts. 

"The  ifuadripartitr  society  of  Saint  Oeorn's  ihleld." 
—Drat/ton  :  Poly-Olbion,  s.  4.    Illlust) 
IL  Technically: 

1.  Arrh.  :  Divided,  as  a  vault,  by  the  arch- 
ing into  four  parts. 

2.  Bot.  :  Four  partite  ;  dividedalmorttolhO 
base  into  four  portions.    (Used  of  a  leaf,  &c.) 


,  adv.  [Eng.  quadri- 
partite; -ly.]  In  or  by  a  quadripartite  distri- 
bution ;  in  four  parts  or  divisions. 

*  quad  ri  par  tition,  *.  [Lat.  qvadripar- 
titio.]  [QUADRIPARTITE.]  Division  or  distri- 
bution by  four,  or  into  four  parts. 

"  The  yvadripartition  of  the  Greek  Em  pi  re  into  four 
parta."-*or«  .  JVyttcry  a/lniyuitf.  bk.  U..  eh.  xiL.  I  L 

t  quad-ri-pen'-n^te,  o.  A  «.  [Pref.  qvadri-, 
and  Eng.  pennat'  ,4.v.).] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Having  four  wings. 

B.  As  subst.  :  An  insect  having  four  wings 
—  the  typical  number. 

•quad-rl-phyT-loiis,  o.     [Pref. 
and  Gr.  <^vAAov  (phullon)  =  a  leaf.] 
Bot.  :  Having  four  leaves. 


lat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  «ire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
«r.  wore,  wolt  work,  whd,  sin;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  fall:  try,  Syrian.    IB,  o*  =  e ;  ey  =  a;  qa  =  kw. 


quaaripiicated— quagga 


8839 


quad  rip'  ll-cat  ed,  quad  rip  -li  cate, 

a.     [Pref.  quadri-,  and  Eng.  plicuted;  plicate.] 
iiaviug  four  folds  or  plaits. 

•  quad'-ii-rime,  *.    [Lat.  quadriremis,  from 
quatuor  =  four,    and    remits  =  an    oar;    Fr. 
guadrireme.] 

Class.  Antiq. :  A  galley  baring  four  benches 
or  ranks  of  oars  or  rowers,  in  use  amongst  the 
Greeks  and  Romans. 

quad-rl-sac  ra-ment'-al-Ist,  ».  [Pref. 
quadri-,  and  Eng.  sacramentalist.}  [QUADIU- 

SACRAMENTARIAU.] 

quad  ri  sac  r a  men  tar  i  an,    quad 
ri-sac-ra-ment'-al-ist,  $.  I  Pref.  quadri-, 
and  Eng.  sucramentafian,  sacranientalist.] 

Church  Hist.  (PI):  A  controversial  term  ap- 
plied to  some  German  Reformers  in  Wittenberg 
and  its  neighbourhood,  who  held  that  the  Sacra- 
ments  of  Baptism,  the  Eucharist,  Confession, 
and  Orders  were  generally  necessary  to  salva- 
tion. They  are  men'  ,m<-d  by  Melaucthon  in 
his  Loci  Communes. 

qnad-ri-sec'-tion,  »•  [pref-  quadri.,  and 
Eng.  section  (q.v.).J  Subdivision  into  four 
parts  or  sections. 

*qnad-ri-8ul-ca'-ta,  s.  pi.  [Pref.  quadri-, 
and  Lat.  sulcutus,  pa.  par.  of  sulco  =  to  furrow, 
to  plough.] 

Zool. :  A  group  of  ungulate  animals,  with 
the  hoof  parted  into  four  digits. 

•  quad-ri-siir-cate,  a.  &  «.     [QUADRISUL- 

CATA.J 

A.  As  adj. :  Having  four  grooves  or  fur- 
rows ;  specif.,  having  a  four-parted  hoof. 

B.  As  substantive : 

Zool. :  Any  individual  belonging  to  the 
Quadrisulcata  (q.v.). 

•  quad-rl-syl-  lab'-ic,  a.  [Pref.  quadri-,  and 
Eng.  syllabic  (q.v.).]     Consisting  of  four  syl- 
lables ;  pertaining  to  or  consisting  of  quadri- 
syllables. 

•quad-rl-syr-la-ble,  «.  [Pref.  quadri-,  and 
Eng.  syllable  (q  v.).J  A  word  consisting  of  four 
syllables. 

"Disguired  theii  faiptiuess  under  thii  pompom 
yiuKiru!/llat>le."—l>t  Quince? :  Rinnan  Meal*. 

quad  riv'-a-lent,  a.  [Pref.  quadri-,  and 
Lat.  valens,  pr.  par.  of  valeo  =  to  be  worth.] 

Chem. :  Equivalent  to  four  units  of  any 
standard,  especially  to  four  atoms  of  hydrogen. 
[TETRAD.] 

tjuad'-rl- valve,  a.  &  «.  [Pref.  quadri-,  and 
Eng.  valve  (q.v.).'] 

A.  As  adjective : 

"  Bot. :  Opening  by  four  valves.  (Used  of  a 
pericarp,  «c.) 

B.  At.  subst. :  One  of  a  set  of  four  folds  or 
leaves  forming  a  door. 

•quad-ri-val'-vn-lar,  a.  [Pref.  quadri-, 
*nd  Eng.  vaZvu2ar(q.  v.).]  The  same  as  QUADRI- 
VALVE  (q.v.). 

•quad-rlV-I-al,  o.  ft  *.    [QUADRIVITJM.] 

A.  As  adj. :   Having  four  ways  or  roads 
meeting  in  a  point. 

"  A  forum  with  quadrimal  street*." 

Ben  Jonton  :  Epigram. 

B.  As  subst.  :  One  of  the  arts  constituting 
the  quadrivium  (q.  v.). 

"The  quadririalt  are  now  imallle  regarded  In  either 
of  them  [the  •niv«niUe*L''— A>ita*kwt:  Detcriution 
If  England,  bk.  it.  cb.  ill. 

•quad-riv'-I-otta.a.  (QUADRIVIAL.)  Going 
ui  four  ways  or  directions. 


quad-rlV-I-ilm,  ».  [Lat.  =  (1)  a  place  where 
four  roads  meet ;  (2)  the  four  mathematical 
sciences— arithmetic,  music,  geometry,  and 
astronomy,  from  quatuor  =  four,  and  via  =  a 
way.]  In  the  middle  ages  an  educational 
course  consisting  of  the  four  mathematical 
sciences  mentioned  above. 

*  quad-roV-u-lar-y,  o.  [First  element 
Lat.  quadrut  =.  "square ;  jocund  doubtful.] 
Four-sided ;  containing  four. 

"Then  is  a  quadrolularv  saying,  which  paste* 
cnrrent  in  the  \V  esteme  worfd.  That  the  Eniperour  i> 
Kiug  of  Kiug»,  the  Si»niard  King  of  Men.  tlie  French 
King  of  Anea.  the  King  of  England  King  of  Devills." 
—A.  Want :  Simple  CoiWcr  (ed.  1647).  p.  48. 


quad-roon',  quar  ter-on,  s.  &  a.     [Sp. 

cuarteron,  from  Lat.  quartus  =  fourth.] 

A.  As  subst. :  A  person  who  is  one  quarter 
negro  and  three-quarters  white  ;  that  is,  one 
of  whose  grandparents   was  white  and    the 
other  negro ;   and  one  of  whose  immediate 
parents  was  white  and  the  other  mulatto. 

"  Hated  by  Creoles  aiid  Indians.  Mestizo*  and  Quad- 
roon!."—Macaulay  :  Bitt.  Ena.,  ch.  xxiii. 

B.  As  adj. :  Pertaining  to  a  parson  of  such 
descent;  quarter-blooded. 

"  A  marriage  between  a  white  planter  and  a  quad- 
roan  girl."— Macaulan :  lliit.  Eny.,  ch.  1. 

quad  rox'-ide,  «.     [QUANDHANTOUDE.] 

*  quad    ru   man,     quad    ru   mane,    t. 
[QUADRUMANA.]    Any  individual  of  the  Quad- 
rumana  (q.v.). 

t  quad-ru  -ma  na,  *.   pi.     [Lat.    quadri- 
manus  =  having  four  hands.] 

1.  Zool. :  An  order  of  Mammalia,  founded  by 
Cuvier,  and  containing  the  Monkeys,  Apes, 
Baboons,  and  Lemurs  (the   Liniuean  genera 
Simia   and  Lemur).      Owen  divided  it  into 
three    groups,     Catarhina,     Platyrhina,    and 
Strepsirhina.      [PRIMATES.]     (Cf.   Alivart,  in 
Phil.  Trant.,  1867,  pp.  29^-429.) 

"  If  we  accept,  witli  Prof.  Owen  [Amu.  Vert.,  ii.  SiSj. 
as  the  definition  of  the  word  'foot.'  'an  extremity  in 
which  the  hallux  forms  the  fulcrum  in  standing  or 
walking,  then  man  alone  has  a  pair  of  feet.  But, 
anatomically,  the  foot  of  apes  agrees  far  more  with  the 
foot  of  man  than  with  his  hand,  and  similarly  the 
ape's  hand  resemble*  mail's  baud,  and  differs  from  his 
foot.  Even  estimated  physiologically,  or  according  to 
use,  the  hand  throughout  the  whole  order  [Primates] 
remains  the  prehensile  organ  oar  excellence,  while  the 
predominant  function  of  the  foot,  however  prehensile 
it  be.  is  constantly  locomotive.  Therefore  the  term 
Quadrumana  is  apt  to  be  misleading,  since  anatomi- 
cally both  apes  and  man  have  two  hands  and  a  pair  of 
feet."— St.  e.  Mivart:  Man  i  Apet,  p.  88. 

2.  Palasont. :  The  earliest  known  remains 
are  those  of  Lemuravus  (q.v.)  from  the  Eocene 
of  New  Mexico.    The  other  genera  which  pre- 
sent any  points  of  interest  are  treated  sepa- 
rately.   [DRTOPITHECUS,  PLIOPITHECUS,  PRO- 

TOPITHECU8.] 

quad-ru -ma -nous,    'quad-rim  a  - 

nous,  a,  [Mod.  Lat.  quadruman(a) ;  Eng. 
adj.  suff.  -ous.]  Having  four  hands ;  pertain- 
ing to  the  Quadrumana. 

" Professor  Huxley  maintains  that  the  term  Qvad- 
rumanuut  may  lead  to  erroneous  conclusions  if  it  be 
held  to  mean  that  the  hind  hand  of  a  monkey  is  ana- 
tomically homologous  with  the  hand  rather  than 
with  the  foot  of  man."— Lyetl :  Antiq.  Man,  p.  326. 

quad -rune,  «.   [Etym.  doubtful]  A  gritstone 
with  a  calcareous  cement. 

quad  ru  ped,  o.  &  «.     [Fr.   quadru^dt; 
Ital.  qwidrupedo.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Having   four  legs  and  feet ; 
four-footed. 

B.  As  subst. :  In  popular  language,  chiefly 
applied  to  the  four-footed  Mammalia,  rarely, 
if  ever,  to  the  four-footed  Reptilia. 

"The  ancestors  of  the  gigantic  <fuudrupfdt.'—Mac- 
autayv  HM  Eng.,  ch.  iiL 

*  quad-ru -pedal,  a.  &*.    [Eng.  quadruped ; 
•at] 

A.  At  adj. :  Quadruped  ;  having  four  legs 
and  feet ;  pertaining  to  a  quadruped. 

"Prom  that  groveling,  quadrupedal  shape."— Fow- 
rU  :  Parly  of  Br/uri,  p.  6. 

B.  As  subst. :  A  quadruped. 

"  The  coldest  of  any  <iuadrupeJaU."—lfoweil:  Parly 
tf  BeatU,  p.  U. 

*  quad'-ru-pe-dat-«5d,  o.  [Eng.  quadruped; 
•ated.]    Turned  into  quadrupeds  or  beasts. 


*  quad  -rup£d  Ism,  «.  [Eng.  quadruped ; 
-ism.]  The  state  or  condition  of  a  quadruped. 

" '  (fuad-rupeditm  it  not  considered  an  obstacle  to 
a  certain  kind  of  canonization."— £outAe*.-  The  Doctor, 
ch.  cxcix. 

qnad'-ru-ple,  o.  &  t.  [Fr.  quadruple,  from 
Lat.  quadruplus  =  fourfold,  from  quatuor  = 
four,  and  plico  =  to  fold.] 

A,  At  adj. :  Fourfold  ;  four  times  told. 

B.  As  tubst.  :  Fourfold  ;  a  sum,  quantity, 
or  number  four  times  as  much  or  as  many. 

Quadruple-Alliance,  s. 

Hist. :  An  alliance  between  England,  France, 
Germany,  and  Holland  in  1718-19,  and  between 
England,  France,  Spain,  and  Portugal  in  1834. 

quadruple  counterpoint,  t. 
Music:  The  construction  of  four  melodies 
or  parts  to  be  performed  together,  in  such  a 


manner  that  they  can  be  interchanged  with- 
out involving  the  infringement  of  the  laws  of 
musical  grammar. 

qaad'-ru-ple,  v.i.  &  t.  [Fr.  quadrupler,  from 
Lat.  quadruple  =  to  multiply  by  four,  from 
quadruples—  quadruple  (q.v.).J 

A.  Intrant. :  To  become  fourfold  as  much 
or  as  many ;  to  increase  fourfold. 

"It  has  probably,  on  the  average,  quadrupled."— 
Miiraulny  :  Bat.  JS,,g.,  ch.  iiL 

B.  Trans. :  To  make  four  times  as  much  or 
as  many ;  to  multiply  fourfold. 

"A  method  by  which  the  fatty  constituent*  sn» 
peuded  in  milk  may  be  quadrupled.' '-Daily  Tel*. 
graph,  March  20,  188& 

quad  ru  plex,  a.  [Lat.]  Fourfold,  quad- 
ruple. 

quadruples  -  telegraphy,  *.  Tele- 
graphy in  which  four  messages  are  sent  simul- 
taneously along  one  wire.  This  was  first 
successfully  ef  cted  on  a  wire  between  Lon- 
don and  Livei^ool  in  1877. 

quad-ru  -pli-cate,  a.  &  s.  [Lat.  quadruple 
catus,  pa.  par.  of  quadruplico  =  to  make  quad- 
ruple (q.v.).] 

A.  As  adj. :  Fourfold  ;  four  times  repeated. 

B.  As  subst. :  The  fourth  power. 

quad-ru  -pli-cate,  v.t.  [QUADRUPLICATE,  a.] 
To  make  fourfold,  to  double  twice. 

quad-ru-pll-ca'-tion,  *•  [Lat  quadruple 
catio,  from  quadruplioatus,  pa.  par.  of  quadru- 
plico =  to  quadruplicate  (q.v.).]  The  act  or 
process  of  quadruplicating ;  the  state  of  being 
quadruplicated. 

*  quad-ru-pll$'-I-tf ,  ».  [As  if  from  a  Lat 
quadruplicitas.}  The  state  or  condition  of 
being  fourfold. 

"  'Mongst  the  quadrupled')/ 
Of  elemental  essence,  terra  is  but  thought 


To  be  a  punctum." 


Qretnt :  friar  Bacon. 


*  quad'-ru-ply,  adv.  [Eng.  quadrup(le) ;  -ly.] 
In  a  quadruple,  or  fourfold  manner  or  degree; 
to  a  fourfold  quantity  or  degree. 

"  The  innocent  person  is  quadruply  recompensed 
for  the  loss  of  time."— Swift:  Oulliver'i  Travel!  (LUH- 
put),  ch.  Tl. 

quwr'-e',  t.  [Lat,  imper.  sing,  of  qua?ro=zto 
seek,  to  inquire.]  Seek,  inquire,  question. 
When  placed  before  or  after  a  proposition  or 
word,  quaere  implies  a  doubt  of  its  correctness 
or  truth,  and  suggests  the  desirability  of  in- 
quiring into  the  point  It  is  frequently  ab- 
breviated into  Qu.  [QUERY.] 

"Quaere,  if  'tis  steeped  in  the  same  liquor.  It  may 
not  prevent  the  fly  and  grub,"— Mortimer :  Uutbandrf. 

*  quees  -ta,  «.     [Lat.,  from  qutestut  =  gain, 
profit,  advantage.]    An  indulgence  or  remis- 
sion of  penimce  granted  by  the  pope,  and 
exposed  for  sale. 

quws  -tor,  t.    [QUESTOR.] 
qusM'-tua,  *.    [QuESTi-s.] 

quaff,  *  quaught,  *  quaffe,  v.t.  At.  [For 
quacti,  from  quack,  qunich,  quech,  qne/=&  cup 
(Scotch),  from  Ir.  &  Gael,  cuadi  —  t  cup,  a 
bowl,  a  milking- pail.  Cf.  Wei.  ewch  =  a  round 
cavity,  a  crown  of  a  hat,  a  hive.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  drink ;  to  swallow  in  larga 
draughts  ;  to  drink  abundantly  or  copiously. 

"  Then,  quick  1  the  cup  \aquaff  that  chases  sorrow." 
Browning  :  Paraceltut,  IT. 

B.  Intrant.  :  To  drink  copiously  or  luxuri- 
ously.   (Dryden :  tiomer;  Iliad  L) 

*  qnaff-tide,  *  quaf-tide,  *.  Time  for 
drinking.  (Stanyhurst:  Virgil;  jEneidlv.  34.) 

*  quaff;  «.    [QcAFT,  ».]    A  draught 

"  Now,  Alvina  begins  her  qut\ff* 
Greene  :  Lovlting-alall/or  London,  p.  ML 

quaff'-er,  *.  [Eng.  quaff;  -er.J  One  who 
quaffs  or  drinks  largely. 

*  quaf-fer,  v.i.    [Prob.  for  quaver  (q.  v.).  ]    To 
shake,  to  grope  or  feel  about 

••  Long  broad  bill*  to  qunffer  and  hunt  In  waters  and 
mud*'  -  Derkam :  Pkftieo-nealoff,  bk.  Iv ,  cb,  «L 
(Not*) 

quag,  «.  [An  abbrer.  of  qitagmi re  (q.  T  ).]  A 
quagmire,  a  bog. 

"  Striding  along  between  the  whin  bushes  or  through 
the  quagt.  —Alkrnctum,  Sept.  S,  1881 

qnag'-ga,  *.    [See  extract,  under  del  2.) 
Zoology: 
1.  Equus  (Asinut,  Gray)  quagga,  «.  striped 


feoil,  b^y ;  pout,  jo-^1 ;  cat,  fell,  chorus,  chin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  tUln,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.    -Ing. 
-clan,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -don  =  •hun ;  -(ion,  -fion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tlous,  -sioua  =  shua.    -ble,  -die,  Ac.  =  b«l,  del. 


3840 


quaggy— quakery 


equine  form,  from  South  Africa,  now  nearly, 
if  not  entirely,  extinct.  Buckley  (Proc.  Zool. 
Soc.,  1876,  p. 
291)  notes 
that,  though 
even  then 
"apparently 
nnk  nown," 
in  1836  "it 
was  very 
numerous  in 
the  plains 
north  [a  mis- 
print for 
south] of the 
Vaal  river." 

H,eif?l;<;   »*  QUAOOA. 

•  boa  Idem 

•bout  four  feet ;  striped  only  on  head,  neck, 
and  slioulilers  ;  prevailing  colour  brown,  ab- 
domen, legs,  and  part  of  tail  whitish-gray. 
2.  Equus  burchellii.    [ZEBRA.] 

"  This  ( Equiu  burchellii]li  the  <tuagga.  par  excellent* 
of  South  Africau  sportsmen.  .  .  .  Their  note  U  a  sort 
of  bark,  like  the  Dutch  pronunciation  of  the  »ord 
Ouayya,  whence,  most  probably,  "jiuie  the  name."— 
Proc.  Zool.  Soc..  1876.  p.  282. 

quag'-gjf,  o.  (Eng.  quag ;  -y.]  Boggy  ;  soft 
or  yielding  like  a  quagmire. 

"  Which  live*  for  all,  who  flounder  boldly  on 
Through  quawv  boirs." 
Blackie  :  Laiit  of  Biyhtandt  i  Illandt.  p.  191. 

quag  mire,  s.  [For  quake-mire,  from  quake 
and  mire.)  [QrAVE,  QUAVEMIRE.] 

1.  A  shaking  bog  or  marsh ;  wet,   boggy 
Und  that  shakes  and  yields  under  the  foot. 

"  Only  a  narrow  track  of  firm  ground  rose  above  the 
tHafmlre."—l/acaul»y :  nisi.  Eng.,  ch.  lii. 

2.  A  place  wet,  miry,  and  soft  as  a  bog. 

"  The  roads  had  become  mere  quaffmiret."—ilavau- 
lay :  HM.  Eng..  ch.  v. 

qua  haug  (an  as  S),  qua-hog',  s.    [From 

Narraganset  Indian  poqnauhock.] 

Zool.  :  Venus  mercenaria,  a  bivalve  having 
its  inside  tipped  with  purple.  (New  England.) 
(Goodrich  <t  Porter.) 

quaich,  qnaigh  (ch,  gh  guttnral),  quegh,  5. 
[Irish  &  GaeL  cuach.]  [QUAFF,  •».]  A  drink- 
ing-cup  or  vessel.  (Scotch.) 

quaid,  a.    [Qr ED.] 

•quaid,  *quayd,  pa.  par.  or  «•  [See  def.] 
Crushed,  cowed,  depressed,  dejected.  (Proba- 
bly for  quailed  oiquaved,  from  Mid.  Eng.  quave 
=  to  shake.) 

"Therewith  hU  iturdie  courage  loon  was  quayd." 
fipenter:  f.  «.,  L  viii.  14. 

qnall  (1),  *  quaile  (1),  *  quayle,  *  queal, 

*  quel-en  (pa.  t.   *  qual,  quailed),  v.i.  &  t. 
[A.S.  cweian  —  to  die,  in  comp.  dcwelan  =  \.o 
die  utterly ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  queltn  =  to  pine 
away  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  quelan  •=.  to  suffer  torment ; 
A.S.  cwalu  =  destruction  ;  Icel.  kvol;  Dut.  & 
8\v.  qval ;  Ger.  qual  =  torment,  agony.] 

A.  Intransitive : 
•1.  To  die,  to  perish. 

"lien  queladh  on  hungre."    0.  Eng.  Homlliet,  L  111. 
•2.  To  faint,  to  sink. 
"My  false  spirits  quail."  Shaketp.  :  Cymbeline,  T.  S. 

3.  To  have  the  spirits  or  courage  give  away, 
«s  before  hunger  or  difficulties ;  to  shrink,  to 
cower,  to  lose  heart. 

"  Paule  was  afrayed  of  their  quayling.  whom  he  had 
Instruct*.!  hy  his  own  Uachinge.'  —  L'dal :  Preface  to 
the  Pint  of  Tim;thie. 

•4.  To  fade,  to  wither,  to  die  out. 

"  So  virtue  quailed  and  vice  began  to  grow." 

Tancred  t  Gitmunda  (15«l). 

*5.  To  slacken. 

"  Let  not  search  and  Inquisition  quai>." 

Shaketp. :  At  You  Like  It.  11. 1 
•B.  Transitive: 
1.  To  cause  to  shrink  ;  to  crush,  to  depress. 

"That  ne'er  quailt  me  at  which  your  greatest  quake." 
Drayton  :  Baront  Wart,  Tl.  88. 

S.  To  overcome,  to  quell. 

"With  for«  of  might,  and  vertue  great,  hi*  stormy 
blast*  to  quail. 

Surr«» :  The  Complaint  of  a  Louer. 

quail  (2),  *  quaile  (2),  «  quayl-yn,  v.i. 
[O.  FT.  coailleriFr.  cailter),  from  Lat  coagulo 
=  to  coagulate  (q.v.).]  To  curdle,  to  coagu- 
late, as  milk.  (Prof.) 

"  I  quayle  as  mylke  doth.  Jt  quaille  bolte."—Palt- 
fNMk 

qnall,  *  quaile,    •  quallle,  *  quayle,  ». 

[O.  Fr.  qunille  (Fr.  caille),  from  Low  Lat. 
qvaquila  =  ft  quail,  from  O.  Dut.  quackel  —  a 
quacker,  a  quail,  from  quacken  =  to  croak,  to 
quar.k  ;  Ital.  quaglia  =  a  quail.] 


1.  Ord.  Lang.  <t  Ornith. :  The  genus  Coturnix, 
espec.  Coturnix communis,  ordactyliionans,  the 
latter  name  having  reference  to  the  peculiar 
dactylic  (tall  of  the  male,  which  has  given  r'se 
to  the  provincial  name  of  Wet-my-lips,  Wet- 
my-feet,  from  a  supposed  similarity  of  sound. 
It.  is  widely  distributed  over  the  eastern  hemi- 
sphere, visiting  Europe  in  early  summer  and 
returning  southwards  in  the  autumn,  when 
immense  numbers  are  caught  and  fattened  for 
the  market,  as  their  flesh  is  much  esteemed. 
They  nest  on  the  ground,  laying  from  nine  to 
fifteen  pyriform  yellowish-white  eggs,  blotched 
with  ilark  brown.  The  males  are  polygamous 
and  extremely  pugnacious.  The  quails  of  the 
I'uited  States  belong  to  a  different  family, 
O  loutoplioridsB,  and  differ  from  the  Old  World 
tin  ma  in  8  >me  of  their  habits.  There  are 
about  50  or  6O  species.  The  l*8t  known  of  the 
American  quails  is  Ortyx  rin/iiiiuiiti*.  the  Vir- 
ginian Quail,  usually  known  as  the  Partridge, 
or  Bob  White,  from  its  peculiar  whistling  note. 
It  is  a  favorite  game  bird.  Lophorlyz  ralifornica, 
the  California  Quail,  id  also  esteemed  as  a  game 
bird.  The  genus  Excalfactoria  contains  the 
Dwarf  Quails,  and  the  family  Turnicidse  the 
Bush  QuaiU. 

*  2.  Fig. :  A  courtesan,  a  prostitute. 

"An  honest  fellow  enough,  and  one  that  lore* 
quailt." — Shaketp. :  Troilut  A  Crettida.  T.  1. 

3.  Script. :  V5ip  (xlav),  vVip  (selaiv)  (Exod. 
xvi.  13,  Num.  xi.  31,  32,  &c.)  seems  correctly 
rendered. 

quail-call, ».    A  quail-pipe. 

"  In  the  old  days  they  [quails]  were  taken  In  England 
in  a  net;  attracted  thereto  by  means  of  a  quail-carl — a 
simple  instrument,  the  use  of  which  is  now  wholly 
neglected— on  which  their  note  are  easily  imitated."— 
Encyc.  Brit.  (ed.  9th  I.  xx.  47. 

quail-pigeons,  t.  pi. 

Ornith.  :  The  genus  Geophap*. 

quail-pipe,  5. 

1.  Lit.  :  A  pipe  or  call  for  alluring  quaili  to 
the  net. 

*  2.  Fig. :  The  human  throat. 

•'  To  clear  my  quail-pipe,  and  refresh  my  soul. 
Full  oft  I  draiu'd  the  spicy  uut-brown  bowl." 
fope:  Wife  of  Bath,  21*. 

quail  snipes,  s.pl. 

Ornith. :  The  family  Thinocoridae  (q.v.). 
They  are  small  birds  confined  to  temperate 
South  America,  resembling  quails  in  appear- 
ance, but  more  nearly  allied  to  the  Plovers. 

*  quaint,  *  quainte,  v.t.     [An  abbrev.  of 

acquaint  (q.v.).]    To  acquaint,  to  inform. 

"  If  he  travaUe  and  quaintt  him  well." 

Recarde :  Cattle  of  Knowledge. 

quaint,  *  coint,  *  coynt,  *  koynt,  *  qeint, 

*  quoyntc,       *  queinte,      *  queynt, 

*  quoynte,   *.      [O.   Fr.  coint,  from    Lat. 
eognitus  =  known,    well-known,    pa.   par.   of 
cognosce  =  to  know.    The  meaning  has  been 
influenced  by  Lat.  comptus  =  neat,  adorned, 
pa.  par.  of  cnmo  =  to  arrange,  to  adorn  ;  Ital. 
con  to  =  known,  noted.] 

*  1.  Remarkable,  notable,  strange. 

"  An  quoynte  tour  hii  lete  make  euery  del  of  tre." 
Robert  of  Gloucester,  p.  403. 

*  2.  Noted,  well-known,  celebrated,  famous. 

"M.irius,  y*  tone,  was  kyng,  quoynte  mon  and  bold." 
Robert  of  Ol'jucetter.  p.  Ti 

*  3.  Cunning,  crafty,  artfuL  (Chaucer :  C.  T., 
8,605.) 

4.  Skilful,  artful,  subtle,  ingenious. 

"  The  erle  was  fulle  quaynte,  did  inak  a  rich  glide, 
With  fourscore  armed  kuyghtes." 

Robert  de  Brunne.  p.  M. 

5.  Prim,  shy,  affectedly  nice,  fastidious. 

"  Every  look  waa  coy  and  wondrous  quaint," 

Spenter  :  F.  <i..  IV.  L  S. 

*6.  Fine,  neat,  elegant,  graceful. 

"To  show  how  quaint  an  orator  yon  are. ' 

Shaketp.  :  3  Henry  VI.,  UL  1, 

7.  Old  and  antique ;  singular  or  curious 
from  strangeness  or  unusual  occurrence  :  as, 
a  quaint  dress. 

*  8.  Artificially  elegant ;  neat,  trim,  pretty, 
pleasing. 

"  A  fine,  quaint,  graceful,  and  excellent  fashion."— 
Shaketp.  :  Much  Ado  about  Nothing,  iii.  4. 

9.  Odd,  whimsical,  farfetched,  curious. 

"  Her  ballad,  Jest,  and  riddle's  quaint  device." 
Beattie  :  Thr  Minttrtl.  bk.  L 

*  quaint  Ise,  *  quelnt  Ise,  •  quoynt-yse, 
».     [O.  Fc.  eointise.] 

1.  Cunning,  artfulness,  cleverness. 

"The  derll  figkteth  iy*nst  man  more  by  queintiie 
and  sleight  than  by  strength."— Chaucer :  The  Partonu 
Tale. 


2.  Strangeness,  curiousness,  oddness. 

"  Wrought  was  his  rube  in  straunge  gist. 
And  all  to  (littered  for  quemttte.' 

ttomaunt  of  the  Kan. 

quaint'-ly,  *  queint-ly,  *  quoynte  liche, 

adv.     [Eng.  quaint;  -ly.] 

*  1.  Skilfully,  cunningly,  artfully. 

"  A  Udder  quaintly  made  of  cords." 

.•itiilcetp.  :   Two  Gentlemen,  UL  L 

*  2.  Neatly,  nicely. 

"  The  line*  are  rery  quaintly  writ." 

Shaketp. :  Tm  Qentlemen.  1L  L 
•S.  Ingeniously,  cleverly,  dexterously. 
"ThoM  points,  indeed,  you  quaintly  iirove." 

Prior  :  Turtle  t  3/Ktrrna, 

4.  Oddly,  whimsically,  fancifully. 

"  Hung  full  with  flowres  and  garlands  quaintly  mad*." 
Brovne :  Britanniat  /'atioralt.  li.  S. 

quaint-ness,  «.  [Eng.  quaint;  -ness.}  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  quaint. 

"  The  easy  turns  and  qiuiintneti  of  the  song." 

Lra.i/ton  :  Pattora.lt.  eel.  *. 

*  quair,  *  quaire,  *  cwaer,  ».    [O.   FT 
quaier  (Fr.  cahier)."]    [QUIRE.]    A  little  book, 
a  pamphlet. 

quake,  *quak  en,  'cwak-1-en,  (pa.  t. 
*  quoke,  *  quook,  quaked),  v.t.  &  i.  [A. 8. 
cwtician  =  to  quake  ;  cf.  cireccan  =  to  wag. 
From  the  same  root  as  quick  (q.v).  PTOT. 
Ger.  quacken;  Dan.  qvackle.] 
A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  shake,  to  tremble,  as  through  fear  or 
cold.    (Tyndall:  Workes,  p.  118.) 

2.  To  be  shaken  with  more  or  less  violent 
commotions ;  to  vibrate. 

"  Anon  she  gan  perceive  the  house  to  qunke.* 

Spenter:  f.  ([..  III.  xii.  a. 

3.  To  tremble,  move,  or  give  way  under  th» 
feet,  as  from  want  of  solidity  :  as,  a  quaking 
bog: 

*  B.    Trans. :     To    cause    to    quake     or 
tremble ;  to  frighten. 

"  Where  ladle*  shall  be  frighted 
And,  gladly  quaked,  hear  more." 

Shaketp. :  Coriolanut,  i.  t. 

*  quake,    *.      [QUAKE,    v.]     A    quaking,    • 
trembling,  a  shaking  ;  a  tremulous  agitation  ; 
a  shudder. 

"  Turne  ageyne  in  quake."  Curtor  Jfundi,  147. 

•quake-breech,*.    A  coward. 

"  Excors.  a  heartlesse,  a  faint-hearted  fellow,  a  Tunttv 
breech,  without  boldness,  spirit,  wit;  a  tat."—  Withal: 
Dictionarie,  p.  SS8  led.  1606). 

quake-grass,  s.    Quaking-grass  (q.v-X 

*  quake-tall, ».    The  wagtail  (q.v.). 

qnak'-er,  ».  [So  named  by  Justice  Bennet. 
in  derision  of  George  Fox,  wlio  had  admonished 
the  Judge  and  those  around  him  "to  quake  ml 
the  word  of  the  Lord."] 

L  [FRIEND,  *.,  U  (4).] 

2.  The  same  as  QUAKER-GUN  (q.r.). 

Quakers  and  Shakers,  «.  pi. 

Bot. :  Briza  media. 

quakcr  bird,  s. 

Ornith. :  Diomedea  fuliginosa,  the  Sootf 
Albatross. 

quaker-grass.  «.    Quaking-grass  (q.v-X 

quaker-gun,  s.  An  imitation  of  a  gun, 
made  of  wood  or  other  material,  and  placed 
in  the  port-hole  of  a  vessel,  or  the  embrasure 
of  a  fort,  to  deceive  the  enemy.  (So  called  from 
its  inoffensive  character ) 

quak-er-ess,  «.  [Eng.  quaker;  -«s.]  A 
female  quaker. 

quak'-er-Ish,  a.  [Eng.  quaker;  -ish.]  Per- 
taining or  relating  to  quakers ;  resembling 
quakers  ;  characteristic  of  quakers. 

"  Her  rippling  hair  covered  by  a  quakeruh  net-cap," 
—6.  Eliot :  Daniel  fteronda,  ch.  XTiiL 

quak'-er-Ism,  5.  [Eng.  quaker;  -ism.]  The 
manners,  doctrines,  or  practice  of  the  quakers. 

"  He  hath  helped  to  make  quakrritm.  considered  la 
Its  discipline,  a  civil  community  or  corporation."— 
Warburton:  Alliance  between  church  t  State. 

*  quak'-er-ly,  a.     [Eng.  quaker;  -ly.]     Re- 
sembling,    or    characteristic    of,    quaker*; 
quakerish. 

"  Yon  would  not  hare  Englishmen,  when  they  art 
In  company,  hold  a  silent  quakerif  meeting."— Soot- 
man  :  Winter  Stening  Confabulation!,  p.  L 

•quak'-er-J;  s.  [Eng.  quaker ;-y.]  Quakerism. 

"  Ouatfry.  though  it  pretend  high.  Is  mere  saddueUa 
at  the  botV/m."— ffullywell :  Famllitm,  ch.  ir. 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there ;  pine,  pit,  •ire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pSt, 
or,  wore,  wplf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    »,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


quafclng— quamoclit 


3841 


quak'-lng,  ;pr.  ;>a.  or  a.    [QUAKK,  r.] 
quaking-grass,  >.    [BRIZA.] 

quak'-Ing  ly,  *  quak-ing  lye,  adv.  [Eng. 
quaking;  -ly.}  In  a  quaking  or  trembling 
manner ;  tremblingly. 

"  But  uever  pen  did  more  quakingly  perform  hi* 
office."— Sidney:  Arcadia,  bk.  iii. 

•  qnakke,  «.    [QUACK,  s.] 

quak'-y,  a.  [Eng.  ynafc(«).-  -V-]  Quaking, 
shaking,  quaggy  :  as,  a  quaky  bog. 

"Old,  and  toothless,  and  quaky." — Thackeray: 
Roundabout  Paprrt,  No.  xxix. 

•  quale,  v.t.    [QUAIL,  v.] 

qua'-le-a,  s.  [The  native  name  of  one  species 
in  Guiana.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Vochyacese.  Trees  or 
sbrubs,  some  of  the  latter  130  feet  high,  with 
a  five-parted  spurred  calyx,  a  single  petal,  and 
one  fertile  stamen.  From  Brazil  and  Guiana. 
Known  species  about  thirty.  Qualea  pulcher- 
rima  has  the  calyx  blue  and  the  petal  red. 

•  quaT-I-f i-a-ble,  a.    [Eng.  qualify;  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  qualified  ;  that  may  or  can 
be  qualified,  abated,  or  modified. 

"  We  may  find  it  yualijinble  U  we  consider  that  .  .  . 
they  were  insufferably  heinous  and  abominable."— 
Barrow  .•  Sermoni.  vol.  ill.,  ser.  37. 

qual-I-fl-ca'-tion,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Low  Lat. 
qualificatus,  jia.  par.  of  qualifico  =  to  qualify 
(q.v.);  Ital.  qualificazione.] 

1.  The  act  of  qualifying  ;  the  state  of  being 
qualified ;  adaptation,  fitness. 

"  The  appearance  of  a  person's  name  on  this  register 
being  decisive  of  his  right  to  vote  ;  its  absence  equally 
conclusive  as  to  his  want  of  qualification." — tilack- 
ttane  :  Comment..  Uk.  i..  ch.  £ 

2.  The  act  of  qualifying,  abating,  or  modify- 
ing ;  a  qualifying,  modifying,  or  extenuating 
circumstance ;  restriction,  limitation. 

3.  That  which  qualifies  a  person  or  thing 
for  any  particular  purpose  or  use,  as  a  place, 
an  otfice,  an  employment ;    any  natural  or 
acquired    quality,    property,    or    possession 
which  fits  or  entitles  the  possessor  to  exercise 
any  right,  privilege,  function,  or  duty. 

"  The  two  main  qualificationi  that  go  to  the  making 
up  a  disciple  of  Christ."— Sharp :  Sermoni,  vol.  1.,  ser.  4. 

*  4.  Appeasement,  abatement.     (Shakesp. : 
Othello,  ii.  1.) 

•  qual'-I-f I-ca-tlve,  o.  &  «.    [Eng.  qualifi- 
cation); -ire.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Serving,  or  having  the  power,  to 
qualify  or  modify. 

B.  As  subst. :  That  which  serves  to  qualify, 
modify,  or  limit ;  a  qualifying,  modifying,  or 
limiting  term,  clause,  or  statement. 

"  Some  who  will  fondve  the  use  of  our  qualiflcativet." 
—Fuller :  General  Worthiei,  ch.  xxi. 

qnal'-I-f  I-ca-t6r,  *.    [LowLat.]    [QUALIFY.] 
Roman  Church  :  An  officer  of  the  ecclesias- 
tical courts,  whose  business  is  to  examine  and 
prepare  causes  for  trial. 

qual'-I-f  led,  pa.  par.  &  a.    [QUALIFY.] 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective : 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Having  a  certain  qualification  or  qualifi- 
cations ;  fitted  by  accomplishments  or  endow- 
ments, or  by  the  possession  of  certain  qualities, 
properties,  or  powers,  to  exercise  any  right, 
privilege,  function,  or  duty :  as,  a  qualified 
voter. 

*  2.  Accomplished,  endowed. 

"  To  him  that  Is  such  a  qualiji  il  young  gentleman. " 
— Bernard  :  Terence  in  Engliih,  p.  246. 

3.  Accompanied  with  some  qualification, 
modification,  or  limit ;  modified,  limited  :  as, 
a  qualified  statement. 

IL  Eccles. :  Applied  to  a  person  enabled  to 
hold  two  benefices. 

qualified-fee, «.    [FLE,  «.,  II.  2.  (2)  (a).] 

qualified-oath,  s. 

Scots  Law :  The  oath  of  a  party  on  a  refer- 
ence where  circumstances  are  stated  which 
must  necessarily  be  taken  as  part  of  the  oath, 
and  therefore  qualify  the  admission  or  denial. 

qualified-property,  *. 

Law:  A  limited  right  of  ownership:  as  (1) 
Such  right  as  a  man  has  in  wild  animals 
which  he  has  reclaimed  ;  (2)  such  right  as  a 
bailee  has  in  the  chattel  transferred  to  him 
by  the  bailment. 


*  qual'-i-fied-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  qualified;  -ly.] 

In  a  qualified  manner  ;  with  qualification  or 
limitation. 

*  qual'-I-f  led-ness,  s.   [ En*,  qualified  ;  -nets.  ] 

The  quality  or  state  of  being  qualified  or  fit. 

qual'-I-fi-er,  ».  [Eng.  qualify;  •«•.]  One 
who  or  thut  which  qualifies. 

qual'-i-fy,  *  qual-i-fle,  v.t.  &  i.  [Fr. 
qualifier,  from  Low  Lat.  qualifico  —  to  endow 
with  a  quality  :  Lat.  qtuilis  =  of  what  sort, 
and  facio  =  to  make.] 

A.  Transitive : 

1.  To  make  such  as  is  required  ;  to  furnish 
with  the  qualifications,  as  knowledge,  skill,  or 
other  accomplishment,  necessary  for  any  pur- 
pose ;  to  fit  for  any  place,  office,  or  occupa- 
tion. 

"  To  qualify  yourselves  lor  the  receiving  the  fruits 
and  benefits  of  these  mercies."— Sharp:  Sermoni.  vol. 
vi.,  ser.  16. 

2.  To  make  legally  qualified  or  capable ;  to 
furnish  with  legal    power,  qualification,  or 
capacity  for  exercising  any  right,  privilege, 
function,  or  duty  :  as,  To  qualify  a  person  as 
a  voter. 

3.  To  modify ;  to  limit  by  exceptions  or 
qualifications  ;  to  narrow,  to  restrict :  as,  To 
qualify  a  statement. 

*  4.  To  moderate,  to  temper,  to  soften,  to 
assuage,  to  abate. 

"  Qualify  the  Ore's  extreme  rage." 
Shaketp. :  Two  Utntlem-n  of  reran*,  ii.  T. 

*  5.  To  temper,  to   regulate,  to   vary,  to 
moderate. 

"  It  hath  no  larynx  or  throttle  to  qualify  the  sound." 
—Browne.  (Webster.) 

*  8.  To  ease,  to  soothe.    (Spenser :  F.  Q.,  II. 
vi.  51.) 

7.  To  modify  or  moderate  the  strength  of; 
to  dilute,  to  weaken.  (Dicl;ens :  Pickwick,  ch. 
xxxviii.) 

B.  Intransitive: 

L  To  take  the  necessary  steps  for  making 
one's  self  qualified  for  any  place,  office,  func- 
tion, or  occupation  ;  to  establish  a  right  to 
exercise  any  right,  privilege,  function,  or 
duty  (followed  by  for) :  as,  To  qualify  for  an 
elector,  to  qualify  for  a  surgeon. 

2.  To  swear  to  discharge  the  duties  of  an 
office ;  hence,  to  make  oath  to  any  fact.  (Amer.) 

qual'-I-ta  tlve,  o.  [Eng.  qualify);  -alive.] 
Pertaining  to  quality  ;  estimable  according  to 
quality. 

qualitative-analysis,  *.    [ANALYSIS.] 

*  quaT-i-ta-ti've-ljf,  adv.    [Eng.  qualitative  ; 
•ly.]     In  a  qualitative  manner;   as  regards 
quality. 

*  qua! -I- tied,   a.       [Eng.   quality;   -«*.] 
Furnished  or  endowed  with  qualities  or  pas- 
sions ;  accomplished. 

"  Episcopus  protested  he  was  not  so  ill  qualified."— 
Haiti  :  Letter  from  Synod  of  Dart,  Dec.,  1618. 

qual'-I-ty,  *  qual-i-tee,  *qual-i  tie, 
*  qual-i-tye,  «.  [Fr.  qualite,  from  Lat 
qualitatem,  accus.  of  quatitus  =  sort,  kind, 
from  m<alis  =  of  what  sort ;  Sp.  calidad  ;  Ital. 
qualita,] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  condition  of  being  such  or  such ; 
nature  relatively  considered. 

"  The  power  to  produce  any  Idea  In  our  mind,  I  call 
quality  of  the  subject  wherein  that  power  is."—  Locke  : 
Buman  Cndent..  vol.  L.  bk.  U..  ch  viii..  i  8. 

2.  That  makes  or  helps  to  make  any  person 
or  thing  such  as  he  or  it  is  ;  a  distinguishing 
characteristic  or  property  of  a  person  or  thing ; 
an  attribute,  a  property,  a  trait. 

••  I  have  many  ill  qualitiet" 

Shaketp. :  Much  Ado  About  Nothing,  ii.  1. 

S.  Virtue  or  power  of  producing  particular 
effects  ;  particular  efficacy. 
"  O  mlckle  is  the  powerful  grace  that  lies 
In  plants,  herbs,  stones,  and  their  true  -funlitiet." 
Shaketp  :  Romeo  t  Juliet,  it  S. 

*  4.  Particular   condition,    disposition,    or 
temper  ;  character,  good  or  bad. 

"To-night  well  wander  through  the  street*,  and 
note  the  qualitiei  of  people."  —  Shaketp. :  Antony  i 
Cleopatra,  i.  1. 

5.  A  special  or  assumed  character,  part,  or 
position  ;  capacity. 

*  6.  Profession,  occupation ;  a  fraternity. 

"  A  man  of  raeh  perfection 
AM  we  do  in  ovi  quality  much  want." 

Shaketp.  :  Two  Oentlrmen  of  Verona.  IT.  L 


*  ?.  Condition  in  relation  to  others ;  com- 
parative rank. 

"  Extend  his  might 
Only  where  yualitiet  were  level." 

Shake,/!. :  AU't  Well  that  tndt  Well.  L  S. 

8.  Superior  rank  or  condition  ;  superiority 
of  birth  or  station  ;  high  rank. 

"  Any  man  of  quality  or  degree." 

Shaketp.  :  Lear.  v.  S. 

If  The  quality  :  Persons  of  high  social  rank, 
collectively.  Now  only  used  vulgarly. 

"  I  shall  appear  at  the  masquerade  dressed  up  in  my 
leathers,  that  the  qmilitii  may  see  how  pretty  they  will 
look  in  their  travelling  habiLa.'—  Additon/  (Juardian. 

*  9.  A  state  of  affairs    producing   certain 
effects  ;  occasion,  cause,  ground,  reason. 

"  Know  you  the  qu-Mty  of  Lord  Timon's  fury  t " 

Shaketp.  :  Timon  of  Atheia,  iiL  & 

*  10.  An  acquirement,  an  accomplishment. 

"  He  had  those  qiiMlitiei  of  horsemanship,  dHiioimr. 
and  fencing,  which  accompany  a  good  breeding  — 
Clarendon:  Civil  War. 

*  11.  Manner. 

"  Hate  counsels  not  in  such  a  quality." 

Shakeip.  :  Merchant  of  t'enice.  Itt.  1 
J  Quality  of  estate : 

Law :  The  manner  in  which  the  enjoyment 
of  an  estate  is  to  be  exercised  during  the  time 
for  which  the  right  of  enjoyment  continues. 

quality-binding,  s.  A  kind  of  worsted 
tape  used  in  Scotland  for  binding  the  borders 
of  carpet  and  the  like.  (Simnumds.) 

«  qualle,  *.    [WHALB.] 

qual-ly,  *.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  A  small  ellipti- 
cal iron  pan,  holding  about  five  gallons,  used 
in  the  East  Indies  for  manufacturing  sago  over 
a  fire.  (Simmonds.) 

qualm  (I  silent)  (l),  *  qualme,  *  quaume, 

».  [A.8.  cwealm  =  pestilence;  cogn.  with 
Dut.  kwalm  =  thick  vapour  ;  Dan.  qvalm  = 
suffocating  air,  qvalme  =  qualm,  nausea  ;  Sw. 
qvalm  =  sultriness  ;  Ger.  qualm  =  vapour. 
From  the  same  root  as  quail  (I),  v.,  quell.] 

*  1.  A  pestilence,  a  plague  ;  mortal  illness. 

"  A  thousand  slain,  and  not  of  qu>ilme  ystorven." 

Ci,aucer:  C.  T.,  2,01*. 

2.  A  sudden  fit  of  illnesc  ;  a  sudden  seizure 
of  sickly  languor  ;  a  throe  jr  throb  of  pain. 

"  A  qualm  took  him  on  a  sudden,  which  made  him 
retire  to  his  bedchamber."— Uottell :  L-ttrrt.  bk.  L. 
i  6,  let.  34. 

3.  Specif. :  A  fit  or  seizure  of  sickness  at  the 
stomach  ;  a  sensation  of  nausea. 

4.  A  twinge  or  scruple  ;  a  pang ;  compunc- 
tion ;  uneasiness. 

"  A  qualm  of  conscience  brings  me  back  again." 

Dryden, :  Epilogue  to  the  Princeu  of  Cine*. 

*  qualm  (I  silent)  (2),  «.     [From  the  sound.J 
The  cry  of  a  raven. 

"  AM  ravens  qualm  or  schrieking  of  these  oulea." 

Chaucer  :  Troilut  i  Creuida,  v. 

*  qua!' -mire,  ».    [A  corrupt,   of  quavemire.] 
A  quagmire,  a  bog. 

"  To  set  it  out  of  men's  poddels  and  qualmiret,'—Bp. 
Gardner :  Of  True  Ooedience,  fa  ft. 

qualm'  -  ish  (I  silent),  *  qualm  -  yshe,  a. 

[Eng.  qualm  (1);  -ish.]  Affected  with  a  quxhn 
or  nausea ;  feeling  sick  at  the  stomach ;  in- 
clined to  vomit. 

"  I  am  qunlmith  at  the  smell  of  leek,"— Shakeip. : 
Henry  V.,  v.  L 

qualm  ish  ly  (1m  as  m),  adv.  [Eng  qualm- 
ish; -ly.]  In  a  qualmish  manner. 

qualm  Ish  ness  (I  silent),  «.  [Eng.  qualm- 
ish; -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
qualmish  ;  nausea,  qualm. 

quam'-ash,  s.    [North  American  Indian.] 

Sot. :  The  bulb  of  Camassia  esculenta.  It  is 
roasted,  made  into  cakes,  and  eaten  by  the 
North  American  Indians. 

H  Eastern  Quamash :  Scilla  esculenta, 
1  qua-mier,  ».    [QUAVEMIRE.]    A  quagmire. 

Mtes." 

.    Hutbfindrie.  p.  71 

qua'-mi-cUt,  «.  [Or.  xvaiiot  (kuamos)  —  a 
bean,  and  xAirvt  (klitus)  =  a  slr>pe  or  hill-side, 
or  from  Mahratta  name  of  one  species  kama- 
lota  (Graham).] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Convolrnlese.  They  aw 
twiners  with  cordate  leaves  and  red  flowers, 
natives  of  the  tropics.  Type,  the  Cardinal 
Quamoclit  (Quamoclit  mtlgaris).  About  four- 
teen species  are  cultivated.  They  are  well 
adapted  for  covering  pillars  and  walls*  in 
greenhouses. 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  eat,  fell,  chorus,  fhln,  bench;  go,  gem;  t.hin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph      C 
-cian,  -tian  =  shan.   -tion-   won  =  shun;  -Hon,  -»ion  =  zhon.    -eious,  -tious,  -sioua  =  •hus.    -ble,  -die.  &c.  =  Ucl,  del. 


quandang— quare 


quan  -dang,  s.    [Native  name.] 
Botany : 

1.  The  edible  fruit  of  Santalumacuminatum. 

2.  Fusanut  acuminotus,  one  of  the  Santa- 
laceje.    The  nut,  which  resembles  an  almond, 
is  eaten  by  the  native  Australians. 

quan  -da-rjr,    *  quan-dar'-y^  *  quan- 

da  re,  *.  (According  to  Skeat  a  corrupt,  of 
Mid.  Eng.  wandreth,  wandrethe  =  evil  plight, 
adversity,  peril ;  IceL  vandrvcdhi  =  difficulty, 
trouble,  from  vandr  —  difficult :  cogn.  with 
O.  Sw.  wandrade  =  difficulty,  from  icond  = 
difficult.  The  old  derivation  was  from  Fr. 
qu'en  dirai-je  ?  =  what  shall  or  can  I  say  of 
itr]  A  stite  of  difficulty,  perplexity,  hesita- 
tion, or  uncertainty  ;  a  predicament,  a  pickle. 

"  Driv'n  to  a  cursed  quandary." 
BuckinghanuMrt  Sir.  tiun  of  Poet  Laureate. 

•quan  -da- ry,  quan-dar'-y,  v.t.  &  i. 
(QUANDARY,  s.) 

A.  Trans. :  To  put  into  a  quandary  or  state 
of  perplexity  or  uncertainty ;  to  puzzle,  to 
embarrass. 

'*  Metbiuk*  I  am  quandaried." 

Otimy :  Soldier  i  fortune,  lit  L 

B.  Intrans. :  To  be  in  a  quandary ;  to  hesitate. 

"  He  yuandaria  wliether  to  go  forward  to  God."— 
Adamt :  HTurtt,  L  *0*. 

quan  -net,  «.  [Etym.  doubtful]  The  flat 
file  of  the  comb-maker,  having  the  handle  at 
one  side,  so  that  it  may  be  used  like  a  plane. 
The  teeth  incline  15°  forward,  and  are  made 
by  a  triangular  tile,  not  by  a  chisel. 

quant,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful :  cf.  kent.  and 
Gael,  ceann  =  a  tip,  a  top.]  A  pole  ;  specif,  a 
bargeman's  pole  with  a  flat  cap  to  prevent 
its  penetrating  the  mud  ;  also  a  jumping  pule, 
similarly  fitted,  used  in  soft  or  boggy  places  ; 
also  applied  to  the  cap  of  such  poles. 

quan  tic,  s.    [Lat.  quantus  =  how  much.] 

Math.  :  A  rational,  integral,  homogeneous 
function  of  two  or  more  variables.  They  are 
classified,  according  to  their  dimensions,  as 
quailric,  cubic,  qu.irtic,  quintic,  Ac.,  denoting 
qualities  of  the  second,  third,  fourth,  fifth, 
&c.,  degrees.  They  are  further  distinguished 
as  binary,  ternary,  quaternary,  &c.,  according 
as  they  contain  two,  three,  four,  &c.,  varia- 
bles. Thus  the  quantic  ox*  +  bxy*  +  cry*  +  dj/J 
is  a  binary  cubic. 

qnan-tl-fl  ca-tlon.  *.  [Eng.  quantify; 
•cation.]  The  act  or  process  by  which  any- 
thing is  quant  led  ;  the  act  nf  determining 
the  quantity  or  amount,  esj-ecially  used  as  a 
term  in  logic.  Of  late  it  has  been  proposed 
to  quantify  the  predicate  as  well  us  the  sub- 
ject of  the  propositions  of  a  syllogism,  i.e., 
instead  of  writing  as  at  present,  All  A  is  B. 
Some  A  is  B,  to  write,  All  (or  some)  A  is  (all 
or  some)  B. 

**  The  thorough-going  quantification  of  the  predicate 
In  iU  appliance  to  negative  proposition!  it  uot  only 
allowable  .  .  .  it  li  even  indispensable."— Sir  W. 
Hamilton,  In  AOtmtnuH,  Feb.  24.  1&51. 

quan'-tl-fy,  v.t.  fLat.  quantus  =  how  much, 
how  great ;  Eng.  suff.  -fy.] 

Logic :  To  mark  or  determine  the  quantity 
of;  to  mark  with  the  sign  of  quantity. 

qnai'-tl-ta-tlYe.  a.  (L&t.quantitotiwi.frnm 
quant  itas  (genit.  qtuinlitatis)  =  quantity  (q. v.) ; 
FT.  quantitatij  ;  Port.  &  Ital.  quantitative.] 
*  1.  Estimable  according  to  quantity. 

"The  aoul  and  angels  are  devoid  of  quanrtlitit* 
dimension!." — Olanrill :  Scepiit  Scienlijica.  ch.  xL 

2.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  quantity. 
quantitative-analysis,  *. 

Chem,  :  [ANALYSIS]. 

quan'  tl  ta  tlve-ly.odr.  [Eng. quantitative; 
•ly.]  In  a  quantitative  manner;  with  regard 
to  quantity. 

"  87  the  ordinary  processes  of  chemical  analysts 
•very  constituent  of  the  ore*  can  be  ascertained  yu<in- 
tit:itirrly."—C<w*iri  Technical  Mducator,  pt.  z.,  p.  MS. 

•  qnan -tf-tlve,  o.     [Eng.   quantify);  -ive.] 

Estimable  according  to  quantity;  quantitative. 
"  Dividing  bodtee  aeeordlRg  to  quantitiwt  parti."— 
Dijbt.  Qf  Hani  Soul,  ch.  til. 

•  quan  tl  tive  ly,  adv.     [Eng.  quantitive ; 
4y.}    Quantitatively. 

quan-tJ-ty,  •  qnan-ti  te,  *  qnan-ti- 
tee,  *  quan  tl  tie,  s.  [Kr.  quantiU,  from 
Lat.  quantitatem,  accus.  of  quantitas,  from 
quantus  =  how  much,  how  great ;  8p.  cvanti- 
dad,  cantidad ;  Ital.  quanlita.] 


L  Ordinary  Language : 

L  That  property  iu  virtue  of  which  any- 
thing may  be  measured ;  that  attribute  of  any- 
thing which  may  be  increased  or  diminished  ; 
extent,  measure,  size,  greatness. 

"  Now,  In  our  present  intended  survey  of  a  body, 
the  first  thing  whicli  occur*  to  our  sense  iu  the  pernul 
of  it  U  its  quantity,  bulk,  or  magnitude."— Itiybg : 
Of  Bodiet.  ch.  L 

2.  Any  amount,  bulk,  mass,  or  indetermin- 
ate weight  or  measure  :  as,  a  quantity  of  earth, 
a  quantity  of  iron,  a  quantity  of   heat,   &c. 
Quantity  is  not  applied  to  things  considered 
as    individuals   or  beings,  as    men,  houses, 
horses,  &c.,  in  speaking  of  which  we  use  the 
terms  number  or  multitude. 

3.  A  large  sum,  number,  mass,  or  portion, 

"  Amongst  the  moat  useful  plants  that  we  grow  in 
quantity  are  aueinouei.  "—Field,  March  13,  US6. 

•4.  A  part,  a  portion;  espec.  a  small  por- 
tion ;  anything  very  little  or  diminutive. 

14  If  I  were  aawed  into  quantities  I  should  make 
four  down  of  such."— Shakeip. :  I  Henry  7  K.,  v.  L 

*  5.  Extent. 

"  It  were  bnt  a  lyttell  realm*  in  quantitie."—  Xlyot  : 
T\e  Oovernour,  bkl  iii..  ch.  xxiL 

*  6.  Correspondent  degree  ;  proportion. 

"  Things  blue  and  vile  holding  no  quantity," 

Shaketp. :  Midiumraer  A'igkt't  Dream,  i.  L 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Gram.   it  Prosody:   The    measure   of  a 
syllable  or  the  time  in  which  it  is  pronounced  ; 
the  metrical  value  of  syllables   as   regards 
length  or  weight  in  their  pronunciation. 

"  Greek  and  Latin  verse  consists  of  the  nun, her  and 
quantity  uf  syllable*."—  Daniel:  Defence  if  (thyme. 

2.  Logic:  The  extent  to  which  the  predicate 
in  a  proposition  is  asserted  of  the  subject. 

"Another  division  of  propositions  is  according  to 
their  quality  for  extent).  II  the  predicate  is  said  of 
the  whole  of  the  subject,  the  proposition  is  1'uivenal; 
If  of  i*rt  of  it  only,  the  pio|«aitiuu  is  Particular  (or 
partiall:  e.g.,  Britain  is  au  isund,  All  tyrants  are 
miserable.  No  miser  is  rich,  are  Universal  propositions, 
and  their  subjects  are  therefore  said  to  he  distributed, 
being  understood  to  stand,  each,  for  the  whule  of  iu 
Siguificate* ;  but.  Some  islands  are  fertii-.  All  tyrants 
are  not  assassinated,  are  Particular,  and  their  subject*, 
consequently,  not  distributed,  being  talu-n  to  stand 
for  a  part  only  of  their  Siguificatea."—  Whtitel]/ :  Logic, 
bk.  11,  ch,  ii.  i  L 

3.  Math.  :  Any  thing  that  can  be  increased, 
diminished,  and  measured.    Tims,  number  is 
a  quantity  ;  time,  space,  weight,  &c.,  are  also 
quantities.   In  Mathematics,  quantities  are  re- 
presented by  symbols  (q.v.),  and  for  conve- 
nience these  symbols  themselves  are  called 
quantities.      [IRRATIONAL-EXPRESSION.]      In 
algebra,  quantities  are  distinguished  as  known 
and  unknown  {ALGEBRA],  real  and  imaginary, 
constant  and  variable,  rational  and  irrational. 
Real  quantities  are  those  which  do  not  involve 
any  operation  impossible  to  perform  ;  variable 
quantities  are  those  which  admit  of  an  infinite 
number  of  values  in  the  same  expression ; 
rational  quantities  are  those  which  do  not 
involve  any  radicals.    A  simple  quantity  is 
expressed  by  a  single  term,  as  a  or  b;  a  com- 
pound quantity  by  two  or  more  terms  con- 
nected by  the  signs  +  (plus)  or  —  (minus). 
Quantities  which  have  the  sign  +  prefixed  to 
them  are  called  positive  or  affirmative ;  those 
to  which  the  sign  —  is    prefixed  are  called 
negative.     Similar  quantities  are  such  as  con- 
sist of  the  same  letters,  and  the  same  powers 
of  the  letters,  as  abc,  —  Zabc,  +  4abc,   &c. 
[CONSTANT,  a.,  IMAGINARY,  IRRATIONAL.] 

H  (1)  Quantity  of  estate  : 
Law:  The  time  during  which  the  right  of 
enjoyment  of  an  estate  continues. 

(2)  Quantity  of  matter :  Its  mass,  as  deter- 
mined by  its  weight  or  by  its  momentum  under 
a  given  velocity. 

(3)  Quantity  of  motion  :  The  same  U  MOMEN- 
TUM (q.v.). 

*  (4)  Quantity  t  tantity: 

Logic:  The  translation  of  quantitai  and 
tantibts,  abstract  nouns  formed  from  I^at. 
quantus  =  how  much?  and  tantus  =  so  much, 
and  used  by  James  Mill  (Eiem.  Human  Mind 
(ed.  1829),  ii.  50)  as  correlatives. 

qnan  tfv'-a-le^e,  ».  [Lat  quantm  =  how 
much,  and  valens,  pr.  par.  of  valeo  =  to  be 
worth.]  [ATOMICITY.] 

quan  turn,  «.  [Lat.,  neut.  sing,  of  quantiis 
=  how  much,  how  great.]  A  quantity,  an 
amount. 

"  The  quantum  of  presbyterian  merit,  during  the 
reign  of  tb.it  Ul-advUed  prince,  will  easily  be  com- 
puted."—5wit 

1  (1)  Quantum  meruit  (Lat  =  as  much  as 
he  has  deserved) : 


Law:  An  action  brought  on  an  assumed 
promise  that  the  defendant  would  pay  to  the 
plaintiff  for  his  services  as  much  as  he  should 
deserve. 

(2)  Quantum  sufficit :  As  much  as  is  needed ; 
sufficient  (Frequently  abbreviated  to  quantum 
«.</.) 

*  (3)  Quantum  valebat  (Lat  =  as  much  as  it 
was  worth)  : 

Law:  An  action  lying  where  one  took  up 
goods  or  wares  of  a  tradesman,  without  ex- 
pressly agreeing  for  the  price.  There  the  law 
concluded  that  both  parties  did  intentionally 
agree  that  the  real  value  of  the  goods  should 
be  paid  ;  and  an  action  might  be  brought, 
if  the  vendee  refused  to  pay  that  value. 

*  quap,  *  quapp,  •  quappe,  v.i.      [WAP, 
WRAP.]    To  beat,  to   throb,  to  tremble,  to 
shake,  to  quake. 

"  My  heart  gau  quapp  full  oft." 

Cartwright :  The  Ordinary.  U.  «. 

qua-qua-ver'-sal,  a.  [Lat  quaqud  =  in  any 
or  e\  ery  direction,  and  versus,  pa,  par.  of  verto 
=  to  turn.] 

Ord.  Lang.  <t  Geol. :  Inclined  towards  or 
facing  all  ways;  in  any  direction  ;  used  of  a 
dipor  of  rocks,  as  beds  of  lava  arranged  around 
a  crater. 

*  qua'-qulv-er,  s.    [Prob.  the  same  as  qua- 
virer  (q.v.).]     A  fisn.     (Bailey:  Erasmus,  p. 
393.) 

*  quar  (1),  quarr,  ».     [QUARRY  (1),  ».]     A 
quarry. 

"  The  very  agate  .  .  .  cut  from  the  quar 
Of  MachiaveL"         Ben  Jonton :  Magnetic  Lady,  L  1. 

*  quar  man,   s.      A   quarry  man   (q.v.). 
(Sylvester:  The  Magnificence,  1,110.) 

*  quar  (2),  *.    [QUARRY  (2),  *.]    A  quarry,  s 
prey.     (Sylvester :  The  Lawe,  643.) 

*  quar  -  an  -  tain,  *  quar  -  an  - 1 a ine,  «. 

[QUARANTINE.] 

qu..r  an  tine,  *  quar  en  tine,  *.  [O 
Fr.  quarantine,  qnarantaine  =  Lent,  a  term  of 
forty  days,  from  Low  Lat.  *  qiuirantina, 
*  quarantana,  *  quarentena,  •  guaranteiium, 
from  Lat.  quadraginta  •=.  forty  ;  Ital.  quaranf 
tana  ;  Fr.  quarantr  =  forty.] 

*  L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  A  space  of  forty  days.    Applied  to  tbt 
season  of  Lent 

2.  A  forty  days'  truce  or  indulgence.  (Blountj 
IJ.  Technically  : 

1.  Commercial  <t  Nautical : 

(1)  A  term,  originally  of  forty  days,  but  now 
of  an  undetermined  length,  varying  according 
to  the  circumstances  of  the  case,  during  which 
a  vessel  arriving  from  an  infected  port,  or 
having  or  being  suspected  of  having  a  malig- 
nant or  contagious  disease  on  board,  is  obliged 
to  forbear  all  intercourse  with  the  port  at 
which  she  arrives,  until  all  danger  of  infection 
has  passed, 

"  Elaborate  provisions  have  been  made  for  securing* 
the  proper  performance  of  quitran'int.  aud  obedience 
to  regulations  issued  by  the  privy  council  wilb  respect 
to  vessels  suspected  uf  having  the  plague  or  other  in- 
fectious disease  on  board."—  tilaclutone  :  Comment., 
bk.  iv..  ch.  13. 

(2)  Restraint  of  intercourse  which  a  vessel 
is  obliged  to  undergo,  on  the  suspicion  of  being 
infected    witli   a    malignant    or    contagious 
disease. 

(3)  The   place   where   vessels,    undergoing 
quarantine,  are  obliged  to  lie. 

If  Quarantine  regulations  were  first  estab- 
lished about  A.D.  1448,  when  Venice  was  the 
emporium  of  the  Eastern  trade.  Quarantine 
is  strongly  enforced  in  the  United  Stated,  and 
has  recently  lieen  very  effective  in  keeping  out 
cholera.  The  British  government  depends  on 
sanitary  regulations. 

*2.  Law:  A  period  of  forty  days,  during 
which  the  widow  of  a  man  dying  n-i  '.<-.!  of  land 
had  the  privilege  of  remaining  in  her  husband's 
capital  mansion-house,  and  during  which  time 
her  dower  was  to  be  assigned.  ( Englifh. ) 

qnar'-an  tine,  v.t.  [QUARANTINE,  ».]  To 
pot  under  quarantine  ;  to  cause  to  undergo 
quarantine  ;  to  prohibit  from  intercourse  with 
the  shore,  for  a  certain  period,  on  account  of 
real  or  supposed  infection.  Applied  to  vessels, 
or  to  goods  and  persons. 

*  quare,  v.t.    [Lit.  quadro  =  to  square.]    To 
cut  into  square  pieces. 


Gte,  tat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  sen ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    SB,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qn  =  lew. 


quare— quart 


3843 


•  quare,  adv.    [WHERE.] 

quar  -e  im'-pe-dlt,  phr.  [Lat  =  why  he 
hinders.] 

Law:  A  real  possessory  action  to  recover  a 
presentation  when  the  patron's  right  lias  bfif-n 
disturbed,  or  to  try  a  disputed  title  to  an  ad- 
vowson. 

•  quar-el,  s.    [QUARREL  (2),  *.] 

•quar'-el-et,  *  quar'-rel -St.  *.  [Eng. 
guard;  dimiu.  suff.  -el.]  A*  small  square  or 
diamond-shaped  piece  ;  a  lozenge. 

"  Showed  them  then 
Ihe  quarelett  of  pearl."     /ferric* :  Hctperidet,  p.  22. 

•  quarer,  *  quarere,  s.    [QUARRY  (1),  «.J 
•quarion,  s.    [QUARRIER(^   1 
•quar-ken,  v.t.    [QUERKEN.] 

Quarrant,  s.  [Ir.  &  Gael.  cuarcn  =  a  sock; 
Wei.  kuaran  =  a  shoe.]  A  kind  of  shoe  made 
of  untauued  leather.  (Scotch.) 

•  quarre,  s.  &  a.    [QOARRT  (1), «.] 

A.  As  subst. :  A  quarry. 

B.  As  adj. :  Square. 

•  quarre-four,   s.     [CARFOWOH.]     A  place 
where  four  roads  met. 


quar'-rel  (l),  *  quar-ele,  *  quar -ell, 

*  quer-rell,  *  quer-ele,  s.    [O.  Fr.  querele 
(Fr.  querelle),  from  Lat.  querela ;  Port.  &  Ital. 
querela.] 

L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  A  breach  of  friendship  or  concord  ;  open 
variance  ;    a   falling   out   between    parties  ; 
estrangement. 

2.  A  brawl ;  a    petty    fight ;  a   scuffle,  a 
wrangle,  an  altercation  ;  an  angry  dispute. 

"  If  upon  a  sadden  quarrel  two  persons  fight,  and 
»ne  of  them  kills  the  other,  this  is  manslaughter."— 
Bladatnne :  Comment.,  bk,  lv..  ch.  14. 

3.  A  contest ;  a  dispute  which  cannot  be 
settled  by  words. 

4.  The  cause,  occasion,  or  motive  of  parties 
or  contention  ;  the  ground  or  reason  of  being 
at  variance ;  hence,  the  cause  or  side  of  a 
party  at  variance. 

"  Holy  seems  the  quarrel  upon  your  grace's  part." 

Shaietp.  :  AWi  H'ell  that  gnat  Well,  lit  L 

•5.  Objection,  ill-will,  animosity,  enmity. 
(1/arfc  vi.  19.) 

•  6.  Earnest  desire  or  longing. 

II.  Law :  An  action,  real  or  personal. 
H  1.  To  take  a  quarrel  up : 

•  (1)  To  compose  or  settle  a  quarrel  or  dis- 
pute. 

"  I  have  his  hone  to  take  up  the  quarrel." 

tihalc«t/>.  :  Twelfth  Sight,  Hi  4. 
(2)  To  take  side  with  one  party  in  a  quarrel, 

*  2.  To  have  a  quarrel  to :  To  be  at  odds  with. 

"  No  man  halh  any  quarrel  to  me." 

Shafoap. :  Twelfth  ffight,  ill.  4. 

Quar'-rel  (2),   *  quar -el,   *  quar -ell, 

•  qnar-elle,   *  quar-rell,  s.     [O.   Fr 

quarrel,  quarreau  (Fr.  carreau),  from  Low  Lat. 
guadrell «m,  ace.  of  quadrelliis  =  a  quarrel,  a 
square  tile,  from  quadrus=  square.] 

*  1.  A  bolt  or  dart  to  be  shot  from  a  cross- 
bow or  thrown  from  an  engine  or  catapult ;  an 


arrow  having  four  projecting  pointed  heads 
and  pyramidal  point 

"  The  lord  of  Clary  was  striken  with  a  marelt  out 
of  the  towne.  of  whiche  stroke  he  dyed.  —  Bernert: 
froittart ;  Cronycle,  vol  li..  ch.  vl. 

2.  A  pane  of  glass  of  a  diamond  or  rhombal 
shape,  placed  vertically,  and  used  in  lead  case- 
ments ;  also  the  opening  in   the  window  in 
which  the  pane  is  set. 

"Throw  some  crauie  in  the  wait  or  some  broken 
qunrrtt  in  the  window  "—Gataker  Jutt  Man.  245. 

3.  A  square  paving-stone  or  tile  of  a  square 
Or  diamond  shape. 

4.  A  tour-sided  graver. 

5.  A  stonemason's  chisel. 

6.  A  glazier's  diamond. 

•  quarrel-needle,  *  quarel  needle, 
«.  A  square  needle. 

qnar'-rel  a),  •quar'-rell,  v.i.  &  t.    [Fr. 
quereller ;  Port,  querelar ;  Ital.  querelare.} 


A.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  fall  out  ;  to  fell  at  variance  ;  to  come 
to  loggerheads. 

"  Quarrtl  with  yo 


2.  To  dispute  violently,  or  with  loud  and 
angry  words  ;  to  wrangle,  to  squabble,  to  con- 
tend, to  scuffle. 

"  I  shall  as  soon  qunrrtl  at  it  as  any  man.* 

Shaktt/j.  :  Berry  Wivet  of  Windiur,  L  1. 

*3.  To  contend,  to  fight 

"They  left  the  son  of  Jove  to  quarrel  for  the  rest." 
Drydert.    (Tudd.) 

•  4.  To  be  at  variance  ;  to  be  in  contrast  ; 
to  be  contrary  or  incongruous  ;  to  disagree. 

"  Some  defect  In  her 
Did  quarrel  with  the  noblest  grace  she  ow'd." 

Shaketp.  :  Tempett,  111.  1. 

6.  To  find  fault  ;  to  cavil. 

"  To  adroit  the  thine  and  quarrel  about  the  name, 
is  to  make  ourselves  ridiculous."—  Sramhall  :  Aaamtt 
ffoboet. 

•B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  quarrel  with. 

2.  To  find  fault  with  ;  to  challenge,  to  re- 
prove :  as,  To  quarrel  a  word. 

3.  To  compel  by  a  quarrel  :  as,  To  quarrel 
a  man  out  ol  his  estate  or  rights. 

qnar'-rel  (2),  v.t.  [QUARRY  (1),  «.)  To  raise 
stones  "from  a  quarry  ;  to  quarry  stones. 
(Scotch.) 

*  ittar'-rel-e't,  s.    [QUARELET.] 

*  qnar'-rell,  s.    [QOARREL  (2),  s.) 

qnar'-rel-ler,  s.  [Eng.  quarrel  (l),  T  ;  -er.] 
One  who  quarrels,  or  wrangles  ;  a  quarrel- 
some person. 

"Gentle.  no  qu&rreller,  abhorryng  couetonsnes*  "— 
Barnei  •  Worket;  An  Epitome,  p.  371. 

quar  -rel-ling,  pr.  par.  or  a.  [QUARREL 
(l),  »•]  ' 

*  quar'-rel-ling-l^,   *quar-rel-ing-lie, 

adv.  [Eng.  quarrelling  ;  -ly.  J  I1:  a  quarrelsome 
manner  ;  contentiously. 

"  He  caused  the  bishop  to  be  sued  quarrellinglie."— 
Holimhed:  Chronicle;  William  Kufut  (an.  1093). 

*  quar'-rel  -  lous,   *  quar"-  rel  -  ous,  a. 

[O.  Fr.  querelleux,  from  Lat.  querulosus  ;  Sp. 
querelloso  ;  Port,  quereloso  ;  Ital.  quereloso, 
quemiloso.]  [QUERULOUS.]  Quarrelsome  ;  apt 
or  disposed  to  quarrel  ;  petulant. 

"  As  quarrelloui  as  the  weazel." 

Shaketp.  :  CymMine,  Hi.  4. 

quar'-rel-some,  o.  [Eng.  quarrel  ;  -tome.} 
Inclined  or  apt  to  quarrel;  given  to  quarrel- 
ling, wrangling,  or  contention  ;  irascible, 
choleric,  easily  provoked,  contentious. 

"Johnson  had  always  been  nub.  mutinous,  and 
yuarreltome.'—Macaulay.  Uitt.  Ena,  ch.  xiv. 

qnar'-rel-SOme-lJ',  adv.  [Eng.  quarrelsome  ; 
-ly.]  In  a  quarrelsome  manner;  with  petulance. 

quar  -rel  -some-ness,  i.  5Eng.  quarrelsome  ; 
-ness.  \  The  quality  or  state  of  being  quarrel- 
some ;  a  disposition  to  quarrel  or  wrangle  ;  a 
quarrelsome  disposition. 

••  Tins  envy  and  qiiarreltomentt*."  —  Thackeray  . 
Roundabout  Papert,  No.  28 

•quar'-ren-der,    *  quar'-  ren-  den,   i. 

[Etym.  doubtful.]     A  species  of  apple. 


*  quar-rer,  •  quar-rere.  ».  [QUAKRY  (l),  *•] 

•quar-rl-a-ble,  a.    [Eng.  quarry,  v.  ;  -able.] 
Capable  of  "being  quarried  ;  n't  to  be  quarried. 

*  quar'-ried  (1),  pa.  par.  or  o.  [QUARRY(I),  v.  ] 

*  quar'-xied  (2),  a.    [Eng.  quarry,  (2),  s.  ;  -ed.] 

Provided  with  a  quarry  or  prey.    (Beaum.  A 
Fletck.) 

*  quar'-ri-er  (1),  •  qnar-i-on,  «.  [Lat.  quad- 

ras —  square.]    A  wax  candle,  consisting  of  a 
square  lump  of  wax  with  a  wick  in  the  centre. 

"  All  the  endes  of  qunrrien  and  prickeU."  —  OrtU- 
tianctt  t  Uegiuationi,  p.  295. 


(2),  ».     [Eng.   quarry,  v.  ;  •«•.] 
One  who  works  in  a  quarry  ;  a  quarryman. 

"  The  rathlesn  assaults  of  the  qiiarrier  and  builder 
kave  done  much  to  obliterate  those  singularly  interest- 
Ing  memorial*."—  Wilton  •  Prehistoric  Annatt  of  Scot- 
land, oh.  T 

*  quar'-rdm,  *  quar  romo,  •  quar  ron, 
t  [Apparently  a  corrupt,  of  carrwn  (q.v.).J 
The  body.  (Slang.)  (Smith  :  Live*  of  High- 
waymen,  1719,  i.  159.) 


-rj^  (1),  *  qaur,  *  quar  er,  *  quar- 
ere, *  quar-rer,  *  quar-rere,  *  quar- 
rie,  s.  [O.  Fr.  quarriere  (Fr.  carriere),  from 
Low  Lat.  quadraria  =  a  quarry  for  squared 
stones,  from  Lat  quadra  =  to  square  ;  quadrut 
=  square.  ]  A  place,  pit,  or  mine  where  stones 
are  dug  out  of  the  earth,  or  are  separated  from 
the  mass  of  rock  by  blasting.  The  term  mine 
is  generally  confined  to  pits  or  places  whence 
coal  or  metals  are  taken ;  quarry  to  thosa 
from  which  stones  for  building,  ore., 'as  marble, 
slate,  &c.,  are  taken.  A  mine  is  subterranean, 
and  reached  by  a  shaft ;  in  a  quarry  the  over- 
lying soil  is  simply  removed. 

"  Whether  there  were  any  necessity  that  could 
infallibly  produce  quarriet  of  stone  in  the  earth."— 
More  Antidote  against  AUteim.  pt  L.  ch.  iil 

*  quarry-slave,  s.    A  slave  condemned 
to  work  in  the  public  quarries. 

quarry-stone  bond,  a. 

Build  :  Rubble  masonry. 
quarry-water,  s. 

Mining :  The  water  more  or  less  diffused 
through  the  substance  of  many  stones  when 
first  taken  from  tha  quarry.  Whilst  they 
retain  it  they  are  soft,  and  in  some  cases  even 
fictile.  After  they  have  hardened  in  the  air, 
they  will  not  again  become  soft,  even  if 
immersed  in  water.  (Lyell.) 

-ry  (2),  s.  At  a  [O.  Fr.  quarre  (Fr.  carre\ 
from  Lat.  quadrum,  accus.  of  juouiru>=square.J 

(QUARREL  (2),  S.] 

A.  As  substantive : 

1.  A  diamond-shaped  pane  of  a  lead  case- 
ment.    They  are  lixed  in  by  eames,  which  are 
tied  by  leaden  strips  to  saddle-liars  running 
transversely  across  the  iron  frame  of  the  case- 
ment window. 

"To  take  down  a  quarry  of  glass  to  scowre.*— 
Mortimer:  ff.ttbandrf. 

2.  An  arrow  with  a  square  head  ;  a  quarrel. 

"  So  fit  to  shoot  she  singled  forth  among 
Her  foes,  who  first  hei  quarne*  strength  should 
f eele/    Fairefn  z  •  Godfrey  of  Oortorm.  ch.  xi.,  f  M. 

3.  A  small  square  paving-stone  or  brick. 

*  B.  As  adj  :  Square,  quadrate. 

quar'-ry  (3),  »  quar-rey,  *  quar  rie, 
*  quer-re,  s.  [O.  Fr.  at  tree,  curee,  from 
ciur(Lat.  corium)  =  hide,  skin.]  [CUIRASS.] 

*  1.  In  hunting,  a  part  of  the  entrails  of  th« 
animal  killed  given  to  the  dogs 

*•  2.  A  heap  of  animals  killed ;  hence,  a  heap 
of  dead  generally. 

"  What  murthriug  quart  of  men.  what  heaps  down 
thrown."  Phaer .    Virgil ,  &Neuto»  Ix. 

3.  Any  animal  pursued  as  game  with  hounds 
or  hawks ;  game,  prey ;  hence,  any  object  of 
pursuit. 

"  The  pack  could  not  be  defrauded  into  the  belief 
that  their  quarry  was  (^l."- Field.  April  4,  1886. 

quar-ry  (1),  v.t.    [QOARRV  (1),  ».]    To  dig  or 
take  from  a  quarry,  as  marble,  slate,  otc. 
"  He  borne  where  (-olden  Indus  streams. 

Of  pearl  and  autirrvii  diamond  dreams." 

Brooke.  FoMft. 

*  quar'-ry.  v.i.  [QUARRY  (3),  ».]  To  prey,  as 
a  vulture  or  hawk. 

"  With  cares  and  horrors  at  his  heart,  like  the  vnltur* 
that  is  day  and  nirfht  quarrying  upon  Prumethcus't 
liver."— L'&tranye. 

quar  -ry-man,  s.  [Eng.  quarry  (l),  s.,  and 
man.]  One  who  works  in  a  quarry  ;  one  who 
quarries  stones,  &c 

"  One  .  the  quarryman  assured  me  was  flat  '— 
Woodwira. 

quart,  *  quarte,  ».  [Fr  quarte  =  a  French 
quart,  from  Lat  quarto.  (jxirs)  =  the  fourth 
(part),  from  quartus  =  fourth  ;  qnatuor  =  four ; 
Sp.  cuarto,  cuarta;  Port  &  Ital.  quarto, 
quarto.] 

*  1.  A  quarter ;  a  fourth  part 


2.  The  fourth  part  of  a  gallon  ;  two  pints  or 
69  3185  cubic  inches     The  old  English  quart 
for  wine  and  spirits  contained  57 "75   culiic 
inches  ;  that  for  lieer  and  ale  70'5  cubic  inches, 
and  that  for  dry  measure  67  2  cubic  incbe* 
nearly 

••  When  all  the  wine  which  I  put  off  by  wholesale 
He  took  again  In  qiuirti."  Mayru .  City  Match.  L  t 

3.  A  vessel  containing  the  fourth  part  of  » 
gallon 

"This carpenter  goth  down,  and  cometh  ami*. 
And  brought  of  mighty  ale  a  lar^e  quart." 

Chaucer    C.  T..  MM. 

4.  A  sequence  of  four  cards  in  the  game  ol 
piquet    (Pron.  knrt.) 


boll,  b6y;  pout,  jowl;  eat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin.  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.    -Ing. 
-elan,  -tian  =  shan.   -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  -  zhua.    -clous,  -Uoua,  -sions  =  abus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


3844 


qnart— quarter 


quart-bottle,  ».  A  bottle  nominally  con- 
t-  ining  the  fourth  part  of  a  gallon,  but  In 
reality  as  sold  frequently  containing  only  a 
sixth  part  or  less. 

*  quart  d'ecu,  quardecu,  *.    An  old 

French  coin  equal  to  the  fourth  part  of  a 
crown. 

quart-pot,  *.  A  pot  or  vessel  holding  a 
quart.  (Shakesp. :  2  Henry  VI.,  iv.  10.) 

•  quart,  *  quarto,  *  qwart,  *  quert,  a. 
&  ».  [Prob.  from  O.  FT.  quer,  cuer  =  the  heart ; 
cf.  Eng.  hearty  =  in  goo<l  heart.] 

A.  Ai  adj. :  Safe,  sound. 

"  Bol  and  querf."         LydgaU :  Minor  Potmt,  p.  M. 

B.  At  subst. :  Safety. 

"  Ye  i»l  haue  belt  and  leve  ID  meart." 

Coventry  Myittriet,  p.  tU. 

quar  -tan,  » quar-teyno,  a.  &  «.  [Fr. 
ouartai'nt  =  quartan,  from  Lat.  quartana 
(febris)  =  quartan  (fever),  from  quartanut  = 
pertaining  to  the  fourth  ;  quarto*  =  fourth.] 

A,  At  adj.  :    Designating  the  fourth  ;   oc- 
eurring  or  recurring  every  fourth  day. 

"  H«  ftll  In  »  feuer  quarteyne  and  a  great  flyxe."— 
rabyan,  rot  it  (an.  13M). 

B.  As  substantive : 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  measure  containing  a 
fourth  part  of  some  other  measure. 

2.  Pathol. :  A  quartan  ague. 

quartan-fever,  quart  an  ague,  «. 

Pathol. :  A  fever  or  ague  recurring  every 
fourth  day :  that  is,  it  is  absent  two  whole 
days  and  then  returns  after  an  interval  of 
seventy-two  hours.  The  paroxysm  generally 
arises  in  the  afternoon. 

quar'  -  tine,  «.  [Lat.  quart(us)  =  fourth ; 
-one.]  [BUTANE.] 

•  quar-ta'-tion,  ».   [Fr.,  from  Lat.  quartu*  =s 
fourth.] 

Metall. :  The  process  formerly  employed  of 
Mparating  gold  from  silver  by  means  of  nitric 
acid.  This  would  not  act  effectually  upon  an 
alloy  containing  less  than  three-parts  silver, 
so  that  when  the  mixture  was  richer  in  gold, 
silver  was  added  to  make  this  proportion. 
(BoyU :  Works,  i.  604.) 

•quart*  (!),«•    [QcART,  «.]  Q 

quarto  (2),  $.    [Fr.] 

Fencing :  One  of  the  four  guards,  or  a  cor- 
responding position  of  the  body. 


quar'-tene, *.  [Lat  quart(ua)  • 

[BUTEXl.] 


;  fourth ;  -ene.] 


and 


quar- tin -yl'-Ic,  a.  [Eng.  quarten(e),  am 
(eth)ylie.)  Derived  from  or  containing  ethyL 

quartenyllc  -  add,  *.  [ISOCBOTONIO- 
ACLD.] 

quar'-ter,  *.  [O.  Fr.  quarter  (Fr.  quartier), 
from  Lat.  quartariut  =  a  fourth  part,  a  quarter 
of  a  measure  of  anything,  from  quartus  = 
fourth  ;  Dan.  quarteer;  Gex.  yuartitr;  Sw. 
gvarter;  Dut  kwartier.] 

L  Ordinary  Language  :  .__ 

L  Literally: 

(1)  The  fourth  part  or  portion  of  anything ; 
one  of  four  parts  into  which  anything  is 
divided. 

"  Mo  h*rU  may  thlDke,  no  tongue  tain*, 
A  quarter  of  my  wo«  and  pain." 

Xomaunt  of  On  Rat*. 

(3)  Hence,  specifically  : 

(a)  One  of  the  four  cardinal  point*. 

•HI*  pralM,  y»  wind*  1  that  from  (oar  quarter*  blow, 
Breath*  (oft  or  load."  Milton  :  P.  L.,  v.  192. 

5  More  widely,  any  region  or  point ;  direc- 
tion :  as,  From  what  quarter  does  the  wind 
blow? 

(6)  The  fourth  part  of  the  year ;  especially 
at  schools,  the  fourth  part  of  the  period  of  the 
year  during  which  the  pupils  are  under  in- 
struction, generally  about  ten  or  eleven  weeks. 
In  this  sense  now  becoming  gradually  super- 
seded by  term  (q.v.). 

(«)  The  fourth  part  into  which  a  body  or 
carcass  is  divided,  including  one  of  the  limbs. 

"  Tb*  quarter*  wen  xnt  to  heng*  at  four  clt«« 
B*  1*  n*  worth  b*  Mbtnt,  who  *o  traytour  hex.* 
K.  Brunne.  p.  t*4. 

(*f)  The  fourth  part  of  an  hour,  equivalent 
to  fifteen  minutes. 

"  A  f*Uow  that  torn*  npon  hi*  to* 
In  a  rtxpU,  Mad  «trlk««  guarUrtl' 

Matme:  City  Mate\,  U.  1 

(•)  A.  coin,  value  twemty-tve  cents,  or  the 
fourth  part  of  a  dollar. 


2.  Figuratively : 

(1)  A  particular  region  or  district  of  a  town 
or  country ;  a  district,  a  locality  :  as,  the  Latin 
quarter  in  Paris. 

(2)  Proper  position ;  allotted  or  assigned 
position  or  place ;  specific  place  or  location. 
[a».(5H    * 

(S)  (Pi.):  A  place  of  lodgingor  entertainment; 
shelter;  temporary  residence  or  abode.  [U.S.] 

(4)  Mercy ;  merciful  treatment  on  the  part  of 
the  conquerors  or  stronger  party  ;  a  refraining 
from  pushing  one's  advantage  to  extremes. 
[To  show  quarter.] 

•(5)  Peace,  friendship,  concord,  amity. 

"In  quarter,  and  in  term*  like  bride  and  groom.* 
SluJctip.  :  Othello.  U.  S. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Arch. :  A  portion  of  a  Gothic  arch. 

2.  Astron.  :  The  fourth  part  of  the  moon's 
monthly  revolution  :  as,  The  moon  is  in  her 
first  quarter.    [MooN.J 

3.  Building  it  Carpentry : 

(1)  An  upright  stud  or  scantling  in  a  par- 
tition which  is  to  be  lathed  and  plastered. 
The  English  rule  is  to  place  the  quarters  at  a 
distance  not  exceeding  fourteen  inches. 

(2)  A  section  of  winding  stairs. 

(3)  A  square  panel  enclosing  a  quatrefoil  or 
other  ornament. 

4.  Coopering :  The  portion  of  the  side  of  a 
cask  intermediate  between  the  chime  and  the 
bulge. 

5.  Cork-cutting:  A  piece  of  cork,  blocked 
out  and  ready  for  rounding  into  proper  shape. 

6.  Farriery: 

(1)  That  part  of  a  horse's  hoof  between  the 
toe  and  the  heel,  being  the  side  of  the  cofBu. 

If  False  quarter :  A  cleft  in  the  hoof  extend- 
ing from  the  coronet  to  the  shoe,  or  from  top 
to  bottom.  When  for  any  disorder  one  of  the 
quarters  is  cut,  the  horse  is  said  to  be  quarter- 
cast. 

(2)  The  rear  or  heel  por- 
tion of  a  horseshoe. 

7.  Her. :  One  of  the  divi- 
sions of  a  shield,  when  it 
is  divided  into  four  por- 
tions by  horizontal  and  per- 
pendicular lines  meeting  in 
the  fesse  point ;  an  ordi- 
nary occupying  one-fourth 
of  the   field,    and    placed 

(unless  otherwise  directed)  in  the  dexter  chief. 

8.  Mil.  (PI.):   A  station  or   encampment 
occupied  by  troops  ;  place  of  lodging  or  en- 
campment for  officers  and  men.     The  apart- 
ments assigned  to  officers  and  soldiers  in  a 
barrack.     (Shakesp. :    I   Henry    VLt   ii.    1.) 

[HEAD-QUARTERS.] 

9.  Nautical: 

(1)  The  side  of  a  ship,  aft,  between  the  main 
channels  and  stern. 

(2)  That  portion  of  a  yard  from  the  slings 
outward. 

(5)  A  point  of  the  compass  between  the  line 
of  the  keel  and  abaft  the  beam. 

(4)  (PI.):  The  stations  of  a  ship's  company  in 
time  of  exercise  or  action. 

10.  Milling :  A  section  of  a  millstone  dress, 
consisting  of  a  leader  and  its  branches  ;  the 
term  is  used  irresjiective  of  the  number  of 
degrees  embraced  in  the  sector. 

11.  Navig. :  A  fourth  part  of  a  point,  equiva- 
lent, to  2°  48'  45"  of  an  arc.    (Called  also  a 
Quarter-point. ) 

12.  Shoemaking :   The  portion  of  a  boot  or 
shoe  upper  behind  the  ankle-seams. 

13.  Weight*  <t  Measures  : 

(1)  The  fourth  part  of  a  hundredweight,  or 
281bs. 

(2)  The  fourth  part  of  a  ton  in  weight,  or 
eight  bushels  of  grain. 

(3)  The  fourth  part  of  a  chaldron  of  coal. 

U  (1)  To  show  quarter,  *  To  grant  quarter,  *  To 
keep  quarter :  In  war,  to  spare  the  life  of  a 
vanquished  enemy ;  hence,  generally,  not  to 
push  one's  advantage  to  an  extreme  ;  to  show 
mercy ;  to  be  merciful,  kind,  or  forgiving.  (The 
origin  of  the  term  is  disputed  ;  by  some  it  is 
referred  to  an  agreement  said  to  have  been 
anciently  made  between  the  Dutch  and  the 
Spaniards,  that  the  ransom  of  a  soldier  should 
be  the  quarter  of  his  pay.  It  may,  perhaps, 
be  referred  to  the  meaning  I.  2.  (5),  and  so 
mean,  to  grant  friendship  or  peace.) 


QUARTERS. 


(2)  On  the  quarter  : 

Naut.  :  In  the  direction  of  a  point  in  tho 
horizon  considerably  abaft  the  beam,  but  not 
in  the  direction  of  the  stern. 

"  Whether  on  th*  bow.  or  a  beam,  or  on  On  quarter* 
leyraph,  B*pt  11,  1845. 


*  quarter-aspect,  *. 

Astron.  :  The  aspect  of  two  planets,  whose 
position  is  at  a  distance  of  90*  on  the  zodiac. 

quarter-back,  ». 

Football  :  One  of  the  players  stationed  im- 
mediately in  front  of  the  goal-keeper. 

quarter-badge,  *. 

Naut.  :  An  artificial  gallery  on  a  ship  ;  a 
carved  ornament  near  the  stern,  conti  ining  a 
window  for  the  cabin,  or  a  representation  of  a 
window.  It  occurs  in  ships  which  have  no 
quarter-gallery  (q.v.). 

quarter-bill,  «. 

Naut.  :  A  list  containing  the  different  stations 
to  which  the  officers  and  crew  are  distributed 
in  time  of  action,  with  their  names. 

quarter-blanket,  *. 

Manege:  A  small  blanket  generally  used 
under  the  harness,  covering  the  horse's  back 
from  the  shoulders  to  the  hips,  though  in  some 
cases  it  extends  no  farther  forward  than  tho 
front  of  the  pad. 

quarter  block,  *. 

Naut.  :  A  double  block  iron-bound,  secure4 
swivel  fashion  by  a  bolt  near  the  middle  of  a 
yard. 

quarter-boards,  s.  pL 

Naut.  :  A  set  of  thin  boards  forming  an 
additional  height  to  the  bulwarks  at  tlie  after- 
part  of  a  vessel.  Also  called  Top-gallaut  bul- 
warks. 

quarter-boat,  «. 

Naut.  :  A  boat  hung  to  davits  over  a  ship's 
quarter. 

quarter-boot,  «. 

Manege.  :  A  leather  boot  designed  to  rro- 
tect  the  heels  of  the  horse's  fore-feet  trom 
injury  by  overreaching  with  the  hind  feet. 

*  quarter-boys,  *.  pi.    Machinery  of  a 
clock  striking  the  quarters.     (Southey  :  Th* 
Doctor,  ch.  xxix. 

quarter-bred,  a.  Having  one-fourth 
pure  blood.  (Said  of  horses  or  cattle.) 

quarter-east,  a.   [QUARTER,  «.,  II.  6.  If.] 

quarter-cleft,  a.  Applied  to  timber  cut 
from  the  centre  to  the  circumference.  This 
section,  by  running  parallel  to  the  silver 
grain,  shows  the  wood,  particularly  oak,  to 
great  advantage. 

quarter-cloths,  ».  pi 

Naut.  :  Long  pieces  of  painted  canvas  ex- 
tended on  the  outside  of  the  quarter-netting 
from  the  upper  part  of  the  gallery  to  the 
gangway. 

•quarter  -cuffed,  a.  Beaten  with  a 
quarter-staff. 

"  Four  hundred  senator*  entered  the  Hit*,  and 
thought  it  an  honour  to  be  cudgelled  and  quarter- 
cuffed."—  Taller.  No.  3L 

quarter-day,  «.  In  England  the  day 
which  begins  each  quarter  of  the  year.  They 
are  now  Lady-day  (March  25),  Midsummer 
day  (June  24),  Michaelmas-day  (Septem 
ber  29),  and  Christmas-day  (December  25) 
These  days  have  been  adopted  between  land 
lord  and  tenant  for  entering  on  or  quitting 
lands  or  houses,  and  for  paying  rent.  In  the 
old  style  they  were  Old  Lady-day  (April  6) 
Old  Midsummer-day  (July  6),  Old  Michael 
mas-day  (October  11),  and  Old  Christmas-da) 
(January  6).  In  Scotland  the  quarter-days 
are  Camlleiiias-day  (February  2),  Whitsunday 
(May  15),  Lammas-day  (August  1),  and  ilartin- 
mas-ilay  (November  11). 

quarter-deck,  «. 

Naut.  :  A  deck  raised  above  the  waist  and 
extending  from  the  stern  to  the  mainmast. 
It  is  especially  a  privileged  portion  of  the 
deck,  being  the  promenade  of  the  superior 
officers  or  of  the  cabin  passengers.  The  wind- 
ward side  is  the  place  of  honour. 

quarter-decker.  «. 

Naut.  :  A  sarcastic-  title  applied  to  an  officer 
who  is  more  remarkable  for  attention  to 
etiquette  than  for  a  knowledge  of  seamanship. 


late,  fat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;  we,  -wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot 
or.  wore,  wolt  work,  who,  son ;  mute.  cub.  cure,  unite,  our,  role,  foil;  try,  Syrian,    ae,  o>  =  e ;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


quarter— quartermaster 


8845 


quarter-evil,  quarter-ill,  ».  A  dis- 
ease (malignant  pustule)  in  cattle  and  sheep. 
It  causes  great  mortality. 


quarter-face,  «.  A  face  three  parts 
turned  away. 

quarter-foil,  s.    [QUARTREFOIL.] 
quarter-gallery,  s. 

Shipbuild. :  A  small  balcony  on  the  quarter 
of  a  vessel.  It  is  often  decorated  with  orna- 
mental carvings,  &c, 

quarter-guard, ». 

Mil. :  A  small  guard  posted  in  front  of  each 

battalion  in  camp. 

*  quarter-gunner,  a. 

Naut. :  A  term  formerly  applied  to  an  able- 
bodied  seaman  placed  under  the  direction  of 
the  gunner,  one  quarter-guimer  being  allowed 
to  every  four  guns. 

quarter-hollow  tool,  *. 

Wood-turning :  A  chisel  for  making  convex 
mouldings. 

quarter-hung,  a. 

Ordn. :  Said  of  a  gun  whose  trunnions  have 
their  axis  below  the  line  of  bore. 

quarter-ill,  *.    [QUARTER-EVIL.] 

*  quarter-look,  s.    A  side-look. 

quarter-man,  s.  A  foreman  employed 
In  the  royal  dockyards  under  the  master-ship- 
wright, to  superintend  a  certain  number  of 
workmen. 

quarter-netting, s. 

Naut. :  Netting  on  the  quarter  for  the  stow- 
age of  hammocks,  which  in  action  serve  to 
arrest  bullets  from  small  arms. 

quarter-pace,  s. 

Build. :  A  stair  embracing  a  quarter-turn  at 
the  winding  of  a  stairs. 

quarter-partition. .«. 

Carp. :  A  partition  consisting  of  quartering. 

quarter-pieces,  s.  pL 

Shipbuild. :  Timbers  in  the  after  part  of  the 
quarter-gallery  near  the  taflrail. 

quarter-point,  s.    (QUARTER,  ».,  II.  11.) 

quarter-rail, «. 

Shipbuild. :  One  of  a  series  of  narrow 
moulded  planks,  reaching  from  the  stern  to 
the  gangway  and  serving  as  a  fence  to  the 
quarter-deck,  where  there  are  no  ports  or 
bulwarks. 

quarter-round, *. 

L  Arch,. :  An  ovolo  ;  an  echinus. 

2.  Carp. :  A  plane  used  for  moulding  frame- 
Work. 

Quarter-round  tool :  A  chisel  used  for  making 
concave  mouldings. 

quarter-seal,  s.  The  seal  kept  by  the 
director  of  the  Chancery  of  Scotland.  It  is 
in  the  shape  and  impression  of -the  fourth  part 
of  the  Great  Seal,  and  is  in  the  Scotch  statutes 
called  the  Testimonial  of  the  Great  Seal. 
Gifts  of  land  from  the  crown  pass  thin  seal  in 
certain  cases.  (Bell.) 

quarter-sessions,  s.  pi. 
Law: 

1.  In  England :  A  general  court  of  criminal 
Jurisdiction  held  in  every  county  once  in  each 
quarter  of  a  year  l>efi  re  two  or  more  justices 
of  the    peace,    an<*    before   the   recorder  in 
boroughs.    Its  jurisdiction  is  confined  to  the 
smaller  felonies  and  misdemeanors  against  the 
public,  and  certain  matters  rather  of  a  civil 
than  a  criminal  nature,  such  as  the  regulation 
of  weights  and  measures ;  questions  relating 
to  the  settlement  of  the  poor ;  bastardy ;  and 
appeals  against  a  multitude  of  orders  or  con- 
victions, which  may  be  made  in  petty  sessions, 
within  the  laws  relating  to  the  revenue,  the 
highways,  and  other  matters  of  a  local  nature. 
In  most  of  these  cases  an  appeal  lies  to  the 
higher  court. 

2.  In  Scotland :  A  court  held  by  the  justices 
of  the  peace  four  times  a  year  at  the  county 
towns.    These  courts  have  the  power  of  re- 
versing the  sentences  pronounced  at  the  special 
and  petty  sessions,  when  the  sentence  is  of  a 
nature  subject  to  review. 

8.  In  the  United  Statef:    A  court  variously 


known  by  this  title,  Criminal  Court,  4<x     It  is 
similar  to  the  English  court  described. 

*  quarter-slings,  s.  pi 

Naut. :  Ropes  or  chains  used  on  shipboard 
in  the  sixteenth  century. 

quarter-squares,  s.  pi. 

Math. :  A  table  of  the  fourth  part  of  the 
squares  of  numliers.  It  is  used  in  lieu  of  a 
table  of  logarithms. 

quarter-staff;  t.    [QUARTERSTAFF.] 
quarter-stanchion,  s. 

Naut.  A  strong  stanchion  in  each  quarter 
of  a  square-sterned  vessel. 

quarter-stuff,  5. 

Carp. :  Plank  one  quarter  of  an  inch  thick. 

quarter-timber,  s. 

1.  Carp. :  Scantling  from  two  to  six  inches 
deep. 

2.  Naut. :  One  of  the  framing  timbers  in  a 
ship's  quarter. 

quarter-wind,  *. 

Naut. :  A  wind  blowing  on  a  vessel's  quarter. 

quar'-ter  (1),  v.t.  &  t.    [QUARTER,  «.] 
A.  Transitive  : 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

I.  To  cut,  part,  or  divide  into  four  equal 
portions. 

*  2.  To  divide  into  parts  ;  to  cut  or  separate 
into  pieces. 

"I,  that  with  my  sword  quartered  tb«  world." 

Shakr.sp.  :  A  ntony  i  Cleopatra,  IT. 

3.  To  provide  with  quarters,  lodgings,  or 
shelter ;   to  find  lodging  and  food  for  (said 
espec.  of  soldiers). 

"The  Carmelites  were  quart tred  in  the  city."— 
Macaulay :  Hitt.  Eng.,  ch.  vi. 

*4.  To  furnish  as  a  portion,  to  allot,  to 
deal  out,  to  share. 
5.  To  diet,  to  feed. 

'•»'d  suck  his  claws, 
rter  blrni 

I 

II.  Technical 

1.  Her. :  To  add  to  other  arms  on  a  shield  ; 
to  bear  as  an  appendage  to  the  hereditary  arms. 

2.  Law:  By  54  Geo.  III.,  c.  146,  §  1,  a  part 
of  the  punishment  for  high  treason  was  that 
after  the  criminal  was  beheaded  his  body, 
divided  into  four  quarters,  should  be  disposed 
of  as  his  Majesty  might  direct.     (For  this 
sentence,  beheading  may  now  be  substituted.) 

*B.  Intransitive: 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  To  be  stationed  or  lodged  ; 
to   take   up   one's   quarters ;   to  remain   in 
quarters;  to  lodge. 

2.  Her. :  To  be  quartered. 

"  He  bare  the  self  same  armes  that  dyd  quarter  in  my 
•cute."  (tatcoigne :  Deutte  of  a  Matke. 

quar'-ter  (2),  v.i.  [Fr.  cartayer  =  to  quarter, 
from  quatre  =  four ;  the  wheels  and  ruts 
dividing  the  road  into  four  portions.]  To 
drive  a  carriage,  so  that  one  of  the  chief  ruts 
is  between  the  wheels  ;  to  drive  so  as  to  pre- 
vent the  wheels  entering  the  ruts. 

"The  postillion  was  employed  ....  eternally  in 
quartering .'—  De  Quince y :  A  a  tab.  Sketchet,  i.  »8. 

•quar^-ter-age,*quart'-rage  (age  as  Ig), 
*  quar'-trldge,  s.  [Eng.  quarter;  -age.} 

1.  A  quarterly  allowance  or  payment. 

"The  qimrtragr  of  the  friers  cannot  be  little."— 
Fox  :  Martyrl,  p.  925  (an.  1&32). 

2.  Quarters.  (Holinshed :  Scotland,  an.  1557.) 

quar'-tered,  pa.  par.  &  a.    [QUARTER,  «.) 

A.  As  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective: 

L  Ordinary  language: 
L  Divided  into  quarters  or  four  equal  parts ; 
separated  into  parts. 
2.  Lodged,  stationed. 

"A  Jesuit  was  quartered  then  as  chaplain."— 
Macaukiy :  Hiii.  Kng.,  ch.  vi. 

H.  Her. :  A  term  sometimes  applied  to  the 
cross  when  voided  in  the  centre  :  as,  cross 
quartered. 

quar -ter-ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,4*.  [QUARTER,  v.] 

A.  As  pr.  jxzr.  ;  (See  the  verb). 

B.  4i  adjective: 

Naut. ;  Being  on  the  quarter,  or  between 
the  Hue  of  the  keel  and  the  beam,  abaft  the 
lattei  .  as,  a  ifuartering  wind.  (Dana.) 


C.  As  substantive  : 
i  Ordinary  Language  : 
L  The  act  of  dividing  Into  quarters  or  fbui 
equal  parts  ;  division. 

2.  The  assignment  of  quarters  or  lodgings 
for  soldiers. 

3.  A  station. 

"  Habitations,  mansions,   or  qua*teringi  then."— 
Jfountague  :  Appeale  to  Cottar,  en.  xrlii. 

4.  Quarters  ;  lodging. 

•  5.  A  quarter. 

"The  notion  that  the  we»ther  changes  at  the  moon's 
quarttringt  isttill  helil  witli  great  vigvur  in  England." 
—Tylor:  Prim.  Cult.  led.  1873).  i.  118. 
IL  Technically: 

1.  Carp.  :  A  series  of  small  vertical  timber- 
posts,  rarely  exceeding  four  by  three  inches, 
used  to  form  a  partition  for  the  separation  or 
boundary  of  apartments.     They  are  usually 
placed  about  twelve   inches  apart,  and   are 
lathed  and  plastered  in  the  internal  apart- 
ments, but  if  used  for  external  purposes  they 
are  generally  boarded. 

2.  Gun.  :  A  term  employed  when  a  piece  of 
ordnance  is  so  traversed  that  it  will  shoot  on 
the  line,  or  on  the  point  of  the  com  pa-ss  whereon 
the  ship's  quarter  has  its  liearing. 

3.  Her.  :  The  arrangement  of  a  number  of 
coats-of-anns  on  one  shield  to  form  one  bear- 
ing, as  in  the  royal  arms  of  England,  where 
those  of  the  several  countries  are  conjoined; 
the  act  of  dividing  a  coat  of  arms  into  four  or 
more  quarters,  by  parting,  couping,  ozc.,  bj 
perpendicular  and    horizontal    lines.      It   is 
used  to  denote  the  several  alliances  of  one 
family  with  the  heiresses  of  others. 

4.  Mach.  :  The  adjustment  of  cranks  on  a 
single  shaft  at  90°  distance  apart,  or  the  bor- 
ing of  wrist-pins  in  locomotive  driving-wheels 
at  right  angles  with  each  other. 

5.  Naut.  :  Sailing  large,  but  not  before  the 
wind. 

quartering  belt,  «. 
Mach.  :  A  belt  or  band  connecting  pulleys 
whose  axles  are  at  right  angles  to  each  other. 

*  quartering  -block,  s.     The  block  on 
which    the    body  of   one  condemned  to  be 
quartered  was  cut  in  pieces. 

*  quar-ter  -iz-d  -tion,  *.     (Eng.  quarter,  v.  ; 
-ization.} 
Law  :  The  quartering  of  criminals. 


r-iy,  a.,  adv.,  &  *.  [Eng.  quarter  ;  -ly.} 

A.  As  adjective  . 

1.  Consisting  of,  or  containing  a  quarter  or 
fourth  part. 

2.  Occurring   or   recurring   once    in    each 
quarter  of  the  year  ;  occurring  or  done  at  the 
end  of  each  quarter  of  the  year  :  as,  quarterly 
payments  or  visits. 

B.  As  adverb  : 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 
1.  Once  in  each  quarter  of  the  year  ;  once  s 
quarter. 
•2.  In  quarters,  in  pieces. 

"  They  tore  in  peces  quarterly 
The  corps. 

Qafcoiyne  :  Complajfnt  of 

Pltylomene. 

IL  Her.  :  Arranged  ac- 
cording to  the  four  quar- 
ters of  the  shield  ;  quar- 
tered. 

"  He  bare  syluer  and  sables 

fitarterlv."  —  Bernerl  :    Froit- 

t  •  .    Cro«^.    TOL    11.    ch. 


C.  As  subst.  :  A  rnaga- 
zine  or  other  literary  perio- 
dical published  ouce  in  every  three  months. 

"  In   the  various  London  or  other  quarttrlin.~~ 
Lindtay  :  Mind  iu  the  Later  r  Animall.  i.  S3. 

quar-ter  mas-ter,  *.    [Eng.  quarter  (2),  s., 
and  master.] 

1.  Mil.  :  An  officer,  usually  promoted  from 
the  ranks,   who  superintends    the    issue   ol 
storvs,  fo.  «1,  and  clothing.     He  ranks  first  as 
a  lieutenant,  and  is  promoted  to  captain  after 
a  certain  jieriod  of  service. 

2.  Naut.  :   A   petty   officer,  who,    besides 
having  charge  of  the  stowage  of  ballast  and 
provisions,  coiling  of  ropes,   &c.,  attends  to 
the  steering  of  the  ship.    He  is  appointed  by 
the  captain. 

quartermaster-general,  .«. 

Mil.  :  A  staff-officer,  specially  appointed  for 


boil,  bo^;  poUt,  J6"wl;  cat,  90!!,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^ist.    ph  -  C, 
-oian,  -tian  =  shan.     t  ion, -sion  -  shun; -tion- -sion  =  zhun,    -clous,  -tlous.  -sious  =  shus.   -We,  -die,  Ac,  =  bel,  del. 


3846 


quart -rn- quasi 


duties  connected  with  quartering,  encamp- 
ing, embarking,  and  moving  troops.  In  the 
field  he  is  responsible  for  the  surveys  and 
reconnaissance  necessary  for  the  conductor  the 
army,  and  lias  the  general  direction  of  the 
railway,  postal,  signalling,  and  telegraph  ser- 
vices. A  general  officer  is  usually  appointed. 

quartermaster  sergeant, ». 

Mil. :  The  senior  sergeant  in  the  quarter- 
master's department  of  a  regiment.  He  is 
responsible  to  the  quartermaster  for  the  issu- 
ing of  stores  and  other  duties  connected  with 
the  office.  He  ranks  next  the  sergeant-major. 

quar  tern,  *  quar-terne,  *  quar-ter- 
oun,  *  quar-trou,  *  quar-troun, ».  [O. 

Fr.  qunrteron  =  a  quarter  of  a  pound,  a  quar- 
tern, from  Low  Lat  quarteronem,  accus.  of 
qiiartero  =  the  fourth  part  of  a  pound  ;  Lat. 
quartu*  =  fourth.] 

*  1.  A  quarter. 

"  There  is  not  the  more  wyn  In  xlle  the  Irmacionn.  of 
only  the  seconde  quarteroun."—MaundetiUe,  ch.  xxx. 

2.  Liquid  TMOS.  :  Tlie  fourth  part  of  a  pint; 
an  imperial  gill. 

3.  Dry  metis. :  The  fourth  part  of  a  peck,  or 
of  a  stone. 

4.  A  quartern-loaf  (q.v.). 

"  The  pang  with  which  we  saw  one  of  those  solid 
yuartni-ru  on  the  dinner-table."— Century  Mayaiine, 
December  1878.  p.  488. 

quartern-loaf,  s.  Properly  a  loaf  made 
of  the  quarter  of  a  stone  of  flour,  but  generally 
applied  to  a  loaf  of  the  weight  of  4  Ibs. 

•  quar  -  terne,    *  owar  -  terne,   s.     [ A. S. 
wxatern.]    A  prison. 

11 1-bunden  in  the  quarternt  of  Lunclen." 

Lai/amon,  11.  88*. 

quar  ter  on,  quar  ter  oon,  «.     [QUAD- 

ROON.] 

quai"  ters,  ».  pi.    [QUARTER,  ».] 

quar'-ter-staff,  s.  [Eng.  quarter,  and  staff 
(q.v.).]  A  stout  staff  used  as  a  weapon  of 
offence  or  defence.  It  was  generally  about 
6J  feet  long,  and  loaded  with  iron  at  each 
end.  It  was  grasped  by  one  hand  in  the 
middle,  and  by  the  other  between  the  middle 
and  one  end.  In  use  the  latter  hand  was 
passed  rapidly  from  one  quarter  of  the  staff  to 
the  other,  thus  giving  the  weapon  a  rapid 
circular  motion,  and  bringing  the  loaded  ends 
on  the  adversary  at  unexpected  points. 

"  Wrestled,  played  at  quartering,  and  won  foot- 
races."— J/aatulag  :  II M.  I'ng.,  ch.  ti. 

quar  tette ,  quar  tet ,  quar-tet  to,  «. 

[Ital.  qiiartetto,&  diniin.  from  /luarto  =  fourth, 
from  Lat.  quartiu ;  Fr.  quartette.] 
1.  Music: 

(1)  A  piece  of  music  arranged  for  four  voices 
or  instruments. 

(2)  A  set  of  four  persons,  who  perform  a  piece 
of  music  in  four  parts  ;  a  quartette  party. 

*  2.  Pros. :  A  stanza  of  four  lines. 

qnar'-tfc,  *.    [Lat.  quartus  =  fourth.] 

Alg. :  A  homogeneous  function  of  the  fourth 
degree  in  the  variables,  or,  as  the  latter  are 
sometimes  termed,  facients.  Binary,  ternary, 
and  quaternary  quartics  have  been  most 
studied,  in  consequence  of  their  connection 
respectively  with  the  theories  of  equations,  of 
curves,  and  of  surfaces.  (Brandt  <fc  Cox.) 

•  quar' -tile,  ».    [Lat.  quartus  =  fourth.] 

Astrnl. :  An  aspect  of  the  planets  when  they 
are  distant  from  each  other  a  quai-ter  of  a 
circle,  or  when  their  longitudes  differ  by  90*. 
Marked  thus  Q.     Called  also  Quartile-aspect. 
"  Or  Mars  ai>d  Venus,  in  a  gunrtile,  more 
My  pui^s  of  jealousy  for  Arcite's  love." 

Dryden     Palamon  t  Arcilf.  1.  MO. 

*  quartile  aspect,  t.    [QUARTILE.] 

•  quar'-tme,  s.    [Lat.  quartvs  =  fourth.] 

Hot. :  What  was  once  considered  a  fourth 
integument,  counting  from  the  outside,  in 
some  ovules,  but  is  now  known  to  be  a  layer 
either  of  the  secundine  or  of  the  nucleus. 

quar-tl  ster  -nal,  s.  [Lat.  quartus  =  fourth, 
and  Eng.  sternum  (q.v.).] 

Anat. :  The  fourth  osseous  portion  of  the 
sternum,  cores]<onding  to  the  fourth  intercos- 
tal space.  (Dunglison.) 

Quar'-to,  a.  &  «.  [From  the  Latin  phrase  in 
qunrto  =.  in  a  fourth  of  the  original  size  ;  oitar- 
tus  =  fourth.] 


A.  As  adj.  :  Denoting  the  size  of  a  book  in 
which  a  sheet  makes  four  leaves.    Frequently 
abbreviated  to  4to. 

"  The  book  Is  In  point  of  size  quarto."—  tiotet  t 
Qucria.  June  U.  1884,  p.  473. 

B.  As  subst.  :  A  book  formed  by  folding  a 
sheet  twice,  making  four  leaves,  eight  pages. 
The  term,  by  modern  usage,  refers  to  a  book 
of  nearly  square  form.    The  proportions  vary 
according  to  the  sizes  of  the  sheets. 

"  Six  ample  yuartot  must  have  tried,  and  may  have 
exhausted  the  indulgence  of  the  publick."—  Uibbon  : 
Raman  Umpire,  vol.  vii.  (1'ref.) 

quar  to  d<§9  -I  man,  s.  &  o.    [QUARTODECI- 

MANI.] 

A.  As  subst.  :  One  of  the  Quartodecimani. 

B.  As  adj.  :  Pertaining  to,  or  characteristic 
of  the  Quartodecimani,  or  their  practice  :  as, 
the  Quartodeciman  controversy. 

Quar-to-deg-I-ma'-ni,  s.  pi.   [Eccles.  Lat., 
from  Lat.  quartus-decimus  —  fourteenth.] 

Church  Hist.  :  A  name  given  to  the  Chris- 
tians of  Proconsular  Asia,  who,  alleging  the 
example  of  St.  John,  celebrated  Easter  on 
Nisan  14.  The  practice  was  finally  condemned 
by  the  Council  of  Nice  (A.D.  825).  Called  also 
Paschites.  [EASTER.] 

*  quar  -train,  s.    [QUATRAIN.] 

*  quar  tridge,  «.    [QUARTERAGE.] 


quar'-tyl,  ». 

[BUTYL.] 


[Lat.  quart(us)  =  fourth  ;  -yl.] 


quartz,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful  ;  prob.  of  German 
provincial  origin.] 

Min.  :  A  rhombohedral  or  hexagonal  min- 
eral, crystallizing  mostly  in  hexagonal  prisms 
with  pyramidal  terminations.  Cleavage  rhom- 
bohedral, very  imperfect,  and  rarely  obtain- 
able. Occurs  also  massive,  and  of  varying 
texture.  Hardness,  7  ;  sp.  gr.  2-5  to  2'8  ; 
pure,  crystallized  varieties,  2'66  ;  lustre,  vitre- 
ous, sometimes  resinous,  splendent  to  dull  ; 
colourless,  but  when  impure  of  varying  shades 
of  many  colours  ;  streak,  white,  in  coloured 
kinds  sometimes  of  the  same  colour,  though 
paler  ;  transparent  to  opaque  ;  fracture,  con- 
choidal  to  sub-conchoidal.  Plates  cut  at 
right  angles  to  the  vertical  axes  exhibit  cir- 
cular polarization.  Compos.  :  oxygen,  53'33  ; 
silicon,  46'67  =  100  ;  formula  SiO2,  or  pure 
silica.  Dana  groups  the  numerous  varieties  of 
this  mineral  as  follows  : 

A.  Fhenocrystalline  or  Vitreous  varieties  :  1.  Ordl- 
nary  crystallized.  K<.ck  Crystal;  (a)  regular  crystals, 
or  limpid  quartz,  (A)  right-handed  crystals,  (c)  left- 
hamleu  crystals,  (d)  cavernous  crystals,  (e)  capped 
quartz,  (/)  drusy  quartz,  (g)  radiated  quartz.  (A)  fibrous 
quartz.  2.  Asteriated  or  star-quartz.  S.  Amethyst. 
4.  Rose.  6.  Yellow,  or  false  topaz.  6.  Smoky  or  cairn- 
gorm.  7.  Milky.  8.  Siderite,  or  sapphire  quartz.  9. 
Sageititic.  enclosing  acicular  crystals  of  other  minerals 
such  as  rutile,  tourmaline,  gothite,  stibnite,  asbestos. 
hornblende,  and  eiildote.  10.  Cat's  eye.  11.  Aventu- 
rine.  12.  Impure  from  the  presence  of  dutiiict  min- 
erals densely  diffused. 

.  B.  Cryptocrystalline:  1.  Chalcedony.  3.  Carnellan. 
3.  Chrysoprase.  4.  Prase.  6.  Plasma,  including  the 
heliotrope  ur  bloodstone.  6.  Agate  ;  (a)  banded,  (6) 
Irregularly  clouded,  (c)  colours  due  to  visible  impuri- 
ties, including  moss-agnte,  mocha-stone,  and  dendritic 
agate,  (d\  agiitized  wood.  7.  Onyx.  8.  Sardonyx.  ». 
Agate-Jasper.  10.  Siliceous  sinter.  11.  Flint  11 
Hurnstone  or  chert.  13.  Bosanite,  lydlan-stone  or 
touchstone.  14,  Jasper. 

C.  Includes  various  quart*  rocks,  and  the  pseudo- 
morphous  varieties  such  «s  hay  tori  te,  beekite,  babel- 
quartz,  ic. 

Crystals  are  occasionally  found  very  large  ;  in 
Paris  and  Milan  are  some  which  weigh  about 
eight  cwt.  Quartz  is  abundantly  distributed, 
is  an  essential  constituent  of  many  rocks,  nota- 
bly granite,  gneiss,  various  schists,  and  consti- 
tutes the  larger  part  of  mineral  veins.  Many  of 
its  varieties  are  largely  employed  in  jewelry. 

quartz  andesite,  «. 
Petrol.  (PI.):   Andesites   in  which  quartz 
exists  as  an  essential  constituent. 

quartz  augite  andesite,  s. 

Petrol.  :  A  name  given  to  some  andesites  in 
the  Andes  under  the  erroneous  belief  that  they 
contained  free  quartz.  The  excess  of  silica 
shown  in  the  analyses  is  probably  derived 
from  a  glass,  which  is  found  in  most  of  them. 

quartz  breccia,  «. 

Petrol.  :  A  breccia  in  which  quartz  frag- 
ments predominate. 

quartz-conglomerate,  s. 

Petrol.  :  A  conglomerate  in  which  the  pebbles 
consist  wholly  or  principally  of  quartz. 

quartz-crusher,  t.    [ORE-CRUSHER.] 


Quartz-diabase,  s. 

Petrol. :  A  diabase  containing  quartz,  which, 
however,  is  usually  of  secondary  origin. 

quartz  diorite,  s. 

Petrol.  (PI.):  Diorites  containing  quartz  a* 
an  original  constituent. 

quartz  felsite,  s. 

Petrol.  (PI.):  Felsites  containing  original 
quartz  porpliyritically  distributed.  It  usually 
occurs  in  individual  crystals,  the  prism  planes 
being  absent,  or  nearly  so,  and  has  a  more  or 
less  rounded  aspect.  It  frequently  encloses 
portions  of  the  felsite  ground  mass. 

quartz -liquefier,  s.  An  apparatus  for 
dissolving  comminuted  quartz  in  order  to  set 
free  the  gold.  ( 

quartz-mill,  s.    [ORE-CRUSHER.] 
quartz-porphyry,  s.  [QUARTZ-FELSITE.] 

*  quartz  rcsinite, *. 

Min.  :  Any  variety  of  opal  having  a  some- 
what resinous  lustre. 

quartz-rock,  s. 

Petrol.  :  The  name  applied  to  all  rocks  con- 
sisting essentially  of  massive  quartz. 

quartz  schist,  s. 

Petrol. :  Quartz  rocks  which  contain  suffi- 
cient micaceous  or  talcose  material  to  give 
them  a  schistose  texture. 

quartz-sinter,  s.    [SILICEOUS-SINTER.] 
quartz-trachyte,  s. 

Petrol. :  A  trachyte  containing  quartz  as  an 
original  constituent. 

quartz  If  -er-oiis,  a.  [Eng.  quartz;  i  con- 
nect. ;  Lat./ero  —  to  bear;  Eng.  adj.  suff.  -cms.] 
Consisting  wholly  or  chiefly  of  quartz. 

quartz  ite,  quartz'-yte,  s.  [Eng.  quartz; 
sutf.  -ite,  -yte.] 

Petrol. :  A  name  given  to  all  rocks  consisting 
of  granular  or  crystalline  quartz  closely  com- 
pacted so  as  to  form  a  solid  rock  mass. 

quartz -Old,  s.     [Eng.  quartz;  suff.  -oid.] 

Crystall. :  A  double  six-sided  pyramid,  re- 
presented by  uniting  two  six-sided  single 
pyramids  base  to  base. 

quartz  ose,  quartz  ozc,  quartz  -ous, 

o.     lEng.  quartz;  suff.  -ose,  -oze,  -ous.] 
Petrol. :  Containing  more  or  less  quartz. 

quartz'-y,  a.  [Eng.  quartz;  -y.]  Of  the 
nature  or  quality  of  quartz  ;  pertaining  to 
quartz  ;  consisting  of,  containing,  or  abound- 
ing in  quartz. 

quas,  s.    [QuAss.] 

quash,  *  qnasch-en,  *  quasoh-yn, 
*  quass,  *  quassh,  v.t.  &  i.  [U.  Fr.  quasser 
(Fr.  casser)  =  to  shatter,  to  annul,  from  Lat. 
quasso  —  to  shatter,  frequent  from  quatio  (pa. 
par.  quassns)  =  to  siiake.] 
A.  Transitive : 

*  L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  To  beat  do wn ;  to  dash ;  to  beat  in  pieces ; 
to  crush.    (Udal :  Luke  ix.) 

2.  To  crush,  to  subdue,  to  dash,  to  quell, 
to  extinguish  ;  to  put  an  end  to. 

"  Our  Joys  are  yuaiKd,  our  hopes  are  blasted." 

Cotton:  Death. 

IL  IM.W  :  To  annul,  overthrow,  or  declare 
void  through  some  insulticicncy,  informality, 
or  other  cause ;  to  nullify. 

"  Wlioso  orders  may  ...  be  removed  Into  tb«  court 
of  Queen  s  Bench,  by  writ  of  crrtiorart  faciat,  and  be 
there  either  guatlitd  or  confirmed."— Blackttont .  Com- 
ment., bk.  iv.,  ch.  19. 

*  B.  Intrans. :  To  be  shaken  with  a  noise ; 
to  be  dashed  about. 

"  To  keep  it  [the  brain]  from  guathing  and  snaking." 
—Raj/ :  On  the  Creation,  pt  11. 

t  quash,  s.    [SQUASH,  «.  (I)-] 

*  quash  -ey,  *.    [QUASH,  v.]    A  pumpkin. 

"  With  regard  to  these  said  qitasheyi  .  .  .  the  best 
way  of  dressing  them  in  to  stew  them  In  cream."— 
Southey  :  Lottert.  ill.  3nl. 

qua  si  ,  pref.  [Lat.  =  as  if.]  As  if;  in  a 
manner.  It  is  often  used  prefixed  to  an  Eng- 
lish word  to  denote  resemblance,  generally 
a  fictitious,  unreal,  or  parti.:!  resemblance: 
as,  a  ?i«m-argument  =  something  which  re- 
semliles  an  argument,  or  is  used  on  an  occasion 
in  place  of  or  for  an  argument 


f&te,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pSt, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  whd,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    »,  o>  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


quasje  -  -quavemire 


3847 


quasi  contract,  s. 

Law:  An  act  which  has  not  the  strict  form 
Of  a  contract,  but  has  yet  the  form  of  it. 

quasi-crime,  quasi  delict,  s. 
Law:  The  action  of  one  doing  damage  or 
•vil  involuntarily. 

quasi-delict,  s.    [QUASI-CRIME.] 

quasi-entail,  s. 

Law  :  An  estate  pur  autre  vie  granted,  not 
only  to  a  man  and  his  heirs,  but  to  a  man 
and  the  heirs  of  his  body  ;  the  interest  so 
granted  not  being  properly  an  estate-tail. 

quasi  fee,  & 

Law:  An  estate  gained  by  wrong.  (Wharton.) 

quasi  personalty,  s. 

Law:  Things  movcable  in  point  of  law, 
though  fixed  to  things  real,  either  actually  as 
fixtures,  or  fictitiously,  as  a  lease  for  years. 
(Whnrton.) 

quasi-radiate,  a. 

Sot.  :  Slightly  radiant.  Used  of  certain 
composites,  iii  which  the  florets  of  the  ray  are 
small  and  inconspicuous. 

quasi  realty,  .«. 

Law  :  Things  which  are  fixed  in  contempla- 
tion of  law  to  realty  but  movable  in  them- 
selves, as  heir-looms,  title-deeds,  court-rolls, 
Ac.  (WTiarton.) 

quasi  tenant,  >. 

Law  :  An  undertenant  who  is  in  possession 
at  the  determination  of  an  original  lease,  and 
is  permitted  by  the  reversioner  to  hold  over. 
iWharton.) 

quasi  trustee,  s. 

Law  :  A  parson  who  reaps  a  benefit  from  a 
breach  of  trust,  and  so  becomes  answerable  as 
a  trustee. 


I  mo  do,  phr.    [See  def.] 
Roman  Calendar  :  A  term  applied  to  the  first 
Sunday  after  Easter,  from  tlie  opening  words 
of  the  introit  for  that  day,  "  quasi  modo  geniti 
infantes"  —  as  (infants)  lately  (born). 

f  quas'-je,  s.    [Native  name.] 
Zool.  :  Nasuafusca,    [CoATL] 

Quass,  v.t.    [QUASH,  5.] 

•quass,  quas,  .«.  [Russ.  Jcwass.]  A  thin, 
BOUT,  fermented  liquor,  made  by  pouring 
warm  water  on  rye  or  barley-meal,  and  drunk 
by  the  peasants  of  Russia. 

*  quas-sa'-tion,  s.  [Lat.  quassatio,  from 
quotsatus,  pa.  par.  of  ijuasso  —  to  shatter.] 
[QuAsn,  v.]  The  act  of  snaking  ;  concussion  ; 
the  state  of  being  shaken. 

"Coutiuual  contusions,  thresliiug,  and  quauationt," 
—  Qaytou  :  fettieout  fivte*  on  Oon  yutjore.  p.  66. 

81  a,  s.  [Named  by  Linnaeus  after  Quassi 
or  C'ois.si.'a  negro  of  Surinam,  who  success- 
fully used  its  bark  in  fever;  Ger.  quassie.] 

1.  Bot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  the  order  Simaru- 
bacea-.    Flowers  hermaphrodite  ;  corolla  tive- 
parted  ;  stamens  ten,  longer  than  the  petals  ; 
the  fruit  consisting  of  five    fleshy    drupes. 
Quassia  amara  is  a  tree  cultivated  in  the  West 
Indies  and  the  parts  adjacent.    It  has  termi- 
nal clusters  of  large,  red  flowers,  and  un- 
equally pinnate  leaves. 

2.  I'athul.  :  The  Surinam  Quassia  is  Quassia 
amara  ;  Jamaica  Quassia,  the  wood  of  I'icrcrna 
excelta.     It  cornea  to  market  in  logs  or  billets, 
and  is  retailed  as  chips  or  raspings.    It  is 
given  as  an  extract,  an  infusion,  or  a  tincture, 
and  acts  as  a  pure  bitter  and  stomachic,  and  as 
an  antiperiodic.    An  infusion  of  it  is  used  to 
poison  (lies,  and,  in  the  form  of  an  enema,  to 
destroy  threadworms 

quassia  camphor,  s. 

Chem.  :  A  substance  which  separates  from 
an  aqueous  infusion  of  quassia  wood,  in  white 
crystalline  plates,  lighter  than  water,  and 
having  the  odour  of  the  wood.  (Wattt.) 

quassia-chips,  s.  pi.    [QUASSIA,  *.,  2.) 

QUas'-sI-ad,  5.    [Eng.  quassia);  -ad.] 

Bot.  :  (PI.)    The  Simarubacese.     (LiruUey.) 


Si  In,    *.      [Eng.,   &c.   quassi(a);    -in.] 

[QUASSIN.] 

Quas'-sin,  I.    [Eng.,  &C.  quass(ia);  -in.] 

Ctem.  :  CioHijO3  (?).  Quassiin.  Qnassite.  A 


yellow,  bitter,  crystalline  substance,  extracted 
from  the  aqueous  infusion  of  quassia-wood  by 
alcohol  and  ether.  It  forms  small,  white, 
opaque  prisms,  inodorous  and  permanent  in 
the  air,  slightly  soluble  in  water,  very  soluble 
in  absolute  alcohol  and  in  ether.  When 
heated  it  melts,  and  forms  on  cooling  a  trans- 
parent, brittle  mass.  Hot  nitric  acid  converts 
it  into  oxalic  acid. 

quas -Site,    «.      [Eng.,    Ac.    quass(ia);    -ite.] 

[QUASSIN.] 

*quat  (1),  v.i.  [An  abbrev.  of  squat  (q.v.).] 
To  squat,  to  sit  down. 

"Yon  grow  tired  at  last  and  quat."—Foote:  The 
Author.  0.  1. 

*  quat  (2),  v.t.    [Prob.  the  same  word  as  quit  or 

quiet.] 

1.  To  satiate,  to  satisfy. 

"To  the  stomach  guatted  with  dainties,  all  delicate* 

seeme  greasie."— Lyly. 

2.  To  release,  to  free, 

quat,  a.  [QUAT  (2),  v.]  Quit,  free,  released 
from.  (Scotch.) 

"  He  bid  them  also  to  take  heed,  and  be  quat."— 
Bunyan:  Boty  War,  ch.  xix. 

*quat,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  A  pustule,  a 
pimple  :  hence,  a  diminutive  person. 

"  I  have  rubb'd  this  young  gnat  almost  to  the  sense, 
and  he  grows  angry."— Shaketp. :  Othello,  v.  1. 

qua  -ta,  s.    [COAITA.] 

*  quatch,  s.    [Etyra.  doubtful.]    A  word. 

" Not  a quatch,  sad  poeU."    Corbet :  Elejn  on  14.  Anne. 

•quatch,  a.  [Prob.  connected  with  squat.] 
Squat,  flat. 

"  The  quatch  buttock,  the  brawn  buttock,  or  any 
buttocK.  — Shaketp. :  Atlt  Well,  ii.  2. 

*  qua'-ter,  *  qua-tre,  a.  [Fr.  quatre  =  four.] 

*  quater-cousin,  t.    [C ATER-COUSIX.] 
qua  -ter-foil, «.    [QUATREFOIL.] 

qua'-tern,  a.  [Lat.  quaterni  =  four  each  ; 
quatuor  —  four.]  Consisting  of  four,  four- 
fold, growing  in  fours. 

qua-ter'-nar-jf,  o.  &  ».  [Lat  quatemarius, 
from  quaterni  =  four  each  ;  Fr.  quatcrnaire.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  Consisting  of  four. 

"We  read  what  a  great  respect  Pythagoras  and  his 
sect  had  for  their  quartemary  number."— f.  Gregory  : 
Doctrine  of  the  Trinity,  p.  6S. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Bot. :  Arranged  in  fours. 

2.  Chem. :  Consisting  of  four  parts ;  applied 
to  compounds  of  four  elements,  or  of  com- 
pounds performing  the  functions  of  elements. 

S.  GtoL :  [POST-TERTIARY]. 

B.  As  subst. :   The    number  four.    (More : 
PhU.  Cabbala,  ch.  iv.,  §  1.    App.) 

qua-ter'-nate,  a.  [Lat.  quaterni  =  four 
e£ch.J  Consisting  of  four;  in  bot.,  four 
together;  succeeding  by 
fours. 

quaternate  leaf,  s. 
Bot. :  A  leaf  consisting 
of  four  leaflets. 


quaternate  pin - 
ate,  a. 


nate, 

Bot. :  Pinnated,  with  the 
pinnw  arranged  in  fours. 

qua  ter'-ni  on,  s.  [Lat. 

quaternio,  from  quaterni  =  four  each.] 
*  L  Ordinary  language : 

1.  The  number  four,  a  set  of  four,  a  file  of 
four  soldiers.    (Acts  xii.  4.) 

2.  A  word  of  four  syllables,  a  quadrisyllable. 

II.  Math. :  The  metrographic  relation  exist- 
ing between  any  two  right  lines  having  definite 
lengths  and  directions  in  space,  depending 
upon  four  irreducible  geometrical  elements. 
Discovered  and  developed  by  Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

"  A  guarternion  is  the  quotient  of  two  vectors,  or 
of  two  directed  right  lines  in  space,  considered  a> 
depending  on  a  system  of  four  geometrical  elements, 
and  as  expressible  by  AU  alphabetical  symbol  of  quad* 
rinomial  form.  —Sir  If.  Hamilton. 

*  qua-ter  -ni  on,  v.t.    [QUATERNION,  ».]    To 
divide  into  qnarternions,  files,  or  companies. 

"The  anirels  themselves.  In  whom  no  disorder  Is 
feared,  are  dlxtlngnish'd  and  quntemim'tl  into  their 
celestial  princedoms  and  satrapies. ~— Hilton:  Jteaton 
o/ Ch.  Gowrnmml,  bk.  11.  (  Ap;i.  (. 


•qua-teY-ni-ty,  *qua-ter-ni-tie,  s.  [Fr. 
quuternite,  from  Lat.  quaternitas,  from  quaternt 
•=•  four  each.]  The  condition  or  quality  of 
making  up  the  number  four. 

"Their  whole  scale.  . .  was  not  a  trinity  but  a  quote*. 
nity,  or  four  rauks  and  degrees  of  being*."— Cudwort*.- 
Inteli.  System,  p.  637. 

*  qua'-ter-6n,  *.    [QUADROON.] 

*  qua-tor -zain  (qn  as  k),  *.    [Fr.  quatonu 

=  fourteen.]    A  poem  or  stanza  of  fourteen 

lines ;  a  sonnet. 

"  Put  out  your  rushlights,  yon  poets  and  rhymen  I 
and  bequeath  your  crazed  guntartaint  to  the  chan- 
dlers."—-VojAe.  in  Englith  (turner,  i.  4M. 

*  qua  torze  (qu  as  k),  s.     [Fr.  =  fourteen.] 
In    piquet,    the    four    aces,    kings,    queens, 
knaves,    or   tens :    so   called    because   each 
quatorze  counts  fourteen  points. 

"  He  scores  ten  for  carte  blanche,  twenty-eight  fat 
guatortet."— Field,  Jan.  23,  1886. 

quat  -rain  (or  as  ka'-tran),  s.  [Fr.,  from 
quatre  =  four.]  A  stanza  of  four  lines  rhyming 
alternately. 

"  Each  of  his  predictions  was  couched  in  the  form  at 
a  poetical  quatrain.'— Daily  Telegraph,  Jan.  2,  1881, 

*  qua-tre,  a.    [QUATER.] 

quatrefoil  (as  qua_  ter  foil  or  ka  -ter- 
foil),  qua' -ter-foil,  quar  -ter-foil,  «. 
[Fr.  quatre -feuillt,  from 
quatre  (Lat.  quatuor)  = 
four,  and  feuille  (Lat.  Jo- 
Hum)  =  a  leaf.  ] 

1.  Arch. :  A  piercing  or 
panel  divided   by  cusps 
or    foliations    into    four 
leaves,  or  rnoi-e  correctly 
the    leaf -shaped    figure 
formed  by  the  cusps.    It 

is  supposed  to  lepresent         QUATREFOIL. 
the  four  leaves  of  a  cru-   (from  tiie  tomb  of  King 
ciform  plant.    The  name      ~^;.a[  *'arrett'r  Ca- 
is  also  given  to  flowers 
and  leaves  of  a  similar  form  carved  as  orna- 
ments on  mouldings,  &c.    It  differs  from  the 
cinquefoil  only  in  tlie  number  of  cusps. 

2.  Her. :    Four-leaved   grass;    a   frequent 
bearing  in  coat-armour. 

*  quat-ri-ble,  v.  i.    [Fr.  quatre  =  four.] 

Music :  To  descant  by  singing  fourths  on 
a  plain  song.  (Cf.  QUINIBLE.) 

qaat-ro-de9-i-ma'-ni,    *.   pi.      [QUARTO- 

DECIMANI.] 

quat' -tro-cent  1st,  s.  &  a.  [Eng.,  &c.  quat- 
trocent(o);  -ist.] 

A.  ^Is  subst. :  A  painter  of  the  Quattrocento 
school. 

"  I  began  to  trace  the  purity  of  work  in  the  juatfro- 
centitu.  —  Contemp.  Kenete,  April.  1886,  p.  476. 

B.  As  adj. :  Belonging  to,  or  characteristio 
•  of  the  Italian  painters  of  the  fourteenth  cen- 
tury. 

"  The  yuattrotrntist  work  became  dearer  to  me."— 
Contemp.  lienew,  April,  188«,  p.  •",. 

quat  -tro-cen  to  (o  as  ch),  s.  or  a.  [ItaL, 
lit.  =  four  hundredth,  but  used  for  fourteen 
hundiedtb.J 

Art:  A  term  applied  to  the  characteristio 
style  of  the  aitists  who  practised  in  the  four- 
teenth century  ;  it  was  haixl,  ri^ul,  and  peculiar 
in  colour,  as  well  as  in  form  and  pose.  It  was 
the  intermediate  stage  of  that  progressive 
period  of  art,  which,  commencing  with  Fra 
Angelico,  reached  excellence  with  Leonardo 
da  Vinci.  (FairhoU.) 

qua  tu-or-de  cane,  *.  [Lat.  quatvar  <= 
four,  and  Eng.  decaite.] 

Chem. :  Cutty*.  Tetradecane.  One  of  the 
paraffins  found  in  American  petroleum  and  in 
the  light  oils  obtained  by  the  distillation  of 
coal.  It  boils  at  236-240*. 

*  quave,  *  quav-yn,  r.  i.  [Cf.  Low  Ger.  quab- 
beln  =  to  tremble  ;  Dan.  dial,  kveppa  =  to  be 
shaken.]    To  shake,  to  tremble,  to  be  shaken. 

••  Understand  ye  ...  how  tlie  erthe  quateth  and 
•haketh."— Cotton:  Mtmmr  of  tht  World,  bk.  IL, 
eh.xxu. 

*  quave,  *.    [QUAVE,  v.]    A  shaking,  a  tremb- 
ling. 

*  quave' -mire,  s.    [Eng.  quave,  T.,  and  mir*.] 

A  quagmire,  a  bog. 

"Arntus  would  not  suffer  the  Aehalans  to  follow 
them,  because  of  bogi  and  f  uawmirw."— Korth  Plut- 
arch, p.  670. 


boil,  btf^;  pout,  J6%1;  cat,  90!!,  chorus,  9hln,  bench;  go,  &em;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.    -Ing. 
-clan,  -tian  =  t1*?".    -tton,  -sion  =  «tf>ft« ;  - tion,  -fion  =  «T«ftn.    -oious,  -tlons,  -sious  =  shus.   -We,  -die,  Ac,  =  bel,  del. 


3848 


quaver— queen 


qua'-ver,  v.i.  Sc  t.  [Eng.  quav(e) ;  freq.  stiff.  -«-.] 

A.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  shake,  to  tremble,  to  vibrate ;  to  have 
a  tremulous  motion. 

"To  vibrate  or  quaver  according  to  it*  reciprocal 
motions." — Kay  :  On  the  Creation. 

2.  To  shake  in  vocal  utterance  ;  to  slug  or 
utter  sounds  with  rapid   vibrations;  to  sing 
with  tremulous  modulations  of  voice  ;  to  pro- 
duce a  shake  on  a  musical  instrument. 

"Qua*erinff  to  the  country  swains." 

Dryden :  Art  of  Poetry,  it. 

B.  Trans. :  To  utter  with  rapid  vibrations 
or  with  a  tremulous  sound. 


^  To  quaver  away :  To  dispel  by  singing  or 
playing.  (Cowper.) 

qna'-ver,  s.    [QUAVKB,  v.] 

*L  Ord.  Lang. :  A  quavering  motion. 
"  And  with  blithe  quaven  fans  the  gath'ring  breeze." 
Brooke :  I'nivertal  Beauty.  v. 

IL  Music : 

1.  A  shake  or  rapid  vibration  of  the  voice  ; 
a  shake  on  an  instrument  of  music.     (Gay: 
Epistle  iii.) 

2.  A  note  and  measure  of  time,  equal  to  half 
a  crochet  or  the  eighth  of  a  semibreve.    J 

•  qua'-ver-er,  s.    [En£.  quaver,  v. ;  -«r.]    One 

who  quavers  ;  a  warbler. 

*qua'-viv-er,  ».  [Representing  an  Ital. 
ucqua  vipera,  shortened  in  French  to  qua- 
vivre,  and  after  further  to  vivre  or  vive. 
[WYVEBN.]  The  wee ver  (q.v.). 

"  A  little  fish  in  the  form  of  a  scorpion,  and  of  the 
lize  of  the  ftsh  quaviver.'  —  Bailey :  Eratmui  Col- 
loquUt,  p.  393. 

If  For  the  full  history  of  the  word  see 
Notet  it  Queries,  (6th  Ser.),  ix.  390. 

quay  (as  ke),  *  kay,  *  kcic,  t  key,  *  keye. 
*.  [O.  Fr.  quay  (Fr.  qntii),  of  Celtic  origin 
from  Bret  kae  =  an  enclosure  ;  Wei.  cat.]  A 
landing-place  ;  a  wharf  projecting  into  a 
stream,  harbour,  or  basin,  to  which  vessels  are 
moored  for  the  purj>ose  of  receiving  and  deliv- 
ering freight.  Quays  are  constructed  generally 
of  stone,  but  occasionally  of  wood,  iron,  &c. 
"  What  a  concourse  swarms  on  yonder  quay." 

Gray :  Spittle  rt. 

quay-berth,  *.  A  loading  or  discharging 
berth  for  a  ship  in  a  public  dock. 

quay  (as  ke),  v.t.  [QUAY,  ».]  To  furnish  with 
quays. 

quayage,  tkeyage  (both  as  ke-Ig),  s. 
[Eng.  quay;  -age.] 

L  The  duty  or  toll  paid  for  the  use  of  a 
quay ;  quay  dues  ;  wharfage. 

2.  Berths  on  a  quay  for  loading  or  discharg- 
ing ships. 

"  They  have  practically  no  quayige  in  their  new  dock 
unappropriated. "— Timet,  Sept.  24,  1881. 

•  quayd,  pa.  par.  or  a.    [QUAID.] 

•queach,  *  queich,  s.  [QUITCH]  A  thick 
oushy  plot ;  a  quickset  hedge. 

"  The  fortresses 
Of  thorniest  queachei.' 

Chapman  :  Homer  ;  Bymne  to  Pan. 

•  quea9h,  *  qneatche,  *  quecchen,  v.i.&t. 

[A.S.  Kweccc.it.] 

A.  Intrant. :  To  stir,  to  move. 

"Ne  let*  ye  nenne  quick  quecchen  to  holte." 

Layamon,  L  86. 

B.  Trans. :  To  move,  to  shake. 

"  Heo  quehten  heore  scaftes."  La.ya.mon,  1L  Ml. 

•queach'-y  (1),  *  queach'-Ie,  o.  [Eng. 
queach,  s.  ;  -y.]  T'uick,  bushy. 

"  Quearhie  bashes  to  defende 
Him  from  Apollo's  sight." 

Tu.rbtr*U.lt:  All  Thingt  lath  Keletue.  te. 

queach'-y  (2),  o.  [Eng.  queach,  v.  ;  •?/.] 
Shaking,  soft;  yielding  or  giving  way  under 
the  foot,  as  boggy  or  marshy  ground. 

"Many  of  them  fell  into  those  deep  bog*  and  amackf 
places.'— fnolltt:  But.  Turket.  p.  281. 

quean,  *  queane,  *  qucn,  *  qucne, 
*  queene,  s.  [The  same  word  as  QUEEN,  s.  j 

1.  A  worthless  woman ;  a  slut,  a  hussy,  a 
strumpet    (Gay:  Shepherds  Week,  iv.) 

2.  In  the  eighteenth  century  in  England, 
and  still  in  Scotland,  used  for  a  young  or  un- 
married woman,  without  any  idea  of  disrespect 
or  contempt. 

"  Here's  to  the  flaunting  extravagant  quean." 

Sheridan :  tdwoi/ar  Scandal.  IU.  S. 


queas'-I-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  queasy;  -ly.]  In  a 
queasy  or  squeamish  manner  ;  with  squeam- 
ishness,  squeamishly. 

queos  -I-ness.  5.  [Eng.  queasy  ;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  queasy  or  squeamish  ; 
squeamishness,  qualmishness,  nausea. 

"That  which  this  young  queatintu  retches  at."— 
Milton:  AfHil.forSmectymnuut. 

queas   y,  *  quais  y,  *  quays-y,  •  qucaz- 
ie,  *  quey-sy,  a.      [Norweg.  kveis  =  sick- 
ness after  a  debauch.    (Skeat.)J 
L  Literally : 

1.  Sick   at   the   stomach ;    affected   with 
nausea  ;  qualmish,  squeamish. 

"  Feeling  it  may  be  a  little  queaty  when  the  big 
billow  rudely  smites  your  timber  ends."  —  Blackie : 
Layt  of  Highland*  t  lilandt.  p.  xxxvii. 

2.  Causing,  or  apt  to  cause  nausea  or  squeam- 
ishness.   (Skelton :  Magnificence,  2,295.) 

*  IL  Figuratively  : 

1.  Fastidious,  nice,  squeamish. 

"  They  are  too  queaty  for  my  temper." 

Benum.  t  flet. :  Wild  (ioote  Chaie, 

2.  Requiring  to  be  handled  delicately ;  deli- 
cate, ticklish.    (Shakesp. :  Lear,  ii.  1.) 

*queaz'-en,t>.«.   [QUEASY.]   To  make  queasy; 

to  sicken.     (Nashe :  Lenten  Stu/e.) 

Que-bec ,  s.    [See  def.] 

Geog. :  A  city  and  river-port  in  Canada. 

Quebec-oak,  s. 

Bot. :  Quercus  alba.    [QuEEtcus.] 

Quebec-marmot,  s. 

Zool. :   Arctomys   monax.    the    Woodchuck 

(q.v.). 

•quich',  *  queck,  r.i.  [QUEACH.  «.]  To 
move,  to  shrink,  to  wince 

•qued,  •  quede,  *  quoad,  *  queyd, 
7  kuead,  a.  &  s.  [O.  Fris.  quad  ;  Dut.  &  Low 
Ger.  kwaad  ;  Scotch  quaid.] 

A.  As  atlj. :  Bad,  wicked. 

"  Tiii  lif  is  evere  lather  and  qued." 

Owl  t  Nightingale.  1.1*4. 

B.  As  substantive  : 

1.  A  wicked  bad  person  ;  specif.,  the  deviL 

"  Forth  nani  Balaam  dbat  ille  quad." 

Oenetit  i  Exodui.  4.0M. 

2.  Hurt,  harm,  wickedness,  evil. 

"  For  qued  that  myght  falle." 

K.  Xng.  Poemt.  Cleanneu,  &««. 

*qued-ful,o.  [Eng.  qued;  -ful(l).]  Hurtfiil, 
wicked,  bad. 

qued  -I -us,  s.  [Named  by  Leach,  but  unex- 
plained. (Agassi?.)] 

Entom. :  A  genus  of  Staphylinidee.    About 
twenty-eight  species  are  British. 

•  qued  ness,  *  qued  nes,  *  qucdo  ues,  s. 

[Eng.  qued;  -ness.]    Wickedness,  harm,  eviL 
*  Quedenet  spake  thai  ou  heghte." 

£.  Eng.  Pialter,  Pi.  Ixxil.  8. 

quee9h'-y,  a.    [QUEACH Y.]    Weak,  helpless. 

"  They're  poor  queechy  things."— S.  Eliot :  Adam 
Beat,  ch.  x. 

*  queem,  v.t.    [QUKME,  v.] 

queen,  *  queene,  *  quen,  •  queue,  *  c  wen, 
*  qwhene,  "queyne,  s.  [A.  8.  cvxn,  cogn. 
with  Dut.  kween  —  a  barren  woman  or  cow ; 
Icel.  kvan  =  a  wife,  kona  =  a  woman  ;  Dan. 
qvinde  =  a  woman,  kone  =  a  wife  ;  Sw.  qvinita 
—  a  female,  kona  =  a  quean,  a  strumpet ;  Goth. 
kwens,  kweins  =  a  woman,  a  wife  ;  M.  H.  Ger. 
kone ;  O.  H.  Ger.  yuenti  •=  a  woman  ;  Or.  yvnj 
(gune)  =  a  woman  ;  Russ.jena  =  a  wife;  Sansc. 
jani  •=.  a  wife.  From  the  name  root  as  genus, 
kin,  &c.  The  same  word  as  QUEAN  (q.v.).] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

L  Literally: 

*(1)  A  woman.    (Destruct.  of  Troy,  8,1(52.) 

*(2)  A  quean,  a  hussy,  a  strumpet 

*'  Prest  that  halt  his  quene  hym  by." 

Komaunl  of  the  Rote,  p.  24. 

(3)  A  woman  who  is  the  sovereign  of  a  king- 
dom ;  a  female  sovereign. 


(4)  A  queen-bee  (q.v.). 

2.  Fig:  A  female  who  is  chief  or  pre-eminent 
among  others ;  one  who  presides :  as,  the  queen 
of  beauty,  the  queen  of  love,  <tc. 

EL  Technically: 

1.  Cards :  A  card  on  which  a  queen  is  de- 
picted. 


2.  Chess:  The  most  powerful,  and,  after  the 
king,  the  most  important  of  all  the  pieces  in 
a  set  of  chessmen. 

3.  Slating :  A  size  of  slates,  three  feet  long 
by  two  feet  wide. 

1  (1)  Queen  Anne's  Bounty:  [BOUNTY,  «.,  IL 
1.  fl. 

(2)  Queen  of  Spain  Fritillary: 

Entom.  :  Argynnis  Lathonia,  a  beautiful 
butterfly  from  time  to  time  taken  in  the 
south  of  England.  The  larva  feeds  upon 
Viola  tricolor. 

(3)  Queen  of  the  Meadows : 

Bot. :  Spircea  Ulmaria,  a  rosaceous  plant, 
two  to  four  feet  high,  with  large  radical  wid 
small  terminal  leaves,  leafy  stipules,  small 
white  flowers,  and  five  to  nine  twisted  carpels. 
Common  In  meadows  and  by  water-sUca 
in  Britain,  flowering  in  June  and  July. 

(4)  Queen  of  the  Prairie : 
Bot. :  Spircea  lobata. 
queen-apple,  s.    (See  extract.) 

"  The  q-ueen-aiiple  was  probably  thus  distinguishes! 
In  compliment  to  Elizabeth.  In  Moffefs  Health' t  Im- 
provement, I  find  an  account  of  apples  which  are  said 
to  have  been  'graded  upon  a  mulberry-stock,  and  then 
wax  thorough  red  as  our  queen-applet,  called  by  Ruel- 
llus  Ru be!  liana,  and  Claudiaua  by  Pliny.'  "— /.  Ditraeli: 
CuriotiHet  of  Literature. 

queen-bee,  s. 

Entom. :  A  fully-developed  female  bee  in  a 
hive  or  nest.  [BEE.]  She  lays  two  or  three 
thousand  eggs  daily  during  the  height  of 
summer,  or  more  than  a  million  during  her 
lifetime,  which  is  about  five  years.  When  a 
young  queen  comes  forth,  the  old  one  becomes 
agitated  with  jealousy,  and  ultimately  quits 
the  hive,  surrounded  by  a  great  multitude  of 
workers,  who  found  a  new  colony,  leaving 
the  old  hive  to  the  possession  of  the  youthful 
rival.  Two  days  to  a  week  after  coming  to 
maturity,  the  young  queen  temporarily  flies 
forth,  and  is  fertilised  in  the  air. 

queen-cake,  s.  A  sort  of  small  sweet 
cake,  heart-shaped,  with  currants  in  it. 

queen-closer,  s.    [CLOSER.] 
queen-consort,  s.    The  wife  of  a  king. 

queen-dowager,  «.  The  widow  of  a 
deceased  king. 

*  queen-gold,  *.   A  royal  duty  or  revenue 
once  belonging  to  every  queen  of  England 
during  her  marriage  to  the  king. 

queen-mother,  s.  A  queen  dowager, 
who  is  also  mother  of  the  reigning  sovereign. 

*  queen  of  hearts,  s.    An  old  country 
dance. 

COLLAR 

queen-post,  s.     QUK 

Carp.  :  One  of  the  JAF* 
suspending  posts  in 
the  framed  principal 
of  a  roof,  or  in  a 
trussed  partition,  or 
other  truss  where 
there  are  two. 
Queen-posts  are 
mortised,  or  at- 
tached by  iron 


QUEEN-POST. 


tacnea     oy    iron 

straps  to  the  tie-beam  of  a  roof-frame,  sup- 
porting it  and  the  rafters  at  points  between 
the  ridye  and  eave.  [KINO-POST.] 

queen  recent,  qneen-regnant, «.  A 
queen  who  holds  the  crown  in  her  own  right. 

queen-truss,  s. 

Carp. :   A  truss  framed  with  queen-posts. 

queen-wood,  s.  A  name  sometimes 
given  to  woods  of  the  green-heart  and  cocoa- 
wood  character,  imported  from  the  Brazils. 

queen's  advocate,  s.    [ADVOCATE.] 
queen's  bench,  s.    [BENCH,  ».] 
queen's  blue,  s. 

Comm. :  Thumb-blue.  Stone-blue.  One  of  the 
names  given  to  lump-blue  used  in  laundries. 

queen's  counsel,  *.    [COUNSEL,  «.] 
queen's  cushion,  *. 

Bot. :  Saxifraga  hypnoides. 
queen's  delight,  queen's  root,  •. 
Bot. :  Stittingia  sylvatica.    (Amer.) 
queen's  English,  s.    [Kmo's  ENGLISH.] 
queen's  evidence,!.   " 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  gd, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  crib,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try.  Syrian.    »,  «  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  l 


queen— quene 


3S49 


queen's  messenger,  s.     [MESSENGER.] 

queen's  metal,  ».  An  alloy  used  for 
making  teapots,  obtained  by  fusing  under 
charcoal  a  mixture  of  nine  parts  tin,  one  part 
welt  antimony,  lead,  and  bismuth. 

queen's  pigeon,  s.  [VICTORIA  CROWNED- 

FIGEON.] 

queen's  pincushion,  *. 

Bot.  :  The  (lowers  of  the  guelder-rose. 
queen's  root,  s.    [QUEEN'S  DELIGHT.] 

queen's  ware,  5.  Glazed  earthenware 
of  a  creamy  colour. 

•  queen's  yellow,  *. 

Chem.  :  Subsulphide  of  mercury. 

queen,  r.i.  &  t.    [QUEEN,  .?.] 
A.  Intransitive  : 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  To  act  the  queen  ;  to  play 
the  queen. 

"A  threepence  bow'd  would  hire  me, 
Old  as  lain,  to  queen  it." 

Henry  VIII..  ii.  «. 


2.  Chess:  To  gain  a  queen  by  advancing  a 
pawn  to  its  eighth  square. 

B.  Trans.  :  To  make  into  a  queen,  as  a 
pawn,  by  advancing  it  to  its  eighth  square. 

•  queen  -craft,  s.      [Eng.  queen,  and  craft  ; 
cf.  kingcruft.]    Skill  or  craft  in  policy  on  the 
part  of  a  queen. 

"Elizabeth  showed  much  queencrafl."—  fitlltr  : 
Worthiet,  I.  490. 

•qneen'-dom,  s.  [Eng.  queen;  -dom.]  Queenly 
condition  or  character. 

"  Will  thy  queenitom  all  lie  hid?' 

E.  B.  Brooming  :  Dead  Pan. 

•  queen'-hpod,  s.    [Eng.  queen;  -hood.]    The 
state,  quality,  rank,  or  position  of  a  queen. 

"With  all  grace 
Of  womanhood  and  queenhood." 

Tennyton  :  Of  mint  i  Enid. 

queen  -Ing,  ».  [Eng.  queen,  s.  ;  -ing.]  A 
queen-apple  (q.v.). 

"The  winter  queening  is  good  for  the  table."— 
Mortimer:  Hutbandry. 

qneen'-lSt,  *.  [Eng.  queen;  dim.  suff.  -let.] 
A  petty  queen. 

"Kinglet*  and  qufenlett  of  the  like  temper."— 
Car/vie:  Jfitcell.,  ill.  216. 

queen'-like,  a.  [Eng.  queen  ;  -like.]  Like  or 
resembling  a  queen  ;  queenly. 

"  Unto  the  qurenlilu  Clnyd." 

Drayton  :  Poty-Olbion,  s.  10. 

queen'  -11-ness,  s.  [Eng.  queenly;  -ness.]  The 
state  or  condition  of  being  queenly  ;  the  char- 
acteristics of  a  queen  ;  queenly  nature  or 
quality;  dignity  or  stateliness  befitting  a 
queen. 

"  A  queenlineu  .  .  .  that  would  al»o  befit  the  mis- 
tress of  \u\aay.~—  Pall  Mall  Oiaette,  July  S,  1884. 

queen'-ltf,  *  queen-lie,  a.  [Eng.  queen  ; 
-ly.]  Like  a  queen  ;  queenlike  ;  becoming,  or 
suitable  to  a  queen. 

"  I  thought  she  had  a  queenly  manner."—  Burnet  : 
Record!  of  the  Reformation,  voL  1,  bk.  ill. 

•  queen   ship,  ».     [Eng.  queen  ;  -ship.]    The 
state,  position,  or  dignity  of  a  queen. 

queer,  ».  Counterfeit  money  ;  as,  io  shove 
(circulate)  the  queer  (Slang.) 

queer,  v.t.    [QUEER,  a.) 

'  1.  To  chaff,  to  ridicule,  to  sneer  at. 
(Slang.) 

"  Queeriny  the  thread  hare  curate." 

Co/man  •  Poetical  Yagariet,  p.  144. 

2.  To  spoil,  espeo.  in  the  phrase,  To  queer  a 
pitch  =  To  purposely  spoil  business.  (Theat. 
ilang.)  [PITCH  (2),  s.,  I.  7.] 

"  Endeavours  made  by  one  or  other  of  them  to 
queer  a  rival's  or  an  antagonist's  pitch."—  Ke/erte, 
Feb.  21.  1889. 

qu«er.  o.  [Low  Ger.  queer  =  across  ;  quere 
obliquity  ;  Ger.  quer  =  transverse  ;  quericopf 
—  a  queer  fellow.] 

1.  Strange,  odd  ;  behaving,  acting,  or  ap- 
pearing in  a  manner  other  than  the  ordinary, 
normal,  or  usual    manner  ;   singular,  droll, 
original,  peculiar. 

"  The  mosque  of  Mahooud,  or  some  qutrr  pa-god." 
Pop»  :  Donne,  sat.  4. 

2.  Not  very  well  ;  out  of  sorts  :  as,  I  feel 
very  queer.    (Colloq.) 

3.  Not  favourable  or  propitious  ;  unfavour- 
able :  as,  Things  look  very  queer.    (Colloq.) 

t  To  be  in  queer  street  :  To  be  in  bad  cir- 
cumstances of  any  kind,  as  illness,  debt,  Ac. 


queer-coffin,  «.    A  magistrate.   (Thieves' 
slang.) 

queer  -er,  «.  [Eng.  queer,  v. ;  -«r.]  A  hoaxer, 
a  ridiculer. 

"  These  Quizzera,  Queerert,  Smokers." 

Caiman :  Poetical  Vagariet,  p.  150. 

queer -ish,  a.  [Eng.  queer;  -ish.}  Rather 
queer,  strange,  or  odd  ;  singular. 

"  Ton  Englishmen  go  to  work  in  a  yueeriih  kind  of 
way."— Mar-ryot :  Frank  Mildmay,  ch.  XX. 

*  qneeV-I-tjff  *.    [Eng.  queer;  -ity,  on  analogy 

of    oddity,     &c.)     Queerness,     strangeness, 
peculiarity. 

queeV-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  queer;  -ly.]  In  a 
queer,  strange,  or  singular  manner. 

queer -ness,  s.  [Eng.  queer;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  queer ;  oddness, 
oddity,  peculiarity,  singularity. 

queest,  5.    [QUIST.] 

*  queez-mad  dam,  s.    [Fr.  cuisse-madame.] 
The  Cuisse-madam,  a  French  jargonelle  pear. 

*  qneint,  a.    [QUAINT.] 

»  queint,  *  queinte,  pa.  par.  or  a.  [QUENCH.] 

*  queint-ise,  s.    [QUAINTISE.] 

*  quelk  -chose  *  quclque   chose  (qu  as 
k),  s.     [Fr.  quelque  chose.]    A  kickshaw  (q.v.). 

"  With  paper  quetkchote." 

Datiet :  ilasei  .Socri<lc«,  p.  S. 

qnegh,  *.    [QUAICH.] 

quell,  *  quelle,  *  qnellen,  v.t.  &  i.  [A.S. 
cwellan  —  to  kill ;  cogn.  with  O.  Sax.  quellian 
=  to  torment ;  quefan  =  to  suffer  martyrdom  ; 
Dut.  kwellen  =•  to  plague,  to  vex  ;  Icei.  kvelja 
=  to  torment ;  Sw.  qvalja  =  to  torment ;  Dan. 
qmle  =  to  strangle,  to  torment.]  [QUAIL,  v.] 
A.  Transitive: 

*  1.  To  kill. 

"  Brent  his  nobul  burwes  and  his  bnmes  que?1ed.* 

William  of  Paltrne.  1,108. 

•2.  To  dash. 

"  And  with  hir  axes  out  the  bmines  quell." 

Chaucer  :  Troilut  it  Crvmda,  ir.  47. 

3.  To  subdue,  to  crash  ;  to  put  down  ;  to 
overpower. 

"  By  our  dissentions  grow  the  Christians  strong 
Whom  our  united  hearts  may  easily  quell." 

Bet/mood  :  The  foure  Prenticet  of  London, 

4.  To  calm,  to  allay,  to  quiet ;  to  reduce  to 
a  state  of  quiet,  peace,  or  calm. 

"  He  hath  quelled  the  wildness  of  the  fanatic  in  the 
command  to  be  wise  as  serpents."  —  Warburton : 
Worla.  vol.  IT.,  ser.  6. 

*  5.  To  frighten,  to  disconcert. 

"  Much  did  his  wordes  the  gentle  Udie  quell." 

Spenter:  f.  «..  V.  ill.  !«, 

*  B.  / ntransitive : 
L  To  perish,  to  die. 

"  Tet  did  he  quake  and  quiver,  like  to  qnrll." 

Spenier :  F.  (1.,  VII.  vli.  4*. 

2.  To  abate ;  to  be  abated. 

"  Winter's  wrath  begins  to  quell." 

Spemer :  Shephtardt  Calender;  March. 

*  quell,  i.    [QUELL,  v.] 

1.  Murder. 

"  His  spungy  followers,  who  shall  bear  the  guilt 
Of  our  great  quell."          Shakrjp.  '•  Macbeth,  i.  T. 

2.  Power  or  means  of  quelling  or  subduing ; 
a  weapon. 

"  A  sovereign  quell  Is  in  bis  waving  hands." 

Kfittt :  Endi/mion,  11. 

*  quelle,  v.t.  &  i.    [QUELL,  v.] 

quell  -  er,  *  c well  -  ere,  *  quell  -  are, 
*  quell  ere,  s.    [A.S.  cwellere.] 
L  One  who  kills ;  an  executioner,  a  slayer. 

"  The  quellere  sroot  of  hise  heued." 

Legend  St.  Katherine,  293. 

2.  One  who  or  that  which  quells,  crushes, 
or  subdues. 

"  Hall.  Son  of  the  Most  High. 
Queller  of  Satan."  Milton  :  P.  K..  Iv.  6S4. 

*  queT-li-o,  ».     [Sp.  cuello,  from  Lat.  collum 
=  the  neck.]    A  ruff  for  the  neck. 

*  quelm,  v.t.     [A.S.  cwelman,  cwylman  ;   O. 
Sax.  quelmian.]    To  kill. 

"  Quelm  rightwis  of  hert." 

X.  Bng.  Plotter.  Pi.  xxxvi.  14. 

*  quelque-chose,  «.    [QUELKCHOSE.] 

*  queme,  *  cwem-en,  quoem,  v.t.  ft  i. 

I  A.S.  cwtrnan.] 
A.  Trans. :  To  please,  to  gratify. 


B.  Intrans. :  To  be  pleasing. 

M  For  vnto  me  welle  more  it  qitemeth 
The  werre  certes  tha  >  the  pees. " 

Cower.-  O.  A.,  T. 

*  queme,  *  cweme,  *  queem,  a.  in  s.    [A.3. 
gecweme.]    [QUEME,  v.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Pleasing.    (Towneley  Mysteries,  p.  2.) 

2.  Pleased,  gratined. 

"  Of  the»  wordes  swithe  wel  .-'frme.* 

Legend  St.  Catherine,  1.T4J. 

3.  Friendly,  gracious. 

"  That  he  be  til  us  quern  that  day." 

Metrical  Bomilies,  p.  10. 

B.  As  stibst.  :  Pleasure,  gratification. 

"  He  sal  seme  me  al  to  queme." 

Cursor  Xundi.  2.689. 

*  queme'-f ul,  *  quern-full,  a.  [Eng.  queme  ; 
-full.] 

1.  Pleasing.    (Wycli/e:  Uviticus  xix.) 

2.  Friendly,  gracious. 


*  quen,  *  quene,  adv.  or  con;.    [WHEN.] 

quench,  *  quenche,  *  quench-en,  *  quen- 
ch yn  (pa.  t.  *  qutint,  *  queynt,  *  queynte, 
quenched),  v.t.  &  t.  [A.S.  cwencan  (in  comp. 
dcwencan),  from  cwincan  =  to  be  put  out,  to 
be  extinguished ;  O.  Fris.  kurinka.] 

A.  Transitive : 

L  To  extinguish  ;  to  put  out. 

"  Anon  was  the  fuyr  quenched."— Maunde*Olt,  p.  T*v 

2.  To  allay,  to  extinguish,  to  slake. 

"  Scarce  held  their  hands,  and  lifted  swords :  but  stood 
In  act  to  quench  their  impious  thirst  of  blood." 

fJryden  :  Odd  ;  Metamorphotet,  xiii. 

3.  To  suppress,  to  subdue,  to  repress,  to 
check,  to  stifle. 

"  Mow  helpe  God  to  quenrhen  al  thlr  sorwe." 

CJkaucer :  Troilut  t  Creuida.  1,00*. 

*  4.  To  lay  or  place  in  water.    [QUENCHING, 
0.  2.] 

"  Which  is  said  to  double  or  triple  the  force  of  ant* 
edge  t  .ole  tliat  is  quenched  in  the  saute. "— Uarruon  .- 
Detcript.  England,  bk.  L.  ch.  xxiv. 

*  B.  Intransitive : 

L  To  be  extinguished  ;  to  go  out,  as  fire. 

"  Right  anon  on  of  the  tyres  queynt." 

Ch.iucrr :  C.  T.,  ISM. 

2.  To  lose  zeal ;  to  become  cooK 

"  Dost  tbou  think,  in  time 
She  will  not  quench  t "       Shaketp. :  Cymoeliiu.  L  I. 

*  quench,  s.    [QUENCH,  ».]    Extinction. 

"  None  came 
To  give  it  quench." 

Chapman  :  Homer ;  Iliad  xlx.  ML 

*  quench  coal,  s.    That  which  quenches 
or  extinguishes  tire;  hence,  fig.,  one  who  ia 
cold  or  heartless. 

"  Ton  are  qttcnch-mal :  no  spark  .  of  grace  can  kindle 
upon  your  cold  hearth."— Rogert. 

quench  -a-ble,  a.  [Eng.  quench  ;  -able  } 
Capable  o'f  being  quenched. 

quench -er,  *.  [Eng.  quench ;  -er.]  One  who 
or  that  which  quenches  or  extinguishes  ;  col- 
loquially, a  draught  which  allays  thirst. 

"  A  modest  quencher."  —  Itickrnt  :  Old  CuriotU* 
Shop,  en.  xxxv. 

quench  -ing,  *  quench  inge,  pr.  par.,  a.. 

&  *.      [QUENCH,  V.] 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  <t  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  substantive: 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  The  act  of  extinguishing  or 
al  laying. 

8.  Metatt. :  The  process  of  producing  a  hard 
scale  or  crust  upon  the  surface  of  molten 
metal  in  a  crucible  or  cistern,  for  the  purpose 
of  removing  it  in  successive  rondles  or  discs, 
instead  of  allowing  it  to  congeal  into  a  solid 
mass. 

quengh' -  less,  *  quench -les.  n.  [Eng. 
quench;  -less.]  That  cannot  be  quenched, 
abated,  or  repressed ;  inextinguishable,  un- 
quenchable. 

"  Where  Phlegeton  with  qutnchlet  flames  doth  burue." 
Spenter:  Mutopotmot 

quench'-lSss-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  quenchless;  -ly.\ 
In  a  quenchless  or  unquenchable  manner  or 
degree. 

qufe'nch'-le'ss-ne'ss,  *.  [Eng.  quenchless; 
•ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  quench- 
less; unquenchableness. 

*  queue,  «.    [QOEKN,  «.] 


boil,  b67 ;  pout,  Jowl ;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   ph  =  £ 
-oian,  -tian  -  fftmn.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -tion,  -sion  =  zhun.     cious,  -tious,    sious  -  shus.    -Die,  -die.  <bc.  =  Del.  del. 


3850 


quenouille— querpo 


quenonllle  (as  ken  o'-e),  s.    [Fr.  =  •  dis- 
taff]    (See  com- 
pound.) 

quenouille 
training,  ». 

Hort.  :  A  mode 
of  training  trees 
or  shrubs  in  a 
conical  form, 
with  their 
branches  bent 
downward,  so 
that  they  re- 
semble a  distaff. 

quer  -  IBS  -  9lt'  - 

Tin,     J.        [Lat          QUESOUILLE  TRAINI.MJ. 

quer(cus)  =  an 

oak  ;  rrs(cului)  —  the  Italian  oak  ;  Eng.  citr(on), 

and  stiff,  -in.] 

Chem.  :  C-iHjgO^.  A  substance  extract-d 
by  alcohol  from  the  leaves  of  the  chestnut 
It  forms  fine,  yellow,  crystalline  grains  of  the 
size  of  poppy  seeds,  and  is  resolved  by  hydro- 
chloric acid  into  qnercetin  and  glucose, 
C4lH«025  +  3H20  =  CaH  i,0,o  +  3C6H1206. 

quartet  -a-mide,  *.    [Eng.  qnerce^in),  and 
amide.} 

Chem,  :  An  amorphous,  orange-yellow  pow- 
der, obtained  by  treating  an  aiiimoniacal  solu- 
tion of  quercetin  with  hydrochloric  acid, 
filtering,  and  adding  to  the  filtrate  aqueous 
ammonia.  It  is  slightly  soluble  in  water,  but 
soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  hydrochloric  acid, 
and  excess  of  ammonia. 


,  a.  [Eng.  quercetin)  ;  -ic.]  Con- 
tained in  or  derived  from  quercetin  (q.v.). 

qucrcetic  acid,  $. 

Chem,  :  CisHjoOy,  or  CuH^Oin.  Formed 
by  the  action  of  boiling  potash  on  quercetin. 
It  crystallizes  in  silky  needles,  which  effloresce 
in  a  warm  atmosphere,  is  sparingly  soluble  in 
cold,  easily  in  boiling  water,  in  alcohol,  and 
in  ether.  Its  aqueous  solution  turns  yellow 
on  exposure  to  the  air,  and  is  coloured  dark 
blue  by  ferric  chloride. 

Qncr'-9§-tin,  s.    [Altered  from  quercitrin.] 

Chem.  :  C^H^Oio.  A  yellow,  crystallizable 
body,  produced  by  the  action  of  dilute  mineral 
acids  on  quercitrin,  Cyaflyfin  +•  HjO  = 
C^HigOjz  +  C6HuOg.  It  is  neutral,  in- 
odorous, melts  al>out  251*  ;  is  slightly  soluble 
in  boiling  water,  easily  in  weak  alcohol  and 
In  ether.  Nitrate  of  silver  and  cupric  oxide 
are  readily  reduced  by  it. 

quer-9i-mer'-Ic,  a.  [Lat  querau  =  an  oak  ; 
Gr.  ficpot  (mem)  —  a  part,  and  Eng.  suff.  -ic.] 
Derived  from  or  containing  quercetic  acid. 

quercimeric  acid,  5. 

Chem.  :   C8H8O6  =  C9asOsHtf>.       An  acid 

nluced  by  fusing  qm-rcetic  acid  with  potash. 
irms  small,  colourless,  prismatic  crystals, 
having  an  acid  reaction  and  an  astringent 
taste,  and  is  very  soluble  in  water,  alcohol, 
and  ether.  Its  aqueous  solution  gives  a  fine 
blue  colour  with  ferric  chloride. 

quer  -5  in,  *.    [Lat  quero(us)  =  an  oak  ;  Eng. 

SUff.  -in.]      [QUERCtTE.] 

quer-9in  -6-w,  s.  pi.  [Lat?u«re(tw);  fern.  pL 
adj.  suit.  -in«e.] 

Bot.  :  A  sub-order  of  Cupuliferas  or  Cory- 
laceae.  Male  flowers  with  four  to  ten  sepals, 
no  corolla,  simple  filaments,  and  connate 
anther-cells.  Female  flowers  one  to  three,  in 
an  involucre  of  many  bracteoles,  which  en- 
larges in  fruit  Ovary  three-  to  seven-celled  ; 
ovules  two  in  each  cell  ;  fruit  in  a  cupule. 
Genera  :  Quercus  and  Fagus.  (Sir  J.  Hooker.) 

quer-9l  tan'-nlc,  a.  (Lat.  ?u/rc(u»)  =  an 
oak;  i  connect,  and  Eng.  tannic.]  Derived 
from  or  containing  tannic  acid. 

quercitannic  acid,  s. 

Chem,  :  An  acid  of  unknown  compoaition, 
found  in  oak-galls.  It  somewhat  resembles 
gallotannic  acid,  but  is  not  converted  into 
pyrogallic  acid  by  dry  distillation.  Sulphuric 
acid  precipitates  it  in  red  flocks. 

quer  -cite,  «  .  [Lat.  querc(us)  =  an  oak  ;  Eng. 
•uff.  -itt.] 

Chem.  :  CsHjjOj.  Quercln.  Quercitol.  Sugar 
of  acorns.  A  saccharine  substance  obtained 
from  the  aqueous  extract  of  bruised  acorns. 


It  crystallizes  in  transparent,  monoclinic 
prisms,  which  are  permanent  in  the  air  ; 
melts  at  235°,  and  is  soluble  in  water  and  hot 
dilute  alcohol.  Hot  nitric  acid  converts  it 
into  oxalic  acid  ;  but  a  mixture  of  nitric  and 
sulphuric  acids  changes  it  into  a  white  amor- 
phous resin,  nitroquercite,  which  is  insoluble 
in  water,  but  soluble  in  hot  alcohol. 

queV-cI-tol,  s.    [Eng.  quercit(e);  -oL]  [QUER- 

CITE.] 

qner-9it'-rin,  *.    [Eng.  quercitron);  -in.] 

Chem,  :  QnH-joOjy.  A  glucoside  occurring 
in  the  bark  of  Quercus  tinctoria,  and  extracted 
by  boiling  with  water.  It  is  yellow  and  crys- 
tallizable, and  yields,  when  boUed  with  dilute 
acids,  quercetin  and  isodulcite."  In  solution  it 
is  neutral,  bitter,  and  inodorous,  and  strikes  a 
dark  preen  colour  with  ferric,  chloride.  When 
dehydrated,  it  melts  at  160°  to  a  dark  yellow 
resin. 


*.     [Lat.  quer(cus)  =  an  oak, 
and  Eng.  citron.] 

Chem.  :  A  yellow  dye  stuff,  consisting  of  the 
shavings  of  the  bark  of  Quercus  tinctoria, 
Alum  or  stannic  chloride  is  employed  as  a 
mordant  A  finer  yellow  is  said  to  be  ob- 
tained when  the  decoction  of  the  bark  is  pre- 
viously boiled  with  f.ilute  hydrochloric  acid, 
owing  probably  to  the  liberation  of  quercetiu. 
In  America  the  bark  is  used  for  tanning. 

quer'-cua,  *.    [Lat.  =  an  oak.] 

1.  Bot.  :  Oak  ;  the  typical  genus  of  the  sub- 
order Quercinea  (q.v.).     Male  catkins  slender. 
Styles  three,  short.     From  the  northern  hemi- 
sphere ;  species  about  250.     One,  the  Common 
Oak,  is  British.     [OAK.]    Quercus  Suber  is  the 
Cork-tree,  Q.  infectoria  is  the  Gall-oak  (q.v.), 
Q.  Ilex,  the  Holly-oak  (q.v.).     Q.  ^Egilops,  in 
the  Levant,  produces  the  Valonia  acorn  im- 
ported for  dyeing  purposes.    The  leaves  of 
Q.  manni/era,  in  Kurdistan,  secrete  a  saccha- 
rine matter;  the  acorns  of  the  Spanish  Q. 
Gnimuntia  are  sweet,  and  are  eaten.  The  leaves 
of  Q.  falcata  are  astringent,  and  are  used  in 
gangrene.      Of  American  species  Q.  alba,  the 
White  rr  Quebec-oak,  and  Q.  virens,  or  Live- 
oak,  yi-'l  .  excellent  timber  for  shipbuilding. 
From  thirty  to  forty  species  exist  in  the  hills 
and   mountains  of  India  ;  some  furnish  galls, 
some  excellent  timber.     The  bark  of  many  is 
used    for   tanning   and   in    medicine.      The 
acorns  also  possess  astringent  properties. 

2.  Palceobot.  :  Occurs  in  the  Cretaceous  rocks 
of  Aix-la-Chapelle  and  of  North  America,  and 
in  the  Middle  Eocene  of  Bournemouth. 

*  quere  (1),  *.    [CHOIB.] 

*  quer'-e  (2),  *.    [QUERY.  *.] 

*  quer-ele,  *  que-re'-la,  «.  [Lat.  querela  =  a 
complaint;  queror  =  to  "complain  ;  Fr.  quer- 
elk.}    [QUARREL  (1),  s.]     A  complaint  to  a 
court. 

"  A  circnmduction  obtain!  not  in  causes  of  appeal, 
bat  in  causes  of  first  iuitauce  and  simple  qurrel*  only." 
—Ayliffe:  Partrgon. 

*  qner'-ent  (1),  ».    [Lat  querens,  pr.  par.  of 
queror  =  to  complain.]      A   complainant,    a 
plaintiff. 

*  quer  -en  t  (2),  *.     [Lat  qucerens,  pr.  par.  of 
gu/ero=to  seek,  to  inquire,]     Oue  who  in- 
quires ;  an  inquirer. 

"  When  a  jvitietit.  or  querent,  came  to  him  [Dr 
Napier],  be  presently  went  to  hit  cloMt  to  pray."— 
Auin-ey  :  ItiHtllaiiiet.  p.  133. 

U  This  may  really  be  the  same  as  QDERENT 
(1),  and  mean  one  who  complains  of  an  illness. 

*  querestar,  s.    [CHORISTER.] 

quo-ii*  que-re  (qu  as  k),  phr.    [Heb.  n£ 


Heb.  Lit. :  This  expression  which  is  so  fre- 
quently found  in  the  margins  and  foot-notes 
of  both  the  MSS.  and  printed  editions  of  the 
Hebrew  Bible,  is  either  the  imperative  or 
participle  passive,  and  signifies  read  (lege\  or 
it  is  read  (from  RJpr  (qnra)  to  read).  It  is  the 
technical  expression  for  the  various  reading 
which  the  ancient  redactors  of  the  text  bid  us 
substitute  for  the  one  which  occupies  or  is 
written  in  the  text,  <.«.,  Kethib  (3'ro).  The 
word  in  the  text  for  which  there  is  a  variant 
has  not  only  the  vowel-points  which  belong  to 
the  marginal  reading,  but  has  a  small  circle  or 
asterisk  placed  over  it,  which  directs  to  the 
margin  (np)  where  the  emendation  is  given. 


Thus,  .'or  instance,  in  Josh.  v.  1  the  text  hu 

I:???  ..hich  exhibits  the  letters  of  the  textual 
reading,  i.e.,  "io«  were  passed  over,"  wilh  the 
vowel-points  befouling  to  the  (jueri  or  quere= 
the  marginal  reading,  Cijy,  "  t/ifi/have  passed 
over."  The  list  of  quen>,  which  is  one  of  the 
most  ancient  and  most  important  constituent 
parts  of  the  Massorah  (q.v.),  is  given  in  Th« 
Massorah  (ed.  Ginsburg),  ii.  65-93. 

»  quer-i-mo   ni  ous,  a.  [Lat  querimonia  = 

a  complaint,  from  queror  —  to  complain.] 
Complaining,  querulous  ;  apt  to  complain  ; 
discontented. 

*  quer-l-md'-nl-oua-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  querimo- 

niovs  ;  -ly.]  In  a  querimonious  or  querulous 
manner ;  querulously. 

"  Most  auerimnnitnuty  confessing. 
That  I  of  late  have  been  compressing." 

fxnham  :  A  Dialoyut. 

*  qTieY-I-md'-nl-OUB-nSss,  *.     [Eng.  queri- 
monious ;  -ness.}    The  quality  or  state  of  being 
qnerimonious ;  a  disposition  to  complain  at 
trifles ;  querulousness. 

*  quer'-I-mo'n-y,   *  quer-i-mon-ye,  «. 

[QUERIMONIOUS.]  A  complaint,  a  complaining. 

"  The  kyiig  inuclie  greiied  and  troubled  with  hyi 
brother's  dayly  qutrimonye."—Batl :  Edw.  I  r.  (an.  17). 

qneV-Ist,  *.  [Eng.  quer(y);  -ist.]  One  who 
inquires  or  asks  questions  ;  an  inquirer. 

"  What  is  there  in  this  at  all  repugnant  to  what  the 
queritt  maintains t"—  WaUrlaiat:  Workt.  L  18. 

*  quer-ls-ter  (!),».   [QUERIST.]  A  questioner. 
(Bale:  Select  Works,  p.  199.) 

*  quer-is-ter  (2),  *.    [CHORISTER.) 

*  qnerk,  i.    [QUIRK.] 

querk,  *  quirk' -en,  v.t.  [Icel.  tcverk,  kverkar 
=  the  throat-;  O.  Sw.  yi<arka=to  throttle.) 
To  choke,  to  throttle,  to  stifle,  to  suffocate. 

"  It  will  be  ready  to  quirken  and  stifle  us." — Optick 
Gl'iut  of  ffumoun,  p.  134. 

querL,  v.t.  [Ger.  qnerlen,  quirlen=to  twirl, 
from  querl,  quirl  =  a  twirlingstick.]  [TWIRL.) 
To  twirl ;  to  turn  or  wind  round  ;  to  coil. 
(Amer.) 

quern,  *  querne.s.  [A.S. cweorn,  cwyrn ;  cogn. 
with  Dut.  kweern;  Icel.  kvern;  Dan.  qvcern ; 
Sw.  qvarn  ;  Goth,  kwairnus.  From  the  same 
root  as  corn  and  churn.]  A  mill ;  espec.  a  hand- 
mill  for 


QUCRN. 

pierced  in  the  centre,  and  revolved  on  a  wooden 
or  metal  pin  inserted  in  the  lower.  The  grain 
was  dropped  with  one  hand  into  the  central 
opening,  while  with  the  other  the  upper  Ntone 
was  revolved  by  means  of  a  stick  inserted  in 
a  small  opening  or  hole  near  the  edge. 

"  Two  wyinmen  schnlen  be  gryndynge  \nooqurmi; 
oon  Bcbal  be  taken  and  the  totL«r  fert"-  H  i/cltft : 
Matt\ew  xx iv. 

quern-staff,  *  qucrnc  staffe,  *.  The 
stick  by  means  of  which  the  upper  stone  of 
the  quern  was  revolved. 

quern-stone,  >.  One  of  the  stones  of  a 
quern. 

quer-nal,  a.    [QUERNALER.]    Of,  or  belong- 
ing to  the  Quernales.    (Lindley.) 

qner-na'-les,  *.  pi.    [Lat  quem(us)=  oaken ; 
rnasc.  or  fern.  pi.  ad.j.  suff.  -ales.] 

Bot. :  The  Quernal  Alliance  ;  an  alliance  of 
Diclinous  Exogens.  The  sUiruiniferous  flowers 
amentaceous  and  monochlamydeous,  fruit  in- 
ferior, embryo  amygdaloid,  without  albumen 
Orders  Corylacea; and  Juglandacese  (q.v.). 

*  qu-eV-po,  *  qu-ir'  -po  (q  as  k),  ».    [Coxa- 
PO.) 


^  &re*  *mld8t«  '•tat,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go, 
or,  wore,  wolf;  work,  whd,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  lull ;  try,  Syrian,    w,  OB  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


querquedula— qnestionary 


3851 


quer-qued'-u-la,  s.  [Lat.  ,  from  Gr.  xepKouptc 
(kerkouris)  =  a  kiud  of  duck  (Varr.  :  de  Ling. 
Lai.,  ed.  Mueller,  v.  13,  §79);  Fr.  *  cerceU, 
tarcellt.] 

Ornith.  :  A  cosmopolitan  genus  of  Anatinae, 
with  seventeen  species.  Bill  as  long  as  head, 
hooked  and  narrow  ;  wings  with  second  quill 
longest,  secondaries  long  and  sharp.  Qutr- 
qutdiila  crecea,  the  Common  Teal,  and  Q. 
eircia,  the  Summer  Teal,  or  Qargancy,  are 
winter  visitors  to  Britain,  where  many  remain 
to  breed  in  spring. 

quer'-que-dule,    «.     [QUERQUEDULA.]     A 

book  name  for  the  genus  Querquedula. 

*  qner-rour,  s.    [QCARRIER.] 

*  qner-ry,  *.      [Fr.  ecuyer.]     A  groom,  an 
equerry  (q.v.). 

•quert,o.    [QUART,  a.] 

*  quer-U-la'-tion,  s.  [Lat.  querulus  =  queru- 
lous (q.v.).]     Complaint. 

"  Will  not  tbetr  innuniingi.  menaces,  querulationt 
stir  your  heart*  r'—A  dami  :  Workt.  i.  349. 

*  quer-u-len'-tial  (tl  as  sh),  o.    [QUERU- 
LOUS.]     Querulous,    querimoiiious  ;   apt    to 
complain. 

"  Walpole  ha*  by  nature  a  propensity,  and  by  con- 
stitution a  pica,  for  being  caption*  and  gutruienliai." 
—  Cumberland:  Memoirt,  i.  22. 

quer'-u-lous,  a.  [Lat.  querulus,  from  queror 
—  to  'complain.]  [QUARREL  (1),  s.  QUAR- 

BJELOUS.) 

*  1.  Quarrelsome  ;  given  or  inclined  to  quar- 
relling. 

"  There  Inhabit  these  regions  a  banting  people,  rude, 
warlike,  ready  to  fight,  querulous,  and  mischievous." 
—P.  Holland  :  Camderit  Scotland,  p.  39. 

2.  Complaining,  querimoiiious  ;   given  or 
inclined  to   complaining  or   murmuring   at 
trifles  ;  murmuring,  discontented,  dissatislled. 

"Portland  was  an  unreasonable  and  querulous 
friend."—  ifucaulay  :  But  Eny..  ch.  xxiii 

3.  Expressing,  or  of   tlie  nature  of  com- 
plaint :  as,  a  querulous  toue  of  voice. 


-ly,  adv.     [Eng.  querulous  ;  -ly.] 
In  a  querulous  manner  ;  querimoniously. 

queV-U-lous-ness.*.  [Eng.  querulous  ;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  querulous  ;  a 
querulous  or  discontented  disposition  ;  queri- 
moniousness. 


quer'-tf,  *  quer-e,  *  quer-ie, «.  [For  quotre 
(q.v.)] 

- 1.  A  question ;  a  point  to  be  answered  or 
solved.  (Frequently  abbreviated  to  qm.  orqy.) 

"  The  query  tint  I  would  propose  to  you le 

this."— Sharp :  Sermont.  vol.  vi..  ser.  t. 

2.  The  mark  or  sign  of  interrogation  (?), 
used  to  indicate  that  the  sentence  to  which  it 
is  appended  contains  a  question  :  also  used  to 
express  a  doubt. 

3.  Print.  .•  A  sign  (?)  or  note  on  the  margin  of 
a  proof  made  by  the  reader  to  draw  the  atten- 
tion of  the  author  or  editor  to  a  doubtful 
passage. 

quer'-y,  v.i.  &  t.    [QUERY,  «.] 

A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  ask  a  question  or  questions. 

"  Each  prompt  to  query,  answer,  and  debate," 

Pope  :  Ituncutd  U.  SSL 

2.  To  express  doubt. 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  seek  l>y  questioning  ;  to  endeavour  to 
ascertain  by  inquiry  :  as,  To  query  a  motive. 
*2.  To  examine  by  questions,  to  question. 

"The  first  pitiful  scout  of  this  lamentable  body  he 
shoul.l  have  queried  in  this  manner."— Oayton  :  t'esti- 
tmus  .Votes  on  Don  (juixnte,  p.  97. 

3.  To  express  doubt  concerning;  to  express 
a  desire  to  examine  into  the  truth  or  correct- 
ness of;  to  mark  with  a  query. 

quc'-sal,  ».    [Native  name.] 

Ornith.:  The  Long-tailed  Trogon,  Pharo- 
wicros  mocinno.  Found  in  Central  America. 
[Tuooos.] 

quest  (1).  *  queste,  *.     [O.  Fr.  quest*  (Fr. 
quite),  from  Lat.  qucesita,  fem.  sing,  of  qucasi- 
tus  pa.  par.  of  quaero  =  to  seek  ;  Sp.  questa  ; 
Ital.  chiesta.] 
1.  The  act  of  seeking ;  search. 

"The  excisemen  reluctantly  gave  up  their  quest."— 
St.  James's  O.uetU,  Sept  23.  1885. 


*  2.  Pursuit,  following  after,  suit. 

"  Cease  your  quest  of  lore."          Shaketp. :  Lear,  i.  \. 

*  3.  In  old  romances,    the   expedition    or 
venture  upon  which  a  knight  was  engaged, 
and  which  he  was  bound  to  fulfil. 

*  4.  A  body  of  searchers ;  searchers  collec- 
tively. 

"  The  senate  sent  above  three  several  quests 
To  search  you  out."  Shakeip.  :  Othello  L  S. 

*5.  Inquiry,  examination. 

"  Most  coutrafious  quests 
Upon  thy  doings.1* 

ilhakei/t.  :  ileatunfor  1/easure,  IT.  L 

*6.  Request,  desire,  solicitation,  demand, 
prayer. 

"  Gad  not  abroad  at  every  queit  and  call 
Of  an  untiaiucU  hupe  or  passion 

Herbert :  Content. 

*7.  An  abbreviation  of  inquest ;  a  jury  of 
inquest ;  a  sworn  body  of  examiners. 

"An  euquest  or  quest  is  called  a  lawful  1  kind  of 
triall  by  xii. men."— Smith :  Cumtnotaeealth.  bit.  ii.,ch- 
xviii. 

*  quest-house,  s.    The  chief  watch-house 
of  a  parish,  generally  adjoininga  church,  where 
quests  concerning  misdemeanours  and  annoy- 
ances were  held. 

quest  (2),  *  qneest,  s.    [Quisr.] 

*  quest  (3),  s.    [See  def.]    An  abbreviation  of 

bequest  (q.v.). 

*  quest-word, *.    A  bequeathment. 

» quest  (1),  v.i.  &  t.    [QUEST  (l), «,] 

A.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  go  in  search,  to  search,  to  seek. 

2.  To  go  begging. 

B.  Trans. :  To  seek  for  or  after,  to  inquire 
into,  to  examine. 

" They  quest  annihilation's  monstrous  theme." 
Ul/rum:  fnthutiatm. 

quest  (2),  v.i.    [Etym.    doubtful.]     To  give 
tongue,  as  a  hound  on  the  trail. 
"To  bay  or  quest  as  a  dog."— Florio,  p.  L 

*  quest' -ant,  s.    [O.  Fr.,  pr.  par.  of  quester; 
Fr.  queta'tU.]    A  seeker  of  any  object,  a  candi- 
date, a  comjietitor,  an  aspirant. 

"  The  bravest  quest  ant  »h  rinks." 
Shakeip.  :  A  If  I  Well  that  KntU  Wftt,  11.  L 

*  queste,  s.    [QUEST  (1),  s.J 

*  quest' -er,  ».    [Eng.  quest  (1),  T.  ;  •«•.] 

1.  One  who  seeks  or  searches  ;  a  seeker,  a 
searcher. 

2.  A  dog  employed  to  find  game,  or  to 
search  out  a  trail. 

"  The  quetter  only  to  the  wood  they  loose. 
Who  silently  tiie  tainted  trace  pursues." 

A'OIM  :  Lucan ;  Pharialia,  IT. 

quest  -ion  (i  as  y),  *  ques-ti-oun,  *.    [Fr. 

question,    from    Lat.    qiunistioni-m,    accus.    of 
quaestio  =  a  seeking,  a  question,    from  quae- 
situs,  pa.  par.  of  quoero =to  seek  ;  Sp.  cutstwn; 
Ital.  question*,  quixtione.]    [QUEST  (1),  s.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  An  examination  ;  the  act  of  questioning  ; 
the  putting  of  questions  or  inquiries. 

"  With  questions  eche  one  of  tho 
He  tempteth  ofte."          dower    C.  A.,lr. 

2.  That  which  is  asked  in  questioning ;  a 
query,  an  inquiry. 

3.  Specif. :  The  point  or  motion  submitted 
to  a  legislative  or  ether  assembly  for  decision 
by  voting  ;  the  act  of  submitting  a  motion  to 
the  vote. 

"The  majority  became  clamorous  tor  the  question." 
— .V.n-riu/iiy  :  Hilt.  Eng.,  ch.  x vi. 

*4.  Inquiry,  discussion,  disquisition. 

"The  unquiet  time 
Did  push  it  out  of  further  question." 

Shaketp. :  Henry  Y.,  L  1. 

*5.  Trial,  examination;  judicial  trial  or 
inquiry. 

"  He  that  was  in  question  for  the  robbery  T" 

Shaketp..  t  Benry  IV.,  L  t, 

*  6.  Examination  by  torture  ;  the  application 
of  torture  to  persons  charged  with  crimes  or 
offences,  in  order  to  extort  confession. 

"Such  a  presumption  Is  only  sufficient  to  put  the 
person  to  the  rack  or  question."— Ayliffo :  Parergon. 

7.  A  subject  of  dispute  or  debate  ;  a  point 
of  doubt  or  difficulty. 

"  The  quriiinn  bad  ceased  to  be  a  qii'ttton  between 
the  two  dynasties."— ilncautag :  Ilia.  ing.,  ch.  xvi. 

8.  The  subject  or  matter  of  inquiry,  exami- 
nation, or  discussion ;  the  point  or  mntter 
under  discussion   or  inquiry  ;  the  theme  of 
inquiry  ;  the  point  at  issue :  as,  His  remarks 
are  foreign  to  the  question. 


9.  Doubt,  controversy,  dispute. 

"  Our  own  earth  would  be  barren  and  desolate,  with- 
out the  benign  influence  of  the  solar  rays,  which  with- 
out question  is  true  of  all  the  other  pUueta."— BtnUtgi 
Boyle  Lectura. 

*  10.  Conversation,  speech,  talk. 

**  I'll  stay  no  longer  que*tivn.~ 

Shakftp.  :  Merchant  of  Venice,  1».  i. 

IL  Logic :  A  proposition,  or  that  which  U 
to  be  established  as  a  conclusion,  stated  by 
way  of  interrogation. 

H  (1)  Question .'  An  exclamation  used  u) 
Parliament  and  other  assemblies  to  call  a 
speaker's  attention  to  the  fact  that  he  ia 
wandering  from  the  question  or  subject  under 
discussion,  and  to  recall  it  to  him.  Also 
used  to  express  doubt  as  to  the  correctness 
of  a  statement  made  by  a  speaker. 

(2)  To  beg  the  question :  [BEO,  II.  l.J. 

(3)  In  question :  In  debate,  under  discussion} 
in    the    course  of  inquiry,  examination,   of 
discussion. 

(4)  To  call  in  question :  [CALL  (1),  «.,  D.  10.]. 

(5)  Out  of  question  :  Doubtless,  uiiquestiou* 
ably. 

"  But  out  of  quetlion  'tis  Maria's  hand." 

Hhaketp.  :  Twelfth  Night.  T. 

(6)  Out  of  the  question :  Not  to  be  thought 
of ;  not  deserving  of  thought  or  consk-*i*tii»jv 

(7)  Leading  question :  [LEAPING]. 

(8)  Previous    question :    In     parliamentary 
practice,  the  question  whether  a  vote  shall  be 
come  to  on  the  main  issue  or  no,  brought 
forward  before  the  main  or  real  question  is 
put  by  the  Speaker,  and  for  the  purpose  of 
avoiding,  if  the  resolution  is  in  the  negative, 
the  putting  of  this  question.     The  motion  is 
in  the  form,  "  That  the  question  be  now  put," 
and  the  mover  and  seconder  vote  against  it. 

quest-ion  (i  as  y),  v.i.  &  t.    [QUESTION,  «.] 

A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  ask  a  question  or  questions;  to  in- 
quire ;  to  make  inquiries. 

"  Let  me  question  more  in  particular.' — Shaketp, : 
Hamlet,  ii.  2. 

*  2.  To  debate,  to  reason,  to  consider,  to 
argue. 

"Quettion  no  furtlier  of  the  case.* 

Shaketf. :  1  Henry  Yl.,  It  L 

3.  To  doubt,  to  dispute. 

"Who  fueriioHj.  but  there  was  a  possibility  in  the 
thing l"—StiUingjt»*t :  Srrmoiu,  vol.  L,  str.  L 

*  4.  To  talk,  to  converse. 

"  Stay  not  to  qnri  iun.  for  the  watch  U  coming.' 

bhalutp.  :  Komto  t  Juliet.  1.  H 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  ask  a  question  or  questions  about; 
to  inquire  into  or  after. 

"To  quetivm  our  delay." 

Khaketii. :  Htnry  Y.,  U.  C 

2.  To  ask  a  question  or  questions  of;  to 
Interrogate ;    to   examine  by   question ;    to 
catechise. 

"Question  him  yourself— Shake*?.:  M'tfh  Ado,  L  1 

3.  To  call  in  question  ;  to  challenge. 

"  Whether  it  be  so  or  not,  it  may  be  guettiontd."- 
frylh  :  Work**,  p.  S3. 

4.  To  doubt,  to  distrust ;  to  have  no  con- 
fidence in  ;  to  treat  as  unreliable. 

"  His  counsel  derided,  his  prudence  questioned,  and 
his  person  despised." — South  :  Sermon*. 

*  5.  To  speak  to  ;  to  converse  with. 

"  •  It  would  be  spoke  to/ 
'  Quation  it.'  "  Xkakeip. :  Hamlet.  L  L 

quest'-idn-a-ble(iasy),a.  [Eng.  question} 
-able.] 

*  1.  Capable  of  being  questioned,  spoken 
to,  or  inquired  of ;  propitious  to,  or  inviting 
conversation ;  affable. 

"  Thou  com'st  lu  such  a  auettionable  shape, 
That  I  will  spedk  to  the*." 

Shakap.  :  Hamlet,  L  4. 

2.  Open  to  question,  doubt,  or  suspicion ; 
suspicious,  doubtful,  disputable;  liable  to 
question  or  doubt. 

"  Whether  it  be  any  thing  in  us,  any  faculty  of  oar 
humane  soul  or  no.  seems  to  be  a  thing  very  quriUvn- 
obU.'—Cudttorth  :  InuU,  Syitem,  p.  44. 

quest  Ion  a  ble  ness  (i  as  y),  ».  [Eng. 
questionable;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  questionable,  doubtful,  or  suspicious. 

quest   ion  a  bly    (i    as    yX   adv.     [Eng. 

questionable);  -ly.]  In  a  questionable  manner; 
in  a  manner  o)«n  to  question,  doubt,  or 
suspicion;  doubtfully. 

•  quest  -ion-ar-y  (i  as  y),  a.  &  «.  [Eng. 
question; 


boil,  b6y;  pout,  jowl;  oat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem ;  thia.  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.   -Ing. 
-cion,  -tian  =  Bhan.   -tlon,  -sion  —  »hnn ;  -(ion.  -§ion  =  zhun.    -cious,   tious,  -sious  =  shus.   -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


3852 


questioner— quick 


A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Questioning,  inquiring,  asking  questions. 

"  Sometimes  I  return  only  Yes  or  No  to  quutionary 
•pistlea  of  half  a  yard  \oug."—Pop»  to  Strift,  Aug.  17. 

1736. 

2.  Making  trial  or  examination;  testing; 
of  the  nature  of  a  test. 

"  At  another,  it  lias  to  undergo  a  long  quationarj/ 
process.  HuioiiK  the  fumes,  uid  the  nitrations,  and  the 
Intense  heat  ol  a  laboratory."— Coalmen :  Bridgwatrr 
Trriuue  (1833),  pt.  ii.,  ch.  li. 

B.  As  subst. :   An  itinerant  pedlar  of  in- 
dulgences or  relics.    [QU.«STA.] 

quest  -ion  er  (i  as  y),  *.  [Eng.  question ; 
•er.}  One  who  questions ;  one  who  asks 
questions  ;  an  interrogator. 

"  A  quea ionrr  in  matters  of  the  king's  prerogative." 
—  Wotlon  :  .'iemaint.  p.  421. 

quest  ion  ing   (i   as  y),   pr.   par.    or  o. 

[QUESTION,  V.} 

•  quSst -ion-ing-ljf  (i  as   y),  adv.    [Eng. 
quettioniny ;  -ly.]    In  a  questioning  manner  ; 
by  way  of  question. 

"  'These  ought  to  do,'  I  said  to  my  friend  question- 
inily."— Horning  Aduertitcr,  Dec.  19,  laBS. 

•  quest  -ion-Ist,  *  quest- ion  iste  (i  as  y), 

s.     [ring,  question;  -ist.\ 

1.  A  questioner,  an  inquirer. 

"With  all  the  rable  of  l»irljarous  qutttionitte$."— 
Atcham  :  Schole-maiter.  bk.  ii. 

2.  A  candidate  for  honours  or  degrees  at 
the  English  universities. 

quest -ion-less  (i  as  y),  adv.  [Eng. 
question;  -less.}  Not  to  be  questioned;  un- 
questionably ;  beyond  all  question  or  doubt. 

"Quettionlem  Nature's  instinct  works  in  them  a 
Quicker  Instinct "-JJIMHI  .'  Upec.  Mundi,  ch.  viii.,  }  1. 

•  quest -man,  s.     [Eng.  quest  (1),   s.,   and 
•m.] 

1.  One  who  had  power  to  make  quests  or 
legal  inquiries : 

(1)  A  person  chosen  to  inquire  into  abuses 
and  misdemeanours,  especially  with  regard  to 
weights  and  measures. 

(2)  A  collector  of  parish  rates. 

(3)  A  person  chosen  annually  to  assist  the 
churchwardens. 

"The  churchwardens  or  questmen.  and  their 
assistants,  shall  mark,  as  well  as  the  minister, 
whether  all  and  every  of  the  parishioners  coiue  so 
often  every  year  to  the  holy  communion,  as  the  laws 
and  our  constitutions  do  require."— Conttitutiont  A 
Canonl  Etxletiattical,  xxviii. 

(4)  A  juryman  ;  one  empanelled  on  a  quest. 

2.  One  who  laid  informations  and  started 
petty  lawsuits  ;  a  public  informer. 

•  quest  mori  ger,  ».    [Eng.  quest  (1),  s. ,  and 
monger.}    The  same  as  QUESTMAN  (q.v.). 

"Sute  was  made  to  the  queitm-mgert,  for  it  was  a 
rich  man  that  had  done  the  act"— Latimtr:  Fourth 
Sermon  on  the  Lord  t  Prayer. 

ques  tor,  quaas  tor,  s.    [Lat.] 

1.  Bom.  Antiq. :  The  title  of  certain  magis- 
trates at  Rome  who  had  superintendence  of 
the  public  treasury,  the  receipt  of  taxes, 
tribute,  payment  of  moneys  on  account  of  the 
public  service,  &c.  They  were  originally  two 
in  number,  and  were  at  first  chosen  from  the 
patricians  exclusively  ;  but  in  B.C.  421,  when 
the  number  was  increased  to  four,  it  was 
arranged  that,  for  the  future,  the  office  should 
be  open  to  ]>atricians  and  plebeians  alike. 
The  number  was  subsequently  increased  to 
eight,  and  eventually  by  Julius  Ceesar  to 
forty. 

*  2.  Church  Hist. :  Persons  appointed  by  the 
Popes  and  Bishops  to  announce  the  indul- 
gences for  those  who  joined  or  supported  the 
Crusades,  or  contributed  to  the  building  of 
churches  and  religious  houses,  and  to  collect 
the  alms  given  for  these  object*. 

••The  Council  of  Trent  (sens.  xxL  de  Ref.,  ch.  Ix)  de. 
elarcd  that  these  quartan  bad  occasioned  intolerable 
scandal  ....  and  abolished  the  office  altogether."— 
Addii  t  Arnold:  Cut*.  Diet.,  p.  707. 

ques  tor  ship,  quaes  -tor  ship,  s.  [Eng. 
questor ;  -ship.]  The  office  of  a  questor ;  the 
term  during  which  a  questor  held  office.  The 
questorship  was  the  lowest  of  the  great  offices 
Of  state,  and  was  regarded  as  the  first  step  in 
the  upward  progress  towards  the  Consulship. 
It  was  held  for  one  year. 

quest-list,  *.  [Eng.  quester;  -itt.]  [QUEST 
(1),  s.)  One  who  goes  in  search  of  another ;  a 
seeker. 

"  Six  and  thirty  of  his  knight*. 
Hot  qvettritti  after  him,  met  him  at  the  gate." 

Slmketp. :  Lear,  tit  7. 


*  ques'-tn-ar-y,  *  qu»s'-tn-ar-jf,  o.  &  s. 

[Lat.  (iiuf'stuarius,  from  qutestus  =•  gain,  profit, 
from  qucero  (pa.  par.  qwxsitus)  —  to  seek.) 
A.  As  adj. :  Studious  of  gain  or  profit. 

"  Although  hipidaries  and  auettuary  enquiries  a/Bnn 
it  yet  the  writers  of  minerals  and  natural  speculators 
are  of  another  belief."— Browne  :  Vulgar  Erroun,  bk. 
iii..  ch.  xlii. 

t  B.  As  subst.  :  One  employed  to  collect 
prolits.  [QUESTOR,  2.] 

"  Genou  and  Douiiuicus  a  Soto  are  ashamed  of  these 
prodigious  indulgences,  and  suppose  that  the  pope's 
yuattuariei  did  procure  them."— Jeremy  Taylor  :  Dit- 
mutter  against  Popery,  ch.  ii.,  {  8. 

*  quest -u-oiis,  a.     [Lat.  quasstuosus,  from 
qiia:stus  =  gain.]    Greedy  of  gain  ;  avaricious. 

"  With  a  quettuoiu  and  mercenary  ostentation."— S. 
Lennard :  Of  Witdoine.  bk.  i.,  ch  xxxix.,  i  3. 

ques'-tus,  s.     [Lat.  gu<es<MS  =  gain.] 

Law :  Land  which  does  not  descend  by 
hereditary  right,  but  is  acquired  by  one's  own 
labour  and  industry. 

*  quetphe,  v.t.  [A.S.  cwedhan  ;  O.  Sax.  quedhan ; 
O.  H.  Ger.  quedan ;  Icel   kvedha  ;  Sw.  qvdda  ; 
Dan.  qviede.]    [Quoo,  v.,  QUOTH.) 

L  To  say. 

"  Her  nu  quat  God  sal  more  guedhen." 

Generis  it  Exodta,  3,525. 

2.  To  bequeath. 

"  Hous  and  rente  and  outher  thyug. 
Mow  they  quetlte  at  here  eudyug." 

M.S.  Hurl.,  1701,  fo.  42. 

queue  (qu  as  IE),  s.     [Fr.,  from  Lat.  cauda  = 
a  tail.] 
L  Ord.  Lang. :  The  tie  of  a  wig  ;  a  pigtail 

"  With  dirty  ribband  in  a  queue." 

Lloyd  :  Cobbler  o/  Cripplegatet  Letter. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Her. :  The  tail  of  a  beast 

2.  Old  Arm. :  A  support  fora  lance  ;  a  lance- 
rest.    [CUE  (1),  s.,  B.  3.] 

*  queue  (qu  as  k),  r.t.    [QUEUE, s.]    To  fasten 
in  a  queue  or  pigtail 

••TheirrmirgeueraUyTueiMd."— Irving :  SketrJt-book ; 
Sleepy  Hollow. 

queued  (qu  as  k),  o. 

[Eng.  queu(e);  -ed.] 

Her. :  Tailed. 

U  Double-queued: 

Her. :  Having  a  double 
tail,  as  a  lion.  Fre- 
quently placed  saltire. 

*  quew,  *.    [CUE.] 

quey,  quoy,  queock, 
qaoyach,    s.       [Icel       DOUBLI-QUEUED. 
kviga  ;    Sw.    qviga  =  a 
quey.]    A  young  cow  or  heifer;  a  cow  that 
has  not  yet  had  a  calf.     (Scotch.) 

"  When  they  did  talk,  they  spoke  of  queyi  and 
yuoyi."— /KeW.Oct  17,  188ft. 

*  qui  -a  emp-tbr'-es  (p  silent),  phr.    [Lat 
=  because,  or  wherefore,  buyers.] 

Law :  A  statute,  18  Edward  I.,  1,  c.  1,  passed 
in  1290,  to  prevent  the  creation  of  new  manors 
to  the  prejudice  of  the  superior  lords. 

*  quib,  s.    [A  variant  of  quip  (q.v.).]    A  quip, 
a  sarcasm  ;  a  bitter  taunt ;  a  gibe. 

quib  -We,  *.    [A  dimin.  from  quib  (q.v.).] 

1.  A  starting  or  turning   away  from   the 
point  in  question  or  from  the  plain  truth  ;  an 
evasion,  an  equivocation,  a  prevarication,  a 
shifting. 

••  To  plain  understanding  his  objections  teem  to  be 
mere  quib/ilei.'—Macaulay :  Hitt.  Eng.,  ch.  xiv. 

2.  A  clay  upon  words ;  a  pun ;  a  low  con- 
ceit. 

"  We  old  men  have  our  crotchets,  our  conundrums, 
Our  figures,  quirks,  and  yuibbtei." 

Barry  :  Ram  Alley,  111.  1. 

qnlb'-ble,  v.i.    [QUIBBLE,  «.] 

1.  To  evade  the  point  in  question,  or  the 
plain  truth  by  artifice,  equivocation,  or  pre- 
varication ;  to  equivocate. 

"  We  can  send  a  paid  advocate  to  quibble  for  us,  and 
do  not  therefore  need  such  argumentative  subtlety." 
—Lewei :  Binary  of  PhUoiaphy,  L  115. 

2.  To  pun ;  to  play  upon  words. 

"  Quibbling  upon  nunc-stons,  or  a  standing  now  of 
eternity."— Cudworth:  Intrll.  Syttem,  p.  Mi. 

quib -bier,  ».    [Eng.  quibbUe);  -er.] 

1.  One  who  quibbles,  equivocates,  or  evades 
the  point  in  question,  or  the  plain  truth  ;  an 
equivocator,  a  prevaricator. 

2.  One  who  makes  puns  or  plays  upon  words. 


3.  One  who  finds  fault  or  disagrees  upon 
points  of  little  or  no  importance. 

"Some  uu;  atriotic  quibblen  will  have  It  that  the 
workmanship  is  of  a  date  as  late  as  the  twelfth  or 
thirteenth  century."— Standard,  Dec.  31,  Ifesi. 

quib '-bling,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [QUIBBLE,  v.] 

quib  bling  ly,  adv.    [Eng.  quibbling;  -ly.} 
In  a  quibbling  manner  ;  evasively. 

*  quib  -tin,  s.    [Eng.  quib  ;  dimin.  stiff,  -li*.} 
A  quibble,  a  quip. 

"  Couie.  leave  your  quibliiu.  Dorotln-e." 

Urn  J 0,1,011 :  AMiy.nu-,  IT.  T. 

*  quige,  «.    [QuisT.]    The  Wood-pi-eon. 

*  quich,  *  queen,  v.i.    [QUEACU,  v.] 

*  quick,  *  quik-en,  *  quyk-en,  v.t.  &  i. 
[A.S.  cwician;  O.  H.  Ger.  quich'<n.]  [QuicK,  o.] 

A.  Truns. :   To   make   quick  or  alive  ;   to 
quicken. 

••  Ye  knowe  wel.  lord,  that  right  as  hire  desire 
Is  to  be  qaiked  and  lighted  of  your  tire." 

Chaucer:  C.  T.,  11.361 

B.  Intraiis. :  To  revive;  to  become  alive. 

"  For  1-it.ht  anon  one  of  the  tires  queinte. 
And  quilted  again."  Chaucer:  C.  T.,  2,387. 

quick,*  quck,*  quik,'  quikkc,   quycke, 

*  quyk,     *  quyke,    *  qwic,    *  qwyk, 

*  qwyke,    *  cwic,    *  cwicit,    *  cwike, 

*  cwyk,  *  kuik,  a.,  adv.,  &  s.     [A.S.  cwic, 
cite  ;  cogn.  with  Dut.  kwik ;  Icel.  kirikr,  k</kr ; 
Dan.  qvik ;  Sw.  qvick.      From  the  same  root 
come  Lat.  vivo  =  to  live  ;  vivus  =  living ;  Gr. 
/3io«  (hios)  =  life  ;  Sansc.  jiv  =  to  live.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Alive,  living,  live  ;  having  life.  (Opposed 
to  dead  or  inanimate.)    (2  Timothy  iv.  1.) 

',.  In  this  sense  obsolete,  except  in  a  few 
compounds  or  particular  phrases. 

2.  Pregnant,  with  child.    (Said  of  a  woman 
when  the  motion  of  the  foetus  is  or  can  be  felt.) 


3.  Consisting  or  composed  of  live  or  grow- 
ing materials  :  as,  a  quick  hedge. 

4.  Characterized  by  liveliness  or  sprightli- 
ness  ;  sprightly,  prompt,  ready,  lively. 

"  You  have  a  quick  wit." 
Shakes/*. :  Two  OefMemcn  of  Verona,  L  L 

5.  Speedy,  hasty,  swift ;  done  or  happening 
in  a  short  time  or  without  delay  ;  rapid  :  as, 
small  profits  and  quick  returns. 

6.  Hasty,  prompt,  ready. 

"  Jealous  of  his  dignity  and  quick  to  take  offence."— 
J/acaulay :  But.  Eng.,  ch.  viii. 

7.  Irritable,  sharp,  abrupt. 

8.  Rash,  precipitate,  hasty. 

"  You  must  not  be  so  quirk." 

Sliakeip. :    Love'i  Labour'i  Lntt.  IL 

9.  Sensitive;  perceptive  in  a  high  degree; 
hence,  excitable,  restless,  passionate. 

"  The  ear  more  quick  of  apprehension." 

Sliakttp. :  Midtumnirr  .\talitt  Dream,  ill.  L 

*  10.  Fresh,  sharp,  bracing. 

"  The  air  is  quirk  there." 

Shnketp. :  Fericlei,  Iv.  I, 

II.  Mining :  Veins  that  contain  ore  are  said 
to  be  quick  with  ore. 

B.  As  adverb : 

1.  In  a  quick  manner ;  with  quickness  or 
speed  ;  rapidly,  quickly,  speedily. 

"  That  made  her  heart  beat  quick." 

Wordtworth :  Kzciunian,  bk.  L 

2.  In  a  short  time  ;  soon. 

C.  As  substantive : 

1.  Ordinary  Language  : 

*  1.  A  living  animal. 

2.  With  the  definite  article : 

(1)  The  living  flesh  ;  t  lie  sensible  or  sensitive 
parts  ;  hence,  fig.  tliat  which  is  susceptible  of 
or  causes  keen  feeling. 

"  Stung  to  the  quick,  he  felt  it  at  his  heart.' 

Druden:  Palamon  t  Arcite,  i.  SS4. 

(2)  (PI.)  The  living,  as  opposed  to  the  dead. 

3.  A  live  fence  or  hedge  composed  of  grow- 
ing plants,  at>  hawthorn. 

"  A  growth  of  quickt  tested  the  handineas  of  your 
hunter. "-Pitld,  Dec.  116,  18«S. 
II.  Bot. :  (1)  Agrostis  stolonifera  [FiORln] ; 
(2)  Triticum  repent.    [QUITCH.] 

T  Quick  with  child:  Having  quickened. 
[QUICKEN,  A.  3.] 

"  If  they  bring  in  their  verdict  quick  with  child  (for 
barely,  with  child,  unless  it  be  alive  in  the  womb,  !• 
not  sufficient  I.  execution  shall  be  staid."— BlaclMone  : 
Comment.,  bk.  iv.,  ch.  SI. 


fftte,  fit,  fare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pftt, 
pr,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  role,  fall;  try,  Syrian.    <e,o9  =  e;ey  =  »;  qu  -  kw. 


quickbeam— quiddle 


3853 


•quick-answered,  a.  Quick  in  reply ; 
ready  in  answering.  (Sliakesp. :  Cymbeline, 
Hi.  4.) 

*  quick-eyed,  a.    Having  acute  or  sharp 
•ight ;  quick  of  sight. 

quick-grass,  s.    [QUITCH.] 

quick  hedge,  s.  A  hedge  composed  of 
quick  or  growing  plants  ;  a  quick. 

quick  in  hand,  s. 
Bot.  :  Impatiens  Noli-tanger$. 
quick-loader,  -- 
Firearms:  (See  extract). 

"  The  object  of  the  quick-loader,  tat  the  name  implies, 
It  to  facilitate  rapidity  of  loading  It  is  a  case  made 
of  metal ;  and  in  shupe  and  apiwtrauce  something  like 
a  small  ixmch.  When  in  use  it  is  attached  to  the  ri^ht 
•Ide  of  the  rile,  close  to  the  breech  action.  It  contains 
sis  cartridges,  which,  by  means  of  a  spring,  are  forced 
op  one  after  the  other  In  a  very  ready  manner  to  the 
loader's  hand."— Saturday  Review,  Feb.  16,  1884,  p.  209. 

quick-march,  s. 

Mil.  :  A  maiT.h  at  the  rate  of  3J  miles  an 
hour,  or  110  paces  (275  feet)  a  minute.  Also 
called  Quick-step. 

quick-match,  *.    [MATCH  (IX  «.,  2.j 
quick-mosses,  s.  pi. 

Bot. :  Coufervacese.  Called  also  Quiver- 
worts. 

quick-scented,   a.     Having   sharp   or 

•cute  scent. 

quick-sighted,  a.  Having  sharp  or 
mcute  sight  or  discernment ;  quick  to  discern. 

"  Quick-lighted  arbiter  of  good  and  111, 
Appointed  sage  preceptor  to  the  Will." 

Cowper:  Tirocinium,  SI. 

quick  sightedness,  s.  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  quick-sighted. 

quick-step, ».    [QUICK-MARCH.] 

quick-water,  .-•. 

Gilding :  A  dilute  solution  of  nitrate  of 
mercury  (10)  and  gold  (1),  used  in  the  process 
of  water-gilding  (q.v.). 

quick  witted,  a.  Having  a  ready  and 
uprightly  wit. 

quick  wittedness,  s.  The  quality  or 
stale  of  being  quick-witted. 

quick-work,  s. 

Shipbuihl.:  Inside  planking  or  skin,  between 
ports. 

quick   beam,  «.    [QUICKEN,  *.] 

•  quick  en,    *  quik-en,     *  quyck  en, 

*  quyk-en,    *  quyk-ne,   *  quyk-nyn, 

*  qwyk-en,  v.i.  &  t.     [Icel.    kvikna;  Sw. 
gvickna  =  to  become  alive.]    [QuiCK,  v.  &  a.] 

A.  Intransitive: 

*  1.  To  become  alive  ;  to  receive  life. 

"These  hairs  which  thou  dost  ravish  from  my  chin 
Will  quicken,  and  accuse  tbee." 

Shaketp.:  Lear,  Hi.  7. 

*  2.  To  give  life  ;  to  vivify.    (John  vi.  63.) 

3.  To  be  or  have  advanced  to  that  stage  of 
pregnancy  in  which  the  child  gives  indications 
of  life  ;  to  give  signs  of  life  in  the  womb  (said 
of  either  the  mother  or  the  child.     The  motion 
of  the  foetus  usually  makes  itself  felt  about  the 
eighteenth  week  of  pregnancy.). 

4.  To  move  with  rapidity  or  quickness ;  to 
increase  in  sjieed  :  as,  His  pulse  quickened. 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  make  alive  ;  to  vivify,  to  revive,  to 
resuscitate  ;  to  give  life  to. 

"  To  breathe  life  into  a  stone,  quicken  a  rock." 

Shiiketp. ;  All't  »  ell  that  Endt  Well,  ii.  1. 

2.  To  give  spiritual  life  to. 

"You  hath  he  quickened  who  were  dead  in  trespasses 
and  «\Di."—Ephesiani  it  1. 

•3.  To  revive,  to  reinvigorate,  to  cheer,  to 
refresh. 

"  Music  and  poesy  use,  to  qulrkrn  you." 

Shaketp.  :  Taming  of  the  Shrew,  L  1. 

4.  To  hasten,  to  accelerate ;  to  cause  to 
move  with  greater  speed  :  as,  He  quickened  his 
pace. 

*  5.  To  sharpen,  to  stimulate  ;  to  make  more 
sharp  or  acute  :  as,  To  quicken  the  appetite. 

quick  en,  quick  -beam,  «.  [Eng.  quick,  v.] 
Bot.  :  Pyrus  Aucuparia. 

qulck'-en-er,  *  qulck-ner,  ».    [Eng.  quick- 
en; -er.] 

*1.  One  who  or  that  which  makes  alive. 


2.  One  who  or  that  which  quickens,  revives, 
or  reinvigorates ;  that  which  accelerates, 
hastens,  or  increases  motion  or  activity. 

"  A  venation,  fear,  and  the  like,  are  notable  whetters 
and  quicknm  of  the  spirit  of  life  tn  all  animals."— 
Mart :  Antidote  againtt  Alheitm,  bk.  U.,  en.  JUL.  1  11 

quick' -ens,  s.     [From  quicken,  V.] 
Bot. :  Quitch-grass  (q.v.). 

quick  hatch,  s.  [Native  name.]  [GLUTTON, 
*.,  II.  1.] 

*qulck'-ing,  t.  [QUICK,  v.]  Quickening, 
vitality,  vivification. 

"  Whose  influence  gave  quit-king  to  us  all" 

Bronte  :  On  the  Death  of  King  Charlet. 

qnick'-lime, *.  [Eng.  quick,  and  lime.]  Lime 
in  a  caustic  state  ;  calcium  oxide  deprived  by 
heat  of  its  carbon  dioxide  and  water.  Thin  is 
extensively  done  in  lime-kilns,  the  fuel  used 
being  faggots,  brushwood,  turf,  or  coal.  The 
firewood  and  lime -to  be  calcined  are  mixed. 
Quicklime  treated  with  water  evolves  much 
heat,  and  falls  into  a  thick  paste.  Lime  thus 
slaked  and  mixed  with  sand  constitutes 
mortar. 

quick  ly,  •  quich  liche,  *  quickc  ly, 
*  quyc-lyche,  *  qnyk-ly,  adv.  [Bug. 
quick;  -ly.] 

1.  With    quickness,    speed,    or   rapidity ; 
rapidly,  speedily. 

"  Bear  me,  some  God  !  oh,  quickly  bear  me  hence 
To  wholesome  solitude."       Pope :  Donne,  sat  4. 

2.  Soon  ;  without  delay  ;  in  a  short  time  : 
as,  Return  quickly. 

*  quick' -mire,  s.     [Eng.    quick,  and  mire.] 
Ground  which  moves  under  the  feet ;  a  quag- 
mire, a  bog. 

"  Al  wagged  his.flelsh,  as  a  quickmire." 

P.  PUmrman'i  Creed,  449. 

quick  ness,  *  quyk  nesse,  s.  [Eng.  quick ; 
-ness.] 

*  1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  quick  or 
alive  ;  vital  power  or  principle.  {Herbert.) 

2.  Speed,  rapidity,  velocity,  celerity. 

"Surely  their  quii-knet  and  swiftenesn  did  more 
preiudice  to  theyr  enemyes  then  their  great  barbed 
horses  did  hurt  or  damage  the  nimble  Irishmen."— Hall : 
Henry  V.  (an.  «). 

3.  Activity,  briskness,  promptness,  readi- 
ness :  as,  quickness  of  wit. 

4.  Acuteness  of  perception  ;  keen  or  acute 
sensibility. 

*5.  Sharpness,  pungency,  keenness. 

"  Whereof  a  few  drops  tinge  aud  add  a  pleasant 
quickneti."— Mortimer:  Husbandry. 

quick'- sand,  *.  [Eng.  quii-k,  and  tand. 
Properly  living  sand ;  sand  that  evinces  its 
life  by  moving,  as  contrasted  with  the  im- 
mobile sand  so  frequently  met  with.)  Sand 
readily  moved,  or  easily  yielding  to  pressure  ; 
specif.,  a  large  mass  of  loose  or  moving  sand 
mixed  with  water,  sometimes  found  at  the 
mouth  of  a  river  or  along  some  coasts,  and 
very  dangerous  from  its  being  unable  to  sup- 
port the  weight  of  a  person. 
"  Out  of  the  deep  Into  the  sholdes  and  anicktandet 
made  to  sluke."  Phaer :  Virgill ;  J!»tidoi  i. 

"quick  sand-y,  o.  [Eng.  quicksand;  -y.] 
Full  of  quicksands ;  of  the  nature  of  a  quick- 
sand. 

"  (juickiandy  grounds. "—Adamt  :  Workt,  i.  358. 

quick   set,  s.  &  a.    [Eng.  quick,  and  set.] 

A.  As  substantive : 

1.  A  living  plant  set  to  grow,  especially  for 
a  hedge  ;  specif.,  hawthorn  planted  to  form  a 
hedge ;  quicks. 

"  Plant  quickirti  aud  transplant  fruit-trees  towards 
the  decrease."—  Evelyn  :  Calendarium  Hortente. 

2.  A  quickset  hedge. 

"  A  goodly  orchard  .  .  .  about  which  was  led 
A  Toftie  quicktet."    Chapman  :  Homer ;  Odyuey  ill. 

B.  As  adj. :  Formed  or  composed  of  quicks. 

••  Boldly  he  took  the  well-trimmed  quicktet  fence 
which  bounds  this  trap."— Field,  Oct  17,  1885. 

"quick -set,  v.t.  [QUICKSET,  s.]  To  plant 
with  quicks  or  living  plants,  especially  to  form 
a  hedge. 

"  In  making  or  mending,  as  needeth  thy  ditch, 
(let  set  to  quicktet  it,  learn  cunningly  which.* 
Tuner:  Hutlximtry. 

*  qnlck'-sgt-te'd,  pa.  par.  or  a.     [QUICKSET, 

v.\    Set  with  quicksets  or  quicks. 

qnlck'-sfl-ver,  *.    [Eng.  quick,  a. ,  and  silver.] 
[MERCURY.] 
If    Quicksilver  -  antimonite  =  Ammiolite  ; 


Quicksilver-chloride  =  Calomel  ;  Quicksilver- 
iodide  =  Coccinite;  Quicksilver-sulphide  (sul- 
phuret)  =  C»i»a6ar  and  M  etacinnabarite  ;  and 
Quicksilver-selenide  =  Tiemannite. 

quicksilver-horizon,  s.  An  artificial 
horizon. 

quicksilver-valve,  s.  A  valve  in  which 
the  lower  edge  of  a  descending  plate  becomes 
submerged  in  quicksilver  to  close  a  passage- 
way. It  resembles  the  hydraulic  valve,  ex- 
cept in  the  substitution  of  metal  for  water  or 
glycerine. 

quick  -silvered,  o.    [Eng.  quicksilver  ;  -ed.\ 
1.  Coated  or  overlaid  with  quicksilver,  or 

an  amalgam  of  quicksilver  and  tin-foil. 
*  2.  Partaking  of  the  nature  of  quicksilver. 

(Sir  E.  Sandys.) 

*  quick'  -  wood,  >.  &  a.    [Eng.  quick,  and 
wood.]    Quickset  (q.v.). 

"  Adjoining  to  a  quickaood  hedge."—  Aubrey  :  Mit- 
er U..  p.  10L 

quid  (1),  *.    [A  variant  of  cwd(q.v.).] 

1.  A  cud. 

"  In  Kent,  a  cow  Is  said  to  chew  her  quid  :  so  that 
end  and  quid  are  the  same."—  Pejge  :  Anonymiana. 

2.  A  piece  or  plug  of  tobacco  chewed  and 
rolled  up  in  the  mouth. 

"  I  scorn  to  smoke,  or  chew  the  nauteous  quid." 

Wi.ty  •  A  Pinch  uf  Snuff. 

3.  Hay  half  masticated,  dropped  from  the 
mouth  of  a  very  old  horse. 

quid  (2),  ».  [Etym.  doubtful.]  A  sovereign. 
(Slang.) 

quid  (3),  *.  [Lat.  neut.  sing,  of  gut  =  who.] 
An  equivalent;  something  givi.u  in  return  for 
something  else. 

Quid  pro  quo  : 

Law:  The  giving  of  one  thing  of  equal 
value  for  another  ;  an  equivalent  ;  the  mutual 
consideration  aud  performance  of  both  parties 
to  a  contract. 

quid,  v.t.  &  i.  [Qum  (IX  «.]  To  drop  food 
from  the  mouth  when  partly  masticated. 
(Said  of  horses.) 

*  qui'-dam,  s.    [Lat.]     Somebody  ;  a  person 
unknown. 

"  For  envy  of  so  many  worthy  qiitdanu,  which  catch 
at  tile  garland,  whicii  to  you  alone  is  dat.'—Spitt. 
Dedic.  to  Spemer'i  Shepheardt  Calender. 

*  quld'-dan-y,  *  quid  dan  et,  *.    [A  cor- 
rupt. of  Lat.  eydoiiium  —  quince-juice,  from 
cyaonium  (malum)  =  &  quince;    properly  (an 
apple)  of   Cydo-iia,   in  Crete  ;    Gr.   KvcWioc 
(i-Mdojiion).]      (QUINCE.)      A    confection    of 
quinces  prepared  with  sugar. 

"Syrup  ...  as  thlok  M  for  quiddany."  —  Queen'$ 
Clotet  Opened,  p.  204. 

"  quid'-da-trve,  a.  [QUIDDITY.]  Constitut- 
ing the  essence  of  a  thing  ;  quidditative. 

*  quid'-dSU,  v.i.    [QUIDDLE.] 

quid'-der,  *.  [Eng.  quid,  v.  ;  -tr.}  A  very 
old  horse,  which  lets  the  hay  or  grass  fall 
which  he  has  half  chewed. 

*  quid'  -dit,  s.    [A  contract,  of  yui(Mtfj/(q.v.).'] 
A  subtlety,  an  equivocation,  a  quibble. 

"  Causes  have  their  quid  I  in.  aud  'tis  ill  Jesting  with 
bellropes."—  BenJonton  :  t'txry  Jtanout  a/hit  Humour. 

*  quid'-dit-at-ive,  a.   [Eng.  quiddit;  -alive.] 
The  same  as  QUIDDATIVB  (q.v.). 


*  quld'-dit-fc  *  quld'-lt-y,  ».     [Low  Lat. 
quidditas  =  the  essence  or  nature  of  a  thing, 
what  it  is,  from  Lat.  quitl  =  what,  neut.  sing. 
of  yiu  =  who;  Fr.  ijniiliiiti-.} 

1.  In  scholastic  ]>hilosophy,  the  essence  of 
a  thing,  comprehending  both  the  substance 
and  the  qualities  ;  that  which  distinguishes  a 
thing  from  others,  and  makes  it  what  it  is. 

"  Where  entity  and  quiddity. 
The  ghosts  of  defunct  bodies  fly." 

Butler:  Hudibrat.  L  1.141 

2.  A  quibble  ;  a  trifling  nicety  ;  a  cavil,  a 
quip. 

"Such  quirks  and  quidditiet"—  Burton  :  Anatomy 
of  Melancholy,  p.  67«. 

*  quid  -die.  *  quid  -dell,  v.i.    [From  quid 
=  what.    [QUIDDITY.]    This  form  is  probably 
affected  by  mitible  (q.v.).]    To  spend  or  waste 
time  in  trifling  employments;  to  trifle  over 
useful  subjects  ;  to  joke. 

"Set  up  your  buffing  bane,  and  »s  will  yuiddell  upon 
U."—Kdmjrdt:  Daman  t  PyOUat. 


boll,  boy ;  pout,  jowl ;  eat,  50!!.  chorus,  f hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  £ 
-tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -slon  =>  shun ;  -(ion,    sion  =  zh  on.    -clous,  - tious,  -sious  —  shus.   -We,  -dl«,  &c.  -  bel,  del. 


3854 


quiddle— quill 


*  quid-die,  ».  [QUIDDLE,  v.]  One  who  busies 
himself  about  tndes  ;  a  trifler,  a  fidget. 

••  A  qutddle  about  hlB  tout  aud  his  chop,  "—gmtrton  : 
J-.nglM  Trattt,  ch.  Tt 

quid'-dler,  s.    [Eng.  quiddl(e),  v.  ;  -tr.\    The 

same  as  QUIDDLE,  «.  (q.v.). 

*  quid  If-Ic-all,  o.    [QUIDDITY.]    Triflingly 
subtle. 

"Soch  quUUfeaU  trifles.  '-fdai.:  Apopk.  of  fro*- 
mut,  p.  139. 

quid  nunc,  «.  [Lat.  =  what  now.]  One  who 
is  curious  to  know  every  thing  ;  one  who  is 
perpetually  asking,  What  now?  or  What  news? 
one  who  knows  or  affects  to  know  every  occur- 
rence. 

"  A  juidnuiK  it  ail  almanack  of  «tAt«." 

Toung  :  Love  of  Fame,  IT.  IS. 

quicn,  s.  [Fr.  chien,  from  Lat  canem,  accus. 
of  caitis.]  A  dog.  (Slang.) 

"Curse  these  quient,  laid  he."—  Reade:  Cloister  * 
fftarth,  ch.  IT. 

*  qui-esce',  v.i.    [Lat.  quiesoo  =  to  be  quiet 
(q.v.).]    To  be  quiet  ;  to  be  silent  as  a  letter  ; 
to  have  no  sound. 

«inl-e's'-9en9e,  qui-e's'-cen-cjf,  ».     [Lat. 
quiescentia,  from  quiescent  =  quiescent  (q.v.)  ; 
Fr.  quiescence.} 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  quiescent, 
or  in  a  condition  of  rest  or  repose  ;  the  state 
of  a  thing  without  motion. 

"  My  work  is  to  prove,  that  the  common  induce- 
ment to  the  belief  of  in  quiwence.  the  testimony  of 
•ense.  is  weak  and  frivolous."—  Qlanrill  :  Sceptu  Scien- 
tijica.ch.  i. 

2.  Rest  of  the  mind  ;  a  state  of  freedom 
from  anxiety,  agitation,  or  emotion  ;  peace  of 
mind. 

IL  Gram.  :  Silence  ;  the  condition  or  quality 
of  not  being  sounded  in  pronunciation. 

*>Ui-e8  -$ent,  a.    &  ».      [Lat  quiescens,  pr. 
par.  of  quiesco  =  to  be  at  rest;  Fr.  quiescent; 
ml.  quiescente.]    [QuiET,  o.] 
A.  As  adjective  : 
L  Ordinary  Lang^<age  : 

1.  At  rest;  not  being  in  motion  ;  lying  at 
rest  ;  still  ;  not  moving. 

"  Though  the  earth  move,  its  motion  must  needs 
be  as  insensible  as  if  it  were  quieKent."—  Gtanmtt: 
Setprit  Sfitnti.tc'i,  ch.  ii. 

2.  Peaceful  in  mind  ;  tranquil  ;  free  from 
anxiety,  agitation,  or  emotion. 

IL  Gram.  :  Silent  ;  not  sounded  in  pronun- 
ciation :  as,  a  rjuUscent  letter. 
*  B.  Ai  substantive  : 
Gram.  :  A  quiescent  letter. 

Qtti-es'-cent-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  quiescent;  -ly.] 
In  a  quiescent  manner  ;  quietly,  calmly. 

<*ui  et,  qui  -ete,  *  quy-et,  '  quy-«te,  a.  *  *. 
(Lat.  quietus,  orig.  pa.  par.  of  *  quieo  (found  in 
the  inceptive  quiesco)-=to  lie  still,  to  be  quiet; 
quies  genit.  quietis  =  quiet,  rest  ;  O.  Fr.  quiet; 
Dp.,  Port.,  &  Ital.  quieto.  Quiet  and  coy  are 
doublets.] 
A.  Ai  adjective  : 

1.  In  a  state  of  rest  ;  still,  not  moving,  mo- 
tionless :  as,  To  lie  unirt. 

2.  Free  from  disturliance  or   annoyance  ; 
tranquil,  peaceful,  undisturbed. 

"  You  live,  sir.  In  these  dales  a  quiet  life." 

Wordiworth  :  The  Brother*. 

8.  Free  from  emotion,  calm,  patient,  con- 


"  A  meek  and  quiet  spirit"—  1  Peter  \\i.  4. 

4.  Retired,  secluded,  undisturbed. 


5.  Free  from  fuss,  bustle,  or  formality  ;  not 
formal  or  ceremonious. 


6.  Peaceable;    not   causing   noise   or   dis- 
turbance ;  not  giving  trouble. 

7.  Not  glaring ;  not  showy  or  gaudy ;  not 
such  as  to  attract  notice :  as  quiet  colours,  quiet 
dress. 

B,  As  substantive : 

1.  A  state  of  rest  or  repose  •;  the  state  of  a 
thing  not  in  motion  ;  quiescence. 

2.  Tranquillity,  freedom  from  disturbance 
or  alarm  ;  peace,  peacefulness. 

•      "  Her  house  is  sacked,  her  quirt  interrupted." 

Rape  of  Lucrect,  1.170. 


3.  Freedom  from  anxiety,  agitation,  or 
emotion  ;  peace  of  mind,  calmness,  patience, 
placidness. 

"  Secure  the  sacred  quirt  of  thy  mind." 

Dryden  :  <>rid  ;  Metamorphotte  x. 

1*0)  At  quiet:  At  peace,  peacefuL  (Judge* 
xviii.  27.) 

(2)  In  quiet :  Quietly. 

(3)  On  the  quiet:    Clandestinely,   secretly, 
quietly,  so  as  to  avoid  observation.    (Slang.) 

*(4)  Out  of  quiet:  Disturbed,  restless. 

qui  -et,  v.t.  &  i.    [QUIET,  a.J 

A,  Transitive : 

*  L  To  bring  to  a  state  of  rest  or  quiet ;  to 
stop  motion  in. 

2.  To  cause  to  be  quiet,  to  soothe,  to  calm 
down,  to  appease,  to  lull,  to  pacify,  to  tran- 
quillize. 

"But  the  answer  which  he  received  from  govern- 
meat  quieted  his  fears."— Sottthey :  Ltfeo/JfeUon,  L  84. 

B.  Intrans. :   To  become   quiet,  calm,   or 
still.    (Frequently  with  down.) 

*qui'-et-age  (age  as  Ig),  *.    (Eng.  quiet; 
•age.]'  Peace,  quiet,  quietness. 

"  Instead  thereof  sweet  peace  and  quiet  age" 

Speruer :  F.  <f.,  IV.  lit  4*. 

*  qui'-et-en,  v.t.  [Eng.  quiet ;  -en.}    To  quiet, 
to  calm. 

"  To  quirtrn  the  fears  of  this  poor  faithful  fellow."— 
Mrt.  Quikell :  Ruth.  ch.  xxxiv. 

qui'-et-er,  s.    [Eng.  quiet,  v. ;  -«r.]    One  who 
or  that  which  quiets. 

qui   et-Ism,   s.      [Eng.    quiet;     -urn;     Fr. 
quiet  isme.] 

*  I.  Ord.  Lang. :  Peace,  quiet,  tranquillity, 
peacefulness,  quietude. 

"An  air  of  quirtitm  which  spreads  all  over  his 
pictures."— Century  Magazine,  Dec..  1878,  p.  5«1 

2.  Theol.  &  Church  Hist. :  The  doctrine  that 
the  essence  of  true  religion  consists  in  the 
withdrawal  of  the  soul  from  external  arid  finite 
objects,  and  its  quiet  concentration  upon  God. 
It  is  a  form  of  mysticism,  and  has  been  held 
by  individuals  in  the  Church  in  all  ages.  In 
the  fourteenth  century  it  attracted  notice  in 
connection  with  the  Hesychasts.  [HESYCHAST.] 
The  terra  was  specially  used  to  describe  the 
views  advocated  by  Miguel  de  Molinos,  a 
Spanish  priest,  who  settled  in  Rome  in  1669 
and  1670,  under  the  patronage  of  Cardinal 
Odesohalchi,  afterwards  Innocent  XI.  In  1676 
he  published  his  Guida  spiritiiale  (Spiritual 
Guide),  which  was  soon  afterwards  translated 
into  Italian,  French,  Latin,  and  English.  On 
August  28,  1687,  the  Inquisition  condemned 
sixty-eight  propositions  in  his  writings,  and 
on  November  20  he  was  imprisoned  for  life, 
and  died  December  28,  1697.  Among  his  fol- 
lowers was  a  Barnabite,  Francois  de  la  Combe, 
who  instructed  Madame  Guyon.  In  1694  a 
commission,  with  Bossuet,  bishop  of  Meaux, 
at  its  head,  condemned  thirty  errors  in  her 
writings.  She  was  defended  by  Fenelon, 
bishop  of  Cambray,  whose  writings  in  turn 
were  condemned  in  1699  by  Pope  Innocent 
XII.,  and  retracted  by  their  author.  It  was 
believed  that  the  Quietist  doctrine  tended  to 
disparage  the  external  olwervances  of  religion 
and  substitute  the  authority  of  the  individual 
for  that  of  the  Church.  In  another  direction 
also,  quietism  in  some  cases  tends  to  anti- 
nomianism.  [FAMILY  OF  LOVE.]  Cowper's  ver- 
sification of  some  of  Madame  Guyon's  writings 
was  first  published  at  Newport  Pagnell,  in 
1801,  after  the  poet's  death. 

qui  et-Ist,  o.  &  «.   [Eng.  quiet :  -fat1;  FT.  quiet- 
iste.] 

A.  As  adj. :   Of,  or  belonging  to  Quietism 
or  its  advocates. 

B.  As  subst.  (PL) :  The  advocates  of  Quiet- 
ism (q.v.). 

qui-et-isf-Ic,  a.     [Eng.  qvietist ;   -ie.]    Per- 
taining or  relating  to  Quietism  or  the  Quietists. 

*qui'-et-ixe,  v.t.    [Eng.  quiet;  -tee.]  To  quiet, 
to  calm. 

"Solitude,  and  patience,  and  religion,  have  now 
quietiied  both  father  and  daughter."—  Mad  D'Arblay  : 
Diary,  v.  STL 

qui-«t-ly, adv.    [Eng.  quiet;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  quiet  manner,  without  motion ;  in 
a  state  of  rest  or  quiet :  as.  To  sit  quietly. 

2.  Without  disturbance  or  alarm,  peacefully, 
at  peace. 

"  So  shall  yon  quietly  enjoy  your  hope." 

Shaketp.  :  Taming  of  the  Shrew,   ill.  S. 


3.  Without  noise  or  disturbance .   at,  Ba 
left  the  room  quutly. 

4.  Calmly  ;  without  anxiety,  agitation,  or 
emotion  ;  tranquilly,  patiently,  contentedly. 

5.  In  a  manner  not  liable  to  attract  notice  ; 
not  showily  or  gaudily  :  as,  To  be  dressed 
quietly. 

qui  et  ness,  *  qui-et-nes,  *  qui-«t- 
nesse,  s.  [Eng.  yuiet ;  -nrss.]  The  quality 
or  state  of  being  quiet  or  still ;  rest;  absence 
of  action  or  motion  ;  freedom  from  anxiety, 
agitation,  or  emotion  ;  tranquillity,  calmness, 
stillness,  peacefulness,  quiet. 

"  And  sure  I  thynke  that  quietaeut 
la  any  man  is  great  ricbeace." 

Beytlood :  Th»  Four  F.'t. 

*  qui'-^t-ous,    *qui-et-ouse,    *quy-et- 
OUS,  a.     [Lat.  quietu»=-  quiet  (q.v.).]    Quiet, 
peaceable. 

"  A  qui/f  route  holde  and  sure  step  in  the  Lords)." 
—Bale  :  /mage,  pt.  L 

•qui'-St-ofis-ly,  *  quy-et-ouB-ly,  adv. 
[Eng.  quietous;  -ly.]  In  a  quiet  manner; 
quietly. 

"So  quyetout!y  content  themselves  therwith  as 
though  they  were  clerely  without  them."— Salt: 
Apologie,  fo.  68. 

•qui-et-some,  a.  [Eng.  quiet;  -some.]  Quiet, 
calm,  still. 

"  But  let  the  night  be  calme  aud  guieivmu." 

Spenter:  Kpithatamum. 

*  qui'-et  ude,  ».    [Fr.,  from  Late  Lat  quit- 
tudo,  from  Lat.  quies,  genit.  quietis  •=.  quiet; 
Sp.   quietud ;    Ital.  quietudine.]    Quiet,   rest, 
repose,  tranquillity. 

"  How  beautiful  this  night !  the  balmiest  sigh. 
Which  vernal  zephyrs  breathe  in  evening  •  ear. 
Were  discord  to  the  speakiug  quietude." 

SheUff:  Queen  Matt. 

qui-e'-tiis,  «.  [Lat  =  quiet ;  quietus  or  qufo- 
tus  est  was  a  formula  used  in  discharging  ac- 
counts, and  =  suit  discharged  or  settled.]  A 
final  discharge  or  settlement ;  a  quittance : 
hence,  something  which  effectually  finishes 
with  or  silences  a  person. 

"  Some  younger  brother  would  ha'  th-  nk'd  me. 
And  given  uiy  guietut."  1  ii,  i,<itnetur,  T. 

*quight  (gh  silent),  v.t.    [Qurr,  v. ;  QUITE,  ».] 

1.  To  release,  to  disengage. 

"While  he  strove  his  com  bred  clubbe  to  julfHt." 
Spemer:  P.  <j.,  I.  viii.  1& 

2.  To  recompence,  to  requite. 

"  Is  this  the  meed 

With  which  her  soverain  mercy  thou  doeot  oulgM  I" 
Sptnur:  F.  <}.,  III.  T.  4». 

•quight  (gh  silent),  adv.    [QUITE,  adv.] 

qui  hi ,  qui-hye',  *.  [Bengal.  =  who  isthere?] 
The  l<x»l  name  for  the  English  stationed  or 
resident  in  Bengal ;  properly  it  is  the  cus- 
tomary call  for  a  servant. 


qul-i'-na,  ».  [From  guiina-rana,  the  Carib- 
bean name.]  [Qrnxc.t:]. 

quI-i-ne-80,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  quiin(a);  Lat 
fem.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ece.] 

Bot. :  A  tribe  of  Quttiferse,  with  only  one 
genus,  Quiina.  Tropical  American  trees  and 
shrubs.  (Treat,  of  Bot.) 

*  qulk,  o.    [QUICK,  o.] 

*  quik-en,  v.t.    [QUICKEN.] 

quill,  quille,  *  quylle,  s.  [Fr.  quiUe  =  a 
pin  used  at  ninepins,  from  O.  H.  Ger.  kegil, 
chegil;  Ger.  kegel  =  a  ninepin,  a  skittle,  a 
cone,  a  bobbin.  Cf.  O.  Dut.  kiel  =  a  wedge ; 
Ger.  keil ;  Ir.cuille=&  quill  (borrowed  from 
English)  ;  Gael,  cuiic  =  a  reed,  a  bulrush.] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  The  stalk  of  a  reed  or  cane. 

"  Quglle.  a  stalke.    Calamut."— Prompt.  Par*. 

2.  The  faucet  of  a  barrel. 

3.  One  of  the  large,  strong  feathers  of  geese, 
swans,  turkeys,  crows,  &c.,  used  for  making 
pens  for  writing. 

4.  A  spine  or  prickle  of  a  porcupine. 

"  Like  giiilU  upon  the  fretful  porcupine." 

.ViaJtap. :  Bamltt.  L  (. 

6.  The  instrument  of  writing  ;  a  pen. 

"The  duke's  own  deportment  in  that  island,  th* 
proper  subject  of  my  qutil." — Reliquiae  Wottonianf 
p.  ««. 

6.  The  fold  of  a  plaited  ruff  or  ruffle,  from 
its  being  in  shape  and  size  somewhat  like  • 
goose-quill. 


fate,  fat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  W9lf,  work,  who,  son;  mate,  cub,  euro,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syriar     ».  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a :  an  =  kw. 


*  7.  A  stream. 

"  As  a  water  streame  tbe  quitlt  whereof  m?wle  glad 
the  city  of  our  God."— Bp.  Andremt:  Vermont,  p.  lot. 

*  8.  A  toothpick. 

"  Busy  as  lie  seems 
With  an  old  tavern  <i<Ml,  ii  hungry  yet." 

Catcher :  Tatk,  it 
IL  Technically: 

1.  Jtfusic:  A  small  piece  of  quill  attached  to 
•  piece  of  wood,  by  means  of  which  certain 
Stringed   instruments,  as   the  virginal,   were 
played. 

2.  Ornith. :  The  larger  and  stronger  feathers 
of  the  wing.     They  are  of  three  kinds  :  prima- 
ries, secondaries,  and  tertiaries. 

3.  Seal-engraving:   The  hollow  mandrel  of 
the  lathe  or  engine  used  by  the  seal-engraver. 

4.  Weaving :  A  small  spindle,  pirn,  or  rod 
upon  which  thread  is  wound  to  supply  the 
shuttle  with  the  woof,  weft,  or  filling,  as  it  is 
yariously  called,  and  which  crosses  the  warp, 
or  chain. 

*  U  To  be  under  the  quill :  To  be  written 
•bout. 

*•  The  subject  now  under  the  qtiHl  Is  the  Bishop  of 
Lincoln.  "-//oc*et :  Life  of  WUliamt,  ii.  28. 

quill-bit,  s.     A  long  pod-bit  of  small 

diu.neter. 

quill  driver, ». 

1.  A  clerk. 

2.  A  contemptuous  epithet  for  an  author. 

"  This  most  eccentric  of  quill-driven  gets  up  his 
facts  iu  a  slap-dash  fashion.  —  Week!]/  Echo.  Sept  i, 
1881. 

qulll-drivlng,  s.    Working  with  a  pen  ; 
writing. 

"  My  fingers  begin  to  ache  with  quili -driving."— 
Daily  Teleyrnph,  Oct.  14,  1865. 

*  quill  man,  ».    A  writer.    (Swift.) 

quill-nib,  s.    A  small  pen  of  quill  to  be 
placed  iu  a  holder. 

quill-work,  s.     Ornamental  work  made 
of  or  with  quills  ;  quilling. 

quill,  v.t.  [QuiLL,  s.]  [Wedgwood  prefers 
the  derivation  from  the  Guernsey  enquiller 
—  to  pleat ;  O.  Fr.  cuillir  =  to  gather,  to  cull.] 
To  plait ;  to  form  with  pleats  or  small  ridges 
like  quills  or  reeds. 

"  What  they  called  bis  cravat  was  a  piece  of  white 
linen,  quilled  with  great  exactness."— Tatler,  No.  267. 

quil  la  ia,  quil  la  ja  (i,  j  as  y),  quil- 
la  ya,  s'.  [Latinised  from  native  name.] 

1.  Sot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Quillaiae  (q.v.). 
Large  evergreen  trees,  with  undivided  leaves, 
five  petals,  ten  stamens,  and  five  single-celled 
ovaries.    Three  or  four  species  are  known  ;  all 
from  South  America.     Quillaja  Saponaria  is 
the  Quillai  or  Cullay. 

2.  Chem. :  The  bark  of  the  Quillaya  Saponaria. 
It  is   used  as  a  source  of  saponin,  which  is 
extracted  with  alcohol.     Its  aqueous  infusion 
is  used  for  washing,  and  giving  a  head  to 
stale  beer. 

quil  la  iae  (i  as  y),  «.  [PI.  of  Mod.  Lat. 
quillaia  (q.v.).] 

Bot. :   A    tribe   of   Rosaceae.      Calyx-tube 
herbaceous,  fruit  capsular,  seed  winged. 

quil-la  yin,  *.  [Mod.  Lat.  quiUay(a);  -in.] 
[SAPONIN.  J 

quilled,  a.    [Eng.  quill ;  -ed.\ 

*  L  Ord.   Lang.  :    Furnished   with  quills. 
(Used  in  composition.) 

"  A  sharp-?utffe<f  )x>rcuplne." 

Shiiketp. :  1  Henri  TI-.  ill-  1. 
II.  Hrr.  :  A  term  applied  in  describing  a 
feather  when  the  quill  differs  in  colour  from 
the  rest. 

*  qufl'-let,  *.  [A  contract,  of  Lat.  quidlibet= 
which  pleases  you?  which  do  you  choose?] 
A  nicety  or  subtlety  ;  a  quibble. 

"  Quiddlts  and  quillttt  that  well  may  confound  one." 
Ttnnnnt :  Antler  fair,  iv.  a>. 

quill  -Ing,  s.  [Eng.  quill,  v.  ;  -ing.)  Small 
round  plaits  made  in  lace,  tulle,  or  ribbon, 
lightly  sewn  down  with  an  occasional  back- 
stitch, the  edge  of  the  trimming  remaining  ia 
open  flute-like  folds. 

qulll'-wort,  s.    [Eng.  quill,  and  wort.) 
Bot. :  The  genus  Isoetes  (q.v.). 

quilt,  •  qnilte,  *  quylte,  i.  [O.  FT.  cuilte, 
from  Lat.  culcita  =  &  cushion,  a  mattress,  a 
quilt.]  A  cover  or  coverlet  made  by  stitching 


Quill— quincunx 

one  cloth  over  another  with  some  soft  material 
between  them  ;  any  thick  or  warm  coverlet ; 
a  counterpane. 

"  Centred  well  with  curled  wooll. 
Wouen  in  (Uke  quilt*." 

Chapman :  Homer ;  Odyuef  L 

quilt,  v.t.  ft  i    [QniLT,  ».J 

A.  Trantitive: 

1.  Lit.  :  To  stitch  together,  as  two  pieces  of 
cloth,  with  a  soft  material  between  them. 

"  Men  weare  quilted  gowues  of  cotton  like  to  our 
mattracea,  and  quilted  caps  like  to  our  great  grocers' 
morters."— tfocUuyt :  royaget,  ii.  SM. 

*  2.  Fig. :  To  stuff  in  manner  of  a  quilt ;  to 
stuff  generally. 

B.  Intiuia. :  To  do  quilting  or  quilted  work. 

quilt-ed,  o.  [Eng.  quilt;  -ed.]  Stitched  to- 
gether,  as  two  pieces  of  cloth,  with  a  soft 
material  between  them. 

quilted-armour,  «.    [POCBPOINT.] 

quflt'-er,   t.     [Eng.    quilt;   -er.)     One  who 
quilts;    one   who    makes   quillings;    also,  an 
automatic    quilting    attachment    for    sewing 
machines, 
quilt   ing,  pr.  par.  ft  «.    [Qrn.T,  ».] 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

Jl,  As  substantive  : 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

L  The  act  or  process  of  making  quilted 
work  ;  the  act  of  padding. 

2.  The  material  used  for   making  quilts; 
padding. 

3.  Quilted  work. 

4.  The  act  of  making  a  quilt  by  a  number 
of   women    who    bestow    their    labour    gra- 
tuitously to  aid  a  female  friend,  and  conclude 
with  an  entertainment.    (Amer.) 

II.  Naut.  :  Braided  or  plaited  sennit  over  a 
bottle,  &c. 

quin,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 
ZooL :  Pecten  operculari». 

qui'-na,  s.  [See  def.]  An  old  name  for  qui- 
nine (q.v.). 

qutn-am  -me,  s.  [Eng.  quin(ine),  and  amine. ) 
Chem. :  C^oHggN^Og.  An  alkaloid  discovered 
in  1872  by  Hesse,  in  the  bark  of  Cinchona 
ruccirubra.  It  crystallizes  in  hair-like  anhy- 
drous needles  which  melt  at  172*,  is  insoluble 
in  water,  but  soluble  in  hot  alcohol,  in  boiling 
ether,  in  benzol,  and  in  petroleum  ether.  Solu- 
tions of  quinamine  do  not  stand  the  thalleio- 
quin  test,  nor  do  they  display  fluorescence. 

t  quin'-an-cy-wort, «.    [QUINSYWORT.] 

quin-an'-i  lide,  «.  [Eng.  quin(ic);  anil(in»\ 
and  suff.  -ide.) 

Chem. :  CjaH^OsN  =  CyHaOj  ^N.  Phenyl- 


C«H8       ) 
=  07H1105|N. 


qninamide.  A  substance  obtained  by  heating 
quinic  acid  with  aniline  to  ISO3,  washing  the 
product  with  ether,  and  dissolving  the  residue 
in  ether-alcohol.  The  solution  yields  small, 
white,  silky  needles,  which  melt  at  174°,  and 
dissolve  easily  in  alcohol  and  water,  sparingly 
in  ether. 

qui-na  qui'-na,  «.    [Reduplication  of  Quina 
(q.v.X'J 
Sot. :  Cinchona  condaminea. 

t  qui  nor  -I  an,  s.&a.  [Eng.  quinary);  -ian.] 

A.  As  subst. :  A  supporter  of  the  Quinary 
system  (q.v.). 

"At  least  as  much  may  be  said  of  tht  imaginative 
Okeu,  whose  mysticism  far  surpassed  that  of  the 
Vuinoriatu."— EnciK.  Brit.  led.  »th),  xviii.  1&. 

B.  At  adj. :   Pertaining  to,  or  connected 
with  the  Quinary  system. 

"One  of  the  few  foreign  ornithologist*  who  had 
adopted  quinary  principles."— £ne*c.  Brit.  (ed.  »th). 

zTin.1*. 

quin'-ar-y',  a.  ft  *.      [Lat.   quinarita,   from 
quini  '=  five  each,  from  yuinque  =  five.] 

A,  As  adj. :  Consisting  of  five  or  of  a  mul- 
tiple of  live  ;  arranged  by  or  in  fives. 
*  B.  As  rubst.  :  A  number  or  body  of  five. 

"  No  longer  acknowledge  a  trinity,  but  either  a 
qnaternlty  . T  a  quinary,  or  more  of  di-ine  bypoatasts." 
— Cudwort*  .•  Intellectual  Syttem,  p.  «2i. 

quinary-system,  s. 

Nat.  Science :  A  system  of  classification 
published  by  Macleay  in  his  Horn  Entomo- 
logicte  (1819-21),  applied  by  Vigors  to  orni- 


3855 

thology  in  1823  (Trans.  Linn.  Soc.,  xiv.  385- 
517),  and  modified  by  Swaiuson  (Geog.  d  Clou. 
Anim.  (1833),  224,  225) : 

L  Every  natural  series  of  beings,  in  its  progres* 
from  a  given  point,  either  actually  returns,  or  evince* 
a  tendency  to  return,  again  to  that  point,  thereby 
forming  a  circle. 

*.  The  primary  circular  divisions  of  every  group  an 
three  actually,  or  five  apparently. 

3.  The  contents  of  such  a  group  are  symbolically  (of 
analogically)  represented  by  the  couteuu  of  all  othei 
circles  in  the  auiuiat  kingdom. 

4.  These  primary  divisions  of  every  group  are  cha- 
racterized by  definite  peculiarities  of  form,  structure. 
and  economy  which,  under  diversified  modifications, 
are  uniform  throughout  the  animal   kingdom,  and 
are  therefore  to  be  regarded  as  the  primary  types  ol 
nature. 

5.  The  different  ranks  or  degrees  of  circular  groups) 
exhibited  in  the  animal  kingdom  are  nine  in  number, 
each  being  involved  within  the  other. 

Fleming  (Quart.  Rev.,  xli.  302-27)  pointed  out 
the  fallacies  of  the  system,  and  Rennie  (Mon- 
tagu'*  Ornithol.  Diet.)  attacked  it,  more  espe- 
cially in  its  application  to  ornithology.  It  i* 
now  deservedly  exploded. 

quln'-ate,  «.    [Eng.  quin(ic);  -ate.) 
Chem. :  A  salt  of  quinic  acid. 

qui'-nate,  o.  [Lat.  quini = five  each;  Eng. 
suff.  -<U«.] 

Bot. :  (Of  a  petiole):  Bearing  flye  leaflet* 
from  the  same  point.  Akin  to  digitate  (q.v.X 

quince(l),  *.  (O.  Fr.  cxigtiasse—a.  female  quince ; 
Fr.  wing  ;  Prov.  codoing  ;  Ital.  cotogna,  from 
Lat.  cydoniits,  cydonia.)  [CvooNius.] 

Hot. :  The  fruit  of  Cydonia  vulgaris,  or  the 
tree  itself.  It  is  fifteen  or  twenty  feet  high, 
with  white  or  pale-red  flowers,  and  ultimately 
golden  fruit  It  is  indigenous  in  the  South 
of  Europe,  the  North  of  Africa,  the  Hima- 
layas, Ac.  It  is  cultivated  in  the  United  States 
and  elsewhere.  The  fruit  is  too  austere 
to  be  eaten  uncooked,  but  is  used  in  the  pre- 
paration of  pies,  tarts,  marmalade,  <fcc.  Its 
mucilaginous  seeds  are  demulcent,  and  given 
by  the  natives  of  India  in  diarrhoea,  dysen- 
tery, sore  throat,  and  fever.  Sinunonds  says 
that  in  the  West  their  mucilage  imparts  stiff- 
ness and  glossiness  to  the  hair,  and  helps  to 
heal  chapped  lips.  The  Japan  quince,  Cydonia 
(formerly  Pyrus)  japonica,  isasmalltreeal>out 
six  feet  high,  with  oval,  crenately  serrated 
leaves,  and  fine  red  flowers.  It  is  grown  as  an 
ornamental  plant. 

quince-wine,  *.  A  wine  like  cider  or 
perry  made  from  the  fruit  of  the  quince. 

*  quin9e  (2),  *  qnynce,  *.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 
Tiie  king's  evil.      (UalliiceU.)     Perhaps  the 
same  as  QUINSY  (q.v.). 

*  qnln-^iSn'-ten-ar-y,  *.     [Lat.  quintus  = 
fifth  and  Eng.  centenary  (q.v.).]      The  flve- 
hundreth  anniversary  of  an  event.     (Times, 
March  29,  1886,  p.  9,  col.  0.) 

*  quinch,  r.i.    [A  nasalized  form  of  quiA  or 
queach  (q.v.).]     To  move,  to  stir,  to  wince. 

"  Bestow  all  my  soldiers  In  such  sort  as  I  have,  that 
no  part  of  all  that  realm  shall  be  able  to  dare  to 
yuinck.~—Kptnnr :  State  of  Ireland, 

quin'-cite,  s.  [After  Quincy,  France,  when 
found  ;  suff.  -ite  (Min.).] 

Afin. :  A  carmine-red  mineral,  found  in 
small  particles  associated  with  rose-opal. 
Compos.  :  silica,  64'0;  magnesia,  19*0;  prot- 
oxide of  iron,  8"0  ;  water,  17  -p  =  98.  Colour 
supposed  to  be  of  organic  origin. 

quin  cun'-cial,  *  quin-cun  tiall  (ci,  tl 
as  sh),  a.  ['Lat.  quincuncialis,  from  quin- 
cunx (genit.  quincuncis)  =  *  quincunx  (q.v.).] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Having  the  form  of  a  quin- 
cunx. 

"  We  ought  to  follow  the  usual!  manner  of  chequer 
row,  call,  a  avincuntiaU.'—  P.  Holland:  Flinie.  bk. 
Til,  eh.  xi. 

2.  Bot. :  (Of  aestivation) :  Having  five  pieces, 
two  exterior,  two  interior,  and  the  fifth  cover- 
ing the  interior  with  one  margin,  and  having 
its   other   margin    covered  by  the  exterior. 
Example,  Rosa. 

*  quin-cun  -cial-ly  (oi  as  sh),  adv.    [Eng. 

quincancial ;  -ly.]  In  a  quincuncial  manner 
or  order ;  in  manner  of  a  quincunx. 


quln'-cunx,  t.  [Lat  =  an  arrangement  like 
five  spots  on  a  die  ;  quinque=  five,  and  uncto 
=  an  ounce,  a  spot  on  a  die.] 

L  Ord.  Lang.:    An   arrangement   of   five 
things  in  a  square,  one  at  each  corner  and  on* 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jo"wl;  oat,  fell,  chorus,  coin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  aa;  expect,  ?enophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-clan. -tian  •- shan.    -tion, -sion  -  shun ; -Uon, -sion  -  zhun.     ciou*.    tiou*. -sioua  -  mhus,   -We,  -die,  to.  =  bel,  del. 


3856 


quindecagon— quinovio 


In  the  middle  ;  especially  applied  to  a  planta- 
tion of  trees  so  arranged. 

"  Before  them  obliquely.  In  order  of  quincunx,  wen 
plt»  dug  three  foot  deep."—  Jtladen  :  I  mar;  Com- 
menturtei.  bk.  vii.,  cb.  ixxi. 

IL  Technically: 

•  1.  Astral.  :  The  position  of  planets  when 
distant  from  each  other  live  signs  or  150°. 
2.  Sot.  :  Quincuncial  aestivation. 

qnln-dec  -a-gon,  *.  [Lat  quinque  =  five, 
.viid  Eng.  decagon  (q.v.)ij 

Geom.  :  A  plane  figure  having  fifteen  sides 
and  fifteen  angles. 

quln-de-cem'-vir  (pi.  quln-de-ce'm'- 
vi-ri),  s.  [Lat.,  from  quinque  —  five  ;  decem 
=  ten,  and  fir  =  a  man.] 

Roman  Antiq.  :  One  of  a  college  of  priests, 
fifteen  in  numi  er,  entrusted  with  the  custody 
of  the  Sibylline  books,  with  authority  to  con- 
sult and  expound  them. 

qnln-dS-cem'-vir-ate,  s.  [Lat.  quindectm- 
viratus.]  The  body  or  office  of  the  quinde- 
cemvin. 

*  quin'-def-im,  5.  [Lat.  quindecima  (pars) 
=  the  fifteenth  (part).]  The  fifteenth  part  of 
Anything  ;  a  tax  or  subsidy  of  a  fifteenth. 

"  Collections  of  monie  from  time  to  time,  u  quin- 
dtctint,  subsidies,  teutlis.  kc.'-fox:  Martyrt.  p.  298. 

•quin'-dem,  *  quln  -  disme,  *.  [QuiN- 
DBCIM.]  A  subsidy  of  one  fifteenth. 

"  If  the  king  would  grant  him  the  quinditme  and 
dUme  of  the  laity."—  Prynnt  :  Tnad*ry  i  thilovaUy, 
pt  iv.,  p.  T. 

quin  -e-tln,  *.    [QI-ISINE.] 

Chem.  :  Marchaud's  name  for  the  product 
obtained  by  oxidising  quinine  with  lead  per- 
oxide and  sulphuric  acid.  It  is  not,  however, 
a  definite  compound. 

quin-e-tum,  s.    [QUININE.] 

Chem.  :  The  crystallizable  alkaloids  of  the 
East  India  red  barks  (Cinchona  succirubra) 
introduced  by  Thos.  Whiffen  in  1875.  The 
sulphate  of  quinetum  is  used  in  medicine. 

quln-hy':drone,  «.  [Eng.  <piin(one),  and 
hydr(oquin)one.] 


chem-:  COIlo-  A  comP°und  Pro- 
duced by  treating  an  aqueous  solution  of 
quinone  with  a  limited  quantity  of  sulphurous 
acid,  and  by  mixing  solutions  of  quinone  and 
hydroqninoue.  It  crystallizes  in  splendid 
gold-green  prisms  with  a  lustre  like  that  of 
the  rose  beetle.  It  has  a  slight  odour,  U 
fusible,  dissolves  easily  in  hot  water,  and  in 
alcohol  and  ether  with  green  colour. 

qnln'-I-a,  «.    [QUININE.] 
*  quin  i-ble,  v.i.     [Lat.  guini  =  fire  each.] 
Music  :   To  descant  by  singing  fifths  on  a 
plain  song.    [QUATRIBLE.] 

•quln-i-ble,  s.     [QuiNiBLE,  v.]    An  accom- 
paniment.   (Chaucer.) 

quln-ic,  a.     [Eng.  quin(ine);  -ic.}    Derived 
from,  or  contained  in  quinine. 

quinic  acid,  -  . 

Chem.  :  CsH^OH^COOH.  Kinic  acid.  A 
monobasic  acid  found  in  cinchona  bark,  bil- 
berry plant,  coffee  beans,  and  the  leaves  of 
several  plants.  It  is  obtained  from  cinchona 
by  adding  milk  of  lime  to  an  acid  decoction  of 
the  bark,  evaporating  the  liquid  portion  to  a 
syrup,  submitting  the  calcium  qtiinate  which 
sepa  rates  to  recrystallization,  and  exactly  de- 
composing a  solution  of  the  salt  with  oxalic 
ai'i'l.  The  acid  crystallizes  in  colourless 
monoclinic  prisms,  which  melt  at  161',  and 
have  a  sp.  gr.  =  1  -63.  It  exerts  a  left-handed 
action  on  polarised  light,  dissolves  in  2$ 
parts  of  cold  water,  is  slightly  soluble  in 
strong  alcohol,  nearly  insoluble  in  ether.  Dis- 
tilled with  sulphuric  acid  and  peroxide  of 
manganese,  it  yields  crystals  of  quinone. 
This  reaction  is  very  delicate.  The  salts  of 
quinic  acid  are  neutral,  and  for  the  most 
part  crystallizable;  soluble  in  water,  inso- 
luble in  strong  alcohol.  Quinate  of  calcium, 

QH7(OH)8COOCa"  +  10H2°>  occ«™  in  cin- 
chona hark,  and  is  termed  by  adding  calcium 
chloride  to  an  alkaline  quinate.  It  crystal- 
lizes in  rhomboulal  plates,  easily  splitting 
into  laminae,  dissolves  in  six  parts  of  water 
at  16*,  and  is  nearly  insoluble  in  alcohol. 


quinic  ether,  s. 

Chtm. :  CrH1i(C2H8X)fr  Ethylic  quinate. 
Obtained  by  heating  quinate  of  silver  with 
ethylic  iodide.  Forms  a  yellow  syrup,  hav- 
ing a  bitter  taste  and  aromatic  odour.  It  is 
easily  soluble  in  water  and  alcohol,  less 
readily  in  ether. 

quin  -I-cine,  s.     [Eng.  quinine),  and  (gly)- 
o(er)ine.\ 

Chem.:  CooE^T^Ofr  A  yellow  resinous 
amorphous  base,  isomeric  with  quinine,  ob- 
tained by  heating  quinine  in  glycerine  to  a 
temperature  of  200°.  It  has  a  bitter  taste, 
melts  at  70°,  is  insoluble  in  water,  soluble  in 
alcohol,  ether,  and  chloroform,  and  exhibits  a 
right-handed  rotation. 

qnin'-ide,  ».    [Eng.  quinic);  -ide.] 

Chem.  :  CyH^Oj.  Quiuic  anhydride.  Ob- 
tained by  heating  quinic  acid  to  220°-250°. 
The  residue  is  dissolved  in  boiling  alcohoi, 
and,  when  clarified,  the  solution  is  left  to 
evaporate.  It  forms  small  crystals  resembling 
sal-ammoniac,  dissolves  easily  in  water,  I  as 
an  acid  reaction,  and  under  certain  conditic  ns 
is  reconverted  into  quinic  acid. 

quln'-l-dine,  «.    [CONCH  ININK.] 

qui  nine ,  s.     [Fr.,  from  8p.  qainina,  from 
Peruv.  quina  —  Peruvian-bark.] 

Chem. :  QjpHjt^Os.  Chiuin.  Quinia.  The 
most  important  alkaloid  of  the  true  cinchona 
barks,  first  obtained,  but  in  an  impure  state, 
by  Gomez  of  Lisbon,  in  1811.  [CINCHONA- 
BARK,  CINCHONA-BASES.]  It  is  permanent  in 
the  air,  inodorous,  and  very  bitter ;  almost 
insoluble  in  water,  but  soluble  in  absolute 
alcohol,  ether,  and  chloroform.  From  its 
alcoholic  solution  it  crystallizes  in  prisms, 
having  the  composition  CjoH^NjOj+SHjO, 
and  fusing  at  75°.  It  exerts  a  strong  Isevo- 
rotary  action  on  polarised  light,  and  is  a 
powerful  base,  neutralizing  acids  fjompleWy, 
and  forming  easily  crystallizable  ualts,  which 
are  very  bitter  and  less  soluble  in  water  than 
the  salts  of  the  other  cinchona  alkaloids. 
Solutions  of  quinine  in  dilute  sulphuric  acid 
exhibit  a  blue  fluorescence,  and  this  is  ob- 
servable in  solutions  containing  much  less 
than  one  part  in  200,000  parts  of  water. 

quinine-sulphates,  *.  pi. 

Chem. :  The  neutral  or  common  medicinal 
gulphate,  2C20H2<N2O2-H2SO4+8H2O,  is  pre- 
pared by  neutralizing  quinine  with  dilute 
sulphuric  acid.  It  crystallizes  in  long  flexible 
monoclinic  needles,  having  a  nacreous  aspect, 
almost  insoluble  in  cold  water,  but  soluble  in 
boiling  water,  in  alcohol,  and  in  dilute  sul- 
phuric acid  ;  insoluble  in  ether,  chloroform, 
and  petroleum  spirit.  The  solution  of  quinine 
sulphate  in  water,  acidulated  with  sulphuric 
acid,  exhibits  a  powerful  blue  fluorescence, 
and  turns  the  plane  of  polarization  of  a  ray  of 
light  strongly  to  the  left,  (a}j  —  255 '6.  In 
commerce  it  is  frequently  found  mixed  with 
ciuchonidine  or  cinchouine.  This  may  be 
due  either  to  actual  adulteration,  or  to  an 
imperfect  mode  of  preparation.  The  acid 
aalt  or  soluble  sulphate,  C!aoH?4N2Oi2-H2SO4  + 
"HaO,  separates  from  a  solution  of  quinine  in 
excess  of  sulphuric  acid.  It  crystallizes  in 
rectangular  prisms,  soluble  in  water  and  in 
alcohol.  Quinine  sulphate  is  largely  em- 
ployed as  a  febrifuge  and  tonic,  and  it 
possesses  powerful  antiseptic  properties. 

quinine  sulphuric  acid,  >. 

Chem.  :  C^H^^SCv  =  20^24X202803. 
Sulpho-quinic  acid.  An  amorphous  powder, 
obtained  by  dissolving  quinine  in  fuming 
sulphuric  acid,  neutralizing  with  baryta  water, 
and  decomposing  the  barium  salt  with  sul- 
phuricacid.  It  is  soluble  in  waterand  alcohol. 

quin' -in -Ism,  «.    [CINCHONISM.] 

qui  nlz-ar-ine,   ».     [Eng.    quin(one),   and 

(aT)izarine.] 

Chem.:  C^HgOj.  Prepared  by  beating  a 
mixture  of  phthalic  anhydride,  hydroquinone, 
and  sulphuric  acid,  precipitating  with  water, 
and  extracting  with  benzene.  It  crystallizes 
from  alcohol  in  reddish  needles,  from  ether  in 
yellowish  plates,  melts  at  195°,  and  dissolves 
in  alkalis  to  a  fine  bine  colour. 

qnl  no'-a,  «.    [Native  name.) 

Bot. :  Chenopodium  Quinoa.  [CRENOPODIUM.] 

quin-oi'-dine,  s.    [CHINOIDINE.] 


quin -oil,  *.    [QUININE.] 

*  Chem. :  An  old  name  for  quinine. 

quin  -6-line,  *.    [CRINOLINE.] 

quin  61  6 -gist,  s.  [Eng.  quinolog(y) ;  -«.] 
One  who  studies,  or  is  versed  iu  quinology. 

quIn-6l'-£-gy,  ».  [Eng.  quin(ine);  -tlegy.] 
The  branch  of  science  which  treats  of  quinine. 

quin  6-naro -Ic,  a.  [Eng.  quinon(e),  And 
antic.]  [QuiNOYLAMic.] 

qui  non  -a-mide,  «.  [Eng.  qulnon(e),  and 
amide.] 

Chem. :  CgHsNO.  A  crystalline  substance, 
of  emerald  green  colour,  formed  by  the  action 
of  dry  ammonia  on  quinone,  Cel^Oj  +  NH«  = 
C6H6NO  +  H2O.  It  is  soluble  in  water,  but 
quickly  decomposes,  yielding  a  dark-coloured 
solution. 

qui  none',  *.    [Eng.  quin(oyl);  -one.] 

Chem. :  CgRiOs.  A  compound  produced  by 
the  action  of  manganic  peroxide  and  sulphuric 
acid  on  quinic  acid,  benzidine,  aniline,  &c.,  or 
by  the  dry  distillation  of  quinates.  It  crys- 
tallizes in  long,  transparent,  golden-yellow, 
shining  needles,  slightly  soluble  in  water, 
more  soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether,  melts  at 
116°,  and  volatilizes  without  alteration.  Its 
aqueous  solution  colours  the  skin  brown,  and 
on  exposure  to  the  air  it  acquires  a  dark 
reddish  colour,  ultimately  depositing  a  black- 
brown  precipitate. 

qui  non -Ic,  o.  [Eng.  quinon(e);  -ic.]  Con* 
tained  in,  or  derived  from  quinoue. 

quinonic  acid,  s. 

Chem. :  CiiH8Og  (?).  An  acid  obtained  by 
Schoonbroodt  by  heating  quinone  with  pot- 
ash, but  very  imperfectly  described.  When 
heated  with  excess  of  potash,  it  is  said  to 
yield  a  brown  empyreumatic  oil,  CioHgOj,  in- 
soluble in  water,  and  solidifying  in  the  cold 
to  brown  crystalline  laminae.  (Watts.) 

quIn-6-tan -nlc.  o.  [Eng.  quino(ne),  and 
tannic.]  Deri  ved  from,  or  containing  quinone 
and  tannic  acid. 

qulnotannic  acid,  «. 

Chem. :  C^H^O^  (?).  Cinchonatannic  acid. 
One  of  the  tannic  acids  found  in  cinchona 
barks.  It  forms  a  yellow,  friable,  hygroscopic 
mass,  soluble  in  water,  alcohol,  and  ether,  the 
ethereal  solution  being  almost  colourless.  IU 
aqueous  solution,  when  exposed  to  the  air, 
rapidly  absorbs  oxygen  and  deposits  cinchona 
red.  It  unites  with  bases,  forming  salts 
which  are  very  unstable  and  of  little  import- 
ance. It  colours  ferric  salts  green,  and  pro- 
duces an  abundant  yellowish  precipitate  with 
tartar  emetic. 

qnl-no  -va,  a.  [See  def.]  Contained  in,  or 
derived  from  Cinchona  nova. 

quinova-bitter,  >.    [QuiNovm] 

quinova  sugar,  *. 

Chem.  :  CgH12Og.  A  saccharine  substance 
obtained  by  passing  hydrochloric  acid  gas 
into  an  alcoholic  solution  of  qninovin,  filter- 
ing, neutralizing  filtrate  with  sodic  carbonate, 
again  filtering,  and  evaporating  the  liquid  to 
dryness  at  100°.  It  is  an  uncrystallizable, 
hygroscopic  body  with  a  slightly  bitter  taste, 
and  resembles  raannitan  more  than  any  other 
kind  of  sugar. 

qul-no-va-tan'-nlc,  a.  [Eng.  quinova.  and 
taniiic.]  A  term  applied  to  the  tannic  acid  of 
Cinchona  nova. 

quinovatannic  acid,  ». 

Chem. :  CfflHjgO/W  An  acid  obtained  from 
the  bark  of  Cinchona  nova.  It  has  a  bitter 
taste,  and  is  not  precipitated  by  gelatine  or 
;..:-*ar  emetic. 

qui  no-vie,  o.  [Eng.  g«i»ot<tH);  -ic.)  De- 
rived from  or  containing  quinovin. 

quinovic  acid,   . 

Chem. :  CuHydO*.  Chiuovic  acid.  A  dibasic 
acid  produced  by  passing  dry  hydrochloric 
acid  gas  into  an  alcoholic  solution  of  quinovin. 
It  forms  a  white,  sandy,  crystalline  powder, 
insoluble  in  water,  slightly  soluble  in  ether, 
but  soluble  in  boiling  alcohol.  Heated  to  150* 
it  melts,  solidifying  on  cooling  to  a  fissured 
mass.  At  a  higher  temperature  it  burns, 
leaving  no  residue. 


fete,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pSt, 
«r,  wore,  wolt  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  fall;  try,  Syrian.    »,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qn  =  lew. 


quinovin — quintan 


3857 


quln'-o-vin.  ».     [Eng.  quiiwv(a);  -t*.] 

CTim.  :  CgoHiaOg.  ChiDovin.  Quiiiova-bitter. 
An  amorphous,  bitter  substance,  first  ob- 
tained from  Cinchona  nova,  in  1821.  by  Pel- 
letier  and  Caventon.  It  is  soluble  in  boiling 
water  -and  in  alcohol,  its  solutions  being 
dextro-rotatory.  It  appears  to  be  a  constant 
constituent  of  the  bark,  but  the  amount  ob- 
tained rarely  exceeds  two  per  cent. 

quin  -oyl,  *.  [Eng.  quin(ine).  and  (hydr)o(x)yl.] 

Chem.  :  C^H^O?.    A  diatomic  radical  which 

may  be  supposed  to  exist  in  qninone  and  its 

derivatives,  quinone  itself  being  regarded  as 

the  hydri 


quln-tfyl-am'-ic,  o.  [Eng.  quinoyl,  and 
conic.}  Derived  from  or  containing  quinoyl 
and  ammonia. 


quinoylamic  acid,  «. 
B 

Chem*    C6H5O3N  = 


This 


acid  is  unknown  in  the  free  state,  but  di- 

H2 
chloro-quinoylamic   acid, 

H 

produced  by  the  action  of  aqueous  ammonia 
on  perchloro-qiunone.  It  crystallizes  in  long 
black  needles,  having  an  adamantine  lustre, 
slightly  soluble  in  water,  insoluble  in  alcohol 
and  in  ether 

qnln-6yr-lc,  a.    [Eng.   quinine);   -yZ,  -ic.] 
Derived  from  or  containing  quinone. 

quinoylic  acid,  s. 

Chem.  :  C6H4O4.    A  bibasic  acid  unknown 
in  the  free  state,  but  its  dichlorinated  deriva- 


tive, CgHjjClaOj,  is  produced  by  the  action  of 
potash  on  tetrachloroquinone.  It  crystallizes 
in  yellowish-white  nacreous  scales  soluble  in 
water. 

quin  qua  geslm-a,  i.     [Lat.,  fern.  sing. 
of  quinquagesimus  =  fiftieth.]  (See  compound.) 

Qulnquagesima    Sunday,    *.      The 

Sunday  next  before  Lent,  being  about  fifty 
days  before  Easter. 

•  quin-quan  -KU-lar,  a.      [Pref.    quinque, 
and  Eng.  angular  (q.v.).]    Having  five  angles 
or  corners. 

"  Exactly  round,  ordinately  quinqu  angular,  or 
having  the  side*  parallel  "—  Mart:  Ant  id.  again* 
Atkeirm. 

quin  quar-tlc  -n-lan,  *.     [Eng.  quinquar- 
ticul(ar)  ;  -an.} 

Church  Hist.  (PL):  Arminians,  in  the  seven- 
teenth century,  who  agreed  with  the  Reformed 
Clmrc,h  in  all  doctrines  except  the  Five 
Points  (q.v.).  [ARMINIAN,  QUINQUARTICULAK.] 

•  qujn-quar-tic'-u-lar,  a.     [Lat.  quinque 
five,  and  Eng.  articular  (q.v.).]    Consisting  of 
five  articles. 

qutnquarticular-controversy,  s. 

Church  Hist.  :  A  controversy  whiah  arose  in 
Cambridge  A.D  1594  between  Arminians  and 
Calvinists  regarding  the  Five  Points  (q.v.). 
In  1626  two  conferences  were  held  with  a  view 
to  settle  the  dispute.  It  was  revived  at 
Oxford  and  in  Ireland  A.D.  1631.  [QuiN- 

QUARTICULAN.] 

"They  have  given  an  end  to  the  qvi*fuarticular 
enntntertn."—Sandfrion. 

quln-que-,  pref.    [Lat.  =  five.]   Consisting  of, 
or  pertaining  to  the  number  five  ;  fivefold. 

•  quin   que  an  gled  (le  as  el),  a.    [Pref. 
quinque-,  and  Eng.  angle  (q.v.).J     Having  five 
angles  ;  quinquangular. 

quin  quo"  -cap  -su-lar,  a.    [Pref.  quinque-, 
and  Eng.  capsular  (q.v.).] 
Pot.  :  Having  five  capsules. 

quln-que  cos'-tate,  o.    [Pref.  quinque-,  and 
Eng.  costate  (q.v.).] 
Bot.  :  Five-ribbed. 

quin  quc  den  tate,    qui  n  -  que  -  den  - 

tat  ed,  a.  [Pref.  quinque-,  and  Eng.  dentate, 
dentatrd  (q.v.).] 

Sot.  /t  Zool.  :  Having  five  teeth  or  indenta- 
tions. 

quin-que-far'-i  oils.  a.  [From  Lat.  quinque, 
on  analogy  of  multifarious,  &c.] 

Bot.  :  Opening  into  five  parts  ;  extending  in 
five  directions. 


quin -que-fid,  a.  [Lat.  quinque  —  five,  and 
Undo  (pret.  Jldi)  =r  to  cleave.) 

Bot.  (Of  leaves) :  Cleft  in  the  middle  into  five 
divisions. 

quin  que  foil  ate,    quin  -  que  -  16'-  II- 
at-Stt,  a.     [Lat.  quinqutf olios,  from  quinque 
=  five,  and/o2ium  =  a  leaf.] 
Bot. :  Having  five  leave*. 

quin  que-lit'-er-al,  o.  [Pref.  quinque-,  and 
Eng.  literal  (q.v.).]  '  Consisting  of  five  letters. 

quin  que  16   bate,  quin   que  lobed,  a. 
[Pref.  quinque-,  and  Eng.  lobate,  lobed  (q.v.).] 
Bot. :  Having  five  lobes. 

quIn-quS-loc'-u-lar,  a.  [Pref.  quinque-,  and 
Eng.  (ocular  (q.v.).] 

Bot. :  Having  five  loculi,  cavities,  or  cells, 
as  the  apple. 

quin  -que-nerved,  o.  [Pref.  quinque-,  and 
Eng.  nerved,} 

Bot. :  Having  five  nerves,  all  proceeding 
from  the  base. 

*  quin-quSn-na'-li-a,  *.  pi.    [Lat.,  neut  pL 
of  quinquennalis  =  quinquennial  (q.v.).] 

Rom.  Antiq. :  Public  games  celebrated  every 
five'years. 

*  quln-quen  -nl  ad,  «.   [QUINQUENNIUM.]  A 

period  or  space  of  five  years.    (Tennyson.) 

quln-quen  -nl-al,  a.  [Lat  quinquennius, 
quinquennalis,  from  quinquennium  =  quin- 
quennium (q.v.).]  Happening  or  recurring 
once  in  ever}'  five  years  ;  lasting  five  years. 

"  The  great  quinquennial  festival  of  Jove." 

Weit :  Pindar ,  Xemean  Odei.  zl 

quln-qnen'-nl-um,  >.  [Lat,  from  quinque 
=  ft  ve,  and  annus  —  a  year.]  A  space  or  period 
of  live  years. 

quln-que-part'-ite,  a.  [Pref.  qninqut-,  and 
Eng.  partite  (q.v.).] 

*  1.  Ord.  iMng.  :  Consisting  of,  or  divided 
into  five  parts. 

2.  Bot.  ;  Divided  nearly  to  the  base  into  five 
portions. 

quin  -que-pin'-nate,  a.   [Pref.  quinque-,  and 
Eng.  pinnate.] 
Bot.  (Of  a  leaf):  Five  times  pinnate. 

*  quin'-que-reme,  «.       [Lat.  quinqueremit, 
from  quinque  =  five,  and  remus  =  an  oar ;  Fr. 
quinquereme ;    Ital.    quinquereme.]     A  galley 
having  five  ranks  of  rowers. 

"The  flnt  galley  .  .  .  that  came  neere  them  wa«  » 
quinquercmt."—Brcndt :  '/uintui  Curtiut,  to.  (1. 

*  quin-quc'-syr-la-ble,  s.    [Pref.  quinque-, 
and   Eng.   suitable  (q.v.).]      A  word  of  five 
syllables. 

quin    que   valve,    quin   quo   valvu 
lar,  a.   [Pref.  quinque-,  and  Eng.  valve,  valvu- 
lar (q.v.).] 

Bot. :  Opening  by  five  valves,  as  the  peri- 
carp of  flax. 

quin   que  vir   (pi.    quin  quev-I  ri),   *. 

[Lat.,  from  quinque  =  five,  and  vir  =  a  man.] 
Rom.  Antiq. :  One  of  a  body  of  five  com- 
missioners who  were  frequently  appointed 
under  the  republic  as  extraord  inary  magistrates 
to  carry  any  measure  into  effect. 

qnln'-qui-na, «.    [Sp.  quina  quina.] 
Pharm.  :  Peruvian  bark. 

"  Thence  came  the  flneet  tobacco,  quinquina,  eoStt, 
ingar."— Macaulay :  Hilt.  Eng.,  ch.  j»<H 

quin'-qui  no,  s.    [QUINQUINA  (?)]. 

Bot.  :  Myrospermum  peruiferum. 

quin  qui  ra  di  ate,  a.  [Lat  quinque  = 
five,  and  Eng.  radiate.]  Having  five  rays 
(Used  chiefly  of  the  starfishes). 

"  There  are  four.  six.  and  seven  rayed  forms,  an  well 
a*  the  more  ordinary  fitinquiraaiat*  specimen*,"— 
Athtnaum,  June  13,  IMC,  p.  7*2. 

quin-quiv  a-lent,  n.  [Lat  quinque  =  five, 
and  valens  (genii  valentit),  pr.  par.  of  valeo  = 
to  be  worth.] 

Chem. :  Equivalent  to  five  units  of  any 
standard,  especially  to  four  atoms  of  hydro- 
gen. [PENTADS.] 

*  quinse,  v.t.    [Etym.  doubtful.]    To  carve  (a 
plover). 


quin'-sy.    quin  an  cy,    'squin  an  9?. 

*  squin  zie,  s.    1C  VNANCHE.  j 

Pathol.  :  Inflamti.atory  sore-throat.  Ther* 
is  swelling  of  one  tonsil,  or  of  both,  attended 
with  difficulty  of  breathing  and  swallowing, 
and  febrile  symptoms.  Quinsy  has,  though 
rarely,  proved  fatal  by  producing  suffocation, 
but  it  generally  terminates  favourably  by 
resolution  or  suppuration.  In  the  latter  case 
a  good  deal  of  purulent  matter  is  discharged, 
and  the  patient  IB  immediately  relieved.  Quinsy 
is  at  times  :  must  distressing  disease,  though 
the  feeling  .B  rat"er  oue  of  extreme  distress 
than  of  acute  pair.,  except  when  the  attempt  to 
swallow  is*  made.  In  some  cases  the  swelling 
extends  down  the  neck  and  completely  under 
the  jaws,  affecting  the  tongue  and  the  salivary 
glands.  When  this  occurs  the  flow  of  saliva 
is  generally  profuse,  and  in  all  cases  there  is 
*V;mation  of  much  s'ringy  mucus  about  the 
fonsils.  Along  with  these  local  symptoms 
there  is  always  more  or.less  fever,  and,  in  case 
of  continuance  of  the  disease,  depression  from 
the  deprivation  of  nourishment.  A  person 
who  has  suffered  from  quinsy  should,  after 
recovery,  use  every  means  of  strengthening 
the  throat,  as  a  guard  against  future  attacks. 

t  quinsy-berry,  *. 

Bot.  :  A  name  for  the  black  currant,  which 
is  of  use  in  quinsy. 

quin  -£y  wort,    *  quln'-an-cy-wort.  «. 

[Eng  quinsy,  quinancy,  and*  won.] 
Bot.  :  Asperula  cynanchica. 

quint,  *.    [Lat.  quint(u»)  =  fifth.] 

Music:  (1)  The  interval  of  a  fifth.  (2)  An 
organ  stop,  sounding  a  fifth  above  the  founda- 
tion stops,  of  51  ft.  length  on  the  manuals, 
10}  ft.  on  the  pedal.  It  should  not  be  used 
without  a  double  diapason,  to  which  it  forms 
the  second  natural  harmonic,  or  twelfth.  It 
is  sometimes  used  on  the  pedal  organ  without 
a  double  .diapason  (32  ft.),  but  with  question- 
able effect. 

quint,  s.    [Fr.,  from  Lat.  quint(us)  =  fifth.]    A 
set  or  sequence  of  five,  as  in  the  game  of  picquet. 

"  The  itate  hai  made  a  quint 
Of  general*."        flutter  :  ffudibrat.  Ill  S,  1441. 

quin  -  tain,  *  quin'  -  tell,  *  quin  -  lane, 

*  quin"  tin,  *  quin  tine,  "  whin  tane,  s. 
[Fr.  quintaine  ;  Low  Lat  quintuiia,  from  Lat 
quintana  =  a  street  in  a  camp,  so  intersecting 
the  tents  of  the  two  legions  as  to  separate  the 
fifth  maniple 

from     the 

sixth,  and 

the     fifth 

turma   from 

the  sixth  ; 

hence,  a  pub- 

lic place  of 

exer  c  ise, 

from    Lat 

quintanus, 

from  quin- 

tus  =  ti.Ttli 

(Skeat);  Ital. 

quintana.] 

A  figure   or 

object  to  be 

tilted  at;  a 

favourite 

English  sport  in  the  middle  ages.    It  consisted 

of  an  upright  post,  on  the  top  of  which  a 

cross  post  turned  upon  a  pin  ;  at  one  end  of 

the  cross  post  was  a  broad  board,  and  at  tha 

other  a  heavy  sand-bag  ;  the  play  was  to  rid« 

against  the  broad  end  with  a  lance,  and-  pass 

by  before  the  sand-bag,  coming  round,  shouM 

strike  the  tilter 

"  At  quintain  he 
Hath  challtng'd  either  wide  count**." 

Ben  Jotuon  :  Laot'l  Welcom*  at  H'ttluc*. 


QUINTAIN. 


l,  *  quyn-tall,  *.  [Fr.  quintal,  from 
8p.  quintal,  from  Arab,  qintdr  =  a  weight  of 
100  Ibs.  of  twelve  ounces  each,  from  Lat 
centum  —  a  hundred.]  A  weight  of  100  pounds. 
The  French  quintal  metrique  is  100  kilogramme* 
or  220  Ibs.  avoirdupois. 

"  Allow  eche  penon  in  the  whole  fleet*  half  a  |M<n 
ton  euery  moneth."—  BacUuyt:  "otagtt,  t.  *W. 

quin'  -tan,  a.  &  t.     [Lat    quintanus,   from 
quintus=i  fifth.] 

A,  As  adj.  :  Happening  or  recurring  every 
fifth  day  :  as,  a  quintan  fever. 

B.  As  substantive  : 

Pathol.  :  An  intermittent  fever,  of  which  the 
paroxysms  return  every  fifth  day. 


boil,  bdy;  pout,  jdwl;  eat,  5clL  chorua,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  af ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  C 
-clan,    tian  =  ahan.     tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -flon,  -sion  =  znun,   -cioua,  - tious,  -sioua  =  shna.    -bio,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  deL 


saw 


quintane — quirinua 


quin  -tane.  t.    [Lat.  quint(us)  —  fifth ;  -<HM.) 

li'«J.'TAKE.J 

•  quin'-telL ».    [QcmTxnr.] 

quin  -tone,  ».  (Lat.  qvint(us)  —  fifth ;  -tnt.] 
[  AMYI.ENE  1 

quin  -ten  yl,  a.  [Enp.  quinten(e);  -yL]  De- 
rived from  or  containing  quinteue. 

quintenyl  alcohol,  t. 

Cfc«m.:  CsHi20j,  =  (C5H9y"(OH)3.  Amyl 
glycerine.  A  thick  colourless  liquid  formed 
by  the  action  of  silver  acetate  and  potassium 
hydrate  on  bromoquintene  dibromide.  It  has 
a  sweet  aromatic  taste,  and  is  soluble  in  water. 

quin  ter'-na,  *.    [Ital.] 

Music:  A  species  of  guitar  not  unlike  a  violin 
in  shape,  having  three,  or  four,  or  five  pairs  of 
catgut  strings,  and  sometimes  two  single 
strings  covered  with  wire  in  addition,  played 
with  the  fingers.  About  two  centuries  ago  it 
was  commonly  used  in  Italy  by  the  lower 
orders  of  musicians  and  comedians. 

quin'-ter-on,  s.    [QUINTROON.J 

quin-tes  »en9e,  s.    [Fr.,  from  Lat    quinta 
ttsentia  =  the  fifth  essence ;  Ital.  quintesscnza.} 
•  1.   The  fifth,  last,  or  highest  essence  of 
power  in  a  natural  body. 

"  The  ancient  Greeks  said  there  are  four  element*  or 
fomu  In  which  matter  caa  exist:— Fire,  or  tlie  Im- 
ponderable fonn  ;  air.  or  the  gaaeous  funn  ;  water,  »r 
the  liquid  form  ;  and  e.trtlj.  or  tlie  solid  fonn.  The  Py- 
thagoreaiu  added  a  fifth,  which  they  called  ether.  uit>ra 
mbtile  and  pure  than  nre,  and  po9--M:saed  of  an  orbicu* 
lar  motion.  This  element,  which  flew  upwartUatcrea- 
tiou,  and  out  of  which  tlie  stars  were  made,  was  called 
the  fifth  essence ;  <fuinleamce,  therefore,  mc.uis  the 
must  subtile  extract  of  a  body  that  can  be  procured." 
—Brettrr:  Met.  Phr-ite  t  fable. 

2.  Hence,    fig.,   an  extract    of  something 
containing  its  vital  or  essential  parts,  quali- 
ties, or  virtues  ;   the  pure  and  concentrated 
essence ;  the  purest  or  highest  part,  stage,  or 
state  of  anything. 

"  Each  of  them  considered  his  darling  form  of  eccle- 
siastical polity  aa  the  ^mil/essence  «f  the  Christian 
religion."—  Slacaulay :  Hitt.  Etig.,  ch.  xvL 

3.  Chem. :  The  alchemists  distinguished  four 
essences  answering  to  the  four  Aristotelian 
elements ;   to   these  Lullius  added   a  fifth, 
namely,  alcohol,  denominated  quinta  essentia, 
on  account  of  its  enlivening  action.    The  term 
is  sometimes  also  used  to  denote  the  thera- 
peutic constituents  of  any  substance.  (H'atts.) 

•quin  tos'-aei^e,  r.t.  [QUINTESSENCE,  *.]  To 
extract  as  a  quintessence  ;  to  distil. 
"The  bodies  then  (all  frailty  burn'd  away) 
Well  yumi-ucncd.  new  qualities  receive." 

Stirling :  Domti-duy  ;  The  fourth  Hour*. 

qfclnt-es-sen -tlaL  quint  CB  sen  ^tiaU 
rtl  as  Sh),  a.  "[Eng  quintessence);  -ial.] 
Consisting  of  quintessence  ;  of  the  nature  of  a 
quintessence. 

"  Burns  ha*  wit,  fancy,  humour,  and  pauion  In 
abundance,  together  with  that  guinteuenti'il  and  In- 
describable Rift  of  poetry."— Athewtum.  April  JS.  1ML. 

quin  tette ,  quin  tet .  quin  tet  to,  s. 
[Fr.  quintette,  from  Lat.  quintan  =  fifth  ;  Ital. 
quintette.] 

Music:  (1)  A  composition  in  five  parts,  or 
for  five  performers.  (2)  Part  of  a  movement 
•ung  by  five  voices  soli,  opposed  to  coro.  (3) 
A  composition  for  two  violins,  two  tenors, 
and  a  violoncello  ;  or  two  violins,  a  tenor,  and 
two  violoncellos ;  or  two  violins,  a  tenor,  a 
violoncello,  and  double  bass,  having  the  same 
form  aa  a  sonata.  (Stainer  &  Barrett.) 

quint-ic,  a.  | Lat.  gutnttt»=  fifth.]  [QCANTIC.] 

QUln  -tile,  5.    [Lat.  quintus  =  fifth.] 

Attrol. :  The  aspect  of  planets  when  distant 
from  each  other  the  fifth  part  of  the  zodiac, 
or  72*. 

ftuin  til  i  an,  Quin  til  U  an,  «.  [See 
def] 

Church  Hitt.  (PI):  Followers  of  Quintilia, 
of  Carthage,  a  Montanist  lady,  living  in  the 
•ecoud  century,  reputed  to  be  a  prophetess. 
They  used  bread  and  cheese  in  the  Eucharist, 
and  allowed  women  to  become  priests  and 
bishops.  Tertullian  wrote  against  them. 

quin-tfl'-ll6n  (i  as  y),  *.  CLat  quints)  - 
fifth;  Eng.  (m)0/w»  (q.v.).j  This  is  the  fifth 
example  in  a  series  of  numerical  terms  which 
embrace  million,  billion,  trillion,  <Sc.,  and  of 
which  something  further  needs  to  be  said  irom 
the  fact  that  the  English  system  of  compula- 


tion differs  essentially  from  those  of  the  United 
States,  France,  Italy,  &c.  In  England  a  liillion 
is  a  million  millions,  a  trillion  a  million  billions, 
<&.-.  u  q-iintilliou  l>eing  thus  a  million  raised  !<> 
thv.-  rifiri  power,  or  a  unit  followed  by  thirty 
ciphers.  la  the  United  States  and  the  othei 
countries  named,  a  billion  is  a  thousand  mil 
lions,  a  trillion  a  thousand  billions,  Ac.,  :» 
million  being  a  thousan  1  raised  to  the  second 
power,  a  billion  a  thousand  raised  to  the  third 
power,  ami  so  oil,  a  quintillion  being  a  thousand 
raised  to  the  sixth  power,  or  a  unit  followed  by 
eighteen  ciphers. 

•  quin  -tin,  i.    [QCINTADT.] 

quin' -tine,  s.    [Lat.  quintus  =  fifth.] 

Hot.  (Of  an  ovule) :  The  skin  of  the  nucleus. 
It  was  formerly  believed  to  be  a  fifth  integu- 
ment, counting  from  the  outside. 

quin -tl-ster'-nal,  $.  [Lat.  quinhu  =  fifth, 
and  Eng.,  &c.  sternum.] 

Aunt:  The  fifth  osseous  portion  of  the 
sternum. 

quin-tO-,  pref.     [Lat.  quintus  =  fifth.] 
Chen. :  A  synonym  of  Penta-  (q.v.). 

quint -ole.  s.  [Ital.  quinto;  Lat.  quintus=HM\\. 
Mil  sic:  A  group  of  five  notes  to  be  played 
in  the  time  of  four. 

quin' -tone,  «.  [Lat.  quintus)  —  fifth ;  -one.] 
(VALYLENE.  ] 

quint  roon, quin' -ter  on, s-  [Sp. quinteron, 
from  Lat.  quintus—  tilth  ;  cf.  quadroon.}  In 
the  West  Indies,  the  child  of  a  white  man  by 
a  woman  who  has  one-sixteenth  part  of  negro 
Mood  :  hence,  a  quintroon  has  only  one-thirty- 
second  part  of  uegro  blood. 

quin  -tu  pie,  a.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  quintuplus, 
from  quintus  =  fifth  ;  cf.  quadruple.] 

L  Ord  Lang.  :  Fivefold ;  multiplied  five 
times.  (Brovnie:  Cyrus'  Garden,  ch.  i) 

IL  Technically: 

1.  But.  :  Having  as  the  arrangement  five  or 
a  multiple  of  five. 

*2.  Music:  Applied  to  a  species  of  time, 
containing  five  notes  of  equal  value  in  a  bar. 

quintuple  -  nerved,  quintuple  - 
riobed,  a. 

Bot.  (Of  a  leaf)  :  Having  five  nerves  all  pro- 
ceeding from  above  the  base  of  the  lamina. 

quin  -tu-ple,  v.t.  [QUINTUPLE,  a.]  To  make 
five  times  as  much  or  as  numerous  ;  to  multi- 
ply fivefold. 

"Now  trebled  and  quintupled  by  the  rapidity  of 
intercourse."— Daily  Telegraph.  Oct.  SI,  1885. 


*.      [Lat.  quint(us)  =  fifth  ;   -yL] 


quin-tyl, 

[AMYL.J 

quin  -zaine,  «.  [Fr.,  from  quime ;  Lat.  quin- 
decim—  fifteen.] 

1.  A  stanza  consisting  of  fifteen  lines. 

2.  The  fourteenth  day  after  a  feast-day,  or 
the  fifteenth  if  the  days  be  counted  inclu- 
sively. 

•quinze,  «.  [Fr.  =  fifteen.]  A  game  of  cards 
similar  to  vingt-un,  but  in  which  fifteen  is  the 
game. 

"  Deep  basset  and  yuina  for  the  men."—  WfalpoU  : 
To  Mann,  IL  liii 

quip,  t .  [Wei.  chu'ip  =  a  quick  flirt  or  turn, 
chwipio  =  to  whip,  to  move  briskly ;  Gael. 
cuip=towhip  (q.v.).]  A  sharp  or  sarcastic 
Jest  or  turn ;  a  cutting  or  severe  retort ;  a 
taunt,  a  gibe. 

-  Mann.  We  eynliki  an  mad  fellows  ;  didst  thou 
Dot  find  I  did  quip  tbeet 
"  Piiti.  No  verily  ;  why,  what's  a  yuip  I 
"  Mann.  We  great  girders  call  It  a  short  saying  of  a 
sharp  wit,  with  a  bitter  sense  In  a  sweet  word." 
»  Lvl*  :  Altxandtr  t  Campatpt,  iii.  t 

*  quip,  *  quippe,  r  f .  &  i.    [Quip, « .] 

A.  Trans. :  To  utter  quips  or  sarcasms  on 
or  to  ;    to  taunt,  to  sneer  at,  to  treat  with 
sarcasms  or  gibes. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  utter  quips  or  sarcasms ; 
to  sneer,  to  scoff. 

"To  deride,  quippt,  sourae,  4e."— fiftUM:  1  Butrio- 
MaitU,  TUi. «. 

qni-po  (qu  as  k),  ».    [Qcipu.] 

•  quip' -per,  «.    [Eng.  quip;  -er.]    A  joker,  a 
quibbler. 

"Some        .  . 

Oretnt'l  Mtnaplton,  p. 


qui-pn',  qui-po  (qu  as  k),  s.   [Fei  u v.  yuiw, 
=  a  knot.] 

Anthrop. :  An  instrument  used  forreckoning 
or  recording  events,  the  invention  of  which  is 
ascribed  to  the  Emperor  8uy-yin,  the  Pro- 
metheus of  China.  The  Chinese  are  said  to 
have  used  them  till  they  w».re  superseded  by 
the  art  of  writing.  The  quipu  has  been  found 
in  Asia,  Africa,  Mexico,  among  the  North 
American  Indians,  but  in  Peru  quipus  served 
as  the  regular  menus  of  record  and  communi- 
cation for  a  highly-organized  society.  The 
Peruvians  appear  to  have  been  particularly 
expert  iu  its  use,  being  able  by  its  employment 
to  keep  on  record  not  only  statistical  informa- 
tion, such  as  the  nnmi«r  of  soldiers,  the 
?uautitios  of  the  crops,  the  content*  of  the 
uca's  warehouse*,  Ac.,  but  also  information  of 
a  historical  character  to  which  such  a  system 
would  seem  completely  unfitted.  The  records 
thus  kept  must  have  been  very  simple,  since 
their  details  must  otherwise  have  beeu  liable  to 
misapprehension,  even  to  one  skilled  in  the 
use  of  the  quipu.  (See  extract.) 

"The  qvipu  u  a  near  relation  of  the  rosary  and  the 
wampum-string.  It  consists  of  a  cord  with  kuote 
tied  in  it  for  the  purpose  of  recalling  or  suggesting 
something  to  the  mind.  When  a  farmer's  daughter 
ties  a  knot  in  her  handkerchief  to  reu.tml.ti  a  com- 
mission  at  market  by.  she  makes  a  rudimentary  yui//u 
....  Von  Tschudi  describes  them  as  consisting  of 
•  thick  main  cord,  with  thinner  cords  tied  on  to  it  at 
certain  distances,  in  which  the  knots  are  tied.  The 
length  of  the  yui/iui  varies  much,  the  main  trunk 
being  often  many  ells  long,  sometimes  only  a  single 
foot,  the  branches  seldom  more  than  two  feet,  and 
usually  much  less  ....  The  cords  are  often  of 
various  colours,  each  with  Its  own  proper  meaning : 
red  for  soldiers,  yellow  for  gold,  while  for  silver,  green 
for  corn,  and  so  on.  Mils  knot-writing  was  especially 
suited  for  reckonings  and  statistical  tables;  a  single 
knot  meant  ten,  a  double  one  a  hundred,  a  triple  uue 
a  thousand,  two  singles  side  by  side  twenty,  two 
doubles  two  hundred.  The  distance*  from  the  main 
cord  were  of  great  important*:,  as  wa»  the  sequence  of 
the  branches,  for  the  principal  objects  were  placed  on 
the  first  branches  and  near  the  trunk,  and  so  In  de- 
creasing ordei.  This  art  of  reckoning  .  ...  is  still 
in  use  among  the  herdsmen  of  the  PUUJL"— TyUir  : 
Early  Bitt.  Mankind  (ed.  1878),  pp.  1M-1M 

•qulr-aee, «.    [CUIRASS.] 

•  qnir-boile,  *.    [CUIRBOULY.] 

quire  (1),  *  quairs,  *  queare,  *  owaer, 

*.  [O.  Fr.  quaier,  quayer,  cayer  (Fr.  cahitr), 
prob.  from  Lat.  quaternum  =  a  collection  ol 
four  leaves,  a  small  quire,  from  quat#r*i=. 
four  each,  from  quatuor  —  four.] 

1.  A  collection  of  twenty-four   sheets  of 
un  printed  paper.    Wrapping,  envelope,  print- 
ing, and  many  other  papers  are  not  folded. 

If  A  publisher's  or  newsvendor's  quire  of 
printed  sheets  or  magazines  contains  from 
twenty-five  to  twenty-eight  copies. 

2.  A  collection  of  one  of  each  of  the  sheets 
of  a  book  laid  in  consecutive  order  ready  for 
folding.     The    sheets    are   gathered    into   a 
quire   or  book,    which  is  folded  along  the 
middle. 

•3.  A  little  book  ;  a  pamphlet.  (Bp.  Hall  : 
Satires,  ii.  1.) 

quire-stock,  ».  Publishers'  stock  in 
sheets,  as  distinguished  from  bound  copies. 

•  quire  (2),  *  quier,  •  quere,  ».    (CHOIR,  ».) 

1.  A  body  of  Ringers;  *  chorus.    (Spenser: 
F.  Q.,  II.  xii.  76.) 

2.  The  part  of  the  choir  assigned  to  tht 
choristers  or  singers  ;  the  choir. 

"Staudyng  Tpon  the  steppes  at  the  yvyfrton."— 
fab.i/an.  vol.  11.  (an.  1516). 

3.  A  company,  an  assembly. 

"  He  mote  perceive  a  little  dawning  sight 
Of  all  which  there  was  doing  in  that  avtrt" 

f-pewtr:  P.  «..  VLrOLtt 

•quire,  •  quier,  v.i.   [QUIRE  (2),  ».]  To  sing 
in  concert  or  chorus ;  to  slug  harmoniously. 

"  Still  quiring  to  the  young-eyed  cbernhimi.* 

Shakap. :  Merchant  of  Ytnict.  T.  1. 

•  quir'-m-ly,   adv.     [QHIRLF..]     Revolvingly. 

(Stanyhurst :  Virgil ;  JEntid  i.  219.) 

quir-I-na'-li-a, «.  pi.    [Lat] 

Roman  Antiq. :  Annual  feasts  at  Rome  in 
honour  of  Romulus,  also  called  Quiriuos. 

qul-ri'-nus,  *.    [See  def.  of  compound.] 

quirinus  oil,  *. 

Chem. :  A  kind  of  rock  oil  of  thickish  con- 
sistence, so  called  from  the  Capel  of  St.  Qui- 
rinus at  Tcgernsee,  near  which  it  issues.  It 
is  brownish-yellow,  olive-green  by  reflected 
light,  and  has  a  sp.  gr.  (V835. 


Site,  tat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  BIT,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mate,  cab,  cure,  unite,  oar,  rale,  fall;  try,  Syrian,    so,  o»  =  e;  ey  -a;  qu  -  lew. 


quirister — quite 


3859 


quir'-ls-ter,  *  quer-este,  *.    [QciB* 
*.)    A  chorister,  a  singer. 

"  The  coy  quiriitm,  that  lodge  within.* 


1T  Still  in  use  at  Winchester  College. 


.  n. 


•  quir-I-ta'-tion,  «.  [Lat.  quiritatio,  from 
quiritatvs,  pa.  par.  of  quirito  =  to  raise  a 
plaintive  cry  ;  queror  =  to  complain.]  A  cry- 
ing for  help  ;  a  plaintive  cry. 

"  Thou  thus  astonishest  men  .  .  .  with  so  woful  * 
<rulritatian."-Bp.  B-jtl  :  Contempt.  ; 


quirk,  *.  [Prob.  from  the  same  root  as  WeL 
ehwiori  =  to  turn  briskly  ;  chwyr  =  strong 
impulse  ;  chwyrnu  =  to  whir,  to  whiz  ;  chvnred 
—  a  quirk,  a  piece  of  craft  ;  chwiredu  =  to  be 
crafty,  to  play  trii-ks  :  cf.  GaeL  cuireid—t, 
turn,  a  wile,  a  trick  (Skeat).] 
*L  Ordinary  iMngvage  : 

1.  An  artful  turn,  evasion,  or  subterfuge  ;  a 
shift,  a  quibble. 

"  To  re|«ir  that  error,  and  leave  nothing  to  th« 
mercy  of  a  law  quirk."-  HfuM  of  Piety. 

2.  A  lit,  a  turn  ;  a  sliarp  stroke  or  attack. 
"  I've  felt  »o  many  quirk*  of  Joy  and  grief." 

Hhaketp.  •  Alt  i  U'fU  that  fndt  If  ell.  ill.  Z 

3.  A  sharp  taunt  or  return  ;  a  quip,  a  quib- 
ble. 

"  Ply  her  with  love  letters  and  billets, 
And  bait  them  well,  (or  auirkt  and  quillets." 

Butler  :  Hudibrai,  lit  a. 

4.  A  flight  of  fancy  ;  a  conceit. 

"  On*  that  excels  the  quirkt  of  blazon  inn  pens." 

Hhaketp.  :  Othello,  iL  L 

5.  A  light  fragmentary  piece  of  music  ;  an 
irregular  air.    (Pope.) 

6.  The  clock,  of  a  stocking. 

7.  A  pane  of  glass  cut  at  the  sides  and  top 
tn  the  form  of  a  rhomb. 

U.  Architecture  At  Carpentry: 

1.  A  sudden  turn  ;  applied  to  a  form  of 
•noulding  in  which  an  acute  recess  separates 
the  moulding  proper  from  the  fillet  or  soffit. 
It  is  much  used  between  mouldings  in  Gothic 
architecture  ;  in  Grecian,  and  sometimes  in 
Roman,  architecture   ovolos  and   ogees  are 
usually  quirked  at  the  top. 

2.  A  projecting  fillet  on  the  sole  or  side  of 
•  gmovmg-plane,  which  acts  as  a  fence  or  a 
gauge  for  depth  or  distance. 

3.  A  piece  taken  out  of  any  regular  ground- 
plot  or  Hour,  so  as  to  make  a  court,  yard,  &c.  : 
thus,  if  the  ground-plan  were  square  or  ob- 
long, and  a  piece  were  taken  out  of  the  corner, 
auch  piece  is  called  a  quirk. 

quirk-float,  a.    An  angle-float  (q.t.X 
quirk-  moulding,  t. 

Carp.,  <tc.  :  A  moulding  whose  sharp  and 
*udden  return  from  its  extreme  projection  to 
the  re-entrant  angle  partakes  rather  of  a 
straight  line  OD  the  profile  than  of  the  curve. 

quirked,  a.    [Eng.  mart;  -ed.]    Formed  or 
furnished  with  a  quirk  or  channel. 

quirked  -moulding,  s.    [QUIRK-MOULD- 

DiO.J 
•  quirk  -ish,  a.     [Eng.  quirk  ;  -ish.] 

1.  Having  the  character  or  nature  of  a  quirk  ; 
consisting   of  quirks,    turns,    or   quibbles  ; 
quibbling. 

"  Sometimes  it  [facetiousnessl  is  lodged  in  a  sly 
nestloii.  iu 
11  cunningl 
Uou."—  Bar 

2.  Resembling  a  quirk. 


'-y,  a.  [Eng.  quirk  ;  -y.}  Full  of  quirks, 
quibbles,  or  subterfuges  ;  quibbling,  shilty  : 
as,  a  quirky  attorney. 

•  quirle,  v.i.    [WHIRL,  v.] 

quis  ca  li  nee,  s.  pi    [Mod.  Lat.  quiscal(us); 
Lat.  feni.  pL  adj.  suff.  -in.ee.] 

Ornith.  :  Boat-tails  ;  a  sub-family  of  Icter- 
ida:  (in  older  classifications,  of  Hturnida). 
Bill  rather  attenuated,  aa  long  as,  or  longer 
than,  the  head  ;  culmen  curved,  tip  much 
bent  down;  tail  longer  than  wings  ;  legs  fitted 
for  walking.  Colour  of  males  entirely  black, 
with  lustrous  reflections. 

quls  ca  lus,  s.    [A  word  of  no  etym.] 

Ornith.  :  The  typical  genus  of  the  sub- 
family Quiscalinae,  with  ten  species,  ranging 
from  Venezuela  and  Columbia  northward  to 
the  central  United  States.  They  are  known 
as  Grakles  or  Gracklee  in  the  United  State*, 


and  often  also  as  "black-birds"  and  "boat- 
tails."  The  term  Grakle  is  more  properly 
applied  to  various  tropical  birds  of  the  starling 
family,  with  the  habits  uf  the  common  starling, 
and  occasionally  a  remarkable  power  of  imitat- 
ing the  human  voice ,  as  in  the  Mina  Bird  of 
India. 

•  quish,  «.  [Fr.  cuisse.]  Armour  for  the  thighs. 

ICUISH.] 

"  One  sort  had  the  quit\ft,  the  greues,  the  surlettea, 
y*  socl:«ttea  on  the  ryght  side  and  on  the  left  aid* 

sylver."-tfo«  :  Henry  If.  (an.  1). 

*  quish  in,  s.    [CUSHION.] 

quls'-qua-lls,  ».  [Lat.  quisf  =  who?  and 
qualisf  ==  of  what  kind?  Referring  to  the 
difficulty  of  classifying  it.] 

Hot. :  A  genus  of  CombretejE.  Calyx  long, 
tubular;  petals  five,  larger  than  the  teeth  of 
the  calyx  ;  stamens  ten,  exserted  ;  drupe  dry, 
five  angled,  one  seed.  Shrubs  with  climl-ing 
branches  and  white  or  red  flowers.  Natives 
of  Java,  the  Malay  Archipelago,  and  India. 
About  five  species  are  cultivated  in  gardens 
for  their  brilliant  flowers.  The  seeds  of  Quus- 
qunlis  indica  are  used  in  the  Moluccas  as  a 
vermifuge,  so  are  those  of  Q.  chinensis  (?)  at 
Macao. 

quist,  quest,  *.  [Icel.  qursa  =  a  bird,  prob.  of 
the  pigeon  kind ;  qvisti  —  the  branch  of  a  tree.] 
The  ringdove  or  woodpigeon  ;  the  cushat. 

"Those  hole*  pecked  into  the  roots  themselves  art 
not  done  by  tbeyuutt."— Daily  Telegraph,  Dec.  80. 188S. 

•quls'-tr6n,  *quys-troune,  ».  [Etym. 
doubtful.]  A  beggar,  a  scullion.  (Romaunt 
0}  the  Rose,  880.) 

quit,  *  quyt-en,  v.t.  &  i.  [O.  Fr.  quiter  (Fr. 
quitter),  from  gutte  =  quit  (q.v.);  8p.  &  Port. 

guitar ;  Ital.  quitare,  chitare.] 

A.  Transitive  : 

•  1.  To  discharge,  as  an  obligation,  debt,  or 
duty  ;  to  meet  and  satisfy. 

"  As  if  he  came  to  beg 
And  not  to  qvit  a  score  " 

Cottptr :  Tearlf  IHttrem. 

•  2.  To  pay  for. 

"  He  mat  qvytm  hise  ale." 

Oid.  fng.  Mitaeli...  n.  l»o.  L  n. 

•  3.  To  set  free ;  to  deliver,  to  absolve,  to 
acquit. 

"God  quit  yon  in  his  mercy." 

Shaketp. :  lie  ray  F.,  It  1. 

•  4.  To  remit 

"To  fuit  the  fine  for  one-half  of  his  goods." 

Shaketp. :  Merchant  of  Venice,  iv.  L 

•5.  To  set  free  or  deliver,  as  from  something 
hurtful,  oppressive,  or  aisagreeable  ;  to  relieve, 
to  liberate. 

6.  (Reflex.):  To  meet  the  claims  upon,  or  ex- 
pectations held  of;  to  conduct,  to  behave,  to 
acquit  (1  Samuel  iv.  9.) 

•  7.  To  repay,  to  requite.  (Chapman :  Homer; 
Iliad  v.) 

•  8.  To  carry  through  ;  to  do  or  perform  to 
the  end  ;  to  discharge  fully. 

**  Never  worthy  prince  a  day  did  quit 
With  greater  hazard,  aud  with  more  renown." 

twsitt 

9.  To  depart  from  ;  to  leave ;  to  go  away  or 
retire  from. 

"  He  guUttd  the  camp,  and  retired  to  Lochabar."— 
Macaulay :  Bitt.  Eng.,  cli.  xiii. 

10.  To  forsake,  to  abandon,  to  cease. 

"Their  father. 

Then  old  and  fond  of  issue,  took  such  sorrow 
That  he  quit  being."    Bhaketp. :  CginbtUn*.  L  L 

•  11.  To  resign,  to  give  up. 

B.  Intrant. :  To  leave  or  remove  from  a 
place. 

•  If  (1)  To  quit  cost :  To  pay  the  cost  or  ex- 
penses ;  to  be  remunerative  ;  to  give  a  return. 

(•2)  To  quit  scores  :  To  make  even  ;  to  choose 
mutually  from  demands  by  mutual  equivalents 
given. 

quit,  *  owlte,  *  quyt,  *  qnyte,  a.    TO.  Fr. 

quite  (Fr.  quitte)  =  discharged,  quit,  released, 
from  Lat  quietum,  aocus.  of  quietus  =  at  rest, 
satisfied  ;  Sp  quito  —  quit  Quit  is  a  shorter 
form  of  quiet  (q.v.).]  Discharged  or  released 
from  a  debt,  obligation,  duty,  or  penalty ;  free, 
clear,  absolved. 

••  With  the  gift  of  100  pieces  of  gold*,  wt  wen  fuil  oi 
them."— Backiuyt:  Voyage*.  11.  1M. 

H  The  word  is  frequently  used  colloquially 
in  the  form  quits,  as,  To  be  quits  with  one,  that 
is,  to  be  on  even  terms  with  him,  to  have 
arranged  claims  or  demands  by  mutual  con- 
cessions ;  hence,  aa  an  exclamation,  Quit*  I  we 
are  quits  or  even. 


"  She's  quitt  with  them  now."—  FonAury*  :  fi  nn»>« 
W  {ft.  hi.  L 

Double  or  quits,  *  Double  or  quit  :  A  term  in 

gambling,  when  the  stake  lost  by  one  player  is 

either  to  lie  doubled  in  the  event  of  his  losing 

again,  or  to  be  reduced  to  nothing  in  the  event  uf 

his  winning,  thus  making  the  two  parties  quit*. 

"Twere  good  to  fight  doubU  or  yuit."—  Beaum.  t 

/let.  :  King  i  So  king.  liL  L 

quit-rent,  ».  Rent  paid  by  the  freeholders 
and  copyholders  of  a  manor  in  discharge  or 
acquittance  of  other  services.  The  term  it 
used  to  denote  various  nominal  rents;  a  quit* 
rent,  properly  speaking,  being  reserved  in  lieu 
of  otiier  services,  and  so  called  because,  on 
paying  it  the  tenant  of  the  laud  goes  quit 
aud  free.  In  old  records  it  is  called  white 
rent,  I>ecau8e  it  was  paid  in  silver  money,  in 
distinction  to  corn  rents.  Under  existing  laws 
an  owner  of  land  is  empowered  to  redeem  any 
quit-rent  to  which  it  may  be  subject 

"  Both  aorta  an  Indifferently  denominated  quit- 
renu.  quieii  rtdiiut.  because  thereby  the  teniuit  goes 
quit  and  free  of  all  other  services."  —  Blacktlone  Vim- 
mint.,  ok.  iu,  cb.  *. 

Quit,    f.     [Etym.  doubtful  ;    prob.   onomato- 
poetic,  from  the  note  of  the  birds.] 

Ornith.  :  A  popular  name,  applied  to  many 
birds  in  Jamaica.  The  Banana  Quit  is  Certhia 
faveola;  the  Blue  Quit,  Euphonia  Jamaica; 
the  Grass  Quit,  Spermophila  olivacea  ;  and  the 
Orange  Quit,  Tanagrelta.  ruficollis.  (Gosse.) 

•quit'-al,  *.    [Eng.  quit  or  quite,  v.  ;  -a/.]    A 
requital.    (Sjxinish  Tragedy,  Hi.) 

qui  tam,  phr.    [Lat  =  who  as  well.] 

Law  :  A  popular  action  on  a  penal  statute. 
partly  at  the  suit  of  the  queen,  aud  partly  at 
that  of  an  informer  ;  so  called  from  the  words  : 
"qui  tam  pro  doniina  regina,  qnuin  pro  se 
ipso,"  &c.  =  who  (sues)  as  well  (for  our  lady, 
the  queen,  as  for  himself). 

•  quit  -ance,  s.    [QUITTANCE.] 

quitfh,  quit9h'-grass,  ».  [For  quick,  quick- 
grass,  from  its  vitality  and  rapid  growth.] 

Bot.  :  (1)  Triticum  repens  [COUCH-GRASS]  ; 
(2)  Agrottit  ttolonifera  [FiORlN].  Tritictm 
repent,  variously  called  Couch-grass,  Wheat- 
grass,  Dog-grass,  Quickens,  and  Squitch  or 
Quitch,  U  a  grass  which,  though  of  the  same 
genus  as  wheat,  is  a  troublesome  weed.  It  has 
creeping  root-stocks,  perennial  iu  growth, 
which  render  it  very  difficult  of  extirpation,  and 
need  to  be  very  carefully  removed  from  culti- 
vated land.  Yet  it  is  not  without  its  utility. 
In  times  of  scarcity  it  has  been  used  as  food. 
It  is  also  employed  as  a  source  of  beer,  as  a 
domestic  medicine,  and,  more  frequently,  aa 
fodder.  Cut  early,  it  makes  very  good  hay. 
Its  roots  also  serve  a  purpose  in  binding  land 
into  pasturage  of  inferior  value. 

"  They  are  the  best  corn  to  grow  on  grounds  subject 
to«uitcA?ruj<orotlier  weeds."—  Mortimer 


•quit  -claim,  v.t.    [QUITCLAIM,  t.] 

Law  :  To  abandon,  renounce,  or  resign  a 
claim  or  title  to  ;  to  relinquish  a  claim  to  by 
deed,  without  covenants  of  wariantry  against 
adverse  and  paramount  titles. 

"  Roger,  ton  of  Richard  de  Srelton,  quitclaimed  all 
bis  right  In  three  oigangs  of  land  bcre.~—Burt<m: 

quit-claim,  •  quite  claym,  *.  &  a.   [Eng. 

quit,  and  claim.] 

A.  As  substantive  : 

Law  :  A  deed  of  release  ;  an  instrument  by 
which  some  claim,  right  or  title,  real  or  sup- 
posed, to  an  estate,  is  relinquished  to  another 
without  any  covenant  or  warrantor,  express 
or  implied. 

B.  As  adj.  :  Free  from  claim. 


quite,  *  quight,  *  qnyte,  adv.    [QUIT,  a.) 

1.  Completely,  perfectly,  wholly,  entirely, 
thoroughly. 

"Tlie  fayrest  flown  our  girlood  all  emong 
Is  faded  quite,  and  into  dust  ygoe. 
Spenier:  ShepheanU  CalmuEtr  ;  Dectmotr. 

4  To  a  great  extent  or  degree  ;  very  :  a*, 
quite  hot  guite  young,  ic, 

*  quite-clame,  v.t.    To  release,  to  ate- 
•olvS.    (Spenser:  f  Q.,  IV.  ii.  14.) 

quite-entire,  a. 

Bot.  :  Perfectly  free  from  division  of  tlM 
margin.    A  stronger  term  than  entire. 


fcoH.  b£y;  pint,  J6>1;  cat,  cell,  chorn*.  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  «in,  a?;  expect,  ^enophon,  exist.    -Ing. 
-tian  =  .linn,   -tton,  -*ioa  =  shtia;  -uon.  -«ion  =  ivnun,    -clou*,  -tious,  -«iou»  =  ahua.   -tele,  -Ule,  Ac.  =  bel,  «ieL 


6860 


quite — quoM 


. 
Hubert  ax  Bruntuc.  p.  Uf. 


quite-simple,  i.    [SIMPLE,  a.,  ll.j 

•  quite,  *  quyte,  v.t.    (QUIT,  ».]    To  quit,  to 
requite,  to  ivj  a>,  to  return. 

"  To  quite  lueui  ill."  Spenter  :  Colin  Clout,  (St. 

•quite  -ly,  * quyte-ly, adv.  [Eng.  quite;  -ly.] 
1.  Quite,  completely,  entirely. 
"  Your  anceatre*  couquered  all  France 

'/    Freely,  at  liberty. 

Cui  -to  (qu  as  k),  ».    [See  del] 

Gcog. :  The  capital  city  of  the  Republic  of 
Ecuador.  A  city  remarkable  for  its  lofty 
situation,  its  site  being  'J351  feet  above  the 
sea,  a  height  surpassing  that  of  any  other 
city.  Ii  was  one  of  the  old  Inca  cities,  which 
tlic  Spanish  conquerors  continued  to  occupy. 

Quito-orange, «. 

lint. :  The  fruit  of  Solanum  quiioensf.  This 
species  of  Solanum  bears  a  wholesome  fruit 
resembling  an  orange  in  appearance,  and  not 
unlike  it  in  flavor.  The  genus,  of  which  the 
potato  is  the  most  important  representative, 
contains  other  useful  plants,  including  the 
Kangaroo  apple  of  Australia,  whose  fruit  is 
wholesome  when  ripe,  but  poisonous  when 
unripe. 

quits,  *.    [QUIT,  o.j 

•  quit  table,    a.     (Eng.    quit,   T.  ;   -abb.] 
Capable  of  being  quitted  or  vacated. 

•  quit  -tal,  *.    [Eng.  quit,  or  quite,  v. ;  -oi.) 
Requital,  return,  repayment,  quittance. 

"A*  in  revenge  or  quittal  of  such  strife." 

SkaJcctt,.  :  Rape  of  iucrece.  2M. 

quit  tance,  •  quit  aunce, '  cwit  aunce, 
«.  [O." Fr.  qu.ita.nce,  from  Low  Lat  quietantia ; 
O.  Sp.  quitama ;  Ital.  quitama,  quietanza.] 

I.  A  discharge  or  release  from  «  debt  or 
obligation ;  an  acquittance. 

"In  any  bill,  warrant,  quittance,  at  obligation. "- 
Bkaketp.:  Henry  H ice*  of  Hindtor,  L  I. 

*  2.  Recompense,    return,    repayment,    re- 
quital.    (Shakesp. :  Henry  V.,  ii.  2.) 

•qnit'-tan9e,v.t.  [QUITTANCE,  *.]  To  repay, 
to  requite. 

"  Fitting  best  to  quittance  their  deceit." 

Shakap. :  1  Henry  VI.,  U.  L 

quit  ter  (1),  ».    [Eng.  quit,  v. ;  •«•.] 

1.  One  who  quits;  especially  a  contestant 
who  succumbs  before  he  is  actually  defeated. 

*  2.  A  deliverer. 

quit  -ter  (2),  quit  -tor,  qwytur, «.   [Prob. 
for  ?ui«ure(q.v.).] 
T.  (Ordinary  Language: 

*  1.  The  scoria  of  tin. 

2.  Matter  discharging  or  flowing   from  a 
wound  or  sore. 

U.  furr. :  An  ulcer  formed  between  the 
hair  and  hoof,  generally  on  the  inside  quarter 
of  a  horse's  hoof.  Called  also  Quitter- bone, 

quitter-bone, «.    [QHTTEH  (2),  II. J 

•  qult'-ture,  ».  [Eug.  quit,  T.  ;  -ure.]  A 
discharge  of  matter  from  a  sore  or  wound ; 
an  issue. 

"  To  rlrsnn  the  qttitture  from  thy  wound." 

CHainnan  :  Himxr ;  Iliad  ziv. 

qniv'-er  (1),  *  qnyv-er,  «.  [O.  Fr.  cuivn, 
mevre,  from  O.  H.  Ger.  kohhar;  Oer.  keener  = 
a  quiver;  A.S.  cucur,  cocer ;  Dut  koker ;  Dan. 
kogger ;  Sw.  koger ;  I  eel.  kuyur.]  A  case  or 
sheath  for  arrows. 

"  Ui*  bow  and  itilden  yui*rr  lying  him  bmide. 

tipenttr:  /•.«.,  I  U.  T.  («. 

quiver-tree,  *. 

But. :  Aloe  dichotoma. 

quiv'-er  (2), ».  [QUIVER,  v.]  The  act  or  state 
of  quivering  ;  a  tremulous  motion  ;  a  shaking, 
a  quaking,  a  trembling. 

•qnlV-er,  o.  [A.8.  ev(ftr.]  Nimble,  active ; 
full  of  motion. 

•'Then!   was  a  little   fwesvr  fellow.'. 


quiv'-er,  *  quyv-«r,  v.i.  [From  the  same 
root  as  quiver,  a.,  quaver,  and  quake ;  ct 
O.  Dan.  kuiven,  kuiveren  =  to  quirer.] 

1.    To  shake,  to  tremble,  to  shudder,  to 
ahiver,  to  quake. 

-  He  yuirer'd  with  hi*  feet,  and  lay  (or  dead* 

liri/d.n  :  Palamon  t  ArcUe.  iil.  704. 

SL  To  move  or  play  with  a  tremulous  motion. 


quivered,  a.    [Eng.  quiver  (1),  s.  ;  -id.] 
L  Furnished  or  provided  with  a  quiver. 

"  Her,  as  she  halted  on  a  green  hill-top. 
A  auiterd  buuter  spy  d  " 

Logan  :  Spited*  of  Lerina. 

2.  Sheathed,  as  in  a  quiver. 

"  When  hit  quiter'd  shaft*  she  did  not  tee.' 

Slterburne  :  Ra/*e  of  Ifrlen. 

qnlv"-er-ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [QUIVER,  v.] 

qulv'-er-lng-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  quivering;  -ly.] 
In  a  quivering  or  trembling  manner;  with 
quivering. 

"  It  rtrrtclied  oat  it*  limbs  quiveringl?  upon  the 
table.  '-/''.«      »  or**  (1864).  ii.  430. 

•  quiV-er-ish,  a.  [Eng.  quiver,  v. ;  -ith.] 
Tremulous,  quivering. 

"  Forth  with  »  quirfrith  horror." 

Stanyhurtt :  Virgil ;  <&nad  lii.  30. 

qulV-er-WOrt,  s.     [Eng.  quiver  (2),  ».,  and 
wort.] 
Bot.  (PI.):  The  Confervacese  (q.v.).  (Paxton.) 

qnivive(quask),pfcr.  [Fr.= who  lives*]  The 
challenge  of  a  French  sentry  to  any  person 
approaching  his  post,  equivalent  to  the 
English  "  Who  goes  there  ?  Hence,  To  be  on 
the  qui  vive  =  to  be  on  the  alert  or  look-out, 
to-be  watchful  and  attentive. 

•qulx'-dte,  v.i.  [QUIXOTIC.)  To  act  like 
Don  Quixote. 

••Yon   shall  Quixttt  W  by  jronn«ll"-ron»ni0*.: 
falte  friend,  IT.  *. 

qnix-dt'-ic,  a.  [After  Don  Quixote,  the  hero 
of  Cervantes'  romance  of  that  name,  who  is 
pictured  as  a  half  crazy  champion  of  the  sup- 
posed distressed,  and  a  caricature  of  the  knight- 
errants  of  the  Middle  Ages.l  Extravagantly 
romantic;  aiming  at  an  extravagantly  ideal 
standard  ;  visionary  :  ridiculously  venture- 
some or  romantic. 

"  Of  Raleigh'*  other  enterprise*,  more  especially  of 

hi*  quixotic  ascent  ol  the  Orinoco."—  Taylor :  Word! 

t  Placet,  p.  14. 

qnfae-d't'-ic-al-ljk adv.  [Eng.  quixotic;  -ally.! 
In  a  quixotic  manner;  in  a  mad  or  absurdly 
romantic  manner. 

quix'-6t  ism,  «.  [QUIXOTIC.]  Schemes  or 
actions  like  those  of  Don  Quixote ;  romantic 
or  visionary  ideas. 

quix/-6t-rjf,  *.  [QUIXOTIC.]  Quixot:~x; 
visionary  schemes. 

quiz,  ».  [A  word  which  is  said  to  have  origi- 
nated in  the  following  joke  :  Daly,  manager  of 
the  Dublin  theatre,  laid  a  wager  that  he  would 
introduce  into  the  language  within  twenty- 
four  hours  a  new  word  of  no  meaning.  Ac- 
cordingly on  every  wall,  or  all  places  acces- 
sible, were  chalked  up  the  four  mystic  letters, 
and  all  Dublin  was  inquiring  what  they  meant. 
The  wager  was  won,  and  the  word  remains 
current  in  our  language.  (Brewer.)] 

1.  Something  designed  to  puzzle  or  turn 
one  into  ridicule  ;  a  hoax,  a  jest. 

2.  One  who  quizzes  or  banters  another. 

3.  An  odd-looking  person  ;  an  original. 

"  I  cannot  suffer  you  to  innke  snch  a  quit  of  your- 
•elf."— Mad.  DArtlai:  Mary.  vi.  138. 

4.  A  toy,  called  also  a  bandelore,  used  in 
the  beginning  of  the  present  century,  and 
consisting  of  a  small  cylinder  or  wheel  with 
•  deeply  grooved  circumference,  to  which  a 
cord  or  string  was  attached.     The  game  was 
to  keep  the  toy  rolling  backwards  and  for- 
wards by  making  it  unwind  and  then  wind 
the  string  on  itself. 

5.  A  meeting  of  students  for  oral  question- 
log  l>y  a  coach  or  among  themselves.    ( Oolioq.) 

quis,  v.t.   [Quiz,  *.] 

1.  To  puzzle,  to  hoax,  to  banter,  to  chaff ; 
to  make  sport  of  by  means  of  obscure  ques- 
tions, hints,  <tc. 

2.  To   look   at   through,   or  as   through, 
a  quizzing-glass ;  to  peer  at ;  to  eye  suspi- 
ciously. 

3.  To  examine  orally,  as  in  r.  quiz.     [Quiz, 
•-,6.] 

quiz  zer,  s.  (Eng.  quiz,  v. ;  -er.}  One  who 
quizzes  others  :  a  quiz. 

quiz  zic  al,  *  quiz  ic-al,  a.  [Eng.  quit ; 
-ioal.] 

1.  Partaking  of  the  nature  of  a  quiz ;  ad- 
dicted to  quizzing. 

2.  Bantering,  comical 


"  With  a  fuittical  look  at  the  group  around  him."' 
.rptr't  Monthly,  Sept,  IMS,  p.  5»1. 


-xlc-al-ly,  adv.     [Eng.   quizzical  ;   -ly.] 
In  a  quizzical,  bantering,  or  mocking  manner. 
"'  Perhaps  you'll  call  this  a  dog  too?    he  auitziaiilf 
interrogated.  —Ca  uellt   Saturday  Journal.   Dec.   1*. 
KM. 

*  quiz-M  f  I  ca  tion,  *.  [QUIZZIFT.]  A  joke, 
a  hoax.     (Miss  E>lgeworth  :  Belinda,  ch.  xi.) 

*  quiz'-ri-fy,  v.t.     [Eng.   quiz;  i  connect.  ; 
suff.  -fy.]    To  make  odd  or  ridiculous. 


1  quiz   zi  ness,  i.    [Quiz,  *.]    Oddness,  ec- 
centricity. 


quiz  -zing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [Quiz,  r.) 

quizzing-glass,  ».    A  small  single  eye- 
glass held  to  the  eye. 

•  quiz  rlsm.  *.    [Eng.  quiz  ;  -ism.]    The  ma*v 
tiers  or  habits  of  a  quiz  ;  the  act  or  practice 
of  quizzing. 

*qno,  pro*.     [WHO.] 

quo  ad  sa  era,  phr.    [Lat.]    So  far  as  re- 

gards sacred  matters  :  as,  a  quoad  sacra  parish. 

quob,  t.  [QcoB,  «.]  A  quicksand,  a  bog,  k 
quagmire. 

quob-mire,  i.    A  quagmire.    (Prov.) 

quob,  «.i.  [Cf.  Ger.  qwMeln,  quabbeln  =  to 
shake.]  To  move,  as  the  foetus  in  the  uterus  ; 
to  throb,  as  the  heart  ;  to  quiver.  (Local  m 
vulgar.) 

•  quod,  pret.  of*.    [QuorH.] 

quod,  t.  [For  quad  (q.v.).]  A  quadrangle, 
as  of  a  prison,  where  the  prisoners  exercise  : 
hence,  a  prison,  a  gaol.  (Slang.) 

"  Fancy  a  nob  like  yon  being  sent  to  quod."—B.  Dtt- 
ratli:  Henrietta  Tern/iie.  bk.  vi.,  ch.  xx. 

quod,  v.t.  [Qt'OD,  s.]  To  put  in  prison  ;  to 
imprison.  (Slang.) 

•  qudd'-dle  (1),  v.i.   [A  frequent,  from  quob  (?X 

or  perhaps  waddle  (q.v.).]    To  paddle  about 

"  The  duck  yuoddling  in  a  po<,l."-Stillinyjte*  :  Or* 
ffinetSacrtt. 

•qu8d'-dle  (2),  v.t.    [CODDLE.]    To  parboiL 

"Take  your  pippins  green  and  yuoddlt  them."— 
Quetn'i  Clotet  Opened,  p.  204. 

qu6d  -djf,  *.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  A  kind  ol 
scaled  herring,  cured  in  North  America  by 
being  smoked  and  salted.  (Simmondt.) 

quod   II  bet,    •  quod  ly  bet,  *.     [Lat  a 

what  pleases  you  ;  cf.  quillet.] 
*  1.  A  nice  point  ;  a  subtlety  ;  a  quillet 

"  All  his  quodlibeti  of  art 
Could  not  expound  it*  pulse  and  heat." 

.Prior:  Alma.  ill.  «ML 

2.  Mtaie  :  (1)  A  sort  of  fantasia  ;  (2)  a  pot. 
pourri  ;  (3)  a  Dutch  concert. 

•quod-lI-hSt-aT'-i-an,  *.  [Eng.  quod- 
libet  ;  -anon.]  One  who  talks  or  disputes  on 
any  subject  at  pleasure. 

•qnod-11-bSt  -Kc,  *  qn«d-li-b«t-Ic-al.  a. 

(Eng.  quodlibet;  -ic,  -ten/.]  Not  restrained 
to  a  particular  subject  ;  discussed  at  pleasure 
for  curiosity  or  entertainment  ;  specif.,  a 
term  ifplied  in  the  schools  to  theses  or 
problems  proposed  to  be  debated  for  curiosity 
or  entertainment. 

"  The  president  of  the  juodllbetical  disputation*  ol 
Loraue,"—  Puike  :  To  P.  frnrine,  p.  1. 

•  quod-li-Wt'-fcs-al-l^,  adv.    [Eng.  quod- 
liMiml  ;   -ly.]     In  a  qnodlibetical  manner  ; 
after  the  fashion  of  a  quodlibet;  for  curiosity  _ 
or  entertainment. 

"  Many  position*  seem  qiindlib'tirutly  constituted." 
—  Brtacne  :  Christian  HoraU.  cb.  il. 

•  quod  ling,  *.    [CODLING.] 


quoich,  «.     [Tr.  ft  Gael. 
drinking  cup  or  vessel. 


=  *  cup.)    A 


"  The  girded  quitch  they  brinnned  for  him." 

Blacka  :  Layi  of  aigklandi  i  lilandt,  p  1TL 

•  quoif  (qu  as  k),  *.  &  v.    (Coir,  s.  &  v.] 

•  quoif  -fure  (qn  as  L),  «.    (COIFFURE.) 

•  quoil  (qn  as  k),  *.    [Con.,  *., 


late,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  tether;  wo,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine; 
or,  wbra,  wjU,  work,  whd,  son  ;  mate,  cnb,  cure,  unite,  cur,  riile,  full  ;  try,  Syrian.    C9,o»  =  «;ey  =  a;qa 


not, 


quoin— quoth 


3861 


quoin  iqu  as  k),   *  quolne,  «.    [Another 
spelling  of  coin  (q.v.).] 
*  L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  corner. 

"  A  sudden  tempest  from  the  desert  flew  .  .  . 
Then,  whirling  round,  the  quaint  together  strook." 
Sandyi:  Parapnrau  a}  Job. 

2.  Coin,  money. 

"  Sayes  on*  to  totber,  What  quaint  hast T" 

Rovlandt :  A'naw  o/  Clubott. 

XL  Technically: 

L  A  wedge-shaped  block.    Specif. : — 

(1)  Gun. :  A  wedge-shaped  block  of  wood, 
•having  a  handle  inserted  in  its  thicker  ex- 
tremity ;  used  in  some  cases  for  giving  the 
proper  elevation  to  mortars,  howitzers,  and 
naval  guns. 

(2)  Print. :  One  of  the  wedges  by  which  the 
pages  or  columns  of  type  are  locked  in  a  chase, 
ready  for  printing. 

(3)  Naut. :  A  wedge  used  as  a  chock  in 
•towing  casks,  to  prevent  rolling. 

2.  Mason. :  An  external  angle  of  a  wall ; 
particularly  an  ashlar  or  brick  corner  project- 
ing beyond  the  general  faces  of  the  walls 
•which  meet  at  the  angle. 

H  Rustic  quoins  are  rusticated  ashlars 
forming  external  projecting  corners,  the  re- 
mainder of  the  wall  being  of  ordinary  masonry, 
rubble,  or  brick,  with  occasional  piers  of 
masonry. 

quoin-post,  «. 

Hydr.  eng. :  The  heel-post  of  a  lock-gate. 

quoit  (qu  as  k \  t  quoit,  *  quoyte,  *  coyte, 
*  COit,  »  [Et.vm.  doubtful ;  prob.  from  O. 
Fr.  coiter  =  to  press,  to  push,  which  is  prob. 
from  Lat.  coacto  =  to  force,  from  caactiu, 
pa  par.  of  cngo  =  to  compel.] 

1.  A  flattish  disc  or  ring  of  iron  of  abotit  8J 
to  9}  inches  in  diameter,  and  from  1  to  2 
inches  in  breadth.     It  is  bevelled  towards 
the  outer  edge,  which  is  sufficiently  sharp  to 
enter  into  moderately  soft  ground.     It  is  con- 
vex on  the  upper  side,  and  slightly  concave 
on  the  lowet 

"  The  distance  of  a  quoit  t  cut  from  hit  tent."— 
fackluyt      t'oyiigei,  i.  Si6. 

2.  (PI.):  The  game  played  with  the  rings 
described  in  1     The  ground  is  from  21  to  30 
yards  long,  and  two  pins,  technically  known 
as  hobs,  are  stuck  in  the  ground  (usually  a 
stiff  clay)  at  a  distance  of  18  to  24  yards  apart. 
The  players,  each  of  whom  has  two  quoits,  are 
divided  into  sides,  and  standing  at  one  hob 
throw  their  quoits  in  turn  as  near  the  other 
hob  as  they  can,  endeavoring     if  possible  to 
ring  it,  th?t  is,  to  cause  the  hob  to  pass  through 
the  centre  of  the  quoit.     The  player  or  side 
which  has  thrown  the  quoit  nearest  to  the 
hob,  provided  it  has  cut  into  the  ground,  or 
has  not  turned  over  on  its  back,  scores  one 
point  towards  game,  or  if  the  quoit  rings  the 
hob   two  points.      The   game    may  be  any 
number  of  points.    The  sport  resembles  the 
ancient  game  of  throwing  the  discus,  which 
was  such  a  favorite  amusement  with  the  Greeks 
and  Romans.    The  discus  was  a  circular  plate 
of  stone  "i~  metal,  ten   or  twelve  inches  in 
diameter,  which  was  held  by  its  farther  edge 
with  the  right  hand,  so  as  to  rest  upon  the 
forearm,  an  I  was  cast  with  a  swing  of  the  arm, 
aided  by  a  twist  of  the  whole  body.     It  was, 
like  the  ipiuit,  thrown  edge  foremost,  and  at 
an  upward  angle  of  45°,  so  as  to  give  it  as  great 
a  range    att   (mtwible,  anil   he    who  threw  it 
farthest  was  t  lie  winner    The  quoit  differs  from 
this  in  its  t>eiug  thrown  at  a  hob,  and  being 
hollow,  so  that   it  may  "ring"  the  hob.    To 
facilitate  the  striking  of  the  quoits  a  flat  circle 
of  clay,  which  is  kept  moist,  is  usually  placed 
round  each  hob.  . 

•  quoit  (qu  as  k),  *  quoit,  v.  i.  &  t  [Q uo i r, «.) 

A*  Intruia. :  To  play  at  quoits. 

"  To  quoit,  to  run,  and  steed*  and  chariot*  drive." 

Drydtn:  Otid ;  Mctumorpltoteti. 

B.  Trans. :  To  throw,  to  hurl. 

"  If  you  could  have  seen  the  physician  and  nurse 
•Matted  out  into  the  passatfe."— fatter :  Lift  of  Uickeia, 

Km 

•  quo  Jiir'-S,  phr.    [Lat  a  by  what  right] 

Law:  A  writ  which  formerly  lay  for  him 
who  had  land  wherein  another  challenged 
common  of  pasture,  time  out  of  mind,  and  it 
was  to  compel  him  to  show  by  what  title  he 
challenged  it.  (Wharton.) 


•  qnoh,  *  quoke,  pret.  ofv.    [QUAKE,  «.] 

quill,  *.    [Native  name  (?).J 

Zool. :  Dasyurus  macrunif,  a  predatory 
Australian  marsupial,  about  the  size  of  a  cat. 

quSn'-dam,  a.  &  s.    [Lat.  =  formerly.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Having  been  formerly  or  for  a 
time  ;  former. 

"  Leare  your  quondam  companion*  to  their  own 
devices.  '—TVi*  Queen.  Sept  U,  188o. 

*  B.  As  subst. :  A  person  formerly  in  an 
office  ;  one  who  has  been  ejected  from  an 
office. 

"I  would  not  have  them  mad*  auandami  if  they 
discharge  their  office."— Latimer :  fourth  Sermon  btf. 
King  Edtcard. 

•  quon  -dam-Ship,  *.  [Eng.  quondam ;  -ship.] 
The  state  or  condition  of  being  out  of  office. 

"  A*  for  my  quondamihip  I  thank  God  that  he  garo 
me  the  grace  to  come  by  it  by  so  honest  a  mean*."— 
Latimer :  fourth  Sermon  brf.  King  Edtcard. 

•  quo  -nl-am,    *  quo   ni  an,  i.       [Etym. 
doubtful.]    A  sort  of  drinking-cup. 

"  Out  of  can,  a»oniam,  or  Jourdaln."— ffealy:  Dtte. 
tfjfev  World,  p.  69. 

•  qnook,  *  qnooke,  pret.  ofv.    [QUAKE,  c.] 

•  quop,  v.i.    [Cf.  QFOB.]    To  move,  to  throb. 

"How  ffuow  the  spirit?    In  what  garb  orair?" 

Cleavtland  :  Poemt,  p.  144.     (1659.) 

qnbr'-um,  *.  [Lat.  =  of  whom ;  genit.  pi.  of 
qui  =  who.  The  word  comes  from  the  form 
of  commissions  written  in  Latin,  in  which, 
after  mentioning  certain  persons  generally, 
some  one  or  more  were  specified  in  such 
phrases  as" quorum  unum  A.  B.  esse  volu- 
mus,"  of  whom  (we  will  that  A.  B  be  one).] 

1.  Those  justices  of  the  pe.ice  whose  presence 
is  necessary  to  constitute  a  bench.  All  justices 
are  now  generally  of  the  quorum,  but  formerly 
some  justices,  eminent  for  learning  or  pru- 
dence, were  specially  named  as  Justices  or  the 
quorum. 

"  The  principal  conservators  of  the  peace  are  th* 
Justices  nominated  by  commission  under  the  great 
seal,  which  appoiuts  them  all,  jointly  and  separately, 
to  keep  the  peace,  and  any  two  or  more  of  them  to  In- 
quire ef  and  determine  felonies  and  other  misdemean- 
ors :  in  which  nu  MI  I  *r  Home  particular  justices,  or  one  of 
them,  are  directed  to  be  always  Included,  aud  no  busi- 
ness to  be  done  without  their  presence,  the  persons  so 
named  being  usually  called  justices  of  the  qu.oi-um.~- 
BUKkttmt:  Comment.,  bk  L,  ch.  i. 

2.  Such  a  number  of  officers  or  members  of 
•  body  as  is  competent  by  law  or  constitution 
to   transact    business.    The    term   signifies   a 
specified  number  out  of  a  larger  number  or  the 
whole  membership  of  any  society  or  official 
body,  who  are  entitled  to  act  or  perform  general 
or  some  fixed  business  for  the  body     Thus  in 
statutes  appointing  commissioners  or  trustees 
of  a  public  work,  it  is  usual  to  name  a  certain 
number  of  the  whole  body  as  sufficient  to  per- 
form the  business  when  the  whole  number  fail 
to  attend.    The  same  is  usually  the  rase  with 
all  bodies  that  have  business  to  perform,  as  a 
Quorum  of  the  House,  or  of  the  Senate,  indicat- 
ing the  number  of  members  that  are  empowered 
to  legislate. 

•  quot,  «.    [QUOTA.] 

Scots  Lav :  One-twentieth  part  of  the  mov- 
able estate  of  a  pel-son  dying  in  Scotland, 
anciently  due  to  the  bishop  of  the  diocese  in 
which  he  resided. 

quo'-ta,  t.  [It,il.  =  a  share,  from  Lat.  quota 
(pars)  =  how  great  (a  part) ;  quotas  =  how 
great,  from  quot  =  how  many  ?  ]  A  propor- 
tional share  or  part ;  the  share,  part,  or  pro- 
portion assigned  to  each ;  the  share  or  pro- 
portion, as  of  expenses,  &c.,  which  each  mem- 
ber of  a  society,  association,  &c.,  has  to  con- 
tribute or  receive  in  making  up  or  dividing  a 
certain  sum. 

•  quot-a-lnT-I-ty,  «.     [Eng.  quotablt;  -ity.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  quotable  ;  fitness 
for  quotation.     (Poe:  Marginalia,  xxviii.) 

qnof-a-ble,  a.  [Eng.  quot(e);  -able.]  Cap- 
able of  being  quoted  ;  fit  to  be  quoted 

"  It  was  right  to  give  three  quotations  from  Van- 
brugb,  perhaps  the  most  quotable  of  the  Isn-called) 
writers  of  the  Hem  tors  lion.— Saturday  Renew.  Jan. 
13.  1M4,  p.  n. 

quo-ta  -tlou,  *.    [Qcorx.] 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

L  The  act  of  quoting  or  citing. 

2.  A  passage  quoted  or  cited  ;  a  part  of  • 
book,  &c.,  quoted  or  adduced  in  proof  or 
illustration  ;  a  citation. 


1  The  habit  of  quotation  is  variously  indulged 
in  by  authors,  by  some  to  such  an  extent  that 
their  works  are  little  more  than  a  continuous 
series  of  citations  from  older  authors,  strung 
together  by  a  thin  string  of  comment.  This 
practice  has  not  been  without  its  advantages, 
since  by  it  many  fragments  of  ancient  liteiature 
have  been  preserved  for  us  which  otherwise 
would  have  been  lost.  Our  only  relics  of  certain 
famous  authors  of  the  past  have  been  handed 
down  to  us  in  this  manner.  Thus,  for  instance, 
the  "  Attic  Night,"  of  Aulus  Gellius,  is  highly 
prized  for  the  fragments  of  several  lost  works 
which  it  contains,  while  one  of  the  few  extant 
poems  of  Sappho  comes  to  us  as  a  quotation  by 
Longinus,  the  Greek  philosopher  and" critic.  la 
like  manner  Eusebius,  the  Christian  historian, 
has  preserved  for  us  highly  important  quoted) 
passages  from  the  Egyptian  historian,  JJaiittho^ 
and  the  Assyrian,  Berosus. 

"  He  ranged  his  trope*,  and  preacb'd  up  patltnoe. 
Back'd  hi*  opinion  with  quotation!." 

Prior  :  Paulo  Puryawtt. 

•  3.  A  qnota,  a  share,  a  proportion 

4.  Print.:  Any  small  piece  of  metal  furniture. 

II*  Oomm. :  The  current  price  of  commodi- 
ties or  stocks,  published  in  price-currents;  a 
price  quoted  or  given  for  a  commodity. 

quotation-mark,;.  One  of  the  marks 
placed,  in  writing  or  printing,  before  and  after 
a  quoted  word  or  passage. 

•  quo-ta'-tion-ist,  «.     [Eng.  quotation  ;  •{**.] 
One  who  quotes  ;  one  who  makes  quotations. 

"  Considered  not  altogether  by  the  narrow  intellec- 
tuals of  quotatloniito  and  common  place*."— Milton : 
On  Divorce ;  To  the  Parliament. 

quote,  *  cote,  *  coate,  v.t.  &  i.  [O.  Fr.  qvottv 

(Fr.  coter),  from  Low  Lat.  quota  —  to  mark  off 
into  chapters  and  verses ;  prop,  to  say  ho* 
many,  from  Lat  quot  =  how  many ;  Sp.  &  Port. 
cotar ;  Ital.  oitotare.]  [QuoTA.J 

A.  TVtMuitfw: 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

•  1.  To  mark  with  a  reference ;  to  mark  for 
reference. 

"  It  was  thus  qunlea  In  the  margent,  a*  ye  *•*,"• 
fn:  Marttrt,  p.  1.110 
•2.  To  note  ;  to  set  down,  as  in  writing. 

"  He's  quoted  for  a  most  perfidious  «lm  e  : " 

iihakeip.  •  All'i  Well  that  Endt  Welt,  T.  *. 

•  3.  To  observe,  to  notice,  to  examine. 

"  Mote,  how  she  quota  the  leave*." 

Sltaltetp. :  Tit  at  Andronicui.  IT.  L 

•4.  To  perceive,  to  read,  to  detect 

"  How  quote  you  my  folly  ?" 
Shiikeip. :  Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona,  IT.  S> 

*6.  To  interpret. 

"  We  did  not  quote  them  so." 

Shake*?.  :  Lone  i  Labour' t  Lott.  V.  a, 

8.  To  adduce  or  cite  from  some  author  or 
speaker  ;  to  cite,  as  a  passage  from  an  author, 
by  way  of  proof  or  illustration  of  a  point  or 
question  ;  to  cite  or  repeat  the  words  of. 

"  What  men  understood  by  rote. 
By  a*  implicit  sense  to  quote" 

Butter :   Upon  Plafiarim. 

7.  To  adduce  or  bring  forward  for  the  sake! 
of  illustration  or  argument :  as,  ,To  quote  the 
case  of  a  certain  person. 

IL  Comm. :  To  name,  as  the  price  of  an 
article  or  commodity ;  to  name  the  current 
price  of. 

"  At  about  the  same  Talu*  now  quoted."— Standard. 
April  i.  i  — . 

B.  Intrant. :  To  adduce  or  cite  the  words  ol 
or  passages  from  an  author  or  writer ;  to  giv« 
•  quotation  or  quotations  •  as,  I  am  quoting 
from  Shakespeare. 

•  quote,  *.  [QUOTE,  ».]  A  note  upon  an  author. 

(Cotgrave.} 

•  quote  -I6ss,  o.    [Eng.  quote,  v. ;  -lest.]    Not 
capable,  or  uot  worthy  of  being  quoted. 

quot'-er,  «.  [Eng.  </uot(«),  v. ;  -er.}  One  who 
quotes  or  cites  the  words  of  an  author  or 
speaker. 

••  I  proposed  thl*  passage  entire,  to  take  off  the  dl* 
fuis*  »hlcii  it*  quotir  put  upon  it."— JUertury. 

quoth,  •  quatn,  •  quod,  v.i.  [Prop,  a  pa. 
tense,  though  sometimes  used  as  a  present 
The  infinitive  was  *  queath,  only  used  in  the 
compound  bequeath.  A.8.  cwedhan  =  to  speak, 
to  say ;  pa  t  cuxedh  (pi.  cuxtdon),  pa.  par. 
eu-etlen ;  cogn.  with  I  eel.  Icvedha,  pa,  t  kvadh, 
pa.  par.  kvedhnin ;  O.  Sax.  quedhan ;  M.  H.  G«r 
Queden.  quoden,  pa.  t  quat.  quo^.]  Said,  spolte. 


boil,  bo>;  poUt.  J6%1;  oat.  cell,  chorus,  9hln,  bench ;  go,  gem;  thin,  (his;  sin,  as :  expect,  Xenophon,  exlHt.    ph  =  t 
-UftD  =  shan.   -tion,    »ion  =  abua;  -fion,  -fion  =  shun,   -clous,  -tions,  -sioua  -  abu*.    -ble,  -die,  Ac.  =  bel,  doL 


3862 


quotha— rabbi 


(Used  generally  in  the  first  and  third  persons, 
and  followed  instead  of  preceded  by  its  nomi- 
native :  as,  Quoth.  I,  quoth  he,  &c.) 

"  How  now.  Sir  John,  quoth  1  1  " 

Shake*  p.  :  Henry  F.,  U.  I. 

•quoth'-a,  interj.     [For  quoth  a,  in  which  a  is 
for  1  or  tie.]    Forsooth,  indeed. 

qnd-t!d'-I-an,"qu6-tid'-I-al,  *cd-tld'-a- 

sxn,  o.  &  s.  [O.  Fr.  cotidian  (Fr.  quotidien), 
from  Lat.  quotitlianvs=:d&i}y  (a.),  from  quo- 
tidie  =  daily  (adv.),  from  qiwtus—  how  many, 
and  dies  =  a  dajr  ;  Sp.  cuotitiiano,  cotidiano  ', 
Ital.  quotidiano.} 

A.  -4s  adj.  :  Daily  ;  liappening  or  recurring 
every  day. 

"  Pressing    the    people    with    quotidian    taxea,"— 
Prvnne  :  Treachery  i  Ditloyalty.     I  App.  i.  p.  28. 

B.  -Is  su&sf.  :  Anything  that  returns  every 
day.     Specif.,  a  fever  whose  paroxysms  return 
every    day.     It    usually    refers    to   ague,    or 
malarial  lever,  whose  regular  periodicity  is  cue 
of  its  most  marked  and  constant  characteristics, 
its  attacks  returning  every  twenty-four,  forty- 
eight,  seventy-two,  or  a  greater   number  of 
hours  with  great  regularity.    Hence  the  terms 
quotidian,  tertian,  quurtiuu   ague,  Ac.,  have 
arisen  to  denote  the  periods  of  its  return. 

"He«eem»tohairetheffuo«irfionot  love  upon  him."— 
Skakttp.  :  Ai  1'ou  LOt*  It,  iii.  2. 


•  quo'-ti-ty,  *.     [Eng.  quot;  ~ity.]    A  propor- 
tionate part  or  number. 

"  An  actually  existing  guntity  of  person*."—  Carl]/U  : 
French  Revolution,  vol.  L,  bk.  IT.,  cb.  ii. 

•  qnot-quean,  *.    [COTQDKAN.] 

•  quot'-um,  s.     [Lat.  neut.  sing,  of  qnotus  = 

how  much.]    [QUOTA.]    A  quota,  a  share  ;  a 
proportionate  part  or  share. 

"The  upper  seam  will  contribute  lU    -uotum."— 
Colliery  Guardian.  NOT.  I,  1880. 

»|n6   war-ran'  -to,  phr.     [Lat.  =  by  what 
guarantee  or  warrant.] 

Law:  A  writ  formerly  issuing  from  the 
Queen's  Bench  against  any  person  or  persons 
who  claimed  or  usurped  any  office,  franchise, 
or  liberty,  to  inquire  by  what  authority  he  or 
they  supported  his  or  their  claim,  in  order  to 
determine  the  right.  It  lay  also  in  case  of  non- 
user,  or  long  neglect  of  a  franchise,  or  misuser, 
or  abuse  of  it  ;  and  commanded  the  defendant 
to  show  by  what  warrant  he  exercised  such  a 
franchise,  having  never  had  any  grant  of  it,  or 
having  forfeited  it  by  neglect  or  abuse.  The 
writ  is  now  fallen  into  disuse,  but  its  end 
is  obtained  by  the  Attorney-general  filing  an 
information  in  the  nature  of  a  5110  irarranto. 
A  similar  change  has  taken  place  iu  the  United 
States,  the  former  writ  of  quo  u-arratito  being 
superseded  by  an  ru/onuaf  ion,  which  ih  a  criminal 
proceeding  in  forms,  though  civil  in  »ul*tauve. 
In  case  of  the  usurpation  of  the  franchises  of  a 
municipal  corporation,  proceedings  must  be 
begun  by  the  attorney-general  of  the  state. 
But  iu  the  case  of  the  election  of  a  corporate 
officer,  the  writ  may  be  issued  at  the  instance 
of  the  attorney-general  or  of  any  person 
interested.  In  various  states  it  has  been  held 
that  </tio  trarranio  proceedings  may  be  instituted 
against  sheriffs,  city  councillors,  county  treas- 
urers, governors,  probate  judges,  presidential 
electors,  militia  officers,  Ac.,  the  defendant 
being  bound  to  show  a  right  to  the  office  or 
franchise  in  question.  There  are  two  forms  of 
judgment.  Against  officials  or  individuals  it  is 
ov*ier.  There  being  no  franchise  forfeited, 
they  are  simply  put  out  of  office.  Against  a 
corporation  it  is  muter  and  neiztire  of  the 
corporate  franchise,  it  being  held  that  violation 
of  any  of  the  conditions  of  a  charter  works  a 
forfeiture  of  the  charter.  This  is  done  in  case 
of  perversion,  where  the  corporation  injures  the 
public  by  an  act  inconsistant  with  the  terms  of 
the  charter,  and  in  case  of  usurpation,  where  it 
performs  acts  which  it  has  no  right  to  exercise. 
Corporations  are  creatures  of  the  Legislature, 
and  on  dissolution  their  franchises  revert  to 
the  state;  these  may,  however,  be  granted 
anew  to  the  old  corporators  or  to  others. 

'  quiz,  i.    [Quiz,  «.] 
•  quue,  «. 


[8«e  def.]  For  Lat.  qund  vidt  •=. 
which  see.  Jt  refers  a  reader  to  tlie  word 
which  it  immediately  follows. 


R,  the  eighteenth  letter  and  the  fourteenth 
consonant  of  the  English  language,  is  classed 
as  a  semi- vowel  and  a  liquid.  It  is  also  called 
a  trill.  It  is  generally  considered  to  have 
two  sounds  .  the  first,  when  it  begins  a  word 
or  syllable,  and  when  it  is  preceded  by  a  con- 
sonant, being  then  produced  by  an  expulsion 
of  vocalized  breath,  the  tongue  almost  touch- 
ing the  palate  or  gum  near  the  front  teeth, 
with  a  greater  or  less  tremulous  motion,  as  in 
ran,  tree,  morose,  &c. ;  the  second,  less  de- 
cidedly consonantal,  heard  at  the  end  of 
words  and  syllables,  and  when  it  is  followed 
by  a  consonant,  being  fonued  by  a  vibration 
of  the  lower  part  of  the  tongue,  near  the  root, 
against  the  soft  palate,  as  in  her,  star,  beard, 
&r.  With  many  English  speakers  r  when  fol- 
lowed by  a  consonant  at  the  end  of  a  syllable 
is  scarcely  heard  as  a  separate  distinct  sound, 
but  has  merely  the  effect  of  lengthening  the 
preceding  vowel,  becoming  in  such  cases  a 
vowel  rather  than  a  consonant.  In  Scotch, 
and  some  dialects,  r  has  always  the  same 
sound,  being  uttered  with  a  strong  vibration 
of  the  tongue,  but  less  guttural  than  in  French 
or  German.  By  the  Romans  r  was  called  the 
"dogs'  letter"  (litera  canina),  from  its  sound 
resembling  the  snarling  of  dogs  In  words 
derived  from  the  Greek  we  follow  the  custom 
of  the  Romans,  who  represented  the  aspirated 
sound  with  which  r  was  pronounced  by  the 
Greeks,  by  rh,  as  in  rhapsody,  rhetoric,  &c. 
In  such  words,  however,  the  h has  uo  influence 
on  the  pronunciation  of  the  English  word,  and 
is,  therefore,  entirely  superfluous.  R  and  2 
are  frequently  interchanged  (see  remarks 
under  L).  They  also  sometimes  change  places. 
R  sometimes  represents  a  more  original  s,  as 
in  ear  —  Goth,  auso ;  iron  =  O  Eng.  isen,  tren 
—  Goth,  eisarn.  It  has  disappeared  from  some 
words,  as  speak  =  A.S.  sprcecan;  pin  =  A.S. 
preon;  pidsy  =  Mid.  Eng.  parlesie,  Fr.  paralysie, 
G r. 7rapoAv<7>s  (paralnsis);  cockade—  O.  Fr.cocart, 
Ac,  R  has  intruded  itself  into  several  words 
to  which  it  does  not  properly  belong,  as 
groom  (bridegroom)  =  A.S.  guma ;  hoarse  = 
A.S.  Ms ;  partridge  =  Fr.  perdrix,  Lat.  perdix; 
cartridge  =  Fr.  cartouche;  culprit,  from  Lat. 
culpa;  corporal  =  Fr.  caporal.  In  celery  it 
represents  an  original  n,  Gr.  <rt\ivov  (selinon). 

"  [R]  that'i  the  dog's  name  ;  /?  is  for  tbe  dog." 

Shaketp.  :  Romeo  t  Juliet,  ii.  4. 

L  As  an  initial:  R.  represents  the  Latin 
rex  —  king,  as  George  R.  =  George,  king  ;  or 
regina  =  queen,  as  Victoria  R.=  Victoria, 
%ueen.  It  also  represents  English  royal,  as 
R.N.  =  Royal  Navy,  R.A.  =  Royal  Artillery. 
In  astronomy  It  stands  for  right,  as  R.A.  = 
Right  Ascension ;  in  proper  names,  for 
Richard,  Robert,  &c. ;  in  monumental  in- 
scriptions, for  requiescat,  as  R.I. P.  =  requiescat 
in  pace  =  may  he  (or  she)  rest  in  peace.  In 
the  navy  and  mercantile  marine,  it  stands  for 
run  (i.e.,  deserted)  when  placed  after  the 
name  of  an  officer  or  seaman. 

EL  As  a  symbol :  R  was  formerly  used  to 
stand  for  80,  and  with  a  dash  over  it.  R,  for 
80,000.  In  medicine,  ft.  stands  for  Lat. 
recipe  =  take.  [  RECI  PE.  ] 

IT  The  three  R's :  A  humorous  and  familiar 
designation  for  the  three  elementary  subjects 
of  education  :  reading,  writing,  and  arithmetic. 
It  originated  with  Sir  W.  Curtis. 

"The  BOOM  la  aware  that  no  payment  U  made 
except  on  tht  thrtt  Kt."—Timet,  Feb.  38,  1867. 

*  ra,  «.    [A.8.  ni]    A  roebuck.    [RoE  (1).] 
raab,  i.  [Hind  rob.]  A  kind  of  jaggery  (q.*.). 

*  raas,  r.t.    [RASE.] 

raasch,  t.    [Arab.]    [THUNDERFISH,  LI 

rab,«.    [RABBIT  (2),  «.] 

» rab'-a-nSt,  *.    [RABINKT.] 

rab  -at,  s.  [RABBET,  r.]  A  polishing  material 
of  potter's  clay  which  has  failed  in  baking. 

ra-bate',  v  t.  [Fr.  rabattre  =  to  beat  down ; 
pref  re-,  and  abuttre  =  abate  (q.v.).] 

Falconry :  To  bring  down  or  recover  a  hawk 
to  tbe  fist  again. 


*  ra-bate,   «.      [BABATE,    «.]      Abatement. 
diminution. 

*  rab-at-Ine,  ».    [A  dimin.  of  rabato  (q.v.Xl 
A  small  rabato. 

ra-  bat-ment,  *.    [Fr.] 

Shifibnild.  :  The  draft  of  the  real  shape  of 
the  moulding  edges  of  pieces  of  the  frame  in 
auy  required  position. 

*  ra  ba  -to,    s.      [Fr.   rabat,    from    rabattre.] 
[KABATE,  r.]    A  neck-band  or  ruff;  originally 
the  collar  turned  back. 

"Troth,  I  think,  your  other  rabato  were  better."— 
:  Much  Ado  About  Nothing,  ill  i. 


*  rab  -ban,  s.    [RABBI.] 

*  rab  -ban-Ist,  *.    [RABBINIST.] 

rab'-bet,  *rab-bot,  Tab'-et,  re  bate', 

r.f.   (Fr.  raboter  =  to  plane,  to  lay  level;  rabot 
=  a  joiner's  plane  ;  O.  Fr.  rabouter  =  to  thrust 
back,  from  Lat.  re  —  back  ;  Fr.  a.  (  =  Lat.  vd) 
=  to,  and  bonier  =  to  thrust] 
Carpentry: 

1.  To  cut  the  edge  of,  as  of  a  board,  in  a 
sloping  manner,  so  that  it  may  form  a  joint 
with  another  board  similarly  cut,  by  lapping  ; 
also  to  cut  a  rectangular  groove  or  recess 
longitudinally  in  the  edge  of.  as  a  board, 
timber,  or  the  like,  to  receive  a  corresponding 
projection  upon  the  edge  of  another  board,  &c., 
so  as  to  form  a  joint. 

2.  To  lap  and  unite  the  edges  of,  as  boards, 
ic.,  by  a  rabbet. 

rab'-bet,  *  rab'-et,  *  re-bate',  «.  [RABBET,  v.] 

1.  Corp.  •  A  sloping  cut  made  on  the  edge 
of  one  board,  so  that  it  may  join  by  lapping 
with  another  similarly  cut  ;  also  a  rectangu- 
lar groove  made  longitudinally  along  the  edge 
of  one  piece  to  receive  the  edge  of  another. 
It  is  common  in  panelling  and  in  door-frames. 

2.  Shipbuild.  :  That  part  of  the  keel,  stern, 
and  stern-post  of  a  ship  which  is  cut  for  the 
plank  of  the  bottom  to  fit  into. 

rabbet-joint,  5. 

Carp.  :  A  mode  of  joining  wooden  stuff  in 
which  rabbets  are  made  upon  the  edges  of  the 
boards,  so  as  to  overlap  each  other. 

rabbet-plane,  s. 

Joinery  :  A  plane  for  ploughing  a  groove  on 
the  corner  edge  of  a  board.  According  to 
their  shape,  which  is  such  as  to  adapt  them 
to  peculiar  kinds  of  work,  they  are  known  as 
square-rabbet,  side-rabbet,  or  skew-rabbet 
planes. 

rabbet-saw,  ».  A  saw  adapted  for  form- 
ing grooves  in  the  edgtx  of  planks,  &c. 

rab'-bi,  rab'-bi  (pi.  rab'-bis,  rab'-bies), 
*  rab-y,  *  rab-ban,  «.  [For  etyin.  see  def.] 
Jewish  Hist.  <t  LU.  :  Rabbi  (Heb.  '?T  Gr. 
•Pa/3/30  is  the  noun  Rab  (3^)  with  the  pro- 
nominal suffix,  and  in  Biblical  Hebrew  =  a 
great  man,  distinguished  forage,  rank,  office,  or 
skill  (Job  xxxii.  9  ;  Dan.  L  3  ;  Prov.  xxvi.  10), 
where,  however,  it  only  occurs  without  the 
suffix.  In  post-Biblical  Hebrew  it  is  used 
as  a  title  indicating  sundry  degrees  by  its 
several  terminations.  Thus,  the  simple  term 
Rab  (2"i)  =  teacher,  master,  and  was  the  title 
which  Babylonian  Jews  gave  a  doctor  of  the 
Law.  Rabbi  (=my  master),  which  is  the 
same,  with  the  pronominal  suffix  first  person 
singular,  is  the  Palestinian  title,  and  is  the 
one  so  frequently  given  to  Christ  (cf.  Matt. 
xxiii.  7,  8;  xxvi.  25,  49,  Ac.).  Rabbon  (J3n) 
which  is  the  same  term,  with  the  pronominal 
snfflx  first  person  plural  (=  oar  teacher,  our 
master),  is  the  Aramaic  form  of  it,  and  is 
the  highest  degree.  This  form,  however,  is 
also  used  as  a  noun  absolute,  the  plural  of 
which  is  Rabbonin  and  Rabbonim  (D'J  j"J  p?1}). 
Rabboni  CPa£0o«'  =  our  master,  the  title  given 
to  Christ  in  Mark,  which  is  spelled  Rabbouni 
('PappowC)  in  John  xx.  16,  is  the  form  of  the 
title  with  the  suffix  first  person  pluraL  This 
title  was  conferred  when  three  authorised  Rab- 
bins called  a  student  Rabbi,  which  invested 
him  with  the  right  to  administer  the  penal  law. 
The  title  is  firsf  found  applied  after  the  time  of 
Herod,  subsequently  to  the  dilutes  between 
the  two  schools  of  Shammai  and  Hillel  The 
title  Rabban  (our  master)  was  first  given  to 
Gamaliel,  grandson  ol  Hillel,  aud  prince- 
president  of  the  Sanhedrim,  and  was  only 


late,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there  j  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pSt, 
or,  wore.  wol£  work,  whd,  son ;  mute.  cub.  cure,  unite,  cur,  rale,  full :  try.  Syrian.    w,o>  =  e;ey  =  a;qn  =  kw. 


rabbin— raccahout 


3863 


borne  by  seven  other  exalted  chiefs  of  schools. 
At  present  the  degree  of  Moreno,  (our  teacher) 
bestowed  upon  a  candidate,  as  evidence  of  his 
erudition  in  the  written  and  oral  law,  makes 
him  eligible  to  the  post  of  Rabbi,  though  the 
title  carries  no  authority  with  it  except  on  a 
few  points  of  ritualistic  obeei  vance  The  Rabbi 
of  to-day  simply  teaches  the  young,  delivers 
sermons,  assists  at  marriages,  and  the  like,  and 
has  the  power  to  decide  some  ritual  questions. 
"Among  the  grave*  ~»»l*dli|mt.nt^  ^ 

•rab'-bln,»rab-ine,*.   [Fr]  Arabbi(q.v.). 

"  8om  of  those  rabintt  (In  OoddU  n»me)  .  .  be  as 
who  say  the  petite*." -Sir  T  Klyot .  The  Ooftrnour. 
bk.  iiL.'ch  xxiil 

rab  bin  Ic,  •  rab-bln'-Ick,  a.  &  «.  [Fr. 

rabbini(fue.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  rabbins, 
their  opinions,  learning,  or  language. 

"Those  roSftiiii'-t  writers  commonly  Interpret 
certain  place*  of  the  scripture  to  this  seiue. '— Cud- 
ttorth  Intfl  Ssittem,  p  4«9. 

B.  As  subst. :   The  language  or  dialect  of 
the  rabbins  ;  the  later  Hebrew. 

rab-bin -Ic-al,  a.    [Eng.robMnic;  -al.]    The 
same  as  RABBINIC  (q.v.). 

•  rab'-bin'-lc-al-lj;  adv.    [Eng.  rabbinical ; 
-ly.]    In  a  rabbinical  manner  ;  like  a  rabbi. 

"  He  reasoned  very  mtbiiicallg.  —BoUnybrokc  : 
frnytntnu,  ess.  «L 

rab' -bin-Ism,  ».     [Fr.  rdbbinirme.]     An  ex- 

Sression  or  phrase  peculiar  to  the  language  or 
ialect  of  the  rabbins. 

rab-bln-fot,  *.  [Fr.  rabbiniste.]  (See extract.) 

" Those  who  stood  np  for  the  Talmud  and  its  trmdl- 
tlons  were  chiefly  the  rabhms  r.ud  their  followers; 
from  whence  the  party  had  the  name  of  rabbiniiti  "— 
Stackhoute  But.  of  the  CiMe.  vol.  IL,  bk.  vi.,  ch.  i  v. 

rab'-bln-ite,  s.    [Eng.  rabbin;  -ite.]    A  rab- 
binist  (q.v  ). 

rab'-blt(l),  rab-et,  *rab-bet,«.  [Adimin. 

from  an  older  word  only  found  in  O.  Dut 
robbe  =  a  rabbit.  (Skeat.)] 

L  Lit.it  Zool :  Lepus  cuniculus,  a  well-known 
burrowing  rodent,  with  a  very  wide  geographi- 
cal range.  It  probably  had  its  home  in  the 
western  portion  of  the  Mediterranean  basin, 
but  has  spread  over  western  Europe,  Britain, 
and  Ireland.  It  has  l>een  introduced  into 
Australia  and  New  Zealand,  and  has  multi- 
plied there  to  such  an  extent  as  to  become  a 
positive  pest,  so  that  ferrets  have  been  im- 
ported and  poison  made  use  of  to  keep  the 
number  down.  The  rabbits  introduced  from 
Spain  into  Porto  Santo,  an  island  near 
Madeira,  in  the  early  part  of  the  fifteenth 
century  increased  in  a  like  manner,  and 
actually  caused  the  abandonment  of  the  settle- 
ment; but  they  have  degenerated  in  respect 
to  size,  and  their  limb-bones  bear  to  those  of 
an  ordinary  English  wild-rabbit  the  propor- 
tion of  5  to  9.  (Darwin :  Animals  &  Plants 
(ed.  1868),  i.'  113.)  The  rabbit  is  smaller  than 
the  hare  (q.v.) ;  its  muzzle  is  slenderer,  and 
the  palate  larger  and  narrower.  The  ears  and 
feet  are  shorter,  the  former  with  a  smaller 
black  tip  (in  some  cases  it  is  entirely  absent), 
and  the  general  colour  is  grayer.  They  begin 
to  breed  at  six  months  old,  and  have  several 
litters  in  each  year.  The  young — usually  from 
five  to  eight  in  number— are  born  blind  and 
naked,  and  are  produced  in  a  separate  burrow. 
Domesticated  rabbits  h:ive  l*en  greatly  modi- 
fied by  the  skill  of  the  breeder ;  they  have 
increased  in  size  and  vary  in  colour,  albinoes 
being  very  common,  and  forming  a  separate 
ra<  e.  Rabbits  form  an  important  article 
of  food.  During  the  winter  from  100  to  200 
tons  are  imported  into  England  weekly  from 
Ostend,  whither  they  are  sent  by  the  Belgian 
tR'asiints  who  breed  them  in  hutches.  Their 
flesh,  prepared  and  tinned,  is  imported  from 
Australia.  Recently  the  open  hutch  or  Mo- 
rant  system  of  rabbit-breeding  has  been  in- 
troduced. The  rabbits  are  confined  in  large 
hutches,  the  floor  of  which  is  formed  of  coarse 
galvanized  wire,  through  which  they  feed  on 
the  succulent  grass,  the  hutches  being  moved 
from  place  to  place  when  necessary. 

II.  Fig. :  A  horse  which  cannot  alwavs  be 
depended  upon  to  run  well.  (Racing  slang.) 

"Milan,  though  somewhat  of  a  rabbit,  as  a  horse 
that  runs  'in  and  out'  is  sometimes  called."— 
Standard,  Sept.  ft,  1M2. 

H  Welsh  rabbit:  Cheese  melted  by  heat,  and 


mixed  with  a  little  cream,  or  toasted  and  laid 
In  thin  layers  on  slices  of  bread,  toasted  and 
buttered.  Generally  considered  to  be  a  cor- 
ruption of  Welsh  rarebit. 

rabbit-berry,  ». 

Hot. :  Shepherdia  argentea, 
rabbit-eared  perameles, .«. 
Zool. :  ifacrotis  lagotis,  the  native  rabbit 
of  the  Swan  River  district.    It  is  about  the 
size   of  a  common  rabbit,  and  has  a  long 
pointed  muzzle,  naked  at  the  tip ;  ears  long, 
oval,  tubular  at  the  base ;   eye  small,   tail 
somewhat  shorter  than  body. 

rabbit-fish,  *. 

Ichthy. :  Chimceramonstrosa.   [CHIMERA,  2.] 

rabbit-hutch,  s.  A  hutch  or  box  for 
keeping  tame  rabbits  in. 

rabbit-like  reithrodon,  *.     [REITH- 

BODON.] 

rabbit  root,  *. 

Bot.  :  Aralia  nudicaulis. 

rabbit-spout,  s.    A  rabbit-hole.    (Prop.) 

"  Here  they  turn  left-handed,  and  run  him  into  a 
rabbit-tpout  iu  tke  gorse."— Field,  Feb.  27,  ISM. 

*  rabbit-sucker,  s.  A  sacking  rabbit ; 
a  young  rabbit. 

"  Hang  me  np  by  the  heel*  for  a  rabbit-tucker." — 
Shaketp. :  1  Henry  />'.,  ii.  t 

rabbit-warren,  *.  A  warren  or  piece  of 
ground  appropriated  to  the  breeding  and 
preservation  of  rabbits. 

rab'-bit  (2),  rab,  s.  [Fr.  ra&ot  =  a  plane.] 
[RABBET,  v.]  A  wooden  implement  used  in 
mixing  mortar. 

rab  -bit  (1),  v.i.  [RABBIT,  «.]  To  hunt  or 
ferret  for  rabbits. 

"To  look  at  them  fishing  or  rabbiting."— Hujhei: 
Tom  Brown  at  Oxford,  ch.  xix. 

»rib'-bIt(2X  v.t.  [See  def.]  A  verb  occur- 
ring only  in  the  Imperative  mood,  and  used  as 
an  interjection  =  Confound  !  Its  reduplicated 
forms,  drabbit  and  o<l-rabbit  (=God  confound), 
are  frequently  abbreviated  into  drat  (itself 
probably  contract,  from  Od  (=  God)  rot). 

•"Rabbit  the  fellow,'  cries  he,  'I  thought  by  his 
talking  so  much  about  riches,  that  he  had  a  hundred 
pounds  at  least  in  his  pocket.'  "—fielding :  Joieph 
Andrem. 

•  rab'-Wt-ry.  «.  [Eng.  rabbit  (1),  s. ;  -ry.]  A 
place  for  rabbits  ;  a  rabbit-warren. 

"  Every  breeder  should  keep  a  stuffed  bare  in  his 
rabbitry  '—Field,  March  20,  1886. 

rab  -ble  (1),  *  rab-il,  •  rable, ».&<*.    [From 
the  noise  made    by  a  crowd  ;   cf.  O.   Dut. 
rabbelen  =  to  chatter ;  Prov.  Ger.  rabbeln  =  to 
chatter,  to  prattle.] 
A.  As  substantive : 

1.  A  tumultuous  crowd  of  noisy  vulgr.r 
people  ;  a  mob;  a  confused  disorderly  crowd. 

"Resembling  a  rubble  crowding  home  from  ft  fair 
after  a  faction  fight"— Jtacaulay :  Hi*.  Kng.,  ch.  xvli 

2.  (With  the  definite  article):  The  lower  class 
of  people,  without  reference  to  an  assemblage ; 
the  mob',  the  common  people. 


3.  A  rhapsody ;  a  confused  medley ;  idle, 
incoherent  discourse. 

B.  As  adj. :  Pertaining  to,  or  characteristic 
of  a  rabble ;  riotous,  disorderly,  tumultuous, 
low,  vulgar. 

"  A  low  rabble  suggestion."— North  :  Xxamen.  p.  30*. 

rabble-rout,  *.  A  tumultuous  crowd ; 
a  rabble. 

rab-ble  (2),  ».    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Kfetall. :  An  iron  bar  with  one  end  bent  at  a 
right  angle,  used  for  stirring  the  molten  iron 
in  the  puddling  or  boiling  furnace,  etc. 

rab'-ble(l),  *ra-ble,  v.t.  &  i.  [RABBLE  (1), «.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1 1.  To  assault  in  a  riotous  manner ;  to  mob. 

"There  was  once  a  talk  of  rabMini  him  the  fifth  of 
November" — Scott:  Fortune*  of  ffigel,  ch.  xii. 

•  2.  To  gabble  or  chatter  incoherently. 
"  To  rabbi, •  out  the  scri  pt urea  wi  thout  purpose,  rime, 
or  reason."—  Fox .  Ifartyrs  (au.  IMS). 

3.  To  tumble,  to  crumple. 

"It  looks  as  though  it  had  been  rabblfd  np  for  the 
purpose."— Jtn.  It.  Wood  :  The  Channmjt,  p.  i. 

B.  Intrant. :  To  talk  incoherently  ;  to  talk 
nonsense.    (Scotch.) 


rab'-ble  (2),  v.t.  [RABBLE  (2),  s.]  To  work,  u 
the  iron  in  a  puddling  furnace,  with  a  rabble. 

rab  -ble-msnt,  s.  (Kng.  rabble  (1),  s.  ;  -rneni.] 
A  tumultuous  crowd  of  noisy  vulgar  people; 
a  rabble,  a  mob. 

"And  hush'd  the  hubbub  of  the  rabblrment." 

Thornton  :  Cattle  of  Indolence,  U.  tf> 

rab' -bier,  ».    [Eng.  rabbl(e)  (2),  v.  ;  -er.} 
Jletall. :  A  scraper. 

rab-bd'-ni,  *.    [RABBI.] 

rab  -dl-o-mte,  s.  |_Gr.  paSoCov  (rhabdion)  =s 
a  small  rod  ;  suit1.  -ite  (Afin.).] 

M in. :  A  soft  mineral  occurring  in  stalac- 
tites. Sp.gr.  2'80;  lustre  dull;  whenrublied 
looks  greasy  ;  color.r,  black.  Compos.  :  ses- 
quioxide  of  iron,  45' ;  sesquioxide  of  mangan- 
ese, 13- ;  alumina,  1'40  ;  protoxide  of  copper, 
14' ;  protoxide  of  manganese,  7'61 ;  protoxide 
of  cobalt,  5-1 ;  water,  13-5  =  99-61.  Pro- 
posed  formula,  (CuO,  Mn.OCoO)  ( Fe2Os,  M  n2Oj) 
+  2HO.  Found  at  Nijne  Tagilsk,  Urals. 

rab-doid'-al,  a.    [RHABDOIDAL.] 

If  For  other  words  derived  from  the  Greek 
not  found  under  RA,  see  RHA. 

Rab-e-lai'-si-an,  a.  [See  def.]  Resembling, 
or  characteristic  of  Rabelais  or  his  style  ;  ex- 
travagantly grotesque  or  humorous. 

rab  -I,  «.    [RuBBxx.] 

•ra'-bl-ate,  a.  [Lat.  rabies  —  madness.]1 
Mad,  rabid. 

"  Ah  !  ye  Jewes,  worse  than  dngges  rabiate." 
Chaucer :  Lamentation  «f  Vary  ilajdaltn. 

•  ra'-bl-a-tor,  ».     [Eng.  rabiat(e);  -or.]     A 
furious  or  rabid  animal  or  person  ;  a  violent 
greedy  person.    (Scotch.) 

•  rab'-Ic,  a.    [Eng.  rab(ies);  -ic.}  The  same  as 

RABID  (q.v.). 

"  By  the  introduction  of  the  ruble  virus  directly  on 
to  the  brain."— field.  March  37,  18S«. 

rab'-Id,  *rab-ide,a.  [Lat.  rabidus  =  furious, 
from  rabio  =  to  rage  ;  rabies  =  madness.^ 
L  Literally: 

1.  Had,  raging ;  suffering  from  rabies. 

"The  flesh  being  torn  off  the  bones  by  the  .  .  claw* 
of  the  rabid  welf.  —  Dailr  Telegraph.  March  24.  ISM. 

2.  Pertaining  to,  caused  by,  or  connected 
with  rabies  :  as,  rabid  virus. 

3.  Furious,  mad. 

••  My  rabid  grief.'  Crashaif :  Ptalm  zxliL 

IL  Fig. :  Excessively  or  extravagantly  en- 
thusiastic or  zealous. 

"  The  homeof  the  Caucus,  where  every  man  isa  nMd 
politician."— Daily  Chronicle.  Mxy  M.  IMS. 

»  ra-bid'-I-ty,  «.  [Eng.  rabid ; -ity.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  rabid  ;  rabidness, 
rabies. 

"Thus  proving  the  rnbidity  of  the  animal  con- 
cerned."— fall  Hall  Gautte.  March  SU  ISM. 

rab'-Kd-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  rabid;  -ly.]  la  • 
rabid  manner ;  madly,  furiously. 

rab' -id-ness,  ».  [Eng.  rabid;  -ness.]  Ths 
quality  or  state  of  being  rabid ;.  madness,  fury. 

"The fury,  and  the  rabulnta  of  self-ended  man.'— 
Feltham:  Rttolret.  pt.  i.,  res.  U. 

ra-bi-es,  a.    [Lat]    [^IYDROPHOBIA.] 

^  Dumb  rabies: 

Animal  Pathol  :  Rabies  in  the  dog  in  which 
the  lower  jaw  falls  from  paralysis,  and  the 
animal  in  consequence  .ceases  to  bark. 

•  rab'-I-ngt,  •  rib  -a  net.  *.    [F.tyra.  doubt- 
ful.]    A  kind  of  small  ordnance,   weighing 
about  300  HIS.,  and  carrying  a  ball  about  an 
inch  and  a  half  in  diameter. 

* ra'-bl-OUS,  a.  [Lat  rabioms,  from  rabies  = 
madness.]  Raging,  furious. 

"Agaiust  this  rabiout  invader.'  —  Daniel:  BM. 
Xng.,  p.  15. 

*ra-ble-ment,*.    [RABBLEMEST.! 

ra'-bdt,  ».    [Fr.  raboter  =.  to  plane,  to  smooth.  I 

ilarble-workina :  A  hard -wood  rublier  uscil 

in  rubbing  marble  to  prei*i-e  it  for  polislimt:. 

*ra'-ca,o.  [Chal.  r^Jtti  =  worthless.]  A  term 
of  contempt  or  reproach  ;  worthless,  dissolute. 
(Jfatt.  v.  22.) 

rao'-ca-hout,  «.  [Fr.  racahout,  from  Arabt 
rd^aul.]  A  starch  or  meal  prepared  from  tba 
edible  acoru  of  tlie  Barbary  Oak,  Qmrcu* 


boil,  btfy;  p^nt,  Jo^l;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  $hi»;  sin,  as;  expect,  ?enophon,  exist.    -Ing. 
-clan,  -tian  =  shan.   -tion.  -«ion  =.  shun;  -tion,  -fion  =  zhun.   -clous,  -ttous,  -eious  =  shus.   -We,  -die.  &c.  =  pel,  del. 


3864 


raccoon— racemo- 


RACCOOJJ.    (.Procyon  lotor.) 


Ballota,  sometimes  recommended  as  food  for 
invalids.  Mixed  with  sugar  and  aromatic-*,  it 
is  used  by  the  Arabs  as  a  substitute  for  choco- 
late. An  imitation  of  it  is  made  of  potato 
starch,  chocolate,  and  aromatic*. 

rac-coon',  ra-coon',  s.  [North  Amer.  Ind. 
'arrathkune,  arathcoiie  =  Procyon  lotor  ;  FT. 
raton  kiveur ;  Ger.  waschbar,  from  its  habit 
of  dipping  its  food  in  water.  According  to 
Bkeat  a  corrupt,  of  Fr.  raton,  dim.  from  rat 
=  a  rat.] 
Zoology : 

1.  Sing.  .-The genus  Procyon  (q.v.),  and  espec. 
Procyon  lotor,  a  handsome  animal,  about  the 
size  of  a  large  cat,  brown  furry  hair,  tail  bushy 
and  ringed; 

body  large 
and  unwieldy, 
legs  short, 
feet  with 
strong  fosso- 
rial  claws.  It 
is  oinnivor-  ^* 
o  u  s  and  *- 
ranges  over 
•  large  part 
of  S'  o  r  t  h 
America, 
where  it  is 
hunted  for  its 
fur.  The 
Crab-eating  Raccoon  (P.  cancrivorus),  from 
South  America,  ranging  as  far  north  as  Pa- 
nama, differs  chiefly  from  the  former  in  the 
shortness  of  its  fur,  and  consequent  slender 
shape.  The  black-footed  form  has  received 
specific  recognition  as  P.  nigripes.  (Proc. 
Zool.  Soc.,  1875,  p.  421 ;  1885,  pp.  346-53.) 

2.  PL  :  The  family  Procyonidse  (q.v.). 

raccoon-dog,  s. 

Zool. :  Nyctereutes  procyonides,  somewhat 
resembling  a  raccoon  in  appearance.  Body 
about  twenty-eight  inches  in  length,  covered 
with  long  brown  fur,  tail  about  four  inches 
long  ;  the  back  arched  somewhat  like  that  of 
ft  weasel ;  legs  long  and  slender. 

(1),  s.  [Fr.  race,  from  O.  H.  Ger.  reiza  = 
a  line,  a  stroke,  a  mark,  cogn.  with  I  eel.  reitr 
=  a  scratch,  a  line.  Compare  the  use  of  line 
and  lineage  in  the  sense  of  family,  descent. 
Probably  there  was  some  confusion  with  Lat. 
radix,  for  which  see  RACK  (2),  «. ;  8p.  raza; 
Port,  rapo;  Ital.  razza.] 

1.  Ordinary  Language : 

L  Lineage,  line,  family,  descent 

"Pupil*  .  .  .  .  of  noble  race.* 

Skaketp.  :  Periclet   T.    (ProU 

2.  A  class  of  individuals  sprung  from  a 
common  stock ;  the  descendants  collectively 
of  a  conunoi.  ancestor ;  a  family,  tribe,  nation, 
or  people  belonging,  or  supposed  to  belong,  to 
tlie  same  stock. 

"  The  whole  roc*  of  mankind.' 

8.  The  same  as  II. 

*  A.  Origin  ;  hence,  used  for  a  particular  or 
distinguishing  strength,  flavour,  or  lao'c,  as 
indicating  the  origin  of  some  natural  produc- 
tion. 

" '  There  came,  not  six  days  hence,  from  Hull,  a  pi,jt 
Of  rich  Canary,  which  dull  >peud  iUelf 
For  my  lady's  honour.' 
'I*  it  of  the  right  root)'" 

Miutinyer :  Nnr  Wan  to  Pag  Old  Debtt,  L  S. 

•5.  A  strong  flavour,  as  of  wine,  accom- 
pnnied  with  a  certain  amount  of  tartness. 

"  Rac'  and  racinesa.  Ill  wine,  signifies  a  kind  of  Urt- 
•c«i  "  Pfirrtr* '  Not*  on  fUtak^tpeart. 

•6.  Raciness,  spirit,  piquancy. 

"  I  think  the  Epintlet  of  Phalaris  to  bare  more  race, 
more  spirit,  mure  force  of  wit  and  geuius  than  any 
other  1  have  ever  aeen."— «r  W.  Temple :  Workt,  lit 
4f3. 

•  7.  Natural  disposition ;  inherent  quality. 

••  Mow  I  give  my  Mutual  race  the  rein.* 

Skaketp.  :  Measure  for  II  future,  il.  4. 

n.  Biol.  :  A  permanent  variety  of  mankind, 
line  of  the  inferior  animals,  or  a  plant  in  which 
the  characters  are  hereditarily  transmitted. 

race-knife,  *.  A  tool  with  a  bent,  sharp 
lip  for  scribing. 

1*90  (2),  *  rase,  ».  [O.  Fr.  rai»,  row,  from 
Lat.  radicem,  accns.  of  radix  =  a  root ;  Sp. 
rait.]  [RADIX.)  A  root. 

"I  bare  a  gammon  of  bacon,  and  two  rat*  at 

linger. --SAa*e«p. .  1  Henri  /''••  IL  V. 

race-ginger,  *  Ginger  in  the  root,  or 
not  pulverized. 


(3),  *  rase,  "  rees,  *  res,  s.      [A.S. 
nfa  =  a  rush,  a  swift  course  ;  cogu.  with  A.S. 
rds  =  a  race,  a  running.] 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  Literally: 

(1)  The  act  of  rvnning ;  a  rapid  course. 

"  Doe  seeme  more  slacke,  us  weary  of  their  rucx." 

Stirling  :  OomeKiay ;  Second  lloure. 

(2)  A  contest  of  speed  ;  especially  and  pro- 
perly a  trial  of  speed  in  running,  but  also  ap- 
plied to  contests  in  riding,  driving,  rowing, 
sailing,  &c.,  in  which  the  prize  goes  to  the 
swiftest ;  a  trial  of  speed  for  a  prize  »r  honour. 

"  He  that  would  win  the  racr  must  guide  bi»  bone 
Obedient  to  the  customs  of  the  course* " 

Camper:  Truth.  14. 

H  In  the  plural  the  word  usually  means 
horse-races  :  as,  Are  you  going  to  the  races! 

*  (3)  Speed  attained  in  running. 

"  The  flight  of  many  birds  is  swifter  thau  the  race  of 
any  beast*."— B icon :  Hot.  HM.,  J  681. 

(4)  A  strong  or  rapid  current  of  water,  or 
the  passage  for  such  a  current ;  a  powerful 
current  or  heavy  sea  sometimes  produced  by 
the  meeting  of  two  tides  :  as,  the  Rat*  of 
Alderney,  Portland  Race,  &c. 

2.  Figuratively: 

(I)  A  course  which  has  to  be  run,  passed 
over,  or  gone  through,  the  idea  of  a  contest 
or  struggle  against  opponents  or  difficulties 
being  understood  :  as,  A  race  for  power,  a  race 
for  wealth,  the  race  of  life,  &c. 

*  (2)  The  course  taken  by  events. 

*  (3)  Prosecution  ;  carrying  on. 

"  The  prosecution  and  race  of  the  war  carrieth  the 
defendant  to  assail  and  invade  the  ancient  and  indu- 
bitable patrimony  of  the  first  aggressor."— Bacon  :  On 
a  H  ar  with  Spain. 
IL  Technically: 

1.  Hydraul-eng.  :  The  canal  or  course  by 
which  water  is  conducted  to  a  water-wheel 
from  the  mill-pond  or  stream  above,  and  is 
conveyed  away  after  having  done  its  work. 
The  water  reaches  the  wheel  by  the  head-race, 
ami  leaves  it  by  the  tail-race. 

"  Here  In  the  bright  gravelly  raca  the  fish  In  couple* 
turn  up  furrows  in  the  stream  bed."— Daily  Telegraph, 
Aug.  18,  1835. 

2.  Weaving:  A  lay-race  (q.T.). 

race-card,  s.  A  card  on  which  is  printed 
the  list  of  races  to  be  run  at  a  meeting,  with 
the  names  of  the  horses  entered,  and  their 
owners,  the  colours  of  the  riders,  weights  to 
be  carried,  &c. 

race-cloth,  s. 

Manege:  A  cloth  used  in  connection  with 
race-saddles ;  it  has  pockets  to  hold  the 
weights  needed  to  meet  the  requirements  of 
the  rules  of  the  race -course. 

race-course,  s. 

1.  The  ground  or  path  on  which  races  are 
run.    It  is  generally  circular  or  elliptical  in 
shape. 

2.  The  canal  along  which  water  is  conveyed 
to  or  from  a  water-wheel ;  a  mill-race. 

race-cup,  ».  A  cup  or  piece  of  plate 
given  as  a  prize  for  a  race. 

race-glass, «.    A  field-glass  (q.v.). 
race-goer,  s.  One  who  habitually  attends 
races. 

"  The  regular  raccgocri,  who  do  not  let  the  state  of 
the  elements  deter  them." -Field,  April  4,  lS8i. 

race-ground,  *.    A  race-course  (q.v.). 
race-horse, ». 

1.  Zool.,  <tc. :  A  blood-horse,  specially  bred 
for  racing  or  steeple-chasing.   It  appears  from 
the  first  edition  of  the  Stud  Book  (1791)  that 
the  first  strain  of  Arab  blood  was  derived 
from  a  horse  bought  by  James  I.  of  a  Mr. 
Markham   for  500  guineas,  but    since  then 
many  Arab,   Barb    ami   Turkish    sires   and 
dams   have  contributed  to   form  the  breed 
of   race-horses.    Youatt  (The  Horse,   p.  44.) 
notes  as  their  chief  points :  A  beautiful  Ara- 
bian head,  fine  and   finely  set-on  neck,  ob- 
lique lengthened  shoulders,  well-bent  hinder 
legs,  ample    muscular   quarters ;    flat    legs, 
rather  short  from  the  knee  downwards,  and 
long  elastic  pastern. 

2.  Ornith. :  Micropterusbrachypterut(0i(lemla 
pntfichoniiha).    Called  also  the  Steamer-duck. 
Both    names   refer   to  the  swiftness  of   its 
motion  through  the  water. 

race-meeting,  *.  A  certain  day  or  days 
aj 'pointed  for  the  holding  of  races  at  a  certain 
place. 


race-saddle,  «. 

Manege  :  A  very  small  liglit  saddle,  used  tat 
racing  purposes. 

race-  track,  $.    A  race-course. 

*  ra«je,  a.     [Fr.  rate.]     The  same  as  RAZEE. 
race  (1),  r.i.  &  t.    [A.S.  r&san.] 

A.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  run  swiftly  ;  espec.,  to  contend  in  a 
race. 

2.  To  follow  racing  systematically,  or  as  a 
profession  ;  to  keep  race-horses. 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  cause  to  run  swiftly  ;  to  cause  to  con.. 
tend  in  a  race  ;  to  drive  swiftly  in  a  trial  or 
contest  of  speed. 

2.  To  contend  in  a  race  with  or  against. 

*  race  (2),  v.t.   [RASE,  v.] 

*  ra9e  (3),  v.t.    [RASH  (2),  r.]    To  temr  out  or 
away. 

ra  -96'  mate,  i.    A  salt  of  racemic  acid. 

*  rac-S-ma'-tton,  *.    [RACEME.] 

1.  A  cluster,  as  of  grains. 

"  The  whole  racemati'in  or  cluster  of  egg*."—  Brown*; 
Tulgur  Errourt.  bk.  iii..  ch.  xxviii. 

2.  The  trimming,  cultivation,  or  gathering 
of  clusters  of  grapes. 

"  Some  curious  instruments  out  of  Italy  for  racema- 
tion.  engrafting,  and  i-oculatiug."—  Burnet:  Uf»  W 
Bithop  Bedell,  p.  120. 

rac'-eme,  s.    [Fr. 

raceme,  from  Lat. 
racemum,  accus. 
of  racemus  =  a 
cluster  of  grapes  : 
allied  to  Gr.  pif 
(rhax),  genit.  pa- 
•yos  (rhagos)  =  a 
berry,  es]>ec.  a 
grape  ;  Sp.  &  Port. 
racimo.] 

Bot.  :  A  kind  of  inflores- 
cence, in  which  the  flowers 
are  on  simple  stalks  distinct 
from  each  other,  and  arranged 
around  a  common  axis.  [CO- 
RYMB, CORYMBOSE.] 

"  IU  raceme*  of  nodding  whitish  flower*."—  Bur- 
rought  :  /'epacton,  p.  2S6. 

r&9  emed,  a.  [Eng.  racem(e);  -ed.]  Having 
a  raceme  or  racemes. 

ra-C6'-mic,  a.  [Fr.  rocemiyn*,  from  raceme 
"=  a  raceme  (q.  v.).]  Pertaining  to,  or  obtained 
from  grapes. 

racemic  acid.  t. 

CH(HO)-CO2H 


BACEMK. 


An  acid  found  with  tart«nc  acid  in  the  mother 
liquor  of  the  argol  obtained  from  the  grapes 
of  the  Upper  Rhine  and  the  Vosges,  and  most 
readily  prepared  by  heating  tarlaric  acid  with 
one-tenth  of  its  weight  of  water  to  170"-180', 
in  sealed  tubes.  It  forms  rhombic  prisms, 
less  soluble  in  water  than  ordinary  tarlaric 
acid.  Racemic  acid  exerts  no  action  on  po- 
larised light,  as  it  is  a  compound  of  dcxtro- 
tai  taric  and  laevotartaric  acids  in  equal  quan- 
tities. 

racemic  ether,  «. 

Chem.  (PI.):  The  best  known  compojmls  of 
this  group  are  the  acid  racemates  of  ethyl  and 
methyl.  (1)  Ethyl  racemic  acid  (Ra<-emovinic 
acid),  •C4Hj5(C2H5)O6,  is  produced  by  digest- 
ing four  pavts  of  absolute  alcohol  and  one  part 
of  racemic  acid  in  a  retort  at  a  gentle  heat, 
saturating  with  Iwric  carlmnate,  and  decom- 
posing with  sulphuric  acid.  It  crystallize* 
in  long  oblique  prisms,  very  soluble  in  water 
and  alcohol,  insoluble  in  ether.  (2)  Methyl 
racemic-acid,  C  H6(CH3)O6,  is  prepared  in  a 
similar  way.  It  crystallizes  in  colourless 
rectangular  prisms,  easily  soluble  in  water 
and  alcohol,  and  slightly  in  ether. 

r&e-i-mif  '  -er-oiis,  a.  [Lat.  racemus  =  a 
cluster  ;  fero  =  to  bear,  and  Eng.  adj.  surf. 
-oi«.)  Bearing  racemes  or  clusters,  as  the 
currant. 

ra-ce-mo-,  prtf.  [Eng.  racem(ic);  o  connect.) 
Derived  from,  or  containing  racemic  acid. 

racemo  -  carbonic  acid,  racemo- 
oxalic  acid,  s.  [DESOXALIC-ACID.] 


fate,  tat,  fire,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pdt, 
or,  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rile,  full;  try,  Syrian.    »,  OB  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  few. 


racemose— rack 


3865 


-mose,  »  rS$'-e"-mous,  a.  [Lat.  race- 
mosus ;  Fr.  racemeux;  Sp.  &  Port.  racimoso; 
Ital.  racemoso.] 

1.  Resembling  a  raotme;  growing  in  the 
form  of  a  raceme. 

2.  Bearing  flowers  in  the  form  of  racemes  ; 
laeemiferous. 

racemose-glands,  s.  pi. 

Anat. :  Glands  in  which  the  secreting  cavity 
is  made  up  of  a  number  of  smaller  lobules. 
Those  with  but  few  lobules,  like  the  sebaceous 
glands,  are  sometimes  termed  Simple,  and 
resemble  a  portion  of  larger  or  Compound 
racemose  glands,  of  which  the  mammary 
gland  is  an  example. 

rftc'-e'-indse-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  racemtm;  -Zy.] 
In  a  racemose  manner. 

racemosely-corymbose,  a. 

Bot.  (Of  flowers):  Disposed  in  a  manner 
between  a  corymb  and  a  raceme,  or  composed 
of  numerous  racemes  forming  a  corymb. 

ra-ge-mo-vm'-Ic,  o.  [Pref.  racemo-,  and 
Eng.  vinic.]  Derived  from  or  containing 
racemic  acid  and  ethyL 

racemovinic  acid,".  [RACEMIC-ETHER.] 

l*ac'-e-mule,  s.    [Eng.  racem(e);  dimin.  suff. 
•ule.} 
Bot. :  A  small  raceme. 

l-a-cem -n-16se,  a.      [Eng.  nuxrnult;  -a**.] 
Bot. :  Bearing  very  small  racemes. 

I»9  -er,  «.    [Eng.  rac(e),  v. ;  -tr.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  One  who  races  ;  one  who  contends  in  a 
race. 

"  Leu  iwlftly  to  the  goal  a.  racer  flies." 

HooU  :  Jerusalem  Delivered,  bk.  vl. 

2.  An  animal  or  thing  kept  for  racing,  as  a 
race-horse,  a  racing  yacht,  bicycle,  4o. 

IL  ZooL  :  Ophibohts  getulus,  an  American 
snake,  black  in  colour,  and  with  a  slender 
body.  So  called  because  it  glides  very  quickly. 

•  rach,   *  rache,    *  racche,    *  ratche,  ». 
llcel.  rakki ;  O.  Sw.  racha  =  a  bitch.]    A  dog 
which  hunted  by  scent,  as  distinguished  from 
a  greyhound.    [BRACR.] 

"  They  hunt  about  as  doth  »  racke." 
Old  P*>n,  in  AsHmole't  Theat.  Chem..  p.  15S. 

•  ra-chl-aT-gl-a,  ».     [Eng.,  &c.  rachis,  and 
Or.  oAyo?  (algos)  =  pain.] 

Pathol. :  Pains  of  the  bowels,  supposed  to 
arise  from  the  nerves  of  the  spinal  marrow. 
(Parr.) 

ra-chld'-I-an,  a.  [Or.  paxtf  (rhachis)  =  the 
spine  or  backbone.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  spine  ;  vertebral. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  rachis  of  an  odonto- 
phore. 

"  The  rnchidian  teeth  sometimes  form  a  tingle 
•erlei."-  Woodunrcl :  MoUutca  led.  3rd),  p.  2L 

f  ra-chlT-la.  *.  [Mod.  Lat.,  dimin.  from 
rachis  (q.v.)Ij 

Bot. :  The  zigzag  rachis  or  axis  on  which  the 
florets  are  arranged  in  the  spikelets  of  grasses. 

ra-chi -6-don,  s.  [Or.  paj<«  (rhachis)  =  the 
spine ;  -otlon.] 

Zool. :  The  typical  and  sole  genus  of  the 
anomalous  family  Rachiodontidae,  with  three 
species.  The  nomenclature  of  the  genus  is 
very  confused.  It  is  also  known  as  Anodon 
(Smith),  Deirodon  (Owen),  Dasypeltis  (Wag- 
ler),  and  the  type-species  Rnchiodon  scaber  = 
Coluber  scaber  (Linn.).  There  are  no  true 
teeth ;  but  so-called  gular  teeth  are  present, 
these  being  really  the  tips  of  the  long  in- 
ferior spines  of  the  first  eight  or  nine  ver- 
tebra. These  snakes  live  principally  on  eggs, 
and  when  the  shell  is  broken  by  the  gular 
teeth  it  is  ejecte'd  from  the  mouth  and  the 
fluid  contents  pass,  with  little  or  no  waste, 
into  the  stomach. 

»ra  chi'-<i>  d6nt,  a.  [RACHIODONTID.«.]  Be- 
longing to,  or  characteristic  of  the  family 
Rachiodontidse ;  possessing  gular  teeth. 

•ra-chi-«Vd6'n'-tI-dae,  ».  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  ra- 
chiodon,  genit.  rachiodont(is) ;  Lat.  fern.  pi. 
adj.  suff.  -Mr.]  . 

Zool. :  A  family  of  Colubriform  Snakes,  of 
doubtful  affinities,  from  South  and  West 
Africa,  with  a  single  genus  Rachiodon  (q.v.). 


pro 
bas 


ra'-chis,  s.    [Gr.  =  the  spine  or  backbone.] 
L  Botany: 

(1)  The  axis  of  inflorescence  ;  a  peduncle 
roceeding  nearly  in  a  right  line  from  the 

se  to  theapex  of  the  inflorescence.  (Lintlley.) 

(2)  (Of  Composites):  A  receptacle,  not  fleshy, 
surrounded  by  an  involucre.     (Leasing.) 

(3)  The  caudex  of  an  acotyledonous  plant. 
2.  Comparative  Anatomy  : 

t  (1)   The  spine,  either  of  man  or  of  the 
lower  vertebrates. 
(2)  The  central  portion  of  an  odontophore. 

ra-chit'-ic,  a.  [RACHITIS.]  Of  or  pertaining 
"to  rachitis  ;  rickety. 

ra-cbl'-tis,  *.    [Eng.,  &c.,  rach(is);  -itis.] 
L  Pathol.  :  [RICKETS]. 
2.  Veg.  Path.  :  Abortion  of  the  fruit  or  seed. 

ra'-chl-tome,  s.  [Eng.,  &c.  rachit,  and  Or. 
TO>I>J  (tome)  =  a  cutting.] 

Surg.  :    A   post-mortem  or  dissecting   in- 
strument for  opening  the  spinal  canal. 

ra'-cf-al,  a.  [Eng.  rao(e)  (l\  s.  ;  -ial.}  Of  or 
pertaining  to  race,  family,  or  descent  ;  of  or 
pertaining  to  the  races  of  mankind  ;  ethno- 
logical. 

"  The  object  of  my  museum  it  not  racial."—  Daily 
Jffwt,  Aug.  2,  1881. 

ra'-$I-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  racy;  4y.]  In  a  racy 
manner. 

*  rac-lne,  *.    [Fr.]    A  root 

rac'-I-ness,  s.  [Eng.  racy  ;  -ness.]  The  quality 
or  state  of  being  racy  ;  piquency,  pungency. 

ra  -$Ing,  pr.  par.  or  o.    [RACK  (1),  ».J 
racing-  bit,  «. 

Manege  :  A  light  jointed-ring  bit,  the  loose 
rings  varying  in  size  from  three  to  six  inches. 

racing-calendar,  *.    A  list  of  races  to 
be  run,  and  of  races  run  with  their  results. 

rack  (1),  f.  [See  def.]  An  abbreviation  of 
arrack  (q.v.)  :  as,  rack  punch. 

rack  (2),  *  racke.  *  rekke,  s.  [Prop,  that 
which  is  stretched  out  or  straight,  from  rack, 
v.  •  cf.  Ger.  rack  =  a  rail,  a  bar,  a  framework  ; 
Prov.  Ger.  reck  =  a  scaffold  ;  reckbank  =  a 
rack  for  torture  ;  recke  =  a  stretcher  ;  Low 
Ger.  rakk  =  a  shelf,  as  in  Eng.  plate-rock] 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

L  Literally: 

(1)  An  instrument  for  stretching  or  strain- 
ing: as, 

(a)  A  contrivance  or  appliance  for  bending 
a  bow. 

"  These  bows  .  .  .  were  bent  only  by  a  man's  Im- 
mediate strength,  without  the  help  of  any  bender 
<arack."—With«t:  Mathematical  Maffick. 

(b)  An  apparatus  for  the  judicial  torture  of 
criminals  or  suspected  persons.    It  consisted 
of  a  Urge,  open  wooden  frame,  within  which 
the  person  to  be  tortured  was  laid  on  his  back 
on  the  floor,  with  his  wrists  and  ankles  fas- 
tened by  cords  to  two  rollers  at  the  ends  of 
the  frame.    These  rollers  were  then  drawn  or 
moved  in  opposite  directions  until  the  body 
»ose  to  a  level  with  the  frame.   Interrogations 
were  then  put,  and  if  the  prisoner  refused  to 
answer,  or  if  his  answers  were  not  considered 
satisfactory,  the  rollers  were  further  moved, 
until  at  last  the  bonesof  the  sufferer  were  forced 
from  their  sockets.    The  rack  was  formerly 
much  used   by  the  civil  authorities  in  the 
cases  of  traitors  or  conspirators,  and  by  the 
officers  of  the  Inquisition  to  force  a  recanta- 
tion of  heretical  or  so-called  heretical  opinions. 

"  The  trikl  by  ruck  Is  utterly  unknown  to  the  law  of 
England  ;  though  once,  when  the  Dukes  of  Exeter  and 
Suffolk,  and  other  ministers  of  Henry  VI..  had  laid  a 
design  to  introduce  the  civil  law  into  this  kingdom  as 
the  rule  of  government,  for  the  beginning  thereof 
they  erected  a  runt  for  torture  ;  which  was  called  in 
derhiou  the  Duke  of  Exeter's  Daughter,  and  still 
remain*  In  the  Tower  of  London  ;  where  It  was  oc- 
casionally used  as  an  engine  of  state,  not  of  law,  more 
than  once  in  the  reign  of  Queeu  Elisabeth."—  Slack- 
ttone:  Comment.,  bk.lv.,  ch  24. 

(2)  An  open  framework  or  grating  :  as, 

(a)  A  grating  on  which  bacon  is  laid. 

(b)  A  framework  on  or  in  which  articles  are 
laid  or  arranged  :  as,  a  plate-  rack,  a  bottle- 
rack,  a  hat-rocfc,  &c. 

(c)  A  frame  of  open-work  to  hold  hay  or 
other  food  for  cattle,  horses,  or  sheep. 

"  Unyoke  the  steed,  hit  racki  heap  high  with  h»y." 
Grainger:  Ti^ullut,  if.  1. 


(d)  A  frame  to  carry  hay  or  grain,  placed 
on  wheels,  for  hauling  iu  the  harvest. 

*  2.  Figuratively : 

(1)  That  which  is  extorted  ;  an  extortion,  an 
exaction.    [RACK-RENT.] 

"  The  great  rents  and  racki  would  be  onsupportable." 
—Sandm  :  State  of  Keligion.  0.  2  b. 

(2)  Torture ;    extreme    pain    or    anguish ; 
agony. 

"  A  fit  of  the  stone  pats  a  king  to  the  rack."— Temple. 
IL  Technically: 

1.  Gearing:  A  toothed  bar  whose  pitch-line 
is  straight,  adapted  to  work  into  the  teeth  of 
a  wheel  [Pinion,  *.,  II.],  for  the  purpose  of 
changing  rectilinear  into  circular  motion,  or 
vice  versa.    This  contrivance  is  called  a  racfc- 
and-pinion,  and  the  motion  so  imparted  rack- 
aud-pinion  motion. 

2.  Horol. :  A  steel  piece  in  the  striking  part 
ofaclock.  It  consists  of  a  liar  attached  radially 
to  an  axis,  and  having  a  lower  and  an  upper 
arm.    The  former  is  called  the  rack-tail  (q.v.). 
The  latter  is  indented  with  twelve  notches, 
to  effect  the  striking  of  the  right  number. 

3.  Lace:   A   certain   length  of  lace-work, 
counted  perpendicularly,  and  containing  240 
meshes. 

4.  Metatt. :  An  inclined  frame  or  table,  open 
at  the  foot,  and  upon  which  metalliferous 
slimes  are  placed  and  exposed  to  a  stream  of 
water,  which  washes  off  the  lighter  portions. 

5.  Nautical: 

(1)  A  frame  of  wood  with  belaying-pins,  or 
a  row  of  blocks  for  fair-leaders,  or  a  row  at 
sheaves  for  reeving  the  running-rigging. 

(2)  A  frame  with  holes  for  round-shot. 

(3)  A  box  in  which  the  halyards  are  coiled 
away. 

U  (1)  Rack-and-pinion  :  [RACK  (2),  ».,  II.  l.J, 

*  (2)  To  live  at  rack  and  manger :  To  live  of 
the  best  at  free  cost.  (Carlyle :  Past  <t  Present, 
bk.  ii.,  ch.  L) 

rack-bar,  «. 

Naut. :  A  billet  of  wood  used  to  twist  the 
bight  of  a  rope,  called  a  swifter,  in  order  to 
bind  a  rope  firmly  together. 

rack-block, ». 

Naut. :  A  range  of  sheaves  cut  in  one  piece 
of  wood  for  running  ropes  to  lead  through. 

rack-rail,  s.  A  rail  laid  alongside  the 
bearing  rails  of  a  railway,  and  having  cogs 
into  which  meshes  a  cog-wheel  on  the  loco- 
motive. Now  only  to  be  found  in  some  forma 
of  inclined-plane  railways. 

rack-rent,  *.  A  rent  raised  to  the  utter- 
most ;  a  rent  stretched  to  the  full  value,  and 
greater  than  any  tenant  can  reasonably  be> 
expected  to  pay. 

rack-rent,  v.t.  To  subject  to  the  pay- 
ment of  a  rack-rent ;  tr  assess  at  a  rack-rent. 

"  Men  whose  poverty  was  brought  about  by  rswsV 
rentW—Timet.  March  30.  1884. 

rack-renter,  *. 

1,  One  who  rack-rents  his  tenant*. 

" The  landlords,  whose  leases  havefallen  In.  and  wha 
h»ve  now  become  ract-rtnlrri, -often  of  very  disreput*>> 
ble  property.'— Pall  HM  (invite.  Dec. «,  1S8S. 

*  2.  One  who  is  rack-rented.    (W harton.) 
rack-saw,  s.    A  saw  with  wide  teeth. 

rack-tail,  *. 

Horol.  :  A  bent  arm  connected  with  the) 
toothed  segment-rack,  by  which  the  striking 
mechanism  of  a  repeating  clock  is  let  off. 

rack-vintage,  s.  Wines  drawn  from  the 
lees. 

rack-work,  ».  A  piece  of  mechanism 
in  which  a  rack  is  used  ;  a  rack-and-piuion  or 
the  like. 

*  rack  (3X  *  racke,  «.  [A.S.  hraeca.]  The 
neck  and  spine  of  a  fore-quarter  of  veal  or 
mutton. 

"  A  chicken,  a  rabbit,  rib  of  a  rtte*  ol  mutton."— 
&urton  .-  Anal.  ifelunoftorjr,  p.  47. 

rack  (4),  "r»c,  'rakke.  "rak,«.  [icel. 
rek  =  drift,  motion  ;  skfrek  =  the  rack  or  drift- 
ing clouds,  from  reka  =  to  drive,  to  toss.) 
[WRACK.]  Light  vapoury  clouds;  floating 
vapour  in  the  sky. 

"  Mixed  with  the  rat*,  the  snow  mists  fly.' 

Scott :  Marmim,  iv.    (Introd.) 

rack  (5),  ».  [For  wrttk  (q.v.).]  Wreck,  ruin, 
destruction  ;  now  used  only  in  the  phrases  to 
go  to  rack,  to  goto  rack  and  ruin. 


boil,  boy;  po~ut,  jowl;  cat,  90!!,  chorus,  oaln.  bench ;  go,  gem;  thin,  thla ;  Bin,  af ;  expect,  Xenophon,  o^iat.   pn  =  t 
-clan, -tian  -  shorn,    -tion,    sion  -  shun; -Jion, -slon- zhun.    -clous, -tioua, -aious  -  shus.   -ble, -die,  ic.  =  bel,  del. 


3866 


rack— radial 


rack  (6),  s-    TEither  for  rock,  v.,  or  connected 
with  rack  (5),  8.1 
Manege:  A  quick  amble. 

"  Col.  Dodxe'a  dt  Jnition  of  m  roe*  ii  that  tt  i*  half- 
way between  a  pace  and  a  trot."— Field.  Oct.  17.  IMS. 

rick  (7),  *.  fCt  IceL  reto  =  to  drive.  1  A 
track,  a  cart-rut. 

rick  (l),  •  racke.  ».  i  [O.  Out.  mcken  =  to 
stretch,  to  reach ;  racken  =  to  rack,  to  torture ; 
Icel.  rekja  =  to  stretch,  to  trace  ;  rekkjn  = 
to  strain  ;  Ger.  recken  =  to  stretch  ;  Dan. 
rcekke.  Rack  is  closely  connected  with  reach 
(q.  v.),  and  is  a  doublet  of  r^tch  (q.  v.).J 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

I.  Literally: 

•(1)  To  stretch,  to  strain. 

(2)  To  stretch  or  strain  on  the  ^Ack  ;  to  put 
to  the  rack  ;  to  torture  with  the  rack. 

"  He  WM  raffed  and  miserably  tormented,  to  the  in- 
tent he  ihoulii  either  change  his  opinion  or  confeme 
other  of  his  prof edsion."— fax :  Table  at  French  Mar- 
tun  Ian.  ISM  I. 

(3)  To  place  on  or  in  a  rack  or  frani". :  as, 
To  rack  bottles. 

8.  Figuratively: 

*  (1)  To  stretch,  to  heighten,  to  eiagger\^. 

"What  we  hare  we  prize  not  to  the  worth, 
Whiles  we  enioy  it :  but  being  lack'd  and  lost. 
Why.  then  we  rack  the  value?1 

Shakeio. :  Much  'do  About  JTrthiny.  iv.  L 

(2)  To  strain,  to  stretch,  to  worry,  to 
pti/.le  :  as,  To  rack  one's  brains. 

*  (3)  To  wrest,  to  distort,  to  strain,  to  pervert. 

" Racking  and  stretching!  Scripture  further  than  by 
Ckxl  WM  meant."—  Hooker-  Kcclet.  Polity. 

(4)  To  raise  to  the  highest  or  uttermost 
point :  as.  To  rack  rents. 

*(5)  To  harass  or  oppress  by  exacting  exces- 
sive rents.  (Drifden:  Hind  <t  Panther,  iii.  917.) 
•(6)  To  oppress  by  exaction  generally. 

" The  Commons  hast  thou  rarkrd." 

Shaktto. .  t  ffenrv  ft..  L  I 

"(7)  To  torture ;  to  affect  with  extreme  pain, 
torment,  or  anguish.  (Milton:  P.  R..  iii.  203.) 

II.  Mining :  To  wash  on  the  rack.  [RACK  (2), 
«.,  II.  4.i 

U  To  rack  a  tackle : 

ft'niit. :  To  hind  together  two  ropes  of  a 
tackle  to  retain  it  at  a  tension  and  prevent  the 
ropes  reeving  back  through  the  blocks. 

rack  (2),  v.i.  [RACK  (5),  ».'  To  fly,  as  vaponr 
or  light  floating  clouds.  (.Scott :  Rokeby,  i.  1.) 

rack  (3),  v.i.    [RACK  (7),*.] 

Manege :  To  go  at  a  racking  pace ;  to  amble 
quickly. 

"  He  did  not  to  orach  a*  radt.'— Fuller :  WortMet, 
tins. 

r&ck  (4),  v.t.  [O.  Fr.  raque,  vin  raipU  =  small 
or  coarse  wine  squeezed  from  the  dregs  of  the 
grapes,  already  drained  of  all  their  befit  moist- 
ure (Cotgrave).j  To  draw  off  from  the  lees  ;  to 
draw  nff,  as  pure  liquor,  from  its  sediment. 

"Suone  roll  their  cask  about  tbecellar  to  mix  it  with 
th»  Votn.  ind.  after  a  few  lays'  resettlement,  rack  it 
•ft"'— Mortimer:  Hutbundry. 

•r&ck  (5),  v.i.    [RECK.] 

•r&ck  (6),  v.t.  [A.3.  rteean.]  To  relate. 
[RECKON.] 

•rack'-er  (1),  ».    [Eng.  rack  (1),  v. ;  -«r.] 

1.  One  who  racks,  tortures,  or  torments. 

2.  One  who  harasses  or  oppresses  by  exac- 
tions. 

3.  One  who  wresta,  twists,  perverts,  or  dis- 
torts. 

"  These  rackert  of  Rcri  ptnres  are  by  St.  Peter  styled, 
mutable."— Hale* :  Golden  Remain*,  p.  11. 

rack'-er  (2),  «.  [Eng.  rack  (3),  v. ;  •«•.]  A 
horse  which  moves  at  a  racking  pace. 

"  As  to  pace,  a  racier  will  go  six  miles  an  hour."— 
Field.  Oct.  17.  1884. 

rack'-er  <3),  «.  [Eng-  rack  (4),  v. ;  -er.]  One 
who  racks  liquors,  as  wine,  ic. 

rack  -gt  (1),  «.  [Gael,  racaid  =  a  noise,  a  dis- 
turbance, from  roc  =  w,  make  a  nois*  like 
geese  or  ducks.  Ct  rackle.  ] 

1.  A  noise,  a  clamour,  a  din ;  a  confused 
clattering  noise. 

"  \Tnat  in  Infernal  racket  and  riot  1 " 

Long/ellott .  Oolden  Legend,  IT. 

2.  A  smart  stroke.    (Scotch.) 

H  (1)  To  be  (or  gn)  on  the  racket :  To  go  on 
the  loose ;  to  be  dissipated.  (Slang.) 

"  He  had  been  off  m  the  rvket,  perhaps  for  a  week 
at  a  time."— Aui/y  Telegraph,  NOT  It.  IMS. 


(2)  To  stand  the  racket :  To  take  the  conse- 
quences ;  to  be  responsible  ;  to  put  up  with. 

"  He  is  as  ready  as  myself  la  ttunj  the  racket  of  sub- 
sequent proceedings."—  Daily  Telegraph,  Sept  8,  1881. 

rack  -et  (2),  ra  quet,  *  rak-et,  «.     [Fr. 

raqnettr.,  from  S|>.  nujiteta  =  a  racket,  from 
Arab,  ralmt  —  the  palm  of  the  hand,  rah  =  the 
palm*.  Cf.  Fr.  paume  =  (1)  the  palin  of  the 
hand,  (2)  tennis.] 

L  The  instrument  with  which  players  at 
tennis  or  rackets  strike  the  ball ;  a  bat,  con- 
sisting of  an  elliptical  loop  formed  of  a  thin 
strip  of  wood,  across  which  net-work  of  oord 
or  gut  is  stretched,  and  to  which  a  handle  is 
attached. 

"  When  we  haTe  match 'd  our  rnckett  to  these  balls." 
Shaketp. :  Henry  I'.,  L  1 

2.  (PI.) :  A  game  of  ball ;  a  modern  variety  of 
the  old  game  of  tennis  (q.v.). 

3.  A  snow-shoe,  formed  of  cords  stretched 
across  a  long  and  narrow  frame  of  light  wood. 
(Used  in  Canada.) 

4.  A  broad,  wooden  shoe  or  patten  for  a 
horse,  to  enable  him  to  step  on  marshy  or 
wet  ground.    (Webster.) 

5.  Ornith.  :  A  spatule  (q.T.). 

racket-court,  *  racket  ground,   ». 

A  court  or  area  in  which  the  game  of  rackets 
is  played. 

"  The  area,  it  appeared  .  .  .  was  the  racket^round." 
—Dickeni :  Pickwick,  ch.  zU. 

rocket-tails,  s.  pi. 

^rnith.  :  The  genus  Stegamira  (q.v.),  so 
espied  because  the  tail  terminates  in  a  spatule. 

*  rack'-gt  (I),  v.i.    [RACKETd),*.]    To  knock 
about ;  to  frolic. 

"The  last  fortnight  or  three  weeks  I  have  racketed 
about  L'ke  other  people."— £  Carter:  Letten,  i.  82. 

«rack'-eCi(2),  v.t.    [RACKET  (2),  *.]    To  strike, 
as  with  a  racket ;  to  toss. 

"Thus,  like  a  tennis-ball,  is  poor  man  racketed  from 
one  teuiotatiou  to  another."— Hevyt :  Sine  Sermons, 
0.60. 

•  rac'-ket-er,    v    [Eng.  racket  (1),  v. ;  -er.} 
A  person  given  to  racketing  or  noisy  frolic ; 
a  gay  or  dissipated  person. 

"I  shall  be  a  raclster,  I  doubt."— Kichardton :  Sir 
C.  OrandiKm,  i.  117. 

«  rac'-kett,  »  rak'-.stgtt,  «.    [Etym.  doubt- 
ful.] 
Music: 

1.  An  obsolete  wind  Instrument 
of  the  double  bassoon  ki.'d,  having 
ventages,  but  no  keys.    It  was  not 
of  an  extended  compass,  being  in- 
capable of  producing  harmonics.   It 
was  a  double-reed  mstrumer.*,  the 
reed  being  at  the  end  of  a  tube 
through   which    the    player   b.ewf 
The  tone  was  nasal  and  produced 
with  difficulty.      The  rackett  w*s 
improved  by  Denner  at  the  begin    BACKrrr. 
iiing  of  the  last  century,  but  was 

not  able  to  hold  its  own  against  -he  then 
much  superior  bassoon. 

2.  An  organ  stbp  of  16  ft.  or  8  ft.  pitch. 

racket-?,  rick- -e"t-tjf,a.  [Eng.  racket  a), 
s- ;  -3/-1 

1.  Making    a    racket    or    noise ;     noUyj, 
clamorous. 

2.  Gay,  dissipated. 

"  The  unhappy  dispenser  of  jiollce  law  and  his 
rackety  son."— Daily  Telegraph,  Feb.  JO.  188* 

rack'-lng,  pr.  par.,  o.,  *».    [RACK  (4),  r.] 
A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  &  particip.  adv. :  (See 

the  verb). 
C.  As  subst. :   The  act  of  decanting  wine 

from  '-he  lees  in  a  cask,  after  fermentation  or 

filling. 
racking-can, «. 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  vessel  for  clearing  wine 
from  the  lees. 

2.  tletall. :  A  can  filled  with  sour  beer,  in 
which  wire  is  steeped  before  drawing. 

ra-co  -dl-um, ».    [ANTESSARIA  (2).] 

ra-coon , «.    [RACCOON.  ] 

ra-coon  -da,  *.    [Native  name.l    [Covrv.] 

Ra-co  -vt-an,  a.  Si  *.    [From  Kacovia,  the 
Latin  name  of  Racow,  a  town  of  Poland,  on  the 
Czarna.    It  was  built  in  1569.] 
A.  A*  adj. :  Of,  or  belonging  to  Rakow. 


B.  As  subst.  :  A  Socinian  belonging  to  Ra- 
cow, where  that  sect  had  a  celebrated  school 
or  college. 

Racovlan  catechism,  s. 

Theol.,  £c.  :  A  catechism  containing  a  popu- 
lar exposition  of  the  Socinian  <;iv  ed.  Properly 
speaking  there  were  two,  a  smaller  and  a  larger, 
both  published  in  Germany  by  Smalciu.s,  the 
former  in  1605,  the  latter  in  1608.  The  larger 
one  was  translated  into  English  iu  1062, 
probably  by  John  BiJdle. 

rac  -quet  (qu  as  k),  «.    [RACKET  (2X  *.] 

riic'-jf,  a.    [From  race  (2),  s.] 

1.  Strongly  flavoured  ;  tasting  of  the  sofl. 

"The  racy  Juice 

Strong  with  delicious  flavour,  striken  the  anise." 
fh,lifii:  Cerealia. 

2.  Having  a  strong  distinctive  character  ; 
spirited,  pungent,  piquant. 

"  Rich  roc*  verses  in  which  we 
The  soil,  from  which  they  come,  taste.  «mel).  and  se*).* 

Cotffley:  Aniwer  to  »  Copy  q/  IVrMS. 

•rad(D,prrf.  o/«.    [RIDE,*.] 

*  rad  (2),  *  red,  •  radde,  pret.  of  v.    [READ.  J 

r&d,s.    [Seedef.]    A  contract,  of  Radical  (q.v.). 
"They  say  the  Rads  are  going  to  throw  us  OTer."— 
B.  Diiraeli:  Coningiby. 

rad,    *  rade,   n.      [Icel.    hrceddr.]     Afraid, 
frightened.    (Scotch.) 
"  For  the  erle  ful  rade."    MS.  Lincoln,  A.  L  IT,  to.  Ul 

ra'-dau-ite  (an  as  6%),  *.  [After  Radao 
Valley,  Hartz,  where  found  :  sutr.  -ite  (Min.).] 
Min.  :  A  variety  of  La>)rartorite  (q.v.),  form- 
ing one  of  the  constituents  of  a  gabbro. 
Believed  hyBreithaupt  to  differ  from  ordinary 
Labradorite  in  its  chemical  composition. 

rad  -die  (1).  red  le,  rud  die,  v.t.    [Prob. 
a  corrupt,  of  hurdle  or  riddle.] 

1.  To  interweave,  to  intertwist,  to   wind 
together. 

2.  To  wrinkle. 

rad  -die  /2),  v.t.    [RADDLE  (2),  *.]     To  paint 
as  with  ruddle. 

"Ruddled  like  in  old  bell-wether."—  Thackeray: 
Newcamet.  ch.  xliii. 

rad'-dle  (3),  v.t.     [Etym.  doubtful.]     To  get 
over  work  in  a  slovenly,  careless  manner. 

rad'-dle  (1),  "  rad-el,  *.    [RADDLE,  ».] 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  A  branch  or  supple  piece  of  wood  inter- 
woven with  others  bt-tween  stakes  to  form  a 
fence  ;  also  a  piece  of  lath  or  similar  piece  of 
wood. 

"The  honses  of  the  Britons  were  allghtlle  let  Tp 
with  a  few  poets  and  many  radeU.'-Uolinihed: 
Detcript.  of  f>iy.,  bk.  ii..  ch.  ill. 

2.  A    hedge   formed  by  interweaving  the 
shoots  and  branches  of  trees   and    shrubs. 
(/Yor.) 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Metall.  :  The  same  as  RABBLE,  (2). 

2.  NaiU.  :   Interlacing  yarns  to  make  flat 
gasket. 

3.  Weav.  :  A  bar  with  upright  peps,  used  *f 
weavers  to  keep  the  threads  in  place  when 
winding  the  warp  on  to  the  beam. 

raddle-hedge,  ».    A  hedge  formed  by 
interweaving  the  branches  or  twigs  together. 

rad'-dle  (2),  *.    [RUDDLE.]    A  red  pigment 
used  for  marking  sheep. 

"A  yellow  cheek  behind  a  ruddle  at  rouge.'— 
Thackeray  :  Roundabout  Paper*.  No.  St. 


,  s.  [RUDDOCK.]  Hie  robin-redbreast. 

"The  raddock  would 
With  charitable  bill  bring  ihee  all  this." 

Skakeip.  :  Cymltelint,  iv.  A 

•rade,*.    [RAID.J 
•rade,  pret.  ofv.    (Rioi,  p.J 

•ra-deau  (eau  as  o),  «.  [Fr.,  from  Lat 
rates  =  a  boat,  a  raft]  A  number  of  pieces  of 
wood  bound  together  to  form  a  float;  a  raft 

*  radevorc,  «.    [Etym.  doubtful]    Tapestry. 

*  radte,  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.]    Some  kind  of 
wildfowl. 

"The  Rndae  it  next  unto  the  Teale  In  gnodnetM.*— 
fenner  :  I'ia  recta  ad  rUam  longam,  p.  M. 

ra'-dl  al,a.     rFr.,  fromLat  nufiui  =  a  radial 


fite,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire.  sir.  marine;  go,  pSt. 
•r,  wore,  W9lf,  work,  whd,  son;  mate.  cub.  cure,  unit*  «mr,  rule,  fall:  try,  SjfrUn.    ».  o>  =  e:  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


radially- radical 


3867 


I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Of,  or  pertaining  to  a  radius. 

2.  Resembling,  or  having   the   quality    or 
appearance  of  a  ray  or  radius ;   grouped  or 
appearing  like  radii  or  rays ;  shooting  out  as 
from  a  centre. 

"  Radiol.-irla,  «o  called  from  the  radial  arrangement 
of  their  laeudopodia."— Scribnert  Magazine,  June, 
1877,  j).  144. 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Anat.  :  Of,  or  belonging  to  the  radius  : 
•8,  the  radial  artery,  nerve,  and  vein. 

2.  Sot. :  Growing  on  the  circumference  of  a 
circle. 

radial-curves,  *.  pi. 

Geom. :  Curves  of  the  spiral  kind,  whose 
ordinates  all  terminate  in  the  centre  of  the 
int-1  u. ling  centre,  and  appear  like  so  many 
semi-diameters. 

radial-fibres,  s.  pi.  [M  ULLERIAN-FIBRES.  ] 
radial-symmetry, «. 

Compar.  A  not. :  The  arrangement  of  similar 
parts  round  a  central  axis.  Used  chiefly  of 
the  Ecliinodenns ;  !>ut  the  radial  symmetry 
is  often  more  apparent  than  real,  inasmuch  as 
in  very  many  a  medium  plane  can  I*  found, 
the  parts  on  each  side  of  which  are  disposed 
symmetrically  in  relation  to  that  plane,  and 
with  a  few  exceptions  the  embryo  leaves  the 
egg  asalii laterally  symmetrical  larva.  (Huxley: 
Comp.  Anat.  Invert.,  ch.  ix.) 

ra'-di-al-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  radial ;  -ly.]  In  a 
radial  manner  ;  like  radii  or  rays. 

"The  useudonodia  do  not  extend  straight  ont 
radially.  —  Hurilmer'i  Magazine,  June,  1877,  p.  100. 

ra-di-anje,  ra'-dl-an-gy,  s.  [Eng. 
rwlian(t);  -ce,  -cy.]  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  radiant ;  brightness  appearing  or  shoot- 
ing in  rays;  bright  or  brilliant  lustre ;  vivid 
brightness. 

"She  shin'd  in  an  attire 
That  cast  a  radinnce  p*»t  the  raj  of  fire." 

Chapman :  Homer ;  llymne  to  Vrnut. 

ra  di  ant,  *  ra  di  aunt,  *  ra  di  aunte, 
ra-dy-aunt,  a.  &  s.  (Lit.  radii  ins,  geuit 
rudiantis,  pr.  par.  of  radio  =  to  radiate  (q.v.); 
Fr.  radiant ;  Sp.  &  Ital.  radiante.] 

A.  As  adjective: 

I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Radiating  ;  proceeding  in  the  form  of  or 
resembling  rays ;  giving  out  rays ;  radiated, 
radiate. 

2.  Darting,  shooting,  or  emitting  rays  of 
light  or  heat ;  sparkling  with  l>eams  of  light ; 
shining  ;  vividly  bright  or  sparkling. 

"  From  his  radiant  teat  he  rose." 

Mittrm :  P.  L .  x.  M. 

3.  Exhibiting  a  high  de- 
gree of  pleasure  or  satis- 
faction ;  beaming:  as,  a 
radiant  countenance. 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Sot. :  Diverging  from 
•   common    centre,    like 
rays. 

2.  Her. :  An  epithet  ap- 
plied to  any  ordinary  or  RADIANT. 
charge,  when  it  is  repre- 
sented edged  with  rays  or  beams  ;  rayonnant ; 
ray">nnee. 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  Astron. :  The  point  In  the  heavens  from 
which  a  star-shower  seems  to  proceed. 

"There  was  n  family  likeness  about  all  meteors 
coming  from  the  same  radiant." — Athenaeum,  Dec.  20, 
1881. 

2.  Geom. :  A  straight  line  proceeding  from  a 
given  point  or  hxe.l  pole,  about  which  it  is 
conceived  to  revolve. 

3.  Optics  :  The  luminous  body  or  point  from 
which  rays  of  light  falling  on  a  lens  or  mirror 
diverge. 

radiant-flower,  s. 

Bot. :  A  compound  flower  in  which  the 
florets  of  the  disc  are  long  and  spreading  and 
unlike  those  of  the  ray. 

radiant-heat,  s. 

Physics :  Heat  radiating  from  a  heated  body 
as  distinguished  from  that  transmitted  by 
intervening  media. 

radiant-point,  s.    [RADIANT,  B.  1.] 

radiant-stigma, ». 

Bot. :  A  stigma  having  divisions  resembling 
the  rays  of  a  star. 


ra'-dl-ant-ly,  *  ra-di-ant-lie,  adv.  [Eng. 
radiant;  -ly.]  In  a  radiant  manner;  with 
radiance  or  beaming  brightness  ;  with  glitter- 
ing lustre  or  splendour. 

"  A  certaine  vessell  .  .  so  radiantlie  wrought. "— 
Fax :  Uartyrt.  (an.  W7). 

*  ra-di-ar'-i-a,  *.  pi.    [RADIUS.] 

Zoology  : 

1.  A  group  of  Invertebrata,  containing  the 
Echinodermata  and  Medusa.  (Lamarck.) 
.  2.  A  sub-province  of  Invertebrata,  con- 
taining the  Echinodermata,  Bryoaoa,  An- 
thozoa,  Acalephae,  and  Hydrozoa,  (Owen: 
Anat.  Invert,  (ed.  2nd),  p.  16.) 

ra'-dl-ar-$r,   s.     [Lat    radius  =  a   radius 
(q.v.).]  "One  of  the  Radiata  (q.v.). 

ra-dl-a'-ta,  *.  pi    [Lat  neut.  pi.  of  radiatus, 
pa.  par.  of  radio  =  to  radiate  (q.v.).] 

Zool. :  A  term  introduced  by  Cuvier,  in  1812, 
for  the  lowest  of  his  great  groups  or  em- 
bra*chements.  He  described  them  as  having 
radial,  instead  of  bilateral,  symmetry,  appa- 
rently destitute  of  nervous  system  and  sense 
organs,  having  the  circulatory  system  rudi- 
mentary or  absent,  and  respiratory  organs  on 
or  co-extensive  with  the  surface  of  the  body  ; 
and  included  the  Ecliinodennata,  Acalepha, 
Entozoa,  Polypi,  and  Infusoria.  Wider  know- 
ledge led  to  the  narrowing  of  the  limits  of 
this  group,  and  though  Agassiz  (Classification, 
p.  294)  pleaded  for  its  retention  (with  the 
three  classes  of  Polypi,  Acalepliw,  and  the 
Echinoderms),  Huxley's  Lectures  on  Compara- 
tive Anatomy  finally  broke  up  what  he  called 
the  "radiate  mob"  (p.  86),  and  distributed  its 
constituents  among  the  Echinodermata,  Poly- 
zoa,  Vermes,  Coeleuterata,  anu  Protozoa. 

ra'-dl-ate,  v.i.  &  t.    [Lat.  radiatus,  pa.  par.  of 
radio  =  to  s!io»t  out  rays  ;  radius  =  a  ray  ; 
Ital.  radiare;  Sp.  radiar.]    [RADIOS,  RAY.] 
A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  emit  rays  or  beams ;  to  be  radiant ;  to 
shine,  to  sparkle. 

"  Virtues  .  .  .  radiate  like  the  sun  at  noon." 

HoweU  :  Pref.  to  Herbert  t  Htnry  rill. 

2.  To  issue  and  proceed  in  rays  or  straight 
lines  from  a  jmiut  or  surface,  as  heat  or  light. 

"Light  radintet  from  luminous  nodiu  directly  to 
our  eyes."—  Locke :  A'at.  PhU'U. ,  ch.  xi. 

*3.  To  issue  or  proceed,  as  from  a  central 
point  (Tennyson :  In  Memoriam,  Ixxxviii.  5.) 

*B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  emit  or  S3nd  out,  as  rays,  in  a  direct 
line  from  a  point  or  surface. 

*  2.  To  enlighten,  to  illuminate,  to  irradiate ; 
to  shed  light  or  brightness  on. 

ra'-di-ate,  a.  &  s.  [Lat  radiatus ;  Ital.  ra- 
diato ;  "Sp.  raduulo.]  [RADIATE,  *.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  Having  rays  or  lines  pro- 
ceeding from  or  as  from  a  centre ;  adorned 
with  rays  ;  radiated. 

IL  Technically: 

I.  Bot. :  Diverging  from  a  common  centre. 
[RADIANT.] 

'2.  Min.:  Having  crystals  or  fibres  diverging 
as  from  a  centre. 

*  3.  Zool. :  Having  the  organs  of  circulation 
and  sensation  arranged  circulaily  around  a 
common  centre. 

*  B.  As  substantive : 

Zool. :  A  member  of  the  division  Radiata, 

ra'-dl-at-ed,  a.  [RADIATE,  a.]  Adorned 
with  rays  or  radiations  ;  rayed,  radiate. 

radiated  iron-pyrites,  s.  pi.    [MAR- 

CASITE.J 

radiated -ligament,  s.  The  anterior 
costocentral  ligament  of  the  ribs. 

radlated-tortolse,  s. 

Zool. :  Testudo  radiata,  from  Madagascar. 

ra'-di  ate-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  radiate  ;  -ly.]  In  a 
radiate'  manner  ;  with  rays  or  radiations  from 
the  centre. 

ra  -di-at-Ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [RADIATE,  p.] 

Botany  : 

L  Diverging  from  a  common  centre  or  from 
the  circumference  of  a  circle.  Spec.,  of  an 
exogenous  leaf,  having  several  ribs  radiating 
from  the  base  to  the  circumference,  as  a  lobed 
leaf. 


2.  Forming  apparent  rays  in  the  circum- 
ference of  a  circle,  as  the  outer  florets  of  uiauy 
umbellifers. 

ra -di-at-lhg-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  radiating;  -ly.} 
In  a  radiating  manner ;  with  radiations ;  radl- 
ately. 

ra-dl- a'-tion,  s.   [Fr.,  from  Lat.  radiationem. 
accus.  of  mdiatio,  from  radiatus,  pa.  par.  of 
radio  =  to  radiate  (q.v.) ;  Sp.  radiation  ;  ItaL 
radiazione.} 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  The  act  of  radiating;  the  state  of  being 
radiated  ;  the  emission  and  diffusion  of  r.iys. 

"  We  make  demonstrations  of  all  lights,  nml  ru<&>- 
tiont,  and  of  all  colours."— Bitcon  :  Jfeu>  AUautit.  i>  Si. 

2.  Emission  and  diffusion  from  a  central 
point  in  every  direction. 

"  So  it  | sound]  paralleMh  In  so  many  other  thing* 
with  the  sight,  and  mutation  of  tUiugs  invisible."— 
Bacon .  Hat.  Bitt ,  |  US. 

IL  Physics :  The  transmission  of  heat,  light, 
«r  actinic  power  (hence  known  as  forms  of 
"radiant  energy"),  from  one  Ixidy  to  another 
without  raising  the  temperature  of  the  inter- 
vening medium.  It  takes  place  in  all  direc- 
tions around  a  body.  In  a  homogeneous 
medium  it  takes  place  in  straight  lines.  Radi- 
ation proceeds  in  vacua  as  well  as  through 
air.  Its  intensity  is  proportioned  to  the 
temperature  of  the  source,  and  it  diminishes 
according  to  the  obliquity  of  the  rays  with 
respect  to  the  radiant,  surface,  and  the  radi- 
ating or  emissive  power  of  a  body,  or  it* 
capability  of  emitting  at  the  same  tempera- 
ture, and  with  the  same  extent  of  surface, 
greater  or  less  quantities  of  heat  The  energy 
received  from  a  radiating  body  is  inversely 
proportional  to  the  square  of  the  distance; 
and  the  radiation  of  a  body  is  exactly  pi  opor- 
tional  to  its  absorbing  power.  If  the  radi- 
ating power  of  lampblack  be  reckoned  at  100, 
that  of  platinum  foil  is  10*80;  copper  foil,  4-90; 
gold  leaf,  4*28,  and  pure  laminated  silver  3'SO. 

U  Solar  radiation  is  the  radiation  from  the 
sun  ;  terrestrial  radiation  that  from  the  earth 
into  space. 

ra  -dl-a-tive,  a.  [Eng.  mdiatfe);  -it*.] 
Radiating;  having  the  quality  or  pro|>erty  of 
radiation  ;  having  a  tendency  to  radiate. 

ra'-di-a-tdr,  ».  [Eng.  radiat(e);  -or.]  That 
which  radiates;  a  body  or  substance  from 
which  rays  radiate ;  specif.,  •chamber  ordinal 

in  an  apartment,  heated  by  steam  or  hot  air, 
and  radiating  warmth  into  the  apartment 

rad  -I-caL  *  rad'-i-calL  a.  &  *.    [Fr  radi- 
cal, fruui  Lat  radix  (gen  it.  ra<fi'cis)  =  a  root; 
Sp.  &  Port,  radical ;  ItaL  ratiicaU.]    [RADIX.] 
A.  As  adjective  : 
L  Ordinary  Language : 
*1.  Pertaining  to  or  proceeding  from  the  root 

"The  more  you  take  away  of  her  rankeaud  sneer- 
fluous  wood,  the  better  will  sh?  eui ploy  the  radicall 
i*v.--P  Holland:  Plinie,  bk.  \  vii..  ch.  xUi. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  root  or  origin  :  funda- 
mental, original ;  going  to  the  root  or  origin  ; 
thorough-going,  extreme  :  as,  a  radical  truth, 
a  radical  difference. 

3.  Implanted  by  nature;  natural,  native, 
innate,  constitutional. 

"Are  radical  diseases  so  suddenly  removed?"— 
Dryden  :  .£nea.  (IX  J.) 

4.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  3. 
IL  Technically : 

1.  Bot. :  Arising  from  the  root  or  from  its 
crown. 

2.  Philol.  •    Belonging    to    or    proceeding 
directly  from  a  root ;  of  the  nature  or  char- 
acter  of  a   root ;    original,  primitive ;   not 
derived. 

"  A  subordinate  part,  indicating  some  modification 
or  relation  of  a  radical  idea."—  Wkitney.  Lift  *  (Jroifth 
qjf  Language,  ch.  x. 

3.  Politics:  Pertaining  to,  or  characteristic 
of thepolitical party kuownasRadicals.   [B.4.] 

B.  As  substantive: 

1.  Chem. :  A  group  of  elements  common  to  a 
more  or  less  numerous  series  of  allied  com- 
pounds,   and    unaffected    by   the    processes 
whereby  these  compounds  are  transformed 
one  into  another,  e.g..  Ethyl (C21IS),  the  radical 
of  common  alcohol  (CjHjHU). 

2.  Math. :  An  indicated  root  of  an  imperfect 
power  of  the  degree  indicated.     Radicals  are 
divided  into  orders  according  to  the  degree  of 
the  root  indicated  :  thus,  an  indicated  square 
root  of  an  imperfect  square  is  a  radical  of  the 
second  degree,  and  so  on. 


boll,  boy;  pint,  joltrl;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-elan,  -tlan  -  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -jlon  =  zhuu.    -clous,  -tlous,  -sious  -  shus.   -ble,  -die,  ic.  =  bel,  del, 


3808 


radicalism— radish 


8.  Philology: 

(1)  A  radix,  root,  or  simple  underived,  un- 
compounded  word.    [Roor,  *.] 

(2)  A  letter  which  belongs  to  the  root ;  a 
primitive  letter. 

4.  Eng.  Pol.:  An  ultra-liberal,  verging  on 
Republicanism  ;  one  of  that  party  in  the  state 
which  desires  to  carry  out  a  radical  reform  of 
the  constitution,  and  to  give  greater  power  to 
the  democracy.  The  term  was  first  applied 
as  a  party  name  in  1818  to  Henry  Hunt, 
Major  Cartwright,  and  others  of  the  same 
party,  who  wished  to  introduce  radical  reforms 
in  the  representative  system,  and  not  merely 
to  disfranchise  and  enfranchise  a  borough  or 
two.  Nut  used  politically  in  the  United  States. 

radical  bass,  s. 

Music :  The  fundamental  bass,  ground  note, 
or  root  of  a  chord. 

radical-leaf;  s. 

Bot.  :  A  leaf  on  the  lower  part  of  the  stem, 
Close  to  the  ground. 

radical-peduncle,  *.     [PEDDNCLB,  f .] 

radical-pitch,  s.  The  pitch  or  tone  with 
which  the  utterance  of  a  syllable  begins. 

radical-quantities,  ».  j>L 

Math.  :  Quantities  whose  roots  may  b» 
accurately  expressed  in  numbers.  The  term 
is  sometimes  extended  to  all  quantities  under 
the  radical  sign. 

radical-sign, ». 

Math. :  The  sign  v/  (in  real  ity  a  modified  form 
of  R,  the  initial  letter  of  Lat.  rad ix  =  root), 
written  over  a  quantity,  and  denoting  that  its 
root  is  to  be  extracted.  The  degree  of  the 
root  is  indicated  by  a  figure  written  over  the 
sign,  and  called  the  index.  Thus,  the  ex- 
pression £/64  indicates  that  the  cube  root  of 
64  is  to  be  extracted,  and  3  is  the  index  of  the 
radical.  In  the  case  of  the  square  root,  the 
index  numiier  u  generally  omitted,  and  the 
•ign  only  written. 

radical-Stress,  ».  The  force  of  utter- 
ance falling  on  the  initial  part  of  a  syllable  or 
word. 

•rad'-I-cal-Ism,  *.  [Eng.  radical;  -ism.]  The 
principles  of  the  Radicals;  the  doctrine  or 
principle  of  making  a  ra  Heal  reform  of  go- 
vernment or  other  existing  institutions,  by 
uprooting  all  real  or  supposed  abuses  con- 
nected therewith. 

"  Maintaining  the  hollow  truce  between  Wbiggery 
•ad  Radicalum.'—  Wccklf  Echu,  Se^t.  5.  1985. 

•rad-I-e&r-M&t.    [Eng.  radical;  -ity.] 

L  Origination 

"The  radi'-alirit  and  power  of  different  form*."— 
Bnvnt:  t'ulg  f' Krmuri.  bit.  iii.,  ch.  xvii. 

2.  The  quality  or  -^tate  of  being  radical ; 
relation  to  a  roo  i  essential  nature  or 
principle. 

•r&d'-i-cal-iz?,  ».«.  [Eni.  radical;  -ite.] 
To  convert  or  turn  to  Radicalism. 

"Arttai:-.  nn-1  <«ax.inta  of  the  shire*.  Liberal  by 
tradition  c.-  /;•<  timlited  by  the  efforts  of  N'oncon- 
furiuut  minister*, ~— Daily  Telegraph,  Oct.  12.  1)35. 

rad'-i-cal-iy,  adv.    [Eng.  radical ;  -ly.] 

»1.  Primitivly,  originally,  essentially; 
Trithout  derivation. 

2.  As  regards  root  or  origin. 

"Tbo*  the  word  be  radically  derived  from  the  Dutch 
word."— Botftll :  Letteri,  bk.  1,  f  «,  let.  55. 

3.  In  a  radical  manner  or  degree ;  funda- 
mentally, essentially. 

"Yet  they  were  radically  distinct,  and  even  oppo- 
site In  their  characteristics."— AlHenaum,  Dec.  10, 1884. 

r&d -I-cal-ness,  *.  [Eng.  radical;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  radical  or  funda- 
mental. 

r&d' -I -cant,  a.  [Lat.  radicans,  pr.  par.  of 
radicor  =  to  take  root.] 

Bot. :  Producing  roots  from  the  stem ;  taking 
root  on  or  above  the  ground. 

•  rad'-I-cate,  v.t.  ft  i.    [RADICATE,  a.) 

A.  Trans. :  To  canse  to  take  root ;  to  root ; 
to  plant  deeply  and  firmly.    (Lit.  <tfig.) 

"Time  should  n  ther  confirm  and  radical*  in  ni  the 
remembrance  of  Ood'«  goodliest."— Barrow :  Sermoni, 
voL  i..  ser.  S. 

B.  Intrant.  :  To  take  root. 

"  For  evergreens,  especially  s>ieh  as  are  tender, 
prune  them  not  after  planting  till  they  do  radical*."— 


rad'-l-cate,  rad'-I-cat-ed,  a.    [Lat.  rcwZi- 

catus,    pa.    par.    of  radicor  =  to  take   root ; 
radix,  genit.  radicis  —  a  root.] 

*L  Ord.  Lang. :  Deeply  or  firmly  rooted  or 
planted  ,  firmly  established. 

"When   it  [rancour)  U  fermely  radicate.'— Boll  : 
Senry  If.  (an.  17). 

IL  Technically: 

*  1.  Bot.  :  Having  taken  root ;  rooted. 
Used  of  a  stem,  &c 

2.  Zool.  (Of  a  shell) :  Affixed  by  one  valve  or 
a  byssus  to  a  rock,  another  shell,  &c. 

rad   I  cat-Ing,  a.    [RADICATE,  v.] 
Bot. :  The  same  as  RADICANT  (q.v.). 

rad  i-ca'-tion,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  radicatus, 
pa.  par.  of  radicor  =  to  take  root ;  Sp.  rodi- 
caclvn ;  Ital.  radicazione.]  [RADICATE,  o.) 

*1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Tlie  process  or  act  of 
taking  root  deeply  and  firmly. 

2.  Bot.  :  The  disposition  of  the  root  of  a 
plant,  with  respect  to  the  ascending  and 
descending  caudex. 

rad  -i-gel,  «.    [RADICELLA.] 

•  rad-I-cel'-la,  *  rad'-J-fel,  «.   [Mod.  Lat. 
radicella,  diiuiu   from  radix.} 
Bot. :  A  very  small  root. 


j  a.  [Lat.  radix,  genit.  radictt 
"=  a  root,  and  forma  =  form,  appearance.]  Of 
the  nature  or  form  of  a  root. 

rad'-i-Cle,  s.  [Fr.  radicule,  from  Lat  radi- 
cula,  dimin.  of  radix,  genit.  radicis  =  a  root ; 
Ital.  radicula.] 

L  Bot. :  The  minute  root  of  an  embryo  plant. 

2.  Chen.. :  The  same  as  RADICAL,  1.  (q.v.). 

rad'-I-COSe,  a.  [Lat.  ra^icosus,  from  radix, 
genit.  ratli:ii  —  a  root.]  Having  a  large  root. 

ra-dlc'-U-lar,  a.     [Eng.  radicule);  -ar.] 

Bot. :  Of,  or  pertaining  to  the  radicule. 
(Balfour:  Outlines  of  Botany,  p.  267.) 

rad-i-cnle,  «.    [Fr.] 

Bot. :  The  same  as  RADICLE,  1.  (q.v.). 

ra-dl-o-,  prtf.    [Lat.  radius.] 

1.  Anat. :  Pertaining  to,  or  connected  with 
the  radius  (q.v.). 

2.  Zool. :  Radiate. 
radio-carpal,  a. 

Anat. :  Of,  or  belonging  to  the  radius  and 
to  the  carpus:  as,  the  radio-carpal  articula- 
tion. 

radlo-flagellata,  s.  pi. 
Zo^l. :  An  order  of  Infusoria,  instituted  by 
Saville  Kent,  with  two  families,  Actinomonad- 
idse  and  Enchitnnidse.      He  described  them 
.    (.Wan.  Infus.,  i.  2'J5)  as  "animalcules  emitting 
numerous   ray- like    pseudopodia,    after  the 
manner  of  the  Radiolaria,  and  provided  at,  the 
same  time  with  one  or  more  flagellate  appen- 
dages ;    no   distinct   oral   aperture.    Mostly 
marine." 

radio  muscular,  a. 

Anat. :  A  term  applied  (1)  to  the  branches 
•ent  off  by  the  radial  artery  in  the  first  part 
of  its  course  to  the  muscles  of  the  fore  arm  ; 
(2)  to  the  filaments  emitted  in  the  same  direc- 
tion by  the  radial  nerve. 

radio  ulnar,  a. 

Anat. :  Of,  or  belonging  to  the  radius  and 
to  the  ulna :  as,  the  radio -ulnar  articulations. 

ra'dl  Digraph,  •.  SameasSKiAORAPH(q.v.). 

ra  dl  6  la,  t.  [Lat.  radinlui  =  dimin.  from 
radius  =.  a*  ray.  Named  from  the  radiatory 
branches.] 

Bot.  .-All-seed, Flax-seed;  agenusofLinaceae. 
Sepals  four,  two-  to  four-toothed  ;  petals  four, 
fugacious ;  stamens  four.  One  species,  Radiola 
Millegrana,  an  annual  herb,  with  filiform 
branches,  opposite  leaves,  and  corymbose 
cymes  of  minute  flowers. 

ra  dl  d  lar'-I-a,  a.  pL  [Mod.  Lat.,  from 
radiola  (q.v.).] 

1.  Zool. :  According  to  E.  Ray  Lankester,  . 
class  of  Protozoa,  consisting  of  Gymnomyxa 
in  which  the  protoplasmic  body  of  the  domi- 
nant amceba  phase  has  the  form  of  a  sphere 
or  cone  (from  the  surface  of  which  radiate 
filamentous  pseudopodia,  occasionally  anasto- 


mosing),  and  encloses  a  s  herical  or  cone- 
shaped  perforated  shull  of  membranous  con- 
sistence, known  as  the  central  capsule,  and 
probaUly  homologous  with  the  perforated 
shell  of  a  Gloliigerina.  He  divides  the  class 
into  two  sub-classes :  Silico-skeleta  and  Aean- 
tliino-skeleta.  They  are  the  Polycistina  of 
Ehrenberg. 

2.  PaUeont. :  From  the  Trias  onward.  The 
Barbadoes  earth,  a  deposit  of  sandstones  and 
marls,  is  principally  composed  of  the  silice- 
ous skeletons  of  Radiolaria. 

ra-dl-o-lar'-i-an,  s.  &  a.    [RADIOLARIA.] 

A.  As  subst. :  Any  individual  of  the  Radio- 
laria (q.v.X 

B.  As  adj. :  Belonging  to,  connected  with, 
or  characteristic  of  the  Radiolaria, 

radiolarian  ooze,  s. 

Vat.  Science :  (See  extract). 

"On  the  23rd  of  March.  187.'..  in  the  Pacific.  In  lat. 
11*  44'  N.,  long.  143"  16'  E.,  between  the  Caroline  and 
the  Ladrone  group*,  we  aounJed  in  4.575  fathoms. 
The  bottom  was  such  as  would  naturally  have  tieeo 
marked  on  the  chart  f  rum  its  general  appearance  '  red 
clay:'  it  was  a  fine  deposit,  reddish-brown  in  colour, 
and  it  contained  scarcely  a  trace  of  lime.  It  was  some- 
what different,  however,  from  ordinary  'red  clay'— 
more  gritty  ;  and  the  lower  part  of  the  contents  of 
the  sounding-tube  seemed  to  have  been  compacted 
into  a  somewhat  coherent  cake,  as  if  already  a  stage 
towards  hardening  into  stone.  When  placed  under 
the  microscope,  it  was  found  to  contain  so  lar  c  a 
proportion  of  the  tests  of  radiolarians  that  Mr.  Mur- 
ray proposed  for  it  the  name  radio/a rian-ooz*."— 
Thornton :  Voyage  of  Challenger,  \.  230.  23L 

ra'-dl-O-llte,  s.    [Eng.  md^us);  o  connect, 
and  Or.  Ai'flos  (lithos)  —  a  stone.) 

Min. :  A  form  of  Bcrgmannite  (q.v.),  found 
in  radiated  masses  and  nodules  at  Eckenord, 
Norway. 

ra-di  6  li'-tes,  «.    [RADIOLITB.] 

PdUeont. :  A  genus  of  Hippuritidae.  Shell 
inversely  conical,  biconic,  or  cylindrical ;  the 
valves  dissimilar,  the  lower  one  with  a  thick 
outer  layer,  often  foliaceous ;  the  upper  flat, 
or  conical,  with  a  central  umbo  ;  teeth  angular. 
Species,  forty-two;  from  the  Neocomian  to 
the  Chalk.  From  Britain,  France,  Egypt,  &c. 

ra-di-6m'-e-ter,  s.     [Lat.   radius  =  a  ray, 
and  Eng.  meter  (q.v.).] 

1.  An  instrument  for  taking  the  altitudes  of 
the  celestial  bodies. 

2.  An  instrument  invented  by  Crookes  for 
measuring  the  mechanical   effect  of  radiant 
energy,  and  exhibited  by  him  at  the  Royal 
Society,  April  7,   1875.     It  resem- 
bles a  miniature  anemometer,  and 

is  made  to  revolve  by  the  action 
of  light.  The  cups  of  the  anemo- 
meter are  replaced  by  discs,  co- 
loured white  on  one  side  and  black 
on  the  other,  and  the  instrument 
is  inclosed  in  a  glass  globe  from 
which  air  has  been  exhausted,  so 
that  no  heat  is  transmitted.  When 
the  discs  are  exposed  to  light, 
revolution  begins  Immediately, and 
its  speed  is  governed  by  the  inten- 
sity of  the  light.  Two  candles  pro- 
duce twice  the  effect  of  one,  and 
the  flame  of  magnesium  wire  makes 
the  discs  spin  round  with  great  rapidity. 

*  ra  -dl-otis,  a.    [Lat.  radiosus,  from  radiui 
=  a  ray.] 

1.  Consisting  of  rays,  as  light. 

2.  Bright,  radiant. 

"  His  radima  head  with  shameful  thorns  they  tear. 
Fletcher :  Chrltft  Triumph  over  DeatM. 

rad'-foV  rad  ishe,  *  rad  dish/  rad  ik, 

s.  [Fr.  radis,  from  Prov.  raditz,  from  Lat. 
radicem,  accus.  of  ratlix  =  a  root ;  Dut.  radijs^ 
8w.  rddisa,  rattika:  IceL  rodite ;  Dan.  raditt, 
raddike;  Ger.  radies.] 

Bot. :  Raphanus  satirnu,  the  Garden-radish. 
It  was  cultivated  in  ancient  times  in  India, 
whence  it  found  its  way  to  Europe,  reaching 
England  in  1548.  It  is  planted  for  ite  root, 
which  is  eaten  as  a  salad  when  the  plant  is 
young.  It  may  be  either  fusiform  or  nearly 
round,  and  of  a  reddish-purple,  yellowish,  or 
white  colour.  It  is  stimulating  and  acrid. 
Its  nitrous  juice  is  antiscorbutic.  (RAPHANUS.] 
"  Spare  feast !  a  radii*  and  an  egg." 

Co»f«r :  Rut,  IT.  in. 

radish-oil,  s. 

Chem. :  An  oil  obtained  by  distilling  the 
roots  and  seeds  of  the  radish  with  water.  It 
is  colourless,  slightly  soluble  in  water,  and 
forms  a  white  precipitate  with  mercuric 
chloride. 


fate,  fat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pit, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  sou ;  mate,  cub.  cure,  unite,  oar,  ralo,  fall;  try,  Syrian.    »,  ce  -  e ;  ejr  =  a;  au  =  lew. 


ra'-di-na  (pi.  ra'-di  -i,  ra  -di-us-es),  s. 
[Lat.  =  a  ray,  a  rod,  a  spoke.]  (RAY  (!),«.] 

1.  Anat.  :  The  outer  of  the  two  bones  of  the 
forearm.     It  extends  from  the  humerus  to  the 
carpus,  and  articulates  with  the  humerus,  the 
ulna,  the  scaphoid,  and  the  semilunar  bones. 

2.  Bot.  (PI.) :  The  peduncles  supporting  the 
partial  umbels  in  an  umbellifer. 

3.  Fort. :  A  line  drawn  from  the  centre  of 
the  polygon  to  the  end  of  the  outer  side. 

4.  Geom. :  The  distance  from  the  centre  of  a 
circle  to  any  point  of  the  circumference.     All 
radii  of  the  sume  circle,  or  of  equal  circles,  are 
equal.     The  radius  of  a  sphere  is  half  a  dia- 
meter, or  it  is  the  distance  from  the  centre  to 
any  point  of  the  surface.     In  the  same,  or 
equal  spheres,  all  radii  are  equal.     In  trigono- 
metry the  radius  is  the  whole  sine,  or  sine  of 
80°. 

If  Radius  of  curvature  of  a  curve  at  any 
point :  The  radius  of  the  osculatory  circle  at 
that  point.  It  is  so  called  because  its  recip- 
rocal is  taken  as  the  measure  of  the  curvature 
at  tli"  point. 

radius-bar,  radios-rod,  a. 

Steam-enyine :  One  of  the  guiding-rods  in  a 
parallel  motion,  jointed  to  the  connecting- 
links,  to  counteract  the  vibratory  motion 
communicated  by  the  beam,  by  guiding  the 
links  so  that  the  head  of  the  piston-rod  may 
reciprocate  in  a  line  sensibly  straight. 

radius  vector  (pi.  radii  vectores),  s. 

1.  Astron. :  An  imaginary  line  joining  the 
centre  of  a  heavenly  body  to  that  of  any 
second  one  revolving  around  it     Used  of  the 
sun  and  any  planet,  of  any  planet  and  its 
satellites,  &c. 

2.  Geom.  :  A  straight  line,  or  the  length  of 
such  line,  connecting  any  point,  as  of  a  curve, 
with  a  fixed  point  or  pole,  round  which  it 
revolves,  and  to  which  it  serves  to  refer  the 
successive  points  of  a  curve  in  a  system  of 
polar  co-ordinates. 

ra'-dix,  «.  '  (Lat.  =  a  root] 

*  L  Alg. :  The  root  of  a  finite  expression 
from  which  a  series  is  derived. 

2.  Anat. :  The  root  or  portion  of  anything 
inserted  into  another,  as  the  root  of  a  tooth ; 
the  insertion  of  a  nerve  or  its  branches. 

3.  Bot. :  The  root  of  any  plant. 

4.  Pharm. :  The  root  of  a  medicinal  plant, 
as  Rhei  radix  —  Rhubarb  root 

5.  Math.  :  Any  number  which  is  arbitrarily 
made  the  fundamental  number  or  base  of  any 
system.    Thus  10  is  the  radix  of  the  decimal 
system  of  numeration,  and  also  in  Briggs'  or 
the  common  system  of  logarithms.  In  Napier's 
system  of  logarithms  it  is  2-7182818284.     All 
other  numbers  are  considered  as  some  powers 
or  roots  of  the  radix,  the  exponents  of  which 
powers  or  roots  constitute  the  logarithms  of 
those  numbers  respectively.    [LOGARITHM.] 

6.  Philol. :  A  primitive  word  from  which 
other  words  spring  ;  a  root,  a  radical. 

*  rad  ness.  *  rad  nesse,  s.  [Eng.  rod,  a. ; 
•ness.]  Terror,  fright.  (Atorte  Arthure,  120.) 

ra-doub,  *.    [Fr.] 

Mercantile  Law :  The  repairs  made  to  a  ship, 
and  a  fresh  supply  of  furniture  and  victuals, 
munitions,  and  other  provisions  required  for 
a  voyage. 

rad  -u-la,  ».    [Lat  =  a  scraper.] 

1.  Camp.  Anat. :  A  term  sometimes  applied 
to  the  odontophore  itself,  but  properly  con- 
fined to  that  portion  which  is  armed  with 
tooth-like  processes. 

2.  Bot. :  A  genus  of  Jungermaniese.    One, 
Kiulula  complanata,  is  British.     It  is  common 
U|H)II  the  trunks  of  trees,  covering  them  with 
pile  green  patches  close  to  the  bark. 

ra  du-ll  form,  a.  [Lat.  radula  (q.v.),  and 
)or»ia  =  form.] 

Zool.,  <tc. :  Shaped  like  a  rasp :  as,  radulv- 
form  teeth. 

rae,  ».    [ROE(I).] 

"raff,  *  raffe,  v.t.  [O.  Fr  rafer,  ro/«r  =  to 
snatch,  to  seize,  from  Oer.  ra/en  =to  sweep, 
to  snatch  ;  cogn.  with  Icel.  hrapa  =  to  hurry.] 
[RAFFLE,  s.]  To  sweep,  draw,  or  huddle  to- 
gether, hastily  or  without  distinction  ;  to  col- 
lect promiscuously. 

"  Their  causes  and  effect*,  which  I  thui  raft  up  to- 
feth.r.'— Carmt:  aunty  of  Cornwall,  to.  «». 


radius— raft 

•  raft;  »  raf,  •  raffe, «.    [RAFF,  ».] 

1.  A   promiscuous  heap   or   collection;  a 
jumble. 

"  To  settle  a  raff  of  errours  ud  superstitious.'  — 
Barrow .  Unity  of  the  Church. 

2.  Lumber,  sweepings,  refuse. 

3.  Hence,  a  person  of  worthless  character  ; 
the  rabble;  the  scum  or  refuse  of  society. 
(Used  only  or  chiefly  in  the  reduplicated  form 
riff-raff.) 

"  Maken  of  the  rrm  and  raff 
Suche  gyloura  for  pompe  and  pride." 

Mapei :  Appendix,  p.  MQ. 

4.  Plunder. 

"  Ilk  a  manne  agayne  his  gad  he  gaffe. 
That  he  had  Uue  with  ryfe  and  raffe." 

MS.  Lincoln,  A.T  17,  to.  14*. 

raff-merchant,  ».    A  lumber  merchant. 

Raf  -fa-elle,  s.  [For  ety m.  and  def.  see'  com- 
pound.] 

Raflaelle-ware,  s.  A  fine  kind  of  Majo- 
lica ware,  which  took  its  name  from  the  sup- 
position that  the  designs  were  painted  by 
Raffaelle  (1483-1520).  Marryatt  has  shown 
that  this  is  improbable,  but  that  the  designs 
were  furnished  from  original  drawings  by 
Raffaelle.  The  designs  of  this  ware  are 
scenes  from  ancient  mythology,  or  other  fancy 
subjects,  or  portraits  painted  iu  natural 
colours. 

raf-f in-ose,  «.  [Fr.  raffiner  =  to  refine,  as 
sugar,  &c. ;  -ose  (CTiem.).] 

Chem.  :  CigH^O^  +  SHjO.  A  saccharine 
body  found  in  the  moLisses  of  the  beet,  and 
recently  discovered  by  O'Sullivan  in  barley. 
It  crystallizes  in  colourless,  flat,  oblique 
prisms,  very  soluble  in  water,  sparingly  in 
alcohol.  It  has  a  faint  sweet  taste,  is  unfer- 
mentable,  but  capable  of  transformation  by 
boiling  with  dilute  mineral  acids  into  two 
sugars,  one  of  which  is  dextrose. 

raf -fish,  a.  [Eng.  raff,  s.  ;  -ish.]  Resembling 
or  characteristic  of  the  ratf  or  rabble ;  scamp- 
ish, worthless,  villainous,  low. 

••  We  had  imagined  it  was  still  the  rafflih  haunt  of 
uproarious  planters.  Hud  white  men  of  the  lowest 
type.'  — (food  Wordt,  Sept.,  1881,  p.  602. 

raf-fle,  *  rafle,  «.  [Fr.  rafle  (O.  Fr.  raffle), 
from  rafter  =.  to  catch  or  seize,  from  Ger. 
raffdn  —  to  snatch  up,  frequent,  otrafen  =to 
sweep,  to  snatch,  to  ratf  (q.v.).] 

*  1.  A  game  at  dice.  According  to  Cot- 
grave,  one  with  three  dice  iu  which  he  who 
threw  all  alike  won  tlie  stakes. 

"  Most  commonly  they  use  rafte.  That  is.  to  throw 
In  with  three  dice,  till  dnpleU  and  a  chance  be  thrown  : 
and  the  highest  duplets  win,  except  you  throw  in  and 
iu,  which  is  called  ruffle  ;  and  that  win*  all "—Dr*<i*n  . 
Mode  Attrologer.  ili. 

2.  A  chance  or  lottery  in  which  some  article 
is  put  up  by  the  owner  to  be  thrown  for  by 
several  persons  who  subscri)*  a  small  sum 
each,  he  who  throws  the  highest  number  to 
become  possessor  of  the  article.  The  money 
subscribed  goes  to  the  original  owner  of  the 
article. 

"  Instead  of  piddling  for  the  little  prize*  which  an 
to  be  found  in  what  may  be  called  the  paltry  raj/It  at 
colony  faction.  "-Smith:  Wealth  of  Nation*,  i».  T. 

raffle-net, «.    A  kind  of  fishing-net 

raf-fle,  r.i.  &  t.    [RAFFLE,  ».] 

A.  Intrans. :  To  engage  in  a  raffle ;  to  try 
the  chance  of  a  raffle  ;  to  throw  dice  in  a  raffle. 

"  ThoM  Jew  tr»open,  that  threw  out. 
When  they  were  raffling  for  his  coat." 

Butler :  Satin  ut*m  Gaming. 

B.  Tram. :  To  dispose  of  in  or  by  means  of 
a  raffle  :  as,  To  raffle  a  watch. 

raf'-fler,  *.    [Eng.  raffle  (v.) ;  -er.]    One  who 

raffles. 

raf- fle' -si- a,  s. 

(Named  after"  Sir 
Thomas  Stamford 
Raffles  (1781-1826X 
lieut.  -  governor  of 
Java,  and  after- 
wards of  Bencoo- 
len.J 

Bot. :  The  typical 
genus  of  K.ithVsi- 
ace«  (q.v.).  The 
first  and  finest  spe- 
cies  discovered  was 
Jta/lesia  Arnoldi,  found  by  Raffles  and  Dr. 
Arnold  in  Sumatra  in  1818.  The  flower 
(there  is  no  stem)  is  more  than  a  yard  across, 
the  lobes  of  the  perianth  a  foot,  the  cup  of  a 
capacity  to  hold  twelve  pints,  the  estimated 


IMS 

weight  of  the  whole  plant  fifteen  pounds. 
All  this  development  takes  place  in  a  few 
months.  The  flowers  are  fugacious,  and  have 
a  fetid  scent  wheu  they  putrefy.  R.  Arnoldi 
is  parasitic  on  a  Cis.sus,  as  is  R.  Patma 
from  Java,  where  it  is  considered  a  powerful 
styptic. 

raf  fle-sl  a -ce  as,  «.  pL    [Mod.  Lat  n/. 
flesi(a);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -aceaf.] 

Hot.  .--Ratfiesiads  ;  an  order  of  Rhizogens. 
Stemless  plants,  having  flowers  immersed 
among  scales,  and  growing  direetly  from  the 
surface  of  leaves.  Perianth  globose  or  com- 
pauulate,  superior,  limb  five-parted,  the 
throat  surrounded  by  calli,  either  distinct  or 
constituting  a  ring.  Column  salver-shaped, 
or  globose,  with  a  row  of  anthers  one  or 
many-celled.  Ovary  inferior,  one-celled,  with 
parietal  placentae,  and  many  seeds  ;  fruit  iude- 
hiscent  Parasites  from  the  East  Indies  and 
South  America.  Known  genera  five,  specie* 
sixteen.  (Lindley.) 

raf  fle-sl-a -ceous  (o  as  sh),  a.    [Hod. 

Lat.  rqfflesiact(ce) ;  Eng.  suff.  -oua.]  Belonging 
to,  or  characteristic  of,  the  Rafflesiaue*. 
(Nature,  May  27,  1880,  p.  78.) 

raf  fle   si  ad,  v    [Mod.  Lat  raJJUsHa);  Eng. 

sutr.  -en/.] 

Bot.  (PI.) :  The  Rafflesiacese  (q. v.).  (LindUy.) 
raf-fllng.  pr.  par.  or  a.     [RAFFLE,  V.] 
raffling  net,  *.     A  raffle-net  (q.v.). 

raft,  *  rafto,  s.    [IceL  raflr  —  a  rafter ;  Dtn. 
rajt  =  a  lafter  (q.v.).] 
*  L  A  spar,  a  l«ain. 

"Aythir  gripns  a  schafte, 
Was  iila  rude  as  a  raf  it." 

Atoteynge  of  King  Arthur,  XXV. 

2.  A  sort  of  float  or  framework,  consisting 
of  logs  or  other  pieces  of  timber  fastened 
together   side  by  side,   for   convenience    in 
transporting  them  down  rivers,  across  har- 
bours, &c. 

3.  A  floating  structure  made  and  used  in 
the  emergency  of  shipwreck.    Rafts  are  made 
of  materials  usually  accessible  on  shipboard, 
spars  lashed  together  by  ropes,  the  flotative 
power  being  increased  by  empty  casks  lashed 
in  the  structure.     When  made  and  furnished 
as  a  part  of  a  ship's  equipment  they  are  con- 
structed witli  pontoons,  and  provided  with 
stanchions  and  ropes,  which  form  a  protection 
against  persons  falling  or  being  washed  over- 
board.   Such  a  raft  is  carried  in  a  collapsed 
condition  for  contact  stowage,  and  is  more 
readily  launched  in  that  less  bulky  condition ; 
after  it  is  in  the  water  it  is  brought  into 
working  shape  by  the  purchases. 

"  If  tbou  art  she.  tell  ma  when  I*  that  ton. 
That  floated  with  tbee  ou  Hint  fatal  raft." 

.vA  iketp.  :  Corned  f  <<f  Srnrt,  T.  L 

4.  A  large  collection  of  timber  and  fallen 
trees,  which,  floating  down  the  great  rivers  of 
the  Western  United  States,  are  arrested  in 
their  downward   course   by  flats  or  shallow 

E  laces,  where  they  accumulate,  and  sometiiusi 
lock  up  the  river  for  miles. 

5.  A  large  number ;  a  host.  (Aner.) 

raft  bridge,  s. 

ffydr.  Eng.  :  A  bridge  of  expediency,  when 
rafts  are  used  as  pontouus  to  support  the 
beams  and  the  track. 

raft-dog,  rafting-dog,  «.  A  bar,  with 
bent-over  and  pointedends,  for  securing  logs 
together  in  a  raft. 

raft-merchant, «.  A  lumber  merchant 
(Amer.) 

raft-port,*. 

SkipbuUd. :  A  square  port  in  the  sides  of  A 
vessel  for  passing  cargo. 

raft,  v.t.  &  i.    [RAFT,  «.) 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  transport  on  a  raft. 

2.  To  unload  and  convey  logs  of  timber 
from  in  rafts. 

"  The*?  casual  men  are  not  capable  of  rafting  a  ship.* 
— Jfaytow  •  London  Labour  i  Loniton  Poor.  ill.  *0&. 

B.  Intrant. :  To  unload  logs  of  timber  from 
ships,  and  float  them  away  in  rafts ;  to  be 
engaged  in  rafting. 

"I  had  18..  awe,  k  when  I  flnt  commenced  ra/Wnf." 
Maiht* :  London  Labour  *  London  Poor.  UL  K*. 

*  raft,  *  rafte,  pret.  ofv.&pa.  par.    [REATX.] 


boil,  bo^;  pout,  Jovvl;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  90111,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this:  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   ph  =  L 
-clan,  -tlan  =  sham,    -tion.  -aion  =  shun;  -(ion,  -gion  =  zhun.    -clous,  -tious,    sious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die.  ic.  =  Del.  del* 


3870 


rafter— ragged 


raft-er  d).  *•  [Eng-  raft,  v. ;  -<r.]  A  labourer 
employed  in  conveying  logs  of  wood  from  the 
ship  in  which  they  are  imported  in  rafts  to 
the  shore. 

"The  rafteri  are  all  freemen,  for  otherwise  they 
could  not  work  on  the  river."— tlayhm :  London 
Labour  t  London  Poor,  iii.  3-ji. 

raft'-er  (2),  5.  [A.S.  rcefttr ;  cogn.  with  Dan. 
raft ;  IceL  raftr  =  a  raft,  a  beam,  rdf,  r<gfr 
=  a  roof;  cogn.  with  O.  H.  Ger.  rafo;  M.  H. 
Ger.  rdi-o  =  a  spar,  a  rafter.] 

Build. :  One  of  the  pieces  of  timber  which 
follows  the  slope  of  the  roof,  and  to  which  is 
secured  the  lath  into  which  the  sliingle  or 
slate  nails  are  driven.  The  rafter,  in  one  or 
more  lengths,  extends  from  the  eave  to  the 
ridge  of  the  roof;  at  its  lower  end  resting  on 
the  wall-plates,  and  at  its  upper  end  abutting 
upon  a  corresponding  rafter  rising  from  the 
opposite  side  of  the  roof,  or  resting  against 
a  crown  or  ridge  plate,  as  the  case  may  be. 
Rafters,  though  all  performing  the  same 
general  duty,  have  specific  names  according  to 
their  particular  functions. 

raft-er,  v.t.    [RA.TER  (2),  s.] 
L  Ordinary  Languaye  : 
L  To  form  into  or  like  rafters. 
2.  To  furnish  or  provide  with  rafter. 

"  No  raftered  roofj  with  diuice  aud  tabor  sound." 
Po^e  :  Moral  Eitayt.  ill.  189. 

IL  Agric. :  To  plough  up  one  half  of  the  land, 
by  turning  the  grass-sii  le  of  the  ploughed  furrow 
on  the  laud  that  is  left  uuploughed. 

rafts'-man,  s.  [Eng.  raft,  and  man,]  One 
who  ratts  timber ;  one  who  manages  a  raft ; 
a  rafter. 

"  Raftsmen  are  sometimes  swept  off  there  by  the 
current."— Burrouj/hi:  Pcpacton.  p.  Si 

rarft'-y\  a-     [Prob.  for  ra/y,  from  ra/(q.v.>] 

1.  Musty,  rancid. 

"  The  occidental  mansions  are,  by  their  moisture, 
rafty'—Robiiuon:  Kudoxa,  p.  U6. 

2.  bamp,    misty,    foggy ;    wet    and   cold. 

(Prov.) 

rag,  *  ragg,  *  ragrge,  «.    [Prob.  A.8. ;  ct 

ragjU  —  rough,  shaggy  ;  cogu.  with  Sw.  ragg 
=  rough-hair ;  raggig  =  shaggy ;  raggi  =  having 
rough  hair,  slovenly;  Dan.  dial,  ragg  =  rough, 
uneven  hair;  raggad  =  shaggy ;  Icel.  ngg  = 
shagginess ;  raggadhr  =  shaggy  ;  Gael,  rag  = 
a  rag.] 

1.  A  piece  of  cloth  torn  from  the  rest ;  a 
piece  of  cloth  torn  or  worn  till  its  texture  is 
destroyed  ;  a  tatter,  a  shred ;  a  fragment  of 
cloth  or  dress. 

"The  dog  and  rng  market  U  hard  by."—  ffoweU: 
letter,,  bk.  i..  {  L.  let.  7. 

2.  (PI.):  Tattered,  torn,  or  worn  out  gar- 
ments ;  mean  or  poor  dress. 

"  H  ir  raygei  thel  anone  dra we."      Cower  :  C.  A.,  L 

3.  A  jagged  or  sharp  flaw  or  fragment  pro- 
jecting from  a  surface  or  edge  :  as,  a  rag  on  a 
metal  plate. 

*  4.  A  ragged  fellow ;  a  ragamuffin,  a  tatter- 
demalion. 

"  Thancks  to  the  gods,  I  am  not  of  the  ragyt 
Or  lagg  end  of  tue  i*opl«." 

Timon,  a  Play,  p.  10. 

6.  A  provincial  term  for  any  rock  deposit 
consisting  of  hard,  irregular  masses,  as  Kent- 
ish-rap, &c.  ;  specif,  ragstone  (q.v.). 

"  A  clump  of  sweet  chestnut*  .  .  .  would  hare  pre- 
ferred more  depth  of  soil  aud  better  ragi." — Gardener^ 
Chronicle,  Nu.  407.  p.  491  (1881). 

6.  A  slang  term  for  a  common  or  low  news- 
paper. 

rag-baby,  «.  A  doll  made  of  common 
cloth ;  also,  a  humorous  or  contemptuous* 
designation  for  inconvertible  paper-money 
and  for  a  party  or  faction  advocating  such  a 
system,  as  tne  Greenback  Party  of  the  United 
States. 

rag-bag,  -.  A  bag  or  similar  receptacle 
for  receiving  or  storing  raga  and  other  scraps. 

rag-bolt,  s.  A  bolt  having  barbs  or  japs 
on  the  shank,  pointing  backwards,  to  prevent 
it  from  being  easily  withdrawn  after  having 
been  driven.  Also  called  a  Barb-bolt,  Barbed- 
bolt,  or  Spring-bolt. 

rag-busheB,  rag-trees,  -.  pi. 

Anthrop.  :  Bushes  or  trees  usually,  but  not 
invariably,  situated  near  holy-wells,  on  which 
pilgrims  and  passers-by  hang  rags  in  the  hope 
of  freeing  themselves  from  some  evil,  physical 
or  moral.  It  is  a  relic  of  Tree-worship  (q.v.). 
Tylor  (Prim.  Cult.  (ed.  1873),  ii.  150,  223)  gives 


examples  of  the  practice,  with  a  copious 
bibliography. 

"  The  origin  and  development  of  all  these  obser- 

vances seem  traceable  to  the  raa-biahrt  and  rag-treei. 

coiuroun  now,  aud  ill  all  recorded  ayea,  in  (very  quarter 

of  the  Old  aud  Now  Worlds."—  Jottrn.  Anthnp.  Irutit., 

11.  UX. 

rag-carpet,  *.  A  carpet  with  a  cotton 
or  hempen  chain  and  a  lilting  or  weft  of  strips 
of  rags  or  cloth,  sewed  together  end  on  end. 

rag-dost,  s.  The  refuse  of  woollen  or 
wnrsted  rags  pulverized  aud  dyed  various 
colors  to  form  the  flock  used  by  paper-stainers 
for  their  flock  pa]H'r^. 

rag  -engine,  s.  A  machine  in  which  rags 
are  partially  comminuted  in  paper  manufac- 
ture. 

rag-fair,  *.  A  fair  or  place  where  old 
clothes  or  cast  off  garments  are  sold. 

•  rag-mannered,  a.    Rude,  vulgar. 
rag-moss  leather,  s. 

Sot.  :  A  popular  name  for  the  fungaceous 
genus  Antenuaria  (q.v.),  or  Racodiuui. 

rag-picker,  s.  One  who  collects  rags, 
bones,  and  other  waste  articles  from  the 
streets,  ash-pits,  dung-hills,  &c, 

rag-  shop,  ».  A  shop  where  rags,  waste, 
grease,  scrap  metal,  and  such  refuse  articles 
are  purchased  in  small  quantities. 

"  The  lowest  rag-thopt  and  pot-houses  of  Ratcliffe 
Highway."—  Jlacaulay  :  Bi*t.  Eng..  ch.  ill. 

rag-tag,  s.  The  lowest  rank  of  the  popu- 
lation ;  the  residuum  or  scum  of  the  people  ; 
tag-rag. 

rag-trees,  s.  pi.    [RAO-BUSHES.] 

rag-turnsole,  s.  Linen  impregnated  with 
the  blue  dye  obtained  from  the  juice  of  Crozo- 
phora  tincturia,  the  dye  being  soaked  out  when 
to  be  used. 

rag-wheel,  a.  A  wheel  with  a  notched 
or  serrated  margin  ;  a  sprocket-wheel. 

Sag-wheel  and  chain:  A  contrivance  cnn- 
8i*ing  of  a  wheel  the  periphery  of  which  has 
pins  or  projecting  portions,  which  are  caught 
by  the  links  of  the  chain.  It  is  used  instead 
of  a  band  or  belt,  when  great  resistance  is  to 
be  overcome. 

*  rag  (1),  v.i.  [RAO,  «.]  To  fray  ;  to  become 
ragged. 

"  Leather  .  .  .  will  quickly  fleet  aud  rag  out."  — 
Fuller  :  Worthiet,  ii.  35. 

rag  (2),  v.t.  [Icel.  ragna  —  io  imprecate,  to 
curse,  to  swear  ;  O.  Icel.  rtegja  =  to  accuse  ; 
A.8.  wregan;  Goth,  vrohjan  ;  O.  H.  Ger. 
ruogen  ;  Ger.  rugen.]  To  scold  or  rail  at  ;  to 
torment,  to  banter.  (Prov.) 

[First 
doubtful.]    A  ragamuffin. 

"The  most  unali  habetical  ragabrathet  that  ever 
lived."—  Juniut  :  liin  Stigmatized. 

rag-a-mof-fin    *  rag-a-muf  -f  i-an,  s. 

&  a.  [Etym.  c'cubtful.  ftagamojin  was  the 
name  of  a  demon  in  some  of  the  old  mystery- 
plays.] 

A.  As  siibst.  :  A  mean  paltry  fellow. 

"  Be  uot  afraid,  liuly,  to  apeak  to  these  rude  rafia- 
mufflaru.  There's  nothing  shall  offend  yuu."—brydtn  : 
Don  Xeba$ttan,  iv.  2. 

B.  As  adj.  :  Ragged,  vulgar. 

"  Mr.  Aldworth  .  .  .  turned  over  the  rest  of  this 
rayamnffln  assembly  to  the  care  of  his  butler."— 
Grattt  :  Spiritual  (fuucote,  bk.  Till.,  ch.  xxili. 

rage,  t.  [Fr.,  from  Lat  rabiem,  accus.  of  rabies 
—  madness,  rage,  from  rabio,  rubo  =  to  rage, 
to  rave  .  cogn.  with  Sansc.  rabh  =  to  desire 
vehemently,  to  act  inconsiderately  ;  8p.  rnbia  ; 
Hal.  rabbia  ;  Ct.  Mahratta  rag  —  anger.] 
[RABIES.] 

1.  Violent  anger  or  passion,  accompanied 
with  furious  words,  gestures,  or  agitation  ; 
fury. 

"  Anger  .  .  .  when  it  prompt!  to  threats  and  actions 
extravagant  and  atrocious,  it  termed  raffe.~—Cogan  : 
On  the  Piuiioru,  ch.  ii.,  |  S. 

2.  Extreme   violence  ;    wild    impetuosity  ; 
furiousness.     (In  this  sense  sometime*  used 
in  the  plural.) 

"  One  for  all.  or  all  for  one  we  gap*  ; 
A»  life  for  hoii..ur  in  fell  battle  «  raj*.' 

Shakt$p.  :  Rapt  of  Lucrtct,  14*. 

3.  Vehemence  or  exacerbation  of  any  thing 
inful  :  as,  the  rage  of  hunger,  the  rage  of  a 

ever. 


1  rag  a  bash,   *  rag--a-brash,  ».    [Fii 
element  Eng.   rag,  etym.  of  second  eleme 


pa 
fe 


4.  Enthusiasm,  rapture, 

5.  Extreme   desire,  eagerness,   or    passion 
directed  towards  some  object. 

"  You  purchase  |>»iu  with  all  tiiat  joy  can  giT«, 
Aud  die  of  uuluiug  but  a  raye  to  live." 

Pope:  Moral  Euayt,  il.  10*. 

If  The  rage,  All  the  rage:  Something  eagerly 
sought  or  run  after  by  a  number  of  people; 
an  object  of  general  and  eager  desire  or  seek- 
ing ;  fashion,  vogue.  (Culloq.) 

"  Criterion    was   all   the   rage."— Daily    Chronidt, 
Sept  16,  Isii. 

rage,  v.i.  &  t.     [O.   FT.   rager;  Sp.  rabiar.} 

tlUOE,  t.] 

A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  be  in  a  rage ;  to  be  furious  with  anger ; 
to  be  exasperated  to  fury  ;  to  storm. 

"  Then  fume  we  aud  rage  and  set  up  the  briitel*."— 
Tyndale:  Workt,  p.  120. 

2.  To  act  violently  or  tumultuously.  (Ptalm 
ii.  1.) 

3.  To  be  violently  driven  or  agitated. 

"  The  wiuter  storms  of  raging  seas.* 
.Surrey.-   I  irgil ; 

*  4.  To  rave. 

••  Doth  he  still  rage  t "    Shakttp.  :  King  John.  T.  T. 

5.  To  ravage  ;  to  prevail  without  restraint 
or  with  fatal  effect. 

*  The  fire  continued  to  rage   with  great  f  ury."— 
Daily  Telegraph,  L/ec.  11,  1385. 

*  6.  To  be  violently  or  strongly  excited. 

"  Those  raging  appetites.*       Shaketp. :  Othello,  L  8, 

*  7.  To  toy,  to  play,  to  dally ;  to   sport 
wantonly. 

"  She  bygan  to  plaie  aud  rage. "        Cower  :  C.  A..  I. 

*  B.  Trans. :  To  enrage,  to  chafe  ;  to  throw 
into  a  rage  or  fury  ;  to  excite. 

"  Young  hot  colts,  being  r-iyed.  do  rage  the  more." 
S.i-ikeip.  :  llichard  II.,  it  L 

rag'-ee,  rag'-gee,  s.    [Mahratta.]    [ELKO- 

81NE.J 

*  rage  -ful,  o.  [Eng.  rage,  s. ;  -ful(l).]  Full  of 
rage  ;  furious,  violent. 

"  The  monarch  meets  him  with  a  rage/ul  frown." 

Jlickle  :  Lutiad,  Till 

*  ragery,  *  ragerie,  *.    [Eng.  rage;  -rj/.] 

1.  Wantonness. 

"  I  was  young  and  ful  of  ragerie." 

Chaucer:  C.  T..t,OSt. 

2.  Rage,  fury. 

"  Plucked  off  in  a  ragery.' 

Browne :  She^heariti  Pipe,  EcL  L 

*  ragg,  *.    [RAO.] 

ra&  ged,  *  rag-gede,  a.    [Eng.  rag;  -«&] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Shaggy,  rough. 

"  A  ragged  colt.'  King  A  liiaunder,  CM. 

2.  Worn  or  torn  into  rags  or  tatters;  tattered. 

*'  With  over-weather  d  ribs  and  ragged  saila." 

SHakeip. :  Merchant  of  Venice,  ii.  «. 

3.  Having  broken  or  rough  edges  ;  uneven, 
rugged,  jagged.     (Isaiah  ii.  21.) 

4.  Growing  unevenly  and  scantily. 

"  The  ragyfd  furze."  Thornton  :  A  utumn. 

5.  Uneven,   rough ;  out  of  time  :  as,  The 
rowing  was  ragged. 

6.  Wearing  tattered,  torn,  or  shabby  clothes  ; 
dressed  in   rags  or   mean,  shabby  clothes; 
shabby. 

"  HI*  army  ii  a  ragged  multitude.* 

Shakap. :  2  Henry  VI.,  IT.  4 

*  7.  Poor,  miserable. 

"  Upon  thy  back  hangs  ragged  misery." 

Shakeip.  :  Komeo  *  Juliet,  T.  L 

*  8.  Harsh,  rough,  discordant 

"  My  voice  la  ragged." 

Khaketp.  •  *•  To*  tU*  It,  iL  ft, 

H  Her. :  Raguly  (q.v.). 
ragged-robin,  -. 

Sot.  :  Lychnii  Flos-cuculi.  The  flowers  are 
in  loose  dichotomous  cymes  ;  the  petals  four- 
cleft.  Found  in  moist  meadows,  &c. 

"  Pick'd  a  ragged-r<J>in  from  the  hedge." 

Tennyion  :  deraint  t  fnid, 

ragged-schools,  «.  pi.  A  name  applied 
in  recent  times  in  Britain  to  institutions 
founded  for  the  rn'>ral  reclamation  aud  Chris- 
tian instruction  of  the  juvenile  and  adult 
necessitous  poor.  The  initiatory  movement 
of  liaikes ;.:  Gloucester  was  virtually  a  ragged- 
school  crusade ;  but,  more  strictly,  the 
earliest  pioneers  were  T.  Cranfield,  who  in- 
augurated the  work  in  South  London  in  1810  ; 
John  Pounds,  who  gathered  a  large  class  at 
Portsmouth,  and  died  in  1839 ;  and,  in  Scot- 
land, Dr.  Guthrie  (1805-73)  Boon  after  the 
close  of  the  great  European  wars,  ragged- 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who.  sin;  mute,  cub,  cure,  onite,  oar.  rale,  fall;  try.  Syrian.    te.ce  =  e;ey  =  a;4a  =  kw. 


raggedly— rail 


3871 


school  operations  among  orphan  and  neglected 
children  on  the  Continent  were  inaugurated 
by  John  Falk  at  Weimar  and  Baron  Kottwitz 
at  Berlin.  In  London  the  movement  received 
a  powerful  stimulus  by  the  institution  of  the 
Ragged-school  Union  in  1844,  under  the  leader- 
ship of  Lord  Ashley  (afterwards  seventh  Earl 
of  Shafteebury).  John  Pounds,  the  virtual 
founder  of  the  movement,  was  a  poor  shoe- 
maker of  Portsmouth,  who  for  twenty  years 
before  his  death  gathered  the  ragged  children 
of  bis  district  around  him  as  be  sat  at  work, 
and  taught  them  gratuitously.  Uig  humble 
efforts  were  so  successful  as  to  induce  more 
influential  persons  to  engage  in  the  work, 
principal  among  them  Dr.  Guthrie,  whose 
famous  "  Plea  for  Bagged  Schools  "  gained  for 
its  author  the  credit  of  being  the  father  of  the 
system.  At  present  there  is  scarcely  a  town  of 
any  importance  in  Britain  that  has  not  one  or 
more  Bagged  Schools.  Ragged  Schools  have 
not  extended  to  the  United  States,  there  being 
DO  need  of  them  here,  though  the  class  of 
children  represented  are  being  cared  for  in 
various  ways. 

rig'-ged-ljf,  adv.    [Eng.  ragged;  -ly.]    In  a 
ragged  manner  or  condition  ;  in  rags. 

rig'-ge'd-ne'ss,  »•    [Eng.  ragged;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  ragged,  or 
worn  to  rags. 


2.  The  state  of  being  dressed  in  rags  or 
shabby  clothes  ;  shabbiness,  poverty. 

"  Loop'd  uid  wliidow'd  ntagedneu." 

Shaketp. :  Lear,  la  4. 

3.  The  state  of   being  rough,  uneven,  or 
Jagged. 

*  rag'-ger-y',  *.     [Eng.  rag,  a.  ;  -try.]     Rag- 
gedness,  rags. 

"  Draped  in  majestic  raggery."— Thackeray  :  Xew- 
comet,  CD.  xxxv. 

r&g'-ging,  ».    [Eng.  rag,  s. ;  -ing.] 

1.  Metall. :  The  rough  breaking  of  ore  to  re- 
duce its  size  and  enable  the  rejection  of  the 
poorer  portions. 

2.  Rough-dressing  the  surface  of  a  grind- 
stone to  clear  its  face  of  imbedding  metallic 
particles.    Also  termed  Straggling. 

ragging-hammer,  *. 

Metall.  :  A  steel-headed  hammer,  weighing 
from  six  to  eight  pounds.  It  is  used  in  rough- 
dressing  ores. 

rag'-gle,  v.t.  [Eng.  rag,  s. ;  frequent,  suff. 
•le.]  To  notch  or  groove  irregularly. 

"  rag'-gy\  *  rag'-gie,  a.  [Eng.  rag,  s. ;  -y.] 
Ragged,  rough,  rugged,  uneven. 

"  Raggie,  rugged  rymes." 

JJrant :  Horace;  Ep.  to  Auyuttut. 

Ra-ghu-van'-Ba, «.    [Sansc.] 

Hindu  Literature  :  A  poem  by  Kalidasa,  to 
celebrate  the  family  of  Raghu,  in  which  the 
deity  Rama  is  said  to  have  been  born. 

rag'-ing,  pr.  par.  or  o.    [RAGE,  v.] 

*  rag'-Ing-ly,  adv.      [Eng.  raging;  -ly.]    In 
a  raging  manner  ;  in  a  rage  ;  furiously  ;  with 
rage  or  fury. 

"  Wicked  spirites  .  .  .  that  raging!?  assault  us."— 
Uda.1 :  Epheiiant  vi. 

•  rag'-ious,  a.     [Eng.  rage;  -ous.]    Raging, 
furious,  violent. 

"  Many  great  and  ragiout  flodes."  —  FiAtr :  Seven 
Pialmei,  1's.  cxlili..  pt.  2. 

•  rag'-ious  ness,  *.     [Eng.  ragious;  -ness.] 
Fury,  madness. 

"  What  a  raffioutneu  Is  it,  to  net  thy  chastity  com- 
mon like  an  harlot."—  Vinci :  hutruction  of  a  Chrit- 
(tan  Woman,  bk.  iii.,  ch.  vii. 

rag  Ian,  ».  [After  Lord  Raglan,  Commander- 
in-chief  of  the  English  Army  in  the  Crimea.] 
A  kind  of  loose  overcoat,  with  very  loose 
sleeves. 

rag'-man  (I),  s.     [Eng.  rag,  s.,  and  man.]    A 

man  who  collects  or  deals  in  rags. 

•rag'-man  (2),  *  rage  -man,  ' ragge- 
man,  *  rag-mon,*-  [Icel.  ragr= cowardly, 
•raven,  and  Eng.  man.] 

1.  A  craven,  a  coward. 

2.  The  devil.    (Piers  Plowman,  xix.  122.) 

3.  The  same  as  RAGMAN-ROLL,   1.   (q.v.). 
(Piers  Plowman,  \.  73.) 


SB 

iv 


ragman-roll,  5. 

L  A  deed  with  seals,  such  as  a  papal-bull. 

2.  The  collection  of  deeds  by  which  the 
Scottish  nobles  were  constrained  to  subscribe 
allegiance  to  Edward  I.  in  A.D.  1296.     It  con- 
sists of  four  large  rolls  of  parchment,  com- 
posed of  thirty-five  pieces  sewed  together, 
kept  in  the  Tower  of  London.    (Also  written 
Ragman's-roll.) 

3.  A  long  list  or  catalogue. 

4.  An  old  game,  in  which,  in  imitation  of 
the  bull  with  its  many  seals  depending  from  it, 
a  parchment-roll    was   provided,  on    which 
were  written  verses  descriptive  of  persons' 
characters,  and  against  each  verse  was  fastened 
a  string.     The  parchment  was  rolled  up,  with 
the  ends  of  the  strings  banging  out.     The 
player  chose  one  of  the  strings,  and  thus 
learnt  his  character. 

5.  An  unintelligible  or  tedious  story.    [RIG- 
MAROLE.] 

*  ra-goo',  *.    [RAGOUT.] 

*  ra-gounce,  s.    [O.  Fr.]    The  jacinth  (q.v.). 

ra  gout  (t  silent),  *.    [Fr.,  from  ragouter  —  to 
brine  back  one's  appetite  :  Lat.  re  =  back  ; 
Fr.  a  (Lat.  ad)  =  to,  and  gout  =  taste.]     A 
dish  of  meat  stewed  and  highly  seasoned. 
"  If  Protestant,  or  sickly,  or  a  woman. 
Would  rather  dine  in  sin  on  a  ragout." 

Byron :  Btppo,  ix. 

rag'-Stonr,  s.    [Eng.  rag,  a.,  and  stone.] 

Geol. :  A  rough  siliceous  rock,  breaking  into 
rag-like  fragments.  It  is  well  adapted  for 
sharpening  steel  instruments.  Applied  (1)  to 
the  Rowley  Rag  (q.v.),  and  (2)  by  Dr.  Wright 
to  what  he  calls  an  Upper  Ragstone  found  in 
the  Inferior  Oolite  at  Leckhampton  Hill,  near 
Cheltenham.  Associated 
with  it  are  the  Trigonia 
and Gryphaea  beds.  (Quar. 
Journ.  Geol.  Soc.,  xii.  293.) 

ra-gul-y,  ra  guled 
rag'-u-lat-ed,  a. 
[RAO,  *.]" 

Her. :  Terms  applied  to 
any  charge   or   ordinary 
that  is  jagged  or  notched      CROSS  RAGULT. 
in  an  irregular  manner. 

7ag'-weed,  s.    [Eig.  rag,  s.,  and  weed,} 
Botany : 
L  The  herb  ragwort. 

"  Wi'  yon,  on  ragweed  nag* 
They  skim  the  muin  an'  dizzy  crags, 

Burnt  :  Addreu  to  the  DtiL 

2.  Ambrosia  trifida,  an  American  plant. 

rag"-WOOl,  ».  [Eng.  rag,  s.,  and  wool]  The 
inferior  sort  of  wool  obtained  by  tearing  up 
woollen  rags  in  a  tearing-machine  ;  shoddy. 

rag'-work,  *.    [Eng.  rag,  s.,  and  work.] 

Mason.  :  Wall  laid  with  undressed  flat 
stones  of  about  the  thickness  of  a  brick,  and 
leaving  a  rough  exterior,  whence  the  name  is 
derived. 

t  rag'-worm,  *.    [Eng.  rag,  s.,  and  worm,] 
Zool. :  The  Mud  worm  (q.v.). 

rag'-wort,  *  rag- wrote,  ».  [Eng.  rag,  s., 
and  wort.] 

Bot. :  Senecio  JacoTxza,  a  tall,  erect,  glabrous 
or  somewhat  cottony  plant,  with  pinnatifid 
or  irregularly  twice  pinnatifid  leaves,  and 
densely  corymbose,  rayed,  bright  yellow 
flowers.  Common  by  roadsides  and  in  pastures 
throughout  Britain. 

ra-ha-nee,  s.    [RANEE.] 

*  rahate,  v.t.    [RATE  (2),  v.]    To  rate,  to  scold. 

"  He  never  linued  rahatiny  of  those  person*."—  Udal  : 
Apopk.  of  Eratmut,  p.  86. 

raht'-ite,  s.  [After  Capt.  Ralit,  of  Tennessee  ; 
suff.  -ite  (J/in.).] 

Min. :  An  amorphous,  impure  blende  (q.v.), 
found  at  Ducktown,  Tennessee. 

ra'-ia  (1  as  y),  «.    [RAJA.] 
rai  -ble.  v.t.  &  i.    [RABBLE,  «.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  ravel,  to  entangle,  to  complicate,  to 
confuse. 

2.  To  talk  nonsensically.    (Scotch.) 

"  Wee  Miller  nelst  the  guard  relieves. 
An'  orthodoxy  rniblet."     Burnt :  Holy  fair. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  talk  nonsense  ;  to  chatter. 


raid,  rade,  s.  [A  northern  fonn  of  road  (q.v.) ; 
Icel.  reidh  =  A  riding,  a  raid.]  A  hostile  and 
predatory  incursion,  espec.  of  mounted  men  : 
a  foray,  an  inroad. 

U  Said  of  Ruthven : 

Scottish.  Hist. :  A  conspiracy  led  by  Alex- 
ander Ruthven  to  seize  James  VI.  of  Scotland, 
and  remove  from  him  his  favourites  Lennox 
and  Arran.  It  took  effect  on  Aug.  23,  1582, 
and  James  VI.  remained  under  the  power  of 
the  conspirators  till  he  escaped  to  the  Castle 
of  8t  Andrews,  Jan.  27, 1583.  In  1584  Cowrie 
was  put  to  death  for  the  part  he  took  in  the 
raid.  Called  also  the  First  Gowrie  Conspiiacy. 

*  raid,  v.t.    [RAID,  ».]    To  make  a  raid  on ;  to 
plunder. 

"A  few  thirsty  members  of  the  brotherhood  raid** 
a  chemist's  shup."— jEcAo,  May  JJ,  1886. 

raid'-er,  s.  [Eng.  raid;  -er.]  One  who  join* 
in  or  goes  on  a  raid. 

"Our  lines  of  communication  will  be  constantly 
harassed  by  dariug  raider  i."— Standard,  Sept.  2, 1881. 

*  raied,  a.    [RAYED.] 

ra  -ii-dse  (i  as  y), ».  pi.    [RAJIDA] 

*  raike,  *  rayke,  v.i.    [RAKE  (3),  ».] 

*  raike,  *  rayke, ».  [RAIKE,  v.]  Course,  w»y. 

"  Eydes  one  a  rawudoune,  and  his  rayke  holdi-s." 
Horte  Arthure,  2,98*. 

rail  (1)  *  rayle  (1),  *.  [O.  Fr.  rode  (Fr.  r&U) 
=  a  rattling  in  the  throat,  a  rail,  from  roller 
(Fr.  rdler)  —  to  rattle  in  the  throat  ;  Ger. 
ralle  —  a  rail ;  8w.  ralia  =  to  chatter  :  ralljagel 
=  a  landrail.) 

Ornith.  :  A  name  popularly  applied  to  any 
bird  of  the  family  Rallidx,  but  more  particu- 
larly to  Itallua  virginianus,  the  American  Rail, 
a  favorite  game  bird  in  the  United  States,  also 
to  the  Land-rail,  or  Corncrake,  and  Water-rail 
of  Europe. 

*  rail  (2),  »  ralle  (l),  *  rayle  (2),  reghel, «. 
[A.S.  hreegl,  hregl  —  swaddling  clothes  ;  cogn, 
with  O.  Fris.  hreil,  reil  =  a  garment ;  O.  H. 
Gcr.  hregil.]  A  garment  of  fine  linen  formerly 
worn  by  women  round  the  neck.  [NIGHT-RAIL.] 

rail  (3),  *  raile  (2),  rayle  (3),  *.  [Low  Ger. 
regel  —  a  rail ;  Sw.  regel  =  a  bolt,  a  bar ;  O. 

,  Dut.  richel,  rijchel  =  a  bar ;  Ger.  riegel ;  O.  H. 
Ger.  rigiL  For  the  disappearance  of  the  a 
between  two  vowels,  compare  hail,  nail,  Ac.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  post  or  bar  of  wood  or  metal  extending 
from  one  upright  post  to  another,  as  in  fences. 

"  Extend  a  rail  of  elm,  securely  arm'd 
With  speculated  paling." 

Jlaton :  KngUA  Garden,  1L 

2.  A  series  of  posts  or  balusters  connected 
by  cross-beams,  bars,  or  rods,  for  inclosure, 
&c.  ;  a  railing. 

3.  A  railway  or  railroad  :  as,  To  travel  by 
rail. 

IL  Technically  : 

1.  Joinery: 

(1)  One  of  the  pieces  connecting  the  posts 
of  a  bedstead.    Known  as  head-rail,  lie.,  ac- 
cording to  position. 

(2)  A  horizontal  piece  in  a  frame,  an  of  a 
door,  sash,  or  other  panelled  work. 

(3)  The  same  as  HANDRAIL  (1). 

2.  Xautical: 

(1)  The  top  of  the  bulwarks  proper. 

(2)  A  curved  timber  extending  from  the  bow 
of  a  ship  to  support  the  knee  of  the  head. 

3.  Railways,  <tc. :  One  of  the  iron  or  steel 
bars  laid  parallel  on  a  railway  or  tramway, 
and  forming  a  smooth  track  for  the  wheels  of 
a  locomotive,  carriages,  cars,  and  waggons. 
The  first  rails  were  of  timber,  which  material 
was  soon  suj>erseded  by  iron.    The  first  steel 
rail  was  made  in  1857.    The  rails  are  laid  con- 
tinuously, and  are  supported  on  chairs,  resting 
on  and  tixed  to  transverse  or  longitudinal 
sleepers,  made  usually  of  wood  but  occasion- 
ally of  iron.    Numerous  forms  of  rails  have 
been  suggested  or  used  at  different  times,  but 
those  most  commonly  in  use  are  the  double- 
headed  rail  and  the  flange  rail,  the  latter  of 
which    requires    no  chairs,   but   is  attached 
directly  to  the  sleepers.    The  double-headed 
rail  is  in  depth  about  five  inches,  the  width 
over  the  top  and  bottom  l>eing  about  two  and 
a  half  inches,  and  the  thickness  of  the  middle 
vertical  rib  about  seven-eighths  of  an  inch. 

H  (1)  Forecastle-rail :  The  rail  extended  on 
stanchions  across  the  after  part  of  the  fore- 
castle deck. 


boll,  b6y;  pout,  jowl;  eat,  9011,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  (his;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.    -Ing. 
-cian, -tian  =  shan.   -tion,  -sion  =  shan;  -tion,  -gion-zhun,   -clous,  -tious,  -sioas  =  shu*.   -ble,  -die.  Ac.  =  bei,  del. 


3872 


rail— raimondite 


(2)  Poop-rail :  A  rail  across  the  fore  part  of 
the  poop  or  quarter  deck. 

(3)  Top-rail :  A  rail  extended  on  stanchions 
•cross  the  after  part  of  each  of  the  tops. 

rail-bender,  s.     The  same  as  JIMCROW. 
rail-car,  s.     A  railway  carriage.    (Amer.) 
rail  clamp,  s.    A  railway-chair  (q.v.). 

rail  coupling,  . 
Suilway : 

1.  A  bar  which  tiea  the  two  lines  of  rails 
together,  to  prevent  spreading. 

2.  A  fastening  plate  for  the  abutting  ends  of 
two  rails  in  a  track. 

rail-faggot,  *.    [Fxaoor,  «.,  II.  2.] 

rail-fence,  s.  A  fence  composed  of  wooden 
nils. 

rail-guard,*. 

Rail.-eng. :  Any  contrivance  for  throwing 
•side  obstructions  on  the  line. 

1.  In  England,  the  rail-guards  are  attached 
to  the  front  of  the  frame  of  the  locomotive, 
and  reach  down  within  about  two  inches  of 
the  rail,  to  catch  and  throw  on  one  side  any 
obstruction  which  may  be  on  the  rails.    In  the 
United  States  it  is  called  cow-catcher  (q.v.). 

2.  A  guard-rail  (q.v.). 

rail-jack,*. 

Bail.-eng. :  An  apparatus  for  lifting  railway 
rails  to  ballast  beneath  the  ties  and  level  the 
track. 

rail-Joint,  ».    The  fish-joint  (q.v.). 

rail-post,  railing-post,  *.  The  same 
as  NEWEL,  2. 

rail  (1),  *  rayle  (IX  «.(.  &  i.    [RAIL  (3),  «.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  inclose  or  fence  in  with  rails. 

"It  ought  to  be  fenced  in  and  railed.'— A yUfe : 
'       farfroon. 

*  2.  To  draw  up  or  range  in  a  line. 

"  They  were  brought  to  London  all  railed  in  rope*, 
like  a  team  of  hone*  in  a  out."— Bacon. 

*  3.  To  send  by  rail,  as  goods,  &C. 

*  B.  Intrans.  :  To  ride  or  travel  by  rail. 

rail  (2),  •  ralle  (1),  *  rayle  (2),  v.i.  &  t.  [Pr. 

raiWer  =  to  jest,  to  dende,  to  mock,  from  a 
Low  Lat.  *radulo,  a  dimin.  from  Lat.  rado  = 
to  scrape  :  cf.  Sp.  raUar  =  to  grate,  to  scrape, 
to  molest,  to  vex ;  Port,  rotor  =  to  scrape, 
from  Lat.  rnllum  —  an  Instrument  for  scraping 
earth  from  a  plough.] 

A.  Intrans. :  To  use  insolent  and  reproach- 
ful language ;  to  scoff,  to  scold ;  to  utter  re- 
proaches ;  to  reproach  or  censure  in  oppro- 
brious terms.  (Followed  by  at,  formerly  also 
by  on.) 

"  Other*  at  that  doctrine  ratt." 

Cowpcr :  Late  of  the  World  Bef  rated. 

*  B.  Trans. :  To  bring  or  drive  into  some 
state  by  railing   or  scolding;   to  effect   by 
raillery. 

"  I  aball  eooner  rail  thee  into  wit." 

Shatap. :  Troilut  i  Creuida,  11.  L 

•  rail  (3),  *  ralle  (2),  *  rayle  (3),  v.i.  [Etym. 
doubtful ;  cf.  Fr.  rouler  —  to  roll.]    To  run, 
to  gush,  to  flow. 

"  The  purple  drop*  downe  railed  bloody  red." 

faire/ax  :  Tauo.  iil.  80. 

•  rail'-er  (1),  *.    [Eng.  rail  (1),  y. ;  -er.]    One 
who  makes  or  furnishes  with  rails. 

raiT-er  (2),  «.  [Eng.  rail  (2).  v. ;  -er.]  One 
who  rails,  scoffs,  01  reproaches  with  oppro- 
brious language  ;  a  scoffer. 

"  Take  that,  tbon  likeness  of  this  railrr  here.* 

Shake*?.  •  t  Henry  VI..  T.  ». 

rail  -Ing.  *.    [Eng.  rail  (3),  s.  ;  -ing.] 

1.  A  fence  of  wood  or  iron,  consisting  of 
posts  and  rails. 

2.  Material  for  rails  ;  rails  generally. 

rail  -Ing,  a.  A  «.    [Eng.  rail  (2),  v. ;  -ing.] 

A.  As  adj.:  Insulting,  reproaching,  scoffing. 
(2  Peter  ii.  11.) 

B.  As  subst. :  Insolent  and  reproachful  lan- 
guage ;  raillery. 

"  Opiiiiou  varying  o'er  hl«  hidden  lot, 
Iii  praise  or  railing  ne'er  hu  nnme  forgot." 

Byron :  Lara,  L  IT. 

rail'-ing-ly,  *  rayl-ing-ly,  adv.  [Eng. 
rai'f n.7,  a. ;  -/>/.]  In  a  railing  manner ;  with 
railing  or  raillery. 

"  Was  arrayed  openly  to  (peak  raj/Unyly  to  the 
deuill."—  Udat:  Jude. 


•  rail-Ip'-6-tent,  a.    [Eng.  rail  (2),  v. ;  < 
connect.,   and   potent  (q.v.).]      Powerful   in 
raillery  or  abuse  ;  abusive. 

"  Have  shown  tb«mwlve>  ....  valiantly  railipo- 
tent'—ntzedward  Bali :  Modern  tngluh,  p.  14. 

rail'-ler  y,  >.  [Fr.  raillerie.]  Slight  satire; 
good-humoured  pleasantry;  banter;  jesting 
language. 

"  Since  the  refinement  of  this  polish  cl  age 
Ha>  awept  iiumural  raMtry  from  the  Mage." 

Byron  :  An  Occtuional  Prologue. 

*  rail  -leur  (u  long),  s.    [Fr.,  from  railUr  =  to 
jest.]    A  jester,  a  banterer ;  one  who  turns 
what  is  serious  into  jest ;  a  mocker. 

"rail -Ion,  «.  [Fr.]  A  sort  of  three-edged 
dagger.  (Ozeli :  Rabelais.) 

rall'-ly,  *•  [A.S.  hrcegl,  hregl.]  A  garment 
worn  by  women  ;  a  rail.  [RAIL  (2),  s.]  (Scotch.) 

rail'-road,  «.  [Bog.  rail  (3),  s.,  and  rood.] 
(The  Railroad  of  the  United  States  is  termed 
Railway  in  England.  The  street  railway  of  the 
United  States  is  the  tramway  of  England.) 

A  way  or  road  provided  with  rails  of  iron 
or  steel,  upon  which  the  wheels  of  the  car- 
riages run  in  order  to  lessen  the  friction.  The 
"rails  "  were  originally  of  timber,  laid  straight 
and  parallel  upon  transverse  sleepers,  and 
secured  with  pegs  of  wood,  the  sleepers  being 
imbedded  in  the  material  of  the  roadway ;  the 
wheels  of  the  wagons  bad  flanges  on  one 
ride  of  the  periphery,  to  confine  them  to  the 
track.  The  roadway  was  scantling,  five  by 
seven,  pegged  down  to  oak  sleepers,  four  by 
eight,  six  feet  long,  and  laid  two  and  a  half 
feet  apart.  The  track  for  the  horses  was  filled 
in  with  ashes  above  the  sleepers.  Such  roads 
(tramways)  were  first  laid  down  by  Mr.  Beau- 
mont at  Newcastle,  England,  in  1602.  About 
1716,  the  woodeu  ways  were  capped  with  thin 
plates  of  malleable  iron,  having  flanges  along 
one  side.  Cast-iron  bars  were  substituted  in 
1767.  The  modern  railroad  consists  of  one 
or  more  series  of  iron  or  steel  rails  [RAIL 
(3),  i.,  II.  3.],  laid  parallel  and  continuously 
at  a  certain  distance  or  width  from  each  other, 
called  the  gauge.  [GAUGE,  «.,  II.  7.]  The 
wooden  tramways  of  the  collieries,  before  the 
invention  of  the  iron  rail,  bad  a  gauge  of  four 
feet.  One  pair  of  parallel  rails  constitutes  a 
single  line  of  railroad,  two  pairs  a  double  Hue. 
A  railroad,  as  a  general  rule,  is  carried  in  as 
straight  a  line  from  point  to  point  as  the 
nature  of  the  country  and  the  necessities  of 
local  and  intermediate  traffic  will  allow.  It 
is  carried  over  valleys  by  embankments  or 
viaducts,  over  rivers  and  roads  by  bridges,  and 
through  hills  or  elevated  ground  by  deep 
trenches,  technically  called  cuttings,  or  by 
tunnels.  [CUTTING,  C.  II.  3;  PROFILB,  «.,  II.  3 
(2).]  Spoil  is  surplus  material,  left  over  and 
deposited  in  a  spoil-bank,  when  the  amount 
excavated  exceeds  that  required  for  embanking. 
When  the  material  excavated  is  insufficient 
for  the  embankments,  recourse  is  bad  to  side 
cuttings,  that  is  to  widening  the  cuttings,  so  as 
to  obtain  extra  material  to  supply  the 
deficiency.  A  jierfect  railroad  would  be  one 
laid  on  a  level  line,  but  as  this  is  not  always 
possible  owing  to  the  inequalities  in  the  country 
traversed,  or  the  di  Here  nee  of  levels  of  the  places 
to  be  connected,  the  line  follows  the  level  of 
the  country  traversed,  rising  aud  fulling 
according  to  circumstances.  These  slopes  or 
inclines  of  the  line  are  called  its  gradients, 
and  the  whole  arrangement  of  inclines  is 
called  the  grading  of  the  line.  The  way  or 
track  of  the  railroad  is  laid  with  clean  gravel 
or  broken  stones,  called  ballast,  and  in  this  the 
sleepers  are  laid  either  transversely  or  longi- 
tudinally, the  former  arrangement  being  the 
more  usual.  [SLEEPEE.]  The  rails  are,  in 
most  instances,  supported  at  short  intervals  by 
cast-iron  frames,  called  chairs,  which  are 
fastened  firmly  by  spikes  to  the  sleepers,  and 
in  which  the  rails  are  firmly  secured  by 
wooden  blocks,  called  keys.  [CHAIR,*.,  A.  II. 4; 
KEY,  (3),  «.,  II.  6  J  Where  flange-rails  an'  n.-t-.l 
there  are  no  chairs,  the  rails  being  attached 
direct  to  the  sleepers.  Transverse  sleepers 
are  laid  at  a  distance  of  from  two  feet  six  inches 
to  three  feet  from  centre  to  centre.  The 
rails  are  joined  at  their  extremities  generally 
by  fish-joints  (q.v.).  In  order  to  allow  trains  ot 
freight  or  passenger  cars  to  pass  each  other, 
or  to  pass  from  one  line  to  another,  sidings 
and  junctions  are  constructed.  Sidings  are 
generally  nsed  for  cars  or  trains  to  remain  on 
temporarily  while  being  loaded  or  unloaded,  or 
while  another  train  is  allowed  to  pass  on  the 
line  of  rails  on  which  the  first  train  U 


proceeding.  The  change  from  one  line  of 
rails  to  another  at  a  junction  is  effected  by 
means  of  point*  or  switches  (q.v.),  and  the 
process  of  turning  a  train  into  a  siding  or 
from  one  line  to  another  is  termed  switi-liing 
off,  or,  in  England,  shunting  (q.v.).  \Vheu 
a  railroad  is  thus  completed,  the  work  is  called 
the  permanent  way  (q.v.).  The  extremities  of 
a  railroad  are  called  its  termini  [TERMINI'S], 
and  the  various  places,  provided  with  offices, 
Ac.,  along  the  line  where  trains  stop  to  take 
up  or  set  down  passengers  or  goods  are  termed 
stations,  formerly  called  depots.  The  motive 
power  usually  employed  on  railroads  in  draw- 
ing the  trains  of  care  is  steam.  Attempts  have 
also  been  made  to  utilize  atmospheric  pressure 
as  a  motive  power.  [ATMOSPHERIC-RAILWAY.] 
Electrical  power  ia  now  being  employed. 

r  The  first  railroad  opened  was  that  from 
Stockton  to  Darlington,  England  (Sept.  25, 
1825),  the  second  in  that  country  that  from 
Liverpool  to  Manchester  (Sept.  15,  1830).  The 
first  railroad  for  freight  and  passenger  traffic 
in  the  United  States  was  begun  by  the  Balti- 
more and  Ohio  Company,  the  first  section  (14 
miles  long)  being  opened  in  May,  1830,  horse 
traction  being  at  fii-st  employed.  A  railroad 
three  miles  long,  from  Qiiincy,  Mass.,  to 
Neponset  River,  for  freight  traffic,  had  been 
previously  built,  also  one  for  the  use  of  the 
Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal  Co.  The  first 
locomotive  in  this  country,  the  Stourbridge 
Lion,  was  imported  from  England  in  1829.  The 
second,  The  Best  Friend  of  Charleston,  waa 
built  here  in  1830,  for  the  South  Carolina 
Railroad.  In  the  sixty  years  between  1830  and 
1890  167.000  miles  of  railroad,  an  average  of 
nearly  2800  miles  yearly,  were  constructed  i  n  the 
United  States,  a  total  which  is  far  in  advance 
of  that  of  any  other  country  and  equal  to 
that  of  all  the  remainder  of  the  world,  the 
total  mileage  in  1890  being  at  out  342,000  miles. 
rail' -way,  «.  Same  as  RAILROAD. 

railway -brake,  «.    [BRAKK  (1), «.] 

railway-car,  railroad-car,  t.    A 

vehicle  for  conveying  passengers  or  freight  on 
railroads. 
railway-chair,  ».    [CHAIR,  ».,  A.  II.  4.J 

railway-crossing, *.  A  place  where  a 
road  crosses  a  railway  on  a  level ;  a  level 
crossing. 

railway-frog,  *.    [FBOO  (3),  «.] 
railway-gauge,  *. 

L  [GACOK,  *.,  II.  7.] 

2.  A  bar  with  shoulders,  indicating  the 
distance  between  the  rails,  and  by  which  the/ 
are  laid. 

railway-guard,  «.  In  England  the 
official  who  has  charge  of  a  railway  train. 

railway-Jack,  *.  A  lifting  device  for 
pulling  up  rails,  raising  cars,  and  other  like 
purposes. 

railway  printing-machine,  *. 

Print. :  A  printing-machine  in  which  tho 
bed  is  carried  by  a  truck  upon  a  railway, 
being  usually  driven  by  a  crank  motion. 

railway-saw,  *.  A  sawing-machine  in 
which  the  saw-mandrel  is  mounted  on  a 
carriage  which  slides  on  ways. 

railway-signal,  t.    [SIGNAL,  *.] 
railway-slide,  s.    A  turn-table  (q.T.). 

railway-whistle,  s.  A  whistle,  con- 
nected with  a  locomotive,  and  made  to  sound 
by  steam,  so  as  to  give  warning  of  the  ap- 
proach of  a  train,  &c, 

rai'-ment, '  ray-ment,  *.  [An  abbreviation 
of  Mid.  Eng.  arraiment  oraraimeiU  ;  cf.  O.  Fr. 
arreement  =  good  array,  order,  equipage. 
(Cotgrave.)]  [ARRAIMENT.]  Dress  or  clothing 
in  general ;  garments,  vestments,  vesture, 
clothes.  (Matt.  vi.  25.) 

rai'-mond-ite,  *.  [After  Dr.  Raimondi,  of 
Bolivia;  suff.  -ite  (A/in.).] 

Min.  :  A  mineral  found  in  thin,  hexagonal 
tables,  with  replaced  basal  edges.  Cleavage, 
basal ;  hardness,  3  to  3'25  ;  sp.  gr.  3'19  to 
3-22 ;  lustre,  pearly  ;  colour,  honey-  to  ochre- 
yellow  ;  streak,  ochre-yellow  ;  opaque.  Com- 
pos. :  sulphuric  acid,  35-0 ;  sesquioxide  of 
iron,  46-6;  water,  18'4  =  100,  which  corre- 
sponds to  the  formula  2Fe2Os,3SO3  -t-  7HO. 
Occurs  in  scales  on  cassiteriteatthe  tin  mines 
of  Ehrenfriedersdorf,  Saxony. 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p5t, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who.  son;  mute,  cub.  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  fall;  try,  Syrian.    »,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw 


rain— rainy 


3873 


rain.  *  ralne,  *  rayne,  *  reinc.  *  rey ne 

(pa.    t.   rained,    *  rainde,    *  reinede,   •  rinae, 

•  root*,  *  ron),  v.i.  &  t.     [A.S.  hregnian,  reg- 
nian,  from  regn,  ren  =  rain  (q.v.) ;  Dut.  reg- 
men;   Dan.  rtgne;  Sw.  regna;  Ger.  regnen; 
O.  I  eel.  regna,  rigna;  Goth,  rignjan.] 

A.  Intransitive : 

L  Lit. :  To  tail  in  drops  from  the  clouds,  as 
vatcr  (Generally  used  with  it  as  a  nomina- 
tive :  as,  it  rains,  it  will  rain,  Ac.) 

'  For  after  all  the  belt  thing  one  can  do 
When  it  i»  raining,  is  to  let  it  rain." 

Longfellow  :  The  Potfi  TaU. 
IL  Figuratively : 
1.  To  fall  or  drop  like  rain. 

"The  tears,  which  long  have  raintd." 

Shakap.  :  Venut  t  Adonii.  N. 

*  2.  To  weep,  to  shed  tears. 

-A   kind  of  8t    Swithin-bero,  always  raining."— 
Orydtn:  firfil ;  sSneit.    (Ded.» 

3.  To  be  showered  thickly ;  to  fall  thickly 
like  rain.  (Pope:  Homer;  Iliad  xii.  312.) 

B.  Trails. :  To  pour  or  shower  down  like 
ram    from    the   clouds;   to    pour   down   in 
Abundance     (Exudus  xvi.  4.) 

«mln(l),  *  ralne  (l),  •  rayne  (1),  *  reghn, 

*  rein,  *  relne,  *  ren.  *  rene,  "  rcync,  s. 
|A.S   regn,  ren;  cogn.  with  Dut.  regtn;  Ital., 
Dan.   &  Sw.   regn ;  Ger.  regen ;   Goth.  rign. 
Forthe  loss  of  g  cf  rail  (3),  s.,  hail,  Sic.] 

L  Ordinary  Language: 
1.  Lit. :  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  1. 
*2   Fig.:   A  shower  or  pouring  down  of 
anything 

n.  Technically: 

1.  Meteor. :   The  fall   of  water   in    drops 
from  the  clouds,  or  the  drops  which  fall.     A 
cloud  consists  of  aqueous  vapour,  the  indi- 
vidual vesicles   of  which    are    very   small. 
When  by  the  constant  condensation  of  fresh 
aqueous  vapour  these  vesicles  become  large 
and  heavy,  and  several  of  them  unite,  they 
«re  unable  to  resist  the  action  of  gravity  and 
(all  as  rain. 

2.  Geol. :  The  direct  action  of  rain,  as  dis- 
tinguished from   Its  indirect  one  in  creating 
streams,  rivers,  &C-,  is  a  potent  aqueous  cause. 
In  many  places,  however,  its  e fleet  is  much 
diminished  by  the  protective  influence  over 
the  soil  exerted  by    the    vegetation   (Lyell: 
Princ.,  ch.  xlv.).     Penetrating  into  crevices 
of  rocks,  it  is  frozen  and  splits  them.  [ICE.] 
Moreover,  in  passing  through  the  atmosphere, 
It  absorbs  a  considerable  amount  of  carbon 
dioxide,   which  enables  it  to  transform  the 
carbonate  of  lime  in  limestone  rocks  into  the 
soluble    bicarbonate,   and    ultimately  waste 
them  away  ;  it  acts  also  on  felspar,  Ate. 

rain-bond,  s. 

Physics :  A  darkening  of  the  solar  spectrum, 
In  the  neighbourhood  of  the  D  (sodium)  line, 
Caused  by  the  presence  of.  watery  vapour  in 
Che  atmosphere. 

rain-bird,  ». 

Ornith, :  A  name  given  somewhat  indis- 
criminately to  two  cuckoos  in  Jamaica :  (1) 
Saurothera  (Cuculus,  Linn.)  vetula,  a  large, 
handsome  bird,  soft  brown-gray  on  the  back, 
dullish  yellow  on  the  under  surface,  and  rusty- 
ted  on  the  wings,  with  the  long  tail  showily 
tarred  with  black  and  white.  It  feeds  on 
animal  substances.  Gosse  says  (Birds  of  Ja- 
vuiica,  p.  275),  "  I  have  found  in  various  in- 
dividuals, locusts.  Phasmata,  spiders,  Phryni, 
a  whole  mouse,  caterpillars,  &c."  It  is  some- 
times also  called  Tom  Fool,  from  its  silly 
habit  of  gratifying  its  curiosity  instead  of 
securing  its  safety.  (2)  Cuculus  pluvialis ; 
liead  dark  gray,  merging  on  the  neck  into  dark 
grayish-green,  the  hue  of  the  back,  rump,  and 
•wings,  with  metallic  gloss.  Tail  feathers 
black,  barred  with  white ;  throat  and  breast 
•White  ;  remaining  under  parts  deep  red-brown. 

•  rain-beat,  a.      Beaten   by  the   rain ; 
Weather-beaten,    (lip.  Hall :  Satires,  iv.  3.) 

rain-bow,  *.    [  RAINBOW.  ] 

rain  chamber,  s. 

Metall. :  In  the  extraction  of  copper,  a  com- 
partment into  which  spray  is  injected,  and 
through  which  the  smoke  is  compelled  to 
pass,  to  remove  poisonous  vapours.  Pro- 
posed by  Sir  Humphry  Davy. 

rain-channel,  *.  A  channel  produced 
1>y  rain.  Prof.  Seeley  believes  that  valleys  of 
denudation  were  thus  produced.  (Phiilipt: 
Geol.,  i.  147.) 


rain-cloud,  s.    A  nimbus  (q.v.). 
rain-crow,  s. 
Ornith. :  Saurothera  velula. 
"  He  is  indeed  known  in  some  section*  as  the  rain- 
crotf."—Burrought:  Pepacton.  p.  lit. 

rain-drop,  s.    A  drop  of  rain. 

rain-gauge,  «.    An  instrument  or  con- 
trivance fur  measuring  the  amount  of  rain 
which  falls  on  a  given  surface.    They 
are  made  of  various  forms.  One  simple 
form  consists  of  a  copper  funnel  five 
to  seven  inches  in  r'.iameter,  inserted 
in  the  neck  of  a  bottle  placed  on  a 
stand  and  protected  from  the  sun's 
rays,  to  prevent  evaporation.     The 
rain  collected  in  the  bottle  is  mea- 
sured in  a  glass  jar  having  one-tenth 
the  area  of  the  funnel,  and  graduated 
so  that  a  rainfall  of  one-tenth  of  an 
inch  collected  by  the  funnel  is  mea- 
sured by  one  inch  on  the  side  of  the   OAUOB. 
vessel.    The  stand  should  be  placed 
at  a  sufficient  distance  from  any  buildings, 
&c.,  to  prevent  their  affecting  the  amount 
falling  into  the  funnel. 

rain-giver. .--. 

Compar.  Religions :  A  divinity  who  causes 
rain. 

••  To  the  negro  of  West  Africa  the  Heaven-god  Is  the 
rain-ffifar."— Tylor:  Prim.  Cult.  (ed.  1873.),  it  «», 

rain-god,  rain-goddess,  s. 

Compar.  Religions:  In  systems  of  polytheistic 
Nature- worship  the  god  or  goddess  who  causes 
rain.  This  may  be  (1)  a  special  divinity,  or 
(2)  the  Heaven-god  exercising  a  special  func- 
tion, as,  Jupiter  Pluvius  of  the  Romans  (Tibul. 
L  8,  26) ;  cf.  Zevc  MTIOS. 

"  In  later  ages,  when  drought  parched  the  fields  of 
the  medieval  husbandman,  he  transferred  to  other 
patrons  the  functions  of  the  Rain-god,  and  with  pro- 
cessions and  litany  sought  help  bom  8t  Peter  or 
St.  Jamea."—  Tylar:  Prim.  Cult.  led.  1671),  it  361. 

rain-goddess,  «.    [RAIK-OOO.) 
rain-line,  s. 

Shipbuild. :  A  small  rope,  or  line,  some- 
times used  to  form  the  sheer  of  a  ship,  and  to 
set  the  beams  of  the  deck,  fair. 

rain-paddock,  s. 

Zool. :  Breviceps  gibbosus,trom  South  Africa 
and  the  Cape.  It  lives  in  holes  in  the  ground, 
and  only  emerges  during  rainy  weather. 

rain-prints,  s.  pi 

Geol. :  Indentations  produced  in  geological 
times  by  raindrops  on  sedimentary  strata 
when  the  latter  were  soft. 

rain-quail, «. 

Ornith. :  Coturnix  coromandtlica,  from  South 
Africa  and  India. 

•rain-tight,  a.  So  tight  as  to  exclude 
rain ;  •impervious  to  rain. 

rain-water, «.  Water  which  has  fallen 
from  the  clouds  in  the  shape  of  rain. 

Rain-uxUer-pipe  :  A  pipe  placed  up  the  out- 
side of  a  house  to  carry  off  the  rain-water 
from  the  roof. 

rain  C°X  *  raine  (2),  *.    [RHENE.]   A  ridge,  a 
furrow,  a  limit.    (Frov.) 

"  They  reaped  the  corne  that  grew  in  the  raine  to 
serve  that  turne,  as  the  come  m  the  ridge  was  nut 
readie. '—  H'ynnt ;  Binary  vf  Che  fheedir  family,  p.  87. 

rain  bow,  *  rayne  bowe, •  reyn-bouwe, 

s.  &  a.     [A.S.  renboga;  Ger.  reyenbogen.] 
A.  As  substantive  : 

1.  Meteor.  :  A  luminous  bow  or  arch  appear- 
ing in  tlie  clouds  opposite  to  the  sun  when 
they  are  resolved  into  rain.      Theoretically 
several  bows  may  co-exist;  generally,  how- 
ever, there  is  but  one.    Sometimes  there  are 
two,  very  rarely  three  or  even  four— the  largest 
number  authentically  on  record.    Every  rain- 
bow exhibits  the  prismatic  colours.    When 
there  are  two  bows,  the  lower,  or  primary,  is 
very  bright,  and  has  the  red  highest ;  the 
outer,  or  secondary,  is  more  faint,  and  has  the 
violet  the  highest  colour     They  are  produced 
chiefly  by  the  refraction  and  dispersion  of  the 
light  in  passing  through  the  raindrops,  partly 
also  by  its  reflection  from  the  back  of  the 
drops,  without  which  the  appearances  would 
not  reach  the  eye.    The  secondary  bow  ceases 
to  be  visible  when  the  sun  is  54*  above  the 
horizon. 

2.  Ornith.  .-The genus  Diphlo^ena, containing 
two  of  the  most  brilliantly  plumaged  Hum- 


ming-birds.  The  bill  is  straight  and  very 
long,  the  tail  deeply  forked.  The  sexes  are  so 
different  that  for  a  long  while  the  female  of 
Diphlogena  iris  was  considered  to  be  a  distinct 
species.  Two  species  are  known,  D.  iris  from 
Bolivia,  and  D.  hesperus  from  Ecuador. 

B.  As  adj. :  Having  colours  or  hues  like  the 
rainbow;  many-coloured. 

"  Varying  its  rainbow  hues." 

Wordntortk :  Excurrion,  L 

rainbow-agate,  «. 

Afin. :  A  variety  of  agate  (q.v.),  which,  la 
thin  section  in  sunlight,  is  iridescent. 

rainbow-chalcedony,  «. 

AC  in. :  A  very  finely-fibrous  variety  of  con- 
centrically-banded chalcedony,  which,  when 
in  thim  section  and  held  towards  the  light, 
shows  an  iridescent  play  of  colour. 

*  rainbow-chase,  s.     The  pursuit  of  a 
visionary  object ;  a  wild-goose  chase. 

"  A  fact  which  had  led  Mr.  Rylauds  off  a  rainbow. 
chaM  after  a  visionary  Chancellorship."— St.  Jama  I 
OateUe.  June  2,  ISM,  p.  10. 

rainbow-quartz,  *. 

Uin. :  Quartz  (q.v.)  which  exhibits  an  in- 
ternal iridescence  having  the  colours  of  th« 
rainbow,  due  to  the  refraction  of  light  from 
the  surfaces  of  exceedingly  fine  fissures. 

rainbow- worm.  -• 

Pathol. :  A  disease,  Hespes  iris,  consisting  of 
vesicles  which  break  out  on  the  back  of  thtt 
hand,  &c. 

rainbow-wrasse,  s. 

Ichthy.  i  Coris  julis,  the  only  British  species 
(C.  giofredi  being  probably  the  female).  It 
has  a  black  spot  over  the  origin  of  the  pec- 
toral, a  blue  spot  on  the  extremity  of  the 
operculum,  and  a  violet  spot  between  th« 
dorsal  spines.  There  are  many  varieties,  dis- 
tinguished by  red  or  white  lateral  bands. 

rain' -bo wed,  a.  [Eng.  rainbow ; -ed.]  Formed 
with  or  like  a  rainbow  ;  encircled  with  a  rain- 
bow: or  aureola.  (King$Uy:SainttTragedy,i.$.) 

*  rain '-deer,  «.    [REINDEER.] 
•rained),*.    [RAIN OX*-] 

«  ralne  (3),  *  rayne  (2),  ».  [Pr.  regne,  frora 
Lat.  regnum—a.  kingdom.]  [REu;s,  ».]  A 
kingdom,  a  region.  (Spenser:  F.  Q.,  III.  iv.  49.) 

rain  -fall,  «.  [Eng.  rain  (IX  s.,  and/atf.]  A 
fall  or  shower  of  rain ;  the  amount  of  rain 
which  falls  in  a  particular  district. 

"  The  course,  owing  to  the  recent  rain'/tilt,  was  IB 
iplendid  condition."— Daily  Ckrvnicl*.  Sept.  It,  1*44. 

U  Other  things  being  equal,  more  rain  f&IIa 
in  tropical  than  in  temperate  climates,  eva- 
poration being  on  a  larger  scale  in  the  former. 
In  London  it  is  23'5  inches  ;  at  St.  Domingo 
107-6.  It  is  greater  near  the  ocean  than  in 
inland  deserts  The  felling  of  forests  di- 
minishes the  rainfall  in  particular  districts. 

rain'-l-ness,  «.  [Eng.  rainy;  -ness.]  ThsJ 
quality  or  state  of  being  rainy  or  showery. 

*  rain  less,   a.     [Eng.    rain  (1),  s. ;  -lest.} 
Free  from  or  without  rain. 

"  The  next  day  was  .  .  .  dark,  beclouded,  j^t  roas> 
Is**."— C.  Uronte:  riUrtte.  ch.  xiil 

rain  -mak-er.  a,  [Eng.  rain  (l),  s.,  and 
maker.]  One  who  professes  to  bring  on  rain 
by  charms  among  uncivilized  tribes  (also  called 
rain-doctor),  or  who  undertakes  rain-making 
by  the  use  of  explosives  or  otherwise. 

1i  The  Garpugarees,  or  Rainmakers,  form  a 
distinct  caste  in  many  Mahratta  villages  of 
Central  India, 

rain'  mak  ing,  *  The  production  of  ratal 
by  artificial  means,  the  use  of  expletives,  4a 

*  rain  -ment,  *.    [See  def.]    An  abbreviation 
of  arraignment  (q.v.). 

-  The  rainment  and  death  of  the  duke  of  Suffolk*.* 
—fox  :  Martyr*  (an.  ISM). 

rain'-ft  »raln-ie,  Teyn-ie,  a.      [A.8L 

renig;  Ger.  regerisch.] 

1.  Lit. :  Abounding  in  rain  ;  wet,  showery, 
moist.  (Haclduyt :  Voyages,  i.  281.) 

•  2.  Fig. :  Raining  tears  ;  weeping  ;  wet 
with  tears.  (Shakesp. :  Titus  Andronicus,  v.  1.) 

If  A  rainy  day :  Evil  or  less  fortunate  times  J 
a  day  or  time  of  misfortune  or  of  less  pros* 
perity. 

"  They  most  In  prosperous  times,  put  by  something 
for  a  rainy  dar."— Evening  Standard,  Oct.  21  1884. 


boil,  b6y;  pout,  jowl;  eat,  cell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  t 
-clan,  -tian  =  shan,  -tion,  -sion  =  shun :  -tion,  -»ion  -  shun,   -clous,  -tious,  -clous  =  shus.   -Die,  -die,  &c.  =  bel.  del. 


3874 


raip— rajah 


raip,  s.     [ROPE.]    A  rope;  a  rood,  or  iix  ells 
in  length.    (Scotch.) 

rair,  s.  &  *.    [HOAR.]    (Scotch.) 
rais,  5.    [Rti.s.] 

rais  a  ble,  a.     [Eng.  rats(«);  -aSte.]     That 
may  or  can  be  raised  ;  capable  of  being  raised. 

raise,  pret.  ofv.    [RISE,  v.}    (Scotch.) 

raise,  *  reise,  v.t.    [Icel.  reisa  =  to  raise  ; 

caus.  of  risa  =.  to  rise  ;  Uan.  reise ;  Sw.  resa ; 

Goth,   raisjan  =  to    raise,   from   raisin  =  to 

rise.  Raise  and  rear,  v.,  are  doublets.]  [RlSE,  v.] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  To  cause  to  rise  ;  to  take,  lift,  or  bring 
upward  or  from  a  lower  to  a  higher  place  or 
position  ;  to  put  or  place  in  a  higher  position  ; 
to  elevate. 

"  Tii  Just  (said  Priam)  to  the  sire  above 
|      To  raite our  Lauds ;  fur.»lio*o  good  as  Jove?* 

Pop*  :  Hcmer ;  Iliad  xzir.  370. 

2,  Hence,  in  derived  or  specific  senses  :  as 
(1)  To  bring  to  or  place  in  a  higher  position, 

condition,  or  situation  ;  to  elevate  in  rank, 
position,  dignity,  or  the  like  ;  to  promote,  to 
advance,  to  prefer. 


(2)  Tn  increase  the  value,  price,  or  estima- 
tion of;  to  enhance  in  value  :  as,  To  raise  the 
price  of  a  commodity,  to  raise  a  tax. 

(:{)  To  bring,  cull,  or  summon  up  from  the 
lower  regions ;  to  cause  to  appear  from  the 
World  of  spirits. 

"  The  spirits  I  have  raited  abandon  me." 

Byron :  Ma.nl nd,  t.  S. 

(4)  To  recall  from  death  to  life ;  to  restore 
to  life  ;  to  bring  back  from  the  dead.    (1  Cor. 
XT.  IT.) 

(5)  To  increase  the  strength,  power,  energy, 
Tigour,  or  force  of ;  to  intensify,  to  heighten, 
to  invigorate  :  as,  To  raise  the  spirits,  to  raise 
the  temperature  of  a  room,  &c. 

(6)  To  lift  or  cause  to  rise  to  higher  or 
nobler  things  ;  to  elevate. 

.      "  Aaite  my  thoughtea,  too  bumble  and  too  Tile." 
\  Spenter :  F.  «.,  L    (Iiitrod.) 

3.  To  cause  to  rise  up  or  assume  an  erect 
position  or  posture  ;  to  lift  from  a  horizontal 
or  other  position  to  a  vertical ;  to  set  upright : 
as,  To  ruin  a  pole  or  mast    Hence,  specifi- 
cally : 

(1)  To  canst  to  rise  or  stand  up  from  a 
horizontal  or  recumbent  position  ;  to  rouse 
Up,  as  from  a  suite  of  sleep,  quiet,  or  the  like. 

(2)  To  cause  to  rise  into  the  air  ;  to  stir  up. 

"  Dust  raijed  by  your  troops." 

Shaketp. :  jntanf  i  CUopatra,  lit  «. 

(3)  To  rouse  to  action  ;  to  incite  ;  to  stir  up ; 
to  excite,  as  to  tumult,  war,  a  struggle,  &c. 

"A  word's  enough  to  raite  mankind  to  kilt" 

By--an  •  Lara,  Ii.  8. 

(4)  To  stir  up,  to  excite. 

"To  raite*.  mutiny. 

Oiuketii. :  1  Jfrvry  I*/..  IT.  L 

(5)  To  set  in  commotion  or  a  state  of  activity ; 
to  disturb.    (Psalm  cvii.  25.) 

4.  To  cause  to  arise,  grow  up,  or  come  into 
being ;  to  give  rise  or  origin  to  ;  to  produce. 
to  create,  to  originate. 

(1)  To  form  or  produce  by  the  accumulation 
and  disposition  of  materials  or  constituent 
parts  ;  to  erect,  to  construct 

••  He  hath  raited  the  wall." 

Ohakciii.  :  Tempett,  ii.  1. 

(2)  To  cause  to  grow ;  to  cause  to  be  pro- 
duced, propagated,  or  bred  ;  to  grow,  to  rear. 

"To  raite  the  most  valuable,  which  are  generally 
too  the  most  expensive  crop*."— Smith :  Wealth  of 
Jt'ttwnt.  bk.  T.,  ch.  it 

1J  In  America  raise  is  frequently  applied  to 
the  rearing  of  human  beings  :  as,  He  was 
raised  in  Kentucky.  It  was  formerly  applied 
to  the  breeding  of  slaves  for  the  market :  as, 
To  raise  negroes. 

(3)  To  bring  into  being ;  to  produce ;  to 
Cause  to  arise  or  appear.    (Jer.  L  41.) 

(4)  To  cause  to  appear ;  to  call  up ;  to  give 
Cause  for. 

-[Horace]  would  raitt  a  blush,  where  secret  vice  he 
found."  brydcn  :  fernut.  sat.  L 

(5)  To  bring  together ;  to  collect ;  to  gather 
together  for  use  or  service  ;  to  levy. 

(6)  To  obtain  or  get  together  by  an  effort. 

"He  raited  money  on  bis  pony  and  cart."— Daily 
Telegraph.  April  1.  188*. 

1?)  To  collect  by  assessment :  as,  To  raise  a 
tax. 


(8)  To  give  rise  or  origin  to ;  to  start ;  to 
set     a-going ;     to     originate,    to    occasion. 
(Exodus  xxiii.  1.) 

(9)  To  give  vent  or  utterance  to  ;  to  utter ; 
to  strike  up. 

"  Loud  acclamation*  were  raited."— ilacaulay  :  Bitt. 
Eng..  ch,  viil. 

(10)  To  bring  forward  or  suggest,  as  for 
discussion  :  as,  To  raise  a  question  or  point. 

5.  To  heighten  or-elevate  in  pitch:  as,  A 
sharp  raises  a  note  half  a  tone. 

6.  To  increase  the  loudness  of;   to  make 
louder :  as,  To  raise  one's  voice. 

7.  To  excite,  to  irritate,  to  influence,  to 
madden.    (Scotch.) 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Law:  To  create,  to  originate,  to  consti- 
tute :  as.  To  raise  a  use. 

2.  Ifaut.  :  To  cause  to  appe^fr  elevated,  as 
by  gradual  approach  towards  an  object :  as, 
To  raise  the  hind. 

3.  Gaming :  To  bet  a  larger  sum. 

U  (1)  To  raise  a  blockade  (or  sieye) :  To  re- 
linquish or  abandon  the  attempt  to  take  a 
place  by  blockade  (or  siege)  ;  to  cause  such  au 
attempt  to  be  abandoned. 

"  He  ranted  hys  uige  aid  went  to  mete  him.  "— 
Ooldinge :  Cottar,  fol.  183. 

(2)  To  raise  a  purchase  : 

Naut. :  To  dispose  or  arrange  appliances  or 
apparatus  in  such  a  way  au  to  exert  the  re- 
quired mechanical  power. 

(3)  To  raise  one's  bristles:  To  excite  one's 
anger ;  to  irritate  one.    (Vulgar.) 

*  (4)  To  raise  paste :  To  make  a  paste  for 
the  covering  of  pies  or  other  purposes. 

(5)  To  raise  steam :  To  produce  steam  suffi- 
cient to  drive  an  engiue. 

*  (6)  To  raise  the  market  on  one :  To  charge 
one  more  than  the  current  or  market  price. 

(7)  To  raise  the  wind:  To  obtain  ready 
money  by  some  shift  or  contrivance,  as  by 
pawning  or  selling  property,  by  accommoda- 
tion bills  or  the  like. 

raise,  ».     [RAISE,  v.] 
*1.  Rise,  or  rising. 

*  2.  A  mound  or  other  elevation. 

3.  The  act  of  raising  in  any  sense. 

4.  An  increase,  as  in  wages.     ( Cottoq.) 

raised,  pa.  par.  or  a.    [RAISE,  v.] 
raised  sea  beach,  s. 

Geol. :  A  sea  beach  which  has  been  upheaved 
so  as  now  to  be  at  a  greater  or  less  elevation 
above  high  water  mark.  They  are  usually  of 
moderate  elevation,  but  at  Uddevalla,  in 
Sweden,  the  height  of  t'.ie  raised  beach  is  200 
feet,  at  Christ  iania,  in  Norway,  400  feet,  and 
furthernorth  600to 700 feet  InSouth  America 
Darwin  observed  them  at  an  elevation  of  1000) 
feet,  and  even  1300  feet  near  Valparaiso.  They' 
are  common  in  hish  Arctic  regions,  as  Spitz- 
bergen  and  Nova  Zambia. 

raised-upon,  a. 

Shipbuild.  :  Having  the  upper  works 
heightened  ;  the  opposite  of  razeed  (q.v.). 

*  rais'-ed-ly\  adv.    [Eng.  raised ;  -ly.]    In  an 
elevated,  dignified,  or  tine  manner. 

"They  have  spokeu  very  raitedly  and  divinely."— 
Jrore :  Of  EnOuuiaum,  f  55. 

ralf '-er,  t.    [Eng.  rais(e),  v. ;  -er.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang :  One  who  raises,  builds,  erects, 
collects,  levies,  produces,   causes,  or  propa- 
gates ;  a  causer,  a  grower.    (Dan.  xi.  20.) 

2.  Carp. :  The  same  as  RISER  (q.v.). 

raisin  (1)  (as  razn),  *  reis-in,  *  reis-yn, 

*  reys-yn,  s.  [Fr.  raisin,  fiom  Lat.  racemum, 
accus.  of  rocemus  =  a  cluster  or  branch  of 
grapes;  Sp.  racimn ;  Itul.  race/no.  .Raisin  and 
raceme  are  thus  doublets.} 

*  1.  A  cluster  of  grapes. 

"  Neither  in  the  vyneyerd  then  ^>alt  gadere  reyiyru 
and  greynes  fallyuge  down."—  H'l/riijTc :  Let.  xix.  to. 

2.  Comm.  (PL):  Grapes  dried  in  the  sun. 
In  the  case  of  the  liest  gra|«s  the  process  is 
effected  by  cutting  half  through  the  fruit-stalk 
without  detaching  it  from  the  tree,  or  by 
gathering  the  grapes  when  fully  ripe  and  dip- 
ping them  in  a  Icy  made  of  the  ashes  of  the 
burnt  tendrils,  after  which  they  are  exposed 
to  the  sun,  or  they  may  be  simply  laid  out  to 
be  desiccated.  Inferior  qualities  are  dried  in 


an    oven.      Raining    are    largely    produced    IB 
Spain,  Turkey,  California,  Ac. 

3.  P/iarm.  :  Raisins  are  slightly  r'-!     viaut. 
In  Britain  they  are  used  solely  t..  .-weeten 
pnnanUata,  in   India  they  art-  given   as  a 
medicine.     They  are  an  ingredient   of  com- 
pound tincture  of  cardamoms  and  of  tincture 
of  senna. 

4.  Bot. :  Bibes  rubrum. 

•  rais  in  (2),  s.  [Etym.  doubtful ;  prob.  for 
raising  (q.v.).]  A  raising-piece  (q.v.). 

"Frauke-posts,  raitint.  beames  .  .  .  mid  such 
principals."— Harriton  :  DetcripC.  Eng.,  bk.  ii..cb,  xu. 

rai  si  nee,  ».  [Fr.]  A  French  confection 
made  by  simmering  apples  in  new-made  wine 
or  in  cider. 

rais' -ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  ».    [RAISE,  v.] 

A.  &  B.  As  <pr.  par.  £  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 
C.  As  substantive : 

1.  Ord.  Ijang. :  The  act  of  lifting,  building, 
erecting,  producing,  causing,  or  propagating. 

IL  Technically : 

L  Leather-man. :  The  operation  of  swelling 
the  pores  of  leather  by  steeping  in  dilute 
acid,  in  order  to  enable  the  tanning  liquor  to 
penetrate  more  easily. 

2.  Print. :  [UNDERLAY]. 

3.  Metal-work:    The    process  of   forming 
circular  work  or  embossing  in  sheet-metal  by 
striking  up  or  raising  from  the  interior  surface. 

raising-bee,  s.  The  setting  up  of  the 
framework  of  a  house  or  barn  by  the  united 
services  of  the  neighbours  of  a  fanner.  (Amer.) 
[BEE  (1),  II.  2.] 

"  Haiti  ng-beel  were  frequent,  where  houses  sprang: 
up  at  the  wagging  of  the  fiddle-stick."—  If.  Irving : 
New  fork. 

raising-board,  s.  A  corrugated  board 
which  is  rubbed  upon  leather  to  raise  the  grain. 

raising-gig,  s.  A  Gigging-machine  (q.v.). 

raising  hammer,  s. 

Metal-work:  A  long-headed  hammer  with 
a  rounded  face,  used  by  silver  and  copper 
smiths  to  convert  a  sheet  of  metal  into  a 
bowl-shape. 

raising-knife,  s. 

Cooper. :  A  knife  employed  by  coopers  in 
setting  up  the  staves  in  form  for  a  cask. 

raising-piece,  -. 

Carp.:  A  piece  of  timber  laid  on  a  brick 
wall,  or  on  the  top  of  the  posts  or  puncheons 
of  a  timber-framed  house,  to  carry  a  beam  or 
beams. 

raising-plate,  s. 

Carp. :  That  plate  of  a  frame  which  rests  on 
the  vertical  timbers  and  supports  the  heels  of 
the  rafters.  Also  called  an  Upper-plate. 

rai-sdn-ne',  a.  [Fr.]  Supported  by  proofs, 
arguments,  or  illustrations ;  arranged  and 
digested  systematically  :  as,  a  catalogue  rai- 
sonne. 

raivel,  ralthe, '«.  [A  form  of  ravel  (q.v.).} 
An  eveuer  (q.v.).  (Scotch.) 

raj,  s.  [RAJAH.]  Rule,  dominion.  (East 
Indian.) 

ra'-ja  (1),  ra'-ia  (J,  1  as  y),  ».  [Lat  raia  =  a 
tlut-iish,  a  skate*.] 

L  Ichthy. :  Ray ;  the  typical  genus  of  the 
family  Rajidae  (q.v.).  Two  dorsal  fins  on  the 
tail  without  spine  ;  caudal  fin  absent  or  rudi- 
mentary ;  ventrals  divided  by  a  deep  notch  ; 
pectorals  not  extending  to  extremity  of  snout. 
Nasal  valves  separated  in  the  middle  ;  teeth 
small,  obtuse,  or  pointed.  Chiefly  from  tem- 
perate seas,  more  numerous  in  the  northern 
than  in  the  southern  hemisphere.  Repre- 
sentative species  are  the  Skate  (Raja  batii),  the 
Thornback  (R.  clavata),  the  Electric  Ray, 
the  Sting  Ray,  and  the  Eagle  Ray.  They 
are  sluggish  creatures,  living  a  sedentary  life 
at  the  sea  bottom.  Some  of  them  are  six  feet 
in  width.  They  are  generally  edible. 

2.  Palfymt.  :  Deimal  spines  of  Raja  antiqua, 
allied  to  R.  clavata,  are  abundant  in  the  Crag 
deposits  of  Norfolk  and  Suffolk.  Etheridge 
puts  the  species  at  three. 

ra'-jah,  ra'-Ja  (2),  s.  [Sansc.  rdjan  (in  comp. 
raja")  =  a  king :  allied  to  Lat  rex  =  a  king.) 
A  Hindoo  king  or  chief. 


fate,  fat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  cam?!,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  W9lf,  work.  whd.  son ;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian.    ee,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  «n  =  kw. 


rajahship— rallentando 


3875 


r*.  jah  ship,  s.    [Eng.  rajah;   -ship.]     The 
I   dignity,    principality,    or   jurisdiction    of   a 
rajah. 

ra  -Ji-d»,  ra'-ii-dse  (J,  i  as  y),  s.  pi.  [Mod. 
Lat.  raj(ii),  rai(a) ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  su!T. 
•idee.] 

1.  Ichthy. :    Rays ;   a  family  of  fiatoHei ; 
disc  broad,  rhombic,  generally  with  asperities 
or  spines  ;  tail  with  a  longitudinal  fold  on  each 
side.     Pectorals    usually    extending    to    the 
«nout.      Genera :    Raja,   Psumiuobatis,    Sym- 
pterygia,  and  Platyrhina. 

2.  Pulfeont. :  Although,  probably,  this  fanv'y 
was  well  represented  in  Cretaceous  and  ':•  •.- 
tiary  formations,  the  remains  found  hillierto 
are  comparatively  few.     Arthropterus,   from 
tlie   Lias,   seems  to   have  been  a  true  Ray. 
(Giiiither.)    [MYLIOBATIS,  PLEURACANTHUS.] 

Raj  ma-hal',  i.  [Sansc.,  &c.  =  the  palace, 
mi'.ii.tion,  or  district  of  the  king.] 

Geoi. :  A  town  and  adjacent  moimtnin  range 
on  t'ie  west  bank  of  the  Ganges  in  lower 
Bengal. 

Raj  mahal  fibre,  s.    [JETTEE.] 

Raj  poot,  Raj  put,  s.  [Sansc.  =  th«  son  of 
8  King  or  of  kings.) 

Anthrop.  (PI.):  An  Indian  aristocratic  caste, 
class,  or  nationality,  professedly  derived  from 
the  ancient  Kshetriyas,  or  Warrior  caste. 
Their  main  seat  is  Rajpootana,  in  which  are 
various  Rajpoot  protected  states.  [INFANTI- 
CIDE.] 

Take  (1),  *.  [A. 8.  raca :  cogn.  with  Dut.  rakel; 
Icel.  reka  =  a  shovel ;  Dan.  rage  =  a  poker ; 
8w.  raka  =  an  oven-rake ;  Ger.  recken  =  a  rake. 
From  the  same  rx>t  as  Goth,  rikan  (pa.  t.  rak) 
=-  to  collect,  I  heap  up;  Gr.  \cy<a  (lego); 
Lat.  lego  =  to  collect.] 

1.  Agric.,  <frc. :  An  implement  having  a  head 
provided  with  teeth  ar.d  a  long  handle  project- 
ing from  the  head  in  a  direction  transverse  to 
that  of  the  teeth  and  uearly  perpendicular  to 
the  head.     Specific  nanw»  indicate  purpose 
or   construction,    as    ha^,,    stubble,    barley, 
manure,  horse,  tilting,  drag,  <fec.    Hand-rakes 
»re  of  wood  for  hay  or  grain,  and  of  metal 
tor  garden  use.    Horse-rakes  are  of  several 
kinds,  some  with,  others  without,  wheels.   In 
«ome  the  teeth  are  independent,  so  as  to  yield 
to  obstacles  without  affecting  the  operation  of 
other  teeth. 

"  If  I  ibonlde  gene  him  as  much  money  ai  he  would 
•pend,  that  would  surely  bryng  me  to  the  rake  and  tho 
•pade."—  Udal:  Flowra,  fol.  182. 

2.  A  small  instrument,  somewhat  resembling 

•  hoe,  having  a  turned  down  blade  set  at  right 
angles  to  the  handle,  used  by  the  croupter  to 
collect  the  stakes  on  a  gambling  table. 

*  rake-kennel, ».    A  scavenger. 

rake-off,  «.  An  extra  or  contingent  profit 
on  a  transaction,  usually  accruing  to  a  middle- 
man or  an  inactive  participant.  (Slang.) 

•Take  (2),  *.  [From  Mid.  Eng.  rakel,  through  the 
corrupted  form  rakehell  (q.v.).]  [RAKEL.]  A 
loose,  wild,  dissolute  fellow ;  a  debauchee,  a 
roue. 

"  And  every  brother  raJt*  will  smile  to  ie* 
That  miracle,  a  moralist  in  me." 

Byron :  Bnglith  Bardt  t  Scotch  Revievun. 

Take  (3),  i.  [RAKE  (4),  v.J  An  inclination  or 
•lope  ;  specif,  applied  to— 

1.  Arch. :  The  slope  or  pitch  of  a  roof. 

2.  Mach. :  The  forward  inclination  of  a  mill- 
saw. 

3.  Mining  :  A  rent  or  fissure  in  strata,  ver- 
tical or  highly  inclined ;  a  rake-vein.   It  is  the 
commonest  form  of  vein. 

4.  Naut. :   (1)   The  backward   slope   of  a 
mast,  funnel,  &c. ;  (2)  [FORE-RAKE]  ;  (3)  The 
backward  slope  of  the  stern,  by  so  much  as  it 
overhangs  the  keel    Called  the  aft-rake. 

rake-vein,  ».    [RAKE  (3),  «.,  8.] 

rake  (1),  v.t.  4  i.     [A.S.  rocian;   Dan.  rage; 
Bw.  raka;  Ger.  rechen.]          ^,- 
A.  Transitive: 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  To  apply  a  rake  to  ;  to  gather  or  collect 
with  a  rake.    (Generally  with  in  or  up.) 

"  The  man  did  neither  look  ttp  nor  regard,  but  raked 
to  himself  the  straws."— Bunymn  :  Pilfnm'i  Profreu, 
pt  ii. 

2.  To  clean  and  make  smooth  and  neat  with 

•  lake. 


3.  To  collect  or  draw  together;  to  collect 
with  labour  or  difficulty. 

"  Squandered  away  with  as  little  conscience  as  they 
wero  raked  together."—  L' t'itrnnge :  Fablet. 

*  4.  To  scrape  or  touch,  as  with  a  rake. 

"  Every  mast,  as  it  passed. 
Seemed  to  rake  the  passing  moon.' 

laiigjellov:  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert. 

*  5.  To  scour ;  to  search  thoroughly  and 
closely. 

"  The  statesman  rakei  the  town  to  find  a  plot." 

Swift. 

*  6.  To  pass  swiftly  and  violently  over ;  to 
scour.    (Possibly  connected  with  II.) 

"  Thy  thunder's  roarings  rake  the  skies." 

Sandm  :  Paraphrate  of  the  Psalna,  Izxvi. 

If  The  last  two  meanings  may  be  connected 
with  Rake'(3),  v. 

1.  To  heap  together  and  cover ;  to  rake  the 
fire  is  still  used,  that  is,  to  cover  live  embers 
by  raking  ashes  over  them,  or  to  heap  small 
coals  on  the  tire  that  it  may  burn  all  night. 
8.  To  command. 

"  Seated  on  an  eminence,  it  looked  straight  down, 
and  therefore  raked  the  stretch  of  water  (rum  a  point 
where  the  stream  makes  a  sharp  bend."— Daily  Tele- 
graph, Nov.  19,  1884. 

IL  Mil.  £  Naut.  :  To  enfilade  ;  espcc.  to 
cannonade  a  shi)>,  so  that  the  shot  shall  range 
in  the  direction  of  her  whole  length  between 
decks.  (Smyth.) 

"  He  took  up  a  raking  position,  and  poured  broad- 
side after  broadside."— Dally  Telegraph,  Aug.  25, 1886. 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  use  a  rake  ;  to  work  with  a  rake. 

2.  To  seek  by  raking  ;  to  scrape  or  scratch 
for  something. 

*  3.  To  search  closely  or  narrowly. 

"  Even  in  your  hearts  there  will  he  rake  for  It.* 

Hhakap. :  Henry  V.,  il.  4. 

*  4.  To  seek,  to  try. 

"  Now  he  prodigally  spends  his  own.  at  another  time 
he  raketh  alttr  other  men's  goods."— Lennard :  Of  Wit- 
dame,  bk.  1.,  ch.  zxxriii. 

IT  (1)  To  rake  a  horse : 

Farr. :  To  draw  the  ordure  from  the  rectum 
with  the  hand. 

(2)  To  rake  out  a  fire :  To  rake  or  draw  all 
the  coals  out  of  a  grate,  &G.,  so  as  to  extinguish 
afire. 

(3)  To  rake  up: 

(a)  To  cover  over  by  raking. 
(6)  To  uncover  by  raking. 

(c)  To  bring  up  again  or  revive :  as,  To  rake 
up  an  old  grievance,  &c. 

(d)  To  rake  or  collect  together. 

"  To  rake  ui 
Progreu,  pt.  i 

*  rake  (2),  v.t.    [RAKE  (2)r  *.]    To  live  the  life 
of  a  rake ;  to  lead  a  loose  dissolute  life. 

rake  (3).  *  raik,  •  rayke,  v.i.  [Icel.  reika; 
8w.  raica=to  wander.] 

1.  To  wander,  to  ramble,  to  range  about. 

2.  To  fly  wide  of  the  game.  (Said  of  hawks.) 

*  3.  To  go,  to  proceed,  to  hurry.     (Morte 
Arthure,  3,469.) 

rake  (4),  v.i.  &  t.  [RAKE  (3),  «.]  [8w.  dial 
raka  =  to  reach  ;  raka  from = to  reach  over ;  to 
project;  Dan.  rage  =  to  project,  to  jut  out. 
Rake  is  a  doublet  of  reach  (q.v.).] 

A.  Intransitive : 

1.  Arch. :  To  incline  from  the  horizontal, 
as  the  rafters  of  a  roof;  to  slope. 

2.  Naut. :  To  incline  or  slope  from  a  per- 
pendicular direction.      It  is  applied  to  the 
masts,  stem,  stern-post,  funnels,  &c.    Masts 
generally  rake  aft. 

B.  Trans. :  To  give  a  rake  or  slope  to  ;  to 
•lope. 

ra-kee',  ra-ki',  «.  [Russ.]  A  coarse  spirit 
made  chiefly  in  Russia  from  grain  ;  common 
Russian  brandy. 

»  rake' -hell,  a.  &  «.  [A  corrupt  of  rakel 
(q.v.).] 

A.  As  ad). :  Dissolute,  debauched. 

"  Some  lewd  earl,  or  rakehett  baronet.* 

Cotaper  :  Pngrtu  of  trror,  tit. 

B.  At  tubst. :  A  dissolute  fellow ;  a  rake,  a 
roue. 

"  A  handful!  of  rakehetlet  which  be  bad  scummed 
together."— Lambarde:  Perambulation,  p.  tn. 

•  rake'-hSl-iy.  a.    [Eng.  mkeheU;  -y.]    Dis- 
solute rakehell. 

"  I  scome  and  spew  oat  the  rakehelly  ront  of  oar 
ragged  rymera,"— M.  K.  :  Spittle  to  Hooter  Harvey. 


*  rak-cl,    rac-kle.    *  rak  le,    *  rak-yl, 

*  rak  ole,  *  rak-il,  a.  ibw.  dial.  rakkel=. 
a  vagabond,  connected  with  rakkla=.to  wan- 
der, to  rove,  frequent,  of  raka  =  to  run  hastily  ; 
O.  Sw.  raeka  =  to  run  about.]  [RAKE  (3),  v.\ 
Rash,  hasty. 

"  He  th-it  Is  to  rakel  to  renden  his  clothes." 

E.  Eng.  AltU.  Poemt,  Ui.  52*. 

*  rak-el-ness,  s.    [Eng.  rakel;  -ness.}  Hastt- 
in-ss,  rashness. 

"  O.  every  man  beware  of  rakrJneoe. 
Ne  trowe  nothing  witbouten  strong  witness*.* 
Chauctr:  V.  T.,  17.4S1. 

*rak-ente,  ».     [A.S.  racente;  Icel.  rekendig 
O.  H.  Ger.  rahchinza.]    A  chain. 

"  Tber  ragnel  in  his  rakentei  bym  rere  of  his  dremea." 
E.  Eng.  Allil.  Poemt.  UL  188. 

*  rak-en-teie,  s.    [A.S.  racenteag.]  A  chain. 

"  His  rukenteit  ho  al-to  rof." 

Here*  of  Uamtoun.  I,  tit. 

rak'-er,  *  rak-ere,  *.    [Eng.  rak(e),  (\\  v  ; 
-vr.\ 

L  Ord.  Lang.  :  One  who  or  that  which  rakes; 
specif., 

I.  One  who  uses  a  rake. 

"A  rybibour  and  a  ra  tuner,  a  raker  and  bus  knave.' 
Fieri  Plowman.  p.  10*. 

*  2.  One  who  raked  and  removed  tilth  from 
the  streets  ;  a  scavenger. 

3.  ^  machine  for  raking  hay,  straw,  &c.,  by 
horse  or  other  power. 

4.  A  gun  so  placed  as  to  rake  an  enemy's 
vessel. 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Bricklaying  :  A  piece  of  iron  having  two 
points  bent  at  right  angles,  used  for  picking 
out  decayed  mortar  from  the  joints  of  ola 
walls  preparatory  to  pointing  or  replacing  it 
by  new  mortar. 

2.  Steam.-eng.  :    A   self-acting    contrivance 
for  cleaning  the  grate  of  a  locomotive. 

1  3.  Ichthy.  :  A  rake-like  organ,  as  the 
pharyngeal  bones  of  some  fishes. 

*  rak'-er-^,  s.    [Eng.  rake  (2);  -ry.]    Dissipa- 

tion. 

"  All  the  rakery  and  Intrigues  of  the  town.*—  North  : 
Life  of  Lord  Ouilford,  ii.  800. 

*  rake'-shame,  s.    [Eng.  rake  (2\  and  shame; 
of.  rakehell.]    A  dissolute  fellow  ;  a  rake. 

"It  had  been  good  to  haue  apprehended  the  rot*. 
ihame."  Brome  :  Merry  Beggart,  ill. 

rake   stale,  rake-stele,  s.  [Eng.  rake(l),  s., 
and  stale  —  a.  handle.]    The  handle  of  a  raka. 

"  But  that  tale  is  not  worth  a  rakettete." 

Chaucer  :  C.  T..  6,i*L 

*  rak-et,  s.    [RACKET,  5.] 

rak  -ing  (1),  a.  &  >.    [RAKE  (1),  f.] 

A.  As  adj.:    Enfilading;   sweeping   with 
shot  or  shell  in  the  direction  of  the  length. 

"And  raking  chase-guns  through  our  sterns  they 
•end."  Dryden  :  Annut  Mirabilit,  Uuii. 

B.  As  substantive  : 

1.  The  act  of  using  a  rake. 

2.  The  space  of  ground  raked  at  once  ;  th« 
quantity  of  hay,  straw,  &c.,  raked  together  as 
one  time. 

*  rak  -ing  (2),  a.     [RAKE  (2),  *.]     Rakish, 
dissolute. 

"  I  do  with  all  my  heart  renounce  yonr  raktoif 
suppers."-  AViz.  Carter*  :  Letter*.  111.  SI*.  (ISO*.) 

rak  ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [RAKE  (4),  v.] 

raking  pieces,  «.  pi.  Pieces  laid  upon 
sills  supported  by  the  footings  or  impost  of* 
pier. 

rak'-bn  (1),  a.      [Eng.   rak(e),  (2)  s.  ;   -U*.J 

Loose,  wild,  dissolute,  dissipated. 

"Kis  appearance  Is  saucy.  raHth,  and  ievere.*— 
Century  Magazine,  Aug.,  1882,  p.  602. 

rale-fen  (2),  a.    [Eng.  rak(e),  (3)  s.  ;  -ith.] 

Naut.  :  Having  a  rake  or  inclination  of  tho 
masts  aft  or  forward,  Instead  of  being  upright. 


h-ltf.  adv.    [Eng.  rakish  (I)  ;  -ly.]   In  a 
rakish,  wild,  or  dissolute  manner;  like  a  rake. 

rak'  ish  ngss,  *.    [En*,  rakish  (l);  -net*.} 

The  quality  or  state  of  being  rakish  ;  dissipa- 
tion, debauchery. 

rale,  ».    [Pr.  =  a  rattle  ;  O.  Fr.  ratle.]    [RAT- 
TLE, «.J 

ral  -len  -tan'-dd.  adv.    [Ital.] 

Music:  A  direction  that  the  time  of  th» 
passage  over  which  it  is  written  U  to  be 
gradually  decreased. 


boll,  boy;  poUt,  J6%1;  oat,  cell,  chorus,  onin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xonophon,  eylst,    -Ing. 
-clan,  -ttan  =  anan.    -tion, -sion  -  shun ; -t Ion, -fion  -  zhun.    -cious, -tious, -sious  =  Bhus.    -We,  -die,  Axs.  =  bel.  del. 


3876 


ralliance— ramble 


•  ral-U-ange,  s.  [Eng.  rally;  -ance.]  The 
act  of  rallying. 

r*l  li  dae,  s.  pi.  [Lat.  rall(us);  fern.  pi.  adj. 
sun*.  ~uUe.] 

L  Ornith. :  Rails  ;  a  family  of  Grallse,  with 
very  wkle  distribution.  Bill  long,  curved  at 
tip,  sides  compressed,  nostrils  in  membranous 
grooves;  wings  moderate,  tail  rounded  ;  t;ir»i 
and  toes  long  and  slender.  The  classification 
is  in  an  unsettled  stair  ;  but  the  family  may 
be  divided  into  tive  sections  or  sub-families  : 
Parriiuv,  Ralliua?,  Gallinulinte,  Fulicin.i',  and 
HVlioiuithiiiai.  The  last  is  sometimes  made  a 
family. 

2.  Palceant. :  Remains  of  some  species  have 
been  found  in  the  Mascarcne  Islands,  and 
historical  evidence  shows  that  they  have  been 
extinct  for  little  more  than  a  century.  They 
belong  to  Fulica  and  to  two  extinct  genera, 
Ai>)iaiiapteryx  and  Eryt hrnmachus.  Aphanap- 
teryx  was  a  large  t>ird  of  a  reddish  colour, 
with  loose  plumage,  perhaps  allied  to  Ocy- 
dromus.  Erythromachus  was  much  smaller, 
of  gray  and  white  colour,  and  is  said  to  have 
lived  chiefly  on  the  eggs  of  the  land-tortoises. 
Wallace.) 

r&T-lied,  pa.  par.  or  a.    [RALLY  (i),  v.] 

rftl'-li-er  (1),  *.  [Eng.  rally  (1),  v  ;  -er.]  One 
who  rallies  or  reunites  persons  thrown  into 
disorder. 

rtl-11-er  (2),  t.  [Eng.ra«3/(2),v.;.*T.]  One 
who  rallies  another  ;  a  banterer. 

«il  li-me,  s.  pi.  (Mod.  Lat  rall(us);  Lat 
fern.  pi.  adj.  sutf.  -iiux.} 

Ornith. :  True  Rails ;  a  sub-family  of  Ral- 
lidae  (q.vA  No  frontal  shield  ;  bill  long  and 
•lender,  keel  bold,  sides  compressed  ;  toes 
free  at  base.  Chief  genera  :  Rallus,  Porzaua, 
Ortygometra,  Ocydromus,  and  Araraides. 

•raT-line,  a.  [RALLUS.]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  Rails  or  Rallidse. 

rfcl  -lus,  5.    [Mod.  Lat.]    [RAIL,  (1),  ».] 

Ornith.. :  The  typical  genus  of  the  sub- 
family Ralline  (q.v.).  Bill  curved  from 
nostrils  to  tip,  which  Is  slightly  scooped ; 
nostrils  in  groove,  extending  two-thirds  the 
length  of  the  bill ;  opening  narrow ;  hind  toe 
short  and  slender.  Eighteen  species,  with 
world-wide  distribution.  Rallus  aquaticus  is 
the  Water-rail  (q.v.). 

rfcl-ly  (1),  'ral-lie,  v.t.  ft  i.  [Pr.  rallier, 
from  Lat.  re-  =  again,  back ;  ad-  =  to,  and  ligo 
=  to  bind.] 

A.  Tran-sitive: 

1.  To  reunite ;  to  bring  together  and  reduce 
to  order,  as  troops  that  have  been  thrown 
into  disorder  or  dispersed. 

"  The  Gascons  ratty  d  soon  the  fight  renew." 

Boole  :  Tatto,  bk.  zz. 

2.  To  collect  for  a  fresh  effort ;  to  unite. 

~  To  rally  all  their  sophistry  to  fortify  them  with 
fallacy."— Decay  of  Piety. 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  reunite ;  to  come  back  to  order ;  to 
reform  into  an  orderly  or  organized  body. 

"  Since  rallying  from  our  wall  we  forc'd  the  foe, 
Btill  aimed  at  Hector  have  I  bent  my  bow." 

Pop*  :  Bomer ;  Iliad  viii.  «». 

2.  To  collect  together  ;  to  unite,  to  assemble. 

,  ••  Our  Fachaa  rallied  round  the  state." 

Byron  .-  Bride  of  Abydot,  11.  14. 

8.  To  recover  strength  or  vigour ;  to  gain 
Strength  ;  to  improve  in  health  or  strength  : 
as,  The  patient  rallied. 

4.  To  improve  in  value  or  price  ;  to  recover 
from  a  fall :  as,  Prices  rally. 

*al'-ly  (2),  v.t.  &  i.  [The  same  word  as  rail 
(2),  «.] 

A.  Trans.  :  To  attack  with  raillery  or  ban- 
ter ;  to  use  good  humoured  pleasantry  or 
satire  towards  or  on  ;  to  banter,  to  joke,  to 
Chaff. 

"  Not  urged  by  malice  against  the  penon  he  ralUet." 
—Tatter,  No.  w. 

*  B.  Intrans. :  To  use  raillery-  or  banter ;  to 
Joke, 

V&T-l?  (1),  «.      [RALLY  (1),  V.] 

1.  The  act  of  rallying  or  reforming  into  an 
orderly  or  organized  body  ;  the  act  of  collect- 
ing and  reducing  to  order. 

"  With  their  subtle  raUui  they  began 
In  small  divisions  hidden  strength  to  try." 

Daxfna.nl  :  Oondibert,  L  a, 


2.  The  act  or  state  of  recovering  strength. 

3.  A  set-to,  as  in  boxing,  rackets,  &c. 

"  The  rallifi  ill  the  uext  two  hands  of  each  side  being 
well-coiitMted. "—«««.  April  4,  1886. 

4.  The  rough  and  tumble  gambols  indulged 
in  by  the  pantomimists  at   the  end  of  the 
transformation   scene  (q.v.),  and    before  the 
business  of  the  pantomime  proi>er. 

"  Let  the  Liberationists  provide  comic  actors,  panto- 
mime rnllU-t,  and  breakdown*." — Jiutiy  Telegraph. 
Nov.  16,  1885. 

ral-l£  (2),  §.     [RALLY  (2),  v.]     The  act   of 

rallying  ;  the  use  of  good-tempered  pleasantry 
or  banter  ;  banter. 

raT-ston-ite,  ».    [After  the  Rev.  J.  G.  Ral- 
ston ;  suff.  -ite  (Min.).] 

A/in. :  A  pseudo-isometric  mineral,  analo- 
gous to  garnet  in  optical  characters,  being  bi-» 
axial,  with  an  angle  of  90°.  Habit,  octahedral. 
Compos.  •  a  hydrated  fluoride  of  aluminium, 
sodium,  calcium,  and  magnesium,  the  formula 
given  being  3(Na..jMgCa)F2  +  8[A12]F6  +  6H2O. 
Occurs  in  small  crystals,  associated  with  crys- 
tallized cryolite  and  thomsenolite  (q.v.),  at 
Arksut  Fiord,  West  Greenland. 

rim,  *  ramme,  *.  &  a.    [A.S.  ram,  rom ;  cogn. 
with  Dut  ram ;  O.  H.  Ger.  ram;  Ger.  ramm.] 

A.  As  sulistantive : 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  The  male  of  the  sheep  or 
ovine  genus.  In  some  parts  also  called  a  Tup. 

"  There  was  a  ram,  that  men  might  see. 
That  had  a  flees*  of  goid,  that  shone  so  bright* 

Chaucer :  Legend  of  HipnphU*. 

H  Technically: 

1.  Machinery: 

(1)  The  same  as  MONKKT,  «.,  II.  1 

(2)  [HYDRAULIC-RAM]. 

(3)  [MONKEY,  «.,  II.  8]. 

2.  Nautical: 

(1)  A  beak  of  iron  or  steel  at  the  bow  of  a 
war-vessel,  designed  to  crush  in  the  sides  of 
an  adversary  by  running 

against   her   "end    on. 
The  nun  is  frequently  de- 
tachable. 

(2)  A  steam  ironclad, 
armed  at  the  bow  below 
the  water-line  with  such 
a  beak. 

"  To  show  how  possible  ii 
the  sinking  of  an  armoured 
ship,  struck  by  a  ram  mov- 
ing at  a  high  velocity."— 
Brit.  (Quarterly  Review,  Ivil. 
120.  (1879.) 

•  3.  Old  War. :   [BAT-  RAM. 
TERINO-RAM]. 

4.  Shipbuild.  :  A  spar,  hooped  at  the  end, 
and  tfsed  for  moving  timbers  on  end  by  a 
jolting  blow. 

B.  As  adj.  [Icel.  ramr  —  strong] :  Rammish, 
strong-scented,  stinking. 

\  The  Sam:  [ARIES]. 

ram  block,  «.    [DEAD-EYE.] 

ram -bow,  *.  A  bow  produced  so  as  to 
form,  or  furnished  with,  a  rain. 

"  When  design  and  construction  have  been  imper- 
fect there  is  danger  of  the  ram-bow  being  forced  in," — 
Saturday  Review.  Jan.  12.  1884,  p.  66. 

A  tom-cat. 

on  moonlight  tiles." 
Morning  Herald,  Oct.  36,  IMt. 

ram-goat, «. 

Bat. :  Fagara  microphylla. 
ram-head, *. 

•  1.  Naut.  :  A  halyard-block  (q.v.). 

2.  An  iron  lever  for  raising  up  great  stones. 

•  3.  A  cuckold, 

"  To  be  called  ram. head  to  a  title  of  honour."— 
Taylor,  The,  Water-Poet. 

ram-line,  *. 

Naut. :  A  line  used  in  striking  a  straight 
middle  line  on  a  spar,  being  secured  at  one 
end  and  hauled  taut  at  the  other. 

ram's  bead, «. 

Bot. :  An  American  name  for  Cypripedivm 
arietinvm,  and  for  the  seeds  of  Cicer  arietinum, 
the  ram's  head  chick  pea. 

ram's  horn,  ». 

L  Fort. :  A  semi-circular  work  In  the  ditch 
of  a  fortifted  place,  and  sweeping  the  ditch, 
being  itself  commanded  by  the  main  work. 

2.  Palceont. :  A  popular  name  for  Ammonites. 

3.  Sot.  (PI.) :  Orckit  mascula. 


ram,  v.t.  &  t.  [RAM,  s.]  [Ger.  rammt'1 ;  Dan. 
rander  =  to  ram,  to  drive  ;  ramme  =  to  strike, 
to  hit.] 

A.  Transitive; 

1.  To  strike  with  a  ram ;  to  drive  a  run 
against ;  to  batter. 

"The  'Minotaur  accidentally  rammed  her  consort  ' 
— Brit.  Quarterly  Reaievi,  Ivii.  130.    (1873.) 

2.  To  force  in  ;  to  drive  together  or  down  . 
as,  To  ram  down  a  cartridge  into  a  gun. 

3.  To  till  compactly  by  driving  and  pouud- 
iug. 

4.  To  stuff,  to  cram. 

"  Kam  them  thy  fruitful  tidings  in  mine  ears.* 

Shaketp.  :  Antony  t  Cleopatra,  11.  Ik 

B.  Intrant.  :   To  use  a   battering-ram  or 

similar  device. 

"  To  turn  their  ships  and  ram  at  a  certain  ligiud."— 
Saturday  Review,  Jan.  12,  1881,  p.  6C. 

ra   ma  dan,  ra'-ma-dhan,  rha   ma- 

g^-Ti,  s.      [Arab,  ramadan  =  the  hot  mouth, 
from  ramida,  ramiza  =  to  be  hot.] 

1.  The  ninth  month  of  the  Muhammedan 
year.       The    Muhammedan     months    being 
reckoned  by  lunar  time,  each  month  begins 
in  each  successive  year  eleven  days  earlier 
than  in  the  preceding,  so  that  in  thirty-three 
years  it  occurs  successively  in  all  the  season*. 

2.  The  great   annual    Muhammedan    fast, 
kept  up  throughout  the  entire  mouth  froB 
sunrise  to  sunset. 

*  ram   age  (age  as  Ig),  *.  &  o.    [Fr.,  from 

Low  Lat.  *  ramaticum,  from   Lat.  ramug=4> 
bough.] 

A.  As  substantive : 
L  Branches  of  trees. 

2.  The  warbling  of  birds  among  the  branches) 
of  trees. 

"  Birds  their  ramay*  did  on  thee  bestow.* 

Drummond,  pt  11.,  son.  Id 

3.  A  branch  of  a  pedigree ;  line,  lineage, 
kindred.    (Cotgrave.) 

B.  As  adjective : 

1.  Having  left  the  nest,  and  begun  to  sit  OB 
the  branches. 

2.  Wild,  shy,  untamed.    (Generally  applied 
to  an  untrained  hawk.) 

"  The  distinctions  of  eyess  and  ramagi  hawk*  "— 
Browne  :  Jfitcettany  Tract  v. 

'  ram'-age  (age  as  Ig),  v.t.    [RUMMAGE.] 

*  ra-ma'-gidus,  o.    [Eng.  ramage,  s. ;  -ou«.j 
Belonging  to  the  branches ;  flying  amongst 
the  branches ;    hence,    wild,   not    tamed    or 
trained. 

"  Ja  soon*  as  she  hath  knit  him  that  knot. 
Now  is  he  tame  that  was  so  runvij/iouj." 

Chaucer :  The  Remedy  qf  Lout. 

ram'-a  kin,  *.    [RAMEKIN.] 

ra'-mal,  a.    [Lat.  ramus  =  a  branch  or  bough.] 
Bot. :  The  same  as  RAMEOUS  (q.v.). 

ram-a-li'-na,  «.     [Lat.  ramalia  =  twigs.} 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Usneae.  Ramalinafraxinea, 

R.  fastigiata,  and  R.  farinacea  are  common  oa 

the  bark  of  trees.    R.  polymorpha   and   R. 

scopulorum  are  good  dyeing  lichens. 

*  ra  mass',  v.t    [Fr.  ramasser.}     To  collect 
together. 

"  When  they  hare  ramast  many  of  several  kmdss) 
and  taatea."— Comical  ffitt.  uf  World  in  the  Moan. 

Ra  may  -an-a,  s.    [Sansc.] 

Hindoo  Literature :  One  of  the  two  great 
Indian  epic  poems.  Its  author  was  Valmiki, 
of  the  aboriginal  tribe  of  Kolis  on  the  Bombay 
coast.  It  celebrates  the  exploits  of  Rama, 
king  of  Oude,  who,  aided  by  the  Monkey-god 
Hunooman  (q.v.),  conquered  Ceylon,  and 
brought  back  his  queen,  Sita,  whom  Rawana. 
the  giant  and  tyrant  of  that  island,  had 
carried  away. 

ram' -bade,  ».    [Fr.] 

Naut. :  The  elevated  platform  built  acres* 
the  prow  of  a  galley  for  boarding. 

ram' -ben,  s.    [Malay.] 

Sot. :  The  fruit  of  Picrardia  sativa  or  duldt, 
which  grows  in  the  peninsula  of  Malacca. 

*  ram'-berge,  ».      [Fr.   rame  •=  an  oar,  ant) 
barge.]    A  long  narrow  kind  of  war-ship,  swift 
and  easily  managed. 

ram'-ble,  ram  mle,  v.t.    (A  frequent  fron 
roam  (Prov.  rame).  j 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p6t» 
or.  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    •»,  o»  =  e;  ey  =  »;  qu  =  IEW. 


ramble— ramose 


3877 


1.  To  rove ;  to  wander  about ;  to  walk,  ride, 
or  sail  from  place  to  place  without  any  definite 
object  in  view  ;  to  stroll  about ;  to  wander 
carelessly  or  indefinitely. 

"The  English  officers  rambled  Into  the  town."— 
Macaulat :  Hilt.  Km].,  ch.  xvii. 

2.  To  move,  grow,  or  extend  without  any 
certain  direction. 

"  O'er  his  ample  sides  the  rambling  sprays 
,  Luxuriant  shot."          Thornton :  Spring.  79t. 

3.  To    speak    or    tnink  in  an   incoherent 
manner ;  to  wander  in  speech  or  thought 

f&m'-ble,  s.  [RAMBLE,  s.]  A  roving  ;  a  wan- 
dering about  without  any  definite  object ;  a 
strolling  or  roaming  about. 

"  To  enjoy  a  ramble  on  the  banks  of  Thames." 
Covper  :  Talk,  i.  115. 

*  ramble-headed,  a.    Unsteady,  giddy. 

"  We  ramble-twaded   creatures."— Richardton :   8tr 
C.  Orandison,  vi.  34. 

ram'-bler,  5.  [Eng.  ramble),  v. ;  -er.]  One 
who  rambles  about ;  a  stroller,  a  rover,  a 
wanderer. 

"  I  love  such  holy  ramblcrt." 

Scott :  Marmion,  i.  It. 

ram-bling,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [RAMBLE,  v.] 

1.  Wandering,  roving,  or  roaming  about 
carelessly  or  irregularly. 

2.  Straggling,    irregular,  without  method, 
wandering  :  as,  a  rambling  story. 


-l^,  adv.     [Eng.  rambling;  -ly.] 
In  a  rambling  manner. 

ram-boo  tan,  ram  bu  tan,  s.  [Malay 
rambut  =  hair,  from  the  soft  spines  covering 
the  fruit.] 

Hot. :  Nephelium  lappacetim,  found  in  the 
Malayan  archipelago.  Its  bean,  a  red  edible 
fruit,  is  about  the  size  of  a  pigeon's  egg. 

ram  -booze,  •  r&m'-buse,  ».  [Etym. 
doubtful ;  cf.  booze.]  A  drink  made  of  wine, 
ale,  eggs,  and  sugar,  in  the  winter  time  ;  or  of 
wine,  milk,  sugar,  and  rosewater  iu  the  sum- 
mer time.  (Bailey.) 

•  ram-bus  -tious  (i  as  y),  a.    [Prob.  a  cor- 
rupt, from  boisterous  (q.v.).J  Boisterous,  noisy, 
violent ;  careless  of  the  comfort  of  others. 

ra'-me-al,  a.  [Lat.  rameus,  from  ramus  =  & 
branch.]  The  same  as  RAMEOUS  (q.v.). 

4  Ra-me  -an,  a.  &  i.  [RAMISM.  ]  The  same  as 
RAMIST  (q.v.X 

The  faults  of  the  Kamean  system  of  dialectics 
been  acknowledged."— llcClintock  t  Strong  : 
A.  Lit.,  Till.  MO. 

ramed,a.    [Bng.  ram;  -td.] 

Shipbuild. :  Said  of  a  ship  on  the  stocks 
when  the  frames,  stem,  and  stern-post  are  up 
and  adjusted. 

ra  mee ,  ra  mie ,  ».    [Malay.] 

Hot. :  Bohmeria nivea.    [QRASSCLOTH  PLANT.] 

ram'-e-kin,  ram  a  kin,  *  ram  me  - 
kin,  *ram'-e-quin  (qu  as  k),  .s.  [Pr. 
ramequin,  from  O.  Dut.  rammeken  =  toasted 
bread.] 

Cook. :  A  small  slice  of  bread  covered  with 
•  mixture  of  cheese  and  eggs.. 

ram  ol,  ram'  mel,  •  ram  mell,  *  ram- 
al,  s.  [Lat.  ramale  —  a  withered,  dead,  or 
useless  branch  ;  ramits  =  a  branch ;  Fr. 
ramilles  =  small  sticks  or  twigs.] 

1.  Brushwood,  dead  wood,  or  branches. 

"To  write  of  scrogges.  brume,  haddur,  or  mmmM." 
a.  Douylai:  .Enrod  ix.,  Prol.  44. 

2.  Rubbish,  such  as  bricklayers' rubbish,  or 
•tony  fragments ;  rubble. 

"  The  river  Tiberis.  which  In  time  past  was  full  of 
rammrll  and  the  ruins  of  houses."—/1.  Holland  :  Sue- 
toniui,  p.  si. 

ramel-wood,  rammell  -  wood,  t. 
Copse  wood,  brushwood. 

•  r&m'-el,  *  ram '-mel,  v.i.    [RAMEL,  «.]    To 
moulder  to  pieces  ;  to  turn  to  rubbish. 

ram'-int,  «.  [Lat.  ramentum  —  a  chip,  a 
shaving,  from  rado  =  to  scrape.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  scraping,  a  shaving. 

2.  Bot.  (PL):    [RAMENTA]. 

ra-men'-ta, «.  pZ.    [Lat]    [RAMENT.] 

Bot. :  Thin,  brown,  foliaceous  scales,  appear- 
ing sometimes  in  great  numbers  on  young 
shoots,  and  on  the  stems  of  many  ferns. 


rum  cn-ta'-ceoiis  (ce  as  sh),  a.    [Lat.  ra- 
me.ntfa) ;  Eng.  adj.  suff.  -aceous.] 
Bot. :  Covered  with  ramenta. 

ra'  mc-ous,  a.  [Lat.  rameus,  from  ramiu  =  a 
branch,  a  bough.] 

Kot.  :   Of  or  belonging   to   the   branches. 
(Lindley.) 

*  ram'-e-quln  (qu  as  k),  s.    [RAMEKIN.] 

ram  fee  zled  (le  as  el), «..  [FHEZE,  s.]  Fa- 
tigued, exhausted.  (Scotch.) 

ra'-mi,  s.  pi.    [RAMCS.] 

ram'-ie.  s.  An  Eastern  Asiatic  And  Indian 
perennial  shrub  of  the  nettle  family  (  Urticaces), 
now  cultivated  iu  the  Southern  United  States 
and  Ihe  West  Indies.  The  term  is  also  applied 
to  the  fine  fibre,  somewhat  resembling  that  of 
cotton,  made  from  the  young  shoots  of  the 
plant  Also  used  attributively ;  as,  ramie  cloth. 

ram-I-f  I-ca  -tion,  s.    [Fr.,  from  ramifier  = 
to  ramify  (q.v.).] 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  Literally  : 

(1)  The  act  of  ramifying ;  the  process  of 
branching  or  shooting  out  branches  from  a 
stem. 

(2)  The  production  of  figures  resembling 
branches. 

2.  Figuratively : 

(1)  A  small  branch  or  offshoot  from  a  main 
stock  or  channel. 

"The  pulmonary  artery  and  vein  pass  along  the 
surfaces  of  these  air  bladders  In  an  infinite  number  of 
ramification*."— Arbuthnet  :  On  AHmenU,  ch.  ii. 

(2)  A  subordinate  branch ;  an  offshoot 

(3)  A  division  or  subdivision  in  a  classifica- 
tion ;  the  exposition  of  a  subject,  &c. 

"When  the  radical  Idea  branches  ont  into  parallel 
ramificatioiu,  how  can  a  consecutive  series  be  fonned 
of  senses  in  their  nature  collateral  !  '—Johraon  :  Pref. 
to  Eng.  Dictionary. 

IL  Botany: 

1.  The  manner  in  which  a  tree  produces  its 
branches.    First  the  stem  is   simple,    then 
leaf-buds  appear  in  the  axils  of  the  several 
leaves,  and  simple  branches  arise ;  next  in  the 
axils  of  their  leaves  other  buds  develop,  and 
so  a  tree  is  formed. 

2.  Subdivisions  of  roots  or  branches. 

*  ram'-i-f  le,  v.t.  &  i.    [RAMIFY.] 

ram'-i-form,  a.  [Lat  ramus  =  a  branch,  and 
forma  =  form,  shape.]  Resembling  a  branch. 

r&m'-l-ty,  *  ram-i-fie,  v.t.  &  i.  [Fr.  ramifier, 
from  Lat.  ramiu  =  a  branch,  and  facio  =  to 
make;  Sp.  ramificar;  Ital.  ramificare.] 

A.  Transitive : 

1.  Lit. :  To  divide  or  separate  'nto  branches. 

2.  Fig.  :    To    divide   or    subdivide    into 
branches  or  subdivisions. 

"  He  expanded  them  to  such  an  extent,  and  ramified 
them  to  so  much  variety."— Johmon  :  Lift  qf  Milton. 

B.  Intransitive  : 

1.  Lit. :  To  shoot  out  in  branches  ;  to  send 
out  branches. 

"Asparagus  affects  the  urine  with  a  foetid  smell, 
especially  if  cut  when  they  are  white ;  when  they  are 
older,  and  begin  to  ramify,  they  lose  this  quality."— 
Arbuthnot :  On  Alimenti,  ch.  iii. 

2.  Fig. :  To  be  divided  or  subdivided ;   to 
send  out  or  have  offshoots  or  branches. 

•ra-mi'-llS,  »ra- 
miT-liS(insy),"*. 

[In  commemora- 
tion of  the  battle 
of  Ramilies(1706).] 

1.  A  cocked-hat, 
worn  in  the  time 
of  George  I. 

2.  A  wig,  worn 
as  late  as  the  time 
of  George  III. 

3.  A  long,  gradu- 
ally   diminishing 

plait  to  the  hair  or  wig,  with  a  great  bow  at 
the  top  and  a  smaller  one  at  the  bottom. 

"  A  bead  of  fine  flaxen  hair,  combed  in  sn  elegant 
Irregularity  to  the  face,  behind  braided  into  a  ra- 
milUe.'—JlanMY  Review,  Feb.,  1752.  p.  12L 

* ra-mlp'-ar-ous, a.  [Lat  ramus  =  a  branch, 
and  pario  =  to  produce.]  Producing  branches. 

'ram-ish,  a.  [A  corrupt  of  ramage,  a. 
(q.v.X](See  extract) 


KAMILIE   WIO. 


Ra'-mi|m,  s.    [For  etym.  see  def.] 

Hist.  £  Philos.  :  The  philosophical  and 
dialectical  system  of  Pierre  de  la  Ramee 
(better  known  by  his  Latinised  name,  Ramus), 
royal  professor  of  rhetoric  and  philosophy  at 
Paris.  He  was  born  in  1515,  and  was  one  of 
the  victims  of  the  Massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew 
(1572).  He  was  a  strong  opponent  of  Scholas- 
ticism, and  of  the  dialectics  of  Aristotle.  In 
his  Institvtiones  Dialectics  (Paris,  1543)  lit 
attempted  to  provide  a  new  system  of  lojric, 
which,  like  Cicero,  he  strove  to  blend  with 
ihetoric.  That  book  fonned  the  ground  work 
of  the  Logic  published  l>y  Milton  in  1672. 

"In  England,  Cambridge  alone  .  .  .  was  a  stronsj. 
hold  of  Jlamiim.~—Encyc.  Brit.  (ed.  Sth).  xiv.  803. 

Ra  mist,  a.  &  *.    [Eng.  ram(ism);  -ist.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Belonging  to,  or  connected 
with  Ramism  (q.v.) ;  Rainean. 

"  Bacon  .  .  .  expounds  the  system  of  logic  with  un- 
mistakable reference  to  the  /lumiit  principles."— 
Encyc.  Brit.  (ed.  at h),  xiv.  803. 

*  B.  As  vubst.  :   A  follower  of  Ramus  ;  a 
Rainean. 

"The  controversy  which  raged  between  the  Aris- 
totelians and  the  total  or  partial  Ramittt."— JfncsWi 
Brit.  (ed.  9th).  xiv.  SOS. 

ram  -mel,  *  ram  -mell,  s.    [RA.MKU] 

1.  Rubbish. 

2.  A  lot  of  coarse  fish.    (Prov.) 

ram  mel^-berg'-ite,  ».    [After  C.  F.  Ram- 
melsberg,  the  German  chemist  and  mineralo- 
gist; suff.  -ite(Afi».).] 
Mineralogy : 

1.  An  orthorhombic  form  of  nickel  arsenide. 
Hardness,  6'25  to  6'75  ;  sp.  gr.  7-099  to  7-188. 
Compos. :  arsenic,  71*7  ;   nickel,  28-3  =  100. 
Formula   like   that   of  chloanthite,  NiAs«; 
In-life  this  mineral  is  dimorphous.    Occurs  in 
Saxony. 

2.  The  same  as  CHLOANTUITE  (q.v.). 

ram'-mer,  ».  [Eng.  ram,  v. ;  -«r.)  One  who 
rams  ;  an  instrument  with  which  anything  is 
rammed  or  driven  ;  specif.  : 

1.  A  beetle  used  for  beating  the  earth  to 
solidity,  or  by  paviors  for  ramming  or  driving 
down  paving-stones  firmly  into  their  beds. 

"The  earth  Is  to  bee  wel  driven  and  beaten  down* 
close  with  a  rammer,  that  it  may  be  fast  about  UM 
roots."—/".  Holland:  flini*.  bk.  xvit.,  ch.  xL 

2.  In  founding,  a  round  er  square  tool  used 
for  ramming  the  sand  into  the  flasks. 

rammer  and  sponge,  s. 

Ordn. :  An  instrument  used  for  loading 
guns.  It  consists  of  a  wooden  staff,  with  an 
enlargement  at  one  end  for  ramming  home  the 
shot  and  charge,  and  at  the  other  a  cylindri- 
cal plug  of  tow,  cotton,  or  hair,  securely  fixed 
to  the  staff,  and  fully  the  size  of  the  bore,  for 
cleansing  the  grooves,  and,  when  used  wet, 
extinguishing  any  burning  particles  of  car- 
tridge left  after  tiring  the  previous  charge. 

*  ram  -mish  (1),  a.    [RAKISH.] 

ram'-mlsh  (2),  a.  [Eng.  ram,  s;  -ish;  ct 
Dan.  ram  =  strong-scented,  rank  ;  Icel.  r<mr 
=  strong.]  Ram-like,  strong-scented,  rank, 
fetid,  lascivious.  (Chaucer:  C.  T.,  16,409.) 

rim  -mish  ne'ss,  t.  [Eng.  rammish;  -nets.} 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  rammish. 

ram'-my,  a.  [Eng.  ram,  s. ;  -y.]  Lake  a  ram ; 
rammish,  strong-scented. 

*  ram-ol-les'-cence, «.     [Fr.  ramollir  =  to 
make  soft :  Lat.  re-  =  back ;  ad  =  to,  and 
mollio  =  to  soften.]  A  softening  or  mollifying. 

ra  mol  lisse  ment  (ent  as  an),  s.     [Fr.] 
Pathol. :  Softening.    Used  of  the  brain  or  of 
the  spinal  cord.    It  if)  the  result  of  suppura- 
tion following  on  inflammation. 

ra-modn', ».    [Native  name.] 

Bot. :  Trophis  americana,  a  West  Indian  tree, 
the  leaves  of  which  are  sometimes  given  as 
fodder  for  cattle. 

ra'-mose,  ra'-mous,  a.  [Lat.  ramosvs,  from 
ramus  =  a  branch;  Fr.  rameux;  8p.,  Port, 
&  Ital.  ramoso.] 

*  1.   Ord.    Lang. :    Branching,    ramifying ; 
consisting  or  full  of  branches;   resembling 
branches. 

"A  ramotu  efflorescence,  of  a  One  white  spar.*— 
—  Woodttard:  On  PottiU. 

2.  Bot.  :  Having  many  branches ;  as  'lex. 


boil,  bo>;  pout.  j6wl;  oat,  9011,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^clat.    ph  =  £ 
-clan,  -tlan  =  shan.    -tion,  - aion  =  shun ;  -(ion,  -fion  =>  zhun.    -clous,  -tloos,  -sioua  -  shus.   -ble,  -die,  &c-  -  bel,  del. 


3878 


ramp  -ramulose 


ramp,  *  rampe.  t-.t.  &  t.  [Fr.  ra-nptr  —  to 
creep,  crawl,  climb  ;  rampe  —  a  flight  of  steps; 
cf.  Itisl.  rcanjM  =  a  claw,  a  gripe  ;  ram-pare  •= 
tc  claw ;  Bav.  ramp/en  =  to  snatch  :  all 
nasalized  forms  corresponding  to  Ger.  raffen ; 
Ijow  Ger.  rappen  =  to  snatch  hastily;  Dan. 
rappe  =  to  hasten  ;  rap  =  quick  ;  3w.  rappa 
to  snatch  ;  rapp  =  brisk.] 

A.  Intransitive: 

*  1.  To  climb,  as  a  plant. 

"  Furnished  with  claspers  and  tendrils,  they  catch 
h"M  of  them.  »nd  «o.  ramping  upon  tree>,  they  mount 
Uj>  U-  «  great  height."— Kay  :  On  the  Creation. 

*  2.  To  rear  up  on  the  hind  legs ;  to  assume  a 

rampant  attitude. 

"  A  lion  rampt  at  the  to"." 

Tf, i ill/ton:  Maud,  I.  X!T.  T. 

*3.  To  leap  with  violence  ;  to  leap  or  bound 
wilJlyor extravagantly.  (Milton :  P.  L.,  iv.  343.) 

*  4.  To  spring  or  bound  about ;  to  gambol, 
t^  play,  to  romp. 

"  They  dance  In  a  round,  cutting  capen  and  ramp- 
ing." Svift :  Deter,  of  an  Irith  Featt. 

5.  To  move  along  quickly  ;  to  romp  along. 
••  We  ramped  along  with  whole  tall."  -FMd,  Dee.  «, 
1881. 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  bend  or  turn  upwards,  as  a  piece  of 
iron,  to  adapt  it  to  woodwork  of  a  gate,  Ac. 

2.  To  hustle  ;  to  rob  with  violence ;  to  ex- 
tort by  means  of  threats.    (Slang  Diet.) 

ramp,  •  rampe,  s.    [RAMP,  t>.] 

*  L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  leap,  a  spring,  a  bound. 

"  The  bold  Ascalonlte 
Fled  from  his  Uon  ramp." 

MUlon:  Samton  Ajonbtei,  139. 

2.  A  romping  woman  ;  a  masculine  woman ; 
ft  harlot 

"lone  was  borne  In  Burgoyne, .  .  .  and  w&i  a  rampe 
of  such  bulcluesse,  that  she  woulde  course  horssss  aud 
ride  them  to  water."— Sail :  Henry  ri.  (an.  «J. 

3.  A  highwayman,  a  robber. 
U.  Technically: 

1.  Fort. :  An  inclined  road  in  a  fortification 
leading  from   one   level  of  the  enceinte  to 
another. 

"The  Burmese  waited  for  the  attack,  which  had  to 
be  delivered  up  along  ramp."— Standard,  NOT.  24. 1885. 

2.  Mason,  it  Carp.  :   A  concavity  on  the 
npper  side  of  a  hand-rail  formed  over  risers, 
or  over  a  half  or  quarter  space,  by  a  sudden 
rise  of  the  steps  above. 

3.  Bot.  (Of  the  form  rampe)  :  Arum  macula- 
turn. 

ram  pa'-cious,  a.  [Prob.  the  same  as 
RAMPAOIOUS  (q.v.).]  Rampant,  boisterous, 
high-spirited. 

"  A  Tery  ipirited  and  rampaciowanlmal."— Dickent : 
Oliver  Twitt,  ch.  ii. 

ram  page',  ram  pauge,  v.i.     [RAMP,  v.] 

1.  To  ramp  ;  to  prance  about ;  to  run  about 
wildly.    (Scott :  Guy  Mannering,  ch.  ix.) 

2.  To  rage  and  storm ;  to  prance  about  with 
rage. 

rain-page',  s.    [RAMPAOE,  v.]    A  state  of  ex- 
citement or  passion ;  violent  conduct ;  a  romp. 
H  On  the  rampage :  In  a  state  of  excitement 
or  passion;  wild,   violent.     (Often  =  on  a 
drinking  bout.) 

"To  rtart  off  on  the  rnmpagt  In  the  Viceregal 
•ancturn."— Daily  Telegraph,  Oct.  «,  1865. 

ram  pa -gious,  a.  [Bng.  rampage);  -iout.] 
Monstrous. 

"  There  comes  along  a  missionary  .  .  .  with  a  ram- 
fayioui  gingham."— liaily  Telegraph,  Oct.  8.  188*. 

*  ram  pal  li  an,  *  ram-pal  li  on,  «. 
[RAMP,  v.]  A  term  of  low  abuse,  applied  to 
either  a  man  or  a  woman. 

"Away,  you  scullion,  you  rampullian,  you  fustlla- 
rian.-  -SlMluap. :  2  Benry  If.,  U.  L 

ramp'-an-C#,  ».  [Eng.  rampan(t) ;  -cy.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  rampant ;  excessive 
prevalence ;  exuberance,  extravagance. 

"The  temporal!  power  being  quite  In  a  manner 
evacuated  by  the  rampanr#  of  the  spiritual."— Hore: 
On  the  Seven  Churchei.  (Prel) 

r&mp'-ant,  a.     [Pr.,  pr.  par.  of  romper  =  to 
climb.]    [RAMP,  v.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 
L  Leaping,  springing.    [II.] 

"  The  rampant  lyon  hunte  he  fast," 

Spenur:  Shrpheardt  Calender;  futy. 

2.  Springing,  climbing,  or  growing  un- 
checked ;  rank  in  growth ;  exuberant. 

"  Alas  I  what  rampant  weeds  now  shame  my  fields." 
Coicptr :  Death  of  Damon. 


3.  Overleaping    restraint   or    moderation ; 
en-es.sively  prevalent ;  predominant. 

"In  these  days  of  rampant  Chuuvmism."  —  Orti'y 
Telegraph,  Sept.  11,  1515. 

*  4.  Lustful,  sala- 
atom,  lewd.  (Pope.) 

IL  Her.  :  Standing 
upright  upon  the  hind 
legs  (properly  on  one 
foot  only,  as  if  attack- 
ing. (Said  of  a  benst 
of  prey,  as  the  lion.) 

H  Counter-rampant: 

Her. :  Said  of  an  ani- 
mal rampant  towards 
the  sinister.  When  ap- 
plied to  two  animals  the  term  denotes  tliat 
they  are  rampant  contrary-wise  in  saltire,  or 
that  they  are  rampant  face  to  face. 

rampant  arch,  s. 

Arch. :  (See  extract). 

"  When  the  extremities  of  an  arch  rise  from  sup- 
ports at  unequal  heights,  the  arch  Is  called  rampant." 
—Cattell'i  Technical  Educator,  pt.  x.,  p.  252. 

rampant  gardant,  a. 
Her. :  The  same  as  rampant,  but  with  the 
animal  looking  full-faced. 


rampant-passant,  a. 

Her. :  Said  of  an  animal  when  walking 
with  the  dexter  fore-paw  raised  somewhat 
higher  than  the  mere  passant  position. 

rampant-regardant,  a. 

Her. :  Said  of  an  animal  in  a  rampant  posi- 
tion and  looking  behind. 


rampant-sejant,  a. 

Her.  :  Said  of  an  animal  when  In  a  sitting 
posture  with  the  forelegs  raised. 

•  ramp'-ant-ljf,  adv.    [Bng.  rampant;  -ly.] 
In  a  rampant  manner. 

ram'  -  part,   *  ram  -  per,   *  ram  -  pi  -  ar, 
*ram-pi-er,  *ram-pire,  *  ram-pyre, 

t.  [Fr.  rempart,  rempar,  from  remparer  =  to 
fortify,  to  enclose  with  a  rampart.  Rempar  is 
the  true  French  form,  the  t  being  excrescent. 
Remparer  is  from  re-  =  again  ;  em-  =  in,  and 
parer  (Ital.  parare,  Lat.  paro)  =  to  prepare, 
to  make  ready;  Ital.  riparo=a  defence; 
riparare  =  to  defend.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Lit. :  In  the  same  sense  as  II. 

2.  Fig. :  Anything  which  fortifies  and  de- 
fends from  assault ;  that  which  affords  security 
or  safety ;  a  defence,  a  bulwark. 

"  There  are  no  fences  so  strong,  nor  any  rampartt 
mo  high,  but  daring  and  desultorious  wits  may  either 
break  through  them  or  leap  o\eith«m."—Waterland: 
Workt,  viii.  141. 

II.  Fort. :  An  embankment  around  a  forti- 
fied place.  In  the  more  perfect  condition  the 
wall  of  the  rampart  forms  a  scarp,  and  is 
crowned  by  the  parapet. 

"  On  each  tall  ramparfi  thundering  side.* 

Warton:  Orate  of  King  Arthur. 

rampart  gun,  *. 

Ordn. :  A  large  piece  of  artillery  to  be  used 
on  a  rampart,  and  not  for  field  purposes. 

*  ramp'-art,  *  ramp-ire,  v.t.  [RAMPART,  ».] 
To  protect  or  fortify  with  a  rampart  or  ram- 
parts.   (Mickle :  Lusiad,  vii.) 


*  rampe,  v.i.    [RAMP,  v.] 

ram  -pee,  ramped,  a.    [ROMPU.] 

ramp  -er,  s.  [Eng.  ramp,  v. ;  -er.]  A  ruramn 
who  infests  racecourses.  [RAMP,  v.,  B.  II.  >.] 

ram  phaa  tos,  *.    [RHAMPHASTOB.] 

*  ram  pi  ar,  *  ram  pi  er,  i.  [RAMPART,  ».] 

ram  -pi  on,  s.    [Fr.  raiponee ;  8p.  reponcht, 
raiponce  ;  Port,  raponto ;  Ital.  raperonzo,  from 
Lat.  rapa,  rapum  =  a  turnip.] 
Botany : 

1.  Campanula  ftapunmlu*,  a  bell  flnwer  two 
to  three  feet  high,  with  red,  purple,  or  blue 
flowers.     [CAMPANULA.] 

2.  The  genus  Phyteuma  (q.v.). 

If  Large  or  German  Rampion  is  (Enother* 
biennis. 

*  ram'-pire,  ».  &  v.    [RAMPART,  ».  &  v.] 

ram  pier,  ram  -plor,  a.  &  $.  [Prob.  con- 
nect, with  ramble  (q.v.).] 

A.  ^s  adj. :    Roving,   rambling,  roaming, 
unsettled. 

B.  As  subst. :  A  gay,  roving,  or  unsettled 
fellow.    (Scotch.) 

ram  -rod,  ».  [Eng.  rout,  v.,  and  rod.]  A  rod 
of  wood  or  metal,  used  for  forcing  the  charge 
to  the  bottom  of  a  gun-barrel,  and  also,  with 
a  wiper  or  ball-screw  attached,  for  cleansing 
the  interior  of  the  barrel,  and  for  withdrawing 
a  charge.  It  is  held  to  the  gun  by  thimble*; 
or  by  grooves  in  the  band  and  a  correspond* 
ing  groove  in  the  stock. 

ram  sa-gnl,  ».    [Native  natne.J 

Zool. :  Capra  im6er6ts(De  Blainv.),  a  domes- 
ticated variety  of  the  Tahr,  Capra  jemfaica 
(Hemitragus  jemlaicus). 

"  There  are  at  least  forty  acknowledged  varieties 
of  the  Goat,  among  which  may  be  mentioned  the  Ber- 
bura,  or  Hum  tagul,  of  India,  a  Qoat  which  is  remark- 
able for  being  destitute  of  beard,  aud  for  th«  large 
dewlap  which  decorates  the  throat  of  the  male.  It* 
ears  are  very  short,  and  its  smooth  fur  is  wliite, 
mingled  with  reddish-brown."—  Wood :  lllut.  ffat. 
Eitt.,  L  «71 

raxn'-Shac-kle,  a.  &  ».  [Etym.  doubtful; 
prob.  connected  with  shake.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Loose,  disjointed ;  in  a  crazy 
state  ;  in  bad  repair. 

"  A  rnnuhactle  waggon,  rough  men,  and  a  roughest 
landscape."— Athenaum,  April  1,  1881. 

B.  Assubst.:  A  thoughtless  fellow.  (Scotch.) 

ram -shac-kle,  v.t.  [RAMSHACKLE,  a.]  To 
search,  to  ransack,  to  rummage.  (Prov.) 

ram'-skin,  ».  [Prob.  a  corrupt,  of  ramekin 
(q.v.).]  A  species  of  cake  made  of  dough  and 
grated  cheese.  Called  also  Sefton-cake,  be- 
cause said  to  have  been  invented  at  Croxtetb 
Hall,  the  seat  of  Lord  Sefton. 

ram  sons,    ram  s6n    (pi.    ram  sons, 

ram'-Sies),  s.  [A. 3.  hramtan,  pi.  othramw; 
Sw.  rams  (16k)  =  ram's-leek  ;  Dan.  rams  (log) 
—  ram's-leek  ;  Bavarian  ramsen.] 

Bot.  :  Allium  ursinum ;  a  British  plant  with 
ovate  lanceolate  leaves,  and  a  trigonous  scape 
bearing  an  umbel  of  white  flowers.  Found  in 
woods,  hedge  banks,  &c.  Formerly  cultivated 
in  gardens  for  gariic,  but  now  superseded  by 
A.  sativum. 

ram'-stam,  a.  &  adv.  [Eng.  ram  =  to  push. 
Scotch  slam  =to  stamp.] 

A.  At  adj. :  Forward,  thoughtless,  rash. 

B.  As  adv. :  Rashly,  precipitately,   head- 
long.   (Scott:  Rob  Roy,  ch.  xxviii.) 

ram'-sted, ».    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

Bot. :  An  American  name  for  Liiiaria  vuHr 
garis. 

ram'  til,  ».    [Bengalee  &  Maliratta.] 
Bot:  Guizotia  oleifera.    [GuizoTiA.] 

ram  tlT-la,  «.    [RAMTIU] 

Bot.  :  A  synonym  of  Guizotia  (q.v.)i 

ra'-mu-ll,  ».  rl.    [Lat.  nom.  pi.  of  ramulut, 
dimin.  of  ramus  =  n  branch,  a  bough.] 
Bot. :  Small  branches,  branchlets,  twigs. 

ram'  u- lose,   t  ram'-n-lous,  o.     [Lat. 

ramMosus.] 

Bot. :  Having  many  ramuli  (q.v.) ;  divided 
into  many  small  branches. 


£\to,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  p8t. 
or,  wore,  W9li;  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  ciire,  ignite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    *>,  ee  =  e;  ey  =  a;  <iu  =  tor. 


ramus—  randy 


fr'  mus  (pi.  ra'-mi),  ».    [Lat.  =a  branch.] 

1.  Anatomy  : 

(1)  A  branrh  of  an  artery,  vein,  or  nerve. 

(2)  The  male  organ  of  generation. 

(3)  Each  of  two  branches  or  halves  of  the 
tower  jaw  in  man  and  other  vertebrates.     The 
portion  which  rises  to  articulate  with  the  skull 
is  called  the  ascending  rainus.     There  are  also 
«  superior,  or  ascending,  and  an  inferior  or 
descending  ranius  in  the  pubic  bone,  and  a 
rauius  of  the  ischium. 

2.  Bot.  :  A  branch. 

Ta-mus'-cule,    s.     [Late    Lat.    ramusculus, 
"dimin.  from  ramus  =  a.  branch.] 
Anat.  :  The  branch  of  any  rainus. 

ra-mus'-cu-li,  s.  pi.    [RAMUSCULE.] 
Bot.  :  The  mycelium  of  some  fungals. 

I*an,  pret.  ofv.     [RUN,  v.  ] 

ran(l),  s.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

1.  Rope-making  :  A  reel  of  twenty  yards. 

2.  Naut.  :    Yarns    coiled   on   a    spuu-yarm 
winch. 

*  ran  (2),  ».    [A.S.  &  Icel.  rdn.]    Open  robbery 
and  violence  ;  rapine. 

*  ran  (3),  s.     [Irish  &  Gael,  rann  =  a  division, 
a  verse,  a  poem.]     A  saying.    (Seven  Sages, 
2,723.) 

ra'-na,  a.   [Lat.] 

1.  ZooL  :  The  typical  genus  ef  the  family 
Ranidae  (q.v.),  with  sixty  species,  absent  only 
from  South  America  and  Australia.     Fingers 
quite   free,  iione   opposable  ;    toes  webbed  ; 
vomerine  teeth  in  two  series  or  groups  ;  tongue 
large,  oblong,  free,  and  deeply  notched  be- 
hind ;   metatarsus  with  one   or    two   blunt 
tubercules.     Sana  temporaries  is  the  Common 
English  Frog,  and  R.  esculenta  the  Edible 
Frog. 

2.  Palceont.  :  From  the  Miocene  of  Germany 
and  Switzerland. 

ra'-nal,  a.    [RANALES.] 

Sot.  :  Of,  or  belonging  to  the  Ranales  (q.v.). 

jra-na'-les,  *•  pi-  [PI-  of  Mod.  Lat.  ranalis, 
from  rana  =  a  frog.]  [RANUNCULUS.] 

Bot.  :  The  Ranal  Alliance  ;  an  alliance  of 
Hypogynous  Exogens.  Monodichlamydeous 
flowers,  placentae  sutural  or  axile,  stamens  in- 
definite, embryo  minute,  in  a  large  quantity 
of  fleshy  or  horny  albumen.  Orders  :  Magno- 
liacese,  Anonacese,  Dilleniacese,  Ranunculaceie, 
Sarraceniacese,  and  Papaveracese. 

•Ta  -nan  ite,  ».  [Lat.  rana  =  a  frog.]  A  sect 
of  Jews  who  honoured  frogs  because  they 
were  one  of  the  instruments  in  plaguing 

1     Pharaoh.    (Annandale.) 

sra-na'-tra,  *.     [Mod.  Lat.,  from  rana  =  a 

frog.] 

Entom.  :  A  genus  of  Nepidae.  Body  very 
elongated  and  cylindrical  ;  rostrum  directed 
forwards,  anterior  thighs  long  and  slender. 
One  species,  Ranatra  linearit,  is  aquatic,  being 
found  in  the  mud  at  the  bottom  of  water.  In 
the  evening  it  sometimes  flies  forth.  Both 
larva  and  imago  are  carnivorous. 


s.    [Etym.  doubtful.] 

1.  A  shore  or  prop  acting  as  a  strut  for  the 
support  of  anything. 

2.  A  bar  between  the  legs  of  a  chair. 

•  3.  A  kind  of  fine  stone.    Probably  a  kind 
of  marble. 

"  Ivorle  pillars  mlxt  with  Jett  and  mnre." 

Si/lfeiter  :  Du  llartat,  p.  MS. 

I*an96,  v.t.    [RANGE,  s.]    To  shore  up  ;  to  prop. 
(.Scotch.) 

•  ran  9§s'-9ent,  a.  [Lat.  rancescens,  pr. 
ar.  of  ratwesco,  incept,  of  ranceo  =  to  be  rank.] 
ecoming  rancid,  rank,  or  sour. 

•ran9h,  v.t.    [A  corrupt,  of  wrench  (q.v.).] 
,    To  wrench,  to  sprain  ;  to  injure  by  straining. 
'       "  Against  a  stamp  lii»  tusk  the  monster  grind*  .  .  . 
Then,  trusting  to  his  anus,  young  Othrys  found 
And  runcVd  bis  hips  with  one  cunt  inu  d  wound." 


par. 

Bec 


*  ran9he,  *.    [Sp.  rancho.]  The  same 
as  RANCHO  (q.v.). 

"And  other  ranch  territories."  —  Daily  Teleyraph, 
Bent.  14,  1885. 


ranche,  ».i.    [RANCH,  ».]    To  keep 

a  ranch  or  farm  for  the  rearing  of  cattle  aud 

horses. 
ran-9ne-ri'-a,  ».    The  hut  of  a  ranchero,  or 

a  collection  of  sucJi  huts. 
ran-9he'-r6,  «.     [Sp.]     In  Mexico,  a  herds- 

man ;  a  man  employed  on  a  ranch. 

"  With  certain  hard-riduig  rancherot."—  Field,  Jan. 
2,  1886. 

ran9hm.an,  *.  [Eng.  ranch,  s.,  and  man.] 
The  keeper  or  owner  of  a  ranch. 

"  The  ranchmen  of  the  Western  territory."—  Daily 
Telegraph,  Sept.  14,  1886. 

ran'-9ho,  *.  [Sp.  =  a  mess,  a  set  of  persons 
who  eat  and  drink  together,  a  messroom.]  In 
Mexico,  a  rude  hut  where  herdsmen  and  farm- 
labourers  live  or  only  lodge  ;  a  fanning 
establishment  for  rearing  cattle  and  horses. 
It  is  thus  distinguished  froma  hacienda,  which 
is  a  cultivated  farm  or  plantation. 

ran?h'-wom-an,  *.  [Eng.  ranch,  t.,  and 
woman.]  The  wife  of  a  ranchman. 

"  A  charming  little  ranchvtoman.'—Scribntr'i  J/aff- 
atine,  May,  1880,  p.  127. 

ran'-jid,  a.  [Lat.  rancidus,  from  ranceo  =  to 
be  rank,  to  stink  ;  Fr.  ranee;  ItaL  rancido.] 
Having  a  rank  smell  ;  sour,  musty,  rank,  ill- 
smelling. 

"  She  bids  him  from  a  goat's  deep  entrails  take 
The  rancid  fat."       Boole:  Orlando  farioio,  xvll. 

*  ran^Id'-l-t^,  ».    [Fr.  rancidite;  Ital.  ran- 
cidita.]    The  quality  or  state  of  being  rancid  ; 
rancidness  ;  a  strong  sour  smell. 

ran'-9id-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  rancid;  -ly.]  In  a 
rancid  manner  ;  with  a  strong  sour  smell  ; 
mustily. 

ran'-9id-ness,  s.  [Eng.  rancid;  -ness.}  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  rancid  ;  rancidity, 
rankness. 

"  Their  flesh  has  contracted  a  rancidneu."—WMte  : 
Stlbornt,  p.  112. 

*  rfinck,  *  rancko,  a.  &  adv.    [RANK,  a.] 

TaA'-cSr,  ran'-cour,  *  ran-kor,  «.      (O. 

Fr.  rancor,  rancore,  rancaeur,  (Fr.  rancune), 
from  Lat.  rancorem,  accus.  of  rancor  =  rancid- 
ness, spite.  [RANCID.]  O.  Sp.  rancor;  Sp. 
rencor;  ItaL  rancore,  rancura.] 

1.  Inveterate  malignity,  enmity,  or  spite; 
deep-seated  malice,  malevolence,  or  ill-will  ; 
implacable  malice  or  enmity. 

"  All  the  rancour  of  a  renegade."—  Hafaulay  :  Silt, 

Eng,,  cli.  vi. 

•  2.  Virulence,  corruption,  poison. 

"  Put  rancour*  in  the  vessel  of  my  pence.'* 

ShaJcap.  :  Macbeth,  lit  L 

ran'-cor-ous,  a.  [Eng.  rancor;  -out.]  Full 
of,  or  characterized  by  rancor;  deeply  ma- 
lignant ;  spiteful  in  the  utmost  degree  ;  in- 
tensely virulent.  (Rowe:  Pharsalia  vi.  483.) 

ran'-COr-OUB-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  rancorous  ;  -ly.] 
In  a  rancorous  manner  ;  with  rancor  or  deep 
malignity. 

rand,  *.  [A.S.,  Ger.,  Dut,  and  Dan.  =  » 
border,  an  edge,  a  brink  ;  IceL  rond.] 

*  L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  A  border,  edge,  or  seam. 

2.  A  long  fleshy  piece  of  beef  cut  out  between 
the  flank  and  the  buttock. 

"  They  came  with  chopping  knives, 
To  cut  into  randt." 

Btaum.  i  FleL  :  Wild-goote  Chate,  T.  1 
IL  Shoemaking  : 

1.  One  of  the  slips  beneath  the  heel  of  a 
sole,  to  bring  the  rounding-surface  to  a  level 
ready  to  receive  the  lifts  of  the  heel. 

2.  A  thin  inner  shoe-sole.    (Simmondt.) 

*  rand,  v.i.     [Prob.  a  form  of  rant  (q.v.).]    To 
storm,  to  rave,  to  fume,  to  rant. 

"  I  raved,  and  randed,  and  railed."      J.  Webittr. 

ran'-d&n  (1),  «.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  The  pro- 
duce of  a  second  sifting  of  meal  ;  the  finest 
part  of  the  bran  of  wheat. 

ran'  -dan  (2),  s.  [Etym.  doubtful  ;  perhaps 
connected  with  random  (q.v.).] 

1.  A  boat  worked  by  three  rowers  with  four 
oars,  the  middle  rower  using  a  pair  of  sculls, 
the  other  two  one  oar  each. 

"  People  in  punts  and  gigs,  randant,  gondolas,  and 
canoes.  "—Daily  Telegraph,  July  3,  188S. 


3879 

2.  A  spree,  a  drinking-bout.     (Used  only  in 
the  phrase,  To  go  or  be  on  the  randan.) 

ran  dan -Ite,  s.  [After  Randan,  Puy-de- 
Dome,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  which  it  WM 
found  ;  suff.  -Ue  (Afin.).] 

Mln. :  A  kaolin-like  variety  of  tripolito 
(q.v.),  containing  9'10  per  cent,  of  water. 

ran'-dl-a,  s.  [Named  after  Isaac  Rand,  of 
the  Apothecaries'  botanic  garden  at  Chelsea.] 
Bot. :  A  genus  of  Gardenidae.  Rnndia  dume- 
torum  is  a  small  thorny  shrub  growing  in  the 
Himalayas.  The  fruit  is  a  safe  emetic ;  ex- 
ternally applied,  it  is  an  anodyne  in  rheu- 
matism ;  an  infusion  of  the  bark  is  given  to 
produce  nausea.  The  unripe  fruit  of  R. 
uliginosa,  also  Indian,  is  roasted  in  wood- 
ashes,  and  then  given  for  diarrhoea  and  dysen- 
tery. The  natives  eat  the  roasted  fruits  of 
both  trees  ;  raw,  that  of  the  first  species  is 
used  to  poison  fish.  In  the  North-west  Pro- 
vinces it  is  employed  in  calico  printing  and 
dyeing  to  intensify  the  colour.  The  fruit  of 
R.  aculeata  is  used  as  a  blue  dye.  About  fif- 
teen species  are  in  British  hot-houses. 

rand  -ite,  s.  [After  T.  D.  Rand ;  suff.  -Ut 
(Afm.).] 

Mln. :  A  mineral  described,  after  an  analy- 
sis of  a  small  amount  of  impure  material,  as 
a  hydrous  carbonate  of  calcium  and  uranium. 
Occurs  as  an  encrustation  of  a  canary-yellow 
colour  on  granite  at  Frankford,  Pennsylvania. 

ran'-dlo,  s.     [RANT I.E.] 

ran  do m,  Tan  don.  •  ran  doun,  •rail- 
down,  s.  &  a.  [O.  Fr.  randon  =  the  swift- 
ness and  force  of  a  strong  stream  :  whence 
alter  a  grand  randon  =  to  go  very  fast  (an- 
swering to  the  Eng.  at  random) ;  randir  =  to 
press  on ;  randonner  =  to  run  swiftly  or  vio- 
lently ;  Sp.  de  rendon,  de  rondon  =  rashly, 
abruptly,  intrepidly.  Ultimate  etym.  doubt- 
ful, but  probably  from  Ger.  rand  =  an  edge, 
rim,  brink,  or  margin,  so  that  the  reference  is 
to  the  force  of  a  brimming  riw.J  [HAND,  ».] 

A.  As  substantive: 

L  Ordinary  Language: 

*L  Force,  violence;  a  violent  or  furious 
course ;  impetuosity. 

*  2.  The  distance  travelled  by  a  missile  ; 
range,  reach. 

"  The  angle,  which  the  missive  Is  to  mount  by.  If  wo 
will  have  to  go  to  its  furthest  random,  must  be  th*> 
hall  of  a  right  one."— Dioby :  On  Bodiet. 

3.  A  roving  motion  or  course  without  direc- 
tion ;   want  of  direction,   rule,  or  method ; 
haphazard.     (Only  in  the  phrase  at  randontf 
applied  to  any  thing  done  at  haphazard  or 
chance). 

"  Like  a  scattered  seed  at  random  sown." 

Cottper  i  TabU  Talk,  fit, 

IL  Mining :  The  distance  from  a  deter- 
mined horizon  ;  the  depth  below  a  given 
plane.  (Webster.) 

B.  At  adj. :  Done  at  hazard  or  without  any 
settled  aim,    purpose,   or  direction  ;  left  to 
chance ;  chance,  haphazard,  casual. 

"  A  random  shaft."  Dryden :  t'injU  ;  Jfn.  IT. 

random-courses,  s.  pi. 
Mason.  £  Paving :  Courses  of  stone  of  un- 
equal thickness. 

random-shot,  s.  A  shot  fired  at  random  £ 
a  shot  fired  with  the  muzzle  of  the  gun  ele- 
vated above  the  horizontal  line. 

random-tooling,  s.  The  forming  the> 
face  of  a  stone  to  a  nearly  smooth  surface  by 
hewing  it  over  with  a  broad-pointed  chiselL 
which  produces  a  series  of  minute  waves  at 
right  angles  to  its  path.  (Known  in  Scotland 
as  droving.) 

•  r&n'-dim-ly,  adv.   [Eng.  random ;  -ly.]   la 
a  random  manner  ;  at  random  ;  wildly. 

*  ran  don  «.    [RANDOM.] 

*ran'-d4n,  v.i.  [Fr.  randoner.]  [RANDOM.] 
To  stray  or  rove  about  at  random. 

"Shall  I  Imve  them  free  to  ramlon  of  their  wlUI* 
SackrUl*  *  A'orton :  Ferrex  t  furrtm 

ran  dy,  ran' -die,  s.  &  a.    [RAND,  v.] 

A.  As  substantive  : 

1.  A  sturdy  beggar  or  vagrant ;  one  who 
exacts  alms  by  threatening  or  abusive  lan- 
guage. 

2.  A  scold  ;  an  indelicate,  forward,  or  romp- 
ing girl.    (Scotch.) 


boil,  bdjf ;  pout,  J6%1 ;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  chin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  tt»<",  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-clan,  -tian  =  Shan,    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  -  zhun,    -clous,  -tious,  -sious  -  saus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  -  bel.  del. 


3880 


rane— rank 


B.  As  adject  ire  : 

1.  Riotous,  disorderly. 

"  For  the  young  laird  was  stown  away  by  a  randy 
fipsy  woman.'— Scott :  0uy  Manntring,  ch.  zl 

2.  Merry. 

3.  Lustful. 

•  rane,  *  rane -deer, ».    [REINDEER.] 

ra'-nee,  ra'-ni,  s.  [Mahratta,  Hind.,  be.] 
A  queen  regnant ;  the  wife  of  a  king.  (Anglo- 
Indian.) 

ra-nei'-le,  «.    [Mod.  Lat.,  dimin  from  rana 

Zool.  A  Palaeont :  Frog-shell ;  a  genus  of 
Muricidae.  Shell  with  two  rows  of  continuous 
varices,  one  on  each  side  ;  operculum  ovate  ; 
nucleus  lateral.  Fifty-eight  recent  species, 
from  the  Mediterranean,  the  Cape,  India, 
China,  Australia,  the  Pacific,  and  Western 
America,  ranging  from  low  water  to  twenty 
fathoms.  Fossil,  twenty-three  species,  from 
the  Eocene. 

•ran-force,  $.    [REINTORCE,  *.) 

•rang,  a.  [A.8.  rane.]  [RANK, a.]  Perverse, 
rebellious. 

-  Tf  that  ani  were  so  rang."  Hatdok,  S.ML 

rang,  pret.  ofv.     [Ri.so,  v.] 

•ran-gant,a.    [Fr.] 

Her. :  The  same  as  FURIOSANT  (q.Y.% 

range,  *  renge.  *  ralnge,  *  rannge,  «.(.&{. 

SO.  Fr.  render  (Fr.  ranger),  from  rang  =arank.] 
RANK,  v.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  set  or  place  in  a  rank  or  row ;  to  dis- 
pose or  arrange  in  a  regular  line  or  lines  ;  to 
dispose  in  proper  order  or  ranks  ;  to  rank. 

"Their  order  of  ranging  a  few  men."— HacUuyt : 
Toyayrt,  iii.  733. 

2.  To  dispose    or  arrange  in  the   proper 
classes,  orders,  or  divisions ;  to  classify  ;  to 
arrange    systematically    or   methodically  in 
classes  or  divisions ;  to  class :  as,  To  range 
plants  or  animals  in  genera,  species,  Ate. 

3.  To  roam,  rove,  or  wander  over  or  through ; 
to  pass  over  or  through  ;  to  search. 

"  Be  did  range  the  town  to  seek  me  out." 

Outkttp.  :  Tmlfth  Night,  iv.  S. 

*  4.  To  sail  or  pass  along  or  in  a  direction 
parallel  to  :  as,  To  range  a  coast ;  that  is,  to 
•ail  along  it. 

•5.  To  sift;  to  pass  through  a  range  or 
•ieve. 

"No  come  maitters  that  bought  and  sold  (rain 
should  beat  this  mule  awav  from  their  raunginy 
•ivea.--/».  Holland :  PUnie,  bk.  viiL,  ch.  xliv. 

B.  Intransitive: 

•1.  To  be  placed  in  order;  to  be  ranked, 
classified,  or  classed ;  to  rank ;  to  admit  of 
Classification. 

"  Tls  better  to  be  lowly  born, 
And  rangr  with  humble  liven  in  content. 
Than  to  be  perk'd  up  in  a  glist'ring  grief. 
And  wear  a  golden  sorrow. 

Khaketp. :  Henry  nil.,  Ii.  S. 

5.  To  He  in  a  particular  direction ;  to  lie 
alongside  or  parallel ;  to  correspond  in  direc- 
tion. 

"Which  way  thy  forests  rang*,  which  way  thy  riven 
flow."  Draytm .'  rolyolbion.  a.  1. 

8.  To  rove  or  roam  at  large  ;  to  wander 
about 

"  Tls  true.  I  am  given  to  rang*-" 

Byron :  To  the  Sighing  Strephon. 

4.  To  ran  about  wildly ;  to  be  wild.    (Said 
Of  dogs.) 

"  Down  goes  old  Sport,  ranging  a  bit  wildly."— Fttld, 
March  27, 188«. 

6.  To  sail  or  pass  along  or  in  the  direction  of. 

"  In  which  coast  ranging,  we  found  no  convenient 
watering  place."— Backluyl :  Voyage*,  iii.  H5. 

6.  To   pass   or   vary   from    one    point  to 
another. 

"  Readings  ranged  from  86*  at  Scilly  and  Jersey  to 
46°  at  Nairn."— Da Uy  Chronicle,  Sept.  25,  1885. 

7.  In  gunnery,  to  have  range  or  horizontal 
direction.    (Said  of  shot  or  shell,  and  some- 
times of  a  firearm.) 

range.  *  renge,  *.    [RANGE,  t».] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  rank,  a  row ;  a  series  of  things  in  a 
line. 

"  And  in  the  two  renget  fayre  they  hem  dresse." 
Chaucer:  C.  T..  2,59«. 

2.  A  line. 


*  3.  A  class  ;  an  order ;  a  classification. 

"  The  next  r.mgt  of  beings  above  him  are  the  imma- 
terial intelligence*."— Bale:  Orig.  of  Mankind. 

4.  A  wandering,  roving,  or  roaming  ;  an  ex- 
cursion. 

"  He  may  take  a  range  all  the  world  over,  and  draw 
in  all  that  wide  circumference  of  sin  aud  vice,  and 
centre  It  in  his  own  breast"— flouth :  Sermons. 

5.  Space  or  room  for  excursion ;  space  or 
extent  taken  or  passed  over;  command,  scope, 
discursive  power. 

"  The  oppressor  .  .  .  knows  not  what  a  range 
His  spirit  takes."  Cowper :  Taik,  v.  771. 

6.  The  step  of  a  ladder  ;  a  rung. 

7.  A  row  of  townships  lying  between  two 
consecutive    meridian    lines,   which   are    six 
miles  apart,  and  numbered  in  onler  east  aud 
west  from  the  "principal  meridian"  of  each 
great  survey,  the  townships  in  the  range  being 
numbered  north  and  south  from  the   "base 
line "  which  runs  east  and  west :  as,  town- 
ship No.  6  N.,  range  7  W.,  from  the  fifth 
principal  meridian. 

8.  A  kitchen-range  (q.v.). 

"  Therein  an  hundred  raunget  weren  pight." 

Spenter  :  P.  Q.,  IL  Til  Si. 

9.  A  bolting  sieve  to  sift  meaL 
H.  Technically  : 

1.  Gunnery: 

(1)  The  horizontal  distance  to  which  a  pro- 
jectile is  thrown.    Strictly,  it  is  the  distance 
from  the  muzzle  of  the  gun  to  the  second 
intersection  of  the  trajectory  with  the  line  of 
sight.    A  cannon  lying  horizontally  is  called 
the  right  level  or  point-blank  range :  when 
the  muzzle  is  elevated  to  45°  it  is  called  the 
utmost  level. 

(2)  A  place  where  gun  or  rifle  practice  is 
carried  on. 

"The  shooting  range  at  Wormwood  Scrub*."— Time*, 
April  13,  1686. 

2.  Music:  The  whole  ascending  or  descend- 
ing series  of  sounds  capable  of  being  produced 
by  a  voice  or  instrument;  the  compass  or 
register  of  a  voice  or  instrument. 

3.  Nat.  Science:   The   geographical    limits 
within  which  an  animal  or  plant  is  now  dis- 
tributed, and  the  limits  in    point  of   time 
within  which  it  baa  existed  on  the  globe.  The 
first  is  called  range  in  space,  and  the  second 
range  in  time.   In  the  case  of  marine  animals, 
as  the  Mollnsca,  there  is  also  a  range  of  depth, 
as  measured  by  the  number  of  fathoms  which 
constitute  their  superior  and  inferior  limits. 

4.  Nautical: 

(1)  A  length  of  cable  a  little  in  excess  of 
the  depth  of  water,  ranged  on  deck  ready  to 
run  out  when  the  anchor  is  let  go. 

(2)  A  large  cleat  in  the  waist  for  belaying 
the  sheets  and  tacks  of  the  courses. 

T  (1)  Horned  ranges:  Two- pronged  cleats 
or  kevels. 

(2)  To  find  or  get  the  range  of  an  object :  To 
ascertain  the  angle  at  which  to  elevate  a  fire- 
arm so  as  to  hit  an  object. 

range-cock,  s.  A  faucet  for  the  hot 
water  reservoir  of  a  cooking  range. 

range-finder,  i. 

Gunii. :  An  instrument  for  finding  the  range 
of  an  object. 

"  When  a  single  barrel  was  ttted  he  wonld  prefer  a 
shell  gun  instead  of  one  of  rifle  calibre,  as  it  acted  as 
an  Instantaneous  range-finder."— Evening  Standard, 
Nov.  18, 1886. 

range-heads,  ».  pL  The  bitts  of  the 
windlass. 

range-stove, «.    A  cooking-stove. 

ran'-ge,  a.    [Fr.] 

Her. :  Arranged  in  order. 

•  range  ment,  s.  [Eng.  range;  -ment.]  The 
act  of  arranging;  arrangement;  disposition 
in  order. 

"  For  the  better  lodgement,  rangemrnt,  and  adjust- 
ment of  our  other  ideas.'—  Wattrland :  Work*,  iv.  «&. 

rang'-er,  *  raung-er,  *.  [Eng.  rang(e),  v. ; 
•er.] 

*  1.  One  who  arranges  or  disposes  in  order ; 
an  arranger. 

2.  One  who  ranges,  roves,  or  roams  about ; 
a  rover. 

"  And  cant  be  all  who  keep  the  Bens 
For  sheep  mid  an  tiered*  rangert  only." 

Blackie  :  layi  of  Highland*,  p.  49. 

3.  A  sworn  officer  of  a  forest,  appointed  by 
letters  patent,  whose  business  was  to  walk 
through  the  forest,  watch  the  deer,  prevent 


trespasses,  &c. ;  now  merely  a  government 
official  connected  with  a  royal  forest  or  park. 
"  Outlawes  fell  affray  the  forest  raunger.' 

Spenur:  Colin  Clout' i  Come  £/</mc  again. 

4.  The  keeper  or  superintendent  of  a  puUio 
park. 

*  5.  One  who  roves  for  plunder ;  a  robber,  a 
highwayman. 

*  6.  A  dog  that  beat  the  ground,    (Gay.) 
*7.  (PL):  Mounted  troops  armed  with  sbor* 

muskets,  who  ranged  the  country  and  often 
fought  on  foot.  The  name  is  still  preserved 
in  the  title  Cotmaught  Rangers,  applied  to  the 
88th  regiment  of  foot  in  the  British  Army. 

*  8.  A  sieve,  a  sifter. 

ranker-Ship,  s.  [Eng.  ranger ;  -ship.]  The 
office  or  position  of  a  ranger  or  keeper  of  a 
forest  or  park. 

ran' -gl- fir.  «.  [Formed  in  the  sixteenth 
century  from  Fr.  ranche  =  &  rack,  ladder,  and) 
Lat.  fero  =  to  bear.] 

1.  Zool. :  Reindeer(q.v.);agenusofCervid«6, 
"  There  are  several  varieties  or  species  of  this! 
animal,  confined  to  special  districts,  but  they 
are  not  yet  well  determined."  (Wallace :  Geog. 
Dist.  Anim.,  ii.  219).     Horns  with  large  basal 
snags  near  crown  ;  muzzle  hairy. 

2.  Palteont. :  [See  extract  under  Reindeer} 
REINDEER-PERIOD]. 

*  ran'-gle,  v.i.  [A  frequent  or  dimin.  from 
range,  v.  (q.v.).]  To  range  or  rove  about. 

"  They  scaped  best  that  here  and  thither  rnnyled." 
Harrington  :  Orlando  Furioto,  xiv.  fa 

ra'-ni,  ».    [RANEE.] 

ran'-I-cSpS,  ».  [Lat  rana  (q.v.);  suff.  -eept 
=  caput  =  a  head.] 

1.  Ichthy. :  A  genus  of  Gadida>,  with  one 
species,  Jtaniceps  trifurcus,  the  Trifurcated,  or 
Tadpole-Hake  (q.v.).    Head  large,  broad,  and 
depressed  ;  body  of  moderate  length,  covered 
with  minute  scales  ;  two  dorsals,  anterior  very 
short-,  rudimentary ;  one  anal,  ventral  of  six 
rays  ;  card-like  teeth  in  jaws  and  on  vomer. 

2.  Palteont. :  A  doubtful   Labyrinthodont 
from  the  Carboniferous. 

ran'-I-d»,  *.  pi.  [Lat.  ran(a);  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff. 
-idee.] 

Zool.  :  A  family  of  Anourous  Batrachians, 
sub-order  Phaneroglossa,  with  twenty-sir 
genera.  Upper  jaw  toothed  ;  diapophyses  of 
sacral  vertebrae  not  dilated  ;  neck-glands 
absent.  Distribution  almost  cosmopolitan. 

ra-ni'-na,  s.   [Mod.  Lat.,  from  rana  =  a  frog.) 
Zool.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Raninidae. 

ra'-nine,  a.  [Lat  rana  =  a  frog.]  Pertaining 
or  relating  to  a  frog  or  frogs. 

ranine-artery,  s. 

Anat. :  A  continuation  of  the  lingual  artery, 
which  runs  forward  from  the  lower  part  of 
the  tongue  to  its  tip,  with  numerous  branches. 

ranine  vein,  s. 

Anat. :  A  small  vein  beneath  the  tongue  ia 
apposition  with  the  ranine  artery. 

ra-ni'-ni  d»,  «.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  ranin(a)f 
"Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.] 

ZooL  :  A  family  of  Anomura  (q.v.).  The 
four  hinder  pairs  of  legs  are  nearly  equal  in 
size,  and  flattened  into  four  swimming  organs. 

rank,  'ranck,  *rancke,  *ranke,  *reng, 
"*  renk,  s.  [O.  Fr.  reng  (Fr.  rang),  from 
O.  H.  Ger.  Tiring,  hrinc  =  a  ring  (q.v.) ;  Ger. 
rang.  The  original  meaning  is  therefore  that 
of  a  ring  or  circle  of  persons.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  line,  a  row  ;  a  series  of  things  in  a  line. 

"  The  ran*  of  osiers,  hy  the  murmuring  stream.* 
Shakftp. :  At  You  Like  It,  Iv.  S. 

2.  Specif.,  a  line  or  row  of  men  ranged 
abreast  or  side  by  side. 

3.  Position,  place,  station. 

"  Olotocara,  which  had  not  learned  to  keepe  hi* 
ranke'—Backluyt  :  Voyage*,  Hi.  U8. 

4.  An  aggregate  of  individuals;  a  class,  a 
series,  an  order. 

"  All  rank*  and  orders  «.f  men.  being  squally  con- 
cerned in  publick  bles»iui«. "—  AttertHry. 

5.  Degree  of  dignity ;  eminence  or  excel- 
lence ;    comparative    station   or  position    io 
civil,  military,  or  social  life  ;  relative  place. 

"  The  scale  of  intellectual  rant." 

Wordaeorth  :  Excursion,  Iv.  t 


fltte,  tat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go, 
•r,  wore,  wolt;  work,  who,  son;  mute,  crib,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    »,«  =  «;  ey  =  a;qu  =  kw. 


rank— ransom 


3881 


8.  Specif.,  a  degree  or  grade  in  the  military 
or  naval  service  :  as,  the  rank  of  captain,  the 
rank  of  admiral. 

7.  High  social  position  ;  eminence,  excel- 
lence, distinction,  high  degree  :  as,  a  man  of 
rank. 

IL  Music  :  A  row  of  pipes  (of  an  organ), 
belonging  to  one  stop. 

IT  (1)  Bank  and  file  :  [FILE  (1),  s.,  1  (2)]. 

(2)  The  ranks:  The  order  or  grade  of  com- 
mon soldiers  :  as,  To  reduce  a  man  to  the  ranks. 

(3)  To  Jill  the  ranks  :  To  supply  the  whole 
number,  or  a  competent  number. 

(4)  To  take  rank  of:  To  take,  have,  or  enjoy 
precedence  of;  to  rank  before;  to  have  the 
right  of  taking  a  higher  place  than. 

rink,  *  ranck,  *  r  anckc,  *  ronk,  *  ronkc, 

a.  &adv.  [A.  8.  mnc  =  strong,  proud,  forward  ; 
cogn.  with  Dut  rant  =  lank,  slender  ;  Icel. 
rakkr  =  straight,  slender  ;  Sw.  rank  =  long 
and  thin  ;  Dan.  rank  =  erect.  The  sense  of 
"  strong-scented  "  or  rancid  is  due  to  confusion 
with  Lat  rancidua  (=  rancid),  or  O.  Fr.  ranee 
—  musty,  fusty,  stale.  (Sfceot.)] 

A.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Luxuriant  or  coarse  in  growth  ;  of  strong 
or  vigorous  growth  ;  high-growing. 

"Down  with  the  grass*, 
Hat  froweth  In  shadow  >o  ranke  and  «o  stout." 

Tuuer:  Butbandry. 

*2.  Copious,  free,  fluent. 

"  Soch  a  ranke  and  full  writer."—  Atcham  :  Scholt- 
matter.  bk.  ii. 

3.  Causi  ng  luxuriant  or  strong  growth  ;  very 
rich  and  fertile. 

"  Where  land  is  rank,  'tis  not  good  to  low  wheat 
after  a  fallow."—  Mortimer  :  Husbandry. 

4.  Raised  to  a  high  degree  ;  excessive,  im- 
moderate ;  violent,  utter,  extreme. 

"  Thy  rankett  faults."         Shaketp.  :  Trmptit,  r. 

5.  Excessive  ;  exceeding  the  actual  value  ; 
M,  a  rank  modus  in  law. 

•  6.  Violent,  fierce. 

"  Kancke  winter's  rage." 
Spenier  :  Shepheardt  Calender  ;  February. 

7.  Gross,  coarse,  foul,  disgusting. 

"  My  wife's  a  bobby  hone,  deserves  a  name 
As  ran*  as  any  flax  wench." 

Shaketp.  :  Winter,  Tale.  1  * 

8.  Foul  -  scented,    strong  -  scented,  rancid, 
musty,  stinking. 

"  Hirciua.  rank  with  sweat,  presume* 
To  censure  Phillis  for  perfumes." 

Suit:  Journal  of  a  Modern  Lady. 

9.  Strong  to  the  taste  ;  high-tasted. 

"  Divers  sea-fowl  taste  rank,  of  the  fish  on  which 
they  feed."—  Boyle. 

*  10.    Lustful  ;    inflamed    with    venereal 
passion. 

"  The  ewes,  being  rank, 
In  the  end  of  autumn  turned  to  the  rams." 

Shaketp.  :  Merchant  of  Venice,  L  a, 

*  11.  Corrupt,  rotten. 

"But  weeds  of  dark  luxuriance,  tans  of  haste, 
Rank  at  the  core,  though  tempting  to  the  eyes." 
Byron  :  Child*  Harold,  iv.  120. 

•  12.  (See  extract). 

"The  iron  of  a  plane  Is  set  rank  when  its  edge 
•tands  so  flat  below  the  sole  of  the  plane,  that  in 
" 


*  B.  As  adv.  :  Strongly,  flercely,  violently. 

"  Many  iron  hammers  beating  rankr,' 

Spftuer:  F.  O...  IV.  T.  U. 

*  rank-brained,  *  rank  brainde,  a. 
Coarse. 

"  Every  rank-bralnde  writer."—  Chapman  :  Mataue 
•/  U  iddle  Tempi*.    (Pref.) 

*  rank-riding,  a.     Riding   fiercely   or 
furiously. 

rank-scented,  a.  Rank,  strong-scented  ; 
Having  a  strong,  coarse  smelL 

"The  mutable,  rank-tctntfd  many." 

Shaketp.  :  Corivlanut,  lit  1. 

rank,  v.  t.  &  i.    [RANK,  «.] 
A.  Transttivt: 

L  To  place,  set,  or  draw  up  in  a  rank  or 
line  ;  to  range  ;  to  place  abreast  in  a  line. 

"  Stood  rank'd  of  seraphim  another  row, 
In  posture  to  displode  their  second  tire 
Of  thunder."  Milton:  P.  L..  vL  ««. 

2.  To  range  or  set  in  any  particular  rank, 
Class,  division,  or  order  ;  to  class,  to  classify. 

"He  irasamxn 

Of  an  unbounded  stomach,  ever  ranking 
Himself  with  princes." 

Shaketp.  :  Henry  r///..  |v.  ». 

3.  To  dispose  or  arrange  methodically  ;  to 
place  or  set  in  suitable  order  ;  to  range. 

"  Ranking  all   things   under   general    and   special 
heads."—  Wattt  :  Logick. 


B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  be  ranged ;  to  be  set,  placed,  or  dis- 
posed, as  in  a  particular  line,  order,  division, 
or  rank. 

"  Let  that  one  article  ran*  with  the  rest" 

Hhakttp.  :  Brnry  I'.,  T.  t, 

2.  To  be  disposed  or  arranged  in  a  line  or 
rank. 

3.  To  have  or  hold  a  certain  rank  or  position 
as  compared  witii  others  ;  to  be  of  equal  rank 
or  consideration  with  others  :  as,  A  captain 
in  the  navy  rants  with  a  colonel  in  the  army. 

4.  To  put  in  a  claim  against  the  estate  oft 
bankrupt :  as,  He  ranked  against  the  estate. 

5.  To  stand  as  a  claim  against  the  estate  of 
a  bankrupt  person. 

"  £19,534  is  expected  to  rant  against  assets  estimated 
at  £18,120  16s.  id."— Daily  Telegraph.  April  8.  18S6. 

*  rank'-er  (1),  *.  [Eng.  rank,  v. ;  -er.  ]  One  who 
ranks  or  disposes  in  rank  or  order ;  an  arranger. 

rank'-er  (2),  *.  [Eng.  rank,  s. ;  -«r.J  An 
officer  who  rises  from  the  ranks. 

"  The  new  coast  battalion,  most  of  whose  officers  an 
•ranters.'"— St.  Jameti  Qautte,  June  2,  1686,  p.  12. 

rank' -Ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  t  s.    [RANK,  v.] 
If  Ranking  and  Sale : 

Scots  Law :  The  process  whereby  the  herit- 
able property  of  an  insolvent  person  is  judi- 
cially sold,  and  the  price  divided  among  his 
creditors  according  to  their  several  rights  and 
preferences.  This  is  the  most  complex  and 
comprehensive  process  known  in  the  law  of 
Scotland,  but  is  now  practically  obsolete. 

ran'-kle,  * ran-kyll,  v.i.&t.  [Eng.  rant,  a. ; 
suff.  -le.] 
A.  Intransitive: 
L  Literally: 

1.  To  grow  or  become  more  rank  or  strong ; 
to  be  inflamed  ;  to  fester,  as  a  sore  or  wound. 

'  "  Till  lovely  Isolde's  lilye  band 
Had  probed  the  rankling  wound." 

Scott  :  Thomai  the  Rhymer,  ill. 

2.  To  produce  or  cause  an  inflamed,  fester- 
ing, or  painful  sore. 

"  The  Hydra's  venom  ranMing  in  thy  reins." 

Additan:  Ovid;  Metamorphout  IL 

IL  Figuratively : 

1.  To  be  inflamed ;  to  become  malignant, 
bitter,  or  virulent. 

2.  To   cause   bitterness,    ill-will,    or   self- 
torment. 

"  Jealousy,  with  rankling  tooth." 

drag  :  ode  on  Ro*. 

*3.  To  suffer  pain  or  torture  ;  to  fret. 

"  Depriv'd  of  sight,  and  rankling  in  his  chain." 

Gotdimith  :  An  Oratorio.  U. 
*B.   Transitive: 

1.  To  inflame,  to  irritate,  to  make  sore. 

2.  To  attack  ;  to  carp  at. 

"His  teeth  rankle  the  woman's  credit"—  Adamt: 
Work*,  ii.  224. 

rank'-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  rank,  a. ;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  rank  manner ;  with  coarseness  or 
vigour  of  growth. 

2.  With  a  rank  or  strong  smell ;  rancidly, 
mustily. 

3.  Grossly,  foully. 

"The  coarseness  so  rankly  practised  by  the  witty 
Frenchman."— Scott  :  Jfemoirt  p/  Owi/t,  |  s. 

rank  -ness,  •  rank  nes,  *.  [Eng.  rank,  a. ; 
•ness.] 

L  Ordinary  language  : 

L  Exuberance,  coarseness,  or  vigour  of 
growth  :  as,  the  rankness  of  vegetation. 

*  2.  Excess,  superfluity,  extravagance,  great 
strength. 

"  The  men  ranknea  of  their  Joy." 

Shaketp. :  Henry  till.,  Iv.  L 

•3.  Great  fertility. 

"  Bnd  by  the  rnnknea  of  the  plenteous  land." 

Drayton :  Legend  of  Thomae  Cromiefll. 

4.  Strength  or  coarseness  in  taste  or  smell ; 
rancidness. 

•5.  Strength. 

"  The  crane's  pride  Is  tn  the  rankntu  of  her  wing."— 
L'Kitrange:  Fablet. 

*  6.  Insolence  ;  outrageous  conduct. 

"I  will  physic  your  rankneu." —.fhaketp. :  At  Ton 
Like  It.  \.  I. 

IT.  Sot.  ot  Hort. :  O-er  luxuriance  of  vege- 
tation, as  when  fruit  trees  put  forth  great 
shoots  or  feeders  while  little  wood  is  formed. 
Its  protable  causes  are  too  rich  a  soil  or  too 
much  manure.  In  gome  cases  root  grafting, 
and  in  others  root  pruning,  is  beneficial. 


*  rann,  t.    [Ir.]    A  song. 

•ran'-nel,*.  [Etym.  doubtfuL]  Astrumpe^. 
a  prostitute. 

"She  was  not  such  a  roynish  rannell.'—(i.  ffarvsyi 
Pitne'i  Supererogation,  (1600). 

R&n'-ndch  (ch  guttural),  s.    [See  def.] 
Geog. :  A  lake  and  moor  in  Perthshire. 

Rannoch  -  geometer,  Rannoch  - 
leoper,  s. 

Entom. :  A  British  geometer-moth,  Fidonitt 
pinetaria. 

Rannoch  sprawler,  s. 
Entom. :  A  British  cuspidate  moth,  Petatia. 
nubeculosa. 

ran'-ny,  t.  [Lat  (mus)  araneus.]  The  shrew* 
mouse. 

"  The  mut  aran'ui,  the  thnwmouM  or  runny.'— 
Broitne :   Vulgar  Erroun. 

*  ran  pick,  *  ran' -pike,  t.    [Etym.  doubt- 
fuL]    A  tree,  especially  an  ash,  in  which  % 
ranny   or   shrew-mouse   has    been    plugged. 
(According  to  Nares,  a  tree  beginning  to  decay 
at  the  top  from  age.)    [SHREW-ASH.] 

"  Rowland  leaning  on  a  ranpHe  tree." 

ttrayton  :  Pattoratt,  L 

ran'  sack,  *  ran  sake,  v.t.  &  i.  [Icel.  ran*. 
saka  =  to  search  a  house,  from  rann  =  a  housa^. 
and  saekja  =  to  seek  ;  Sw.  ransaka  ;  Dan.  ro»- 
sage  =  to  ransack.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  search  thoroughly ;  to  search  every 
part  of. 

"  The  history  of  the  chosen  people  was  ram<icktd  for 
precedents."— Jiacaulay :  Hitt.  Xnf.,  ch.  xvit 

*2.  To  plunder,  to  pillage,  to  sack.  (Shake»f.t 
King  John,  iii.  4.) 
*3.  To  violate,  to  ravish. 

"Treason  were  it  to  the  rantackd  queen." 

Shakttp. :  TroUut  t  Cruiida,  U.  1 

B.  Intransitive: 

I.  To  search  narrowly  or  thoroughly. 

*  2.  To  pierce. 

"  The  sword  enforced  rant 
Had  rantakt  through  bis  ribs." 

I'hacr  :    Virgil ;  Jlneid  tm. 

*  ran '-S&ck, «.    [RANSACK,*.]    A  ransacking  £ 

pillage. 

ran  som.     *  ran-  some,     '  ran   soun, 

*  raun  son,   '  raym  son,   *  raun  som, 

*  raun- sun,  «.     [O.  Fr.  raenton(Fr. 
'from  Lat.  redemptionem,  ace.  oT  redem 
redemption  (q.v.) ;  O.  Ital.  ranzone. 
and  redemption  are  thus  doublets.] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Release  from  captivity  or  'bondage  by 
payment 

"  Sent  as  prisoners  of  the  war 
Hopeless  of  ratuom." 

Uryden  :  Palamo*  t  Areitt.  L  lit. 

2.  The    money  paid  for  the  release  of  s> 
person  from  captivity,  bondage,  or  shivery,  or 
for  the  redemption  of  goods  captured  by  an 
enemy ;  that  which  procures  the  release  of 
a  captive  or  of  goods  captured,  and  restores, 
the  former  to  liberty  and  the  latter  to  tb* 
original  owner. 

"To  whom  Achilles:  B*  the  raniom  given." 

Pope:  Homer;  Iliad  xziv.  1TI 

3.  A  price  paid  or  offering  made  for  pro- 
curing the  pardon  of  sins,  and  the  redemption! 
of  the  sinner  from  the  consequences  of  sin, 
(Mark  x.  45.) 

*  4.  Atonement,  expiation. 

"  A  sufficient  ransom  for  offence." 

Shaketp. :  Two  Oentlemen  of  Verona,  T.  4 

U.  Law:  A  sum  paid  for  the  pardon  of 
some  great  offence,  and  the  discharge  of  th» 
offender ;  or  a  fine  paid  in  lieu  of  corporal 
punishment. 

ransom-bill,  s.  A  war-contract  by  which 
it  is  agreed  to  pay  money  for  the  ransom  of 
property  captured  at  sea,  and  for  its  safe  con- 
duct into  port  (Such  a  contract  is  valid  by 
the  law  of  nations.) 

ransom -tree,  a.  Free  from  ransom;, 
ransomless. 

ransom.     *  ran  -  some,     *  rann  -  som, 

*  raun-son,  v.(.     [RANSOM,  «.]     [Fr.  ran- 
fo  iiner.] 

1.  To  redeem  from  captivity,  bondage,  or 
slavery  by  the  payment  of  money  or  an  eqnU 
valent ;  to  buy  out  of  captivity,  penalty,  or 
punishment ;  to  regain  by  the  payment  of  aa 
equivalent 

"  Let  him  be  rantnmed." 

Shaketp.  :  Cfmorlint,  r.  *. 


boil,  bo*y ;  pont,  j«%l ;  cat,  90!!,  chorus,  9hin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thi^,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  eyist.    ph  =  fc. 
-elan,  -tian  =  snaa.   -tion,  -Bion  =  snon;  -(ion,  -sion  =  zuun.   -clous,  -tious,  -«ion8  =  snns.   -We,  -die,  Ac.  =  bel,  d#l» 


3882 


ransomable—  rapacious 


2.  To  release  from  captivity  or  bondage  on 
payment  of  money  or  an  equivalent. 

"  Kantoming  him  or  pitying." 

Shaketp. :  Coriolantu.  L  6. 

3.  To  redeem  from  the  bondage  of  sin,  and 
trom  the  punishment  incurred  by  sinners. 

"  All  the  rantom'd  church  ol  God." 

Cowper :  Olney  fftfmru,  XT. 

*  4.  To  redeem,  to  rescue,  to  save,  to  deliver. 
iflosea  xiii.  14.) 

*  5.  To  hold  at  ransom  ;  to  demand  or  ex- 
.act  a  ransom  from  ;  to  exact  a  fine  or  payment 
from. 

"  All  suche  landes  u  he  had  rule  of.  he  rauntomed 
them  »o  grevously."— Bernert :  Froiuart :  Cronycle. 
vol.  li.,  ch.  L 

*  6.  To  atone  for  ;  to  expiate. 

"  Your  trespass  now  becomes  a  fee : 
Miue  rantomt  yours,  and  yours  must  rantom  me." 
Shaketp.  :  Sonnet  ISO. 

*  ran'-som-a-ble,  o.    [Eng.  ransom;  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  ransomed. 

"To  dissolve  the  rantomable  chain 
Of  my  lov'd  daughter's  servitude." 

Chapman :  Homer;  mad  i. 

ran-som  er,  » raun-som-er,  s.  [Eng. 
ransom,  v.  ;  -er.}  One  who  or  that  which 
ransoms  or  redeems  ;  a  redeemer. 

"The  onlie  sauior.  redeemer,  and  raumomer  of 
them."— Fox :  J/artyrn  (an.  1555). 

*an'-som-le's8,*ran-8ome-lesse,a.  [Eng. 
ransom;  -less.]  Without  payment  of  a  ransom; 
free  from  ransom. 

"  Go  to  the  Douglas,  and  deliver  him 
Up  to  his  pleasure,  rant  mlett  and  free." 

Shaketp.  :  1  Henry  IT.,  T.  6. 

Tant,  v.i.  [0.  Dut.  ranten,  randen;  Low 
Ger.  randen  ;  Ger.  ranzen  =  to  make  a  noise.] 

1.  To  speak  bombastically ;  to  bluster ;  to 
rave  in  violent,  high-sounding,  or  extravagant 
language    without    proportionate  dignity  of 
thought ;  to  be  noisy  and  boisterous  in  speech 
cr  declamation. 

"  In  such  a  cause  I  grant 
An  English  poet's  privilege  to  rant." 

Cowper:  Table  Talk,  299. 

2.  To  be  jovial  or  jolly ;   to  make  noisy 
mirth.    (Scotch.) 

*ant(l),  s.    [Seedef.] 

Music:  An  old  dance;  a  sort  of  country 
fiance.  This  name  is  often  attached  to  tunes 
to  which  country  dances  were  performed.  It 
Is  perhaps  a  corruption  of  the  word  coranto. 

*ant  (2),  s.    [RANT,  v.] 

1.  High-sounding  or  bombastic   language 
without  much  meaning  or  dignity  of  thought ; 
boisterous,  empty  declamation  ;  bombast. 

"  He  sometimes,  indeed,  in  his  ranti,  talked  with 
Norman  haughtiness  of  the  Celtic  barbarians." — 
tlacaulay  Hut.  Eng.,  ch.  vi. 

2.  A   noisy,    boisterous   frolic    or   merry- 
making.   (Scotch.) 

ran  tin,  s.  [RANT,  ».]  A  drinking  fit  or 
bout ;  a  spree. 

*  ran-tant  -Ing-ly,  adv.    [RANT.]    Extrava- 
gantly. 

"  Therefore  I  prayie  Yarmouth  so  rantantingly."— 
fiaihe :  Lenton  Stuffs. 

*ant  -er, «.    [Eng.  rant ;  -er.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  One   who    rants ;    a  noisy    talker ;    a 
boisterous  preacher. 

2.  A  merry,  roving  fellow.    (Scotch.) 
IL  Church  History  (PI.) : 

1.  A  nickname  given  to  the  Seekers  (q.v.). 

2.  A  nickname  for  the  Primitive  Methodists 
(q.v.). 

3.  A  small  sect  which  arose  in  1822,  and 
•who  have  registered  their  churches  under  this 
name  in  the  Registrar-general's  returns. 

rant'-er  ifm,  ».  [Eng.  ranter;  -ism.]  The 
teaching  or  tenets  of  the  Ranters. 

rant  -Ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [RANT,  v.] 

Tont'-ihg  l$r,  adv.  [Eng.  ranting;  -ly.J  In 
a  ranting  manner  ;  like  a  ranter. 

*  rant'-I-pole,  o.  &  ».    [Eng.  ranty,  and  pole 
=  poll.) 

A.  As  adj. :  Wild,  roving,  rakish,  jovial. 

"  What,  at  years  of  discretion,  and  comport  yourself 
at  this  rantlpole  rate  1"— Cangrete:  Way  of  the  World, 
Iv.  L 

B.  As  sitbst. :  A  romping,  wild  boy  or  girl. 

14  Iwas  always  considered  *tirantipolt.~—ilarryat: 
frank  Hildmay,  ch.  XT. 


*  rant'-I-pole,  v.i.    [RANTIPOLE,  a.]    To  run 
about  wildly. 

"She  used  to  rantipole  about  the  house."— Arbuth. 
not :  Hist.  John  Bull,  ch.  xvi. 

rant'  ism  (1),  «.  [Eng.  rant;  -ism.]  The 
tenets  or  practice  of  the  Ranters. 

"This  person  .  .  .  liad  run  through  most,  if  not  all, 
religious,  even  to  rantism."—  Wood :  Athena  Oxon., 
voL  ii. 

*  rant  -ism  (2),  s.    [Gr.  POI/TKT/LIOS  (rhantismos) 
=  a  sprinkling  ;  p,.tVu)  (rhaino)  —  to  sprinkle.] 
A  sprinkling ;  a  small  number  ;  a  handful. 

"  \Ve  but  a  handful  to  their  heap,  a  rantitm  to  their 
baptism."— Up.  .In, Ire  wet. 

ran -tic,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful;  prob.  Icel. 
rann  —  a  house.]  A  Rantle-tree  (q.v.). 

rantle  tree,    randlc  tree,    rannle 
tree,  s. 

1.  The  beam  running  from  back  to  front  of 
the  chimney,  from  which  the  crook  is  sus- 
pended. 

2.  A  tree  chosen  with  two  branches,  which 
are  cut  short,  and  left  somewhat  in  the  shape 
of  the  letter  Y,  set  close  to  or  built  into  the 
gable  of  a  cottage  to  support  one  end  of  the 
roof-tree. 

3.  A  tall,  rawboned  person.    (Scotch.) 

ran'-tree,  ran-try-tree,  s.  [A  corrupt,  of 
rowan-tree.}  [ROWAN.] 

rant'-y,  a.  [Eng.  rant,  a,  ;  -y.]  Wild,  noisy, 
boisterous. 

ran'-U-la,  s.  [Lat.  rana  =  a  frog,  because  the 
voice"  of  the  person  affected  is  hoarse,  like 
that  of  a  frog.] 

Pathol. :  A  tumour  occurring  under  the 
tongue,  from  accumulated  saliva  and  mucus 
in  the  ducts  of  the  sublingual  gland. 

ra-nun-cu-la'-9e-!e,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat. 
'ranuncul(us) ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ocece.] 

Bot. :  Crowfoots ;  an  order  of  Hypogynous 
Exogens.  Herbs,  rarely  shrubs,  leaves  often 
much  divided,  with  dilated,  half-clasping 
petioles,  often  with  processes  like  stipules. 
Flowers  typically  polypetalous,  large,  gaily- 
coloured,  sometimes  apetalous,  but  with 
coloured  sepals.  Sepals  three  or  six,  stamens 
generally  indefinite,  carpels  numerous,  one- 
celled  or  united  into  single  many-celled  pistil. 
Fruit  dry  achenes,  berries,  or  follicles.  Found 
in  cold  damp  places  in  Europe,  North 
America,  &c.  They  are  acrid,  and  often 
poisonous.  Tribes,  Clematese,  Anemoneae,  Ra- 
nunculeae,  Helleboreae,  and  Actaeese.  Known 
genera  forty-one,  species  1,000  (Lindley).  Gen- 
era thirty,  species  500.  (Sir  J.  Hooker.) 

ra  nun  cu  la  ceous  (ce  as  sh),  a.  [R ANTW- 
CULACE.E.]''  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the  Ranun- 
culaceae. 

r&n-un-ou'-l8-»,  *.  pi.  [Lat.  ranunculus) ; 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -ece.]  [RANUNCUI.ACE/E.] 

ra  nun  -cu  liis,  s.   [Lat.  =  a  crowfoot  plant.] 

1.  Bot. :  Buttercup,  Crowfoot ;  the  typical 
genus  of  the  order    Ranunculaceae.    Sepals 
five,  rarely  three,  caducous ;   petals  five,  or 
more,  or  wanting,  glandular  at   the    base  ; 
stamens  many  ;  fruit  of  many  achenes,  each 
with  one  ascending  seed.    Known  species  about 
160,  from  temperate  regions.    Familiarly  they 
bear  various  well  known  names,  among  them 
being  the  favorite  wild  flower,  the  Buttercup, 
with  its  bright  yellow  flowers.     Those  known 
M  Crowfoot  are  troublesome  weeds.    Double 
flowered  varieties  of  some  species  are  cultivated 
under  the  name  of  Bachelor's  Buttons.    One 
species,  the  Asiatic  or  Garden  Ranunculus,  a 
native  of  the  Levant,  has  been  cultivated  for 
centuries.    The   varieties  are   numerous,  the 
flowers  brilliantly  colored  and  very  symmetrical 
in  form.    The  Spearworts,  aquatic  forms,  bear 
lieautiful   white   flowers.     Many  have   much 
divided  leaves.    Of  these,  R.  repent,  common  on 
waste  ground,  has  the  peduncles  furrowed.    B. 
bulbomis  has  bulbous  roots,  and  reflex  sepals,  B. 
aarit  is  tall  and  branched,  R.  Lingua  is  the 
Greater,  and  R.  Flammula  the  Lesser  Spear- 
wort.    The  latter  is  a  vesicant  and  epispastic. 
R.  sceleratus  was  formerly  used  by  beggars  to 
create  artificial  sores ;  it  is  poisonous  when 
raw,  but  is  eaten  boiled  by  the  Wallachians. 
The  jnice  of  R.  Thora  was  used  by  the  Swiss 
hunters  to  envenom  their  javelins. 

2.  Palrr.obot. :    A  species  is  found   in   the 
Brititth  Pleistocene. 


Ran  vi  er  (er  as  a),  t.    [See  compound.] 

Ranviers  nodes,  s.  pi. 

Anat. :  Certain  nodes  or  breaks  in  the  con- 
tinuity of  the  white  substance  in  peripheral 
medullated  nerve-fibres,  discovered  and  de- 
scribed by  Ranvier  in  1871  and  1872. 

ranz  des  vaclies  (as  rans  de  vash).  t. 

[Fr.  =  The  ranks  or  rows  ol  rows,  because  the 
cattle  on  hearing  the  call  move  off  in  rows.] 

Music:  The  tunes  or  flourishes  blown  by 
Swiss  sliephei  ds  on  tlirir  cow-horns  or  Alpine- 
horns  (long  tubes  of  fir-wood),  as  signals  to 
the  animals  under  their  charge.  They  consist 
of  a  few  broken  intervals. 

rap  (1),    *rappe  (l),   *  rap-pen,  v.i.  ft  t. 

[Dan.  rap  —  a  rap,  a  tap  ;  Sw.  rapp  =  p  stroke ; 
rappa  —  to  beat.  A  word  of  imitative  origin ; 
cf.  pat,  tap,  &c.] 

A.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  knock  ;  to  strike  with  a  sharp,  quick 
blow. 
*2.  To  swear.    [!•] 

"  I  scorn  to  rap  against  any  lady ."— Fielding:  A  mtlia, 
bk.  L,  ch.  x. 

B.  Trans. :  To  strike  smartly ;  to  hit  with 
a  sharp,  quick  blow. 

"  They  rap  the  door."  Prior  :  The  Do**. 

If  To  rap  out :  To  utter  with  sudden  violence. 
"  He  rnpped  out  an  oath  or  two."— She/ton :  Don 
Quixote,  Iv.  18. 

rap  (2),  *  rape,  *  rappe  (2),  *  rap-yn,  v.t. 
[Icel.  hrapa  =  to  fall,  to  tumble,  to  rush  head- 
long ;  hrapadhr  =  a  hurry  ;  cf.  Sw.  rappa  = 
to  snatch  ;  rapp  =  brisk  ;  Dan.  rappe  =  to 
make  haste  ;  rap  =  quick,  brisk  ;  Ger.  ra/tn 
=  to  snatch.  The  pa.  par.  rupt  (=•  rapped) 
was  no  doubt  confused  with  Lat.  raptus,  pa. 
par.  of  rapio  =  to  seize.]  [RAPT,  RAPTURE.] 

*  1.  To  affect  with  transport  or  ecstasy  ;  to 
transport  out  of  one's  self. 

"  What,  dear  sir. 
Thus  rapt  you  T"       Shaketp. :  Cymbelint,  L  TlL 

*  2.  To  snatch  ;  to  hurry  away. 

"  From  Oxford  I  was  rapt  by  my  nephew  to  R*4- 
grave."—  If otton  :  Kemaint,  p.  32S. 

3.  To  seize  ;  to  take  by  force  or  violence. 

"  What  their  fathers  gave  her  ... 
The  souues  rap'd  from  her  with  a  violent  hand." 
llirrourfor  JKaoiitratet.  p.  M. 

*  4.  To  barter,  to  exchange. 

*  5.  To  plunder,  to  rob. 

"  Whanne  th*i  hungnn  the!  rapi/n.'—Wimbleten. 
Sermont  (1388). 

H  To  rap  and  rend,  to  rape  and  renne  :  [Icel. 
hrapa  =  to  rush,  to  hurry,  to  seize  ;  raena  =to 
plunder,  from  ran  =  plunder.  The  correct  form 
would  thus  be  to  rap  and  ren.  ]  To  seize  all  on* 
can  get.  A  similar  phrase  is  to  rap  and  reave, 

"  All  they  could  rap  and  rend  and  pilfer.' 
To  scraps  and  ends  of  gold  and  silver." 

Ruller  :  Budibrat,  U.  1 

rap  (1),  *.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  A  l»y  or  skein, 
containing  120  yards  of  yarn. 

rap  (2),  s.     [RAP  (1),  ».]    A  smart,  quick  blow. 

"  Far  slower  rose  th*  vnweldie  Saracine, 
And  caught  a  rup  ere  he  was  reared  upright." 

fair/ax :  Godfrey  of  Bovluyne,  lir.  I». 

rip  (3),  *.  [A  contract,  of  rapparee  (q.v.).]  A 
counterfeit  Irish  coin  passing  current  in  the 
time  of  George  I.  for  a  halfpenny,  although 
intrinsically  not  worth  more  than  half  a  far- 
thing. Hence  the  expression,  not  worth  a  rap 
=  of  no  value,  utterly  worthless. 

"  It  having  been  many  years  since  copper  halfpence 
or  farthings  were  last  coined  in  this  kingdom,  they 
have  been  some  time  very  scarce,  and  many  counter- 
feits passed  about  under  tlie  name  of  rape."— timft: 
Drapier'i  Ltttert. 

*  ra-pa'-gif,  »•  &•    [Lat.,  nom.  pi.  of  rapax.] 
[RAPACIOUS.] 
Ornith. :  Scopoli's  name  for  the  Raptores. 

ra  pa'-cious,  a.  [Lat.  rapax  (genit.  rapacit) 
=.  grasping,  from  r«7>i'o  =  to  seize,  to  grasp; 
Fr.  rapace ;  Sp.  rapaz  ;  Ital.  rapace.] 

1.  Given  to  plundering  or  pillaging;  seizingby 
force ;  disposed  or  accustomed  to  seize  by  force. 

"  Dreading  blind  rapaciout  War." 

Thornton:  Liberty,  ir. 

2.  Greedy,  avaricious,  grasping. 

"  Who  then  had  toil'd  rapaciout  men  to  tame?" 
Thornton :  Cattle  of  Indolence,  ii.  U. 

3.  Characterized,    by   rapacity,    greed,    or 
avarice ;  greedy. 

"  The  rapaciout  appetite  of  gain."— Cowtey :  fttaf 
rti.,  Of  Avarice. 

4.  Accustomed  to  seize  for  food  ;  living  on 
food  seized  by  force  :  as,  rapacious  animals. 


Sate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there:  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p6t, 
or.  wore,  wolf;  work,  who,  son;  mate,  cab,  cure,  unite,  car.  rale,  fall;  try,  Syrian,    to,  ce  =  c;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw.    , 


rapaciously — rapidnesa 


3885 


ra-pa'-cious-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  rapacious;  -ly.] 
"in  a  rapacious,  grasping,  greedy,  or  avaricious 
manner. 

ra-pa'-cious-ness,  s.  [Eng.  rapacious ;  -ness. ] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  rapacious,  greedy, 
or  avaricious;  rapacity,  greed,  avarice;  dis- 
position to  plunder  or  oppress  by  exactions. 

"  Their  rapaciouiness  or  scruples  chanced  to  pre- 
dominate."— Burke :  Abridg.  of  Kng.  Hut.,  bk.  iil.,ch.vi. 

ra-pa9'-i-ty\  «•  [Fr.  rapatite,  from  Lat. 
rapacitatem,  accus.  of  rajxicitas.  from  rapax 
(genit.  rapacis)=  rapacious  (q.v.);  Sp.  rapuci- 
dad;  Ital.  rapacita.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  rapacious  ; 
addictedness  or  disposition  to  plundering  and 
pillaging ;  the  act  or  practice  of  seizing  by 
violence. 

2.  Avarice,  greed  ;  the  act  or  practice  of 
oppressing  by  exactions ;  exorbitant  greedi- 
ness of  gam. 

"  Onr  wild  profusion,  the  source  of  Insatiable  ra- 
pacity, and  almost  universal  venality. "—Bolinybroke : 
Letter  to  Pop*.  (Introd.) 

3.  Ravenousness,  greediness :  as,  the  rapacity 
of  animals. 

rap-a-du'-ra,  *.  [Port.]  A  kind  of  coarse 
unclariiied  su<;ar,  made  in  some  parts  of  South 
America,  and  cast  into  moulds. 

rap-a-ree',  *.    [RAPPAREE.] 

rape  (1),  s.     [Icel.  hrap  =  ruin,  falling  down, 
haste.     The  meaning  has  been  affected  by  con- 
fusion with  a  supposed  derivation  from  Lat. 
rapio  =  to  seize.]    [RAP  (2),  ».J 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  Haste,  hurry. 

"  All  ia  thorow  thy  neglieence  and  rap*.* 

Chaucer  :  Unto  Aw  own  Scrivener. 

2.  The  act  of  snatching  or  carrying  off  by 
force,  whether  persons  or  things  :  as,  The  rape 
Of  Proserpine. 

3.  Something  taken  or  seized  and  carried 
away  by  force. 

"  Where  now  are  all  my  hopes?  oh  neTer  more 
Snail  they  revive  !  imr  drath  her  rapes  restore." 
Santlyt:  Paraphrase  of  Job, 

4.  In  the  same  sense  as  II. 

IL  Law:  Carnal  knowledge  of  a  woman  by 
force  against  her  will.  Consent  obtained  by 
duress  or  threats  of  murder  is  nugatory.  Rape 
la  a  felony  punishable  with  penal  servitude 
for  life,  or  for  not  less  than  three  years,  or  with 
two  years  imprisonment  with  hard  labour.  The 
Legislative  acts  against  this  crime  render 
it  a  felony  punishable  as  above  to  have  carnal 
knowledge  of  a  girl  under  thirteen  years  of 
age,  and  a  misdemeanour  carrying  a  maximum 
punishment  of  two  years  hard  labour  if  the 
girl  be  under  sixteen.  Consent  in  either  of 
these  cases  is  immaterial.  Persons  procuring 
girls  to  have  carnal  connection  are  punishable 
as  for  a  misdemeanour  under  the  same  laws. 

*  1T  Rape  of  the  forest : 

Old  Law :  A  trespass  committed  in  the 
forest  by  violence. 

rape  (2),  s.    [O.  Fr.  rape.] 

*  1.  Fruit  plucked  from  the  cluster. 

"The  juice  of  grain*  is  drawn  tw  well  from  the  rapt, 
or  whole  grapes  plucked  from  the  cluster."— /foy. 

2.  (t't.)  The  stalks  and  skins  of  grapes  from 
which  must  has  been  expressed. 

3.  A  filter  used  in  a  vinegar  manufactory 
to  separate  the  mucilaginous  matter  from  the 
vinegar.     It    derives    its    name    from    being 
charged  with  rapes. 

rape-wine,  .«.  A  poor  thin  wine  from 
the  last  dregs  of  raisins  which  have  been 
pressed.  (Simmonds.) 

rape  (3),  *.  [Icel.  hreppr  =  a  district,  from 
hreppa  —  to  catch  ;  to  obtain.]  A  division  of 
the  county  of  Sussex.  It  is  intermediate 
between  a  hundred  and  a  shire,  and  contains 
three  or  four  hundreds.  There  are  in  Sussex  six 
rapes,  each  having  a  castle,  a  river,  and  a  forest 
belonging  to  it.  Rapes  are  the  same  as  Ti th- 
ings, Lathes,  or  Wapentakes  in  other  counties. 

*  rape-reeve,  s.    An  officer  who  used  to 
act  in  subordination  to  the  shire-reeve. 

rape  (4),  *.  [O.  Fr.  rabe,  rare,  from  Lat  rapa 
—  a  turnip,  a  rape  ;  cogu.  with  Gr.  pairvt 
(rhapus)  =  a  turnip.] 

Dot.,  Agric.,  etc. :  Two  species  (?)of  Brassies, 
Summer  Rape  is  Ilrassica  wmpestris,  and 
Winter  Rape  B.  Napus.  Sir  J.  Hooker  regards 


the  latter  as  a  suh-species  of  the  former,  and 
the  turnip  as  another  sub-species.  B.  cam,- 
pestris  proper  has  the  root  tuberous,  the  radi- 
cal leaves  hispid.  It  is  the  Swedish  turnip. 
B.  Napus,  the  Rape  properly  so  called,  has  the 
root  fusiform,  and  the  leaves  all  glabrous  and 
glaucous.  It  is  cultivated  as  a  salad  plant, 
and  is  sometimes  also  used  in  lieu  of  greens. 
Called  also  Cole  seed  (q.v.). 

rape-cake,  s.  A  hard  cake  formed  by 
piessure  of  the  seeds  and  husks  of  rape  after 
the  oil  has  been  expressed.  It  is  used  for 
feeding  cattle  and  sheep,  and  also  as  a  rich 
manure. 

rape  Oil,  s.     [Rape-seed  oil] 

rape-root,  s.  The  root  of  the  rape-plant ; 
the  plant  itself. 

rape-seed,  s.    The  seed  of  Ilrassica  rapus. 

Rape-seed  oil : 

Chem. :  A  yellow  oil  obtained  by  pressure 
from  the  seeds  of  the  winter-rape.  It  has  a 
peculiar  odour,  a  density  of  0'912  at  15°,  and 
solidifies  at  —  6°.  Used  in  the  manufacture  of 
soft  soaps,  and  for  lubricating  machinery. 

rape  (5),  5.    [ROPE.] 

rape,  adv.    [RAPE  (1),  ».]    Quickly,  speedily. 

•rape,  *  rappe,  v.t.  &  i.    [RAPE  (!),«.] 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  hasten,  to  hurry. 

"  Edward  mot  he  haue,  if  he  wild  him  rape.* 
K.  Brunne,  p.  294. 

2.  To  seize  and  carry  off. 

"  Paridell  rapeth  Hellenore." 

Spenter:  P.  Q.,  III.  x.    (Introd.) 

3.  To  affect  with  rapture  ;  to  transport. 


4.  To  ravish  ;  to  commit  a  rape  on.  (Quain  : 
Diet.  Med.,  p.  1,325.) 
B.  Intrans.  :  To  commit  rape. 

"  There's  nothing  new,  Henippus  ;  as  before 
They  rape,  extort,  forswear.  ' 

Set/wood:  Hierarchy  of  Angel  i,  p.  S4». 

•rape'-ful,  a.  [Eng.  rape  (I),  s.  ;  -fiOtf).] 
Given  to  the  violent  indulgence  of  lust. 

"To  teach  the  rapeful  Hyeans  marriage." 

Bj/ron't  Tragedy. 

•  rape-ly,  adv.    [RAPLY.] 

«  rap'-fttl-ljf,  adv.    [RAP  (1),  ».]    Violently. 

"  On  rough  rocks  rapfulye  fretting." 

Stanyhurit:  Virgil;  £neUL  iii.  M4. 

raph-a-el-e'sqiie'  (que  as  k),  a.  [RAPHAEL- 
ISM.]  Like  Raphael  ;  in  the  manner  of 
Raphaelism. 

"The  circular  ceiling  is  in  Raphaeletyue  taste."— 
Daily  Telegraph,  Sept.  4,  18*5. 

Raph'-a-el-ism,  ».  [From  Sanzio  Raffaelle, 
Rafael,  Raffaello,  or  Raphael,  1483-1520.] 

Art  :  The  principles  carried  out  in  the 
paintings  of  Raffaelle,  who  idealised  his 
characters  rather  than  represented  them  as 
they  were.  [PEE-RAPHAELISM.] 

Raph'-a-el  ite,  ».    [Eng.  RapJtael(iim)  ;  -ite.] 
Art:   One  who  adopts   the   principles  of 
Raphaelism  (q.v.). 

ra  pha  -ne  ae.  s.  pi  [Lat.  rap\an(us);  fern. 
"pi.  adj.  Mill'.  -«•((.'.] 

Rot.  :  A  tribe  of  Cruciferous  plants,  the  equi- 
valent of  Raphanidte  (q.v.). 

ra  pha  -nl  a,  $.    [RAPHANCS.) 

Pathol.  :  A  kind  of  ergotism,  common  in 
Germany  and  Sweden,  said  to  be  produced  by 
the  mixture  of  the  seeds  of  species  of  Ra- 
phanus  with  corn  before  it  is  ground  into  flour. 

ra  phan   I  dae,  s.  pi.  [Lat  raphan(us);  fern. 
"pi.  adj.  sutf.  -idee.] 
Bot.  :  A  family  of  Orthoplocea  (q.v.). 

raph  an  69  mite,  ».     [Gr.   pa<£<w'9  (rlia- 
phanis)=.n  kind   of  radish;   o<7>ttj   (osme)  = 
smell,  and  sutf.  -ite  (Min.);  Ger.  rhaphanosmit.] 
Min.  :  The  same  as  ZOROITB  (q.v.). 


raph-an-iis,   «.     [Lat,   from   Gr. 
(rhaplianos)  =  a  radish.] 

Bot.  :  Radish  ;  the  typical  genus  of  Rapha- 
nidii-  or  Raphanese.  Pod  elongate,  one-celled, 
many  -seeded,  or  transversely  jointed,  the 
joints  one-  or  two-celled,  the  cells  one-seeded. 
Known  species  six  ;  from  Europe  and  the 
ti  mporatr  parts  of  Asia.  It  is  not  known  aa  a 


wild  plant,  but  has  for  ages  been  cultivated 
in  Asia  and  Europe,  and  now  in  the  United 
States  and  other  new  countries.  Its  succulent 
roots  with  their  pungent  taste  make  it  much. 
appreciated  as  a  salad  root 

ra'-phe,  s.    [Gr.  pa<J»»  (rhaphe)  =  a  seam.] 

1.  Anat.  :  A  seam  or  longitudinal  line  di- 
viding anything  into  two  portions,  as  tha 
raphe  of  the  medulla  oblongata,  tic. 

2.  Botany: 

(1)  A  vascular  cord  connecting  the  base  ot 
the  nucleus  with  that  of  the  ovule. 

(2)  (Of  an  umMlifer)  :  The  line  of  junction 
between  the  two  halves  of  the  fruit. 

ra'-phi-a,  *.    [Native  name  of  one  species.] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Calameae.  Low  p.nlma> 
with  oval,  gigantic  pinnate  leaves,  and  fruit 
spikes  often  weighing  from  two  hundred  to> 
three  hundred  pounds.  Known  species  : 
Raphia  tcedigera,  the  Japati  palm,  from  th*> 
Lower  Amazon,  R.  vinifera,  the  Bamboo 
palm,  from  the  west  coast,  of  Tropical  Africa, 
which  yields  wine,  and  Ji.  Ruffia,  cultivated  in. 
Madagascar. 

raph'-I-des,  s.  pi.    [Or.  p«upi'«  (rhaph  is),  genhX 
pa<pi&o<;  (rhaphidos)  —  a  needle,  a  pin.] 

Bot.  :  Needle-shaped  transparent  bodies, 
lying  either  singly  or  in  bundles  among  th» 
tissue  of  plants  ;  any  crystalline  formation  in 
a  vegetable  cell.  The  former  commonly  con* 
sist  of  oxalate  of  lime. 


ra-phid  -i-a,  s. 

raph-i-dif  -er-oiis,  a. 

and  Lat  fero  =  to  bear.] 
Bot.  :  Containing  rapliides. 


[RHAPHIDIA.] 

[Mod.  Lat 


jto.  ».  [Gr.  pajU  (rhaphUL 
genit.  pa<}>i6os  (rhaphidos)  =  a  needle,  and 
t>4>pvf  (ophrus)  =  an  eyebrow.] 

Zool.  :  A  genus  of  Heliozoa,  of  the  order 
Chalarothoraca.  Skeleton  in  the  form  ot 
numerous  slightly  curved  spicules  placed 
tangentially  in  the  superficial  protoplasm. 

raph'-H-ite,  *.  [Gr.  port's  (rhaphis)  =  a  needla^ 
and  Aiflos  (lithos)  =  a  stone.] 

Min.  :  A  grayish-white,  acicular  variety  o^ 
Tremolite  (q.v.),  occurring  at  Lanark,  Canada. 

raph  i  6  sau  -rus,  s.  [Pref.  raphio-,  and 
Gr.  -raiipo<;  (sauros)  —  a  lizard.] 

Palceont.  :  A  genus  of  Lacertilia,  with  two 
species  from  the  Chalk.  (Etheridge.) 

rap'  -Id,  a.  &  ».  [Fr.  rapide,  from  Lat.  rapidu* 
=  rapid,  from  rapio  =  to  snatch,  to  seize  J 
Sp.  &  Ital.  rapido.] 

A.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Very  swift  or  quick  ;  moving  quickly  £ 
speedy  :  as,  a  rapid  river. 

2.  Advancing   or   moving   on   quickly   or 
speedily  :  as,  rapid  growth. 

3.  Quick  or  swift  in  performance  :  as,  % 
rapid  speaker,  a  rapid  writer. 

4.  Done  or  completed  in  a  short  time  ;  per- 
fonned  with  rapidity  :  as,  a  rapid  voyage. 

B.  As  subst.  :  A  swift  current  in  a  river. 
where  the  channel  is  descending  ;  a  sudden 
descent  of  the  surface  of  a  stream,  without  a. 
fall  or  cascade.    (Usually  in  plural.) 

rapid-fire,  a.  A  term  applied  to  modern 
brecch-louding  rifled  guns  of  medium  to  t-nmtl 
calibre,  whose  mechanism  permits  of  very  rapid 
service. 

ra-pld'-l-tf,  «.  [Fr.  rapidiU,  from  I-at. 
'rapiditatem,  accus.  of  rainditas,  from  nijndit* 
=  rapid  (q.v.);  Ital.  raintlitd.} 

1.  The   quality  or   state  of  being  rapid  J 
swiftness  of  motion  ;  celerity,  velocity,  speed  : 
as,  the  rapitlity  of  a  current. 

2.  Quickness  of  advancement  or  progress  t 
as,  rapidity  of  growth. 

3.  Quickness  in  performance  :  as,   rapidity 
of  speech. 

4.  The  quality  of  being  done  or  performed 
rapidly  :  as,  the  rapidity  of  a  voyage. 

rap'-Id-ljf,  adv.  [Bug.  rapid;  -ly.]  In  a. 
rapid  manner;  very  quickly  or  speedily  j 
with  rapidity,  celerity,  or  quick  progression. 

rap'-Id-nesa,  *.  [Eng  rapid;  -ness.]  Tb». 
quality  or  state  of  being  rapid  ;  rapidity, 
quickness,  c*lerity,  speed,  swiftness. 


bSil,  bo^ ;  pout,  Jowl ;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  fhin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  «*»<",  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-cion,  -tian  =  shan.   -tion,  -sion  -  shun ;  -(ion,  -sion  =  zhon.   -cious.  -tious.    sious  =  shus.     blc.  -die,  4 c.  =  bel,  del. 


8884 


rapidolite— rare 


ra  pid  6  lite,  s.  [Gr.  pain's  (rhapit),  genit 
pajTiSos-  (rhapidos)  =  a  rod,  a  stick  ;  o  connect., 
and  Ai'0ot  (litltof.)  —  a  atone.] 

A/ia. :   The   same   as  WERNERITK 
(q.v.). 

Ta'-pl-er,  *.  [Fr.  rapiere,  a  word  of 
doubtful  origin,  but  prob.  Spanish.) 
A  light,  narrow  sword,  used  only  ia 
thru.sting ;  the  blade  has  a  lozenge- 
.shaped  section. 

"  He  gave  you  »uch  a  masterly  report  .  .  . 
And  for  your  rapier  most  esjwclally." 

Shaketp.  :  Samlet.  IT.  7. 

rapier-fish,  s.     The  sword-fish 
(q.v.). 

ra  pfl  -li,  *.  pi.    [PI.  of  Ital.  rapillo.] 

Petrol.  :  Fragments  of  volcanic  M 
scoria  mingled  with  the  ordinary  vol-  "" 
canic  ash  of  Vesuvius. 

rip  ine,  rap'-ine,  *.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  ra- 
pina,  from  rapid  —  to  snatch,  to  seize;  Sp., 
Port.,  &  Ital.  rapina.] 

1.  The  act  of  plundering ;  the  seizing  and 
carrying  away  of  things  by  force ;  plunder, 
pill;fge. 

"  For  nine  yean  against  the  sons  of  rapine 
I  led  my  veterans."         .V,uon  :  Caractaeut,  L  1. 

*  2.  Violence,  force.    (Milton.) 

*  3.  Rape,    ravishment.     (Shakesp. :    Titus 
Andronicus,  v.  2.) 

*rftp'-ine,  *  rap'-ine,  *rap-yn,  v.t.  [RAF- 
INK.  *.]  To  plunder,  to  pillage,  to  rob.  (Sir 
G.  Buck.) 

rap'-Ing,  a.    [Rxp  (2),  v.} 

Her. :  A  term  applied  to  any  ravenous 
animal  borne  devouring  its  prey. 

*rap'-in-ofts,  a.  [Eng.  rapin(e);  -out.} 
Rapacious,  plundering. 

"  His  rapinota  deedes." 

Chapman :  Uumer ;  Hymne  to  Hermes. 

T&p'-ldch,  rap'-lach  (ch  guttural),  rap- 
lock,  s.  ^Perhaps  from  rap  (2),  v.,  and  lock 
(of  wool). J  Coarse,  undyed  woollen  cloth, 
mad<3  frorr  the  most  inferior  kind  of  wool. 

"  Lay  b;  your  new  green  coat,  and  pat  cm  your 
raiilochfi  f."— Scott:  Old  Mortality,  ch.  VL 

*rap'-ly,  rap-pliche,  rape-ly,  a.  [Eng. 
rape  (1),  s. ;  -ly.]  Quickly,  speedily. 

"  Rydynge  ful  raply."          Piert  Plowman,  p.  323. 

*  rapp,  *  rappe,  v.t.   [RAP,  v.] 

•  rap-pa  ree,  *  rzlp  a  ree'.s.    [Ir.  rapaire 
=  a  noisy  fellow  ;  rapach  =  noisy.] 

1.  A  wild  Irish  plunderer. 

"  The  distinction  between  tbe  Irish  foot  soldier  and 
the  Irish  Kappnree  had  never  been  very  strongly 
marked."— ifacaulay:  ffitt.  Eng.,  cb.  ivii. 

2.  A  worthless  fellow. 

rappe,  s.  [Fr.]  A  Swiss  denomination  of 
money  equivalent  to  the  French  centime. 

Tap-pee',  *.  [Fr.  rape,  pa.  par.  of  rdper  =  to 
rasp  (q.v.).]  A  strong  kind  of  snuff  of  either 
A  black  or  brown  colour.  It  is  made  from 
the  darker  and  ranker  kinds  of  tobacco  leaves. 

rap-pel',  s.  [Fr.  =  a  recall,  from  Lat.  re-  = 
bacK,  again,  and  appello-=  to  call.] 

Mil. :  The  roll  or  beat  of  a  drum  to  call 
soldiers  to  anns. 

^  Sappd  o/  o  medal :  A  decision  declaring 
an  exhibitioner  to  Vie  worthy  of  the  medal, 
though  he  cannot  obtain  it  in  consequence  of 
having  obtained  an  equal  or  superior  award  in 
a  former  exhibition. 

rap  -per,  s.     [Eng.  rap  (1),  v.  ;  -tr.] 

1.  One  who  raps  or  strikes. 

2.  The  knocker  of  a  door. 

"  He  stood  with  the  rapper  of  the  door  suspended 
for  a  full  minute  in  his  hand." — Sterne :  Tristram 
Shandy. 

•  a  An  oath,  or  lie.  (Lit.  that  which  is 
rapped  out.) 

"  Though  this  Is  no  flower  of  the  sun,  yet  I  am  sure 
it  is  something  that  deserves  to  be  called  a  rapper."— 
—Parker :  Sep.  of  Rehert.  Tramp.,  p.  200. 

Rapp'-ite,  s.  [For  etym.  and  def.  see  HAR- 
MONIST, II.] 

rap-port',  s.  [Fr.,  from  rapporter  =  to  bring 
back  :  Lat.  re-  =  back,  again,  and  apporto  =  to 
bring  to,  from  ad-  =  to,  and  porto  =  to  carry.] 
A  resemblance,  a  correspondence,  an  agree- 
ment ;  harmony,  affinity. 


rap-prdche'-ment  (entasan),  *.  [Fr.]  An 
agreement,  an  understanding. 

"  What  is  there  in  them  that  prevents  a  rapproche- 
ment, au  understanding  by  which  the  peoples  may  get 
on  amicably  together?"— Century  Vuyozme.  J  uiie,  1883, 
p.  259. 

rap-scal'-llon  (i  as  y),  *.  &  a.  [A  form  of 
rascallion  (q.v.).] 

A.  As  subst.  :  A  rascal ;  a  good-for-nothing 
fellow. 

"Ay  did  they,  mony  aue  o'  them,  the  raptcaUioni  I " 
—Scott  :  Bridf  of  Lammermoor,  ch.  xxv. 

B.  As  adj. :  Rascally,  good-for-nothing. 

"  To  give  no  goods  to  those  raptcallion  servants."— 
Daily  Xewt,  Sept  29,  1886. 

*  rap-scal'-lion-ry  (1  as  y),  s.    [Eng.  rap- 
scallion ;  -ry.}     Rapscallions  or  rascals  col- 
lectively. 

rapt,  *  rapte,  pa.  par.  or  a.  &  ».    [RAP  (2),  v. 
There  is  a  confusion  with  Lat.  raptus,  pa.  par. 
of  rapio  =  to  snatch.] 
A.  &  B.  As  pa.  par.  or  adjective  : 

*  1.  Snatched  or  carried  away  ;  hurried. 

"  Circled  waters,  rapt  with  whirling  sway." 

Sprnter:  f.  «..  II.  xil.  JO. 

1.  Transported,     enraptured ;     tilled    with 
transport  or  ecstasy. 
"  A  swete  consent,  of  musick's  sacred  sound. 
Doth  rayse  our  niindes  las  rapt)  al  vp  on  high." 

(lasroiyne  :  The  fiteele  Otat,  p.  55S. 

3.  Completely  absorbed,  engaged,  or  en- 
grossed. 

"  Vou  are  rapt,  sir,  in  some  work.** 

Snaketp. :  Timon  of  A  them,  I  L 

•  C.  As  substantive  : 

1.  Rapidity. 

2.  An  ecstasy,  a  trance,  transport. 

"  Her  said  false  hipocrisy,  and  ilisaimulynitnunces 
and  raptet.--a<M :  Henri/  rill.  (au.  26). 

*  rapt,  v.t.    [RAPT,  a.) 

L  To  carry  away  by  -f  alence. 

"  Now  aa  the  Libyan  lion  .  .  . 
Out-rushing  from  hit.  den  rapt*  all  awa  .* 

Dfinifl :  Civil  Wt  ;  rii.  M. 
2.  To  transport,  to  ravish,  to  enr»  pture. 
"  They  in  my  defenw  are  reasoning  of  my  sou, 
As  rapted  with  my  wealth  and  beauties." 

Drai/ton  :  Poly-Olbion,  s.  Ill 

*  rap-ta-tb'r'-«s, «.  pi.    [RAPTORES.] 

Ornith. :  Illiger's  name  for  the  Raptores. 

'  rap'-ter,  *  rap  -tor,  s.  [Lat.  raptor,  from 
raptus,  pa.  pa,  of  rapio  =  to  seize,  to  snatch.] 
A  ravisher,  a  plunderer. 

"  Winifrld,  who  chose 
To  have  her  life  by  the  lewd  rapter  spilt." 

Drayton  :  Poly-Oltnon,  s.  10. 

t  rap-tbV-es,  s.  pi.  [Lat.  nom.  pi.  of  raptor 
=  a  plunderer.] 

1.  Ornith.:  Swainson's  name  for  the  Accipi- 
tres  of  Linnaeus  (which  is  being  revived  by 
some  taxonomists),  corresponding  to  the  Ae'to- 
morphse  of  Huxley.  Bill  strong,  curved, 
sharp-edged  and  sharp-pointed,  often  armed 
with  a  lateral  tooth.  Upper  mandible  the 
longer,  strongly  hooked  at  tip.  Body  very 


HEAD   ASD   FOOT   OF   BUZZARD. 

muscular,  legs  robust,  short ;  three  toes  in 
front,  one  behind,  all  armed  with  long,  curved, 
crooked  claws  ;  wings  commonly  pointed  and 
of  considerable  size  ;  flight  usually  rapid  and 
powerful.  The  Raptores  were  formerly  divided 
into  two  sections :  Nocturnal,  containing  the 
Owls  ;  and  Diurnal,  containing  the  Hawks, 
Eagles,  Falcons,  and  Vultures.  The  modern 
order  Accipitres  has  three  sub-orders  :  Fal- 
cones,  Pandiones,  and  Striges. 

2.  Palceont. :  They  appear  first  in  the  Ter- 
tiary. The  most  important  genera  are  de- 
scribed in  this  Dictionary  under  their  respec- 
tive'names. 

rap-toV-I-al,  o,  ft  ».    [Lat.  raptoriu»,  from 
raptor  =  a  snatcher,  a  seizer.J 


A.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Raptores  (q.v.); 
living  by  prey  ;  raptorious. 

2.  Adapted  to  the  seizing  of  prey  :  as,  rap- 
torial legs. 

B.  As  subst.  :  A  bird  of  prey  ;  OH«  of  the 
Raptores. 

rap-t6r"-I-oiis,  o.     [Lat  raptoriu*.}    Th« 
same  as  RAPTORIAL  (q.v.). 

rap'-ture,  s.     [Eng.  rapt,  v.  ;  -ure.] 

*  1.  The  act  of  seizing  ;  a  seizing  by  force. 

*  2.  The  act  of  hurrying   along   rapidly  ; 
Violent  rapidity. 

"  With  headlong  rapture."  Chapman. 

3.  A  transport  of  delight  ;  ecstasy  ;  extreme 
of  passion  or  joy. 

"  In  this  rapture,  I  shall  surely  speak 
The  thing  I  shall  repent" 

Shaketp.  :   Trail  ui  t  Crettiaa.  lil.  1. 

4.  Enthusiasm  ;  excessive  heat  of  imagina- 
tion. 

*  5.  Delirium  ;  disorder  of  the  mind. 

"  Her  brainsick  rapture*." 

Shaketp.  :  Troilut  i  Creuida,  U.  i. 

*  6.  A  fit,  a  syncope,  a  trance. 

"  Your  prattling  nurse 
Into  a  rapture  let*  her  baby  cry." 

Shaketp.  :  Coriolama,  1L  L 

*  rap'-tured,    o.      [Eng.    raptur(e);    -ed.} 
Ravished",  transported,  enraptured. 

"  Raptur'd  I  stood  :  and.  a*  this  hour  amazed. 
With  reverence  at  the  lofty  wonder  gazed." 

Pope  :  Homer  ;  Odyuey  Tt  IM. 

*  rip   ture  less,  a.     [Eng.  rapture  ;   4et».} 
Free  from  rapture  or  transports. 

"  Timid  and  rapturelett." 

Scon  :  Don  Roderick.    (Introd.) 

»  rap'-tor-Ist,  «.  [Eng.  raptur(e);  -ist.]  An 
enuiusiast. 

"  Such  swarms  of  prophets  and  rapturitti  have  flown 
out  of  these  hives  in  some  ages."—  Spenter  :  On  Vulgar 
Prophetic*  (16-5).  p.  43. 

*  rap'-tUT-ize,  v.t.  &  i.    [Eng.  raptur(e)  ;  -ize.\ 

A.  Trans.  :  To  put  into  a  state  of  rapture  ; 
to  enrapture. 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  become  enraptured  :  to  bt 
transported. 

r&p'-tur-OUS,  a.  [Eng.  raptur(e);  -out.] 
Transporting,  ecstatic,  ravishing  ;  full(  (  KJ9' 
ture  ;  exhibiting  or  marked  bfrjptllTl 

"  The  rapturoui  applause  with  w^tlcii  t»M  4-JUM 
the  other  Mctinus  of  the  Bill."—  Daily  rdeyrafk, 
9,  168E. 


- 

k,  Apr* 


rap'-tur-OUS-ly',  adv.  [Eng.  rapturous  ;  -ly.] 
In  a  rapturous  manner  ;  with  raptures  ;  ecstati- 
cally. 

"  Rapturously  applauded  by  crowded  theatres."— 
Jlacaulay  :  Sift.  Eng.,  ch.  xviii. 

rar'-a  a'-vis,  phr.  [Lat.  =  a  rare  bird  (Juv.t 
vi.  164).]  A  rare  bird  ;  hence,  a  prodigy,  • 
person  or  thing  of  very  uncommon  occurrence. 

rare  (1),  o.  &  «.    [Fr.,  from  Lat.  rarut  =  rare; 
Dut.  roar  ;  Ger.,  Dan.,  &  Sw.  rare.] 
A.  As  adjective: 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Scarce,  uncommon  ;  not  found  or  occur- 
ring often  ;  not  frequent  ;  unusual  ;  seldom 
met  with  or  occurring. 

"  The  path  to  bliss  abounds  with  many  a  snare  ; 

Learning  is  one,  and  wit  however  rare." 
.  Camper  :  Truth.  801. 

2.  Possessing  or  characterized  by  qualities 
seldom  to  be  met  with  ;  extraordinary  ;  seldom 
matched  or  equalled  ;  especially  excellent  at 
valuable. 

"  O  rare  Ben  Jongonl"       Xpitaph  on  Ben  Jonton. 

3.  Thinly  scattered  ;  sparse  ;  not  thick  or 
numerous. 

"  The  cattle  in  the  fields  and  meadows  green, 
Those  rare  and  solitary,  these  in  flocks." 

Miiton  :  P.  L..  Tii.  ML 

4.  Thin,  porous  ;  not  dense. 

*'  O'er  bog  or  steep,  through  strait  rough,  dense,  or 
n»r«."  Milton  :  P.  L.,  ii.  »«7. 

IL  Physics  :  Having  considerable  spaces  be- 
tween the  particles  of  a  body  ;  the  opposite  of 
dense.  [RAREFACTION.] 

•  B.  As  subst.  :  A  rarity. 

"  Pot  down,  put  downe.  Tom  Coryat«, 
Our  latest  rare*,  which  glory  not." 

Coryat  :  CrudUiet  (Mil). 

rare  (2),  a.  [A.8.  hrer  =  raw  ;  Icel.  hrar  ;  O 
CJer.  rawer.]  Nearly  raw  ;  imperfectly  01 
little  cooked  ;  underdone.  (Also  spelt  rear.) 

"  And  new  laid  eggs,  which  Baucis'  busy  care 
Turn'd  by  a  gentle  fire,  and  ruasted  rare." 

Dryden  :  Otid  ;  Metamorpltote*  viti. 


fate,  fat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot; 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mate,  cab,  care,  unite,  car,  rale,  fall ;  try,  Syrian,    so,  oo  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


rarebit— rashly 


3S85 


rare  -bit,  s.  [RABBIT  (1),  *.,  \.]  A  dainty 
morsel ;  a  Welsh  rabbit. 

rar'  ee-show,  s.  [Eng.  rare,  and  show.]  A 
peep-show  ;  a  show  carried  about  in  a  box. 

"  A>  though  a  Catholic  church  were  a  theatre  »r 
rareethov'-fitUi,  April  4. 188S. 

rar  e-fac'-tion,  rar-e-lac  -tlon,  s.  [Fr., 
from  Lat  rarefactus,  pa.  par.  of  rarefacio  =  to 
rarefy  (q.v.);  Sp.  rarefaccion;  ItaL  rarefa- 
fione.] 

Physics :  The  act  of  rendering  more  rare,  i.e., 
less  dense.  Used  specially  of  the  diminution 
in  the  density  of  the  air  in  the  receiver  of  an 
air  pump,  or  at  great  altitudes.  It  is  produced 
by  the  increase  in  the  size  of  the  spaces  be- 
tween the  particles  of  air  or  other  gases,  so 
that  the  same  number  of  particles  occupies  a 
larger  space  than  before  rarefaction  began. 
Called  also  Dilatation. 

rar-e-f  i  -a-ble,  rar-S-fi'-a-Dle,  a.  [Eng. 
rarefy  ;  -able.}  Capable  of  being  rarefied  ;  ad- 
mitting of  rarefaction. 

"  Bo  inconsiderable  a  portion  of  that  liquor  should 
be  rarefinble  into  so  much  ardent  spirit.  "—Boyle  : 
Work*,  L  «10. 

Tiir'-S-fy.  «  raf-S-fy.  •  rar'-a-fy,  v.t.  &  i. 
[Fr.  rarefier,  from   Lit.   rarefacio  =  to  make 
thin  :  rarus  =  thin,  and/octo  =  to  make  ;  8p. 
ran/war ;  ItaL  rarefare,  rarificare.] 
A.  Transitive : 

1.  Lit. :  To  make  rare,  thin,  porous,  or  less 
dense  ;  to  expand  or  enlarge  a  body,  without 
addition  to  it  of  any  new  portion  of  itu  own 
matter.  (Opposed  to  condense.) 

"  Highly  rarefied,  the  yielding  air 
Admit*  their  stream."  Thonuon  :  Summer.  7N. 

*  2.  Fig. :  To  spin  out 

"  For  plain  truths  low  much  of  their  weight  when 
they  are  rarify'd  into  tu\>MMem.--StillinyJtett :  Sir- 
moru,  vol.  L,  aer.  4. 

*  B.  Intrans. :   To  become  rarefied,  thin, 
porous,  or  less  dense. 

"  Earth  rareflti  to  dew."  Dryden  :  Fablet. 

Tire'-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  rare  (1) ;  -ly.] 

1.  Seldom  ;  not  often,  not  frequently. 

"  Sometimes  we  can  discover  neither  efficient  nor 
final  cause ;  sometimes,  but  more  rarely,  both.'— SoJ- 
inybroke,  essay  I. 

2.  Finely,  excellently ;  unusually  well. 

rare  -UCSS,  *.     [Eng.  rare(l);  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  rare  or  un- 
usual ;  uncommonness,  infrequency,  rarity. 

2.  Unusual  excellence. 

"  His  providences  towards  ns  an  to  be  admired  for 
the  rartnett  and  graciousness  of  them."— Sharp  :  Str- 
mom,  vol.  ii.,  ser.  1 

8.  Thinness,  tenuity,  porosity. 

Tare' -ripe,  a.  &  s.    [For  ratheripe.]   [RATHE.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Early  ripe  ;  ripe  before  others, 
or  before  the  usual  season. 

B.  As  subst. :  An  early  fruit.     Particularly 
a  kind  of  peach  which  ripens  early. 

*ar'-I-ty,  ».  [Fr.  rarite,  from  Lat.  raritatem, 
accus.  of  ruritat,  from  rarus  =  rare ;  Ital. 
ntritd.]  [RARE  (IX  a.] 

1.  Uncommonness  or  infrequency  ot  occur- 
rence ;  rareness. 

"  Far  from  being  fond  of  any  flower  for  its  rarity." 
—Spectator. 

2.  Unusual  excellence. 

3.  Thinness,  tenuity,  rareness.     (Opposed 
to  druxity.) 

"  That  I  may  better  demonstrate  the  great  rarity 
and  tenuity  of  their  imaginary  chaos."— Bentley  :  Ser- 
mon*. 

4.  That  which  is  rare  or  uncommon  ;  sdme- 
thing  valued  or  prized  for  its  scarcity  or  excel- 
lence. 

rns,  *.  [Arab.  =  a  head.]  A  word  prefixed  to 
the  names  of  promontories  or  capes  on  the 
Arabian  and  African  coasts. 

Bas  algethi,  s. 

Astron. :  A  fixed  star  of  Si  magnitude. 
Called  also  a  Herculis. 

Ras-alhague,  «. 

Astron. :  A  fixed  star  of  the  second  magni- 
tude. Called  also  a  Ophiuchi. 

ra  sarit ,  ra-sante ,  a.  [Fr.,  pr.  par.  of 
raser  =  to  shave.] 

Fort  :  A  term  applied  to  a  style  of  fortifica- 
tion, in  which  the  command  of  the  works  over 
the  country  is  kept  very  low,  so  that  the  shot 
may  sweep  the  ground  with  more  effect. 


r£s'-bor-a,  s.  [Native  name.  Introduced 
into  science  by  Hamilton  (Fish  of  the  Ganges, 
p.  329).] 

Ichthv. :  The  typical  genus  of  the  group 
Rasbonna  (q.v.),  with  thirteen  species  of 
small  size,  from  the  East  Indian  Continent 
and  Archipelago,  and  from  rivers  on  the  east 
coast  of  Africa. 

ras-bor  i-na,  *.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  rasbaria); 
Lat.  neut.  pL  adj.  guff,  -ina.] 

Ichthy. :  A  group  of  Cyprinidse.  Anal  very 
short,  dorsal  behind  origin  of  ventrals,  abd<> 
men  not  compressed  ;  barbels,  when  p:ese'..t, 
never  more  than  four ;  air-bladder  preseu '., 
without  osseous  covering.  There  a:e  £ve 
genera. 

*  ras-ca-bU'-I-an,  «.    [RASCAI,.]    /.  ra.»cal. 

"  Makes  no  little  gaine  of  rateabili*ni.~~Sr*tun: 
Strange  Nate*,  p.  «. 

ras'-cal,  •ras'-call,  'ras-csyle,  *ras- 
kaille,  *  ras-kalle,  s.  &  a.  [According  to 
Skeat,  from  O.  Fr.  rascaillf  (not  foi"i«d) :  Fr. 
racaille  =  the  rascality  orrasc&l  sort,  properly 
scrapings,  refuse,  from  O.  Fr,  reader;  Fr. 
ruder  —  to  scrape  ;  of.  8p.  4  Port  rascar ; 
O.  ItaL  rascare  =  to  scrape,  frozu  Lat.  rasum, 
sup.  of  ratio  =  to  scripe.] 
A.  As  substantive : 

*  1.  A  lean  animal,  especially  a  lean  deer, 
not  fit  to  be  hunted  or  killed. 

"  The  bucks  and  lusty  stags  amongst  the  ratcalt 
strew 'd."  OrayUn  :  Poly-Olbion,  a.  14. 

*  2.  The  common  herd  ;  the  mob. 


*  3.  A  plebeian  ;  one  of  the  common  herd. 
4.  A  mean  fellov.- ;  a  scoundrel,  a  rogue ;  a 

dishonest  fellow ;  a  trickster.    It  is  frequently 
used  in  pretended  anger  or  reproach. 

"  I  know  what  you  mean  by  bishops,  ratcalt  like 
jountlL"—Jfacaulay:  Hat.  Xnf..  ch.  IT. 

B.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Thin,  lean  :  as,  rascal  deer. 

2.  Worthless. 

*  3.  Mean,  low. 

"  Some  ratcal  groom.* 

Shaketp.  :  Rape  of  Lucrete,  6T1. 

*  rascal-like,  a.    Like  a  lean  or  worthless 
deer.    (Shakesp. :  1  Henry  VI. ,  iv.  2.) 

*  ras'-cal  -  dow,   i.     [Eng.    rascal;    -dom.] 
Rascality ;  rascals  collectively. 

"  In    the    subterranean    shades    of    riucaldfm." — 
Carlyle  :  MiteeUanitt,  i  11.  204. 

*  ras'-cal-dry,  a.    [Eng.rosooZ;  -dry.]    Ras- 
cality ;  "rascals  collectively. 

"  So  baae  a  ratcaldry.' 
Breton  :  Patfititi  tooTi-cappe.  p.  SI. 

* ras'-cal-ess,  s.  [Eng.  rascal;  -es*.]  A 
female  rascal. 

"  All  the  rascals  and  ratealmft  of  the  family."— 
Sichardion :  Claritta,  i.  ML 

*  ras'-cal-Ism,  s.    [Eng.  rascal ;  -ism.]    The 
quality  pertaining  to  a  rascal ;  rascality. 

"A    look    of    troubled    gaiety    and    roKalim."— 
Carlyle  :  Diamond  Necklace,  ch.  xiv. 

ras-cal'-I-ty, ».    [En*,  rascal ;  -Uy.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  rascally ; 
such  qualities  as  make  a  rascal. 

"  Must  you  out  of  your  rateality  needs  take  Itt  "— 
Tailor  :  Hog  hath  lost  Ml  Pearl,  lit 

*  2.  Rascals  collectively. 

"  Hotch-potch  of  rateality.'' 

Reaum.  i  Flct.  :  Fair  If  aid  of  the  Inn. 

*  ras-cal  lion,  '  ras-cal'-lian  (1  as  y\  «. 
[RASCAL.]    A  low,  meuii  wretch. 

"  The  pompous  nurallian." 

Byron :  Utter  to  Mr.  Murray. 

ras'-cal-ly,  a.  [Eng.  rascal;  -ly.]  Like  a 
rascal ;  mean,  low,  base,  good-for-nothing, 
trickish,  dishonest 

"  A  ratcaUy  slave  '."—Shaketp. :  1  Henry  /r.,  IL  4. 

*  ras-cle,  *  ras-kle,  v.i.    [RAXLE.] 

*  rase,  (l)'race,  v.t.    [Fr.  raser  =  to  scrape, 
to  shave,  to  raze,  from  Low  Lat  raso,  from 
Lat  rasum,  sup.  of  rmio  —  to  scrape  ;  Sp.  & 
Port  rasar  ;  Ital.  rasare.\    [RAZE.] 

1.  To  touch  superficially  in  passing ;  to  rub 
along  the  surface  of ;  to  graze,  to  shave. 

2.  To  scrape,  scratch,  or  rub  out ;  to  erase. 

"  Whan  we  he  about  to  rate  and  do  away  any  miner 
writyng."— /K«*«r:  Seven  Ptalmtt,  Ps.  xxxii. 

3.  To  obliterate. 

"  The  tide  rushing  rain  what  Is  writ.' 

Touna :  flight  J%oug*tt,  T. 


4.  To  tear  out 

"  Out  of  his  hedde  his  lye:,  he  rfan  •  *te." 

/.yaffle.-  Hor^o/'.tut^. 

5.  To  pull  down  01-  level  wife  tb&  ground; 
to  overthrow,  to    ies*voy,  ir    nue.     (fialn 
cxxxvii.  7.)    [BuDT,  v.  T.j 

*  rase  (2),  ».•:.    TRACI,  v.] 
rase,  raise  fret.  ofv.    [RIFZ,  «.] 

*  ra»«,  (1),  s.    [RASE  (\),  ».] 

1.  !».  sc:«tct,  a  graze,  a  slight  wound. 

"  Tb'.y  wh^se  t',od*>-.ie««  shrinketh  at  the  least  roa* 
•J.  a  r.<jedl»  poir.«"— t/oottr :  Eccleiiattical  Polity. 

Z.  The  r.ct  of  erasing  or  cancelling ;  as. 
erasure. 

*  rase  (2x  *.    [KACB,  «.] 

rash  (1),  *  rasch,  a.  &  adv.  [Dan.  ft  8w 
raslc  =  brisk,  quick,  rash;  Icel.  ro»Jtr» 
vigorous  ;  Dut  rasch  =  quick ;  Ger.  rood*  v 
quick,  vigorous,  rash.] 

A.  As  atljtctii<e: 

*  1.  Quick,  hasty,  sudden. 

"  The  reason  of  this  rath  alarm  to  know.' 

Shaketp. :  Rapt  of  Lucnct,  <Ta, 

*  2.  Demanding  haste  or  immediate  atte».. 
rion ;  urgent,  pressing. 

"  My  matter  Is  so  raih." 

Sbitetp- :  Troilui  *  Crntida,  IT.  1 

3.  Hasty  in  council,  s]>eech,  or  action  ;  pre- 
cipitate, hasty ;    wanting  in  caution  or  de- 
liberation ;   thoughtless,  reckless,  headlong, 
foolhardy.    (Sco« :  Rokeby,  iv.  19.) 

4.  Done,  uttered,  formed,  or  entered  upon 
with  too  great  haste,  or  without  deliberation, 
reflection,  or  caution  ;  hasty,  foolhardy. 

"  Change  thy  rath  intent." 

Pope  :  Homer  ;  Hiad  XT.  tM. 

B.  As  adv. :  Rashly,  foolishly,  recklessly. 

"  Why  do  you  speak  so  startlngly  and  rath  I" 

Shatetp. :  Othello,  tit  4. 

*  rash-embraced,  a.     Too  readily  or 
hastily  harboured.     (Shakesp. :  Merchant  oj 
Venice,  iii.  2.) 

*  rash-levied,  a.     Collected  in  haste. 
(Shakesp. :  Richard  III.,  iv.  3.) 

rash  (2),  a.  f Icel.  roskr  =  ripe,  mature.] 
Applied  to  corn  in  the  straw,  so  dry  as  to 
fall  out  of  the  ear  with  handling.  (Prov.) 

*rash(l),s.  [Ital.nMcta.]  A  kind  of  inferior 
silk,  or  silk  and  stuff  manufacture. 

"  Become  tnfftaffety  ;  and  our  children  shall 
See  it  plain  rath  awhile,  then  nought  at  all." 

Bonne  :  Satirtt.  IT.  n. 

r&sh  (2),  «.  [O.  Fr.  rasche,  rasque  (Fr.  rache\ 
so  called  from  the  desire  to  scratch  it ;  Lat 
rarum,  sup.  of  ratio  =  to  scrape,  to  scratch  ; 
cf.  Prov.  rasca  =  the  itch ;  8p.  ra»oar  =  to 
scratch.]  [RASCAL.] 

Pathol. :  An  eruption  or  efflorescence  on  the 
skin,  consisting  of  red  patches,  diffused  irregu- 
larly over  the  body.  (NETTLERASH.) 

*  rash  (IX  v.t.    [RASH  (1),  a.]    To  put  together 
hastily  or  hurriedly  ;  to  prepare  hurriedly. 

"  My  former  edition  of  Act*  and  Monuments,  so 
hastily  rjthed  up  at  that  present."— fox:  Martyr*, 
p.444. 

*  rash  (2),  *  race,  v.t.     [O.  Fr.  esraeer ;  Pr. 
arracher  =  to  tear  up  or  away,  from  Lat.  <*• 
radico  =  to  eradicate  (q.v.).] 

1.  To  tear,  pull,  or  pluck  suddenly  or  vio- 
lently ;  to  snatch. 

"  He  rathed  him  out  of  the  saddle. '— Arthur  a/LitO* 
Brytayne,  p.  83  led.  1814). 

2.  To  cut  to  pieces ;  to  slice,  to  hack,  to 
divide. 

"  Sir.  I  mlss'd  my  purpose  In  his  arm.  rath'd  nil 
doublet-sleeve."— Am  Jonton  :  Jtoery  Man  out  o/  M( 
Humour.  IT.  «. 

rash'-er,  *.  (From  rash  (1),  a.,  from  the  rash- 
ness or  haste  with  which  it  is  cooked.]  A  thin 
slice  of  bacon  for  frying  or  broiling. 

"  Kathert  of  slng'd  bacon  on  the  coals." 

Ifryden  :  Code  t  Fox. 

*  rash'-full,  a.  [Eng.  rash ;  -full]  Rash,  hasty. 

*  Ton  with    hastle  doome.  and  rat\fuU   woteno* 

straight.'      TurbtrviU:  Ditpraitt  o/  Worn**. 

*  rash  -ling.  *.     [Eng.  rash,  (1),  a. ;  -liny.] 
One  who  acts  hastily  or  rashly ;  a  rash  person. 

"  What  rathlingt  doth  delight,  that  sober  men  despise.* 
SyltetUr:  Da  Bartat.  p.  «47. 

rash'-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  rash  (1),  a. ;  -ly.]  In  • 
rash  manner ;  with  rashness,  or  precipitation  ; 
hastily,  recklessly,  foolhardily. 


boil,  b^Jy ;  pdnt,  J6%1;  cat,  cell,  chorus.  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  t, 
-cian.  -tian  —  frian,    -tlon,  -siou  =  shun ;  -t ion,  ^eion  =  grift**,    -clous,  -tious,  -sious  —  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del* 


38S6 


rashness— rat 


r6sh  ness,  s.    [Eng.  rash  (1),  a.  ;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  rash  ;  too 
great  haste  in  forming,  uttering,  or  under- 
taking anything  ;  a  disposition  to  decide  on 
or  undertake  things  without  delibeiation,  or 
consideration  ;  readiness  or  disposition  to  act 
without  regard  to  the  consequences,  or  with 
a  contempt  of  danger  ;  precipitation,  fool- 
hardiness. 

"  Bi>  beginnings  must  be  in  rathneu  ;  a  noble  fault* 
—Drydtn  :  I'iryil  ;  deoryict.    (Ded.) 

2.  A  rash,  foolhardy,  or  reckless  act  or  deed. 

ras-  Ing,  *.    [RASE  (1),  v.] 

Shipbuild.  :  The  act  of  marking  by  the 
edges  of  moulds  any  figure  upon  timber,  &c., 
with  a  rasing-kuife,  or  with  the  points  of 
compasses. 

rasing  iron,  i. 

Haul.  :  An  iron  to  clean  old  oakum  out  of 
the  seams  previous  to  recaulking  ;  a  rave- 
hook. 

rasing  knife,  s.  A  small  edged  tool, 
fixed  in  a  handle,  and  hooked  at  its  point, 
used  for  making  particular  marks  on  lead, 
timber,  tin,  &c. 

*  ras  kaile,  *  ras  kail,  *.    [RASCAL.] 
•ras-kle,  v.i.    [RAXLE.] 

ras-koT-nik,  *.  [Russ.  =  schismatics,  dis- 
senters.] 

Ecdes.  :  The  term  applied  to  a  dissenter 
from  the  Greek  Church  in  the  Russian  do- 
minions. [STAROVERTZEK.] 

ra-soo',  «.  [See  def.]  The  native  Indian 
name  for  a  flying  squirrel  of  India. 

•  ra-sbr'-es,  «.  pi.    [Lat.  rado  (pa.  t.  rewi)  = 
to  scrape.] 

1.  Omith.  :  An  order  of  Birds  founded  by 
Illiger,  with  two  sub-orders,  (1)  Columbacei, 
and  (2)  Gallinacei  (q.v.).    They  are  now  made 
orders  of  Carinate  Birds  ;   the  former  (Co- 
lumbae)  including  the  Pigeons,  and  the  latter 
fGalliiw),  with  eight  families  :  Cracidsp,  Opis- 
thocomidse,  Phasianidae,  Meleagridse,,  Tetraon- 
idae,  Pteroclidse,  Turuicidaj.and  Megapodidse. 

2.  Palceont.  :  They  commenced  apparently 
in  the  Eocene  Tertiary. 

ra  sbV-i-al,  a.  [Mod.  Lat  rasor(u);  Eng. 
"adj.  suff.  -ial.]  Of,  or  pertaining  to  the  Ra- 
sores  (q.v.). 

ra  sot,  ra  -sout,  ru   sot,  s.  [Native  name.) 

Pharm.  :  A  medicinal  extract  from  the  root 

of  Herberts  Lycium.    [BERBERIS.)    Valued  as 

a  febrifuge,  and  as  a  local  application  in  eye 

disease. 

rasp,  ».     [O.  Fr.  raspe;  FT.  rdpe.]     [RASP,  «.] 

1.  A  coarse  file  having,  instead  of  chisel-cut 
teeth,  its  surface  dotted  with  separate  pro- 
truding teeth,  formed  by  the  indentations  of 
»  pointed  punch.    It  is  used  almost  exclusively 
upon  comparatively  soft  substances,  as  wood, 
horn,  and  the  softer  metals. 

2.  A  raspberry  (q.v.).    (Prao.) 

"  Set  sorrel  among  rntpi,  and  the  rcupt  will  be  the 
•mailer."—  Bacon  :     ' 


rasp-punch,  ».    A  tool  for  cutting  the 
teeth  of  rasps. 

rasp,  *  rasp-en,  v.t.  &  i.    [O.  Fr.  rasper  (Fr. 
raper),  from  O.  H.  Ger.  raspdn  (Ger.  raspeln) 
=«to  rasp  ;  cf.  O.  H.  Ger.  hrespan.  If.  H.  Ger. 
respen  =  to  rake  together.] 
A.  Transitive  : 

1.  Lit.  :  To  rub  with  a  coarse,  rough  abrad- 
ing implement  ;  to  file  with  a  rasp  ;  to  rub  or 
abrade  with  a  rough  file. 

"The  simple  operation  of   trimming  and  ratping 
the  !>oof.--Aw4  March  e.  IMe. 

*  2.  Fig.  :  To  grate  harshly  upon  ;  to  offend 
by  coarseness  or  roughness  of  treatment  or 
language. 

*  B.  Intransitive: 
L  To  rub  or  grate. 

2.  To  belch  ;  to  eject  wind  from  the  stomach, 

"  All  eruptions  of  air,  though  small  and  slight,  give 

ffing. 
ey  be 


,  , 

an  entity  of  sound  which  we  cn.ll  crackling,  puffing. 
(pitting,  Ac.,  so  in  candles  that  spit  flame  If  they 
wet,  so  in  ratping."—  Bacon  :  Hat.  Bin.,  f  12S. 


ras'-pa-tor-jf,  «.    {Fr.  raspatoire,  from  rasper 
=  to  rasp.] 

Surg.  :  An  instrument  used  in  rasping  bones 
for  surgical  or  anatomical  purposes. 


rasp  -ber-ry  (p  silent),  i.  [Eng.  rasp,  and 
berry,  from  the  rough  look  of  the  fruit.  The 
old  name  was  raspis-berry,  raipice-berry,  or 
raspise-berry,  in  which  raspise  or  raspice  is  a 
corrupt,  of  raspit  (=  raspes),  a  plural  form 
from  rasp,  the  provincial  name  of  the  plant ; 
Ital.  raspo  =  the  raspberry;  cf.  Ger.  kratz- 
beere,  from  kratzen  =  to  scratch.] 
Botany : 

1.  Rutnis  Idteus,  a  shrubby  plant  with  many 
suckers  ;   the   prickles   of  the  stem  straight 
and    slender,    those    of  the    flower    shoots 
curved ;   the  leaves   pinnate,  three   to   five 
foliolate,  white  and  hoary  beneath ;  the  flowers 
drooping,  the  drupes  deciduous.     Found  in 
woods  and  thickets  of  mountain  regions  in  the 
north    of  Europe   and   Asia.    The  species  in 
gardens  is  the  wild  plant,  greatly  improved  by 
cultivation.     The  fiuit  resembles  the  straw- 
berry in  not  becoming  acid  in  the  stomach. 
There  are  red  and  yellow  varieties.     R.  odoratu* 
is  a  highly  ornamental  shrub  of  the  northern 
United  States  and  Canada     A  garden  plant. 

2.  The  fruit  of  the  raspberry.    It  is  used  for 
the  manufacture  of  jam,  various  liqueurs,  &c. 

raspberry-bush,  «.    [RASPBERRY,  L] 
raspberry-jam  tree, «. 

Bot. :  Acacia  acuminata,  from  Western  Aus- 
tralia. The  wood,  which  is  used  for  making 
arms,  is  hard,  heavy,  and  has  an  odour  like 
raspberry  jam. 

raspberry  -  vinegar,  «.  A  pleasant 
acidulous  cordial  prepared  from  the  juice  of 
raspberries. 

rdsp'-er,  s.    [Eng.  rasp;  -er.] 

L  One  who  or  that  which  rasps ;  a  rasp,  a 
scraper.  (Specif.,  a  file  for  rasping  the  burnt 
surface  from  loaves  of  bread.) 

2.  A  difficult  fence.    (Hunting  slang.) 

*  ras-pice,  «.    [RASPBERRY.] 

*  rasp' -ing,  pr.  par.  &  o.    [RASP,  c.] 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective : 

L  Scraping  or  rubbing  with  a  rasp. 

2.  Having  a  grating  or  scraping  sound. 

"  A  great  ratping  Ungh."— O.  W.  Eolmtt:  Praftuor 
(ed.  1860),  p.  S9. 

3.  Difficult  to  take.      (Said   of  •  fence.) 
{Hunting  slang.) 

"Away  over  some  ratping  big  fences  to  the  fish- 
ponds."— field,  Dec.  26,  1885. 

rasping-mill,  s.  A  saw-mill  for  reducing 
dye-woods  to  dust. 

*  ras-pis,  *  ras  pise,  *.    [RASPBERRY.] 

*  rasp'-y,  a.    [Eng.  rasp;  -y]    Like  a  rasp; 
grating,  rough,  harsh. 

"  Ungainly,  nubbly  fruit  it  was,  us  hard  and  tongh 
as  harts  horn,  raipy  to  the  teeth."— R.  D.  Biack- 
more :  Chrittmeell,  ch.  xxxvL 

rasse,  s.    [Javanese  rasa  =  a  sensation  in  the 
nose.] 
Zool. :  The  Lesser  Civet  (q.v.), 

raSt'-6-lyte,  *.   [Gr.  paoros  (rtiastos)  =  quick- 
est, and  AVTO?  (lutos)  =  soluble.] 

Min.  :  A  mica-like  mineral  associated  with 
pyrites.  Compos. :  a  hydrated  silicate  of 
alumina,  protoxide  of  iron,  and  magnesia. 
Dana  refers  it  to  Voigtite  (q.v.). 

ras-tri'-tes, «.    [Lat.  rastr(uin)  =  a  rake ;  suff. 
iies.} 

Palceont. :  A  genus  of  Graptolites  or  Rhab- 
dophora.  The  polypary  consists  of  a  slender 
axial  tube,  having  on  one  side  a  row  of  cellules, 
or  hydrothecse,  separate  and  not  overlapping. 
Five  British  species  are  known,  all  from  the 
Lower  Silurian.  The  typical  species  is  Ras- 
tritesperegrinui,  which,  with  R.  triangulatus,  is 
found  in  the  South  of  Scotland.  (Quar.  Journ. 
Geol.  Soe.,.vii.  59,  60.)  Etheridge  makes  a 
zone  of  R.  peregrinus  in  the  Upper  Birkhill  or 
Gray  Shale  group  of  the  Lower  Llandovery. 
Found  also  in  Bohemia  (where  it  is  said  to 
extend  to  the  Upper  Silurian),  in  Saxony,  &c. 

*ra-sure  (8  as  zh),  s.    [Lat.  rasura,  from 
rasum,  sup.  of  rado  —  to  scrape.] 

1.  The  act  of  scraping  or  shaving  ;  the  act 
of  erasing;  erasure. 

2.  A  mark  in  writing  by  which  a  letter, 
word,  or  other  part  of  a  document  is  erased 
or  effaced  ;  an  erasure. 

"  Such  a  writing  oupht  to  be  free  from  any  vitupera- 
tion of  Ttuurt.'— Aylijfe :  Parerytm. 


rat,  *  ratt,  *  ratte,  s.  [A.8.  rcet ;  cogn. 
with  O.  Dut  ratte  ;  Dut.  rat;  Dan.  rotte;  Sw. 
rotta  ;  Ger.  ratte,  ratz ;  Ital.  ratto;  8|>.  ralo  ; 
Fr.  rat;  Low  Lat.  ratus,  rato ;  Gai-i.  &  Ir. 
radan ;  Bret.  roz.  Probably  from  the  same 
root  as  rase  or  raze,  razor,  aud  rodent.] 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  Lit. :  In  the  same  sense  as  IL 

2.  Figuratively: 

(1)  One  who  deserts  his  party  (especially  la 
politics),  as  rats  are  said  to  forsake  a  falling 
house  or  a  doomed  ship. 

"  He  [Stratford]  was  the  first  of  the  ratt,  the  first  of 
those  statesmen  whjoe  patriotism  has  been  only  tu» 
coquetry  of  political  prostitution,  and  whose  prnniKAcy 
has  taught  governments  to  adopt  theold  maxim  uf  tb» 
slave-market,  that  it  is  cheaper  to  buy  than  bret-d.  to 
import  defenders  from  an  opposition  than  to  rear  them 
in  a  ministry."— Jfucoulay.  A'««ay ;  Halliim. 

(2)  A  workman  who  takes  work  for  less 
than  the  regular  wages  current  in  tho  trade  ; 
also  a  workman  who  takes  employment  at  an 
establishment  where  the  regular 'hands  hav» 
struck. 

II.  Zool.  :  A  name  popularly  applied  to  th» 
larger  murines,  but  more  strictly  applicable 
to  two  species  :  (1)  the  English  Black  Kat 
(Mus  rattun),  and  the  Brown,  or  Norway  Rat 
{M.  decumanus).  The  former  is  a  small,  liglitly- 
built  animal,  about  seven  inches  long,  with  a> 
slender  head,  large  ears,  and  a  thin  scaly  tail, 
longer  than  the  body.  In  temperate  climates. 
the  colour  is  a  bluish-black,  lighter  on  the 
belly.  This  species  is  represented  in  warmer 
climates  by  the  Alexandrian  Rat  (M.  alexan- 
drinus,  Geoff.,  better  known  as  M.  rattus  ru- 
fescens,  see  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1886,  p.  57),  with 
a  gray  or  reddish  back,  and  white  under-sur- 
face.  By  later  naturalists  it  is  considered  as. 
only  a  variety.  The  albino  and  pied  rats,  kept 
as  pets,  also  belong  to  this  species,  which  had 
its  home  in  India,  and  penetrated  thence  to- 
almost  every  part  of  the  vorld,  driving  out 
the  native  rats,  and  to  be,  in  its  turn,  ex- 
terminated by  the  Brown  Rat  (probably  a. 
native  of  China,  where  a  similar  species,  Jlf. 
humiliutus,  is  still  found).  The  Brown  Rat  is> 
much  more  heavily  built  thau  the  Black  Rat, 
gi  ayish-brown  above  and  white  beneath  ;  ears, 
feet,  and  tail  flesh-coloured.  Melanism  often 
occurs,  but  such  animals  may  be  readily  distin- 
guished by  ordinary  specific  differences  from  the 
true  Black  Rat.  Length  of  head  and  body  eight 
or  nine  inches  long,  tail  shorter.  Both  the- 
species  are  omnivorous,  predaceous,  and  ex- 
tremely fecund,  breeding  four  or  five  tames  ia 
the  year,  the  female  producing  from  four  to 
ten  blind,  naked  young,  which  breed  in  their 
turn  at  alwut  six  months  old.  M.  fuscipes  is 
the  Brown-footed  Rat  of  Australia  ;  A'esofci* 
bandicota,  the  Bandicoot,  or  Pig-rat ;  and  N. 
bengalensis  the  Indian  Field  Rat.  [KANGAROO- 
RAT.] 

If  To  smett  a  rat:  To  be  suspicious  ;  to  have 
an  idea  or  suspicion  that  all  is  not  right ;  to 
suspect  some  underhand  plot  or  proceeding. 

rat-catcher,  s.  One  who  makes  it  his 
business  to  catch  rats. 

rat-pit,  s.  A  pit  or  inclosure  into  which 
a  number  of  rats  are  put  to  be  killed  by  dogs, 

rat-poison,  «.    [RATSBANE.] 

rat  snake,  s. 

Zool. :  Ptyas  mucosvs,  a  powerful  snake, 
attaining  a  length  of  seven  feet  and  upwards, 
Common  in  India  and  Ceylon,  scarce  in  the 
Archipelago.  It  frequently  enters  houses  in 
search  of  mice,  rats,  and  young  fowls.  It  is 
fierce,  and  always  ready  to  bite.  When  irri- 
tated it  is  said  to  utter  a  peculiar  diminuendo 
sound.  (Gunthtr.)  The  name  is  sometimes 
applied  to  the  genus  Spilotes. 

rat-tail,  s.  &  a. 

A.  As  substantive: 

L  The  same  as  Rat-tail  file  (q.v.). 

2.  A  disease  in  horses  in  which  the  hair  of 
the  tail  is  permanently  lost. 

3.  In  farriery,  an  excrescence  growing  from 
the  pastern  to  the  middle  of  the  shank  of  a. 
horse. 

B.  As  adj. :  Resembling  a  rat's  tail  in  shape. 

R/it-tail  file :  A  small,  tapering  file,  circular 
in  its  transverse  section. 

rat-tailed,  o.  Having  a  long  tapering 
tail  like  a  rat, 

Rat-tailed  kangaroo-rat : 
Zool. :  Hypsiprymnus  muriniu. 


ite,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p6t, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mote,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  fall;  try,  Syrian.    »,  «  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qn  =  kw. 


rat— ratel 


3687 


Rat-tailed  larva,  Rut-tailed  maggot : 
Entom. :  The  larva  of  the  Drone-fly  (q.v.). 
It  is  aquatic,  breathing  by  a  tube  at  the  tail. 

Bat-tailed  serpent : 
Zool. :  Bothrops  lanceolatiu. 
Bat-tailed  shrew :  [M USE-RAT,  2). 
rat-trap, «.    A  trap  for  catching  rate. 
rat's  tail, «. 

1.  The  game  as  RAT-TAIL  (q.v.). 

2.  Naut. :  The  pointed  or  tapered  end  of  a 
rope. 

rat,v.i.    [RAT,*.] 

L  Lit. :  To  catch  rate. 
IL  Figuratively : 

L  To  forsake  one's  i>arty,  especially  In  poli- 
tics ;  to  desert  one's  associates  from  selfish, 
dishonourable,  or  mercenary  motives. 

"One  of  tlie  Brighton  memlier*  ha*  ratted  from  the 
Liberal  ude."— Modern  Society,  Jan.  16,  1886,  p.  122. 

2.  To  work  for  less  wages  than  the  general 
body  of  workmen  are  willing  to  accept ;  to 
take  employment  in  an  establishment  where 
the  regular  hands  have  struck. 

r*V-ta,s.    [Maori.] 

Bot.  A  Comm. :  Metrosideros  robutta,  a  tree 
with  hard  wood  growing  in  New  Zealand. 

rat-a-bir-I-tjf, *.  [Eng.  ratable;  -«y.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  ratable. 

rat  -a-ble,  rate  -a-ble,  a.  [Eng.  rate  (1),  v. ; 
•able.) 

1.  Capable  of  being  rated  or  set  down  at  a 
certain  value. 

"  Twenty  One  wen  ratable  to  two  market  of  •liner." 
— Conu/t-u  .'  Remaine* ;  Money. 

2.  Liable  by  law  to  be  rated  or  assessed  to 

taxation. 

"  Enhancing  the  rateable  value  of  the  heredita- 
ment*."—nwi,  April  8, 188«. 

3.  Reckoned  according  to  a  certain  rate ; 
proportioned. 

••  A  rnt,ii,le  payment  of  all  the  debt*  of  the  deceased 
in  equal  degree.  —  BlacJutont:  Commentary. 

raf -a-ble-ness,  *.  [Eng.  rntaW« ;-««».]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  ratable  ;  ratability. 

rat'-a-bl^,  adv.  [Eng.  ratable);  4y.]  By 
rate*  or  proportion  ;  proportionally  ;  in  pro- 
portion. 

rat  a-fi-a,  *  rat-a-fl-az,  »  rat-I-ft-a, 
*  rat-i-fle,  *.  [Fr.  ratafia,  from  Malay,  arag 
=  arrack  (q.v.),  and  tafia  =  rum.]  A  spiritu- 
ous liquor  flavoured  with  the  kernels  of  several 
Jtinds  of  fruit,  as  cherries,  apricots,  peaches, 
&< .,  and  sweetened  with  sugar.  Applied  to 
the  liqueurs  called  noyau,  curac,oa,  <kc. 

•  rat'-al,  a.  [Eng.  rat(e);  <U.J  Pertaining  to 
or  concerning  rates. 

rvtan',  *    [RATTAN.) 
ra-tan'-hl-a,  s.    [  R  ATANY.] 
ratanhia-red,  *. 

Chem. :  A  red  substance  found  ready  formed 
in  rbatany  bark,  and  also  produced  by  heating 
ratanhia  tannic  acid  with  dilute  acids.  It  is 
almost  insoluble  in  water. 

ratanhia  tannlo-acld, s. 

Chem. :  A  peculiar  green-coloured  tannin, 
found  in  the  bark  of  ratanhia  or  rhatauy  root. 
It  is  slightly  soluble  in  water. 

rat'-an-hine, «.    [Eng.  ratanhia);  •<««.] 

Chem, :  CjoHisNOs.  A  compound  occurring 
in  the  extract  of  rhatany  root.  The  extract  is 
treated  with  basic  acetate  of  lead ;  and  the  fil- 
trate freed  from  lead  by  sulphydric  acid  yields, 
OR  evaporation,  crystals  which,  when  purified, 
form  an  aggregation  of  delicate  white  needles. 
Ratanhine  dissolves  to  some  extent  in  boiling 
water,  slightly  in  boiling  spirit,  and  is  quite 
insoluble  in  absolute  alcohol  and  ether. 
Mixed  with  nitric  acid  and  heated  to  the 
boiling  point,  it  turns  rose-red  and  then  ruby- 
red,  finally  becoming  blue.  It  unites  both 
with  acids  and  alkalis. 

rat -an-?,  rhat  an-?,  rat  tan  ?.  ra- 
t&n  hi-a,  *.  [Peruv.  rotano.]  (See  com- 
pound.) 

ratany-root,  s. 

Bot.  :  Krameria  triandra.  [For  its  qualities 
see  Krameria.] 


BATcnr  WHKKL. 


ratgh,  v.i.     [A  corrupt,  of  reach,  v.  (q.v.).] 

Saitt. :  To  stand  off  and  on  ;  to  sail  by  the 
wind  on  any  tack. 

"  Send  her  ratMng  like  that  away  to  wind  ani."— 
Daily  Telegraph,  AUK.  li,  118*. 

rat9h  (IX  s.    [A  weakened  form  of  rack  (I),  s, 

1.  HoroL  :  A  sort  of  wheel  having  fangs, 
which  serve  to  lift  the  detents,  and  thereby 
cause  a  clock  to  strike. 

2.  Mack. :  A  rack-bar  with  inclined  angular 
teeth  between  which  a  pawl  drops.  A  circular 
ratch  is  a  ratchet-wheel. 

ratch  (2),  *.    [RATCH,  v.] 

Ntmt. :  The  act  of  sailing  by  the  wind  on 
any  tack. 

"  Put  the  ship  about,  and  kept  a  half-hour'*  raieh 
on  the  port  tack."— Daily  Telegraph,  Aug.  1),  18**. 

*  rat9h  (3),  *  ratche.  a.    [RACH.] 

r&tCh'-e't,  *.     (A  dimin.  of  rat<:h  (1),  «.] 

Mach. :  The  detent  (q.v.)  which  prevents  the 
backward  motion  of  a  Ratchet-wheel  (q.v.). 

ratchet-brace,  «.  A  boring-brace  in 
which  the  spindle  carrying  the  bit  is  rotated  by 
means  of  a  ratchet-wheel  and  a  spring-pawl 
on  a  hand-lever.  It  is  used  for  drilling  a  hole 
in  a  narrow  plane  where  there  is  not  sufficient 
room  to  use  the  common  brace. 

ratchet-drill,  *.  A  drill  whose  rotatory 
movement  is  derived  from  a  ratchet  and  pawl 
actuated  by  a  lever. 

ratchet-wheel,  «.  A  wheel  having  in- 
clined teeth  for  receiving  a  ratchet  or  detent, 
by  which  motion  is  imparted  or  arrested.  The 
teeth  are  of  such  shape  as 
to  revolve  and  pass  the  de- 
tent in  one  direction  only. 
The  detent  may  be  a  pallet 
or  a  pawL  The  former  re- 
ceives an  intermittent  rota- 
tion by  a  reciprocating  cir- 
cular movement  of  the  arbor 
and  its  cam.  Tb»  wheel  in 
the  figure  is  intermittingly 
rotated  by  the  motion  of 
one  pawl,  while  the  other  one  acts  as  a  detent 
in  the  intervals  between  the  forward  motions 
of  the  former. 

ratchet-wrench,  ».  A  wrench  operated 
by  a  ratchet  and  pawl,  so  that  it  may  be 
turned  continuously  without  removal  from 
the  bolt  or  nut  to  which  it  is  applied,  by  a 
backward  and  forward  movement  of  the 
handle. 

ratch'-U,  a.    [Etyra. 
doubtful.] 

Mining :  Fragments 
of  stone. 

rftt9h'   mSnt,    ». 

[Etym.  doubtful.] 

Arch.  :  A  kind  of 
flying  buttress  which 
springs  from  the 
principals  of  a  herse, 
and  meets  against 
the  central  or  chief 
principal.  (Oxford 
Glotsary.) 

rate,  ».  [O.  Fr.,  from  La«v.  ratum  =  neut.  sing. 
of  ratut  =  determined,  fixed,  settled,  pa.  par. 
of  rear  =  to  think,  to  judge.] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

L  The  proportion  or  standard  by  which  any 
quantity  or  value  is  adjusted. 

2.  The  price  or  value  fixed  on  anything 
with  relation  to  a  standard ;   settled  sum, 
amount,  or  proportion. 

"  It  1*  only  >h»me  and  repentance  that  men  bay  at 
inch  cuttly  rntet."—8luirp :  Strmmu,  TO!,  ii..  *er.  11. 

3.  A  tax  or  sum  assessed  by  a  competent 
authority  on  property  in  proportion  to  its 
value  for  public  purposes  ;  a  local  tax. 

"  They  paid  the  church  and  parish  rate." 

Prior:  An  JtpUapk. 

•  4.  A  settled  and  regular  allowance. 
"  The  on*  right  feeble  through  the  erill  rat* 
Of  food."  Sprruer  :  f.  Q.,  IV.  Till  1». 

5.  The  degree  or  particular  style  in  which 
anything  is  dnne  ;  the  manner  of  doing  any- 
thing, especially  in  regard  to  the  degree  of 
speed  at  which  it  is  done. 

"The  quicker  the  rate  of  traTelllng,  the  1***  Im- 
portant is  It  that  there  ihould  he  ininierou*  agreeable 
rating  place*."— Mamula*  :  Hi*.  Kng.,  ch.  lit 


BATCHJfKNTd. 


6.  Degree ;  comparative  value  or  worth. 

"  I  am  a  spirit  of  no  common  rate." 
ShaJtetp.     Midsummer  i  Jiiglit'i  Dream,  UL  i, 

•  7.  Order,  degree,  state. 

•'  Thu*  aate  they  all  around  in  aeemelr  rot*." 

Spenter.  /•.<(..  IV.  m.  » 

*  8.  Ratification,  approval,  consent 

"  Never  without  the  ratet 

Of  all  power*  el**.*      Chapman :  Homer ,  /I.  L  MS, 

H,  Technically: 

L  Horol. :  The  daily  gain  or  loss  of  a  chro- 
nometer or  other  timepiece  in  seconds  and 
fractions  of  a  second. 

2.  Na>.-y :  The  order,  rank,  or  class  of  a  ship 
according  to  its  magnitude  or  fighting  power. 
Formerly  ships  of  war  were  rated  according 
to  the  number  of  guns  carried  by  them.  The 
first  rate  was  from  100  guns  upwards,  the 
second  from  90  to  100  guns,  the  third  from  80 
to  84  guns,  the  fourth  from  60  to  74  guns,  and 
the  fifth  rate  32  to  40  guns;  the  sixth  rate 
included  the  smallest  armaments.  This  has 
been  altered  since  the  introduction  of  iron- 
clads, which  are  rated  according  to  construc- 
tion and  strength  of  armament  and  armour. 
In  the  United  States,  navy  vessels  are  rated 
according  to  their  tonnage.  Thus,  ships  of 
3,000  tons  and  upwards  are  first  rates,  2.000  to 
3,000  tons  are  second  rates,  800  to  2,000,  or 
ironclads  from  1,200  to  2,000,  are  third  rates, 
under  800  tons,  or  ironclads  under  1,200,  are 
fourth  rates. 

rate-book,  s.  A  book  in  which  the  names 
of  ratepayers  and  the  rates  payable  by  them 
are  entered. 

rate-tithe,  «.  Tithe  paid  for  sheep  or 
cattle  which  are  kept  in  a  parish  for  a  less 
time  than  a  year,  in  which  case  the  owner 
must  pay  tithe  for  them  pro  ratd,  according 
to  the  custom  of  the  place. 

rate  (1).  v.t.  ft  i    (RATE,  «.) 

A*  Transitive: 

1.  To  settle,  assess,  or  fix  the  value,  rank, 
or  degree  of ;  to  set  a  certain  price  or  value 
on  ;  to  estimate,  to  appraise  ;  to  value  at  a 
certain  price  or  degree  of  excellence. 


2.  To  assess  for  payment  of  a  rate  ;  to  fix 
the  ratable  value  of. 

"  Thoee  flaherie*  on  the  rirar  that  are  not  rot«i"— 
field,  April  10,  1884. 

*  3.  To  calculate,  to  estimate. 

"  Then  nuut  we  rate  the  co*t  of  the  erection." 

SlaJcrtp.  :  »  Henry  IV  ,  L  S, 

4.  To  fix  or  determine  the  relative  degree, 
rank,  or  position  of;  to  class;  to  assign  or 
refer  to  a  class  or  degree  :  as,  To  rate  a  ship. 

5.  To  determine  the  rate  of  in  respect  to 
variation  from  a  standard  ;  to  determine  the 
daily  gain  or  loss  of  :  as,  To  rate  a  chronometer. 

*  6.  To  ratify. 

*  B.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  be  classed  ;  to  belong  or  be  assigned 
to  a  certain  rank,  class,  or  degree. 

2.  To  make  an  estimate. 

rate  (2),  v.t.  [8w.  rota  =  to  reject,  to  refuse,  to 
slight,  to  find  fault  with.  (Skeat.)  According 
to  others,  only  a  peculiar  use  of  rate  (1)  ;  ct 
tax  =  to  take  to  task.]  To  chide  or  reprove 
with  vehemence  ;  to  scold  ;  to  take  to  task. 
"  Be  thu*  upbraided  .  chid,  and  rated  at." 

:  1  Benr*  VI.,  UL  L 


rate'-a  ble,  a.    (RATABLE.) 

ra-tel',  «.    [Fr.,  from  rat  =  a  rat  (q.v.).] 

Zool.  :  The  genus  Mellivora  (q.v.).  Two 
species  are  usually  distinguished,  Mellivora  in- 
dica,  the  Indian,  and  It.  ratel,  the  Cape  Ratal; 
some  authors 
give  specific  dis- 
tinction to  the 
West  African 
race,  as  .V.  Uuco- 
nota.  The  Inxly 
is  stout  and  hea- 
vily built,  legs 
short  and  strong, 
withlongcurved 
fossorial  claws, 
tail  short,  ear- 
conches  nidi-  RATBL. 

mentary.    Gene- 

ral coloration  iron-gray  on  the  upper,  and  black 
on  the  lower  surface,  reversing  the  general  plan 
of  coloration,  which  is  generally  lighter  on  the 
under  surface.  A  marked  white  stripe  divides 
the  gray  of  the  upper  parts  from  the  black  in 


boil,  bo>;  pftt.  jolrl;  eat,  eeU.  chorus,  ohin.  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  (his;  sin.  as;  expect,  ?enophon.  e^iat.    -ing. 
-tlaa  =  trtty,  -tiou,  -«ion  -  antta;  -lion,  -sion  =  zhun.   -clous,  -tloos,  -•ioas  =  shfts.  -ble.  -41e.  «c.  =  feel*  del* 


ratelus—  ratiocinant 


the  Cape  Ratel,  which  is  said  to  live  prin- 
cipally on  honey.  Jerdon  (Mammals  of  India, 
p.  79)  says  that  M.  indica,  which  he  calls  the 
Indian  badger,  is  found  throughout  India, 
living  usually  in  pairs,  and  eating  rats,  birds, 
frogs,  white  ants,  and  various  insects  ;  and  in 
the  north  of  India,  where  it  is  accused  of 
digging  out  dead  bodies,  it  is  popularly  known 
ma  the  Grave-digger.  It  doubtless  also,  like 
its  Cape  congener,  occasionally  partakes  of 
honey,  and  is  often  very  destructive  to  poultry. 
In  confinement  it  is  quiet,  and  will  eat  fruits, 
rice,  Ac. 

"  The  two  rat  fit  are  so  nearly  allied  that  they  might 
almost  be  considered  t»  be  merely  geographical  race* 
of  a  single  widely  spread  specie*."— ftiryc.  tirit.  ted. 
Ml.).  XX.  2S». 

•  ra-tel'-US,  *  rat-teT-lua,  s.    [RATEL.] 

Zuol. :  A  synonym  of  Mellivora  (q.v.). 
The  first  form  was  introduced  by  Sparrman, 
the  second  by  Swainson.  (Agassiz.) 

rate'-pay  «r,  *.  (Eng.  rate,  s.,  and  payer.] 
One  who  is  assessed  to  and  pays  rates. 

rat -er  (1),  «.  fEng.  rat(t)  (1),  v.  ;  -er.]  One 
who  rates  or  assesses ;  one  who  makes  an 
estimate. 

"  The  wisj  rater  of  things,  as  they  weigh  in  the 
sanctuary's  balance,  and  reason's,  will  obey  the  powers 
over  them."—  WhiUock:  ManntnnJ  the  £ nglith,  p.  H. 

rat'-«r  (2),  s.  [Eng.  rate  (2),  v. ;  -er.]  One  who 
scolds  or  reprimands  ;  a  reprover. 

"  Far  be  it  from  us  to  say  that  the  rating  is  gene- 
rally undeserved.  But  ...  the  rater  delivers  it 
evidently  from  a  purely  personal  point  of  view."— 
—Saturday  Kcntw,  March  8,  IBM,  p.  Kl. 

rath,*,   [ir.] 

L  A  hill.  It  occurs  frequently  in  place- 
names  in  Ireland,  as  .RcUAmore,  Rathg&r,  &c. 

2.  A  kind  of  pre-historic  fortification  in 
Ireland,  consisting  of  a  circular  rampart  of 
earth  with  a  mound  artificially  raised  in  the 
centre. 

"  The  remains  of  thousands  of  these  forts  or  ratta 
(till  stud  the  lowlands  of  every  county  iii  Ireland."— 
Davtont :  £arl*  Man  in  Britain,  ch.  x. 

•  rath,   *  rathe,  a.   &  adv.     [A.S.   hradhe  = 
quickly  (compar.   hradhor,   sujier.   Itradhost), 
tromhrcedh,  hredh  •=.  quick,  swift ;  Icel.  hradhr 
=  swift,  fleet;  M.  H.  Ger.  rod,  Aro<i  =  qiiiek.] 

A.  At  adj. :   Early ;  coming  liefore  others 
Or  before  the  usual  time  ;  premature. 

"  The  rathe  primrose."  Stilton:  Lycidit,  142. 

B.  -As  adv. :  Early,  soon,  betimes,  speedily. 
"  What  aileth  yon  so  rathr  for  to  arise  I " 

Chaucrr :  C.  T.,  8.7M. 

•  rath-ripe,  a.  &  «.    [RATHRIPE.] 

ra'-ther,  adv.  &  a.    [Prop,  the  comparative  of 
rath  or  rathe  (q.  v.).] 
A.  At  adverb : 

•  L  Earlier,  sooner,  before. 

"  Bote  ye  ryse  the  rathrre,  and  rathe  yow  to  worche 
Bhal  no  greyn  that  here  greweth,  gladeu  yow   at 
neede/  Fieri  Plowman.  134. 

2.  More  readily,  more  willingly ;  with  pre- 
ference or  choice. 

"  Men  loved  darkness  rather  than  light."— John 
ttl.lt, 

3.  In  preference ;  preferably  ;  with  better 
reason  ;  on  better  grounds. 

4.  In  a  greater  degree  than  otherwise. 

5.  More  properly  ;  more  correctly  speaking. 

"  I  bar*  followed  it,  or  It  hath  drawn  me  rathrr." 
Shaketp.  :  Tcmpf*t.  L  S. 

6.  On  the  contrary.    (Used  as  a  form  of 
sorrection  of  a  statement.) 

**  Do  I  speak  you  fair?  or  rnthrrdn  I  not  in  plainest 
truth  tell  yon  I  cannot  love  you  ?  "— Xhakttp. :  Jiid- 
tummer  tii'jhl'l  Drtam,  it  L 

7.  In  some  degree  or  measure ;  somewhat, 
moderately  :  as,  He  is  rather  better  to  day. 

8.  Used  ironically,  as  a  strong  affirmative. 
(Slang.) 

•  B.  At  adj. :  Earlier,  former,  sooner. 

"  This  Is  be  that  I  seyde  of,  aftir  me  Is  com un  a  man 
which  was  made  hi  fore  me,  for  he  was  rather  than  I." 
—  n'fcUfc  :  John  i.  90. 

H  (1)  Had  rather:  [HAVE], 

(2)  Rather  of  the  ratherest :  A  term  applied  to 
anything  slightly  in  excess  or  defect.  (Colloq.) 

(3)  The  rather :   For  better  reason ;   more 
especially. 

"  The  rather  for  I  have  some  sport  in  hand. 

Shaketp.  :  Taming  of  the  Shrew,  L    (Induct.) 

•  rath'-*5st,  a.  &  adv.    [RATH.] 

rath-6-lite,    s.      [From  Ratho,   Edin>>nrgh, 
where  found,  and.  Gr.  AtA*  (lithm)  =  a  stone.] 
Jfi*. :  The  same  as  PECTOUTE  (q.v.). 


*  rath'-ripe,  *  rathe-ripe,  o.  &  ».    [Bug. 
rath,  and  ripe.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Early  ripe ;   ripe  before  the 
usual  season ;  rareripe. 

"  Those  hasd  rathtripe  pease."—  Turner :  Via  Recta, 

p.  184. 

B.  As  subst. :  A  rareripe. 

rathripe -barley,  «.  Barley  that  has 
been  long  cultivated  upon  warm  gravelly  soil, 
so  that  it  npens  a  fortnight  earlier  than  com- 
mon barley  under  diU'erent  circumstances. 
(Prov.) 

*  rat-I-f i'-a,  »  rat-I-ffe',  «.    [RATATIA.] 

rat-I-fl-ca -tion,  *.    [Fr.J    [RATIFY.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  The  act  of  ratifying ;   the 
state  of  being  ratified,   sanctioned,   or  con- 
firmed ;  sanctioning,  continuation  ;  the  act  by 
which  a  competent  authority  ratifies,  con- 
firms, or  gives  sanction  to  something  done  by 
another. 

2.  Law :  The  confirmation,  sanction,  or  ap- 
proval given  by  a  pel-son  who  has  arrived  at 
his  majority  to  acts  done  by  him  during  his 
minority.    It  has  the  effect  of  giving  validity 
to  such  acts  as  would  be  otherwise  voidable. 

If  Ratification  by  a  wife : 

Soots  Law :  A  declaration  on  oath  made  by 
a  wife  before  a  justice  of  the  peace  (her  hus- 
band being  absent)  that  the  deed  she  has 
executed  has  been  made  freely,  and  that  she 
has  not  been  induced  to  make  it  by  her  hus- 
band through  force  or  fear. 

rat'-i-f  l-«r,  *.  [Eng.  ratify ;  -tr.]  One  who 
or  that  which  ratifies,  sanctions,  or  confirms. 

"  The  rat(firri  and  props  of  every  word." 

Shaketp. :  Hamlet,  IT.  i. 

rat'-I-fy,  v.t.  [Fr.  ratifier,  from  Low  Lat.  rati- 
fico,  from  Lat.  ralus(pa.  par.  of  reor  =  to  think, 
deem)  =  fixed,  and  facio  =  to  make  ;  Sp.  & 
Port,  ratijicar ;  ItaL  ratijicare.] 

•  1.  To  fir,  settle,  or  establish  authorita- 
tively ;  to  confirm  or  establish  by  authority. 


2.  To  approve,  confirm,  or  sanction  ;  espe- 
cially, to  give  sanction  or  validity  to  an  act 
done  by  a  representative,  agent,  or  servant. 

"  Tis  an  unutterable  flx'd  decree. 
That  none  could  frame  or  ratify  but  she." 

Cutvper :  Cmotrtation,  4*8. 

•  rat-I-ha-bl'-tion,  *.  [Lat.  ratihabitio,  from 
rat  us  =  fixed,  and  habeo  (sup.  habi.tu.rn)  =  to 
have.]  Confirmation,  approval,  consent 

"  In  matters  criminal,  ratihnbiti'm.  or  approving 
of  the  net.  does  a)  ways  make  the  approver  guilty."— 
Jeremy  Taylor :  Rule  of  C'ontcience,  DK.  iv.,  cu.  i. 

rat-ing,  pr.  P^r.,  a.,  &  s.    [RATE  (1),  v.] 

A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  it  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 
C.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  act  of  estimating,  valuing,  or  assess- 
ing. 

2.  The  amount  or  value  at  which  a  thing  is 
rated  or  assessed. 

3.  Rank,  degree,  standing  :  as,  the  rating  of 
ships  of  the  navy,  that  is,  their  division  or 
classification  in  grades,  by  which  the  comple- 
ment of  officers,  and  certain  allowances  are 
determined.  The  rating  of  seamen  is  the  grade 
or  rank  in  which  they  are  entered  on  the  ship's 
books. 

ra'-tlyO  (t  as  all),  «.  [Lat  =  a  calculation,  a 
relation,  from  ratus  =  fixed,  pa.  par.  of  rear  = 
to  think,  to  deem.  Ratio,  ration,  and  reason 
are  the  same  word.) 

*  L  Ord.  Lang. :  Reason,  cause. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Law :  An  account ;  a  cause,  or  the  giving 
judgment  therein. 

2.  Mathematics: 

(1)  The  measure  of  the  relation  which  one 
quantity  bears  to  another  of  the  same  kind  ; 
that  is,  it  is  the  number  of  times  that  one 
quantity  contains  another  regarded  as  a 
standard.  This  is  found  by  dividing  the  one 
by  the  other.  The  quotient  or  ratio  thus 
obtained  is  the  proper  measure  of  the  relation 
of  the  two  quantities.  Some  writers  define  the 
ratio  of  one  quantity  to  another,  as  thequotient 
of  the  first  quantity  divided  by  the  second, 
whilst  others  define  it  as  the  quotient  of  the 
second  divided  by  the  first  Thus,  the  ratio 
of  2  to  4,  or  of  a  to  b,  may  be  taken  either  as 

i  or  i,  and  ^  or  -.    In  every  ratio  there  are 
two  quantities  compared,  one  of  which  is  sup- 


posed known,  and  is  assume.!  as  a  standard ; 
the  other  is  to  be  de.teniiiia-d  in  terms  ot  this 
Standard.  These  quantities  are  called  trims 
of  the  ratio ;  the  first  one,  or  that  which  ia 
antecedently  known,  is  called  the  antecedent, 
and  that  whose  value  is  to  l>e  measured  l>y  the 
antecedent,  is  called  the  consequent.  Ratio* 
are  compared  by  comparing  the  fractions  : 
thus,  the  ratio  of  8  : 5  is  compared  with  the 
ratio  ot  9  : 6,  by  comparing  the  fractious  J  and 
I ;  these  fractions  aie  respectively  equal  to  fj 
and  I*,  and  since  JJ  is  greater  than  JJ,  the 
ratio  of  8 : 5  is  greater  than  that  or  9  :  6. 
Ratios  are  compounded  together  by  multiply- 
ing their  antecedents  together  for  a  new  an- 
tecedent, and  their  consequents  together  for  a 
new  consequent;  thus,  the  latio  oi  a  :  /), com- 
pounded with  that  of  c :  d,  is  ac  :  bd.  Pi  "por- 
tion is  the  relation  of  equality  subsisting 
between  two  ratios.  [PROPORTION,  *.] 

•(2)  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the  Rule  of 
Three  in  Arithmetic. 

H  (1)  Compound  ratio: 

(a)  [COMPOUND,  a.]. 

(h)  When  one  quantity  is  connected  with 
two  others  in  such  a  manner  that  if  the  first 
is  increased  or  diminished,  the  product  of  the 
other  two  is  increased  or  diminished  in  the 
same  proportion,  then  the  tir»t  quantity  ia 
said  to  be  in  the  compound  ratio  of  the  other 
two. 

(2)  Direct  ratio :  Two  quantities  are  said  to 
be  in  direct  ratio  when  they  both  increase  or 
decrease  together,  and  in  such  a  manner  that 
their  ratio  is  constant. 

(3)  Duplicate  ratio:  When  three  quantities 
aie  in  coutiuued  proportion,  the  first  is  said 
to  have  to  the  third  the  duplicate  ratio  of  that 
which  it  has  to  the  second,  or  the  first  is  to  the 
third,  as  the  square  of  the  first  to  the  square 
of  the  second. 

(4)  Inverse  ratio  :  Two  quantities  or  magni- 
tudes are  said  to  be  in  inverse  ratio,  when  if 
the  one  increases  the  other  necessarily   de- 
creases, and,  vice  versa,  when  the  oueuecio»sei 
the  other  increases. 

(5)  Mixed  ratio:  [MIXED]. 

(6)  Prime  and  'ultimate  ratios:   A  method 
of  analysis,  devised    and  first   success! ully 
employed  by  Newton  in  his  Principia,     It  il 
an  extension  and  .simplification  of  the  method 
known  amongst  the  ancients  as  the  method  of 
exhaustions.    To  conceive  the  idea  of  this 
method,  let  us  suppose  two  variable  quantities 
constantly  appro.. cuing  each  other  in  value, 
BO  that  their  ratio  continually  approaches  1, 
and  at  last  ditlers  from  1  by  less  than  any 
assignable  quantity ;  then    is    the  ultimate 
ratio  of  the  two  quantities  equal  to  1.     In 
general,  when  two  variable  quantities  simul- 
taneously   approach    two    other    quantities, 
which,  under  the  same  circumstances,  remain 
fixed  in  value,  the  ultimate  ratio  of  the  varia- 
ble quantities  is  the  same  as  the  ratio  of  the 
quantities  whose  values  remain  fixed.     They 
are  called  prime,  or  ultimate  ratios,  according 
as  the  ratio  of  the  variable  quantities  is  reced- 
ing from  or  approaching  to  the  ratio  of  the 
limits.     This  method  of  analysis  is  generally 
called  the  methods  of  limits. 

(7)  Extreme  and  mean  ratio  :  [EXTREME], 

(8)  Composition  of  ratios :  The  act  of  com- 
pounding ratios.    [COMPOUND-RATIO.] 

(9)  Ratio  of  a  geometrical  progression :  The 
constant  quantity  by  which  each  term  is  mul- 
tiplied to  produce  the  succeeding  one.     To 
find  the  ratio  of  a  given  progression,  divide 
any  term  by  the  preceding  one. 

(10)  Ratio  of  exchange :  A  phrase    used  in 
Political  Economy  to  denote  the.  proportion  in 
which  a  quantity  of  one  commodity  exchanges 
for  a  given  quantity  of  another.     Such  ration,  of 
course,  can  be  expressed  only  in  figures,  the 
numerals  )>eing  associated  with  such  expres- 
sions of  measurement  as  may  be  currently  iu 
vogue.     Thug,  with  wheat  at  $1.00  per  UiKhel, 
the  ratio  of  exchange  bet wecu  wheat  in  l>uslieli 
and  money  in  dollars,  is  1  :  1  ;  and  to  money  ia 
cents,  is  1 : 100.    Ratios  of  exchange  deaV  wholly 
with  quantities,  and  can  be  expremed  numeri- 
cally, but  nol  measured.     [See  VALUE,  «.] 

ratio  dccldcndl,  i. 
Scots  Law  :  The  reason  or  ground  upon  which 
a  judgment  is  rested. 

rat-r-S^-I-nant  (first  t  as  sh),  o.  [Lat 
ratiocinanx,  pr.  par.  of  rat iocinor  =  to  ratio- 
cinate (q.v.).  J  Reasoning. 


Ate,  fat.  fire,  ajnidat,  whit,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pdt, 
or.  wore,  wplt  work.  whd.  son :  mate.  cab.  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  fall:  trr.  Syrian,    so.  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  QU  =  kw. 


/atioeinate— ratsbane 


3889 


•r5t  1-oY-I-nate  (first  t  as  sh),  v.i.    (Lat. 

ratiutinatus,  pa.  par.  of  ratiocinor,  from  ratio, 
gen  it.  nitionis  =  reason.]  To  reason,  to  argue. 

"  Scholars,  aud  such  lu  love  to  ratioeinatt  will  have 
more  and  Utter  matter  u>  erercise  their  wiu  ujwu.'— 
/•<«»  :  Atttict  to  Barilit,  p.  23. 

rat  -i-Sf-  I-na'-tion  (firstt  as  ah),  s.  [Lat 
ratioctn«tio,  from  ratiocuiottis,  pa.  par.  of 
ratiociiwr=  to  ratiocinate  (q.v.).J 

1.  The  act  or  process  of  reasoning  ;  the  act 
Or   process   of  deducing  consequences   from 
premises. 

11  The  conjunction  of  Images  with  affirmation*  and 
negations,  which  make  up  i>ru|K>sitions.  aud  the  con- 
junction of  prop  «itiona  one  to  another,  and  illation  of 
conclusion*  U|>on  them.  Is  ratiocination  or  discourse." 
—Bale  :  Or,g.  o/  Mankind,  p.  SO. 

2.  The  power  nf  reasoning. 

"He  can  but  plead  shaiw,  aiwecb,  ratloclniH-m  to 
mske  himself*  no  uem»L'  —  ap.  Ball.  at.  f*ult 
Combat. 

•rat-I-5c'-I-na-tive(firstta8Ba),a.    [Lat. 

ratiocinutivus.]    Characterized  I  >y  or  addicted 

.  to  ratiocination  ;  consisting  in  the  comparison 

of  proiasitions  or  facts,  and  deducting  infer- 

.  ences  from  such  comparison  ;  argumentative. 

"The  conclusion  Is  attained  ynttt  per  laltum,  and 
without  any  tiling  of  ra.'tocinoi  if*  process."—  Halt. 
Oriff.  of  lla.nki.nd.,  p.  5L 


-y  (first  t  as  sh).  «. 

JEng.  ra/ioctm<t(c);  -cry.)   The  same  as  RATIO- 

ClNATlVE(q.V.). 

l*a'  tion,  a.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  ratfonem,  a«*cns.  of 
ratio  —  a  calculation,  a  reckoning  [.RATIO]  ; 
8p.  radon;  Ital.  razione.] 

1.  Gen.  :  A  stated  or  fixed  amount  or  quan- 
tity dealt  out  ;  an  allowance. 

2.  Specif.  (PI.)  :  The  allowance  of  provisions 
given  out  to  each  officer,  non-commissioned 
officer,  soldier,  or  sailor.     (Generally  proa. 
rdi/i'-uns.) 

r&'-tlon,  v.t.  [RATION,  *.]  To  supply  with 
rations. 


'-I-tfc  «.  fLat  ratio,  genit 
rationi*  =*  calculation,  reason,  and  Eug.  abil- 
ity  ]  Power  of  reasoning.  (Jiramtuiil  :  H'urks, 
ii.  24) 

•rl-tlon-a-blo,  a.    [RATIONABIUTY.]    Rea- 

sonable, rational. 

••She  was.  on  this  matter,  not  quite  rortonoM*  "— 
tliu  HdgtworOt  •  Utlinda,  cu.  zxvl 

ra  tlon  al,  •  ra'-tlon-aU,  a.  &  s.  fFr. 
rational,  from  I.  at.  ratwnaiis,  from  ratio  = 
re.isoii  ;  Sp.  &  Port.  raciorai  ;  ItaL  razwuale.] 

A.  As  adjective  : 

I.  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  Having  reason  or  the  faculty  of  reasoa- 
Inii  ;   endowed  with  reason:   as,  Man   is  a 
rational  being. 

2.  Agreeable  to  reason  :  not  unreasonable, 
abs'ird,  extravagant,  foolish,  or  the  like  :  as, 
rational  conduct. 

3.  Acting  in  accordance  with  reason  ;  not  un- 
reasonable or  extravagant:  as,  a  rational  man. 

II.  Math.  :  A  term  applied  to  a  quantity 
expressed  in  finite  terras,  or  which  involves 
only  such  roots  as  can  be  extracted.  It  is 
opposed  to  irrational  or  surd  quantities  .  2,  8, 

•I,  v/9i    Vet*   t/8i>  are  rational  quantities. 
(IRRATIONAL,  II.] 
*  B.  As  rub  st.  :  A  rational  being. 

"  The  world  of  rational!."     Young  :  JTigkt  Thovff^ts,  IT, 

Rational  Christians,  s.  pi. 

Church  Hist.  :  A  sect  claiming  that  their 
methods  of  investigation  aud  their  faith  are 
more  rational  than  those  of  Christians  in 
general.  They  first  obtained  registered  places 
of  worship  in  England  in  IS.'ti. 

rational-fractions,  *  .  pL 

Math..  :  Fractions  in  aim  lysis,  In  which  the 
variable  is  not  affected  with  any  fractional 
exponents.  The  coefficients  may  be  rational 
or  irrational. 

rational  -horizon,  «.     (HORIZON,  *.] 

fat-lo-naV-le*  (t  as  sh),  ».    [Lat.  neut  sing. 
Of  rationalis  =  rational  (q.T.).  J 
1.  A  statement  of  reasons. 


2.  An  account  or  exposition  of  the  principles 
Of  some  opinion,  action,  phenomenon,  &c. 

rationale  existcndi,  phr.   The  ground 

Of  existence 


ra'-tlon-al-Ism,  $.    [Fr.  rationalism*.] 

Theol.:  A  system  which  makes  reason  the 
supreme  arbiter  in  all  matters  connected  with 
the  Bible  and  the  Christian  religion,  and 
which  refuses  to  accept  any  doctrine  or  pro- 
fessedly historical  statement  to  which  reason 
believes  that  it  has  grounds  for  taking  ex- 
ception. Isolated  cases  of  rationalism,  or  an 
approach  to  it,  have  frequently  appeared  in 
the  Church  :  as,  for  instance,  in  tne  case  of 
Theodore,  Bishop  of  Mopsuestia,  829-428;  but 
as  a  system  it  first  became  prominent  in 
Germany  In  the  latter  half  of  the  eighteenth 
century.  In  1754  Hermann  Keimarus  of  Ham- 
burg privately  circulated  among  his  friends 
some  rationalistic  writings  of  his.  Leasing 
pretended  that  he  had  found  them  in  the 
Wolfeiibuttel  library,  of  which  he  was 
librarian,  and  between  1773  and  1777  pub- 
lished them  under  the  name  of  the  Wolfeu- 
biittel  Fragments.  They  produced  a  great 
sensation.  John  David  Michaelis(1717-1791), 
Johann  gemler  (1728-1794),  and  others  es- 
tablished a  middle  path  between  the  extreme 
views  of  the  Fragmentists  and  the  accepted 
Protestant  orthodoxy,  and  it  was  to  this 
intermediate  school  that  the  term  rationalistic 
was  chiefly  applied.  The  earlier  rationalists 
in  large  measure  confined  their  new  methods 
of  interpretation  to  the  Old  Testament; 
Johinii  Eichorn  (1752-1827)  and  Heinrich 
Paulun  (1761-1860)  extended  them  to  the  New. 
As  time  advanced,  rationalism  became  more 
extreme  Us  earlier  professors  generally,  ac- 
cepting the  views  as  to  the  authorship  of 
the  several  sacred  books  traditionally  held, 
considered  that  they,  when  rightly  under- 
stood, narrated  true  history,  but  their 
oriental  or  poetic  language  required  to  be 
translated  into  that  of  ordinary  life.  For 
instance,  the  angel  and  the  flaming  sword 
which  prevented  our  first  parents  from  re- 
entering  paradise  really  meant  the  thunder- 
storms prevalent  in  the  region.  The  later  ra- 
tionalists mostly  deny  the  accepted  authorship 
of  the  sacred  books,  and  more  sweepingly  than 
their  predecessors  set  their  teaching  aside. 
In  1835-6  Dr.  David  Strauss,  in  his  Lebtn 
Jttu,  resolved  the  whole  evangelical  narrative 
into  myth  and  legend.  Rationalism  subse- 
quently spread  from  Germany  into  other 
countries.  In  I860  appeared  the  Etsays  and 
Reviews,  by  seven  clergymen  of  the  English 
Church,  and  in  18(32  the  first  part  of  a 
Critical  Commentary  on  the  Pentateuch 
and  the  Book  of  Joshua  by  Dr.  William 
Colenso,  Bishop  of  Natal,  five  other  parts 
subsequently  appearing.  Both  these  pro- 
ductions led  to  ecclesiastical  prosecutions. 
In  1863  Ernest  Renan  published  in  Paris  his 
Vie  de  Jcnu.  Since  then  numerous  works  of 
rationalistic  tendency  have  been  published, 
alike  in  the  United  States  and  Europe,  and 
rationalistic  views  are  becoming  somewhat 
widely  disseminated.  Though  combating  the 
claims  of  the  sacred  writers,  as  a  rule,  rational- 
ists of  al!  schools  speak  with  respect  of  them. 

rS'-  tlon-al-  1st,  s.  &.  a.     [Eng.  rational;  -itt.] 

A.  At  substantive  : 

1.  Ord.   Lang.  :   One   who   bases   his  dis- 
quisitions aud  practice  wholly  upon  reason. 

2.  TheoL  :  One  who  considers  human  reason 
the  supreme  arbiter  in  Scripture  aud  theology. 

B,  As  adj.  :  Rationalistic. 

ra  tlon  al  1st  Ic,  ra-tlon  al  1st  -Ic  al, 

a.     [Eng.  rationalist;  -ic,  -icaL]    Pertaining 
to,  or  having  the  character  of  rationalism. 

ra  tlon-al  -Ist-Io-al-l^.nrfr.  [Eng.  ration- 
alittical;  -ly.\  In  a  rationalistic  manner. 

ri  -tlon-al'-I-t^,  *.  (Fr.  ratlonaliU,  from 
Lat.  rationalitatem,  accus.  of  rationalitas  = 
reason,  or  the  use  of  reason,  from  ratio  = 
reason  ;  Sp.  raeionalidad;  Ital.  razionalitii.} 

1  1.  The  quality  of  being  rational  ;  the  power 
or  faculty  of  reasoning. 

"  Ood  tuts  made  rntirmalltf  the  common  portion  of 
nuuikiud."—  B.  Mar*:  Uovtritmtnt  v/  (*•  Tongm. 

*  2.  Reasonableness. 

"  In  human  occurrence*,  there  ban  been  many 
well  directed  intentions,  whoa*  ratianaliltn  will 
never  beu  a  rigid  examination."—  Broint*  ;  Fulfar 
Srroun. 

*  ra  tlon  al  iz-a'-tlon,  t.  [Eng.  rational- 
i-  L)  ;  -atwn.}  The  act  of  rationalizing. 


[Eng.  rational; 


ra  tion-al-ize,  v.t.  &  i. 
•ite.} 


A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  convert  to  rationalism. 

2.  To  interpret  as  a  rationalist  ;  to  test  by 
pure  reason. 

3.  To  perceive  or  understand  the  reason  ot 

B.  Intrant.  :  To  profess,  practice,  ahect,  or 
aim  at  rationalism;   to  act  or  interpret  in 
accordance    with    rationalism  ;   to  judge  or 
estimate  as  a  rationalist 

"The  chief  rathnnlizing  doctor  of  antiquity."— 
Xewman  :  Deftt.  Ckrutiun  Duct.,  cb,  L  j  iii. 


-l^,  adv.  [Eng.  rational  ;  -ly.]  In 
a  rational  manner;  in  a  manner  consistent 
with  reason  ;  reasonably,  not  extravagantly. 

"  Ratinjiatlu  to  explain,  and  then  produce  the  «X- 
periuient."—  OoldmM;  J'olitt  Learning,  cu.  ziiL 

ra-tlon-al-ngss,  s.  [Eng.  rational  ;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  rational  or  con* 
sisteut  with  reason. 

*  ra'-tion-ar-Jf,  a.     [Lat.  rattonarins,  from 
rufto  =  a  calculation  .  .  .reason.]    Periaiuiug 
or  belonging  to  accounts. 

ra-ti'-t«,  «.  pi.  [Lat  rota  =  a  raft,  from  the 
keelless  sternum.) 

1.  Orntt*.  :  A  division  of  Birds,  introduced 
by  Merrem  in  his  Tentamen  Systematic  naturali* 
Arium  (Abhand.  k.  Akad  d.  H-'iss.  in  Berlin, 
1812.  pp.  237-59),  and  containing  his  genus 
btruthio  (q.v.),  since  divided.    They  are  all 
incapable  of  flight  ;  though  some  run  very 
swiftly,  the  abnormally  small  wings  acting  as 
a  kind  of  sail,  and  helping  the  birds  along. 
They   may    be   divided    into    two   groups  : 
(1)  Those  in  which  the  wing  has  a  rudimentary 
or  very  short  humerus,  and  not  more  than  one 
ungual    phalanx  (the  Casuariidae,   the   fast- 
vanishing  Apterygid*,  and  the  extinct  Din- 
ornitliiihe,  often  treated  as  one  family  (Aptery- 
gidae)  ;  and  (2)  those  having  a  long  humerus 
and  two  ungual  phalanges  (Kheidae  and  Stru- 
thionidie,  often  comb:ned  under  the  latter 
name.)    (Cf.  Huxley,  lac.  inf.  cit.) 

"Though  comparatively  but  few  genera  and  species 
of  this  order  now  eiiit.  they  differ  from  one  auulber 
very  considerably,  and  have  a  wide  distribution,  from 
Africa  aud  Arabia,  over  many  of  the  islands  of  Malai«U 
and  Polynesia  to  Australia  and  South  America. 
Heuc*.  in  all  probability,  the  ezi»ting  l.nriia  arc  hut 
Uie  waifs  and  strays  of  what  was  once  a  very  large 
•nit  Important  group."—  Buxltf  :  /Vac.  Zoul.  Hoc.,  18CT. 
p.  41«i 

2.  Palatont.  :  Found  first  in  the  Eocene  Ter- 
tiary. 

r&f-I-tate,  r&f-ite,  o.    [RATTTJE.]   Belong- 
ing to,  or  character- 
istic of  the  Ratite. 

rat  Ite,  a.    [RATI- 

TATE.J 

rt»f-«ne.raf-lin. 
rat  -ling,  rat- 
tling, «.  [Etym. 
doubtful,  but  pro- 
bably from  rat  and 
line,  as  though  the 
lines  formed  lad- 
ders for  rats  to 
climb  up.] 

Kavt.  :  (See  ex- 
tract). 

**  Kattlnet  (are]  xmatl  horizontal  lines  or  roprs  ex- 
tended between  the  several  shrouds  on  each  side  of  a 
mast,  thus  forming  the  ateps  of  ladders  forgoing  up 
and  down  UM  rigging  *ud  uu*tM."—BramU  *  cox/ 
Dicttonary. 

*  rat-on,  «.    [RATOUJ*.] 

*  rat-on-er,  *  rat  on-ere.  t.    [O.  FT.]    A 

rat-catcher.    (Pien  Plowman.) 

ra  toon'  (1\  ••  [Sp.  retono  =  a,  sprout  or 
shoot  ;  retoKar  =  to  sprout  again.] 

1.  A  sprout  from  the  root  of  the  sugar-cane 
that  has  been  cut  down. 

2.  The  heart-leaves  in  a  tobacco  plant 

ra-toon'  (2),  *•    [RATTAN,  s.) 

ra-toon',  v.i.  [RATOON  0).  «•!  To  sprout  or 
shoot  up  from  the  root,  as  the  sugar-cane. 

*  rat-onn,  •  rat-on,  «.     [Pr.  raton,  from 
Low  Lat.  ratonem,  accus.  of  rato  —  a  rat(q.  v.).] 
A  rat. 

rats-bane,*.    [Eng.  rat,  and  ten*.] 

L  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  poison  for  rats  ;  arsenious 
acid. 
2.  Bot.  :  Chailettia  taticaria,  (Sierra  Leone.) 


RATLIKB. 


DoH,  bo^;  p6ut,  J6%1;  eat,  eell,  cborns,  fain,  bench;  go,  gcrn;  thin,  (hi*;  sin,  af ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  L 
wan, -tiac -  slian,   -tion, -«lon  -  shun; -Jlon, -jlan- them,    -cloua, -tioua, -slou»  -  shiia.    -ble, -die,  &c- =  beL,  dcL 


3890 


ratsbane— raucid 


rats  -bane,  v.t.    [RATSBAKE,  ».]    To  kill  or 
poitiun  with  ratsbane. 

rat  -tan  (1),  rat  -ten,  rat  tin,  s.     [Fr. 
raton'.}    [RATOUN.]    A  nit.    (Pruv.  <t  Scotch.) 

rat-tan'  (2),  *.    [From  the  sound.]    A  con- 
tinuous beat  or  roll  of  a  drum. 


'  (3),  «.    [Malay,  rdtan.] 

1.  The  commercial  name  fw  the  stem  of 
various  species  of  the  genus  Calamus.    They 
abound  in  Southern  Asia  in  moist  situations, 
and  are  used  for  making  splints  for  chair  seats 
and  backs,  hanks  for  sails  ;  cables,  sometimes 
as  much  as  42  inches  round  ;  cords,  withes, 
and  walking-sticks  ;  also  for  making  splints 
for  baskets  and  brooms,  fish-weirs,  hurdles, 
hoops,  carriage-seats,  and  many  other  pur- 
poses.    The  larger  species  grow  to  a  size  of 
three  inches  diameter,  and  to  a  height  of 
100  feet 

H  The  Great  Rattan  is  Calamus  rudentum; 
the  Ground  Rattan,  Khaphis  flabtllijormis. 

2.  A  cane  or  walking-stick  formed  of  a  rattan. 

"O'Brien  went  oat,  and  returned  with  a  dozen 
penny  rattant,  which  he  notched  In  the  end."— 
Marry  at  :  Peter  Simple,  ch,  it 

rat-tan-y,  *.    [RATAXY.] 
rftt-te*n',  ».     [Fr.  ratine.} 

Fabric  :  A  kind  of  woollen  stuff,  quilled  or 
twilled. 

"  And  Anthony  ihall  court  her  in  ratteen.'    S*i/t 

rat  -ten,*.    [RATTAN  (1).] 

rat  -ten,  «.(.  [Prov.  Eng.  ratten  =  a  rat,  the 
meaning  thus  being  to  do  damage  secretly  as 
rats  do.] 

1.  Lit.  :  To  destroy  or  take  away  the  tools 
or  machinery  of,  for  non-payment  of  con- 
tributions to  a  trades-union,  or  for  any  offence 
committed  against  the  union  or  its  rules,  as 
by  ratting  or  working  for  less  than  the  usual 
wages.    Rattening  was  one  of  the  forms  of 
organized  terrorism  of  trades-unions.    It  was 
associated  chiefly  with  Sheffield,  but  is  now 
becoming  rare  even  there. 

"  An  atrocious  trade  outrage  hai  been  perpetrated 
In  Sheffield,  a  town  long  notorious  (or  such  Crimea, 
then  called  rattening."—  The  Guardian,  Nov.  V,  1861. 

2.  Fig.  :  To  injure  or  annoy  in  any  way. 

"  Perhape  we  ihall  bear  of  HUrwy  rattening  and 
picketing.'—  Daily  Hem.  April  to,  UM,  p.  4. 

rat  -ter,  «.     [Eng.  rat  ;  -«r.] 

1.  One  whose  business  is  to  catch  rat*  ;  a 
ratcatcher. 

2.  An  animal,  especially  a  terrier,  which 
kills  rats  :  as,  He  is  a  good  ratter. 

3.  One  who  rats  or  apostatizes. 

"  The  ridicule  on  placemen  rotten  remains."—  Jfl« 
Zdfetcorth  :  Helm.  ch.  xzvlL 

•  raf-ter-jf,  «.  [Eng.  rat;  -try.]  Apostasy, 
tergiversation. 

"  The  rattery  and  aconndrellam  of  public  life.'— 
Sydney  Smith:  Let  Cert  1182S). 

rat-tln-et,  «.     [A  dimin.  from  ratten  (q.v.).] 
Fabric  :  A  woollen  stuff  thinner  than  rateen. 

rat'-tle  (1),  *  rat-el-en,  *  rat  ylle,  r.i.  &  t. 
[A.S.  *hraettlan,  preserved  in  hrcetele,  Kratilt, 
or  hracttlwyrt  =  rattlewort  (q.v.)  ;  cogn.  with 
Dut.  raUlen  =  to  rattle  ;  ratet  =  a  rattle  ;  Ger. 
ratseln  =  to  rattle  ;  rassel  =  a  rattle.  The 
word  is  of  imitative  origin  ;  cf.  rat-a-tat,  Ac.  ] 

A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  give  out,  utter,  or  make  a  succession 
of  quick,  sharp  noises,  a*  by  the  collision  of 
bodies  not  very  sonorous  ;  to  clatter  ;  to  make 
•  din. 

"  The  itonee  did  rattle  underneath 
A*  if  Cheapside  wen  mad." 

Cmo-per  :  Job*  Silpiet. 

2.  To  ride  or  drive  along  fast. 

3.  To  talk  eagerly  and  noisily  ;  to  speak  in 
a  clattering  manner  ;  to  chatter  ;  to  talk  idly 
or  without  consideration. 

"  He  rattiet  It  out  against  popery."—  <9wVt 

*  4.  To  make  a  show  ;  to  parade. 

"  In  silks  111  rattle  It  of  erenr  colour." 

Cook  :  Green  i  Tu  Qvojue. 

"5.  To  stammeror  stutter.  (Cath.  Anglicwn.) 

B.  Trcmsitive  : 

1.  To  cause  to  make  a  rattling  noise,  or  a 
rapid  succession  of  sharp  quick  sounds. 

•  2.  To  stan  with  noise. 

"  Bound  bat  another,  and  another  ihall. 
AM  loud  a>  thine,  rattlt  the  welkin's  ear.* 

Shaketp.:  King  Join,  Y.  ft, 


3.  To  drive  along  fast ;  t"  cause  to  run  fast. 
*  4.  To  scold  ;  to  rail  at  clamorously. 

"  He  sent  for  him  in  a  rage,  and  rattled  him  with  a 
thousand  traitors  and  villains  for  robbing  his  bou«e." 
—L'Eftrtinge:  f-jUtf. 

r&t-Vie  (2),   v.t.      [Formed    from  ratling,  as 
though  the  latter  were  a  pies.  part,  of  a  verb.] 
Naut.  :  To  furnish  with  ratlines. 
^  To  rattle  down  the  shrouds  or  rigging  : 
Navt. :  To  furnish  with  ratlines. 
"  The  ratlines  are  fitted  to  the  shrouds  as  though  the 
rigging  had  been  rattled  down  by  Alison's  men."— 
Daily  Telegraph,  Dec.  22,  1886. 

rat-tie,  «.    [RATTLE  (1),  v.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  rapid  succession  of  sharp  quick  noises ; 
a  clatter. 

"  The  sharp  rattle  of  the  whirling  phaeton,"— 
Bortley :  Sermont.  vol.  ii.,  ser.  23. 

2.  An  instrument  with  which  a  rattling  or 
clattering  sound  is  made  ;  specif,  applied  to  : 

(1)  An  instrument  consisting  of  a  vibrating 
tongue  and  a  rotating  ratchet  wheel,  by  which 
a  sharp  rattling  sound  is  produced  to  make 
an  alarm.     Watchmen  were  furnished  with 
them  to  sound  a  rallying  signal,  and  they  are 
sometimes  kept  in  private  houses  to  enable 
the  occupant  to  call  the  police  or  sound  a  tire 
alarm. 

(2)  A  child's  toy  made  in  a  similar  way,  or 
consisting  of  a  case  of  wicker-work  or  other 
material,  and  enclosing  small  pebbles  or  other 
objects  which  produce  a  rattling  sound. 

'•  Thou  thakest  in  thy  little  hand 
The  coral  rattle  with  its  silver  bells." 

Longfellow:  To  a  Child. 

3.  A  peculiar  rattling  sound  heard  in  the 
throat,  immediately  preceding  and  prognosti- 
cating death.     Commonly  called  the  Death- 
rattle. 

4.  A  rapid  succession  of  words ;  rapid  and 
empty  talk ;  chatter. 

"  All  this  ado  about  the  golden  age,  is  but  an  empty 
rattle  and  frivolous  conceit."— UoJcewM :  Apology. 

•6.  Rebuke. 

"  Receiving  such  a  rattle  for  his  former  contempt." 
—Beylin :  Life  of  Laud.  p.  257. 

6.  One  who  talks  rapidly  and  thoughtlessly ; 
an  empty  chatterer ;  a  jabberer. 
IL  Technically: 

1.  Hot. :  A  popular  name  for  two  plants,  the 
seeds  of  which  rattle  in  the  seed  vessel.    Red 
Rattle  is  Pedicularis  sylvatioa ;  Yellow  Rattle, 
or  Rattle-box,  Rhinanthus  Crista-gatti. 

2.  ZooL  :  An  organ  developed  in  the  genus 
Crotalus.    The  tail  terminates  in  a  series  of 
horny  rings,  varying  in  number  with  the  age 
of  the  individual,  as  one  is  added  at  each 
sloughing,  which  occurs  more  than  once  in 
the  year.    The  last  (3-8)  vertebrae  coalesce  to 
fon  >  a  compressed  conical  bone,  covered  by 
muscle,  and  thick  spongy  skin,  which  secretes 
the  rings  in  succession,  each  one  being  larger 
than  the  one  secreted  before  it,  as  the  secreting 
surface   becomes   larger.     The  pieces   hang 
loosely,  but  securely,  together,  the  basal  ring 
of  one  joint  grasping  the  projecting  second 
ring  of  the  preceding  joint,  and  so  on.    The 
first  joint  alone  has  vital  connection  with  the 
skin  of  the  animal,  and,  being  vibrated  by  the 
muscles  of  the  skin,  communicates  a  quiver- 
ing motion,  accompanied  by  a  slight  rattling 
sound,  to  the  dry  horny  pieces  behind  it. 

"  The  habit  of  violently  agitating  the  tail  Is  by  no 
means  peculiar  to  the  rattlesnake,  but  baa  been  ob- 
served in  other  venomous  as  well  as  innocuoua  snakes, 
with  the  ordinary  termination  of  the  tail,  when  under 
the  influence  of  fear  or  anger.  The  special  object  for 
which  the  rattle  has  been  developed  in  these  snakes  is 
unknown."— Encyt.  Brit.  (ed.  lib),  xx,  293. 

rattle-bladder,  s.  A  bladder  partially 
filled  with  peas  or  the  like  to  make  a  noise 
and  frighten  birds  off  corn. 

rattle-box,  ». 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  The  same  as  RATTLE,  «. ,  1. 2  (2). 
2.  Bot. :  Rhinanthus  Crista-galli. 

rattle-brained,  a.  Wild,  giddy,  rattle- 
headed. 

rattle-cap,  «.  A  wild,  giddy  person ;  a 
madcap. 

rattle-head. ».  A  giddy  person ;  a  rattle- 
pate. 

"  Many  rittlr.htadi  as  well  a*  iber"— Backet :  Lift 
of  waiiamt.  L  130. 

*  rattle  -  headed,  *  rattle  -  pated,  a. 

Giddy,  wild,  rattle-brained. 

"  Our  lascivious,  impudent,  rnttle-pnted  gadding 
female*. "—frynne;  I  Uittrio-Mattix,  L  v. 


rattle-mouse,  s.     The  reremouse  or  bat 
"  Not  unlike  the  tnle  of  the  rattle-matae."— I'^cte^ 
ham :  Work,,  bk.  ii..  ch.  xiii. 

rattle-pate,  s.  An  empty-headed,  noisy 
fellow  ;  a  rattle-head. 

"  Kattle-pate  as  I  am.  I  forgot  all  about  it.'— King* 
ley :  Two  Yeart  Ago,  ch.  zi. 

rattle-trap,  5.  A  shaky,  rickety,  or  worn 
out  article  ;  %  knick-knack. 

"  If  I  attempted  to  ride  him  at  such  irnttle-trapm 
that "—  Trollope:  Barchetter  Towen,  cb,  xxxr. 

rattle- wing,  5. 

Ornith. :  Fuligula  clangula. 
"The  wings  being  short  and  stiff  In  proportion  to 
the  weight  and  size  of  the  bird,  are  beaten  so  quickly 
as  to  produce  a  distinct  whistling  sound,  whence  the 
names  of  Kattle-wing  and  Whistler. "-rarreU:  Brit. 
Bird*  led.  4th).  Iv.  438. 

rat -tier,  *rat-yl-ler,  *rat-ler, ».  [Eng. 
rattl(e)(l),  v.  ;  -er.) 

1.  One  who  rattles  along,  or  talks  quickly 
or  thoughtlessly  ;  a  chatterer. 

2.  A  rattle-snake.    (17.8.) 

3.  A  smart,  heavy  blow.    (Slang.) 

rat  -tie-snake,  s.  [Eng.  rattle,  s.,  and  snakt,'} 
ZooL. :  The  English  name  for  any  species  of 
the  American  genus  Crotalus  (q.v.),  the  tail 
of  which  is  furnished  with  a  rattle  [RATTLE, 
*.,  II.  2.].  Carman  (Reptiles  <t  Batnichians  of 
North  America)  enumerates  twelve  species 
and  thirteen  varieties,  falling  into  two  groups : 
(1)  Having  the  upper  side  of  the  head 
covered  with  nine  dermal  shields ;  (2)  Hav- 
ing the  shields  behind  the  eyes  broken  up  or 
replaced  by  small  scales.  The  second  group 
comprises  the  more  formidable  kinds,  gene- 
rally described  as  Crotalus  horridvs  and  C.  du- 
rissus.  The  first  name  was  formerly  applied  to 
the  reptile  extending  from  Paraguay  and  Chili, 
through  Brazil,  into  Mexico,  and  the  latter  to 
the  North  American  rattlesnake.  In  recent 
American  works  this  nomenclature  is  reversed. 
The  poison  of  the  Rattlesnake  is  usually  fatal 
to  man,  though  fortunately  they  are  sluggish, 
and  never  attempt  to  strike  unless  they  are 
molested.  They  are  widely  distributed  on  the 
American  continent ;  but  advancing  cultiva- 
tion is  rapidly  thinning  their  numbers,  and 
the  half-wild  hogs  of  the  settlers,  peccaries, 
and  deer  contribute  materially  to  this  result. 
They  are  far  from  uniform  in  coloration  :  often 
the  ground  colour  is  brownish,  sometimes  yel- 
low or  blackish,  with  dark  spots,  frequently 
bordered  with  yellow,  on  the  back  and  sides  ; 
head  and  neck  ornamented  with  dark  or  black 
longitudinal  bands,  or  of  almost  uniform  co- 
loration. 

rattlesnake-fern,  *. 

Bot. :  Botrychium  virginicum. 

rattlesnake-herb,  «. 

Bot.  :  The  genus  Acteea.    (American.) 
rattlesnake-root,  s. 

Bot.  :  (1)   Polygala  Senega;  (2)  The  genus 

Nubalus.     (American.) 

rattlesnake-weed,  «. 

Bot.  :  Eryngium  virginicurn. 
rattlesnake's  master,  «. 
Bot. :  (1)  Liatrit  tcariosa;  (2)  L.  Bfuarroia. 
(American.) 

rat-tie- wort,  «.    [Eng.  rattle,  a.,  and  wort.] 

Bot. :  The  genus  Crotolaria(<j.v.). 

rat-tllng,  pr.  par.  or  a.     [RATTLE  (1),  v.] 

L  Making  a  quick  succession  of  sharp 
sounds ;  clattering, 

"  From  peak  to  peak,  the  rattling  crags  among." 
Byron:  Childe  Harold,  iii.  tt, 

2.  Quick,  rapid,  lively :  as,  a  rattling  pace. 

3.  Lively,  merry,  chattering. 

4.  Very  fine,  large,  or  great:  as,  a  rattling 
stake.    (Colloq.) 

rat-tllng,*.    [RATLINE.] 
r4t  -ton,  J.    [RATOUK.] 

Pi,  t'-tjf,  o.    Like  a  rat ;  reminding  one  of  rats. 
A.  10  (tlang),  mean,  worthless,  despicable. 

ranchwacko  (as  rtfwk'-vak-e'),  *.    [Ger. 
rauch  —  smoke,  and  wacke  (q.v.).] 

Geol. :  The  equivalent  in  Germany  of  the 
English  Magnesian  Limestone.  A  calcareous 
member  of  the  Zechstein  formation. 

*  ran'-cid,  a.   [Lat.  raucus.]  Hoarse,  raucous. 


fitte,  fat,  nirc,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  p&t, 
or.  wor«,  wolf,  work,  whd,  sin;  mate,  enb,  oiire,  unite,  ciir,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    so.  o>  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


raucity— raver 


U91 


i-tjf,  «.  [Lat.  raucitas,  from  rauct«  = 
koarse.]  Hoarseness  or  harshness  of  sound  ; 
rough  utterance. 

r&n'-cle,  a.     [Mid.  Eng.  rakel.]    [RAKE  (2),  >.] 
Hash,  stout,  fearless. 

"  Auld  Scotland  hu  a  raudt  tongue." 

Burnt  :  Cry  t  Prayer. 

•  ran  -cotts,  a.    [Lat.  rauna.}   Hoarse,  harsh, 
rough. 


,  adv.    [Eng.  raucous  ;  -ly].    In 
a  raucous  manner  ;  hoarsely,  harshly,  roughly. 
"  He  did  not  sing  more  raucoutly  than  nine  mutic- 
h»ll  artist**  out  of  ten."—  Theatre  Annual,  1896,  p.  47. 

•  raught  (gh  silent)  (1),  pret.  ofv.    [REACH,  v.] 

•  raught  (gh  silent)  (2),  pret.  ofv.    [RECK,  v.] 

ran'  -ite  (an  as  6\t),  «.  [After  Ran,  the 
Scandinavian  sea-goddess  ;  sutf.  -ite  (Afin.).] 

Afin.  :  A  grayish-black,  finely  granular 
mineral,  without  lustre.  Hardness,  5*0  ;  sp. 
gr.  2'48.  An  analysis  showed  a  composition 
near  that  of  Thomsonite  (q.v.).  Formed  by 
the  alteration  of  elaolite  in  Lamb'  Island, 
Brevig,  Norway. 

ranm  -ite  (an  as  &r),  ».    [From  Raumo, 
Finland,  where  found  ;  suff.  -ite  (.Afin.).] 
Min.  :  The  same  as  FAHLUNITE  (q.v.). 

•  raun,  s.    [RAWN.] 
raunch,  v.t.    [RANCH,  v.] 

•  raun-Bon,  *.    [RANSOM,  «.] 

rau-wol  -f  I-a,  5.  [Named  after  Leonhardt 
Rauwolf,  an  Augsburg  physician,  who  tra- 
velled through  Palestine,  &c.  in  1753-6.] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Apocynacese,  tribe  Caris- 
•ese.  Tropical  American  shrubs,  with  oppo- 
site or  whoded  leaves  and  corymbose  flowers. 
The  black  juice  in  the  fruit  of  R.  canescens  is 
used  in  the  West  Indies  as  a  dye  ;  the  root  of 
K.  nitida  is  given  in  moderate  doses  as  an 
emetic  and  a  cathartic  ;  R.  serpent  i  no.  is  used 
by  the  Hindoos  in  snake  bites,  and  as  a  tonic 
and  febrifuge  ;  the  Javanese  employ  an  infu- 
sion of  the  root  as  an  anthelmintic. 

rav  age  (age  as  Ig),  «.  [Fr.,  from  ravir 
(Lat.  rapio)  =.  to  snatch  or  bear  away  sud- 
denly.] Desolation  by  violence,  whether  of 
man,  beast,  or  physical  causes  ;  devastation, 
ruin,  waste,  havoc,  despoilment. 

"  While  other  eye*  hl>  fall  or  ravage  weep." 

Baron  :  Conair,  11  13. 

rav  -age  (age  as  ig),  v.t.    [RAVAGE,  *.]    To 

desolate  by  violence  ;  to  despoil,  to  desolate, 
to  lay  waste,  to  commit  havoc  on,  to  spoil,  to 
pillage,  to  consume. 

"  We  come  not  .  .  .  rcaaging  the  land.* 

PHt:  Virgil;  .Enrid  L 

•raV-ag-er  (ag  as  Ig),  s.  [Eng.  ravage),  v.  ; 
-er.]  One  who  or  that  which  ravages,  devas- 
tates, or  lays  waste  ;  a  plunderer,  a  spoiler, 
•  devastator. 

"  Be  uam'd  rtetorloui  rarnym  no  more  !" 

Thornton  :  Memory  of  Lord  Talbot. 

rave,  v.i.  &  t.    [O.  Fr.  rdver,  resver  (Fr.  rfver), 
from  8p.  rabiar  =  to   rave,   from  Low  Lat. 
ft  Sp.  rabia  (Lat  rabies)  =  rage,  madness.] 
[RABID,  RAOE.] 
A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  be  delirious  or  mad  ;  to  wander  in 
mind  or  intellect  ;   to  talk  irrationally  ;   to 
talk  or  act  wildly,  as  a  madman  ;  to  dote. 

"Peter  wai  angry  and  rebuked  Christ,  and  thought 
earnestly  that  be  had  raved,  and  not  wiste  what  he 
•ayde."—  Tyndall:  Worket,  p.  2i. 

2.  To  rush  wildly  and  madly  about. 

3.  To  be  madly  or  unreasonably  fond,  or 
enthusiastic  ;  to  be  excited  ;  to  talk  with  un- 
reasonable enthusiasm.    (Followed  by  about, 
<tf,  or  on.) 

*  4.  To  dash  furiously. 

"  A  mightle  rock,  'gainst  which  doe  rant 
The  rortuit  billowes  in  their  proud  disdalne." 

Spenter:  f.  «.,  III.  Till.  IT. 

*  B.  Trans.  :  To  utter  in  a  raving,  mad,  or 
frenzied  manner;  to  say  wildly  or  incoherently. 
(Young.) 

•  rave,  pret.  ofv.    [RIVE.] 

rave,  s.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  One  of  the  side 
pieces  of  a  waggon-body  frame  or  of  a  sleigh. 

rave-hook,  ».    [RASINO-IRON.] 

rav  -eL  *  rav-ell,  •  ryv-ell,  v.t.  &  i.  [Dut. 
raftlen  =  to  fray  out,  to  unweave  ;  cf.  Low 
Ger.  reffeln,] 


A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  untwist,  to  unweave,  to  disentangle. 
(Lit.  £  Fig.) 

"  Make  yon  to  rant  all  this  matter  out." 

Shaketp. :  Ha.  mitt,  lit  4. 

2.  To  entangle ;  to  twist  together ;  to  in- 
volve ;   to  make  intricate,  involved,  or  en- 
tangled. 

"  What  glory's  due  to  him  who  could  dlride 
Such  ratel'l'd  Interests  f "      Waller :  To  the  King. 

*  3.  To  hurry  over  in  confusion. 

"  They  but  ravel  It  over  loosely,  and  pitch  upon  dis- 
puting sgainst  particular  conclusions."— Digby. 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  become  untwisted  ;  to  be  disentangled. 

"  The  contexture  of  this  discourse  will  perhaps  be 
the  less  subject  to  ravel  out.  If  I  hem  it  with  the 
speech  of  our  learned  and  pluus  annotator."— Spencer: 
Prodigiet.  p.  202. 

*  2.  To   become   entangled,    confused,  in- 
volved, or  perplexed. 

"  They  ravel  more  still  less  resolTed." 

Milton  :  Samton  Agonittet,  to*. 

*  3.  To  busy  one's  self  with  intricacies  ;  to 
wander. 

"  It  will  be  needles*  to  ravel  far  Into  the  records  of 
elder  times  ;  every  man's  memory  will  suggest  many 
pertinent  instances."—  Decay  of  Piety. 

raV-el,  *.    (RAVEL,  v.]    An  evener  (q.v.). 

r&v'-el,  a.  [Etym.  doubtful.]  (See  the  com- 
pound.) 

ravel-bread, ».  Coarse  or  whity-brown 
bread.  (Harriton  :  Descript.  England,  p.  166.) 

rave'-lln,  *.  [Fr.,  from  O.  ItaL  ravellino, 
revellino  (Ital.  rivellino),  perhaps  from  Lat. 
re-  =  back,  and  vallum  =  a  ram- 
part ;  Sp.  rebeliin ;  T 
bite.] 

Fort. :  A  detached 
having  a  parapet  and  ditch 
forming  a  salient 
angle  in  front  of 
the  curtain.  It  is 
erected  upon  the 
counterscarp,  and 
receives  flank  de- 
fence from  the  body 
of  the  place.  Inside 
the  ravelin  may  be 
a  redoubt  and  ditch  ;  the  gorge  is  unprotected, 
and  the  ravelin  may  be  considered  a  redan  upon 
the  counterscarp. 

"  Bastions  and  ravelin*  wen  eiery  where  rising."— 
Macaulay :  Hut.  Eng.  ch.  iii. 

raV-el-lIng,  rav  -el-Ing,  «.    [RAVEL,  v.] 

1.  The  act  of  untwisting  or  disentangling. 

2.  Anything,  as  a  thread,  detached  in  the 
process  of  untwisting. 

*  rav  -el-ment,  s.  [Eng.  ravel,  v.  ;  -ment.] 
An  entanglement. 

"  A  series  of  rarelmmti  and  squabbling  grudges."— 
Carl  fit :  MitceU..  lit  til. 

rav'-en  (1),  «.  &  a.  [A.S.  Krafn,  hrefn;  cogn. 
with  Dut.  raaf;  Icel.  hrafn;  Dan.  ravn ;  Ger. 
robe;  O.  H.  Ger.  hraban.  Named  from  the 
cry  of  the  bird.] 

A.  As  substantive  : 

Ornith. :  The  genus  Corvus,  and  especially 
Cbrtti*  corai,  the  largest  of  the  European,  and 
one  of  the  largest  of  all  the  Panwrincs.  It  is 
about  twenty-six  inches  long,  plumage  black, 
glossed  with  steel-blue  and  purple .  very  widely 
distributed  in  the  northern  hemisphere,  but 
becoming  somewhat  rare  from  the  persecution 
to  which  it  is  subject  at  the  bands  of  game- 
keepers and  farmers,  on  accou  nt  of  its  predatory 
habits,  for  it  preys  extensively  on  young 
game,  chickens,  and  ducklings.  It  extend* 
through  northern  Asia  and  America,  but  ii 

generally  replaced  by  the  crow  in  the  United 
tales.  Cases  of  partial  or  total  albinism 
often  occur.  White  ravens  were  known  to 
Aristotle,  who  attributed  the  want  of  colour 
to  the  season  of  the  year,  and  the  cold  weather. 
Pied  varieties  of  the  Raven  have  been  treated 
as  constituting  a  distinct  species  (Cormu 
leucophana,  Vieillot).  They  occur  most  fre- 
quently in  the  Ferro  Islands,  and  are  generally 
the  offspring  of  normally  black  parents.  The 
Raven  has  played  an  important  part  in 
mythology  and  folk-lore.  It  is  the  first  bird 
mentioned  by  name  in  the  Old  Testament 
(Gen.  viii.  7);  by  the  ministry  of  ravens 
Elijah  was  fed  (1  Kiugs  xvii.  6),  and  they  were 
to  be  the  ministers  of  vengeance  on  unruly 
children  (Prov.  xxx.  17).  The  raven  was  the 
bird  of  Odin,  and  in  classic  mythology  was  of 


ill-omen,  a  character  often  attributed  to  it  by 
the  early  English  dramatist*.  Marlowe  (Jtw 
of  Malta,  ii.  1)  calls  it  the  "sad  preaageful 
raven,"  and  Shakespeare  repeatedly  refers  to 
the  belief  that  its  appearance  foreboded  mis- 
fortune. This  l-elief,  which  is  widespread, 
probably  arose  from  the  nreternaturally  grave 
manner  of  the  bird,  its  sable  plumage,  and  the 
readiness  with  which  it  learns  to  imitaU 
human  speech. 

B.  As  adj. :  Resembling  a  raven,  especially 
in  colour. 

"  Here  loud  his  rown  charter  neigh'*1." 
Byron  :  T\t 

raven-black,  a.    Black  with  a 
lustre. 

raven's  duck,  t. 

Fabric :  A  quality  of  sail-cloth. 

*  rav  en  (2),  *  rav  -in,  *  rav-eyne.  *  rav- 
ine, *  rav-yne,  s.    [Fr.  ravine,  from  Lat 
rapina  =  plunder,  rapine  (q.v.).     Essentially 
the  same  word  as  ravine.] 

1.  Robbery 

"  Demyde  not  raneyne  that  hymself  were  eaest*  tf 
God."-  Wycltft :  Wipentit  ii. 

2.  Rapine,  rapacity. 

"  For  with  hot  ravin  flr'd,  ensangnln'd  man 
Is  now  become  the  lion  of  the  plain." 

3.  Prey,   plunder ;  food  obtained   by  vio- 
lence.   (Nahum  ii.  12.) 

*  rav  en,  *  riv  In,  v.t.  *  i.    [BATCH  (2), ».] 

A.  Transitive: 

L  To  seize  or  take  with  violence. 

2.  To  devour  with  voracity.    (Ettk.  xxii.  25.) 

B.  Intrans. :  To  be  rapacious  or  voracious ; 
to  prey. 

"  Benjamin  shall  raven  a*  a  troll"— Oeneeil  zllz.  tL 

rav-e-na-la,  r4v   I-na-la,  ».    [Naur* 
name.] 

Bot. :  A  genns  of  Uranete,  with  a  tincle 
species,  Ravenalamadagaxarientit,  from  Mada- 
gascar ;  now  more  generally  known  as  Urania 
ipcciosa.  [TRAVELLER'S  TREE,  URANIA,  S.]  It 
is  a  Une  banana-like  tree  with  edible  seeda. 

rav'-en-er,  •  r&V-In-er,  •  rav-ey-nour, 
*.    [Eng.  raven,  v. ;  -er.] 
L  A  plunderer,  a  robber,  a  thief 

"T  am  not  a*  othlr  men.  rtutynovrit,  *iJs»4sX 
auo  u  treris. "—  HfycUfe :  Lute  ZTll. 

2.  A  bird  of  prey. 

"  That  he,  his  fellowes.  nor  their  dog*  oonld  k**a« 
The  raimer  from  their  flockes.* 

Urownt  :  Britanetlai  Paftoralt,  ii.  t, 

rav'-en-lng,  *  rav-en-ynge,  pr.  par., «.,  * 
i.    [RAVEN,  v.} 

A.  &  B.  At  pr.  par.  £  particip.  adj. :  (Sw 
the  verb). 

C.  As  svbft. :   Eagerneai   for   pluader  or 
booty  ;  rapacity. 


rav  -en-Ing-ljf,   •  rav-en-lng-lye,    orfw. 

[Eng.  rareniiig ;  -Iy.]    In  a  ravenous  manner  -, 
ravenously,  voraciously. 

"  Oriedily  and  ravmnalre,  or  gluttonuacly  to  do 
TOUT  very  much."—  Ddal :  Fltufni.  foL  N. 

raV-tSn-OUC,  a.     [Fr.  ratine**.] 

L  Furiously  rapacious  or  voracious;  hungry 
even  to  rage  or  fury.  (Eztk.  xxxix.  4.) 

2.  Eager  for  gratification  :  a»,  a  ravenoui 
appetite. 

rav'-^n-ons-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  ravenou$;  -ly.] 
In  a  ravenous  manner ;  with  furious  voracity, 
hunger,  or  avidity. 

"  DeToun  ravrnouily  and  without  distinction  what* 
erer   falls   In   its    way."— Boti^ftnlte:   Qf  Studying 

Hotary,  let.  *. 

rav  -en  OU»-n6s»,  *.    [Eng.  ravtntna ;  -net*.] 
1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  ravenous ; 
furious  voracity  or  avidity  ;  rage  for  prey. 

"  The  ravenoutneu  of  a  lion  or  bear  i*  natural  ts> 
them."—  Bale:  Orif.  of  Mankind. 

*  2.  Insatiable  greed  or  avarice. 

"  The  gnadle  mterununeeet  of  their  procooiolte*.*— 

Ooldyng  :  Juttine,  tul.  Is*. 

*  rav'-en-stone,  t.  [A  trans,  of  Ger.  rnben- 
ttein,]  A  place  of  execution;  the  gallowa. 
(Byron :  Werner,  ii.  2.) 

rav  -er,  *.  [Eng.  rat<«) ;  -tr.J  One  who  rare* 
or  is  furious  ;  a  madman. 

-  Madman  and  num."—  rouMstoiw  •/  Compluimt, 

P.M. 


boil,  b«5y;  pdnt,  joDrl;  oat,  90!!,  choma,  ehln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  thu;  sLn,  a»;  •zpoet,  feaophon.  eyiat.    -Ing. 
-clan. -tlan  =  slian.    -Uon, -«lon  -  »liiin ; -tlon, -f  Ion  -  riun,    -clous, -tlou*. -«lou»  =  »bua,    -ble,  -Ule,  4c  =  bel,  dfl» 


3352 

*raV-er-y,  ».  [Eng.  raw;  -ry.]  Raving, 
extnivagance. 

"Their  marries  are  apt  ...  to  amuM  the  nlgar 
people."  —  tictudcn  :  Tears  of  the  CAurcA,  p.  366. 

•  raV-ln,  s.  &,  a.     (RAVES  (2X  *.] 

A.  As  sulst.  :  The  same  ait  HAVEN  (2),  *. 

*  B.  As  adj.  :  Ravenous. 

"  I  wet  the  rarin  Don  when  he  roar'd.* 

SltaXup.  :  AU'i  H'tti  that  Knot  HTM,  11.  I 

•  rav"-ln,  *  rav  -me,  v.t.  &  i.    [RAVEN,  ».] 
rav-I-na'-la,  *.    [RAVENALA.] 

ra-vine',  «.  [  Fr.  =  a  flood,  a  ravine,  from  Lat. 
'rapiiia  —  plunder,  rapine  (q.v.).  Ravine  is 
thus  a  doublet  of  raven  (2),  s.] 

*  1.  A  great  flood,  an  inundation,  a  torrent. 

••  Kiirine.    A  great  floud.  a  ravine  or  inundation  of 
waters.'  —Cotgruve. 

2.  A  long,  deep  hollow  worn  by  the  action 
of  a  stream  or  torrent  ;  a  narrow,  deep  gorge 
amongst  mountains  ;  a  gulley. 

ravine-deer,  s. 

Zuol.  :  AntUope  quadricornis  (Tragops  ben- 
netti),  from  the  rocky  hills  of  the  Decca*. 
Known  also  as  the  Cliikara,  Goat  Antelope, 
Kalsiepie,  or  BlacktaiL 

•rav'-Ined,  a.    [Eng.  ravin(e)  (2),  s.  ;  -«£] 

Kaveuous. 

"  The  ravined  salt-sea  shark." 

Shaketp.  :  Macbeth,  IT.  L 

•  ra-vin'-ey,  a.     [Eng.    ravine  (1),  s.  ;  -y.] 

Full  of  ravines. 

rav  -ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  ttt.    [RAVE,  ».] 

A.  &  B.  As  -(IT.  par.  or  jnrticip.  adj.  :  Mad, 
delirious,  distracted.  It  is  frequently  used 
adverbially  iu  the  phrase  raring  mad. 

C.  As  sub<t.  :  Delirium  ;  irrational  or  in- 
coherent talk  ;  fury,  madness. 

"  Obey  my  frenzy  '•  jealous  rnvtng* 

Byian  :  Herod  t  Lament. 

raving-madness,  s.    [.MAMA.] 

rav"-ing-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  raving;  -ly.]  In  a 
raving  manner;  with  raving,  freuzy,  or  mad- 
ness ;  madly. 

*  In  this  depth  of  nmsea  and  divert  sorts  of  dl»- 
eonrws.  would  the  raeiiti/tf  have  remained."—  Siaaey  : 
A  rcadta. 

•  ravisable,  a.    [O.  Fr.]    Ravenous. 

r&v'-Ish,  *  rav-esh,  *  rav-lsch,   *  rav- 

isse,  *  rav-ysch,  v.t.  [Kr.  rums-,  stem  of 
ravi&unt  pr.  par.  of  rarir  =  to  ravish,  from 
Lat.  rapio  =  to  snatch  ;  Ital.  rapire.] 

*  1.  To  snatch  or  seize  and  carry  away  by 
violence. 


2.  To   transport    with    joy,    pleasure,     or 
delight  ;  to  enrapture,  to  enchaut  ;  to  till  with 
ecstasy;  to  entrance. 

"  The  bearing  of  this  is  enough  to  ratlA  one'*  heart" 
—Bun  fin:  Pilgrim  i  Progreu.  pt,  L 

3.  To  have  carnal  knowledge  of  a  woman 
against  her  will  ;  to  commit  a  rape  upon  ;  to 
violate  ;  to  deflower  by  violence. 

"  The  slaughter'd  peasant  and  the  raritk'd  dame." 
Byron  :  Curie  of  Minerva. 

raV-Ish-er,  *.     [Eng.  ravish  ;  -er.\ 

•*  1.  One  who  takes  or  seizes  by  violence. 
(Poj*.) 

2.  One  who  or  that  which  enraptures  or 
transport*  with  joy,  pleasure,  or  delight  ;  an 
enchanter. 

3.  One  who  ravishes  or  deflowers  a  woman 
against  her  will.    (&ott  :  Don  Roderick,  is.) 

rav'  ish  ing,  a.  &  i.    [RAVISH.  1 

A.  As  adjective: 

*  1.  Taking  or  seizing  by  violence. 

2.  Enchanting,  transporting,  entrancing. 

"  Sung  by  a  fair  queen  In  summer's  bower. 
With  raiuhiiig  division  to  her  lute." 

Sluilutu  :  \  Henry  IT,  HI.  L 

3.  Compelling  to  submit  to  carual  inter- 
course. 

B.  As  substantive: 

1.  The  act  of  one  who  ravishes. 

*  2.  Ecstatic  delight,  transport,  rapture. 

"  The  ravithingi  that  sometimes  from  about  do 
shoot  abroad  in  the  inward  man."—  feUharn:  Re- 
tolret,  pt.  11..  res.  M. 

rav'-Ish-  Ing-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  ravishing;  -ly.] 
In  a  ravishing  manner  ;  so  as  to  enrapture, 
enchant,  or  transport  with  joy,  pleasure,  or 
delight. 

"  To  heare  a  rolce  so  ra*i$king1»  fair." 

Chapman  :  Uomrr  ;  Odyttef  X. 


ravery— ray 

*  rav'-Ish-ment,  ».  [Fr.  ravissement,  frum 
ravir  =  to  ravish  (q.v.).] 

1.  The  act  of  seizing  or  taking   away  by 
violence  :  as,  the  ruvishmant  ot  children  fr«m 
their  parents. 

2.  Rapture;  transport  of  delight ;  ecstasy. 

"  The  bxnnony  .  .  .  took  with  ram'oAmeitC. 
Tue  thronging  audience.'    JIUtvn     f.  L..  IL  M4 

3.  The  act  of  ravishing  or  forcing  a  woman 
against  her  will ;  forcible  violation  of  chastity  ; 
rape. 

"  In  bloody  death  and  raHthment  delighting." 
Sluitftli.  :  /tape  of  Lucrecr.  430. 

raw  (1),  a.  &*.  [A.S.  hreaw,  hrftw;  cogn.  with 
Dut.  raauw ;  lcv\.  hrdr ;  Dan.  row  —  ra w  ;  Sw. 
ro  =  raw,  green  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  rdo ;  H.  H.  Ger. 
row ;  Ger.  roh  ;  Lat  crudia  =.  raw.] 

A,  As  adjective : 

L  Not  altered  from  its  original  state  by 
cooking ;  uncooked  ;  not  rousted,  boiled,  or 
otherwise  cooked. 

*  2.  Not  distilled  :  as,  raw  water.    (Bacon.) 

3.  Not  having  undergone  any  industrial  or 
manufacturing  process ;  inthenatuialstate:as, 

(1)  Not  spun  or  twisted  ;  not  worked  up. 

"Obliged  to  purchase  raw  silk  of  tbn  Persians."— 
CauelCt  Technical  Educator,  pt.  xi.  p.  »4. 

(2)  Not  tried,  melted,  or  strained :  as,  raw 
tallow. 

(3)  Not  tanned  :  as,  raw  hides. 
*(4)  Virgin,  not  yet  cultivated. 

"  It  Is  ofteu  said  that  the  earth  belong*  to  the  race, 
as  If  raw  land  was  a  boou  or  gift."— Hiumner  :  Social 
CldU't,  ch.  iii. 

4.  Undiluted,  unmixed,  unadulterated  :  as, 
raw  spirits. 

5.  Applied  to  the  original  material  of  which 
anything  is  composed  or  formed. 

"  The  raw  material  out  of  which  a  good  army  mar 
he  formed  existed  in  great  abundance  among  the 
Irish."— Macaulan :  Bin,  Eng..  ch.  xiv. 

6.  Immature,  unripe  :  hence,  inexperienced, 
unseasoned,  untried  ;  unripe  in  skill. 

"  Making  war  In  any  other  way,  we  shall  be  rav  and 
awkward  recruit*." — Macauiajf :  Hist.  £ny.t  ch.  XUL 

7.  Crude,  immature. 

"  His  raw  conceptions  mud  food  reasonings. "— 
WaterlanJ  :  Workt.  it.  27. 

8.  Having  the  appearance  of  raw  meat; 
having  the  rtesh  exposed  by  the  rubbing  on"  of 
the  skin  or  natural  covering.  (LevUicunxiii.  10.) 

*  9.  Inflamed,  red. 

"  Marlon's  nose  looks  red  and  raw." 

Shiiketp.  :  taae't  Labour'!  Lost,  T.  X 

•10.  Sore,  as  if  galled  ;  sensitive.  (Spenser.) 
IL  Bleak,  chilly  ;  cold  and  damp. 


B.  As  substantive : 

1.  A  raw,  galled,  or  sore  place,  caused  by 
the  rubbing  off  of  the  skin. 

2.  A  tender  place  or  point ;  a  foible.    [*%.] 
^  To  touch  one  on  the  raw:  To  irritate  a 

person  by  alluding  to  or  remarking  on  some 
failing  or  point  on  which  he  is  especially 
sensitive. 

"  This  was  touching  up  Vanslyperkm  on  On  row."— 

Harriot :  SnarUyyuw. 

raw-boned,  a.     Having  bones  scarcely 
covered  with  flesh  ;  very  thin  or  lean. 

"Lean  raw-buried  rascals." 

Shakeip.  :  1  tJcnry  IV..  L  X, 

raw-pot, «.    A  young  crow.    (Ireland.) 

"The  crows  ....  flying  to  and  fro,  feeding  the 
young  raie-p.-U'—ltn.  s.  C.  Hull:  fjtttaiei  <tf  /c«A 
Character,  p.  ». 

raw-silk,  ».    Reeled  silk  wound  from  the 
cocoons,  several  fibres  forming  one  thread, 

raw  (2),..    [Row(i), ..) 
raw,  v.t.    [Row,  t>.] 

•raw'-bone.  a.     [Eng.  raw,  a.,  and  bone.] 
Raw-boned. 

"  With  hollow  eyes  and  ravbanr  cheeks  forspent" 
Sptnter :  F.  y.,  IV.  ».  S«. 

raw'-hcad,  ».    [Eng.  raw,  a.,  and  head.]    A 
spectre  or  goblin. 

"  Senrants  awe  children,  and  keep  them  in  subjec- 
tion, by  telliii«  them  of  rawbtad  aud  bluudy  buues."— 
CMkte 

A 

un- 


raw  -hide,  «.  [Eng.  raw,  a.,  and  hide,  s.] 
cowhide  or  coarse  ruling-whip,  mode  of 
tanned  leather,  twisted. 

raW-Ish,  a.    [Eng.  raw,  a.  ;  -isk,]    Somewhat 
raw  ;  somewhat  cold  and  damp. 

"  Tos  rattith  dank  of  clumsr  winter." 

Jlaruoa :  Antoni-i  Kttenft.    (FroL) 


raw"  -  Ish  -  nSss,  .«.  fKng.  rawuh;  -net*.] 
Sli.-ht  lawn.-ss  ;  tin-  coii'lilion  of  being  some- 
what cold  and  tlainp. 

"The  wnter  se«tn»,  by  reanou  of  the  rttfithni-u  at 
the  plHtw.  to  l>e  colder.  '—  r«n/i«r:  1'ia  Knta  uu  I'itam 


-lj^,  adv.     [Eng.  ram,  a.  ;  -!y.] 

1.  In    a    raw,    inexperienced,   or    ignorant 
manner;  without  experience. 

2.  Without  due  prepuration  and  provision. 

"  Some  crying  for  a  suiveon.  «>!nc  upon  the  debt* 
they  owe,  some  upon  ihtlr  children  raid]/  left."— 
SkaJtetv.  :  Uenry  V..  Iv.  1. 

raw  -ness,  •  rawe-nes.  •  raw-nesse,  *. 
[Eng.  run-,  a.  ;  -ness.}    The  qualay  or  stale  ot. 
being  raw  :  as  — 
1.  The  state  of  being  raw  or  uncooked. 

*  2.  Hardness  :   as,   the   ruwneti  of  water. 
(Bacon.) 

3.  The  state  of  being  inexperienced  ;  inex- 
perience. 

"  Thus  muehe  did  the  Lorde  Jesus  siwMke  un  Jcr  O 
figure,  qustifying  ami  teuiixring  1.1.  wo-r.les  to  th« 
rau,.eue  of  his  di«.-ipl«*.  -  CUal  /...*«  ch.  ixii 

4.  The  state  of  1-eing  nnc-overeU  with  skitr, 
or  natural  covering:  as,    tlie  rawiuas  of  a 
wound. 

5.  Chilliness   with    dampness;   bleakness: 
as,  the  raii'iutsx  of  the  morning. 

*  6.  Want  of  due  preparation  or  provision. 

*  Why  iu  that  ruwneu  left  you  wife  and  child?" 

tihaltriii.  .  iliicttfiH,  IT.  a 

rax,  *  raskc,  v.i.  4  <.     [A  form  of  reach,  V. 
(q.v.).] 

A.  Intrant.  :  To  stretch  one's  self,  as  when 
awaking  from  sleep,  or  when  tired  of  one  posi- 
tion. 

"  Than  betrynnethe  he  to  klawe  and  tn  ratkt.* 

Hubert  lit  Brunne  :  amntlyiif  >V«»ir.  4.5ML 

B.  Tram.  :  To  stretch,  to  extend,  to  reach. 
"  And  deil  rax  their  thrapples  that  reft  us  o't."— 

Scott  :  Kali  Hog,  ch.  xiv. 

*  r&x'-le  (le  as  «1),  •  ras-cle,  •  ras-kle, 
*  raz-ille,  •  rus-kle,  v.i.     [A  frequent. 
from  ror(q.v.).]     To  stretch  one's  self. 
"  Seodhdheu  he  gou  rauiien  and  rajrlrdr  swidhe." 
Lai/aman,  U.MI 

ray  (1),  •  rale,  •  raye  (1),  ».    [O.  Fr.  raj/t  = 

a  ruy,  a  line  (Fr.  rai),  Irom  Lat.  radium,  accus. 
of  i-ui<(«i  =  a  radius,  a  ruy;  8p.  ruyo;  liaL 
raygio.] 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

*  1.  A  streak,  a  strip. 

*  2.  Striped  cloth. 

"  A  long  gown  of  rnya." 

Lydyitte  :  London  Lyckptnf, 

3.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  3. 


4.  One  of  a  number  of  lines  or  radii  diverg- 
ing from  a  centre. 

5.  A  it-am  of  intellectual  light ;  perception, 
apprehension,  sight. 

IL  Techniatlly: 

1.  Botany: 

(1)  (Of  a  composite  flower):  The  outer  or  cir- 
cumferential whorl  of  florets,  as  distinguished 
from  those  of  the  di.sk.     In  many  Composite* 
the  former  are  lignlate  and  the  hitter  tubular. 

(2)  [MEDULLARY  RAY]. 

2.  Ichthy.:  One  of  the  radiating,  bony  rods 
serving  to  sup|>ort  the  tins.     They  are  of  thre« 
kinds:  (1)  Simple;  (2)  Articulated  (showing 
more    or    less    numerous    joints);      and    (3) 
Branched  (dichot-nnically  split,  the  joints  in- 
creasing in  number  towards  the  extremity). 
The  differences  in  the'  character  of  the  rays  in 
the  dorsal   tiu   are  au  important   factor   in 
classification. 

3.  Optics,  <tc. :  A  line  of  light  proceeding 
from  a  radiant  point,  pr  a  point  of  reflection. 
A  collection   of  rays  is  called  a  pencil.     An 
incident  ray  entering  a  doubly-refracting  crys- 
tal is  resolved   into  two,   called  from  their 
properties,  an  ordinary  and  an  extraordinary 
ray.     The  term  ray  is  used  also  of  one  of  the 
component  elements  of  light,  as  the   violet 
rays    of    the    spectrum  ;    or    the   luminous, 
actinic,  or  heat  rays.     [ACTINIC.] 

U  (1)  Principal  ray :  (PRINCIPAL). 
(2)  Visual  ray:  In  perspective,  a  straight 
line  drawn  through  the  eye. 

•  ray  (2),  «.    [An  al.brev.   of  army  (q.v.).] 
Array,  order,  arrangement. 

"  Oaar  placed  his  fuotouien  In  battell  ray  before  Us 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fill,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p5t, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  wbd,  son;  mote,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    »,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


ray— reach 


3893 


ray  (3),  •  raye  (2),  s.  [0.  Fr.  raye  (Fr.  rait), 
from  Lat.  raia.] 

Ichthy:  Any  individual  of  the  genus  Raja 
(q.v.);  but  the  family  Rajidae,  and  even  the 
section  Batoidei,  are  often  spoken  of  as  Rays. 
Their  flattened  shape  indicates  that  they  live 
on  level  sandy  bottoms,  generally  at  no  great 
distance  from  the  coast  and  in  moderate 
depths.  They  are  carnivorous,  but  by  no 
means  active,  swimming  like  the  flat-lishes  by 
the.  undulating  motion  of  the  pectoral  tins,  the 
thin  rtagelliform  tail  having  entirely  lost  its 
locomotive  function,  ami  serving  merely  as  a 
rudder.  They  may  be  divided  into  two  groups: 
(1)  R.iys  proper,  with  a  sliort  snout,  and  (2) 
Skate*  (attaining  a  much  larger  size)  with  a 
long,  i>ointed  snout.  In  species  armed  with 
bucklers  or  asperities  it  is  the  female  which 
has  these  ilermal  developments,  the  male  being 
entirely  or  nearly  smooth.  The  colour  also 
frequently  varies  in  the  sexes.  The  Mylio- 
batulie  are  popularly  known  as  Eagle-Rays, 
the  Torpedinidse  as  Electric  Rays,  and  the 
Trygonidae  as  Sting  Rays. 

ray-oil,  s.  Oil  made  from  the  livers  of 
rays.  [RAY  (3),  s.]  In  India  this  is  procured 
extensively  from  Raja  clavata,  R.  pastinaca,  &c. 

1*7  (1),  »•  [Etym.  doubtful.]  A  disease  of 
sheep.  Called  also  Scab,  Shab,  or  Rubbers. 

ray  (5),  *.    [RYE.] 

Ray  (6),  s.  \_Jobn  Ray,  F.R.S.,  a  distinguished 
zoologist,  botanist,  and  author  (1627-1704).] 
(See  etym.) 

Ray's  bream,  s. 

Ichthy. :  Brama  rail,  about  seventeen  inches 
long,  aud  five  and  a  half  deep.  Tail  deeply 
divided,  dorsals  and  auals  elongated ;  pec- 
torals long.  [BRAMA.] 

ray(l),  v.t.  &i.    [RAY  (!),».] 

A.  Transitive: 

*  1.  To  streak,  to  stripe  ;   to  mark  with 
stripes  or  long  lines  ;  to  form  rays  on. 

"  I  woll  geue  him  a  feather  bed 
Raied  with  gold."  Chaucer:  Drem*. 

t  2.  To  shoot  out  as  rays  ;  to  cause  to  shoot 
out. 

"  Thou  mystic  moon  that  o'er  the  dim  grey  sound 
Ray  it  furth  a  yellow  stream  of  thin  cold  light." 

Blacklt  :  Lam  if  Hi'jhlandt  t  Itlandt.  p.  28. 

*  B.  Intrnni. :  To  shine   forth  or  out,  as 
with  rays. 

•  ray  (2),  v.t.     [An  abbrev.  of  array,  v.  (q.v.).  ] 

1.  To  array,  to  dress. 

"  Royally  roy«<J  In  dirt."— Sir  T.  Hart:  Worka,  p.  Ui. 

2.  To  beray,  to  dirt,  to  soil. 

"  Wat  ever  man  so  rny'd  I " 

Shakeip. :  Taming  of  the  Shrm.  Iv.  1. 

ra'-yah,  ».    [Arab.  ra'iyah  =  &  flock,  a  herd, 
a  tenant,  a  peasant,  from  ra'a  =  to  pasture.] 
In  Turkey,  a  person  not  a  Muhammadan,  who 
pays  the  capitation  tax,  called  the  Haratch. 
"  To  match  the  Kwihi  from  their  fate." 

Huron  :  Bride  of  Abydot,  11.  Mi 

rayed,  o.    [Eng.  ray  (I),  s.  ;  -«d.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Adorned  or  ornamented  with 
rays  ;  having  rays  ;  striped,  radiated. 

"  With  two  Provincial  roses  on  my  rai/ed  shoes."— 
S\aJcetp. :  Bamlet.  ill.  g. 

2.  Bot. :  Radiate  (q.v.). 

•  rayle,  ».i.   [RAIL,  v.] 

ray'-l£ss,  a.    [Eng.  ray  (1),  s. ;  -lest.] 

1.  Destitute  of  rays  or  light ;  dark,  gloomy, 
not  illuminated. 

"  And  a  grey  mint  curtained  the  rnylfit  sky." 

lUa.ck.ie  :  Lutt  qf  Highland*,  tc.,  p.  13». 

•2.  Destitude  of  sight :  blind. 

"  And  the  grey  Thel»an  nvlses  to  the  skies 
11  u  bueleu  features  aud  M*  niytru  eyes." 

Pratd:  Alhent. 

•  rayn,  v.t.    [REION,  v.] 

•  rayne,  j.    [REION,  «.] 

•  ray'-o'n, ».    [Fr.]    A  ray,  a  beam. 

"  Out  of  her  womb  a  thousand  raynni  threw." 

SptitKr  :   ritior,  of  Oellat.  U. 

ra  yon-nan  t,  ra  yonncd,  ra  yon  ee ,  a. 
[Fr.  rayon  =  a  ray.] 

Her. :  The  same  as  RADIANT  (q.v.). 
"  raze, ».    [RACE  (2),  *.] 
raze,  v.t.   [RASE  (i),  v.] 

1.  To  strike  on  the  surface  ;  to  toneh  in 
pnssing;  to  glance  along  the  surface  of;  to 
graze.  (Scott :  Marmion,  vi.  14. ) 


2.  To  erase,  to  obliterate,  to  efface,  to  blot 
out. 

"  From  the  book  of  honour  rated  quite." 

Shukeip. :  Sonnet  25. 

3.  To  subvert  from  the  bottom ;    to  over- 
throw and  destroy  utterly  ;  to  demolish  ;  to 
level  with  the  ground. 

"  The  spoils  of  cities  raid,  and  warriors  slain." 

Pope :  Homer ;  Iliad  i.  lit. 

4.  To  destroy  ;  to  make  away  with  ;  to  ex- 
tirpate. 

"  Thou  contest  not,  Caius.  now  for  tribute ;  that 
The  Britons  have  rated  out." 

Shakeip.  :  Cymbetine,  T.  i. 

razed,  pa.  par.  &  a.    [RAZE,  v.] 

A.  As  pa.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective : 

Her. :  The  same  as  ERASED  (q.v.). 

ra-zee',  s.  [Fr.  ra.*?,  pa.  par.  of  raser  =  to 
raze,  to  cut  down  ships.] 

Naut. :  A  vessel  cut  down  to  a  less  number 
of  decks,  as  from  a  two-decker  to  a  frigate, 
Ac.  The  opposite  of  one  raised  up. 

ra-zee',  v.t.  [RAZEE,  ».]  To  cut  down  or  to 
reduce  to  a  smaller  size  ;  hence,  to  cut  down 
or  abridge  by  cutting  out  parts :  as,  To  razee  a 
book  or  an  article. 

ra'-zor.  *  ra-sour,  ».   [Fr.  ratoir,  from  rater 

=  to  shave.] 

1.  A  keen-edged  cutting  instrument  em- 
ployed for  shaving  or  removing  the  hair  of  the 
beard  and  head.  (Ezek.  v.  i.) 

*  2.  A  tusk  :  as,  the  razors  of  a  boar. 

razor-back,  s.    [RORQUAL.] 

razor-bill,  • . 

Ornith. :  Alca  torda,  the  sole  species  of  the 
genus,  Alca  impennit,  the  Great  Auk,  being 
extinct.  It  is  about  a  foot  and  a  half  long, 

Elumage  of  head,  neck,  and  upper  surface 
rilliant  black,  under  surface  pure  white. 
They  abound  as  far  north  as  Labrador,  and 
are  found  in  considerable  numbers  on  pre- 
cipitous headlands  on  the  British  coast, 
Flamborough  Head,  the  Needles,  and  the  Isle 
of  Man  being  favourite  breeding-places. 
They  make  no  nest,  but  lay  a  single  white  or 
yellowish  egg,  blotched  and  streaked  with 
dark-brown,  on  the  bare  rock.  Called  also 
the  Black-billed  Auk  and  liurre. 

razor-fish, ». 

1.  Ichthy. :  Corypheena  novacula,   from  its 
compressed  body,  which  somewhat  resembles 
a  razor-blade. 

2.  Zoi.il. :  I  RAZOR-SHELL]. 
razor  shell,  t. 

Zool.  :  The  genus  Splen  (q.v.),  and  particu- 
larly Solen  ensis  from  its  shape. 

razor-stone,  s.    [NOVACTJUTB.] 

razor-strop,  razor-strap,  t.  A  strop 
for  putting  au  edge  on  razors.  [STROP.] 

*  ra'-zor-a-ble,  a.    [Eng.  rotor;  -able.]    Fit 
to  be  shaved. 

"  Till  new-born  chins 
.    Be  rough  and  ratorable."      Shakeip. :  Tempttt,  U.  L 

*  ra'-zure  (is  as  zh),  s.    [Fr.  rarure,  from  Lat. 
rasurd.}    [RAZE,  v.} 

L  The  act  of  erasing  ;  erasure. 

-'Gainst  the  tooth  of  Urn* 
And  ratun  of  oblivion." 

Shateip.  :  i/eamre  far  Jfeamn,  T. 

2.  That  which  is  erased  ;  an  erasure. 

r&Z'-zi-a,  ».  [Arab,  rayazia.]  An  incursion 
or  raidT>y  military  into  an  enemy's  country 
for  the  purpose  of  carrying  off  cattle,  destroy- 
ing standing  crops,  pillaging,  ic. 

raz'  zle  daz  zle.  . 

1.  A  state  of  surprise*,  bewilderment,  or  in- 
toxication.    (Slung.) 

2.  A  sort  of  merry-go-round   (q.T.),  having 
an  undulating  motion. 

re-,  prtf.  (Lat.]  A  prefix  denoting  repetition, 
return,  retrogression,  and  the  like.  Before 
words  beginning  with  a  vowel  it  assumes  the 
form  red-,  as  in  redeem,  redolent,  Ac.  In 
some  words  it  has  lost  its  special  signification, 
as  in  rejoice,  recommend,  >Vc. 

H  This  prefix  is  arbitrarily  set  before  almost 
any  verb,  participle,  &c.  In  most  cases  the 
meanings  of  the  compounds  are  obvious,  and 
they  are  therefore  not  inserted  here  ;  such  as, 
reacciw,  readdress,  readjust,  rearrange,  Ac., 
for  the  etymologies  and  meanings  of  which 
see  their  simple  forms. 


re,  ».    [itai.] 

Music  :  The  name  of  the  second  note  of  the 
scales,  in  the  system  of  hexachords,  and  of  the 
fixed  souud  D,  iu  modern  solmization. 

re-ab-sorb'.  v.t.  [Pret  re-,  and  Eng.  absorb 
(q.v.).] 

1.  To  absorb  or  imbibe  again. 

2.  To  swallow  up  again. 

re-ab-sorp'-tion,  *.  [Pref.  r«-,  and  Eng 
absorption  (q.v.).]  The  act  of  reabsorbiug,  or 
of  being  reabsorbed. 

*re-ac  -cess,  *  re-ao-cesse,  ».  [Pref.  re-, 
and  Eng.  access  (q.v.).]  A  new  or  fresh  access 
or  approach  ;  return. 

"Their  reviving  and  resurrection   ...  by  the  r»- 
f  tbesunue."—  Bakewill:  Apoloyie,  bk.  it,  cb,  1. 


reach  (1),  *  recche,  *  reche  (pa.  t.  *  raghu, 
*  rahte,  *  raught,  *  raitghte,  *  recched,  reached, 
pa.  par.  Draught,  'rauht,  reached),  v.t.  4  i. 
[A.S.  rdtcan,  rcecean  (pa.  t.  rtehte)  —  io  reach  ; 
cogn.  with  O.  Fris.  reJta,  retsia,  resza;  O.  H. 
Ger.  recchen  ;  Icel.  rekja  ;  Ger.  reicAeu.  A.S. 
rxcan  is  from  the  same  root  as  rice  (Eng.  = 
suff.  -rick),  and  Eng.  rich,  regal,  rigid,  &c.J 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  stretch  or  hold  forth  ;  to  extend  ;  to 
hold  or  put  forth  or  out.  (Often  followed  by 
out  or  forth.)  (John  xx.  27.) 

*  2.  To  stretch,  to  extend. 

"  I  was  rauhl  on  roodetre." 

Polit.  Kelig.  t  tort  Son  ft.  ZZT. 

*3.  To  give  out  ;  to  utter,  to  declare,  to 
speak. 

"  Ich  the  wall*  raeehen  deorne  runen." 

Layatnon.  H.07». 

4.  To  extend  to  ;  to  stretch  out  as  far,  or  as 
high  as  ;  to  extend  towards  so  as  to  touch  ;  to 
attain  or  obtain  by  stretching  out  the  hand  ; 
to  touch  by  extending  the  arm  either  alone  or 
with  au  instrument  iu  the  hand  ;  to  strike 
from  a  distance. 

"  Thy  power  divine,  thy  present  aid  afford 
That  I  may  rracA  the  twast  !  " 

Dryden  :  Ovid  ;  ilcleagtr  t  Atalanta. 

5.  To  deliver  with  the  hand  by  extending 
the  arm  ;  to  give  with  the  hand  stretched  out. 

"  Be  reached  me  a  full  cup."—  S  Etdrat  ziv.  S*. 

6.  To  extend  to,  so  as  to  touch  or  affect 

"What  envy  [can!  reoeA  youf" 

Shakttp.  :  Hinr,  rill..  U.  2. 

7.  To  arrive  at  ;  to  get  as  far  as  ;  to  come  to. 

"  When  canst  thou  nark  II  [Tjmjf  " 

ShalUtp.  :  PtricUt.  lit  L 

8.  To  attain  to  by  study,  exertion,  or  effort; 
to  gain,  to  obtain. 

"The  limits  of  size  In  vessels  thus  made  would  soon 
be  reached,'—  CaueU't  Technical  Educator,  pt.  zll. 
p.  88S. 

9.  To  extend  to,  so  as  to  satisfy. 

"  The  law  rfofhud  the  Intention  of  the  promoters, 
and  this  act  Used  Hie  natural  price  of  money."—  Lock*. 

*  10.  To  understand,  to  comprehend.  (Beau- 
mont £  Fletcher.) 

*  11.  To  overreach,  to  deceive. 

"  The  loss  might  he  rei«ind'agaln;  or.  If  not.  could 
not  however  destroy  us.  by  reaching  us  in  our  greatest 
aud  highest  concern."—  South  ;  Strmont,  II.  It. 

B.  Intransitive: 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  To  stretch  out  the  hand  In  order  to  touch 
or  attain  a  tiling. 

"  A  black  Ethlope  reaching  at  the  sun." 

Shaketp.  :  Ptridet,  IL  1 

2.  To  be  extended  enough  in  dimension  to 
have  the  power  of  touching  or  attaining  a 
thing.     (Genesis  xxviii.  12.) 

3.  To  be  extended  in  action,  influence,  Ac., 
so  as  to  attain  or  equal  something. 


•  4.  To  be  extended  or  stretched  out 

"  By  hyni  that  niuahte  on  mde.* 

P.  riotrman,  zl.  Ml. 

•&  To  rise,  to  arise.  (Morte  Arthure,  3,191.) 

•  6.  To  move,  to  pass. 

"  Ut  of  acipe  beo  rthien."  Lavanon,  is. (44. 

•  7.  To  arrive  ;  to  come  or  get  to  a  place. 

"  Wen  hoe  shulden  thldere  rtttht,~—Reliq.  Antiq.. 

a  IT*. 

•  8.  To  extend,  to  amount 

••  What  may  the  king's  whole  battle  reach  nnto?" 
Shakftp. :  1  Bmrw  /•'..  Iv.  L 

II.  A""u*. :  To  stand  off  and  on;  to  sail  by 
the  wind  upon  any  tack. 

U  To  reach  afler:  To  strive  to  obtain  or 
attain. 

"  Reaching  after  a  positive  Idea  of  Infinity.'— Lodt*. 


boll,  b£y ;  po~ut,  J6%1 ;  oat.  fell,  chorus,  ohin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   ph  =  C, 
-Clan,  -tian  =  sban.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -fion  -  zhun.    -oiou*.  -tious,  -aious  =  shas.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  be],  del. 


3894 


reach— reader 


re»9h  (2),  v.i.    [RETCH.] 

rea?h  (1),  »  reache,  «.    [REACH  (I),  «.] 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  The  act  of  reaching. 

2.  The    power  of  reaching,    touching,    or 
taking  with  the  hand  stretched  out,  or  with 
an  instrument  managed  by  the  hand  ;    the 
distance  to  which  one  can  reach  :  as,  The  book 
is  out  of  my  reach. 

3.  Power  of  attainment  or  management; 
the  sphere  to  which  an  agency  or  a  power  is 
limited  ;  the  extent,  limit,  or  ability  of  human 
faculties  or  attainments  ;  ability. 

"  Be  sure  jrouneU  »nd  your  own  reach  to  know." 
>  Pope :  fuay  on  Criticum.  U  48. 

4.  The  extent  to  which  anything  can  in- 
fluence another. 

11  Out  of  the  reach  of  shame,  he  has  been  confident." 
—Jofintan:  falkland /ttandt. 

•5.  A  contrivance;  an  artful  scheme;  an 
artifice  to  attain  some  distant  advantage. 

"  The  duke  of  Parma  had  particular  reachri  and 
•ndi  of  hi*  own  onderbaud,  to  cross  the  design."— 
Bacon. 

*  6.    Extent,    expanse,    stretch.     (Milton : 
P.  L.,  x.  323.) 
7.  A  stretch  of  water  : 

(1)  The  straight  course  of  a  river  between 
two  bending*  or  bights. 

"  Cntil  there  come*  a  big  rise  in  the  lower  reachet 
of  the  rirtt.'—fuid.  Oct.  3.  1885. 

(2)  A  channel,  a  strait ;  an  arm  of  the  sea. 

"  Cautious  through  the  rocky  rracha  wind." 

Pope  :  Bamtr ;  Odyuty  XT. 

(3)  That   portion  of  a  canal   between  two 
locks,  and  having  a  uniform  level ;  a  pond. 

IL  Vehicles:  A  coupling-pole  (q.v.X 

reach-me-down,  a.    Ready-made,  cast 
off.    (Colloq.) 

Teach  (2),  s.     (REACH  (2),  *.]    An  effort  to 
vomit ;  a  retching. 

reach  -a-ble.  o.    [Eng.  reach  (1),  v. ;  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  reached  ;  within  reach. 

reach  -er,  s.    [Eng.  reach  (1),  v. ;  -er.} 

1.  One  who  reaches  ;  one  who  fetches  from 
•oine  distant  place  and  gives. 


2.  An  exaggeration. 

-I  can  hardly  believe  that  readier."  —  fuller: 
WortMei,  ii.  117. 

Toach'-Ing,  V-  P*r-  or  a.    [REACH  (1),  v.] 

reaching-post,  s.  A  post  used  in  rope- 
making,  fixed  in  the  ground  at  the  lower  end 
of  a  rope- walk. 

•reach -lew,  *  reach  -  less*,  a.  [Bng. 
reach  (1),  v. ;  -less.]  That  cannot  be  reached  ; 
beyond  reach  ;  unattainable. 

raiaw  bight." 
Dtfnce  o/  Airy. 

tW-act.  v.i.  A  i.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Bag.   act,  v. 

(q-v.).] 

•  A.  Tram. :  To  act,  do,  or  perform  anew  or 

again. 

"  The  ion  nodi  the  father'!  crime*." 

Lemt :  IXattut ;  Theoaid  L 
B.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  return  an  impulse  or  impression ;  to 
respond  to  an  impulse,  force,  or  influence  by 
some  action. 

••  Hit  mind  reacted  with  Unfold  force  on  the  spirit 
•f  the  age."— Jtacaulat  .•  But.  £ng..  ch.  ill. 

2.  To  act  mutually  or  reciprocally  upon  each 
other  :  as,  Two  chemical  agents  react. 

3.  To  act  in  opposition ;  to  resist  any  in- 
fluence  or  power. 

re  ac  tion,  i.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  action 
(q.v.).] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Action  in  response  or  resistance  to  the 
influence  of  another  action,  influence,  or  force  ; 
the  reciprocal  action  of  two  bodies  or  minds 
on  each  other. 

"  Causes  how  they  work 
By  necessary  laws  their  lure  effect. 
Of  action  and  reaction."       Cooper  .-  Took.  ii.  1M. 

2.  Action  in  an  opposite  or  contrary  direc- 
tion to  that  in  which  an  advance  has  already 
been  made  ;  tendency  to  revert  from  a  present 
to  a  previous  condition  or  state  of  feeling  ;  or 
from  a  more  to  a  less  advanced  policy. 

"From  that  day  began  a  reaction  In  farour  of 
monarchy  and  of  the  exiled  home,  a  reaction  which 
never  ce»se.]  till  the  throne  had  again  been  let  up  in 
all  its  old  dignity."— Macaulaf  :  Sitt.  Sag.,  ch.  L 


IL  Technically: 

1.  Chetn. :  The  chemical  change  or  effect 
produced  by  bringing  at  least  two  elements 
or  compounds  together  whereby  one  or  more 
new  bodies  are  formed,  which  may  consist 
either  of  a  gas,  liquid,  or  solid,  or  a  mixture 
of  these  ;  as  when  sulphuric  acid  is  added  to 
chalk,  the  products  of  the  reaction  are  sul- 
phate of  lime,  water,  and  carbonic  acid  gas. 
A  more  obscure  kind  of  reaction  is  brought 
about  by  the  interposition  of  change  of  tem- 
perature, sunlight,  and  the  galvanic  current. 

2.  PathoL  :  Action  of  one  kind  in  antagonism 
with  action  of  another ;  action  immediately 
following  upon  action  of  a  directly  contrary 
character  ;  or  a  state  succeeding  to  a  directly 
contrary  one,  as  the  exhaustion  consequent  on 
a  paroxysm  of  fever. 

3.  Physics :  The  action  of  one  body  upon 
another  one  acting  upon  it  in  the  opposite 
direction.      It  is  always  equal  and  contrary 
to  action,  i.e.,  the  mutual  actions  of  two 
bodies  on  each  other  are  forces  equal  in  amount 
and  opposite  iu  direction. 

4.  Physiol. :  [REACTION-PERIOD]. 
reaction  machines,  s.  pi. 

Mach. :  Machines  put  in  motion  by  a  re- 
active force.  Thus,  in  the  hydraulic  tourni- 
ouet,  the  moving  power  is  steam  operating  by 
a  reactive  force  like  water. 

reaction-period,  5. 

PhysioL  :  The  time  that  elapses  between  the 
application  of  a  stimulus  to  the  nerves,  and 
the  contraction  of  the  muscles  following  it  in 
consequence.  Roughly  speaking,  it  is  for 
feeling  one-seventh,  for  hearing  one-sixth,  and 
for  sight  one-fifth  of  a  second.  The  portion 
of  this  time  required  to  perceive  and  to  will  is 
called  the  reduced  reaction  period  ;  it  is  less 
than  a  tenth  of  a  second.  If  a  more  complex 
mental  decision  has  to  be  formed,  the  time 
required  is  longer.  (Foster  :  Physiol.,  bk.  iii., 
85.) 

reaction-wheel,  §.  A  wheel  to  which 
a  rotary  motion  is  imparted  by  the  action  of 
streams  of  water  issuing  tangentially  from 
its  sides  under  the  pressure  of  a  head  of  water 
entering  it  from  above.  [TURBINE.] 

re-ac'-tion-ar-y, a.  &  *.  [Eng.  reaction;  -an/.] 

A.  As   adj.  :    Proceeding  from,  implying, 
characterized  by,  or  tending  towards  or  favour- 
ing reaction. 

B.  As  subst. :  One  who  favours  or  promotes 
reaction  ;  specifically,  one  who  endeavours  to 
check,  undo,  or  reverse  political  progress. 

re-ac -tlon-ist,  J.  [Eng.  reaction;  -int.]  A 
reactionary. 

*  re-ac'-tlve,  a.     [Eng.  react ;  -ive.]    Having 
power  to  react ;  tending  to  reaction. 

"  Ye  fiih  auume  a  voice,  with  praises  fill 
The  hollow  rock,  and  loud  reactive  hill." 

Blackmore  :  Creation,  bk.  Til. 

* re-ac'-tlve-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  reactive;  -ly.] 
By  way  of  reaction. 

*  re-ac'-tive-ness,  s.    [Eng.  reactive;  -nets.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  reactive. 

read  (l),  *  rede,  *  reede, «.    [A.S.  refed.] 

1.  Counsel,  advice. 

2.  Proverb,  motto,  saying. 

"  This  rende  is  rife  that  oftenttme 
Great  climbers  fall  unaofL" 

Spf  liter  :  Ohepheardi  Calender;  July. 

*  read  (2),  s.    [READ,  v.]    The  act  of  reading  ; 

perusal. 

"  Parnell.  after  the  fiftieth  read,  in  as  fresh  as  at  the 
first."—  Burnt :  £ttayi;  <>J  Simplicity  and  Kejluiment. 

read,  *rede,  *  red-en  (pa.  t  "radde,  *redde, 
read  ;  pa.  par.  *  rod,  read),  r.t.  &  i.  [A.S.  rAdan 
=  to  discern,  to  advise,  to  read  (pa.  t.  rttde, 
pa.  par.  geratd),  from  rdtd  —  counsel ;  ntdan 
=  to  advise,  to  persuade  ;  Goth,  redan;  I  eel. 
rddha  —  to  advise  ;  Oer.  rnthen.] 

A.  Transitive; 
•     *  1.  To  advise,  to  counsel,  to  rede,  to  warn. 

*  2.  To  declare,  to  tell,  to  rehearse. 

*  3.  To  explain,  to  interpret. 

"  That  d  runes  couthe  rede." 
£.  £ny,  A  Hit.  Pumu  ;  Cleannat.  1,1ft. 

4.  To  learn  or  discover  by  observation  ;  to 
discover  by  characters,  marks,  or  features. 

"  Hoping  to  enjoy  the  pleasure  of  reading  shame  and 
rage  on  the  face  of  him  whom  they  must  hated  and 
dreaded."— Macaulat:  Ilitt.  K,,g..  ch.  xxlr. 

5.  To  gather  the  meaning  or  intent  of;  to 


understand  ;  to  see  through  ;  to  discern  the 
thoughts  or  feelings  of. 

"  Who  is't  can  read  a  woman?" 

lihateip. :  CymMfcw,  V.  1 

6.  To  peruse  ;   to  take  in  the  meaning  or 
sense  of  by  inspection  ;  to  go  over  and  gather 
the  meaning  of,  as  of  a  book,  a  writing,  4c. 

7.  To    utter   or    pronounce    aloud    word* 
written  or  printed ;  to  reproduce  written  or 
printed  words  in  sound. 


8.  To  study  by  reading  :  as,  To  read  law. 

•  9.  To  suppose,  to  imagine. 

"  Thou  peasant  knight  mighfst  rightly  reed 
Me  theu  to  be  full  base  and  evill  borne." 

Xpeiutr:  f.  «..  VI.  UL  IL 
B.  Intransitive: 

*  1.  To  advise  ;  to  give  advice  or  counsel. 

"  Therefore  I  rrad,  beware." 

Spetaer:  /•.«..  L  L  la. 

•  2.  To  tell,  to  declare. 

3.  To  perform  the  act  of  reading.     (Nehe- 
miah  viii.  S.) 

4.  To  reproduce  written  or  printed  word* 
in  sound  :  as,  Read  to  me,  read  out 

5.  To  learn  or  find  out  particulars  by  reading. 

6.  To  be  studious ;  to  read  or  study  books 
fora  specific  purpose  :  as,  To  read  for  the  bar. 

7.  To  be  textually  so  and  so ;   to   stand 
written  or  printed  :    as,  The  passage  reads 
thus. 

8.  To  have  a  certain  effect  when  read :  as, 
The  poem  reads  well. 

U  (1)  To  read  between  the  lines  :  To  discover  or 
detect  a  hidden  meaning  iu  a  phrase  or  state- 
ment ;  to  see  beneath  the  surface  of  a  state- 
ment ;  to  detect  or  appreciate  the  real  mean- 
ing of  a  writing,  statement,  &c.,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  professed  or  apparent 
meaning. 

"  They  '  read  brtteeen  the  Una,'  as  they  say,  and 
find  that  two  and  two  are  intended  to  represent  fire, 
ur  perhaps  five  hundred,  in  the  apjuirently  plain 
statement  to  which  they  (ire  their  aminter  uiUrpre- 
tation."— Gentleman!  .Vayuinr.  June,  1IU. 

(2)  To  read  music :  To  understand  musical 
notation,  so  as  to  be  able  to  play  or  sing  a 
piece  at  sight 

(3)  To  read  one's  self  in : 

Church  of  Eng. :  To  read  the  Thirty-nine 
Articles  of  Religion,  and  repeat  the  Declara- 
tion of  Assent  prescribed  by  law,  as  required 
of  every  incumbent  to  be  done  on  the  first 
Sunday  on  which  he  officiates  in  the  church 
of  his  benefice. 

"  Canon  Malcolm  HacColl  .  .  .  rrad  himirV  in 
yesterday  morning."— Pall  Mall  Oatette.  Aug.  18.  ISM. 

(4)  To  read  up :  To  make  a  special  study  of. 

r§ad,  o.  [READ,  v.]  Instructed,  skilled,  or 
informed  by  reading.  Seldom  used  except  in 
the  expression  well-read. 

*  read-a-bH-I-tjf.  *.    [Eng.  readable;  -«y.J 

The  quality  or  state  of  being  readable  ;  read- 
ableness. 

read  -a-ble,  a.    [Eng.  read,  v. ;  -obit.] 

1.  Capable  of  being  read ;  legible. 

2.  Fit  or  suitable  to  be  read  ;  worth  reading. 

••  A  wonderful  collection  of  rtnaabU  matter."— 
Athenaeum,  Dec,  30,  18M. 

read -a-ble-ness,  «.  [Eng.  readable ;  -ncu.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  readable. 

read -a-bl;7,  adv.  [Eng.  readable);  -ly.]  In 
a  readable  manner ;  legibly. 

re -ad -dress,  r  ...  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
address,  v.  (q.v.;.J  To  address  or  direct 
anew  or  again. 

"  Didymus  .  .  .  readdreued  himself  to  her,  and  told 
her.'— flojtf*  *  Workt.  vi.  *VO. 

*  re  a-dept',  r.t.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Lat.  adtptut, 
pa.  par.  of  adipincor  =  to  gain.]    To  gain  back 
or  again  ;  to  regain,  to  recover. 

••  Kyng  Henry  the  VI.  thus  readtpted  .  .  .  hy« 
crow n'c  and  digul  tie  royall. "-  Ball :  Edward  1  r.  (an.  t). 

*  re  a  dep    tion.  *  re-a-dep-ci-on,  «. 

[READEPT.]    Recovery,  regaining. 

••  Will  any  say.  that  the  rtadeption  of  TreTifi  WM 
matter  of  scruple?"— Bacon :  War  vith  Spain. 

road    er,    *  red -ere,    «.     [A.S.    rctdert.) 

[READ,  V.] 

L  Ordinary  language : 

*  1.  A  counsellor,  an  adviser. 

2.  One  who  reads  ;  one  who  pronounce* 
written  or  printed  words ;  one  who  peruse* 
or  studies  what  is  written. 


ite,  at,  fare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;  we,  wot,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit.  sire.  sir.  marine;  go,  p*t, 
Tt  wore,  wplf.  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub.  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  fall;  try,  Syrian,    to,  «  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


readership— reagree 


3895 


S.  Applied  specifically  to  one  who  reads 
prayers,  lessons,  lectures  and  the  like  to 
others  :  as, 

(1)  .Roman.:  The  same  as  LECTOR  (q.v.). 

"  I  can  get  to  be  neither  deacon,  reader,  nor  ichoul 
muter,  no,  not  Uie  clerk  of  a  parish."—  Or  tent  :  friar 
Bacon. 

(2)  Anglican: 

(a)  A  deacon  appointed  to  perform  divine 
service  in  churches  and  chapels  of  which  no 
one  has  the  cure,  and  in  certain  eleemosynary 
and  other  foundations. 

(6)  One  of  an  order  of  ministrants  not  or- 
dained or  addressed  as  Reverend.  It  received 
the  sanction  of  the  bishops  in  July,  186*5. 

(3)  In  the  University  of  Oxford,  one  who 
reads  lectures  on  scientific  subjects. 

(4)  In  the  Inns  of  Court,  one  who  reads 
lectures  on  law  ;  also,  the  chaplain  of  the 
Temple. 

4.  One   who   reads    or   studies    much  ;   a 
Studious  person. 

5.  A  reading-book  for  schools  ;  a  book  con- 
taining passages  as  exercises  in  reading. 

6.  A  newspaper  advertisement  which  appears 
ms  regular  reading  matter.    (U.S.) 

IL  Print.  :  One  who  reads  and  corrects  tlie 
proof-sheets  of  any  work  before  publication  ; 
a  corrector  of  the  press. 

read  er  ship.  s.    [Eng.  reader  ;  -ship.]    The 
office,  post,  or  position  of  a  reader. 

rfad  i  ly,    *  red-i-li,   •  red-1-lie,  adv. 
(Eng.  ready  ;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  ready  manner  ;  quickly,  promptly, 
soon,  easily. 

"  As  you  may  readily  see  by  turning  to  Trommlus's 
Concordance."—  ffattrland:  (Torts,  i.  «. 

2.  Willingly,  promptly,  cheerfully  ;  without 
hesitation  or  reluctance. 

riad  -I-ness,   *  red-i-nesse,  «.     [Eng. 

ready;  -nets.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  ready  or 
prepared  ;  a  state  of  preparation  for  what  is 
to  happen  or  be  done. 

"  We  could  at  once  put  us  in  readintu." 

Shakttp.  :  Taming  of  the  Shrew,  i.  1. 

2.  Quickness,     promptness,     promptitude, 
facility,  aptitude  :   as,  readiness  of  thought, 
readiness  of  mind. 

3.  Cheerfulness,  willingness,  alacrity;  ab- 
aence  of  hesitation  or  reluctance. 

"They  received  the  word  with  all  rtadintuot  mind." 
—Attt  ivli.  n. 


Ing,  s.    [See  def.] 
Geog.  :  The  county  town  of  Berkshire,  Eng. 

Beading-beds,  s.  pi.  [WOOLWICH  & 
READING  BEDS.] 

read  Ing,  *  read-Inge,  *  red-Inge,  pr. 

far.,  a.,  it  t.     [READ,  v.] 

A.  At  pr.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  At  adjective  : 

1.  Oiven  or  addicted  to  reading  or  study; 
•tudious  :  as,  a  reading  people. 

2.  Used  by  or  intended  for  reader*. 

C.  At  substantive  : 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  The  act  of  one  who  rends  ;  perusal. 

"  To  •»  what  countenance  he  wold  make  at  the 
nding  of  it-"-GoWyn0  Jvttint.  fol.  H. 

5.  A  lecture  or  prelection  ;  a  public  recital. 

3.  The  study  of  books. 

"  The  learned  brayne, 
Which  joyneth  reading  with  experience.* 

Oatcoigne  :  Tin  SteeU  Otat. 

4.  The  particular   way  in  which    a   word 
reads,   or  Is  written  or  printed,  considered 
with  reference  to  textual  correctness;  a  lec- 
tion ;  a  particular  version  of  a  passage. 

"  The  rtadtna  being  corrupt  in  all  published  text*."— 
ItHtnoum,  Dec.  20.  1M4. 

6.  That  which  is  read  ;  an  observation  made 
by  reading  or  examining  an  instrument. 

"  The  «am«  constant  error  of  graduation,  which 
depends  on  the  initial  and  final  rmdingi  off  alone."— 
NtTKhrl  :  Altrorurmi,  }  1M. 

6.  Judgment,  opinion,  or  appreciation 
founded  on  or  formed  by  study,  reading,  or 
observation  :  hence,  reproduction  or  repre- 
sentation in  accordance  with  one's  view  or 
interpretation  of  an  author's  intention  ;  ren- 
dering, delineation,  representation. 

IL  Legislation  :  The  formal  recital  of  a  bill 
by  the  proper  officer  before  the  house  which 
is  to  consider  it. 


reading-book,  s.  A  book  containing 
selections  to  '>e  used  as  exercises  in  reading. 

reading-boy, *. 

Print. :  A  boy  employed  to  read  copy  to  the 
reader ;  a  reader's  assistant. 

reading-closet,  s.  A  small  room  in  a 
printing-office,  appropriated  to  a  printer's 
reader.  [READER,  s.  II.] 

"  I  was  getting  MI  honest  and.  I  hope,  an  honour- 
able living  iu  the  couipogitig-rooin  or  the  reading* 
dotet.'—Kfferee.  Jan.  10,  188«,  p.  L 

reading-desk,  s.  A  desk  or  stand  on 
which  a  book  is  supported,  so  as  not  to  engage 
or  fatigue  the  hands  of  the  reader. 

reading-glass,  s.  A  large  magnifying 
lens,  with  a  handle,  used  to  assist  in  read- 
ing, &c. 

reading-room,  s.  A  room  appropriated 
to  the  use  of  readers  ;  a  room  furnished  with 
books,  newspapers,  periodicals,  etc.,  to  which 
persons  resort  for  reading  or  study. 

reading-stand,  *.  A  kind  of  reading- 
desk. 

re-ad  journ',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  ad- 
journ (q.v.).]  To  adjourn  again  or  a  second 
time. 

"  The  Parliament  was  then  rradjourned  by  the 
king's  special  command."—  Keiiquia  Wottoniana, 
p.  448. 

re  ad-journ  -ment,  s.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
adjournment  (q.  v.).  J  The  act  of  readjourniug ; 
a  subsequent  or  succeeding  adjournment. 

re-ad  just',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  adjust 
(q.'v.).]  To  adjust,  arrange,  or  set  in  order 
anew  or  again  ;  to  rearrange. 

re-ad  Jiist  -ment,  s.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
adjustment  (q.v.).]  The  act  of  readjusting ; 
the  state  of  being  readjusted. 

*  re-ad' -mlr-al,  v.t.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
admiral  (q.v.).j     To  reappoint  to  the  office  of 
admiral. 

"  Peerebrowna  . . .  was  againe  readmirald  by  Edward 
the  Third.11— Ha**:  Lenten  Stuff e. 

re-ad-miss'-lon  (ss  as  sh),  s.  [Pref.  re-, 
and  Eng.  admission  (q.v.).]  The  act  of  re- 
admitting ;  the  state  of  being  readmitted  ;  re- 
admittance. 

"  Your  pride  of  heart 
Prolong*  his  readmution."      Digby :  llttrm,  lit 

re-ad-mlt',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  admit 
(q.'v.).]  To  admit  again  or  anew. 

"  Keadmiti  us.  through  the  guardian  band 
Of  elder  brothers,  to  our  Father's  tliiunr." 

young  :  Night  Thought,  ix. 

re-ad-mit  -tance,  s.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
admittance  (q.v.).]  The  act  of  readmitting; 
the  state  of  being  readmitted  ;  readmission. 

"  Their  amendment  for  the  time  to  come,  bad  pro- 
cured them  r<radmitiance."—Bremnt :  Saul  i  Samuel, 
en.  x. 

re-ad-dpt',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  adopt 
(q.V.).]  To  adopt  again  or  anew ;  to  choose 
again. 

"  Ktadopted  to  thy  blest  embrace." 

foung  :  Night  ThoughU.  ix. 

re-ad  orn',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  adorn 
(q.V.X]  To  adorn  anew  or  afresh. 

"  With  scarlet  honou 
Leaps  on." 

*  read  -ster,  s.      [Eng.  read,  v. ;  fern.  suff. 
-tter.]    A  female  reader. 

re-ad- van9e',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  ad- 
va'nce  (q.v.).J  To  advance  again  or  afresh. 

"  They  yet  should  readtanct 
To  former  height." 

Ben  J  onion :  Epig.  to  Sir  B.  Goodyert. 

*  re-ad-ver'-ten-cy,  s.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
advertency.]    The  act  of  reviewing  or  again 
adverting  to. 

"  A  readrertmcy  or  ^application  of  mind  to  Idea* 
that  are  actually  there."— fforrit :  Kejtect.  on  Locke,  p.  *. 

read'  -y.  *  read  i,  •  read  ie,  *  red  le, 
*  red-y,  a.,  adv.,  &  t.  [A.S.  rtide ;  cogn. 
with  O.  H.  Ger.  reiti  =  ready  ;  Ger.  bertit ;  O. 
8w.  redo;  Dan.  rede;  Icel.  greidhr;  Goth. 
garaidt.] 

A.  At  adjective : 

1.  Prepared  at  the  moment ;  in  a  state  of 
readiness ;  furnished  with  all  that  Is  neces- 
sary ;  fit  or  prepared  for  immediate  use  ;  dis- 
posed or  furnished  in  a  manner  suited  to  the 
purpose  in  view. 

"  All  things  an  ready.'— ilatth**  nil.  4. 


2.  Quick  in  action  or  execution  ;  prompts 
nimble,  dexterous. 

"  Open  speech,  and  ready  band." 

Byron :  Bridt  of  Abydot,  U.  *>. 

3.  Apt,  willing,  disposed. 

"  I  am  ready  to  distrust  mine  eyes." 

Skaketp.  :  Twlfth  Sight.  IT.  S. 

4.  Prepared  in  mind  or  disposition  ;  willing; 
not  backward  or  reluctant.    (Mark  xiv.  38.) 

5.  Quick  to  receive,  take  in,  or  comprehend  ; 
not  dull  or  backward ;  sharp. 

"  What  a  ready  tongue  suspicion  bath." 

£*>ii«p. :  »  Bemy  IT.,  i.  L 

6.  Occasioning  no  delay ;  easy,  opportune, 
near,  convenient. 

"  The  readieu  way  to  make  the  wench  amends." 

Skaketp. :  Kichard  111..  L  L 

7.  Being  at  the  point ;  near,  at  hand,  about. 

"  My  heart  i*  ready  to  crack.".  -Shaketp. :  i/errf 
Wimn  of  Windier,  ii.  t 

8.  In  hand,  in  cash. 

"He  made  tire  marks  rradf  money."—  Shake**  ." 
Meature/or  Venture.  Iv.  s. 

B.  As  adv. :  In  a  state  of  preparation  ;  so 
as  to  cause  or  need  no  delay. 

"We  ourselves  will   go   ready  armed    before   the 
children  of  Israel."— Humbert  xxxii.  IT. 

C.  As  subst. :  Ready  money  ;  cash.  (Usually 
with  the  def.  article.)    (Slang.) 


H  To  make  ready  : 

1.  To  make  preparation  ;  to  prepare  ;  to  set 
things  in  order.    (Mark  xiv.  15.) 

2.  Print. :  To  arrange  a  forme  in  proper 
position  on  the  bed  of  a  press  or  machine,  and 
to  put  on  overlays  or  underlays  as  required. 

ready-made,  a. 

1.  Hade  or  prepared  beforehand ;   kept  in 
stock  or  in  hand  ready  for  immediate  use  or 
sale  :  as,  ready-made  clotl.es. 

2.  Pertaining  to  articles   prepared   before- 
hand or  kept  in  stock  :  as,  the  ready-mod* 
department  of  a  business. 

ready-money,  a.  Paid  or  payable  at 
the  time  of  purchase  or  delivery  ;  conducted 
on  the  principle  of  goods  being  paid  for  when 
bought  or  delivered :  as,  a  ready-money  busi- 
ness. 

ready  -  reckoner,  s.  A  book  with 
tables  to  facilitate  calculations  ;  a  book  with 
tabulated  calculations  giving  the  value  of  any 
number  of  things  from  the  lowest  price,  as  a 
farthing,  upwards,  or  the  interest  of  any  sum 
of  money  at  any  rate,  and  for  any  period,  from 
a  day  upward,  &c. 

ready-witted,  o.  Having  a  ready  or 
quick  wit ;  sharp. 

read'-y,  v.t.    [READY,  a.)    To  make  ready; 
to  dispose  in  order  ;  to  prepare. 


re-af-f  irm',  v.t.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  affirm 
(q.'v.).]    To  affirm  again  or  anew. 

•  re-af-firm'-an$e,  *.     [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng 
affirmance  (q.v.).]    The  act  of  reaffirming;  a 
second  affirmation  or  confirmation. 

"  Without  revocation  of  his  error,  or  a  rtajfirm*mu 
after  such  revocation."— Ayltfe:  Parergon. 

•  re-af-for'-gst,  v.t.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  af- 
forest (q.v.).]    To  convert  anew  or  again  into 
a  forest ;  to  restore  to  the  state  of  a  forest. 

re-a  gent, «.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  a?eiU(q.v.).] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :   Anything  which  produces 
reaction. 

2.  Chem. :  Any  substance  employed  to  bring 
about  a  chemical  reaction  or  change  in  another 
element,  or  compound  with  the  view  generally 
of  either  detecting  its  presence  or  effecting  ita 
separation  from  other  substances. 

re-ag-gra-va'-tion,  *.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
aggravation  (q.v.).] 

Rom.  Cath.  Eccles.  Law :  The  last  monitory 
published  after  three  admonitions,  and  before 
the  last  excommunication. 

•  re-a-gree',  v.i.  &  t.     [Pref.  rt-,  and  Eng. 
agree  (q.v.).] 

A.  Intrans. :   To  agree  again ;  to  become 
reconciled. 

B.  Trans. :  To  cause  to  agree  again  ;  to 
reconcile. 

"  And  fain  to  see  that  glorious  holiday 
Of  union  which  this  discord  nagrttd." 

Daniel:  Oint  Wan,  vltt 


btSy;  pdut,  jowl;  oat,  fell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -ing. 
-eUn,  -tian  =  shan.    -tlon,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -fion  =  zhun.    -cious,  - tioua,    Bious  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  -  bel,  del. 


3896 

•  reak  (1),  s.     ["Etym  doubtful.     Perhaps  only 
a  misprint  or  misreading  fur  note  (q.v.).]     An 
aquatic  plant ;  a  rush  (?). 

"  The  We  is  yll  Iu  Laurent  soyle, 
That  (cods  uii  ,f,ket  and  ree.k-9." 

Drant :  M<srace,  bk.  11..  tat.  4. 

*  reak  (2),   •  reek,  *  reakes,  *.     [Etym. 
doubtful.]    A  freak,  a  prank. 

"  Lore  with  rage  kept  such  a  realm." — Breton: 
Dream  of  Strange  Effectt,  p.  17. 

re'-al (1),* re-all, a.,  adv.,  &  ».  [Low  Lat.  rtalis 
=  belonging  to  the  thing  itself,  from  res  —  a 
thing  ;  O.  Fr.  real;  Fr.  rid;  Sp.  &  Port,  real; 
Ital.  reale.} 

A.  As  adjective: 

L  Ordinary  language : 

1.  Pertaining  or  relating   to   things,  not 
persons ;  not  personal. 

"  Our  simple  Idea*  are  all  reaL'—Lockt :  Human 
CndtrttandiiKj.  bk.  it,  ch.  zzix. 

2.  Actually  being  or  existing;  not  fictitious, 
not  imaginary  ;  true. 

"  I  waked  and  found 
Before  mine  eye>  all  real." 

XUton  :  P.  t,..  Till.  nt. 

3.  Genuine,  true ;  not  counterfeit   or  fic- 
titious :  as,  real  gold,  real  wine. 

4.  Genuine,    not    assumed,    not   sham  or 
feigned  •  as,  To  appear  in  one's  real  character. 

U.  Law  :  Pertaining  to  things  fixed,  perma- 
nent, or  immovable,  as  lands  or  tenements,  as 
real  estate.  (Opposed  to  personal  or  movable). 

B.  As  adv. :  Really,  truly,  very,  eminently, 
especially. 

t  C.  As  subst. :  A  realist  (q.v.). 
"Scotlsla,   ThomisU,    Realt,    Nomlnals."—  Burton  : 
Anatomy  of  Melancholy,  p.  677. 

real-action,  s.  [ACTION,  «.,  II.  4,  (<*)(«•)•] 
real-assets,  s.  pL 

Law:  Assets  consisting  in  real  estate,  or 
lands  and  tenements  descending  to  an  heir, 
sufficient  to  answer  the  charges  upon  the 
estate  created  by  the  ancestor. 

real-burden,  s. 

Scot*  Law :  A  burden  in  money  imposed  on 
the  subject  of  a  right  as  on  an  estate,  in  the 
deed  by  which  the  right  is  constituted,  and 
thus  distinguished  from  a  personal  burden 
which  is  imposed  merely  on  the  receiver  of 
the  right 

real-chattels,  &  pL    [CHATTEL.] 
real-composition,  t. 

Law:  An  agreement  made  between  the 
owner  of  lands  and  the  parson  or  vicar,  with 
consent  of  the  ordinary,  that  such  lands  shall 
be  discharged  from  payment  of  tithes,  in  con- 
sequence of  other  land  or  recompense  given 
to  the  parson  in  lieu  and  satisfaction  thereof. 

real-definition, «.    [DEFINITION.] 

real-estate,  *.  Landed  property  ;  lands, 
tenements,  and  hereditaments  held  for  life  or 
for  some  greater  estate,  whether  freehold  or 
copyhold 

real-exchange,  *.  The  trade  transac- 
tions between  any  two  or  more  countries. 
(Sometimes  called 'Commercial  Exchange.) 

real  focus,  5. 

Optics :  A  focus  formed  in  front  of  a  mirror 
by  converging  rays  of  light  reflecting  from  it. 
Opposed  to  the  Virtual  focus. 

real-fugue.  -• 

Music  :  A  strict  fugue.  Used  in  opposition 
to  a  tonal  fugue.  The  answer  in  a  real  fugue 
is  a  fifth  higher  or  a  fourth  lower  than  the 
subject,  note  for  note. 

real-image,  s. 

Optics:  An  image  formed  In  front  of  a  mir- 
ror where  the  reflected  rays  converge. 

real-laws,  s.  pi.  Laws  regulating  pro- 
perty only. 

real  -  presence,  s.     [TRANSUBSTANTIA- 

T1ON.J 

real-property,  s.    Real  estate. 
real-radius,  *. 

Gearing  :  The  radius  of  the  circle  touching 
the  crests  of  the  teeth  of  a  cogwheel. 

real-right,  • . 

Law :  A  right  of  property  in  a  subject,  or  IB 
It  is  termed  a  jus  in  re,  in  virtue  of  which  the 
person  vested  with  the  real  right  may  pursue 
for  possession  of  the  subject. 


reak— really 

real-servitude,  t. 

Law  •  ThesameasPREDiAL-SF.Rvmn>E(q.v  ). 

real-things,  *.  pi.  Tilings  substantial 
and  immovable,  and  the  rights  or  profits 
annexed  to  or  issuing  out  of  them. 

real  warrandice,  s.    [WARRANDICE.] 

*  real  (2),  a.    [O.  Fr.,  from  Lat.  regalis  =  regal 
(q.v.).J    Royal. 

"Of  liii  linage  am  I.  and  his  offspring 
By  veray  hue,  at  of  the  stuk  i  eat. 

Chaucrr:  C.  T..  l.tM. 

re'-al,  s.   [Sp.]  The  old  unit  of  value  in  Spain. 
By  the  monetary  law  of  June,  1604,  the  silver 


SPANISH  SILVER  REAL,    ,«,   LESS  TEAK 
ORIGINAL. 


re-al'-gar,  s.  [A  word  of  Arabic  origin,  used 
by  the  alchemists  ;  the  sandaracha  of  Pliny  ; 
Fr.  arsenic  sulfure  rouge ;  Ger.  rothes  rausch- 
gdb.} 

1.  A/in. :  A  monoclinic  mineral,  occurring 
but  rarely  in  crystals,  but  mostly  granular  to 
compact-massive.     Hardness,  I'5to2;  sp.gr. 
8'4  to  3'6  ;  lustre,  resinous ;  colour  and  streak, 
aurora-red  to  orange-yellow;   tiansparent   to 
translucent ;    fracture,    conchoidal :     brittle. 
Compos.  :   sulphur,  2t>-9 ;  arsenic,  "O'l  =100, 
which    is    equivalent    to    the    formula   AsS. 
Occurs  in  fine  crystals  in  Hungary  ami  Tran- 
sylvania, and  massive  in  many  localities,  fre- 
quently associated  with  orpiment  (q.v.);  on 
exposure  to  light  changes  to  orpiment  (q.v.). 

2.  Chem. :  As-So.  A  sulphide  of  arsenic  formed 
artificially  by  heating  arsenic  acid  with  the 
proper  proportion  of  sulphur.     It  is  a  fusible 
and  volatile  substance,  having  an  orange-red 
colour,  is  used  lor  painting  and  for  the  pio- 
ductiun  of  while-lire  (q.v.). 

re  -al  ism,  s.    [Eng.  red,  a. ;  -ism.] 

1.  Art:  The  representation  of  nature  as  it 
actually  appears. 

"On  the  boards  of  Eaat-enil  theatre*  then  had  been 
attempts  at  striking  rtalitm  loug  before."— Dally  Tele- 
graph. Sept.  23,  1885. 

2.  Metaph. :  The  doctrine  that  in  perception 
there  is  an  immediate  or  intuitive  cognition 
of  the  external    object.      According  as  the 
truth  of  the  testimony  is,  or  is  not,  admitted. 
Sir    W.    Hamilton    divides    Realism    (Reid's 
Works,  p.  748,  740)  into  Natural  Realism  (or 
Dualism,  from  the  reality  of  mind  and  the 
reality  of  matter  lieing  admitted),  and  Hypo- 
thetical Realism  (or  Dualism),  in  which  the 
existence  of  an  external  world  is  affirmed,  but 
the  tes  imnny  of  consciousness  to  our  know- 
ledge of  its  existence  is  denied. 

3.  Philos. :  The  doctrine  that  every  General 
Tenn  (01  Abstiart  lde:i).  such  as  Man,  Virtue, 
&c.,  has  a  real  and   independent  existence, 
quite  irrespective  of  any  concrete  individual 
determination,  such  as  Smith,  Benevolence, 
&c.  (<1.  H.  Uwes).     The  doctrine  is  Platonic 
(Arist.  :  Met.,  xiii.  4),  but  attained  its  greatest 
developmentaniong  the  Scholastics  in  the  later 
Middle  Ages,  when  two  school-*  of  Realism 
existed,  headed  respectively  by  Duns  Scotus 
(died  1308)  and  St.  Thomas  Aquinas  (1227-74). 
[ScoTisM,  THOMISM.] 

re'-al-ist,  ».     [Eng.  real,  a.  ;  -fct.J 

1.  Art  <t  Literature:  One  who  reproduces  or 
describes   nature  or  roil    life,  exactly  as  it 
appears  to  him.    (Opposed  to  an  Idealist.) 

2.  Metaph. :  One  who  admits  the  reality  of 
the  external  world.    (Opposed  to  an  Idealist.) 

3.  Philos. :   One  who   supported  the  doc- 
trine of   the    real   existence   of  Universal*. 
(Opposed  to  a  Nominalist.) 

re-al-lst'-Ic,  a.  [Eng.  realist ;  -ie.]  Pertain- 
ing to,  or  characteristic  of,  realism  or  the 
realists. 

"Tourtrueneff  himself  Is  called  a  reallut— the  heart  of 
the  rralutic  school  in  fiction."— Scrttiwr'j  ilagatine, 
June,  1177.  p.  2SS. 


re-al-Ist-Ic-al-ly.uiZt'.    [Eng.  realistic;-^ 
-ly.]    In  a  realistic  manner. 

"Induces  his  imagination  to  work  realtitically*— 
Seribner'i  Mugatlne.  June.  1877,  p.  MS. 

rg-al'-I-t^  (1),  s.    [Fr.  reiilite,  from  Low  Lat. 
realitatem,  accus.  of  realitas,  from   realis  = 
real  (q.v.)  ;  Sp.  realidad;  Ital.  realita.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  real ;  actual 
being  or  existence  of  anything ;  truth,  fact,  as 
opposed  to  mere  appearance. 

"  The  rtal,ty  of  the  miracle*  of  the  Egyptian 
magicians.-— Ifortteit :  Serntmu.  voL  U,  KT.  1L 

2.  That  which  is  real,  as  opposed  to  that 
which  is  in  imagination  or  appearance  ;  some- 
thing   intrinsically    ini]K>rtant,    not    merely 
matter  of  show.    (Cowper:  Hope,  68.) 

*IL  Technically: 

1.  Law:  The  same  as  REALTY  (q.v.). 

2.  Philos.:  Any  thing  which  does  or  may 
exist  of  itsdf,  and  is  not  considered  as  form- 
ing part  of  any  other  thing. 

H  Reality  of  laws :  A  legal  term  for  all  law* 
concerning  property  and  things. 

*  re-al-i-ty  (2),  *.   [Fr.  realte.}   [REALTY  0)-] 
Devotion,  loyalty.     (Fuller.) 

re'-al-iz-a-ble,   a.     (Eng.  realise);   -able.] 
Capable  of  being  realized. 

"  No  other  equality  it  realitnblr  iu  the  material  cir- 
cumstances uf  mau  ou  earth."— scribntrt  itagtuint, 
Oct.  1878,  p.  892. 

re-al-i-za'-tion,   s.     [Fr.  realisation,  from 
rbdiser  =  to  realize  (q.v.).] 

1.  The  act  of  realizing  or  making  real ;  tha 
state  of  lieing  realized. 

2.  The  act  of  bringing  into  being  or  action. 

3.  The  act  of  converting  money  into  real 
property. 

4.  The  act  of  converting  property,  as  stocks, 
shares,  &c.,  into  money. 

re  -al-ize,  re'-al-Ite,  v.t.  &,  i.    [Fr.  rfaUser, 
fmiii  O.   Fr.  reai=*real  (q.v.);  Sp.  realizar; 
Ital.  realizzare.] 
A,  Transitive  : 

1.  To  bring  into  real  or  actual  existence, 
being,  or  action. 

"  There  have  been  trials  npon  the  stage,  hut  f  t w  that 
have  been  realised  with  greater  accuittcy."  —  Duilt 
T.  l>-0rapli,  Sept.  2S.  1885. 

2.  To  bring  into  real  or  actual  existence  and 
p»3:u>:i;;ioii ;  to  make  tangilib  ;  to  acquire  as 
the  result  of  labour,  exertion,  or  pains ;   to 
gain  :  as,  To  realize  a  profit  from  trading. 

3.  To  impress  on  the  mind  as  a  reality  ;  to 
believe,  consider,  or  treat  as  teal ;  to  teel  or 
appreciate    thoroughly   and    vividly   in    the 
mind  ;  to  appreciate  or  understand  the  mean- 
ing, force,  or  reality  of 

4.  To  convert  into  real  estate ;  to  make  real 
property. 

5.  To  render  fixed  property  available ;  to 
convert  into  money. 

"  Prevented  them  from  realizing  their  securities"— 
Timei.  March  29,  1888. 

6.  To  fetch  ;  to  bring  in,  as  a  price. 

t  B.  Intrans.  :  To  convert  any  kind  oi 
property  into  money. 

re'-al-Iz-er,  ».     [Eng.  realise);  -rr]     On* 
who  or  that  which  realizes.    (Coleridge.) 

re  -al-iz-Ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [REALIZE.] 

•re'-al-Iz-ing-ljf.euftf.   [Eng.  realizing ;  -Zy.J 
In  a  realizing  manner  ;  so  as  to  realize. 

re-al-lege',  v.t.    [Pref.  re-,  anil  Eng   allegt 
(q.'v.).]    To  allege  a  second  time  or  again. 

re-al-li'-an9e,  *.   [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  aUianct 
(q.v.).]    A  renewed  alliance. 

*  reallich,  adv.     [REAL  (2),  a.]    Royally. 

(Cliuucer.) 

*  re-al-lie',  v.t.     [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  oZ7y 
(q.v.').]    To  get  in  order  again  ;  to  compose 
or  form  anew  ;  to  reform.    (Spenser :  F.  Q  , 
VII.  vi.  23.) 

re'-al-ljf,  *  re-al-lie,  adv.  [Eng.  real  (1) ;  -ly  ] 

1.  In  a  real  manner;  in  reality;  In  fact  and 
not    in    appearance    only;    actually,    truly, 
indeed,  in  truth. 

"  Tb«  king  i»  really  and  truly  a  Catholic."— Hoe 
aulay:  Bin.  Kng..  ch.  IT. 

2.  In  truth,  indeed.    (Used  as  a  slight  cor 
roboration  of  an  opinion  or  statement.) 


fate,  tat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pdt, 
or,  were,  w?lf;  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    SB,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


realm— rear 


3897 


realm,  *  realme,  *  reame,  *  reaume, 
*  reome,  *  roialme,  *  ryalme,  s.  [O.  Fr. 

reulme,  reaunie,  ruialme  (Fr.  royaume),  from  a 
Low  Lat.  *  regalimen,  from  Lat.  regalis  (O.  FT. 
real,   roial ;   Fr.  royal)  =  royal,   regal  (q.v.); 
O.  Sp.  realme,  reame ;  Ital.  reame.\ 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  A  royal  jurisdiction,  territory,  or  extent 
of  government ;  a  kingdom  ;  the  dominion  of 
ft  king. 

"  I  weigh'd  the  danger,  which  my  realmt  stood  in. 
By  Ihn  luy  issue's  fail." 

Shaketp. :  Benrn  Ylll.,  it.  4. 

2.  Hence,  generally,  a  province,  a  depart- 
ment, a  region,  a  sphere,  a  domain. 

"  Through  all  the  realmt  of  uouaeiue  absolute." 

Urydrn  :  Macfiecknor,  «. 

t  IL  Zoogeography:  A  term  proposed  by 
Mr.  J.  A.  Allen  (Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.,  ii.)  for  the  division  of  the  earth 
in  accordance  with  what  he  rails  "  the  law  of 
circumpolar  distribution  of  life  in  zones." 

•  realm'-le'ss,  a.    [Bug.  realm; :  -less.]    Desti- 
tute or  deprived  of  a  realm.    (Keats.) 

re -al- ness,  ».  [Eng.  real;  -nesi.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  real ;  reality. 

•  re  -al-t? (1),  *  re-ai  tee, *.    [O.  Fr.  realte, 
from  Lat.  rejalitateai,  ac.eiis.  of  regalUas,  from 
regalii  =  regal  (q.v.) ;  Ital.  realta..] 

1.  Royalty. 

"  Tuer  may  men  test  mud  ren>t*e  beholds." 

Chaucer :  C.  T..  4.MO. 

2.  Loyalty,  faithfulness. 

"  Where  faith  and  rta'tf 
Remain  not"  UUtm:  P.  L..  vt.  114. 

re'-al-tjf  (2),  •  re-al-tie,  «.  [The  same 
word  as  reality  (1).] 

•  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Reality. 

"  The  nearly  couching  of  each  realtie." 

More  :  Life  c/  the  Soul,  ii.  It. 

&  Law: 

(1)  Immobility,    or   the    fixed,   permanent 
nature  of  that  kind  of  property  called  real. 

(2)  Real  property  (q.v.). 

ream(l),  *  reme,  s.  [A.S.,  cogn.  with  Oer. 
rauro.J  Cream  ;  the  cream-like  froth  on  ale. 

"  That  ou  U  whit*  so  uiilkes  reme." 

Arthour  t  Merlin,  p.  6$. 

ream  (2),  *  reame,  •  reeme,  *  reme,  *. 

[O.  Fr.  raime,  rayme  (Fr.  rome),  from  Arab. 
rlzmat  (pi.  rizam)  =  a  bundle.  Cotton  paper 
was  manufactured  in  Spain,  where  it  was 
introduced  by  the  Moors,  hence  the  Arabic 
origin  of  the  word.  It.  risma.] 

1.  480  sheets  of  paper  of  any  size.    A  rom- 
iiion  practice  is  now  to  count  600  sheets  to 
the  ream.     A  printer's    ream  contains  516 
sheets ;    a    publisher's    ream   contains  from 
480  to  520  sheets.     [QuiRE  (1),  *.,  1.] 

2.  Hence  used  for  a  large  quantity  of  paper. 

ream  (3),  s.    [RIEM.] 

•  ream  (4).  *  reme, «.    [A.8.  hrcam.]   Shout- 
ing, clamour. 

ream  (1),  v.i,     [REAM  (1),  «.]    To  cream,  to 

mantle.    (Scotch.) 

"  Rtaminy  iwaU  that  drank  divinely." 

Burnt :  Tarn  O'Sltanltr. 

•  ream  (2),  *  reme  (1),  v.t.   [A.8.  (a)niman.] 
To  stretch  out,  to  extend. 

ream  (3),  *  reme  (2),  v.t.  [A.S.  rumian, 
rjman,  from  rum  =  ioom  (q.v.);  Icel.  ryma; 
O.  L.  Ger.  rumian ;  O.  H.  Ger.  rumman.] 

*  I.  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  To  stretch. 

"  HU  prrchlng  home*  are  reamed  a  y»rd  beyond 
aulze."  A  Hrrring't  Taglf  (15*8). 

2.  To  enlarge,  to  bevel  out,  aa  a  hole  in 
metal,  the  bore  of  a  cannon,  &c. 

IL  Naut. :  To  open  for  caulking. 

•  reame, ».    (REALM.) 

ream  er,  rim  mer, *.  [Eng.  r«am(3),  v.;  -er.\ 
A  tool  used  to  enlarge  a  hole,  and  bring  it  to 
a  shape  the  counterpart  of  the  tool,  whether 
cylindrical  or  tapering. 

roam-ing,  pr.  par.  or  o.    [REAM  (3),  v.] 

reamlng-bit,  *.  A  broach  of  hardened 
steel,  having  a  taper  form  and  angular  cutting 
edges. 

reaming  Iron,  - . 

Naut. :  A  blunt  chisel  used  for  opening  the 
•earns  between  the  planking  of  a  ship,  pre- 
paratory to  caulking  them  with  oakum. 


rean,  *rena,  «.     [RHENE.)    A  farrow,   * 
water-course,  a  gutter. 

re  an  -I  mate,  v.t.  &  i.    [Fret,  re-,  and  Eng. 
animate  (q.v.).] 
A.  Transitivt: 

1.  To  revive,  to  restore  to  life,  to  resusci- 
tate, as  a  person  dead  or  apparently  dead. 


2.  To  revive  ;  to  give  life  or  spirit  to  when 
dull  or  languid  ;  to  reinvigorate. 

'*  Variety   reanimata    the    attention  "—Reynold*  : 
DiK-iurtet.  rUL 

3.  To  give  spirit,  life,  courage,  or  vigour  to  : 
as,  To  reanimate  troops. 

•  B.  Intrant.  :  To  revive. 
"  Reanimating    at     this    little    apology."—  Mad. 
•  Cecilia.  bk.  Ix..  ch.  v. 


re-an  I-ma  -tlon,  *.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
animation  (q.v.).j  The  act  of  reanimating, 
reviving,  or  restoring  to  life  ;  the  act  of  giving 
life,  spirit,  or  vigour  to  ;  the  state  of  being 
reanimated  ;  renewed  animation,  courage, 
spirit,  or  life. 

re-an-ne'x',  v.f.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  annex 
(q.V.).]  To  annex  again  or  anew  ;  to  reunite, 
to  rejoin. 

"  An   ambition   to  repurchase  and  reanntx  that 
dntchy."—  Bacon  :  Henry  I'll.,  p.  40. 

re  an-nex-a'-tion,  *.  [Pret.  re-,  and  Eng. 
annexation  (q.v.).]  The  act  of  reanuexing  ; 
the  state  of  being  reannexed. 

*  re  a-noint  ,  v.t.   [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  anoint 
(q.v.*).]    To  anoint  a  second  time  or  anew. 

"  lit  anointed  mount*  th'  Imperial  chair." 

DrayUm  :  Jliteria  qf  dueen  Margaret. 

•  re'-an-swer  (w  silent),  v.t.    [Pref.  re-,  and 
Eng.  answer,  v.  (q.v.).]    To  answer  again  ;  to 
correspond  to  ;  to  comjiensate,  to  repay  ;  to 
make  amends  for.    (Shakesp.  :  Henry  V.,  iii.  6.) 

reap,  *  repe,  v.t.  &  t.  [A.S.  ripan,  rjhxin  : 
cogn.  with  Dut.  rapen;  Ger.  ravfen;  Goth. 
raupjan  ;  A.S.  rip,  ryp—&  reaping,  harvest,  &c.  J 

A.  Transitive: 
L  Literally: 

1.  To  cut  down,  as  grain,  with  a  tickle, 
scythe,  or  reaping-machine  ;  to  cut  down  and 
gather  when  ripe  and  ready. 

"  In  all  other  quarter*  the  corn  was  reaped  down."— 
Ooidiiiye  :  Catar,  p.  104. 

2.  To  cut  down  and  gather  the  crop  of;  to 
clear  of  a  crop,  especially  of  a  grain  crop  :  as, 
To  reap  a  field. 

IL  Figuratively: 

*  1.  To  shave,  to  shear. 

"  Hi*  chin  new  reaped.'    Shaltetp.  :  1  Henry  IT.,  L«. 
2.  To  obtain  as  a  reward  or  return,  or  as 
the  fruit  of  one's  labours  or  exertions. 

"  Of  our  labours  thon  shalt  reap  the  j»in." 

tJutlmp.  :  *  Henri  VI.,  T.  7. 

B.  Intransitive.  : 

1.  Lit.  :  To  perform  the  act  or  operation  of 
reaping  ;  to  cut  and  gather,  as  a  grain  crop, 
with  a  sickle,  scythe,  or  reaping-machine. 

M  They  that  reap,  inuit  sheaf  and  bind." 

Skaketp.  :  At  You  Like  It.  iii.  1 

2.  Fig.  :  To  receive  the  fruit  or  the  reward 
of  works  or  labour. 


reap,  *  reepe,  s.    [REAP,  v.]   A  bundle  of 
corn. 

"  Ai  mych  a* oone  rrepe."     Totcnley  iftttrrirl.  p. IX. 

reap  -er,  *  rep-er,  *.    [Eng.  reap,  v. ;  -er.] 
L  Literally: 

1.  One  who  reaps  ;  one  who  cuts  grain  with 
a  sickle,  scythe,  or  reaping-machine. 

2.  Specif. :  A  machine  for  cutting  grain  in 
the  Reid  ;  a  reaping-machine  (q.v.). 

IL  t'iy.  :  One  who  gathers  in  the  fruit  of 
works  or  labour. 

reap'-ing,*  rep-Ing, pr.  par.  ora.  [REAP,  v.) 

reaping-hook,  s.  A  curved  blade  of 
steel,  set  in  a  short  handle,  and  used  for  reap- 
ing ;  a  sickle.  (Macaulay :  Horatiitt,  xiv.) 

reaping-machine,  s.  A  machine  for 
reaping  or  cutting  down  grain  in  the  field. 
There  are  numerous  varieties. 

^  Properly  spenking,  the  reaping-hook  (re- 
presented B.C.  1490  in  a  harvest  scene  on  a 
tomb  at  Thel«s,  and  still  in  use)  and  the 
scythe  are  reaping-machines ;  but  the  term 


is  generally  confined  to  the  modern  machines, 
in  which  operations  formerly  carried  out 
by  the  human  hand  are  effected  by  machi- 
nery. In  1786,  Pott,  an  Englishman,  made 
a  machine  which  had  a  revolving  cylinder, 
with  rows  of  combs  or  ripples,  which  tore 
off  the  ears  and  discharged  them  into  a  box 
(as  had  been  done  in  Gaul  A.D.  70).  Six  or 
seven  other  machines  followed  in  England 
•within  the  next  thirty-six  years.  In  1822  a 
self-sharpening  mowing  machine  was  patented 
in  the  United  States.  In  1827,  the  Rev. 
Patrick  Bell  invented  a  reaping-machine, 
tried  at  Powrie,  in  Forfar,  and  revived  at  the 
Great  Exhibition  of  1851.  It  cut  about  an 
acre  an  hour.  In  1852,  after  a  competitive 
trial  held  in  Forfarshire,  it  was  adjudged  to 
be  the  best  then  known.  Between  1852  and 
1874  nearly  three  thousand  patents  for  reap- 
ing machines  were  taken  out  in  the  United 
States.  Two  of  the  most  celebrated  are 
M'Cormick's,  invented  about  1831,  and  im- 
proved in  184S,  and  Wood's  reaping  and  auto- 
matic binding  machine,  first  used  in  1874.  At 
a  competition  betworn  three  reaping  machines, 
held  near  Paris,  in  1855,  the  American  machine 
cut  an  acre  in  twenty-two  minutes,  the  Eng- 
lish in  sixty-six  minutes,  and  the  Algerian  in 
seventy-two  minutes. 

•  re-ap-par'-el,  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  an.l  Eng. 
apparel,  v.  (q.v.).]  To  clothe  again  or  afresh. 

re-ap-pear1,  v.i.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  ajtpear 
(q.v.).]  To  appear  again  or  anew. 

"  Long  absent  Harold  rtnppmrt  at  last." 

Bi/ion  :  Chiide  Harold,  iii.  t, 

re-ap-pear'-anoe,  *.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
appearance  (q.v.).]  The  act  or  state  of  re- 
appearing ;  a  second  or  new  appearance. 

re-ap-pll-ca'-tion, ».  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
application  (q.  v.).  ]  The  act  of  reapplying  ;  the 
state  of  being  reapplicd. 

re-ap-ply',  v.t.  or  i  [Pref  re-,  and  Eng.  apply 
(q.V).  ]  To  apply  again  or  afresh. 

re-ap-point',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  op- 
point  (q.v.).]  To  appoint  again  or  anew. 

re-ap  point  ment,  s.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
aj'jiointmeiit  (q.v.).]  The  act  of  reappointiug  ; 
the  state  of  being  reappointed  ;  a  second  or 
new  appointment. 

re-ap-pdV-tion,  v.t.  [Pret  re-,  and  Eng. 
apportion  (q.v.).]  To  apportion  anew. 

re  ap-por1  tion-mgnt,  *.  [Pref.  re-,  and 
Eng  apportionm«nt  (q.v.).]  The  act  of  re- 
apportioniug ;  a  second  or  renewed  apportion- 
ment. 

re-ap-proach',  v.f.  or  i.  [Pmf.  re-,  and  Eng-. 
upproucA  (q  v.).]  To  approach  again  or  anew. 

rear,  *  re're.  *.  &  o.  [p.  Fr.  ri«re  =  back- 
ward, behind  ;  Fr.  arri<r*  (Mid.  Eng.  arere), 
from  Lat.  retro  =  backward  ;  re-  =  backward.  ] 

A.  As  titbstantive : 

1.  That  which  is  behind  or  at  the  back  ;  the 
last  in  order;  the  hinder  or  back  part  ;  the 
background.     (Generally  used  in  the  phrase* 
at,  in,  or  to  the  rear.) 

"  For  while  one  party  he  oppuaed, 
HI*  rear  wa»  suddenly  eiicl>«»l." 

Butler :  Uualhrat.  i.  X 

2.  Specif. :  That  part  of  an  army  or  body  of 
troops  which  stands  or  marches  In-hind  the 
rest  ;  the  part  of  a  fleet  which  is  behind  the 
other  ships.    (Opposed  to  front  or  van.) 

B.  At  adj. :  Pertaining  to,  stationed  in,  or 
coming  at  the  rear  or  back  ;  last,  hinder- 
most  :  as,  a  rear  rank,  a  rear  guard. 

^  To  bring  up  the  rear:  To  come  last  or 
latest. 

rear-admiral,  «.    [ADMIRAL.] 

rear-front,  • 

Mil. :  The  rear  rank  of  a  company  or  body 
of  men  when  faced  about  and  standing  in  that 
position. 

rear-guard,  *  rero-gnard,  » 

Mil.:  A  body  of  troops  .who  march  in  the 
rear  of  the  main  body  to  protect  it,  and  bring 
up  stragglers.  (Used  also  figuratively.) 

••  Mr.  Valiant  camt  behino.  heinc  rearguard,  tor 
fear  lest  peradvenlure  some  fit  -.1,  or  dragon,  or  giant, 
or  thief,  should  fall  upon  tin '  rear,  and  so  do  mi*- 
chiet '— ttiatya"  •  PHtrrt'*'i  f'  vrtit,  ut.  U. 

rear-line,  .<. 

MiL  :  The  line  in  the  re.  •  of  an  army 


boil,  bo?;  poUt,  jo^trl;  oat,  fell,  chorus,  fhln,  bench;  go,  gem;  «*«»,  this  ;  sin,  ag ;  expect,  Xcnophot   exist,   ph  =  1 
-elan,  -tian  =  shan.   -tlon.  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -91011  =  zhun.    -clous,  -tioua,  -sioua  =  shus,    -ble,  -die,  &c.  -  bel,  del. 


3598 


rear— reasonable 


rear-rank,  i. 

Mil.  :  The  line  or  rauk  of  a  body  of  troops 
which  is  in  the  rear. 

rear-vault,  ». 

Arch,.:  A  small  vault  interposed  between 
the  tracery  or  glass  of  a  window  and  the  inner 
face  of  the  wall. 

rear,  *  rere,  rare,  o.  [RARE  (2),  a.) 

•  rear,  adv.    [Prob.  a  corrupt,  of  rather  (q.v.).] 
Early. 

"  Then  why  doe*  Cuddy  leave  h  is  cot  so  rear  I  " 

6ay  :  Ukrp/uarcCi  Wick,  past.  i. 

•  rear  (IX  v.t.    [REAR,  «.]    To  place  or  set  in 
the  rear. 

"  We  cannot  flunk  and  rear  our  discourse!  with 
military  allusions."—  Scott  :  Sermon  before  ArtiU.  Com. 
pany. 

rear  (2),  *  rere,  v.t.  A  f.  [A.8.  rdran,  for 
nfoon  =  to  make  to  rise,  a  causal  form  from 
risan  =  to  rise  ;  Icel.  reisa  =  to  raise.  Bear 
ami  raise  are  doublets.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  cause  to  rise  up  or  become  erect  ;  to 
raise  ;  to  lift  up  ;  to  elevate. 

"  High  In  his  bands  he  reared  the  golden  bowl" 

Pope  :  Homer  ;  Odyssey  nil.  14. 

2.  To  cause  to  rise  by  building  ;  to  con- 
struct, to  raise,  to  build. 

"  Lette  a  fair  tabernacle  In  honour  of  hym  rere." 

Sobert  of  Vloucetter,  p.  M. 

•  3.  To  move  upwards  ;  to  cause  to  pass 
higher. 

"  Up  to  a  hill  anon  his  step*  he  renrd' 

Milton  :  P.  R.,  it.  IS*. 

•  4.  To  set  in  a  high  place;  to  place  high. 

"  Rear  It  [his  head]  In  the  place  your  father's  stands." 
StuUcetp.  :  S  Henry  VI..  ii.  6. 

5.  To  bring  up  to  maturity,  as  young  ;  to 
cherish,  to  foster,  to  educate,  to  instruct. 

"  I'll  not  rear  another's  Issue." 

Shaketp.  :  W  inter'  t  TaU,  U.  S. 

6.  To  raise  ;  to  breed,  as  cattle,  &c, 
*7.  To  exalt,  to  elevate,  to  raise. 

"  Charity  decent,  modest,  easy,  kind, 
Soften*  the  high,  aud  reari  the  abject  mind." 

Prior.   (Toad.) 

•  8.  To  rouse. 

"From  o  strete  tyl  another  rtrid  up  al  the  town." 
Chaucer  (?)  .-  Tale  of  Beryn. 

•9.  To  obtain,  to  take  away. 

"  He  In  an  open  turney  lately  held 
Fro  me  the  houour  of  that  game  did  rtare." 

Spenter  :  f.  «..  IV.  rt  C 

•  10.  To  stir  up  ;  to  excite,  to  raise. 

"Would  afterwards  afresh  the  sleeping  evil  rfare." 
Spenter  :  f.  Q.,  IV.  i.  S4. 

B.  Intrnnt.  :  To  rise  on  the  hind  legs,  as  a 
lorse  ;  to  assume  an  erect  position. 

"  He  nart  upright,  curvet*.  and  leaps." 

Shakeip.  :  renut  t  Adonii.  579. 

•  rear1  -dorse,  *  rear'-doss,  *.    [REREDOS.] 
An  open  hearth  for  fire  without  a  grate. 

rear'-er.  «.  [Eng.  rear,  v.  ;  -«r.J  One  who  or 
that  which  rears. 

"Pbolbe,  the  rearer  of  the  steed." 

Lrwit  :  Statiui  ;  Thebaid  X. 

re-ar'-gae,  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  argue 
(q.v.).J  To  argue  again  or  anew  ;  to  argue 
over  again. 

rearming,  pr.  par.  or  o.    [REAJI  (2),  v.] 
rearlng-bit,  *. 

Manege:  A  bit  having  a  curved  mouth- 
piece, which  forms  the  flattened  side  of  a  ring, 
to  each  side  of  which  are  attached  driving- 
rein  rings,  while  on  the  lower  side  is  another 
ring  of  the  same  size,  into  which  the  martin- 
gale-strap is  buckled,  to  prevent  the  horse 
lifting  his  head  when  rearing. 

•  rear'-ljf,  adv.   [Eng.  rear,  adv.  ;  -Jy.J   Early, 
•oon.    (Flttcher.) 

rear'-m&St,  a.  [Eng.  rear,  *.,  and  most.] 
Furthest  in  the  rear  or  from  the  front  ;  last. 


rear  -moUse,  «.    [REREMOUSE.] 

re-ar-range',  v.t.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  ar- 
range (q.vi^]    To  arrange  anew  or  afresh. 

re-ar-range'-me'nt,  s.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 

arrangement  (q.v.).]  The  act  of  rearranging  ; 
the  state  of  being  rearranged. 

rear  ward,  *  rere-  ward,  '  rere  warde, 

*.  <k  a,  [Short  for  nrerewarde,  from  Mid.  Eng. 
arere  =  behind,  mid  warde  =  a  guard.  Rear- 
ward and  rtar-g  ird  are  thus  doublets.] 


A.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  rear-guard ;   the  part  of  an  army 
which  marches  in  the  rear ;  the  last  troop. 

"  I  brought  a  squadron  of  our  readiest  shot. 
From  out  our  rear-ward,  to  begin  the  fight" 

Drfden  :  8panit\  Tragedy,  i. 

2.  The  rear  or  latter  part  of  anything  ;  the 
tail  end  ;  the  train  behind. 

"  Lord  Dacre.  with  his  horsemen  light. 
Shall  be  in  rearward  of  the  fight" 

Scott :  Marmion,  Tl.  M. 

B.  As  adj. :  At,  in,  or  towards  the  rear ; 
rear. 

re-as-cend ,  v.i.  &  t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
ascend  (q.v.).] 

A.  Intrans. :   To  rise,  ascend,  or  mount 
again. 

"  If  our  Deliverer  up  to  heaven 
Must  reoKend.-        Milton  :  P.  L.,  xlL  4M. 

B.  Trans. :  To  mount  or  ascend  into  again. 

"  He  mounts  aloft,  and  reatnendt  the  skies." 

Additon  :  Olid  ;  Metamorphout  ill. 

•  re-as-c&n  -slon,  ».    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
ascension  (q.v.).]    The  act  of  reascending ;  a 
remounting. 

*  re-as-cenf ,  s.     [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  ascent 
(q.vl).]    A  returning  ascent ;  an  acclivity. 

"  Hence  the  declivity  is  sharp  and  short. 
And  such  the  rtaicent."        Cottper  :  Tatt,  i.  S27. 

reas -on. ' res  on,  '  res  oun,  *rels  un, 
*.  «o.  [O.  Fr.  raisun,  reson  (Fr.  raison),  from 
Lat.  rationem,  accus.  of  ratio  =  reckoning,  rea- 
son, from  ratut,  pa.  par.  of  rear—  to  think  ; 
8p.  razon;  Port,  razain,  razao;  Ital.  ragione.} 
[RATK,  «.] 

A.  As  substantive : 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  8. 

"  The  word  reoion  iteelf  Is  far  from  being  precise  In 
it*  meaning.  In  common  and  popular  discourse  it 
denote*  that  power  by  which  we  distinguish  truth 
from  falsehood,  and  right  from  wrong,  and  by  which 
we  are  enabled  to  combine  means  for  the  attainment 
of  particular  ends."— Stewart  .•  Of  the  Human  Mind. 

2.  Due  exercise  of  the  reasoning  faculty; 
reasoning  ;   ratiocination  ;   the   deduction  of 
consequences  from  premises  ;  right  judgment. 

"  When  she  [the  soul]  rates  tbings,  and  moves  from 

ground  to  ground. 
The  name  of  Realm  she  obtains  by  this." 

Daviet :  Immortality  of  tin  Soul. 

3.  That  wWch  is  in  accordance  with  or  con- 
formable to  right  judgment  or  the  principles 
of  the  reasoning  faculty. 

"Thou  speakest  reatnn." 
Shale  tip.  :  Muck  Ado  About  .VoMng,  v.  L 

4.  Hence,  specifically  : 

(1)  That,  which  is  reasonable,  right,  just,  or 
fair  ;  that  which  reason  dictates  or  suggests. 

"I  shall  do  that  that  Is  rtaton."—i^aketp. :  Merry 
Wtoet  of  Windtor,  i.  1. 

(2)  Moderation;  moderate  claims,  demands, 
or  pretensions. 

"The  most  probable  way  of  bringing  Franc*  to 
r»aton."—A  dditon. 

*5.  Argumentation,  discourse,  speech. 

"  Flesh  stays  no  farther  reaton." 

Staketp. :  Sonnet  111. 

6.  A  motive,  ground,  or  cause  acting  upon 
the  mind ;  the  basis  or  ground  for  any  opinion, 
conclusion,  or  determination  ;  that  which  is, 
or  is  alleged  or  supposed  to  be,  the  ground  or 
motive.    (1  Peter  iii.  15.) 

7.  An  efficient  c&use  ;  a  final  cause ;  ex- 
planation ;  that  which  explains  or  accounts 
for  anything.    (Juxhva  ix.  13.) 

*  8.  Used   elliptically  for,  There  is  good 
reason  for  it 

"  H*  1*  prepared,  and  reason,  too,  be  should." 

Shaketp.  :  King  John,  T.  1 

*  9.   Relation   between   quantities ;   ratio, 
proportion.    (Barrow.) 

*  10.  The  act  of  reckoning. 


tt  Technically  : 

1.  Hist. :  On  November  10, 1793,  the  French 
National  Convention  ordeml  the  worship  of 
the  Goddess  of  Reason.     Madame   Maillard, 
selected  as  such  a  goddess,  was  drawn  on  a 
splendid  car  to  the  cathedral  of  Notre  Dame 
to  receive  homage  from  the  multitude.    For 
some   time   afterwards   that   cathedral  was 
designated  the  Temple  of  Reason. 

2.  I-ngic :  The  premise  or  premises  of  an 
argument,  and  especially  the  minor  premise. 

3.  Metaph. :  The  power  of  thinking   con- 
secutively ;  the  power  of  passing  in  mental 
review  all  the  facts  and  principles  bearing  on 
a  subject,  and,  after  carefully  considering  their 


bearings,  drawing  conclusions  in  many  case* 
conformable  with  truth.  Reason,  weighing 
facts,  discovered  the  law  of  gravitation,  calcu- 
lates eclipses,  weighs  the  planets,  ascertain* 
the  constituent  elements  of  the  sun,  and  even 
of  more  distant  worlds.  It  can  exercise  itself 
on  the  most  abstract  and  spiritual  theories,  ai 
well  as  on  those  of  a  simpler  character.  Reid 
(Essay  vi.,  ch.  iii.)  distinguished  between 
reason  and  judgment,  considering  the  sphere 
of  the  former  to  be  propositions  capable  ot 
demonstration.  Stewart  (Philosophy  Human 
Mind,  pt.  ii.,  Prelim.  Otiserv.)  considered  the 
word  reason  as  ambiguous.  In  common  dis- 
course it  denotes  the  power  of  discriminating 
truth  from  falsehood,  and  right  from  wrong. 
To  these  he  adds  the  power  of  devising  means 
to  accomplish  ends ;  or  reason  may  be  limited 
to  the  power  of  distinguishing  truth  from  false- 
hood ;  or  it  may  be  used  of  our  rational  power 
in  general,  or  of  the  discursive  faculty  alone. 
Brown  (Phil.  Hum.  Mind.,  lect.  Ii.)  thinks 
that  there  is  no  faculty  of  reason,  which  is 
nothing  more  than  a  series  of  relative  sugges- 
tions. Immanuel  Kant's  Critique  of  Pun 
.Reason,  appeared  1781.  [KANTIAN  PHILOSOPHY.] 
Mill  (Logic,  bk.  i.,  ch.  i.)  considers  reasoning 
in  its  extended  sense  to  be  synonymous  with 
inference,  and  divides  it  into  induction,  i.e., 
reasoning  from  particulars  to  generals,  and 
ratiocination,  reasoning  from  generals  to  j«r- 
ticulars.  Formerly  it  was  believed  that  of 
the  whole  visible  creation  man  alone  was 
capable  of  reasoning  ;  but  Darwin  (Descent  of 
Man,  pt.  i.,  ch.  iii.)  considers  that  only  a  few 
persons  now  dispute  that  animals  possess 
some  power  of  reason.  Their  actions  may  be 
due  to  instinct,  or  to  the  association  of  ideas, 
the  last  named  principle  being  connected  with 
reason. 

*  B.  As  adj. :  Reasonable.    (Bacon.) 

If  (1)  In  reason,  in  all  reason  :  In  justice  or 
fairness  ;  with  due  regard  to  reason. 

*  (2)  To  do  reason  (Fr.  fairt  raison) :  To  do 
satisfaction. 

"  At  thy  request  I  will  do  reason,  any  reason,"— 
Skaketp. :  Tempeit,  iii.  S. 

*  (3)  To  give  or  yield  reason :  To  give  ac- 
count ;  to  account. 

"And  I  seye  to  yon  that  of  every  ydel  word  that 
men  speken  :  the!  schul  yrlde  retoun  thereof  in  the  day 
of  Aoom."—W)/rl\fft:  Halt.  xiL 

(4)  To  have  reason  (Fr.  avoir  raison)  ;  To  be 
right. 

"Mr.  Mechlin  kat  reason. "—Foot*:  Tin  Commit- 
sory.  ill.  L 

*  (5)  There  it  no  reason  but :  It  is  necessary  ; 
it  cannot  be  helped  ;  of  necessity. 

"  There  it  no  reaton  but  I  shall  be  blind." 

Shaketp. :  Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona,  it  4 

reas'-in,   *  res-on,  v.i.  &  t.     [REASON,  «. 

Fr.  raisonner ;  Sp.  razonar  ;  Ital.  razionare.] 

A.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  use  or  exercise  the  faculty  of  reason  ; 
to  ratiocinate  ;  to  deduce  consequences  from 
premises. 

"  Reason  thus  with  life." 

Skakap. :  Measure  for  Meantrt,  L  L 

2.  To  argue,  to  debate ;  to  set  forth  proposi- 
tions and  the  inferences  from  them ;  to  discus* 
a  proposition  by  adducing  premises  and  de- 
ducing inferences  from  them.    (Acts  xxiv.  26.) 

*  3.  To  discourse,  to  talk,  to  converse. 

"  Reaton  with  the  fellow  where  he  heard  thii." 

Snaketp. :  Coriulanui,  IT.  C 

B.  Transitive : 

1.  To  examine,  debate,  or  canvass  by  argu- 
ments ;  to  discuss,  to  argue. 

"  I  will  not  retuon  what  Is  meant  hereby. 
Because  I  will  be  guiltless  of  tlie  meaning." 

Shaknp.  :  Richard  111.,  I  4 

2.  To  persuade  by  reasoning  or  argument : 
as,  To  reason  one  out  of  an  opinion. 

*  3.  To  support  with  reasons  or  argument* ; 
to  plead  for. 

••  This  boy  that  cannot  tell  what  he  would  have. 
But  kneels,  and  holds  up  hands,  for  fellowship. 
Doth  reaton  our  petition  with  more  strength 
Than  tbou  bait  to  deny  't." 

Sttaketp. :  Coriolanut,  T.  s. 

reas'  on  a  ble,  *  res-on-a-ble,  o.  [Fr. 
raisonnafJe,  from  Lat.  rationabilis ;  Sp.  razon- 
able;  Ital.  razionabile.] 

1.  Having  the  faculty  of  reason ;  endued 
with  reason  ;  rational :  as,  a  reasonable  being. 

2.  Governed  by,  or  acting  in  accordance 
with  reason  ;  amenable  tu  reason  or  common 
sense  ;  not  extravagant  or  excessive  In  idea*, 
opinions,  or  notions. 

"  A  man  i*  mor«  rnanabtt 
Than  woman  is."  Chaucer:  C.  T.,  t.OM, 


tat«,  tat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;  we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go.  p«t, 
or,  wore,  woli.  work,  who,  son;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  oar,  rale,  fall;  try,  Syrian,    ae,  03  -  e ;  ey  -  a ;  qu  =  lew. 


reasonableness— rebaptist 


3899 


8.  Conformable  or  agreeable  to  reason ; 
rational ;  not  unreasonable  or  extravagant. 

"  It  seems  reatvnable  to  conclude."—  Macaulay  : 
mn.  Kng..  ch.  Iii. 

4.  Not  exceeding   the   bounds  of   reason, 
fairness,  or  common  sense  ;  not  extravagant, 
excessive,    or    immoderate ;    fair,    equitable, 
moderate  :  as,  a  reasonable  claim,  a  reasonable 
law  or  rule. 

5.  Tolerable,  moderate ;  being  in  mediocrity. 

"  If  he  be  of  any  reatonnble  stature." 

Shakeip. :  Merry  Wire*  of  Windtor,  WL  «. 

6.  Moderate  in  price  ;  not  excessive  or  ex- 
travagant in  price. 

"  Feeding  materlali  of  all  kinds  are  unusually 
rtaionable  just  now."— field,  Oct  3,  1885. 

^  Reasonable  and  probable  cause  : 
Law:  A  plea  raised  in  defending  an  action 
for  false  imprisonment.    It  is  that  there  was 
reasonable  and  probable  cause  for  giving  one 
into  custody. 

*  reasonable-aid, ». 

Law :  A  duty  claimed  by  a  feudal  lord  from 
his  tenants  to  aid  him  in  marrying  his  daughter. 

reas'-dn-a-ble-ness,  *.    [Eng.  reasonable; 
-ness.} 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  reasonable  ; 
agreeableness  to  reason  ;  the  state  or  quality 
of  being  in  conformity  with,  or  supported 
and    justified    by,    reason ;    conformity    to 
rational  principles. 

"  The  consistency  and  reaianableneu  of  the  doe- 
trine."—  Bortley  :  Sermont,  vol.  ii.,  ser.  14. 

2.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  reasonable, 
fair,  moderate,  or  equitable  ;  freedom  from 
extravagance  or  excess  ;  fairness. 

"There  waa  a  patience,  a  reaxmableneu,  a  good 
nature,  a  good  faith,  which  nobody  had  anticipated." 
— Uataulat :  Bust.  Eng.,  ch.  nil. 

*  3.   The    faculty    of    reasoning ;    reason, 
rationality. 

"  Patricias  and  some  others  have  been  bold  to  make 
rtatunnbltneu  not  the  specific  difference  of  the  humane 
natur*."— Hal*.  Orig.  of  Mankind,  p.  16. 

reas -6n  a-bly,  "<?i'.    [En^.  reasonable) ;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  reasonable  manner ;  in  conformity 
with  or   agreeably  to   reason ;   consistently 
with  reason. 

"  Reamnably  oblige  the  author  to  say  somewhat  in 
defence."— Dryden  :  Keligio  Laid.  (Pret) 

2.  In  a  reasonable  manner  or  degree ;  not 
extravagantly  or  excessively  ;  moderately. 

3.  Tolerably,    moderately,   in   a   moderate 
degree,  fairly. 

"  If  we  can  by  industry  make  our  deaf  and  dumb 
persons  reatonabtn  perfect  in  the  language  and  pro- 
nunciation."—£oU«r .  element*  of  Speech. 

reas  -on  er,  s.     [Eng.  reason,  v. ;  -er.]    One 
who  reasons  or  argues  ;  an  arguer. 

"  Diderot  Is  an  elegant  writer  and  subtle  reruoner." 
—Ooldtmit\  :  Polite  Learning,  ch.  viii. 

•reas'-on-fUl,  *  res-on-ful,  a.  [Eng.  reason ; 
-/u2(0-]    Reasonable. 

*  reas'-6n-ful-ly,  *  reas  on-ful-11,  adv. 
[Eng.  reatonful;  -ly.}    Reasonably. 

"  So  then  reatonfulli  maye  we  sey.  that  mercy  both 
right  and  lawe  passeUi."— Chaucer:  Tettament  of 
Lore.  bk.  ill. 

reas  -6n  ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  ».    [REASON,  v.] 
A.  <t  B.  As  pr.  par.  A  partidp.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 
C.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  act,  process,  or  art  of  exercising  the 
faculty  of  reason ;  the  act  or  faculty  of  em- 
ploying reason  in  argument;  argumentation, 
ratiocination  ;  reasoning  power. 

2.  The  reasons  or  arguments  employed  by 
one  who  reasons  or  argues ;   the  proofs  or 
arguments  relied  on  by  a  disputant. 

"  This  reatonina,  which  was  In  truth  as  nnanswer. 
able  as  that  of  Euclid,  brought  the  debate  to  a  speedy 
clo««."— Macaulay  :  Hat.  Kng.,  ch.  xv. 

3.  Disputation,  discussion,  argumentation. 
(Acts  ixviii.  27.) 

'  reas   6n  Ut,   t.      [Eng.    reason;    -ist.}     A 
follower  of  reason  ;  a  rationalist. 

"  Such  persons  are  now  commonly  called  rratonlstt 
id    rationalists,    to    distinguish    them    from    true 
reasoners     and     rational     inquirers,"—  Watrrland: 


and    rationalists,    to    disti 
reiuoners     ant' 
Warkt,  vili.  *7. 

'  reas'-on-l5ss,  a.    [Eng.  reason  ;  -less.] 

1.  Destitute  or  void  of  reason  ;  Irrational ; 
incapable  of  reasoning. 

"  Things  reatonleu  thus  warn'd  by  nature  be, 
Yet  I  devoured  the  bait  was  laid  for  me.' 

Drayton  :  Rotamond  to  King  Henry. 


2.  Against  reason  or  common  sense ;  un- 
reasonable ;  senseless. 

"  Hjtupy  combination  of  external  circumstances, 
and  other  such  recuonleu  phrases  a*  may  MCUI  tu  ex- 
plain the  frame  of  tue  universe  apart  iruin  miud."— 
Biackie  :  Self-Culture,  p.  60. 

re-as-sem'-blage  (age  as  Ig),  ».  [Pref. 
re-,  and  Eng.  assemblage  (q.v.).]  A  renewed 
or  fresh  assemblage. 

"  New  beings  arise  from  the  retutemblage  of  the 
scattered  part*."— Harrit:  Three  Treatitet.  Note  7. 

ri-as-sem'-ble,  v.t.  &  i.  [Pref.  re-,  and 
Kng.  assemble  (q.v.).] 

A.  Trans. :  To  assemble  afresh ;  to  collect 
together  again. 

"  tteauemoUng  our  afflicted  powers." 

Milton:  P.L.,1.  18«. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  assemble  or  come  together 
again. 

re  as-sert ,  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  atsert 
(q.v.).]  To  assert  anew. 

"  With  equal  fury,  and  with  equal  fame, 
Shall  great  Ulysaet  reaaert  his  claim. 

Pope:  Homer ;  Odyuey  xvll.  147. 

re-as-seV-tion,  s.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
assertion  (q.v.).]  The  act  of  reasserting  ;  a 
repeated  or  renewed  assertion  of  the  same 
thing. 

re  as  sess  ment,  s.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
assessment  (q.v.).]  A  fresh  or  repeated  assess- 
ment. 

re  as  sign  (g  silent),  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and 
Eng.  assign  (q.v.).]  To  assign  back ;  to 
transfer  back  or  to  another  that  which  has 
been  assigned. 

re  as  sign  ment,  s.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
assignment  (q.v.).]  The  act  of  reassigning; 
the  state  of  being  reassigned. 

*  re  as  sim  II  ate,  v.  t.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
assimilate   (q.v.).]     To   assimilate   anew   or 
afresh. 

*re  as-slm-fl-a'-tion,  s.  [Pref.  re-,  and 
Eng.  assimilation  (q.v.).]  The  act  of  reas- 
similating  ;  the  state  of  being  reassimilated. 

*  re-as-sd-ol'-ate  (c  as  gh),  v.t.    [Pref.  re-, 
and  Eng.  associate  (q.v.).]     To  bring  together 
or  into  company  again. 

"But  some  euyll  dispoeyd,  which  in  Buspeclons  con- 
gregacion  euer  vse  to  exyte  and  styre  the  people  viito 
ruhbynge  and  other  viilefull  actia,  reattociaU  them." 
—Fabyan,  voL  ii.  (an.  1399). 

re-as-sume',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  assume 
(q.v.).]  To  assume  again  ;  to  resume  ;  to  take 
again. 

"  Even  now  to  reatmme  the  imperial  mien." 

lifron:  Childe  Harold,  iii.  M. 

re-as-sump'-tlon  (p  silent),  *.  [Pref.  re-, 
and  Eng.  assumption  (q.v.).]  The  act  of  re- 
assuming  ;  a  new  or  second  assumption. 

re  as  siir   an9c  (siir  as  sniir),  s.    [Pref. 
re-,  and  Eng.  a^turance  (q.v.).J 
1.  A  repeated  or  renewed  assurance. 
*  2.  Reinsurance. 

"  No  reauurance  shall  be  lawful  except  the  former 
Insurer  shall  be  insolvent,  a  bankrupt,  or  dead."— 
Blaclutone :  Comment.,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  80. 

re  as  sure  (siir  as  sbiir),  v.t.  [Pref.  re-, 
and  Eng.  assure  (q.v.).] 

1.  To  assure  anew  ;  to  give  fresh  courage  or 
assurance  to  ;  to  free  from  fear  or  alarm. 

"  Few  words  to  reauure  the  trembling  fair." 

Byron  :  Coriair,  11.  4. 

2.  To  reinsure  (q.v.). 

"  En  'tU  too  late  wish'd  health  to  reattiirt." 

Churchill :  Gotham,  bk.  1IL 

re-as  siir  er  (siir  as  shur),  t.  [Eng.  re- 
ansur(e);  -er.]  One  who  reassures. 

reas'-tl'-ne'ss,  s.  [Eng.  reasty  ;  -ntss.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  reasty  or  rancid  ; 
rancidness. 

reas  ty,  Teas-tye,  o.  [RUSTT.)  Rusty, 
rancid.  (Applied  to  dry  meat.) 

"  Bakon  that  was  rrailye." 

Skelton :  flinour  Ramming. 

re  a'-ta,  «.  [Sp.]  A  raw-hide  rope,  used  in 
Mexico  and  California  for  lassoing  horse*  or 
mules. 

reate.  s.  (Ger.  riet,  reid.]  A  term  applied  to 
several  varieties  of  water-weeds,  as  the  float- 
ing Water  Crow-foot,  JUmunculHsfluituns. 

"  To  kill  water-weeds,  as  wat*r.lllle»,  candock*.  reate, 
acd  bulrushes."—  Walton  :  Angler. 


re-at-ta9b ,  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Bug.  attack 
(q.v.).]  To  attach  anew  or  afre*li. 

re-at-tach'-ment,  s.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
attachment  (q.v.).]  The  act  of  reattaching ; 
the  state  of  being  reattached  ;  specif.,  iu  law, 
a  second  attachment  of  me  who  was  formerly 
attached  and  dismissed  the  court  sine  die, 
owing  to  the  absence  of  the  justices  or  from 
some  such  cause. 

re-at-tain',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Bug.  attain 
(q.v.).]  To  attain  to,  gain,  or  procure  again. 


"  f  He]  reattfiitu  again 
rhich  again  was  lost  for  all  his  pain.' 

Daniel :  Ci.rU  Wart,  T. 


re-at-tempt'  (p  silent),  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and 
Eng.  attempt  (q.v.).j  To  attempt  again  or  a 
second  time. 

"  Disposing  of  his  voyage  then  to  be  rtattempted."— 
JMtaurt:  logaaet,  iii.  iss. 

Re'-au-mnr,  «.  [Rene  Antoine  Ferchanlt  de 
Reaumur,  1683-1757,  entomologist  and  physi- 
cist) (Stee  compound.) 

Reaumur's  scale,  -. 

Thfrmology  :  A  scale  for  a  thermometer,  in 
which,  the  two  fixed  points  being  as  in  the 
Centigrade,  the  division  is  into  eighty  instead 
of  a  hundred  parts.  It  is  still  occasionally 
used. 

re  au  miir  -I  a,  s.    [REAUMUR.] 

Bot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Reaumuriacete 
(q.v.).  At  Alexandria  the  bruised  leaves  of 
Iteaumuria  rermiculata  are  applied  externally, 
and  a  decoction  of  them  given  internally,  as  a 
cure  for  the  itch. 

re-an-mnr-I-a'-oi-n,  «.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat. 
reaumuri(a)  ;  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -acete.] 

Bot.  :  Reatimuriads  ;  an  order  of  Hypogynou* 
Exogens,  alliance  Guttifernles.  Small  shrubs, 
with  fleshy,  scale  -  like  exstipulate  leaves, 
covered  with  resinous  sunk  glands.  Flowery 
surrounded  by  imbri«atrd  bracts  ;  petals  five, 
hypogynons,  with  unequal  sides;  stamens 
definite  or  indefinite,  monadelj'hous  or  polya- 
delphous. Fruit  capsular,  two-  to  flve-val  veil, 
two  to  five-celled,  seeds  definite  iu  each  cell. 
From  the  coast  of  the  Mediterranean  and  the 
salt  plains  of  temperate  Asia.  Known  genera 
three,  species  four.  (Limilty.) 

re-an-mur'-I-ad,  s.  [Mod.  Lat.  reaunturi(a)  ; 
Eng.  sutf.  -ail.} 
Bot.  (PL):  The  Reaumuriaceae.    (l.indley.) 

*  reave,  *  reve,  v.t.  &  t.    [A.S.  reaHan  =  to 
spoil,  to  des|>oil,  from  reaj—  cloihing  .  . 
plunder  ;   cogn.    with   IceL   rau/a  =  t>»  rob, 
from    ravj  =  spoil  ;  Ger.    rauben  =  to    rob. 
Reave  and  rub  are  doublets.] 

A.  Tmnsitire: 

1.  To  take  away,  as  by  stealth  or  violence. 

"  Next  we  reare  thy  sword." 

Beaum.  t  net.  :  f  night  of  Holla,  r. 

2.  To  deprive,  to  bereave. 

"  Butcher  sire,  that  rearei  his  son  of  life." 

SkaJtetp.  :  renut  t  AJunit.  nt. 

B.  [ntrans.  :  To  rob,  to  steal,  t«>  plunder. 

"  To  slink  thro'  slaps,  an'  reate  an'  uteal." 

Burnt  :  Death  of  Poor  Jtailie. 

•reav'-er,  •rev'-er,  *reyv-er,  «.    I  Eng. 

reav(e)  ;    -er.]       One    who    robs,    steals,    or 
plunders  ;  a  robber. 

"  There  is  nother  .  .  .  robhen  nor  re*ren."—Bef- 
inn  :  froiuart  ;  Cronyctt,  vol.  Ii.,  ch.  xxlll. 


--,   v.t.     [Pref.   re-,  and  Eng.  otww 
(q.'v.).]    To  avow  again  or  anew. 

re-a-wake',  r.t.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  avakt 
(q.'v.).]    To  awake  again. 

re'-bab,  re  -bfib,  <.    [REBKC.] 

•  re  -band'-^d,  o.   [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  banded.  ] 
Adorned  with  bands. 

••  Ktbanded  with  nettw  of  silver."-J?oa.-  Chronicle 
(t&SO). 

*  re-bin'-  Ish,  v.t.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  banish 
(q.v.).]    To  banish  again  or  a  second  time. 

"  Keepe  our  rebaniih*d  fugitives  from  returning."— 
Bp.  Ball:  A  Centure  of  Tra»eU,  \  Ii. 

*  re-bap'  -tism,  «.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  bap- 
tism (q.v.).]    A  second  or  repeated  baptism. 

•  re-bap  -tlst,  *.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  baptitt 

(q.v.).  J    One  who  baptizes  again  ;  one  who  i* 
re  baptized. 


boil,  bo>;  poUt,  jo%l;  eat,  90!!,  chorus,  9hiu,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.    -Ing. 
-dan,    tian  =  shan.     tlon,    sion  =  shun;  -\ion.  -fion  =  ih&n.    -oious,  -tiou»,  Hsloos  =  shfts.   -ble,  -die,  <kc.  =  bel,  del. 


3900 


rebaptization— rebound 


•  re-bap-tl-za'-tion,  s.     [Fr.  rebaptisation.] 
A  second  baptism  ;  renewal  of  baptism. 

"  ID  maintenance  of  rtbnvHiatvm,  their  anjumfnts 
•re  built  upon  this,  that  heretic)"  are  not  miy  part  of 
the  churcn  of  Christ."— Hooker :  Ecctet.  Polity,  bk.  r., 
161. 

•  re  bap  tize ,  r.t.     [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  bap- 
tize (q.v.).J    To  baptize  a  second  time. 

"  His  wife  received,  the  patriarch  rebaptixrd  him." 
Of  ran  :  lieppo.  9*. 

1f  From  a  Catholic  point  of  view,  to  rcliap- 
tize  (i.e.,  to  baptize  a  person  validly  baptized) 
is  to  commit  a  sacrilege.  In  all  cases,  how- 
ever, where  any  doubt  exists  as  to  the  validity 
of  the  sacrament,  from  any  cause,  conditional 
baptism  is  given.  The  condition  (Si  non  es 
baptizatus)  is  now  always  expressed,  though 
in  the  early  ages  of  the  Church  it  was  only 
implied. 

•  re-bap-tiz'-OT,  *.     [Eng.  rtbaptiz(t) ;  -er.] 
One  who  rebaptizes;  an  Anabaptist  (q.v.). 


•re-bar-bar-I-za'-tion,  s.  [Eng.  rebar- 
bari2(e);  -ation.]  The  net  of  reharbarizing ; 
the  state  of  being  reduced  again  to  barbarism. 

•  re-bar" -bar-ize,  v.t.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
barbarize  (qJv.).]    To  reduce  again  to  a  state 
of  barbarism ;  to  make  barbarous  a  second 
time. 

re" -bate',  v.t.  &  i.    [O.  Fr.  rebntre,  from  re-  = 
back,  and  batre  (Fr.  battre),  from  Low  Lat. 
bateo ;  Lat  batuo  =  to  beat] 
A.  Transitive  : 

1.  To  make  blunt ;  to  deprive  of  sharpness 
or  keenness  ;  to  blunt ;  to  render  obtuse. 

"  He  doth  reb'i'f  and  blunt  his  natural  edge." 

Shatetp.  :  Meaturtfor  feature,  i.  T. 

2.  To  make  less  ;  to  diminish,  to  reduce ;  to 
deduct  or  make  a  discount  from. 

*  3.  To  abate,  to  lessen. 

"  I  xal  ser  here  the  same  here  (orwys  to  rebate." 
Coventry  Hy&erie*.  p.  7ft. 

*  B.  Intrant. :  To  abate  ;  to  draw  back. 

"  He  begin  a  little  to  rebate  from  certain  point*  of 
popery."— fox  :  Marian,  p.  l.aiL 

re-bate  (1),  *.    [RABBET.] 

re-bate  (2),  >.  [Etym.  doubtful ;  prob.  the 
same  as  rebate,  S.) 

1.  A  kmd  of  hard  freestone  used  in  pave- 
ments. 

2.  A  piece  of  wood  fastened  to  a  handle  for 
beating  mortar. 

re-bate'  (3),  *.    [REBATE,  v.] 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  Diminution,  lessening,  abate- 
ment. 
IL  Technically: 

1.  Comm. :  Abatement  in  price ;  discount, 
deduction.     . 

"  fleb-itt  fl»l  the  abating  from  the  Interest  of  money 
in  consideration  of  prompt  payment."— Joco* :  Law 
Dictinnary. 

2.  Her. :  A  diminution  or  abatement  of  the 
bearings  in  a  coat  of  arms,  as  wh«n  the  top  or 
point  of  a  weapon  is  broken  off,  or  a  part  of  a 
cross  cut  off. 

H  Rebate  and  discnunt : 

Arith. :  A  rule  by  which  abatements  and 
discounts  upon  ready-money  payments  are 
calculated. 

r6-bat  -ed,  a,    [REBATE  (3),  «.] 

Her. :  Having  the  points  broken  off  or  cut 
short. 

•re-bate'-ment,  s.  [Eng.  rebate,  T.  ;  -ment.] 
Diminution,  rebate. 

"  He  inaile  narrowed  rest*  round  about  |ln  the  mar- 
fin,  uarruwiugs  ur  rrbaiemeiitt\"— 1  kingi  vi.  t. 

•  re-ba  -to,  ».  [RABATO.]  A  kind 
of  ruff 

"Spangle*,  embroideries,  shailown, 
Tfbatoet.  —  HurtoH :  Anatomy  of  Hal- 
ot«*o/»,  p.  4TS. 

•  re-beat' -en,  o.   [Pref.  re-,  and 
Eng.   beaten  (q.v.).]    Beaten  or 
driven  back. 

"  Rebeutfn    backe    npon    hlmnelfe 
againe." 

ave,.*r  :  F.  O.,  VL  rul  10. 

re  bee,  re  -bgck,  ».  [O.  Fr. 
rebec,  rebebe,  from  Ital.  ribecca, 
ribebba,  from  Per*,  nibdb.] 

Mnsic:  The  English  nameofathree-strinjred 
Instrument  phyed  with  a  l>ow.  It  was  of  Ara- 
bian or  Turkish  origin,  and  in  its  earliest  form 


it  probably  had  a  long  neck  and  small  round 
body,  made  of  cocoa-nut  shell,  or  some  such 
material,  over  which  parchment  was  stretHied 
to  form  the  sound-l>oard.  After  its  introduc- 
tion into  Europe,  the  third  string  was  added, 
for  although  the  Persians  have  now  a  three- 
stringed  rebab,  the  older  form  was  probably 
only  two-stringed.  After  its  introduction  into 
England,  the  rebec  gradually  assumed  the 
form  of  a  viol,  of  which  it  was  the  precursor. 

"  When  the  merry  bells  rintf  round, 
And  the  jocund  rebeck*  souud." 

JIMcni :  L  Allegro.  M. 

*  Re'-be'c'-ca,  s.    [See  def.]    A  name  given  to 

the  leader  of  certain  Welsh  rioters  in  1843, 
whose  object  was  to  demolish  turnpike  gates. 
The  leader  and  his  followers  were  dressed  in 
women's  clothes,  and  were  known  as  "  Rel>ecca 
and  her  daughters."  The  name  was  taken 
from  Rebekali,  the  bride  of  Isaac.  When  she 
left  her  father's  house,  Laban  and  his  family 
"blessed  her,"  and  said,  "  Thou  art  our  sister 
...  let  thy  seed  possess  the  gate  of  those 
that  bate  them  "  (Gen.  xxiv.  60). 

* Re'-beV-ca-Ifm,  ».  [Eng.  Rebecca;  -ism.] 
The  practices  or  principles  of  the  Rebeccaites. 

»  RS-be'o'-ea-ite,  ».  [Eng.  Rebecca;  -ite.]  A 
member  of  the  Rebecca  association. 

*  re-bekke,  s.    [REBEC.] 

rSb'-eL  *reb-ell,  a.  &  ».  [Fr.  rebeUe,  from 
Lat.  rebellem,  accus.  of  rebeUis  =  rebellious, 
renewing  war,  from  re-  =  back,  again,  and 
be/turn  =  war;  O.  Sp.  rebeUe.  rebele;  Sp. 
rebrMie;  Ital.  ribelU,  ribello.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Rebellious. 

"  To  thluk  that  Caesar  bean  «nch  rebel  blood." 
Shaketp. :  Julia,  Catar.  Ui.  1. 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  One  who  revolts  from  or  opposes  the  law- 
ful government  to  which  he  owes  allegiance, 
as  by  renouncing  its  authority,  or  by  taking 
up  arms  against  it ;  one  who  defies  and  seeks 
to  overthrow  the  authority  to  whicli  he  is  law- 
fully subject ;  a  revolter,  an  insurgent. 

*  2.  One  who  refuses  to  obey  any  superior  ; 
one  who  defies  or  seta  at  nought  the  order  of  a 
court.  (Bouvier.) 

rS-beT,  're-belle,  v.i.  [Fr.  rebeller,  from 
Lat,  rebello,  from  rebellis  =  rebel  (q.v.);  Sp. 
rebelar ;  Port,  rebeUar ;  Ital.  rcbellare.] 

L  To  rise  up  against  the  authority  to  which 
one  owes  allegiance ;  to  renounce  the  authority 
of,  or  take  up  arms  against  the  government  of 
lawfully  constituted  authorities. 

"  Twelve  years  they  served  Ctiedorlaomer.  and  in  the 
thirteenth  year  they  rebelled."— Qen.  zir.  t 

2.  To  defy  or  refuse  to  obey  the  order  of  a 
superior  ;  to  shake  off  subjection. 


3.  To  turn  with  loathing  or  disgust ;  to  con- 
ceive a  loathing :  as,  The  stomach  rebels  at 
nauseous  food. 

*  rSiy-el-dim,  «.  [Eng.  rebel;  -don.]  Re- 
bellious conduct ;  rebels  collectively. 

•rS-bel'-ler,  ».  [Eng.  rebel,  v. ;  -er.]  One  who 
rebels  ;  a  rebel. 

"  A  contlnuall  rtbMtr  agaynirte  Ood,"—rdal :  Luke 
zzL 

rS-bell-ion  (1  as  y),  ».  [Fr.,  from  Lat. 
rthellionem,  accus.  of  rebellio,  from  rebellis  = 
rebel  (q.v.);  Sp.  rebelion;  Ital.  ribeUione.] 

•1.  A  revolt  or  open  resistance  against  a 
government  by  a  nation  that  had  been  sub- 
dued in  war  ;  a  renewed  war. 

2.  The  act  of  retelling;  an  open  insurrection 
against  the  authority  of  the  government  to 
which  one  owes  allegiance  ;  the  taking  up  of 
arms  to  resist  the  Authority  of  lawful  govern- 
ment ;  revolt,  insurrection. 

"  Then  shall  yon  find  thii  name  of  liberty. 
The  wattti-wurd  of  rrfr*"i<m  ever  us'd." 

Daniel :  Civil  Wart.  11. 

3.  Open  defiance  of,  or  resistance  to  lawful 
authority ;  sedition,  mutiny. 

f  0)   The  Southern  Rebellion  : 

Amer.  Ha.:  The  Confederate  revolt  apainut 
the  government  of  the  United  States  (1861- 
1865),  which  ended  in  the  restoration  of  the 
Uuion  of  the  States  and  the  abolition  of  the 
institution  uf  slavery,  to  which  the  outbreak 
wa»  due, 

(2)   The  Engluh  Rebellion  : 

Sug.  Hitt. :  The  struggle  between  Parlia- 
ment and  Charles  I.  and  Charles  II.  (1641- 
1660). 


*  rS-bell'-ion-Ist  (i  as  y),  <.     [Bug.  rc^-^ 
lion ;  -itt.]    One  in  favour  of  rebellion;  aa 
advocate  of  rel>elliou. 

re-bell-ious  (1  as  y),  a.    [Eng.  rebel ;  -tout.] 

1.  Engaged  in  rel>ellion ;    resisting  or  re- 
nouncing tlie  authority  of  the  government  to 
which  one  owes  allegiance  ;  opposing  lawful 
authority  ;  mutinous. 

"  nebelliaut  slaves  I  if  soft  persua-ion  fall. 
More  formidable  terrors  «li  *lt  prevail." 

Ooldmith :  A  a  Oratorio.  L 

2.  Characterized  by  rel«ellion  or  opposition 
to  lawful  authority  ;  mutinous. 

rebellious  assembly, «. 

Law  :  A  gathering  "f  twelve  or  more  persons, 
intending,  going  alKiut,  or  practising  unlaw- 
fully, and  of  their  own  authority,  to  change 
any  laws  of  the  realm,  or  to  destroy  any 
property,  or  to  do  any  other  unlawful  act- 

rS-bell-ioiis-1?  (1  as  y),  * re-bell-ious- 

lie,  ailv.  [Eng.  rebellious;  -ly.]  In  a  rclwl- 
lions  manner ;  with  rebellious  opposition  to, 
or  disregard  of,  lawful  authority. 

"  Moreoner  hi*  owne  people,  speuiallle  his  lords  and 

barons,  lieing  rebelli  >mlit  luciud  ayanut  him."— fox: 

Martiirt,  p.  230  (au.  1212). 

*  r6-bell  -ious-ness  (i  as  y),  *.    [Eng.  re- 
bellious ;  -ness.}    The  quality  or  state  of  being 
rebellious. 

"  The  iraiwardnesM  of  his  own  clertrie.  or  rather  re- 
bellivusenexse  lit  during  U>  decree  nud  urdeiue  lawea 
agaiiist  him."— Fax :  martfrt,  p.  299  (an.  I-^CIJ. 

*  re-beT-ldw,  v.i.     [Pref.  re-,  and  Ens.  bellow 
(q.v.).]     To  bellow  in  return  ;  to  echo  back  t 
loud  noise. 

"  On  every  hand  rebrllov'd  to  tbrlr  Joy 
The  (welling  sea.  the  rocks,  aud  vocal  hills." 

Thmaon  :  Librrty.  lit  Mi, 

*  re-bS-loved',  o.    [Pret.  re-,  and  Eng.  be- 
loved (q.v.).]     Loved  in  return. 

"  Erickmon  lanrulsht  all  thla  while 

Not  rtbelove'l  long." 
Warner :  Album  England,  bk.  vii.,  ch.  xxxvl 

re  bend -ing,  a.  fPref.  re-,  and  Eng.  bending 
(q.v.).] 

Her. :  Bent  first  one  way  and  then  the  oth»r- 
like  the  letter  8 ;  the  same  as  UOWED-IMBOWED. 

re-bit'-Ing,  «.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  biting 
(q.v.).] 

Engraving :  A  process  for  deepening  the  lines 
on  engraved  plates. 

re-biggs',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  blest  (q.r.}.] 
To  bless  again. 

"  He  (ball  rebleu  thee  with  ten  thousand  blisses," 
Uaoiet :  lloly  KaoJx.  p.  1*. 

*  re-bloom',  v.i.     [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  bloom 
(q.v.).]    To  bloom  or  blossom  again  or  afresh, 

"  I  travelled  then  till  health  again  resumed 
Its  former  seat— I  must  nut  nay  rr6/>»<nT<f." 

Crabbe:  TaJet  of  Ote  Ball.  -riL 

*  re  bios -som,  v.i.      [Pref.   re-,  ami    Eng. 
blnssom  (q.v.).]    To  blossom  again  or  afresh  ; 
to  rebloom. 

*  re-blue',  *  re-blew,  v.t.    [Pref.  re-,  and 
Eng.  blue  (q.v.).]    To  make  blue  again. 

"  Brightly  now  reblrnfa 
Our  cloudy  sky."          SylKUtr :  Handy  CrafU,  11. 

•re-bo'-ant,  a.  [I^it.  reboans,  pr.  par.  of 
reboo,  fn>in  re-  =  again,  and  600  =  to  cry  aloud, 
to  bellow.]  Rebellowing ;  loudly  resounding. 
(Browning.) 

*  re-bd-a'-tlon,  ».     [T^at.  reboatum,  snp.   of 
reboo.}  (REBOANT.)  A  rebellowing  ;  the  return 
of  a  loud  liellowing  sound. 

"  The  rrbmirinn  of  an  universal  groan."— Patrick. 
Dtti.ie  Aritbnutick,  p.  2. 

•re-boil',  *re-bolle.  're-boyle,  v.i.  &  t 
[Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  &o«J(q.v.).J 
A.  Intransitive: 
1.  To  boil  again. 


2.  To  take  fire  ;  to  become  hot  or  angry  ;  to 
fire  up. 

"Some  of  his  compsnyons  therat  rtboyl't\,  Infam- 
ynge  hym  to  be  a  manue  without  charytie."— Sir  T 
Ely* :  Oofernour,  bk.  iL,  ch.  vii. 

B.  Trans.  :  To  boil  again  or  a  second  time. 

re-bd'-SO,  *.  [Sp.]  A  srarf  or  long  shnwl 
worn  over  the  hea<l  and  shoulders  by  Spanish 
women  iu  the  southern  states  of  North 
America. 

re -bound',  v.i.  &  t.  [Fr.  rebowlir,  from  re-  9 
back,  and  bondir=  to  leap,  to  Umnd.] 


fite,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wit,  here,  cameL  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go.  pit, 
or,  wore,  wplf,  work,  who,  son ;  mate,  eftb,  cure,  unite,  oar.  rale,  full :  try,  Syrian.    ae,o9  =  6;ey  =  a;<iu  =  lew* 


reb  ound— re  cantat  ion 


3901 


A.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  bound,  leap,  or  spring  hack  ;  to  start 
or  fly  back  by  elastic  foice  after  impact  oil 
another  body. 

"  Shell  and  ball 
Rebounding  idly  on  her  strength  did  light." 

Uyron  :  thilde  Barold.  ill  i*. 

*  2.  To  re-echo,  to  resound: 

"  The  whole  grove  echoes,  Htid  the  hills  rebound* 
Cowprr:   VirgO.;  JSneid  vili. 

*  3.  To  take  bounds  or  leaps  ;  to  bound. 

"  Aluiig  the  court  the  fiery  steeds  rebound." 

Pope  :  Homer  ;  Wytiry  zv.  160. 

*  B.  Trans.  :  To  cause  to  fly  back  ;  to  re- 
echo, to  reverberate  ;  to  throw  or  give  back. 

"  Flowers  .  .  .  gathered''!  by  religious  hands, 
Rebound    their  sweets    from   tli'  odoriferous  pave- 
ment."       Prior  :  Second  Bymn  of  CnUimachut. 

re-bound',  «.  [REBOUND,  v.]  The  act  of  re- 
bounding or  flying  back  by  elastic  force  after 
impact  on  another  body  ;  resilience. 

"  lie  who  of  old  would  rend  the  oak 
Dreaiu'd  not  of  the  rrbound." 

Byron:  Ode  to  Xapoleon. 

*  re-bound'-er,  *.    [Eng.  rebound  ;  -er.] 

Firearms  :  A  contrivance  in  a  gun-lock  for 
throwing  the  h.immer  lack  from  the  nipple 
after  striking  and  exploding  the  cap. 

*  re-bra9e',  v.t.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  brace,  v. 
(q.v.).]    To  brace  again  or  anew. 

"  Retrace 
The  slackeu'd  sinews."  Gray:  Ayriiipina. 

*  rc-breathe,  v.t.  fPref.  re-,  and  Eng.  breathe 
(q.v.).]    To  breathe  again. 

"  Hope  to  rebreath-  that  air  you  tasted  first  " 

Ueywood  :  Challenge/or  Beauty. 

*re'-buc'-ous,  a.    [REBUKOUS.] 


,  s.  [Ital.  rebuff",  riftttjfo  =  a  reproof; 
ritnt/are  =  to  repulse,  from  ri-  (=  Lat.  re-)  = 
back,  and  bv/o  —  a  puff;  Fr.  rebiiffade.] 

*  1.  A  beating,  driving,  or  forcing  back  ;  re- 
percussion. 

"  The  strong  rebuff  of  some  tumultuous  cloud." 

SI  ii  ton:  P.  L..IL3X. 

2.  A  check,  a  defeat,  a  repulse. 

"  A  clear  exiwmre  of  the  rebuff  we  received."— 
Burke:  On  a  Regicide  t'enrf,  let.  J. 

3.  A  refusal  or  rejection  of  solicitations  or 
advances. 

"  Her  heart,  he  sure,  1*  not  of  ice, 
And  one  refusal  no  rebuff." 

Byron  :  Mazrppa,  vi. 

•rS-bufl",  v.t.  [REBUFF,  5.]  To  beat  or  drive 
back  ;  to  repel  ;  to  reject  or  repulse  solicita- 
tions or  advances. 

"  While  in  words  rebuffing  the  representative*  of 
labour,  he  was  on  their  side  at  heart.'  —tlorning  Pott, 
Nov.  28,  UK. 

*  re-buf-fet,  v.t.     [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  bii/et 
(q.v.).]  To  buffet  again  ;  to  beat  back  ;  to  rebuff. 

re  -build',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  build 
(q.v.).]  To  build  again  ;  to  build  or  construct 
after  demolition  or  destruction. 

"  Rebuild  the  peasant's  ruined  cot." 

Scott  :  Rokebi,  IT.  28. 

rc  build'  -er,  5.  [Eng.  rebuild;  -er.]  One 
•who  rebuilds  ;  one  who  builds  again  after 
demolition  or  destruction. 

re-built',  pa.  par.  or  a.    [REBUILD.] 

*  re-buk'-a-ble,  *  re-buke'-a-ble,  n. 

[En;;.  rebuke);  -able.]    Fit  or  deserving  to  be 
rebuked  ;  reprehensible,  disgraceful. 

-  llebukable 
And  worthy  shameful  check  It  were." 

Khakct/j.  :  A  ntony  t  Cleopatra,  IT.  4. 

rS-buke',  v.t.  [O.  Fr.  rebouquer  (Fr  retoucher) 
=  to  dull,  to  blunt,  from  Lat  re-  =  back,  and 
bucca  =  the  chock.) 

1.  To  check  with  reproof  ;  to  chide  ;  to 
reprimand  sharply  ;  to  reprove. 

"  Kebukc  me  not  for  that  which  yon  provoke." 

Sh*ikn/>.  :  Lore't  Labour  t  Lott,  T.  1, 

*  2.  To  check,  to  restrain,  to  quell. 

"  To  rebnke  the  usurpation  nf  thy  uncle." 

Shaltetp.  :  King  John,  11. 

*3.  To  buffet,  to  beat  down  to  thrash,  to 
bruise.  (Btaum.  <t  Fletcher.) 

*  4.  To  chastise,  to  punish. 

"  Tlie  gods  rebuke  roe  I" 

Shaltetp.  :  Antony  i  Cleopatra,  T.  L 

rS-bulie',  «.    [REBUKE,  «.] 

1.  The  act  of  rebuking;  a  reproof  or  repri- 
m.-'.nd  ;  a  severe  or  direct  reprimand  ;  repre- 
hension. 

"  One  rebutt  is  not  sufficient"—  P.  Holland  ! 
Pltnie,  bk.  zxzviL.  ch.  lit 


*  2.  A  counter-blow  ;  a  blow  in  return. 

"  He  gave  him  so  terrible  a  rebuke  upon  the  fore- 
head with  his  heel.  that  he  laid  him  at  hi*  length."— 
—L'Ettrunge:  f  ablet. 

*  3.  Check,  restraint,  chastisement,  punish- 
ment. 

"  Rebuke  and  dread  correction  wait  on  as." 

1  Henry  IT.,  T.  L 


*  rS-buke'-fal,  *  re-buk-ful,  a.  [Eng. 
rebuke  ;  -fuUJ.).]  Containing  rebuke  ;  full  of 
rebukes. 


*  rS-buke'-ful-l^,  adv.   [Enjr.  rebvkeful ;  -ly.] 

In  a  rebukeful  manner  ;  with  rebuke  or  repre- 
hension. 

"  Lest*  paranenture  he  wyl  gyue  to  the  a  feyned 
tbauke,  and  a(t-r  reporte  robukefully  of  the."— Sir  T. 
Klyot:  The  Oonrnour,  bk.  ill.,  ch.  zzvii. 

re-buk'-er,  *.  [Eng.  rebuk(e\  v. ;  -er.]  One 
who  rebukes  or  reproves  ;  a  c.hider. 

"  We  are  scorned  all  the  daie  long  of  fooluhe 
rebukm.-—Foi :  Martyrt,  p.  1,16*. 

re-buk'-Irig,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [REBUKE,  «.] 

"re-buk'-ing-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  rebuking;  -ly.] 
In  a  rebuking  manner ;  with  reproofs  or  re- 
bukes. 

*  rS-buk'-ous,    » re-buc'-ous,  a.     [Eng. 
rebuk(e) ;  -ous.\    Rebuking,  rebukeful,  chiding. 


'  At  whose  departynge  she  gane  vnto  hym  many 
htcout    wordys,    sayinge    playulye.    tlmt    if    hyr 
huslonde  eu<-r  retoumydT  she  wolde  of  that  velony  be 


rebucout    wordys,    saymge    playulye.    tlmt    if    hyr 
buslwnde  eitrr  retoumydT  she  ivolde  of  that  velon 
reuenged."— Fabnan:  Chronicle,  vol.  ii.  (au.  ISM). 

*  re-bfil-li'-tion,  *.     [Lat.   rebullitun,  snp. 
of  rebttllio.]    The  act  of  boiling  up  cr  effer- 
vescing. 

"  There  may  be  a  rebullltion  in  that  busines*."— 
ffuvell:  Additional  Letter,,  p.  ML 

*  re-bno"jK,  v.t.     [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  buoy,  v. 
(q.v.).]    To  buoy,  raise,  or  sustain  again. 

"  Some,  with  hope  replenlnh'd  and  rebuoyed." 

Byron  :  Childe  Harold,  v.  M. 

re-bur'-^  (U  as  8),  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
bury  (q.v.).]  To  bury  again  or  a  second  time. 

"  He  caused  her  body  to  be  rc*>uried  la  St.  Marie* 
Church  in  Oxford,  with  great  poiup  and  solemnity."— 
Athmole:  Berk.,  L.  1M. 

re  -bus,  ».  [Lat  ablative  pi.  of  res  =  a  thing, 
referring  to  the  representation  of  names,  ic., 
by  things.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  A  word,  name,  or  phrase 
represented  by  the  figure  of  an  object  which 
resembles  in  sound  the  words,  or  syllables  of 
the  words,  indicated ;  an  enigmatical  repre- 
sentation of  words  by  the  use  of  figures  or 
pictures;   thus,  a  bolt  and  a  run  represent 
Bolton. 

"  Some  citizen*,  wanting  arm*,  have  coined  them- 
selves  certain  devices  alluding  to  ti.eir  names,  which 
we  rail  rebut :  Master  Ju*ui«  the  printer,  in  matiy  of 
his  books,  took,  to  n- 
press  his  name,  a  night- 
ingale sitting  in  a  bush 
with  a  scroll  In  her 
month,  wherein  waa 
•written,  Jusge.  Jugge, 
Jugge."  —  Peacham  :  On 
Drawing. 

2.  Her  :  A  device 
Intended  to  represent 
a  proper  name  by  a 
picture ;  a  bearing  or 
bearings  upon  a  coat 
of  arms,   containing 
an   allusion    to   the 
name  of  the  owner : 

as  in  the  coat  of  the 

family     of    Arches,       „.„  OF  .,.„„,  „„. 
which     consists     of  YIOTUM. 

three     arches,     two 

simple  and  one  double,  borne  on  a  shield  ; 
and  that  of  the  Dobell  family,  who  bore  on  a 
sable  shield  a  doe  passant,  between  three  bell* 
argent  In  the  illustration,  a  beacon  fixed  in 
a  tun  represents  Beckyngton  (Bishop  of  Bath 
and  Wells  in  the  fifteenth  century). 

*  re '-bus,   v.t.     [REBUS,  *.]    To  express  or 
represent  in  or  by  a  rebus. 

r5-but',  •  re-bntte,  v.t.  &  i  [O.  Fr.  rtbmiter 
to  repulse,  to  drive  back  from  re  =  back, 
and  boutfr—  to  thrust] 

A.  TramrUive: 

*  1.  To  thrust  back  or  repel  by  fore* ;  to 
repulse ;  to  beat  luck. 

2.  To  repel  or  refute,  as  by  counter  evidence : 
specif.,  in  law,  to  oppose  by  argument,  plea, 
or  countervailing  proof. 

"  Evidence  ready  to  rebut  a  charge."— Hacaulay  : 
Bitt.  Kna..  ch  zviii. 


B.  Intransitive: 

•  I.  Ord.  Lang.  :  To  retire. 

"  Themselves  too  mdely  ricoroua. 
Astouied  with  the  stroke  of  their  owue  hand. 
Doe  backo  rcbutie.  and  each  to  other  yealdethland.* 
Sptttttr  :  r  V-.  L  ii-  U. 
IL  Technically: 

1.  Curling:  To  drive  the  stone  at  hazard 
and  with  great  force  towards  the  tee,  in  the 
hope   of   some  advantage  resulting   to    the 
player's  side  by  hitting  the  other  stones  at  or 
round  the  tee. 

2.  Law  :  To  make  or  put  in  an  answer. 

'  "  The  defendant  may  rebut  ;  and  the  plaintiff 
answer  him  by  a  sur-rebutur."—  Blactstone  .  Com- 
ment., bk.  ill.,  ch.  i 

*  re-but'-tal,  «.  [Eng.  rebut  ;  •«!.]  Tlie  act 
of  rebutting  or  refuting  ;  refutation,  confuta- 
tion, contradiction. 

re-bftf  -tir,  *.     [Eng.  rebut  ;  -er.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  One  who  rebuts  or  refutes. 

2.  f-aw  :  Tlie  answer  of  a  defendant  to  a 
plaintiffs  sur-rejoinder.     [PLEADING,  C.  11.  2, 
REBUT,  B.  II.  2.] 


,  *.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
cadency  (q.v.).]  The  act  or  state  of  falling 
back  or  descending  a  second  time  ;  relapse. 

"  Suspected    of    nnaonndues*    and     rrcadency.'— 
Mountague  :  Dtroute  Ettayet. 

rS-Cal'-cI-trant,  a.  [Lat.  rewlcitrans,  pr. 
par.  of  recalcitro  =  to  kick  back  :  re-  =  baelc, 
and  calcitro  =  to  kick  ;  calx  (genit.  calcit)  = 
the  heel.]  Kicking  back  ;  hence,  refractory, 
not  submissive  ;  exhibiting  repugnance. 


*  rg-cal'-fl-trate,  v.i.  4  1. 

A.  Intrant.  :  To  kick  back  ;  hence,  to  ex- 
hibit repugnance  or  resistance  ;  to  be  refrac- 
tory. 

B.  Trnns.  :  To   kick   against  ;  to   exhibit 
repugnance  or  resistance  to. 

*r§-cal-9l-tra'-tlon,  «.  [RECALCITRANT.] 
The  state  of  being  recalcitrant  ;  repugnance, 
opposition,  refractoriness. 

re-call',  *  rS-cal',  t.i.  [Pref.  re-,  and  En$ 
recall,  v.  (q.v.).] 

1.  To  call  back. 

2.  To  take  back  ;  to  withdraw. 

"  Recall  thine  oath  :  and  to  her  elan 
FOOT  Gyntth  can  return  agen. 

Scott  :  Bridal  of  Triermain,  U.  tl. 

8.  To  revoke;  to  annul  by  a  subsequent  act 

"  Now  if  my  act  be  good,  a*  I  believe  it, 
It  cannot  be  rerulled." 

Longfellow  :  Golden  Legend,  ri. 

4.  To  call  back  to  mind  ;  to  recollect  ;  to 
revive  in  memory. 

5.  To  call  or  summon  back  from  a  place, 
post,  or  mission  :  as,  To  recall  an  ambassadoi 
from  a  foreign  court 

re-call',  *  r§-cal',  ».    [RECALL,  v.] 

1.  The  axjt  of  calling  back  ;  revocation. 

2,  The   power   of  recalling,    revoking,    or 
annulling. 

"  Other  decree* 
Against  thee  an  gone  forth,  without  r*eflsl* 

Milton:  P.  L..  T.  M4. 

•rS-calT-a-ble,  a.  [Eng.  recall;  -obit.] 
Capable  of  being  recalled. 

*  re  call  ment,  *  rf-cal'-mSnt,  «.   [Eng. 
recall  ;  -ment.]     Recall. 

"  If  she  wished  not  the  raah  deed's  recalment.' 
Browning  :  The  Ulur*. 

r6-C&nt  ,  v.t.  &  i.  [Lat  reoanto  =  to  sine 
back,  to  re-echo,  to  recant,  re-  =-back,  and 
canto  =  to  sing.] 

A.  Transmit: 

1.  To  call  back;  to  retract,  to  recall,  to 
revoke,  to  abjure. 

"  He  mall  db  Uil*.  or  *l»e  I  do  rrmnt 
The  pardou."     ShoJtetp.  :  Slrrchaitt  of  rente*,  IT.  L 

•  2.  To  repeat  in  songs. 

"They  were  wont  ever  after  In  their  wedding  song* 
to  recant  and  resound  this  taunt."—  P.  Boilaiui: 
Plutarch,  p.  7«i. 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  revoke  or  retract  a  propo- 
sition ;  to  renounce  or  disavow  publicly  an 
opinion  or  principle  formerly  held. 

re-can-ta'-tlon,  *.  [Eng.  recant;  -ation,] 
The  ac-t  of  recanting  or  retracting  ;  retracta- 
tion, disavowal  ;  a  declaration  contradictory 
to  a  fornu  -  one. 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  Jowl ;  cat,  90!!,  chorus,  cbln,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  fc 
•«ian,  -Uan  =  shaa.   -tion,  -sion  =  innn;  -(ion,  -slon  =  zhfin.   -clous,  -tious,  -Blous  =  Bhua.   -ble.  -die.  ic.  =  bel,  doL 


3902 


recanter— receiver 


re-cant' -er,  s.  [Eng.  recant ;  -er.]  One  who 
recants. 

"  The  public  body— which  doth  seldom 
Play  the  recanter."         Shaketp. :  Timan.  T.  2. 

•  re-ca-pac/-i-tate,  v.  t.     [Prcf.  re-,  and  Erig. 

capacitate  (q.v.).]     To  qualify  again  or  anew. 
-  Recapacitating  themselves  by  taking  the  oath."— 
Atterbary  :  Letter  to  Bp.  Trelaumey. 

re-ca  plt'-u-late,  v.t.  &  i.  I  Pref.  re-,  and 
Enj?.  capitulate  (q.v.);  Fr.  recapituler ;  Lat. 
rtcapitulo.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  repeat  the  sum  or  principal 
heads  of  a  previous  tliscour.se,  treatise,  or 
essay  ;  to  mention  or  relate  in  brief;  to  sum- 
marize ;  to  give  a  summary  of  the  principal 
facts,  points,  or  arguments  in. 

••  What  hath  been  done  ...  I  need  not  recapUu- 
late.--Bolingbroke  :  Upon  Partita,  let.  18. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  repeat  in  brief  what  has 
been  said  previously. 

•re-ca-plt-u-la-ter,  re-ca-plt'-u-la- 
tor,  's.  [RECAPITULATE.]  One  who  sum- 
marizes or  repeats  in  brief. 

"Lolli.xlorus.  rec'ipitulater  of  the  antike  Uwe*."— 
Oolden  Hake,  Let  xii. 

I  e-ca-plt-u-la -tion,  s.     [Fr.,   from   Low 

Lat!  recftpltulatio,  from  recapitulo  =  to  reca- 
pitulate (q.v.);  Sp.  recapitulation ;  ItaL  re- 
capitolazione.] 

1.  The  act  of  recapitulating. 

2.  A  summary  or  concise  statement  of  the 
princip-il  facts,  points,  or  arguments  of  a  pre- 
vious discourse,  treatise,  or  essay. 

"A  kind  of  recapitulation  of  what  the  catechumen* 
had  been  taught  more  at  large."—  Waterland:  Warkt, 
ii.  194. 

re-ca-plt'-u-la-tor,  s.    [RECAPITULATF.R.] 

•  re-ca-pIt'-U-la-tdr-y,  a.     [Eng.  recapitu- 
lat(e);  -ory.]    Of  the  nature  of,  or  containing 
a  recapitulation  ;  repeating  in  brief  what  has 
been  said  before. 

"This  law  is  comprehensive  and  recapitulatory."— 
Burr '/iff  :  Expvt.  of  Decalogue. 

re -cap' -tion,  ».     [Pref.  re-,  and  Kng.  caption.) 
Law :  (See  extract). 

"  Recaption  or  reprisal  Is  another  species  of  remedy 
by  the  mere  act  of  the  party  injured.  This  happens 
»h  n  any  one  lias  derived  another  of  his  projwrty  In 
g./ods  or  chattels  ovreonal.  or  wrongfully  detains  one's 
wife,  child,  or  servant:  in  which  case  the  owner  of 
the  goods,  and  the  husband,  parent,  or  master,  may 
lawfully  claim  and  retake  them,  whereever  he  happen* 
to  find  them ;  so  it  be  not  in  a  riotous  manner,  or 
attended  with  a  breach  of  the  peace."— Blackttone : 
Comment.,  bk.  lii..  ch.  1. 

^J  Writ  of  recaption:  A  writ  to  recover 
property  taken  by  a  second  distress  pending 
a  replevin  fora  former  distress  for  the  same 
rent  or  service. 

•  re-cap'-tor,  *.     [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  captor 
(q.v.).  J    One  who  recaptures ;  one  who  re- 
takes a  prize  which  had  been  formerly  taken. 

re-cap' -ture,  *.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  capture 
(q.v.).] 

1.  The   act   of    recapturing   or   retaking ; 
espec.  the  act  of  retaking  a  prize  or  goods 
from  the  captor. 

2.  That  which  is  recaptured  ;  a  prize. 

re-cap '-ture,  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  cap- 
ture, v.  (q.v.).]  To  retake ;  to  capture  back 
or  again  ;  espec.  to  retake  a  prize  from  the 
captor. 

re-car1  -bin-use,  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
carbonize  (q.v.).J  To  introduce  carbon  into 
after  it  has  been  extracted  :  as,  To  recarbonize 
steel. 

•  re-car'-nl-fy,  v.t.     [Pref.  re-,  and   Eng. 
oarniSy  (q.v.).  J  To  cause  again  to  be  or  become 
flesh  ;  to  reconvert  into  flesh. 

"  Grass  which  is  recamifled  In  our  stomach*."— 
HmerU  :  Lettert,  bk.  ii.,  let.  60. 

•  re-car'-rlage,  •  re-car  -lage,  ».    [Pref. 
re-,   and   Eng.   carriage  (q.v.).]     The  act  of 
carrying  back. 

"  The  cariage  and  recrtriage  of  such  necessities."— 
BolinAed:  Detcript.  England,  bk.  li..  cb,  xviit. 

•  re-cir'-ry,  *  re-car-y,  v.t.     [Pref.  re-, 
and  Eng.  carry  (q.v.).]    To  carry  back. 

"  When  the  Turks  besieged  Malta  or  Rhode*,  pigeon* 
carried  and  remrried  letters."—  Walton. 


t  re-cas'-ket,  v.t.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  casket 
(q.v.).]    To  replace  in  a  casket  or  box. 

"  I  had  hardly  time  to  recatket  my  treasures."-- JHd 
BronU:  Yillette,  ch.  xxir. 


re  cast',  v.t.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  cast  (q.v.).] 

1.  To  cast  or  throw  back  again. 

"  They  would  cast  and  recast  themselves  from  one  to 
another  horse."— Flvrio  :  Tram,  of  Montaigne,  p.  155. 

2.  To  cast  or  found  again  :  as,  To  recast 
cannon. 

3.  To  mould  or  form  anew ;  to  remould,  to 
remodel. 

' '  Recoiling  them  In  a  mould  of  their  own."— Search : 
Light  of  A'atare.  vol.  i.,  pt.  1.,  cb.  vi. 

4.  To  cast  up  or  compute  a  second  time. 

*  recche,  *  reche,  v.i.    [RECK.]    To  reck,  to 
care. 

"  In  hire  presence  I  recc*«  nat  to  sterve." 

Chaucer :  C.  T.,  1,400. 

*  recche-les,  a.    [RECKLESS.  ] 

*  recche  les-nesse,  s.    [RECKLESSNESS.] 

recede',  v.i.  &  t.     [Lat.  recede,  from  «-  = 
back,  and  cedo  =  to  go.]    [CEDE.] 
A.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  go,  move,  or  fall  back  ;  to  retreat,  to 
withdraw. 

"  Thinner  trees,  receding,  showed 
A  little  woodland  plain."      Scott  :  iltirmion,  iv.  S. 

2.  To  withdraw  from  a  claim  or  pretension; 
to  relinquish  a  claim,  proposition,  or  assertion. 

"  I  can  be  content  to  recede  much  from  my  own  in- 
terests and  personal  rights."— King  Chart** :  Eikon 
Batilike. 

*  B.  Trans. :  To  cede  or  give  back ;  to  restore 
to  a  former  possessor  :  as,  To  recede  conquered 
territory.     (Pron.  re-cede'.) 

receipt'  (p  silent),  *  re-celt,  *  re-ceite, 
*  re-cet,   *  re-scette,  s.     [O.  Fr.  recete, 
recepte,  recoite  (Fr.  recette),  from  Lat.  recepta  — 
a  thing  received,  prop.  fern.  sing,  of  receptus, 
pa.    par.   of  recipio  =  to  receive  (q.v.);    Sp. 
receta ;  Port,  receita  ;  Ital.  recetta.] 
L  Ordinary  language : 
1.  The  act  of  receiving ;  the  act  of  taking  a 
thing  sent  or  given. 

"At  the  receipt  of  your  letter."— Shaketp. :  Merchant 
of  Vmice.  iv.  L 

*  2.  The  act  of  taking,  as  a  thing  adminis- 
tered medicinally. 

*'  Borneo,  should,  on  receipt  thereof,  soon  sleep  in 
quiet."  Shaketp. :  Romeo  t  Juliet,  iii.  S. 

3.  That  which  is  received  or  taken  ;  draw- 
ings.   (Generally  in  the  plural.) 

*  4.  A  place  for  receiving.     (Matthew  ix.  9.) 

*  5.  Reception,  admission  ;  a  taking  in  or 
admitting. 

"  The  most  convenient  place  for  such  receipt  of  learn- 
ing." Sh-ikap. :  Henry  Y11I..  ii.  a. 

*  8.  Reception,  welcome. 

"  Jove  requite  .  .  .  thy  kind  receite  of  me." 

Chapman. 

*  7.  Capacity,  power,  or  capability  of  re- 
ceiving and  containing. 

"  In  things  of  great  receipt." 

Shaketp. :  Sonnet  1M. 

*  8.  A  place  into  which  everything  is  re- 
ceived or  admitted  ;  a  receptacle,  a  retreat. 

"  A  luther  recel  euer  ageyn  Engelonde." 

Robert  of  aiouceiter,  p.  137. 

9.  A  recipe ;  a  prescription  of  ingredients 
for  any  composition  ;  hence,  a  plan  or  scheme 
by  which  anything  may  be  effected  or  pro- 
duced. 

H.  Comm. :  A  written  document,  declaring 
that  certain  goods  or  a  sum  of  money  have 
been  received.  When  made  out  in  full,  a 
receipt  should  contain  (1)  the  date  when  the 
merchandise  or  money  was  received,  (2)  the 
name  of  the  person  or  firm  from  whom  re- 
ceived. (3)  the  name  of  the  person  who  receives 
it,  (4)  for  what  the  money  is  paid  or  deposited. 
It  may  be  in  full  or  part  payment  bf  an 
account,  and  operates  accordingly.  A  receipt, 
though  evidence  of  payment,  is  not  absolute 
proof,  and  this  evidence  may  be  rebutted  by 
proving  that  it  was  given  under  misapprehen- 
sion or  obtained  by  fraud.  No  stamp  is  required 
to  make  a  receipt  valid  in  the  United  State*, 
but  in  Britain  a  stamp  is  required  if  the  sum 
receipted  for  amounts  to  more  than  two 
pounds.  In  that  country  an  unstamped  receipt 
is  not  evidence  of  payment  until  the  stamp 
duty  and  a  penalty  of  £10  have  been  paid. 

receipt-book,  s.  A  book  containing 
forms  Of  receipt,  with  counterfoils,  Ate, 

receipt-stamp,  >.  An  official  penny 
stamp  to  be  affixed  to  a  receipt  for  sums  of 
£2  or  upwards.  It  must  be  cancelled  by  the 
receiver  writing  his  initials  or  signature  across 
it.  It  may  be  either  adhesive  or  impressed  on 
the  paper.  The  same  adhesive  stamp  is  now 
used  for  postal  and  receipt  purposes.  (Enylwh.) 


rS-ceipf  (p  silent),  v.t.  [RECEIPT,  *.]  To 
give  a  receipt  for;  to  write  an  acknowledge- 
ment of  receipt  on,  as  on  a  bill. 

*  re-9eipt'-a-ble  (p  silent),  a.    [Eng.  rernrf.  • 
-able.]    Capable  of  being  receipted  ;  for  which 
a  receipt  may  be  granted. 

*  re  $eipt-ment  (p  silent),  t.    [Eng.  receipt  ; 
-ment.\ 

Law:  The  receiving  or  harbouring  of  a 
felon  knowingly  after  the  commission  of  ft 
felony.  (Burrill.) 


>  silent),  s.  [Eng.  receipt  ;  -or.) 
One  who  receipts  ;  one  who  gives  a  receipt  ; 
specif.  ,  in  law,  a  person  to  whom  property  is 
bailed  by  an  othcer,  who  has  attached  it  upon 
inesne  process,  to  answer  to  the  exigency  of 
the  writ,  and  satisfy  the  judgment,  the  under- 
standing being  to  have  it  forthcoming  on  de- 
mand. (Wharton.) 

re-ceiV-a-folT-i-ty,  ».  [Eng.  receivable;  -ity.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  received  ;  capa- 
bility of  being  received. 

rS-9eiV-a-ble,  a.  [Eng.  receive);  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  received. 

"  For  the  feastes  of  the  Jewes  bee  small,  and  receiv- 
able but  of  tewe  persone*."—  Coal  :  Mark  ii. 

•  re'-9elv'-a-ble-ne'S8,  *.     [Eng.  receivable  ; 
•ness.]    The  quality  or  state  of  being  receiv- 
able; receivability. 

rS-ceive',  *  re-ceave,  *  re-ceyve,  v.t.  [O. 
Fr.  recever  (Fr.  recevoir),  from  Lat.  recipio  = 
to  receive  :  re-  =  back,  and  capio  =  to  take  ; 
Sp.  recibir  ;  Port,  receber;  Ital.  ricevere.] 

1.  To  take,  get,  or  obtain,  as  a  thing  due, 
offered,  sent,  paid,  given,  or  communicated  : 
as,  To  receive  a  letter,  to  receive  a  message,  to 
receive  a  reward,  &c. 

2.  To  take  in  or  on  ;  to  admit,  to  hold,  to 
contain  ;  to  act  as  a  receptacle  for  anything. 

"  The  basin  that  receive!  your  guilty  blood." 

Shakcsp.  :  Titui  Andronicut,  T.  ft. 

3.  To  welcome,  to  acknowledge. 

"  He  came  unto  his  own,  and  his  own  received  him 
not."—  John  I.  11. 

4.  To  give  admittance  to  ;  to  entertain  ;  to 
admit  in  an  official  capacity. 

"  Abundance  fit  to  honour,  and  receive 
Our  heavenly  stranger."        Hilton:  P.  L.,  T.  SIS. 

5.  To  take  or  admit  into  the  mind  ;  to  gain 
the  knowledge  of;  to  obtain  or  acquire  intel- 

lectually. 

"His  youth  will  »pUy  receive  l\S-8haketp.  :  Tvelfl* 
Kight,  iii.  4. 

6.  To  give  credence  or  acceptance  to  ;  to 
allow,  acknowledge,  or  hold  as  a  belief,  tradi- 
tion, custom,  &c. 

"  Long  received  custom  forbidding  them  to  do  a* 
they  did,  there  was  no  excuse  to  justify  their  act  ;  un- 
less in  the  scripture  they  could  show  some  law,  that 
did  license  them  thus  to  break  a  received  custom."  — 
Soaker:  EccUt.  Polity. 

*  7.  To  perceive  by  the  senses  ;  to  become 
aware  of. 

"  Receioei  not  thy  nose  court-odour  from  met"— 
Bhakeip.  :  H'inier'i  Tale,  IT.  4. 

8.  To  be  the  object  of;  to  experience,  to 
suffer. 

"  Whereby  the  commonwealth  ,ereim  distress.* 
Daniel  :  Civil  Wan.  ill. 

9.  To  take  stolen  goodf    Vom  a  thief,  know- 
ing them  to  be  stolen. 

received',  pa.  par.  or  a.    [RECEIVE.] 

*  rS-ceiV-Sd-nSss,  *.     [Eng.  received;  -ness.) 

The  quality  or  state  of  being  generally  received, 
allowed,  or  acknowledged  ;  general  allowance. 

"  Other*  will,  upon  account  of  the  receirednettol  the 
proiiosed  opinion,  think  It  rather  worth  to  be  ex- 
amined, than  acquiesced  In."—  Boyle. 

rS-celv'-er,  *.     [Eng.    receive);  -er;  Fr.  r»- 
cereitr.J 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  One  who  receives  or  takes  in  any  manner  ; 

a  recipient. 

"  The  present  should  alway*  be  suited  to  the  dignity 
of  the  receiver."—  Ooldmith:  The  Bee,  No.  S. 

2.  An  officer  appointed  to  receive  public 
moneys  ;  a  treasurer  ;  specially  applied  to  — 

(1)  An  officer  appointed  by  a  court  of  civil 
law  to  receive  the  rents  or  profits  of  land,  or 
the  produce  of  other  property,  which   is  in 
dispute  in  a  suit  in  that  court.   • 

(2)  An  officer  appointed  by  a  court  of  civil 
law  to  receive  the  proceeds  of  any  business 
undertaking   which    is    being   wound  up  by 
that  court. 


Ate,  fat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go.  p6t, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cor,  rule,  fall;  try,  Syrian.    «,  oa  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


receivership— recess 


(S)  An  officer  appointed  for  a  similar  pur- 
pose in  suits  concerning  the  estates  of  infants, 
•gainst  executors,  and  between  partners  for 
the  purpose  of  winding  up  the  concern. 

^  There  is  a  Receiver-general  of  the  public 
revenue  appointed  in  every  county  of  Great 
Britain. 

3.  One  who  receives  stolen  goods  from  a 
thief,  knowing  them  to  be  stolen. 

"The  rrreittr  of  goods  feloniously  stolen.  i«  uow 
guilty  of  felony ;  and  may  be  indicted  and  convicted 


tive  felon;  ;  and  in  the  Utter  cuss,  whether  the  prin- 
cipal felon  shall  or  shall  not  hare  been  previously 
convicted,  or  shall  or  shall  not  be  amenable  to  Justice. 
Where  the  original  stealing  or  converting  of  the  pru- 
perty  is  a  misdemeanor,  the  rervirer  is  guilty  of  a 
misdemeanor,  and  where  it  is  punishable  on  summary 
conviction,  the  receiver  is  liable  to  the  same  punish- 
meut."—  Mackttane  :  Comment.,  bk.  IT,  ch.  10. 

IL  Technically  : 

L  Chem. :  Any  vessel  for  receiving  the  pro- 
ducts of  distillation 

Z.  Pneumatics: 

(1)  The  bell-glass  on  the  table  of  an  air-pump. 

(2)  The  vessel  which  is  adapted  to  collect  or 
contain  gas. 

*  If  (1)  Receiver  of  the  fines  :  An  officer  who 
received  the  money  of  all  such  as  compounded 
with  the  Crown  on  original  writs  sued  out  of 
Chancery. 

(2)  Receivers  of  wrecks :  Officers  appointed 
by  the  Board  of  Trade  for  the  preservation  of 
wrecks,  Ac.,  for  the  benefit  of  the  shipping 
interest.  Called  formerly  Receiver*  of  Droits 
of  Admiralty. 

rS-9eiv'-er-Bhip,  ».  [Eng.  receiver;  -ship.] 
The  office,  post,  or  position  of  a  receiver. 

"  To  terminate  the  reeeivertKip,  and  to  endeavour 
to  save  the  property  of  the  line  from  destruction."— 
Standard,  NOT.  11,  1S85. 

re"-9eiv  -ing,  pr.  par.  or  o.    [RECEIVE.] 

receiving-box,  5.  A  box  in  which  letters 
are  deposited  for  post,  &c. 

receiving-house,  s.  An  office  or  depot 
where  parcels,  letters,  &c.,  are  received  for 
transmission. 

receiving-instrument,  s. 

Telegr. :  An  apparatus  into  which  the  current 
from  the  line  wire  passes  and  is  intensified, 
in  order  by  sounding  or  recording  to  be  read 
as  a  message. 

receiving-office,  s.  A  branch  post-office 
where  letters,  parcels,  &c.,  are  received  for 
transmission,  but  from  which  no  letters,  &c., 
are  delivered  to  the  addressees. 

receiving-ship, «. 

Navy :  A  ship  stationed  in  a  harbor  to  receive 
recruits,  who  are  ultimately  to  be  transferred  to 
tha  naval  service. 

•  re-oel'-S-brate,  v.t.    [Tref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
celebrate  (q.v.).]  To  celebrate  anew  or  a  second 
time. 

"  And  with  their  chained  dance, 
Recelebratct  the  Joyful  match." 

Be*  Jonton  :  To  Xd.  rttmtr. 

•  re-cel-S-bra'-tion,  *.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
celebration   (q.v.).]    The   act  of  celebrating 
anew  or  a  second  time  ;  a  second  or  repeated 
celebration. 

re'-9en-cjf,  s.  [Low  Lat.  recentia,  from  Lat 
recent •=  recent  (q.v.);  Fr.  recence.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  recent ; 
newness  ;  new  state  or  origin. 

"  So  also  a  sdrrhns  in  its  rtcency.  whilst  It  is  In  its 
augment,  requireth  milder  applications."  —  Wueman : 
Surgery,  bk  1..  ch.  xix. 

2.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  recent  or 
late  in  time  ;  lateness  in  time  ;  freshness  :  as, 
the  recency  of  an  event. 

*r8-98nse',f.<.  [Lat.  recenteo,  from  re-  =  again, 
and  censeo  =  to  count,  to  reckon.]  To  review, 
to  revise. 

"To  menu  and  adjust  the  Latin  Vulgate."— S*nr- 
toy:  Lt  i  ter  i,  p.  232. 

re'-ce'n'-slon,  *.    [Lat  recensio.]    [RF.CEKSB.] 

1.  The   act   of    reviewing   or   examining ; 
enumeration. 

"  In  the  recentiom  of  the  Roman  bishops,  sometime* 
the  apostles  are  reckoned  in.  sometimes  excluded."— 
Barrow :  Of  the  Pope't  Supremacy. 

2.  The  act  of  reviewing  or  revising  the  text 
of  an  ancient  author  by  a  critical  editor; 
revisal. 

3.  A  text  established  by  a  critical  revision  ; 
a  revised  edition. 


*  re-9en  Sion-ist,  J.  [Eng.  recension;  -ist.] 
One  who  revises  or  reviews  critically,  as  the 
text  of  an  ancient  author ;  an  editor. 

recent,  a.    [Fr.,  from  Lat.  rtcen$  =  fresh,  a 
word  of  doubtful  origin.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  New  ;  of  late  origin  or  existence  ;  having 
happened  recently. 

"  The  ancients  were  of  opinion,  that  those  parts, 
where  Egypt  uow  is,  were  formerly  sea,  and  that  a 
considerable  portion  of  that  country  was  recent."— 
Woodvnrd :  On  Pouilt. 

2.  Late  ;  not  of  remote  date  ;  not  antique  ; 
modern. 

3.  Fresh  ;  not  old  ;  only  lately  made  known 
or  spoken  of :  as,  recent  intelligence. 

•  4.  Newly  or  lately  come. 

"  Amphitryon  recent  from  the  nether  sphere." 

Lerii:  Statiut;  Thekaid  viil. 

II.  Geol. :  A  term  applied  to  a  division  of 
the  Post-Tertiary  in  which  all  the  mammalia, 
as  well  as  all  the  shells,  are  identical  with 
living  species.  In  certain  places  it  is  difficult 
to  draw  a  distinction  between  the  Recent  and 
the  Pleistocene  deposits.  Alluvium  brought 
down  by  rivers,  modern  peat,  the  Clyde  marine 
strata  with  canoes,  the  Kitchen-middens  of 
Denmark,  and  the  Lake-dwellings  of  Switzer- 
land, belong  to  the  recent  period. 

re'-cent-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  recent ;  -ly.]  Newly, 
lately,  freshly ;  not  long  since. 


re -9ent-ness,  s.  [Eng.  recent;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  recent ;  recency, 
newness,  freshness ;  lateness  of  origin  or 
occurrence. 

"  This  inference  of  the  recentneu  of  mankind."— 
Sale  :  Oriy.  of  Mankind,  p.  167. 

*  re-9en'-tre  (tre  as  ter),  v.t.    [Pref.,  re-, 
and  Eng.  centre  (q.v.).]    To  restore  or  return 
to  the  centre. 

"  I  reeentre  my  Immortal  mind.* 

Coleridge :  To  the  Departing  Tear. 

re-cSp'-ta-Cle,  >•  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  recepta- 
culum,  a  dimin.  formed  from  recepto,  frequent. 
of  recipio  =  to  receive  (q.v.).] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  That  which  receives,  admits, 
or  contains  things  ;  a  vessel  or  place  in  which 
things  are  received  and  contained ;  a  repository. 

"  The  common  receptacle!  of  filth  and  ordure."— Up. 
Hartley :  Sermon*,  voL  L,  ter.  17. 

2.  Botany: 

(1)  Any  part  which  supports  another  part. 
The  receptacle  of  a  flower  is  the  top  of  the 
peduncle  on  which  the  Bowers  are  inserted. 
It  may  be  a  flattened  area,  or  a  vanishing 
point,  or  may  be  greatly  dilated.    [CLINAN- 
THIUM.]    The  receptacle  of  a  fruit  is  its  Torus 
(q.v.).      The   receptacle  of  an  ovule  is  the 
placenta  (q.v.).    The  receptacle  of  the  spor- 
angia in  a  fern  is  the  vein  passing  through 
their  axis. 

(2)  A  cavity  for  the  reception  of  any  sub- 
stance.    The  receptacle  of  oil  is  one  of  the 
cysts  which  contain  it,  as,  for  instance,  those 
on  the  rind  of  the  orange.    The  receptacles  of 
secretion  are  cavities  in  the  interior  of  a  plant 
in  which  the  secretion  is  formed. 

re-9e"p-tac'-U-lar,  o.  [Lat.  receptaculum  = 
a  receptacle;  Eng.  adj.  suff.  -ar.)  Of,  pertain- 
ing to,  or  growing  on  a  receptacle. 

re  9ep-tac  -u-lum,  s.    [Lat.]  A  receptacle. 

*  re'-ce'p'-tar-jf,  s.  &  a.    [Lat.  receptus,  pa. 
par.  of  recipio  =  to  receive  (q.v.).] 

A.  As  subst. :  That  which  receives;  a  recep- 
tacle. 

"  The  doubtful  appurtenances  of  arts  and  rrceptnriet 
of  philosophy."— Browne:  Vulgar  frrourt.  (To  the 
Reader.) 

B.  As  adj. :  To  be  received  or  taken  on  trust. 

"  Baptista  Port*,  In  whose  works,  although  there 
be  contained  many  excellent  things,  and  verified  upon 
his  own  exiwrience,  yet  are  there  many  also  rer*ptar*. 
and  such  as  will  not  endure  the  te»t."-flrovn«. 
I'ulyur  Srroun.  bk.  1.,  ch.  viii. 

t  re"-96p-tJ-bII-I-tjf,  ».  [Eng.  receptible; 
•tty.l 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  receptiUe  ; 
receivableness. 

2.  That  which  may  be  received  or  believed  in. 

"  The  peripatetlck  matter  is  a  pure  unactnated 
power ;  and  this  conceited  vacuum  a  meer  rerepti- 
bilitg.'— Glaniill:  Kanify  V  Dofmatitiny.  bk,  xvL 

*  rS-cSp'-tl-ble,  a.      [Lat.  receptibUvi,  from 
receptus,  pa.  par.  of  recipio  •=  to  receive  (q.v.).] 


Capable  of  being  received  ;  fit  to  be  received  ; 
receivable. 

re-9ep'-tion,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  receptionem, 
accus.  of  receptio,  from  reeeptus,  pa.  pat.  of 
recipio  =  to  receive  (q.v.) ;  8p.  reception.] 

1.  The  act  of  receiving ;  the  getting  or  re- 
ceiving  of  a  thing  sent,  offered,  given,  or 
communicated :  as,  the  reception  of  news. 

2.  The  state  of  being  received  or  admitted ; 
admission. 

3.  The  act  of  admitting  or  allowing  as  legal 
or  valid  ;  as,  the  reception  of  evidence. 

4.  The  act  of  receiving;  the  manner  of  re- 
ceiving on  arrival ;  treatment  at  first  coming  ; 
welcome,  entertainment. 

"  What  reception  a  Poem  may  find  which  bai 
neither  abu-e,  party,  nor  blank  verse  to  support  It, 
I  cannot  tell"— Ooldimtth  :  Traeeller.  (DeJIu.) 

5.  A  formal  or  ceremonial  receiving  of  an 
official  personage,  guests,  Ate. 

6.  Admission,  credence,  or  allowance,  as  of 
an  opinion  or  doctrine ;    acceptance,  allow- 
ance, sanction. 

"  As  extravagant  opinions  at  eren  common  rtception 
countenanced.  —Locke. 

7.  The  act  of  taking  in  or  admitting ;  ad- 
mission, readmission. 

-  My  reception  into  grace."       1/ilton  :  P.  K.,  lit.  *». 

*  8.  Power  or  capacity  of  receiving,  admit- 
ting, or  containing  ;  receptivity,  susceptivity. 

*  9.  A  retaking,  a  recovery. 

"  Be  was  light  glad  of  the  French  king's  receitbm 
of  those  townsfroin  Maximilian."— Bacan:  Htnrj  fit. 

reception-room,  s.  A  room  in  which 
company  is  received. 

rS-9ep'-t!ve,  o.  [Fr.  receptif,  from  Lat.  re- 
ceptus, pa.  par.  of  recij>io  =  to  refeive.) 
Having  the  quality  of  receiving  or  taking  in 
what  is  communicated  ;  able  to  take  in,  hold, 
or  contain. 

"  So  far  forth  as  It  Is  capable  or  rrr*pH»e  of  a  eonl 
or  spirit"— tlore :  Antidote  agaiiut  Atkeitm,  A  pp., 
ch.  tit 

•rS-cep'-tlve-ne'ss,  ».  [Eng.  receptive; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  recep- 
tive ;  receptivity. 

"  An  attempt  will  be  made  to  put  a  limit  tu  this 
facile  and  all-embracing  receptitenea."— Daily  Tele- 
yraph,  Feb.  24.  1882. 

re-9Sp-«V-i-ty,  ».  [Fr.  receptiviti.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  receptive. 

"  Her  catholicity  and  many-sided  receptirity.'— 
Victoria  Magazine.  Nov.,  IS*;,  p.  IS. 

•  re-9e"p'-tor-jf,  a.  &  «.  [Lat  receptus,  pa. 
par.  of  recipio  =to  receive  (q.v.).] 

A.  As  adj. :   Generally   or   popularly   re- 
ceived or  admitted. 

B.  As  subst. :  That  which  receives  ;  a  re- 
ceptacle. 

re-ce'ss'  (1),  *  re-eesse,  *.  [Lat.  recestut, 
prob.  pa.  par.  of  recedo  s=  to  recede  (q.v.).] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  of  withdrawing,  retiring,  or 
receding  :  as,  the  recess  of  the  tide. 

*  2.  Departure,  withdrawal 

"  After  whiche  their  rrcctte,  the  lorde  Maxwell  .  .  . 
madeproclaiuacion."— Hall:  Urnrt  rill.  (an.  M). 

*  3.  A  withdrawal  from  public  business  or 
notice  ;  a  withdrawing  into  privacy. 

*  4.   The  state  of  being  in  retirement  or 
privacy ;  seclusion,  retirement 

"  During  this  recta  Saul  was  seized  with  his  dla- 
order."—  Warburtm  :  Dinnt  Legation,  bk.  iv.  (Note*) 

5.  A  suspension    or   remission    of  public 
business  or  procedure ;  the  time  during  which 
public  or  other  business  is  suspended. 

"  The  Houses  had  sate  ever  since  January  without  a 
rrctu."—M.ic:iul  if  :  Hat.  Eng..  ch.  xlv. 

6.  A  place  of  retirement,  secrecy,  or  privacy. 


7.  The  inner,  secret,  or  private  part 

"  Deep  in  the  close  rrctutt  of  my  soul." 

Pope:  Bomer;  Iliad  L  711. 

8.  A  cavity,  niche,  or  sunken  space  formed 
In  a  wall ;  an  alcove. 

II.  Bot. :  The  sinus  between  the  lobes  of  a 
lobed  leaf. 

*  rS-ce'ss'  (2),  *.  [Fr.  rtcez.]  An  abstract  or 
registry  of  the  proceedings  of  an  Imperial 
Diet  of  Germany  ;  the  result  of  the  delibera- 
tions of  an  Imperial  Diet ;  a  decree. 

-In  the  Imperial  chamber,  the  proctors  have  a 
florin  Uied  and  allowed  them  for  every  substantial 
receu.'—Aytife:  Parergon  J..rit  Canonici. 


bSH,  bo>;  pout,  Jolw-1;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  $his;  sin,  as;  expect,  ^enophon.  e^dst.    -Ing, 
•clan,  -tian  =  Bti^n.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -tion,  -sion  =  zhun.   -clous,  -tious,  -sions  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  Ac.  =  beJ.  del. 


S904 


recess— reciprocal 


f,  V.t.      [RECESS  (1),  J.J 

1."  To  make  into  a  recess  ;  to  make  a  recess 
in. 

"The  deckhouse  Is  rrceued  eighteen  Inches  into  the 
deck.--««.'<*.  May  1.  18*6. 

2.  To  withdraw  ;  to  place  in  retirement. 

"Ton  will  be  comfortably  rrrru'd  from  curious 
Impertinent*. "— Hiu  Kdfetforth:  \lananrring.ch.  xiz. 

recessed ,  a.  [Eng.  re- 
cess (1),  B.  ;  -ed.]  Having 
a  recess  or  recesses. 

recessed  arch,  .--. 

Arch. :  An  arch  within 
another.  (They  are  some- 
times termed  double, 
triple,  &c.,  arches,  and 
sometimes  compound 
arches.) 

"  re  -  cess' -  i6n  (ss  as 
Sh)  (1),  *.  rLat  reces- 
tio,  from  » vtssus,  pa. 
par.  of  recedo  =  to  recede  ' w'Cao*drai  of 

1.  The  act  of  receding,  retiring,  or  with- 
drawing; withdrawal,  retirement ;  especially, 
the  act  of  receding  or  retiring  from  a  claim, 
demand,  or  pretension. 

"  HI*  [Christ's]  whole  life  went  tn  a  constant  re- 
cation  trout  his  own  right*."— Sou**.-  Sermnni,  x.  30L 

2.  The  st;it«  of  being  put  back,  retired,  or 
withdrawn  ;  retired  state  or  position. 

"  It  [sin]  Is  the  farthest  r*cruion  in  the  world  from 
thedlvine  perfections."— Sharp.  Sermant.  vol.  ii..  scr.  7. 

*  *!  Secession  of  the  equinoxes:  [PRECESSION,*!]. 

•  re-oSss'-iSn  (ss  as  sh)  (2),  *.    [Pref.  rt- 
aad  Eng.  cession  (q.v.).] 

1.  The   act  of  ceding  buck  or  restoring; 
retrocession  :  as,  the  recession  of  conquered 
territory  to  its  former  sovereign. 

2.  A  regraut.    (Whartcm.) 

•  rS-ee'ss'-lve,  a.    [Lat.  reeessw,  pa.  par.  of 
recedo  =  to  recede  (q.v.).]    Receding,  retiring, 
going  back. 

Rech'-a-bite,  s.    [For  etym.,  see  def.  1.] 

1.  Jewish  Hist. :  A  member  of  a  section  of 
the  Kenites,  called  in  Hebrew  Q'y2}(rechai>im), 
from  Rechab  (33T  =  the  horseman  ;  357  (rachab) 
=  to  ride),  the  father  of  Jonadab,  who  en- 
joined his  descendants  to  abstain  from  wine, 
from  building  houses,  sowing  seed,  and  plant- 
ing vineyards,  and  commanded  them  to  dwell 
in  tents  (Jer.  xxxv.  2-19).  Wolff  (Journal,  ii. 
334,  335)  mentions  an  interview  he  had  with 
a  nomadic  Jew  near  Senaa,  who  claimed  to  be 
a  descendant  of  Jonadab,  stating  that  his  tribe 
were  60,000  in  number,  and  adhered  to  their 
ancient  laws,  and  that  they  were  a  living  fulfil- 
ment of  the  prophecy  of  Jeremiah  (xxxv.  19). 
*2.  Hence,  one  who  abstains  from  alcoholic 
beverages ;  a  teetotaler. 

"  A  Rechnbite  poor  Will  most  live, 
And  drink  of  Adam's  ale." 

Prior :  Wandering  PUffrlm. 

3.  A  member  of  the  Independent  Order  of 
Rechabites  [1],  a  Friendly  Society  founded 
upon   temperance    principles,   "so  that  ab- 
stainers c«uld  1*  united  together,  and  have 
the  privileges  of  a  Benefit  Society  as  well." 
(Jnfiilie  Record  of  the  Order,  p.  11.)    The  first 
meeting  was  held  nt  the  Temperance  Hotel, 
Bolton  Street,  Salford,  August  25,  18:35.     The 
Rechabite  pledge  is  extremely  stringent  and 
far-reaching.  l>nt  the  order  is  steadily  increas- 
ing in  Oieat  Britain,  and  has  been  introduced 
into  the  Colonies.     Their  lodges  are  called 
"  tents,"  in  allusion  to  Jer.  xxxv.  7.     At  the 
Juiiilee  Conference,  heM  at  Exeter,  Aug.  4-7, 
1885,  the  number  of  members  was  59,097. 

Rcch  -a  bit  Ism,  s.   {Eng.  R*ftiabit(e);  -ism.] 
The  teaching  and  practice  of  the  Rechabites 

[RtCBABITE,  3.) 

"The  advantages  which  /torViM'im  offered  above 
•ther  frien.lly  s-«:ieties."— Rerhabiu  Magaiine.  July, 
1BI«,  p.  IT*. 

•re-change',  v.t.  &  i.     [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
eton0e(q.v.).J    To  change  again  or  back. 

•re-^hant,  •  re  chaunt,  v.t.  &  i.  [Pref,  re-, 
and  Eng.  chant  (q. v. ).]    To  sing  antiphonally. 

"  The  cheerful  and  nchnuniina  cries 
Of  old  and  young."       StlteUer  :  ffandf.Crafu.  II. 

* re-Cha'-^Ss,  v.t.     [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  chaos 
(q.v.).]    To  reduce  again  to  chaos. 

"When  states  nefcvwrf  lie." 

Datiet :  Sir  T.  Ovcroury,  p.  !«. 


•re-charge',  v,t.    [Fret,  re-,  and  Eng.  charge 

(q.v.).] 

1.  To  charge  or  accuse  in  return. 


2.  To  attack  again  or  anew. 

"  They  charge,  recharge,  and  all  along  the  tea 
They  drive,  and  squander  the  huge  BrUmn  fleet.* 
Drytten:  Annut  Hirabilu.  IxviL 

*  re-^har'-ter,  v.t.     [Pref.   re-,   and   Eng. 
charter,  v.  (q.v.).] 

1.  To  charter  again  or  anew. 

2.  To  give  a  new  or  fresh  charter  to. 

*  re-cbar'  -ter,  *.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  charter, 

s.  (q.v.).]     A  second  or  renewed  charter  ;  the 
renewiil  of  a  charter. 

*  re-chase',  r.<.    [Fr.  rechnsser.]    To  chase  or 
drive  buck.    (A  term  in  hunting.) 


•  re-9has  -ten  (t  silent),  v.t.    [Pref.  re-,  and 

Kug.  ctuiften(n.  v.).  J     To  chasten  again. 
"  In  tbelr  light  reduutm'd  silently  " 

Moore  :  Veiled  Prophet  of  Khorrutan. 

•  re-cheat',  *  re-9hate  ,  «.    [O.  Fr.  requeue; 

Fr.  requite.]    [REQUEST.] 

Hunt.  :  A  call  which  the  huntsman  wound 
on  the  horn,  when  the  hounds  had  lost  their 
game,  to  call  them  back  from  pursuing  a 
counter-scent. 

"  I  will  have  a  rrrhent  winded  in  my  forehead."— 
Shatetp.  :  Much  Ado,  L  L 

•  re  9heat  ,  *  re-chate',  v.i.    [RECHEAT,  ».] 

Hunt.  :  To  play  or  wind  the  recheat  on  the 
horn. 

"  Recanting  with  hi*  horn,  which  then  the  hunter 
cheers.*  Drat/ton  :  Poly-ulbion.  a,  13. 

•  re-Cheer',  v.t.     [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  cheer,  v. 
(q.v.).]     To  cheer  again. 

"  Let  neuer  tuuue  rechtcrt  them  with  his  ralea." 
Dttritt  :  Holy  lit**!*,  p.  27. 

r8-cher'-^he,  o.  [Fr.  ,  pa.  par  of  rechercher  = 
to  seek  after.]  Sought  out  with  care  ;  choice; 
out  of  the  common  ;  rare  ;  of  rare  attraction. 

"re-cheW  (ew  as  u),  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and 
Eng.  chew  (q.v.).]  To  chew  again. 

"  AM  some  beuU  rerh*w  their  meat." 

Dariet  :  Holy  Ruodt.  p.  SS. 

•re-^hild',  v.i.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  child 
(q.v.).]  To  become  a  child  again. 

"  When  he.  rechUdlng.  nought 
With  childish  iport  to  utiil  thy  cryet." 

St/lntter  :  The  Mairnificence,  526. 

r£-choose',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  choose 
(q.v.).]  To  choose  again. 

"  Which  penniU  those  to  he  rrchotrn,  whose  seats 
are  vacated  hy  the  accei<tance  of  a  place  of  profit."— 
Johntan  :  The  False  Alarm. 

re-9hos'-en,  pa.  par.  or  o.    [RECHOOSE.] 

•  ri-cld'-l-vate,  v.i.     [Lat.  retidivus  =  falling 

back,  from  rrc'ulo  =  to  fall  liack  :  re-  —  hack, 
and  cado=  to  fall  ;  Fr.  recidiver.)  To  fall  back 
or  again  ;  t<>  relapse,  to  backslide. 

"  Thus  then  to  reriditai  f,  and  to  go  against  her  own 
act."—  Bp.  Andrewa:  OiMtcuia  ;  Speech,  p.  79. 

re-9ld'-i-va'-tlon,  «.  [RECIDIVATE.]  A  fall- 
ing back  ;  a  relapsing,  a  backsliding. 

"  This  rtci4i*,tion  U  desperate."—  Bp.  HaU  :  St. 
Pauft  Comoat. 


*.  [Fr.  recidiriste.]  One  who 
ban  been  convicted  a  second  time  ;  one  of  the 
worst  class  of  felons. 


•  re-9id'-I-VOU8.  a.  [Lat.  recidiws.]  [RE- 
CIDIVATE.] Liable  to  fall  again;  relapsing, 
backsliding. 

rSj'-I-pS,  ».  [Lat.,  Imper.  sing,  of  reclpio  •=. 
to  receive,  to  take.)  The  first  word  in  a 
medical  prescription  ;  and,  hence,  used  for 
the  prescription  itself.  It  is  abbreviated,  R 
or  R,  which  is  a  relic  of  the  astrological 
syiiilml  of  Jupiter.  The  word  is  now  often 
used  for  a  receipt  for  any  mixture  or  prepara- 
tion. 

14  And  give  a  dnoe  for  everie  disease. 
In  prescripts  long  and  teriiuus  rtcipet." 

Bp.  Sail :  Satire*,  ill.  1 

rS-cIp'-I-an-gle,  *.  [Lat.  recipio  =  to  receive, 
to  take,  and  Eng.  angle.] 
Engin.  :  An   instrument    with    two    legs, 


atteclied  at  one  end  by  a  double-headed  screw, 
and  a  graduated  arc,  use>l  for  measuring  and 
laying  olf  angles  of  fortifications.  The  centre 
of  the  protractor  is  applied  at  the  re-entering 
angle  of  the  instrument,  and  its  graduated 
margin  shows  the  angle  of  divergence  of  the 
legs. 


[Lat.  recipieus,  pr.  par.  of  recipio  =  to  receiva 
(q.v.).]  A  receiving;  the  act  or  capacity  of 
receiving;  reception. 

re-9lp'-I-ent,  a.  &  ».  [Lat.  recipiens,  pr.  par. 
of  reci;>io  =  to  receive  (q.v.);  Fr.  recipient  f 
Sp.  At  Hal.  recipiente.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Receiving. 

B.  A.-i  sulistantive  : 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  receives  ;  • 
receiver;  one  to  whom  anything  is  offered, 
given,  or  communicated. 

••  But  by  educing  the  affirmers  only  mean  a  prodnc. 
ing  Iu  it.  with  a  subjective  iie|*mlerce  uu  it*  rtcipt- 
tnt.~—GI<tnriU  :  I'amti/  of  Ooymatiting.  ch.  ivi. 

•2.  The  receiver  of  a  still. 

"The  form  of  sound  words,  dissolved  by  chyinical 
preiwntiuii,  ceases  to  lie  nutritive  ;  and  after  »ll  ths 
Ul»un>  of  the  aletubeck.  leaves  in  the  recipient  a 
fretting  corrusive."—  /xx-ay  of  Piety. 

r§-9ip  -ro-cal,  *  re-clp-ro-call,  a.  &  *. 

[L»it.  reciprocals)  =  returning,  reciprocal,  a 
word  ol  unknown  origin  ;  En^'.  adj.  sial.  -oi; 
Fr.  reciproque;  Sp.  &  Ilal.  reciproco.] 

A,  As  adjective  : 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Moving  backwards  and  forwards  ;  acting 
with  a  forward  and  backward  motion. 

"  Sand  brought  in  wltn  the  reciprocal!  course  of  the 
tides."—/".  IIM,,,ul-  Camdm.  p.  20«. 

2.  Acti  ng  alternately  ;  alternate. 

•3.  Acting  in  return  for  something  dona 
before. 

"  Enrynome,  that  to  her  father  had 
Aecifjrocall  Oceanus." 

Chapman:  ffomtr  ;  lliitd  xviiL 

4.  Mutual  ;  done  by  each  in  turn  to  the 
other. 

"  Let  our  reciprocal  vows  be  remembered." 

Shnknp.  :  Lear.  iv.  1 

5.  Mutually  interchangeable. 

"  These  two  rules  will  render  a  definition  reciprocal 
with  the  thing  defined.  "—  If  ittu  :  Logic. 

IL  Gram.  :  Reflexive.  Applied  to  verbs 
which  have  as  an  object  a  pronoun  standing 
for  the  subject:  as,  "  Bethink  yourself."  Itis 
also  applied  to  pronouns  of  this  class. 

B.  As  svbst.  :  That  which  is  reciprocal  to 
another  thing.    Specif.,  in  mathematics,  the 
quotient  resulting  from  the  division  of  unity 
by  the  quantity  :  thus  the  reciprocal  of  a  is 
•i  ,  of  2  is  i,  of  a  +  6  is  ~-b,  &c.     The  pro- 

duct of  a  quantity,  and  its  reciprocal,  is  alwayi 
equal  to  1.  The  reciprocal  of  a  vulgar  frac- 
tion is  the  denominator  divided  by  the  numera- 
tor :  thus  the  reciprocal  of  J  is  2,  of  j  is  j,  &C. 

reciprocal-  cross,  s. 

BM.  :  A  cross  between  the  male  of  one 
species  and  the  female  of  another,  and  then 
between  a  male  of  the  second  and  a  female 
of  the  first.  Darwin  instances  the  case  of  a 
female  ass  foal  being  crossed  with  a  stallion, 
and  then  a  mare  by  a  male  ass.  He  .shows 
(Origin  of  Species,  ch.  ix.)  that  the  fertility 
greatly  varies  in  different  species. 

reciprocal-equation,  «. 

Math.  :  An  equation  which  remains  un- 
changed in  form,  when  the  reciprocal  of  the 
unknown  quantity  is  substituted  fur  tint 
quantity. 

reciprocal-figures,  «.  pi. 

Ceom.  :  Two  figures  of  the  same  kind,  as 
trinngles,  parallelograms,  &c.,  so  related  that 
two  sides  of  the  one  form  the  extremes  of  an 
analogy  of  which  the  means  are  the  two  cor- 
responding sides  of  the  other. 

reciprocal-proportion,  «.     [PROPO&- 

TION.] 

reciprocal-quantities,  s.  pL 

Mtith.  :  Quantities  which  when  multiplied 
together  produce  unity. 

reciprocal-ratio,  .«. 

Math.  :  The  ratio  between  the  reciprocals  of 
two  quantities  :  thus,  the  reciprocal  ratio  of 
2  to  8  is  \  to  J. 

reciprocal-rectangles,  ».  pi. 

Geom.  :  Rectangles  which  are  not  equal,  but 


fete,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p5t» 
«•.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son :  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full  t  try,  Syrian,    ae.  co  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  lew. 


reclprocality— reckon 


3905 


whose  areas  are  equivalent.  The  base  is  re- 
ciprocally proportional  to  the  altitude,  ami 
the  reverse. 

reciprocal-terms,  «.  pi 

Logic  :  Terms  which  have  the  same  significa- 
tion, and  are  therefore  convertible,  and  may 
be  used  for  each  other. 

*  re-$Ip-rA'-cal'-I-ty\  *.  [Eng.  reciprocal; 
•it  ii.  |  The  quality  or  state  of  being  reciprocal. 
(Coleridge.) 


l-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  reciprocal  ;  -ly.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  In   a   reciprocal    manner  ; 
mutually,  interchangeably  ;  in  such  a  manner 
that  each  affects  the  other,  and  is  equally 
affected  by  it. 

"  lufectliiic  one  another,  ye*,  rtdj*rocnn*.~ 

SlMkttit.  :  Benrt  VIII.,  i.  1. 

2.  Math.  <f)  Physics:  In  reciprocal  ratio  or 
proportion  ;  inversely  :  thus  in  bodies  of  the 
s.ime  weight  tlie  density  is  reciprocally  as  tlie 
magnitude;  that  is,  tue  greater  the  magnitude 
tlie  less  the  density.  Mil  the  less  the  magni- 
tude the  greater  tlie  density. 

reciprocally-proportional,  a. 

Math.  :  Two  quantities  are  reciprocally  pro- 
portional when  lioth  being  variable  the  ratio 
of  tlie  one  to  the  reciprocal  of  the  other  is 
constant.  This  requires  that  their  product 
should  be  constant. 

rc-«jlp  -ro-cal-ness,  *.  [Eng.  reciprocal; 
•ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  recipro- 
cal. 

"  The  rrHprocalntti  of  the  injury  ought  to  allay  the 
displeasure  nt  it"—  IttMt  of  Patf. 

•  r5-9lp'-r6'-cal-ty',  s.  [Eng.  reciprocal  ;  -ty.] 
The  same  as  RECIPROCALITY  (q.v.). 

"  With  •  rrciprocalty  pleasure  Hiid  paine  are  «tlll 
united."—  Burlun  :  Anat.  MelniKHo-.y.  p.  li 


,  r.i.  &  t.  [Lat.  reclprocatus, 
)>a.  |«r.  of  reciproco  =  to  go  backwards  and 
forwards,  to  reciprocate.] 

A.  Intrant.  :  To  move  Iwekwards  and  for- 
wards ;  to  act  interchangeably  or  alternately  ; 
to  alternate. 

"  Tl«  thin  r«cfpro<vj«ny.  each  with  each. 
Alternately  the  nations  leant  aud  teach.* 

Copper:  Charity.  119. 

B.  Trans.  :  To  give  and  return  mutually  ; 
to  give  in  requital  ;  to  interchange. 


e^lp  -rd-cat-ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.  [RECIPRO- 

CATE.) 

reciprocating-engine,  t. 

Steam-tug.  :  The  common  form  of  engine,  In 
which  the  piston  nnd  piston-rod  move  back- 
wards and  fnrwiirds  in  a  straight  line,  abso- 
lutely or  relatively  to  the  cylinder,  as  in  oscil- 
latinx-cylinder  engines.  1  he  term  is  used  in 
contradistinction  to  Rotary  -engine  (q.v.). 

reciprocating  motion,  .«. 

Mach.  :  A  mode  of  action  frequently  em- 
ployed in  the  transmission  of  power  from  one 
part  of  a  machine  to  another.  A  rigid  bar  is 
suspended  upon  a  centre  or  tixis,  and  the  parts 
situated  on  «-ach  si.  If  <>f  the  axis  take  alter- 
nately the  positions  of  those  on  the  other. 

reciprocating  propeller,  *.     A  pro- 

pi-Ui-r  lia\  iiirf  a  |Mililli<  \\liirh  has  a  limited 
strike  nnd  returns  in  the  same  path.  The 
propeller  is  reci  pi  ocated  by  a  horizontal  engine. 


tlon,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat  re- 
cijH'wxitionein,  acctis.  of  rfiprocatio,  from  rf- 
ciprocatut,  j*.  par.  of  m-i/'riH-o  =  to  reciprocate 
(q.v.);  Sp.  reciprocation  ;  Ital.  reciprocufionc.] 

1.  The  act  of  reciprocating  ;  interchange  or 
alternation  of  acts  ;  a  mutual  or  reciprocal 
giving  and  returning. 

"Thin  a  kind  of  m-li*rora'l->n  of  censure*  maybe 
curled  on."—  \\'  ate  f  land  :  Warkt.  \.  U4. 

2.  Alternation  ;  reciprocal  or  alternate  mo- 
tion. 

"  So  far  ai  the  rtrlpromti  -n  nf  the  sea  extend*  to  the 
bottom,  —/.'a*  :  On  tlKi  CraMvii. 

1-89  I-pr59'-I-ty\  *.  [Fr.  recipmcite.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  rx  ing  reciprtx-al  ;  specif., 
reciprocal  obligation  or  right  .  equal  rights  to 
be  mutually  panted  and  enjoyed,  as,  in  poli- 
tical economy,  the  securing  in  commercial 
treaties  between  two  or  more  nations  mutual 
adv  intau'i-s  to  tlie  same  extent,  e.g.,  the  ad- 
mission, mutually,  of  certain  goods,  supposed 


to  be  practically  equivalent  to  each  other, 
du_y  free,  or  at  equal  duties  on  importation. 

"  Any  degree  of  reciprocity  will  prevent  the  pact 
from  twiug  nude."— tttacJulon*:  \Jommaru.,  bk.  U., 

tk.ll 

f  Law  of  reciprocity : 

Math :  A  term  employed  by  Legendre  in  his 
Tkeorie  des  ffonbres,  to  express  a  certain  re- 
lation that  exists  between  the  remainders 
resulting  from  dividing  '!~  by  n,  and  2^i 
by  m.  when  m  and  n  are  prime.  If  we  desig- 
nate the  remainder  In  the  first  case  by  R,  and 
in  the  second  by  K,  then,  when  m  and  n  are 
both  of  the  form  4o— 1,  K  =  —  R,  and  in  all 
other  cases  &  =  K  .  .  .  . 

reciprocity-treaty,  «. 

Hist. :  A  treaty  made  in  1854  between  Great 
Britain  and  the  United  States  regulating 
trade  between  the  latter  country  and  Canada. 
In  l*-4  the  States  proposed  its  abrogation 
which  was  carried  out  in  1880. 

*  rS-cip-ro'-corn'-ous,  a.     [Lat.  reciprocut 
—  backward,  and  cornii  =  a  horn.]  Having  the 
horns  turned  back  wards  and  then  forwards,  as 
those  of  a  ram. 

*  re-9lp'-r6-COU8,  «.    [Lat.  reciprocus.]    Re- 
ciprocal. 

"  He  had  devised  to  make  the  band  reripromui  and 
egal."— Jtrype :  Memorlalt,  voL  i ,  bit.  1..  ch.  T. 

*  rc9'-I-prdque  (quo  as  k),  *  rc9  -I  prok, 
o.  i  *.    [Fr.  recipro<ine.] 

A,  As  adj. :   Reciprocal,   mutual,   recipro- 
cated. 

"  Except  the  love  be  recipn^u*."— Aaron. 

B.  As  fubst. ;  That  which    is    reciprocal ; 
reciprocity. 

"  We  could  be  content  upon  convenient  reriprojue." 
—  WyiUt :  Tltf  King  to  Sir  T.  WvaU,  May  IT,  lias. 

*  rS-ci'-sloa,  ».     [Lat.  recisio,  from  recisut, 
pa.  par.  of  reclilo  =  to  cut  off :  re-  =  back,  and 
cfftlo  (in  com  p.  -cido)  ^  to  cut.]     The  act  of 
cutting  off. 

rS-Cl'-tal,  *.    [Eng.  recit(e);  -aL] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  of  reciting  ;  the  reciting  or  repe- 
tition of  tlie  words  of  a  person  or  document ; 
rehearsal,  recitation. 

"  The  Atb.ana.ilan  Creed  ha*  been  honoured  with  a 
public  ncU>it."—  H'attrtand  :  H'orJU,  iv.  3SL 

2.  Enumeration. 

"  And  give  us.  In  rerttalt  at  disease, 
A  doctor1*  trouble."        Cottfifr:  ComtrtaMon.  811 

3.  Narration ;   the  giving   an   account   or 
narrative  of  the  particulars  of  au  eveut  or 
scries  of  events. 

4.  A  musical  performance  given  by  a  tingle 
performer. 

"  An  organ  rrcital.  with  two  or  three  hymn*,  and  an 
Introductory  ami  closing  pnyer,  would  meet  a  great 
public  want."—  Dallf  Ttlnrmjji,  Fell  8,  188*. 

5.  That  which  is  recited,  rehearsed,  or  nar- 
rated ;  a  story,  a  narrative. 

IL  Law :  That  part  of  a  deed  which  recites 
the  deeds,  arguments,  and  other  matters  of 
fact,  which  may  be  necessary  t->  explain  the 
reasons  upon  which  it  is  founded. 

r§9-I-ta'-tlon,  .«.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  rti-itatlonem, 
accus.  of  recitutio,  from  rtcitat-un,  pa.  par.  of 
recito  =  to  recite  (q.v.);  Sp.  rwi/aoicn ;  ItaL 
rtcdazione.} 

L  The  act  of  recitine;  the  recital  or  repe- 
tition of  words  ;  specif.,  the  delivery  before 
an  audience  nf  a  composition  committed  to 
memory  as  an  exercise  or  display  of  elocution. 

2.  The  repetition  or  rehearsal  of  a  lesson  by 
pupils  before  their  teacher. 

"  Thee*  coune*  ar*  twenty-two  in  uumHcr.  and  pro- 
ride  furty-»un>ci/a<;.iu»  week."— SeritmertHaaatiitt, 
Sept..  U".  p.  ;iM. 

3.  That  which  is  recited  or  rehearsed  ;  the 
comi-osition  or  mutter  reciti-d  or  delivered. 

rc9  I  ta  tive',  a.  ti  i.  (Fr.  rtfitati/;  ItaL 
ncttatuo,\ 

•A.  At  adjective : 

L  Reciting,  rehearsing,  repeating. 

2.  Pertaining  to  or  intended  for  musical 
recitation  or  declamation ;  in  the  style  of 
recitative. 

B.  As  tubstantim  : 

Music : 

1.  A  species  of  nmsi'-nl  declamation,  not 
necessarily  in  rhythmical  form,  but  HO  arranged 
or  designed  as  to  assimilate  musical  sounds 


as  nearly  as  possible  to  ordinary  speech.  It  II 
used  in  operas,  oratorios,  &L-.,  to  relate  a  story. 
to  express  some  action  or  passion,  or  to  reveal 
a  secret  or  design,  aud  is  of  two  kinds,  unac- 
companied aud  accompanied,  the  latter  being 
the  more  common  in  modern  music. 

2.  A  piece  of  music  intended  to  be  sung  in 
recitative. 

rS$-I-ta-tive'-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  recitative ;  -ly.] 
la  manner  of  a  recitative. 

re9-I-ta-ti  -vo,  i.  [Ital.]  The  same  as  RECI- 
TATIVE (q.v.). 

"  There  I*  nothing  that  has  more  startled  our  Eng- 
lish audience  thau  tlie  lUliau  rtcitiitlra  at  its  first 
eutrauce  upon  Uw  stage,"— Ad.tltaii :  Spectator,  Nat*. 

r6-clte',  v.t.  &  i.  [Fr.  reciter,  from  Lat.  rrcito, 
from  re- =  back,  again,  and  ct(o  =  to  call,  to 
name,  to  cite  (q.v.)  ;  Sp.  rccitar;  Ital.  recitart.] 

A.  Transitive : 

1.  To  repeat  or  rehearse  from  memory  some- 
thing written  down,  prepared,  or  learnt  before- 
hand ;  to  deliver  from  a  printed  or  written 
document  or  from  memory;  specif.,  to  declaim 
or  rein-arse,  with  appropriate  gestures,  before 
an  audience, 

*  2.  To  quote  ;  to  refer  to. 

M  Which  booke  ...  t>  oft  rrrttcd  ...  In  the  fraf 
menu  of  Nouiu*."—  Xtca/jm.  nvluottmuter.  bk.  ti. 

3.  To  tell  over ;   to  narrate,  to  relate ;  to 
describe  in  detail ;  to  go  over  in  particulars: 
as,  To  recite  one's  adventures,  to  recite  a  man's 
good  deeds. 

B.  Intrant:    To   rehearse   a   composition 
committed  to  memory  before  au  audience  ;  to 
repeat  or  rehearse  a  lesson. 

•r5-9lte',  ».    [Fr.  recit.]    [RECITE,  r.]  Recital. 

"All  former  rrcitn  or  obwrratioa*  of  lung -lived 
race*."— Sir  W.  Tempi*  :  Of  Utallh. 

rS-Clt'-er,  *.  [Eng.  recit(e) ;  -er.}  One  who 
incites  or  rehearses  ;  a  narrator ;  an  enumera- 
tor. 

"  Like  those  reciter*  in  old  Borne."— Burton :  A  not. 
JMancAo/y,  p  270. 

rgck,  "recche,  "rekke,  «.{.&(.  (A.s. 
man  (for  rdctan),  cogn.  with  O.  S.ix.  rc!*-ian; 
O.  H.  Ger.  rokhjan,  ruokhjun;  M.  H.  Ger. 
ruochen  —  to  reck ;  ruocA  =  care,  heed ; 
O.  H.  Ger.  ruoA,  ruoA.] 

A.  Intrant. :  To  care,  to  heed  ;  to  have  • 
care  or  thought 

••  KecMnf  u  little  what  betldeth  me." 
3a<iie>/>.  .•  Tvu  (ItiiUrmtn  o/  ''eroito,  IT.  k 

^  Frequently  followed  by  of. 

"  He  reeled  not  o/thc  life  he  lu«t  nor  oriie." 

Byron  :  duidi  Harold.  IT.  HI 

*  B.  Trans. :  To  heed,  to  regard  ;  to  have  ft 
care  or  thought  for. 

-  What  nrkeOt  he  his  rider's  angry  rtir !  " 

.Sa<i*«jj.  .'   I'rnnl  *  Ailontt.  tO. 

*T  tt  r«]fcs(Used  imjiersonally) :  It  concerns. 

"  Hym  reeter*  nought  what  men  recorden." 

tfutfrr:  C.A..*. 

ri$ck'-l8ss,  *  reche  Ics,  •  rcch  lesse, 
•  rock  Icsso. '  retch-less,  •  resche-les. 

o.     [A.S.  reccfleds,  rrceledi;  cf.  Dnt.  rx'- 


Not  recking  or  heeding ;  careless  ; 
consequences;  mindless,  thoughtless;  rashly 
impetuous ;  foolhardy. 

"The  flerceet  and  most  neMett  of  partisan*."— 
Maeaulaf.  Htot.  Kny..  cli.  vl. 

reok'-less-ly,  *  reche- lesse -ly.  adv. 
[Eng.  rt'Mesx;  -lit.]  In  a  reckless  manner; 
heedlessly,  carelessly. 

"They  had.  thi-y  imagined,  heen  rr^'talf.  if  not 
perfidiously.  *ent  to  cerulu  Uatrui-tlou."- Macaulaf  : 
Si*.  K'i,..  ch.  xul. 

rdck  -16ss-ncss,   •  recho  los-nesse,  ». 

[Eng.  rtcU'Ss;  -ness.]    The  quality  or  state  of 

being  reckless;  heedlensness  of  consequences. 

-  What  wemed  to  hi*  aMoclafe*  to  he  hi*  unnatural 

rM*/<*tivM  and  Md«city.--J/Jcu«/ujr.    Hat.  £nr  • 

eh.  r. 

t  r«Sck'-lIng,  *.  A  a.    [Prob.  from  reck,  with 

dimin.  suir.  -ling.] 

A.  As  svtitt. :  The  smallest  and  weakest  In 
a  brood  of  animals  ;  a  delicate  babe. 

••  There  lay  the  rrrUtng,  one 
Bat  one,  hoar  old."   7>.nijr»»« .'  Lancelot  t  Elairt*. 

B.  At  adj. :  Weakest 

••  A  mo  her  dote*  upon  the  rectling  child 
More  tU»n  the  rtupnir." 

Ta*lor:  t  /••«</•  fan  JrfretJ*,  T  L 

r6ck  6n.  Tek-en,  Tek  ene,  *rek  nr, 

v.t.  &  i.  (A.S.  ge-rueniun  =  to  explain,  alurj 
to  gt-reecan,  recean  ss  to  rule,  dirnit,  i>n\>-r. 
tell;  cogn.  with  Dut  rel:enen;  Icel.  reikna; 


boil,  boy;  p<mt,  Jolkrl;  cat,  5011,  chorus,  jhin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  $hls;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  eylst.    ph  =  L 
-«ian,  -<laa  =  s>-;      -Uan, -filon<=  shun; -(ion, -cion  =  zhoxu   -cious, -tious, -aious  =  shus.   -ble, -die,  4c.  =  bel,  del 


3906 


reckoner— recline 


Dan.  regne  ;  Sw.  rakna  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  rekhanon  ; 
M.  H.  Ger.  rechenen  ;  Ger.  rechnen  =  to 
reckon  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  rachjan  ;  M.  H.  Ger.  recfien 
=  to  declare,  to  tell.  From  the  same  root  as 
ruke  (IX  v.  (q.v.).] 

A.  Transitive  : 

1.  To  count,  to  number,  to  calculate  ;  to 
number  one  by  one  ;    to  enumerate.     (Fre- 
quently followed  by  up.) 

*'  I  have  not  art  to  reckon  my  groans."—  .SA<i*«»p.  : 
Himlet,  it.  1. 

2.  To  account,  to  impute,  to  assign,  as  in  an 
Account.     (Romans  iv.  9.) 

3.  To  estimate   by  rank   or   quality  ;    to 
esteem,  to  repute,  to  account,  to  value. 

"  She  reckoned  It  at  her  life's  rate." 

SluUcap.  :  Alt  i  Well,  v.  *. 

B.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  make  reckoning  ;  to  cast  account  ;  to 
compute,  to  calculate  ;  to  make  computation. 

"  I  am  111  at  reckoning." 

Shtketii.  :  Lote'i  Labour1  1  Lott,  i.  1. 

2.  To  go  through  accounts  ;  to  cast  up  and 
•ettle  accounts  ;  to  adjust  the  balance  of  debit 
and  credit    (.Mutt.  xxv.  19.) 

*3.  To  make  up  or  render  an  account;  to 
give  account. 


*  4.  To  reason  with  one'o  self,  and  conclude 
from  argument.    (Isaiah  xxxviii.  13.) 

5.  To  think,  to  imagine,  to  suppose,  to  con- 
clude, to  infer  :  as,  I  reckon  he  will  come. 
(Provincial  in  England,  and  very  common  in 
the  middle  and  southern  states  of  America.) 

*  IT  (1)  To  reckon  for  :  To  give  account  ;  to 
be  answerable. 

-If  they  fail  In  their  bounden  duty,  they  shall 
reckon/or  it  one  day."—  Saiuterion  :  Judgment. 

(2)  To  reckon  on  or  upon  :  To  count  or  rely 
on  ;  to  depend  on  ;  to  lay  dependence  or 
reliance  on. 

*  (3)  To  reckon  with  :  To  call  to  account  ;  to 
settle  accounts  with. 

re'ck'-o'n-er,  s.    [Eng.  reckon  ;  •«•.] 

1.  One  who  reckons  ;  one  who  computes  or 
calculates. 

"  Heckoneri  without  their  bout  must  reckon  twice." 
—  Camden  :  Remains. 

2.  That  which  assists  a  person  to  reckon  ; 
a  book  containing  tables  ready  calculated  ;  a 
ready-reckoner  (q.v.). 

rock  -on  Ing,  *  rec-on-yng,  pr.  par.,  a., 

&  3.       [RECKON.] 

A.  A  B.  A  s  pr.  par.  it  particip.  adj.  :  (See 
the  verli)- 

C.  A$  substantive  : 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  The  act  of  counting,  computing,  or  cal- 
culating ;  computation. 

"  It  wen  a  pity  you  should  get  your  living  by 
reckoning,  sir."—  Shaketp.  :  Lote'i  Labour'!  Lott,  v.  S. 

2.  A  statement  of  accounts  with  another  ; 

•  comparison  of  accounts   with  a  view  to 
settlement. 

"  To  cause  the  marchaunts  to  come  to  a  reconyng 
with  me."—  T.  (IrciHam  to  Duke  of  Northumberland, 
April,  1553. 

*  3.  An  account  of  time. 

"  Canst  thou  their  reckoning*  keep  t  " 

Sandyi:  Paraphrase  of  Job. 

4.  The  charge,  account,  or  bill  ;  charge  by 
the  landlord  of  an  inn,  &c. 

"  I  never  scorn  to  h«  treated  by  any  that  are  kind 
•Dough  to  pay  iny  reckoning"—  OoldtmiOi  :  Kuayi.  vi. 

5.  A  charge  generally  ;  cost  Incurred. 

"  He  deems  a  thousand,  or  ten  thousand  lives,  .  .  . 
An  easy  reckoning."  Coif  per  :  Tcuk.  v.  27S. 

*  6.  Esteem,  estimation,  account,  repute. 

"Those  [herbsj  which  the  magicians  make  such 
reckoning  of—  P.  Holland  :  Plinie,  bk.  xxlv.,  ch.  xvii. 

II.  Naut.  :  [DEAD-RECKONING]. 

*  reckoning-book.  ».    A  book  in  which 
money  received  and  expended  is  set  down. 

rS-claim'  (1),  *  re-claime,  *  re  dame, 

*  re  clayme.  *  re  cleime,  v.t.  &  i.    [Fr. 
redamer,    from    Lat.    reclame  =  to   cry   out 
against  :    re-  =  back,  again,  and  damn  =  to 
cry,  to  call  ;  8p.  &  Port  redamar;  ItaL  re- 
clamare.] 

A.  Transitive: 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

*  1.  To  call  back,  to  recall.    [II.] 

"  Willed  him  for  to  rec'airme,  with  speed. 
His  scattred  people,  ere  they  all  were  slalne." 
fprmer  :  F.  <j.,  V.  xii.  9. 


*  2.  To  call  out  repeatedly  to  ;  to  cat!  on. 

"  The  headstrong  horses  hurried  Octevliis.  the 
trembling  charioteer,  along,  and  were  deaf  to  his  re- 
claiming theva.'—Dryden. 

*  3.  To  call  or  cry  out  against ;  to  contra- 
dict, to  gainsay. 

"  Herod,  Instead  otre-laiming  what  they  exclaimed, 
embraced  and  hugged  their  praises."— Puller. 

*  L  To  recover,  to  regain. 

"  Tliis  arm.— that  hath  rrclaim'd 
To  your  obedience  fifty  fortresses." 

Shaketp.  :  1  Henry  F/.,  Ui.  4. 

5.  To  bring  back  from  error,  wandering,  or 
transgression  to  a  state  of  moral  rectitude  ; 
to  reform ;  to  recall  or  bring  back  from  evil 
courses. 

"  If  he  there  be  tamed, 
Or  In  one  article  of  vice  reclain'd." 

Covper :  Tirocinium,  ML 

6.  To  rescue,  to  deliver. 

"  He  arose 
To  raise  a  language,  and  his  land  reclaim." 

Byron:  ChUde  Harold,  iv.  SO. 

7.  To  rescue  or  recover  from  being  waste, 
wild,  desert,  unproductive,  or  the  like  ;  to 
bring  under  cultivation. 

"  Host  of  the  work  in  reclaiming  that  small  park 
was  given  to  crofters."— Echo,  Sept.  8,  1885. 

*  8.  To  reduce  or  bring  from  a  wild  to  a 
tame  or  domestic  state  ;  to  tame. 

"  A  qualified  property  may  subsist  in  animals  fera 
naturae,  by  a  man  s  reclaiming  and  making  them 
tame  by  art."—  Blackttone:  Comment.,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  25. 

*  9.  To  bring  under  restraint ;  to  restrain ; 
to  keep  back  or  under. 

"  The  wood  is  reclaimed  and  repressed  from  running 
out  in  length."— P.  Holland  :  Plinie,  bk.  xvli..  ch.  xxii. 

*  II.  Falconry  :  To  bring  the  hawk  back  to 
the  wrist  by  a  certain  call. 

"  Itecleimen  thee,  and  bring  thee  to  the  lure." 

Chaucer  :  C.  T.,  17,02). 

B.  Intransitive : 

*  L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  To  cry  out  or  exclaim  against  anything. 

"The  whole  Catholic  church  reclaim!;  and  Chris- 
tian ears  would  not  bear  it."-  H'nterland  :  Workt,  i.  89. 

2.  To  effect  reclamation  or  reformation  ;  to 
reform. 


3.  To  draw  back  ;  to  give  way. 
IL  Scots  Law :  To  appeal. 

re  claim'  (2),  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  claim, 
v.  (q.v.).]  To  claim  again ;  to  claim  back; 
to  demand  repossession  of. 

"  And  thus  at  Venice  lauded  to  reclaim 
His  wife,  religion,  house,  and  Christian  name." 
Syr  on  :  Beppo,  xcvii. 

*  re  claim ,  *  re-clame,  s.  [RECLAIM  (l),  v.] 
The  act  of  reclaiming  or  calling  back;  the 
state  of  being  reclaimed. 

"  But  leasure  hud  and  liberty  to  frame 
Their  purpust  flight,  free  from  all  men's  reclame." 
Bpenter:  F.q.,lll.  x  1* 

*  re-claim'-a-ble,  o.    [Eng.  reclaim  (1),  v. ; 
-able.]    Capable  of  being    reclaimed   or   re- 
formed ;  capable  of  reformation. 

"  He  said  that  he  was  young,  and  so  reclaimable : 
that  this  was  his  first  fault."— in-.  Cttckburn :  Rem.  on 
Barnet.  p.  41. 

*  rS-claim'-a-bly,  adv.    [Eng.  redaimab(le) ; 
-ly.}    So  as  to  be  capable  of  being  reclaimed. 

*  re-claim-ant,  *.     [Eng.  reclaim  (1),  v. ; 
•ant.]     One  "who  opposes,   gainsays,   contra- 
dicts, or  remonstrates  against  anything. 

"  Three  hundred  and  eighteen  bishops,  very  unani- 
mous in  their  resolutions,  excepting  a  few  reclaim- 
anti."—  Waterland :  Worki,  i.  89. 

*  re-claime,  v.t.  &  i.    [RECLAIM  (l),  v.] 
rS-claimed ,  pa.  par.  or  a.    [RECLAIM  (1),  v.] 

reclaimed  animals, .?.  pi. 

Law :  Animals  which  have  been  made  tame 
or  domesticated  by  art,  industry,  or  education, 
by  which  act  a  qualified  property  is  acquired 
in  them. 

rS-claim'-er,  *.  [Eng.  reclaim  (1),  v. ;  -er.] 
One  who  reclaims. 

re-claim  ing,  pr.  par.  &  a.    [RECLAIM  (1),  v.] 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective : 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Serving  or  tending  to  re- 
claim or  reform ;  reforming. 

2.  Scots  Law :  Appealing  from  a  judgment 
of  the  lord-ordinary  to  the  inner  house  of  the 
Court  of  Session. 

reclaiming  days,  s.  pi. 

Scots  Law :  The  days  allowed  to  one  dis- 
satisfied with  the  judgment  of  the  lord-ordi- 
nary to  appeal  to  the  inner  house. 


reclaiming  note,  s. 

Scots  Law:  The  petition  of  appeal  to  the 
inner  house,  craving  the  alteration  of  Uie 
judgment  reclaimed  against. 

*  re-claim' -less,  a.     [Eng.   reclaim  (1),  v. ; 
-less.]    Incapable  of  being  reclaimed  ;  not  to 
be  reclaimed. 

rec-la-ma'-tion,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  reclttma~ 
tionem,  accus.  of  reclamatio  =  a  cry  of  opposi- 
tion, from  reclamatus,  pa.  par.  of  recltimo  =  to 
cry  out  against;  Sp.  reclamation ;  Ital.  redo- 
mazione.]  [RECLAIM  (1),  v.] 

*1.  The  act  of  reclaiming;  a  remonstrance; 
a  cry  of  opposition,  disapprobation,  or  remon- 
strance. 

*  2.  A  claim  made ;  a  demand  or  challenge 
of  something  to  be  restored. 

3.  The  act  of  reclaiming  or  bringing  bm-k 
from  evil   courses  ;   reformation  ;   a  turning 
from  wrong  or  disreputable  habits  to  a  belter 
course  of  life. 

"For  their  reclamation  from  evill.  or  encourage- 
ment in  Kood."—  Bp.  Hall :  Satan'i  fiery  D.irlt 
Quenched,  Dec.  3.  f  6. 

4.  The  act  of  reclaiming  or  bringing  into 
cultivation  :  as,  the  reclamation  of  land. 

*  5.  The  act  of  reclaiming,  or  demanding  to 
have  returned. 

"  During  the  three  days'  grace  allowed  for  reclama- 
tion.'—field,  Jan.  2,  188*. 

re  clasp,  v.t.  or  i.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
clasp,  v.  (q.v.)].  To  clasp  again  or  anew. 

"When  two  laminae,  which  have  been  separated  by 
accident  or  force,  are  brought  together  again,  they  im- 
mediately redatp,"— Paley :  natural  Theology,  cu.  xij. 

*  re-clear',  v.t.     [Pref.  re-,  aud  Eng.  clear 
(q.v.).]    To  clear  again. 

re  climb'  (f>  silent),  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
climb.]  To  climb  or  ascend  again. 

"  Reclimbed  the  steep 
And  gain'd  the  shrine." 

Moore:  The  Fire-  Worihippert. 

re'-clin'-ant,  a.    [Lat.  reclinans,  pr.  par.  of 
reclino  =  to  recline  (q.v.).] 
Her. :  The  same  as  DECLINANT  (q.v.). 

re-clin'-ate,  a.    [Lat.  redinatus,  pa.  par.  of 
reclino  =  to  recline  (q.v.).] 
Botany : 

1.  (Of  cestivatwn) :  Having  the  parts  bent 
down  upon  their  stalk  ;  indexed,  as  in  the 
aconite. 

2.  (Of  any  part):  Falling  gradually  back 
from  the  perpendicular ;  as  the  branches  of 
the  banyan  tree. 

rec-ll-na'-tlon,  s.  [O.  Fr.  (Fr.  redinaism), 
from  Lat.  redinatus,  pa,  par.  of  reclino  =  to 
recline  (q.v.).] 

*  L  Ord.  Lang. :  The  act  or  state  of  leaning 
or  reclining. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Dialling :  The  angle  which  the  plare  of 
the  dial  makes  with  a  vertical  plane  which  it 
intersects  in  a  horizontal  line. 

2.  Surg.:  The  process  of  removing  a  cataract 
by  applying  the  needle  to  the  anterior  surface 
and  pressing  it  down  into  the  vitreous  humour, 
so  that  the  front  surface  of  the  cataract  be- 
comes the  upper  one  and  its  back  surface  the 
lower  one.    (Dunglison.) 

*  re-cll-na-tor-y,  *  re-cly-na-tor-ye,  «. 

[Low.  Lat  reclinatorium.  ]    A  resting-place. 
"Therinne  sett*  his  reclynatory*." 

Lydgate :  f'oemi,  fol.  *. 

re-cline',  vtt.  &  i.  [Lat  reclino  =  to  Wn 
back  :  re-  =  back,  and  clino  =  to  lean  ;  Fr.  >  e- 
cliner;  Sp.  &  Port,  reclinar;  Ital.  reclinare.) 

A.  Trans. :  To  lean  back  ;  to  lean  sideway* 
or  to  one  side  ;  to  repose. 

"  The  head  reclined,  the  loosened  hair." 

.S«>«  :  Kokeby.  1.  M. 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  lean,  to  repose,  to  rest ;  to  take  or  be 
in  a  recumbent  position. 

"  His  snowy  neck  reclina  upon  his  breast.* 

Dryden:  Virgil;  .t'neid  Ix.  ML 

*  2.  To  lean  or  fall  back. 


*  re-cline',  a.  [Lat.  redinis.]  [RECLINE,  v.] 
Reclining,  leaning;  in  a  reclining  or  recum- 
bent position. 

-  They  sat  recline 

On  the  soft  downy  bunk,  damasked  with  flowers." 
Milton  :  P.  L..  iv.  331. 


fate,  fat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
«r.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cab,  cure,  unite,  car,  rale,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    n,  09  =>  e ;  ey  =  »;  qa  =  kw. 


reclined— recoilment 


3907 


T8-clined',  pa.  par.  &  a.    [RECLINE,  ».] 

A.  As  pa.  par. :  (See  t!:2  verb). 

B.  As  adjective : 

Hot. :  The  same  as  RECLINATE  (q.v.), 

rfc-clin'-er,  s.    [Eng.  redinje),  v. ;  -er.]    One 

wuo  or  that  which  reclines  :  specif.,  a  dial 
whose  plane  reclines  from  a  vertical  position ; 
a  reclining  dial. 

re'-clin  -ing,  pr.  par.  &  a.    [RECLINK,  «.] 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective : 

Bot. :  The  same  as  RECLIKATB  (q.v.). 

reollnlng-board,  s.  The  same  as  BACK- 
BOARD, 1.  a. 

reclining  dial.  5.  A  dial  whose  plane 
reclines  from  the  perpendicular.  If,  besides 
reclining,  it  also  declines  from  any  of  the 
cardinal  points,  it  is  called  a  Reclining-declin- 
ing  dial. 

re-Close',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  cUm;  v. 
(q.v.).]  To  close  or  shut  again. 

"The  silver  ring  she  pull'd.  the  door  recl'it'd." 
Pope  :  Homer  ;  Odyuey  i.  662. 

•  re-Clothe',  v.t     [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  clothe 
(q.v.).]    To  clothe  again  or  afresh. 

•  rS-clude',  v.  t.  [Lat.  recludo,  from  re-  =  back, 
and  claudo  =  to  shut.]    To  open,  to  unclose. 

"  The  Ingredients  absorb  the  intestinal  superfluities, 
rerlu.de  oppilatiuns,  and  mundify  the  blood."— Bar- 
fey  •  On  Consumption. 

rS-cluse',  a.  &  s.  [Fr.  reclus  (fern,  recluse), 
pa.  par.  of  O.  Fr.  recloire;  Low  Lat.  recludo 
=  to  shut  up  ;  Sp.  recluso;  Ital.  richiitso.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Living  shut  up  or  retired  from 
the  world  ;  solitary,  sequestered,  retired  from 
public  life  or  notice. 

"  Nor  these  alone  prefer  a  life  rccluie. 
Who  seek  retirement  for  its  proper  use." 

Cowper :  Retirement.  170. 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  One  who  lives  shut  up  apart  from  the 
world  ;  one  who  spends  his  life  in  retirement 
or  seclusion,  away  from  intercourse  with  the 
world,  as  a  hermit  or  monk. 

" '  Yes.'  buoyantly  exclaimed 
The  pale  Recluu."       Wordtvorth :  Kicartinn,  v. 

2.  Specif. :  A  religious  devotee  who  lives  in 
a  single  cell  usually  attached  to  a  monastery. 

•  3.  A  retreat,  a  hermitage. 

"These  found  them  Refuges  in  Caves  and  Holes  of 
Rocks:  and  in  these  Kecluiet  were  they  comforted."— 
BraUhwaite :  Penitent  Pilyrimt  (Eeprmt  1857),  p.  135. 

•  rS-clused',  a.     [RECLUSE.]     Retired,  soli- 
tary, secluded. 

"  So  reclui'd  hermits  oftentimes  do  know 
More  of  heav'u's  glory  than  a  worldling  can.* 
Donne :  Eclogue.  Dec.,  1611 

•  rS-cluse'-ljf,  adv.    [Eng.  recluse ;  -ly.]    In 
a  recluse,  solitary,  or  secluded  manner ;  in 
retirement  or  seclusion. 

•  re-cluse'-ness,  ».    [Eng.  recluse;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  retired  or  se- 
cluded ;  retirement,  seclusion. 

"A  kind  of  calm  recluteneu  Is  like  rest  to  the  orer- 
labonr'd  mind."— Feltham :  Rewlvet,  pt.  1L,  p.  37». 

•  rS-clu'-sion,  s.     [Fr.,  from  Low  Lat.  re- 
clusio,  from  reclusus,  {».  par.  of  recludo  =  to 
shut  up.]    A  state  of  retirement  or  seclusion  ; 
recluseneas. 

•  rS-clu-sive,  a.    [Eng.  recluse);  -ive.]    Af- 
fordingseclusion  or  retirement  from  the  world ; 
recluse,  secluded. 

"  In  some  reclutire  and  religious  life." 

SlMketp. :  Muck  Ado  About  Nothing,  Iv.  1. 

•  rS-Clu'-SCT-jf,  ».    [Low  Lat  reclusorium.] 
The  abode  or  cell  of  a  recluse  or  hermit ;  a 
hermitage. 

•  re-cd-ag-U-la'-tlon,  «.      [Pref.  re-,  and 
Eng.  coagulation  (q.  v.).]  A  second  or  renewed 
coagulation. 

"  This  salt  .  .  .  does  upon  ita  rrconyulatinn  dispose 
of  the  aqueous  particles  among  its  own  saline  ones, 
and  shoot  into  crystals."— Boyle :  Work*,  L  433. 

0  re-coast',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  coast,  v. 
(q.v.).]  To  coast  a  second  time  along ;  to  sail 
near  or  along  the  coast  of. 

•  re  -c6cf,  a.     [Lat.  recoctus,  pa.  par.  of  re- 
co'/uo  —  to  cook  or  boil  again  :    re-  =  again, 
and  coquo  =  to  cook.]    To  boil  or  cook  over 
again  :  hence,  to  dress  up  again  ;  to  vamp  up 
•new. 

•'Old  men  and  women  too  seek,  at  it  were,  by 
Medea's  charms,  to  recoct  their  corps."— Bp.  Taylor : 
Artificial  Handtomeneu,  p.  7L 


•re-coV-tion,  ».  [RECOCT.]  The  act  of 
cooking  or  dressing  up  anew  ;  a  vamping  up. 

rec  6g-ms  -a  ble,  rec  -6g-nlse,  &c.  [RE- 
COGNIZABLE, &c.] 

rec-o'g-ni'-tlon, s.  [Lat.  recognitionem,  accus. 
of  recognUio  =  a  knowing  again,  from  recogni- 
tus,  pa.  par.  of  recognosco  —  to  recognize  (q.v.) ; 
Fr.  recognition ;  Ital.  recognition*.] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  of  recognizing ;  a  recovery  and 
acknowledgment  of  a  knowledge  of  a  person 
or  thing  ;  the  state  of  being  recognized. 


2.  The  act  of  recognizing,  acknowledging, 
avowing,  or  sanctioning ;  the  state  of  being 
recognized,  acknowledged,  or  sanctioned. 

"  But  the  view  in  which  the  state  regards  the  prac- 
tice of  morality  is  evidently  seen  in  its  recognition  of 
that  famous  maxim."—  Warburton :  Tht  Alliance. 
(Post  to  4th  ed.) 

IL  Scots  Law :  The  recovery  of  lands  by  the 
proprietor  when  they  fall  to  him  by  the  fault 
of  the  vassal,  or  generally  any  return  of  the 
feu  to  the  superior  from  whatever  ground  of 
eviction. 

rS-cd'g'-nl-tor,  ».  [Low  Lat,  from  Lat. 
recognitus,  pa.  par.  of  recognosco  =  to  recog- 
nize (q.v.).] 

Law:  One  of  a  jury  empanelled  on  an 
assize,  so  called  because  they  acknowledge  a 
disseizin  by  their  verdict. 

"  If,  upon  the  general  issue,  the  reeognitori  find  an 
actual  seisin  in  the  demandant,  and  his  subsequent 
disseisin  by  the  present  tenant,  he  shall  have  judg- 
meut  to  recover  his  seisin,  and  damages  for  the  injury 
sustained."— Blackttone  :  Comment.,  bk.  iiL,  ch.  10. 

*  re-cfig'-iil-tor-y,  a.    [Lat.  recognitus,  pa. 
par.  of  recognosco  =  to  recognize  (q.v.).]    Per- 
taining to  or  connected  with  recognition. 

rec  6g  niz  a  ble,  rec  6g  ms  a  ble,  a. 
[Eng.  recognise);  -able.]  Capable  of  being 
recognized,  known,  or  acknowledged. 

*  r6c-$g-niz'-a-bljf,  *  rSc-dg-nis  '-a-bl& 

adv.  [Eng.  recognizable);  -y.]  In  a  recog- 
nizable manner  ;  so  as  to  be  capable  of  recog- 
nition. 

"  A  man  recognitablf  of  fine  talents."— Carlyle  : 
Reminitceneei,  ii.  3». 

re'-cog'-nl-zange,  rg-cSg'-iiI-sanoe  (or  g 

silent),  ».  [O.  Fr.  recoignisance,  recognois- 
sance  =  a  recognizing,  from  recognoissant,  pr. 
par.  of  recognoistre  (Fr.  reconnaitre)  =  to  re- 
cognize (q.v.) ;  Fr.  reconnaissance.] 

1.  Ordinary  Language : 

•  1.  The  act  of  recognizing ;  acknowledg- 
ment or  recognition  of  a  person  or  thing ; 
avowal,  acknowledgment. 

"  In  recognitance  of  men's  good  deeds."—/1.  Holland  : 
Plinie,  bk.il..  ch.  xiL 

2.  A  mark  or  means  of  recognition ;  a  badge, 
a  token. 

"  That  reeognliance  and  pledge  of  lore 
Which  I  first  gave  her/  SkaJtetp. :  OOulio,  T.  t, 

IL  Law: 

1.  (See  extract). 

"  A  recoynivince  Is  an  obligation  of  record,  which  a 
man  enters  into  before  some  court  of  record  or  magis- 
trate duly  authorised  with  condition  to  do  some 
particular  act ;  as,  to  keep  the  peace,  to  pay  a  debt,  or 
the  like.  It  is  in  most  respects  like  any  other  bond, 
the  form  of  It  being,  '  that  A  B  doth  acknowledge  to 
owe  to  our  lady  the  queen,  to  the  plaintiff,  to  C  D. 
or  the  like,  the  sum  of  ten  pounds,'  with  condition  to 
be  void  on  performance  of  the  thing  stipulated."— 
Blackitont :  Comment.,  bk.  ii..  ch,  17. 

2.  The  verdict  of  a  jury  empanelled  upon 
assize. 

*  rS-cdg-nl-za'-itton,  *.    [Eng.  recognise) ; 
-atiun.]    The  act  of  recognizing  ;  recognition. 

rec'-6g  nize,  rec'-ig-nise  (or  g  silent),  v.t. 
&  i.  [From  the  subst  recognizance  (q.v.); 
O.  Fr.  recognoistre ;  Fr.  reconnaitre,  from  Lat. 
recognosco  =  to  know  again  :  re-  =  again,  and 
cognosce  =  to  know ;  Sp.  reconoscer,  reconocer  ; 
Port,  reconbecer;  Ital.  riconoscere.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  know  again  ;  to  recover  or  recall  the 
knowledge  of;  "to  perceive  the   identity  of 
with  a  person  or 'thing- known  before. 
"  Much  was  ne  troubled -ifor  the  man 


2.  To  avow  or  admit'  *  -knowledge  of ;  to 
acknowledge. 

"  To  reroanite  and  report  your  goodnta**  toward 
him."— Atcham :  School  matter.    (Bed.) 


3.  To    indicate    one's    acquaintance    with 
another  by  bowing,  raising  the  hat,  or  the 
like  :  as,  To  recognize  a  person  in  the  street. 

4.  To  indicate  or  mark  appreciation  of ;  to 
acknowledge  :  as,  To  recognize  merit  by  a  prize. 

*  5.  To  review,  to  revise ;  to  examine  or  go 
over  a  second  time. 

"  In  recofnitint  this  hi  tory  I  hare  employed  a  little 
more  labour."-  fox :  Martgn.  (Kp.  Dedlc.,  2nd  ed.) 

B.  Intransitive : 

Law :  To  enter  into  a  recognizance  or  re- 
cognizances before  a  proper  tribunal. 

"  To  cease  all  fraude.  the  aayde  lords  recovnited  that 
they  were  readie  to  affirme  the  sayd  l>uchie  of  Tuieu 
to  belong  to  the  kinge  of  Kuglande."— Ball :  Henru 
jr.  (an.  10). 

re -cog  niz -ee,  re  c6g  nis-ee  (or  g  silent), 
s.  [Eng.  recognise);  -ee.] 

Law :  The  person  in  whose  favour  a  recog- 
nizance is  made. 

"  The  king,  the  plaintiff.  C.  D.  *c.  Is  called  the  re- 
cognuee."—6lackttone :  Comment.,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  SO. 

rec  6g  niz  er,  rec  6g  nis  er,  s.  [Eng. 
recognise);  -er.\  One  who  recognizes. 

rS-cdg-nl-zor',  re-c6g-nl-sor'  (or  g  silent), 
*.  [Eng.  recogniz(e);  -or.] 

Law :  The  person  who  enters  into  a  recog- 
nizance. 

re  coil, •  re  colle, •  re  coyle,  •  re-onle, 
v.i.  &  t.  [Fr.  reculer,  from  re-  (Lat.  re-)  = 
back,  and  cul  (Lat  culus)  =  the  hinder  part, 
the  posteriors.  Of.  Gael,  cul  =  the  hinder 
part ;  Wei.  cil  —  back,  a  retreat.] 
A.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  start,  rush,  roll,  or  fall  back,  as  in 
consequence  of  resistance  which  cannol    be 
overcome  by  the  force  impressed  ;  to  rel>ouu<l ; 
to  fall  back  after  an  advance  :  as,  A  gun  re- 
coils after  a  discharge. 

2.  To  be  driven  back  or  forced  to  retreat ; 
to  fall  hack. 

"  The  friend  shrinks  back,  the  foe  rfoili." 

Wordtmrth :  White  Doe,  IT. 

3.  To  return ;  to  come  back  to  the  same 
place. 

"  Revenge,  at  first  though  sweet. 
Bitter  ere  long,  back  on  itself  recoil  i" 

Milton:  P.  L.,  It  IT*. 

4.  To  start  or  shrink  back,  as  from  some- 
thing repulsive,  distressing,  or  alarming. 

"  And  back  reeoUd,  he  knew  not  why. 
E'en  at  the  sound  himself  had  made. 

ColUni :  The  Patriont. 

5.  To  shrink  through  fear ;  to  lack  spirit  or 
enterprise. 

"  If  the  Prince  had  reeoUed,  he  would  have  lost  hi* 
popularity.'—.*.  Janet  t  Oaiette.  Sept.  n.  1M*. 

*  6.  To  go  back ;  to  revert ;  to  return  in 
thought 

••  Methought  I  did  r»eo« 
Twenty-three  years. 

Shaknp.:  H'inter'i  TaU,Lt. 

*  7.  To  fall  off ;  to  degenerate. 

"  You  recoil  from  your  great  stock." 

Shaletp. :  CymbeUne.  L  i. 

*  B,  Tratis. :  To  drive  back.    (Speiuer.) 

rS  coil ,  •  re  co lie,  •  re  culo,  «.  [HI- 
COIL,  f.] 

1.  A  starting,  falling,  or  moving  backward  ; 
a  backward  movement ;  a  rebound. 

"  On  a  sudden  op'n  fly 
With  Impetuous  recoil  aud  jarring  sound 
Th'  infernal  dours."  Milton :  P.  U.  IL  MO. 

2.  Specif. :  The  rebound  or  resilience  of  a 
firearm  or  piece  of  ordnance  after  it  has  been 
discharged,  caused  by  the  exploded  powder 
acting  equally  on  the  gun  and  the  projectile. 

11  The  new  reloclmeter  ...  for  registering  ncoUt." 
—Daily  Telegraph,  Sept  IS,  US*. 

recoil- escapement,  ». 

Horol. :  An  escapement  in  which,  after  th» 
pallets  leave  the  teeth  at  each  oscillation  off 
the  pendulum,  the  extremities  of  the  teetlt 
slide  along  the  surfaces  of  the  pallets,  and 
thereby  give  an  impulse  to  the  pendulum  or 
balance.  The  vertical  escapement  of  a  watch 
is  a  recoil,  and  the  word  is  used  as  distin- 
guished from  a  dead-beat 

ri-eoil'-er,  s.  [Eng.  recoil,  v. ;  -tr.]  Ono 
who  recoils  ;  one  who  falls  or  turns  back  front 
a  promise  or  profession. 

rS  coil  -Ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [RscoiL,  «.) 

•  re-eSir-ing-1?.  adv.    [Eng.  recoiling;  -Jf.J 
In  a  recoiling  manner  ;  with  a  recoil. 

•  re  coil  ment,  *  re  cuil-ment,  s.   [ing. 
recoil ;  -ment.]    The  act  of  recoiling  ;  a  recoil. 


boil,  bo^;  p6ut,  Jo%l;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9hln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  $hl»;  «ln,  a?;  expect,  Xenophon,  ejlat.    -Ing. 
-oUn,  -tian  =  •nan.   -tton,  -slon  =  »hun ;  -flon,  -fion  =  zhun.    -cious,    tious,  -  sioua  =  shus.   -We,  -die,  *c.  =  bel,  del. 


390* 


recoin— reoompenser 


.ro-coln',  v.t.  [Prx'f.  re-,  and  Eng.  coin,  v. 
(l.v.;.]  To  coin  again  or  anew. 

-  i;rcMnin.j  al!   the  a|>ec-ie  of    England,   in   milled 
money."—  iluntet  :  Van  Time,  voL  ill.,  bk-  vL 

re  coin'-age  (age  as  Ig),  s.  [Pref.  re-,  and 
Eng.  coinage  (q  v.).J 

1.  The  act  of  recoining  or  coining  anew. 

"  The  recoinaye  began."—  Macaulay  :  Mitt.  Eng.,  ch, 

III. 

2.  That  which  is  recoined  or  coined  anew. 

re-coln'-er,  ».    [Eng.  recoin;  -er.}    One  who 

recoins. 

reV-ol-lect,  v.t.  &  i.     [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
collect,  v.  (q.v.).] 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  collect  or  gather  together  again  ;  to 
collect    what    has    been    scattered     (prou, 
ri-col-lecf). 

"  She  rccallectt  (accomplish'd  ere  «he  flit) 
Her  faculties  H.  Midst  fraile  flesh  dirftis'd." 

Stirling  .  fkimej-da/i  ;  fint  ffoure. 

2.  To  recall  to  memory  ;  to  recover  or  recall 
the  memory  or  knowledge  of;  to  bring  back 
to  mind  or  memory  ;  to  remember. 

"  Ki-tillert  all  the  particular*  and  circumstance  of 
the  iniquity."—  Cowtey  :  ffott.  ofo.  Cromwell. 

3.  To  recover.    (Used  reflexively  or  in  the 
pa.  par.) 

*  B.  Intrans.  :  To  come  together  again  ;  to 
reunite  (pron.  re-col-lect). 

"  Th'm.ih  dlffus'd,  and  spread  in  infinite 
Shall  recollect,  and  in  one  all  unite." 

Donne:  To  Lady  Bedford. 

Rec  -ol-lect,  Rec  -6l-let  (t  silent),  a.  &  ». 
(Fr.  recollt't,  from  Lat.  recoUfctus,  so  called 
from  tlieir  recollection  and  strict  observance 
of  the  rules  of  their  Order.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Belonging  to,  or  characteristic 
of  the  Friars  of  the  Strict  Observance  (q.v.). 


Diet.,  p.  709. 

B.  As  substantive  : 

Church  Hist.  (PI.):  \  popular  name  for  the 
Friars  of  the  Strict  Observance. 

"The    /Ifcolltct*  were  nninfected  by  Jansenism."  — 
tddtot  Arnold:  C>ith.  Diet.,  p.  ;0» 

rec-ol-lect'-ed,  pa.  par.  or  a.  [RECOL- 
LECI-,  v.] 

1.  Remembered,  hronght  to  mind. 

2.  Collected  again  in  one's  mind  or  spirits. 

"  HU  strenuims  spirit,  recollected,  calm." 

Thymi'iii:  Memory  of  Lard  Talbot. 

•  rS'c-ol-le'ct'-e'd-ness,  s.  [Eng.  recollected  ; 
•ness.  |  Memory,  collecledness  ;  concentration 
of  thought. 

"  I   »|H)ke   with   recollrctedneu  and   power/—  Bp 
n'Hterfune,  In  Life,  il.  sail. 

rSc-ol-leV-tion,  ».    [Eng.  recollect,  v  ;  -Ion.] 

1.  The  act  of  recollecting,  remembering,  or 
TPC  illinj;  to  the   memory  ;    the  operation  or 
process  by  which  objects  are  recalled  to  the 
memory,  or  ideas  revived  to  the  mind  ;  remi- 
niscence, memory.  (Coiaper:  Tirocinium,  311.) 

2.  The  power  of  recalling  ideas  to  the  mind  , 
th>-  period  ovur  which  such  power  extends  ; 
remembrance,  memory  :  as,  It  has  not  hap- 

l  within  my  recolle  tiun. 

3.  That  which  is  recollected  or  recalled  to 
mind  ;  a  reminiscence. 

*  4.  The  art.  process,  or  habit  of  collecting 
or  concentrating  the  mind  or  thoughts  ;  con- 
centration of  thought  ;  collecfr-dnes*  (Still 
nse  1  in  this  sense  by  Roman  ascetical  writers.) 

'  rco-6l-le  3'-tIve,  n.  [Enjz  recollect,  v  ;  -ire.] 
Having  the  power  or  faculty  of  recollecting. 

Kfic'-ol-let  (t  silent),  a.  &  t.    [RECOLLECT,  «.] 

ro-col-dn-i-zi'-tlon,  ».  [Pref  re-,  and  Eng. 
colonization  0|.v.).]  The  act  of  recolonizing  ; 
a  second  colonization. 

ro-c6r-o"n-ize,  v.t.  fPref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
co/<miae  (q.  v.).  J  To  colonize  afresh  or  a  second 

time. 

re-c5i  -Or,  r.i.  i  t.  {Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  color, 
v.  lq.v.).J  To  o>lo-  ^aia, 

"  Tiio  swarthy  blush  recolaur,  in  his  cheeks." 

/tyroa  :  lam.  i.  ML 

ro-com-bl-na'-tion,  *.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
com'jiiuttion  (q.v.).J  A  second  or  renewed 
combination. 


',  v.t.  or  i.  pPref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
combine  (q.v.).]  To  combine  a  second  time 
or  anew.  (Carew  :  Marriage  of  T.  K.  £  C.  C.) 


re-com'-fort.  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  aud  Eng.  com- 
fort, v.  (q.v.).] 

1.  To  comfort  or  console  again. 
"  As  one  from  sad  dismay 
Kecomforttd."  itilton .  P.  L.,  tx.  818. 

*  2.  To  give  new  strength  to 

"  In  strawberries,  it  is  usual  to  help  the  ground  with 
muck  ;  and  likewise  to  reonnfvrt  it  sometimes  with 
innck  put  to  the  roots."— Boom. 

•  re-com'-fort,  ».    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  com- 
fort, a.  (q.v.).]     Fresh  comfort  or  consolation. 

"  Through  recomf'trt  of  some  high  martage." 

Li  i  it -it  •• :  UM.  ufThtbet.  pt  IL 

•  re-com'-fort-le' ss,  *  r  e  c  om  f  or  t  lesse, 

a.     [Eng.  recoinfort ;  -less.]     Without  comfort. 
"Restlesse,  rceom/ortleue,  with  heart  deep-mrieved." 
Sitenter :  F.  Q.,  V.  vi.  J4. 

*  re-  cim' -fort-  lire,  s.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
comforture  (q.v.).]    Renewed  or  restored  com- 
fort 

"  They  shall  breed 
Selves  of  themselves,  to  your  recomforture." 

Shateip. :  Richard  III.,  Iv.  4. 

re-com'-m^njo,  v.t.  &  t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
commence  (q.v.).] 

A.  Trans. :  To  commence  or  begin  again  or 
anew. 

"  Recommencing  onr  voyage  about  the  fifth  of 
June." — Cook  •  Third  Voyage,  bk.  vi.,  ch.  vi. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  begin  again  or  anew.  (Long- 
fellow :  Afternoon  in  February.) 

re-c6m-me'nce'-me'nt,  «.  [Pref.  re-,  and 
Eng.  commencement  (q.v.).]  The  act  or  state 
of  commencing  anew  or  afresh ;  a  fresh  com- 
mencement. 

rec-6m  mend',  *  re  com-maunde,  v.t. 
[Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  commend  (q.v.);  Fr.  re- 
commander.} 

1.  To  commend  to  the  notice  of  another ; 
to  place  or  set  in  a  favourable  light  before 
another ;  to  praise  or  put  forward  as  likely  to 
be  of  service  or  advantage ,  to  approve. 

"Mecenas  recommended  Virgil  and  Horace  to  Au- 
gustus."— Itryden. 

2.  To  make  acceptable ;  to  attract  favour  to. 
(Milton :  P.  L.,  iv.  329.) 

*3.  To  commit  with  prayers.    (Acts  xv.  40.) 
4.  To  advise,  as  a  course  to  be  pursued  ;  a 
remedy,  a  practice,  a  measure,  or  the  like. 

"  To  rermnm*nd  true  piety  and  goodness  to  them."— 
StUliiigjieet :  Sermon*,  vol  i..  ser.  3. 

*  5.  To  give  or  commit  in  kindness  ;  to  offer 
as  a  kindness. 

"  Mine  own  purne  which  I  had  rtmmmended  to  his 
use."— !ihiike*ii. :  Tiodfth  Xivht,  v. 

^  To  recommtnil  Itself:  To  make  itself  ap- 
proved ;  to  present  a  favourable  appearance  ; 
to  be  agreeable. 

rec-otn-mSnd'-a-ble,  a.  [Eng.  recommend ; 
•able.]  Fit  or  suitable  to  be  recommended; 
worthy  of  recommendation  ;  commendable. 

"The  only  consideration  upon  which  it  is  rrcom. 
mendable  as  H  means  for  obtaining  tifety. "—Sharp  : 
Sermont,  vol.  L,  ser.  5. 

*  rec  6m-mcnd  -a  ble-nSss,  *.    [Eng.  re- 
commendable;  -ness.]    The  quality  or  state  of 
being  recommendable. 

"The  recommmdaVlenet*  of  onr  religion  to  stran- 
gers."— More  •  Myttery  of  Godlineu,  bk.  x.,  ch.  iii. 

rcc-6m-mSnd'-a-bly,  adv.  [Eng.  recom- 
meiulal>(U) ;  -ly]  In  a  recommendable  manner 
or  degree ;  so  as  to  deserve  recommendation  ; 
coinmeudably. 

re'c-dm-rne'nd-a'-tion,   *  rec-om  men- 

da-ci-on,  *  rec  om  men  da  cy  on,  s. 
[Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  commendation  (q.v.)  ;  Fr. 
recommandation ;  Sp.  recomendacion ;  Ital. 
raccomandazione.] 

1.  The  act  of  recommending  or  commend- 
ing ;  the  act  of  presenting  or  setting  forward 
in  a  favourable  light,  so  as  to  procure  the 
notice,  confidence,  kindness,  or  civilities  of 
another :   as,    To    introduce   one    friend   to 
another  by  a  recommendation  of  his  personal 
qualities  or  accomplishments. 

2.  That  which  serves  or  tends  to  recom- 
mend or  procure  a  favourable  reception  for  a 
person  o?  thing ;  any  quality,  attribute,  act, 
accomplishment,  Ac.,  which  proci ires  or  serves 
to  procure  favour,  notice,  reception,  or  adop- 
tion. 

"  Self-praise  to  no  recommendation."— Old  /Voter*. 

*  3.  A  state  of  favour  or  high  repute. 

"It  hath  always  been  had  In  an  extraordinary 
rvvmmm-iation  amongst  the  ancient*."— ftorth:  Plu- 
tarch, pt  li. 


'  rec-om  mend  a-tlve,  «.  [Eng.  TVOOW- 
mend;  -atii-e.]  Tint  wliich  recommends  or 
serves  to  recommend  ;  a  recommendation. 

*  rSc-dm-mSnd  -a-tor-y,  a,  [Pref.  re-,  and 
Eng.  commendatory  (q.v.).]     Serving  or  tend- 
ing to  recommend  ;  recommending. 

"  Neither  was  there  in  that  i>acket  (of  which  I  wroU 
your  honour  befure)  any  such  recommendatory  letter." 
—Keliyuia  Wottoniana,  p.  TOO. 

rec-dm-me'nd'-er,  s.  [Eng.  recommend;  -er.] 
One  who  or  that  which  recommends. 

"  There's  110  deuylug  such  a  rerommender,' 

Digby  .  Elvira,  i.  L 

*rSc-dm-ingnd'-um,  s.  [RECOMMEND.) 
Commendation,  praise,  recommendation. 

"My  good  fortune  and  recommendum."—  h'aihe: 
Lenten  Stuff*. 

re-com-miss'  ion  (ss  as  sh),  v.t.  [Pref.  re-, 
and  Eng.  commission,  v.  (q.v.).]  To  com- 
mission again  or  anew  :  as,  To  recommission  a 
ship  of  war. 

re-com-mit',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  com- 
mit (q.v.).J 

1.  To  commit  again  or  anew. 

"Caused  th'in  immediately  to  be  recommitted  t* 
the  Tower.  "—Clarendon:  CiM  War,  L  43i. 

2.  To  refer  again  or  back  to  a  committee. 

"  They  •must  propose  to  recommit  the  bilL"—  Macau- 
Ian  :  Uitt.  Eng..  ch.  iv. 

re  com-mit  inent,  «.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
commitment  (q.v).]  The  act  of  recommitting  ; 
the  state  of  being  recommitted. 

re-cim-mlt'-tal,  s.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
committal  (q.v.)".]  The.  same  as  RECOMMIT- 
MENT (q.v.)L 

*  re-com-mu'-m  cate,  v.t.  or  i.    [Pref.  re-, 
and  Eng.  communicate  (q.v.).]    To  communi- 
cate again  or  anew. 

re-COin-pact',  v.t.     [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  corn- 
pact  (q.v.).]    To  .join  again  or  anew. 
"  Repair 

And  recompact  my  scatter'u  body." 

Donne:  I'aledictton. 


v.  &  «.    [RECOMPENSE.] 

r£c  6m-pen-sa  -tion,  *  rec-om-pen-sa- 
ci-on,  *.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  compensation 

(q.v.).] 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  The  act  of  recompensing  ; 
recompense. 

"  In  recompeniacion  of  his  costys."—  Fabt/an  :  Chron- 
icle, vol.  ii.  (an.  usil. 

2.  Scots  JMW  :  A  term  applied  to  a  case  In 
which  one  pursues  for  a  debt,  and  the  defender 
pleads  compensation,  to  which  the  pursuer 
replies  by  pleading  compensation  also. 

rec'-6m-pense,  •  i-ec  6m  pen9e,  v.t.  &  i. 
[Fr.  recompenser,  from  Lat.  re-  =  again,  and 
compenso  =  to  compensate  (q.v.)  ;  Sp.  &  Port. 
recompensar  ;  Ital.  ricompensare.] 

A.  Transitive  : 

1.  To  make  a.  return  for  ;  to  give  or  render 
an  equivalent  for,  as  for  services,  losses,  &c.  ; 
to  repay,  to  requite.  (Said  of  the  person.) 


2.  To  return  or  give  an  equivalent  for ;  to 
reward,  to  repay,  to   requite.     (Said  of  the 
thing.)    (Cowper :  Conversation,  797.) 

3.  To  return,  pay,  or  give  back  as  an  equi- 
valent. 

"  Shall  he,  for  snch  deliverance  freely  wrought, 
Kecompente  ill  T  "  Cowper:  Truth,  192. 

*  4.  To  make  amends  or  compensation  for; 
to  pay  or  return  an  equivalent  or  forfeit  for  ; 
to  redeem  ;  to  atone  for.    (Numbers  v.  8.) 

*  B.  Intrans.  :    To   make   recompense   01 
compensation. 

rcc  6m  pense,  *  re'c-o'm-pe'nce,  s.  [Fr. 
recompense;  8p.  &  Port,  recompensa;  Ital. 
ricompensa.}  That  which  is  given  or  returned 
as  an  equivalent  or  compensation  foranylhing 
given,  done,  or  suffered ;  compensation,  satis- 
faction, amends,  reward,  return,  requital. 
"  A  larger  recompente  these  leaden  clnlm." 

Rove :  Lucan ;  Phartalla  L 

•r8c'-6m-p8nse-m8nt,*  rec  -6m-pCn9c- 
ment,  s.  [Eng.  recompense  ;  -ment.]  Recom- 
pense, compensation,  satisfaction,  amends. 

v    "In  recompencvment  of  his  brother's  deth."—  rj, 
tyan  :  Chronicle,  vol.  1.,  ch.  cxzxv. 

re'c'-o'm-pe'ns-e'r,  «.  [Eng.  recompense) ;  -er.] 
One  who  recompenses. 

"  A  thankful  recomtaenter  of  the  benefit*  received." 
—Fox:  Jfurtyrt,  p.  1»4  (an.  11661. 


late,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  till,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p«t, 
or,  wore,  wglS,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub.  cure,  uaite,  cur.  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    »,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


recompsnsive—  reconsolidate 


3909 


•  rec'-6m-pens-ive.  a.    [En;:,  recompense)  ; 
-ive.]    Containing  or  having  the  character  of 
a  recompense  ;  compensative. 

•  re-com-pll-a  -tion,  s.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
compilation   (q.v.).]     A    compiling    nnuw    of 
what  hiid  previously  been  coinpile>l  ;  a  new  or 
fresh  compilation  ;  reconcilement. 

•  re-com-pile',  v.t.      [Pref.    re-,    and    Eng. 
compile  (q.  v.).]    To  compile  again  or  aiiew. 

•  re-cdm-pile'-mSnt,  ».     [Pref.   re-,  and 
Eng.  compilement  (q.v.).]     The  same  as  RE- 
COMPILATION  (q.v.). 

"  Although  I  had  a  purpose  to  make  a  particular  di- 
gest or  rtcompilemertt  of  the  la»»,  I  laid  it  aside."— 
Bacon:  Compiling,  *c.,  of  the  Lawi. 

re-com-pose',  v.t.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  com- 
pose (q.v.).J 

1.  To  compose  again  or  anew  ;  to  form  or 
adjust  again. 

"  We  produced  a  loTely  purple,  which  we  can  destroy 
or  recompute  at  pleasure."—  Boyle  :  \Vorkt,  i.  738. 

2.  To  compose,  settle,  or  quiet  again  ;  to 
tranquillize  that  which  has  been  ruffled  or 
disturbed. 

"  Kccompwci  straight,  and  calms  his  face." 

Coivtry  :  OH  KeiMiring  Sommet  Boute. 

•  re-COm-pdj'-er,  s.     [Eng.  recompos(e)  ;  -er.] 
One  who  or  that  which  recomposes. 

"  A  proper  corrector  and  recompoterot  It*  motions." 
-Mart  :  Moral  Cabbala,  ch.  L 

re-cSm-po-jI'-tlon,  «.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
composition  (q.v.).] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :   The  act  of  recomposing  ; 
the  state  of  being  recomposed  ;  composition 
anew  or  afresh. 

"  I  have  taken  great  pains  with  the  recompoiition  ot 
this  scene."—  Lamb  :  Litter  to  Coleridge. 

2.  Print.  :  The  act  of  recomposing  or  set- 
ting anew,  when  from  any  cause  matter  lias 
been  composed  or  set  in  the  wrong  type,  or, 
having  been  set  in  the  proper  type,  has  been 
broken. 

rec  on  91!  a-ble,  rcc  6n-9ile-a  ble,  a. 

[Eng.  reconcile);  -able.] 

1.  Capable  of  being  reconciled  or  brought 
again  to  a  state  of  friendship  ;  capable  of  re- 
newed friendship  ;  admitting  of  reconciliation. 

2.  Capable  of  being  reconciled  or  of  being 
made  to  agree,  harmonize,  or  be  consistent. 

"  Nothing  ran  be  leu  reconcilable  to  the  notion  of 
an  all  perfect  Keiuf'—Bolingtiruke  :  Fragment*  of  Kt- 
nut. 

rec  on  91!  a  blo  ness,    *  riSc'-o'n-cile- 
a~  ble  -ness,  s.    [Eng.  reconcilable;  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  reconcilable  ; 
possibility  or  capability  of  being  restored  to 
friendship  and  accord. 

2.  Consistency,  harmony,  agreement,  accord. 

"  To  shew  the  recnncileabletieu  of  fate  with  choice." 
—Bammund:  Work*,  i.  491. 


;  adv.  [Eng.  reconcilable)  ; 
•ly.]  In  a  reconcilable  manner  ;  in  a  manner 
admitting  of  reconciliation. 

rSc-oncile,  Teconcyle,  're-coun 
acile,  *  rec-oun-syle,  v.t.  &  i.    [Fr.  re- 
concilur,  from  Lat.  reconcilio  =  to  bring  into 
counsel  again,  to  reconcile,  from  re-  =  back, 
again,  and  con^Hio  —  to  conciliate  (q.v.);  Sp. 
ft  Port  reconciliar;  ItaL  reconciliare.} 
A.  Transitive: 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 
1.  To  conciliate  again  or  anew  ;  to  restore 
to  friendship  and  accord  after  estrangement  ; 
to  make  friends  again. 

"  To  reconcile  an  angry  God." 

Cotepgr  :  Olnev  Bi/mni,  xlx. 

•2.  To  become  friends  with  again  after 
estrangement. 

"  \Vhtrfore  byfayre  and  eaiymeancs  be  called  home 
his  Si  'Ue  auJ  reconciled  hy  in.  and  forgane  all  trespace." 
—Fabliau:  Chronicle.  Tot  L,  ch.  cxxviL 

*  3.  To  adjust,  to  settle,  to  accommodate, 
to  compose  :  as,  To  reconcile  a  quarrel. 

4.  To  bring  to  a  state  of  acquiescence,  con- 
tent, or  quiet  submission  ;  to  make  ready  or 
willing  to  submit  to  or  accept  any  thing  or 
state.  (Generally  used  reflexively,  and  fol- 
lowed by  to:  as,  To  reconcile  one's  self  to  a 
loss.) 

6.  To  make  consistent,  harmonious,  or 
congruous  ;  to  reduce  to  a  state  of  harmony 
or  consistency.  (Followed  by  to  or  with.) 

"  The  great  men  among  the  ancients  understood 
bow  to  reconcile  manual  labour  tcith  affairs  of  state." 
loot*. 


0.  To  remove  apparent  discrepancies  from  ; 
to  harmonize  :  as,  To  rtcuncile  the  accounts  i>l 
an  event  given  by  dillereut  writers. 

IL  Shipbuild. :  To  join  one  piece  of  work 
fair  with  another.  (Used  especially  in  re- 
ference to  the  reversion  of  curves.) 

*  B.  Intrans. :  To  become  reconciled. 

"  Your  thought*,   though  much   startled   at   first, 
reconcile  to  it  -Sandyt. 

reo'-6n-cile-ment,s.  [Eng.  reconcile  ;-ment.} 
The  act  of  reconciling ;  the  state  of  being 
reconciled  ;  reconciliation  ;  renewal  of  friend- 
ship. 

"  For  never  can  true  recnncilement  grow 
Where  wounds  of   deadly   hate  have  pierced  so 
deep."  Milton  :  P.  L.  iv.  M. 

rSc'-iSn-^ll-er,  ».     [Eng.  reconcile);  -er.} 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  reconciles ;  one 
who  restores  friendship  between  persons  at 
variance. 

"  Christ,  our  onlie  and  sufficient  medlatour,  recon- 
ciler, priest  and  sacrinoe."— fo*  :  Marty n,  p.  i.sii. 

2.  One  who  reconciles    things  apparently 
opposed  or  inconsistent. 

"  So  much  I  think  may  be  granted  to  those  rtcon- 
cilen.."—Cvdaortl\  :  IntelL  Syttem,  p.  Si. 

rec-dn-cfl-I-a'-tioii,  «.  [Fr.,  from  Lat. 
reconciliationem,  accus.  of  reconciliatio,  from 
reconciliatus,  pa.  par.  of  reconcilio  =  to  recon- 
cile (q.v.);  Sp.  reconcUiacion ;  ItaL  rieoncili- 
azione.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  of  reconciling;  the  state  of  being 
reconciled  ;  the  renewal  of  friendship  between 
jiarties  at  variance. 

"  Devised  what  means  he  might  use  to  bring  Sputa 
and  Athens  to  reconciliation  again."— North:  Plutarch, 

p.  464. 

2.  The  act  or  process  of  harmonizing  or 
making  consistent  or  congruous  things  ap- 
parently opposed  or  inconsistent ;  the  har- 
monizing of  seeming  contrarieties. 

II.  Script. :  Expiation,  atonement. 


*  rec-dn-^iT-I-a-tor-^,  a.    [Pref.  re-,  and 
Eng.  conciliatory  (q.v.).]    Tending  to  recon- 
cile ;  reconciling,  conciliatory. 

'•  Those  reconHlintary  papers  fell  under  the  eyes  of 
some  grave  divines  on  Doth  part*."  -Bft.  Ball: 
Specialtiet  of  the  Lift  of  Bp.  Ball. 

re  con-den  sa -tion,  «.  [Pref.  re-,  and 
Eng.  condensation  (q.v.).  3  The  act  of  recon- 
densing. 

*  re  con-dense ,  v.t.     [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
condense  (q.v.).]    To  condense  anew  or  again. 

"In  the  heads  of  stills  and  necks  of  toll  piles,  such 
vapours  quickly  are  by  a  very  little  cold  recondenied 
iuto  water."— Boyle. 

rec  on  dite,  re  con  ditc.  *  rec  on  dit, 

o.    [Lat.  reconditus,  pa.  par.  of  recondo  =  to 
put  back  again:   re-  =  back,  and  condo=tn 
put  together;  Sp.  &  ItaL  recondite;   O.  Fr. 
recondit.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Hidden  from  the  view  or  mental  percep- 
tion ;  abstruse,  secret,  profound,  deep. 

"  Which  key  is  able  to  unlock  that  recondite 
mystery."— More :  Immort.  of  the  Soul,  bk.  1L.  ch.  ill. 

2.  Dealing  with  things  abstruse  ;  profound, 
deep. 

"  Ifo  acquisition!  of  recondite  learning."— Sp. 
Hartley :  Sermon*,  vol.  ii.,  ser.  16. 

IL  Bot. :  Concealed  ;  not  to  be  seen  easily. 

*  reHJo'n'-dl'-tor-jf,  ».     [Low  Lat  rtcondi- 
torium,  from  Lat  reconditus  =  recondite  (q.v.).] 
A  repository,  a  storehouse,  a  magazine. 

re-edn-ducf,  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  con- 
duct, v.  (q.v.).]  To  conduct  again  or  back  ; 
to  lead  back. 

"  Your  femal*  train  will  rtconduct  you  home." 

r'avkri :  jlpolloniiu  Khodiut ;  Aryonautla,  L 

re-c6n-dno  -tion,  «.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
conduction  (q.v.).] 
Law :  A  relocation ;  a  renewal  of  a  lease. 

re-cin-firm',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  eon- 
firm,  (q.v.).]  To  confirm  again  or  anew  ;  to 
establish,  settle,  or  assure  again. 

"And  to  being  rtcnnfirmed,  upon  the  thirtieth  of 
August  In  th«  year  1(67.  be  sent  Secretary  Morrice."— 
Clarendon :  Life,  vol.  111.,  p.  Hi. 

re-eon-Joln',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  con- 
Join  (q.v.).]  To  join  together  anew  or  again. 

"  When  they  come  to  be  reconjotntd  Into  a  liquor." 
—Boyle :  Wont.  i.  7 W. 


r§-c8a-nais  sta^e,  s.  [Kr.,  fii>m  recon- 
naisvnu,  pr.  par.  of  recomiaitre  =.  to  recon- 
noitre (q.v.).]  Tiie  art,  or  process  of  re- 
connoitring ;  a  preliminary  survey  or  examina- 
tion ;  specif,  applied  to  : 

(1)  The  examination  of  a  territory,  district, 
&C.,  or  of  an  enemy's  position,  for  the  purpose 
of  directing  military  Derations. 

(2)  The  examination  or  survey  of  a  region  in 
reference  to  its  general  geological  character. 

(3)  A  preliminary  examination  of  a  county 
or  district  in  reference  to  its  general  natural 
character,  preparatory  to  a  more  particulat 
survey  for  the  purposes  of  triangulation  or 
the  construction  of  public  works,  as  of  a  road, 
canal,  railway,  &c. 

reconnaissance  in  force,  • 

Mil.  :  A  demonstration  or  attack  by  a  large 
body  of  men,  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining 
the  strength  or  position  of  the  enemy. 

*  re-cSn'-nlng,  >.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  con- 
ning (q.v.).]     The  act  of  conning  again. 

"  This  we  call  Remembrance  or  calling  to  mind  :  the 
Latins  call  it  reminiscent!*,  as  it  were  a  Resuming  ot 
our  former  actions."—  Bobot:  Of  Han.  ch.  lii. 

*rS-con-n6is-san9e,s.  [RECONNAISSANCE.! 

*  rec-6n-noi  -tre  (tre  as  ter),  *.    [RECON- 
NOITRE, v.]    A  survey. 

"Satlsfled  with  his  reronnoi-re.'—Lytton:  irfc.1 
Kill  he  do  with  it  I  bk.  x.,  ch.  i. 

rec  on  noi  tre  (tre  as  ter),  v.t.  &  i.  [O.  Fr. 
recognoistre,  reconoistre  (Fr.  reconnailre)  =  to 
recognize  (q.v.).] 

A.  Transitive  : 

1.  To  examine  by  the  eye  ;  specif.,  to  make 
a   reconnaissance  or  preliminary   survey  of; 
to  examine  or  survey,  as  a  district,  &c.,  for 
military,  geological,  or  engineering  purposes, 

"  The  expense  of  the  different  equipments  which 
.  .  .  reconnoitred  the  coast."—  Smith:  Wealth  of  Set- 
tiont.  bk.  iv.,  ch.  vil. 

*  2.  To  know  again  ;  to  recognize. 

•'  He  would  hardly  have  reconnoitred  WlldgooM  .  .  . 
in  his  short  hair  and  present  uncouth  appeiraiioe."— 
Orata  :  Spiritual  (Juixote,  i.  1*0. 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  make  a  survey  or  recon- 
naissance. 

re  con  -quer  (qu  as  k),  v.t.    [Pref.  re-,  and 
Eng.  conquer  (q.v.).] 
.    1.  To  conquer  a^ain  or  a  second  time. 

2.  To  recover,  to  regain. 

"  Her  Independence  she  had  reconaufred  by  a  not 
less  just  and  necessary  war."—  Jtacaulay  :  Hut.  Kny.. 

cb.  xxii. 

re-c5n  -qugst,  «.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  con- 
quest (q.v.).]  The  act  of  reconquering;  the 
state  of  being  reconquered. 

"  As  though  they  wen  meditaiing  the  reconquttt  at 
Flanders."—  Drfden  :  Mock  Attrotoger.  i.  L 

re  con  -se  crate,  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng 
consecrate  (q.v.).]  To  consecrate  anew  orafresh. 

"  RecoHtrcrate  our  wells." 

Wordiwortk  :  ICJKurtion,  bk.  IT. 

re  con-si-cra  -tion,  >.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
consecration  (q.v.).]  The  act  of  reconse- 
crating ;  the  state  of  being  reconsecrated. 

re  cin-sld-er,  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
consider  (q.v.).] 

1.  To  consider  again  or  a  second  time  ;  to 
revolve  in  the  mind  over  again. 

"  Whenever  you  think  proper  to  rtcenrider  tnl* 
sub|ect."—  Wateriand:  World.  L  111. 

2.  To  take  into  consideration  a  second  time, 
nerally  with  the  intention  or  idea  of  rescind* 

ing  :  as,  To  reconsider  one's  decision. 

re  c6n-»Id  er-a  -tion,  «  [Pref.  n-,  and 
Eng.  consideration  (q.v.).] 

1.  The  act  of  reconsidering  ;  the  act  of  re- 
viewing or  revolving  in  the  mind  a  second 
time. 

2.  A   cecond    consideration  ;    spcdf.,   the 
taking  of  a  vote,  decision,  &c.,  already  passed, 
into  consideration  a  second  time,  for  review, 
amendment,  or  recision. 

"  Six  month*  .  .  .  were  allowed  to  the  nonjuror  (of 
recontideration."—Jtacaulaii  :  But.  tnl..  ch.  xi. 

*  re-con'-sii-late,  v.t.    [Pref  re-,  and  Lat 
coisolatiis,  pa.  par.  of  co  /motor  =  to  console 
(q.v.X]    To  console  or  comfort  again  or  anew. 

"  It  i*  that  only  God  who  can  reconeolale  n*  both."— 
RtUjuta  HTottonlanm,  p.  U». 

re  c6n  f»6l  -I-date.  v.t.  [Pref.  r*-,  and  Eng. 
consolidate  (q.v.).]  To  consolidate  again  or 
anew. 


gen 

ing 


bell,  bo?;  poUt,  Jdltrl;  cat,  cell,  cnorus,  fbln,  beaoH;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophou,  e^lat.   ph  =  t 
-clan,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -slon  =  8iiun ;  -tion,  -f  Ion  =  znun.    -clous,  -Uoua,  nslous  =  *bns.    -bl«.  nlle,  &c.  =.  bel,  del. 


391C 


reconsolidation— recoucli 


re-con  sol-f -da -tion,  s.  [Pref.  re-,  and 
Erig.  consolidation  (q.v.).]  The  act  of  recoti- 
solidating ;  the  state  of  being  recousolidated  ; 
a  renewed  consolidation. 

re-con-striict ,  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
construct  (q.v.).j  To  construct  again  after 
destruction;  to  rebuild.  Specif.  (U.  S.  Hat,), 
to  bring  back  into  the  Uniou.  [RECONSTRUC- 
TION. 

re  cJ$n  struts'  tion, «.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
cotutruction  (q.v.).]  The  act  or  process  of  re- 
constructing; the  state  of  beiug  reconstructed. 
Specif.  ( U.  8.  Hitt.),  the  restoring  of  the  seceded 
States  to  the  Union  undor  the  "Becoaotruc- 
tion  "  Acts,  after  the  Civil  War. 

re-odn-«triio'-tlve,  o.  [Eng.  reconstruct; 
-ivt.]  Able  or  tending  to  reconstruct. 

re-con-tln'-n-anje,  s.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
continuance  (q.v.).]  The  act  or  state  of  re- 
continuing  ;  renewed  continuance. 

"Of  which  course  tome  have  wished  a  rtftontinu- 
<•«:«."— Drat/ton  :  Polf-Olbion,  s.  4.    (Note.) 

r5-con-tln'-ne,  v.t.  or  i.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
continue  (q.  v.").J  To  continue  again  or  anew. 

"  All  at  an  insUnt  shall  together  go. 
To  rtcontiniie.  nut  beginning  »o. ' 

Stirling :  Dometday  ;  Fourth  Hour*. 

'  re-oon-vene',  v.t.  or  i.  [Pref.  re-,  «nd 
Bug.  convene  (q.v.).J  To  convene  or  assemble 
agair  or  anew. 

•  A  worse  accident  fell  out  about  the  time  of  the 
two  houses  reconvening." — Claremton  :  Civil  Wart. 

•  re-con-vent',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
convent  (q.v.).]  To  bring  together,  assemble, 
or  collect  again. 

"  He  recomenting  armet  therefore." 
Warntr:  Albiont  England,  bk.  v.,  ch.  xxvlL 

re-c6"n-ySn'-tion,  ».  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
convention  (q.v.XJ 

1.  Eng.   Law:    An  action  by  a  defendant 
against  a  plaintiff  in  a  former  action ;  a  cross- 
bill or  litigation. 

2.  Scots  Law :  When  an  action  is  brought  In 
Scotland  by  a  foreigner  over  whom  the  courts 
have  otherwise  no  jurisdiction,  his  adversary 
ir  the  suit  is  entitled,  by  reconvention,  to  sue 
the  foreigner  on  a  counter  claim  in  compensa- 
tion or  extinction  of  the  demand. 

re-con-yer'-slon,  *.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
conversion  (q.v.)."]  A  second  or  renewed  con- 
Tersion. 

"  Being  zealously  moved  for  the  rKonvtrtion  of  the 
English.  —  Werner. 

re-cin-vertf,  v.t.  [Pref.  re-  and  Eng.  convert, 
v.  (q.v.).]  To  convert  again  or  a  second  time. 

"  The  East  Saxons  .  .  .  wen  by  the  means  of  Oiwl 
thus  reconverted."— Milton  :  Bill.  Eng.,  bk.  iv. 

re-co'n-vey',  v.t.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  convey 

(q-v.).] 

1.  To  convey,  lead,  or  carry  back  or  to  its 
former  place  or  positiop. 

"  As  rivers  lost  in  seas,  some  secret  vein 
Thence  reconvert,  there  to  be  lost  again." 

Deiiham :  Cooper1!  BOi. 

2.  To  transfer  back  to  a  former  owner  :  as, 
To  reconvey  an  estate. 

re-co'n-vey' -01196,  ».  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
conveyance  (q.v.).]  The  act  of  reconveying  ; 
specif.,  the  act  of  transferring  a  title  to  a 
former  owner. 

rS-cord',  v.t.  ft  i  [Fr.  recorder  =  to  repeat, 
to  record,  from  Lat.  recordo,  recorders  to  re- 
call to  mind,  to  remember  :  re-  =  back,  axain, 
•nd  cor  (genit.  cord  in)  =  the  heart ;  8p.  &  Port. 
recordar;  Ital.  ricordare.] 

A.  Transitive: 
c  1.  To  recall  to  mind  ;  to  remember. 

"  He  gan  record  the  lamentable  stowre 
In  which  his  wretched  love  lay  day  and  night* 
Spenier:  F.  q..  IV.  xii.  1». 

2.  To  preserve  the  memory  of  by  written  or 
other  characters  ;  to  register ;  to  make  a  note 
or  memorial  of ;  to  chronicle,  to  note  ;  to  set 
down  in  writing  in  a  book  or  on  parchment, 
Ac.,  for  the  purpose  of  preserving  an  authentic 
or  correct  evidence  of. 

"  Twill  be  recorded  for  a  precedent." 

SkaXap. :  iferrhant  of  Cenict,  IT.  1. 

8.  To  imprint  deeply  on  the  mind  or  memory. 

"  Tills  note,  madam,  ot  yonr  worthiness 
Remains  recorded  in  so  in  my  hearts." 

Daniel .  To  the  Isuly  Margaret. 

*  4.  To  mark  distinctly ;  to  cause  to  be  re- 
membered. (Milton :  P.  L.,  vii.  338.) 


•  fi.  To  bear  witness  to ;  to  attest 

"  Let  me  be  recorded  by  the  righteous  gods, 

Shatesp.  :  Timon  of  A  them.  IT.  1 

•  8.  To  recite,  to  rej>eat,  to  sing,  to  play. 

"  They  long'd  to  see  the  day,  to  hear  the  lark 
Record  her  hymns  and  chant  her  carrols  blest." 
fair/ax :  Taao,  IL  91. 

•  B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  remember,  to  meditate,  to  reflect,  to 
ponder. 


2.  To  sing  ;  to  rept  at  a  tune. 

"  The  nixht-btrd  mute 
That  still  recordi  with  moan.  ° 

rericlet.  IT.    (ProL) 


reV-ord,  *  reo-orde,  ».    [RECORD,  v.] 
L  Ordinary  Language: 
1.  That   which    preserves  the  memory  or 
remembrance  of  anything;  a  memorial. 
M  Brief  abstract  and  recnrd  of  tedious  days." 

Shaketp.  :  Richard  III.,  IT.  1 

*  2.  Memory,  remembrance. 

"  That  record  is  lively  in  my  soul." 

Shaketp.  :  Tvlfth  \lg\t,  T. 

*  3.  Witness  ;  attestation  to  a  fact  or  event  ; 
testimony.    (John  viii.  14.) 

4.  The  list  of  known  facts  in  a  person's  life, 
especially  in  that  of  a  public  man  ;  personal 
history. 

5.  Something  set  down  in  writing  for  the 
purpose  of  preserving  the  memory  of  a  fact  or 
event;  specif.,  a  register;  an  authentic  or 
official  copy  of  a  document,  or  account  of  any 
facts,  acts,  or  proceedings,  whether  public  or 
private,  entered  in  a  book  for  preservation  ; 
also,  the  book  containing  such  entries. 

"  Til  wipe  away  all  trivial  fond  rrcordt." 

Shiiketp.  :  Bumlet,  1.  «. 

6.  (PI  ):  Public  documents  preserved  in  a 
recognized  repository. 

"Away,  burn  all  the  record*  of  the  realm."—  Shaketp.  : 
t  Benry  IV.,  iv.  7. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Law: 

(1)  Authentic  or  official  testimonies  in  writ- 
Ing,  contained  in  rolls  of  parchment,  and  pre- 
served in  a  court  of  record. 

(2)  (See  extract). 

"  The  record  is  a  history  of  the  most  material  pro- 
ceedings in  the  cause  entered  uu  a  parchment  roll,  and 
continued  down  to  the  present  time  ;  in  which  must 
be  stated  the  writ  of  summons,  all  the  pleadings,  the 
declaration,  plea,  replication,  rejoinder,  and  whatever 
further  proceedings  have  been  had  ;  all  entered  ver- 
batim on  the  roll,  and  also  the  issue  or  demurrer,  and 
Joinder  therein."  —  Blackttone:  Comment.,  bk.  lii., 
ch.  12. 

2.  Sport.  :  The  shortest  known  time  in  which 
a  race  or  heat  has  been  run  or  won  ;  the  best 
performance  in  any  athletic  sport. 

"  It.  is  absolutely  necessary  that  recordi  not  made  In 
actual  competition  should  be  viewed  with  a  certain 
amount  of  suspicion.  At  the  same  time,  itis  very  hard 
upon  the  athlete  to  be  deprived  of  a  record  on  these 
grounds  alone."—  field,  Dec.  26,  188S. 

II  (1)  Best  on  Record  :  The  same  as  RECORD, 
II.  2. 

"  Newmarket  on  the  Cesarewitch  and  Middle  Park 
days  had  obtained  a  bett  on  record."—  tttf  tree,  July  18, 

leso,  p.  2. 

(2)  Conveyances  by  record  : 

Law:  Conveyances  evidenced  by  the  autho- 
rity of  a  court  of  record,  as  a  conveyance  by 
private  act  of  parliament  or  a  royal  grant. 

(3)  Court  of  record  : 
Law  :  (See  extract). 

"  A  court  of  record  Is  defined  to  be  that  where  the  acts 
And  judicial  proceedings  are  enrolled  or  recorded: 
which  rolls  are  nailed  the  records  of  the  court,  and  are 
of  such  high  authority,  that  their  truth  is  not  to  be 
called  in  question.  Nothing  can  be  averred  against  a 
record,  nor  shall  any  plea,  or  even  proof,  be  admitted 
to  the  contrary.  And  if  the  existence  of  a  record  be 
denied,  it  shall  be  tried  by  nothing  but  itaelf  :  that  Is, 
upon  bare  inspection  whether  there  be  any  such  record 
or  no:  else  there  will  he  no  end  of  disputes.  AM 
court*  of  record  also  are  the  courts  of  the  sovereign,  in 
right  of  the  crown  and  royal  dignity,  and  no  other 
court  has  authority  to  fine  or  Imprison,  c<ile«s  it  lie 
expressly  conferred  by  the  legislature-"—  Blackftone  : 
Comment.,  bk.  ill.,  ch.  1. 

(4)  Debt  of  record: 

Law:  A  debt  which  appears  to  be  due  by 
the  evidence  of  a  court  of  record. 

(5)  Geological  record  : 

Geol.  :  The  record  of  the  history  of  the 
globe,  as  written  upon  the  rocks,  especially 
by  means  of  fossils.  It  is  imperfect  ;  many 
gaps  existing,  some  of  which  may  never  be 
tilled  up.  (Darwin  :  Orig.  Species,  ch.  x.) 

(6)  In  record,  on  or  upon  record:  Recorded, 
set  down,  registered. 

"  My  villainy  they  have  upon  record."—  S\akrrp-  •' 
JfucH  A  do  A  bout  Xolhiny,  T.  1. 


(7)  Recordiiri  facias  loqudam:  [Lat.  =  thai 
you  cause  the  plaint  to  be  recorded.] 

IMW  :  An  old  writ  directed  to  the  sheriff  to 
make  a  record  of  the  proceedings  of  a  cause 
depending  in  an  inferior  court,  and  remove  the 
same  to  the  Court  of  King's  (Queen's)  Bench 
or  Common  Pleas.  (English.) 

(8)  To  beat,  break,  or  cut  the  record : 

Sport. :  To  do  a  distance  in  less  time  than 
has  yet  been  officially  recorded  ;  to  excel  any 
previous  performance. 

"  Speechly  proceeded  ta  cut  the  three  mile*  record 
nearly  by  12  sec."— Referee,  July  11,  18M,  p.  L 

(9)  Trial  by  record  : 

Law  :  A  trial  which  is  heard  when  a  matter 
of  record  is  pleaded. 

"  The  trial  by  record  Is  only  used  In  one  particular 
instance  ;  and  that  is  where  a  matter  of  record  U 
pleaded  in  any  action,  a  Judgment  or  the  like;  ami  the 
opposite  party  pleads,  'nut  tifl  record,'  that  t  ere  U 
oosuch  matter  of  record  existing.  Hereupon  the  party 
pleading  the  record  haa  a  day  given  him  to  bring  it  in : 
ami.  on  his  failure,  his  antagonist  shall  have  judgment 
to  recover.  The  trial,  therefore,  of  this  issue  is  merely 
by  the  record  ;  for  a  record  or  enrolment  is  a  monu- 
ment of  so  hiiih  a  nature,  and  importrth  in  itself  such 
absolute  verity,  that  if  It  be  pleaded  there  la  no  such 
record,  it  shall  not  receive  any  trial  by  witness,  jury, 
or  otherwise,  but  only  by  itself."— Blaclutone :  Com. 
me»t..  bk.  ill.,  ch.  13. 

record-office, ».  A  place  for  the  preser- 
vation of  public  records. 

II  The  English  national  records,  formerly 
kept  with  little  attempt  at  arrangement  in 
many  different  places,  are  now  deposited  in 
the  Record  Office,  a  large  Gothic  building  on 
the  west  side  of  Fetter  Lai.e.  Am-u^M  the 
treasurers  of  the  Record  Office  are  the  original 
Domesilay  Book,  the  treaty  of  the  Field  of  the 
Clolh  of  Gold  and  the  Papal  Bull  conferring 
the  title  of  Defender  of  the  Faith  on  Henry 
VIII.  The  American  national  records,  which 
are  mudi  less  voluminous,  are  preserved  at 
Washington,  D.  I'.,  and  those  of  the  several 
states  in  the  respective  state  capitals. 

*re-cord'-ance, ».  [O.  Fr.]  Remembrance, 
recollection. 

*  rec-or-da'-tion,  *  ree-or-da-cf-on,  «. 

[Lat.  recordatio,  from  recordatus,  pa.  par.  ol 
recorder  =  to  remember.] 

1.  Remembrance,  recollection. 

"  To  make  a  recordation  to  my  son] 
Of  every  syllable  that  here  was  spoke." 

ShaJceip. :  Troilut  i  Crcuido,  ».  I 

2.  A  register,  a  record. 

re-<sord'-er,  *.    [Eng.  record;  -er.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  One  who  records  ;  one  whose  official  duty 
is  to  record  writings  or  proceedings   ID  a 
register. 

2.  A  registering  apparatus. 
II.  Technically  (English): 

1.  Law:  The  chief  judicial  officer  of  * 
borough  or  city,  exercising  within  it,  in 
criminal  matters,  the  jurisdiction  of  a  court  o/ 
record.  He  is  appointed  by  the  Crown,  and 
must  be  a  barrister  of  not  less  than  five  years' 
standing.  There  is  no  similar  judgeship  in  the 
United  States,  except  in  the  State  of  New 
York,  the  term  Recorder  being  here  usually 
applied  to  an  officer  who  makes  records  of 
deeds  and  aimilar  papers  needing  to  be  publicly 
recorded. 

*  2.  Music :  A  sort  of  flageolet  formerly  in 
use  in  this  country  ;  a  flute.  It  was  used  also 
to  teach  birds  to  sing. 

"  The  figures  of  recorder!,  and  flutes,  and  pipes,  an 

straight ;  but  the  recorder  hath  a  less  bore.  —  Bacon : 

Kut.  J/itt..  J22L 

re-cord'-er-shlp,  *.  [Eng.  recorder;  -ship.} 
The  office,  position,  or  dignity  of  a  recorder. 

rS-cord'-ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [RECORD,  v.] 

recording-gauge,  s.  A  gauge  provided 
with  means  for  leaving  a  visible  record  of  its 
indications. 

recording-telegraph,  s.  A  telegraph 
provided  with  an  apparatus  which  makes  a 
record  of  the  message  transmitted. 

•re-cor-pb'r-I-fl-ca'-tion,  ».  [Pref.  re-, 
and  Eng.  corporificojion  (q.v.).J  The  act  of 
re-embodying  or  investing  with  a  body  again ; 
the  state  of  being  re-embodied. 

"  Not  barely  a  new  production,  but  partly  a  r«cor- 
poriflcation."— Boyl* :  Worlu,  HL  H. 

*re-cd"u9h',  v.i.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  couch, 
v.  (q.v.).J  To  retire  again  to  a  couch;  to  lie 
down  again.  (H'oMon:  Remains,  p.  386.) 


ftte,  ttt,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p«t, 
or,  wore,  wglt,  work,  who,  son;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  fall;  try,  Syrian,    »,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


recount— recreate 


3911 


HS-COUnt',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  count 
(q.v.).  In  meaning  2  directly  from  Fr.  raconter, 
reoompter.} 

1.  To  count  again  or  a  second  time. 

2.  To  relate,  to  rehearse,  to  recite  ;  to  tell 
or  describe  in  detail ,  to  enumerate,  to  par- 
ticularize, to  detail. 

"  Now,  Muse,  recount  Pelasgic  Argot'  powers." 

Pope:  Earner ;  Iliad  it  829. 

*  re-count'-ment.  s.    I  Eng.  recount;  -ment.] 
The  act  of  recounting ;  relation  or  recital  in 
detail ;  rehearsal ;  enumeration. 

"  Tears  our  ncountmrntt  had  moat  kindly  bathed." 
Sh,ketp. :  At  rou  Like  It.  iv.  s. 

rfc-coup',  *  re-coupe,  v.t.    [Properly  to  se- 
cure a  piece  or  shred,  from  Fr.  recoup*  =  a 
shred  ;  recouper  =  to  cut  again :  re-  =  agaiu, 
and  couper  =  to  cut  ] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

I.  To  reimburse ;  to  indemnify  for  a  loss  or 
damage  by  a  corresponding  or  equivalent  ad- 
vantage.   (Frequently  used  reflexively.) 

"  To  recoup  the  savings  bank  depositors.  "—Standard 
Jan.  15,  isss. 

*2.  To  return  or  bring  in  an  amount  equal : 
a  ,  To  recoup  one's  capital. 

II.  Law :  To  keep  back  as  a  set-off  or  dis- 
count ;  to  diminish  by  keeping  back  a  part,  as 

•  claim  for  damages. 

•  re-coup',   *  re-coup«v  ».    [Recoup,   v.] 
The  keeping  back  of  something  which  is  due  ; 
a  deduction,  a  discount.    (Wharton.) 

•re-coupe,  v.  &  «.    [RECOUP,  v.  &  «.] 

rfi-couped',  a.    [RECOUP.] 

Her.  :  The  same  as  COOPED  (q.v.). 

f6-c6np'-er,  ».    [Eng.  recoup,  v. ;  -er.]    One 

who  recoups. 

re-cdup'-ment,  *.    [Eng.  recoup ;  -ment.] 
Law :  The  act  of  recouping  or  keeping  back 

•  part  of  a  sum  due. 

•re-cour,  *  re-coure,  v.i.    [RECOVER  (1).] 

rS-cdurse',  *  ro-cours,  s.  [Fr.  recour$,  from 
Lat.  recursum,  accus.  nf  rccurstis=&  running 
back,  a  return,  a  retreat,  from  recursus,  |>a. 
par.  of  recurro  =  to  run  back  :  re-  =  back, 
and  curro  =  to  run  ;  Sp.  &  Port,  recurso ; 
Ital.  ricurso.] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

*1.  Recurrence,  return  ;  new  or  fresh  attack. 

"  Preventive  physick  .  .  .  prevente'h  sickness  iu  the 
beiil  by,  or  the  recount  thereof  in  tue  Taletudiuary." 
—Browne :  Vulgar  Brruurt. 

*  2.  Repeated  course  ;  frequent  or  repeated 
flowing  or  passage. 

"  Their  eye*  o'ergalled  with  recourse  of  tears." 
$h<ik'-tp. :  Troilut  *  Creuida,  v.  f. 

*  3.  Access,  admission. 

"  No  man  hath  recnurie  to  her  by  night." 

Shaketp. :  Tm  Gentlemen  of  Verona,  til.  1. 

4.  A  going  or  applying  to,  as  for  help,  pro- 
tection, Ac. ;  a  recurrence  to  a  person  or  line 
of  action  in  time  of  difficulty,  danger,  need, 
or  perplexity.  (Generally  in  the  phrase  To 
lave  recourse.) 

"  You  do  well  to  have  recourse  to  your  last  suasion." 
— Dry.lnt  :  Spittle  to  the  Whiyt. 

If  W  ith  recourse ;  without  recourse :  Phrases 
Inserted  in  commercial  documents  to  indicate 
respectively  two  opposite  conditions  on  which 
a  bargain  is  concluded. 

1.  WithrecouTse  :  Implies  that  a  sale  or  pur- 
chase has  been  made  on  condition  that  the 
thing  sold  is  of  the  kind  or  quality  taken  for 
granted  at  the  time  of  the  sale.    If  on  exami- 
nation it  is  found  to  be  of  an  essentially  dif- 
ferent kind  or  quality,  the  buyer  is  entitled 
to  have  recourse  to  the  seller,  and  to  claim 
an  annulment  of  the  bargain,  or  compensa- 
tion for  any  loss  he  may  have  suffered. 

2.  Without  recourse:  Sometimes  buyers  are 
willing  to  take  coupons  and  other  instruments, 
and  at  the  same  time  to  accept  any  risk  attend- 
ing the  transaction.    This  occurs  when  there 
is    much    competition,   or   when  a  seller  is 
willing  to  take  a  lower  price,  in  order  to  be 
relieved  of  any  risk  or  trouble  attending  the 
transfer.     The  purchase  is  then  said  to  be 
made  without  recourse.    (Bithell.) 

•rfc-cburse',  v.i.    [RECOURSE,  *.] 
1.  To  return,  to  recur. 

"  The  flame  depHrtingaud  recourting  thrlM."— fax  : 

Martyr,  (M  fii;,,fy). 

X.  To  have  recourse. 


Socket 


These  dogmatists  d»re  not  rtfaurit  to  Scripture." 
**t :  Lift  of  W  Miami,  ii.  301. 


*  re-course' -ful,  o.     [Eng.  recourse;  -/a,'(/)-] 

Moving  alternately. 

"  In  that  recourteful  deep." 

Ltrai/ton  :  I'Jy-Ulbion,  s.  L 

rS-cov'-er  (1),  *  re-cov-ere,  *  re-coe-ver, 

*re-kev-er,  v.t.  &i.  [O.  Fr.  recovrer,  re- 
cuvrer  (Fr.  recouvrer),  from  Lat.  recupero  =  to 
recover,  to  recruit  one's  self,  a  word  of  doubtful 
origin ;  according  to  Corssen  from  Sabine 
cupras  =  good,  hence  recupero  =  to  make  good 
again  ;  connected  with  Lat.  cupio—  to  desire; 
Sp.  &  Port,  recovrar ;  Ital.  ricoverare,  ri- 
covrare,  recuperare,  ricuperare.] 

A.  Transitive: 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  To  restore  from  illness,  feintness,  or 
the  like ;  to  revive. 

"  Brief.  I  recoter'd  him." 

Shakes/i.  :  At  fou  Like  It,  Iv.  S. 

2.  To  regain ;  to  get  agaiu  that  which  was 
lost     (Isaiah  xi.  11.) 

3.  To  reconquer,  to  win  back :  as,  To  re- 
cover territory  from  an  enemy. 

*  4.  To  rescue ;  to  save  from  danger. 

"  Kill  him  whom  you  have  recovered." 

SHaketp.  :  Twelfth  Night,  il  L 

5.  To  make  up  for ;  to  repair  the  loss  or 
injury  of ;  to  atone  for,  to  retrieve. 

"  Even  good  men  have  many  fallings  and  lapses  to 
lament  aud  recover."— Rogert :  Sermoni. 

*  S.  To  get  to,  to  gain,  to  reach,  to  attain  to. 

"  The  forest  is  not  three  league*  off: 
If  we  recover  that,  we're  sure  enough." 
Shakeip. :  Two  Oentiemen  of  Verona,  T.  L 

IL  Law: 

1.  To  gain  as  compensation,  or  in  return 
for  injury,  damage,  or  debt :  as,  To  recover 
damages  in  a  suit. 

2.  To  obtain  title  to  in  a  court  of  law. 

"  The  lands  were  recovered  against  the  tenant  of  the 
freehold."— Blackttont:  Comment.,  bk.il.,  cb.  xriii. 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  regain  a  former  state  or  condition,  as 
from  misfortune,  depression,  &c.  (Frequently 
used  reflexively.) 

2.  To  regain  health  after  sickness ;  to  be- 
come well  again.    (Followed  by  from  or  of.) 

"Go.  enquire  ....  whether  I  shall  recover  of  this 
disease."— 2  Kinyi  i.  1 

*  3.  To  come,  to  arrive,  to  reach. 

"  With  much  ado  the  Christians  recovered  to  An- 
tioch.'— fuller. 

4.  To  obtain  a  judgment  in  law ;  to  be  suc- 
cessful iu  a  law-suit. 

ri'-edv-er  (2),  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  cover, 
v.  (q.v.).] 

1.  To  cover  again  or  anew  :  as,  To  recover 
an  umbrella. 

*  2.  Hunting :  To  start,  as  a  hare  from  her 
cover  or  form. 

*  ri-COV-er,  s.    [RECOVER  (1),  «.]    Recovery. 

"  The  prince's  head  being  split  against  a  rocke 
Past  all  recover."  Tragedy  of  Hoffman. 

rS-coV-er-a-Dle,  o.  [Eng.  recover  (IX  v. ; 
-able.] 

1.  Capable  of  l>eing  regained  or  recovered. 

"  The  original  Import  of  such  names  has  faded  away 
.  .  .  nevertheless  the  primeval  meaning  may  be  re- 
eoteraole.~— Taylor:  Wnrdt  and  Placet fl«78),  ch.  i. 

2.  Capable  of  being  brought  back  to  a  former 
condition. 

"  A  prodigal  conn* 
It  like  the  sun's ;  but  not,  like  his.  recoverable." 

Shakftp. :  Timon  of  A  them,  iii.  4. 

3.  Capable  of  being  recovered  or  obtained 
back  from  a  holder,  possessor,  or  debtor  :  as, 
The  debt  is  recoverable. 

*  4.  Capable  of  being  restored  to  health  or 
revived  from  sickness,  faintness,  danger,  &c. 

re'-Cov'-er-a-ble-nSss,  ».  [Eng.  recover- 
able; -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
recoverable ;  capability  of  being  recovered. 

*  re-civ  -er-ance,  "re-eov-er-aunce, 

*  re-cov-er-aunse,  s.  [RECOVER  (i),  v.] 
Recovery. 

"  By  hyin  might  be  made  many  grete  recorerauncet 
for  the  royalme  of  Fraunce."— Btrnert :  froiuart ; 
Cronycle,  vol.  ii.,  ch.  Ixxi. 

re-civ-er-ee'.  *.    [Eng.  recover  (IX  v. ;  •«.] 
Law :  The  person  against  whom  a  judgment 
Is  obtained  in  common  recovery  (q.v.). 

"  Whereupon  Judgment  was  given  .  .  .  afalnst  the 
tenant.  Edwards,  who  was  now  the  reeof  free  ."—Black- 
•tone :  Comment.,  bk.  11.,  ch.  it. 

rS-cor'-er-er,  ».  [Eng.  recover  (IX  v. ;  -er.] 
One  who  recovers  ;  a  recoveror. 


re-cov'-er-or,  ».    [Eng.  recover  (1),  v.  ;  -or.] 
Law:  The  demandant,  or  person  who  ob- 
tains a  judgment  in  his  favour  in  common  re- 
covery.   [RECOVERY,  ^.J 

"  Vested  in  the  said  recoveror  by  Judgment  of  tow.* 
—Bladutone  :  Comment.,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  IS. 


,  *  re-  cov-er-ie,  *    [Bng. 

recover  (1),  v.  ;  -j/.] 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  The  act  of  recovering,  regaining,  retaking, 
reconquering,  or  obtaining  possession  of  again. 

"  They  are  past  rauvtry." 

Shaketp.  :  S  Henry  VI.,  L  1. 

2.  Restoration   to   health    from    sickness, 
faintness,  or  the  like;  restoration  from  low 
condition  or  misfortune. 

4  H  is  recovery  manifested  great  strength  of  mind." 
—  U'atrrlaml  :  Workl,  v.  233. 

H  Law  :  The  obtaining  the  right  or  title  to 
something  by  a  verdict  and  judgment  of  the 
court  from  an  opposing  party  in  a  suit  :  as, 
the  recovery  of  damages  for  libel,  the  recovery 
of  lauds  in  ejectment. 

•  ^  Common,  collusive,  or  feigned  recovery: 
Law  :  A  fictitious  real  action  carried  on  to 

judgment,  and  founded  on  the  supposition  of 
an  adverse  claim,  a  proceeding  formerly  re- 
sorted to  by  tenants  in  tail  for  the  purpose  of 
barring  their  entails,  and  all  remainders  and 
reversions  consequent  thereon,  and  making  a 
conveyance  in  fee  simple  of  the  lands  held  in 
tail.  It  was  abolished  in  1833. 

"  This  colltuivf  recovery  operated  merely  in  the  na- 
ture of  a  conveyance  iu  fee-simple,  from  Kdwarda,  th« 
teuant-lu-tail,  to  Qoldiug.  the  purchaser."—  Black- 
Hone:  Comment.,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  18. 

*re-coyle,  v.i. 

*  rec'-rfi-ance,  * 
re-aunce,  s.  [Eng.  recreant)  ;  -ce,  -cy.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  recreant  ;  cow- 
ardice, mean-spiriteduess. 

"  For  he  is  the  blisse  of  very  recreattnee." 
Chaucer:  The  Lamentation  qf  Mary  ilagdale*. 

*rec-re-an-dlse,  *.  [O.  Fr.]  Recreancy. 
cowardice. 

"  To  do  men  pleasaunce  or  seruise, 
In  thee  it  is  rtcreaundite." 

Komaunt  of  Ou  Ron. 

reo'-re-ant,  *  rcc  re  aunt,  o.  &  s.    [O.  Fr. 

recreant',  pr.  par.  of  recroire=  to  believe  again, 
to  give  back,  from  Low  Lat.  recredo  =  to  be- 
lieve again,  to  change  one's  faith  ;  used  re- 
flexively, recretlrre  ae  =  to  own  one's  self  beaten 
in  a  duel  or  judicial  comliat  :  Lat.  re-  —  back, 
again,  and  credo  =  to  believe.  Cf.  miscreant.} 

A.  As  adjective  : 

•  1.  Apostate,  false. 

"  Turn  d  recreant  to  God.  iugrate  and  falne." 

Milton  :  P.  K..  i  il.  1M. 

2.  Craven,  mean-spirited,  cowardly  ;  crying 
out  for  mercy. 

"  If  yet  not  luet  to  all  the  sense  of  shame, 
The  recreant  warrior  hear  the  voice  of  fame.' 

Poft  :  Uomer  ;  Iliad  vi.  »». 

B.  As  subst.  :  One  who  yielded  in  combat, 
and  cried  craven  ;  one  who  begged  for  mercy  ; 
hence,  a  cowardly,  craven  wretch. 

"  Ton  are  all  recrtanti,  and  dastards."—  SJtalUtp.  :  • 
Henry  Vl^  iv.  8. 

re'c'-re'-ant-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  recreant  ;  •/»/.) 
In  a  recreant  or  cowardly  manner;  like  a 
recreant  or  craven. 

rec'-rS-ate,  v.t.  &  i.  [Lat  recreatus,  pa.  par. 
of  recreo  =  to  refresh,  to  revive  ;  lit  =  to 
create  anew  :  re-  =  again,  and  creo  =  to  create  ; 
Sp  &  Port,  recrear;  ItaL  recrean,  ricreare;  Fr. 
recreer.] 

A.  Transitive: 

I.  To  revive  or  refresh  after  toil,  exertion, 
or  study  by  recreation  ;  to  divert,  to  amuse  ; 
to  reanimate,  as  languid  or  fatigued  spirits  or 
exhausted  strength. 

"  Rrma-i  themselve*  with  honest  and  laudable 
pastime*.  "-Mart  :  Clopia.  bk.  it.  ch.  vi. 

»  2.  To  gratify,  to  please. 
••  These  ripe  fruits  recreate  the  nostrils  with  their 
aromatick  scent  '—Mart:  Mrine  Dialofuet. 

•  3.  To  cheer. 

"  The  Lord  did  comfort  and  rttreaU  him."—  Cdtt: 
John  xli. 

4.  To  create  or  form  anew.  (In  this  sens* 
pron.  ri  '-cri-dte). 


•  B.  Intrant. :  To  take  recreation. 

"  They  suppnee  the  eonls  In  purgatory  kave  liberty 
to  rrcrMUt'-L.  Addiion:  fretent  State  of  On  Jew*, 

p   1:1. 


boil,  bo?;  poUt,  J6>1;  eat.  cell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exlat,    -ing. 
-etaa,  -tian  -  shaa.   -Uon,  -«lon  =  shon;  -flon,  -elon  -  ihnn.   -clous,  -tious,  -sious  =  anus,   -ble,  -die.  Ac.  s  Del,  del* 


"912 


recreation— rectifiable 


rec-re-a'-tion    (l),    "rec  re-a-ci-on,  s. 

[Fr.,  flora  Lat.  recreatioiiait,  ucc.  of  »• 
from  recreatiis,  pa.  par.  of  rtcreo  =  to  recr>  at«  ; 
S|>.  recreation ;  I  tat.  recreazione.]  [RECREATK.] 
The  act  of  recreating,  amusing,  or  refreshing 
the  spirits  or  strength  after  toil,  exertion,  or 
Study  ;  amusement,  pastime,  diversion. 

••  Rural  rrcreutims  abroad,  and  books  at  home,  are 

the  innocent  pl&isures  of  a  man  who  it  early  wise."— 

Dryden:  finjil;  Kcloyua.    (Uedic.) 

recreation-ground,  s.  An  o|>en  space 
•ec  apart  for  the  recreation  of  both  old  and 
young.  22  Viet,  c.  27,  and  34  &  35  Viet., 
c.  13,  facilitate  grants  of  land  for  this  purpose. 
[PARK,  PLAYGROUND.] 

re-cre-a'-tion  (2),  *.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
creation  (q.v.).]  The  act  of  recreating  or 
creating  anew  ;  the  state  of  being  recreated. 

reV-re-a-tlve,  ".  [Fr.  recreatif;  Sp.  recren- 
tivo;  Ital.  recreative,  ricreativo.]  Tending  to 
recreate,  amuse,  refresh,  or  divert;  refresh- 
ing reanimating,  reinvigorating,  diverting, 
amusing. 

"  Let  the  music  of  them  be  rtcreativf,  and  with 
eome  strange  changes."— Bacon  •  JCuuyi,  No.  xxxviL 

Recreative  Religionists, t.  pi. 

Eccltsiol. :  An  association  formed  in  De- 
cember, 1866,  for  giving  popular  scientific 
lectures  on  Sunday  evenings,  sacred  music 
being  performed  at  intervals.  A  prosecution 
which  took  place  under  the  Sunday  Act, 
31  Geo.  III.,  c.  49,  failed  of  effect.  The 
Recreative  Religionists  have  for  some  years 
figured  in  the  Registrar-General's  returns  of 
sects  having  registered  places  of  worship. 
London,  England, 

•rec'-re-a-tive-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  recreative; 
-ly.]  Ina  recreative  manner;  so  as  to  recreate ; 
With  recreation  or  diversion. 

•rSc'-re-a-tlve-ness,  *.  [Eng.  recreative  ; 
•ness.}  The  quality  or  state  of  being  recrea- 
tive, refreshing,  or  diverting. 

•  rec  re  aunt,  a.  &.  «.    [RECREANT.] 

JTec'-re  ment,  s.  [Lat.  recrementnm,  from 
recerno,  pa,  par.  rare/us :  re-  =  back,  again, 
and  cf.rno  =  to  separate.  ] 

*  1.  Ord.  Lam/. :  Dross,  spume  ;  superfluous 
or  useless  matter  separated  from  tiiat  which 
is  useful. 

'•  The  foulness  of  the  most  earthly  rtcrementt.'— 
Bfi.  II  t'l :  Kemaiiu.  p.  41. 

2.  PhyiioL :  A  humour  which,  after  having 
been  separated  from  the  blood  by  an  organ  of 
•ec'etinn,  is  absorlied  into  it  again.  The 
saliva  is  a  case  in  point. 

•  rec-rS-ment'-al,  "  rec-re'-den-ti'-tial 

(ti  as  sh),  rec  re-mon-ti  tious,  a.  |Enp. 
recrement;  -al,  -ititrl,  -itio'is.]  Consisting  of 
or  pertaining  to  recrement  or  superlnons 
matter  separated  f'Oin  that  which  is  useful 
»nd  valuable  ;  drossy. 

"There are  in  most mercnrles either r~rnw  'ft'tiii 
particles,  or  at  least  some  loose  adhercuciea.  —ilault: 
Work*.  L  «4.V 

•  re-crew'  (ew  as  u),  v.t.    [RECRUIT,  ».]    To 

recruit,  to  enlist. 

"  To  recrev  other  conmnleo."— /v;.ir«  Ruperti 
beating  up  nf  the  liebel  yu*trteri,  Ac.,  , .  xvl. 

rS-crlm'-In-ate,  v.i.  &  t.  [Lit.  re-  =  bark. 
again,  and  criminatm,  pa.  p-ir.  <>f  irtminor  = 
to  acc.use  of  crime  ;  crimen.  p-nit.  rrim!>ii<  = 
a  crime;  Fr.  rtcriminer ;  Sp.  rccriminar ; 
Ital.  recriminnre.] 

A.  Intrant. :  To  return  ono  acc'isatinu  with 
another;  to  accuse  in  return;  to  retort  an 
accusation. 

"  To  rtcrimln  -tr  is  ju-t." 

>u««9     fliih!  Thought!.  T. 

*  B.  Trans. :  To  accuse  in  return. 

"Did  not  Joseph  lie  under  black  Inf.imr?  he 
•corn  •.!  so  much  aa  to  i-li-ir  InBin.  If,  ,,r  to  rrcr,,n,n<Kt 
th«  strumpet"— Soul*:  ttermoat. 

rS  crim-In  a  tion,  ».  [Fr..  from  Tat.  rr- 
=.  back,  asjain,  ami  criminatus,  pa.  par.  of 
criminor  =  to  accuse  ;  Sp.  ret-rimlnacion ;  Ital. 
recriminnzione  ]  [RECRIMINATE.] 

1.  Ord.   Lang. :  The  act  of  recriminating ; 
the  retorting  of  an  accusation. 

"  Prepared  for  their  dl.like  by  mutual  reertmlna, 
H<m--GaldimUk:  The  B-r.  (Introd.) 

2.  IJOAO:   An    accusation    brought   by  the 
•reused  against  the  accuser  on  tlie  same  f.;ct ; 
a  counter-accusation. 

'  r5-crlm'-ln^a-tlve,  a.   [Eng.  recriminate); 

•ive.]    Recriminatory. 


re  crim'-ln-a-tor,  s.  [Eng.  «..ri»u«.if(»M; 
-u. i  One  who  recriminates  ;  one  who  retorts 
an  accusation  upon  the  accuser. 

re-Clim'-in-a-tdr-y,a.  lEng.  recriminate); 
•ory.  ]  Retortiug  or  returning  au  accusation  ; 
icciimiuating. 

"  KecrimintUory  charges  would  be  gone  Into  on  the 
I»rt  of  the  respuiideut."— Daily  Telegraph,  K«b.  23, 
MIL 

re-cross',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  crow,  y. 
(q.v.).] 

1.  To  cross  again  or  back. 
*  2.-  To  oppose  again. 

"  We're  crust  and  recrott  by  the  Reprobate." 

Unties  :  HUM  l  Sacrifice,  p.  5S. 

*  re-cru'-5i-fy,   v.t.     [Pref.    re-,    and    Eng. 
crucify  (q.v.).]     To  crucify  again  or  afresh. 
"  Jews  recruci/ying  Christ."— Adamt :  tt'orlu,  1L  34*. 


*  re-cru'-den-9y,  s.  [RECRUDESCENCE.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  recrudescent ;  re- 
crudescence, relapse. 

"  If  the  wound  he  not  ripped  up  again,  nnd  come  to 
a  rtiTiulency  uy  ne*  foreigu  succours."— Bacon .  Letter 
to  Secretary  Cecil,  p.  15. 

re-cru-des'-9enge,  re-cru-des'-gen-cy, 

s.     IFr.  recrudescence.}    [RECKUDESCENT.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  recrudescent, 
or  of  becoming  sore  again. 

2.  A  fresh  outbreak  after  temporary  cessa- 
tion. 

"  Apart  altogether  from  any  actn.il  recrudescence  at 
outrnev."— Daily  Telegraph,  Oct.  5.  1884. 
IL  Technically: 

1.  Hot. :  The  production  of  a  young  shoot 
from  the  top  of  a  ripened  spike  of  a  seed. 

2.  Pathol.  :  Increased  severity  of  a  disease 
after  temporary  remission. 

"  The  weather  is  stormy,  and  a  recruJetcenre  of  the 
epidemic  is  feared."— Daily  Telegraph,  Sept  1,  188$. 

re-cru-des'-9ent,  a.  [Lat  recrudescens, 
pr.  par.  of  recrudesce  =  to  become  raw  again  : 
re-  =  back,  again,  and  crudesco  =  to  become 
raw;  cnidus  =  raw  ;  Fr.  recrudescent.]  Grow- 
ing or  become  raw,  sore,  or  painful  again, 
alter  a  temporary  remission. 

re-cruit',  *  re -crate,  v.t.  &  {.    [Fr.  recruter 

=  to  levy  troops,  from  recrute,  a  provincial 
form  for  recrue,  fern,  of  recrii,  pa.  par.  of 
recroitre  —  to  grow  again  ;  re-  =  again,  and 
croitre  =  to  increase,  1mm  Lat.  crexn  ;  Sp. 
reclnlar ;  Port,  recrittar,  reclntar;  Ital.  re- 
clutare.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  snjiply  with  new  or  additional  men  ; 
to  make  up  deficiencies  in  by  enlistment ;  to 
enlist. 

"  They  might  not  levy  raoneyes  to  recrve  and 
m.tint-un  their  army  when  mised."  —  Prynne . 
Treat  hern  t  Ditloya/tf.  pt.  iv.,  p.  S3. 

2.  To  repair  by  fresh  supplies;  to  supply 
or  riMiie'Iy  lack  or  deficiency  in. 

"  Yeirlv  HIT  herd*  in  vk'our  will  Impair; 
Kecrait  ami  iin-nl  them  wi:h  thy  yc.alv  cure." 
/Irydrn:  \'tryil ;  UmnjK  iii.  IIS. 

3.  To  restore   the    wasted    vigour   of;  to 
rest-'re  to  health  or  strength  ;  to  renew  the 
health,  spirits,  or  strenirth  of;  to  invigorate. 

"  Then  we  tbin't  to  refresh  and  recruit  ourselves."— 
Sharp:  .fermt-i'.  vol.  vl.,  ser.  li. 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  gnin  or  r>ise  new  supplies  of  men  ; 
specif.,  toniise  new  or  additional  soldiers. 

2.  To  gnin  new  supplies  of  anything  wstf-d 
or  exhausted  ;  t»gain  health,  strength,  S]iir;ts, 
&.C.  ;  to  be  reinviyorated. 

rS-cru'.f ,  s.  [Sp.  rrcluta. ;  Port.  &  Ital.  rccluta, 
recru/u.j  [RECRUIT,  v.} 

1.  A  supply  of  anything  wasted  or  exhausted. 

"  In  hourly  ex-wtalion  of  a  rtrruit  of  Frank*,  nncl 
they  are  hut  uow  arrived."—  T.  Bull :  Genuine  Leltfrt, 
ii.  ±*. 

2.  A  soldier  newly  enlisted  to  supply  defi- 
ciencies in  an  army. 

"She  would  furnish  his  army  wltjn  recruUt.'— 
Macavlay:  fliit  Eng..  ch.  xii. 

S.  One  who  has  n^wly  joined  &  society,  sect, 
association,  &c. 

••  The  (nip  will  be  filled  nn  by  recruit*  from  our 
schools  of  art."—  fxtity  Trlwapli.  Sept.  7.  1S8.V 

•  4.  A  substitute  for  something  wanted. 
(Pope.) 

rfi-cruit'-er, «.  [Eng.  recruit,  v. ;  -cr.]  One 
who  re<-ntii8. 

"  H<- f Prynne]  waiiel«cf«1  a  reeruitrr  for  Newport, 
in  O  rnwall."—  Wood:  Athnue  Oxan..  p.  «;. 


rc-cruit'-ins,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [RECRUIT,  v.] 
recruiting-sergeant,  s. 

Mil.  :  A  sergeant  deputed,  or  authorized  to 
enlist  men  for  the  army. 

re-cruit' -ment.  s.  [Eii«.  recruit;  -went.] 
The  act  or  ])mcess  of  recruiting;  the  enlist- 
ment or  raising  of  new  supplies  of  men  for  an 
army. 

"  Itecmitment  In  Bosnia  for  the  Egyptian  geudar. 
merie."— Dailit  Telegraph,  Nov.  l,  188S. 

re-crirs-tal-li-za'-tion,  *.  [Pref.  re-,  and 
Eng.  crystallization  (q.v.).]  The  act  or  pro- 
cess of  recrystallizing  ;  the  state  of  being  re- 
crystallized. 

re-crys'-tal-llze,  v.t.  or  i.  [Pref.  re-,  and 
Eng.  crystallize  (q.v.).]  To  crystallize  again 
or  anew. 

reV-tal,  o.  [Lat.  rect(um);  Eng.  adj.  suff. 
-al.]  "Of  or  pertaining  to  the  rectum. 

rect  -an-gle,  *.  &  a.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  rect- 
angulus  =  having  a  right  angle  :  rectus  = 
right,  and  angulus  =  an  angle  ;  Sp.  rectangulo; 
Ital.  rettanyolo.] 

A.  As  substantive : 

Geom. :  A  parallelograi'i  or  quadrilateral 
figure  whose  angles  are  all  right  angles.  An 
equilateral  rectangle  }s  a  square.  A  rectangle 
is  said  to  be  contained  by  any  two  of  the  sines 
about  one  of  its  angles  :  thus,  if  A  B  and  B  c 
represent  two  adjacent  sides,  the  rectangle  is 
said  to  be  contained  by  A  B  and  B  c,  or,  as  it 
is  sometimes  expressed,  it  is  the  rectangle 
under  A  B  and  B  c.  The  area  of  a  rectangle  is 
equal  to  the  product  of  its  base  and  altitude. 
Rectangles  having  equal  bases  are  to  each 
other  as  their  altitudes;  rectangles  having 
equal  altitudes,  are  to  each  other  as  their 
bases. 

*  B.  As  adj. :  Rectangular ;  having  a  right 
angle. 

rSct'-an-gled  (le  as  el),  a.  [Eng.  rectanyl(e) ; 
-ed.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang  :  Having  an  angle  or  angles  of 
ninety  degrees ;  rectangular. 

2.  Her  :  When  the  line  of  length  is,  as  it 
•were,  cut  off  in  it*  straightness  by  another 
straight  line,  which  at  the  intersection  makes 
a  right  angle,  it  is  then  termed  rectangled. 

rect-an'-gu-lar,  a.  [Lat.  rectus  =  right,  and 
Eng. a»i7u2ar(q*.v.);  Fr. rectangulaire.]  Having 
an  angle  or  angles  of  ninety  degrees ;  right- 
angled. 

"Nor  doth  every  one,  who  hath  an  idea  of  a  r»c*- 
am-il  ir  ti  hinylc.  presently  understand  that  the 
square  of  the  subtense  is  equal  to  the  squares  of  both 
the  sides.  "—Cudtaorth:  Intell.  Syttem.  p.  653. 

rectangular-coordinates,  s.  pi. 

Anal.  Geom.:  Coordinates  whose  axes  are 
at  right  angles  to  each  other. 

rectangular-solid,  s. 

Gcom. :  A  solid  whose  axis  is  perpendicular 
to  its  base. 

*  reet-an-gn-lar'-I-tjr,  s.  [Eng.  rectangu- 
lar ;  -ity.}  The  quality  or  state  of  being  rect- 
angular ;  rectangularness. 

"  She  skel'-ln-d  in  strong  caricature  ...  his  rigid 
rectaiijularity."—iliu  Eii'jtuvrth  :  Ennui,  ch.  lx. 

rect-an'-gu-lar-ly,  ndv.  [Eng.  rectangu- 
lar; -l-i.]  111  a  rectangular  manner;  in  manner 
of  a  riylit  anjli? ;  with  or  at  a  right  angle  or 
angles. 

"  At  the  equator  thereof  the  needle  will  stand 
reci-1'iyulnrti,:  -Oroa:,,e:  I'ufar  Krroun,  bk.  it, 

ch.  ii. 

rect-an 

lar ;  -nt — 
rectangul 

re'ct-em-bry-e'-re,  «.  pi.  [Lat.  rectus  = 
straight;  Mod.  Lat.  embryo  (q.v.),  and  Lat. 
fern.  pi.  suff.  -ece.] 

Bot. :  A  sub-order  of  Rolanacen?,  having  the 
embryo  straight  Tribes:  Metternichie«e, 
Cestrett,  and  Fabianea.  (Lindley.) 

rSo'-ti-f  l-a-ble,  a.    [Eng.  rectify  ;  -able.] 

1.  Or<l.  Lang.  :  Capable  of  being  rectified, 
corrected,  or  set  right 

"  The  enroursof  one  concoction  are  not  reet<jtoM«  by 
another."— Brmtn*. 

2.  Geani. :  Applied  to  a  curve  admitting  the 
construction  of  a  straight  line,  equal  in  length 
to  any  definite  portion  of  the  curve. 


ect-an-gu  lar  ness,  s. 
lar;  -ness.]      The  quality   or 
rectangular ;  rectaugularity. 


[Eng.  rectangu- 
state  of  being 


late,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p6t, 
or,  wore,  wplf,  work,  who.  s£n;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    «e,«  =  e';ey  =  a;au  =  kw. 


rectiUcation— recumbent 


3913 


re"c-tl-f  I-ca'-tion,  «.  [Fr.,  from  Low  Lat. 
rectifijMUonum,  accus.  of  reel  jiaitia,  fiom  reai- 
ficatiu,  pa.  par  of  rectified  —  to  rectify  (q.v.); 
Sp.  rectificuciun;  lt.il.  rtctijicuzione.] 

L  OrJ.  Lu/w.  :  Tlie  act  of  rectifying,  cor- 
recting, or  setting  right  that  whicu  is  wrong, 
incorrect,  or  erroneous. 

"  His  lordship,  by  the  present  state  of  things. 
Include*  the  rectification  of  tin  ni  iu  a  future  state.  — 
Warburton:  Ditine  Legation,  bk.  v.  (App.) 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Chem. :   The  concentration  of  a  volatile 
substance  by  distillation,  as  when  spirit  of  wine 
is  pre]>areil  from  a  dilute  solution  of  alcohol, 
by  r-'peated  distillation. 

2.  Geom.:  The  operation  of  finding  an  ex- 
pression for  the  length  of  a  definite  portion 
of  a  curve. 

If  Rectification  of  a  globe : 
Astron.  or  Geog. :  The  adjustment  of  a  globe 
,     preparatory  to  the  solution  of  a  proposed  pro- 
blem. 

rSc'-tl-f  led,  pa.  par.  or  a.    [RECTIFY.] 
rectified  spirit,  «. 

1.  Chem.  :  Alcohol  with  sixteen  per  cent  of 
water.     Sp.  gr.  0"S38,  strength  6rj  o.p. 

2.  Pharm.  :  Used  in  making  many  tinctures 
and  spirits,   when  the  sul 'stances  contain  a 
large  amount  of  resin  or  volatile  oil. 

rgc'-tl-f  I-er,  s.    [Eng.  rectify ;  -er.] 
L  Ordinary  iMnguuge : 
1.  One  who  rectifies,  corrects,  or  sets  right 
that  which  is  wrong,  incorrect,  or  erroneous. 
"  Certain  modern  rtctifirri  of  prejudices."—  War- 
burton  :  Ilifine  Legation,  bk.  iv..  f  u 

2.'  One  who  rectifies  or  refines  a  substance 
by  repeated  distillations  ;  specif.,  oue  who 
rectifies  liquors. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Chrm. :  One  who  refines  or  purifies  spirit 
or  common  alcohol  by  a  process  of  distillation. 
The    products    are   known  as   gin,   cordials, 
liqueurs,  &c.     The  exercise  of  the  business  of 
a  ret -tiller  is  under  the  supervision  and  license 
of  the  Excise  authorities. 

2.  *Yi"«t. :  An  instrument  for  determining 
the  variation  of  tlie  compass  on  board  ship. 
It  consists  of  two  circles,  either  laid  upon  or 
let  into  each  other,  and  so  fastened  together 
in  their  centres  that  they  represent  two  com- 
passes,  the  one   fixed,   the    other  movable ; 
each  is  divided  into  32  points  of  tlie  compass 
anil  300°,  and,  numbered  both  ways  from  the 
north  and  south,  ending  at  the  east  and  west  in 
90°.   The  fixed  compass  re] 'resents  the  horizon, 
in  whii-li  the  north  and  all  the  other  points 
are  liable  to  variation.    (Smyth.) 

rSc'-tl-fy,  *rec-ti-fie,  v.t.  [Fr.  rectifier, 
from  Low  Lat  rectifico  —  to  make  right ;  Lat. 
rectus  •=•  ri.^lit,  ;md  facio  =  to  make;  Sp.  & 
Port  redifiear ;  Ital.  rettificare.] 

1.  Ord.   Lang.  :    To  make  or  set  right  or 
correct  that  which   is   wrong,   incorrect,   or 
erroneous  ;  to  amend. 

"  Truth,  although  In  swaddling  clothes,  I  find. 
Inform*  the  judgment,  r,  <•?.>•«  tlie  iniml." 

Bunyan  :  J'ilgrim'i  Proyreu.    (ProL) 

IL  Technically: 

L  Chem. :  To  refine  or  purify  spirit  or  com- 
mon alcohol  by  a  process  of  distillation,  with 
the  aid  of  certain  herbs,  essences,  and  other 
flavouring  ingredients.  More  strictly,  to 
separate  the  lighter  portions  of  any  liquid, 
and  render  pure  and  homogeneous  any  alcohol, 
ether,  or  volatile  oil,  by  repeated  distillation. 

2.  Geom. :    To   construct   a   straight    line 
equal  in  length  to  a  definite  portion  of.    (Said 
oi  a  curve.) 

^  To  rectify  the  globe : 

Asti-on.  or  Geng. :  To  bring  the  sun's  place 
in  the  ecliptic  on  the  globe  to  the  brass 
meridian,  or  to  adjust  it  in  order  to  prepare  it 
for  the  solution  of  a  proposed  problem. 

r8c-tI-lin'-8-al,rgc-tI-lin'-*-ar,a.  [Lat 

recti! ine(us),  from  rectus  =  right,  straight,  and 
linea  =  a  line;  Eng.  adj.  suff.  -<U,  -ar ;  Fr. 
rertiliane;  Sp.  rectilineo ;  Ital.  rettilineo.] 
Straight-lined  ;  consisting  of  a  straight  line  or 
lines;  bounded  or  contained  by  straight  lines. 

"Woojd  persist  In  a  recfi'incar  motion."— Man: 
Jmmort  of  Soul.  bk.  ill  ch.  xili. 


-al-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  rectilineal; 
-ly.]  In  a  rectilineal  manner  or  direction  ;  in 
a  straight  line. 


*  rec-ti-Hn'-S-ar,  a.    [RKCTILIKEAL.] 

*  rSc-tl-lfcl-e^ar'-I-ty,  «.    [Eng.  rectilinear  ; 
•U<j.]   Tne  quality  or  slate  of  being  rectilinear. 

"  The  nxtUinearitu  or  uudulatury  motion  of  light." 
—CoUriUffa.  (H'elifler.) 

*  re'c-tl-lln'-e'-ar-lj/  ,  adv.  [Eng.  rectilinear; 

•ly.]    Rc-ctilineally. 

"  They  all  tend  rertUi*tarlv  toward*  •  centre."— 
Poe:  Lureka  {  It  arkt  1864.  it,  143). 

*  roc   ti   lln    6   ous,  o.     [Lat  rectilineus.] 
The  same  as  RECTILINEAL  (q.v.). 

"There  are  only  three  rertilineotu  and  ordlnnte 
figures  which  cau  serve  to  tail  purpose."—  Kay  :  OTI 
tin  Creation,  pt.  i. 

*  rec'-tion,  *.    [Lat.  rectio—ti  governing  or 
ruliiig,  from  rectus,  pa.  par.  of  reyo  =  to  rule.) 

Gram.  :  Government  ;  the  influence  or  power 
which  one  word  exen-ises  over  another  in  the 
s  mie  sentence,  causing  it  to  be  put  in  a  certain 
case  or  mood. 

rec-tl-ros'-tral,  a.  [Lat  rectus  =  straight, 
and  rostrum  =  a  prow,  a  beak.]  Having  a 
straight  beak. 

re'c-tl-ser'-I-al,  a.  [Lat  rectut  =  straight, 
and  series  —  a  series,  a  row.] 

Bot.  (Of  leaves)  :  Arranging  themselves  into 
exactly  vertical  ranks,  from  their  being  placed 
on  an  integral  part  of  the  circumference. 

rec-ti'-tls,  s.    [Eng.  rectum  (q.v.);  surf,  -itis.] 
Patltol.  :  Inflammation  of  the  rectum.     Itis 
usually  due  to  violence  or  to  the  presence  of  a 
foreign  body. 

reV-tl-tiide,  *.     [Fr.,  from  Lat.  rectitude  =. 

straightness,     uprightness,     from     rectus  = 
straight;  Sp.  rectitud  ;  Ital.  rettitudine.] 

*  1.  Straightness. 

"  The  zigzag  lines  in  the  mountain  ranges  of  New 
South  WaJesare  also  sufficiently  astounding  in  their 
aberrations  from  rectitude."—  Daily  Telegraph,  Sept 
29,  1SSS. 

*  2.  Correctness  ;  freedom  from  error  or  mis- 
takes. 

3.  Rightness  of  principle  or  practice  ;  up- 
rightness, integrity,  truth,  honesty  ;  confor- 
mity to  truth  or  to  the  rules  prescril>ed  for 
moral  conduct,  either  by  divine  or  human 
laws  ;  justice. 

rec'-to,  *.    [Lat  abl.  sing,  of  rectus  =  right.] 

*  1.  Law  :  A  writ  of  right. 

2.  Print.  :  The  right-hand  page  of  a  book, 
opposed  to  verso  (q.v.). 

re"c-td-,  pref.    [RECTUM.]    (See  compounds.) 
recto  uterine,  a. 

A  not.  :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  uterus  and  the 
rectum.  There  are  recto-uterine  folds. 

recto-vaginal,  ». 

Pathol  :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  vagina  and 
the  rectum.  There  is  a  recto-vaginal  hernia. 

recto  vesical,  •. 

Anat.  :  Of  or  belonging  to  the  bladder  and 
the  ivctuin.  There  is  a  recto-vesical  pouch,  and 
a  recto-vesifal  fascia. 


».     [Pref.  recto-  ,  and  Gr.  »ojAi} 
(keli)  =a  tumour.] 

Pathol.:  Hernia  of  the  rectum.  It  often 
Implicates  the  vagina,  and  is  then  called 
Vaginal  rectocele. 

rec'  -tor,  s.  [Lat,  from  rectus,  pa.  par.  of 
rego  =  to  rule  :  Fr.  recteur;  Sp.  rector;  Port 
reitor  ;  Ital.  rettore.] 

*  1.  One  who  rules,  governs,  or  administers  ; 
a  ruler,  a  governor. 

"  Coesar  is  but  the  rector  of  an  isle  : 
lie  of  an  empire."      Urn  Joruon  :  Srjamu,  T.  10. 

2.  In  the  English  Church,  a  clergyman  who 
has  the  cure  of  a  parish,  and  has  the  parson- 
age ami  tithes  ;   the  clergyman  of  a  parish 
where  the  tithes  are  not  impropriate,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  a  vicar  (q.v.). 

3.  In  the  Roman  Church,  the  head  of  a 
religious  house  ;  among  the  Jesuits,  the  head 
of  a  house  that  is  a  seminary  or  college.  [MIS- 
SIONARY-RECTOR.] 

4.  The  principal  of  a  university  in  France  and 
Scotland,  also  the  heads  of  Exeter  and  Lincoln 
Colleges,  Oxford.  In  Scotland  the  head-master 
of  an  academy  or  important  public  school. 

5.  In  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  the 
clergyman  who  has  charge  of  a  parish. 


*  rec'-tdr-al,  a,   [Eng.  rector;  -al.}   The  same 
as  RECTORIAL  (q.v.). 

*  reV-tor-ate,  *.     [Low  Lat.  rectc-ratus  ;  Lat 
rector  =  a  ruler;   Fr.  rectorat;  >>p.  rectorado  ; 
Port,  reilomdo;  Ital.   rettorato.]     The  office, 
rank,  or  position  of  a  rector  ;  rectorship. 

*  rec  -tor-ess,  *  rec  -tress,  s.  [Eng.  rector: 
-ess.] 

1.  A  female  rector  or  ruler. 

"  A  uiust  perfect  reetoreu  of  her  will." 

Drayton  :  Baront  Wan,  L 

2.  The  wife  of  a  rector. 

••  In  this  »»y  the  worthy  rtctorea  consoled  henelt* 
—  Tkackerai/  :  laxity  fair. 

reo-tiir'-I-al,  o.     [Eng.  rector;  -ial.]     Of  or 
pertiiiuing  to  a  rector  or  to  a  rectory. 

"  The  tithes  of  many  things  .  .  .  are  iii  sonic  parah«« 
rectsrioL'-Midutone:  Ornament  ,  bk.  i.,  cU.  IL 

rectorial-tithes,  s.    Predial  tithes. 

rec'-tor-SllIp,  s.     [Eng.  rector;  -ship.] 

1.  The  office,  rank,  or  position  of  a  rector. 
*  2.  Rule,  direction,  guidance,  government. 

"  Or  had  yon  tongues  to  cry 
Against  the  rectorthip  of  fatlfnmit  ?" 

Cariotanut,  U.  t. 


rSc'-tor-jf,  *.     [Eng.  rector  ;  -y.} 

1.  A  parish  church,  |«rsonage,  or  spiritual 
living,  with  all  its  rights,  tithes,  and  glebes. 

"  A  rectory  or  iiftrsouage  is  a  spirit  n.il  liviiii.-.  coio- 
posed  of  land,  tithe  and  other  oblations  of  {he  i«ople, 
separate  or  dedirattr  to  God  iu  any  congregation  for  tu» 
sei  vice  of  his  churcli  there."—  Sprlman. 

2.  The  house  of  a  rector  ;  a  parsonage-house. 
*  rec'  -tress,  *.    [RECTORESS.] 

rec'-trfx  (pi.  r6c'-tri-sesX  *•    [Lat  fern,  of 
rector  =  a  ruler.) 
*  1.  The  same  as  RECTORESS,  1.  (q.v.). 


2.  One  of  the  long  quill  feathers  iu  the  tail 
of  a  bird,  which  guide  its  flight  like  a  rudder. 

rec'-tum,  s.  [Lat  neut.  sing,  of  rectus  = 
straight] 

Anat.:  Tlie  lowest  portion  of  the  large 
intestine  extending  from  the  sigmoid  flexure 
of  the  colon  to  the  anus. 

rec-u-ba  -tion,  A  [Lat  recubo  =  to  lie 
dow'n.  ]  Tlie  act  of  lying  down,  leaning,  or 
reclining. 

"  The  French  and  Italian  tr\naUtionsex|<r>M  neither 
ppaition  of  session  or  refutation."—  Browne  :  \ulgar 
Xmurt,  bk.  v.,  ch.  vL 

•re-cnile,  *re-cule,  v.i.    [RECOIL.  P.) 

*  re  cule,  *  re  cuile-ment,  *.     [Rixon, 

«.,   etc.] 

t  re-cul  -ti-vate,  r.«.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
cultivate  (q.v.).]  To  cultivate  anew  or  afresh. 

*  re-ctil-ti-va'-tion,  *.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
cultivation   (q.v.).]    The   act    of   cultivating 
anew  ;  the  state  of  being  cultivated  anew. 

Te-cumb,  Te-cumbe,  r.i.  [Lat  n- 
cnmbo.]  To  lean,  to  recline,  to  repose. 

"  The  king  makes  an  overture  of  pardon  and  favour 
unto  you  upon  condition,  th.-.t  any  one  uf  yon  »  ill  r». 
cumte,  resC  lean  upon  or  roll  himself  upon  thr  penoo 
of  Us  ton."—  Ham*  :  Strmont,  ToL  iL.  ser.  4. 

*  r5-ciim'-ben9e,  *.     [Lat  recumbent,  pr. 
par.  of  recumbo  =  to  lie  back.]  [RECVMB.]  The 
act  or  state  of  resting  or  reposing  in  confidence. 

"  Some  of  our  divine*  bring  in  a  rrcumtenn*  or  reli- 
ance upon  Christ  for  Justification  and  salvation.  *« 
.VortA  :  Light  to  Parodue,  p.  M. 


,  «.    [RECUMBENCE.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  recumbent  ;  the  pos- 
ture of  lying,  reclining,  or  reposing. 

"  Relaxation  of  the  languid  frame, 
By  soft  recumfrmry  of  outitretch'd  limbs." 

Coteprr  :  rait,  I.  n. 

2.  A  state  of  rest  or  repose  ;  rest;  idle  state. 

"  When  the  mind  has  been  one*  habituated  to  thut 
lazy  recumbmcr.'—Lodce. 

rg-cttm'-bent.  o.    [Lat  recumbent,  pr.  par. 
of  recumbo.  ]    [  RECVMB.  ] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 
1.  Leaning,  reclining,  lying. 
"  Tb«  §b«*p  ncumtfttt.  and  the  sheep  th«t  snu'il"    -^ 
Comi-er:  Xeed.eu  Alarm. 

*  2.  Inactive,  idle,  listless. 

U.  /Jot.  <C  Zcol.  :  Applied  to  any  part  which 
leans  or  reposes  upon  another,  or  to  a  plant 
lying  prostrate  on  tlie  ground. 


boll,  boy;  p6"ut,  Jowl;  oat,  90!!,  chorus,  9hin,  ben«?h;  go,  gem;  thin,  (his;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xcnophon,  exist,   ph  =  L 
-dan,  -tian  =  Bhan.   -tioxi,  -sloa  =  shun ;  -t ion,  -sion  =  «>>""     -cious,  -tions,  -sious  =  shus.   -ble,  -die,  i c.  =  bel,  del. 


3914 


recumbently— red 


r,  adv.      [dig.    m-ioafent; 
•ly.]    In  a  recumbent  manuer  or  posture. 

•  re-cu'-per-a-ble,  a.  [Fr.]   [RECUPERATE.] 
Recoveiable. 

"If  thou  yet  by  counsayle  arte  recuperoMe."—K)/ot  : 
Oofernour,  bit.  L.  ch.  xiii. 

•  rS-cu'-per-ate,  v.t.  &  i.    [Lat  recuperatus, 
pa.  par.  of  recupero  =  to  regain,  to  recover.] 

A.  Tram. :  To  recover,  to  regain. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  recover. 

•  re-cu-per-a'-tion,  ».     [Lat   recuperatio, 
tromrecuperatus.    [RECUPERATE,  HECUVER(I), 
w.j    Recovery,  as  of  anything  lost. 

"The  reproduction  or  recuperation  of  the  same 
thiug  that  was  before,"— Mart :  Mutter*  o/  Godlineu. 
p.  225. 

rS-CU'-per-a-tive,  a.  [Lat.  recuperativus, 
from  recuperatus,  pa.  par.  of  recupero  =  to  re- 
cover.) Tending  to  recovery ;  pertaining  to 
recovery. 

•  re-cu'-per-a-tdr,  «.    [Lat]     One  who  re- 
covers. 


re-CU'-per-a-tor-y.  a.  [Lat  recuperatus), 
pa.  par.  of  recupero  =  to  recover ;  Sp.  &  Ital. 
recuperatorio.]  Recuperative. 

rt-cur',  v.i.    [Lat.  recurro  =  to  run  back,  to 
recur  :  re-  =  back,  again,  anil  curro  =  to  run  ; 
Fr.  recourir  ;  8p.  recurrir ;  Ital.  ricorrere.] 
L  To  return ;  to  go  back ;  to  come  back ;  to 

revert. 

"  Let  us  once  more  recur  to  the  words  of  our  Lord's 
prediction."— fip.  Hartley :  Sermon*.  voL  it.ser.  19. 

2.  To  occur  again  ;  to  be  repeated  after  in- 
tervals, or  in  accordance  with  some  regular 
rule  :  as,  A  fever  recurs. 

3.  To  return  or  come  back  to  the  thought  or 
mind. 

"  When  any  word  has  been  used  to  signify  an  idea, 
that  old  idea  will  recur  ill  the  miud  when  the  word  i* 
heard."—  Wall*. 

•  4.  To  have  recourse  to ;  to  resort ;  to  turn 
to  for  aid. 

"  Tn  avoid  succession  in  eternal  existence,  they  recur 
to  the  punctuin  stan*  of  the  school*. "— Locke. 

•re-cure'  (1),  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  cure 
(q.v.).]  To  cure,  to  heal ;  to  restore  to  health 
or  soundness. 

"  A  smile  recum  the  wounding  of  a  frown." 

Shaketp.  :  fenut  it  Adonit,  «&. 

•  ri-ciire'  (2),  v.t.    [Fr.  recurtr,  contract  from 
rtcuuvrir.]    To  recover. 

"  [Hector]  bis  stede  agayne  hath  anone  recured." 
Lydgate :  Siege  of  Troy,  1554,  slg.  P.  r. 

•re-cure',  *.  [RECURE  (2),  v.]  Recovery, 
remedy,  cure. 

••  The  thing  U  past  recur*. "—Udal :  Flowret,  p.  15*. 

•rS-ciire'-lul,  a.  [Eng.  recure  ;  -full]  Curing, 
curative,  healing. 

"  With  this  recureful  maske." 

Chapman :  Gentleman  UOitr,  v. 

•  rS-cure'-less,  *  re-cure-lesse,  o.    [Eng. 
recure;  -less.]     Incapable  of  being  cured  or 
remedied  ;  past  cure  or  remedy. 

"  Impressing  a  remreleue  wound." 

Chapman:  Homer;  fJiad  ivi. 

•  rS-Cure'-l&sW-ly,    adv.     [Eng.    recureless; 
-ly.]    So  as  to  be  incurable. 

••  Kerurelealy  wounded  with  his  owne  weapons."— 
Oreme. 

re-cur'-renge,  »  re'-cur'-ren-cy, ».  [Eng. 
recurrent) ;  -cf,  -cy  ;  Fr.  recurrence.] 

1.  The  act  of  recurring  ;  the  state  of  being 
recurrent ;  a  return. 

"  Providing  .  .  .  against  the  recurrence  of  such  a 
calamity."-  Jfacaulay  :  Hut.  of  Eng.,  ch.  zlii. 

•2.  The  act  of  having  recourse  or  resort; 
resort 

"  A  frequent  recurrence  to  the  dangerous  prepara- 
tions, —./irrrmy  Taylor. 

rS-Cur'-rent,  a.  [Lat  recurrent,  pr.  par.  of 
recurro  =  to  recur  (q.v.);  Fr.  recurrent;  8p. 
recurrent* ;  Ital.  recorrente.] 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  Returning  from  time  to  time, 
or  at  stated  intervals. 

"  The  horses  which  he  requires  each  recurrent  year." 
—Daily  Telegraph,  Sept  J4,  1886. 

2.  Crystall, :  A  term  applied  to  a  crystal, 
whose  faces,  being  counted  in  annular  ranges 
from  one  extremity  to  the  other,  furnish  two 
different  numbers  which  succeed  each  other 
aeveral  times,  as  4,  8,  4,  8,  4,  &c. 

3.  Anat. :  Having  a  reflex  course,  u  the 
recurrent  arteries,  Ac. 


recurrent-fever, «. 

Pathol. :  Relapsing  fever  (q.v.). 

recurrent-nerve,  recurrent  laryn- 
geal  nerve,  s. 

Anat. :  The  inferior  laryngeal  branch  of  the 
vagus  nerve,  which  has  a  retlex  course  to  the 
larynx. 

re'-CUT'-ring,  pr.  par.  &  a,     [RECCB.J 

A.  As  pr.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adj. :  Returning  from  time  to  time, 
or  at  stated  intervals  ;  recurrent. 

recurring-decimal,  *.  [CIRCULATING- 
DECIMAL.] 

recurring-series,  s. 

Alg.:  A  series  in  which  each  term  is  equal 
to  the  algebraic  sum  of  the  products  obtained 
by  multiplying  one  or  more  of  the  preceding 
terms  by  certain  fixed  quantities.  These 
quantities,  taken  in  their  order,  are  called  the 
Scale  of  the  series. 

re  -  curs' -  ant,  a.    [Lat 

recursans,  pr.  par.  of  re- 

citrso,  frequent,  of  recurro 

==  to  recur  (q.v.).] 

Her. :  Said  of  an  eagle, 
,   displayed,  with  the  back 

towards    the    spectator's 

face. 

Kecursant  volant  in  pale: 

Her. :  Said  of  an  eagle, 
as  it  were  flying  upwards,  with  its  back  to- 
wards the  spectator's  face. 

*  re-cur'-sion,  s.     [Lat.  recursio,  from  re-, 
back,  again,  and  cursio  —  a  running  ;  curro  = 
to  run.]    Return,  recurrence. 

"  Near  two  and  twenty  recurtiont  of  the  included 
pendulum."— Boyle:  Workt,  t  «L 

rS-Curv'-ant,  a.  [Lat.  recurraiw,  pr.  par.  of 
recurro  ="to  bend  back.] 

Her. :  Bowed  embowed,  or  curved  and  re- 
curved. 

*  r6-curv'-ate,   v.t.     [RECURVATE,  o.]     To 
bend  back  or  backwards. 

rS-cur'-vate,  re-curv'-at-ed,  a.  [Lat 
recurvatus,  pa.  par.  of  recurvo  —  to  bend  back : 
re-  =  back,  and  curro  =  to  bend.] 

Dot:  Bent,  but  not  rolled  backwards;  re- 
curved, reflexed. 

re-cur -va'-tion,  *.  [RECURVATE,  a.]  A 
bending  back  or  backwards. 

"  Ascending  first  into  a  capsnlaiy  reception  of  the 
breast  bone  by  A  serpentine  recurtation,  it  ascendeth 
•gain  into  the  neck."— Brome :  Vulgar  Errourt. 
bk.  iit,  ch.  xivit 

rS-Cur'-va-ture,  *.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
curvature  (q.v".).]  The  same  as  RECURVATION 

/—  -.  \  n 


re-curve',  v.t.  [Lat.  recurvo.']  [RECURVATE, 
a.  ]  To  bend  back  or  back  wa  rds ;  to  recur vate. 

rS-curved',  o.    [RECURVE.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Bent  back  or  downwards. 

2.  Dot. :  Recurvate  (q.v.). 

"  It*  cluster  of  pink  flowers,  with  their  recurved 
petals."— Ourrought :  fepacton,  p.  Us. 

rS-cur-vI-rSs'-ter, ».  [RECURVIROSTBA.]  A 
bird  of  the  genus  Reciirvirostra. 

rS-cur-vi-rSs'-tra,  *.  [Lat  recunnu  =  bent 
back,  and  rostrum  =  a  beak,  a  bill.] 

Ornith. :  Avocet ;  a  genus  of  Scolopaoidae, 
with  six  species.  Range,  Nearctic  region  to 
the  High  Andes,  South  Paltearotic,  East  and 
South  Africa,  Hindustan,  and  Australia. 
Bill  with  keel  flattened  at  base ;  tarsi  rather 
compressed  ;  toes  united  by  indented  web ; 
hind  toe  very  short  Bonaparte  made  them 
a  family,  and"  afterwards  a  sub-family.  They 
are  now  usually  placed  with  the  Himanropinae. 

rg-cur-vI-rSs'-tral,  o.  [RECURVIROSTRA.] 
Having  the  beak  recurved  or  bent  upwards, 
as  an  Avocet ;  belonging  or  pertaining  to  the 
Recurvi  rostra. 

•re'-curv'-I-ty,  «.  [Eng.  reeurv(e);  -ity.] 
The  same  as  RECURVATION  (q.v.). 

rS-cur-vo-,  pref.  [Lat.  recurvut  =  bent  back.] 
Recurvate. 

recurvo  patent,  a. 

Dot. :  Bent  back  and  spreading.    (London.) 


*  re-curv'-ous,  a.     [Lat.  ream-us,  from  n- 
=  back,    again,    and   curvus  =  bent]      Bent 
back  or  backwards. 

"  In  others  I  have  observed  long  recurvotu  tails, 
longer  than  their  bodies."— beih'im  Phvtico-THeolon. 
bkTViii..  ch.  vi. 

rec  u-^ange,  rgc'-u-«/an-9y,  •.  [Eng. 
recusan(t);  -ce,  -cy.]  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  a  recusant ;  the  tenets  or  principles  of 
a  recusant 

"  There  is  also  an  inferior  species  of  renuanry  (re- 
fusing to  make  the  declaration  against  popery  enjoined 
by  statute  30  Car.  II..  s.  2.  when  tendered  i.y  the 
proper  magistrate)."— Blackttont.  Comment.,  bk.  IT.. 
ch.  4. 

rec'-u-sant,  a.  &  s.  [Fr.,  pr.  par.  of  ricuser 
=  to  reject,  to  refuse,  from  Lat.  recuso  •=.  to 
oppose  a  cause  or  opinion,  to  reject :  re-  = 
back,  and  causa  =  a  cause.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Obstinate  in  refusing ;  specif, 
applied    in    English    history    to  those    who 
refused  to  acknowledge  the  king's  supremacy. 
or  to  conform  to  the  rites  of  tiie  Established 
Church. 

B.  As  substantive: 

1.  Ord.   Lang. :    One  who  is  obstinate  In 
refusing  ;  one  who  will  not  conform  to  general 
opinion  or  practice. 

2.  Eng.  Hist. :  One  who  refused  to  acknow- 
ledge the  king's  supremacy,  or  who  refused 
or  neglected  to  attend  divine  service  in  the 
Established  Church,  and  to  worship  according 
to  its  forms  and  rites.    It  differed  from  a  non- 
conformist in  that  it  included  Popish  recu- 
sants.   (In  the  example  the  word  is  appa- 
rently pronounced  re-cu'-»a?it.) 

"  But  sith  our  Church  him  disciplined  so  son. 
He,  rank  rectuaitt,  conies  to  church  no  more." 

Da.net :  H'itt  Bedlam. 

T  By  1  Eliz.,  c.  2,  it  was  enacted  that  a  fine 
of  twelve  pence  should  be  imposed  on  every 
one  absenting  himself,  without  reasonable 
cause,  from  his  church  or  chapel  (of  course, 
those  of  the  Establishment).  Recusants  were 
divided  into  four  classes  :  (1)  a  simple  recusant 
who  absented  himself,  but  had  not  been  con- 
victed ;  (2)  a  recusant  convict ;  (3)  a  Popish 
recusant ;  and  (4)  a  Popish  recusant  convict 
Protestant  dissenters  were  relieved  from  the 
penalties  of  recusancy  by  the  Toleration  Act, 
1  William  &  Mary,  c.  18;  Roman  Catholics 
by  31  George  III.,  c.  32,  passed  in  1791,  and 
the  Catholic  Relief  Act,  10  Geo.  IV. ;  c.  7, 
passed  in  1829 ;  and  Unitarians  by  53  Geo.  IIL, 
c.  160,  passed  in  1813,  but  the  Recusancy 
Statute  itself  was  not  repealed  till  1844. 

rSc-u-sa'-tion,  5.  [Lat.  recusotio,  from  r»- 
cusatus,  pa.  par.  of  recuso  =  to  rectise  (q.v.); 
Fr.  recusation;  8p.  recusacion;  ItaL  recuto- 
zione.] 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  refusal. 

2.  Law :  The  act  of  refusing  a  judge,  or  of 
challenging  that  he  shall  not  try  the  cause  on 
the  ground  of  his  supposed  partiality. 

*  re-cus'-a-tlve,  o.     [Lat  recusaHui),  pm. 
par.  of  recuso  =  to  recuse  (q.v.);  Eng.  adj. 
stiff,  -ire.]  Refusing,  denying,  negative  ;  tend- 
ing or  prone  to  recuse  or  refuse. 

"  It  is  acquisitive  and  effective,  or  remiative  and 
destructive.—^.  Taylor:  Rule  of  Contcience,  bk.  IT, 
ch.  i.,  rule  L 

re-cuse',  v.t.  [Fr.  ricuser,  from  Lat  reewo; 
Sp.  &  Port,  recusar;  Ital.  recusare.]  [RECU- 
SANT.] 

•  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  To  reject,  to  refuse. 

"  She  .  .  .  layd  in  her  appeal,  vhich  also  by  the  said 
Judges  WHS  likewise  recuted.  '—Burnet :  Jiecordt,  vol.  L, 
bk.  it,  No.  28. 

2.  Law:  To  refuse  a  judge,  or  challenge 
that  he  shall  not  try  a  cause  on  the  ground  of 
his  supposed  partiality. 

"  And  also  doe  by  these  presentes  refuse,  recii**.  and 
decline  you  my  s  Me  lord,  and  your  said  colleagues, 
and  your  jurisdiction  U|iou  causes  aforesaide."— Fox: 
Martyr*,  p.  1,207  Ian.  1UO). 

*  rc  cuss'-ion  (S8  as  sh),  *.    [Lat  recitwn*, 
pa.  par.  of  recutio  =  to  strike,  back  or  liack- 
wards  :  re-  =  back,   and   quatio  =  to  strike.] 
The  act  of  striking  or  beating  back. 

red-,  pref.     [RE-.] 

rgd,  *  rede,  *  reed,  o.  &  «.  [A.8.  redd,  cogn. 
with  Out  rood;  Icel.  raudhr ;  Dan.  rod; 
Sw.  rod ;  Ger.  roth ;  Goth,  muds :  Lat.  rufut, 
ruber;  Irish  &  Gael,  ruadh;  Wei.  rhvxid; 
Sansc.  ntdhira  =  blood  ;  Gr.  cprvdu  (ereitthS) 
=  to  redden,  ipvOpfc  (eruthros)  =  red ;  Eng. 
ruiy,  rubric,  ruddy,  russet.] 


fite,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  oar,  rule,  fall;  try,  Syrian,    ce,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qa  =  kw. 


red 


39 15 


A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Of  a  bright  warm  colour, 
resembling  blood  ;   of  the  hue  of  that  part 
of  the  solar  spectrum  farthest   from   violet. 
Bed  is  commonly  used  to  include  crimson, 
scarlet,  vermilion,  orange-red,  Ac. 

"  The  parted  lip, 

Like  the  red  rose-bud  moist  with  morning  dew. 
Breathing  delight."  Thornton  :  Summer.  1.S88. 

2.  Hot.,  (tc. :  Of  any  pure  red. 

B.  As  substantive : 

L  A  colour  resembling  that  of  arterial 
blood ;  the  colour  of  that  part  of  the  solar 
spectrum  which  is  farthest  froin  violet ;  one 
of  the  three  jirimary  colours.  Mixed  in  equal 
strength  and  proportion  with  the  other  pri- 
maries, it  yields  secondaries,  e.g.  with  yellow 
it  forms  orange;  with  blue,  violet,  &c, 

"  Geuiiued  with  green  and  red." 

Trnnyton  :  Enid,  839. 

2.  A  red  pigment.    The   most   useful  red 
pigments  are  carmine,  vermilion  (sulphuret ,  of 
mercury),  chrome-red,  scarlet-lake  (biniodide 
of  mercury),   madder-lake,   light   red,   burnt 
sienna  ;  these  are  yellow-reds.     Venetian  red, 
Indian  red  (carbonate  of  oxide  of  iron),  and 
crimson-lake  are  blue  reds.    Reds  are  derived 
from  the  three  kingdoms  of  nature,  carmine 
being,  derived  from  the  cochineal  insect,  the 
lakes  and  madders  from  the  vegetable  world, 
and  the  others  from  the  mineral  world. 

3.  A  contraction  for  Red  Republican  (q.v.). 

4.  (PL):   The  catamenial  discharges;  the 
menses. 

IT  0)  Red-antimony  =  Kermtsite ;  red-chalk 
=  Reddle ;  red  copper-ore,  red  oxide  of  copper 
=  Cuprite;  red-h<fimatite,  red  iron-ore,  red 
oxide  of  iron  =  Hcematite;  red  iron-vitriol 
=  Botryogen ;  red  lead-ore  =  Crocoite ;  red 
manganese-ore  =  Rhodochrosite ;  red  orpiment 
=  Realgar;  red  oxide  of  lead  =  Minium;  red 
silver-ore  =  Proustite,  Pyrargyrite ;  red- vitriol 
=  Bieberite ;  red  zinc-ore,  red  oxide  of  zinc  = 
Z  incite. 

(2)  Red  is  commonly  used  in  compounds,  the 
meanings  of  most  of  which  are  obvious  :  as 
red-backed,  red-breasted,  red-clieeked,  red-coated, 
red-coloured,  red-faced,  red-htaded,  red-streaked, 
red-skinned,  red-tailed,  red-winged,  &c. 

red-admiral,  *.    [ADMIRAL,  C.  1.] 

red-ant,  -. 

Zool. :  A  name  given  to  three  species  of  the 
genus  Myrmica  (it.  ruginodis,  M.  scabrinodis, 
ind  M.  laevinodis),  formerly  classified  as  M. 
rubra.  Workers  about  one-sixth  of  an  inch 
long;  males  and  females  rather  longer.  All 
common. 

red-arches,  s.    [ROSY-FOOTMAN.] 
red-ash,  s. 

Botany : 

1.  Fraxinus  pubescens,  the  Downy  or  Black 
American    Ash,  a    swamp    tree    found    most 
abundantly   in   Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  and 
Virginia.     It  closely  resembles  the  White  Ash. 

2.  Alphitonia  exoelsa,  a  Khamnad. 
red-backed  shrike,  s. 
Ornith.  :  The  Butcher-bird  (q.v.). 
red  band-fish,  s.    [BAND-FISH.] 
red-bat,  s. 

Znol.  :  Atalapha  novceboracensis.  from  the 
temperate  parts  of  North  America.  Length 
about  two  inches ;  fur  long  and  silky,  generally 
light  russet,  tinged  with  yellow,  darker  and 
richer  on  the  back. 

red-bay,  s.    [BAY  (4),  ».] 
red-beaked  hornbill,  5. 

Ornith. :  Rhynchoceroserythrorhynchus,widelj 
distributed  over  Africa,  where,  from  its  cry,  ib 
is  popularly  known  as  the  Tok. 

red  bear-cat,  >.    [PANDA.] 
red-beech, .--. 

Bot. :  Fagus  fermginea,  an  American  species. 
red-bellied  monkey,  .-. 

Zool. :  Cercopithecus  erythrogaster,  from  West- 
ern Africa. 

red-belly,  s.    The  char  (q.v.> 

red-belted  clear-wing, *. 

Entom. :  A  hawk-moth,  TrochiUum  myopce- 
Jbrme.  The  wings  are  transjiarent,  with  black, 
red,  and  purple  markings.  The  larva"  feeds  on 
apple  trees.  Rather  local  in  England. 


red-billed  curlew,  s. 

-Omitii.  :  IbUlorhynfhus  strutherti,  found 
only  in  the  Himalaya  Mountains  and  the 
hills  of  Central  Asia.  It  is  nowhere  common, 
and  generally  seen  singly,  but  occasionally 
met  with  in  groups  of  live  or  six. 

red-billed  wood-hoopoe,  s. 

Ornith. :  /rrisor  erythrorhyncut.  [Wooo- 
HOOPOE.] 

red-bird,  -•. 
Ornithology : 

1.  Pericrocotus  speciosvt. 

2.  (See  extract). 

"The  Cardinal  Grosbeak,  the  Red. bird  of  the 
Southern  States,  is  one  of  our  few  bird*  that  present 
tbe  double  attraction  of  a  brilliant  and  showy  plum- 
age with  more  than  usual  powers  of  song." — Baird, 
Brever,  A  Kidgtcay :  North  Amer.  Birdt,  ii.  101. 

red -book,  ».  A  book  containing  the 
names  of  all  persons  in  the  service  of  the  state. 

T  Red  book  of  the  Exchequer :  An  ancient 
record  in  which  are  registered  the  names  of 
all  that  held  lands  per  baroniam  in  the  time 
of  Henry  II. 

red-brass,  s.  An  alloy  containing  eight 
parts  copper  and  three  ziuc. 

red-breasted  goose,  s. 

Ornith. :  Brenthus  ruficollis. 

red-breasted  merganser, «. 

Ornith. :  Mergus  serrator. 
red-brocket,  s. 

Zool. :  Cervus  rufus  (F.  Cuv.),  9ubulo  ruftu 
(Ham.  Smith).  It  is  about  thirty  inches  high, 
reddish-brown,  with  simple,  unbranched 
antlers  ;  females  hornless.  Habitat,  tbe  low, 
moist  woods  of  South  America. 

red-bogs,  s.  pi.    [PYRRHOCORID*.] 
red-capped  snake,  s. 

Zool. :  Erachysoma  diadema,  a  venomous 
insectivorous  snake,  from  Australia. 

red-carpet,  s. 

Entom. :  A  British  geometer  moth,  Coremia 
munitata. 

red-cedar, *. 

Bot. :  Juniperus  virginiana. 

red-chalk,  s.  The  same  as  REDDLE  (q.v.). 

red-chestnut,  s. 

Entom. :  A  British  night-moth,  Tceniocampa 
rubricosa. 

red-clay,  s. 

Geol. :  Clay  coloured  red,  chiefly  by  oxide  of 
iron.  Much  of  it  belongs  to  the  glacial 
period,  but  there  is  a  red  clay  at  profound 
depths  in  the  ocean.  It  arises  from  the  de- 
composition of  ashes  and  other  volcanic  pro- 
ducts. 

red-coat,  s.    [REDCOAT.] 

red-cola,  -•. 

Sot. :  The  seeds  of  Sterculia  aeuminata,  a 
West-African  tree.  They  are  bitter,  and  are 
eaten  to  impart  an  appetite. 

red-coral,  ».    [CORAL,  If  (4).] 
red-corpuscles,  s.  pi.  [CORPUSCLE,  IL  2.] 
red-crag,  s.    [CRAO,  2.] 
red-cross,  a.  &  s. 

A.  As  adj. :  Wearing  or  bearing  the  cross 
of  St.  George. 

"  And  their  own  tea  hath  whelmed  yon  mi-rroa 
Fowersr       Scott .-  Don  Roderick.     (Coucl.  ii.l 

B.  As  subst. :  The  cross  of  St.  George,  the 
national  emblem  of  England. 

"  Not  a  single  ship  bearing  the  red  erou  of  Saint 
George  could  venture  to  show  herself."— ilacaulay  : 
Hat.  Kng..  ch.  XT. 

If  The  red  cross  on  a  white  ground  is  the 
emblem  of  the  Geneva  Convention. 

red-currant,  s.    [CURRANT,  B.  8.] 

red  cylindrophis,  5. 

Zool.  :  Cylindrophis  rufa,  a  colnbriform 
snake,  from  the  Eastern  Archipelago.  It  is 
black  or  reddish,  often  with  white  rings.  In 
Java  it  is  made  a  pet,  and  sometimes  worn  as 
an  ornament. 

red-dace,  red-fin,  .<. 

Ichthy.  :  Leuciscut  comutus,  common  all 
over  Europe,  north  of  the  Alps.  Called  also 
Rough-head.  The  fins  become  red  during  the 
spawning  season. 


RED  DEER. 


red-deal,  .«.  The  «.x>d  of  the  Scoteh 
Pine,  Pinus  syleestris.  a  highly  valuable  and 
durable  timber. 

red-deer,  ». 

Zool. :  Cerntt  Elaphm.  a  larjre  and  hand- 
some animal,  native  to  Europe,  Western  Asia, 
and  Northern  Africa,  where  it  is  found  in 
some  of  the  forests.  Nearly  allied  to  it  is 
the  Wapita 
(C.  canaden- 
sw)  of  the 
United 
States  and 
Canada;  also 
several 
Asiatic  spe- 
cies. A  full 
grown  stag 
is  about 
four  feet 
high  at  the 
withers ; 
neck  thickly 
coated  and 
of  a  grayish 
tint,  body 
r  e  d  dish- 
brown,  head 
held  high, 
and  uni- 
formly-curved symmetrical  antlers,  which  are 
shed  in  spring.  In  winter  the  coat  is  longer 
and  grayer.  They  pair  in  October ;  the  calves, 
which  at  birth  are  spotted  with  white,  arc 
dropped  about  the  end  of  May.  [DEER.] 

red-drum, «. 

Zool :  The  same  as  BASSE,  B.  2. 

red-eye,  *. 

Ichthy.  :  Leuciscus  erythropthalmvs,  distri- 
buted all  over  Europe  and  Asia  Minor,  and 
distinguished  by  its  scarlet  lower  fins. 

red-eyed  flycatcher.  5. 

Ornith. :  Vireo  olivaceus.     (Wilson.) 
red-faced  goshawk,  «. 
Ornith.  :  Melierax  gobar. 
red-fin,  *.    [RED-DACE.] 

red-fire,  *. 

Chem.  :  An  intimate  mixture  of  sulphur, 
chlorate  of  potassium,  lampblack,  and  nitrate 
of  strontia  (the  colouring  agent). 

red-fish,  *. 

Ichthy. :  Various  species  of  the  genus  Onco- 
rhynchus (q.v.).  Oncorhynchus  sanguinolentui 
has  its  sides  in  October  blood-red,  though 
they  become  a  brick-red  in  January.  It  some- 
times weighs  ten  or  twelve  pounds. 

red-flames,  >.  pi.    [PROMINENCE,  IL  1.J 

red-flowered  currant,  >.  [CURRANT, 
B.  9.] 

red-flowering  maple,  a.  [RED-MAPLE.] 
red-footed  douroucouli,  s. 

Zool.  :  Nyctipithecus  rufipes,  fmm  Nicaragua. 
It  has  rufous  hands  and  feet,  the  ear-conchs 
are  large  and  prominent.  The  hair  is  short, 
the  tail  cylindrical,  and  the  animal  resembles 
a  Lemur  in  general  appearance. 

red-game,  *.    The  same  as  RED-OROUSB 
(q.v.). 
red- green 

carpet,  *. 

Entom. :  A  British 
geometer  moth,  Ci- 
daria  psittacata. 

red-grouse,  «. 

Ornith. :  Lagoput 
(Tetrao,  Linn.)  *»• 
ticus,  the  Common 
Grouse,  Moorfowl, 
or  Moorgame,  a  well- 
known  game-bird, 
found  on  moors  from 
Monmouthshire  and 
Derbyshire  north- 
ward in  Britain,  and 
in  similar  situations 
in  Wales  and  Ire- 
land, not  occurring  naturally  elsewhere.  Body 
about  twelve,  and  tail  about  four  inches  long. 
General  plumage  rich  chestnut-brown,  wit* 
black  spots  and  lines.  Cere  bright  scarlet 

red-gullet,  •.    [RED-THROAT.] 
red  gum-tree,  *.    [GUM-TREES,  1.] 


RED  OROUSK. 


boll,  b6y;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  ceU,  chorus,  shin,  bench;  go,  gem;  «*«".  this;  sin,  a»;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^lat,    -inc. 
-dan,  -tian  -  shan.   -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -(ion,  -sion  =  chun.   -oious.  -ttou.  -sious  =  anus.    -ble.  -die,  AC.  =  bel,  del. 


3916 


red 


red-gurnard,  s. 

Ichtky. :  Triylu  pini,  a  common  British  fish, 
about  fourteen  Indies  long.  It  feeds  on 
Crustacea,  and  is  excellent  eatiug,  especially 
In  the  winter. 

red-hand,  s.  ft  a. 

A.  As  subst. :  Originally  the  arms  of  the 
provi  nee  of  U  later,  but  granted  to  tli*  baronets 
of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  as  their  dis- 
tinguishing badge,  on  their  institution  in  1011. 
It  consists  of  a  sinister  liaud,  couped  at  the 
wrist  and  appaumee,  gules. 

B.  As  cutj. :  Redhauded. 

red-handed,  a.  With  red  or  bloody 
bands;  hence,  applied  to  a  person  caught  in 
the  very  act,  as  thougli  with  red  or  bloody 
bands.  (Originally  applied  to  one  caught  in 
the  act  of  homicide,  but  extended  to  one 
saught  in  the  perpetration  of  any  crime.) 

"  They  never  yet  have  caught  a  party  of  raulen  rtd- 
\atuled.~—r,ailn  Telegraph,  Nov.  17,  1885. 

red-head, .-. 

1.  Hot. :  Asdepias  curassavica. 

2.  Ornith.:  Aytheaamericana,  a  duck  closely 

Itllied  to  the  Canvas-back,     (tiaird.) 

red-headed  woodpecker,  «. 

Ornith. :  Mclanerpes  formicivorut, 

red-herring,  s.  The  common  herring 
bfghly  salted,  dried,  aud  smoked,  so  as  to 
keep  a  long  time. 

red-horses,  s.  pi. 

Ichthy. :  Catostomus,  a  genus  of  Cyprinidse. 
Called  also  Stone-rollers  aud  White  Mullets. 

red-hot,  a.  Heated  to  redness  ;  red  with 
bent :  hence,  very  hot,  fiery. 

"  Th«  red-hot  breath  of  the  most  lone  simoom." 

Byron  :  Xtrnfrtd,  111.  I. 

Red-hot  shot :  Cannon  l>alls  heated  to  red- 
ness, and  fired  at  shipping,  magazines,  build- 
ings, &c.,  in  order  to  set  them  on  fire. 

Red-Indian,  s.  One  of  the  copper- 
coloured  aborigines  of  North  America. 

red-Ink  plant,  s. 

Sot. :  Phytolacca  ilecandra. 

red-kangaroo,  .-•. 

ZocL  :  Macropus  rufus,  from  the  plains  near 
the  Darling  and  Hurrumbidgee  rivers.  It  is 
celebrated  for  its  great  fleetness,  and  the 
female  is  sometimes  called  the  Flying  Doe. 

red-knees,  s.  pi 

Bot. :  Polygonum  Hydropiper. 

red  lac,  i.  "-"•" 

Bot. :  Rhus  succedanea. 

*  red-lattice,  •  red-lettlce,  Ted- 
lettuce,  J.  A  lattice  window  painted  red. 
(formerly  the  customary  sign  of  an  inn  or 
ale-house.) 

Reil -lattice  ph  rases :  Pot-house  talk.  (Shakesp. : 
Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,  ii.  2.) 

red-lead,  s.    [MINIUM.] 

red-legged,  a.    Having«red  legs. 

Red-legyed  bug :    [TROPICORIS]. 

Red-legged  partridge: 

Ornith. :  Perdix  rufa,  or  rubra,  found  on  the 
Continent  anil  in  the  Channel  Islands.  It  lias 
been  introduced  into  English  preserves,. but 
persecutes  the  common  partridge. 

red-legs,  s. 

1.  Hot. :  Polyyonum  Bistorta. 

2.  Ornith. :   A  jopular  name  for  the  Red- 
legg.-d  Partridge  (q.v.). 

"  The  officers  bent  on  partridge  shooting  liivditbed 
against  Mm  f«r  |&wiiiK  laws  to  prevent  UK  red-lr<ii 
being  altogether  exterminated."— Standard,  July  D, 

UM.P.  i. 

red-letter,  a.  Marked  by  or  having  red 
letters. 

Red-letter  day:  A  notably  auspicious  or 
favouraMe  day  ;  a  day  to  he  remembered  : 
so-called  because  holidays  or  Mints'  days  were 
marked  in  old  calendars  with  red  letters. 

red-lettered,  a.  Marked  with  ml  letters. 
red-line  quaker, «. 

Entom. :  A  British  night  moth,  Orthotia  lota. 
red-liquor, «. 

Cliem. :  A  crude  solution  of  acetate  or  rol- 
pho-acetate  of  alumina  used  in  calico-printing. 


red-litten,  a.   Red-lighted,  illuminated. 


*  red-looked,  a.  Looking  red  ;  having  a 
red  face. 

"  Never  to  my  md-ltvked  anger  be 
The  truiuiwt  any  wore." 

Skaketp.  :  Winter!  TaU,  ii.  i 

red-lynx,  «. 

Zool.  :  t'elix  rufa.    [LvNX.J 
red-maggot,  s. 

Entom.  :  The  orange-coloure<l  larva  of  Ceci- 
domya  tritici.  [CECIDOMYA,  MIASTOR.] 

red-man,  s.    A  Red-Indian. 
red-maple,  red-flowering  maple,  s. 

Bot.  :  Acer  rubrum,  an  American  species,  so- 
called  from  the  brilliant  red  colour  of  its 
leaves  in  autumn.  Called  also  Curled  Maple. 

t  red-marl,  *. 

Geol.  :  The  New  Red  Sandstone. 

red-mint,  ». 

Bot.  :  Mentha  rubra,  a  sub-species  ef  M. 
saliva.  Not  uncommon  in  England,  rare  in 
Scotland  and  Ireland. 

red-monkey,  s. 

Zool.  :  Cercopilhecus  ruber,  from  Western 
Africa. 

red  morocco,  s. 

Bot.  :  Adonis  autumiialit. 

red-mulberry,  s. 

Bot.  :  Moms  rubra. 

red-mullets,  *.  pi. 

Ichthy.  :  The  family  Mullidse  (q.v.). 

red-necked  footman,  s. 

Entom.  :  A  British  moth,  Litlwsia  rubrlcoUis. 

red-necked  grebe,  s. 

Ornith.  :  Podiceps  rubricollis. 

red-necked    phalcrcpe,    *.     [PHAL- 

EKOPE.J 

red-nightshade,  s. 

Bot.  :  Erica  Halicacaba. 

red-nose,  a.  Having  a  red  nose  ;  red-nosed. 

"The  red-note  lnnkeei>er  of  D»veutry."—  Shakeip.  : 
ISenry  IV..  Iv.  2. 

red-oak,  .'. 

Bot.  :  (1)  Quemu  sessiliflora  ;  (2)  Q.  rubra. 

red-ochre,  •. 

1.  Min,  :  An  earthy  variety  of  Haematite  or 
of  Turgite  (q.v.),  of  a  blood-red  colour. 

2.  Chem.  :  A  red  pigment  prepared  by  cal- 
cining yellow  ochre,  a  clay  containing  ferric 
hydrate. 

red-osier,  «. 

Bot.  :  Salix  rubra. 
red-pheasant,  *. 

Ornith.  :  Ceriornis,  a  genus  of  Lophophorinse, 
with  five  species,  from  tlie  highest  woody 
Himalayas,  ranging  from  Cashmere  to  Bhutan 
and  Western  China.  [TRAOOPAN.] 

red-riband,  s. 

Ichthy.  :  The  same  as  BAND-FISH  (q.v.). 
red-pine,  *.    [PISE  (i),  $.,  2.] 
red-pole,  red-poll,  «.    [REDPOLE.] 
red-poppy,  - 

Bot.  :  Papaver  Rhccas.  The  petals  are  used 
as  a  colouring  agent.  [PAPAVER.] 

red  pottage-pea,  «. 

Bot.  :  En-urn,  lent.    (Gen.  xxv.  30.) 
red-precipitate,  s.    (PRECIPITATE.] 
red-rag,  «.    [Rcsr.] 
red-rain,*. 

Physics:  Rain  tinged  red  by  cobalt  chloride 
derived  from  meteoric  dust.  A  shower  took 
place  at  Blankenburg  in  1819. 

red-republican,  s.  An  extreme  republi- 
can ;  one  who  is  ready  to  fight  for  his  opinions. 
So  called  from  the  red  cap  worn  by  the  ex- 
treme republicans  in  the  first  French  Revolu- 
tion to  intimate  their  manumission  from  the 
tyranny  of  the  aristocrats,  in  imitation  of  the 
Roman  practice  of  placing  a  red  Phrygian  cap 
on  the  head  of  a  slave  when  manumitted. 

red-ribbon,  «.  The  ribbon  of  the  Order 
Of  tha  Bath. 


red-robin,  s.    [RUST.] 
red-root,  s. 

But. :  (!)  A  popular  name  for  the  rhizomes  ol 
Saiiyuinarui  ctinadensi*  ;  (2)  the  root  of  Geum 
canadeiise;  (3)  that  of  Ceunothus  americanus ; 
(4)  an  American  name  for  Lachnanthes, 

red-rust,  s.    [Rcsr.] 

red  sandal-wood,  s.     (SANDAL-WOOD.) 

Red  Sandstone,  5. 

Geol. :  Any  sandstone  of  a  red  colour,  spec, 
the  Old  Red  Sandstone  [DEVONIAN]  and  the 
New  Red  sandstone  (TRIAS]. 

If  A  red  sandstone  may  lie  produced  by 
the  disintegration  of  ordinary  crystalline  or 
metamorpliic  schists.  The  red  colour  is  pro- 
duced  by  oxide  of  iron,  which  may  be  derived 
from  hornblende  or  mica.  It  tends  to  pre- 
vent the  preservation  of  fossils  in  the  stratum 
in  which  it  occurs. 

red  saunders-wood,  s. 

Bot. :  Pterocarpus  sautalinus. 
red  sea-anemone,  s. 

Zool. :  Actinin  mesembrya.iMemuml  common 
on  the  south  coast  of  England. 

red  scmnopithccus, ». 

Zool.  :  Semnnpithecus  rubicundus,  from 
Borneo,  where  it  is  called  Kalassi. 

red-shanks,  s. 

Bot. :  (1)  Polygonum  Persicaria ;  (2)  Of- 
ran  him  Robert  ianum. 

red-short,  *.    [HOT-SHORT.] 
red-Skin,  s.     A  Red-Indian  (q.v.). 
red  snake  fish,  s.    [BAND-FISH.] 
red-snow,  s. 

Physics:  Snow  coloured  red.  Aristotle 
hinted  at  its  existence;  Saussuie  in  1700  dis- 
covered it  on  the  St.  Bernard,  aud  Capt. 
Ross  iu  1819  brought  specimens  from  the 
Arctic  regions.  He.  had  found  eight  miles  of 
cliUs,  600  feet  high,  coloured  b»  it,  in  many 
places  to  the  depth  of  twelve  iect,  where  the 
rock  was  reached.  Capt.  Parry  and  other 
Arctic  explorers  have  since  met  with  it 
abundantly.  Mr.  Shuttle  worth,  in  1839,  and 
Prof.  Agassiz,  in  1S40,  examined  it  in  position 
in  the  Alps,  and  in  1823  Capt.  Carmichael 
sent  it  to  Dr.  Greville  from  the  Lakes  of 
Lismore,  in  Scotland.  All  authorities  agree 
that  it  arises  from  minute  organisms,  vegetable 
or  animal.  Much  of  it  is  coloured  by  the  red- 
snow  plant  (q.v.). 

Red-snow  plant : 

Bot. :  Protpcoecut  nivalis.  It  reddens  snow 
in  the  Arctic  regions,  the  Higher  Alps,  4c. 

[PROTOCOCCU8.] 

red-sorrel, «. 

Bot.  :  Hibiscus  Sabdarl/a.    (West-Indian.) 

red-spider,  s. 

Zool. :  Tetranych-us  telarius,  a  harvest-mite, 
generally  of  a  brick-red  colour,  found  In 
gardens,  where  it  spins  a  delicate  web. 

red  staff,  s. 

Milling:  A  straight-edge  employed  to  de- 
tect irregularities  in  the  face  of  a  millstone. 
The  edge  is  reddened  with  ochre,  and  colours 
prominent  irregularities  on  the  face  of  the 
stone. 

red-Stuff,  s.  A  trade  term  for  the  oxides 
of  iron  used  in  grinding  and  polishing,  such  as 
crocus  and  rouge. 

red  sword  grass-moth, «. 

Entom.  :  Calocampa  vettista. 
red-tape,  s.  &,  a. 

A.  As  subst.  :  A  sarcastic  epithet  for  ex- 
treme adherence  to  official  routine  or  formal- 
ities.   So  called  from  the  red  tape  used  iu 
tying  up  official  documents. 

B.  As  adj. :  Characterized  by  red-tapisnx. 

red  tapery.  red  tapism,  *.  The  sys- 
tem of  red-tape  ;  extreme  adherence  to  official 
routine  or  formalities. 

*  red-tapist, «. 

1.  One  employed  In  a  government  office ;  a 
government  clerk. 

2.  One   who    adheres    strictly   to   official 
routine  or  formalities;  one  given  to  red-tapism. 

"  Throw  o»rr  that  itlff  red-taplit-'—Lytton:  J/f 
Jfotel.  bk.  x..  ch.  xx. 


Cite,  tat,  fare,  amidst,  whit,  fall,  father;  we.  wit.  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot» 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  sin;  mute,  cub.  cure,  unite,  onr.  rule,  full:  try,  Syrian,    ss,  oa  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


fed— reddidit  se 


3917 


red-throat,  red-gullet,  s. 

Ichthy. :  The  xeuils  Haemulon,  family 
BeiaeuiiLe.  The  parts  of  the  lower  j.iw  which 
•re  drawn  in  when  the  mouth  shuts  are 
generally  of  a  bright  red,  (West  Intlian.) 

red-throated  diver,  *. 

Ontith. :  Culijmbia  teptentrionulu,  a  native  of 
Europe. 

red-tipped  clearwlng,  >. 

Enlom. :  A  British  Hawk-moth,  Sesiaformi- 
eaformis.  The  larva  feeds  inside  osier  twi^s. 

red-tombac,  «.  An  nlloy  containing 
eleven  parts  copper  and  one  zinc. 

red-top,  i. 

Bot. :  (1)   A    grass,     Trimspis    quinqnefiiJa 

Southern  United  States);  (2)  Agrostis  vv.lga.ria 
Inier.). 

•J  The  False  Bed-top  is  Poo.  serotina,  and 
the  Tall  Red-top,  Tricuspis  seslerioules. 

red  twin-spot  carpet,  s. 

Entom. :  A  British  geometer  moth,  Coremla 
ferrugnta. 

red-underwlng,  s. 

Entmn. :  A  moth,  Catocala  niipta,  having 
the  forewings  gray  above,  black  and  white 
below.  The  hind  wings  red,  with  a  black 
border.  Expansion  of  win<:s,  tliree  inches. 
Larva  feeds  on  willows  and  poplars. 

red- valerian,  4. 

Bot. :  Centranthus  ruber. 
red-ware,  s. 

Bot:  Laminaria  digitata. 

red-wat,  a.  Wetted  by  something  red, 
•8  blood.  (Scotch.) 

red- water,  s. 

Anim.  Pathol. :  Hsematuriain  cattle,  occur- 
ring occasionally  in  sheep.  It  is  of  two  kinds  : 

(1)  Active,    ushered    in    by  a  discharge    of 
bloody  urine,  generally  preceded  by  dysentery, 
suddenly  changing  to  obstinate  costiveness 
Immediately   before    the    red-water  appears. 
There  is  laborious  breathing,  with  every  in- 
dication of  fever.     The  disease  rapidly  runs 
its    coutse,   and  the   beast  soon    succumbs. 

(2)  Chronic,  the  more  prevalent  form.      The 
urine  is  brown  or  yellowish-brown,  the  beast 
feeds  fairly,  but  ruminates  slowly,  and  after 
a  few  days  a  natural  diarrhoen  carries  off  the 
evil    symptoms.     Yonatt    (Cattle,    ed.    1878, 
p.  510)  considers  these  two  forms  essentially 
different  maladies  ;  the  first,  inflammation  of 
the  kidney ;  the  second,  inflammation  of,  or 
altered  secretion  from  the  liver. 

Bed- water  tret : 

Lot. :  Erythrophl&um  guiniense, 
red  whelk, «. 

Z6i>\. :  A  local  name  on  the  coast  of  the 
British  channel  for  Fusus  antiquiu.  [Fusus.J 

red-whiskered  bulbul,  s. 

Ornith. :  Otocompsa  jocosa,  from  India  and 
Buriuah. 

red-wlthe, ». 

Bot. :  Combretum  Jacquinii. 

red  wolf,  s. 

Zool. :  Canis  jubaltts,  from  Brazil ;  It  shows 
•  close  resemblance  to  the  Jackal  (C.  aureus) 
and  to  the  Fox  (C.  vulpes).  The  stiff,  shaggy, 
reddish  hair  is  raised  into  a  mane. 

red- wrasse,  s. 

Ichthy. :  Lubrus  mixtus,  a  common  British 
fish.  The  male  is  generally  ornamented  with 
blue  streaks  or  a  blackish  band  along  the 
Iwxly  ;  the  /einale  has  two  or  three  large 
blotches  across  the  back  of  the  tail.  Called 
also  Cook,  Striped,  and  Spotted  Wrasse. 

red-wad,  a.  Stark-mad.  (Scott :  £06  Roy, 
ch.  xxxi.) 

•  red  (1),  t.    [RIDE,  «.] 
red  (2).  s.    [REDD.] 

•  red (3),' rede,  s.  [A.8.r*f.]  Advice,  counsel. 

•  Right  a*  yow  list,  axlth  no  red  uf  me." 

Chaucer.  C.  T..I.K1. 

•  red,po.  par.  or  o.    [REDE,  v.] 

•  red  (1),  v.t.    [RED,  o.]    To  make  red ;   to 
redden. 

"  For  he  did  rrdde  and  died  them  with  their  own 
bloud  ."— fax  :  ilartvrt.  &  437. 


red  (2),  redd,  v.t.  [Prob.  from  the  same  root 
as  rtwly  (q.  v.) ;  Sw.  retla.  =  to  prepare,  to  put 
in  order.)  (Chie/ly  Scotch.) 

1.  To  put  in  order ;  to  tidy :  as,  To  red  the 
hair. 

2.  To  disentangle,  to  clear;  to  set  or  pnt 
right. 


3.  To  interfere  between  and  separate,  as  two 
people  fighting.    (Sco«:  Waverley,  ch.  btvi.) 

4.  To  take  out  of  danger ;  to  rescue  from 
destruction. 

If  In  the  two  last  meanings  perhaps  for  rid 
(q.v.). 

red,  rede  (2),  v.t.  &  i.  [A.S.  radan;  Icel. 
rddha.} 

A.  Trans. :  To  counsel,  to  advise. 

"  I  red  you,  bones  t  man,  tak  tent: 
Ye  U  shavr  your  folly." 

Burnt  :  To  Jamil  9mitk. 

B.  Intrans.:   To  conjecture,  to  divine,  to 
guess. 

re  dacf ,  v.t.  [Lat  redactus,  pa.  par.  of 
reiligo  =  to  bring  into  a  certain  state,  to  re- 
duce to  order :  re-  =  back,  again,  and  030  = 
to  drive,  to  bring.] 

•  1.  To  force  or  compel  to  assume  a  certain 
form  ;  to  reduce. 

"  Metal*  whereby  they  might  make  u*e  of  those 
plants,  and  red  uf  Ihem  to  an ;  form  or  instruments  of 
w.iiit.  were  vet  (till  Tubal  CaiuJ  to  »eek."— Bp.  Hall: 
Chancier  of  Han. 

t  2.  To  act  as  redacteur  of;  to  give  a  pre- 
sentable literary  form  to.  [REDACTION.] 

U  In  this  sense  more  directly  fiom  the  s. 
redacteur  (q.v.). 

t  rS-dic'-teur,  t  rS-dac'-tor,  ».  [Fr.]  One 
who  redacts  ;  one  who  prepares  literary 
matter  for  publication  ;  an  editor. 

"  A  few  wor  J*  and  cl:tu*e»  are  added  by  the  redactor." 
Prof.  Kooertwt  dnutA:  Old  Tat.,  in  Jttmtft  CVturdt, 
lect  li 

re-dac   tion, «.    [Pr.] 

1.  The  act  of  preparing  literary  matter  for 
publication ;  the  act  of  reducing  to  order  or 
digesting. 

"  To  work  np  literary  matter  and  give  it  a  present- 
able form,  is  neither  compiling,  nor  editing,  nor  re- 
•ettini:  and  the  o;>eratioii  performed  on  it  U  exactly 
expressed  by  redaction."— fiuedttard  Salt:  Modern 
Englnh,  p.  310. 

•  2.  A  drawing  back. 

"  Take*  away  all  reluctation  and  redacHm. "—  Ward  : 
Sermont,  p.  SL 

rS-dao'-tor,  s.    [REDACTEUR.] 

re-dan',  ».  [Fr.  (O.  Fr.  redent),  from  re-  = 
back,  and  dent  (Lat.  dens,  g"nit  dentis  —  a. 
tooth  :  so  called  from  the  shape.] 

1.  Fort. :  A  work  having  two  faces  forming 
a  salient  angle  in  the  direction  from  which  an 
attack  may  be  expected.     It  is  open  at  the 
gorge.      A    double    redan    has    a    reentering 
angle  for  mutual  defence.    The  redan  is  the 
simplest  field-work,  and  is  used  for  defending 
the  avenues  of  approach  to  a  village,  bridge, 
or  defile.     In  front  of  another  field-work,  it  is 
called  a  Heche.    When  flanks  are  added  to  the 
faces,  the  work  becomes  a  detached  bastion 
or  lunette.  ,r*Hp»«*»****»»«»i^B^B^B^B« 

"  A  number  of  small 
piquet*  driven  into 
the  ground  at  the 

•event!  angle*  and  re- 
darn."— Sterne :  Trit- 
tram  Stand*,  iv.  217. 

^  The  Redan: 
One  of  the  strong- 
est Russian  fortifi- 
cations on  the 
south  side  of  Se- 
bastopol.  It  was 
unsuccessfully  as- 
saulted by  the  Eng- 
lish on  June  5,  and 

Sept  8,  1855.  The  retirement  of  the  Russians 
to  the  north  side  left,  on  the  latter  date,  the 
place  in  the  bands  of  the  Allies. 

2.  A  projection  in  a  wall  or  uneven  ground 
to  render  it  level. 

*  rSd-ar'-gne,  r.t.  [Lat  r«rfarir'o  =  to  dis- 
prove :  retl-  =  back,  and  vrguo  =  to  prove,  to 
argue.]  To  put  down  by  argument;  to  dis- 
prove, to  refute,  to  contradict. 

"  And  these  [experiment*  of  humane  aflain]  being 
the  Immediate  cun.«-ni,-nts  of  *uch  doctrinn  are  with 
•ome  more  certainty  uf  observation  ral'iryu'd  then 
the  •peculattv*,-— Bp.  TayU 
II*. 


*  red-ar-gn'-tton,  *.  [O.  Fr.  ;  Sp.  rtdarg*. 
cio;i;  ItaL  rednrguizioiut.}  [REDARGUE.]  Th« 
act  of  redarguing,  refuting,  or  disproving  : 
refutation. 

"It  was  not  Irrational  in  him  to  urge  them  with  It, 
and  employ  it  to  the  redaryution  of  their  inwlence."— 
Boyle  :  Worlu.  ti.  J7t 


u-tor-^,  o.  [Eng.  redargue;  t 
connect,  and  surf,  -ory.]  Tending  to  refute  or 
disprove  ;  pertaining  to  refutation  ;  refutatory. 

•'  My  privilege*  are  an  ubiqulury.  circnuiauibu- 
latury,  speculator)',  interrogatory,  red-trputory  im- 
muuity  over  all  the  privy  lodging*.  •—  Car«*t.-  Calum 
Britunnicum, 

raj-dash',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  ekw*.  T. 
(q.v.).]  To  dash  again  or  a  second  time. 

red  breast,  *.    [Eng.  red,  a.,  and  breast.] 
Ornithology  : 

1.  Motacllki    rubec'ila    (Linn.);    Erythanu 
ruhecula  of  later  systeinatists.     A  common 
European  bird,  of  social,  fearless  habits  ;  In 
winter  it  becomes  extremely  tame,  approaching 
dwellings  in  search  of  food.   General  plumage 
olive-brow*    above,    breast    reddish-orange, 
fading  into  g-ay  on  the  belly.    There  is  a  nearly 
allied  form,  f  kyrcania,  in  Northern  Persia, 
with  more  ruddy  hues  ;  and  another,  E.  alcahige, 
in  North   China  »n<l  Japan.     The   redbreast 
lays  from  five  to  seven  white  CK,rs,  sprinkled 
or  blotched  with  red.     Oiled  also  Robin  Red- 
breast and  Robin,  and  sometimes  Red  Robin. 

"  The  redbreait  feed*  in  winter  from  your  hand." 
WardtworOt  :  Xxcurdan,  bk.  IT. 

2.  The  name  is  applied  in  America  to  tho 
Bluebird  (q.v.),  and  to  the  Migratory  Thrush, 
Turd  us  migratorius. 

red  -bud,  s.    [Eng.  red,  a.,  and  bud.] 

Bot.  :  Cercis  Silvjuastrum  and  C.  canadensit. 

red'-cap,  s.    [Eng.  red,  a  ,  and  cap.] 

1.  A  popular  name  for  any  small  bird  with 
a  red  head.    (Tennyson:  Card.  Daughter,  »4.) 

2.  One  of  the  class  of  spectres  which  are 
supposed  to  haunt  old  castles.    (Scotch,  chiefly 
in  Roxburghshire.) 

r6d'-coat,  ».    [Eng.  red,  a.,  and  coot.] 

L  Ord.  lanfj.  :  A  familiar  m>me  fora  soldier, 
from  the  scarlet  tunics  worn  by  most  regi- 
inents  in  the  British  army.  The  adoption 
of  this  colour  for  uniform  dates  from  the  time 
of  the  Commonwealth. 

"Oliver1*  rtdcoaa  had  once  (tabled  their  IIMIJJ 
there."—  aiaauUag  :  Eng.  Hut.,  ch.  hi. 

2.  Bot.  :  The  genus  Erythrochiton. 
rgdd  (1),  r.t.    [RED  (2),  r.J 
redd  (2),  ».t.    [REDE,  v.] 

redd,  s.  [Prob.  from  red,  redd,  T.]  A  bed  of 
gravel,  &c.,  prepared  for  the  hatching  of  the 
ova  of  fish. 

"  So  won  a*  the  en.bryo  i*  luOVlently  formed,  the 
ova  fthuuld  be  laid  do*  u  tn  gravel  rerfdi.  couttguou*  to 
»oine  unall  stream  falling  Into  the  riven  or  lock*  to  be 
.  locked.  "—Field.  Dec.  «.  IbM. 

rSd  -den,  r.t.  &  i.    (Eng.  red,  a.  ;  -en.] 

A.  Trans.  :  To  make  red. 

"  The  dagger  which  hlmaelf 
Oave  Edith,  rtdJonrd  with  n.i  ban.lit  •  blood.* 

Tenngmt    Aylmrrt  field,  HI*. 

B.  7ntran*i<ir«: 

L  To  become  or  grow  red. 

"  The  Roee  10011  rtddrn'd  Into  rage." 

Copper  :  Lilf  t  &>**, 

2.  To  blush  ;  to  l<ecome  flushed. 

r«ddSn-d6.  «.    [Lat] 

Scot*  Lav:  The  technical  name  of  a  claano 
indispensable  to  an  original  charter,  ami 
usually  inserted  in  charters  by  progress.  It 
takes  'its  name  from  the  first  word  of  thn 
clause  in  the  Latin  charter,  Reddendo  indt 
amiuatim,  &c.  ;  and  it  specifies  the  feu-duty 
and  other  services  which  have  been  stipulated 
to  be  paid  or  performed  by  the  vassal  to  hi* 
superior. 

rSd-den'-dum,  s.  [Lat,  neut.  sing,  of  red- 
dendus,  fuL  pass.  par.  of  reddo  =  to  return.) 

Law:  The  clause  by  which  rent  is  reserved 
in  a  lease. 


"  The   reJdmdunt.    whereby  the  grantor 
•ome  new  thing  to  himself  aut  of  what  he  had  belora 
granted."— Btaclutane:  Comment.,  bk.  1L.  ch.  17. 

r8d  -dl-dlt  so,  phr.  [Lat  =  he  has  given  hint- 
self  up.) 

Late:  A  term  used  in  cases  where  a  man 
delivers  himself  in  discharge  of  his  bail 


boil,  bdiT;  p6ut,  jrfwl;  cat,  96!!,  chorus,  y*»<",  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  (hl»;  sin,  oa;  expect,  Xenophon,  eyist.    ph  =  £ 
-clan,  -tian  -  shaa.   -tion,   sion  =  shun;  -(Ion,  -sion  =  zhun.   -cious,  -tlous,  -sious  -  •has.   -We.  -die,  ic.  -  bel,  del. 


3918 


redding— Redemptionist 


r$d   ding,  pa.  par.  or  a.     [RED  (2),  v.] 

redding  kame,  s.  A  large  -  toothed 
comb  for  combing  the  hair.  (Scotch.) 

redding  straik,  s.  A  stroke  received 
by  a  person  in  attempting  to  separate  com- 
batants. 

"  Beware  of  the  redding-ttrait  I  you  are  come  to  no 
bouse  «'  fair-strae  death.  "—Scott:  Buy  Mannerina. 
eh.  uviL 

r5d  -dlng-ite,  s.  [Named  after  Redding, 
Connecticut,  near  which  it  was  found  ;  sutf. 
•Ue  (Afia.).] 

A/in.  :  An  orthorhombic  mineral  found  asso- 
ciated with  various  others  in  a  vein  of  albitic 
granite.  Hardness,  3  to  3'5  ;  sp.  gr.  3-102  ;  lustre, 
vitreous  to  bub-resinous;  color,  pale  pink  to 
yellowish-white  ;  translucent  to  transparent  ; 
fracture,  uneven.  Comp.  :  phosphoric  acid, 
84  '72  ;  protoxide  of  manganese,  52'08  ;  water, 
13-20  =  100,  represented  by  the  formula, 
MusP;,O8  +  3  aq. 

red'-dlsh,  a.  [Eng.  red,  a.  ;  -ish.]  Some- 
what red  ;  rather  or  moderately  red. 

"  A  white  reddith  Kn.'—Lentictu  xili.  U. 

reddish  buff,  s. 

Entom.  :  A  Britilh  night-moth,  Acosmetia 
ealiginosa. 

reddish-gray  bat,  5.  [NATTERER'S-BAT.] 

reddish  light-arches,  s. 

Entom.  :  A  British  night-moth,  Xylophasia 
nib!  list  ris. 

red  -dish  ness,  s.  [Eng.  reddish;  -ness. 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  reddish  ;  a  mod- 
erate degree  of  redness. 

"  To  return  to  the  reddiihneu  of  copper."—  BoyU  : 
Worlu,  \.  -,11. 

rSd-di-tion,  s.     [Lat.  redditio,  from  redditiu, 
pa.  par.  of  reddo  =  to  return  ;  Fr.  reddition.] 
*  L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  The  returning  of  anything  ;  restitution, 
surrender. 

••  If  warlike  necemltie  require  It,  yet  with  a  pact  of 
rtddUion.~—Prnnne  :  Soteraijne  Power,  pt  iv.,  p.  167. 

2.  An  explanation,  a  translation,  a  render- 
ing.    (Bp.  Taylor:  Of  Repentance,  ch.  ii.,  §  1.) 

IL  IMW  :  A  judicial  acknowledgment  that 
tin-  thing  in  demand  belongs  to  the  demandant, 
and  not  to  the  person  so  surrendering. 

rSd'-dl-tive,  a.  [Lat.  redditivus,  from  reddi- 
tus, pa.  par.  of  reddo  =  to  return.) 

Gram.  :  Answering  to  an  enquiry  or  interro- 
gative ;  conveying  a  reply. 

"  Conjunctions  discretive.  ro&tttfve,  conditional  .  .  . 
an  more  elegantly  used."—  /n«ructory  for  Orator]!, 
PL*). 

rSd'-dle,  *.  [Etyra.  doubtful,  cognate  with 
Oer.  rotliel.] 

Afin.  :  A  natural  mixture  of  red  ochre  (q.v.) 
with  a  clay,  breaking  with  a  dull  fracture 
resembling  that  of  chalk.  Used  as  a  red 
chalk  for  marking  purposes.  [RUDDLE.] 

•  rSd-ddur,  t.  [Fr.  roidewr,  from  roidir  —  to 
stiffen,  to  harden.]  Strength,  vigor,  power, 
force. 

"  And  tlth  an  bert  la  M  itretned. 
The  redditur  ought  to  be  restrained." 

Oowtr  :  C.  A.,  lit 

rede,  *  reede,  «.    [A.8.  rdd.]    [READ.] 
L  Counsel,  advice. 
"  Such  mercy  He.  by  hit  most  holy  rtfde, 
Unto  us  tauglit" 

••iprntrr  :  Hymn  of  lltarcnly  Loft. 

2.  A  motto,  a  proverb. 

"  This  reed*  is  ryfe." 
Spenter:  Vtfpheardi  Calender;  Jutf. 

rede  (1),  v.t.    [A.S.  nfetan.] 
L  To  advise,  to  counsel. 

"  Therefore  I  rede  beware." 


2.  To  explain,  to  interpret. 
IT  Obsolete  except  in  Scotland. 

*  rede  (2),  v.t.  or  i.    [READ.] 

•  rede,  a.    [RED,  a.] 

re-dfic'-or-ate,  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
decorate  (q.v.).]  To  decorate  or  adorn  again 
or  anew. 

•  re-dSd'-I-cate,  v.t.     [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
dedicate  (q.v.).]    To  dedicate  again  or  anew. 

*  re-dSd-i-ca'-tion,  »•     [Pref.  TV-,  and  Eng. 
dedication  (q.v.).]    The  act  of  rededicating  ;  a 
second  dedication. 


re'-deem',  •  re  deme,  v.t.      [Fr.  rMimer, 
from  Lat.  redimo  —  to  buy  back  :  red-  (tor  re-) 
=  back,  and  emo  =  to  buy  ;  Sp.  redimir;  Port. 
remir ;  Ital.  redimere.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  To  buy  back  ;  to  repurchase. 

2.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  3. 

3.  To  rescue,  ransom,  or  liberate  from  cap- 
tivity or  bondage,  or  from  any  liability  or 
obligation  to  suffer  or  be  forfeited,  by  the 
payment  of  an  equivalent ;  to  pay  a  ransom  or 
equivalent  for.    (Leviticu*  xxv.  49.) 

4.  To  deliver,  to  rescue ;  to  save  in  any 
manner. 

"  Wit.  now  and  then,  struck  smartly,  shows  a  spark. 
Sufficient  to  r«<<<wm  the  modern  ntce 
From  total  night."  Coteper :  Table  Talk,  664. 

5.  To  perform,  as  a  promise ;  to  make  good 
by  performance. 

6.  To  make  amends  for ;  to  atone  for ;  to 
compensate. 

"  They  hope  that  yon  will  now  redeem  what  you 
must  feel  to  be  an  error." — Macaulay  :  Hitt.  Eng.,  ch. 

ZlT. 

*  7.  To  improve  or  employ  to  the  best  ad- 
vantage ;  to  utilize. 

"  Redeeming  the  time  because  the  days  an  eril."— 
Ephttitj.ni  v.  16. 

IL  Technically: 

L  Comm. :  To  receive  back  on  payment  of 
the  obligation,  as  a  promissory-note,  bond,  or 
other  evidence  of  debt  given  by  the  State. 

2.  Law :  To  recall,  as  an  estate,  or  to  re- 
gain, as  mortgaged  property,  by  payment  of 
what  may  be  due  according  to  the  terms  of 
the  mortgage. 

"  If  a  pawnbroker  receives  plate  or  jewels  as  a  pledge 
or  security  for  the  repayment  of  money  lent  thereon  on 
a  day  certain,  he  has  them  upon  an  express  contract  or 
condition  to  restore  them,  if  the  pledgor  performs  his 
part  by  redeeming  them  in  due  time."—Blackttone: 
Comment.,  bk.  IL,  cb.  30. 

3.  Theol. :  To  effect  the  ransom  of  the  sin- 
ner from  sin  and  its  penalty.    [REDEEMER, 
REDEMPTION.] 

*re-deem-a-bll'-I-ty,  ».  [Eng.  redeem; 
-ability.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  re- 
deemable ;  redeemable  ness. 

re-deem'-a-ble,  a.    [Eng.  redeem;  -able.] 

1.  Capable  of  being  redeemed  ;  admitting 
or  capable  of  redemption. 

2.  Purchasable  or  payable  in  gold  and  silver, 
and  capable  of  being  thus  brought  back  into 
the  possession  of  government  or  the  original 
promiser  or  issuer. 

"  Perpetual  annuities  redeemable  at  any  time."— 
Smith  :  Wealth  of  Xntiom,  bk.  v.,  ch.  i. 

redeemable-rights,  *.  pi. 

Law :  Those  conveyances  in  property  or  in 
security  which  contain  a  clause  whereby  the 
granter,  or  any  other  person  therein  named, 
may,  on  payment  of  a  certain  sum,  redeem 
the  lands  or  subjects  conveyed. 

re-deein'-a-ble-nSss,  *.  [Eng.  redeemable ; 
-ness.]  Th'e  quality  or  state  of  being  redeem- 
able. 

rS-deem'-er,  ».    [Eng.  redeem ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  redeems,  ransoms,  or  delivers  ; 
s  ransomer,  a  deliverer. 

"  What  belongs  to  a  redeemer,  and  a  Judge  of  the 
whole  universe.  —  Waterland:  Worla,  i.  84. 

2.  Specif. :  Jesus  Christ,  the  Saviour  of  the 
World. 

If  In  the  O.  Test.  Heb.,  Redeemer  is  S«i 
(goet),  used  for  the  Avenger  of  Blood  (Num. 
xxxv.  12),  but  properly  a  participle  of  Sw 
(gaol)  =  to  redeem  ;  cf.  Job  xix.  25  (R.  V.) ;  Re- 
deemer is  in  the  text,  and  Vindicator  in  tlie 
margin  in  the  R.  V.  The  word  Redeemer  does 
not  occur  in  the  New  Testament,  but  the  idea 
does,  and  on  this  the  theological  tenet  is 
founded.  [REDEMPTION,  II.  3.] 

"rS-deem'-less,  a.  [Eng.  redeem ;  -If us.]  In- 
capable  of  being  redeemed  ;  not  admitting  or 
capable  of  redemption. 

"  Wretched  and  redetmlett  misery." 

Tragedy  of  Hoffmann. 

•  re-dS-Ub'-er-ate,  v.i.  ft  t.  [Pref.  re-,  and 
Eng.  deliberate  (q.v.).] 

A.  Intrans. :  To  deliberate  or  consult  again 
or  anew. 

B.  Trans. :  To  reconsider. 

re-dS-UV-er,  v.t.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  deliver 


L  To  deliver  or  give  back  ;  to  return. 

"  They  should  redeliter  back  again  to  him  the  laodi 
they  had  gotten  before."— North:  Plutarch,  p.  19. 

2.  To  deliver  or  set  free  a  second  time. 
•3.  To  report. 

"  Shall  I  redeliver  you  •  «o  to  t "— ShoJutp. :  Bamttt, 

T.  S. 

re-de'-Uv'-er-ance,  «.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
deliverance  (q.v".).J  A  second  delivery  or  d«- 
liverance. 

"re-dg-liV-er-y,  •re-do-lyv-er-y,«. 

[Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  delivery  (q.v.).] 

1.  The  act  of  redelivering  or  delivering  back. 

"  To  requyre  a  repayment  and  redelyuery  of  th» 
summes  of  money  approinpted."— ffutt  :  Edward  IV. 
(an.  22). 

2.  The  act  of  delivering,  freeing,  or  delibera- 
ting a  second  time. 

re  -de-mandr,  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  demand, 
v.  (q.  v.).  ]  To  demand  again ;  to  demand  back. 

•  re  de-mand',  s.   [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  demand, 

8.  (q.v.).]  A  demanding  back  again  ;  a  second 
or  renewed  demand. 

*  re  de-mand -a  ble,  a.    [Eng.  redemand; 

•able.]    Capable  of  being  redemanded. 

re-de-mise',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Bug.  demise, 
v.  (q.v.).]  To  demise  back  ;  to  reoonvey  or 
transfer  back,  as  an  estate  in  fee  simple,  fee 
tail,  for  life,  or  a  term  of  years. 

re-de-mise',*.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  demise,  s. 
(q.v.).]  The  act  of  redemising ;  the  recon- 
veyance or  transfer  of  an  estate  back  to  the 
person  by  whom  it  was  demised. 

»re  de  mon  strate,  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and 
Eng.  demonstrate  (q.v.).]  To  demonstrate  again 
or  anew. 

•  re-demp -tJ-ble  (;>  silent),  a.     [Lat  re- 

demptus,  pa.  par.  of  redimo  —  to  redeem  (q.v.), 
and  Eng.  able.]  Capable  of  being  redeemed  ; 
redeemable. 

re-demp'-tion  (p  silent),  *re-demp-ci- 

on,  s.  [Fr.  redemption,  from  Lat.  redemp- 
tionem,  accus.  of  redemptio,  from  redemi>tus, 
pa.  par.  of  redimo  =  to  redeem  (q.v.);  Sp.  r«- 
dencion ;  Ital.  redemione.] 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  The  act  of  redeeming ;  the 
state  of  being  redeemed;  ransom,  release, 
deliverance,  rescue,  repurchase.  (Leviticut 
xxv.  51.) 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Comm. :    Repurchase   by   the  Issuer  of 
notes,  bills,  bonds,  or  other  evidence  c'debt, 
by  paying  their  value  in  money  to  the  holders. 

'•'  O'in  redemption:  The  act  of  exchanging 
metallic  money  for  paper  notes  by  a  bank  of 
issue  or  the  National  Treasury. 

"  Swapping  dollars  is  no  redemption." — Bon.  John 
Davit :  Arena,  April.  1892. 

2.  Law:   The  liberation  or  freeing  of  an 
estate  from  a  mortgage  ;   the  repurchase  of 
the  right  to  re  enter  upon  an  estate  on  per- 
formance of  the  terms  or  conditions  on  which 
it  was  conveyed  ;  the  right  of  redeeming  and 
re-entering  into  possession. 

3.  Theol. :  Or.   oiroAuTpuKrn  (apolutroris)  = 
a  ransoming.    The  ransom  of  sinners  from  the 
curse  of  the  Law,  i.e.,  from  the  penalties  of 
the  violated  law  of  Qod  (Gal.  iii.  13),  effected 
through  "  the  blood  of  Christ,"  i.e.,  through 
his  atoning  sacrifice  (Rom.  tii.  24  ;  Ephes.  i.  7; 
Col.  i.  14;  cf.  also  1  Pet.  i.  18,  19 ;  Rev.  v.  0). 
With    this    is   conjoined    ransom    from    the 
domination  of  sin  and  Satan  (Col.  i.  13,  14  ; 
1  Pet.  i.  18.  19). 

H  Equity  of  redemption :  [EQUITY,  ^  (2)]. 

"rS-dSmp'-tion-ar-jf  (p  silent),  ».  [Eng. 
redemption  ;  -an/.)  One  who  is  or  may  be 
redeemed  or  set  at  liberty  on  payment  of  a 
ransom  or  compensation  ;  one  who  is  released 
from  a  bond  or  obligation  by  fulfilling  the 
stipulated  terms  or  conditions. 

*  re  demp  -tion-er  (p  silent),  i.    [Eng.  re- 
demption. ;  -er.  ] 

1.  One  who  redeemed  himself. 

2.  One   who,    wishing   to   emigrate   from 
Europe  to  America,  sold  his  services  for  a 
stipulated  sum  in  order  to  pay  the  expenses 
of  his  passage. 

t  Re  demp  ti on  1st  (p  silent),  ».  [Eng.  rt- 
demption;  -ist.]  [TRINITARIAN,  B.  2.J 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her/  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine ;  go.  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rale,  fall;  try,  Syrian.    »,  oe  =  e ;  ey  -  a;  qu  -  kw. 


redemptive— redoubt 


3919 


•  re"-demp'-tive    (p   silent),    a.     [Lat.    re- 
dei>ipt(us),   j>a.    p.ir.    of  rerlhno  =  to  re'lestn 
(q.v.);  £113.  salt'.  -ive.\    Serving  or  tending  to 
redeem ;  redeeming. 

Re-demp -tor-ist  (p  silent),  s.  [Lat  Re- 
demptor  —  the  Redeemer;  see  def.] 

Church  Hist,  (ft.):  The  Congregation  of  the 
Most  Holy  Redeemer,  founded  l>y  St.  Al- 
phonsus  Maria  de  Liguori  (101KM787),  at 
Scala,  in  17:'.2.  The  Institute  was  approved 
in  1749  by  Pope  Benedict  XIV.,  who  changed 
its  original  title — the  Congregation  of  the 
Most  Holy  Saviour — to  that  by  which  it  is 
now  known.  The  members  take  the  three 
simple,  but  perpetual,  vows,  and  a  fourth,  of 
pel-severance  in  the  Institute  till  death.  Their 
principal  object  is  the  preaching  of  missions 
and  retreats  to  all  classes  of  Roman  Catlm- 
lics,  giving  preference  to  the  ignorant  and 
neglected.  Their  dress  is  a  black  serge  cas- 
sock, with  cloth  girdle  and  rosary  beads.  It 
is  substantially  the  dress  worn  by  the  secu- 
lar clergy  in  Naples  in  the  first,  half  of  the 
eighteenth  century.  The  Redemptorists  have 
houses  at  Claphani,  Bishop  Eton  (near 
Liverpool),  Teigiimouth,  Perth,  Limerick,  and 
Dumlalk. 

Be-d  Jmp-tor  1st  -ine,  s.  [REDEMPTORIST.] 
Church  Hist.  (PI.):  An  Order  of  nuns,  con- 
stituting the  Order  of  the  Most  Holy  Re- 
deemer, founded  by  St.  Alphonsus  Maria  de 
Liguori  (1696-1787).  They  are  strictly  en- 
closed, contemplative,  subject  to  the  juris- 
diction of  the  bishop  of  the  diocese  in  which 
they  reside,  and  assist  the  missionaries  of  the 
Congregation  by  their  prayers.  Tlie  Redemp- 
toristines  wear  a  red  habit,  with  a  blue 
scapular,  and  white  shoes.  They  have  a 
bouse  at  Dublin. 

re'-demp'-tdr-jf  (p  silent),  o.  [Lat.  re- 
dempt(us),  pa.  par.  of  redimo  =  to  redeem 
(q.v.)  ;  Eng.  adj.  suff.  -on/.]  Paid  as  ransom. 
(Chapman :  Homer;  Iliad.) 

*rS-demp'-ture  (p  silent),  ».  [Lat.  redemp- 
turus,  fut.  par.  of  redimo  =  to  redeem  (q.v.).] 
Redemption.  (Fabyan.) 

*re-d8nt'-ed,  a.  [O.  Fr.  redent  =  double 
notching,  like  the  teeth  of  a  saw.]  Formed 
like  the  teeth  of  a  saw  ;  indented. 

re-de-pos'-lt,  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  de- 
posit (q.v.).]  To  deposit  again  or  anew. 

re-de-8§end', v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  descend 
(q.v.).]  To  descend  again. 

"  O  !  let  them  redctcend.  and  still 
My  soul."  BimU :  Utter*,  bk.  it,  let.  52. 

*re-de-scent',  s.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  descent 
(q.v.).]  A  descending  or  falling  again  ;  a  re- 
peated or  renewed  descent. 

red  gum,  Ted  gown,  *  reed  gounc,  J. 

tEng.  red,  a.  ;  A.  S.  gund  —  corruption. 
Davies.)] 

1.  Pathol. :  Strophulus  ;  a  papular  disease 
with  an  eruption  of  minute  hard,  sometimes 
slightly  red,  clustered  or  scattered  pimples 
on  the  face,  the  neck,  or  even  the  whole 
body  of  young  infants.    Cause,  derangement 
of  tlie  stomach  or  intestines  through  improper 
feeding  or  from  dentition. 

"  Il'§  nothing  In  the  world  but  the  rtdgum.~—Miu 
Autten  :  Seme  i  SennbiMi/,  ch.  xxxvii. 

2.  Bot.,  Agric.,  dc. :  A  disease  of  grain;  a 
kind  of  blight.    [RusT.] 

red  hi  t>r  tion,  5.  [Lat.  redhibitio,  from  red- 
hibitus,  pa.  par.  of  redhibeo  =  to  give  or  re- 
ceive back  :  red-  (for  re-)  =  back,  and  habeo  = 
to  have.] 

Law:  An  action  allowed  to  a  purchaser  by 
which  to  annul  the  sale  of  some  movable,  and 
oblige  the  seller  to  take  it  back  again  upon  the 
purchaser's  finding  it  damaged,  or  that  there 
was  some  deceit,  &c. 

*  rSd-hlb'-a-tdr- *,  a.    [Lat.  redhibit(us),  pa. 
par.  otretlhibeo  ;  Eng.  adj-  suff.  -on/.) 

Law:  Pertaining  or  relating  to  redhibition 
(q.v.). 

rSd  -horn,  ».    [Eng.  red,  and  horn.] 
Eiitom.  (PI.) :  The  Rhodoceridse  (q.v.). 

re-dl-a,  s.  [From  Francisco  Redi  (162f3- 
169S),  the  Italian  physiologist  (?).] 

Zool. :  The  stage  of  development  in  a  trema- 
tode  flat-worm  In  which  It  has  ceased  to  be  a 
ciliated  embryo  and  has  become  a  cylindrical 


sac,  with  two  lateral  projections  and  a  taper- 
ing tail.  There  is  a  mouth,  and  a  simple  intes- 
tine. Buds  ultimately  spring  from  within  the 
redia,  and  a  higher  stage  of  development  is 
reached.  Called  alse  King's  Yellow  worm. 

*  red'-i-ent,  o.     [Lat.  rediens,  pr.  par.  of 
redeo  =  to  return  :  red-  s  back,  and  «o  =  to  go.] 
Returning. 

*  re-di-gest',  v.t.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  digest, 
v.  (q.v.).]    To  digest  or  reduce  to  form  again 
or  afresh. 

*  re-dl-mln'-Ish,  v.t.  or  i.    [Pref.  re-,  and 
Eng.  diminish  (q.v.).]    To  diminish  again. 

red-in-gote',  s.  [Fr.,  corrupt,  from  Eng. 
riding-coat.]  A  long,  plain,  double-breasted 
outside  cloak  for  ladies'  wear. 

*  red-Xn'-tS-grate,  o.     [Lat    redintegratus, 
pa.    par.    of  reiiintegro  —  to   renew  :    red-  = 
back,  again,  and  integro  =  to  make  whole ; 
integer  =  whole.]    [INTEGER.]    Renewed  ;  re- 
stored to  a  perfect  state  ;  made  whole  or  per- 
fect again. 

"  The  kingdom  of  France  in  flourishing  estate,  being 
redintegrate  in  those  principal  member*  which 
anciently  had  been  portions  of  the  crown,  and  were 
after  dissevered. "—Bacon:  Henry  rtl.,  p.  40. 

*  rSd-In'-te-grate,  v.t.    [REDINTEGRATE,  o.] 
To  renew ;  to  restore  to  a  perfect  state  ;  to 
make  whole  or  perfect  again. 

"  The  demonUck  body,  being  dlrided,  i»  quickly 
redintegrated  by  coalescence,  as  air  or  water.  —Cud- 
teorth  :  Intell.  Syttem,  p.  814. 

*  red-In-te-gra'-tlon,  ».  [Lat.  redintegratio, 
from  redintegratus,  pa.  par.  of  redintegro  =  to 
renew.]    The  act  or  process  of  redintegrating 
or  restoring  to  a  whole  or  perfect  state  ;  reno- 
vation, renewal. 

"  When  God  Himself  broke  them  [the  tables  of  the 
Law],  there  Is  no  possible  redintegration."— Bat* : 
Divinity  of  Chrittian  Religion,  ch.  IT. 

H  Law  of  Redintegration  : 
Ifetaph. :  (See  extract). 

"  This  law  may  be  thus  enounced  :  ThoM  thoughts 
suggest  each  other  which  had  previously  constituted 
paru  of  the  same  entire  or  total  act  of  cognitiuu.  Nuw 
to  the  same  entire  or  total  act  belong,  as  integral  or 
constituent  parts,  In  the  first  place,  those  thoughts 
which  arose  at  the  same  time,  or  in  immediate  conse- 
cution ;  and  in  the  second,  those  thoughts  which  are 
bound  up  into  oue  by  their  mutual  affinity.  Thus, 
therefore,  the  two  Laws  of  Simultaneity  and  Affinity 
are  carried  up  into  unity.  In  the  higher  La<t  of  Red- 
integration,  or  Totality;  and  by  this  on*  law  tin 
whole  phenomena  of  Association  may  be  easily  «x- 
plalned."-tf amilton  :  iletapk.  (ed.  Maasel),  1L  SM. 

re -dl-recf,  v.t.    To  direct  again,  as  a  letter 

re  -di  reef,  a. 

Law :  Referring  to  a  second  examination,  by 
the  original  examiner,  of  a  witness  who  has 
been  cross-examined  in  the  interim. 

*re-dis-burse'.   *  re- die- bourse,  v.t. 

[Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  disburse  (q.v.).]  To  dis- 
burse again  ;  to  repay,  to  refund  ;  to  give  back. 

"  Hii  borrowed  waters  font  to  reditboune." 

Spenur:  f.  O..,  IV.  UL  VI. 

re  dls-CoV-er,  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
discover  (q.v.).]  To  discover  again  or  anew. 

re-dls-perse',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  dis- 
perse (q.v.).  ]  To  disperse  again. 

"  Which  can  by  no  means  reditperte  her  shade." 

BraithUKti/t .   Jfaturet  Emlxiuie.  p.  280. 

*  re-dls-po»e',  v.t.     [Pref.,   re-,   and    Eng. 
dispose  (q.v.).]    To  dispose  or  adjust  again. 

re  dls  seize ,  v.t.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  dit- 
seize  (q.v. ).] 
Law  :  To  disseize  again  or  a  second  time. 

re-dis  selz  -In,  «.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  dit- 
«euiu  (q.v.).]  • 

Law :  A  writ  to  recover  seizin  of  lands  or 
tenements  against  a  redisseizor. 

re  dis-seiz'-or, ».  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  dit- 
seitor  (q.v.).] 

Law :  One  who  disseizes  lands  or  tenements 
a  second  time,  or  after  a  recovery  of  the  same 
from  him  in  an  action  of  novel  disseizin. 

re-dls-SOlve',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  dit- 
solve  (q.v.).]  To  dissolve  again  or  anew. 

re-dls-trlb  ute,  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
distribute  (q.v.).]  To  distribute  again  or 
afresh  ;  to  apportion  anew. 

rg-dia-tri-bu'-tion,  *.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
distribution  (q.v.).]  The  act  of  redistributing  ; 


a  second  or  fresh  distribution  or  apportion- 
ment. 

U  Tlie  redistribution  of  seats  constituted  an 
essential  part  of  the  Reform  Bill  of  1832  and 
18ti7,  and  in  1885  followed  the  Franchise  Act 
of  1884.  [REFORM  ACTS.] 

*  rS-df -tion,  ».    [Lat.  reditio,  from  reditus. 
pa.   par.   of   reJ«o  =  to  return.]     [REDIENT.J 
The  act  of  going  or  coming  back  ;  return. 

"  Hake  the  day  of  your  redition  scene. " 

Otapman:  homer;  GdytMyrt 

re-dl-vide',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  dividt 
(q.v.).]  To  divide  again  or  anew. 

*  re-di-viyed',  o.    [Lat.  redivivus  =  revived.! 
Made  to  live  again  ;  revived. 

"  Beware  of  all  either  new-devised  or  rcrfMwd 
erronrs  of  opinion. ~—Bp.  Hall:  Kettlation  Unrt- 
•rated,  |SL 

•rSd'-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  red,  a. ;  -ly.]  With  red- 
ness. 

"  And  blood  is  mingled  with  the  dashing  stream. 
Which  runs  all  redly  till  the  morning  beain." 

Suran :  Lam.  11. 14, 

*  red-mans,   *  rad  mans,   *.  pi.     [Etyro. 
doubtful ;  first  element  prob.  =  ride  or  road.] 
Men  who  by  the  tenure  or  custom  of  their 
lands  were  to  ride  with  or  for  the  lord  of  the 
manor  when   he   went  about  his  business. 
(Domesday.) 

red  ness,  ».  [Eng.  red,  a. ;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  red  ;  a  red  colour. 

"  There  was  a  pretty  rednett  in  his  lips." 

Shakap. :  At  fou  Like  It,  lit  t. 

*  re-do',  v.t.     [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  do  (q.v.).] 
To  do  over  again. 

"  We  do  but  redo  old  vice*." — Sandy  t :  Trareli.  p.  ML 

red  -6-len9e,  •  rSd'-d-len-cy,  *.  [Eng. 
redolen(t);  -ce,  -cy.]  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  redolent ;  t>erfume,  fragrance. 

"  Their  flowers  attract  spiders  with  their  redolent*." 
— Mortimer :  Husbandry. 

red'-o-lent,  o.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  redolent,  pr. 
par.  of  redoleo  =  to  give  out  a  smell :  red-  (for 
re-)  =  back,  again,  and  oleo  =  to  smell ;  ItaL 
redolente.]  Having  or  giving  out  a  sweet 
smell ;  sweet-smelling  ;  fragrant,  odorous. 

"  Honey  redolent  of  spring.* 

Dryden  :  Orid ;  Metanorpbotet  XT. 

rSd'-6-lent-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  redolent ; -ly.]  In 
a  redolent  manner ;  with  sweet  scent ;  fra- 
grantly. 

rSd-6n-dir-la  (la  as  lya),  «.  [Sp.]  The 
name  given  to  a  species  of  versification  formerly 
used  in  the  south  of  Europe,  consisting  of  a 
union  of  verses  of  four,  six,  or  eight  syllables, 
of  which  generally  the  first  rhymed  with  the 
fourth,  and  the  second  with  the  third.  At  a 
later  period  verses  of  six  and  eight  syllables, 
in  general  in  Spanish  and  Portuguese  poetry, 
were  called  Redondillas,  whether  they  made 
perfect  rhymes  or  assonances  only.  These 
became  common  in  the  dramatic  poetry  of 
Spain.  (Ogilrie.) 

re-don'-dite,  *.  [After  Redonda,  West 
Indies,  where  found  ;  suff.  -tie  (.If in.).] 

jl/tn. :  A  hydrous  phosphate  of  alumina  and 
iron,  occurring  in  nodular  aggregations. 

re  doub  le  (le  as  el).  *  re-doub-yll,  v.t. 
&  i.  (Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  double,  v.  (q.v.); 
Fr.  redoubler.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  double  again  or  frequently ;  to  mul- 
tiply. 

"  Redoubled  be  her  tears.  Its  chords  are  riven." 

Byron :  T\e  Harp. 

2.  To   increase  by  repeated  or  continued 
additions. 

"  From  both  benches  with  redoubted  sounds 
Tli'  applause  of  lords  am!  commoners  abounds.* 

Drfden  :  VirfU ;  Georgia  a  m. 

•  3.  To  repeat  in  return.    (Spenser.) 

B.  Intrant. :  To  become  twice  as  much  or 
as  great ;  to  be  repeated  ;  to  be  multiplied  by 
continued  or  repeated  additions. 

•*  Redoubling  clamours  thunder  in  the  ikies." 

Pope :  Homer ;  Iliad  zil.  M. 

r$-donbf  (b  silent),  re  dolit ,  *  re-duct, 

*  re  dult,  s.    [Ital.  ridotto  =  a  withilrawing- 

place,  from  ridotto,  ridutto,  pa.  par.  of  rulurre 

(Lat.  reduce)  =  to  bring  hack;  Fr.  rtduit,  re- 

doute.    The  spelling  redoubt  is  due  to  confusion 

with  O.  Fr.  redoubter  =  to  dread.    8p.  retlucto  ; 

Port,  reducto,  reduto,  redouto.]  [REDOUBTABLE.] 

Fortification : 

1.  A    d«tach«d    field-work   Inclosed  by  s 


boil,  boy;  pout,  jowl;  eat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this:  sin,  a»;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.    -Ing. 
-Clan,  -tian  =  shan.   -tion.  -sion  =  shun;  -fion,  -sion  =  zhun.   -clous,  -tious,  -slous  =  shos.   -We,  -die,  &c.  -  bel,  del. 


redoubt— reduo« 


paripet,  the  salient  point*  of  which  are  but 
in.perfectly  or  not  at  all  protected  hy  a  flank 
Or*.  It  inay  be  square,  st&r-.thupeii,  or  ir- 
regular in  plan,  according  to  the  requirements 
of  its  .site  and  surroundings. 


2.  An  interior  work  within  the  main  liue  of 
ramparts.     [RAVELIN.] 

•  r5  diJubf  (b  silent),  *  re  doiite',  v.t.    [O. 

Fr.  redoubter  (Fr.  rrdouter),  from  Lat.  rr-  — 
back,  and  dttbito  =  to  doubt  (q.v.).]  To  fujr, 
to  dread. 

"Yet  wai  R..in»  well  waxen  Mid  redoubted  of  the 
Farther "—(  ,,i  !<••/•:  Aoeriiw,  bk.  U. 

rg  doubt  a  ble  (b  silent),  *  re-d«iut-a- 
ble,  a.  [O.  I'r.  (Fr.  redotttable),  from  re- 
doubter,  reilouter  =  to  fear,  to  dread  ;  O.  Ital. 
ridottabile.]  [REDOUBT,  t>.]  Formidable; 
terrible  to  foes ;  dreaded  :  hence,  valiant, 
mighty.  (Often  used  ironically.) 

"  The  enterprising  Mr.  Llntot.  the  redoubtable  rival 
of  Mr.  Toii'xju.  overtook  me."— Pope. 

ro  doiibt'-ed  (6  silentX  a.      [REDOUBT,  v.] 
Redoubtable,  formidable;  dreaded,  honoured, 
or  respected,  on  account  of  valour  or  prowess. 
11  My  most  redoubled  father/ 

ShaJtctp. :  Henry  T.,  1L  4. 

re-dound',  *  re-dounde,  v. t.  [Fr.  rMonder, 
from  Lat.  redundo  =  to  overflow,  to  abound  : 
red-  =  back,  and  undo  =  to  surge,  to  flow,  to 
abound ;  uwla =a  wave ;  Sp.  &  Port,  redundar; 
Ital.  ridondare.] 

*  1.  To  flow,  roll,  or  sr~ge  back,  as  a  wave  ; 
to  be  sent,  rolled,  or  driven  back. 

*  2.  To  be  redundnnt  or  in  excess ;  to  be  or 
remain  over  and  above. 

"  Redounding  tears  did  choke  th'  end  of  her  plaint" 
Spenter:  f.  Q..  I.  iii.  8. 

3.  To  conduce  in  the  consequence  or  result ; 
to  result ;  to  turn  out ;  to  contribute  ;  to  have 
effect  or  result. 

"  AJ  all  thing*  shall  redound  unto  your  good." 

Shaketp. :  t  Henry  VI.,  It.  *. 

•  re-dound',  *.    [REDOUND,  r.] 

1.  A  coming  back,  as  of  consequence  or 
result ;  result,  effect,  consequence,  return. 

"  Not  without  redound 
Of  UM  and  glory.*       ZVmijuon .-  Princett,  ii  28. 

2.  Reverberation,  echo. 
re"  dout',  i.    [REDODBT,  s.] 

•  re-do"ut'-tv-ble,  a.    [REDOUBTABLE.] 

•  re-doute',  v.t.    [REDOUBT,  v.] 
red-6-wa,  «.    [IUL] 

Music :  A  Bohemian  dance,  originally  In  f 
and  }  time,  alternately.  The  time  wag  after- 
wards altered,  and  the  dance  was  made  iuto  a 
kind  of  polka. 

rid' -pole,  red  -poll,  s.  [Eng.  red,  a.,  and 
poll=  the  head.] 

Ornilh. :  A  popular  name  for  two  British 
species  of  the  genus  Linota  (q.v.),  from  the 
glossy  blood-red  hue  of  the  space  from  the 
forehead  to  behind  the  eyes.  The  Mealy  Red- 
pole,  Linota  catiescens,  is  larger  than  the  Lesser 
Redpole,  L.  linaria,  of  which  it  has  been 
regarded  by  some  ornithologists  as  a  race  or 
variety. 

re  draft ,  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  draft,  v. 
(q.v.).]  To  draft  or  draw  n]>  a  second  time  ; 
to  make  a  second  or  fresh  draft  of. 

re-draft',  «.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  draft,  g. 
(q.v.).] 

L  A  second  draft  or  copy. 

2.  Comm. :  A  new  bill  of  exchange  which 
the  holder  of  a  protested  bill  draws  on  the 
drawers  or  indorsers,  by  which  he  reimburses 
to  himself  the  amount  of  the  protested  bill 
with  costs  and  charges. 

re-draw',  v.t.  &  i.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  draw 
(q-v.).J 

A.  Trans. :  To  draw  again  ;  to  redraft 

B.  Intransitive: 

Comm. :  To  draw  a  new  bill  of  exchange  to 
meet  another  bill  of  the  same  amount,  or,  as 
the  holder  of  a  protested  bill,  or  the  drawer 
or  indorsers. 

re-dress,  Te-dresse,  v.t.  [Fr.  redresser, 
from  re-  =  again,  and  tiresser  =  to  dress  (q.v.) ; 
Ital.  ridizzare,  ridiriaare.] 

*  L  To  set  right ;  to  mend,  to  repair. 

"  A*  broken  Elan  no  cement  can  rtdrta.* 

Shaketfj. :  Patrionule  Pilgrim,  in. 


2.  To  set  right;  to  remedy,  u  a  wrong  or 
abuse  ;  to  repair,  as  an  injury. 

"  For  the  remedying  and  redrettinf  at  thooe  (oreMld 
injuriea.~-f.jx  .  itartyrt,  p.  979. 

3.  To   relieve    from    injustice,   wrong,    or 
oppression  ;  to  bestow  relief  upon ;  to  ease, 
to  compensate. 

"  Will  Qaul  or  Muscovite  redrtu  yef  * 

Di/ron     CHilde  11,,,-old,  II.  ?«. 

•4.  To  iin  prove;  to  make  better ;  to  amend, 
to  compensate  for. 

"  Yet  still,  e'en  here,  content  can  spread  a  charm. 
Itedreu  the  dime,  and  all  its  nuiediiarm." 

OolUtiititt :  The  Traveller. 

re  dress ,  *  re  dresse,  «.  [REDRESS,  v.] 

*  I.  A  putting  into  order  ;  amendment. 

"  To  sei*  reformation  of  eril  laws  is  commendable, 
bat  for  ui  the  more  necessary  is  a  sperdy  redrett  of 
ourselvee."— Hooker:  Ecdet.  Polity. 

2.  The  correction,  amendment,  remedying, 
or  removal  of  wron;^,  injury,  or  oppression  ; 
reparation,  comi>eii.salion,  amends. 

"  The  ministers  were  told  that  the  nation  expected, 
and  should  have,  signal  rtdreu."  —  ilaeaulay  :  Hit!. 
Eng..  ch.  vl. 

*3.  Help,  succour. 

"  I  defy  all  counsel,  all  mtrett, 
But  that  which  ends  all  counsel,  true  redrra, 
Death,  death."  Shakeip.  :  King  John.  ill.  4. 

*  4.    Escape,    retreat.      (Dryden :    Virgil ; 
Mntld,  v.  771.) 

*  5.  One  who  gives  or  affords  redress  ;  a 
redresser. 

"  Fair  majesty,  the  refuge  and  rfdnttt 
Of  those  whom  fate  pursues,  and  w.-ints  oppress." 
Drydcn.     (Todd.) 

*rS-dres»'-al.  s.  [Eng.  redress;  -oJ.]  The 
act  of  redressing. 

re'-dress'-er,  «.  [EnR.  redress;  -tr.]  One 
who  gives  or  affords  redress  or  relief. 

"  The  lighter  of  wronas.  the  redreuer  of  injnrlee."— 
Shell  on  :  Don  Quixote,  ch.  iv. 

* rS-drSss'-i-ble,  a.  [Eng.  redress;  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  redressed  or  remedied. 

*  re- dress -ive,    a.      [Eng    redress;   -ive.] 

Giving  or  affording  redress  or  remedy. 
"  Who,  tonch'd  with  human  woe.  redrettive  search'd 
Into  the  horrors  of  the  gloomy  jail." 

Thornton :  Winter,  3«0. 

* re-dre8«' -less,  a.  [Eng.  redress;  -lens.] 
Without  redress,  relief,  or  amendment. 

•  re'-dr§SS'-me'nt,  s.     [Eng.  redress;  -ment.] 

The  act  of  redressing. 

re-drive',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  drive,  v. 
(q.v.).]  To  drive  back. 

rSd-ruth'-ite,  s.     [From  Redmth,  Cornwall, 
one  of  its  localities  ;  suff.  -ite  (.Mm.).] 
if  in. :  The  same  as  CHALCOCITE  (q  v.). 

red' -sear,  v.i.  [Eng.  red.  a.,  and  sear.]  To 
break  or  crack  when  too  hot,  as  iron  under 
the  hammer.  A  term  used  by  workmen. 

"  If  Iron  be  ton  cold,  it  will  not  feel  the  weight  of  the 
hammer,  when  it  will  not  batter  under  the  hammer  ; 
and  if  it  be  too  hot,  it  will  rediear,  that  is.  break  or 
crack  uuder  the  hammer,  "—ilozon :  ilechan.  Exercitet. 

red  -Shink,  5.     [Eng.  red,  a.,  and  shank.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  term  applied  to  a  High- 
lander having  buskins  of  red-deer  skin,  with 
the  hair  outwards ;  used  also  in  derision  of 
his  bare  legs. 

"  He  sent  over  his  brother  Edward  with  a  power  of 
Scots  and  reJihankt  unto  Ireland,  where  they  got 
looting."— Spenser :  Stale  of  Ireland. 

2.  Ornilh. :  Tntanus  calidris,  tolerably  com- 
mon over  the  greater  part  of  Europe  and  Asia, 
from  Iceland  to  China,  retiring  to  the  south 
in  the  winter.    It  derives  its  popular  name 
from  the  colour  of  the  liare  parts  of  its  legs. 
The  body  is  about  the  size  of  a  Snipe's,  but 
the  Redshank,  having  longer  wings,  legs,  and 
neck,  appears  the  larger  bint.    General  colour 
above,  grayish-drab,  8]>eckled  with  black,  lower 
part  of  the  bark  and  a  band  on  each  wing 
white.    The  nest  is  us'ially  in  tufts  of  rushes 
or  grass,  with  four  warm-brown  eggs,  with 
blackish  spots  or  blotches.      T.  fiucus,  the 
Dusky  or  Spotted  Redshank,  is  a  spring  and 
autumn  visitor  to  Britain. 

r£d  -Start,  i.  [Eng.  red,  a.,  and  start,  stert  = 
a  tail.] 

Ornith. :  RuticlUa  phaenicvra,  common  in 
Britain,  Europe,  and  Western  Asia,  migrating 
southward  in  the  winter.  Forehead  pure 
white,  throat  black,  upper  surface  dark  gray  ; 
breast,  sides,  and  tail  bright  rust-red.  It 
nests  usually  in  a  hollow  tree  or  in  a  hole  in 
a  wall  or  rock,  and  lays  five  to  seven  delicate 
greenish-blue  eggs,  sprinkled  with  faint  spots 


of  red.  The  Black,  or  Black-capped  Redstart, 
K.  tityt  (or  titis)  is  common  on  the  Continent, 
but  has  not  the  extended  northern  range  of 
the  Common  Redstart.  Other  species  of  Red- 
start are  found  in  Persia,  Asia  Minor,  Syria, 
and  faither  to  the  eastward,  including  R. 
meiolerea,  R.  rafiventru,  and  R.  uchrurttt.  In 
America  the  name  is  given  to  Setophaga  ruticilla, 
"  When  redttartt  shake  their  Uils  they  more  them 

horizontally,  u  dogs  do  when  they  fawn."—  White: 

Selbjrne.  let  40. 

red   streak,  s.    [Eng.  red,  a.,  and  streak,  9. 
(q.v.).] 
L  A  variety  of  n^ple. 

"  The  reditreiik.  of  all  cyder  froit  hath  obtained 
the  preference,  being  but  a  kind  of  wilding,  and  though 
kept  long,  yet  is  never  pleasing  to  the  palate  ;  there 
are  several  sorts  of  redttrenk  ;  some  sort*  of  them 
have  red  rr.iu  running  through  the  whole  fruit,  which 
1*  esteemed  to  give  the  cyder  the  richeat  tincture.'-' 
Mortimer  :  futimndry. 

2.  Cider  made  from  the  redstreak  apple. 

"  Herefordshire  reditreik  made  of  rotten  apple*,"— 
Character  of  a  Cofee-ftoute,  p.  3. 

red  tall,  s.  [Eng.  red,  a.,  and  tail.]  The 
same  as  REDSTART  (q.v.). 

•ro-dftb',    *re-donb,    *re-dubbe,    «.«. 

tFr.  rad<ruber=  to  piece,  to  mend,  to  repair.) 

1.  To  amend,  to  repair;  to  make  amends  or 
reparation  for. 

"  Whiche  domage  to  a  realme  neyther  with  treason 
ne  w,tb  power  can  be  rcdoubed."—Elyot:  Oarer  nour, 
bk.  ii.,  ch.  xlr. 

2.  To  requite,  to  repay,  to  return. 

"  O  Gods,  reduote  them  reugeannce  lust." 

Phaer  :  rirgill  :  .Kneidot  rl 

*  re-dfib'-ber,  *  re-dub  -bor,  ».  [Eng. 
redub  ;  -er,  -or.]  One  who  bought  stolen 
cloth,  and  disguised  it  by  dyeing  or  alteration 
of  the  fashion. 


e',  v.t.  [Lat.  reduco  =  to  lead  or  bring 
back  :  re-  =  back,  and  rfuco  =  to  lead  ;  Sp. 
reducir  ;  Port,  reduzir  ;  ItaL  riductre,  ridum; 
Fr.  reduire.] 

L  Ordinary  Language: 

1  .  Lit.  :  To  bring  or  lead  back  ;  to  reconduct. 


2.  Figuratively : 

*  (I)  To  lead  or  draw  back. 

"  The  wholesome  doctrine  of  the  goepell  allured  and 
reduced  the  hearts  of  all  sorts  of  people  vuto  the  true 
religion  of  Qod.~—Pox:  ilartyrt,  p.  4«. 

(2)  To  bring  back  to  a  prior  state. 

"  The  drift  of  the  Roman  armies  and  forcee  was  not 
to  bring  free  states  into  servitude,  but  contrariwise, 
to  re'lnre  those  that  were  in  bondage  to  liberty."— 
P.  Holland  :  Lift.  V-  L-H. 

(3)  To   bring   to   any  state  or   condition, 
whether  good  or  bad  :  as.  To  reduce  a  people 
to  slavery,  to  reduce  a  substance  to  powder, 
to  reduce  a  person  to  despair,  &c. 

(4)  Specif. :  To  bring  to  a  sfate  of  subjec- 
tion ;  to  subdue,  to  conquer.    (Spenser :  F.  Q., 
III.  iii.  32.) 

(5)  To  bring  to  a  state   of  inferiority  or 
poverty  ;  to  lower,  to  degrade,  to  impoverish  : 
as,  a  person  reduced  in  circumstances. 

(6)  To  bring  into  a  class,  order,  genus,  or 
species;  to  subject  to  a  rule  or  certain  .imita 
of  description  ;    to    classify :    as,   To   reduce 
animals  or  plants  to  classes  or  genera. 

(7)  To  diminish  in  length,  breadth,  thick- 
ness, quantity,  size,  or  value:  as.  To  reduot 
expenses,  to  reduce   the  pries  of  goods,  to 
reduce  the  number  of  men  employed,  &c. 

*  (8)  To  atone  for,  to  repair,  to  redress,  to 
compensate,  to  amend. 

"  Will  they  reduce  the  wrongs  done  to  my  father!* 
Marlowe. 
H  Technically: 

1.  Algebra : 

(1)  To  bring  to  the  simplest  form,  with  tba 
unknown  quantity  of  an  equation  by  itself  on 
one  side,  and  all  the  known  quantities  on  the 
other  side. 

(2)  In  the  same  sense  as  2. 

2.  Arith. :  To  change  the  form  of  an  ex- 
pression from  one  denomination  to  another 
without   altering   the    value ;    or    from  one 
denomination  into  others  of  the  same  value  : 
as,  To  reduce  pounds  to  pence,  or  pence  to 
pounds.    [REDUCTION.] 

3.  Germ. :  To  construct,  as  a  figure,  similar 
to  a  given    figure,   either  greater,    less,    or 
equivalent. 

4.  Logic :  To  bring  a  syllogism  in  an  im- 
perfect mood  into  some  one  of  the  four  perfcsl 
moods  in  the  first  figure. 


late,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pit, 
or,  wore,  woli;  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    »,  oe  -  e ;  ey  -  a ;  qn  =  kw. 


reduced— reduplicatlra- 


392! 


&>  tfetali.  ;  To  truat  in  a 


6.  Scots  Law  :  T«  set  aside  by  an  action  at 
law  ;  to  rescind  or  annul  ky  legal  means  :  as, 
Tw  reduce  a  deed. 

7.  Surj.  :  To  restore  to  its  proper  place  or 
•tate,  as  a  fractured  or  dislocated  bone. 

U  (1)  To  reduce  a  figure,  design,  or  draught  : 
To  make  a  copy  of  it  on  a  smaller  scale,  but 
preserving  the  form  and  proportion. 

*  (2)  To  reduce  a  square  : 

Hit.  :  To  reform  a  column  from  the  square. 

(3)  To  reduce  to  the  ranks  : 

Mil.  :  To  degrade,  as  a  sergeant  or  corporal, 
to  the  rank  of  a  private  soldier  for  misconduct. 

r&-duoed  ,  pa.  par.  &,  a.     [REDUCB.] 

A.  As  pa.  pur.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Brought  back  to  their  original  state. 

"  To  O|«u  the  heavenly  H«dcn  to  reduced  ap4  states, 
to  penitent,  believing.  seJf-<levoUug  sinners."—  Want: 
Kedff,ntTi  Dominion  oner  tJit  laririble  World,  p.  178. 

2.  Brought   down  in  circumstances  ;   im- 
poverished :  as,  a  reduced  family. 

reduced-iron,  ••. 

Pharm.  :  Metallic  iron,  with  a  variable 
amount  of  metallic  oxide.  In  doses  from  two 
to  six  grains  it  acts  with  tonic  effect. 

*  rS-dnce'-ment,  ».     [Eng.   reduce;    -ment.] 

1.  The  act  of  reducing  or  restoring  ;  reduc- 
tion, restoration. 

"  The  once  (elect  nation  of  God  is  now  become  .  .  . 
Incapable  of  any  coalition  or  rnluetmeiit  into  on* 
body  politick."—  Uotoetl  :  /.ettert.  bk.  it,  let  8. 

2.  The  act  of  reducing,  lessening,  or  dimin- 
ishing. 

"  After  a  little  rrdusemcnt  of  hU  passion."—  flirt.  of 
Patient  Oriirl,  p.  40. 

*  rS-dUC'-ent,  a.  &  s.     [Lat.  reducens,  pr.  par. 
of  reduce  =  to  bring  back.]    [REDUCE.] 

A.  At  adj.  :  Tending  to  reduce. 

B.  As  subst.  :  One  who  or  that  which  re- 
duces. 

rfc-duc'-e'r,  i.    [Eng.  reduce);  -er.J    One  who 

or  that  which  reduces. 

•re  du9  I  ble,  're  du$e'-a-ble,a.  [Eng. 
reduce  ;  -able.]  Capable  of  being  reduced  ; 
admitting  of  reduction. 

"All  manner  uf  life  whatmever  is  gnnerable  and 
corruptible,  or  <-<lucible  out  of  nothing,  and  rerfucj'W* 
to  nothing  again."—  CuduwrtA  :  JntoUtctuai  Syttem, 
p.  137. 

•r6-dU9-f-ble-ness,  *.  [Eng.  reducible; 
-ness.  }  The  quality  or  state  of  being  reducible  ; 
reductibility. 

"The  thing  itself  is  made  plausible  by  the  rttturibJe- 
n«w  of  ice  back  again  into  water."—  Boylt  :  World, 

Hi.  to. 


bly,  adv.    [Eng.  reducible);  -Jy.) 
In  a  reducible  manner. 

r6-duc'-IAg,  pr.  par.  or  a,    [REDUCE,  ».] 

reducing  agents,  s.  pL 

Chem.  :  Bodies  whose  action  is  the  inverse 
of  oxidation,  such  as  nascent  hydrogen  from 
•odium  amalgam,  zinc,  or  iron  filings  ;  also 
hydrogen  sulphide,  sulphurous  acid,  and 
several  of  the  metals,  especially  potassium 
and  sodium. 

reducing  flame,  «.    [BLOWPIPE.) 

reducing  fur  nace,  -. 

Itetall.  :  A  furnace  in  which  ores  are  de- 
prived of  their  oxygen  and  reduced  to  the 
metallic  state  by  the  action  of  intensely 
heated  vapours  containing  carbon,  sometimes 
assisted  by  other  reagents.  It  is  used  in  the 
reduction  of  litharge,  the  treatment  of  copper 
ore  in  several  stages,  and  for  obtaining  the 
precious  metals.  [REVERBERATOBY-FURMACE.] 

reducing  scale,  .-•. 

Gtoti.  :  A  scale  by  means  of  which  flgtires 
are  copied  on  a  scale  smaller  than  the  original, 
but  preserving  the  form  and  proportion. 

•r6-dnct',  r.t.  [Lat,  reductus,  pa.  par.  of 
reduco.]  [RKDUCE.]  To  bring  back  or  to- 
gether ;  to  reduce. 

"The  kynges  boat  there  beying  assembled  and  r» 
•hMfe  into  uue  company^."—  Ball:  Bdn  It',  (an.  ha 

re-duct  ,  ».    [Rn>uct,  «.] 

Arch.  :  A  little  place  taken  out  of  a  larger 
to  make  it  more  regular  and  uniform,  or  for 
some  other  convenience  ;  a  quirk.  (Gwilt.) 


'rd-dUC  tl  bll'-I-ty,  «.  [Eng.  reduct,  T.  | 
-i*i/i«0.|  The  quality  of  being  reducible; 
reducilileness.  (Annandale.) 

re  due  -ti  o  ad  ab-sur  dum  (t  as  sh), 
plir.  [Lat.  =  a  reduction  to  an  absurdity.] 
[ABUURDUH.] 

re  due   tion,  «.    [Fr.,  from  Lat.  reduetionem, 
accus.  of  reductio,  from  reductus,  pa.  par.  of 
red uco  =  to  bring  lack,  to  reduce  (q.v.)  ;  Sp. 
reduccion ;  Ital.  riduzione.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  Lit. :  The  act  of  bringing  back  or  re- 
storing. 

"  For  reduction  of  your  majesty's  realm  of  Ireland 
to  the  unity  of  the  Church."— Bunut :  flcconU  roL  ii., 
bk.  ii.,  No.  -M. 

2.  Figuratively: 

(1)  The  act  or  process  of  reducfhg  to  any 
state  or  condition  ;  the  state  of  being  reduced  : 
as,  the  reduction  of  a  substance  to  powder. 

(2)  The  act  of  reducing  or  bringing  into 
subjection  ;   conquest,  subjugation  :  as,  the 
reduction  of  a  kingdom  or  fortress. 

(3)  The  act  of  reducing  or  diminishing  in 
siz«,  dimensions,  value,  quantity,  force,  Ac.  ; 
diminution,  abatement :  as,  the  reduction  of 
expenses,  the  reduction  of  forces. 

(4)  The  amount,  value,  quantity,  Ac.,  by 
which  anything  is  reduced  or  lessened :  as, 
He  made  a  reduction  of  5  per  cent. 

(5)  The  act  or  process  of  making  a  copy  of 
a  figure,  map,  plan,  design,  &c.,  on  a  smaller 
scale  than  the  original,  but  preserving  the 
form  and  proportion  [IL  4]. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Algebra: 

(1)  The  act  or  process  of  clearing  equations 
from  all  superfluous  quantities,  bringing  them 
to  their  lowest  terms,  and  separating  the 
known  from  the  unknown,  till  the  unknown 
quantity  alone  is  found  on  one  side,  and  the 
known  quantities  on  the  other. 

•  (2)  Solution  (q.v.). 

2.  Arithmetic: 

(1)  The  operation  or  process  of  finding  an 
equivalent  expression  in  terms  of  a  different 
unit.     Thus,   £10  =  200s.  =  2,400d.  =  9,600 
farthings.     This  reduction  is  called  reduction 
descending,  passing  from  a  higher  to  a  lower 
order.     The  converse  operation  9,600  farthings 
=  2,400d.  =  200s.  =  £10,  is  called  reduction 
ascending. 

(2)  The  rale  by  which  such  operations  are 
performed. 

3.  Astronomy: 

(1)  The  correction  of  observations  for  known 
errors  of  instruments,  &c. 

(2)  The  collection  of  observations  to  obtain 
a  general  result. 

4.  Geom. :  The  operation  of  constructing  a 
figure  similar  to  a  given  figure,  either  greater, 
less,  or  equivalent. 

5.  Logic  :  The  process  of  bringing  a  syllogism 
in  one  of  the  so-called  imperfect  moods  to  a 
mood  in  the  first  figure. 

6.  Chem. :  The  abstraction  of  an  electro- 
negative element  from  a  metallic  or  organic 
compound,  as  when  the  oxides  of  metals  are 
reduced  to  the  metallic  state  by  the  action  of 
charcoal  under  the  influence  of  heat ;  also  ap- 
plied to  the  addition  of  an  electro- positive 
element  to  a  compound,  «.<;.,  ethene  oxide 
(C2H4O)  +  Hj  =  ethylic   alcohol   (QjHflO); 
nitro-benrene,  CaHj(NOs)  +  SHj  =  aniline, 
CsHs(NH2)  +  2OHj. 

7.  Scots  Law :  An  action  for  setting  aside  a 
deed,  writing,  &c. 

8.  Surg.  :  The  operation  of  restoring  a  frac- 
tured or  dislocated  bone  to  its  proper  place  or 
•tate. 

1  (1)  Reduction  and  reduetion-improbation : 

Scots  Law :  The  action  of  reduction  and  the 
action  of  reduction-improbation  are  the  two 
varieties  of  the  rescissory  actions  of  the  law 
of  Scotland.  The  object  of  this  class  of  actions 
is  to  reduce  and  set  aside  deeds,  services, 
decrees,  and  rights,  whether  heritable  or 
movable,  against  which  the  pursuer  of  the 
action  can  allege  and  instruct  sufficient  legal 
grounds  of  reduction. 

(2)  Ruluction  reductivt : 

Scots  Law :  An  action  in  which  a  decree  of 
reduction,  which  has  been  improperly  or  er- 
roneously obtained,  is  sought  to  be  rescinded. 


*  re  dUC  -tire.  a.  4  ».     [Pr.   rt>luct\f;   Sp. 
reductive;  Ital.  rvfutfiuo,  from  Lat.  rtJuctui, 
pa.  par.  of  reduco  =  to  reduce  (q.v.).] 

A.  As  adj. :  Having  the  power  of  reducing; 
tending  to  reduce. 

"  Whether  Duly,  or  Hyperdoly,  or  Indirect,  or  n. 
duct  >  ft.  or  reflected. '-  Brnini  Sou/ 1  .So>n««/.  p.  ua. 

B.  As  fubst. :  That  which  tends  to  reduce, 
or  has  the  power  of  reducing. 

"  There  needed  no  other  rtductirt  of  the  numVrs  of 
men  to  au  equability."— Bale :  Orig.  of  Manki,ui.  v.  lit, 

*  rS-dUC'-tlve-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  reductiiv;  4y.] 
By  way  of  reduction  ;  by  consequence. 

-  Religion  does  not  couni.t  In  these  thinp.:  bat 
obedience  may,  and.  rftluftieely.  that  Is  religion."— 
Bp.  Taylor:  Sfrmoiu.  vol.  ill..  »er.  «. 

*  re  duit,  ».    [Fr.]    A  redoubt  (q.v.X 

re  dun  dan9e,  r6  dun  dan  9y,  s.    [Tr. 
redundance,  from  Lat  reilmidantui,  from  r»v 
dundans  =  redundant  (q.v.).] 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  redundant ; 
superfluity,  excess,  superabundance. 

"  So  wars  among  mankind  are  a  kiml  of  necessary 
consequence  of  rtdn ndaiic*  of  mankind."— HiU: 
Orig.  a/  Mankind,  p.  SU. 

2.  That  which  is  redundant  or  in  excess  ; 
anything  su{>erfluou8  or  superabundant. 

"  The  Italians  are  forced  upon  It,  once  or  twice  In 
every  line,  because  they  liare  a  rr-iuiiiajvy  of  vowel* 
tn  their  language."— />ry<im:  VirffU;  .£n«u.  (bed.) 

IL  Law:  Imiwrtiuent  or  foreign  mutter 
inserted  in  a  pleading. 

re  dun  -dan t,  a.  [Lat.  redundant,  pr.  par. 
of  retiundo'=  to  redound  (q.v.) ;  Fr.  redundant; 
Sp.  redundante;  Ital.  ridomhinte.] 

1.  Superabundant,  superfluous  ;  above  what 
is  necessary,  natural,  or  useful ;  used  or  being 
in  excess. 

"  Hones  g»re  command  that  the  redunrfanl  partlnn 
should  be  prepared."— Bortlty :  Sermoni.  vol.  il.  ser.  IS. 

•  2.  Using  more  words,  Ac.,  than  are  neces- 
sary or  useful. 

redundant-hyperbola,  *. 

Math. :  An  hyperbola  having  more  than 
two  asymptotes. 

redundant  number, «. 
Hath. :   One  in    which   the  sum  of  all  its 
divisors,  except  itself,  exceeds  the  numler. 

r$-dun'-dant-iy,    adv.      [Eng.    redundant; 
-ly.]    In  a*  redundant  manner  or  degre*- ;  in 
superabundance  ;  su|«rfluously  ;  to  excess. 
"  Yet  more  than  these  to  meditation's  eyes. 
Great  Nature  s  self  rrdiitutaiitla  supplies." 

Mourn  :  fretnoy ;  Art  gffalnUt^. 

r<$  du  pli  cate,  v.t.  &  i.    [REDUPLICATE,  o.| 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  To  doable  again ;  to  multiply, 
to  repeat. 

2.  Philol.  :  To  repeat,  as  the  initial  syllable 
or  the  root  of  a  word   for  the  purpose   of 
marking  past  time.    [REDUPLICATION,  11.  1.] 

B.  Intransitive:    • 

Philol. :  To  be  doubled  or  repeated ;  to 
undergo  reduplication. 

re-du'-plf-cate,  a.  [Lat.  reduplicatus,  pa. 
par.  of  rediipfico  =  to  redouble.)  [DUPLICATE.) 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  Redoubled,  repeated. 


2.  Bot. :  Reduplicative  (q.v.). 

re-du-pll-ca'-tion,  $.  [Fr.  from  Lat.  r» 
dup/ico<uJ  =  reduplicate  (q.v.);  Sp.  redupli- 
cation; Ital.  redupticazione.] 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  The  act  of  doubling ;  the 
state  of  being  doubled. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Philology: 

(1)  The  rc|>etition  of  the  first  syllable  (more 
or  less  modified),  or  of  the  root  of  a  word,  •• 
for  the  purpose  of  marking  past  time ;  as  in 
Or.  TIITTW  (tupto)  =  I  strike,  rc'ru^a  (tftnpha) 
=  I  struck  ;  Lat  petto  —  I  drive,  pepuli  =  I 
drove  ;  Eng.  do,  did. 

"  The  German  'icing.'  preterite  of  the  verb  'go,'  has 
•  form  which  might  easily  have  been  produced  liy  a 
rtdapHcaHon  of  the  root  —  E,irt*  :  Ptutolon.  I  2»». 

(2)  The  new  syllable  formed  byrednplicatioa. 

2.  Rhet. :   A  figure  in  which  a  verse  end* 
with  the  same  word  with  which  the  following 
oue  begins. 

re  du-pll-ca-tlve,  a.  [Fr.  rtduplicatlf; 
Si>.  &  Ital.  reditplifotivo.] 


boil,  b^y ;  pout,  jo%l ;  cat,  fell,  cnoma,  9hln,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  thla ;  Bin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  —  t, 
-elan,    tian  =  ahan.    -tlon,  -alon  =  shun ;    t ioa.    jioa  -  zhon.   -clous,  -tioua,  -sioua  =  shos.    ->:lo.  -die,  i.c.  -  bel,  del. 


3022 


reduviidae— reed 


1.  Reduplicated,  doable;  formed  by  redu- 
plcation. 

"  The  earliest  extant  forms  are  not  ndupticatite."— 
Marie .  f kilo/off,  t  Ss*. 

2.  Bat,    (Of   (estivation):    Doubled    back; 
having  the  edges  valvate  and  doubled  back. 

rid-u-vi'-I-d«e,  *.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat  reduvi(iu) ; 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj  suit',  -idee.] 

Entom, :  A  family  of  Geocores.  Antennae 
four-jointed  ;  ocelli  two ;  rostrum  of  three 
joints,  short,  stout,  strong;  legs  long,  the 
anterior  ones  sometimes  prehensile ,  tarsi 
three-jointed.  They  are  predatory  bugs ;  and 
many  of  them,  when  caught,  will  pierce  and 
poison  the  hand  of  the  captor.  They  are  nu- 
nu-rnus  in  the  tropics. 

re-du  -vl-us,  a.    [Lat  reduvia  =  an  agnail,  a 

•   whitlow.] 

Entom. :  The  typical  genus  of  Reduviidse. 
Rfduviut  personatui,  the  Fly-bug,  the  largest 
British  species,  is  three-quarters  of  an  inch 
long,  of  a  black-brown  colour,  with  reddish 
legs  It  sometimes  flies  into  houses  in  the 
summer  evenings,  attracted  by  the  lights. 
Both  the  larva  and  the  perfect  insect  are  said 
to  show  special  enmity  to  the  bed  bug. 

rid'- Wing,  ».     [Eng.  red,  a.,  and  wing.] 

Ornith.  :  Tnrdus  iliaats,  closely  allied  to  the 
Common  Thrash,  but  with  red  instead  of  gold 
color  on  the  wings.  It  is  a  native  of  Europe 
and  Asia,  occurs  in  Iceland,  and  sometimes 
reaches  Greenland.  Its  flight  is  very  rapid. 
It  feeds  on  worms,  slugs,  and  berries  injurious 
to  man.  Called  also  Red-sided  Thrush,  Wind 
Thrush,  and  Swine-pipe.  The  Redwing  is 
rathei  smaller  than  the  Song  Thrush,  and 
it*  song  decidedly  inferior,  though  the  bird 
has  sometimes  been  termed  the  Nightingale  of 
Norway,  and  Linnaeus  spoke  highly  in  praise 
of  its  song. 

red  -weed,  *.    [Eng.  red,  a.,  and  weed.] 

Bot. :  (1)  Papavcr  Hhceas;  (2)  the  genus 
Phytolacca. 

red  -wood.  t.    [Eng.  red,  and  wood.] 

Bot  (1)  Khamnus  Erythroxylon,  (2)  MA- 
hania  Erythroxylon ;  (3)  the  genus  Ceanothus ; 
( ')  A  dye  wood  produced  by  Pttrocarpus  santa- 
linus ,  (5)  the  genus  Erythroxylon ;  (6)  the 
timbei  of  Sequoia  semperviren*. 

redwood-tree,  «. 

Bot.  •  Soymida  febrifttga.     [ROHAN.] 

ree,  rei,  re,  *.  [Sp.  rey,  from  Lat.  regem, 
uccus.  of  rex  =  a  king.]  An  imaginary  unit 
of  value,  on  which  the  monetary  systems  of 
Portugal  and  Brazil  are  founded.  [MiutEi  ] 

ree,  v.t.  [Prob  from  the  same  root  as  riddle 
(q.v  )  ]  To  riddle  ;  to  sift 

11  After  malt  1s  well  rubbed  and  winnowed,  you  must 
then  ree  it  orer  in  a  sieve.'  —Mortimer :  Husbandry. 

ree,  a.    [A.8.  rethe  —  fierce.] 

L  Wild,  fierce,  outrageous,  crazy.  (•Scotch.) 
2.  Half-drunk  ;  tipsy.  (Scotch.) 

ree  bok,  rhee'-bdk,  s.    [Dut  =  roebuck.] 

ZooL  :  Antilope  eajrreolus  (Pelea  capreola\ 
from  South  Africa.  Length  about  five  feet, 
height  at  shoulder  thirty  inches ;  uniform  ash- 
colour  on  neck,  shoulders,  sides,  croup,  and 
thighs,  white  or  light-gray  on  under  surface 
and  inside  of  limbs.  They  live  in  small 
groups  of  five  or  six  individuals. 

reech, «.    [REEK  (1),  *.]    Smoke.    (Prov.) 

"  The  rerrA  recheth  into  Keren." 

Cursor  Mundi  (MS.  T.  C.  C.\.  t  It. 

•  ree9h'-I-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  reechy ;  -ly.]  Dirty, 
squalidly,  filthily 

re-ech'-6,  v.t.  &  i.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  ecno, 
v.  (q.v.).] 

A.  Transitive: 

L  To  echo  back  ;  to  reverberate. 

"  The  Seine  retchofd  Vive  la  Llberte." 

Scott:  T\e  Poacher,  1.8C*. 

Z.  To  retain  the  sound  or  name  of. 

*•  The  streets  still  reecho  the  names  nf  the  trees  of 
the  forest.*  LongfMow  •  etxmyeline.  li.  i. 

B.  Intrant.  •  To  echo  back  ;  to  give  an  echo 
back ;  to  reverberate. 

"The  dell 
Xttekoet  with  each  horrible  yell  " 

Jsfoore  ;  firt-  Worihippm. 

re-ech'-6,  «.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  echo,  s. 
(q.v.).]  The  echo  of  an  echo ;  a  repeated  »r 
returned  echo. 


ree9h'-jf,  a  [A  softened  form  of  reeky  (q.v.).] 
Smoky,  sooty  :  hence,  foul,  squalid,  tilthy. 

"  Fathioniug  them  like  Pharaoh's  aoldlen  la  the 
rtechf  paintuitf."— tfiaketp.  :  Much  Ado,  111.  & 

reed,  *  rede.  *  reede,  *  reod,  «.  [A.S. 
hread;  cog.  witli  O  Sax.  Tied,  L)ut.  ritt,  ricd  ; 
O  H.  Ger  hriot ;  Ger.  riet,  ried  ;  Ir.  rnulan ; 
Gael,  ribhid.] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

L  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  8. 

"  Where  tbe  heron,  the  Shuh-shuh-eah, 
Feed*  amoug  tlic  r,,-di and  rushes*1 

Lmia/ellow.  Uitiu'iit/iit     (lutrod.) 

*  2.  An  arrow,  as  being  made  of  a  reed. 

"  When  the  Parthian  turn'd  lib  steed. 

And  from  the  hostUe  ramp  withdrew  , 
With  cruel  ikill  the  backward  rtrd 
He  tent."  Prior. 

3.  A  pastoral   pipe  ;   an   instrument  made 
of  a  reed,  with  holes  to  be  stopped  by  the 
fingers. 

M  Had  only  heard  tbe  shepherd's  r»ed, 
Nor  started  at  tbe  bugle-horn." 

Scott  :  Lay  of  the  Last  Minitrtl,  IT.  L 

4.  Straw  prepared  for  thatching ;   thatch. 
(Pro».) 

*  5.  A  measure  of  length,  sup- 
posed to  hare  been  equal  to  tea 
or  eleven  English  feet.    (Ezekiel 
xlii.  17  ) 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Comp   Anat. :  The  aboma- 
sum  01  fourth  stomach  of  rumi- 
nants    (Cassell's  Nat.  Hist  ) 

2.  Arch.  (PI.):  The  same  as 
REEDINUS  (q  v  ). 

3.  Bot. :  (1)  Tlie  genus  Arundo ; 
(2)  the  genus  Phragmites  (q.v.). 

4.  Mining :  The  tube  convey- 
ing the  train  to  the  charge  in 
the  blast-hole     Also  called  the 
spire. 

5.  Music: 

(1)  A  thin  strip  of  metal  set 
in  vibration  by  a  current  of  air , 
the   vibrations   so   caused    di- 
viding the  current  into  rapid  discontinuous 
puffs  which  produce  a  musical  sound.    The 


OKOAS   EEED. 


reed  itself  does  not  produce  the  sound,  but  is 
only  a  means  of  obtaining  the  sound  from  the 


IMEKKAN   HAB 


current  of  air  directed  against  it.    Reeds  are 
of  two  kinds,  striking  and  free.    Tlie  former 

is  that  commonly  used  in  the  organ  ; 

the  latter  in  the  harmonium. 

(2)  The    mouthpiece   of 
the  clarionet,  hautboy,  bas- 
soon, and  some  other  instru- 
ments, made  of  reed  or  cane, 
whence  the   generic   name 
has  been  extended   to  the 
reeds  of  the  organ  and  of 

the  orchestra.  cmuouBT 

(3)  A  reed-instrument. 
ft  Scripture: 

(1)  Heb.  rnj?    (qaneh),  a  generic  name  for 
•ny  reed-like  plant  or  its  cane-like  stem  (Job 
xL  21 ;  Isa.  xlii.  3.) 

(2)  Heb.  O1?3y  (agammim),  pi.  of  D3M  (ogam) 
=  a  reedy  place  (Jer.  li.  32).  The  R.  V.  renders 
it  in  the  text,  "reeds,"  and  in  the  margin, 
"  marshes  or  pools." 

If  The  paper  reed  of  Isaiah  xix.  7,  Heb. 
rrtty  (aroth),  is  not  the  papyrus,  but  is  trans- 
lated in  the  R.  V.,  "meadow." 

(S)  Or  xaAemo?  (kalamos)  =  a  generic  name 
for  a  reed  or  cane  (Matt  xi.  7,  xxvii.  30,  48 ; 
Rev.  xi.  1,  Ac.). 

7.  Weav. :  An  appurtenance  of  the  loom, 
consisting  of  two  parallel  bars  s«-t  a  frw  incites 
apart,  and  furnished  with  a  niinilierof  parallel 
slips  of  metal  or  reed,  called  dents,  between 
which  the  warp-threads  are  paused  The  reed 
is  set  in  a  swinging  frame,  called  the  lathi', 
lay,  or  batten.  In  the  hand-lathe,  the  bottom 
of  the  batten  is  furnished  with  a  shelf,  called 
the  shuttle-race,  along  which  the  shuttle  is 
driven.  The  office  of  the  reed  is  to  beat  the 


weft  up  to  the  well,  and  the  force  of  the  blow 
determines  the  compactness  of  the  fabric. 
Two  threads  of  yarn  pass  between  each  of  the 
reed-splits  or  dents.  The  number  of  dents  in 
a  reed  of  a  given  length  determines  the  fine- 
ties*  of  the  cloth. 

•I  A  briiistd  reed: 
Figuratively : 

1.  One  who  is  easily  discouraged,  or  one 
easily  injured  ;  spec.,  one  who  has  sinned  and 
may  be  driven  to  ruin  by  harsh  treatment. 

"  A  bruurd  reed  shall  he  not  break. '— /«iu»  xllL  S. 

2.  A  person   who  or  a  power  which  gives 
gives  way  when  one  leans  upon  him  or  it. 

"  Them  trusteat  upon  the  staff  ..f  this  bruiird  rttd, 
even  upon  Egypt,  on  which  if  a  uian  lean,  it  will  go 
Into  his  baud,  and  pierce  it."—*  Xingi  xviil.  JL 

reed -bird,  -. 

Ornith. :  The  Reed-bird,  Rice-bird,  or  Bob-o- 
link,  (Dolichonyroryzivorusot  Icterus acnpennit), 
a  bird  found  from  Paraguay  to  Canada,  Under 
its  title  of  Reed-bird  it  is  common  in  the  early 
autumn  in  the  Middle  Atlantic  States,  where  it 
feeds  on  the  seeds  of  the  reeds,  and  is  a  favorite 
game  bird,  forming  an  esteemed  epicurian  dish. 

reed-buck.  *. 

Z"oL  .  The  same  as  BIETBOK  (q.T.i 

reed -bunting,  e. 

Ornith.  :  Emberiza,  scKceniclus,  common  In 
swampy  places,  all  over  Europe  Length  of 
male  six  inches.  Head,  chin,  and  throat 
black  ;  belly  and  nurluil  collar  whit*  ;  upper 
surface  brownish  black,  each  feather  bor- 
dered with  bright  bay  Called  aUo  Reed- 
Sparrow. 

reed-bur,  *. 

But. :  The  genus  Sparganium. 
reed-grass,  >. 

Bot. :  (1)  The  genus  Arundo ;  (2)  the  genus 
Calamagrostis  ;  (3)  the  genus  Phalaris. 

If  Meadow  reed-gnuss  =  (1)  Glyceria  aquatica, 
•  British  grass,  and  (2)  Cinna  aruntiiiiacea, 
wild  in  the  United  States. 

reed  Instruments,  s  pL 

Music :  Oboes,  clarionets,  and  bassoons, 
with  others  of  their  class. 

reed  moth,  5. 

Entom.  Macrogaster  arundinis,  a  British 
moth,  one  of  the  Zeuzeridae. 

reed-organ, «. 

Music:  A  melodeon  or  parlour-organ.  An 
organ  whose  pipes  are  provided  with  iceds,  in 
contradistinction  to  the  flute-  or  mouth-orxan, 
wliose  pipes  have  a  lip  to  cut  the  wind  escap- 
ing through  an  aperture  in  a  diaphragm. 

reed-palms,  s.  pi. 
Bot. '.  The  genus  Calamus. 
reed-pheasant, «.    [REEDUNO.] 
reed  pipe, «. 

Music: 

1.  An  organ-pipe  in  which  the  musical  toua 
is  produced  by  the  vibration  of  a  metallic 
tongue. 

2.  A  musical  pipe  made  of  a  reed. 
reed-plane,  s. 

Join. :  A  concave-soled  plane  used  in  making 
beads. 

reed-sparrow,  *.    [REED-BUNTINO  ] 
reed-stop,  i. 

Music :  A  set  of  pipes  furnished  with  reeds, 
and  associated  with  the  flute-stops  of  an 
organ,  to  give  a  variety  to  the  effects. 

reed-thrush.  5. 

Ornith.  :  Acroctphalus  arundinaceus.  Com- 
mon in  the  south  of  Europe  and  an  occasional 
visitor  to  England.  The  adult  male  is  about 
eight  inches  long,  upper  surface  nearly  uni- 
form light  brown  ;  chin,  throat,  and  Lreut 
dirty-white.  Called  also  the  Great  Reed- 
Warbler. 

"  There  neems  no  reason  to  doubt  their  having  been 
specimen*  of  the  ....  reed-thruth.  to  uae  iu  oldext 
English  dame.--  Tarrell :  ArttitA  Birdt  (ed.  4th).  L  364. 

reed-tussock,  s. 

Entom,.  :  A  British  moth,  Orgyia  (xenon. 
reed  upon  reed,   - 
Bot. :  Calamagrostis  e/usa. 

reed- wainscot, ». 

Entom, :  A  British  night  moth,  Nonagria 
cannee. 


late,  f&t,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wit,  here,  camel,  her.  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pdt, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  whd.  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  foil ;  try,  Syrian,    so,  ce  -  e :  ey  =  a ;  QU  =  kw. 


reed   reel 


3923 


reed-warblsr,  s. 

Ornith. .  Acrocefihalus  slreperus,  a  summer 
migrant,  coming  to  Britain  late  in  April,  and 
leaving  late  in  September.  It  is  an  incessant 
songster,  and  its  notes  are  varied  and  pleasing. 
The  male  is  about  five  and  a  half  inches  lon_<, 
tipper  surface  uniform  pale  brown,  with  a  tinge 
of  chestnut;  chin,  throat,  and  belly  white. 

"  It  Is  doubtful  whether  the  Kred-ttarblrr  regularly 
extends  further  to  the  north-west  th.-m  Staffordshire 
or  Derbyshire.  .  Its  i«rtiality  for  reeds,  where 
they  exist,  and  the  habit  it  has.  in  common  with  its 
larger  congener  (the  Sedge- warbler],  of  usually  sus- 
pending it:  remarkable  nest  among  theirsteius,  make 
the  names  of  Reed  bird  or  Reed-wren,  by  which  it  U 
commonly  known,  sufficiently  applicable."—  t'arrM  ' 
Brit.  Bii-ds(ed.  4th),  L  370. 

H  Great  Reed-warbler :  [REED-THRUSH]. 
reed-wren,  s.    [REED-WARBLER  ] 

reed,  v.t.    [REED,  ».]    To  thatca  .  as,  To  reed 
a  house.     (Prov  ) 

•  reede,  *.    [REDE.] 
reed'-ed,  a.     [Eng.  reed,  ».  ,  -ed.] 

L  Covered  with  reeds  ;  reedy 

"  Where  houses  be  reeded, 
Now  pare  off  the  mass. "  Tuner     Husbandry. 

2.  Abounding  in  reeds  ;  reedy. 

3.  Formed  with  channels  and  ridge*  like 
reeds. 

*  reed'-en,  a.    [Eng.  reed,  s. ,  -en  ]    Consist- 
ing of  a  reed  or  reeds  ;  made  of  reeds. 

"  Through  reeden  pipes  convey  the  golden  flood." 
nrydeii:  Virgil  ;  Oeorgic  iv   S8S. 

•  re-ed-i-f  I-ca'-tlon,  s.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng- 
ed ification  (q.v.). ]     The  act  or  process  of  re- 
building ;  the  state  of  being  rebuilt. 

"The  toon  was  compelled  to  help  to  the  rgmti/tcotion 
of  it"— Leland:  Itinerary,  ill.  125. 

*  re-ed'-I-fy,  *  re-Sd'-I-fie,  *  re-sed-i-fle, 

v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng  edify  (q.v);  Fr 
reedifier,  Sp.  &  Port,  reedificar;  Ital.  reedifl- 
care.]  To  build  again  ;  to  rebuild. 

"  The  house  of  OIK! 
They  first  reedifg."  Milton  •  P  L..  xli.  3*0. 

reed   Ing,  s.    [Eng.  reed,  s.  ,  -ing  ] 

1.  The  nurling  on  the  edge  of  coins. 

2.  Architecture: 

(1)  A  numliei   of  semi-cylindrical    ridges, 
closely  arranged  in  para llelorde>'.>aa  designed 
for  ornament. 

(2)  A  succession  of  bead-like  ornaments. 

•reed' -less,  a.    [Eng.  reed,  s.  ,  -less.]    Desti- 
tute of  reeds. 

"  Youths  tomb'd  Iwfore  their  parents  were. 
Whom  foul  Cocy  tus'  reediest  banks  enclose." 

May. 

reed' -ling,  s.    [Eng.  reed,  s.,  and  dimin.  suff. 
-ling.] 

Ornilh  :  Pams  (Calamojihiliis)  biarmica, 
[BEARDED,  II.  1.  U.] 

"The  name  by  which  this  species  is  commonly 
known  in  the  districts  it  frequents  U  Reed  pheasant. 
Rmlling  used  for  it  by  several  autho 


tainlr  be  preferable  to  Titmouse,  had  not  some  of  the 
aquatic  war'.lers  been  " 

Bird!  (ed.  4th).  1.  622. 


r'.lers  been  also  so  called.  "-rarnll     Brit. 


reed  -ma96,  ».     [Eng.  reed,  s.,  and  mace  (2), 

(q-v.)  ] 

Sot.  •  The  genus  Typha  (q  v  ). 

reed  -jf,  a.     [Eng.  reed,  s.  ;  -y  ] 

1.  Full  of  or  abounding  in  reeds  ;  covered 
with  reeds. 

"  There  are  yet  many  quiet  reedy  pooli  in  North 
8bro|«hire."—  Field,  Dec   19,  1S8S. 

2.  Consistingof  or  resembling  a  reed  or  reeds. 

•'  Aretbusa  from  her  reetly  bed. 
Told  her  how  IMs  young  I'lroaerpi''*  h»d  rapd." 

/•hilit.i    Certalia. 

3.  A  term  applied  to  a  voice  or  a  musical 
Instrument  characterized  by  a  thin  harsh  toue, 
like  the  vibration  of  a  reed. 

reef  (1),  "riff  (1),  *.  [Dut.  rif;  cogn.  with 
loel.  rif—  a  reef,  rt/o  =  a  rift,  a  crack  ;  Dan. 
rev  =  a  reef,  revne  =  to  crack  ;  Ger.  riff.] 

1.  A  chain  or  range  of  rocks  in  the  ocean, 
tying  at  or  near  the  surface  of  the  water. 

"  How  far  the  principal  or  outer  reef  .  .  .  extends 
towards  the  north.'  —C<*,k  :  first  ruiiaae.  bk.  Ill  ,  ch.  i 

2.  A  name  given  by  Australian  miners  to  a 
gold-bearing  quartz  vein. 

reef  builders,  «.  pi. 

ZooL  .  A  popular  name  for  those  corals  hy 
which  coral-reefs  are  formed.    [CORAL-REEF  ] 

"  Even  within  the  coral-tone  the  distribution  of  the 
trf-buildrri  apiwan  tv  be  s 
Huxley:  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  167 


reef-building;,  a.  A  term  applied  to 
those  corals  by  which  caral-reefs  are  formed. 
(Nicholson  •  Palceont.,  i.  187.) 

reef  (2),  *  riff  (2),  s  [Out.  reef;  O.  Dut.  rif, 
rift,  cogn.  with  Low  Ger.  re/,  riff  -.  a  reel', 
re/en  =  to  reeve  ,  Sw.  ref=  a  reef,  refva  —  to 
reeve .  Dan.  reb  =.  a  iW,  rtbe  —  to  reeve ; 
Icel.  rif=  a  reef.] 

Naut. :  The  portion  of  a  square  sail  be- 
tween the  head  and  any  of  the  reef-lands. 
The  first  reef  in  a  square  sail  is  included  bo- 
tween  the  head  and  the  upper  reef-band  ;  the 
second  reef  between  this  and  the  next  lower 
reef-band,  and  so  on.  The  object  of  the  reef 
is  to  diminish  the  surface  of  the  sail  when  the 
wind  is  blowing  hard. 

H  Balance  reef: 

Nitut.  •  The  uppermost  or  closest  reef  ex- 
tending diagonally  upward  from  the  outer 
leech  when  close-reefed  (q.v.). 

reef  band,  5. 

Naut. :  A  strong  horizontal  strip  of  canvas 
extending  across  a  sail  at  right  angles  to  the 
lengths  of  cloth.  In  square-rigged  vessels 
there  are  four  of  these  bands  to  the  topsails, 
from  three  to  six  feet  apart,  according  to  the 
size  of  the  sail,  and  two  bands  to  the  foresail 
and  mainsail.  Fore-and-aft  sails  have  also  a 
band  extending  diagonally  upward  from  the 
outer  leech,  for  balance-reefing.  Each  band 
is  pierced  with  holes  for  the  reef-points,  by 
which  it  is  tied  to  the  yard  in  shortening  sail. 

reef-cringle,  s.    [CRINOLE,  2.] 
reef  earings,  s.  pi.    [EARINO,  «.] 
reef-knot,  s. 

Naut  :  A  knot  formed  by  passing  the  ends 
of  the  two  parts  of  one  rope  through  the  loop 
formed  by  another  whose  two  ends  are  simi- 
larly passed  through  a  loop  on  the  first ;  the 
two  parts  of  one  rope  are  passed  above,  and 
of  the  other  below  the  loop  through  which 
they  are  inserted.  A  longitudinal  pull  tightens 
the  knot,  which  can  only  be  untied  by  push- 
ing the  loops  in  opposite  directions. 

reef-line,  - . 

Naut. :  A  line  formerly  used  in  reefing.  It 
passes  spirally  around  the  yard,  and  through 
the  eyelets  in  the  reef-band  successively,  so 
as  to  draw  the  latter  up  to  the  yard  when  the 
line  is  hauled  upon. 

reef-pendant, *. 

Naut. :  A  tackle  by  which  the  after  leech 
of  a  fore-and-aft  sail  is  drawn  down  to  the 
boom  in  reefing 

reef-point,  i. 

Naut. :  One  of  the  flat  pieces  of  braided  cord 
attached  by  eyelets  to  the  reef-l>and,  and  used 
to  tie  the  sail  to  the  yard  when  reefing. 

"  No  frozen  reef-paintt,  no  obligation  to  climb  the 
ngcing  glazed  with  ice  to  put  the  ship  under  clone- 
ree.ed  canvas."— Daily  Telegraph,  Dec.  22,  188& 

reef  tac!ile,  $. 

Knut.  :  A  tackle  by  which  the  reef-cringles 
are  drawn  up  to  the  yard  for  reefing. 

reef,  '  riff,  r.t.    [REEF  (2),  *.] 

Naut.  :  To  take  a  reef  or  reefs  in ;  to  re- 
duce or  contract  the  extent  of  a  sail  by  roll- 
ing or  folding  a  certain  portion  of  it  and 
making  it  fast  to  the  yard.  Fore-and-aft  sails 
are  reefed  from  the  foot,  the  first  reef  being 
the  lowest.  In  the  ordinary  process  of  reefing 
square  sails,  the  seamen  ascend  the  rigging 
and  lie  out  on  the  yard,  standing  on  the 
horses  or  foot-ropes  while  they  gather  in  and 
secure  the  hauled-np  portion  of  the  sail.  To 
obviate  the  necessity  for  this  dangerous  opera- 
tion, which  is  a  fruitful  source  of  accident, 
many  ships  are  now  furnished  with  apparatus 
by  which  the  sails  can  be  reefed  from  the  deck. 

"  '  Reef  top-sails,  reef  I'  the  muter  calls  again." 
Falconer :  Shiptrreclt.  11. 

U  (1)  The  bowsprit  of  a  cutter  or  of  a  ship- 
of-war  with  a  ram-bow  is  said  to  reef  when  it 
is  run-in  or  shortened  by  sliding  in-board. 

(2)  Reefing  the  paddles  in  steamships  is 
effected  by  disconnecting  the  float-boards 
from  the  paddle-arms,  and  bolting  them  again 
nearer  the  centre  of  the  wheel,  to  diminish 
the  dip  when  the  vessel  is  deep. 

reef-er.  *.     [Eng.  reef,  v. ;  -tr.] 

1.  One  who  reefs  sails  ;  ip««if.,  a»pli*4  t* 
midshipmen,  because  they  attended  in  the 
top*  during  the  o)<eration  of  rMflmg.    (tmyth.) 

2.  A  reefing- jacket  («..  v.). 


reef -Ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.     [CEET,  r.J 
reenns?  jacket. ». 

Naut.  :  A  close-fitting  jacket  or  short  coal 
made  of  strong  heavy  cloth. 

'-y,  a.    [Bug.  reef(\),  a.  ;  -y.]    Full  of,  or 
abounding  in  reefs  or  rocks  :  as,  a  reefy  coast. 

reek  (1),  *rehe,  s.  [A.S.  rec;  cogn.  with  O. 
Fris.  rek;  Ic-d.  rrykr;  Dut.  &  Low  Ger.  root; 
Dan.  rog ;  Sw.  rol.- ;  Ger.  raueh ;  Lith.  rnki* 
=  smoke  ;  IreL  rot,  rokr=  vapour.]  Smoke, 
vai-our,  steam,  exhalation,  fume. 

"  For  the  very  blue  rwt  that  came  out  of  the  lam- 
h'-ad  put  me  in  luiml  of  the  change."— Scott :  Ue.trt  if 
UidloOuan,  ch.  x»vii. 

reek  (2),  *.     [A.S.  hreac.]    A  rick  of  hay,  Ac. 

"  The  covered  reek,  much  In  use  westward,  must 
Deeds  prove  nf  treat  advantage  in  wet  harvecU."— 
Mortimer :  Uaibaiidry. 

reek  (3),  relk,  *.  [A.8.  recan  =  to  hurry,  to 
drive.)  A  coarse  exploit,  adventure,  or  frolic. 
(Scotch.) 


t  reek  (4),  reet,  ».    [REAK  (1),  REATB,  REET.| 
Hot.  (/'/.):  The  Confervacese. 

reek.  Teke,  r.i.  [A.S.  recan.  redout ;  cogn. 
with  Icel.  reykjn  ;  O.  H.  Ger.  rouclian ;  Dut. 
rooken ;  Dan.  ro-je ;  Sw.  roka,  ryka ;  Ger. 
raiichen.]  To  smoke  ;  to  emit  vapour,  smoke, 
or  steam  ;  to  steam. 

"  Her  face  doth  reek  and  smoke.* 

Slvtkttp.  :  fenut  t  Adonit,  U*. 

reek'  jf,  *reek-ie.  a.  [Eng.  reek  (1),  a.; 
-y,  -ie.] 

1.  Smoky,  smoking;  emitting  vapour. 
"  Gaze  abroad  on  reek*  fen." 

-Scv.rt  ;  Xarmi.,n.  T.    (In trod.) 

*2.  Filthy,  dirty,  foul,  squalid. 

"  With  reek.it  shanks  and  yellow  chnplen  skull*.'       ' 
&iake*ii. :  llomeo  i  Juliet,  IT.  L 

IT  Auld  Reekie :  A  familiar  name  for  Edin- 
burgh. 

reel  (l),  *rele,  *reele,  «.    [A.S.  hreoi.  r»A 

=  a  reel ;  cogu.  with  I<*1.  hroell,  rirll  =  a 
weaver's  rod  or  sley ;  Gael,  ruidhil  =  a  reel  for 
winding  yarn  on.]  [KoLL,  *.] 

1.  A  revolving  contrivance  on  which  fibre, 
thread,  cord,  rope,  fabric,  Ac.,  are  wound,  to 
form  them  into  hanks  or  skeins,  and  for  various 
other  purposes  ;  applied  to  : 

(1)  Agric. :   A  device   having  radial  arms 
carrying  horizontal  slats,  and  rotated  by  gear 
or  pulley  connected  with  the  axle  of  a  har- 
vester, for  pressing  backward  and  holding  the 
stalks  of  grain  in  position  for  being  severed 
by  the  knives. 

(2)  Angling:  A  skeleton  barrel  attached  to 
the  butt  of  a  fishing-rod,  around  which  the 
inner  end  of  the  line  is  wound,  and  from 
which  it  is  payed  out  as  the  fish  runs  off  with 
the  bait,  and  is  gradually  wound  in  again  as 
his  struggles  becomes  less  violent,  bringing 
him  to  land  or  to  the  landing-net. 

(3)  Baking  :  A  cylinder  with  radial  arms  ro- 
tating in  a  heated  chaml>er,  carrying  pans  it 
which  loaves  of  bread  are  placed  for  baking 
in  the  reel-oven. 

(4)  Cutton-machinery :  A  machine  on  which 
cotton  is  wound,  making  hanks  of  thread, 
each  840  yards  in  length. 

(5)  Domestic :  A  spool  or  bobbin  of  wood  on 
which  cotton,  thread,  silk,  ic.,  is  wound  for 
use  in  sewing. 

(6)  Milling:  The  barrel  or  drum  on  which 
the  bolting  cloth  is  fastened. 

(7)  Naut. :  A  revolving  frame  to  hold  a  line 
or  cord,  as  :  (Ji)  The  log-reel  ;  (6)  the  deep  sea- 
reel  ;  and  (c)  the  spun-yarn  reel,  &c. 

(8)  Rope-making  :  Spun-yarns  are  wound  on 
a  reel  preparatory  to  tarring  or  laying  up  into 
strands  as  the  twisting  of  each  length  is  com- 
pleted. 

(9)  Silk:  The  revolving  frame  on  which  silk 
is  wound  from  the  cocoons,  or  yarn  is  wound 
off  from    the   spindle   of    a   hand-spinning 
machine,  and  reeled  into  cuts  or  hanks. 

(10)  Teleg. :  A  barrel  on  which  the  strip  of 
paper  for  receiving  the  message  Is  wound  in 
a  recording  telegraph. 

2.  A   stagger,  or  staggering  motion,  lika 
that  of  a  drunken  man. 

^  Off  the  reel :  One  after  another  without  a 
break  ;  in  uninterrupted  succession. 

Wln»luit  thrae  unXMriM  tff  UU  rteL'—ttaOy  M» 
26.  MM. 


boil,  bdjr,  pout,  jowl;  eat,  cell,  chorus,  fhin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    -inc. 
-«ian,  -tian  -  ahan.     tion,    sion  =  shun ;  -flon,   fion  =  zhua.    -clous,  -ttous.    sious  =  shus.   -ble,  -die,  i  c.  =  bel.  del. 


3924 


reel— reenteringf 


reel  and  bead.  *. 

Arch. :  A  kind  of  enriched  moulding  much 
used  in  Greek  aud  Roman  architecture,  and, 
with  various  modifications,  in  other  styles. 
It  consists  of  a  series  of  liodies  resembling 
reels,  or  spindles,  and  beads,  or  pearls,  follow- 
ing  each  other  alternately,  and  may  be 
arranged  in  straight  or  curved  lines. 

reel-cotton, ».  Sewing-cotton  wound  on 
reels  or  spools,  not  made  up  into  balls,  skeins, 
or  the  like. 

reel  oven,  ».  A  baker's  oven  in  which 
the  bread  puns  are  swung  on  the  horizontal 
arms  of  a  rotating  reel. 

•reel-pot,  s.     A  drunkard.    (Middleton.) 

reel-rail,  adv.  In  a  confused  manner. 
(Scotch.) 

reel-stand,  s.  A  holder  of  thread  reels 
for  ladies'  use  in  sewing. 

reel  (2).  «  relll,  *.    [Gael.  rigMl  =  a  reel] 
Music: 

1.  A  lively  rustic  dance,  peculiar  to  Scot- 
land, in  which  the  couples  sometimes  swing 
or  whirl  round,  and  sometimes  pass,  forming 
the  figure  8. 

2.  The  music  for  such  a  dance,  generally 
written  in  common  time,  but  sometimes  in 
jig  time  of  six  quavers  to  a  bar. 

"  And  the  piper  blew  a  gamesome  reel." 
Blackie:  La  ft  of  Highland!  i  litandt,  p.  T*. 

reel  (1),  *  reele,  Teile,  Tele,  v.i.  &  t. 
(KEEL(I),  «.] 

A.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  wind,  as  thread,  a  line,  &c.,  upon  a 
reel. 

"  Reeling  up,  I  tat  down  by  the  fence  again.*— Field, 
Jan.  30,  1886. 

2.  To  stagger  ;  to  sway  in  walking  from  one 
side  to  the  other.    (Psalm  cvii.  27.) 

3.  To  whirl ;  to  have  a  whirling  or  giddy 
motion  ;  to  be  giddy. 

"  Reeled  tool  and  sense,  reeled  brain  and  eye." 

Scott :  Lady  of  the  Lake,  v.  1«. 

4.  To  be  strongly  affected,  so  as  almost  to 
jjve  way ;  to  stagger. 

"  France  reeled  under  the  burden  of  the  war."— 
Bolinghroke :  Slate  of  Europe,  let  Till. 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  wind  on  a  reeL 

*  2.  To  cause  to  reel  or  shake ;  to  shake. 

"  Shake  our  hope*. 
Which  now  this  blaste  doth  reele." 

It,  it  m  :  Must*'  Tear  a.  p.  8. 

reel  (2),  v.i.  [REEL  (2),  ».]  To  perform  the 
dance  called  a  reel ;  to  dance  a  reeL 

re-e-lect',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  elect 
(q.v.).]  To  elect  again  or  a  second  time. 

"  The  expulsion  of  a  member  create*  in  him  such  an 
Ineaiocity  to  b*  reelected." — Juniui :  Letter  xvi. 

re-e  lec'-tion, ».  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  election 
(q.v.).]  The  act  of  reeleoting ;  the  state  of 
being  reelected. 

"  From  the  permission  of  a  reelection."— Johnton  : 
faUe  Alarm. 

reel'-er,  s.    [Eng.  reel  (1),  s. ;  -er.] 

Ornith. :  Acrocephalut  nveviui,  the  Grass- 
hopper Warbler. 

"  In  the  more  marshy  part*  of  England  .  .  .  this 
bird  has  long  been  known  a*  the  Heeler— from  the 
reeemblam-e  of  it*  song  to  the  noise  of  the  reel  used, 
even  at  the  beginning  of  the  present  century,  by  the 
hand-spinners  of  wool.  Bat  this  kind  of  reel  being 
now  dumb,  in  *uch  district*  the  country-folk*  of  the 
present  day  connect  the  name  with  the  reel  nsrd  by 
fishermen.  -  farrell :  Brituh  Birdt  led.  4th).  i.  S85. 

re-el'-e'-vate,    v.t.     [Pref.    re-,    and    Eng. 
elevate  (q.v.).]    To  elevate  again  or  anew. 


tf.  *.     [  Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
(q.v.).]      The  quality  or  state  of 
being  eligible  for  reelection. 


a.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
eligible  (q.v.X]  Capable  of  being  reelected  to 
the  name  office  or  position. 

reem,  «.  [Heb.  D»n  (rlem),  D>n  (reeym), 
^Kreym)  .'  Sept  Or.  ^ov6ntp**f  (monokerds)  = 
a  unicorn.] 

Scrip.  Zool.  :  Bo*  primigenivs.  In  the  A.  V. 
the  influence  of  the  Septuagint  has  prevailed, 
and  the  word  is  translated  unicorn,  but 
erroneously  as  the  mention  of  two  horns  on 
one  reem  (Dent,  xxxiii.  17)  proves.  The  word 
unicorn  has  disappeared  from  the  R.  V.,  wild 
ox  bein;  substituted  for  it;  but  in  Numb.  | 


xxiii.  22,  the  alternative  rendering  ox-antelope 
(Wry*  leucoryx)  is  given  in  thu  margin.  Young 
(Parnphrase  of  Job,  241)  transliterates  the 
Hebrew  word.  [AUKOClis.] 

"  The  Identification  of  the  Hebrew  reem  with  the 
wild  ox  (B'M  urtmigeniut)  it  one  of  the  uuoat  certain  of 

511  Bible  aiiluml  names.  It  rest*  on  philoli/tfical  evi. 
enoa,  for  the  Assyrian  rtmu  clearly  denote*  thi* 
tune  wild  bovine  ;  ou  pictorial  evidence,  for  the  As- 
lyrlan  monuiuenU  depict  it  admirably  ;  ou  palaeonto. 
logical  evidence,  for  the  bone  breccia  of  the  lx.-l.anun 
has  revealed  the  teeth  of  this  once  coinuiou  wild  ox 
of  Palestine  and  the  adjacent  countries  ;  on  historical 
evidence  as  a  definite  inhabitant  of  Palestine,  .or  a 
hunting  record  of  Tiglath-Fileser  I.  informs  us  that 
this  monarch  slew  some  of  theae  wild  rtmu  '  ii.  the 
country  of  the  Hittite*  and  at  the  foot  of  Lelutnon.' 
the  exact  spot  where  iu  teeth  liave  bern  discovered ; 
on  ideographic  evidence,  for  the  Accadiau  chancier 
1*  a  pictorial  or  hieroglyphic  figure  of  an  ox'*  head 
while  all  the  references  iu  the  Biul*  are  exactly  suited 
to  this  large  and  fierce  wild  ox."—  IV.  Boughton,  in 
Academy,  April  24,  isas,  p.  a..i 

reem,  v.t.    [REAM,  v.] 

re  cm-bark',  v.t.  &  i.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
embark  (q.v.) J 

A.  Tram. :  To  embark  or  put  on  board 
again. 

"  The  whole  army  being  rremtarked."  —  BrWiam  • 
ffiit.  areat  Britain  (George  III.). 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  embark  or  go  on  board 
again. 

"  We  reembarked  in  our  boat."— Cot* .-  Firit  Totafft, 
ToL  ii,  ch.  v. 

re-em  bar  ka  tUm,  *.  [Pref.  re-,  and 
Eng.  embarkation  (q.v.).l  The  act  of  re- 
emltarking  ;  a  putting  on  board  or  a  going  on 
board  a  second  time. 

*  re -em -bit   tie,   *ri  im-tftt'-tle.  r.t. 

[Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  embattle  (q.v.).J  To 
arrange  or  draw  up  again  in  order  of  battle  ; 
to  array  again  for  battle. 

"  They  .  .  .  aspiring  to  hi*  nighth, 
Stood  retmbattell'd.          UMon :  f.  L.,  ri.  134. 

*  ri-e'm-bSd'-jf,   v.t.      [Pref.   re-,  and   Eng. 
embody  (q.v.).]    To  embody  again  or  anew. 

*  re  em-brace',  v.t.  or  i.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
embrace,  v.  (q.v.).]    To  embrace  again  or  anew. 

"  To  reembrace  iu  ecstasies,  at  eve." 

fouag :  Night  Thought*,  T. 

*r«-»-merge',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
emerge  (o.  v.).  j  To  emerge  after  being  plunged, 
obscured,  or  overwhelmed. 

*  re-S-meV-gence,  s.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
emergence  (q.v.).]     The  act  of  emerging  again  ; 
a  new  or  fresh  emergence. 

re-en-aet',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  enact 
(q.v.).]  To  enact  again  or  anew. 

"The  construction  of  ship*  was  forbidden  to  sena- 
tors, by  a  law  made  by  Claudius  the  tribune,  and  re- 
enacted  by  the  Julian  l»w."— ArbiUhnot:  On  Coini. 

*re  en-ae'-tiwn,  ».  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
enaction,  (q.v.).]  The  act  of  reenacting ;  re- 
enactment 

re-en  act' -me'nt,  s.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
enactment  (q.v.).]  The  act  of  reenacting  ;  the 
state  of  beiii^  reenacted  ;  the  renewal  or  fresh 
enactment  of  a  law. 

*re  en  coHn  t«r,  t.(.    [RENCOUNTER.] 

*  re  on  cour   age  (ag«  as  ig),  r.t.    [Pref. 
re-,  and  Eng.  encourage  (q.v.).]     To  encourage 
again,  to  reanimate,  to  give  fresh  courage  to. 

*  re  6n  eour   age  m*mt  (ftge  as  IftX   s. 
[Pref.   re-,   and    Eng.    encouragement  '(q.v.).] 
Renewed  or  fresh  encouragement. 

"  Bnt,  O  (my  Wernoek)  how  am  I  to  the* 
Obligen,  for  thy  keene  rcmcattrairrnenti.*' 

Bravme  :  ffUlie  i  fild  WernocJt. 


',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  endow 
(q.v.).]  To  endow  again  ;  to  give  a  fresh  en- 
dowment to. 

*  re  6n  ner9e',  *  rea-flerse,  v.t.  [Pref. 
re-,  and  Eng.  fierce  (q.v.).]  To  make  fierce 
again  ;  to  make  fiercer. 

"  Whereat  render*  with  wrath  and  sharp  regret* 
tpmter :  F.  ^  H.  vlii.  4S. 

"re-in-force',  "re'n-fdrce'.r.t.  [Pref.  re-, 
and  Eng.  enforce  (q.v.).]  To  reinforce  (q.v.y. 

"  Reenfon-e  their  courage,  with  their  might" 

l>ranton  :  Battle  of  Afincourt. 

*rt-in-fb'rce'-mgnt,  *.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
enforcement  (q.v.).]  The  act  of  reenforcing  or 
strengthening  anew ;  supply  of  new  or  fresh 
force  or  strength  ;  reinforcement. 

"  If  a*t«  we  Dlomed 
To  rtenfirrvmtnt,  or  we  perish  all." 

Shaketp. :  TroUui  i  Cntttda.  T.  (. 


re  en  gage',  v.t.  *  i  [Tret  re-,  aud  Eng. 
engage  (q.v.).] 

A.  Transitive  : 

1.  To  engage  again  er  a  second  time  ;  to 
make  8  new  or  fresh  engagement  wrh. 

2,  To  engage  again  in  battle. 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  enter  into  a  fresh  engagement  or  covft. 
naut  to  enlist  again. 

"  It  put  him  in  so  fierce  a  rage, 
He  once  resolved  to  rfenyt'ie" 

Butler  :  lludibrat.  lit  K 

2.  To  engage  again  in  battle. 

r«  -m  gig*  ment,  s.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
engagement  (q.v.).]  The  act  of  reengaging; 
the  state  of  being  reengaged  ;  a  renewed  or 
fresh  engagement. 

roea  grave  ,  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  en. 
grave  (q.v.).]  To  engrave  again  or  anew. 


',  v.t.     [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  enjof 
(q.v.).]    To  enjoy  again  or  anew. 

*  r«  en  joy  -ment,  s.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
enjoyment  (q.v.).]    The    act  or    state   of  re- 
enjoying  ;  renewed  enjoyment 

*  r.  en  ki»   die.  •  r«  In  kin   die.  ,:t.  *  <. 
[Pref.  re-,  and  Kug.  enkindle  (q.v.).'] 

A.  Trans.  :  To  kindle  again  or  afresh  ;  to 
rekindle. 

"  Dispotltiona  to  virtn*  and  divine  love  rrinlcindled 
In  them."—  WmnviU  :  frt-exatenct  of  Soult.  ch.  xiv. 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  kindle  again  ;  to  take  fire 
again. 

"  For  »o  a  taper,  wkea  it*  crown  of  flam*  I*  newly 
blowae  off.  it  will  with  greediness  rei>if.incUi."—Hp. 
Taylor  :  Holy  nyiny,  ch.  B.,  |  ». 

rs  •»  li*t  ,  v.t.  or  i.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  enlitt 
(q.v.).]    To  enlist  again  or  a  second  time. 


list  -Btimt,  s.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
enlistment  (q.v.).]  The  act  of  reenlisting;  a 
renewed  or  repeated  enlistment 

r«  «n-BliiT.',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  enslavt 
(q.v.).]  To  enslave  again  ;  to  make  slave* 
again. 

*  r«  in-Btaimp  ,  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
stamp  (q.v.).]  To  stamp  again  or  afresh. 

ri-wJa  -tir,  v.t.  &  i.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  enter 
(q.v.).] 

A.  Trans.  :  To  enter  again  ;  to  go  or  come 
into  again. 

"  Th«  Teaeher  reentered  th*  i-hancel." 

Longfrllnw  :  Children  of  the  Lorft  Supper. 

X.  Intransitive  : 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  To  enter  again  or  a  second 
time. 

"  That  glory  b*  had  before  the  world  wa>.  and  lot* 
which  he  rtrntered  after  his  passion  aud  ascension."— 
Wanrlarut  :  Workt.  iv.  M. 

2.  Engr.  :  To  cut  deeper,  as  the  lines  of  a 
plate,  which  the  aquafortis  has  not  bitten 
sufficiently,  or  which  have  become  worn  by 
wear. 

ra  *n  -t«r  Ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  i.   [REENTEK.] 

A.  k  B.  At  pr.  par.  *t  particip.  adj.  :  (Bet 
the  verb). 

C.  As  substantive: 

i  Ord.  Lung.  :  The  act  of  entering  again  or 
anew  ;  reentry. 

JL  Technically  : 

1.  Calico-printing:  [GROUNDiNO-iN]. 

J.  Engr.  :  The  deepening  of  lines  by  agraver, 
either  in  repairing  a  plate  or  for  perfecting  an 
etching. 


An  angle  pointed  inward 
(o);  specif.,  in  fortification, 
an  angle  pointed  towards 
the  defended  place. 

U  Reentering  angle  of  a 
polyrjrm  :  An  interior  angle 
greater  than  two  right  an- 
gles. 

REENTERINO- 

reenterlng  polygon,          ANGLE. 

i.  A  polygon  containing  one 
or  more  reentering  angles.  The  term  reenter- 
ing  stands  opposed  to  salient  It  is  a  pro- 
perty of  a  salient  polygon  that  no  straight 
fine  can  be  drawn  which  will  cut  the  peri- 
meter In  more  than  two  points  ;  whilst  in 
a  reentering  polygon  such  line  may  cut  it  in 
more  than  two  points. 


f&te,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  w6t,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine;  go,  pot. 
or  wore.  w>lf,  work,  who,  sin;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cor,  rule,  fall;  try.  Syrian.    s»,  o>  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


reenthrone— refer 


3925 


•  re  -  en  -  throne',    *  re  -  In  -  throne',  v.  t. 

[Pref.  re-,  ami  Eng.  enthrone  (q.v.).]     To  en- 
throne again  ;  to  replace  on  a  throne. 

"Him  they  reinthron'o."    Drat/ton  :  Poly-Olbion,  a.  8. 

•  ri  en  throne  -mdnt,  *  re  in  throne  - 
ment,  s.     [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  enthronement 
(q.v.).  J   The  act  of  reenthroning  ;  the  state  of 
being  reenthroned. 

•  re-en-thron   ize.  *  re  in  thron  ize, 
v.t.     [Pref.  re-,  and  Eug.  entkrvnize  (q.v.).J 
To  reenthrone. 

nize."—ffoitrJl  : 

•  re-£n-ti$e',  *  re-In-tise',  v.t.    [Pref.  re-, 
and  Eng.  entice  (q.v.).]    To  entice,  allure,  or 
tempt  again. 

"  And  reintlit  the  club-dog  Dys." 
Warner:  Albion*  England,  bk.  T.,  ch.  Tiri. 

re-en  -tran9e,  «.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  en- 
trance, s.  (q.v.).]  The  act  of  reenteriug  ;  a 
reentry. 

"  The  pores  of  the  brain  .  .  .  are  more  easily  opened 

to  the  spirits  which  demand  reentrant*."—  OlanriU  : 
TanUy  of  Doymatizimg,  ch.  iv. 

re-en'  -trant,  o.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  entrant 
(q.v.).]  The  same  as  REENTERING  (q.v.). 

re-e'ri'-trjf,  *  re-en-trie,  *.  [Pref.  «-,  and 
Eng.  entry  (q.v.  ).^ 

1.  Ord.   Lang.  :   The  act  of  reentering  ;  a 
new  or  first  entry. 

"  Tet  hath  the  Blare  made  a  rrtntry." 

Barry:  Ran  Alley.  !»•  1. 

2.  Law:  The  resuming,  retaking,  or  reenter- 
ing into  possession  of  lands  lately  lost 

IT  Proviso  for  reentry  : 

Law:  A  clause  usually  inserted  in  leases, 
&o.,  that  npou  non-payment  of  rent,  &c.,  the 
term  shall  cease. 

•re-Sn-verse',  v.t.    [RENVERSE.]  To  reverse. 

"  Keemerting  hi*  name.*—  Dmnt  :  Pteudo-  Martyr, 
p.  374. 

reep  -erf,  ».  pi.  [Mahratta  reep  =  a  lath,  lath- 
work.]  Laths  or  longitudinal  sections  of  the 
Palmyra  palm,  used  in  the  East  for  building. 


.  v.t.     [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  erect,  v. 
(q.v.).]  To  erect  again  or  anew  ;  to  raise  again. 

"  May  find  a  nieanes  to  reereet  my  state." 

Stirling:  Aurora. 

"  reeV  -mouse,  s.    [REREMOUSE.] 

reesk,  &  [Gael,  riasg  =  coarse  mountain  grass, 
a  moor,  a  marsh.] 

L  A  kind  of  coarse  grass. 

2.  Waste  land  yielding  only  coarse  grass  ;  a 
marshy  place.  (Scotch.) 

reest,  r.t.  &  t.    [REST,  v.] 

A.  Intrant.  :  To  stand  stubbornly  still  ;  to 
be  restive.    (Scotch.) 

*'  In  cart  or  car  thou  never  rerttit." 

Burnt:  The  Autd  Farmer  to  Hit  Hurt. 

B.  Trans.  :  To  arrest,  to  stop  ;  to  cause  to 
stand  still  suddenly.    (Scotch.) 

re-es  tab'-Ush,  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
establish  (q.v.).]  To  establish  anew. 

"  Their  close  deaigue  of  retitabluhinff  popery."  — 
frynne  :  Treachery  t  Dittoyalty,  jit  L.  p.  6. 

re-es-t&b  lish-er,  s.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
establisher  (q.v.).]  One  who  reestablishes. 

"  Restorers  of  virtue,  and  ruettablithtrt  of  a  happy 
world."—  Sandyt  :  State  of  Ktlvjion. 

re  es-tab  Hsh  ment,  «.  [Pref.  re-,  and 
Bug.  establishment  (q.v.).]  The  act  of  re- 
establishing ;  the  state  of  being  reestablished  ; 
restoration. 

"  The  reettabtithmtnt  of  the  old  eeclMlaitlcal  iys- 
t*m."—Macaulay:  Sitt.  Eng.,  ch.  11. 

•  re  eVtate  ,  r.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  estate 
(q.v.).]  To  reestablish,  to  reinstate. 

"  Had  there  not  been  a  degeneration  from  what  God 
made  us  at  first,  there  had  been  no  need  of  a  re- 
generation to  rer«  »(•  us  lo  It"—  Waliit  :  TwoStrmont, 

P.M. 

reest  ed,  recst  It,  a.  [Cf.  Dan.  ritte  =  to 
broil,  to  smoke.]  Dried  in  smoke  or  In  the 
sun  ;  singed,  withered.  (Scotch.) 

reeve  (I),  *.  (A.S.  girefa  =  a  steward.) 
[GRIEVE,  $,] 

*  1.  A  bailiff,  a  steward  ;  a  peace  officer. 
The  word  still  survives  in  some  compounds, 
as  sheriff  (that  is,  the  shire-reew),  borough- 
neve,  port-reeve,  &c. 

2.  A  foreman  in  a  coal  mine.    (Prtv.) 


reeve  (1),  s.    [Rutr  (1),  «•] 

Ornith. :  A  bird,  the  female  of  the  Ruff 

(q.v.X 
reeve  (IX  v.t.  ft  I.    [REEF  (2),  v .] 

Naut. :  To  pass  the  end  (of  a  rope)  through 
any  hole  in  a  block,  thimble,  cleat,  ring-bolt, 
cringle,  4c. ;  to  run  or  pass  through  such  a 
hole. 

"  Reeving  new  ropes,  and  bending  fresh  sails." — 
Caueltt  Saturday  Journal,  Sept  la,  1845.  p.  MS. 

reeve  (2),  v.t.    [REAVE.] 

Reeves,  «.  [John  Reeves,  Esq.,  of  Canton 
(Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1833,  p.  77  ;  cf.  P.  2.  S., 
1838,  p.  105.)]  (See  compounds.) 

Reeves's  muntjac,  s. 

Zool. :  Cervulus  reevesii.     [MuNTJAC.] 
Reeves's  pheasant,  -•. 

Ornith. :  Phasianus  reevesii,  a  native  of 
China,  remarkable  for  its  long  banded  tail, 
which  often  exceeds  five  feet  in  length. 

*  re-ex  am  In-a-ble,  a.      [Pref.  re-,  and 
Eng.   examinable   (q.v.).]      Capable  of  being 
reexamined  or  reconsidered  ;  capable  of  or 
liable  to  reexamination. 

re-Sx-ani  In-a'-tion,  *.  [Pref.  re-,  and 
Eng.  examination  (q.v.).]  A  renewed  or  re- 
peated examination ;  sj>ecif.,  in  law,  the 
examination  of  a  witness  after  he  has  been 
cross-examined. 

re-£x-am'-Ine,  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
examine  (q.v.).]  To  examine  again  or  anew. 

>re  duly  your 

re  ex-change',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  ex- 
change, v.  (q.v.).]  To  exchange  again  or  anew. 

re-exchange',  s.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  ex- 
change, s.  (q.v.).] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  renewed  exchange. 

2.  Comm.:  The  difference  in  the  value  of  a 
bill  of  exchange  occasioned  by  its  being  dis- 
honoured in  a  foreign  country  in  which  it  was 
payable.     The  existence  and  the  amount  of  it 
depend  on  the  rate  of  exchange  between  the 
two  coun  tries.    (  Wharton,) 

re-Sx-hlb'-It,  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  ex- 
hibit, v.  (q.v.).]  To  exhibit  again  or  anew. 

re-e'x-peT,  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  expel 
(q.v.).J  To  expel  again. 

*  re-e'x-per'-i'-ence,  >.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
experience  (q.v.).]     Renewed  or  repeated  ex- 
perience. 

*  re-Sx-per'-I-ence,  t'.t.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 

experience,  v.  (q.v.).]    To  experience  again  or 
anew. 

re-ex-port',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  export,  v. 
(q.v.).]  To  export  again  ;  to  export  after 
having  been  imported. 

"  Annually  rrexported  from  Great  Britain."— Smith  : 
Wealth  of  .Vattnu,  bk.  iv. ,  ch.  vii. 

re-ex'-pbrt,  *.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  export,  s. 
(q.v.).j  Any  commodity  rcexported. 

re-Sx-pbrt  a  tion,  ».  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
exj>  .rtation  (q.v.).]  The  act  of  reexporting 
goods  which  have  oeen  imported. 

"  Allowing  the  same  drawbacks  upon  the  reexporta- 
tion of  the  greater  iwrt  of  Euiopean  and  Enst  Indian 
foods  to  the  colonies,  as  upon  their  rtrxportatiun  to 
auy  independent  country."— Smith :  Wealth  tffXittiont, 
bk.lv..  cV.  vii. 

re-ex-pnl'-sion,  ».  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  ex- 
pulsion (q.v.).]  The,  a<:t  of  reexpelling ;  the 
state  of  l«ing  reexpelled. 

re  6x-t<5nt',  s.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  extent 

(q.v.).] 

Law:  A  second  extent  on  lands  or  tene- 
ments, on  complaint  that  the  former  was 
partially  made,  &c.  [EXTENT.] 

reezed,  reized.  a.    [Cf.  nuty  and  reested.] 
L  Rusty,  resty. 

"  Ketted  tiacoii  soords  shall  fea«t«  his  family," 

Bf.  Bali :  Satiret,  Ir.  1 

•  2.  Scorched,  fried. 


re  fao'-tion,  «.    [Pre^.  re-,  and  Eng./ic<ioi» 
(q.v.X]    Retribution,  satisfaction. 

"  Commandsd  to  require  n  faction  and  satisfaction." 
—Bowttt  :  Dodona'i  <iro*e,  ,,.  11*. 


re  fft»h  -ion,  v.t.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Bng. 
v.   (q.v.).]     To    fashion    anew ;    to  lorm  or 
mould  into  shape  again  or  anew. 

*  re  fash -ion-ment,  *.     [Eng.   refashion; 
-ment.]    The  act  of  refashioning  or  forming 
again  or  anew. 

re-fas' -ten  (I  silentX  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
fasten.]  To  fasten  again. 

ref  dansk  -ite,  «.  [After  the  Refdansk  mine, 
Urals,  where  found  ;  suff.  -it«  (.Win.) ;  Russ. 
&  Ger.  rewdanskit.] 

Min. :  An  earthy,  pulverulent  substance 
related  to  serpentine,  the  magnesia  constit- 
uent partly  replaced  by  the  protoxides  of 
iron  and  nickel. 

*  rS-lScf ,  v.t.    [REFECT,  a.]    To  refresh  ;  to 
restore  after  hunger  or  fatigue ;  to  rej*ir,  to 
reinvigorate. 

"  I  rr/eet  myself  inwardly  with  my  first  Russian 
dinner.'  —ft  A.  Sola :  A  Journey  Due  forth  (ISM),  p.  17. 

*  re-fect',  o.    [Lat  refectus,  pa.  par.  of  reficio : 
re-  =  again,  and  facio  =  to  make.]    Refreshed, 
restored,  recovered,  reinvigorated. 

"  Whan  thou  art  wel  refreshed  and  rrfnt,  thou  shall 
be  more  stedfaite,"— Chaucer :  Boeciut,  bk.  T. 

re-fee  -tion,  ».  [Fr.,  from  Ijtt.  refectionem, 
accus.  of  refect io  =  a  making  again,  a  refresh- 
ing, from  refectus  =  refreshed,  refect  (q.v.); 
8p.  refeccion ;  Ital.  refezione.] 

1.  Refreshment  after  hunger   or   fatigue; 
that  which  refreshes  or  reinvigorates. 

2.  In  religious  houses,  a  spare  or  scant  meal 
or  repast ;  a  meal  sufficient  only  to  maintain 
life. 

*  3.  Reparation  of  a  building.     (Cttrif  Lav.) 

*  rS-fSc'-tlve,  a.  &  «.    (Eng.  refect ;  -ive.] 

A.  As  adj. :    Refreshing,    restoring,   rein- 
vigorating. 

B.  As   subst.  :    That    which    refreshes    or 
restores ;  refreshment 

*  re-fec'-tor-er,  s.    [Low  Lat.  refectomrius.) 
The   monk    in    charge   of  the  refectory  and 
supplies  of  food  in  a  monastery. 

re-fec'-tdr-J,  *.  [Low  Lat  refectorium,  from 
Lat.  refectus,  pa,  par.  of  reficio  =  to  refresh  ; 
Fr.  refectoire  ;  8p.  refectorio  ;  Port  refeitorio; 
ItaL  refettorio.]  A  room  for  refreshment ;  an 
eating  room  ;  specif,  in  religious  houses  the 
hall  or  apartment  where  repasts  are  taken  in 
common.  Among  the  Carthusians  the  monks 
take  their  meals  in  their  cells,  except  on 
Sundays  and  feast-days. 

*  rS-fST,    *  re-fill',  v.t.     [Lat  refello,  from 
re-  —  back,  again,  anil  fulh  =  to  deceive.)    To 
refute,  todisprove;  to  overthrow  by  arguments. 

"  Bow  he  refilled  me,  and  how  I  nulled." 

Shaltetp. :  tleaturefor  Jframrr,  T.  L 


rS-fer",  *re-ferre,  v.t.  &  i.  [Lat  refenn 
re-  =  back,  and  frro  =  to  bear,  to  carry  ;  Fr. 
referer;  8p.  &  Port,  referir  ;  Ital.  reftrin, 
rtferire.} 

A.  Transitive  : 

*  L  Lit.  :  To  carry  or  bear  back. 

"  M>  couiiaaile  is  that  y» 
Rrferrt  you  to  the  Mest  planrt  here." 

Chuucer:  Tettammt  of  CrmM*. 
IL  Figuratively  : 

1.  To  assign  as  to  an  order,  class,  genus,  *c.  : 
as,  To  refer  an  animal  or  a  plant  to  a  certain 
genus. 

2.  To  hand  over  or  intrust  for  consideration 
and  decision  ;  to  deliver  over  or  commit,  as  to 
another    person    or    tribunal,  for  considera- 
tion, treatment,  decision,  &c.  :  as,  Parliament 
refers  a  matter  to  a  committee  for  examination 
and  report 

3.  With  the  reflexive  pronoun,  to  betake 
one's  self  ;  to  appeal. 

"  I  do  rrfer  me  tii  the  oracle." 

Winter  i  Tale,  Hi.  t. 


4.  To  trace  back  ;  to  assign  or  attribute  to 
as  the  origin,  cause,  motive,  ground,  or  source 
of  explanation  :  as,  To  refer  a  person's  suc- 
cess to  his  talents. 

5.  To  direct  for  information  ;  to  bid  to  apply 
for  information,  Ac.  :  as,  To  refer  another  to 
an  official. 

•  6.  Tr.  reduce  or  bring  in  relation  as  to 
some  standard. 

"  Ton  profess)  and  practise  to  rrfer  all  things  to 
Tourscl  f.  "—/?«««. 

•7.  To  defer;  to  put  off;  to  postpone. 


boil,  boy ;  poTlt,  Jowl ;  eat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  (his ;  sin,  oa ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,    ph  =  6 
-clan,    tlan  =  than,    -tlon,    slon  =  shun ;  -t,lon,  -slon  =  zhun.    -clous,    tlous,  -sions  =  shus.    -ble,  -die,  <bc.  =  bel,  del. 


3926 


referable— reflected 


B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  appeal  ,  to  apply  for  information  ;  to 
have  recourse    as,  To  refer  to  a  dictionary,  to 
refer  to  one's  notes,  &c. 

2.  To  allude  ;  to  make  reference  or  allusion  ; 
•  to  have  respect  by  intimation,  not  explicitly. 

"  That  that  Solomon  chiefly  rtfert  to  in  the  text."— 
Sharp  •  Sermons,  vol.  L.  ser.  3. 

3.  To  respect  ;  to  have  relation  or  reference  ; 
to  relate,  to  point    as,  The  passage  refers  to 
tn  old  custom. 

4.  To  direct  the  attention  :  as,  An  asterisk 
refers  to  a  marginal  or  footnote. 

r5-fer'-a-ble,  o.    [REFERRIBLE.] 

ref-er-ee',  s.  [Eng.  refer,  -ee.}  One  to  whom 
any  matter,  point,  or  question  is  referred  for 
decision  ,  specif.,  a  person  to  whom  a  matter 
in  dispute  is  referred  for  settlement  or  de- 
cision ;  an  arbitrator  ,  also  a  person  selected 
to  decide  disputed  points  when  the  umpires 
chosen  by  the  contending  parties  are  unable 
to  agree. 

ref  -er-en9e,  *.  [Lat.  referens,  pr  par  of 
refero  =  to  refer  (q.v  )  ;  Sp.  referenda.] 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

L  The  act  of  referring  or  handing  over,  as 
to  another  person  or  tribunal,  for  considera- 
tion and  decision 

2.  The  act  of  assigning  or  referring  to  a 
class,  order,  genus,  or  si>ecies 

3.  The  act  of  alluding  or  making  allusion  ; 
allusion  :  as,  He  made  no  reference  to  what 
had  occurred, 

4.  Relation,  respect,  regard.    (Generally  in 
the  phrases,  in  reference  to,  with  reference  to.) 

"  I  must  contract  what  I  have  to  say  In  referent* 
to  my  translation.-—  Dtyden  :  Juvenal.  (Ded.) 

•  5.  Assignment,  appointment,  apportion- 
ment. 

''  Due  reference  of  place  and  exhibition." 

Skaketp.  :  Othello.  I.  S. 

6.  A  passage  or  note  in  a  work  by  which  a 
person  is  referred  to  another  passage  or  work. 

7.  One  who  is  or  may  be  referred  to  ;  one  of 
whom  inquiries  may  be  made  as  to  the  char- 
acter, abilities,  &c.,  of  another  person 

H.  Lav  :  The  act  or  process  of  assigning  a 
cause  depending  in  court,  or  some  particular 
point  in  a  cause  for  hearing  and  decision,  to  a 
person  or  persons  appointed  by  the  court 

T  Work  (or  Book)  of  reference  :  A  work,  snch 
as  a  cyclopedia,  dictionary,  and  the  like,  in- 
tended to  be  consulted  when  occasion  requires. 

•ref-er-end'-a-ry,*.  [LowLat.  referendarius, 
from  referenda'—  to  refer,  from  Lat.  referendum, 
tut.  pass.  par.  of  refero  =  to  refer  (q.v.);  FT. 
rtferendaire  ;  Sp.,  Port  ,  &  Ital  referendario.] 

1.  One  to  whose  decision  any  matter  is  re- 
ferred ;  a  referee. 

"In  rait*,  it  it  good  to  refer  to  tome  friend  of  tnut  ; 
but  let  him  chuM  w*U  hi«  ref  rrendariet."—  Bacon  . 
tuayi  ;  Of  Sutourt. 

2.  An  ancient  officer  who  delivered  the  royal 
answer  to  petitions. 

3.  An  officer  charged  with  the  duty  of  pro- 
curing and  despatching  diplomas  and  decrees. 

t  ref  er-en'-dum,  ».  [Gerund  or  neut.  of 
gerundive  participle  of  Lat.  refero.]  [REFER.] 
Law  :  A  note  addressed  by  an  ambassador 
to  his  own  government  on  a  point  with  regard 
to  which  he  is  without  instruction.  Also  (a» 
in  Switzerland),  the  submission  of  a  proposed 
legislative  measure  to  a  vote  of  the  people. 


al  (tl  as  sh),  o.  [Eng.  refer- 
ence; -ial.] 

*  1.  Relating  to  or  having  reference  ;  con- 
taining a  reference. 

t  2.  Used  for  reference. 

*  rSf-er-Sn'-tfal-ljf  (ti  as  sh),  adv     [Eng 
referential  ;  -ly  ]    By  way  of  reference. 

•rS-fer'-er,  *     [Eng    refer,   -er.]    One  who 
refers. 

*  rS-feV-ment,  *     [Eng.  refer  ;  -ment  \    The 
act  of  referring  ;  a  reference  for  decision  or 
examination. 

*  re  fer-mSntf,  v.t.     [Pref  re-,  and  Eng.  fer- 
ment,  v.  (q.v.).]    To  ferment  again  or  anew 

"  Th  admitted  nitre  agitato  the  flood, 
Revive*  iU  fires,  and  refermentt  the  blood.' 

Mlackmort  :  Creation,  rt 

ri  ferred',  pa  par  or  a     [REFER.] 


rS-fer-ri-ble,  rS-fer'-^ble,  a.  [Eng 
refer;  -able.]  Capable  of  being  referred  ;  that 
may  be  referred,  assigned,  or  attributed  ;  as- 
signable, attributable 

"  Prum  whom  all  rule*  arise,  and  to  which  they  an 
all  referable."—  Reynoldi  :  Ditcourtes.  No.  vui. 

*  re-fig'  -ure,  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  figure,  v 
(q.v.)?J  To  figure,  fashion,  or  form  anew  ;  to 
refashion  ;  to  reproduce  as  in  a  copy 

"  Ten  times  thyself  were  happier  than  them  art, 
If  ten  of  thine  ten  times  refigured  thee." 

Shaketp.  .  Sonnet  S. 

re-fllT,  *  re-fll,  v.t.  &  t.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 


A.  Trails.  :  To  fill  again. 

"  Dungeon*  and  thrones,  which  the  aame  hour  refllFd." 

Uyron  :  Chitde  Harold,  iil.  8i 

*  B.  Intrans.  :  To  become  full  again. 

*  re-find',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  find  (q.v.).] 
To  find  again  ;  to  experience  anew. 

"  He  In  the  eighth  the  same. 
Ref.nd.ing.-  Sandyt  :  Ovid;  Met  am.  ill. 

rS-fine',  "re-fyne,  v.t.  &  t.    [Pref.  re-,  and 
Eng.  fine  (q.v.)  ;  in  imitation  of  Fr.  raffiner  = 
to  refine.] 
A.  Transitive  : 

1.  To  purify  ;  to  reduce  to  a  fine  state  ;  to 
free  or  clear  from  impurities,  sediment,  or  the 
like  ;  to  defecate,  to  clarify,  to  fine. 

"  The  parts  more  pure  in  rising  are  refln'd.* 

South  :  Ovid  ;  Metamorphotet  xiv. 

2.  To  reduce  from  the  ore  ;  to  free  or  separ- 
ate from  other  metals,  or  from  dross  or  alloy 


3.  To  purify  from  all  that  is  gross,  coarse, 
debasing,  low,  vulgar,  rude,  clownish,  or  the 
like  ;  to  educate  or  raise,  as  the  taste ;  to  im- 
part high  culture  to  ;  to  polish. 

"  Ingenious  Art,  with  her  expressive  face. 
Steps  forth  to  fashion  and  refine  tlie  race.' 

Camper  :  Charity,  98. 

*  B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  become  pure  or  clear ;  to  be  freed  or 
cleared  from  impurities,  sediment,  or  the  like 

"  The  pure  limpid  stream  when  foul  with  stains. 
Works  itself  clear,  and  as  it  runs  refines." 

Addition     (Todd.} 

2.  To  improve  in  accuracy,  delicacy,  taste, 
or  performance. 

"Chaucer  rejlned  on  Boccace,  and  mended  his 
•tories."— Dryden  :  Fablet.  (Pref.) 

3.  To  affect  nicety  in  thought  or  language. 

"  He  makes  another  paragraph  about  our  refining  in 
controversy,  and  coming  nearer  still  to  the  church  of 
Borne." — A  tterburft. 

re~f  ined',  pa.  par.  &  a.     [REFINE.] 

A.  As  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective : 

1.  Made  pure  ;  freed  from  impurities,  dross, 
alloy,  or  the  like. 

"  To  gild  rejlned  gold,  to  paint  the  lily." 

Shaketp.  :  King  John.  iv.  9. 

2.  Free  from  coarseness,  vulgarity,  rude- 
ness, or  the  like  ;  of  high  culture  ;  polished. 

"  Possessor  of  a  soul  rejlned." 

Coif  per:  Tirocinium,  721. 

•  rS-fin'-ed-tf.  adv.    [Eng.  refined ;  -ly.]    In 
a  refined  manner ;   with  affected  nicety  or 
elegance. 

"Will  any  dog 

Refinedly  leave  his  bitches  and  his  bones 
To  turn  a  wheel  T"  Dryaen.    (Todd.) 

*  rS-fin'-Sd-ne'ss,  *.    [Eng.  refined;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  refined  ;  purity, 
refinement,  elegance  ;  affected  purity  or  ele- 
gance. 

"Great  semblances  of  spirituality,  refiitedneu.  like 
those  Pharisees."— Barrou :  fxrmuiu,  vol.  iil.,  ser.  15. 

re-f  ine'-ment,  s.    [Eng.  refine,  -ment,  Fr. 
rafflnement.] 

1.  The  act  or  process  of  refining,  purifying, 
or  clearing  from  extraneous  matter  ;  purifica- 
tion, clarification ;    specif.,  the    process   of 
freeing  metals,  liquids,  or  other  substances 
from  impurities  or  crudities   which    impair 
their  quality  or  unfit  them  for  their  appro- 
priate uses. 

2.  The  state  of  being  pure  or  purified. 

3.  The  state  of  being  free  from  all  that  is 
pross,   coarse,    debasing,   low,   vulgar,   rude, 
clownish,  or  the  like  ;  parity  of  taste,  mind, 
or  the  like;  elegance  of  taste,  manners,  lan- 
guage, ic, ;  high  culture,  polish. 

"  That  sensibility  of  pain,  with  which 
Refinement  is  endued."        Camper     Talk,  IT.  Stt 

4.  That  which  proceed*  from  refining,  or  the 
desire  to  appear  refined  ;  the  result  of  exces- 
sive elaboration,  polish,  or  nicety;  affected 
subtlety    as,  the  refinements  of  cunning. 


rS-fin'-er,  s.     [Eng.  refin(e);  -er  ] 

1.  One  who  rvfiue*  liquors,  metals,  sugar,  or 
other  substances. 


2.  One  who  refines,  educates,  or  polishes  the 
taste,  manners,  &c. :  as,  a  refiner  of  language. 

3.  An   inventor  of  superfluous  subtleties ; 
one  who  is  overnice  in  discrimination,  argu- 
ment, reasoning,  philosophy,  or  the  like. 

"  Now  •  seeking  the  truth '  is  almost  become  as  much 
a  phrase  among  these  gentlemen  as  'seeking  the  Lord ' 
was  HIII. .us-  another  set  of  rtfinert.'— Water  land- 
Workt.  viii.  47. 

re-f In'-er-y,  ».     [Eng.  rrfine ;  -ry.] 

1.  A  place  where  sugar,  metals,  liquors,  &c., 
are  refined. 

2.  An  apparatus  for  removing  impurities  or 
crudities    from    metals,    spirits,    petroleum, 
sugar,  &c. 

re-fit',  *.  [REFIT,  v.]  The  repairing  or  re- 
newing of  what  is  damaged  or  worn  out ; 
specif.,  the  repair  of  a  ship. 

re-f  if,  v.t.  &  i.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eugfit,  T. 
(q.v.).] 

A.  Transitive  r 

1.  To  make  fit  for  use  again ;  to  repair, 
where  damaged  or  worn  out 

"The  allied  fleet  having  been  speedily  refitted  at 
Portsmouth,  stood  out  again  to  sea."— Macaulay  : 
But.  Eng.,  ch.  xix. 

2.  To  fit  out  or  provide  anew 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  repair  damages,  especially 
to  a  ship. 

"  Admiral  Keppel  returned  to  Portsmouth  to  reft* 
—Baltham  :  Hat.  Great  Britain  (an.  1778). 

*  re-f  It'  -mint,  s.     [Eng.  refit;  -ment.]    The 
act  of  refitting  or  repairing. 

re-fix',  v.t.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  fix  (q.v.).]  To 
fix  or  establish  again  or  anew  ;  to  reestablish. 
"  A  hundred  years  have  roll  d  away 
Since  he  rejixed  the  Moslem  s  sway." 

Byran  •  &i*ge  of  Corinth,  v  t 

*  re-flame ,  v.i      [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  flame, 
v  (q  v.). J     To  burst  again  into  flame. 

"  Stamp  out  the  fire,  or  this 
Will  smoulder  and  re/tame." 

Tennyson  :  (fueen  Mary,  1.  f. 

rS-flect',  »  re-fle'cte',  v.t.  &  i.  [Lat.  reflecto, 
from  re-  =  back,  and  flecto  =  to  bend.] 

A,  Transitive: 

*  1.  To  bend  back ;  to  turn,  cast,  or  throw 
back. 

"  Let  me  mind  the  reader  to  reflect  his  eye  upon 
other  quotations."— Puller. 

2.  Specif  :  To  cause  to  return  or  to  throw  off 
after  falling  or  striking  on  any  substance,  in 
accordance  with  certain  physical  laws. 

"  These  rays  being  more  easily  reflected  from 

certain    bodies    than    from     others.  '—Locke  •     A'at 
fhilotophy.  ch.  xi. 

3.  To  give  back  an  image  or  likeness  of;  to 
mirror. 

"  All  her  reflected  features." 

Cowper ;  Tatk,  1.  TOi. 

*  4.  To  bend  again  ;  to  appease. 

"  Their  most  honours  might  reflect  enraged  .Sacidea." 
Chapman  .  Homer  ;  Iliad  ix  1M. 

B.  Intransitive : 

*  1.  To  bend  or  turn  back  ;  to  be  reflected. 
"  Inanimate  matter  moves  always  in  a  straight  line, 

and  never  rejtectt  In  an  angle,  uor  beuds  in  a  circle."— 
Bentley:  Sermont. 

2.  To  throw  back  light,  heat,  sound,  or  the 
like  ;  to  return  rays  or  beams. 

"  Two  glasses        .  now  no  more  reJUct." 

Shaketp.     Venut  <t  Adi-nil,  1,1*0 

3.  To  turn  or  throw  l>aek    the    thoughts 
upon  anything;   to  revolve  matters  in   the 
mind ;   to   think    seriously ;   to    ponder,    to 
meditate,  especially  with  regard  to  conduct. 

4.  To  pay  attention  to  what  passes  in  the 
mind ;  to  attend  to  the  facts  or  phenomena  of 
consciousness. 

5.  To  bring  reproach  ;  to  cast  censure  or 
blame.    (Dryden:  Aurengzebe,  ii.  i.) 

rS-tt8ct'-£d,  pa  par  &  a,    [REFLECT.) 

A.  As  pa.  par  .  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective : 

L  OnJ.  Lang  :  Thrown  or  cast  back:  as, 
reflected  light 
IL  Technically : 

1.  Bot. :  Reflexed  (q.v.). 

2.  Her. .   Curved  or  turned  round ;  as  the 
chain  or  line  from  the  collar  of  a  beast  thrown 
over  the  back.    [FLECTED.] 


late,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father,  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pdt, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  role,  roll;  try,  Syrian.    <e.  oo  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


reflectent— inflexible 


8927 


reflocted-llght, ». 

Paint. :  The  subdued  light  which  falls  on 
objects  that  are  in  shadow,  and  serves  to 
make  out  their  forms.  It  is  reflected  from 
some  object  on  which  the  light  falls  directly, 
either  seen  in  the  picture  or  supposed  to  be 
acting  on  it ;  such  liglit  as  a  round  body  re- 
ceives on  the  shadow  side  from  its  opposition 
to  an  illuminated  object  of  any  kind. 

•  rS-flect'-ent,  a.    [  Lat.  reflecten*,  pr.  par.  of 
reflecto  —  to*  reflect  (q.v.).] 

1.  Bending  or  flying  back  ;  reflected. 

"  The  ray  deacendent.  and  the  ray  rejtectent."— 
Digby :  On  the  Soul 

2.  Reflecting. 

"  Such  a  rrflectmt  body  as  binders  not  the  passage 
through."— Digby :  On  U  atirt,  ch.  xtii. 

•re-flect'-I-ble,a.  fEng.  reflect ; -ible.}  Capa- 
l>le  of  bei  ng  throw  n  back  or  reflected ;  reflexi  ble. 

rS-flect'-ing,  pr.  par.  &  a.    [REFLECT.] 

A.  As  pr.  pur.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective : 

1.  Throwing  back  rays  of  light,  heat,  &c., 
as  a  mirror  or  similar  polished  surface. 

2.  Given  to  reflection  ;  thoughtful,  medita- 
tive, contemplative. 

reflecting  circle,  s. 

Optics:  An  instrument  for  measuring  alti- 
tudes and  angular  distances,  invented  by 
"Mayer  about  1744,  and  afterward  improved  by 
Borda  and  Trough  ton.  In  principle  and  con- 
struction it  is  similar  to  the  sextant,  the 
graduations,  however,  being  continued  com- 
pletely round  the  limb  of  the  circle.  Trough- 
ton's  has  three  arras  radiating  from  the  centre 
at  angular  distances  of  120'  apart,  each  pro- 
vided with  a  vernier,  so  that  each  angle 
measured  is  derived  from  the  mean  of  three 
readings  at  opposite  points  of  the  arc,  which 
tends  to  correct  errors  of  centreing  and  grad- 
uation. Also  called  a  Repeating-circle. 

reflecting  faculties,  s.  pi. 

Pnrenol. :  A  division  of  the  intellectual  facul- 
ties, comprising  Comparison  and  Causality. 
Called  also  Reflective  Faculties.  [PHRENO- 
too  Y.] 

"  The  Perceptive  and  Reflecting  facultiet,  or  Intel- 
lect, form  Ideas,  perceive  relations,  and  are  subject  to, 
or  rather  constitute,  the  Will;  and  minister  to  the 
Affective  Faculties."— Chamber*  Encyc.  (ed.  IMS),  viL 

reflecting-galvanometer, «. 

Electr. :  Sir  William  Thomson's  reflecting- 
galvanometer  consists  of  a  very  small  magnet, 
made  of  a  piece  of  watch-spring,  suspended 
between  two  flat  bobbins  of  fine  insulated 
copper  wire.  The  magnet  carries  a  very  small 
concave  mirror,  which  is  adjusted  by  means 
of  a  directing-inagnet  to  throw  the  rays  of 
light,  issuing  from  a  lamp  and  reflected  from 
the  mirror,  upon  the  zero  of  a  horizontal 
graduated  scale  when  no  current  is  passing, 
or  when  two  equal  and  opposite  currents 
neutralize  each  other.  In  any  other  case  the 
•vibrations  of  the  magnet  cause  the  image  to 
be  deflected  to  the  right  or  left  of  zero  by  an 
amount  proportional  to  the  force  and  duration 
of  the  current.  [GALVANOMETER.] 

reflecting  -  goniometer,  *.  [GONIO- 
METER.] 

reflecting  microscope,  s. 

Optics  :  A  form  of  microscope  first  proposed 
by  Newton,  in  which  the  image  formed  by  a 
email  concave  speculum  may  be  viewed  either 
by  the  naked  eye  or  through  an  eye-piece. 
The  object  is  placed  outside  of  the  tube  of  the 
microscope,  and  reflects  its  image  to  the 
speculum  by  means  of  a  plane  mirror,  inclined 
at  an  angle  of  45°  to  the  axis  of  the  former. 

reflecting  power,  s. 

Thermal. :  The  power  possessed  by  any  sub- 
•tance  of 
throwing  off 
a  greater  or 
less  propor- 
tion of  inci- 
dent heat. 

reflect  - 
Ing-tele 
•cope,  «. 

Optics:  A 
telescope  in 
which  the  rays  are  received  upon  an  object- 
mirror  and  conveyed  to  a  forus,  at  which  the 
imagt  is  viewed  by  an  eye-piece.  The  illus- 


REFLECTIJJO   TELESCOPE. 


tration  to  the  left  represents  the  telescope,  witii 
a  forty-feet  reflector,  which  Herschel  erected 
in  his  grounds  at  Slough.  With  it  he  discovered 
the  two  innermost  satellites  of  Saturn  (q.v.). 

re-flect'-ing-ljf,  adv.    (Bug.  reflecting;  -ly.] 

1.  With  reflection  ;  thoughtfully. 

2.  With  censure  ;  reproachfully,  censoriously. 

re  flee  tion,  *  re  flex  -ion  (x  as  ksh),  s. 

[Lat.  reflexio,  from  reflexut,  pa.  par.  of  reflecto 
=  to  reflect  (q.v.).] 

1.  The  act  of  reflecting  or  throwing  back, 
as  of  rays  of  light,  heat,  &c.  ;  the  state  of 
being  reflected. 

"  Lights,  by  clear  reflection  multiplied, 
Fruui  mauy  a  mirror."         Cowper  :  Talk.  iv.  168. 

2.  That  which  is  reflected,  or  produced  by 
being  reflected  ;  an  imay«  given  back  from  a 
reflecting  surface. 

"  Mountain  i«ak  and  village  spire 
Retain  rejection  of  his  fire."      Scott  :  Rokeby,  v.  1. 

3.  Tlte  act  or  habit  of  turning  the  mind  to 
something  which    has  already  occupied  it; 
thoughtful,  attentive,  or  continued  considera- 
tion or  deliberation  ;  meditation,  thought. 

4.  The  action  of  the  mind  by  which  it  takes 
cognizance  of  its  own  operations. 

"  By  reflection  then,  iu  the  following  part  of  this 
discourse,  I  would  )ie  understood  to  mean,  that  notice 
which  the  miud  takes  of  it*  own  operations,  and  the 
manner  of  them,  by  reason  whereof  there  come  to  be 
ideas  of  these  operations  in  the  understanding."— 
Locke:  Human  Understanding,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  i. 

5.  The  result  of  continued  consideration, 
deliberation,     or    meditation  ;    thought     or 
opinion  arising  from  deliberation. 

"  Job's  refl-ctions  on  liis  once  flourishing  estate,  did 
at  the  same  time  afflict  and  encourage  him."—  Alter  - 
bury. 

6.  Censure,  reproach,  opprobrium,  blame. 
H  (1)  Plane  of  reflection  :  The  plane  passing 

through  the  perpendicular  to  the  reflecting 
surface  at  the  point  of  incidence  and  the  path 
of  the  reflected  ray  of  light  or  heat. 

(2)  Total  reflection  :  Said  of  a  ray  of  light 
which,  when  it  traverses  a  refracting  medium, 
is  totally  reflected  at  the  surface  of  the  me- 
dium, so  that  it  does  not  issue  from  it  at  all. 

*  re-flec'-tion-Ing,  s.  [Eng.  reflection  ;  -ing.] 
The  act  or  state  of  reflecting  ;  reflection. 

"  Ktjlectioning  apart,  thou  seest  that  her  plot  U 
beginning  to  work.  —  Rtchantton  :  Clariua,  vi.  3. 


.      [Eng.    reflect;    -ive;    FT. 
reflectif.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Throwing  back  or  reflecting,  as  rays  of 
light,  heat,  &c. 

"  His  beam*  he  to  his  roval  brother  lent, 
And  so  sbone  still  in  his  rejleciire  light" 

f>ryden  :  Annul  HirabUit,  ecliii. 

2.  Exercising,    or   capable   of  exercising, 
thought  or  reflection  ;   taking  cognizance  of 
the  operations  of  the  mind. 

"  Korc'd  by  rejttctive  reason  I  confess 
That  human  science  is  uncertain  guest," 

Prior:  Solomon,  L  1»». 

U.  Gram.  :  The  same  as  REFLEXIVE  (q.v.). 

reflective  faculties,  *.  pL  [REFLECT- 
INO-FACULTIES.] 

*  rS-flec'-tlve-l?  ,  adv.    [Eng.  reflective  ;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  reflective  manner  ;  by  reflection. 

2.  In  a  reflecting  manner;  as  one  reflecting. 

"  Dropped  his  cigarette  on  the  floor,  and  re/tertirttg 
stamped  it  out"—  Cauelft  Saturday  Journal,  July  IT, 
1880,  p.  &M. 

*  re  -  flee  -tlve-  ness,   ».     [Eng.   reflective; 
•ness.  ]    The  quality  or  state  of  being  reflective. 

rS-nSc'-tdr,  «.     [Eng.  reflect;   -or;    Fr.  ri- 
Jlecteur.] 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  That  which  relects,  or  throws  back  rays 
of  light,  heat,  &c.  ;  a  reflecting  surface.   [II.  1.] 

2.  One  who  reflects  or  meditates  ;  a  thought- 
ful or  meditative  person. 

"  There  is  scarce  any  thing  that  nature  ha*  made  or 
that  men  do  suffer,  whence  the  devout  rejector  cannot 
take  an  occasion  of  an  luipiriug  meditation."—  Boyle  : 
On  Cotourt. 

U  Optics: 

1.  A  device  by  which  the  rays  proceeding 
from  a  luminous  or  heated  object  are  thrown 
back  or  diverted  in  a  given  direction.  The 
reflecting  surface  may  be  either  plane  or 
curved.  In  practice  it  is  often  made  spherical 
or  parabolic.  The  former  does  not  bring  the 
rays  to  a  true  focus,  but  is  easily  formed,  and 
is  consequently  generally  employed  where 
extreme  accuracy  is  not  sought  for.  A  mirror 


is  a  -tamiliar  example  of  a  plane  reflector.  Th« 
material  should  be  as  smooth  and  highly  pol- 
ished as  possible.  Sheet-tin  is  frequently 
usi-d  for  common  purposes,  as  for  door  or  hull 
lamps,  or  those  carried  by  vehicles,  while  for 
other  purposes  a  more  perfectly  reflecting  sur- 
face is  employed,  such  as  si>eculuui  metal  or 
silver  protected  by  glass.  Silver  is  the  most 
perfectly  reflecting  substance  known,  absorb- 
ing but  9  per  cent  of  the  incident  rays,  while 
speculum  metal  absorbs  37  per  cent.  Glass 
itself,  owing  to  its  property  of  totally  reflect- 
ing incident  rays  at  a  low  angle,  is  used  in  cer- 
tain cases.  Reflectors  with  parabolic  svn  fares 
are  employed  for  throwing  the  light  emanating 
from  objects  placed  in  their  foci  in  | untile! 
straight  lines  to  a  great  distance,  and  for  con- 
verging the  heat  rays  from  a  distant  object,  as 
the  sun,  to  a  focus,  and  also,  in  conui-rtion 
with  eye-glasses,  in  the  reflects ng-telescope, 
which  is  itself  often  simply  denominated  a 
reflector. 

H  The  term  mirror  is  less  comprehensive 
than  that  of  reflector,  being  usually  only  ap- 
plied  to  such  surfaces  as  afford  definite  images 
and  colours,  while  a  reflector  may  not  merely 
be  used  for  throwing  back  the  rays  of  light 
and  heat,  or  of  heat  only,  but  also  the  waves 
of  sound. 

2.  Thesamea8REFLECTiNo-TELEscoPE(q.v.). 

re' -flex,  a.  &  s.    [Lat.  reflexiis,  pa.  par.  of  n- 
flecto  =.  to  reflect  (q.v.) ;  Fr.  reflexe.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

•  L  Ord.  Lang. :  Turned  or  thrown  b  ick- 
wards ;  having  a  backward  direction  ;  bent 
back  ;  reflective,  reflected,  introspective. 

"  To  mankind  with  r»y  reflux 
The  sov'reiRn  planter's  primal  work  displayed." 

Haton :  £ngluA  Uardtn.  L 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Bot. :  Bent  back  ;  reflexed. 

2.  Paint. :  Applied  to  those  parts  of  a  pic- 
ture whicli  are  supi>osed  to  be  illuminated  by 
a  light  reflected  from  some  other  body  repre- 
sented in  the  piece. 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  A  reflection  ;  an  image  produced  by  re- 
flection. 

"  Ti*  bnt  the  pale  reflex  of  Cynthia's  brow  " 

Shaketp. :  Romeo  *  Juliet,  lit  a, 

2.  Light  reflected  from  an  enlightened  sur- 
face to  one  in  shade :  hence,  in  painting,  ap- 
plied to  the  illumination  of  one  body  or  part 
of  it  by  light  reflected  from  another  body  re- 
presented in  the  same  piece. 

"  Yet,  since  your  light  hath  once  enlniuln'd  DM, 
With  my  re/lex  your*  shall  encreaaed  be." 

Spender :  Sonnet  ML 

reflex-actions,  s.  pi. 

Phyiol. :  Actions  resulting  from  the  trans- 
mutation, by  means  of  the  irritable  protoplasm. 
of  a  nerve  cell,  of  afferent  into  efferent  im- 
pulses. They  constitute  the  function  of  the 
spinal  cord,  the  gray  matter  of  whicli  con- 
sists of  a  multitude  of  reflex  centres.  (Foster.) 

reflex-Inhibition,  *. 

Physinl. :  The  stoppage  or  diminution  of  the 
heart's  beat  by  efferent  impulses  descending 
the  vagus  nerve. 

reflex-Vision,  s.  Vision  by  means  of 
reflected  light,  as  from  mirrors,  Arc. 

reflex  zenith-tube,  s.     [ZENITH-TUBE.] 

*  re-flex',  v.t.    [REFLEX,  a.] 

1.  To  bend  back  ;  to  turn  back. 

2.  To  reflect ;  to  cast  or  throw,  as  light, 
ic. ;  to  turn. 

"  May  never  glorious  snn  reflex  hi*  beam* 
Upon  the  country  when?  you  nuke  abode." 

Shnketp.  :  1  Benr,  VI..  v.  4V 

re-flexed',  pa.  par.  or  a.    [REFLEX,  v.} 
Botany: 

1.  Gen. :  Turned  back ;  curved  back  to  ft 
great  degree. 

••  The  edge*  of  the  petal*  prettily  rtflexed-'-fltU, 
Oct*.I«U. 

t  2.  (Of  leaves) :  Hn ving  the  veins  diverging" 
from  the  midrib  at  a  higher  angle  than  120*. 

•  re-flex-I-blT-I-tjf,  s.  [Eng.  reflexibU;  -ity.} 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  inflexible. 

"A*  all  thwe  ray*  differ  in  refnnglblUty.  so  do  they 
In  reJteJHbUitn.~— Locke :  Jfatural  Pkilaeopky.  ch.  ii. 

"rS-flex'-I-ble.a.    (Eng.  reflex;  -tftte.)    Cap- 
able of  being  reflected  or  thrown  back. 

"  Sir  Isaac  Newton  h«i  demonstrated,  by  convincing 
experiments,  that  the  light  of  the  *nn  consist*  of  ray» 
differently  refrangible  and  rejtnrWe :  and  that  UMS* 
ray*  are  differently  reJtexWe  that  an  differently  «•> 
frangible."— Cheynf. 


boil,  b'^ ;  pofrt,  jowl ;  cat,  90!!.  chorus,  chin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  **»«",  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.    -Ing. 
-olan,  -tlan  -  shan.   -tion,    sion  =  shun ;  -(ion,  -fion  -  zhun.   -clous,  -tious,  -sious  =  suus.   -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


3928 


reflexion— reformation 


n  (x  as  ksh),  *.    [REFLECTION.] 

•  re-fleit-i-ty,  s.     [Eng.  reflex;  -ity.}    Capa- 
bility  of  being  reflected  ;  reflexibility. 


e,  a.     [Fr.  reJUxif.} 

L  Bending  or  turning  backwards  ;  having 
respect  to  something  past  ;  reflective. 

*  2.  Capable  of  reflection  ;  having  the  faculty 
of  thought. 

"This  must  be  In  ft  knowing  passive  and  rtterive 
•ubject."—  lion:  A  ntidute  Againtt  A  Htinn,  App..  bk. 
T.,  en.  v. 

*  3.  Casting  or   containing  a  reflection   or 
censure. 

"  What  man  does  not  resent  an  ugly  rgl«z»»e  word  f  " 
—South  :  .Scrmoiu.  x.  174. 

reflexive  verb,  .--. 

Gram.  :  A  verb  which  has  for  its  direct  ob- 
ject a  pronoun  which  stands  for  the  agent  or 
subject  of  the  verb  :  as,  He  forswore  himself. 
Pronouns  of  this  class  are  commonly  called 
Reflexive-pronouns,  and  are  usually  com- 
pounded with  -self. 

rS-flex'-Ive-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  reflexive  ;  -ly.] 

*  1.  In  a  reflexive  manner;  iu  a  direction 
backward  ;  by  reflection. 

"  Solomuu  tells  ua  life  and  death  are  in  the  power  of 
the  tongue,  and  that  nut  only  directly  in  regard  uf  the 
good  or  ill  we  may  do  to  others,  but  rtUfZireln  alto  iu 
respect  of  what  may  rebound  to  ourselves."—  <fo*ern- 
mmt  of  (A*  Tonga*. 

2.  In  the  manner  of  a  reflexive  verb. 

*  3.  So  as  to  cast  a  reflection  or  censure. 

"  Ay,  but  be  spoke  slightly  and  refexvMln  of  such  a 
lady.  —  South:  Sermont,  vol.  vL.  ser.  3. 

rS-flex'-Ive-nSss,  *.  [Eng.  reflexive;  -ness.} 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  reflexive. 

re-flex'-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  reflex,  a.  ;  -iy.]  In  a 
reflex  manner. 

•  re-float',  *.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  float  (q.v.)  ; 
Fr.  reflot.]    A  flowing  back  ;  ebb,  reflux. 

"  The  main  float  and  refloat  of  the  sea,  is  by  consent 
of  the  universe,  as  pact  of  the  diurnal  motion.  —Bacon  : 
fiat.  Hut.,  i  907. 

•Te-llb'r-eV-ce^e,  s.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
florescence  (q.v.).J  A  blossoming  again  or  anew. 

••  By  the  rrflnretcence  of  that  mortal  part  which  he 
drew  from  the  stem  of  Jesse.  "—Horn*  :  Workt,  Tol.  IT., 
disc.  16. 

re  flour'  Ish,  v.i.   [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  flourish 

(q.  v  ).j     To  flourish  again  or  anew. 

"  Revives,  rejtouriiket,  then  vigorous  most 
When  most  uuactive  deem'd. 

Milton  :  Samton  Agonittet,  1,704. 

•re-flow',  v.i.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  flow,  v. 
(q.v.).]  To  flow  back  ;  to  ebb. 

"  My  blood  refold.  though  thick  aud  chili  - 

Byron:  Muzeppa,  llv. 

•  re-fld'w'-er,  v.i.  &  t.     [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
flower,  v.  (q.v.).] 

A.  Intrans.  :  To  flower  again  or  anew. 

B.  Trans.  :  To  cause  to  flower  again  or  anew. 
"  Her  sight  r««"wr«j  th'  Arabian  wilderness." 

Stltetter  :  The  Magnificence,  80S. 

•re^flUC-tn-a'-tion,  s.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
Huctuation  (q.v.).]  A  flowing  liack  ;  refluence. 

•reT-ltt-en9e,  *ref-lu-en-cf.  *ref- 
In-en-Cie,  *.  [Eng.  refluen{t);  -ce,  -cy.}  ,A 
flowing  back. 

"  All  things  sublunary  move  continually  in  an  inter- 
changeable flowing,  and  rejlurncie."—llountngue  : 
Default  Xuayet,  pt.  L,  treat  vL,  i  2. 

tref'-lft-ent,  a.  [Lai.  refluent,  pr.  par.  of 
refluo  =  to  flow  back  :  re-  =  back,  and  fluo  = 
to  flow.]  Flowing  back;  running  or  rushing 
back  ;  ebbing. 

,       "  Oone  with  the  re/hunt  wave  into  the  deep." 

Cowper  :  Tatk,  II  1M. 

•  rSf-lii-oiis,  a.    [Lat.  refluus,  from  rtfluo  = 
to  flow  back.]    Flowing  back. 


re   flux,  J  *o.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.^ur(q.T.).] 

A.  As  mbst.  :  A  flowing  back  ;  a  return,  a 
reaction. 

"  Since  the  battle  there  had  been  a  reituz  of  public 
feeling."—  Macaulay  :  Hat.  Eng..  cb.  ivii. 

B.  As  adj.  :  Flowing  back  ;  returning. 

»re-f6'-cil-late,  v.t.  [Lat.  refocUlatws,  pa. 
par.  of  refocillo,  from  re-  =  again,  and  jocillo  = 
to  refresh  by  warmth  ;  focus  =  a  hearth.]  To 
refresh,  to  revive. 

"  His  man  was  to  bring  him  a  roll,  and  a  pot  of  ale, 
to  reform  il«  his  wasted  spirits.''—  Aubrey  :  Anecdout 
Of  Prynne.  11.  608. 


*  re-fd-cH-la'-tion,  ».    [REFOCILLATE.]    The 
actof  refreshing,  reviving,  or  restoring  strength 
to  by  refreshment ;  something  which  refreshes 
or  revives. 

**  Harry,  tlr,  some  precious  cordial,  some  costly  re* 
forliliiititn.  acoiu[K»ure  comfortable  and  restorative." 
—Middltlun :  A  Mad  World,  my  Matter,  ui. 

re  fold ,  v.t.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  fold  (q.T.).] 
To  fold  again. 

*  re-fo-menf ,  v.t.    [Pref.  re-,  »nd  Eng.  foment 
(q.v.).] 

1.  To  foment  again  ;   to  warm  or  cherish 
again. 

2.  To  foment  or  excite  anew  :  as,  Torefoment 
sedition. 

*  re-f5r-£st-Iz-a -tion.  s.     [Pref.  re-,  and 

Eng.  forest;  -ization.}    The  act  of  replanting 
with  trees. 

'ire-forge',  v.t.     [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  forge,  v. 

(q.v.).J     To  forge  again  or  anew  ;  to  refashion. 

"  The  kyngdome  of  God  receiueth  none,  but  suche 

as  be  reforyetl  and  chauugtd  according  to  this  paterae." 

-Cdal:  /,'utarxviii. 

*  re-forg'-er,  «.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  forger 

(q.v.).]     One  who  reforges  or  refashions. 

"  But  Cbriste  beyng  a  newe  rtforger  of  the  olde  law, 
Instede  of  burnt  otfreyug,  did  substitute  charitee."— 
L'dal :  Lulu  xxiv. 

re  form    (1),    *  re  forme,    *  re  fourme, 

v.t.  &  t.     [Fr.  reformer,  from  Lat.  reformo  =  to 
form  again  :  re-  =  again,  and  formo  =  to  form  ; 
forma  —  form  ;   Sp.   &  Port,  reformar ;   ItaL 
riformare.] 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  form  again  or  anew  ;  to  refashion. 

"Oure  Lord  lesus  Cris  which  schal  rtfourm*  the 
bodi  of  oure  mekenesse  that  is  maad  lyk  to  the  bodi  of 
his  clerenesde."  —  Wycliffe  :  Filipennt  Hi. 

2.  To  change  from  worse  to  better ;  to  intro- 
duce improvement  in  ;  to  improve,  to  amend, 
to  correct ;  to  restore  to  a  former  good  state, 
or  to  bring  from  a  bad  to  a  good  state. 


•  3.  To  abolish,  to  redress,  to  remedy. 

"  Take«  in  him  to  reform  some  certain  edicts." 
Xfuikap. :  1  Uenry  J  l\  IT.  3. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  make  a  change  from  worse 
to  better ;  to  abandon  that  which  is  evil  or 
corrupt,  and  return  to  a  good  state ;  to  amend 
one's  ways  ;  to  become  reformed. 

re-form'  (2),  v.t.  &  t.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
form,  v.  (q.v.).] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  form  again  or  anew ;  to  arrange  in 
order  again  :  as,  To  reform  troops. 

*  2.  To  inform. 

"Who  bath  reformed  the  Spirit  of  the  Lord?"— 
Becon  :  Vforkt,  ii.  3». 

B.  Intrans. :  To  get  into  order  again ;  to 
resume  order. 

re-form',  *.  [REFORM  (1),  v.]  The  amend- 
ment or  reformation  of  that  which  is  corrupt, 
vicious,  defective,  or  the  like  ;  a  change  from 
worse  to  better ;  a  return  from  a  bad  to  a 
former  good  state  ;  amendment,  correction  ; 
specifically,  a  change  or  amendment  in  the 
regulations  of  parliamentary  representation. 
"A  variety  of  schemes,  founded  in  visionary  and 
impracticable  ideas  of  rt/orm,  weresuddenly  produced." 
—Pitt:  Parliamentary  Reform,  May,  7.  17M. 

Reform-Acts,  *.  pi. 

English  Legislation :  A  term  applied  to 
certain  acts  of  parliament  by  which  the  parli- 
amentary representation  of  the  people  was 
altered,  and  especially  to  those  of  1832,  1867, 
and  18S4-&5.  The  first  two  Acts  provided  both 
for  an  extension  of  the  franchise  [FRANCHISE] 
and  for  a  redistribution  of  seaU.  The  Reform 
Act  of  1832  disfranchised  fifty-six  rotten 
boroughs  with  leas  than  2,000  inhabitants 
each,  and  returning  111  members;  thirty 
boroughs  with  leas  than  4,000  inhabitants,  and 
two  above  that  number,  lost  each  a  member, 
and  thus  143  seats  were  obtained  for 
distribution.  Forty-three  new  boroughs  were 
created,  twenty-two  of  which  received  two 
members  each,  and  twenty-one  one  member 
each.  The  county  members  for  England  and 
Wale*  were  increased  from  ninety-five  to  159, 
twenty-six  of  the  large  counties  being  divided, 
and  a  third  member  given  to  seven  important 
county  constituencies.  Scotch  and  Irish  Acts 
followed ;  the  Scotch  representation,  fixed  by 
the  Act  of  Union  at  f  irty-fi  ve,  was  raised  to  fifty- 
three  (thirty  of  tliem  given  to  counties  and 
twenty-three  to  cities  and  boroughs),  and  th« 


Irian  members,  fixed  by  the  Act  of  Union  at  100. 
were  increased  to  105.  The  Reform  Act  of  1867 
disfranchised  eleven  small  English  boroughs, 
took  a  member  from  thirty-five  more,  and  two 
from  Scotch  counties,  which,  with  four  seat* 
obtained  from  boroughs  disfranchised  for  cor- 
ruption, gave  fifty-two  seats  for  redistribu- 
tion. Five  of  these  were  given  to  as  many 
large  English  and  Scotch  boroughs  on  the 
three-cornered  system  (q.v.),  and  three  to 
Universities,  the  others  to  old  or  new  county 
or  borough  divisions.  Seven  members  were 
added  to  Scotland.  There  was  no  redistribu- 
tion in  Ireland.  In  the  third  successful  effort 
for  Parliamentary  Reform,  that  of  1884-86,  the 
franchise  and  redistribution  of  seats  consti- 
tuted two  distinct  Acts.  The  Franchise  Bill 
received  the  royal  assent  on  December  6, 1884, 
and  came  into  operation  on  January  1,  1885. 
It  established  household  and  lodger  franchise 
in  the  counties,  introduced  a  service-franchise 
(q.v.),  diminished,  though  it  did  not  destroy, 
faggot  voting,  and  made  a  uniform  occupation 
franchise  of  £10  rent  both  in  counties  and  in 
boroughs  in  place  of  the  three  formerly  exist- 
ing. It  left  untouched  the  forty-shilling  free- 
holders of  inheritance,  and  conferred  votes  on 
copyholders  possessing  land  of  greater  value 
than  £5  annually.  By  the  Redistribution 
Act  of  1885,  eighty-one  English,  two  Scotch, 
and  twenty-two  Irish  boroughs  were  totally 
disfranchised  ;  thirty-six  English  aud  three 
Irish  boroughs  each  lost  a  member,  as  did 
two  English  counties ;  the  City  of  London 
was  reduced  from  four  to  two ;  six  seats  were 
obtained  frotn  places  disfranchised  for  cor- 
ruption, and  the  members  of  the  House  of 
Commons  were  increased  by  twelve.  The 
seats  thus  obtained  for  redistribution  were 
180.  The  great  feature  of  the  scheme  which 
followed  (agreed  to  after  a  conference  between 
the  two  great  political  parties)  was  the  sepa- 
ration of  populous  boroughs  and  counties  into 
divisions,  each  returning  a  single  member. 
Only  a  few  places  hitherto  with  two  members 
were  left  with  the  old  arrangement.  England 
has  now  (1886)  465  members,  Wales  30,  Scot- 
hind  72,  and  Ireland  103.  the  reduction  from 
105  occurring  through  the  disfranchisement 
of  Sligo  and  Cashel  some  years  ago  for  cor- 
ruption. (W.  A.  Holiisworth:  The  Kew  He- 
form  Act.) 

reform-school,  s.  The  same  as  a  RE- 
FORMATORY (q.v.). 

* rS-form -a-ble,  a.  [Eng.  reform;  -able.} 
Capable  of  being  reformed  ;  admitting  of  refor- 
mation. 

"  How  aayest  thou.  wilt  thou  [Bp.  Ferrar]  be  r» 
formaole  I"— Fox  :  Martyr*,  p.  1,411. 

*  re  for-ma   do,  *  re  form  ade ,  *.  *  a. 

[Sp.  reformado.] 

A.  As  substantive : 

L  A  monk  adhering  to  the  reformation  of 
his  order. 

"  This  was  one  of  Celestin  the  pope's  caveats  for  his 
new  reformadoet." —  Weever. 

2.  A  military  officer,  who  for  some  disgrace, 
was  deprived  of  his  command,  but  retained 
his  rank,  and,  perhaps,  even  his  pay  ;  an  officer 
retained  iu  a  regiment,  when  his  company  waa 
disbanded. 

"  Humph,  says  my  lord,  I'm  half  afraid 
My  captain  s  turn  d  a  reformade." 

Cotton  :  Spittle  to  the  Karl  of  . 

B.  As  adjective : 

1.  Pertaining  to,  or  in  the  condition  of,  » 
reformado ;  hence,  degraded,  low. 


2.  Penitent,  reformed ;  devoted  to  reforma- 
tion. 

•re  form  al  ize,  t-.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
formalize  (q.v.).]  To  affect  reformation  ;  to 
pretend  to  correctness. 

"  The  impure  glosses  of  the  rr.formalinng  Pharisee." 
—lot:  Bluff  of  Brighten  Beauty,  p.  n. 

ref  or  ma  tlon  (1),  *  ref-or-ma-ci-on,  *. 

[Fr.  reformation,  from  Lat.  refurmationem, 
accus.  of  reformutio,  from  reformatus,  pa.  par. 
of  reformo  =  to  reform  (q.v.).]  The  act  of  re- 
forming ;  the  state  of  being  reformed  ;  correc- 
tion or  amendment  of  life  or  manners,  or  of 
anything  corrupt,  vicious,  or  objectionable ; 
the  reform  or  redress  of  grievances  or  abuses. 

"This  shall  certainly  be  our  portion,  as  well  as  his, 
unless  we  do  prevent  it  by  a  speedy  reformation  of 
our  lives."— Ukarp :  Oermoni,  vol.  i.,  ser.  *. 

If  The  Reformation : 

Hitt :  The  great  revolt  against  the  tenet* 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p6t, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  sin;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  role,  fall;  try,  Syrian.    SB,  oe  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


reformation  -refraction 


3929 


snd  the  domination  of  the  mediaeval  church 
which  took  place  in  Western  Europe  in  the 
sixteenth  century.  The  Church  of  the  middle 
ages  had  possessed  an  amount  of  power  never 
before  or  since  reached  by  any  other  ecclesiasti- 
cal organization.  It  attained  the  height  of  its 
glory  in  the  thirteenth  century,  and  by  the 
fourteenth  had  begun  to  decline.  In  that 
century  arose  Wycliffe  (1324(?)-1884),  "the 
Morning  Star  of  the  Reformation."  [LOLLARD, 
LOLLARDISM.)  There  is  an  historical  connec- 
tion between  his  labours  and  the  Hus.site 
movement.  [HossiTE.]  Meanwhile,  the  re- 
vival of  letters,  the  invention  of  printing,  the 
discovery  of  America  (1492),  and  the  Cape 
route  to  India  (1497),  enlarged  men's  concep- 
tions, and  prepared  them  for  novelties  in 
religion.  In  the  sixteenth  century,  the  de- 
cisive struggle  began,  independently,  in  France 
in  1512,  under  James  Lefevre  of  Etaples,  in 
Switzerland  in  1516,  under  Ulrich  Zuinglius, 
and  in  Germany  in  1517.  The  French  move- 
ment in  large  measure  failed  [HUGUENOT],  and 
of  the  other  two,  that  in  Germany  was  so 
much  the  more  potent,  that  from  its  com- 
mencement (October  81, 1517)  dates  the  period 
of  the  Reformation  and  of  modern  times. 
[LuTHERAH,  PROTESTANT.)  (For  the  Swiss 
Reformation  see  Reformed  Church ;  for  that 
of  England,  Church  of  England;  for  that  of 
Scotland,  Church  of  Scotland.)  Though  the 
most  potent  influence  in  the  Reformation  was 
a  strong  spiritual  impulse,  yet  other  elements 
had  a  large  pla<«.  The  ethnologist  observes 
that,  speaking  broadly,  the  Teutonic  race  in 
England,  Scotland,  Germany,  Switzerland, 
Holland,  Sweden,  Norway,  and  Denmark,  em- 
braced the  Reformation,  while  the  Latin  and 
Celtic  races  rejected  it.  the  chief  exception 
being  that  Teutonic  Austria  remained  Catho- 
lic, while  the  Celtic  Scottish  Highlanders  be- 
came Protestant.  The  intellectual  impulse 
which  the  Reformation  communicated  is  still 
in  full  force,  and  will  never  fade  away. 

re-for-ma'-tion  (2),  s.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
fornuitian  (q.v.).]  The  act  of  forming  or 
arranging  anew  ;  a  second  forming  or  arrang- 
ing iu  order  :  as,  the  reformation  of  troops. 

rS-form'-a-tive,  o.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
formative  (q.v.).J  Forming  again  or  anew  ; 
having  the  quality  of  renewing  form ;  reforma- 
tory. 

rS-form'-a-tor-jf,  a.  &  s.  [Eng.  reform; 
-atory.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Tending  or  intended  to  reform 
or  produce  reformation  ;  reformative. 

B.  As  subst. :   An  institution  for  the  de- 
tention and  reformation  of  young  persons  con- 
victed of  vice  or  crime.     (Reformatories  and 
certified  Industrial  Schools  differ  only  in  the 
ages  at  which  juveniles  are  admitted,  and  the 
degree  of  their  criminality.) 

r$-forme<T,  pa.  par.  or  a.    [REFORM,  ».] 

Reformed  Church,  •. 

Church.  Hist. :  The  name  given  first  to  the 
Helvetic  Church,  which  rejected  both  tran- 
substantiation  and  consubstantiation,  regard- 
ing the  communion  as  simply  a  commemora- 
tive ordinance.  I  LORD'S  SUPPER.)  Afterwards, 
the  name  Reformed  Churches  was  extended 
to  all  other  religious  bodies  who  held  similar 
•acramental  views.  The  founder  of  the  Hel- 
fetic  Church  was  Ulrich  Zwingli,  who  began 
to  preach  reformed  doctrines  in  1516,  and  in 
1519  engaged  in  a  contest  with  Samson,  a 
seller  of  indulgences.  D'Aubigne  (Hist.  Ref,, 
bk.  xv.),  himself  a  Swiss,  shows  that  from 
1519  to  1526  Zurich  was  the  centre  of  the 
Swiss  Reformation,  which  was  then  entirely 
German,  and  was  propagated  in  the  eastern 
and  northern  parts  of  the  Helvetic  Con- 
federation. Between  1526  and  1532  the  move- 
ment was  communicated  from  Berne  ;  it  was 
at  once  German  and  French,  and  extended 
to  the  centre  of  Switzerland  from  the  gorges 
of  the  Jura  to  the  deepest  valleys  of  the  Alps. 
In  1532  Geneva  took  the  lead.  Here  the 
Reformation  was  essentially  French.  The 
first  or  German  part  of  the  movement  was 
conducted  by  Zwingli,  till  his  death  at  the 
battle  of  Cappel  (Oct.  11,  1531),  the  second 
by  various  reformers,  the  third  part  by 
William  Farel,  and  then  by  John  Calvin. 
[CALVINIST.]  During  the  last  and  the  present 
century  rationalism  has  extensively  pervaded 
the  Swiss  Church. 

Reformed  Church,  of  England,  Reformed  Epis- 
copal Church :  [FBGE  CUURCB  OF  ENOLA.ND]. 


Reformed  Presbyterians,  s.  pi. 

Church  Hist.:  On  May  25,  1876,  the  Re- 
formed  Presbyterian  Synod  almost  unani- 
mously joined  the  Free  Church.  (For  their 
early  history  see  Cameraman.) 

rS-form'-er,  s.     [Eng.  reform;  -or.] 

1.  One  who  reforms  ;  one  who  effects  a  re- 
formation or  amendment  of  manners,  abuses, 
&c. 

"I  think  the  longest  time  of  our  wont  princes 
scarce  saw  many  mure  execution*  tbau  the  short  one 
of  our  blest  reformer."  —  Cowtey  :  (fuoernment  vf  Oliver 
Cromwell. 

2.  One  who  promotes  or  favours  political 
reform. 

"  Such  a  House  of  Commons  it  was  the  purpose  of 
the  constitution  originally  to  erect,  nnd  such  a  House 
of  Connixms  it  waa  the  wish  of  every  reformer  uo«r  to 
establish."—  /W:  .•i/xedt,  April  18,  ITS;. 

3.  One  of  those  who  assisted  in  the  refor- 
mation of  religion  in  the  sixteenth  century. 

"  re'-form'-er-ess,  *.  [Eng.  reformer;  -ess.] 
A  female  reformer. 

"  The  re/armereti  of  the  Poor  Clares.  "—Southey  : 
The  Doctor,  ch.  ccxiii. 

*  rS-form'-ISt,  s.     [Eng.  reform;  -ist.] 

1.  One  who  belongs  to  the  reformed  religion  ; 
a  protestant. 

"  We  had  a  risible  conspicuous  church,  to  whom 
all  other  rrform'att  gave  the  upper  baud."—  Bowell  : 
Lettert.  bk.  iv.,  let.  3«. 

2.  One  who  promotes  or  favours  political 
reform  ;  a  reformer. 

re"-form'-ljf,  adv.    [Eng.r<s/brm;  -ly.]    In  or 
after  the  manner  of  a  reform. 

"  A  fierce  reformer  once,  now  rankled  with  a  con- 
trary heat,  would  send  us  back  very  reformln  indeed 
to  learn  reformation  from  Tyudarus  and  Bebuffus."— 
Milton  .  Contiderationt. 

re-for-tl-fl-ca'-tion,  s.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
fortification  (q.  v.).]  The  act  of  refortifying  ;  a 
fortifying  anew. 

re-for'-tl-fy',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  fortify 
(q.v.).]  To  fortify  again  or  anew  ;  to  put  into 
a  state  of  defence  again  ;  to  repair  or  renew 
the  fortifications  of. 

"  With  special  capitulation,  that  neither  the  Scots 
nor  the  French  shall  reforti/y,  nor  cause  to  be  re/orti- 
fad.  in  neither  of  those  two  places:  with  the  like 
covenant  for  our  part.  If  the  French  deputies  do 
require."—  Burnit  :  Kecordt,  ii.  2»l. 

*re  f6ss-i6n  (M  as  sh),  ».  [Lat.  refossus, 
pa.  par.  of  refodio  =  to  dig  up  again  :  re-  = 
again,  and  fotlio  =  to  dig.  ]  The  act  of  digging 
up  a^ain. 

"  Hence  are  refosrion  of  granes,  torturing  of  the 
surviving,  worse  than  many  deaths."—/*/),  fall:  St. 
Paul't  Combat. 


'  (1),  v.t.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  found 
(l)(q.v.).]    To  found  or  cast  anew. 

"  Perhaps  they  are  all  antient  bells  rtfounded."— 
Wartun  :   Hillary  of  KiMir.glon,  p.  8. 

re-foUnd'  (2),  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  found 
(2)  (q.v.).]  To  found  or  establish  again  or 
anew  ;  to  reestablish. 

re-foHnd'-er,  *.  [Eng.  refound  (2)  ;  -«r.]  One 
who  refouuds  or  reestablishes. 

re  frict  ,  v.t.  [Lat.  refractus,  pa.  p»r  of  re- 
fringo  =  to  break  up  :  re-  =  haclc,  again,  and 
frango  =  to  break  ;  Fr.  refracttr.] 

*  I.  Ord.  Uing.  :  To  bend  sharply  and 
abruptly  back  ;  to  break  off. 

2.  Optics  :  To  break  the  natural  course  of, 
as  of  a  ray  of  light  ;  to  deflect  or  cause  to 
deviate  from  a  direct  course  in  passing  fr»"n 
one  medium  into  another  of  a  different  density. 
[REFRACTION,  2.J 

"  Hrfrnrtiny  and  reflecting  the  sunbeams  in  such  an 
angle.  —Cudwortk  :  Intel!.  SyHem,  p.  ». 

*  ri  fract'-a-ble.  a.    [Eng.  refract;   -able.] 
Capable  of  l>eing  refracted,  as  a  ray  of  light 
or  neat;  refrangible. 

*  rS-frac'-ta-ry",  o.  &  «.    [REFRACTORY.] 

re-fract'-e'd,  pa.  par.  &  a.    [REFRACT.] 

A.  A$  pa.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Bot.  *  Zonl.  :  Bent  back  at  an  acute  angle  ; 
bent  suddenly,  as  if  broken.    (Mttrtyn,  Ac.) 

2.  Physics  :  Turned  or  deflected  from  a  direct 
course,  as  a  ray  of  light  or  heat. 

re'-fract'-liig,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [KKFRACT.] 

1[  Refracting  angle  of  a  prism  :  The  ancle 
formed  by  the  two  faces  of  the  triangular 
prism,  used  to  decompose  white  or  solar  light 


ng  two  transparent  media,  at  which  a  ray  of 
ight  in  passing  from  one  into  the  other  uuder- 


refractlng  dial,  s.  A  dial  in  whiah 
the  hour  is  shown  by  means  of  some  trans- 
parent refracting  fluid. 

refracting  surface,  s.  A  surface  bound- 

ii 

1  _ 

goes  refraction. 

refracting -telescope,  s.  The  ordinary 
form  of  telescope  (q.v.). 

re  frac  -tion,  s.     [Fr.,  from   Lat.  refractut. 

.  pa.  par.  of  refntigo  =  to  break  up;  Sp.  r»- 
fraccion;  Ital.  rifrazione.]    [REFRACT.] 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :  The  act  of  bending  back ; 
the  state  of  being  refracted  or  bent  back. 

2.  Physics :  The  bending  or  deflection  of  a 
ray  of  light  (including  heat  and  all  other  forms 
of  radiant  energy)  which  takes  place  whenever 
the  ray  passes  at  any  other  angle  than  a  right 
angle  from  the  surface  of  one  medium  into 
another  medium  of  different  density.  This 
optical  density  by  no  means  coincides  with 
comparative  specific  gravity,  e.g.,  turpentine 
is  optically  denser  than  water,  but  floats  on 
the  top  of  "it.  It  is  a  retarding  influence  ;  and 
accordingly  when  the  ray  enters  the  denser 
medium  at  right  angles,  though  not  refracted, 
it  is  retarded  in  a  certain  proportion,  travers- 
ing a  less  distance  in  a  given  time.  Rajs  at 
other  angles,  it  can  be  shown  by  analysis,  must 
be  bent  aside  according  t»  a  law  discovered  by 
Bnell  about  A.D.  1620.  Let  w  w  represent  the 
refracting  surface  of  the  denser  medium,  for 
example  of  water ;  and  draw  A  B  perpendicular 
to  that  surface.  Descril*  a  circle  round  the 
point  c,  where  the  perpendicular  cuts  the 
surface.  Now  let  a  ray  u  c  enter  the  surface 
at  c,  at  some  angle  A  c  D  with  the  perpen- 
dicular, and  suppose  it  found  by  experiment 
that  the  re- 
fracted ray 
takes  the  di- 
rection c  d. 
In  the  first 
place,  the  re- 
fracted ray 
will  be  found 
to  be  in  the 
same  plane  as 
the  incident 
ray.  In  the 
second  place, 
if  the  medium 
below  w  w  be 
the  denser, 

the  refracted  ray  will  be  bent  towards  f  he  per- 
pendicular, and  the  reverse  in  the  contrary 
case,  so  that  a  ray  </c  incident  in  water  would 
be  refracted  as  c  D,  further  away  from  the 
perpendicular,  on  emergence  into  fcir.  But 
thirdly,  the  refracted  course  of  every  other  ray 
can  now  be  calculated,  according  to  the  fol- 
lowing (Snell's)  IH  w.  Draw  D  s  and  ./  s  normal 
to  the  pel  [tend icular,  then  the  lines  D  8  and  ds 
will  represent  geometrically  the  sines  of  the 
arcs  A  o  and  d  B,  and  if  the  radius  c  A  be  unity, 
the  numbers  expressing  s  D  and  d  s  will 
be  the  sines  of  the  angles.  The  sine  s  D  will 
have  a  certain  ratio  to  the  sine  d  s.  And 
now  if  any  other  incident  my,  E  c,  be  taken, 
its  sine  found  in  the  same  way  will  be  found 
to  bear  the  same  ratio  to  the  sine  of  the 
refracted  ray.  This  ratio  of  the  sines  is  there- 
fore invariable  for  all  incidences  for  the  same 
homogeneous  substance.  Such  ratio  is  called 
its  retractive  index.  And  it  will  be  readily 
seen  how,  the  index  of  any  substance — as 
some  kind  of  optical  glass— l«einc  once  found 
by  some  simple  exjwriinent,  the  course  of 
every  refracted  ray  incident  at  any  angle  on 
the  curved  sin  fare  of  a  lens  can  be  foreseen, 
and  thus  its .  focus  and  other  properties 
calculated,  or  the  curves  calculated  fora  given 
focus,  which  is  simply  the  point  to  which 
refracted  rays  converge. 

J  (1)  Astronomical,  atmospheric,  or  celestial 
refraction: 

Astron.,  <tc. :  The  alteration  of  the  direction 
of  a  luminous  ray  proceeding  from  a  heavenly 
body  to  the  eye  of  a  spectator  on  the  earth.  It 
is  caused  by  the  passage  of  the  ray  from  space 
or  the  rarer  air  high  in  the  atmosphere  to  the 
denser  medium  near  the  surface  of  the  earth.  It 
produces  the  greatest  effect  when  the  heavenly 
oody  is  on  the  horizon,  and  is  non-existent 
when  It  is  in  the  zenith.  It  makes  a  heavenly 
body  appear  higher  than  it  is,  or  even  visible 
before  it  has  really  risen.  Allowance  must  be 
made  for  refraction  in  all  observations  of  alti- 
tude. The  amount  of  refraction  at  a  certain 
elevation  above  tha  horizon,  for  a  certain 


boll, 


^  ;  print,  J6%1  ;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  9hln,  bench  ;  go,  gem  ;  tnin,  this  ;  sin,  as  ;  expect.  Xcnophon,  exist,   ph  =  t 
-tlnn  --  Tfiyi    -tion,  -sion  *  *M"  ;  -(ion,  -sion  =  zhuxu    -clous,  -tions,  -sious  -  shus.    -blc.    die.  &c.  =  beL  d«L 


3930 


refractive— refrication 


temperature  of  the  air,  and  a  certain  height  of 
the  barometer,  may  be  approximately  deter- 
mined, but  minute  variations  in  it  make  the 
corrected  places  of  the  stars  occasionally 
wrong  I  >y  a  second  or  more.  (Ball.) 

(2)  Axis  of  double  refraction  :  [Axis]. 

(3)  Axis  of  refraction  :  [Axis], 

(4)  Conical  refraction  : 

Optics  :  The  refraction  of  a  ray  of  light  into 
a  number  of  other  rays  forming  a  hollow  cone. 
It  arises  when  a  ray  of  light  passes  through 
biaxial  crystals  [I'olirinitiijii  of  Light]  in  a 
particular  direction,  nearly  coinciding  with 
the  optic  axis.  When  the  ray,  leaving  the 
crystal,  forms  a  cone  with  the  apex  at  the 
point  of  emergence,  it  is  called  external  conical 
refraction  ;  when  the  cone  is  formed  by  the 
ray  on  entering  the  crystal,  and  it  emerge*  in 
a  hollow  cylinder,  it  is  called  internal  conical 
refraction.  It  was  first  reasoned  out  by  Sir 
William  R.  Hamilton,  and  subsequently 
demonstrated  experimentally  by  Lloyd. 

(5)  Double  refraction  : 

Optics  :  Many  crystals  are  not  homogeneous, 
but  have  different  properties  of  elasticity,  &c., 
in  different  directions.  The  effect  of  such  a 
constitution  is,  that  unless  a  ray  of  light 
enters  the  crystal  in  some  [articular  direc- 
tions, it  is  not  merely  refracted  in  the  manner 
described  under  Refraction,  but  divided  into 
two  rays.  In  this  case  the  refracted  ray  or 
rays  are  not  always  in  the  same  plane  as  the 
incident  ray.  [Polar  imti'tn  of  Light.} 

(6)  Index  of  refraction  :  [INDEX,  s.,  If  (4)]. 

(7)  Plane  of  refraction  :  The  plane  passing 
through  the  normal  or  perpendicular  to  the 
refracting  surface,  at  the  point  of  incidence 
and  the  refracted  ray. 

(8)  Point  of  refraction  :  [POINT,  *.,  f  14]. 

(9)  Refraction  of  altitude  and  declination,  of 
ascension  and  descension,  of  latitude  and  longi- 
tude: The  change  in  the  altitude,  declination, 
Ac.,  of  a  heavenly  body,  due  to  the  effect  of 
atmospheric  refraction. 

(10)  Refraction  of  sound  : 

Physics:  The  change  of  direction  which  takes 
place  when  waves  of  sound  pass  from  one 
medium  to  another.  It  follows  Hie  same  laws 
as  light.  It  was  discovered  by  Sondhauss. 

(11)  Terrestrial  refraction  : 

Optics:  Refraction  making  terrestrial  bodies 
such  as  distant  buildings  or  hills,  &<:.,  look 
higher  than  they  really  are  The  principle  is 
the  same  as  in  Astronomical  Refraction. 


rg-frac'-tlve,  a.  [Fr.  refractif.]  [REFRACT.] 
Pertaining  or  relating  to  refraction  ;  tending 
or  serving  to  refract  or  deflect  from  a  direct 
course. 

"  Transmitted  through  a  Tariety  of  refractive  sur- 
faces."— Bp.  Hartley  .  Ssermoiu.  vol.  ii.,  ier.  17. 

refractive  index,  -•>-.  The  same  as  Index 
of  refraction.  [INDEX,  «.,  H  (4).] 

refractive-power,  ••. 

Optics:  A  comparative  term  practically 
synonymous  with  optical  density,  and  speci- 
fying the  degree  in  which  a  lx>dy  refracts  tight 
(or  heat,  &c.).  [REFRACTION.] 

rS-frac'-tlve-ness,  s.  [Ens.  refractive; 
-ness.}  The  quality  or  state  of  being  refractive. 

re'-frao-td'm'-e'-te'r,  «.  [Eng.  r*/ro/-f(wm); 
o  connect.,  ami  meter.]  An  instrument  for  ex- 
hibiting and  measuring  the  refraction  of  light. 

rS-fr&c'-tor,  ».  [Eng.  refract;  -or.]  A  re- 
fracting telescope  (q.v.). 


r-i-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  refractory;  -ly.] 
In  a  refractory  manner  ;  perversely,  obstin- 
ately. 

re  frac  tor-I  ne"ss,  *.     [Eng.   refractory; 
•ness.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  lieing  refractory  ; 
pervereeness  ;  obstinacy  in  opposition  or  dis- 
obedience. 

"  Public  opinion  everywhere  Is  daily  becoming  more 
and  more  exasperated  at  their  obttiuaM  re/roctori- 
itea."—Tima.  March  15,  1S8& 

2.  Difficulty  of  fusion  or  of  yielding  to  the 
hammer.    (Said  of  minerals.) 

rS-frio'-tor-?,  •  rS-frac'-ta-rfc  a.  &  «. 

[Lat.  refrnctnrius  •=.  obstinate,  from  refractus, 
t>a.  par.  of  refrinyo  =  to  break  up  ;  Fr.  re- 
fractaire;  8p.  refractario  ;  Ital.  refrattario.} 
[REFRACT.] 


A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Perverse,  contumacious  ;  sullenly  ob- 
stinate in  opposition  or  disobedience ;  stub- 
born and  unmanageable. 

••  Suited  to  the  refractory  temper  of  the  Jewish 
people."— Rp.  Hartley:  Vermont,  vol.  it.,  ser.  23. 

•  2.  Opposed,  incompatible. 

"  That  religion  thus  nursed  up  by  politicians  might 
be  every  way  compliant  with,  and  ol«equious  to  their 
designs,  and  no  way  refr  ti;tory  to  the  same."— fud- 
worth  :  Intell.  Syttrm.  p.  6i5. 

3.  Resisting  ordinary  treatment.  Applied 
especially  to  metals,  wliich  require  more  than 
the  on  Ii  nary  amount  of  heat  to  fuse  them,  or 
which  do  not  yield  readily  to  the  hammer ; 
not  easily  fused*,  reduced,  or  the  like. 

B.  As  substantive  : 

*  L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  An  obstinate,  perverse,  or  contumacious 
person. 

"  How  sharp  hath  your  censure  been  of  those  re- 
fractorift  amongst  us.  —  Up.  Bull :  Kemaint.  p.  306. 

2.  Obstinate,  perverse,  or  sullen  opposition. 
"  Glorying  in  their  scandalous  rffractorie*  to  public 

order." — Jernny  Taylor. 

IL  Pottery:  A  piece  of  ware  covered  with  a 
vaporable  flux  and  placed  in  a  kiln,  to  com- 
municate a  glaze  to  the  other  articles. 

*  re-frac'-ture,  *.     [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  frac- 

ture (q.v.).J "  A  breaking  back  or  away. 

"  Reluctanries.  reserves,  aud  refracturet."—Gauden  : 
Tea.no/tlie  Churvh.  p.  Mi 

*  ref  ra-ga-biT-I-t J,  ».     [Eng.  refmianh ; 
-ity.]    The'quality  or  state  of  being  refragable ; 
refragableness. 

•rSf-ra-ga-ble,  o.  [Lat.  refragdbilis,  from 
refragor  —  to  oppose,  to  resist:  re-  =  back, 
and  frango  =  to  break.]  Capable  of  being  op- 
posed, resisted,  or  refuted  ;  refutable. 

IT  Not  now  found  except  in  the  negative 
irrefragable. 

*  reT-ra-ga-ble-nesS,  s.     [Eng.  refragnble ; 
-ness.]    Tlie'quality  or  state  of  being  repayable 
or  refutable. 

*  reT-ra-gate,  v.i.    [Lat.  refraiatus,  pa.  par. 

of  refmyor.]  [REFRAGABLE.]  To  oppose  ;  to 
be  opposed  or  opposite ;  to  break  down  on 
trial  or  examination. 

"  If.  upon  further  enquiry,  any  were  found  to  refra. 
gate."—Ulnnmll :  tice/itu  Scientijlca,  ch.  xix. 

re  frain ,  *  re-fraine,  *  re-frayne,  *  re- 
freyne,  *  re  freine,  v.t.  &  i.  [Fr.  refreiur 
=.  to  bridle,  to  repress,  from  Lat.  refreno, 
from  re-  =  back,  and  frenum  =  a  bit,  a  curb.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  hold  back  ;  to  restrain,  to 
curb  ;  to  keep  from  action.    (Psalm  xl.  49.) 

B.  Intrans. :  To  forbear ;  to  hold  back  ;  to 
keep  one's  self  back  from  action  ;  to  restrain 
one  s  self. 

"  For  my  praise  will  I  refrain  for  thee.  that  I  cut 
thee  not  on".  —  Itaiah  xlviii.  9. 

re -frain,  •  re-fraine,  s.  [Fr.  refrain.] 
The  burden  of  a  sen-  ;  that  part  of  a  song 
which  is  repeated  at  the  end  of  every  stanza. 

"  And  as  he  listened,  o'er  and  o'er  again. 
Repeated,  like  a  burden  or  refrain." 

•    LongfeVkno  :  .'iicilian'i  Tal*. 

*  rS-fraln'-er,  *  re-frein^r,  *.    [Eng.  re- 
frain; -er.]    One  who  refrains  or  restrains. 

"  Cohibetors  and  rr/r«nor»  of  the  k  mges  wilfttll  skope." 
—Ball :  Chronicle  ;  Henry  VII.  (au.  18). 

»  re  train  -ment, «.  [Eng.  refrain,  v. ;  -ment.] 
The  act  or  state  of  refraining ;  forbearance, 
abstinence. 

re  frame ,  v.t.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  frame,  v. 
(q.v.).]  To  frame  or  put  together  again  or  anew. 
"  Made  up  of  the  same  materials  with  the  f ormer  re- 
framed."—  Search :  Light  of  Nature,  voL  ii..  pt  L,  ch.  ii. 

re-fran-gJ-blT-i-ty,  *.  [Eng.  refrangible)  ; 
-ity.]  The  qua)  ity  or  state  of  being  refrangible  ; 
capability  or  susceptibility  of  being  refracted 
or  deflected  from  a  direct  course,  as  a  ray  of 
light,  in  passing  from  one  medium  to  another ; 
refrangibleness. 

"All  these  rays  differ  in  rrfranvibilUy."— LacJce: 
Xltmenlt  of  Jfut.  PhUotophy,  cb.  xi. 

re"-fran'-gl-ble,  n.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
frangible  (q.v.).]  Capable  of  being  refracted 
or  deflected  from  a  direct  course,  as  a  ray  of 
light,  in  passing  from  one  medium  to  another  ; 
susceptible  of  refraction. 

"  Some  of  them  [rays]  are  more  refrnnj'Me  than 
ethers."— £oc*«:  Element!  of  Nat.  Philotophy,  ch.  ix. 

*  re"  fran  -gl-ble-ness,  *.     [Eng.  refrangi- 
ble ;  -ntxs.]     The  quality  or  state  of  being  re- 
frangible ;  refrangiUlity. 


•  re-freide,  v.t.  [O.  Fr.  refreider  (Fr.  rt- 
froidir),  from  Lat.  re-  =  again,  audjVifleo  SB  to 
freeze,  to  cool.  ]  To  cooL 

"  re  fre  na  -tion,  s.    [O.  Fr.]    The  act  of  re- 

fraining or  restraining. 

re  fresh  ,  •  re  freisch,  *  re  freissch,  v.t. 
i.     [O.   t'r.  rejreachir,  rajrai&chir  (t'r.  ra- 


A.  Transitive  : 

*  1.  To  make  fresh  again  ;  to  improve  by 
new  touches  ;  to  freshen  up  ;  to  renovate,  to 
retouch  ;  to  touch  up,  so  as  to  make  to  seem 
new  again. 

"  The  rest  refreth  the  scaly  snakes,  that  fold 
The  shield  o(  Pallas,  and  renew  their  gold.' 

Drj/den  :  Virgil  ;  .eiu-id  viii.  575. 

2.  To  make  fresh  or  vigorous  again  ;  to  re- 
store strength  or  viyour  to  ;  to  reinvigorate 
after  fatigue,  want,  pain,  exertion,  &c.  ;  to  re- 
vive. (2  Sam.  xvi.  14.) 

*  3.  To  restore  strength  to  ;  to  recruit,  to 
reinforce. 

"  To  refreth  their  camp  with  fresh  souldiers.  In  th« 
lieu  of  such  as  be  perished."—  Burnet  :  Kecorai.  vol.  ii.. 
bk.  ii..  Na  S4. 

4.  To  steep  and  soak,  as  vegetables,  in  pure 
water  in  order  to  restore  freshness  of  appear- 
ance. 

B.  fntrans.  :  To  lay  in  a  stock  of  fresh 
provisions  ;  to  take  refreshment. 

*  rS-fresll',  *.    [REFRESH,  v.]     Refreshment  ; 
the  act  of  refreshing. 

"  The  morning  dew 

Whose  short  refreth  upon  the  tender  green. 
Cheers  for  a  time."  Lianiel  :  Sonnet  47. 

*  re-fresh'-en,   v.t.     [Pref.    re-,   and    Eng. 
fre-shen  (q.  v.)".  ]  To  make  fresh  again  ;  to  freshen 
up  ;  to  renovate. 

"  To  /-enlace  and  r*fnAen  those  imprauions  of  na- 
ture which  are  continually  wearing  away."—  Reynold*  : 
Jfotei  on  Du  Fretnoy  ;  Art  of  Painting. 

re-fre'sh'-er,  s.    [Eng.  refresh,  v.  ;  -«r.] 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  refreshes,  revives, 
or  reinvigorates. 

2.  Specif.  :  A  fee  paid  to  counsel,  when  a 
case  is  ad.jourued  or  continued  from  one  term 
or  sitting  to  another,  as  though  to  refresh  his 
memory  as  to  the  facts,  and  reinvigorate  him 
for  further  exertions  in  the  case. 

"  Fees  had  been  paid  and  extra  rcfrrihert  in  order  to 
swell  the  bill  of  costs."—  Timet,  March  3u,  18S6. 

•  rg-frSsh  -fttl,  a.    [Eng.  refresh;  -full.]    Full 
of  refreshment  ;  refreshing,  reinvigorating. 

"  Throws  rtfrethful  round  a  rural  smell." 

Thamton  :  Summer.  864. 

•  re'-fre'sh'-ful-l&  adv.  [Eng.  refreshful  ;  -In.] 
In  a  refreshful  or  refreshing  manner  ;  so  as  to 
refresh. 

rS-fresh'-ing,  pr.  par.,  a.,&*.    [REFRESH,  v.] 
A.  <fe  B.  As  pr.  par.  <t  particip.  adj.  :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  siibst.  :  Refreshment  ;  the  act  of  giv- 
ing or  taking  refreshment. 

"  Oile  is  a  present  refreihina  and  reinedie."—  P.  Hol- 
land :  Plinie,  bk.  xxiii..  cb.  iv. 


g-iy,  adv.  [Eng.  refreshing; 
-ly.]  In  a  refreshing  manner  ;  so  as  to  refresh 
or  reinvigorate. 

re  fre  i.h  ing  ness,    s.      [Eng.    refreshing; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  refreshing. 

re  fresh  ment,  *  re  fresshe  ment,  s. 

[Eng.  refresh  ;  -ment.] 

1.  The  act  of  refreshing  or  reinvigorating  ; 
the  state   of   being   refreshed  ;    relief  after 
labour,  want,  pain,  fatigue,  &<:. 

"  The  rffrethrnent  of  the  lower  ranks  of  mankind  by 
an  Interiiiissiou  of  their  labours."—  Bp.  Hartley: 
Srrmuia.  vol.  il..  ser.  23. 

2.  That  which  refreshes,  reinvigorates,  or 
restores  strength  or  vigour:  as  food,  drink, 
or  rest.    (In  the   plural   it  is  almost  exclu- 
sively applied  to  food  or  drink  :  as,  Refresh- 
ments were  then  served.) 

refreshment-room,  ».  A  room  at  a 
railway  station  in  which  refreshments  are 
sold. 

*  re-fret,  *  re-frete,  ».    [O.  Fr.]    Refrain, 
burden. 

"  This  was  the  refret  of  that  caroull."  —  Chronicon 
rilitdunenie,  p.  115. 

*  re-frl-oi'-tlon,  ».     [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng 
/ricotion(q.v.).]     A  rubbing  up  anew  or  afresh. 

"  A  continual  refrication  of  the  memory."—  Bp.  Hall  . 
Warkt,  IT.  ML 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wit,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pot, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who.  con;  mute,  cub.  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Svrtan.    ee,  oe  =  e ;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


refrigerant— refuse 


re-ftig'-er-ant,  a.  &  *.  [Lat.  refrigerant, 
pr.  par.  »>f  'refrigero  =  to  refrigerate  (q.v.)  ; 
Fr.  refrigerant;  Sp.  &  Ital.  rtfrigerante.] 

*  A.  At  adj. :  Cooling,  allaying  heat,  re- 
frigerative. 

"  Liniments  lenitive and  refrigerant."— P.  Holland  : 
Plinie,  Ijk.  xxxiv.,  cb.  xvili. 

B.  As  substantive : 

*  1.  Ord.  Lang. :   Anything   which    cools, 
allays,  or  extinguishes. 

"  This  almost  never  fails  to  prove  a  refrigerant  to 
piMiou."— Blair. 

2.  Pharm. :  A  medicine  which  allays  febrile 
disturliances  by  relieving  the  patient's  thirst 
Examples :  water,  acetic  aciii,  citric  acid, 
cream  of  tartar  in  dilution,  grapejuice,  orange 
juice,  lemon  juice. 

•  re-frlg'-er-ate,  o.  [Lat.  refrigeratus,  pa. 
par.  of  refrigero :  re-  =  again,  undfrigus,  genit. 
frigoris  =  co\d.\  Cooled,  allayed. 

"  Their  fury  was  assuaged  and  refrigerate." — Ball: 
Chronycle  ;  Henry  I'll,  (an  4). 

re-frlg'-er-ate,  v.t.  [Sp.  &  Port,  refrigerar ; 
Ital.  refriyemre.]  [REFRIGERATE,  a.]  To 
cool ;  to  allay  the  heat  of;  to  keep  cool,  as  in 
a  refrigerator. 

re-frig'-er-at-Ing,  pr.  par.  or  o.  [REFRIGE- 
RATE, v.] 

retTigerating-chamber.  s.  An  apart- 
ment for  the  storage  of  perishable  provisions 
during  warm  weather.  It  is  frequently  a 
structure  in  connection  with  an  ice-house. 

re-frlg-er-a'-tion,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  re- 
frigerationem,  accus.  of  refrigeratio,  from  re- 
frigeratus, pa.  par.  of  refrigero  =  to  refrigerate 
(q.v.);  Sp.  refrigeration ;  Ital.  refrigerazione.] 

1.  The  act  of  cooling,  or  allaying  heat;  the 
state  of  being  cooled. 

"  We  use  these  towers  ...  for  insolation,  refrigera- 
tion, conservation,  Ac."— Bacon  :  New  Atlanta. 

2.  Specif. :  The  operation  or  process  of  cool- 
Ing  worts  and  other  hot  fluid!?,  without  ex- 
posing them  to  evaporation,    by   means   of 
refrigerators  (q.v.). 

H  Itefrigeration  of  the  globe  :  The  hypothesis 
that  the  globe  was  originally  in  a  state  of 
igneous  fusion,  and  has  been  ever  since  under- 
going refrigeration.  It  was  first  propounded 
by  Leibnitz,  in  1680,  in  his  FrotogoM.  The 
nebular  hypothesis  revived  it ;  and  it  is  now 
held  by  various  physicists  and  geologists. 

rS-frlg'-er-a-tlve,  a.  <fe  s.  [Fr.  refrigeratif; 
8p.  &  Port,  refrigerativo ;  Ital.  refrigerativo, 
rifrigerativo.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Cooling,  refrigerant. 

"All    lettuces    are    by    nature   rsfrigerativt."—P. 
Holland  •  Plinie.  bk.  xix..  ch.  viti. 

B.  As  subst. :  A  medicine  that  allays  heat ; 
a  refrigerant, 

re-frlg'-er-a-tor,  s.  [  La  t. ,  from  refrigeratus 
=  refrigerate  (q.v  ).]  That  which  refrigerates, 
cools,  or  allays  heat.  Specifically  applied  to  : 

1.  Brewing:  An  apparatus  consisting  of  a 
shallow  vat  traversed  by  a  continuous  pipe, 
through  which  a  stream  of  cold  water  passes. 
Used  by  brewers  and  distillers  for  cooling  their 
worts  previous  to  fermentation.  The  w»rt  runs 
in  one  direction,  and  the  watei  in  another. 

2.  Steam: 

(1)  A  casing  with  connecting  tubes,  through 
which   feed-water  passes  on   its   way   to  the 
boiler,  and  is  warmed  by  the  current  of  hot 
brine  passing  in  the  other  direction,  on  the 
outside  of  the  tul*s      The  hot  brine,  at  a 
temperature  of  say  218*  Fan.,  is  that  which 
has  been  removed  from  the  boiler  by  the  briue- 
pump 

(2)  A  form  of  condenser,  in  which  the  In- 
jection water  (fresh)  is  cooled  by  a  surface 
application  of  cold  sea-water. 

3.  A  chest  or  closet  holding  a  supply  of 
Ice  to  cool   provisions  and  keep  them  from 
spoiling  in  warm  weather. 

4.  A   chamber   in    which    ice-creams    are 
artificially  made 

&  A  refrigerant  (q.v.). 

rS-lrlg'-er-a-tor-y,  a.  &  *.  [Lat.  refrigera- 
tnrius ;  Fr.  refrigeratoire ;  Sp.  &  Ital.  rt~ 
frigeratorio.] 

A.  As   adj. :  Cooling,   allaying   heat,    re- 
frigerative. 

"Highly   rtfrtgeratory,   diuretic,   Ac."— Berkeley : 
«rfc.  |  120. 

B.  As  subst.  r  That  which  refrigerates ;  a 
refrigerator. 


*  ref-ri-geV-I-um,  s.     [Lat.]     Cooling  r 
frsshment ;  a  refrigerator. 

*'  Tbe  aueients  have  talked    much   of   anar 
frigeriu'ns,   respites,  or  interval*  of    ijuin- 
the  daurued." — South. 

rS-frln'-gen-C^,  s.  [Eng.  refringen(t) ;  -cy.) 
The  quality  or  state  of  l>eing  ret'ringeat ;  re- 
fringent  or  refractive  power. 

re-frin'-gent,  a.  [Lat.  refringens,  pr.  j>ar. 
of  refringo  =  ict  break  up.)  [REFRACT.) 
Possessing  the  quality  of  refraction  ;  refrac- 
tive, refracting. 

"  These  prisms  are  made  of  substances  unequally 
rtfnngent.-tia.nat  :  Phyttct  (ed.  Atkiunou).  t  536. 

re-froz'-en,  o.  [Pref.  re-,  a*d  Eng.  frozen 
(q.v.).]  Frozen  again  or  a  second  time. 

"  Partially  refroten  under  continual  agitation." 
—Proceed.  Political  Hoc.  Loiuion,  pt  ii..  p.  62. 

reft,  pret.  &  pa.  par.  of  v.    [REAVE.) 

*  reft,  *  refte,  s.  [Rirr.]    A  chink,  a  crevice, 
a  rift. 

ref'-uge,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  refugium,  from 
refugio  =  to  flee  back  :  re-  =  back,  again,  and 
fugio  —  to  flee  ;  Sp.  &  Port,  refugio  ;  ItaL  re- 
fugio, rifugio.] 

1.  Shelter  or  protection  from  any  danger  or 
distress. 

"  Unto  the  place,  to  which  her  hope  did  guyde 
To  nude  some  refuge  there  and  rest  her  wtsarie  syda.* 
Klienier:  F.  «.,  III.  Til.  *. 

2.  That  which  shelters   or   protects  from 
danger,  distress,  or   calamity ;   that   which 
gives  shelter  or  protection  ;  a  stronghold  ;  a 
sanctuary  ;  a  place  to  flee  to  in  time  of  danger ; 
a  place  where  one  is  out  of  the  way  or  reach 
of  harm  or  danger. 

3.  Spectf. :  An  institution  for  affording  tem- 
porary shelter  to  the  destitute  or  homeless  ;  a 
house  of  refuge. 

4.  An  expedient,  a  device,  a  resort,  a  con- 
trivance, a  shift,  a  subterfuge. 

"  His  refuge  was  only,  that  they  would  fain  learn 
how  they  might  honestly  answer  the  French."— 
Burnct :  Kecurdt,  voL  U.  bk.  L,  No.  S*. 

U  (1)  Cities  of  refuge  : 

Jewish  Law  &  Hist. :  Six  Levitical  cities 
divinely  appointed  as  places  of  refuge  to  one 
who  had  committed  manslaughter,  and  was 
pursued  by  the  "Revenger"  or  "Avenger"  of 
Blood."  [AVENGER,  1I-.T  2.]  Three  (Kedesh 
Xaphtali,  Shechem,  and  Hebron)  were  west  of 
the  Jordan,  and  three  (Bezer  in  Reuben,  Ra- 
moth  Gilead  in  Gad,  and  Golan  in  the  half- 
tribe  of  Manasseh)  were  east  of  that  river  If 
the  case  was  proved  to  be  one  of  murder,  the 
perpetrator  might  be  taken  from  the  City  of 
Refuge  and  put  to  death  ;  if  it  was  only  man- 
slaughter, the  refugee  had  to  remain  in  the 
city  to  which  he  had  fled  till  released  by  the 
death  of  the  High  Priest  (Num.  xxxv.  6-34 ; 
Josh.  xx.  1-9). 

(2)  Harbours  of  refuge  :  Harbours  or  ports 
which  afford  shelter  to  vessels  in  stormy 
weather  ;  places  of  refuge  for  merchant  vessels 
from  the  cruisers  of  an  enemy  in  time  of  war 

f.)  House  of  refuge :  An  institution  for  af- 
fording shelter  to  the  destitute  or  homeless. 

(4)  School  of  refuge :  A  charity,  ragged,  or 
industrial  school.  (Annandale.) 

*  reT-uge,  v.t.  ft  t    [REFUGE,  ».] 

A.  Transitive: 

L  To  shelter,  to  afford  refuge  to,  to  protect. 
2.  To  make  excuse  for ;  to  palliate. 

"  Like  silly  beggars. 

Who.  sitting  in  the  stocks,  refuge  their  slrame." 
Sutketp.  '  flu-hard  11..  T  t. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  take  refuge  or  shelter. 

rSf-U-gee',  ».  [Fr.  refugi*  This  word  pro- 
bab'ly  came  into  existence  when  the  Protes- 
tants under  Louis  XIV.  escaped  from  their 
oppressors  to  other  lands  and  a  word  was 
needed  to  describe  the  circumstances  of  their 
case.  (Trench:  Study  of  Words,  p  122.)] 

1.  One  who  takes  refuge ;  one  who  flees  to  » 
place  of  refuge  or  shelter 

2.  One  who  flies  for  refuge  in  time  of  perse- 
cution or  political  commotion  to  a  foreign 
country. 

"  These  rtfuffa  were  In  general  men  of  nery  temper 
and  weak  Judgnienf-JfacauM*- :  Hi*  *•*.,  eh.  T 

3.  The  same  as  COWBOY  (3). 

ref  n  gee',  r.i.  To  seek  refuge;  used  during 
tlie'Uivil  War  with  referencn  tJ  those  m>u- 
combatants  who  fled  from  lUeir  home*  upon 
the  approach  ot  tha  armies. 


fe-gen'-er-ip'-Ifm,  *.     [Eng.   refu.gu;   -wakj 
par,  of  f£$/3'w*.  condition  of  a  rifugse. 
generate  (q.v  )i  rf  poiitsoai  r^u»«Om.--«.  «<««.• 
•  I.  Ordi;io.|*».«n-"ii. 


rg-ful -g 

refulgntia,  from  refulgens  =  refulgent  (q.v.>J 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  refulgent;  a 
flood  of  light ;  brightness,  splendour. 

"  Her  sight  Is  presently  Allied  and  disgresated  with 
the  refulyencn  and  coruscations  thereof.  —Uatfell: 
Letter*,  bk.  iL,  let.  60. 

Te-ffir-gent,  o.  [Lat.  refulgens,  pr.  par.  of 
refulgeo  —  to  shine  :  re-  =  back,  again,  and 
fulgeo=tr>  shine;  O.F.  refulgent.]  Emitting 
a  bright  light ;  shining  brightly  ;  glittering, 
splendid. 

"Of  bran,  rich  garments,  and  refulgent  ore." 

I'ope  :  Uomcr ;  Odyaeg  xiii.  lit. 

re'-f&T-gent-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  refulgent;  -ly.\ 
In  a  refulgent  manner ;  with  refulgence. 

re-fund'(l)>  v.t.  [ Lat.  refundo  =  to  pour  back, 
to  restore  :  re-,  back,  and  fundo  =  to  pour ; 
Fr.  refoadre.] 

*  1.  To  pour  back. 

"Were  the  humors  of  the  eye  tinctured  with  any 
colour,  they  would  refund  that  colour  upon  the  oo- 
Jecf— Rag  :  On  Ote  Creation,  pt  11 

2.  To  repay  what  has  been  received  ;  to  re- 
turn in  payment  or  compensation  fur  what  has 
been  taken  ;  to  restore. 

"Supplies  his  need  with  a  usurious  loan. 
To  be  rounded  duly/  fow/wr.  Tatk.  Ill  m. 

*3.  To  resupply  with  funds;  to  reimburse. 
(Swift.) 

re-fund  f2),  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  fund  T. 
(q.v.).J  To  fund  again  or  anew. 

r§-f&nd'-«r,  *.  [Eng.  refund  ;  -er.\  One  who 
refunds. 

*  re-fund'-ment,  s.    [Eng.  refund;  -ment.} 
The  act  of  refunding. 

•  re  fur  bish.  v.t.     fPref.  re-,  and  Eng.  A*"- 
bisk  (q.v.).]    To  furbish  upanew  ;  toretoucu, 
to  renovate. 

re-fur'-nlsli,  •  re-ftir-nysh,  v.t.  [Pref.  n-, 
and  Eng.  furnish  (q.v.).]  To  furnish  again; 
to  supply  or  equip  again. 

•r8-f6f'-%-ble,a.  [Eng.  refuse) ;-<Mt.}  Cap- 
able of  being  refused  ;  admitting  of  refusal. 

"  A  refiuabU  or  little  thing  in  one's  eye.' — i'ounff  : 
SermoHt,  No.  S. 

rS-fua-al,  •re-fus-all,  *.     [Eng. 

^/.r 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  of  refusing ;  denial  of  anything 
•elicited,  demanded,  or  offered  for  acceptance. 

"  A  flat  refutaloa  his  purt."— Bolingbrott :  Diutrta- 
Won  on  Pnrtlet.  let  7. 

2.  The   right   of  taking   anything  before 
others ;  preemption ;  choice  of  taking  or  re- 
fusing ;  option :  as,  To  have  the  refusal  of  a 
house. 

IL  ITydr.  Eng. :  The  resistance  to  farther 
driving  offered  by  a  pile. 

••  The  refuml  of  a  pile  intended  to  support  l"|  tons) 
may  be  taken  at  10  blows  of  a  ram  uf  1,*M>  pounds, 
falling  13  fert  aud  depressing  the  pile  t  of  an  Inch  at 
eachstroke-'-fnifM.  /Met  Jfee*..  ii.  1.1*1. 

rS-ffise'  (1),  v.t.  ft  i.  [Fr.  refuser,  a  word  of 
doub'tful  origin :  prob.  from  a  Low  Lat.  f»- 
faso,  a  frequent,  from  Lat  rtfuna,  pa.  par.  of 
ref  undo  —  to  pour  out,  tf>  refund  (q.v.)  ;  Port. 
refusar;  Sp.  rehusar ;  Ital.  r\futare.} 

A.  Traiuitire : 

1.  To  deny  what  is  solicited,  demanded,  or 
•ought;  to  decline  to  do  or  grant;  not  to 
comply  with. 

"  It  yon  refute  your  ahL* 

OtaJMtp. :  CnHotafMU.  T.  L 

JL  To  decline  to  accept ;  to  reject. 

*•  To  carry  that  which  I  would  have  refuted." 

SkaJtetp-  •'  TIM  (imlUmt*  vf  rerma.  IT.  1 

8.  To  deny  the  request  of ;  to  say  no  to :  M, 
I  could  not  refuse  him  when  he  asked  for  it. 

•  4.  To  disavow  ;  to  disown. 

6.  Mil  :  To  tnrn  back  a  line  of  defense  or  a 
wing  of  a  line  of  tiwips,  to  at  to  form  au  angle 
with  the  main  line. 

B.  IntrtHU. :  To  decline  to  accept ;  not  to 
comply 

"  Too  proud  to  ask.  too  humble  to  rtflat.' 

Oart* :  Spilogur  to  CaU. 

re  fuse  (2),  ».«.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  fate,  T. 
(q.v.).]  To  fuse  or  melt  again. 


bSH,  bo^;  ptttt,  J6%1;  cat,  ?eU,  choru.,,  9hin,  bencH;  go,  gem;  tMn,  thla;  sin,  af ;  expect,  ^enophon,  eyist.    -Ing. 
•cian,  -tian  =  Sloan,   -tion,  -sion  =  8Hun;  -^ion,  -fisn  =  «hiin.   -cious,  -Uous,  ntloua  =  sliiia.   -We,  -die.  ftc.  =  bel,  del. 


3932 


ref -U8C,  a.  &  s.    [REFUSE  (I),  w^ately  deter- 

A.  Ai   adj. :    Refused,   nf*  il  "iake  the 
worthless ;  unworthy  of  •*•*    occasionally 
less. 

••  Erery  thine  that  was  rile,  and  r«AASi  «o»i  they 
destroyed  utterly. "—1  Samuel  XT.  ft. 

B.  As  sulift. :  That  which  is  refused  or  re- 
jected as  worthless  or  unworthy  of  accept- 
ance ;  waste  or  useless  matter  ;  scum,  dregs. 

••  But  I  hi>  graft,  of  ev'ry  weed  o'eryrown. 
And  from  our  kind,  as  refute  forth  am  thrown." 
Imiytun  :  Itabel  to  Kichard  //. 

*  re-fuse ,  s.     [REFUSE  (1),  v.}    The  act  of 
refusing  ;  a  refusal. 

"  Thiu  spoken,  ready  with  a  proud  refute 
Argantes  was  his  proffer' d  aid  to  scorn." 

Fairfax  :  Tatto,  xiL  IS. 

riS-fus'-cr,  *.  [Eng.  refuse)  (1)>  v.  ;  -er.]  One 
who  refuses,  denies,  or  rejects. 

"  Bouie  few  others  are  the  only  refutm  and  con- 
demuen  of  this  catuolick  practice."— Taylor. 

*  re-fu'-sion  (1),  «.     [Lat.  refutio,  from  re- 
fusus,   pa.    par.  of  refundo  —  to  pour  back.] 
[REFUND  (1).]     The  act  of  pouring  back  ; 
restoration. 

"  This  doctrine  of  the  refutinn  of  the  soul  was  very 
consistent  with  the  belief  of  a  future  state  of  rewards 
and  puuinhinent*."—  Warourton:  Divine  Legation, 
bk.il  (Note  cc.) 

•re-fU'-sion  (2),  ».  Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
fusion  (q.v.).]  The  act  of  fusing  or  melting 
again. 

r*>  futf-a-ble,  a.  [Eng.  refuse);  -able.]  Cap- 
able of  being  refuted  ;  admitting  of  refutation. 

*  re-fut'-al,  s.     [Eng.  refuse);  -al.]    The  act 
of  refuting  ;  refutation. 

ref -u  -ta'-tlon.  *  ref  u  tad  on,  ».  [Fr. 
refutation,  from  Lat.  rejvtationtm,  accus.  of 
refulatio,  from  refutatus,  JKI.  par.  of  refuto  = 
to  refute  (q.v.) ;  Sp.  re.fnia.cion  ;  Ital.  refuta- 
none.]  The  act  or  process  of  refuting  or 
proving  to  be  false  or  erroneous  ;  the  confut- 
ing or  overthrowing  of  an  argument,  opinion, 
theory,  doctrine,  or  the  like,  by  argument  or 
countervailing  proof. 

"  The  most  complete  refutation  at  that  fable."— 
Itacaulay:  Hiit.  Eng.,  ch.  xviii. 

re-fut'-a-tor-y,  a.  [Lat.  rtfutatorius ;  Fr. 
refutatoire;  Sp.  refutatorio.]  Relating  to  or 
containing  refutation  ;  tending  or  serving  to 
refute. 

rS-fnte',  v.t.  [Fr.  refuter,  from  Lat.  rtfuto  = 
to  damp  by  pouring  water  on,  to  cool,  to  re- 
fute :  re-  =  back,  again,  and  *futo  =  to  pour, 
from  the  same  root  as  fundo  (pa.  t.  fiidi) ;  futis 
=  a  water-vessel  ;  futilis  =  easily  poured  out, 
futile,  Ac, ;  8p.  refutar;  Ital.  rifutare.]  [CON- 
FUTE.] 

.  1.  To  prove  to  be  false  or  erroneous  ;  to  dis- 
prove, to  confute  ;  to  overthrow  by  argument 
or  countervailing  proof. 

"  And  reasons  brought,  that  no  man  could  refute." 
Spenttr :  F.  <j.,  V.  ix.  44. 

2.  To  overcome  in  argument ;  to  confute  ; 
to  prove  to  be  in  error  :  as,  To  refute  an  op- 
ponent. 

*  re"-fute',  *  rc-fnyt,  t.    [Fr.  refuite,  from 
re/uir=to  double  in   running   from:    re- = 
back,  and  fair  (Lat  fugio)  =  to  fly.]     Refuge. 

"  Krer  bathe  inyne  hope  of  rrfuyt  ben  In  thee." 

Romance  of  the  Honk. 

rS-faf-er,  ».  [Eng.  refuse);  -er.]  One  who 
or  that  which  refutes. 

"  My  rrfuter't  forehead  Is  stronger,  with  a  weaker 
wit"— Bp.  BoM  :  Honour  of  Jfaried  Clergie,  bk.  U,  i  J. 

*  re-fuyt,  ».    [REFUTE,  ».] 

re  gain,  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  gain,  v. 
(q-v.X] 

1.  To  gain  anew  or  back  ;  to  recover  posses- 
sion of. 

••  Like  thee  hare  talent*  to  regain  the  friend." 

Pope:  Boner;  Iliad  xxiii.  «9t 

2.  To  arrive  at  or  reach  again  or  anew. 
"  He  ...  at  length  the  ship  rfgaint, 

And  sails  to  Til.ur  and  Lavlniuiu's  plains." 

tr fitted :  Ovid ;  Metamorphotet  XT. 

re'-gal,  '  re  gall,  a.  [Lat.  regalit,  from  rex 
(genit.  regis)  =  a  king,  from  rego  =  to  rule, 
whence  also  reiyn,  regent,  4c,,  and  the  sutf. 
-reel,  as  in  direct,  &c.  Royal  and  regal  are 
doublets.  Ital.  regale ;  8p.  &  Port,  real ; 
O.  Fr.  real,  reial,  roial ;  Fr.  royal.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  a  king  or  sovereign  ;  kingly, 
'royaL 

"  Who  sought  to  pull  high  Jove  from  regal  state." 
Thornton  :  Cattle  of  Indolence,  i.  2t 


refuse-  regard 


,reg-il  fishes,  s.  pi.    [FISH-ROYAL.] 

H"-g»l.  *  ri-gall,  •  ri  gole,  «.    [Fr.  rt- 
"^Mf;  Ital.  regale.] 

Music:  An  old  musical  instrument;  a  sort 
of  portable  organ,  played  with  the  fingers  of 
the  right  hand,  the 
bellows  being  worked 
with  the  left.  It  had 
generally  only  one 
row  of  pipes,  and  was 
chiefly  used  to  sup- 
port the  treble  voices. 
It  was  much  in  use 
in  the  sixteenth  and 
seventeenth  ,  c  e  n  t  u- 
ries. 

"  And  in  regali  (where 
they  have  a  pipe  they 
call  the  nightingale  pipe 
which  oouUineth  water) 
the  sound  hatli  a  contin- 
ual! trembling."—  Bacon: 
Nat.  Bitr.,  ^  172. 

«rS-ga'-le  (!),«.  [Rf-  KEGAL 

GALI  A.]   A  prerogative  of  royalty  ;  that  which 
pertains  to  a  king. 

*  re-gale  (2),  *.  [REGALE,  v.]  A  feast,  a 
banquet,  an  entertainment. 

"  Their  breath  a  sample  of  last  night's  regale." 

Cowper  :  Tirocinium.  Kit. 

re-gale',  v.t.  &  i.  [Fr.  regaler,  from  O.  Fr. 
galer  =  to  rejoice  [GALA]  ;  Sp.  regalar.] 

A.  Trans.  :   To  entertain  sumptuously  or 
magnificently;  hence,  general!'-  to  entertain 
with  something  that  delights  ,  to  gratify,  as 
the  senses. 

41  Regale  your  ear 
With  strains  it  was  a  privilege  to  hear  " 

Cowper  :  Convertation,  117. 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  feast  ;  to  fare  sumptuously. 

"  See  the  rich  churl,  amidst  the  social  sons 
Of  wiue  and  wit,  regaling." 

Shewtone:  Scon-my. 

*  2.  To  take  pleasure. 

"  Who  thus  regaled  in  the  pleasure  of  being  fore- 
most to  welcome  her."—  Mitt  Autteti  :  Mantjielu  Park, 
ch.il 

re  gal  e  cua,  s.  [Lat.  rex,  genit.  reg(is)  =  a, 
king,  and  Mod.  Lat.  luilec  =  a  herring,  in  allu- 
sion to  one  of  its  popular  names.] 

Ichthy.  :  Deal-fish  ;  a  genus  of  Acanthoptery- 
gian  fishes,  division  Twniiformes.  Each  ven- 
tral fin  is  reduced  to  a  long  filament,  dilated 
at  the  extremity,  somewhat  like  the  blade 
of  an  oar,  whence  they  have  been  called  Gar- 
fishes ;  caudal  rudimentary  or  absent.  Range 
wide  ;  they  have  been  taken  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean, the  Atlantic  and  Indian  Ocean,  and  on 
the  coast  of  New  Zealand  (whence  an  admirably 
prepared  skeleton  was  sent  to  the  Colonial  Ex- 
hibition, London,  in  1886).  Regolecus  banksii  is 
occasionally  found  on  the  British  coasts;  only 
sixteen  captures  being  recorded  in  the  last 
cen>iry.  Sometimes  called  King  of  the 
Herrings,  from  the  erroneous  notion  that  they 
accompany  shoals  of  the  latter  fish. 


*  re  gale  m^nt,  .<.  [Eng.  repoZe,  v.  ;  -ment.] 
Refreshment,  entertainment,  gratification. 

"  The  muse*  still  require 
Humid  regalement.-  Pliilipi  :  Cuter,  bk.  ii. 

re-gal'-er,  *.  [Eng.  regal(e\  T.  ;  -er.]  One 
who  or  that  which  regales. 

rS-ga'-li-a  (1),  >.  pi.  [Lat.  nent.  pi.  of  reonlis 
=  royal,  regal  (q.v.).  The  singular  retjale  is 
not  used.  Sp.,  Port.,  &  Ital.  regalia.] 

1.  The  privileges  or  prerogatives  and  rights 
of  property  belonging  to  a  sovereign  in  virtue 
of  his  office.    They  are  usually  set  down  as 
six,  viz.,  the  power  of  judicature,  of  life  and 
death,  of  peace  and  war,  of  masterless  goods, 
as  estrays,  &c.,  of  assessment,  and  of  coining 
money. 

2.  Ensigns  of  royalty;   regal    symbols  or 
paraphernalia.     The   regalia  of  England   are 
kept  in  the  jewel  room  of  the  Tower  of  London. 
They  consist  of  the  crown,  sceptre  with  the 
cross,  the  verge  or  rod  with  the  dove,  the  so- 
called  staff  of  Edward  the  Confessor,  several 
swords,  the  ampulla  for  the  sacred  oil,  the 
spurs  of  chivalry,  &c.    The  regalia  of  Scot- 
land,  which  are  preserved  in  the  castle  of 
Edinburgh,  consist  of   the   crown,   sceptre, 
and  sword  of  state. 

"  The**  rich  regalia  pompnusly  dlsplay'd." 

Young:  XviM  Thought*.  Ix.  1.688, 

3.  The  insignia,  decorations,  or  jewels  worn 
by  members  of  an  order,  as,  Freemasons,  Odd 
Fellows,  Qood  Templar*,  &c. 


private 
tolls  or 


4.  fiag.  :  A  kind  of  large  cigar. 

*  Ilegalia  o/  the  Church:    The    privileges 
which  have  been  granted  to  the  Church  of 
England  by  the  sovereign  ;  the  patrimony  of 
the  Church. 

*  re  ga  li  a  (2),  i.     [REGA.LE.]     Entertain- 
ment,  treat. 

"  The  town  shall  have  its  regalia."— O  Vr/ey :  Tw» 
Queem  <,f  Brentford,  i. 

*  re  ga   li  an,  a.  [Lat.  regalia  =  regal  (q. v.).  ] 

Peitaining    to    king,   emperor,   or  suzerain; 

sovereign,  regal. 

"  Frederic,  after  the  surrender  of  Milan.  In  US*, 
denned  tlie  regalian  righto,  as  they  »eiv  called,  in 
such  a  manner  as  to  exclude  the  cities  and  private 
proprietors  from  coining  money,  and  from 
territorial  due*."— Ballam :  Middle  Age*,  ch. 

*  i'e'-tta'-ll-o,  ».     [REGALE.]     A  banquet  or 
regale. 

"  Tasting  these  regaliot."— Cotton  :   Montaigne,  ch. 

TTt, 

*  re    gal  ism,  s.     [Eng.  regal;   -ism.]     The 
doctrine  or  principle  of  royal  supremacy  in 
ecclesiastical  matters. 

*  rS-gal-I-ty, '  re  gal  i  tie.  s.   [Low  Lat 
regalitas,  from  Lat.  reyalis  —  regal  (q.  v.);  O.  Fr. 
revilte,  roialte.    Regality  and  royalty  are  doub- 
lets.] 

1.  Royalty,  sovereignty,  kingship. 

"  When  raging  passion  with  fierce  tyranny 
Robs  reason  of  her  due  reanlitie." 

Xjjenter     F.  Q.  II.  1.  IT. 

2.  An  ensign  or  badge  of  royalty  ;  in  plural, 
regalia. 

"  Receive  their  crown  and  other  regalitiei."—Eluot  : 
The  Governour.  bk.  II.,  ch.  ii. 

3.  A  territorial  jurisdiction  in  Scotland  con- 
ferred by  the  king.     The  lands  comprised  in 
sucli  jurisdiction  were  said  to  be  given   in 
liberam  regalitatem,  and  the  persons  on  whom 
they   were    conferred  were  termed   lords  of 
regality,  and  exercised  the  highest  preroga- 
tives of  the  crown. 

re'-gal-ly\  adv.    [Eng.  regal;  -ly.]    In  a  regal 
or  royal  manner  ;  royally. 

*re-ga-lo,  s.   [REGALE.]  A  banquet,  a  regale. 

14  1  thank  you  for  the  last  regalo  you  gave  me."— 

Uuwell  :  Letters,  I.  VI.  20. 

"re'-gals,  *.  pi.     [REGAL,  a.]     Ensigns  ot 
royalty  ;  regalia. 

*  re-ga-ly,  "  re  ga  He,  s.  [REGALE,  s.]  An 
ensign  or  badge  of  royalty  ;  regalia. 

"  In  the  which  were  found  the  regaliet  of  Scotland." 
—Fabyan :  Chronicle,  vol.  ii.  (an.  1X79). 

re  gar  d',  v.t.  &  i.     [Fr.  regarder,  from  re- = 
back,  and  (/order  =  to  guard,  to  keep.]  [GUARD, 
WARD.] 
A.  Transitive: 

*  I.  To  look  upon  or  at  with  some  degree  ol 
attention  ;  to  observe,  to  notice,  to  note. 

"  Regard  him  well." 

Sltaketp  :  Truilut  i  Cremida,  li.  8. 

*  2.  To  look  towards  ;  to  have  an  aspect  01 
prospect  towards. 

"  It  is  a  peninsula,  which  regardeth  the  mainland." 
—Sandyi:  TraneU. 

3.  To  show  attention  or  regard  to  ;  to  attend 
to ;  to  respect,  to  honour,  to  esteem. 


4.  To  consider  of  any  importance,  moment, 
or  interest ;  to  care  for,  to  notice,  to  mind. 

"  The  king  marvelled  at  the  young  man's  courage, 
for  that  he  nothing  regarded  the  paiua."— 2  M,i<\a- 
ben.  vii.  li 

*  5.  To  consider  :  to  reflect  or  ponder  on. 

"  Regard  thy  danger." 
Skaketp.  :  Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona,  ill.  1. 

6.  To  have,  or  show  certain  feelinfw  or  dis- 
position towards  ;  to  treat,  to  use  :  as,  To  re- 
gard a  person  with  kindness. 

7.  To  look  upon  ;  to  view  in  the  light  of; 
to  consider,  to  reckon,  to  set  down  :  as,  Tc 
regard  a  iwrson  as  an  enemy. 

*  8.  To  have  relation  to  ;  to  respect :  as,  The 
argument  does  not  regard  the  question. 

*  B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To   look  ;    to  examine  by  looking ;   to 
notice,  to  note. 

"  Regard.  Titlnius,  and  tell  me  wl.at  tlion  notest 
about  the  Held."— Shaket/i. :  Juliia  Canar,  T.  i. 

2.  To  reflect ;  to  bear  in  mind  ;  to  heed. 

II  Ai  regards:  With  regard  or  respect  to; 
as  respects ;  as  concerns :  as,  I  care  not,  AJ 
regard*  him. 


Cite,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;  we.  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine;  go.  po, 
or.  wore,  wolf;  work.  who.  son ;  ^ui,  .    u „.  -,r .  .  ^oite,  cur.  rule,  full ;  try.  Syrian.    »,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  lew. 


regard— regent 


3933 


re  gard,  *  re-garde,  s     [Fr.  regard.]    [RE- 
GARD, r.J 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  A  look  ;   a  gaze  ;   aspect  directed  to 
another. 

"  Beautiful  regard! 
Were  turned  on  me— the  face  of  her  I  loved.* 

WordncorOt :  Exi-urnon,  bk.  Ill 

*2.  Prospect,  view. 

-  Till  we  make  the  main  and  UT  aerial  blue 

Ail  indistinct  reynrd."     ShaJcetp. :  othrllo.  U.  L 

3.  Attention,  as  to  a  matter  of  moment  or 
importance ;  consideration,  thought. 

"  With  some  regard  to  what  is  just  aud  right." 

MUt.m:  P  L..i\\.  16. 

4.  That   feeling    or  view   of   mind   which 
springs   from   value,   estimable   qualities,   or 
anything  that    excites    admiration,    respect, 
esteem,  reverence,  affection. 


&.  Repute,  whether  good  or  bad  ;  account, 
note,  reputation. 

"  Mac  Ferlagh  was  a  man  of  meanest  regard  amongst 
them,  neither  having  wealth  nor  power."— Spatter : 
Staff  of  Ireland. 

6.  Reference,  relation,  respect.  (Generally 
in  the  phrases,  in  or  with  regard  to.) 

"Without  rrgurd  to  any  such  division."— Bp.  Hurt- 
ley  :  Sermons,  vol.  11,  Mr.  »i. 

*  7.  Matter  demanding  notice  ;  considera- 
tion, point,  particular. 

"  A  sage  old  sire  .  .  . 
That  many  high  regard!  and  realms  Kainat  her  read." 

'  Sprnttr  :  F.  «.,  V.  ir.  43. 

8.  (PL):  Respects,  compliments,  good 
wishes  :  as,  Give  my  kind  regards  to  your 
mother.  (Colloq.) 

*II.  Old  Law:  A  view  or  inspection  of  a 
forest. 

*  If  (1)  -At  regard  of:  With  regard  to,  in  re- 
spect to,  in  comparison  of. 


*  (2)  Court  of  regard  or  survey  of  dogs :  An 
old  forest  court  held  every  third  year  for  the 
lawing  or  expeditation  of  mastiffs,  that  is  for 
cutting  off  the  claws  and  ball  of  the  forefeet, 
to  prevent  them  from  burning  the  deer. 

*  (3)  In  regard,  in  regarde :  Comparatively, 
relatively. 

"  How  wonderfully  dvd  a  fewe  Romayna.  in  regard*. 
defend  this  litel  territory."—  Eltot:  Image  of  Oa- 
»r«uu»w,  tol.  62  b. 

(4)  In.  regard  of:  On  account  of,  with  regard 
to,  as  regards.  (Vulgar.) 

*  (5)  With  regard  of:  With  regard  or  respect 
to ;  as  regards. 

•rS-gard'-a-ble,  a.    [Eng.  regard;  -able.] 

L  Capable  of  being  regarded  or  seen ; 
observable. 

"  I  caunut  discover  tbU  difference  of  the  badger's 
legs,  although  the  rtgardable  side  be  defined,  and  the 
brevity  by  must  imputed  unto  the  left."— Brownt: 
Vulff'tr  Errourt. 

2.  Worthy  of  being  regarded  ;  worthy  of 
notice  ;  noticeable. 

"  A  principle  .  .  .  much  more  excellent  and  rtgard- 
ablt."— Urv*  :  Como.  Sacra,  hk.  ill.,  ch.  iv. 

r<5  gard   ant,  a.     [Fr. ,  pr.  par.  of  regardtr  •=. 
to  regard  (q.v.).] 

*  I.  Ord.  Lang  :  Regarding;  looking  behind 
or  backward  in  watchfulness  ;  watchful. 

"  Tunis  hither  hi*  regardant  eye."          .SouM«y. 

2.  Her. :  Applied  to  any  animal  whose  face 
is  turned  toward  the  tail  in  an  attitude  of 
vigilance.  [RAMPANT-REGARDANT.] 

*  regardant-villein,  < . 

Old  Law:  A  villein  or  retainer  annexed  to  the 
land  or  manor,  who  had  charge  to  do  all  base 
services  within  the  same.  Called  also  Villein 
regardant,  and  Regardant  to  the  manor. 

rS-gard'-er,  *.     [Eng.  regard,  v.  ;  -er.] 
I.  Ord.  Lang. :  One  who  regards. 

*  2.  IMW  :  An  officer  whose  duty  was  to  new 
the  forests,  inspect  the  officers,  and  inquire 
concerning  all  offences  and  defaults. 

•rS-gard'-ful,  *  re-gard-full,  o.     [Eng. 

regard ;  -full.] 

1.  Taking  notice  ;  observant,  heedful,  atten- 
tive. 

11  With  regardful!  «i«ht. 
She  looking  back."       Spmter  :  F.  OH  IV.  vll  tt. 

2.  Having  regard  or  respect ;  respectful. 

"  Her  loid,  with  proud  regardful  gric-, 
Upreared  th!;  stately  tomb. 

.  :.    -f«.  Layt  of  BigMn-ndt,  p.  «*. 

l-ljf,  adv.     [Eng.  regardful;  -ly.] 


1.  In  a  regardful  manner  ;  attentively,  heed- 
fully. 

2.  With  regard  or  esteem  ;  respectfully. 

"  Is  this  th«  Athenian  minion,  whom  the  world 
Voiced  so  regard/ally  I  "         SkoJteip.  :  Timun,  Iv.  8. 

re-gard  -Ing,  pr.  par.  &  prep.    [REGARD,  «.] 

A.  As  pr.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  ^s  prep.  :  With  regard  or  respect  to  ;  in 
reference  to  ;  respecting,  concerning. 

re-gard'  -less,  o.     [Eng.  regard  ;  -less.] 

1.  Not  having  regard  or  respect  ;  heedless, 
careless,  negligent,  neglectful. 

"  Charles,  even  at  a  ripe  age.  was  devoted  to  his 
pleasures  and  r,-g.irdteu  of  his  dignity."—  MacatUay  : 
But.  Eng..  ch.  ii. 

*  2.    Not    regai-ded  ;    slighted,    unheeded. 
(Congreve.) 

re  gard   less  ly,  adv.   [Eng.  regardless  ;  -ly.] 
In  a  regardless  manner  ;  heedlessly,  carelessly, 
negligently 
"  I  paaa  by  them  rry<irdteuly"—S<indt/i  .  Euayt.  p.  189. 

re-gard  less  ness,  s.  [Eng.  regnrdless; 
-tt««.  I  The  quality  or  state  of  Doing  regard- 
les.s  ;  heedlessness,  carelessness. 

"  Th^lr  reganUrtmtu  of  men  and  ways  of  thriving." 
—  IVhittoe*  :  Manner*  of  the  Englitk. 

rS-gath'-er,  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  gather 
(q.v.).]  To  gather  or  collect  again  or  anew. 

"He  ...  renewed  his  provisions,  and  reoathrred 
more  furce."—  UuMuyt:  Vufofet.  ill  WO. 

rS-gat-ta,T6-gat-a,«.  [Ital.]  Properly 
a  gondola  race  at  Venice  ;  now  itpplied  to  a 
race-meeting  at  which  yachts  or  boats  contend 
for  prizes. 

Re  -gel,  *.    [RiGEL.] 

re-gel-a'-tion,  *.    [Pref.  rt-,  and  Mod.  Lat 

gelatio  =  freezing.] 

Physics  :  The  union  by  freezing  together  of 
two  pieces  of  ice,  with  moist  surfaces  when 
placed  in  contact  at  a  temperature  of  32°. 
Regelation  will  take  place  also  between  moist 
ice  and  any  non-conducting  body,  as  flannel 
or  sawdust.  A  snowhall  is  formed  by  the 
regelation  of  the  particles  composing  it,  so  are 
the  snow  bridges  spanning  chasms  on  high 
mountains.  The  fact  of  regelation  was  dis- 
covered by  Faraday,  and  the  term  introduced 
by  Sir  Joseph  Hooker,  Huxley,  and  Tyndall. 
[GLACIER.] 

*re'-genee,  s.    [Fr.]    Government,  regency. 

"  That  swore  to  any  human  regent* 
Oaths  of  supremacy."    Butt  r  :  Hudibnu.  II.  It  27i. 

re'-gen-cj^,  *re-gen-cle,  ».    [Fr.  regence, 

from  Low  Lat  regenlia,  from  Lat.  regent  = 
regent  (q.v.);  8p.  regencia  ;  Ital.  reggema.] 

•  1.  Rule,  government,  authority. 

"  She  .  .  .  had  the  prerogative  of  the  regmcie  over 
the  greatest  kingdome.'—  .".  Holland:  flinie,  bk.  vi.. 
ch.  xi. 

2.  Specifically,  the  office,  government,  or 
Jurisdiction  of  a  regent;  deputed  or  vicarious 
government  ;  regentship. 

"  York  then,  which  had  the  rrgrncy  in  France." 

[triii/ton  :  Miteriri  of  (jurm  Margaret. 

3.  The  district  or  territory  governed  by  a 
regent    (Milton:  P.  L.,  v.  748.) 

4.  The  body  of  men  entrusted  with  the 
office  or  duties  of  regent. 

"  A  council  or  regency  consisting  of  twelve  persona." 
—Bp.  L-i-rth. 

5.  The  time  during  which  the  government 
is  carried  on  by  a  regent. 

*  re-ggn'-der,  '  re-gen-dre,  v.t.  [Pref. 
re-,  and  Eng.  gender,  v.  (q.v.).]  To  gender 
anew  ;  to  renew,  to  rekindle. 

"  Forth  spirit*  tyre  freshlye  regendrred." 

Stanfkunt  :  riryii  ;  .Snrid  ii.  4M. 


f.  s.   [Eng.  regenerate);  -cy.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  regenerated. 


rS-gSn'-er-ate,  v.t.    [REGENERATE,  o.) 

*  1.  Ord.  Jsing. :  To  generate  or  produce 
anew  ;  to  reproduce. 

"  Which  rryrnfratfi  and  repairs  veins  consumed  or 
cut  off."— Cvdwort*  :  Intell.  fyttrm.  p.  1ST. 

2.  Throl. :  To  cause  to  be  born  again  ;  to 
cause  one,  hitherto  born  only  of  the  "flesh," 
to  be  born  of  the  Spirit ;  so  to  change  the 
heart  and  affections  that  one  at  enmity  with 
God  shall  love  Him  ;  that  one,  hitherto  the 
slave  of  sin,  shall  be  set  five  from  its  power  by 
the  action  of  the  Holy  Spirit  upon  his  heart. 
(REGENERATION.) 


re-gen'-er-ate,  a.  [Lat.  regeneratut,  pa. 
par.  of  regtnero  ;  re-  =.  again,  and  genero  «  ttl 
generate  (q.v  ).] 

*  L  Ordinary  Language  : 
L  Reproduced. 

"  Whuae  youthful  spirit  in  me  repmrota" 

Sliaketp.  :  Ridtard  II..  L  a 

2.  Improved  ;  made  stronger  or  better. 
(Opposed  to  degenerate.) 

"  Who  brought  a  race  nantrrut*  to  the  field." 

Scott  :  Don  Roderick,  xlv. 

IL  Theol.:  Regenerated.  [REGENERATE,  v.,  2.) 

"  Such  as  be  by  his  Holy  Spirit  regenerate.'  —gp. 
Gardner  :  Explication,  to.  ». 

re-gen'-er-at-ed,  pa.  par.  or  a.    [REUKNEB- 

ATE,  V.] 

regenerated  drift,  • 

Geol.  :  Drift  originally  laid  down  by  ice,  tb* 
pebbles  remaining  angular,  but  which  has  l»een 
subsequently  subjected  to  the  action  of  water, 
so  that  the  pebbles  have  become  rounded. 
Called  also  Drift-gravel. 

re  gen  er  ate  ness,  s.  [Eng.  regenerate; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  regenerated. 

re-gen-er-a  -tion,  *  regeneraclon, 
s.  [ljut.  regeneratio,  from  regeiieratus,  pa.  par. 
of  regenero  ;  Fr.  regeneration;  Sp.  regeneration; 
Ital.  regenerazione.]  [REGENERATE,  a,] 

*  I.  Ord.  Lang.  :  The  act  of  regenerating  or 
producing  anew  ;  the  state  of  being  reproduced. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Biol.  :  The  genesis  or  production  of  new 
tissue  to  supply  the  place  of  an  old  texture 
lost  or  removed.      In  some  of  the  inferior 
animals    an    organ  or  a  limb  can   thus    be 
supplied  ;  in  man  regeneration  is  much  more 
limited  in  its  operation.    Thus,  when  a  breach 
of  continuity   takes  place  in  a  muscle,  it  is 
repaired  by  a  new  growth  of  connective  tissue, 
but  muscular  substance  like  that  lost  is  not 
restored.     Nerve,    fibrous,  areolar,   and  epi- 
thelial tissues  are  more  easily  repaired. 

2.  Script.  <t  Theol.  :  The  state  of  being  bora 
again,  i.e.,  in  a  spiritual  manner.    The  word 
regeneration,  Gr.  n-aAiyy*wo-i'a  (palin<>enetia\ 
occurs  twice  in  the  A.V.  and  R.V.  of  (he  New 
Testament.    In  Matt.  xix.  28,  if  connected,  as 
seems  natural,  witli  the  words  which  follow, 
not  with  those  which  precede  it,  it  refers  to 
the  renovation   or   restoration  of  all   things 
which  shall  take  place  at  the  second  advent 
of  Christ    The  other  passage  is  : 

"  Not  by  works  done  in  rightcousneo  which  we  did 
onnelvee.  but  according  to  hi*  mercy  he  ar.ved  oa 
through  the  washing  (mxrviii,  laver)  of  nr:acr.*'loa 
and  renewing  of  the  Holy  Ghuet"-  Tina  iif  .'  (."..  V.). 

The  doctrine  of  regeneration  was  formally 
expounded  by  Jesus  in  his  interview  with 
Nil-odeums  (John  iii.  1-10).  All  theologians 
consider  the  Holy  Spirit  the  author  of  re- 
generation. Two  views  exist  as  to  the  rela- 
tion between  baptism  and  the  new  birth. 
One  considers  the  water  in  John  iii.  5,  and 
the  washing  or  laver  of  Titus  iii.  5  to  lie  that 
of  baptism,  and  that  the  administration  of 
the  rite  of  baptism  is  immediately  followed  or 
accompanied  by  what  is  called  in  consequence 
"  baptismal  regeneration."  The  other  view  is 
that  the  water,  washing,  and  laver,  in  these 
passages,  are  but  figurative  allusions  to  the 
power  of  the  Holy  Spirit  in  removing  the 
corruption  of  the  heart,  and  that  regeneration 
is  effected  quite  independently  of  baptism  b/ 
the  Holy  Spirit  alone. 

rS-gen'-er-a-tIve,o.  [Eng.  regenerate); 
-ive.]  Regenerating  ;  tending  to  regenerate  ; 
regeneratory. 

"The  struggling  rtffmfratirt  process  in  her  '—A 
Eliot  :  DaitM  Denmta,  ch.  U  v. 


,  adv.  [Eng. 
five;  -ly.]    In  a  regenerative  manner;  so  M 
to  regenerate. 

•  re-gSn'-er-a-tor,  3.      [Eng.   reyenerat(»); 
•or.}    One  who  regenerates. 


re  gSn'-er-a-tor-jf,  a.  [Eng.  regenerate); 
•ory.)  Having  the  power  to  regenerate  or 
renew ;  regenerative. 

•  re-gin' -8-«Ia,  ».  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  genettt 
(q.v.).]  The  state  of  being  renewed  or  repro- 
duced. (Cur/yte.) 

re  gent,  o.  &  «.  [Lat  regens,  pr.  par.  of  ngo 
•=.  to  rule  ;  Fr.  regent ;  Sp.  regente  ;  Ital.  fief" 
genie.]  [REOAL,  a.] 


boil,  boy ;  pout,  jowl ;  cat,  9011,  chorus,  chin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xcnophon,  e^ist    ph  =  & 
-tian  =  suun.     tion.    sion  =  shun ;  -(ion,  -«ion  =  zhon.   -clous,  -tious,  -sious  =  sbus.    -ble.  -die,  ic.  -  bel,  del. 


regentess— region 


A.  Ascdjectivt: 

*  1.  Ruli^,  governing. 

"  Some  other  »<;tire  regent  principle.'  — J7i;«  ;  Orig. 
&  Mankind. 

2.  Acting  or  noldlng  the  office  of  a  rwgent ; 
exercising  vicarious  authority. 

"  The  ngent  fo\  j*~  Hilton  :  P.  L,  T.  «W. 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  A  ruler,  a   governor  ;   hence,  the  chief 
offi  XT  in  certain  booetiea. 

2.  Specif.  :   One    invested   with    vicarious 
authority  ;  one  who  governs  a  kingdom  dur- 
ing the  minority,  absence,  or  disability  of  the 
sovereign.      In  hereditary  governments  the 
regent  is  usually,  but  not  necessarily  or  al- 
ways, the  nearest  relative  of  the  sovereign 
who  is  capable  of  undei taking  the  office. 

•  3.  The  term  formerly  in  use  for  a  professor 
at  a  university. 

4.  A  member  of  one  of  the  English  Univer- 
sities, having  certain  duties  of  instruction  or 
government.    At  Cambridge  the  regents  are 
all  resident  masters  of  less  than  four  years' 
standing,  and  all  doctors  of  lesj  than  two  years' 
standing.    At  Oxford  the  period  of  regency  is 
shorter.      Masters  and  doctors  of  a  longei 
standing,  who  keep  their  namej  on  the  college 
books,  are  termed  Non-regents.   At  Oxford  the 
regents  compose  the  congregation,  by  whom 
degrees    are    conferred,    and    U.e    ordinary 
business  of  the  University  transacted.     To- 
gether with   the   non-regents  the/  compose 
convocation  (q.v.).    At  Cambridge  the  regents 
compose  the  upper,  and  the  non-regents  the 
lower  house  of  the  senate  or  governing  body. 

5.  In  the  State  of  New  York,  a  member  of 
the  corporate  body  which  is  invested  with 
the  superintendence  of  all  the  colleges,  acade- 
mies, and  schools  in  the  State. 

6.  One  of  the  largest  diamonds  now  in  ex- 
istence;  also  called  Pitt;  in  the  possession  of 
France.    It  was  brought  from  India  by  William 
Pitt's  grandfather,   and    by   him  sold  to  the 
"Regent  of  Orleans,  in   1777  ;    hence,  its  two- 
fold name. 

regent-bird,  *. 

Ornith. :  Sericulvs  chrysocephalus,  a  Bower- 
T)ird  of  extremely  beautiful  plumage.  In  the 
adult  male  it  is  golden-yellow  and  rich  velvet- 
black  ;  the  female  is  of  more  sober  hue,  all 
the  upper  surface 
being  deep  olive- 
brown.  The  nor- 
mal number  of 
eggs  apparently 
two,  that  number 
of  young  birds 
having  been  re- 
peatedly found. 
The  bower  of  the 
Regent- bird 
(which  derives  its 
popular  name 
from  the  fact  that 
it  was  discovered 
during  the  re- 
gency of  the 
Prince  of  Wales,  afterwards  George  IV.)  is 
smaller  and  less  dome-shaped  than  that  of 
the  Satin-bird,  and  the  decorations  are  uni- 
form, consisting  only  of  the  shells  of  a  small 
species  of  Helix.  It  is  sometimes,  but  erro- 
neously, called  the  Regent-oriole. 

•  re'-gent-eas,  s.      [Eng.  regent;  -us.]    A 
woman  who  holds  the  office  of  regent ;  a  pro- 
tectress of  a  kingdom. 

re  gent-Ship,  s.  [Eng.  regent;  -ship.)  The 
office  or  dignity  of  a  regent ;  regency ;  vicari- 
ous royalty. 

"  Tlien  let  him  be  denay  d  the  regenUMp." 

ghakesp.  :  2  Henry  VI.,  I.  S. 

•  re-ger'-min-ate,  v.i.    [Pret.  re-,  and  Eng. 
germinate  (q.v.).]     To  germinate  or  sprout  out 
again  or  anew. 

"His  appetite  rraerminate." 

Taylor :  t  Philip  Van  ArtereUte.  ill.  *. 

re  ger  min  a  tion, ».  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
germination  (q.v.).]  Renewed  or  repeated 
sprouting  or  germination. 

•re-ge'st',  v.t.  [Lat.  regestits,  pa.  par.  o\ 
regero.]  [REOEsr,  s.)  To  throw  or  cast  back  , 
to  retort  (Bp.  Hall.) 

•re-gest',  *.  [Lat.  regexta  =  a  list,  from  re- 
gestus,  pa.  par.  of  regero  =  to  carry  back,  to 
record:  re-  =  l>ack,  and  gero  •»  to  carry.] 
[REGISTER,  s.]  A  register. 


"re-get",  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  get,  v. 
(q.v.).] 

1.  To  get  or  obtain  again ;  to  recover,  to 
regain. 

2.  To  generate  again. 

"  Tovy,  although  tin  mother  of  us  all, 
KcgttU  thee  ill  her  woiubc." 

Dana:  Scourge  at  Folly.  V-  **. 

re-gi  dm  maj-es-ta'-tem,  phr.  [Lat.] 
A  name  given  to  a  collection  of  ancient  laws, 
purporting  to  have  been  compiled  by  the 
order  of  David  1.,  of  Scotland.  It  was  proba- 
bly copied  from  the  TracUitus  de  Legibus, 
written  by  Glanvil  in  the  reign  of  Henry  II. 

*  re'-gi-an,  *.    [Lat  regius  =  royal,  from  rex, 
genit.  regis  =  a  king.)     An  adherent  or  sup- 
porter of  kingly  authority. 

"Arthur  Wilson  .  .  .  favours  Ml  republicans,  and 
never  speaks  well  of  rtyiara."— Backet:  Lift  oj  WU- 
liamt.  i.  39. 

*  reg'-i-ble,  a..    [Lat.  regibilis,  from  rego  =  to 

rule.]    Governable. 

•reg-I^l'-dal,  a.  [Eng.  regicide);  -al.] 
Pertaining  to,  consisting  in,  or  of  the  nature 
of,  regicide  ;  tending  to  regicide. 

"  One  might  suspect  this  regicidal  collection  to  be 
the  spiritual  breathings  of  an  enlightened  Methodist." 
—  Waterland:  Workt,  x.  136. 

reg'-i-9lde,  s.  &  a.  [Lat  rex,  genit.  rent's  =  a 
king,  anil  ccedo  (in  comp.  -cido)  =  to  kill ;  Fr. 
regicide;  Sp.  &  Ital.  regicida.] 

A.  As  substantive : 

1.  One  who  murders  his   sovereign  ;  the 
murderer  of  a  king. 

"  He  had  written  praises  of  a  regicide, 
He  bad  written  praises  of  all  kings  whatever." 
Byron  :  I'ition  of  Judgment,  xc  vii. 

2.  The  murder  of  a  king. 

"  Did  fate,  or  we.  when  great  Atrides  died, 
Urge  the  bold  traitor  to  the  rtgicvlt  I " 

Pope:  Bomtr;  Odyuey  i.  48. 

B.  As  adj.  :  Regicidal. 

re-gi-fu'-gi'-um,  s.  [Lat.  rex,  genit.  regis  = 
a  king,  and  fugio  —  io  fly.]  A  festival  held 
annually  at  Rome  in  celebration  of  the  flight 
of  Tarquin  the  Proud. 

re-gild',  v.t.  fPref.  re-,  and  Eng.  gild  (q.v.).] 
To  gild  anew. 

re-gfme'  (g  as  zh),  *.  [Fr.]  Mode,  style,  or 
system  of  government,  rule,  or  management  ; 
administration,  rule,  especially  as  connected 
with  certain  social  features. 


If  The  ancient  regime:  A  former  or  ancient 
style  or  system  of  government;  specif.,  the 
political  system  in  France  before  the  Revolu- 
tion of  1789. 

re'g'-i-men,  s.    [Lat ,  from  rego  =  to  rule ;  8p. 
regimen ;  Ital.  reggimento.] 

*  L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  Rule,  government ;   system   of  order ; 
administration. 

"And  yet  not  through  the  calmness  of  the  season, 
but  through  the  wisdom  of  her  [Queen  Elizabeth's) 
regimen."— Bacon  :  Adv.  of  Learning,  bk.  i. 

2.  Any  regulation  or  remedy  designed  to 
produce  beneficial  effects  by  gradual  operation, 

IL  Technically; 

*  1.  Grammar: 

(1)  Government;  the  alteration  in   mood, 
case,  &c.,  which  one  word  occasions  or  requires 
In  another  in  connection  with  rt. 

(2)  The  word  or  words  governed. 

2.  Med. :  The  systematic  management  of 
food,  drink,  exercise,  &c.,  for  the  preservation 
or  restoration  of  health,  or  for  any  other  de- 
terminate purpose.  Sometimes  used  as  synon- 
ymous with  Hygiene. 

reg--I-mgnt  (or  as  rgg'-mSnt),  *.    [Fr., 
from  Low  Lat.  regimentum,  from  regimen  = 
regimen   (q.v.);   Sp.  regimienio ;   Port  regi- 
mento;  Ital.  reggimento.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

*  1.    Rule,    government;    administration, 
authority. 

"  The  regiment  of  the  son!  over  the  body  li  the 
reffiment  uf  the  more  active  part  over  the  more 
passive. "-ffaJe:  Orig.  of  Mankind,  p.  41. 

*2.  Rule  of  diet;  regimen.    (Fletcher.) 

*  3.  A  kingdom  ;  a  district  ruled. 

"  That  of  this  land's  first  conquest  did  devise. 
And  old  division  into  regimenti, 
Till  it  r*duced  was  to  one  man's  governments." 

Zptnter  :  f.  O.,  IL  IK.  M. 


4.  In  the  same  sense  as  II. 

"  That's  he  that  gallops  by  the  regimevtt 
Viewing  their  preparations." 

Rtaum.  t  Ftet.  :  tonduta.  Hi  1 

5.  A  troop,  a  number,  a  multitude. 

II.  Mil. :  A  number  of  companies  nnited 
under  the  command  of  a  field  officer.  In  the 
United  States  teu  companies  constitute  a 
regiment,  which  is  the  unit  of  army  adminis- 
tration. Its  war  basis  is  1000  men,  its  officers 
being  Colonel,  Lieutenant-colonel,  Major,  and 
others  of  lower  rank.  It  may  constitute 
one  or  more  battalions.  In  Britain  a 
regiment  contains  from  two  to  fuur  bat- 
talions. In  Europe  a  regiment  consists  of 
three  battalions. 

*  reg'-I-ment,  v.t.    [REGIMENT,  *.]    To  form 
into  a  regiment  or  regiments,  with  the  proper 
officers,  &c. ;  to  place  under  military  discip- 
line. 

"  In  some  countries,  the  citizens  destined  for  defend- 
ing the  state  serin  to  have  exercised  only,  without 
being,  if  I  may  cay  so.  regimented  •  that  is.  withom 
being  divided  into  separate  and  distinct  bodies  ol 
trooiw.  each  of  which  i*rformed  its  exercises  under 
its  own  proper  and  permanent  officers."  —  Smith: 
Wealth  of  Xationi.  vol.  ill.,  bk.  v.,  ch.  i. 

reg  i  ment  -al,  a.  &  *.  [Eng.  regiment,  s.;  -at.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  regiment 

B.  As  siilst.  (PL):  The  uniform  worn  by 
the  men  of  a  regiment ;  articles  of  military 
clothing. 

"  Well,  to  be  sure,  this  same  camp  Is  a  pretty  place, 
with  their  drums,  and  their  fifes,  and  their  gigs,  and 
their  marches,  and  their  ladies  in  regimental*"— 
Sheridan  :  The  Camp,  ii.  2. 

•  re-gim'-In-al,  a.    [Lat.  regimen,  genit.  re- 
giminis  =  regimen  (q.v.) ;  Eng.  adj.  suff.  -al.] 
Pertaining  or  relating  to  regimen. 

re'-gion,  *  re-gi-oun,  s.    [Fr.  region,  from 
Lat.  regionem,  accus.  of  regio  =  a  direction,  a 
line,  a  territory,  from  rego  =  to  rule ;  Sp. 
region  ;  Ital.  regione.] 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

I.  A  large  tract  of  space  or  surface  con- 
sidered as  separate  from  others ;   a  tract  of 
land  of  large  but  indefinite  extent ;   a  large 
tract  of  land  or  sea,  marked  by  certain  cha- 
racteristics ;  a  district,  a  county. 

"  Sweet  Nature,  stript  of  her  embroider'd  robe. 
Deplores  the  wasted  regiont  of  her  globe." 

Cowper :  Ueroitm. 

*  2.  The  inhabitants  of  a  particular  district 
or  region. 

"Then  went  out  to  him  Jerusalem,  and  all  Jtidsa. 
and  all  the  region  round  about  Jordan."— Matthew 
iii.  S. 

*  3.  Applied  to  the  upper  air  ;  the  heavens ; 
the  sky. 

"  Anon  the  dreadful  thunder 
Doth  rend  the  region." 

Shaketp.  :  Stimlet.  11.  J. 

4.  Applied  to  a  part  or  division  of  the  body. 

"  Made  to  tremble  the  reaion  of  my  heart." 

Sh'iketp.  :  Henry  F7//.,  IL  4. 

*  5.  Place,  rahk,  station,  position. 

"He  is  of  too  high  a  region."— Shake tp. :  Merry 
VCiret.  iii.  2. 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Bftt.  A  Geog. :  A  portion  of  the  world  con- 
taining within  it  a  distinct  type  or  facies  of 
vegetation.      Grisebach   establishes  twenty- 
four  : 

(II  The  Arctic,  (2)  the  Europaso-Siberian  Forest,  HI 
the  Mediterranean.  (4)  the  Steppe,  (SI  the  Chiuo-Ja- 
panese.  (61  the  Indian  Monsoon.  (71  the  Sahara.  18)  the 
Soudan.  (9)  the  Kalahari,  no)  the  Cape.  (11)  the  Austra- 
lian, (12)  the  North  American  Forest.  (13)  the  Prairie, 
114)  the  Califoniian.  (15)  the  Mexican.  (16)  the  West 
Indian.  (17)  the  Cis  equatorial  South  American.  (18)  the 
Amazon.  (19)  the  Brazilian.  I2"i  the  Tropical  And.Yan. 
(21)  the  Pampas,  I22i  the  Chilian  Transition.  (Ml  the 
Antarctic  Forest,  and  (24)  the  Oceanic  Islands  Region. 

2.  Zoogeography :   A  term  proposed  by  Mr. 
P.  L.  Sclater,  in  1857,  for  the  division  of  the 
earth  with  respect  to  the  geographical  distri- 
bution of  animals.     It  was  warmly  supported 
by  Dr.  Gunther  (Proc.  Z(x,l.  Soc.,  1858,  pp.  373- 
398X    Mr.  Sclater's  scheme,  as  modified  by 
Wallace,  is  : 

REGIONS.  Sus-maion. 

PAL*ABCTIC   .  .  North    Europe.   Mediterranean    (or 

South  Europe),  Siberia,  Manchuria 

(or  Japan). 
ETHIOPIA*.  .  .  .  East    Africa,    West    Africa,    South 

Africa,  Madagascar. 

ORIENTAL  ....  Hindostan  (or  Central  India).  Cey- 
lon,  Iiidn-Cb.lna  (or   Himalayas). 

Indo-Malaya. 
AOTTRAMAW.  .  .  Aastro-Malaya.  Australia,  Polynesia, 

New  Zealand. 
NEOTROPICAL  .  .  Chill  (or  South  Temperate  America). 

Brazil,  Mexico  lor  Tropical  North 

America),  Antilles. 
NEAmcnc  ....  California.   Kocky  Mountains.   Alle- 

ghanles  (or  East  United    States), 


tace,  fat.  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pdt, 
dr.  wore,  wolf,  work,  whd.  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  S jfrian.    so,  CD  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  <iu  =  kw. 


regional— regie 


3935 


Other  divisions  were  proposed  by  Mr.  A. 
Murray,  in  1806  (Geog.  Distrib.  Mammals) ;  by 
Prof.  Huxley  (Proc.  Zool.  Soe.,  1808.  pp.  294- 
319) ;  by  Mr.  W.  T.  Blanford,  at  the  meeting 
of  the  British  Association  at  Kxeter  in  18*59, 
and  bv  Mr.  E.  Blyth  (Nature,  March  30,  1871, 
pp.  427-29);  but  the  divisions  given  above 
are  now  practically  adopted  by  English-speak- 
ing naturalists. 

•  re'-gion-al,  a.     PLat.  regionalis,  from  regio 
=  a  region  (q.v.).]     Of  or  pertainiug  to  a 
particular  region  or  district 

*  re'-gl-OUS,  a.    [Lat.  regius,  from  rex,  genit. 
rtgls  =  a  king.]    Pertaining  to  a  king  ;  royal, 
regal. 

rSf-Is-ter,  *reg-ts-tre,  *.  [Fr.  registry 
from  Low  Lat.  registrum,  from  regestiim  •=  a 
book  in  which  tilings  are  recorded (regeruntur) 
from  reijestus,  pa.  par.  of  regero  —  to  bring 
back,  to  record  :  re-  =  l>ack,  and  gero  =  to 
briii^' ;  Sp.  &  Ital.  registro  ;  Port,  registro,  re- 
gisto.} 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  An  official  written  record  or  entry  in  a 
book,    regularly  kept,  of  acts,  proceedings, 
names,  <tc. ;  a  list,  a  roll,  a  schedule  ;  also  the 
book  in  which  such  record  or  entry  is  kept; 
•pccif.  a  list  of  persons  entitled  to  vote  at 
elections  for  members  of  parliament. 

"  The  rej'atert  of  fate  expanded  lie  ; 
Wingd   Harpies  snatch  d  tb'    uncuarded   charge 
»w»y."  Pope:  Homer;  Odyucy  xx.  91. 

2.  One  who  registers ;  a  registrar.    [LORD- 

REGISTER.] 

3.  A  record,  a  memorial. 

"  And  now,  sol*  remitter  that  these  thing!  wore, 
Tvu  solitary  greetiuga  have  I  heard." 

Wordsamrtk  :  To  a  friend.     (Aug.  T,  1S47.) 

4.  A  device  for  automatically  indicating  the 
number  of  revolutions  made  or  amount  of 
work  done  by  machinery,  or  recording  steam, 
air,  or  water  pressure,  or  other  data,  by  means 
of  apparatus  deriving  motion  from  the  object 
or  objects  whose   force,    distance,    velocity, 
direction,  elevation,  or  numerical  amount  it  is 
desired  to  ascertain.   There  are  various  special 
appliances   of  this    kind,  each    particularly 
adapted  for  the  peculiar  operation  which  is  to 
be  investigated  ;  many  depending  on  the  ac- 
tion of  clock-work  mechanism,   which  indi- 
cates results  on  dials,  but  others,  as  in  register- 
ing meteorological  instruments,  having  means 
for  recording  varying  conditions,  as  with  the 
anemometer,  barograph,  &c. 

5.  A  sliding  plate  acting  as  a  damper  or 
valve  to  close  or  open  an  aperture  for  the 
passage  of  air. 

(1)  The  draft-regulating  plate  of  a  stove  or 
furnace ;    the  damper-plate  of  a  locomotive 
engine. 

(2)  A  perforated  plate  governing  the  opening 
into  a  duct  which  admits  warm   air   into  a 
room  for  heat,  or  fresh  air  for  ventilation,  or 
which  allows  foul  air  to  escape. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Comm. :  A  document  issued  by  the  Cus- 
toms authorities  as  evidence  of  a  ship's  na- 
tionality. 

2.  Music: 

(1)  The  compass  of  a  voice  or  instrument. 

(2)  A  portion  of  the  compass  of  a  voice  :  as, 
the  upper,  middle,  or  lower  register. 

(3)  A  stop  of  an  organ. 

(4)  The  knob  or  handle  by  means  of  which 
the  performer  commands  any  given  stop. 

3.  Printing: 

(1)  The  agreement  of  two  printed  forms  to 
be  applied  to  the  same  sheet,  either  on  the 
game   or  the  respective  sides  thereof.     The 
former  is  used  in  chromatic  printing,  where  a 
number  of  colours  are  laid  on  consecutively. 
The  latter  is  found  in  book  and  news|>aper 
printing,  where  the  correspondence  of  pages 
or  columns  on  the  respective  sides  is  required. 

(2)  The  inner  part  of  the  mould  in  which 
types  are  cast. 

4.  Teleg. :  The  part  of  a  telegraph  apparatus 
used  Tor  recording  upon  a  strip  of  paper  the 
message  received. 

H  (1)  Lloyd's  register :  [LLOYDS]. 
(2)  Lord  Register ;  Lord  Clerk  Register: 
Scots  Law:  A  Scottish  officer  of  state,  having 
the  custody  of  the  archives, 
(b)  Morse  register : 
Teleg. :  Morse's  indicator-telegraph. 


(4)  Seamen's  register  :  A  register  or  record  of 
the  number  and  date  of  registration  of  each 
foreign-going  ship,  with  her  registered  tonnage, 
the  length  and  general  nature  of  her  voyage 
and  employment,  the  names,  ages,  &c.,  of  the 
master  and  crew,  <tc. 

register-grate,  «.  A  grate  furnished 
with  a  register  or  apparatus  for  regulating  the 
admission  of  air  and  the  heat  of  the  room. 

register-office,  -. 

1.  An  office  where  a  register  is  kept ;    a 
registry,  a  record-office. 

2.  An  agency  for  the  employment  of  domes- 
tic servants. 

register-point,  s. 

Print.:  A  device  for  puncturing  and  holding 
a  sheet  of  paper,  serving  as  a  guide  in  laying 
on  the  sheet,  so  that  the  impressions  on  each 
side  shall  accurately  correspond  or  register 
correctly.  One  is  placed  on  each  side  of  the 
tympan  and  in  cylinder  machines  on  the  forme. 

•register-ship,  ».  A  ship  which  once 
obtained  permission  l>y  treaty  to  trade  to  the 
Spanish  West  Indies,  and  whose  capacity, 
per  registry,  was  attested  before  sailing. 

register-thermometer,  *.    [THERMO- 

METEK.  ] 

reg'-ls-ter,  *  reg  es  ter.   *  reg-es  -trc, 

v.t.  it,  i.    [REGISTER,  s.] 

A.  Transitive: 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  To  enter  in  a  register  or  record ;  to  record. 

"  She  that  will  sit  in  shop  for  five  hours'  space. 
And  register  the  aiiis  of  all  that  pans." 

Cotdtu  :  Character  of  an  Holy  Sitter. 

2.  To  record  ;  to  indicate  by  registering. 

"  Last  night  at  Drlffield  the  thermometer  reyiitrred 
five  degrees  of  tTott."—Ei<cnin<j  standard.  Dec.  30, 1885. 

IL  Rope-making :  To  twist,  as  yarns,  into  a 
strand. 

B.  Intransitive : 

Printing :  To  correspond  exactly,  as  columns 
or  lines  of  printed  matter  on  opposite  sheets, 
so  that  when  brought  together  line  shall  full 
upon  line,  and  column  upon  column. 

rSg'-is-tered,  pa.  par.  or  o.    [REGISTER,  ».] 

registered-company,  s.  A  company 
entered  in  an  official  register,  but  not  incor- 
porated by  act  or  charter. 

registered-invention, s.  An  invention 
protected  liy  an  inferior  patent. 

registered-letter,  s.  A  letter  which  is 
registered  at  a  post-office  at  the  time  of  post- 
ing, and  for  which  a  small  fee  is  paid  to  in- 
sure sate  transmission. 

*  rSg'-Is-ter^er,  «.    [Eng.  register,  v. ;  -er.] 
One  who  registers  ;  a  registrar,  a  recorder. 

"  The  Greeke*.  the  chiefe  rtgittrrert  of  worthy 
actes." — OoldiJijt:  Cotar.  (To  the  Reader,  *7.) 

reg'-lS-ter-ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.   [REGISTER,  «.] 

registering-Instruments,  s.  pi.  In- 
struments or  apparatus  which  register  or  re- 
cord automatically,  as  gauges,  indicators,  4c. 

registering-thermometer,  s.  [THER- 
MOMETER.] 

're^-is-ter-shlp,  «.  [Eng.  register,  s.; 
•ship.]  The  office  or  post  of  a  register  or 
registrar. 

"The  regitttrMp  of  the  Vice-Chancellor's  court 
petitioned  for  by  John  Qeotge."—At>p.  LoMd:  Krm., 
vol.  ii.,  p.  183. 

*  rSg'-Is-tra-ble,  o.    [Eng.  register;  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  registered. 

"  It  was  only  the  combination  which  nude  the  label 
regittratte."—Ttmei,  March  W,  1S86. 

rSg-Is-trar',  *  reg-ls-trere, ».   [Low  Lat. 

rrgittrariiis,  from  registrum  =  a  register  (q.v.); 

Fr.   registraire.]     One   whose  duty   it  is  to 

keep  a  register  or  record  ;  a  keeper  of  registers 

or  records. 

"  The  patent  was  sealed  and  delivered,  and  the  per- 
son admitted  sworne  Iwfore  the  reffittrar.~—»'<irton  : 
Lift  of  BaOuirtt,  p.  1S6. 

registrar-general,  s.  A  public  officer, 
appointed  under  the  Great  Seal,  who  (subject 
to  such  regulations  as  may  be  made  from  time 
to  time  by  the  Home  Secretary)  superintends 
the  whole  system  of  registration  of  births, 
deaths,  and  marriages. 

rejfe-is-trar'-Bhlp, ».  [En?,  registrar ;  -ship.] 
The  office  or  post  of  a  registrar. 


*  reg'-is-tra-ry,  ».    [Low  Lat.  regis'.rariui.) 
A  registrar  (q.v.  X 

"  I  and  my  company  dined  In"  the  open  air,  In  aplaas 
called  Peute  Craig,  where  my  Rtgiitrary  had  hi* 
country  home."—  Apo.  Laud  :  Diary,  p.  14. 

•reg'-is-trate,  v.t.     [REGISTRATION.]    To 
enter  in  a  register  :  to  register,  to  record. 

"  Why  do  you  tull  to  reffittrale  your  names 
On  icy  pillars,  which  soon  melt  away  T* 

Drummond  :  flown  of  Sion, 

reg-Is-tra'-tion,  *.    [Low  Lat  reyistratio  ; 
Fr.  registration.] 

L  Ord.  Lang.  :  The  act  of  registering  or 
inserting  in  a  register. 

II.  Amer.  Lavs  :  The  transcription  of  docu- 
ments in  a  public  register,  RO  that  an  authentic 
copy  may  remain  even  if  the  original  be  lost 
or  destroyed.  It  includes  wills,  deeds,  mort- 
gages and  similar  important  papers. 

T  (1)  Registration  of  births,  marriages,  and 
deaths:  After  various  abortive  attempts,  com- 
mencing in  1538.  A  Registration  Act  was 
passed  in  England  in  1836.  The  registration 
in  Scotland  was  assimilated  to  that  of  England 
in  1854,  and  registration  established  in  Ireland 
in  1863.  There  is  no  official  registration  of 
births,  marriages,  and  deaths  in  the  United 
States,  either  national  or  state,  the  only 
registers  of  this  kind  kept  being  those  of  cer- 
tain churches,  such  as  the  Society  of  Fricnde. 

(2)  Registration  of  ships:  The  act  of  regis- 
tering vessels  in  order  to  secure  for  them  the 
privileges  of  American  or  British  ships.     The 
registration  is  effected  with  the  principal  officer 
of   Customs  at  any  port  of  entry,  or    with 
certain    specified    officials.     It  comprises  the 
name  of  the  ship,  the  uames  and  descriptions 
of  the  owners,  the  tonnage,  build,  and  descrip- 
tion of  the  vessel,  her  origin,  and  the  name  of 
the  master,  who  is  entitled  to  the  custody  of  the- 
certificate  of  registration.     The  vessel  belongs 
to  the  port  at  which  she  is  registered. 

(3)  Registration  of  copyright  : 

Law:  Copyrights  of  titles,  Ac.,  need  to  be 
registered  at  Washington,  and  two  copies  of 
each  new  book  when  issued  must  lie  forwarded 
to  the  Librarian  of  Congress  to  secure  copy- 
right on  same.  In  England  the  registration 
of  copyrights  must  be  made  at  Stationer's 
Hall,  London. 

(4)  Registration  of  voters  :  The  entering  of 
the  names  of  persons  entitled  to  vote  at  an 
election  in  the  register  or  list  of  voters. 

rSg'-is-try,  *.    [Eng.  register  ;  -y.J 

1.  The  act  of  registering  or  recording  ;  regis- 

tration. 
*  2.  A   series   of  facts,  4c.,   recorded  ;   » 

register. 

"  I  wonder  why  a  reyittry  has  not  been  kept  In  tit* 
college  of  physicians  of  things  invented."—  Tempi*. 

3.  A  place  where  a  register  is  kept. 

registry  -list,  «.  An  official  list  of 
voters. 

registry-office,  «. 

1.  An  office  in  Edinburgh  (corresponding  to 
the  English  Register  Office)  for  the  registra- 
tion of  births,  marriages,  and  deaths. 

2.  The  same  as  REGISTER-OFFICE  (q.v.). 

*  reg'-I-tlve,  a.  [Lat.  rego  =  to  role.]  Ruling, 
governing. 

"Their  repiHre  power  over  the  world."  —  Onttlrman't 
Calling,  sect  vii.,  |  s. 

re'-gi-um  do  -num.  r*r.  [Lat.  =  royal  gift.l 
A  royal  grant  ;  specif.,  an  annual  grant  of 
public  money,  formerly  made  in  augmentation 
of  the  income  from  other  sources  of  the 
Presbyterian  clergy  in  Ireland.  It  began  in 
1072,  and  was  commuted  in  1S69  for  £701,378. 

re'-gl-us,  a.  [Lat]  Royal  ;  pertaining  to,  or 
appointed  by  the  sovereign. 

regius  professors.  »•  pi  Those  pro- 
fessors in  the  English  universities  whose  chair* 
were  founded  by  Henry  VIII.  In  Scotland, 
the  name  is  given  to  those  professors  whose 
chairs  were  founded  by  the  Crown. 

*  re-give',  v.t.  [Pref.  «-,  and  Eng.  give  (q.r.).  I 
To  give  back. 

~  Bid  him  drive  back  his  car.  and  reimport 
- 


•re-gle,   "rel-gle,  v.t.     [Fr.  rigler.}    To 
rule,  to  govern,  to  regulate. 

-All  oogbt  to  rt*lt  their  live*,  not  by  the  Pop«'« 
Decrees,  but  Word  o(  God  ."—  ftMer  :  WortWw.  it  Us. 


boll,  b6y;  ptfut,  J6%1;  cat,  ?ell,  chorus,  9hln.  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  ^enophon,  exist.    -Ing. 
•clan,  -tlan  =  «*f"-   -*<«»•  -Bi°n  =  8nun;  -tion«  ~?lon  =  zn&n'   -«ious'  -"ou»»  -«*ou«  =  •llu*'   -W 


3936 


reglement— reguerdonment 


*  re"g'-le-ment  (le  as  el).  *.     [Fr..  from 
regler  (Lat.  regulo)  =  to  regulate  (q.v.).J    Reg- 
elation,  administration. 

"To  ipeak  nf  the  reformation  and  rtgltmmt  of 
usury,  by  the  balance  of  commodities  and  discom- 
modities thereof,  tw.i  thing*  an  to  be  reconciled.  " 
—  Bacon  :  Kuayi  ;  Of  Cntry. 

*  rgg-lS-mSnt'-a-ry,  o.    [Fr.  reglementaire, 
from  riglement.]     Regulative  ;  pertaining   to 
or  containing  regulations. 

reg  -let,  s.  [Fr.,  dimin.  of  regie  (Lat.  rtgvla) 
=  a  rule  ;  rego  =  to  rule  (q.v.).] 

1.  Print.  :  A  strip  of  wood  or  metal  with 
parallel  sides,  and  of  the  height  of  a  quadrat, 
used    for    separating    pages    in    the    chase, 
Ac.   Sometimes  made  type-high  to  form  black 
borders. 

2.  Arch.  :    A  flat,   narrow  moulding,  em- 
ployed to  separate  panels  or  other  members  ; 
or  to  form  knots,  frets,  and  similar  ornaments. 

reglet  plane,  5.  A  plane  used  in  mak- 
ing printers'  reglets. 

•re-gl6rfS,  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  gloss,  v. 
(q.v.).]  To  put  a  fresh  gl 

"  So  region!  the  Kitten's  gloese." 
Intriri  :  Bumouri  Beaten  on  Earth,  p.  «. 

re'g'-ma,  ».  (Or.  pfiyn*  (rhegma)  =  a  fracture, 
from  priyvvfu  (rhegnumi)  =  to  break.] 

Bpt.  :  A  compound  superior  fruit,  having  the 
pericarp  dry  externally  and  dehiscent  by 
elastic  cocci.  Example,  Euphorbia. 

reg'-nal,  o.  [Lat.  regn(um)  =  a  kingdom  ; 
Brig.  adj.  snff.  -al.}  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
rei^n  of  a  sovereign  ;  used  specif,  of  the 
years  a  sovereign  has  reigned.  It  was  for- 
merly the  custom  to  date  public  documents, 
&c.,  from  the  year  of  the  accession  of  the 
reigning  monarch.  This  practice  still  pre- 
vails in  Britain  in  citing  Acts  of  Parliament. 

"  Monument*  which  mention  the  regnal  year  of  the 
king  iu  whose  reign  they  were  executed  are  also  pre- 
t£oio.~—  Athenaeum,  Aug.  23,  1884,  p.  248. 

•reV-nan-cy,  s.  [Eng.  regnan(t);  -cy.]  The 
act  or  state  of  reigning  ;  rule,  predominance. 

reg   nan  t,  a.    [Lat.  regnans,  pr.  par.  of  regno 

=  to  feign;  regnum  =  a  kingdom;   Fr.  reg- 

nant; 8p.  regnante,  reinante;  Ital.  regnante.] 

1.  Reigning,  ruling  ;  exercising  regal  autho- 

rity by  hereditary  right. 

"Mary  being  not  merely  Queen  Consort,  but  also 
Queen  Regnant."—  Macaukiy  :  HiM.  Eng.,  eh.  xi. 

*  2.  Ruling,  predominant,  prevalent,  pre- 
Tailiug. 

"  Hli  guilt  is  clear,  his  proofs  are  pregnant 
A  tray  tor  to  the  vices  regnant." 

Swift:  Mitcellanie*. 

*  rSg'-na-tive,  *  reg-na-tife,  a.     [REO- 
HANT.]    Ruling,  governing. 

"  Right  so  lltel  or  nought  is  worthe  erthely  power, 
but   if    reynntife   prudence    in    heedes   gouerne   the 
nt  of  laue,  bk.  ii. 


•male."—  Cfcou 


Tetta 
[Fr.,    from    Lat    reg  num.] 


•regne,    » 
kingdom. 

"The  people  and  remit  everichone," 

Lydgate  :  MS.,  loL  14. 

"  regne,  f.i.    [Lat.  regno.]    To  reign. 

•  reg'-nf-cide,  s.   [Lat.  regnum  —  a  kingdom, 
and  ccedo  (in  comp.  -cido)  =  to  kill.]     A  de- 
stroyer of  a  kingdom. 

"Regicide*  are  no  leas  than  regnicidet.'—Ada'm: 
Workt.  L  418. 

•  rSg-no-sau'-rua,  *.    [Lat.  regno  =  to  be 
lord,  to  rule,  and  saurus  —  a  lizard.] 

Palaont.  :  A  provisional  genus  of  Dinosau- 
ria,  founded  by  Mantell  on  a  lower  jaw  from 
the  Wealden  <>f  Tilgate  Forest,  and  described 
in  his  Wonders  of  Geology  (i.  393).  Owen 
(Odontograpliy,  i.  248)  referred  the  remains  to 
Iguanodon. 

*  re-gorge',   v.t.     [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  gorge 
(q.v.);    cf,    Fr.   regorger  =  to    overflow,    to 
•urfeit.] 

1.  To  vomit  up  ;  to  reject  from  the  stomach, 
to  throw  back. 

"When  you  have  regory'd  what  yon  have  taken  In, 
yon  are  the  leanest  things  in  nature,"—  Dryden  :  Mar- 
riage d  la  Mode,  1.  L 

2.  To  swallow  back  or  again.    (Dryden.) 

3.  To  swallow  eagerly, 

"  Dmnk  with  Idolatry,  drank  with  wine, 
And  fat  regorged  of  bulls  and  goat*." 

Milton  :  Sameon  Agomttet,  1.S7T. 

*  rS-grftde',  r  .  t,   [Lat.  re-  =  back,  and  gradior 
«e  to  walk,  to  go.]    To  go  back,  to  retire,  to 
move  back. 


*  re-graft ,  v.t.      [Pref.    re-,   and   Eng.  graft, 
(q.v.).]    To  graft  agnin  or  anew. 

"Oft  regraftiiig  the  same  clone  tiay  make  fruit 
greater."— Bacon  :  Hat.  Hut.,  f  44. 

re-grant',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  grant,  v. 
(q.v.).]  To  grant  again  or  am«w;  to  granl 
back. 

"  A  charter  regranting  the  old  privilege*  to  the  Old 
Company."— Macaulay :  But.  Eng.,  ch  xx. 

re-grant',  ».    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  grant,  s. 

(q.v.).] 

L  The  act  of  granting  again  or  back. 
2.  A  new,  renewed,  or  fresh  grant. 

"To  obtain  a  regrant  of  the  monopoly  under  the 
Great  Seal."— Macaulay :  Hltt.  Eng.,  ch.  xx. 

rS-grate',   v.t.     [Fr.  regratter  =  to  snatch  or 
scrape  again  ...  to  drive  a  huckster's  trade  : 
re-  =  back,  again,  and  gratter  =  to  grate,  to 
scratch.] 
*  L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  To  shock,  to  offend. 

"The  cloathlng  of  the  tortoise  and  viper  rather  re- 
grateth.  than  pleaseth  the  eye."— Drrham :  Phyt.  The- 
ology, bk.  iv..  ch.  xii. 

2.  To  buy  up,  as  corn,  provisions,  &c.,  and 
sell  the  same  again  in  the  same  or  a  neigh- 
bouring  market  so  as  to  raise  the   prices. 
Regrating  was  an  offence  at  common  law. 

"Some  farmers  will  regrate  and  buy  up  all  the 
come  that  cometh  to  the  markets,  and  lay  It  up  iu 
store,  and  sell  It  again  at  an  higher  price  when  they 
see  their  time."— Latitner :  Sermon  be/ore  King  Ed- 
vxird  (an.  1550). 

IL  Masonry :  To  scrape  or  take  off  the 
surface  of  an  old  hewn  stone  wall  in  order  to 
whiten  it  and  make  it  look  fresh  again. 

*  re-grate,  ».    [REGRET,  ».] 

*  re-grat-er,  *  re-grat'-or,   •  re-grat- 
our,  *  re-grat-ter,  s.   [Eng.  regroMf);  -er, 
Ac.]     One  who  regrates  or  buys  up  corn, 
provisions,  &c.,to  sell  at  a  higher  price  in  the 
same  market  or  fair. 

"A  proclamation  made  against  rerrrattm  and  fore- 
stallers."— Bumet :  Record,  vol.  11.,  bk.  ii. 

*  re  -  gra'-  ti  -  a  -  tor  -  f,    *  rS-gra'-ci-a- 
tdr-y  (ti,  Ci  as  shi),  *.    [Fr.  regratier  =  to 
return   thanks.]     A  returning   or  giving   of 
thanks  ;  an  expression  of  thankfulness. 

"  To  gyve  you  my  regracialory." 

Bkelton  :  Crovme  of  Lauren. 

*  re-gra'-try,  '  re-gra-ty-rye,  ».     [RE- 
ORATE.]    The  act  or  practice  of  regrating. 

"  Rlche  thorw  reyratyrye."    Piert  Plowman,  p.  4J. 

*  re-grede',  v.i.    [Lat.  regredior,  from  re-  = 
back,  and  gradior  =  to  step,  to  go  ;  gradtts  = 
a  step.]    To  go  or  move  back  ;  to  retrograde. 

*  rg-gre'-dl-enje,  »•    [Lat.  regrediens,  pr. 
par.  of  regredior.}    A  returning,  a  return. 

"  Prom  whence 
Never  man  yet  had  a  mrredience." 

Serrick  :  If  ever  too  Late  to  Me. 

*  re-green',  v.t.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  green 
(q.v.).]    To  make  green  again. 

"  Regreent  the  greens,  and  doth  the  flowrs  reflowr." 
Sylvett*r     The  Ark*.  6«. 

*  re-greet',  v.t.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  greet,  v. 
(q.v.)-] 

1.  To  greet  again  ;  to  resalute. 

"  You.  cousin  Hereford,  upon  pain  of  life  .  .  . 
Shall  not  regreet  our  fair  domiuinm." 

Shaken.  ;  Richard  II..  i.  8. 

2.  To  greet,  to  address,  to  meet. 

"  I  regreet 
The  daintiest  last"       SHaketp. :  Richard  II..  i.  S. 

*  re-greet',  *.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  greet  (q.  v. ).] 
A  greeting  ;  a  return  or  exchange  of  greetings. 

"  Unyoke  this  seizure,  and  this  kind  regrert." 

Shaketp.  :  King  John,  ill.  1. 

•re'-greaa,  *  re-grease,  «.    [Lat.  regressus 
=  a  return,  from  regressus,  pa.  par.  of  regredior 
—  to  return  ;  Fr.  regret;  8p.  regreto;  Ital.  re- 
greiao,  rigresso.] 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  Passage  back  ;  return. 

"  Free  lilwrtie  of  egrerae  and  reyrette.~~lfackluyt  : 
Votaget.  ilL  844. 

2.  Power  or  liberty  of  returning  or  passing 
back. 

"  Thou  shall  have  egreai  and  fegrtu."—f<kaketp.  : 
Merry  Witet  of  Windtor,  ii.  L 

IL  Technically: 

1 1.  Veg.  MnrphoL  :  The  change  from  one 
organ  into  the  form  of  the  organ  which  im- 
mediately preceded  it,  as  of  a  petal  into  a 
si'i*!.  Called  also  Regressus. 

2.  Scots  Law :  Reentry.     Letters  of  regr«as 


were  granted,  under  the  feudal  law,  by  the 
superior  «f  a  wadset,  uudar  which  he  became 
bound  to  readmit  the  wadsetUr  at  any  time 
when  he  should  demand  aa  entry  to  the 
wadset. 


,  r.t.    [REGRESS,  ».]    To  go  back, 
to  return  ;  to  pass  or  move  back. 

"  All  beiugiforced  unto  fluent  consistencies,  natural!) 
regreu  unto  their  former  solidities."—  Brawn»  . 
Vvigar  Emuri,  bk.  II.,  ch.  L 

rS-greS8'-l6n  (88  as  8h),  «.  [Lat.  regresslo, 
from  regressus,  pa.  par.  of  reqredior.  ]  [RE- 
GRESS, «.]  The  act  of  passing  bac1'  or  return- 
ing ;  retrogression. 

"  Restrains  f  rom  regreaion  into  notbint."—  Brown*: 
Vulgar  Errourt,  bk.  L,  ch.  ix. 

Regression  of  the  moon's  nodes  : 

Attron.  :  The  motion  backwards  of  the 
moon's  nodes.  It  averages  19°  IV  42-316"  a 
year,  and  the  node  makes  a  complete  retro- 
grade revolution  in  6793-39108  solar  days  or 
nearly  18'6  years. 

regression-point,  .-. 

Geom.  :  A  point  at  which  two  branches  are 
tangent  to  each  other,  so  that  a  point  gene- 
rating the  curve  suddenly  stops  at  the  cusp, 
and  returns  for  a  time  in  the  same  general 
direction  from  which  it  arrived  at  th>-  cusp 
point 

*  rS-gress'-Ive,  a.    [Eng.  re#res»  ;  ~\ve.  ]  1  . 

ing  oack,  returning,  retrogressive. 

'rS-greSS'-lye-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  regressive;  -ly.] 
In  a  regressive  or  retrogressive  manner  ;  by 
return,  back. 

re'-gre's'-sus,  ».    [REGRESS,  «.,  II.  l.] 

rS-gref  ,  *  re-grate,  s.  [Fr.  regret  —  desire 
.  .  .  sorrow,  a  word  of  disputed  origin. 
Malm  suggests  Lat.  re-  —  back,  and  gratia  = 
pleasing,  grateful  (q.v.).  Skeat  prefers  the 
Lat.  pref.  re-,  compounded  with  the  same  verb 
as  appears  in  Goth,  gretan  =  to  weep  ;  Icel. 
grata;  Sw.  grata;  Dan.  grade;  A.S.  grcetan; 
Scotch,  greet.] 

1.  Grief  or  sorrow  for  the  loss  or  want  of 
something  ;  a  sorrowful  longing  or  desire. 

2.  Vexation,  grief,  or  sorrow  at  something 
past  ;  bitterness  of  reflection  ;  remorse. 

"  A  passionate  regret  at  sin,  a  grief  and  sadness  at 
its  memory,  enters  us  into  God's  roll  of  mourners."— 
Dfoiy  of  Piety. 

•  3.  Dislike,  aversion. 

"  Is  it  a  virtue  to  have  some  ineffective  regrttt  to 
damnation,  and  such  a  virtue  too,  as  shall  balauce  all 
our  vice»f  —  Decaf  of  Piety. 

re'-gre't',  v.t.  [Fr.  regretter;  O.  Fr.  re^roter, 
regreter.]  [REGRET,  «.] 

1.  To  lament  or  grieve  over  the  loss  or  want 
of  ;  to  look  back  at  with  sorrowful  longing  ; 
to  bewail. 

"  Alike  regretted  In  the  dust  he  lies, 
Who  yields  ignobly  or  who  liravely  diem.* 

Pope  :  Homer;  Iliad  ix.  4M. 

*  2.  To  feel  uneasy  at  ;  to  be  sorry  for  the 
existence  of. 

"  Those,  the  impiety  of  whose  lives  makes  them  r»v 
aret  a  deity,  and  secretly  wish  that  there  were  none, 
will  greedily  listen  to  atheistical  notions.-Oiannii.- 
Sceptii  Scientifica. 

re-grSt'-ful.  o.  [Eng.  rejrrrt  ;  -/i/W]  Full  of 
regret. 

"  So  sincerely  reyrrtful  at  what  had  occnrred."— 
Scribner'i  Magazine,  July.  1877,  p.  SW. 

re'-gre't'-ful-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  regretful  ;  -ly.] 
With  regret. 

"  He  dejnrts  out  of  the  world  regretfully."  —  Oreen- 
httl  :  Art  of  Embalming,  p.  104. 

regret  -table,  a.  [Eng.  rtgret;  -able.]  To 
be  regrette'd  ;  calling  for  or  deserving  regret. 

"  The  regrettable  incidents  that  occurred  in 
Madrid.  '—Daily  Chronicle,  Sept  ?.  :88S. 

*  re-growth',  *.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  growth 
(q.v.).]    A  second  or  renewed  growth. 

r£  guard  -ant  (u  silent),  a,    [REGARDANT.] 

*  rS-guer'-din,    *.      [Pref.    re-,    and    Eng. 
jruerdo»(q.v.).]    Reward,  recom|>ense,  return. 

"  And.  in  reguerdon  of  that  duty  done. 
I  girt  thee  with  the  valiant  sword  of  York." 

Shaketp.  :  1  fftnrg  I'/..  Ii.  1. 


!1.*.    [Fr.  reguerdonner.]   [RE- 
GUERDON,  *.]    To  reward,  to  recompense, 

*  rS-guer'-ddn-mSnt,  s.    [Eng.  reguerdon  • 
-ment.]    Requital. 

"In    gei4iuus    reguerdonment    whereof.  —A"oj*«.  • 
Lenten  Stuff*. 


fate,  f&t,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  air,  marine;  go,  pdt, 
ox,  wore,  well,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    se  o»  =  e;ey  =  a;qu  =  kw. 


regula— regurgitation 


3937 


fe'g'-U-la.  s.    [Lat.  m  a.  rule]. 

L  Eccles. :  A  book  of  rules  or  orders  »f  a 
religious  house  ;  rule,  discipline. 

2.  -4rc&.  :  A  band  below  the  tsenia  of  the 
Done  epigtylium,  extending  the  width  of  ilia 
triglyph,  and  having  six  guttae  depending  from 
it.  The  space  between  two  adjoining  tanals 
of  the  triglyphs. 

"  re'g'-U-la-ble.  a.  [Bug.  reyul(ote), •  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  regulated ;  admitting  of 
regulation. 

reV-U-lar,  *  reg-U  ler,  a.  &  s.     [Lat.  regu- 
Uiris,  from  regula  =  a  rule;  re</o  =  to  direct, 
to  rule;   Fr.  regulier ;  Sp.  &  Port,  regular; 
Ital.  regolare.] 
A.  As  adjective  : 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Conforming  to  or  in  accordance  with  a 
rule  or  rules ;  agreeable  to  established  law, 
rule,  type,   principle,  or  customary  forms ; 
normal. 

"  The  Enniskilleners  who  had  joined  him  had  served 
a  military  apprenticeship,  though  not  in  a  very 
regular  manner." — JMcuufuy:  II in.  £ng..  ch.  xiv. 

2.  Acting  according  to  rule ;  governed  by 
rule  or  rules  ;  uniform  in  a  course  or  practice ; 
orderly,  methodical,  unvarying. 

"  Your  Least  praise  is  to  be  regular." 

Dryden  :  Up.  to  Mr.  Conffrat. 

3.  Established,   initiated,  or  instituted  in 
accordance  with  rule,  custom,  or  discipline: 
as,  regular  troops. 

4.  Belonging  to  the  regular  or  permanent 
army. 

"  The  camp  at  least  will  be  Inspected  by  a  rrpulur 
officer  "— flaUi/  Chronicle,  May  25,  1885. 

5.  Thorough,    out-and-out,    perfect,    com- 
plete :  as,  a  regular  swindle.    (Co/loq.) 

IL  Technically  : 

1.  But.  (Of  a  corolla) :  Having  its  segments 
forming  equal  rays  of  a  circle  supposed  to  be 
described  with   the  axis  of  a  flower  for  the 
centre  ;  having  all  the  parts  of  each  series  of 
a  flower  of  similar  form  and  size.    All  flowers 
are  regular  at  first ;   thus,  a  papilionaceous 
one  is  regular  in  the  bud. 

2.  Ecdes. :  Belonging  to  a  monastic  order  or 
congregation.    [B.  3.)    (Opposed  to  secular.) 

3.  Geom. :  Having  the  sides  and  angles  equal, 
as  a  square,  a  cube,  an  equilateral  triangle,  &c. 

4.  Gram. :  Declined  or  inflected  according 
to  the  common  or  ordinary  form ;  following 
the  common  form  in  respect  to  inflectional 
terminations  :  as,  a  regular  verb. 

5.  Music :  A  work  is  said  to  be  "not  in 
regular  form,"  if  its  subjects  and  their  dispo- 
sition depart  from  the  plan  or  form  conven- 
tionally considered  most  suitable  to  a  compo- 
sition of  its  kind. 

B.  As  substantive : 

1.  Chronol. :  A  fixed  number  attached  to  each 
month,  which  assists  in  ascertaining  on  what 
day  of  the  week  the  first  day  of  each  month 
fell,  and  also  the  age  of  the  moon  on  the  first 
day  of  each  month. 

2.  Mil.:  A  soldier  belonging  to  a  permanent 
army. 

3.  Roman  Church  :  A  member  of  a  monastic 
order  or  of  a  congregation  ;  a  monk  or  friar, 
as    opposed    to    one  of  the    secular  clergy. 
Strictly  speaking,  the  name  embraces  persons 
of  either  sex,  observing  a  common  rule  of  life, 
bound  by  the  three  vows  of  religion,  and  ol>ey- 
Ing  statutes  of  the  particular  order  to  which 
they  belong. 

regular-arehlteeture,  ».  That  which 
has  its  parts  symmetrical  or  disposed  in 
counterparts. 

regular    army,     $.      [See   BBOULAB- 

TROOPS.1 

regular-canons,  s.  ?'.  [ADOUSTINIAN,  a.] 

regular  enr-res,  s.  pi. 

Geom. :  The  perimeters  of  conic  sections, 
which  are  always  curved  after  the  same 
geometrical  manner. 

regular  -  polyhedron,  5.  [POLYHE- 
DRON.] 

regular  sea  urchin,  ••. 

Zool.  :  A  Sea-urchin  havingthe  anal  aperture 
within  the  apical  disc  and  surrounded  by  the 
genital  and  ocular  plates.  [ECHINOIDKA.'] 

regular-troops, ».  pi.  Soldiers  belong- 
ing to  a  permanent  army,  M  opp*s«4  to 
militia  or  volunteers. 


reg-U-lir'-I-tjf,  «.  (Fr.  regularite ;  Sp.  regu- 
laridad ;  ItaL  regolaritd.]  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  regular,  or  in  accordance  with 
established  rule,  type,  principle,  or  custom  ; 
agreeableness  to  rule  ;  conformity  to  certain 
rules  or  principles  ;  method  ;  certain  order, 
steadiness,  or  uniformity  in  course  or  practice. 
"  The  charm  of  regularity."  Scott :  Botuby.  111.  S. 

*  reg'-U-lar-lze.   v.t.      [Eng.   regular;  .ize.] 
To  make  regular  ;  to  cause  to  conform  to  rule 
or  practice. 

"  It  was  well  when  kings  like  William  I.  and 
H-ury  I.  were  wise  enough  to  regularize  their  ad- 
ministration  for  their  own  euds: —Hardener  t  Mul- 
linger :  JrUrvd.  to  Sag.  Bitt..  ch.  iii. 

reg'-u-lar-ljf,  *  reg-u-lar-lie,  adv.  [Eng. 

regular;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  regular  manner ;  in  accordance  with 
rule  or  established  mode  or  practice. 

"  A  state 
More  regularly  free.'        Thornton  ^  Liberty,  iv.  W4. 

2.  At  certain  intervals  or  periods ;  in  uni- 
form order  :  as,  The  seasons  return  regularly. 

3.  Methodically,    duly :     as,    He    attends 
divine  worship  regularly. 

4.  Completely,  thoroughly :  as,  I  was  regu- 
larly swindled. 

*  reg-u-lar-aess,  «.     [Eng.  regular;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  regular ;  regu- 
larity. 

"  In  the  Tfjularneu  of  shape."— Boyle  :  Workt,  lit 

ML 

*  reg'-u-lat-a-sle,  a.  [Eng.  r«gulat(e);  -obit.] 
Capable   of  being   regulated ;  admitting   of 
regulation. 

r6g  -U-late,  v.t.  [Lat.  regulatus,  pa.  par.  of 
regulo,  from  regula  =  a  rule  ;  O.  FT.  reguler ; 
Fr.  regler;  Sp. &  Port,  regular;  Ital.  regolare.] 
L  To  adjust  in  accordance  with  rule,  order, 
or  established  custom  ;  to  govern,  direct,  or 
order  according  to  certain  rules  or  restrictions ; 
to  subject  to  governing  principles  or  laws  ;  to 
order,  to  dispose. 

"  Critics  would  regulate 
Our  theatres,  and  whin  reform  our  state." 

Dryden .  Prologue  to  Royal  Brother 

2.  To  put  or  keep  in  good  order :  as,  To 
regulate  a  clock. 

rgg-U-la'-tien,  s.  &  a,    [REGULATE.] 

A.  As  substantive : 

1.  The  act  of  regulating ;  the  act  of  reducing 
to  order,  or  of  disposing  in  accordance  with 
rule  or  established  custom. 

"  Such  a  regulation  of  matters  as  they  desire."— 
Slutrp :  Strmont,  vol.  L.  ser.  10. 

2.  The  state  of  being  regulated. 

3.  A  role,  order,  or  direction  from  a  superior 
or  competent  authority  regulating  the  action 
of  those  under  their  control  ;  a  precept;  a 
governing  or  prescribed  course  of  action. 

B.  As  adj. :  In  accordance  with  rules  or  regu- 
lations ;  prescribed  :  as,  regulation  uniform. 

rSg'-U-la-tlve,  a.     [Eng.  regulate) ;  -ivt.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  Regulating ;  tending  or  serv- 
ing to  regulate. 

"  Submitting  their  multitude  to  a  certain  refula- 
lift  principle  placing  them  under  the  cuutrul  of  our 
uilnds."— Bladae:  Xelf -Culture,  p.  s. 

2.  Metaph. :  A  term  applied  by  Sir  William 
Hamilton  to  one  of  the  Cognitive  Faculties. 
(See  extract.) 

"  I  now  enter  upon  the  last  of  the  Cognitive  Facul- 
ties—the Faculty  which  I  denominated  the  Keyula- 
rue.  ...  To  this  faculty  has  been  latterly  applied  the 
name  Reason,  but  this  term  is  no  vairue  and  ambiguous 
that  It  Is  almost  unfitted  to  convey  any  ilertnito  mean- 
^."-Hamilton :  Mttapltyna  led.  Hansel),  U.  *47. 

rig'-n-la-tor,  *.     [Eng.  rtgulat(e);  -or.] 

L  Ord,  Lang.  •  One  who  or  that  which  regu- 
lates ;  an  administrator,  a  director. 

"  He  now  refused  to  act  under  the  board  of  regula- 
tor*, and  wan  deprived  of  both  his  commissions."— 
Mat-nul.tn  :  Hut.  Knf..  ch.  viii. 

IX  Tech. :  A  mechanical  contrivance  for 
regulating  or  equalizing  motion.  Specifically 
applied  to . 

1.  Furnace:  (DRAUGHT-REGULATOR). 

2.  Horology: 

(1)  A  clock  keeping  accurate  time,  used  for 
regulating  other  timepieces. 

(2)  The  device  by  wldch  the  pendulum-bob 
is  elevated  or  depressed. 

(3)  The  fly  «f  tha  striking  pan  of  a  clock  or 
musical  box. 

(•n  An  arm  which  determines  the  length  of 
the  balance  (or  hair)  spring  of  a  watch. 


3.  Mach. :  The  brake-band    ut   *    jrao  or 
crane. 

4.  Steam-engine: 

(1)  [GOVERNOR). 

(2)  [CATARACT!. 

(3)  A  device  for  admitting  steam  in  regulat- 
able  quantity  to  the  valve-chamber  of  th« 
steam-cylinder.    [REGULATOR-BOX.] 

regulator-box,  s.  A  valve-motion  con- 
trive* by  Watt  for  his  double-action,  con- 
densing pum  ping-engines. 

regulator  cock.  s. 
Steaming. :  A  cock  used  to  admit  a  lubri- 
cant to  the  faces  of  the  regulator. 

regulator-cover,  i. 

Uteam-tng.  :  The  outside  cover,  removable 
when  required  to  examine  the  regulator. 

regulator-shaft  and  lever*,  s.  pi. 

Steam-eng. :  The  shaft  and  levers  placed  in 
front  of  the  smoke-box,  when  each  cylinder 
has  a  separate  regulator. 

regulator-valve, *. 

Steam-eng.  :  The  valve  in  a  steam  pipe  of  a 
locomotive  engine  for  regulating  the  supply  of 
steam  to  the  cylinders. 

r6g/-u-line,  o.    [RKOULUS.]    Of  or  pertaining 

to  regulus. 

rejf-u-lize,  v.t.  [Eng.  reyuHus);  «uff.  -iw.J 
To  reduce  to  regulus. 

re'g'-n-lus,  «.  [Lat.  =  a  little  king,  dimin, 
from  rex,  genit.  regis  =  a  king.] 

*  L  Ord.  Lang. :  A  petty  king  or  ruler. 

IL  Technically: 

L  Astron. :  A  star  of  the  first  magnitude 
in  the  zodiacal  constellation  Leo.  A  line 
drawn  from  the  Pole  Star,  between  the  Pointers 
and  the  other  five  stars  of  the  Great  Bear,  will 
if  produced  cut  Regulus.  With  various  other 
stars,  three  of  which  are  of  the  second  magni- 
tude, it  forms  a  sickle-like  body,  from  which 
the  Leonids  diverge.  [LEONIDS,  j  Called  also 
Cor  Leonit,  or  the  Lion's  Heart  The  Greek 
denominated  it  j3ao-iAicr<co?  (BasUitkos)  =  a 
little  king,  which  was  Latinised  into  Reirulua, 
[Etym.J 

2.  Chen. :  A  mineral  reduced  from  its  oxide 
or  other  compound  by  fusion  witli  a  reducing 
agent.    (Watts.) 

"  The  production  of  re-julm  from  the  «n»»IM^« 
works."— Itaily  TeUfrapl,  March  4.  IMS. 

3.  Ornith.:  A  genus  of  Sylviidse.  sub-family 
Phylloscopiuse.  with  seven  siteciea,  from  all 
Paltearctic  ana  Nearctic  regions,  and  south 
to  Guatemala.      Bill  small,  broad  at  base; 
nostrils  semi-lunar,  covered  with  membran- 
ous scale ;  bill  very  slightly  forked  ;  tarai 
with  one  long  scale  in  front.    Regulus  cri*- 
tatus,  the  Gold-crested;  R.,ignif\i'p;;lus,  the 
Fire-crested ;   and  R.  modettut  (?),  the  Dal- 
matian Wren,  are  European. 

re  -gur,  t.    [Native  name.] 

(reol.,  <tc. :  The  black  cotton,  clayey  soil  of 
India.  It  occurs  principally  on  the  table 
land  of  the  Deccan  and  in  Na^jnire.  It  is  less 
frequent  in  Mysore,  but  reappears  in  sotitbern 
India  in  continuous  sheets  from  six  to  twenty 
feet  thick.  It  sometimes  rests  on  kunkurand 
gravel.  Though  generally  a  surface  soil,  it 
dips  beneath  recent  alluvium.  It  is  extremely 
fertile,  having  produced  heavy  crops  for  many 
centuries  without  manure.  Its  exact  age  U 
undetermined. 

*  re-gUT'-gi-tate,  v.t.  ft  i.  [Low  Lat.  rtyur- 
gitatut,  pa.  par  of  rtgurgito,  from  Lat.  rt-  = 
back, and gurgef, genit.  gurgitis^n  whirlpool; 
Sp.  regurgitar ;  Ital.  regurgitare.] 

A.  Tram. :  To  throw  or  pour  back  in  great 
quantity. 

"The  Inhabitants  of  the  city  remove  themselves 
Into  the  country  so  long*  until,  for  want  of  receipt  and 
eucuuraceOMnt,  It  naurfitait*  and  scuds  them  back." 
—Onunl :  milt  «/  Mortality. 

B.  Intrant. :  To  be  poured  back  ;  to  pour 
or  surge  back. 

"  Talvnlo  to  let  past  the  spirits  from  the  brain  Into 
the  muscles,  but  stop  them  If  they  would  rtfurfUat*." 
—  Mart :  Immort.  tftt*  SotU,  bk.  II..  ch.  v. 

re-gur  gi-ta'-tion,  ».  [Low  Lat.  reguryi- 
tatio,  from  reyvrgitahu.]  [ReouROiTATB.] 

•  L  Ordinary  tMnguage : 

1.  The  act  or  proceM  of  regurgitating  or 
pouring  back. 

"To  hinder  the  rvptryttotton  of  the  face*  upward*" 
— CWirorfA  :  InUll.  System,  p.  17*. 


boil,  bo> ;  pout,  J6%1 ;  cat,  9011.  chorus,  fhin,  bench ;  go,  gem ;  thin,  this ;  sin.  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   ph  =  £ 
•elan,  -tlan  -  shan.   -tion.  -slon  =  shun ;  -(Ion,  -sion  -  shun,    -clous,  -tlous,  -sious  -  sbus.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


3938 


rehabilitate— reimplant 


2.  The  act  of  swallowing  or  absorbing  again  ; 
rwbsorptiou. 

IL  Pathol.  (Of  blood):  The  flowing  back  inta 
the  vessels  of  the  heart  of  th«  blood  which 
had  just  left  them.  It  is  the  result  of  valvu- 
lar disease  of  the  heart  It  is  of  three  kinds  : 
Aortal,  Mitral,  and  Tricuspid  regurgitation. 
In  the  first  there  is  a  diastolic  murmur,  best 
heard  at  the  second  right  space  and  obliquely 
downward  ;  in  the  second  a  systolic  murmur, 
best  heard  at  the  left  of  the  apex  ;  in  tin- 
third  a  tricuapid  murmur  may  or  may  iiot  be 
heard. 

re-ha-bO  -i-tate,  v.t.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 

habUUate  (q.  v.).  j 

L  To  restore  to  a  former  position  or  capacity  ; 
to  reinstate  ;  to  qualify  again  ;  to  restore  to  a 
right,  rank,  or  privilege,  formerly  held,  but 
forfeited  for  some  reason.  (Properly  a  term 
of  the  civil  and  canon  law.) 

"The  moment  any  of  them  quits  the  cause  of  this 
government,  he  i>  rehabilitated,  hUhunuur  i»  restored, 
all  attainder*  an  purged."—  Auric:  Jt-.yicid»  Peace, 
let.  4. 

2.  To  reestablish  or  reinstate  in  the  esteem 
of  others  ;  to  restore  to  public  esteem  or 
respect 

re  ha-bil-i-ta  -tion,  ».  [Low  Lat.  rehabili- 
tatio;  Fr.  rehabilitation  ;  Sp.  rthabilitacion  ; 
Ital.  rehabilitation*.]  [REHABILITATE.]  The 
act  of  rehabilitating  or  restoring  to  a  former 
position  or  capacity  ;  the  state  of  being  re- 
habilitated ;  restoration  to  former  rank, 
privilege,  esteem,  &c. 

re-hash',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  hash,  v. 
(q.v.).]  To  hasn  anew  ;  to  work  up,  as  old 
material  into  a  new  form. 

re-hash',  s.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  hash,  s. 
(q.v.).J  Anything  hashed  up  anew  ;  some- 
thing made  up  of  materials  which  have  already 
been  used. 

"  The  celebrated  •  baked  beaut.'  the  glory  of  Boston, 
are  nothing  but  a  pour  rrfouA  of  the  roan  beef  ot  old 
England,"—  fnu,,  oct.  a,  IMS. 

re-hear",  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  hear  (q.v.).] 
To  hear  again  or  a  second  time  ;  specif.,  to 
hear  or  try  over  again,  as  a  cause  in  a  law- 
court. 

"lie  will  one  day  rehear  all  CHUM*  at  bu  own 
tribunal."—  Horn*  :  Commentary  on  Ptalmt,  ft.  lixxii. 

re-heard  ,  pa.  par.  or  a.    [REHEAR.] 

re-hear  ing,  pr.  pnr.  &  s.    [REHEAB.] 

A.  As  pr.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  subst.  :  The  act  of  hearing  again  ; 
sj>ec)f.  ,  the  hearing  or  trying  of  a  cause  a  second 
time  ;  retrial. 

"If  by  this  decree  either  party  thinks  himself 
aggrieved,  be  may  petition  the  chancellor  foraretear- 
ing.'  —Bladutone:  Comment.,  bk.  ui.,  cb.  27. 

re-hear  sal,  *  re-hear  -sail,  *  re-her- 
ceaL,  *  re'-her-saile,  s.  [ting.  rehearse); 
-aL\ 

*  1.  The  act  of  rehearsing  or  repeating  ; 
repetition  ;  recitation  of  the  words  of  another. 

"la    rehenrtal   of    Our   Lord's    Prayer."—  /footer  : 


2.  Narration,  relation;  a  relating  or  recount- 
Ing  in  detail. 

"To  knit  up  this  discourse  with  a  rrkeartnll  of  all 
the  operations  and  effects  of  the  plant*  before  named." 
—  P.  Uollamt:  Plinit,  bk.  «»..  ch.  viit 

3.  A  private  performance  of  any  thing  made, 
or  a  trial  before  public  exhibition  ;  a  general 
practice  before  a  performance.   Full  rehearsal, 
a  rehearsal  at  which  soloists,  band,  and  chorus 
are  present     Public  rehearsal,  a  rehearsal  to 
which  the  public  are  admitted. 

"Here's  a  marvellous  place  for  our  reheartal."— 
Skakttp.  :  Midiummer  XighCi  //ream,  ill.  L 

re-hearse',  *  re-herce,  *  re  hcrse,  v.t.  &  i. 
[O.  Kr.  reherter,  rehercer  =  to  harrow  over 
again,  from  re-  =  again,  and  hercer  =  to  harrow  ; 
kerce  =  a  harrow,  go  to  go  over  the  same 
ground  again,  as  a  harrow.]  [HEABSC.] 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  repeat,  as  the  words  or  writings  of 
another  ;  to  recite  ;  to  tell  over  again. 

"  lie  red.  and  measur'd  many  a  tad  verse, 
And  her  hire  lock*  up  stared  stifle  on  end, 
Hearing  him  those  same  bloody  lines  reherte." 
Spmur  :  P.  Q..  III.  xil.  M. 

2.  To  relate,  to  tell,  to  recite,  to  narrate,  to 
recount 

"  But  where'i  a  second  Virgil  to  rehearte, 
Our  heroe's  glories  In  his  epic  verse  T" 

Kochetter  :  Art  of  Poetry.  IT. 

*  3.  Tt>  cause  to  recite,  tell,  *r  narraU  ;  to 
put  through  a  rehearsal. 


4.  To  recite  or  perform  in  private  for  experi- 
ment bufore  exhibition  to  the  public. 

"Studied  th«  charauUr.  which  was  tu  be  rehtarte* 
the  next  day."—  Ualdtmith:  Euayt,  vi. 

B.  liUrans.  :  To  repeat  or  recite  what  has 
been  already  said  or  written  ;  to  go  through  a 
performance  iu-  private  preparatory  to  public 
exhibition. 

re-hear  -ser,  t.    [Eng.  rehearse);  ~er.]    One 

who  rehearses,  recites,  or  recounts  ;  a  reciter. 

"This  practice  I  the  recital  of  genealogies  j  has  never 

subsisted  within  time  of  memory,  nor  wan  much  credit 

due  to  such    reheartf  «.  "—  Johnton  :  Journey  to  the 

Wttirrn  Iiiandt. 

*  re-heat',  *re-hete,  v.t.    [Fr.  rehaiter.]   To 

revive,  to  cheer,  to  encourage. 

"  Him  would  I  comfort*  and  rehete." 

Romaunt  of  the  /loje.  6,609. 

*  re-helm,'   v.t.      [Pref.   re-,  and   Eng.   helm 
(q.v.).]     To  cover  again,  as  the  head,  with  a 
helm  or  helmet  ;  to  furnish  with  a  helmet. 

"  lucontyuent  be  was  rehelmrd.  and  toke  bU  speare." 
—  Btrntn:  froittart;  Cronycle,  voL  11.,  cb,  clxvlii. 


e-herse, 


[REHEARSE.] 


*  re  -hib-I'-tion,  s.    [Lat.  re-  =  back,  again, 
and  luibeo  =  to  have.] 

Law:  The  returning  of  some  article  by  a 
buyer  on  the  ground  of  some  defect  or  fraud. 

re-hlb'-I-tdr-jf,  a.  [REHIBITION.]  Of  or  per- 
taining to  rehibition  :  as,  a  rehibitory  action. 

*  re-hu  -man-ize,  v.t.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
humanize  (q.v.).J     To  render  human  again. 

re-hy-poth'-e-cate,  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and 
Eng.  hypothecate  (q.v.).]  To  hypothecate 
again,  as,  to  lend  as  security  bonds  already 
hypothecated  as  security  by  the  person  with 
whom  they  are  deposited. 

re-hy-poth-e-ca'-tion,  s.  [Pref.  re-,  and 
Eng.  hypothecation  (q.v.).]  The  act  of  rehy- 
pothecating; the  state  of  being  rehypothe- 
cated. 

rei,s.    [REE.] 

reich  -ard  -tite,  *.  [After  A.  Reichardt, 
sulf.  -tie  (Min.).} 

Min.  :  A  massive  form  of  Epsomite  (q.v.), 
forming  thin  layers  with  carnallite  at  btass- 
furth  and  Leopoldsliall,  Prussia. 

reich  -ite,  s.  [After  Oberbergrath  Reich; 
suff.  -ite  (Min.).] 

Min.  :  A  very  pure  variety  of  Calcite  (q.v.) 
found  in  Cumberland.  Named  by  Breithaupt. 

reichs  -rath  (th  as  t),  *.  [Oer.,  from  reich 
—  a  kingdom,  an  empire,  and  rath  (cogn.  with 
A.  8.  rded)  =  counsel,  advice.)  The  imperial 
parliament  of  the  Austrian  Empire. 

reich  stadt  (d  silent),  s.  [Ger.,  from  reich 
=  a  kingdom,  and  stadt  =  a  city.]  A  city  of 
the  Empire  ;  specif,  one  of  the  free  cities  which, 
under  the  German  constitution,  held  directly 
of  the  Empire. 

reichs  -tag,  ».  [Ger.,  from  reich  =  a  king- 
dom, and  taj  =  day.]  The  German  diet;  the 
imperial  parliament  of  the  German  Empire. 

reif,  rief;  s.  [A.S.  red/.}  Robbery,  plunder. 
(Scotch.) 

"  The  committing  of  divers  thefts,  reV«,  an<l  her- 
ihips."—  Scvtt  Haeerley.  cb.  XT. 

*  rei'-gle,  v.t.    [REOLE,  t>.] 

•rei'-gle,  «.  [O.  Fr.  (Fr.  regie),  from  Lat. 
reeriiUi  —  a  rule.]  A  hollow  cut  or  channel  for 
guiding  anything,  as  a  groove  or  slot  in  which 
anything  runs. 

"  A  flood-gate,  to  bee  drawne  vp  and  let  downe 
through  rri'fln  in  the  side  postea."—  Carnr:  Surveyor 
Cornwall.  fol.  105. 

*  rel  gle-ment,  ».    [O.  Fr.  (Fr.  reglemenf).'] 
A  rule,  a  regulation,  a  canon. 

-  He  should  permit  ...  all  rfiylrmtntt  ...  to  be 
conducted  by  moral  demonstrations."—  Taylor  :  Suit 
o/Contctcnce.  bk.  L,  cb.  IT. 

reign  (g  silent),  *  raigne,  *  nxygne, 
•  rayne.  •  regne,  *  regnen,  •  relgnen, 

v.i.  [Fr.  regner  (O.  Fr.  reigner),  from  Lat. 
reyno,  from  regnum  =  a  kingdom,  a  reign 
(q.v.);  Sp.  &  Port,  rtinar  ;  Ital.  regnare.] 

1.  To  enjoy,  possess,  or  exercise  sovereign 
authority  ;  to  exercise  government  as  a  k'ng 
or  governor  ;  to  be  king  or  sovereign  ;  to  rule. 


2.  To  rule  ;   to  prevail ;  to  hav«  Q-e  pr»> 
dominance. 

"  Let  not  sin  reign  In  your  mortal  body,  that  y» 
should  obey  It  in  the  lusts  thereof."— Komant  vi.  12. 

3.  To  predominate ;  to  prevail ;  to  be  pre- 
valent. 

"  More  are  sick  In  the  summer,  and  more  die  In  the 
winter,  except  in  pestilent  diseases,  which  commonly 
reign  iu  summer  or  autumn."— Aaron. 

reign  (g  silent),  '  raine,  *  rayne,  *  regne, 
*  reigne,  Tengne,  s.  [Kr.  regne,  Trom 
Lat  regnum,  from  rex,  gciiit.  regie  =  a  king ; 
Sp.  &  Port  reino;  Ital.  regnu.] 

*  1.  A  kingdom  ;  the  territory  over  which  a 
sovereign  has  sway  or  rule ;  an  empire ;  a 
dominion  ;  a  realm. 


"  Overruling  hi 


i  in  his  owne  rayne." 
%l»-i,*er:  F.  «.,  IV.  UL  n. 


*  2.  Royal  authority  ;  supreme  power ;  sove- 
reignty, sway. 

3.  Power,  influence. 

"  The  rei'jn  of  violence  it  o'er ! " 

l.-m<.ifcUovi :  (Jccultai ion  of  Orion. 

4.  The  time  during  which  a  king,  queen,  or 
emperor  occupies  a  throne. 

"  A  right  which  was  before  exercised  and  asserted  la 
the  rciffntot  Henry  IV.  ...  »nd  Queen  Elizabeth."— 
B/ncicttune  :  Commenttiriet.  bk.  t.  ch.  X. 

*  H  (1)  Oiue  in  a  reign,  in  a  reign  :  Once  in 
a  way. 


(2)  Reign  of  Terror :  The  period  in  the  French 
Revolution  r>etween  the  fall  of  the  Girondists 
and  the  overthrow  of  Rol*spierre.  It  lasted 
420  days,  from  May  31,  17S»3,  to  July  27,  1794. 

*  reike,  «.    [R&AK.]    A  rush,  a  reed. 

"  Sea- weeds  or  reikf,  rushes  and  reeds  growing  upon 
the  washes  and  meei  ea.  serve  them  tu  twist  for  curda." 
—P.  Holland  :  Plinie,  bk.  x  vi,,  cb.  i. 

*  reile,  v.i.    [ROLL,  ».] 

*  re-Il-lu'-min-ate,  *  re  II  Iu  -mine,  v.t. 

[Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  Ulumiiuite,  illumine  (q.v.).} 
To  illuminate  or  illumine  anew  ;  to  enlighten 
again. 

*  re  il-lu  mm-a  tion,  s.    [Pref.  re-,  and 
Eng.  t/fi<»unu<ion(q.v.).]     The  act  of  reillu- 
rninating  ;  the  state  of  being  reillumiiiated. 

reim,  s.    [RIEM.] 

re  im-bark',  v.t.  &,  i.  [REEMBARK.] 

re-Im-bod'-y,  v.t.  &  i.  (REEMBODY.J 

*  re  im  bosk,  *  re  im  bosch,  v.t.    [fret 
re-,and  Eng.  imbosk(q.v.).]    Toreenter  a  lair. 

"  Ban  iu  and  reimlwiched  himself— Batrett :  Dad. 
ona'i  Grot*,  p.  11. 

* re-im-burs'-a-ble,  a.  [Eng.  reimburse); 
-able.]  Capable  of  being  reimbursed  or  repaid. 

re-im-burse',  v.t.  [Fr.  rembourser,  from  re- 
=  back,  again,  and  embourstr  =  to  put  into  a 
purse  :  em-  =  in,  and  bourse  =  a  purse  (q.v.).] 

1.  To  replace  in  a  treasury,  purse,  or  cotter, 
as  an   equivalent  for  what  has   been    taken, 
expended,  or  lost ;  to  pay  lack,  to  refund,  to 
repay,  to  restore,  to  make  up. 

"  Reimburting  what  the  people  should  give  to  the 
king."— Uutini/orote  :  Diuerttition  on  Partiet,  let  15. 

2.  To  repay  to  ;  to  pay  back  to ;  to  give  an 
equivalent. 

"  To  reimburte  himself  ont  of  the  pocket  of  the  first 
traveller  be  met."— falty  :  Moral  Philotopky,  bk.  iu., 
ch.  ui. 

re  Im-burse  ment,  s.  [Fr.  remboursement.] 
The  act  of  reimbursing,  repaying,  or  refund- 
ing ;  repayment. 

"  She  exacted  cautionary  towns  from  them,  as  a 
security  for  her  reimburtemeiit.' '— Bolingbrttlt*  :  Occa- 
lionai  Writer,  No.  2. 

re-Im-burs'-er,  s.  [Eng.  reimburse) ;  -er.] 
One  who  reimliurses ;  one  who  repays  or  re- 
funds that  which  has  been  taken,  lost,  or  ex- 
pended. 

*  re  im  burs  -i-ble,  a.    [REIMBURSABLE.] 

*  re  im-merge'.  v.t.     [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
immertje    (q.v.).]      To    Immerge    again ;    to 
plunge  again  or  anew. 

*  re-im  place',  v.t.  [0.  Fr.  reimplaoer.]  Tore- 
place.    (Cotgrave.) 

"  re-Im-plant",  v.t.  [Pref-  r«-,  »nd  Eng.  im- 
plant (i).v.).]  To  implant  again  or  anew. 

"  Oodly  matrons  usual  ly  graffe  or  reimplant  on  their 
now  more  aged  heads  and  brows  the  reliques,  comb, 
ings  or  cuttings.  «f  their  own  or  others'  more  youthful 
hair."— Taylor:  Artificial  Uundtomtnett.  p.  tf. 


tixte,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   wo,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;   go,  pdt, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mate,  cab,  cure,  unite,  car,  rale,  full;  try,  Syrian.    s>,  ce  -  e ;  ey  =  a;  QU  =  kw. 


reimport— reinforcement 


3939 


re-Im-porf ,  v.t.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  import 

<q-v.)J 

1.  To  import  again ;  to  carry  back  to  the 
country  of  exportation. 

"  Really  exported  to  some  foreign  country,  and  not 
•landestiuely  reimported  iutu  our  own.  —  Smith : 
Wealth  of  .Variant,  bk.  iv..  cb.  iv. 

*  2.  To  bring  back ;  to  restore. 

"  Bid  him  drive  back  his  car,  aud  reimport 
The  period  post"     Young :  Aiyht  Thought!,  li.  308. 

re-Im-pbr-ta  -tion,  s.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
importation  (q.v.).]  The  act  of  reimporting; 
that  which  is  reimported. 

•  re-Im-pb'r-tnne',  v.t.     [Pref.   re-,   and 
Eng.  importune  (q.v.).]    To  importune  again 
or  afresh. 

re-Im-pose',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  impote 
(q.v.).] 

] .  To  impose  again  or  anew  :  as,  To  reimpose 
a  tax  ;  to  reimpose  a  forme,  &c. 

*  2.  To  tax  again. 

"  The  whole  pariah  Is  reinitiated  next  year,  in  order 
to  reimburse  them."— Smith :  Wealth  of  tfationt, 
bk.  v  .  ch.  U. 

re-lm-p6"-sl'-tlon,  *.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
imposition  (q.v.).] 

1.  The  act  of  reim  posing  :  as,  the  reimposi- 
tion  of  a  tax  ;  the  reimposition  of  a  forme,  &c. 

*  2.  A  fresh  or  new  tax. 

"  Such  reimp titiont  are  always  over  and  above  the 
taille  of  the  particular  year  in  which  they  are  laid  on," 
— Smith  :  Wealth  of  .Valiant,  bk.  v.,  ch.  1L 

jre-lm-prSgf-nate,  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
impregnate  (q.v.).]  To  impregnate  again  or 
anew. 

"  The  vigour  of  the  loadstone  is  destroyed  by  fire, 
Dor  will  it  be  reimpregniited  by  any  other  magnet 
than  the  earth."— arovne:  rutyar  Errouri,  bk.  ii.t 
ch.  iii. 

te-Im-prgss',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  im- 
press (q.v.).]  To  impress  anew  or  afresh. 

"  Invigorated  and  reimprrurd  by  external  ordin- 
ances."—Johnton :  Lift  of  Milton. 

rS-im-press  -idn  (as  as  sh),  *.  [Pref.  re-, 
and  Eng.  impression  (q.v.).]  A  second  or  new 
impression  ;  a  reprint  of  a  nook.  (Spelman.) 

*  re-im-prinf ,   v.t.     [Pref.    re-,  and    Eng. 
imprint  (q.v.).]    To  imprint  or  print  again  or 
anew  ;  to  reprint 

"  Dr.  John  Rainolds,  his  overthrow  of  stage-playe*. 
printed  1S99,  and  reimprinted  Oxford  16:19."—  Prynne  : 
Bittrio-Mattix,  viL  4. 

re-fan-prls'-on,  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
imprison  (q.v.).]  To  imprison  again. 

re-Im-pris -6n-mSnt,  s.  [Pref.  re-,  and 
Eng.  imprisonment  (q.v.).]  The  act  of  re- 
imprisoning  or  the  state  of  Deing  reimprisoned 
for  the  same  or  a  second  otfenue. 

rein,  *  rain,  *  reign,  *  reigne,  *  reine, 
*  reyne,  »-.  [O.  Fr.  reine,  resne,  resgne  (Fr. 
rfne),  from  Lat.  •  rettn*,  from  retineo  =  to 
hold  back,  to  retain  (q.v.);  Sp.  rienda  (for 
redina);  Ital.  redina.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Literally  : 

(1)  A  strap  or  cord  by  which  a  horse  is  driven 
or  controlled.    It  is  fastened  to  the  snaffle  or 
curb  on  each  side. 

"  Yet  held  he  still  the  rninet  in  hand." 

Ph,urr:  riryill ;   .t.iiridoil. 

(2)  A  rope  of  twisted  and  greased  raw  hide. 

[RlEM.] 

(3)  (PI.) :  The   handles  of  a  blacksmith's 
tongs,  on  which  the  ring  or  coupler  slides. 

2.  Fig. :  Any  means  of  curbing,  restraining, 
or  governing  ;  restraint,  government,  power. 

IL  Arch.. :  A  springer  or  lower  vonssoir  of 
an  arch,  which  rests  upon  the  imposts. 

H  (1)  To  give  the  reins :  To  give  license ;  to 
let  go  unrestrained. 

"  Ginna  rmiu  aud  spun  to  my  free  speech." 

SJtalKtii.     Richard  11..  i.  J. 

(2)  To  take  the  reins :  To  assume  the  guidance 
or  direction. 

rein-holder,  s.  A  clip  or  clasp  on  the 
dashboard  of  a  carriage,  to  hold  the  reins 
when  the  driver  has  alighted. 

rein-hook,  s.  A  hook  on  a  gig-saddle  to 
bold  the  bearing-rein. 

rein-Slide,  ».  A  slipping  loop  on  an  ex- 
tensible rein,  which  holds  the  two  parts 
together  near  the  buckle,  which  is  adjustable 
on  the  standing  p&rt. 


rein-snap, «. 

Harness :  A  spring  hwek  t*  hold  the  reiua. 

rein,  v.t.  &  i.    [REIN,  *.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  Lit. :  To  govern,  direct,  restrain,  or  pull 
up  with  the  rein  or  reins. 

"  The  squire,  who  saw,  expiring  on  the  ground, 
Hia  prostrate  master,  rrin'u  the  steeds  around. * 
Pope :  Homer .  Iliad  u.  SM. 

*  2.  Fig. :  To  restrain,  to  curb. 

Rein  them  from  ruth." 

Shatetp.  :  Troilut  t  Crtuida.  T.  a 

B.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  restrain  or  pull  up  a  horse  with  the 
reins. 

"  Rein  up."  Scott :  Lord  of  tin  lilet.  vi.  IS. 

*  2.  To  be  governed  by  the  reins  ;  to  obey 
the  reins. 

"He  will  bear  yon  easily,  and  retnt  wM.'—Shaketp.  : 
Twelfth  .fight,  lit  4. 

»  re-In-au'-gn-rate,  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and 
Ens,',  inaugurate  (q.v.).]  To  inaugurate  again 
or  anew. 

*  re  in  cense ,  v.t.     [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  in- 
cense, v.  (q.v.).]    To  kindle  again  or  anew  ;  to 
rekindle. 

"  She,  whose  beams  do  rtincen*? 
This  sacred  are."  Daniel :  CMl  Wan,  vilL 

*  re-in-9lte',  v.t.     [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  incite 
(q.v.).]    To  incite  again ;  to  reanimate,  to  re- 
encourage. 

"  To  dare  the  attack  he  reineitet  his  band." 

Lewii:  StatiiM  ;  Thebatd  xii. 

re-ln-cor'-por-ate,  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and 
Eng.  incorporate  (q.v.).]  To  incorporate  again 
or  anew. 

*  re-In-crease',  v.t.      [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng  in- 
crease, v.  (q.v.).]    To  increase  again  or  a«ew. 

"  Their  wounds  record,  and  forces  reincretut." 

Spenier :  P.  «..  VI.  vl.  1*. 

re-In-CUT',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  incur 
(q.v.).]  To  incur  a  second  time. 

rein-deer, '  rain  deer. '  ray nc  derc,  -. 

[A. 8.  hrdndeor ;  Icel.  Areinn,  hreindyr ;  Dan. 
rensdyr;  Sw.  ren,  rtndjur;  Out.  rendier  ;  Ger. 
nnnthier,  from  Lapp,  reino,  according  to  Skeat 
=  pasture,  but  mistaken  by  the  Swedes  for 
the  name  of  the  animal.] 

Zool. :  Rangifer  tarandus,  the  only  domes- 
ticated species  of  the  family.  It  extends  over 
the  boreal  regions  of  both  hemispheres,  and 
runs  into  several  well-marked  varieties.  Many 
authors  consider  the  American  reindeer,  which 
has  never  been  domesticated,  as  a  distinct 
species.  The  reindeer  formerly  had  a  much 
wider  geographical  range,  and  is  proliably  the 
bos  cervifigura  descril  >ed  by  Caesar  as  inhabiting 
Hercynian  forest  (de  Bell.  GalL  vi.  26).  That  the 
European  winters  were  much  severer  than  now 
may  be  gathered  from  Juvenal  (vi.  S21-3), 
Horace  (Od.  i.  9, 1-4),  and  Ovid  (Triit.,  iii.  10) 
Both  the  male  and  female  have  antlers,  and 
these  are  not  alike  on  both  sides,  the  great 
palmated  brow-antler  being,  as  a  rule,  de- 


veloped on  one  side  only.  In  the  winter  the 
fur  is  long,  grayish-brown  on  the  body;  neck, 
hind-quarters,  ami  telly  white.  In  summer 
the  gray  hair  darkens  into  a  sooty  brown,  and 
the  white  parts  become  gray.  To  the  Lap- 
lander the  reindeer  is  the  only  representative 
of  wealth,  and  it  serves  him  as  a  substitute 
for  the  horse,  the  cow,  the  sheep,  and  the 
goat.  It  is  extensively  employed  as  a  beast  of 
draught  and  carriage,  being  broken  to  draw 
sledges,  or  to  carry  men  or  packages  on  its 
back.  A  full-grown  animal  can  draw  a  weight 
of  300  Ibs  ,  and  travel  at  the  rate  of  100  miles  a 
day,  its  broad  deeply  cleft  hoofs  fitting  it 


admirably  for  travelling  over  the  broken  snow. 
In  winter  the  herds  feed  in  the  woods  on  th« 
lichens  which  hang  from  the  trees  ;  In  summer 
they  seek  the  mountains  in  order  to  escape 
the  mosquitoes  and  gad-flies. 

"  Remains  of  the  r?m<tfer  are  found  in  care*  *"»4 
ether  Pust-plioceue  deposit*  as  far  south  as  ths  south 
of  France.  this  boreal  suedes  having  been  enabled  to 
spread  over  Southern  Europe,  owing  to  the  access  of 
cold  during  the  Glacial  i*riud.  It  appears  to  bar* 
continued  to  exist  In  Scotland  down  even  to  th* 
twelfth  century.-— £»cyc.  Brit.  led.  Hot,  viL  J&. 

reindeer  moss,  -. 

B'>t.,  <£c.  :  A  lichen,  Cenomytt  rangi/erina, 
which  forms  the  winter  food  of  the  reindeer. 
It  has  erei-t,  elongated,  rough  isli,  very  much 
branched  podetia,  the  alternate  branches 
drooping ;  the  apothecia  sub-globose,  brown, 
on  small  erect  branchleta.  It  is  common  in 
Britain  on  moors,  heaths,  and  mountain*. 
It  is  abundant  in  the  pine  forests  of  Lapland, 
and  flourishes  even  when  they  have  been 
burnt.  Reindeer  feed  upon  it  and  dig  for  it 
when  it  is  covered  by  snow.  It  tastes  like 
wheat  bran,  but  leaves  a  slightly  burning  sen- 
sation on  the  palate.  It  is  not  eaten  by  the 
Laplanders,  it  is  the  badge  of  the  clan  Mac- 
kenzie. [Cl.AIMlMA.J 

reindeer-period,  s. 

Anthrop. :  The  English  equivalent  of  Lartet'i 
age  du  mine. 

"  But  now  come*  the  great  question  :  When  was  th* 
Reindeer-period  in  Southern  France?  and  what  1s  its 
antiquity  t  It  i>  far  easier  to  indicate  its  place  In  the 
serin  of  o  beer  red  facts  in  relation  to  ancient  man. 
than  to  assign  to  It  miv  definite  antiquity  of  years. 
Geologically,  a  wide  gulf  wparates  It  from  the  Drift- 
period  .  .  .  but  on  the  other  hand,  it  will  seem,  both 
f  mm  the  palieuutoloidcal  and  arch«ological  bearings, 
to  be  of  higher  antiquity  than  the  Kji.kkeuuioddlngl 
of  Denmark  and  the  Lacustrine  Duellings  of  Switzer- 
land, and  very  certainly  than  the  whole  group  uf  so 
called  Celtic  mid  Cromlech  i  email!*.'  —  L<irtrt  tChriftf  : 
fte/iyuia  Ayuitanira  led.  T.  K.  Jones),  p.  14- 

reindeer-tribes,  ».  pL 

Anthrop. :  The  people  of  the  Reindeer- 
period  (q.v.).  They  seem  to  have  been  hunt- 
ers and  fishers,  without  domestic  animals. 
They  possessed  considerable  decorative  skill, 
but  their  stone  implements  were  rude. 

"  Krinderr-tribe*  of  Central  Franc*."— Tflor :  tarty 
But.  llanklmL  (Index.) 

*  re-In-duce',  v.t.   [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  induct 
(q.v.).]    To  bring  in  again  ;  to  induce  again. 

"  Rf induced  that  dlscontinu'd  good." 

Daniel :  CMl  Wart.  L 

*  reine,  s.    [REIN,  *.] 

re-In-fSct ,  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  infect 
(q.v.).]  To  infect  again  or  anew. 

*  re  In-ieV-tlons,  o.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Bug. 
infectious  (q.v.).]      Capable   ot   infecting   a 
second  time. 

*  re-In-flame',  v.t.    FPref.  re-,  and  Eng.  i»- 
flame  (q.v.).]     To   inflame   or  heat  anew  or 
afresh  ;  to  rekindle. 

re-in-fb'rce',  v.t.  [Pref.  r»-,  and  Eng.  inform 
(q.v.).]  [RKENJ-OBC*.] 

1.  To  add  new  strength,  force,  power,  or 
weight  to ;  to  strengthen  to  a  greater  degree. 

"  To  niii/oree  his  rightful  claim  of  homage."—  Wattr- 
land  Wurlu.  h.  104. 

2.  To  strengthen  by  the  addition  of  troop*, 
sliij'S,  armaments,  &C. 

-  x.  the  siege  being  levied,  the  Earl  of  Shrewsbury 
entred  It,  and  victualled  and  rtin/orcrd  U."— gurnet: 
Kecordt.  vol.  U..  bk.  li. 

re-In-fbrce',  *.  [REINFORCE,  v.]  An  addi- 
tional thickness  imparted  to  any  portion  of  an 
object  in  order  to  strengthen  it,  aa— 

1.  Ordn. :    The  enlarged  portion  of  a  can- 
non, extending  from  the  ba«e  ring   to  the 
chase.    It  is  formed  in  casting,  or  by  shrink- 
ing on  a  band  of  metal.    The  first  reinforce  i? 
that  nearest  the  breech,  where  the  metal  is 
thickest.    The  second  reinforce  extends  from 
the  termination  of  the  first  to  a  point  forward 
Of  the  trunnions. 

2.  A  strengthening  paten.     It  may  be  an 
additional  thickness  sewed  around  a  cringle  or 
eyelet-hole  in  a  sail  or  tent-cover;  a  piec« 
pasted  around   the   buttonhole  of  a   panel 
collar,  &c. ;  a  patch  on  a  tube,  boiler,  tank,  ic. 

reinforce  ring,  *. 

Ordn. :  A  flat  moulding  at  the  breech  end 
of  the  reinforce. 


re  -  in    force    ment,   *. 

-ment.] 


[Eng.   reinforeti 


1.  The  act  of  reinforcing ;  the  state  of  beina 
reinforced.    (Shaketp. :  Trail.  A  Cressida,  v.  S.J 


boil,  bo£;  pdut.  Jolfl;  eat,  90!!,  chorus,  fain,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  $his;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.    -Ing. 
-clan,  -tlan  =  shan.   -tlon,  -slon  =  shun ;  -$lon,  -slon  =  xh&n.    -clous,  -tlous,  -sious  =  shns.   -Wo.  -die,  Ac.  =  bel,  del. 


8940 


reinform— reist 


2.  Additional  force  or  strength,  especially 
of  new  troops,  ships,  armament,  4te. 

3.  Any  augmentation  of  strength  or  force, 
by  the  addition  of  something. 

"Soon  after  the  prorogation  this  reckless  (actipQ 
was  strengthened  by  ail  important  reinforcement.  —• 
Macuulay  But.  Bag ,  oh-  vi. 

re-In-form',  r.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  inform 
(q.v.).J  To  infornj  again. 

•  re  In-fnnd,  v.i.     [l.al.  re- =  back,  again, 
and  infundo  =  to  pour  in  :  in-  =  in,  and  fundo 
—  to  pour.]    To  pour  in  again,  as  a  stream. 

re-In-fuse',  r.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  injute 
(q.v.).]  To  infuse  again. 

•  re-ln-gen'-der,  v.t.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
ingender  (q.v.).]    To  regenerate. 

"  rhe  renivHtiiiic  and  reinqendering  Spirit  of  God." 
—Milton  :  jttmonttrant'i  Defence,  f  *. 

re-In  grati  ate  (tl  as  shl),  v.t.  [Pref. 
re-,  and  Eng.  ingratiate  (q.v.).]  To  ingratiate 
again  ;  to  recommend  again  to  favour. 

" hoped  to  rritfiratiate  himself  with  the  duke 

bjr   uompliiuent'ng   him    on   his    third    wedding."— 
Athemsum,  Oct.  28,  1834. 

re-In  hab  -it.  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  in- 
hdbit  (q.v.).]  To  inhabit  again  or  anew. 

"  Towns  aod  cities  were  not  rem\abiled.~— Hilton  : 
Hi*.  Eng..  bk.  iil. 

rein '-ite.  «.  [After  Professor  Rein;  suff. 
-ite  (Jfin.)t] 

Jfin. :  A  tetragonal  mineral  occurring  in 
octahedrons.  Hardness,  4-0 ;  sp.  gr.  6'640  ; 
lustre,  dull ;  colour,  blackish  brown  ;  streak, 
brown,  opaque.  Compos. :  tungstic acid,  76'31 ; 
protoxide  of  iron.  23'68  =  99"99  ;  formula  as 
in  Wolframite,  FeWO^  Found  at  Kimbosan, 
Kei,  Japan.  E.  3.  Dana  suggests  that  it  may 
be  a  pseudomorph. 

•rfiin'-less,  *  rain-lease,  a.  [Eng.  rein,  s. ; 
•less.]  Without  reiu  or  restraint ;  unrestrained, 
uncurbed.  (Lit.  it  fig.) 

"  Fleet  the  Tartar's  reinleu  steed." 

»'ordt»,rth  :  Expedition  of  On  frent\. 

•  re-In-quire'f  v.t.  or  i.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
inquire  (q.v.).]    To  inquire  a  second  time. 

relng,  *  reines,  *  r eynes,  •  reenus,  s.  pi. 
[Fr.  reins,  from  Lat.  renes  =  the  kidneys,  the 
reins,  the  loins ;  allied  to  Or.  <ppjji>  (phrln), 
pi.  <t>pives  (phrenes)  =  the  midriff.] 

1.  The  kidneys. 

2.  The  region  of  the  kidneys  ;  the  lower 
parts  of  the  back. 

"All  living  creatures  an  fattest  about  the  rainet  of 
the  backe."— P.  Holland:  Plinie.  bk.  ii..  ch.  xxv. 

3.  The  seat  of  the  affections  and  passions, 
formerly  supposed  to  be  seated  in  the  region 
of  the  kidneys.    (Frequent  in  Old  Test.) 

Reinsch,  s.  [The  name  of  the  discoverer.] 
(See  compound.) 

Relnsch's  test,*. 

Chem. :  A  very  delicate  test  for  arsenic, 
fhe  suspected  liquid,  acidulated  with  hydro- 
chloric acid,  is  transferred  to  a  glass  vessel 
containing  small  pieces  of  clean  copper  foil, 
and  carefully  boiled.  If  arsenic  is  present, 
the  copper  becomes  coated  with  a  steel-gray 
film  of  the  metal.  By  heating  the  copper  foil 
in  a  dry  glass  tube,  the  arsenic  is  expelled 
and  oxidises  to  arsenious acid,  which  condenses 
in  shining  crystals  on  the  cool  part  of  the 
tube. 

re-ill-serf,  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  insert 
(q.v.).]  To  insert  a  second  time. 

re  In-ser  -tion,  s.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  in- 
tertian  (q.v.).]  The  act  of  reinserting ;  the 
state  of  being  reinserted  ;  that  which  is  rein- 
serted. 

•  re-In-spSct',  v.t.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  <*- 
*Pec<  (q  ^-X]    To  Inspect  again  or  a  second 
time. 

•  re-ln-spec'-tion, «.     [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
inspection  (q.v.).]    The  act  of  reinspecting ;  a 
second  or  renewed  inspection. 

•  re-In-spire;,  v.t.  it  i.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
inspire  (q.v.).] 

A.  Trans. :  To  inspire  anew  or  afresh ;  to 
breathe  into  again. 

"  Each  corse  was  reintotnd  with  vital  breath." 
fftfU  :  Staliui ;  Tnebaid  v. 

B.  rntrans. :  To  breathe  again. 

"Hi*  labouring  bosom  reinipira  with  breath  " 
Pope  :  Homer  ;  Rio*  XT.  «4. 


*  re-ln-splr'-i't,  v.t.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  t»»- 
spirit  (q.v.).]  To  inspirit  afre&h ;  togivd  fresh, 
spirit  to. 

rt^In  -staT,  *  rff-ta  stall,  r.t.  |Pref.  r«,, 
and  Eng.  in&al  (q.v.).]  To  lustal  agiiia  ;  to 
seat  again. 

"  That  which  alone  cau  truly  reinfal  thee 
In  David's  royal  teat."        MUton :  P.  R.,  lit  871 

r«  In  stal-ment,  s.  [Pret  re-,  and  Eng. 
instalment  (q.v.).]  The  act  of  reinstalling; 
the  state  of  being  reinstalled. 

re-In-State',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  instate 
(q.v.).]  To  instate  again  ;  to  restore  to  a 
former  state  or  position  ;  to  put  again  in  pos- 
session. 

"  Reinuat*  as  ou  the  rock  of  peace.' 

Young  :  Sight  TaouyMt,  U. 

re-in  Btate  -ment,  s.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
instatement  (q.v.).]  The  act  of  reinstating  ; 
the  state  of  being  reinstated  ;  restoration  to  a 
former  state  or  position  ;  reestablish  ment, 

"  A  final  reijutatement  of   her    in    her  husband's 
favour."— Bp.  Hartley:  Sermont,  voL  1.,  ser.  6. 

*  re-In-Sta'-tion,  s.    [Eng.  reinstate);  -ion.] 
The  act  of  reinstating ;  reinstatement. 


'  re-ia-Struet',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  in- 
struct (q.v.).]  To  instruct  anew. 

"  Being  reintlntcttd  in  the  nrith."—  Water  land . 
Warlu,  vl  364. 

re  im  Riir  atBoe  (s  as  am),  s.  [Pref.  re-,  and 
Eng.  insurance  (q.v.).] 

1.  The  act  of  reinsuring ;  a  second  rr  re- 
newed insurance. 

2.  A  contract  by  which  a  first  insurer  re- 
lieves himself  from  the  risks  which  he  had 
undertaken,  and  devolves  them  upon  other 
insurers,  called  reinsurers. 

re-In -siir«'  (s  as  sh),  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and 
Eng.  insure  (q.v.).]  To  insure  again  ;  to  in- 
sure a  second  time,  so  as  to  relieve  the  first 
insurer  of  his  risk. 

re-In-sur'-er  (a  as  ah), ».  [Eng.  reinsure) ; 
-er.\  One  who  reinsures;  one  who  takes  a 
reinsurance  (q.v.). 

*  re-In'-te'-grate,  v.t.     [Fr.  reintegrer,  from 
Lat  redintfgro  —  to  redintegrate  (q.v.).]     To 
renew  in  any  state  or  quality ;  to  repair,  to 
restore, 

"This  league  drove  out  all  the  Spaniards  out  of  Ger- 
many, and  reintegrated  that  nation  in  their  ancient 
liberty."— Bacon. 

're-In-te'-gra'-tien,  s.  [REINTEGRATE.] 
Tlie  act  of  reintegrating  ;  a  renewing  or  re- 
storing. 

*  re-In-ter7,  v.t.      [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  inter 
(q.v.).]     To  inter  again  ;  to  rebury. 

"  They  convey  the  bones  of  their  dead  from  aH 
places  to  be  reinterred." — Hotetll :  Lettert.  bk.  ii..let-8 

*  re-In-tey-ro-gate,  v.t.     [Pref.  re-,  and 
Eng.  interrogate  (q.v.).]     To  interrogate  again 
or  anew  ;  to  question  repeatedly. 

*  re  in  throne',  v.t.     [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
inthrone  (q.v.).J    To  place  or  set  on  a  throne 
again. 

*  re  In-thron  -Ize,  v.t.    [REENTHRONIZE.J 

*  re-In-tige',  v.t.    [REENTICE.] 

re  In-tr6-dU9e ,  v.t.  [Pref.  rt-,  and  Eng. 
introduce  (q.v.).J  To  introduce  again  or  anew. 

rSIn-tro  duo  -tion,  s.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
introduction  (q.v.).]  The  act  of  reintroduc- 
Ing  ;  the  state  of  being  reintroduced. 

*  re-In'-fin-date,  v.t.      [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
inundate  (q.v.).]    To  inundate  again. 

r6-In-vest',  v.t.     [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.   invest 

(q-v-X] 

1.  To  Invest  anew. 

"  They  reinreit  the*  In  white  Innocence." 

Donne:  Punernl  Etrgiet. 

2.  To  invest  or  lay  out,  as  money,  anew. 

t  rS-In-ves;-tI-ifate,  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and 
Eng.  investigate  (q-v-)-]  To  investigate  again 
or  anew. 

*  re-In-vgs  tl-ga  -tion.  «.      [Pref.  re-,  and 
Eng.  investigation  (q.v.).]     A  second  or  re- 
newed investigation. 


re-in-vest'-ment,  ».     [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 

investment  (q.v.).]     The  act  of  reinvesting  ;  a 
second  or  repeated  investiui.-ut. 

re-In-  vlsf-or-ate,  v.t.  JTret  re.,  and  Eng. 
tnt'i^oralf  (q.v.).!  To  rwuximMe  ;  to  gjr» 
fn-sU  vigour  or  spirit  to. 


'-,  v.t.  TPref.  re-,  and  Bng.  in- 
volvt  (q.v.).]  To  involve  again  or  anew. 

"To  reinmlvt  us  in  the  pitchy  cloud  of  Infernal 
darkness,"—  MUton  :  Reform,  in  England, 

rein  -  ward'  -tl-  a,  «.  [Named  after  Q.  0. 
Reinwardt,  a  Dutch  botanist.] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Linaceae.  Reinvxirdtia 
trigyna,  which  grows  in  the  Himalayas,  is 
said  to  be  used  as  a  medicine  for  founder  in 
cattle.  (Dr.  Ste>aart,)  It  is  often  cultivated 
in  greenhouse*  for  its  large  handsome  yellow 
flowers. 

raird.  v.i.  [RBIBD,  «.]  To  shout  ;  to  make  a 
loud  or  crashing  noise  ;  to  break  wind.  (Scotch.) 

reird,  «.  [A.8.  rtird  =  the  voice.]  Noise. 
shouting  ;  the  act  of  breaking  wind.  (Scotch.) 

reis,  ».  [Arab,  reis,  rais  =  head,  chiet]  A 
head,  a  chief,  a  leader,  a  captain. 

rels-eflbadl.  s.  One  of  the  chief  Turkish 
officers  of  state  ;  he  is  chancellor  of  the  empire, 
and  minister  of  foreign  affairs. 

raise,  *rys,  *ryse,  «.     [A.s.  hris;   reel. 

hris  ;    Dan.    rtis  ;    Oer.   reis  ;    Sw.   ris.)      A 
branch  of  a  young  tree  ;  a  sapling.    (Scotch.) 

"  The  last  rein  that  111  ever  cut  In  the  bonny  wood* 
of  Ellangowan.  "—Scott:  Ouy  ilannering.  ch.  viii. 

*  riise,  s.  [Or.  =  a  journey,  travel.]  A 
journey.  (Holland.) 

Rtf-sMit,  s.  [Jules  Reiset,  a  French  chemist 
and  author.] 

Kelsefs  salts,  s.  pi. 

Ckem.  :  A  name  given  to  the  diammonio-  and 
tetrammonio-platinous  salts  discovered  by 
Reiset. 

Keis'-ner,  «.    [See  the  compound.] 

Keisner-work,  s.  A  kind  of  inlaid  cabi- 
net work,  on  the  principle  of  Buhl  fq.v.),  but 
differing  in  being  composed  of  woods  of  con- 
trasted colour,  while  Buhl  used  metals  and 
tortoise-shell  by  preference.  Named  after  its 
inventor,  Reisner,  a  German  workman  in  the 
time  of  Louis  XIV. 

reis  sacher  Ite,  «.  [After  Carl  Reisssx:h«r 
of  Gastein  ;  suff.  -ite  (Mm.).] 

Min.  :  A  variety  of  Wad  (q.v.)  containing 
nearly  17  per  cent,  of  water.  Found  at  Gas- 
tein, Salzburg. 

reiss'-ite,  s.  [After  W.  Reiss  ;  snff  -ite 
(jrimX] 

Min.  :  A  zeolitic  mineral  differing  frrn 
epistilliite  (q.v.)  only  in  hardness,  and  thst  it 
is  said  to  contain  alkalis. 

Reiss  ner,  ».  (Name  of  the  discoverer.]  (8e« 
etym.  and  compound.) 

Rcissner's  membrane,  s. 

An:-'!.;  A  membrane  separating  the  scala 
vestttruli  from  the  canal  of  the  cochlea  in  th« 
ear. 

'  re  Iss  -u-a  ble  (ss  as  sh),  a.  [Rng.  re~ 
issit(e);  -able.]  Capable  of  being  reissued. 

re-Iss  -ue  (as  as  sh),  v.t.  &  i.  [Pref.  r*», 
ami  Eng.  issue,  v.  (q.v.).] 

A.  Trans.  :  To  issue,  put  forth,  or  send  on* 
a  second  time  :  as,  To  reissue  bank-notes. 

B.  Intrans.-:   To  issue,  come,  or  go  forth 
again. 

"  Whence  rriuuing,  robed  and  crowued." 

Tennyton  :  Godixi.  Tl. 

re  Iss  -ne  (SB  as  sh),  s.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
issue,  s.  (q.v.).]  A  second  issue. 

reist  (1),  v.  t  [Dan.  riste  =  to  broil.]  [ROAST,  v.) 
To  dry  by  the  heat  of  the  sun  or  with  smoke  : 
as,  To  reist  fish  or  bacon. 

riist  (2),  v.t.  it,  i.    [REEST.] 

A.  Trans.  :  To  make  to  stand  still  ;  to  arrest 
in  a  course. 

B.  Intrant.  :  To  stop  obstinately  ;  to  stick 
fast  in  the  middle  ;  to  be  restive. 

"To  be  plaiu  wl'  ye.  our  powny  reitti  a  bit*— 
Scott:  Antiquary,  ch.  xv. 


late,  fat,  fere,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;  we,  wgt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  r»0X 
or.  wore.  woU  work,  whd,  son;  mute,  cttb,  cure,  unite,  cur.  rule,  f&ll;  try,  Sjhrtan.    •»,  09  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qt.      »  .. 


reister— rejuvenescence 


3941 


•relat-er,  «.    (REITER.) 

relt,  s.    [Dut  riet ;  Ger.  net,  ried.] 
Sedge  or  sea-wwui  ;  reeds. 

"  The  onely  fish  that  bnildeth  upon  the  rritet  and 
moese  of  the  sea."-/".  Holland :  flinie.  bk-  ix.,  cb,  xxvL 

reit-bok,  s.    [RIETBOK.] 

reitf-er,  *  relst-er,  *.  [Ger.]  A  rider,  a 
trooper  ;  oue  of  the  German  cavalry  of  the 
fourteenth  and  fifteenth  centuries. 

"  The  best  doctor  among  reittert,  and  the  best 
reitter  among  doctors."— Sir  P.  Sidney  Zurich  Lettert, 

Em 

*  re-It'-er-ant,  a.     [Low  Lat.  reiterans,   pr. 
par.  of  reitero  =  io  reiterate  (q.v.).]    Reiter- 
ating. 

"  Here  reiterant  In  the  wilderness." 

E.  B.  Browning,  In  A  nnandale. 

re-Itf -er-ate,  v.t.  [Lat  re-  =  back,  again, 
and  iteratus,  pa.  par.  of  itero  —  to  repeat, 
from  iterum  =  again  ;  Fr.  reiterer ;  Ital.  re- 
iterare;  Sp.  reiterar.] 

1.  To  repeat  again  and  again ;  to  do  or  say 
(but  especially  the  latter)  repeatedly. 

"  Reiterated  as  the  wheel  of  time 
Ban*  round."  Covper :  Tatk.  ill.  MS. 

*  2.  To  walk  over  again  ;  to  paas  or  go 
along  repeatedly. 

"  No  wore  shall  I  reiterate  thy  strand." 

Berrick :  Hit  ream  to  Tametit. 

*  re -If -er-ate,  a.     [REITERATE,    ».]      Re- 
Iterated,  repeated. 

"  It  was  never  taught  to  be  reiterate."— Gardner  : 
True  Catholic  faith,  fol.  Hi. 

re-It' -er-at-ed,  pa.  par.  or  a.  [REITERATE,  v.  ] 

*  re-Itf-er-at-ed-ltf,  adv.     [Eng.  reiterated; 

•ly.]    By  or  with  reiteration  ;  repeatedly. 

"  They  -had  been  r.-iteratedly  told  that  their  sole 
hope  of  peace  was  the  very  contrary  to  what  they 
naturally  imagined."— Burke:  On  a  Regicide  Peace, 
let.  4. 

re-It-er-a'-tion.  *.  [Lat.  reiteratio;  Fr.  re- 
iteration.] The  act  of  reiterating  or  repeat- 
ing ;  repetition. 

44  A  perflte  worke  ones  consummate  in  perfection 
without  uecessitie  of  reiteration." — Gardner:  True 
Catholic  Faith,  fol.  145. 

*  rS-Itf-er-a-tlve,  ».    [Eng.  reiterate);  -it*.] 

1.  A  word,  or  part  of  a  word,  repeated  so 
as  to  form  a  reduplicated  word :  aa,  Tittle-tattle 
is  a  reiterative  of  tattle. 

2.  Gram. :  A  word,  as  a  verb,   signifying 
repeated  or  intense  action. 

reith'-rd-dSn,  s.  [Gr.  petdpoi/  (rheithron)  = 
a  liver;  sun",  -odon.] 

Zool. :  A  genus  of  Murinse,  with  three  spe- 
cies :  Reithrodon  cuniculoides,  the  Rabbit-like 
Reitlirodou,  from  Patagonia  ;  R.  typicus,  from 
La  Plata ;  and  R.  chinchilloides,  from  the  Straits 
of  Magellan.  The  profile  is  arched,  the  eyes 


HEAD  OF  REITHRODON  CTJNICULOIDE8. 

large,  ears  hairy,  first  and  fifth  toes  of  hind 
feet  very  short,  upper  incisors  grooved.  The 
first  species  was  discovered  by  Darwin.  Fur 
yellowish-grey,  mixed  with  black,  throat  and 
belly  pale  yellow,  rump  and  feet  white. 
Length  of  head  and  body  about  seven  inches, 
tail  half  as  much  more. 

reive,  v.t.  [REAVB.]  To  rob,  to  plunder,  to 
pillage. 

reiv'-er,  s.  [Eng.  reiv(e);  -er.]  A  robber, 
specifically,  one  who  lived  on  the  borders 
between  England  and  Scotland,  and  lived  by 
stealing  cattle  and  sheep  from  the  opposite 
marches. 

"  A  light  ...  is  thrown  on  the  plantations  of  Ulster 
by  certain  bold  Border  reiteri."— Daily  Hem,  May  17, 
18M. 

r5-jScf ,  •  re-Jecte,  v.t.  [O.  Fr.  rejecter  (Fr. 
rejeter),  from  Lat.  rejectus,  pa.  par.  of  rejicio  = 
to  reject :  re-  =  back,  again,  and  jacio  =  to 
throw  ;  Ital.  rigettare.] 


1.  To  throw  away  as   useless,  worthiest*, 
vile,  or  bad  ;  to  discard,  to  cast  off  or  away, 
to  renounce. 

2.  To  refuse  U  accept  or  receive  ;  to  despiM, 

to  repel. 

"  The  best  counsels  are  soonest  rejected  by  them."— 
Stillmajleet  :  Sermont,  vol.  i.,  ser.  7. 

3.  To  refuse  to  grant  :  as,  To  reject  a  petition 
or  request. 

*  re-ject  -a-ble,  «  re-jScf  -I-ble,  o.    [Eng. 
reject  ;  -able.]    Capable  of  being  rejected  ;  lit 
or  deserving  to  be  rejected. 

•'  Huw  far  eligible  .  .  .  and  how  far  reJectibU."— 
Kichardton  :  Clariua.  i.  280. 

rS-Jec-ta-men'-ta,  s.  pi.  [Lat.  rejeeto  =  to 
throw  away.]  [REJECT.]  Things  thrown  out 
or  away. 

"  Picking  up  its  sustenance  from  the  rejectamenta 
of  the  sea.'  —  Montague  :  Ornithological  Dictionary. 

*  re-jSc-ta'-nS-OUS,  a.      [Lat.    rejectaneus, 
from  rejeeto  =  to  throw  away,  to  reject  (q.v.).] 
Rejected,  discarded  ;  not  chosen  or  received. 

44  Others  are  impure  and  profane,  relectaneout  and 
reprobate  people,  to  whom  God  lieareth  no  good  will 
or  regard.  —Barrott:  Sermont,  vol.  lit,  ser.  24. 

re'-Je'ct'-er,  *  re-Ject'-6r,  *.  [Eng.  reject  ; 
-er.]  One  who  rejects  or  refuses. 

44  The  rrectort  of  it  (Revelation),  therefore,  would 
.      do  well  to  consider  the  grounds  ou  which  they  stand." 
—  H'ai-burton:   Workt,  vol.  ix.,  ser.  13. 

*  rS-jeet'-I-ble,  a.    [REJECT-ABLE.] 

rS-jSc'-tioil,  «.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  rejectionem, 
accus.  of  rejectio,  from  rejectus,  pa.  par.  of 
rejicio  =  to  reject  (q.v.).]  The  act  of  rejecting, 
discarding,  renouncing,  or  refusing  ;  a  re- 
fusal to  accept  or  grant  ;  the  state  of  being 
rejected. 

44  Yet  did  they  to  the  last  stand  out  in  their  opposi- 
tion of  him  and  his  gospel,  eveu  to  the  Anal  rejection 
of  their  nation."4—  Shar  p  :  Sermont,  vol.  i.,  ser.  10. 

*  re-Jec-tl'-tious,  a.     [REJECT.]    Deserving 
of  being  rejected  ;  implying  or  requiring  re- 
jection ;  rejectable. 

44  They  constituted  some  legitimate  and  other  re- 
Jectitiout  days."—  CudvorA  :  Sermvni.  p.  ii. 

*  rS-J-Sct'-Ive,  a.    (Bug.  reject;  -ive.]   Reject- 
ing ;  tending  to  reject  or  cast  away. 

*  rS-Jecf  -mSnt,    s.     [Eng.    reject  ;    -merit.] 
Matter  rejected  or  thrown  away. 

rg-j-oice',  *re-jolse,    *  re-Joisse,    "re- 

joyse,  v.i.  &  t.  [O.  Fr.  resjois-,  stem  of  pr. 
par.  of  resjo'ir  (Fr.  rejouir)  —  to  gladden,  to 
rejoice,  from  re-  =  again,  and  esjoir  (Fr.  eiouir) 
=  to  rejoice,  from  Lat.  ex-  —  out,  and  jot'r 
(Fr.  jouir),  from  Lat  gaudeo  =  to  rejoice.) 

A.  Intrans.  :  To  be  glad  or  joyful  ;  to  joy  ; 
to  exult;  to  feel  joy  or  gladness  in  a  high 
degree.    (Often  followed  by  at,  in,  on  account 
of,  &c.) 

44  Rejoice  with  them  that  do  rejoice,  and  weep  with 
them  that  weep."—  Horn.  xii.  IS. 

B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  make  joyful,  to  gladden  ;  to  fill  with 
joy  or  gladness  ;  to  cause  to  exult,  to  ex- 
hilarate. 

44  Ureioiceth  my  intellect"  —Shaketp.  :  Laret  Labotar't 
Lott,  v.L 

*  2.  To  bo  joyful  at  ;  to  feel  joy  on  account  of. 

44  Ne'er  mother  rejoiced  deliverance  more." 

Shaketp.  :  Cymheline,  T.  S. 


*  r£-J°i?e'<  ••    [RBJO'CBi  v.]    The  act  or  state 

of  rejoicing.    (Browne.) 

*  r-5-j6i9e'-m8nt,  «.    [Eng.  rejoice  ;   -ment.] 
The  act  of  rejoicing. 

44  To  the  great  comfort  and  rejoicement  of  them  all." 
—  Ootdinge:  Catar,  p.  138. 

rt-Joty-er,  *  re-Joye-er,  «.    [Eng.  rejoice), 
v.;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  rejoices. 

44  A  rejoicer  in  the  unavoidable  damnation  of  the 
greatest  part  of  mankind.  '-Taylor:  Rule  of  LMnff 
Soly. 

2.  One  who  causes  to  rejoice. 

.  pr.  par.,  a.,  &  i.    [REJOICE,  v.] 
A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  A  particip.  adj.  :  (See 
the  verb). 
C.  As  substantive  : 

1.  The  act  or  state  of  feeling  joy  or  glad- 
ness ;  joyfulness. 

44  Ofttlines  their  rejoMng  ends  In  team,  and  their 
sunshine  in  a  cloud?—  Banyan  :  Pilgrim't  Proyrett, 

pt.a 

2.  The  expression  of  joyfulness  ;  festivity. 

3.  The  subject  of  joy.    (Psalm  cxix.  111.) 


'-Ing-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  rejoicing;  -ly.] 
With  rejoicing  or  joyfulness  ;  exultiugly  ;  joy- 
fully. 

44  She  hath  despised  me  rej.Mcinglt.  and  Ml  be  mtrrj." 
—Shaketp. :  CyinbMnt,  Ui.  i. 

*  re-joie,  v.i.    [REJOICE,  ».]    To  rejoice. 

re-Join',  *  re-Jolne,  •  re-joync,  v.t.  *  ». 
[Fr.  rejoindre.]  [Join,  v.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  join  again ;   to  reunite  again  after 
separation. 

•*  The  young  tendmns  or  springs  of  the  wild  olive, 
being  boiled  and  laid  too  with  honey,  do  rejoynr  aiid 
reunite  the  skin  of  the  head."—/'.  Holland :  Pl»tie, 
bk.  xxiiL,  oh.  Iv. 

2.  To  join  the  company  of  again  ;  to  asso- 
ciate one's  self  with  again. 

44  Receive  the  one.  and  soon  the  other 
Will  follow  to  rejuin  his  brother." 

Cooper:  Terprichnre. 

3.  To  answer ;  to  say  in  answer ;  to  reply 
(with  a  clause  as  object). 

44  For  still  you  have  a  loophole  for  a  friend. 
Rejoin'd  the  matron." 

Dryden:  Bind  t  Panther.  U.  146. 

B.  Intransitive : 

1.  Ord.   Lang. :  To  answer  to  a  reply ;  to 
reply. 

2.  Law :  To  answer,  as  the  defendant  to  the 
plaintiff's  replication. 

re  join  der.  "  re-joyn-der,  *  re-Joyn- 
dre,  *.     [Fr.  rejoindre  —  to  rejoin.) 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :   An  answer  to  a  reply ;  a 
reply  or  answer  generally. 

44  His  late  rejoinder  written  against  the  bishop  of 
Salisbury."— fox:  Martyr*,  p.  1.7M. 

2.  Law  :  The  answer  of  a  defendant  to  the 
plaintiff's  replication,  being  the  fourth  stage 
in  the  pleadings  in  an  actiou.     It  U  followed 
by  a  surrejoinder  (q.v.). 

44  The  replication  must  rapport  the  declaration,  and 
the  rejoinder  must  support  the  plea,  without  depart- 
ing out  of  it. '— Blaclatone :  Comment.,  bk.  liL,  ch.  It. 

*  r6-j6in'-der,  *  re-Joyn-der,  v.i.    [RE- 
JOINDER, s.]    To  make  reply;  to  reply. 

44  Nathan  shall  rrjoynder  with  a  Thou  art  the  man." 
—Hammond:  Worlct.lv.  VH. 

*  rS-Join'-dure,  ».     [REJOIN.]     The  act  of 
rejoining  or  joining  again. 

44  Beguiles  our  Up* 
Of  all  rejoindure," 

Skaketp.  :  Troilut  t  CrmiUg,  IT.  i. 

*  re-Joint',  *  re-loynt,  v.t.    [Pref.  re-,  and 
Eng.  joint  (q.v.).] 

1.  To  joint  anew  ;  to  reunite  the  joint*  of. 

44  Ezekiel  saw  dry  bones  rrjoynted  and  retiuptred 
with  life."— Sorrow; .  KeturrectvmqftheBodi/orPteA. 

2.  To  fill  up  the  joints  of,  as  of  stones  or 
bricks  in  buildings,  when  the  mortar  has  been 
displaced  by  age  or  the  actiou  of  the  weather. 

*  r-5-Jdlt',  *.   [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  joU,  •.  (q.T.).] 

A  reacting  or  rej>eated  jolt  or  shock. 

44  These  Inward  rtjoitt  mud  recoiuugs  of  UM  mind."— 
South:  Sermont. 

•r-S-Jolt,  v.t.  [Pret  rt-,  and  Eng.  jolt,  T. 
(q.v.).]  To  jolt,  shake,  or  shock  again ;  to 
rebound. 

*  r-S-Journ',    *  re-Journe,  v.t.     [Fr.    rt- 
ajourner,  from  re-  =  again,  back,  and  aajourner 
=  to  adjourn  (q.v.).] 

1.  To  adjourn  ;  to  postpone  or  pot  off  to  » 
future  day  or  hearing  ;  to  defer,  to  delay. 

44  I  am  right  sorry  that  my  coming  to  Venio*  to  «•». 
Joumed  a  month  or  two  longer.  -XrlioTtla  Wo*. 
toniana.  p.  702. 

2.  To  send  for  information,  proof,  or  the 
like ;  to  refer. 

44  To  the  Scriptures  themselves.  I  rejourne  all  snch 
atheistical  spirits."— Burton :  A  naiomt  o/  Melancholy, 
p.  31. 

*  rS-Journ'-mSnt,  «.     (REJOCRH.)    An  ad- 
journment, a  postponement. 

••The  Pmtors  beiw  his  Judges,  and  favouring 
Verres,  had  made  so  many  reJoummenti  and  delays, 
that  they  had  driven  it  off  to  the  last  day  of  bearing.* 
-{forth.  Plutarch,  p.  711. 

*  re-Jtidge ,  r.t    [Pref.  rt-,  and  Eng.  judge,  v. 
(q.v.).]    To  judge  or  examine  again;  to  re- 
examine  ;  to  call  to  a  new  trial  and  decision. 

44  RejMdfe  his  aeta.  and  dignify  dlsjime*." 

/•o;~-  •  Up.  to  Barley.  I.  »». 

*  re-jn'-vSn-ate,  v.t.    [Lat.  rt-  =  again,  and 
juvenu  =  young.)    To  make  young  again  ;  to 
restore  to  youth. 

*  «-Jn-v«n-«s'-99».ee,    "re-Ju-vSn- 
gs— fen-^y,  «.     [Pret  re-,  and  Eng.  jitvenet- 


b6H,  U6y;  pint,  jo^lrl;  cat,  9ell,  chorns,  cWn,  bench;  go,  tSfem;  thin,  $hls;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.   pH i  -  t 
-clan,  -tlan  =  sbam.   -tlon,  -slon^  sh&n;  --(Ion,  -f$lon  =  zhfin,   -clous, -tious, -slou«  =  uhtis.   -We, -die,  &c.  -  bel,  deL 


3342 


rejuvenescent— relative 


cence  (q.v.).]    The  state  of  being  or  becoming 
young  again  ;  a  renewing  of  youth. 

"  That  sudden  rrjuM-neicence  of  the  eld  student"— 
Obterver.  Dec  20,  1885. 

H  Rejuvenescence  of  a  cell : 

Dot. :  The  renewal  of  a  cell ;  the  formation 
of  a  single  new  cell  from  the  protoplasm  of  a 
cell  already  in  existence.  (Thome.) 

•  re-Ju-ven-es'-9ent.   n.     [Pref.    re-,    and 
Eng   juvenescent  (q.v.).]     Being  or  becoming 
young  again. 

"The  Crawley  House  In  Great  Gannt  Street  was 
quite  rejuwni-trmt.  and  ready  fur  the  reception  of 
Sir  Pitt"— Thackeray  :  faulty  fa»r(ed.  1M6I,  li.  lli. 

•re-jn'-v6n-ize,  v.t.  [Lat,  re-  again,  and 
juvenis  =  young.  ]  To  make  young  agaiu  ;  to 
rejuvenate. 

*reke,  t'.i.    [REEK.] 

•  rek-en,  v.t.  or  i.    [RECKON.] 

re-kin' -die,  v.t.  &  i.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
kindle  (q.\:).] 

A.  Trail  si  live: 

1.  To  kindle  again  or  anew ;  to  set  on  fire 
again. 

"  Doe*  not  this  wise  philosopher  assert 
The  radiant  sun's  extinguish 'd  every  night. 
And  every  uioru.  rvkimtied,  darts  his  light?" 

Blackmore :  Creation,  It. 

2.  To  inflame  or  rouse  anew  or  afresh. 

B.  /trails. :  To  become  inflamed  or  roused 
anew. 

"Straight  her  rekindling  eyes  resume  their  fire." 
Thornton  :  To  the  Prince  of  Violet. 

•re-king',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  king 
(q.v.).J  To  make  king  again ;  to  restore  to 
the  rank  or  position  of  a  king. 

"  You  hasoard  lesse,  rekinging  him.'' 
Warner:  Albion*  England,  bk.  iii.,  cb.  xvi. 

•  rekke,r.i.    [RECK.] 

•  re-knd'wl-edge  (k  silent),  v.t.    [Pref.  r»-, 
and   Eng.    knowledge  (q.v.).]      To  confess   a 
knowledge  of  ;  to  acknowledge. 


•re-lade',  v.t.      [Pref.    re-,    and    Eng.    lade 
(q.v.).]     To  lade  or  load  again  ;  to  reload. 

re-laid',  pret.  &  pa.  par.  ofv.    [RELAT,  v,] 

re-lais  (s  silent),  s.    (Fr.) 

Fort.  :  A  narrow  walk,  of  four  or  five  feet  in 
width,  left  without  the  rampart  to  receive 
the  earth  which  may  l>e  washed  down,  and 
prevent  its  falling  into  the  ditch. 

•  re-la-ment  ,    v.t.     [Pref.    re-,   and   Eng. 
lament,  v.  (q.v.).]     To  lament  over  again. 
nngh.  ah  !  without  mine, 

Cyprian  Academy  (1647).  li.  42. 
re-land',  f  .t.  &  i.   [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  land,  v. 

(q-v.).] 

A.  Trans.  ':  To  land  again  ;  to  set  or  put 
again  on  land  or  shore. 

"Clandestinely  relanded  in  some  other  part  of  the 
country."—  .SmrtA  :   WenltH  of  Natirmt,  bk.  v.,  ch.  ii. 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  go  on  shore  again  after 
having  embarked. 

•rS-lapS'-a-ble,  n.     [Eng.  relapse);  -able.] 
Capable  of  relapsing  ;  liable  to  relapse. 


',  v.i.  (Lat.  relapsus,  pa.  par.  of  re- 
labor  —  to  slide  back  •.  re-  =  lack,  and  labor  •=. 
to  glide.] 

•  1.  To  slip  back  ;  to  fall  back  ;  to  turn 
back. 

"  Ton  slip  yonr  bold,  and  change  your  side, 
Relaptinq  from  a  necessary  guide  " 

Drydvn  :  Bind  t  Panther,  11.  4M. 

2.  To  fall  or  slip  back  into  a  former  bad 
state  or  practice  ;  to  backslide. 

"They  enter  Into  the  Justified  state,  and  so  continue 
all  along,  unless  they  relapte."—Watertamt:  H'orkt, 

3.  To  fall  back  from  a  state  of  recovery  or 
convalescence  ;  to  suffer  a  relapse  in  health. 

rS-lapse',  a.    [RELAPSE,  v.] 

I.  A  felling  or  sliding  back,  especially  into 
a  former  bad  state  of  morals,  practice,  or 
health  ;  regression  from  convalescence  or 
recovery  to  ill-health  or  sickness  ;  backsliding. 

"  I  dare  defy  the  malice  of  my  stars 
To  cause  a  new  relapie  into  distemper." 

Tuke  :  A  dtenturet  of  fire  Bourt,  T. 

•2.  One  who  has  fallen  back  into  vice  or 
error  ;  specif.,  one  who  has  fallen  back  into 
error  after  having  recanted  it. 


re-lapsed',  a,    [RELAPSE,  v.] 

Roman  Church, :  Applied  to  a  heretic  who, 
after  recanting  his  errors,  relapses  into  them 
again. 

"  Indeuonrlng  himselfe  to  declare  that  Eugenius 
was  not  retained.'— Fox  •  ilartyrt.  p.  (16. 

rS-lapS  -er,  s.  [Eng.  relapse),  v. ;  -tr.]  One 
who  relapses  into  vice  or  error. 

"Of  indignation  lastly, at  thusespecniativerefapwrs 
that  have,  out  of  policy  or  guiltiuesse,  abandoned  a 
kuowne  and  received  truth."— Bp.  Bait:  St.  Paul  I 
Combat 

re  laps  -Ing,  pr.  par.  or  «.    [RELAPSE,  «.] 

relapsing  fever,  s. 

Pathol. :  An  epidemic  contagious  fever  due 
to  spirillae  in  the  bl<w>d,  developed  by  squalor, 
poverty,  and  bad  hygienic  conditions.  The 
invasion  is  sudden,  with  a  temperature  of 
from  107°  to  108°  at  first  without  remission, 
then  rapid  subsidence  within  a  week,  followed 
by  a  relapse  usually  within  seven  days  of  the 
first  attack,  generally  between  the  third  and 
fifth  days.  Unless  complications  exist,  the 
prognosis  is  good,  and  the  mortality  very 
slight.  It  is  common  in  Ireland. 

re-late',  v.t.  &  i.  [Fr.  relater=  to  relate,  from 
Low  Lat.  relato  =  to  relate,  from  Lat.  relatus, 
pa.  par.  of  re/ero  =  to  bring  back,  to  relate  : 
re-  —  back,  again,  and  fero  —  to  bring  ;  Sp. 
relater.] 

A.  Transitive: 

*  1.  To  bring  back  ;  to  restore. 

"  Both  light  of  heveu  and  strength  of  men  relate." 
Spenter:  F.  d..  111.  viii.  51. 

*  2.  To  refer  or  ascribe,  as  to  a  source  or 
origin. 

3.  To  tell,  to  narrate,  to  recite,  to  rehearse, 
to  describe. 

4  Relate  your  wrongs." 

Skakesp. :  Meantre/or  feature,  v.  1. 

*  4.  To  refer,  to  enroll. 

"Canonised  and  related  into  the  number  of  saints. " 
— Becon :  Works,  p.  137. 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  To  have  reference  or  regard  ;  to  refer  ;  to 
have  relation  ;  to  have  a  certain  meaning  or 
force  when  considered  in  connection  with 
something  else. 

"  All  negative  or  privative  words  relate  to  positive 
ideas."— Locke. 

»  2.  To  make  reference ;  to  take  account. 
(Fuller.) 

*  U  To  relate  one's  self:  To  vent  one's  thoughts 
in  words. 

"  A  man  were  better  relate  himtelf  to  a  statue,  than 
suffer  bis  thoughts  to  pass  in  smother."— Bacon. 

rS-lat-Sd,  pa.  par.  &  o.    [RELATE.] 

A.  As  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective : 

I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Recited,  narrated,  told,  rehearsed 

2.  Allied  by  kindred  or  consanguinity  ;  con- 
nected by  blood  or  alliance. 

3.  Standing  in  a  certain  relation  or  connec- 
tion ;  connected  :  as,  The  arts  of  painting  and 
sculpture  are  closely  related. 

IL  Music :  The  same  as  RELATIVE  (q.v.). 

rS-lat'-e'd-ness,  s.  [Eng.  related  ;  -nets.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  related. 

re'-lat'-er,  *.  [Eng.  relate) ;  -er.]  One  who 
relates  or  narrates  ;  a  narrator,  a  describer. 

»,  i.  L 

re  la  tion,  *  re  la-ci  on,  *  re  la-cy-on, 

*.  [Fr.  relation,  from  relater  =  to  relate  (q.v.); 
Sp.  relacion ;  Ital.  relazione.} 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  of  relating,  narrating,  or  telling  ; 
recital,  narration,  account,  rehearsal 

"  Tber  made  rcloeyon  of  that  tbey  had  done."— 
Bernert:  Froiuart ;  Cronycle,  voL  ii.,  ch.  xxxiii. 

2.  That  which  is  related,  narrated,  or  told  ; 
a  narrative,  an  account 

3.  Respect,  reference,  regard.     (Generally 
in  the  phrase,  in  relation  to.) 

"  The  Intent  and  purpose  of  the  law 
Hath  full  relation  to  the  penalty." 

Shakeip.  :    Merchant  of  Venice.  IT.  1. 

4.  Connection  perceived orimagined  between 
things ;  the  condition  of  being  such  or  such 
in  respect  to  something  else. 

"  Wheu  the  mind  so  considers  one  thing  that  it 
does,  as  It  were,  bring  it  to.  and  set  it  by  another,  and 
carry  lt»  view  from  one  to  tother;  this  Is,  as  the 
words  import,  relation  and  respect."— ttoekm  :  Human 
Undemanding,  bk.  ii..  ch.  zxv. 


5.  Connection  by  kinship  or  consanguinity ; 
relationship  ;  tie  by  birth  or  marriage. 

"  Are  we  not  to  pity  and  supply  the  poor,  thoswfc 
they  have  no  relation  to  us. "— Sprat :  Sermotit. 

6.  One  who  is  connected  by  kinship  or  con- 
sanguinity ;  a  relative  ;  a  kinsman  or  kin*. 
woman. 

Friends  as  ye  are,  and  naar  relatiant  too." 
fatekei:  Ap-lloniut  JOtodiut ;  Argonautia,  U. 
IL   Tectiniailly : 

1.  Arch.  :   The  direct  conformity   to    each 
other,  and  to  the  whole,  of  the  different  part* 
of  a  building. 

2.  Law: 

(1)  The  act  of  a  relator,  at  whose  instance  an 
information  is  allowed  to  be  filed. 

"  The  statute  9  Ann.  c.  20.  permits  au  information 
In  nature  of  quo  warranto  to  be  brought  with  leaveol 
the  Court,  at  the  relation  of  any  person  uesiring  t* 
prosecute  the  same  (who  is  then  styled  the  relatur) 
against  any  person  usurping,  intruding  into,  or  un- 
lawfully holding  any  franchise  or  office  m  any  city."— 
Blackttone :  Comment.,  bk.  iii.,  cb,  17. 

(2)  When    two    different    things    or    other 
things  are  accounted  as  one,  and  by  some  act 
done,  the  thing  subsequent  is  said  to  take 
effect  by  relation  from  the  time  preceding. 

3.  Logic:  One  of  the  ten  predicaments  or 
accidents  belonging  to  substance. 

4.  Math. :  Ratio,  proportion.  Two  quantities 
are  said  to  be  related  to  each  other  when  they 
have  anything  in  common,  by  means  of  which 
they  may  be  compared  with  each  other. 

U  Inharmonic  relation  :  [INHARMONIC,  1J. 

re-la'-tion-al,  a.     [Eng.  relation;  -al.} 
*  1.  Having  relation  or  kindred  ;  related. 
2.  Indicating  a  relation,  as  a  relational  part 
of  speech,  as  contradistinguished  from  no- 
tional.   The  pronoun,  preposition,  and  con- 
junction are  relational  parts  of  speech. 

*  re-la -tion-ist,  s.    [Eng.  relation;  -ist.]   A 
relation,  a  relative 

re-la' -tton-shlp,  s.    [Eng.  relation;  -ship.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  related  by 
kindred,  affinity  or  other  alliance  or  connec- 
tion. 

"  That  partiality  of  long  acquaintance  or  of  relation- 
Mp.'—Knox :  Kssayt.  No.  166. 

2.  A  tie  of  kindred  or  affinity. 

*  rel-a-tist, ».  [Eng.  relate), : -ist.}  A  relative. 

"  It  puts  BO  large  a  distance  'twixt  the  tongue  and 
the  heart,  that  they  are  seldom  relatittt."—ffaioeU: 
Vocal  Forett,  p.  10 

rel'-a-tJve,  *  rel  a-tlf,  a.  &  s.  [Fr.  rtlatif, 
from  relater  =  io  relate  (q.v.);  Sp.,  Port,  B 
Ital.  relative.} 

A.  As  adjective : 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Having  relation,  reference,  or  respect  to 
or  bearing  on  something  ;  relevant,  pertinent; 
having  close  connection. 

"  I'll  have  grounds 
More  relative  than  this."    Shaketp. :  Hamlet,  it  1 

2.  Depending  upon  or  incident  to  relation  ; 
not  absolute  or  existing  by  itself ;  considered 
as  belonging  to  or  respecting  something  else. 

"  Relative  rights  of  persons  are  incident  to  them  as 
members  of  society,  and  standing  in  various  relation* 
to  each  other.-— Blackttone .  Comment.,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  I. 

TT.  Gram. :  Applied  to  a  word  which  relate* 
or  refers  to  another  word,  sentence,  or  part  of 
a  sentence,  which  is  called  the  antecedent : 
as,  a  relative  pronoun  [B.  II.  1.] 

B.  As  substantive : 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  One  of  two  things  having  a  certain  rela- 
tion ;  something  considered  in  its  relation  to 
something  else 

2.  A  person  connected  by  kinship  or  con- 
sanguinity ;  a  person  allied  by  blood  ;  a  rela- 
tion ;  a  kinsman  or  kinswoman. 

"  Our  friends  and  relatives  stand  weeping  by." 

Pomfret :  Protpect  of  Death. 

EL  Technically: 

1.  Gram. :  A  word  which  relates  to  or  re- 
presents another  word  or  phrase,  called  its 
antecedent ;  a  word  which  refers  back  to  a 
sentence  or  member  of  a  sentence,  or  to  a 
series  of  sentences,  constituting  its  antece- 
dent ;  a  relative  pronoun.    [PBONODN.) 

"  The  relative  pronouns  are  by  far  the  most  impor- 
tant of  the  connectives  by  which  we  bind  together 
separate  assertions,  making  a  period  out  of  what  would 
otherwise  be  a  loose  aggregation  of  phrases.  They  are 
pronouns  with  conjunctive  force  ;  they  fasten  dis- 
tinctly to  their  antecedent  an  assertion  which  would 
otherwise  be  connected  with  it  only  by  implication."— 
Whitney  :  Life  i  Growth  of  language,  p.  96. 

2.  Logic :  A  relative  term. 


late,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pit* 
or,  wore,  wolft  work,  whd.  son;  mute,  ciib,  ciire.  unite,  cur.  rule,  full;  try.  Syrian.    »,  ee  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


relatively— releasement 


3943 


relative-chord,  s. 

Music  :  A  common  chord  made  up  of  notes 
taken  from  the  scale :  as,  the  chords  of  D 
minor,  E  minor,  F  major,  o  major  and  A  minor 
are  relative  to  the  chord  or  scale  of  c,  these 
being  the  only  common  chords  which  can  be 
made  from  the  scale  of  c. 

relative-chronology,  *. 

Geol. :  The  fixing  the  date  of  one  geological 
event  relatively  to  that  of  another.  Tims  a 
certain  geological  event  is  stated  to  have  been 
pre-glacial,  and  another  post-glacial ;  but  how 
many  years  elapsed  since  the  one  or  the  other 
took  place  is  unknown.  [CHRONOLOGY,  *J  9.] 

relative  -  gravity,  ».  The  same  as 
SPECIFIC-GRAVITY  (q.v.). 

relative-key,  s. 

Music :  A  key  whose  first,  third,  and  fifth 
degrees  form  a  common  chord  made  up  of 
notes  of  the  key  to  which  it  is  related.  Thus  D 
minor,  E  minor,  r  major,  o  major,  and  A  minor 
are  relative  keys  of  c ;  the  first,  third,  and 
fifth  of  each  of  these  scales  forming  one  of  the 
relative  chords  of  c. 

relative-mode,  .«. 

Music :  The  mode,  whic.h  the  composer  inter- 
weaves with  the  principal  mode  in  the  flow  of 
the  harmony. 

relative-motion,  s.  The  change  of  the 
relative  place  of  a  moving  body,  with  respect 
to  some  other  body  also  in  motion. 

relative-place,  *.  That  part  of  space 
which  is  considered  with  regard  to  other  ad- 
jacent objects. 

relative-term,  s. 

Logic:  A  term  which  implies  relation,  as 
master,  servant,  husband,  wife. 

relative-time,  s.  The  sensible  measure 
of  any  i>art  of  duration  by  means  of  motion. 

reT-a-tive-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  relative ;  -It/.]  In 
a  relative  manner;  as  respecting  something 
else ;  in  relation  or  respect  to  something 
else  ;  not  absolutely  ;  comparatively. 

"  Not  only  relatively,  but  absolutely  less."— Oven  : 
Clou.  Mammalia,  p.  81 

rel'-a-tlve-n&SS,  *.  [Eng.  relative;  -ness.] 
The' quality  or  state  of  t>eing  relative  or  of 
having  relation ;  relativity. 

-rSl-a-tlv'-I-ty,  s.  [Eng.  relative);  -ity.] 
The  same  as  RELATIVENEJS  (q.v.). 

"  The  supposed  influence  of  the  relativity  of  know, 
ledge."— Brit  Quarterly  Keriew,  vol.  Ivii.,  p.  181  (UTS). 

re-la' -tor,  s.     [Lat.,  from  relatus,  pa.  par.  of 

re/ero  =  to  relate  (q.v.).] 

*  1.  Ord.  Ijnng. :  One  who  relates  or  nar- 
rates ;  a  narrator,  a  reciter. 

"  A  known  person  in  the  relator'i country."— Boyle: 
Works,  iii.  -A 

2.  Law:  A  private  person,  at  whose  instance 
an  information  is  allowed  to  be  filed,  and  in 
whose  behalf  certain  writs  are  issued  ;  a  prose- 
cutor. 

"  Every  relaior  shall  give  security  not  only  to  prose- 
cote  the  'information  with  effect,  but  also  to  pay  costs 
to  the  defendant  in  case  he  lie  acquitted  thereon."— 
Blackttone:  Comment.,  bk.  lv..  ch.  »4. 

t  re'-la'-trix,  »     [The  fern,  form  of  Lat.  rela- 
<or(q.v.).] 
Law :  A  female  relator  (q.v.). 

re-lax7,  v.t.  4  i.    [Lat.  relaxo,  from  re-  =  back, 
and    laxo  =  to   loosen  ;    laxus  =  loose  ;    Fr. 
relnxer;  Sp.  A  Port.  reltixar ;  Ital.  relassare, 
rUassare.] 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  slacken  ;  to  make  slack  or  less  tense 
or  rigid  ;  to  loosen. 

"  Horror  chill 

Ran  through  his  veins,  and  all  lil»  Joints  relax'd.* 
Milton:  P.  I...  il.  891. 

2.  To  make  less  dense,  thick,  or  close  ;  to 
open  out. 

"  Nor  serv'd  It  to  relax  their  serried  flies." 

Milton:  P  L..v\.!M. 

S.  To  make  less  strict,  severe,  or  rigorous  ; 
to  »l*te,  to  remit,  to  modify,  to  moderate. 

••  Nut  till  that  day  shall  Jove  relax  his  rage. 
Nor  one  of  all  the  heavenly  host  engage. 

Pope :  Bomer  -Iliad  XT.  T8. 

4.  To  relieve  from  constipation  ;  to  open  or 
loosen,  as  the  bowels. 

5.  To  remit,  abate,  or  lessen  in  respect  to 
attention,  application,  effort,  or  exertion  :  as, 
To  relax  one  s  efforts. 


*  6.  To  relieve  from  close  attention  or  ap- 
plication ;  to  afford  relaxation  to  ;  to  divert : 
as,  Conversation  relaxes  the  mind  of  a  student 

*  7.  To  diminish,  to  abate  ;  to  take  away. 

"  He  may  not  afterwards  find  reason  to  add  or  relax 
therefrom.  —Search:  Light  of  Nature,  voL  it.  pt.  iii., 
ch.  x*iv. 

*  8.  To  hand  over ;  to  turn  over.  (Prescott.) 
B.  Intransitive: 

L  To  become  loose,  or  less  tense  or  rigid. 

"  I  fear,  relaxed  with  midnight  dews. 
The  strings  their  former  aid  refuse." 

Byron :  From  Anacreon. 

*  2.  To  abate  in  severity ;  to  become  less 
strict,  severe,  or  rigorous. 

3.  To  remit  in  attention  or  application  ;  to 
unbend ;  to  take  relaxation. 

*  re  lax1,  a.  Sis.    [RELAX,  «.] 

A.  As  adj. :  Relaxed,  loosened. 

"The  motion  snd  activity  of  the  body  conslsteth 
chiefly  in  the  sinews,  which,  when  the  southern  wind 
bloweth,  are  more  relax.'— Bacon :  Hat.  Hut.,  i  38L 

B.  As  fubst. :  Relaxation. 

"  Tis  not  denyed  but  labours  and  cares  may  have 
their  relaxet  and  recreations."— feltham :  Relabel, 
pt.  11,  res.  68. 

*  rS-lax'-a-ble,  o.    [Eng.  relax;  -able.}   Cap- 
able of  being  relaxed  or  omitted  ;  admitting 
of  relaxation. 

"  Suppose  It  be  relaxnbte  to  him  by  some  pardon."— 
Barrow :  Sermont,  voL  it,  ser.  S4. 


«.  [Lat  relaxans,  pr.  par.  of 
relaxo  ="to  relax  (q.v.).]  A  medicine  which 
relaxes  or  opens. 

»  r6  lax'  -ate,  v.t.  [Lat.  relaxatus,  pa.  par. 
of  relaxo  =  to  relax  (q.v.).]  To  relax. 

"  Man's  body  relaxated  by  reason  of  the  heat  of  the 
summer."—  Tenner  :  Via  Recta  ad  rilam  Longam, 
p.  28i. 

re-lax-a'-tion,  «.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  relaxa- 
tionem,  accus.  of  relaxatio,  from  relaxatus, 
pa.  par.  of  r«to»  =  to  relax  (q.v.);  Sp.  relaxa- 
cion;  Ital.  relassazione,  rilassazione.] 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  The  act  of  relaxing  or  making  less  tense 
or  rigid  ;  the  state  of  being  relaxed  or  loos- 
ened ;  a  diminution  of  tension,  closeness,  firm- 
ness or  rigidity. 


2.  The  act  of  relaxing  or  moderating  in 
strictness,  severity,  or  rigour. 

"  Abatements  and  relaxation!  of  the  laws  of  Christ." 
—  Wtiterland:  Work*,  vi.  ». 

3.  A  remission  or  abatement  of  effort,  ap- 
plication, or  attention  :  as,  the  relaxation  of 
one's  efforts. 

4.  The  act  of  refreshing,  or  recreating  ;  an 
occupation  or  state  intended  to  give  relief  to 
mind  or  body  after  effort  ;  a  recreation. 

"  For  what  kings  deem  a  toll,  as  well  they  may. 
To  him  is  relaxation  and  mere  play." 

CoteiMr  :  Table  Talk,  1M. 

XL  Pathal.  :  Laxity,  absence  of  tension, 
firmness,  or  tone  in  the  muscles,  &c.,  or  in 
the  system  generally. 

If  Letters  of  relaxation: 

Scots  Law:  Letters  passing  the  signet, 
whereby  a  debtor  was  relieved  from  the  horn, 
that  is  from  personal  diligence.  Such  letters 
are  not  now  employed  in  civil  cases,  but  in 
criminal  prosecutions.  One  who  has  been 
outlawed  may  apply  to  the  court  of  justiciary 
for  letters  of  relaxation  reponing  him  against 
the  sentence. 

•  rS-l&Jf-a-tlve,  a.  *  «.    [O.  Pr.  relaxatif.] 

A.  As  adj.  :  Having  the  power  or  quality 
of  relaxing  ;  laxative. 

B.  As  substantive: 

1.  A  medicine  or  other  thing  which  has 
power  to  relax  ;  a  laxative  medicine. 

"  You  most  ose  rrlaxntiers." 

Bra  Jonton  :  Mafnetic  Lady. 

2.  That  which  affords  relaxation  ;  a  relaxa- 
tion. 

rS-lay1,  *  re-laye,  *.    [Pr.  relais  =  a  relay  ; 
prob.  from   Low  Lat   relaxus  =  loose,  lax  ; 
Lat.  relaxo  =  to  relax  (q.v.).J 
I.  Ordinary  /.ammo/re  : 

1.  A  supj'ly  of  anything  provided  or  kept 
in  store  for  affording  relief  from  time  to  time, 
or  at  successive  stages. 

"  Change  of  follies  and  rrfajrt  of  Joy." 

Touny  :  Kit*  nought*.  11.  MO. 

2.  Specif.,  a  supply  or  set  of  fresh  horses 
placed  at  certain  stages  on  the  road  in  readi- 


ness to  relieve  others,  so  that  the  traveller 
may  proceed  without  delay. 

"  The  king,  however,  and  the  great  offleen  of  state, 
were  able  to  command  relari."— Macaula* :  Silt. 
Bng.,  eh.  iii. 

*  3.  A  fresh  set  of  horses,  or  hounds,  or 
both,  placed  in  readiness  at  certain  places  to 
be  used  to  relieve  others,  in  case  the  game 
pursued  came  that  way. 

"  (They)  now  dbpose  their  choice  relayi 
Of  horse  and  hounds,  each  like  each  other  fleet.* 
Datenant :  Oondioert,  i.  *. 

H.  Telegr. :  A  device  for  enabling  telegraphic 
messages  to  be  sent  over  very  long  distances. 
The  whole  line  is  divided  into  sections,  at  the 
end  of  each  of  which  is  a  relay.  This  con- 
sists simply  of  an  electro-magnetic  arrange- 
ment by  which  the  first  current,  enfeebled  1>T 
travelling  over  the  first  section  of  the  line,  is 
only  used  to  send  a  current  from  a  fresh 
battery  on  to  the  next 

H  Relay  nf  ground:  Ground  laid  up  in  (al- 
low. (Richardson.) 

relay-magnet,  «.    [RELAY,  II.] 

re-lay1,  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  lay  (q.T.).] 
To  lay  again  :  as,  To  relay  a  pavement 

reT-bun,  s.  [The  Chilian  name.)  The  roo* 
of  Calceolaria  arachnoidea  collected  in  Chili  to 
dye  woollen  cloth  crimson. 

•  ri  leas   a  ble.    *  re  lease -a-ble,  a 

[Eng.  release);  -able.}    Capable  of" being  re- 
leased or  remitted. 

"  Such  [Imposts]  being  not  rele<ueoMe."—Drayto*  : 
Poly.Olbion.  s.  11.  (Illast) 

rS-lease  (l),  *  re-lese.  *  re-lease,  r.f. 
[O.  Fr.  relessier  (Fr.  relaisser),  from  Lat 
relaxo  =  to  relax  (q.v.).] 

1.  To  set  loose  again  ;  to  set  free  from  re- 
straint, confinement,  or  servitude;  to  liber- 
ate, to  free,  to  set  at  liberty. 

"  Knowest  thon  I 
thee,  aud  have  powe 

2.  To  free  from  pain,  care,  trouble,  grief,  or 
other  evil. 

3.  To  free  from  obligation  or  penalty :  aa, 
To  release  another  from  a  debt. 

4.  To  quit,  to  remit,  to  let  go,  as  a  legal 
claim;  to  discharge  or  relinquish  as  aright 
to   lands    or    tenements  by   conveying  it  to 
another  who  has   some   right  or   estate  In 
possession. 

*  5.  To  let  go,  to  cancel.    (Deut.  xv.  i.) 

*  6.  To  relax,  to  slacken. 

"  It  may  not  seem  hard,  if  In  cases  of  necessity, 
certain  profitable  ordinance*  sometimes  be  rtleaied, 
rather  than  all  men  always  strictly  bound  to  the 
general  rigor  thereof."—  Booker :  A'cefo.  Polity. 

re  lease  (2),  r.f.  [ Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  lease,  T. 
(q.v.).J  To  lease  again  or  anew. 

re  lease  're-lees,  Te  les,  To  lese,  *. 

[RELEASE  (1),   I'.] 

L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  The  act  of  releasing,  liberatinc,  or  freeing 
from  restraint,  confinement,  or  servitude  ;  the 
state  of  bxing  released  ;  liberation. 

2.  Liberation  or  freeing  from  pain,  care, 
trouble,  grief,  or  other  eviL 

3.  Liberation  or  discharge  from  obligation, 
penalty,  responsibility,  or  claim  of  any  kind ; 
acquittance. 

"Our  pardon  must  Include  a  rrlette  from  both."— 
Scott :  Christian  L./e.  pt  ii..  ch  vii. 

U.  Technicttlly : 

1.  Lav  :  A  discharge  of  a  right ;  an  instru- 
ment in  writing,  by  whicli   estates,   righto, 
titles,  entries,  actions,  and  other  things  are 
extinguished  and  discharged,  and  sometimes 
transferred,  abridged,  or  enlarged  ;  and,  in 
general,  it  signifies  a  person's  giving  up  or 
discharging  the  right  or  iiction  he  has,  or 
claims  to  have,  against  another  or  his  lands. 

"  Ktteam  are  a  discharge  or  conveyance  of  a  man  • 
right  In  lands  or  tenement*  to  another  tl.nt  bath  some 
former  estats  In  possession."— Blackitotu :  Comment.. 
bk.  11..  cb.  *>. 

2.  Steam-eng. :  The  opening  of  the  exhaust- 
port  before  the  stroke  i*  finished  to  lessen  the 
back-pressure. 

rd-leas-ee .  *.    [Eng.  release),  v. ;  •«.) 

Ijnv> :  The  person  to  whom  a  release  is  given  ; 
a  release*. 

•  rS-lease'  mSnt,  «.     [Eng.  release ;  -ment.] 
The  act  of  releasing,  liberating,  or  freeing,  as 
from  confinement,  obligation,  penalty,  Ac.; 
release. 

- 1  am  a  prisoner,  notwithstanding  the  rrleatemmt 
of  so  many.'-ffoMM .'  Letiert.  bk.  U.,  Irt.  II. 


bfitl,  b6y  •  pint,  J61WL  •  cat,  cell,  chorns,  chin,  bench ;  go,  &em ;  thin,  this ;  sin,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.   -Ing. 
-tian  =  shan.   -tton,  -sion  =  shun ;  -flon,  -sion  =  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.   -ble,  -die,  Ac.  =  bel,  deL 


3944 


releaser— relict 


-S-leas  er,  *  re-lees-er,  s.    [Eng.  release), 
v.  ;  -er.]    One  who  or  that  which  releases. 


[Eng.  release),  v.  ;  ^r.] 

Law  :  Cue  who  gives  or  grants  a  r»l«aa«  ;  a 
relessor. 

•.pa  lees,  ».    [RELEASE,  ».] 

•re-lefe,  *re-leef,  *re-lef,  Te-lelf, 
*  re-leve,  •  re-liefe,  •  re^lif,  •  re-lyve, 

*.     [RELIEF.]     That  which  is  left;  the  re- 

mains, the  remainder  ;  refuse. 

"The  re(«i/gadir  thai  in  bepea."    Curtor  ilundi,  1  ;,511 

.•el'-e-gate,  r.t.  [Lat.  relegatia,  pa.  par.  of 
reltgo  =  to  send  away,  despatch,  remove  :  re- 
=  back,  away,  and  lego  =  to  send  ;  Fr.  releguer; 
8p.  *  Port,  relegar;  Ital.  relegare.] 

1.  To  send  away  ;  to  send  out  of  the  way  ; 
to  banish  or  consign  to  some  obscure  position 
or  destination. 

"  We  h»ve  not  relegated  religion  to  obscure  munici- 
palities or  rustic  villages."—  Burke  :  French  Revolution. 

*  2.  To  send  into  exile  ;  to  cause  to  remove 
to  a  certain  distance  from  Borne  for  a  certain 
time. 

i  el-e-ga'-tlon,  s.  [Lat  relegatio,  from  rele- 
gatus,  pa.  par.  of  relego  =  to  relegate  (q.v.);  Fr. 
relegation;  Sp.  relegation;  Ital.  relegazione.] 
The  act  of  relegating  ;  banishment,  exile. 

"Tlie  N'icene  fathers  procured  a  temporary  decree 
lor  hi»  relegation."—  Bp.  Taylor:  Liberty  of  Prophe- 
tyinf.  (Ep.  Ded.1 

rS-lent,  v.i.  &  t.    [Fr.  rokntir  =  to  slacken, 

to  abate,  from  re-  (Lat.  re-)  =  again  ;  d  (Lat. 

ad),  and  Lat.   lentus  =  slack,  slow,  pliant, 

akin  to  knis=;  soft,  smooth,  pliant.]  [LENIENT.] 

A.  Intransitive  : 

*  1.  To  become  soft  in  substance  ;  to  soften  ; 
to  become  less  rigid  or  hard  ;  to  give. 

*  2.  To  melt,  to  deliquesce,  to  dissolve. 

"From  the  snow-heap'd  Alps. 
To  vernal  suns  relf  tiling,  pours  the  Rhine.' 

Thornton  :  Liberty,  iv.  M8. 

*3.  To  become  less  intense;  to  relax,  to 
moderate. 

"  The  w  irkmen  let  clan  cool  by  degrees  and  in  such 
relenting*  of  fire,  as  they  call  their  nealing  heats."— 
fiigby  :  On  Bodies 

4.  To  become  less  harsh,  severe,  cruel,  or 
obdurate  ;  to  become  more  mild,  tender- 
hearted, or  forgiving  ;  to  soften  in  temper  ; 
to  yield  ;  to  give  way. 

"  Oh.  then,  at  last  relent  :  is  there  no  place 
Left  lor  repentance  ?  "  Milton  :  P.  L..  it.  7». 

*  5.  To  stop  ;  to  leave  off. 

"  Yet  scarcely  once  to  breath  would  they  relent." 
Spenter:  F.  «,.  IV.  ii.  18. 

•B.  Transitive: 

1.  To  slacken,  to  relax,  to  abate,  to  moder- 
ate.   (Spenser:  F.  Q.,  III.  iv.  49.) 

2.  To  give  np  ;  to  relax,  to  remit. 

"  There's  no  discouragement 
Shall  make  him  once  relent 
His  flrst  avowed  intent 
To  be  a  pilgrim." 

Hunynn  :  Pilgrim'i  Proyrett,  pt.  ii. 

8.  To  melt,  to  dissolve. 

"All  his  body  shulde  be  dyssoliied  and  relented  Into 
•alte  dropes."—  K  lyot  :  Oortmottr,  bk.  it,  ch,  xii. 

4.  To  soften,  to  mollify. 

"The  croell  hart  that  he  bare  toward  the  chllde  was 
olerely  thereby  relented."—  Ooldfnge  :  Jtutine,  to.  8. 

5.  To  repent,  to  be  sorry  for,  to  regret. 

"  She  inly  sorry  was,  and  gaii  rr.ltnt 
What  she  bad  said.'     Spenter  :  f.  Q..  III.  vt  tt. 

*  re-lenf  ,  s.    [RELENT,  v.]    Remission,  stay, 
delay. 

"  Ne  rested,  till  she  came  without  relent 
Unto  the  laud  of  Amazons,  as  she  wu  bent." 

Spent  r:  F.  Q.,  V.  vIL  M. 

rS-lent'-less,  a.  [Eng.  relent;  -lets.]  In- 
capable of  relenting;  unpit.ving,  hard-hearted  ; 
unmoved  by  kindness,  tenderness,  or  pity  for 
the  sufferings  or  distresses  of  others;  un- 
relenting, merciless,  pitiless,  obdurate. 

"  Kelentttu  sweep*  the  stroke  of  fate." 

LongftUow  :  Capita  de  Manriqu*. 

rS-lent'-le'sS-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  relentless  ;  -ly.] 
In  a  relentless  or  pitiless  manner;  without 
pity  or  compassion. 

•  re-lSnt'-lSss-ness,    *.      [Eng.    relentless; 
-ness.]    The  quality  or  state  of  being  relentless. 

'  rS-lent  -ment,  s.  [Eng.  relent;  -ment.] 
The  act  or  state  of  relenting. 

re-les-see',  s.     [Pref.  re-,  and   Eng.    lessee 
(q.v.).] 
Law  :  The  person  to  whom  a  release  is  granted. 


re'-les-sor,  «.    [Pref.   «-,   and  Eng.    lessor 

(q-v.).] 
Law :  The  person  wh«  cxeeutet  a  release. 

rfl-l8t,  v.t.     [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  let,  v.  (q.v.).] 
To  let  again  or  anew,  as  a  house  ;  to  sublet. 

"  To  hire  laud,  and  even  to  purchase  it,  for  the 
purpose  of  retelling  in  portions  to  poor  and  Industri- 
ous inhabitant*.'— St.  Jameii  Gatettt,  Sept.  23,  18S5. 


,  *  rel-e-vance,  s.     [Eug. 
relevant;  -cy,  -ce.] 
L  Ordinary  language  : 

*  1.  The  quality  or  state  of  affording  relief 
or  aid. 

2.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  relevant  or 
bearing  upon  the  matter  in  hand  or  the  point 
at  issue  ;  applicableness,  pertinence. 

"  The  matter  of  the  charge  which  is  here  called  the 
'  fWrwZftcy  of  the  Bible,'  was  to  be  argued  by  lawyers." 
—  Burnet  :  Own  Timet  (an.  1709). 

IL  Scots  Law  :  Fitness  or  sufficiency  to 
bring  about  a  decision.  The  relevancy  of  the 
libel  is  the  justice  and  sufficiency  of  the 
matters  therein  stated  to  warrant  a  decree  in 
the  terms  asked.  The  relevancy  of  the  de- 
fence is  the  Justice  of  the  allegation  therein 
made  to  elide  the  conclusion  of  the  libel,  and 
to  warrant  a  decree  of  absolutor. 

rel  -e-vant,  o.    [Fr.,  pr.  par.  of  reltver  =  to 
raise  up,  to  assist  ;  Lat.  relevo  =  to  lift  up 
again  :  re-  =  again,  and  levo  =  to  lift.] 
L  Ordinary  Language: 

*  1.  Lit.  :  Relieving,  assisting,  lending  aid  or 
support. 

"  To  make  our  probations  and  arguments  relevant." 
—King  Chirlei  :  Letter  to  A  Hendertmi,  tc.,  p.  S5. 

2.  To  the  purpose  ;  bearing  on  the  matter 
in  hand  or  the  point  at  issue  ;  pertinent, 
applicable,  apposite. 

II.  Scots  Law:  Sufficient  to  support  the 
cause  ;  applied  to  a  plea  which  is  well  founded 
in  point  or  law,  provided  it  be  true  in  fact. 


,  adv.    [Eng.  revelant  ;  -ly.]  In 
a  relevant  manner  ;  pertinently. 

*  rSl-e'-va'-tion,  *.  [Lat.  relevatio,  from 
relevatus,  pa.  par.  of  relevo  =  to  raise  or  lift 
up  again.]  [RELEVANT.]  The  act  of  raising 
or  lifting  up. 

rel-ha'-nX-a,  ».  [Named  after  Rev.  Richard 
Relhan,  author  of  Flora  Cantabrigiensis.] 

Bot.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Relhaniese(q.v.). 
Ornamental  plants  from  South  Africa  culti- 
vated in  British  greenhouses. 

rel-ha-ni-e'-se,  *.     [Mod.  Lat.    relhani(a); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suffi  -ece.] 
Bot.  :  A  sub-tribe  of  Senecionidese. 

rS-li-a-bfl'-i'-ty,  *.  [Eng.  reliable;  -ity.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  reliable. 

"  The  resistance  of  the  air  can  be  more  accurately 
determined  .  .  .  although  not  with  such  reliability  as 
with  the  chronograph."—  CatteU't  Technical  Educator, 
pt  x.,  p.  264. 

rS-ll'-a-ble,  a.  [Eng.  rely;  -able.]  That  may 
or  can  be  relied  upon  ;  fit  or  worthy  to  be 
relied  or  depended  on  ;  trustworthy. 

"  Reliable,  leiiendable.  and  the  rest  of  the  suspi- 
cious gang  which  end  in  able,  are  none  of  them  so 
hopelessly  deformed  as   this   (parcelable).--A'ofM  t 
21,  ISM,  p.  180. 


».  [Eng.  reliable  ;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  reliable  ;  re- 
liability. 

rS-li'-a-bly,  adv.  [EnS.  relioWe);  -ly.]  tn 
a  reliable  manner  or  degree  ;  so  as  to  be  relied 
on. 

rg-li'-an9C,  s.     [Eng.  rely;  -ance.] 

1.  The  act  or  state  of  relying  ;  the  quality 
or  state  of  being  reliant  ;  conlident  depend- 
ence; confidence,  trust. 

"  My  reWinee  on  his  fracted  dates 
Has  smit  my  credit." 

ShaJcap.  :  Timnn  of  Athene  ii.  L 

2.  Anything  on  which  one  does  or  may  rely  ; 
a  ground  of  trust  or  confidence. 

re'-li'-ant,  a.  [Eng.  rrly  ;  -ant.]  Having,  or 
characterized  by  reliance  or  confidence  ;  con- 
fident, self-reliant. 

rel'-Ic,  *rel-ike,  •rel-ique,  »rel-yke,  s. 

[Fr.  reliqves  =  relics,  remains,  from  Lat. 
reHqtiias,  accus.  of  reliqvitt  =  remains,  relics, 
from  rtlinquo  (pa.  t.  relvjui,  pa,  par.  relictus) 
=  to  leave  behind  :  re-  =r  back,  behind,  and 
lingua  =  to  leave  ;  Sp.,  Port.,  &  Ital.  reliquia.] 


L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  That  which  remains  or  is  left  after  tte 
loss,  decay,  or  destruction  of  the  rest  ;  remain*. 

'  The  rtlia  of  mankind,  secure  of  rest. 
Oped  every  window  to  receive  the  guest." 

Dryden:  Palamon  t  Arcitt.    (Ded.) 

2.  The  body  of  a  deceased  person  ;  a  corpse. 
So  called  from  the  notion  of  its  being  left 
behind  by  the  soul.    (Usually  in  the  plural.) 

"The  bleeding  relics  of  men  who  had  been  the  cap- 
talus  of  armies,  the  leaders  of  parties,  the  oracles  of 
senates,  and  the  ornaments  of  court*."—  Hacauiaf  : 
Silt.  Eng.,  ch.  v. 

3.  That  which  is  kept  in  memory  of  another  ; 
a  souvenir,  a  memento. 

IL  Compar.  Religions:  The  respect  and 
veneration  paid  to  relics  of  the  departed  are 
founded  on  association  of  ideas  —  that  the  dead 
person  keeps  up  a  connection  with  his  remains 
—  and  are  present  in  nearly  every  form  of 
religion.  The  Spartans  were  enjoined  by  the 
oracle  at  Delphi  to  find  and  carry  with  them 
the  bones  of  Orestes  as  a  condition  of  success 
against  the  men  of  Tega-a  (Herod.,  i.  67,  68). 
Tylor  (Prim.  Cult.,  ed.  1873,  ii.  150,  151)  gives 
many  instances  of  the  preservation  and 
honouring  of  relics  among  tribes  of  low  culture 
in  the  present  day.  In  Jewish  history  we 
read  how  when  the  corpse  of  a  man  "  was  let 
down,  and  touched  the  bones  of  Elisha,  he 
revived,  and  stood  on  his  feet  "  (2  Kings  xiii. 
21  ;  cf.  Acts  xix.  12).  The  cultus  of  relics 
also  obtains  in  Eastern  religions  ;  the  mythi- 
cal tooth  of  Booddha  is  venerated  at  Kandy. 
The  Caaba  is  now  as  great  an  object  of  devotion 
to  Muhammadans  as  was  the  shrine  of  a  saint 
to  medieval  Christian  pilgrims.  But  it  is  in  the 
Roman  Church  that  the  veneration  of  relics  has 
attained  its  maximum.  Addis  and  Arnold  (Cath. 
Diet.)  define  relics  to  l>e  "  bodies,  or  fragments 
of  the  bodies,  of  departed  saints,  articles,  or 
portion  of  articles,  which  they  have  used,  the 
holy  nails,  lance,  spear,  or  fragments  of  the 
True  Cross,  and  the  girdle,  veil,  Ac.,  of  the 
Blessed  Virgin."  Devotion  to  relics,  which 
dates  from  very  early  times,  rests  on  two 
grounds  :  (1)  Honouring  the  bodies  of  the  dead 
who  sleep  in  Christ  ;  and  (2)  the  belief  that 
God  is  sometimes  pleased  to  honour  the  relics 
of  his  saints,  by  making  them  the  instruments 
of  miracles.  All  Roman  altars  contain  some 
relic  or  relics,  placed  in  a  special  repository 
called  the  sepulchre.  Relics  are  usually 
venerated  in  public  by  being  exposed  in  their 
reliquaries  on  the  altar,  with  burning  lights. 
A  special  mass  and  office  may  be  said  in 
churches  possessing  an  important  relic  (tu- 
signis  reliquia)  of  a  saint  named  in  the  Martyr- 
ology.  In  the  Roman  Breviary  there  are  special 
offices  for  the  Most  Holy  Relics  (to  be  said  on 
the  fourth  or  last  Sunday  in  October),  for  the 
Crown  of  Thorns,  the  Lance  and  Nails,  &C. 

"  Abuses  have,  no  doubt,  occurred  in  all  ages  with 
regard  to  relics.  In  1215,  cauun  62  of  the  Fourth 
Lateran  Council  forbade  relic*  to  be  sold  or  to  be  ex- 
posed outside  of  their  cases  or  shrines,  and  prohibited 
the  public  veneration  of  new  rtlict  till  their  authen- 
ticity had  been  approved  by  the  rope'—Addit  t 
Arnold  :  Cath.  Met.,  p.  71*. 

relic  ted,  s. 

Geol.  o?  Anikrop. 
ings  the  bed  ly- 
ing immediate- 
ly on    the   old 
bed  of  the  lake. 
It  is  the  Cultur- 
schicht  of  Ger- 
man,   and     the       .- 
Couche  archeulc-    ^  -    Bed 
giqiie  of  French        0{o,5i,0!«      \\   \  \\  \ 
authors.  It  con-          -  I  I   J        I   I 

sists    of    loose      ; 
peat,     with 

stones,    gravel,  RELIC-BED 

wood,  charcoal, 

bones,  and  im  ;-!ements.  The  piles  pass  throngb 
this  bed  into  the  old  bottom  of  the  lake. 

"  It  was  in  this  bed,  which  for  the  sake  of  convent 
ence  we  will  call  the  Rrtirbrd.  that  the  heads  of  pile* 
were  found.'—  Keller:  Lake  Ifuetlinyl  (ed.  Lee),  I.  15. 

relic  -worship,  •-. 

Compar.  Religions  :  The  worship  of  rtlics, 
especially  of  the  actual  remains  of  the  dead. 

"The  conception  of  such  human  relics  Incoming 
fetishes,  inhabited  or  at  least  acted  through  by  th» 
souls  which  formerly  belonged  to  them,  would  give  a 
rational  explanation  .if  much  rrHc-trirthlj>  otherwise 
obscure."—  Tylor  :  Prim.  Cult.  led.  18781,  ii.  1SL 

*rSr-Ic-l&  adv.  [Eng.  rtlic  ;  -ly.]  In  th» 
manner  of  a  relic  or  relics  ;  with  great  care 
and  veneration,  as  a  relic.  (Donne  :  Satire  2.) 

rel'-lct,  a.  k  s.  [Lat  relictus  (fern,  relifta),  pa 
par.  of  relinquo;  O.  Fr.  relicte.]  [RELIC.] 


In  the  Swiss  Lake-dwell- 


fete, fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir.  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    ce,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


relioted— religion 


39-15 


*A«  -<<  utljectiot: 
I,  Deserted,  left. 

"  RfH.-t  slirints.' ^fuller:  Outre*  ffln.,  L  U.  11. 
8.  Widowed. 

"  Hla  relict  Udy.-WuHer :  WortMtt,  1L  IS. 

B.  As  subst. :  V  womau  whose  husband  ia 
dead  ;  a  widow. 

M  If  the  fathers  and  husbands  were  of  the  household 
of  faith,  theu  certainly  their  reticti  ami  children  cau- 
not  be  strangers  in  thU  household." — Sprat  •  tifrrnoru. 

rS-lictf-e'd,  a.    [RELICT.] 

Law :  Left  dry,  as  land  by  the  sudden  reces- 
sion of  the  sea. 

rfc-lic'-tion,  s.    [RELICT.] 

JAW  :  The  sudden  recession  of  the  sea  or 
other  water,  so  as  to  leave  the  land  dry  ;  land 
left  dry  by  the  recession  of  the  sea  or  other 
water. 

re'-lled',  pa.  par.  or  a.    [RELY.] 

rS-llir,  *  re-lefe,  *  re-leve,  ».  [O.  Fr.  relef 

(Fr.  relief),  from  reUver  =  to  raise  n  p,  to  relieve, 

from  Lat.  relevo=  to  lift  up.    In  some  of  the 

senses  more  directly  from  Ital.  rilievo  (q.v.).] 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  The   act   of  relieving ;   the   removing, 
wholly,  or  in  part,  of  anything  evil,  painful, 
burdensome,  or  oppressive ;  comfort,  allevia- 
tion, aid,  succour ;  the  state  of  being  relieved. 

"  I  will  give  him  some  relief.' 

Shikap. :  Tempett,  II.  2. 

2.  Tliat  which  relieves ;  that  which  miti- 
gates or  removes  pain,  grief,  oppression,  or 
other   evil ;   specif.,   assistance  given    to    a 
pauper  under  the  poor-laws. 

"He  see*  the  dire  contagion  spread  «o  hit. 
That  where  it  arizes  all  relief  is  rain.' 

Dryitcn :  Annm  Jtirabilii,  eclzlT. 

3.  Legal  remedy  of  wrong. 

4.  Release  from  a  post  or  duty  by  a  substi- 
tute, who  may  act  either  permanently  or  tem- 
porarily ;  specif.,  the  release  of  a  sentry  from 
his  post,  which  is  taken  by  another  soldier  ; 
also,  the  person  who  thus  relieves  or  takes  the 
place  of  another. 

"  To  keep  up  the  number  of  reliefs  ai  long  as  they 
may  be  required."— Daily  Telegraph,  Feb.  14.  IMS. 

*5.  Broken  meat,  &c.,  given  in  alms. 

"Notwithstanding  the  trauaile  of  the  almoiguer. 
that  hath  draw  rpta  the  cloth  al  the  remissailes.  as 
trenchoun,  and  the  relief  to  here  to  the  almerae."— 
Chaucer :  Tatament  of  Lout.  bk.  i. 

6.  Prominence  or  distinctness  given  to  any- 
thing by  being  brought  into  close  relation, 
proximity,  or  contrast  with  something  else. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Feudal  Law:  A  fine  or  composition  paid 
by  the  heir  of  a  tenant,  holding  by  knight's 
service  or  other  tenure,  to  the  lord  on  the 
death  of  the  ancestor  for  the  privilege  of  suc- 
ceeding to  the  estate,  which  by  strict  feudal 
Imw  had  lapsed  or  fallen  to  the  lord  on  the 
death  of  the  tenant. 

"The  heir,  when  admitted  to  the  fend  which  his  an- 
cestor possessed,  used  generally  to  pay  a  fine  or  acknow- 
ledgment to  the  lord,  in  hones,  arms,  money,  ami  the 
like,  for  such  renewal  of  the  fend  :  which  was  called  a 
reliff.  because  it  raised  up  and  re-established  the 
Inheritance."— Kackstnne  :  Comment.,  bk.  li.,  eh.  4. 

2.  Scats  Law:  A  sum  exigible  by  a  feudal 
superior  from  the  heir  who  enters  on  a  feu  : 
also  called  casualty  of  relief.    Also  applied  to 
the  right  of  recovering  money  paid  in  certain 
cases ;   thus,  if  an  heir  pays  a  debt  legally 
payable  by  an  executor  he  has  relief  against 
the  executor. 

3.  Fort. :  The  total  height  of  the  parapet 
above  the  bottom  of  the  ditch. 

•  4.  Hunt. :  A  note  on  the  horn  played  on 
arriving  home. 

"  A*  yon  sounded  the  recheat  before,  «o  now  yon 
must  sound  the  releefe  three  times."— Return  from 
Parnatnu. 

5.  Phys.  Geog.  :  The  undulations  or  surface 
elevations  of  a  country. 

6.  Paint. :    The  appearance  of  projection 
and  solidity  in  represented  objects,  so  as  to 
cause  them  to  appear  precisely  as  they  are 
found  in  nature. 

"  Relief  \s  produced  by  opposing  and  separating  the 
ground  from  the  (Inure,  either  by  light  or  shadow .  or 
colour."— Reynold!  •'  Ditcourie  Till. 

7.  Sculp.,  Arch.,  &c. :  The  prominence  of  a 
sculptured  figure  from  the  plane  surface  to 
which  it  is  attached.     According  to  the  dei?ree 
of  prominence,   it  is  known  as  alto-relievo 
(q.v.)  or  high  relief,  mezzo-  or  demi-relief,  and 
bas-relief  or  low  relief. 

"  You  find  the  figures  of  many  ancient  coins  rising 
up  in  a  much  more  beautiful  rri\,-f  than  those  on  the 
modern."— Additan  :  On  An<-ient  MedaU. 


Relief-church,  Belief-synod,  s. 
Church  Hist.  &  EctlerioL  :  A  sect  which  arose 

in  Scotland  in  1752.  A  minister  unacceptable 
to  the  congregation  ..aving  been  presented  to 
the  parish  of  Inverkeithing,  tht  Presbytery  of 
Punfermlin*  hesitated  to  proceed  with  his 
settlement.  First  the  Commission  of  Assembly 
and  next  the  Assembly  itself,  in  which  the 
Moderate  Party  were  then  dominant,  ordered 
them  to  go  forward.  Six  ministers  refused,  one 
of  whom,  the  Rev.  Thomas  Gillespie,  of  Car- 
nock,  was  deposed  for  contumacy  on  Hay  23, 
1752.  He  founded  the  Crst  Relief  Congrega- 
tion, which  on  Oct.  22,  1761,  developed  into 
the  Relief  Presbytery.  Ultimately  it  became 
a  Synod,  and  on  May  13,  1847,  joined  the 
Secession  Church  [SECESSION]  in  founding  the 
United  Presbyterian  Church  (q.v.). 

relief-valve,  i. 

1.  A  valve  belonging  to  the  feeding  appara- 
tus of  a  marine-engine,  through  which  the 
water  escapes  into  the  hot-well  when  it  is 
shut  off  from  the  boiler. 

2.  A  valve  so  arranged  as  to  open  outward 
when  a  dangerous  pressure  or  shock  occurs, 
to  allow  escape  of  water. 

3.  A  valve  to  allow  access  of  air  to  a  barrel 
from  which  liquor  is  drawn. 

•  rS-lief  -l£ss,  a.    [Eng.  relief;  -lest.]    Desti- 
tute of  relief. 

»  r6  lief  -ful,  a.     [Eng.  relief;  -fuVf).]    Af- 
fordiug  relief ;  relieving. 


rS-H'-er,  ».    [Eng.  rely;  -tr.]    One  who  relies. 

"  To  thee.  to  thee,  my  heaved.  up  hands  appeal, 
Not  to  seducing  lust,  thy  rash  rtlier." 

Shaketp.  :  Rape  of  Lucrtce,  (3*. 


o.  [Eng.  relieve);  -able.] 
Capable  "of  being  relieved  ;  fitted  to  receive 
relief. 

"  Neither  can  they,  as  to  reparation,  hold  plea  of 
things,  wherein  the  party  is  relietablt  by  common 
law?7—  fate:  Oriff.  qf  Mankind. 

re  lieve',  »  re-leve,  *  re-lefe,  v.t.    [Fr. 
relever  =  to  lift  up,  to  relieve,  from  Lat.  relevo 
to  lift  up  :  re-  —  again,  and  levo  =  to  lift  ;  Sp. 
&  Port,  relevar;  Ital.  rilevare.] 
•  1.  To  raise  or  lift  again. 

2.  To  remove,  wholly  or  in  part,  as  any- 
thing which  pains,  oppresses,  weighs  down,  or 
grieves  ;  to  alleviate,  to  mitigate,  to  lighten, 
to  assuage,  to  lessen  :  as,  To  relieve  pain,  to 
relieve  want. 

3.  To  free,  wholly  or  in  part,  from  anything 
which    pains,    oppresses,    weighs  down,    or 
grieves  ;  to  afford  relief  to  ;  to  give  ease,  com- 
fort, or  consolation  to  ;  to  help,  to  ease,  to 
sucitour. 

"  She  calls  them  near,  and  with  Affection  tweet 
Alternately  rttimet  their  weary  feet." 

Wordntnrt\:  Evening  WaUt. 

4.  To   ease   or   deliver  from  any  burden, 
wrong,  oppression,  or  injustice,  by  legal  or 
legislative  process  or  interposition  ;  to  right 
by  law. 

5.  To  release  from  any  post,  station,  task,  or 
duty,  by  the  substitution  of  another  person  or 
party  ;  to  put  another  in  the  place  of,  or  to 
take  the  place  of  in  the  performance  of  any 
duty,  task,  &c.    (Shakesp.  :  Hamlet,  i.  1.) 

6.  To  obviate  monotony  in  ;  to  prevent  from 
being  tedious,  monotonous,  or  tiresome  by  the 
introduction  of  some  variety. 

"The  poet  must  not  encumber  his  poem  with  too 
much  bust  nen  ;  but  sometimes  rtlitre  the  subject  with 
a  moral  reflection."—  Additm. 

*7.  To  give  mutual  assistance  to;  to  sup- 
port. 

"  Parallels,  or  like  relations,  alternately  nlif*e  each 
other  ;  when  neither  will  pan  asunder,  yet  an  they 
plausible  together.'—  Bramt.  (Toad.) 

8.  To  make  to  seem  to  rise;  to  give  con- 
splcuousnfiss  nr  prominence  to  ;  to  set  oft*  by 
contrast  ;  to  give  the  appearance  of  nrominence 
or  projection  to,  by  the  juxtaposition  of  some 
contrast.  [RELIEF,  U.  6,  7.] 

*  rS-lieve'-mSnt.  *.  [Eng.  relieve;  -ment.] 
The  act  of  relieving  ;  the  state  of  being  re- 
lieved ;  relief. 

"With  other  reHrremtnti  at  their  doleanos*."— 
Daniel  .  Bin.  Eng.,  p.  46. 

r6-lieV-«r,  s.    [Eng.  relieve);  -«r.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  One  who  relieves  ;  one  who 
gives  ease  or  relief. 

"  The  comforters  of  their  dtntoesa,  and  the  nHfrm  of 
their  indigence."—  Smith:  Wtaitk  of  Jfationt,  bk.T., 
ch.  I. 


2.  Gun. :  An  iron  ring  fixed  to  a  handle  by 
means  of  a  socket,  which  serves  to  disengage 
the  searcher  of  a  gun  when  on*  of  its  points  is 
retained  in  a  hula. 


r'-Iiag,  pr.  pur.  at  a.    [REUSVK.] 
relieving-arch,  -. 
Civ.  Eng. :  A  discharging-arch  (q.v.). 

relieving -officer.  «.  An  officer  ap- 
pointed by  the  Board  of  Guardians  of  an  English 
poor-law  union  to  superintend  the  relief  of  the 
poor  in  the  union.  It  is  his  duty  to  inquire 
into  all  applications  for  relief,  "to  visit  the 
bouses  of  the  ap- 
plicants, and  to 
give  immediate 
relief  in  cases  of 
urgency. 

relieving - 
tackle,  s. 

Nautical : 

1.  A  tackle 
temporarily    at- 
tached   to   the 
end  of  the  tiller, 
to  assist   the 

hel msman  in  bad          BELI  EV i NO-T ACKLK. 
weather,  and  act 

as  a  guard  in  case  of  accident  to  the  tiller 
ropes  or  wheel 

2.  A  tackle  from  a  wharf  passed  beneath  a 
vessel  when  careened,  and  secured  to  the  op- 
posite side,  to  act  as  a  guard  against  upsetting 
and  to  assist  in  righting. 

•  ri-lie'-vo,  rel-I-e'-vo,  *.    [Riuiro.] 

re-light'  (gh  silent),  v.t.  &  i.     [Pret  rt-,  and 
Eng.  light,  v.  (q.v.).] 

A.  Transitiiv: 

1.  To  light  anew  or  afresh ;   to  illumine 
again. 

2.  To  rekindle  ;  to  set  orf  fire  again. 

B,  Intrans.  :  To  rekindle ;  to  burn  again ; 
to  take  fire  again. 

rg-lijr-.-eafe, «.   [Fr.,  fern.  sing,  of religietu.} 
A  nun. 

rg  tig'-i-enx  (x  silent),  t.    (Pr.]    A  religious 
(q.v.X 

rS-llg'-io'n.  *re-lig-i-oun,  •  re-lyg-yon, 

•  re-lig-inn,  i.  [Fr.  religion,  Prov.  religio, 
religion,  from  Lat.  religionm,  accus.  of  religio 
=  religion.  Not  from  rtligo  =  to  bind  luck, 
else  it  would  be  religation,  but  from  rtliyent 
=  pious,  religious,  pr.  par.  of  reiego  =  to  gather 
together,  to  collect  again  :  re-  =  again,  and 
lego  —  to  lay,  to  arrange,  to  gather  ;  Sp.  re- 
ligion ;  Port,  religiao  ;  Ital.  religion*.} 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Objectively: 

(1)  The  outer  form  and  embodiment  which 
the  inward  spirit  of  a  true  or  a  false  devotion 
assumed  (Trench);  a  rite  or  ceremony  prac- 
tised in  the  worship  of  God. 

-To  transform 

Oft  to  the  I  man  of  a  brute  adorned 
With  (ay  rtlifiont  full  of  pomp  and  (old.* 

Milton :  P.  L..  i.  ITt 

(2)  A  system  of  doctrine  and  worship  re- 
garded by  its  adherents  as  of  Divine  authority, 
as  the  Brahmanic  religion,  the  Christian  reli- 
gion.   (Acts  xxvi  5 ;  Gal.  i.  13.) 

2.  Subjectively :   The  feeling  of  veneration 
with  which  the  worshipper  regards  the  Being 
he  adores,  specially  the  intense  veneration 
which  the  Christian  has  for  the  Trinity,  with 
the  moral  results  to  whioh  that  veneration 
leads.    (Cf.  James  1.  J6,  27.) 

5  Darwin  (Detcent  of  Man,  pL  I.,  ch.  iii.) 
considers  that  the  feeling  of  religious  de- 
votion is  a  highly  complex  one,  consisting  of 
love,  complete  submission  to  an  exalted  and 
mysterious  superior,  a  strong  sense  of  depen- 
dence, fear,  reverence,  gratitude,  hope  for  the 
future,  and  perhaps  other  elements.  No  being, 
he  thinks,  could  ex|>enence  so  complex  an 
emotion  until  advanced  in  his  intellectual 
and  moral  faculties  to  at  least  a  moderately 
high  level. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  An&rop.  <«  Compar.  toUgbn:  Prof.  C.  P. 
Tiele  (Ency.  Brit.  (ed\  9th)  art.  Religions)  thu* 
divides  the  faiths  of  the  world :— 


L  Sitvrt 

1.  PolydiemonUtic  Magical  R«ll«ions  undei O»tai 
trol  of  Animism.    Example,  the  religions  of  garage*. 


b6H,  bo?;  ptfut,  J61H;  cat,  9ell,  chorus,  jhin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  $hi»;  «in,  af ;  expect,  Xenophon,  e^Mt.   **-*• 
-elan,  -tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -(ion,    5 Ion  =  zhun.    -dona,  -ttoua,  -aion*  =  shus.   -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  bel,  del. 


3946 


religionary— relive* 


I  Purified  or  Organized  Magical  Religions,  Tberian- 
thropic  Polytheism 

(a)  UuorgauUed.  Example,  the  old  Dravldian  (alth, 
the  religion  of  the  Fiuua,  Ac. 

!»)  Organized.  Example,  the  Egyptian  religion,  the 
more  organized  American  Indian  faiths 

8.  Worship  of  uian-hke  Imt  sup«rhumnn  and  semi- 
ethical  in-iiigs.  Anthropomorpbla  PolyuicU.n.  Kx- 
auiule,  the  Vedic.  Zonnstriau,  ami  various  Semitic 
faiths,  the  Celtic.  Germanic,  Hellenic,  and  Gneco- 
Kuman  religions. 

11.  hthical  Religion 

\.  National  Noinlstic  (Nomothetic)  Religions.  Brah- 
uianism.  Judaism.  &c. 

t.  I'niversallstic  Religious  Communities.  Islam. 
Buddhism.  Christianity. 

2.  IMU>  •    The   following   eleven    offences 
against  religion  were  formerly  punishable  by 
the  civil   power:    Apostasy,  heresy,  reviling 
the  ordinances  of  the  Church,    blasphemy, 
profane  swearing,  conjuration  or  witchcraft, 
religious  imposture,   simony,   profanation   of 
the  Lord's  day,  drunkenness,  and  lewdness. 
Only  some  of  these  are  now  penal  offences  ; 
foi'  instance,   witchcraft  is  exploded,   while 
apostasy  and  heresy  are  permitted  on  the 
broad  principles  of  religious  liberty 

3.  Ro,nan  Church :  The  religious  state  ;  that 
state  in  which  a  person  gives  up   earthly 
duties  ami  attentions,  devoting  himself  or  her- 
self to  the  service  of  God  in  a  religious  order 
or  community.    Thus,  to  euter  reli/iion  =.  to 
become  a  member  of  a  religious  order  or  con- 
gregation 

4.  Statistics:  If  the  population  of  the  world 
be  estimated  at  1,500  millions,  the  univer- 
salistic  religious  communities  contain   more 
than  two-thirds  of  the  human  race,  sry  420 
millions  of  Christians,  as  many  Buddhists, 
and  200  millions  of  Muhammadans.     The  next 
faith   in   point  of  numbers   is   Brahmanism, 
with  about  180  millions. 

U  (1)  Natural  religion  :  Religion  formed  on 
•  study  of  the  evidences  afforded  by  nature  of 
the  power,  wisdom,  and  goodness  of  God. 
(Cf.  Rom.  i.  20). 

(2)  Religion,  of  Humanity :  [POSITIVISM]. 

(3)  Revealed  religion:  Religion  as  embodied 
in  or  founded  on  Divine  Revelation. 

•  rfi-llg'-idn-ar-y,  a.  &  s.    [Eng.   religion; 
•ary.] 

A.  As  adj  :   Pertaining  or  relating  to  re- 
ligion ,  pious. 

"  His  |  Bishop  Sanderson  s]  relifionnry  professions  in 
bis  last  will  and  testament."— Up.  Barlow:  Kemaiiit, 
p.  838. 

B.  As  rubst. :  The  same  as  RELIGIONIST. 

"  ri-ll|f-i6'n-er,  s.  [Eng.  religion;  -en*]  A 
religionist  (q.v.). 

•  re-llg'-ion-lsin,  ».    [Eng.   religion;  -ism.] 
A  profession  or  affectation  of  religion  ;  the 
outward  practice  of  religion  ;  false  or  affected 
religion. 

" ' Political  Re'iaionirm.'—ln  Professor  Dugald  Ste- 
wart's first  Dissertation  on  the  Progress  of  Philosophy, 
I  find  this  singular  ami  significant  term.'—  l.Diiraeli  • 
Curiotiliet  of  Literature. 

^  rS-liSf'-i6n-ist,  s.    [Eng.  religion  ;  -ist.] 

1.  One  who  is  given  to  religionism ;  a  re- 
ligious bigot. 

"  An  upstart  and  new  tangled  Invention  of  some 
bigotical  reJiyionUtt,"—Ctut;inrth .  InttU.  Hyttem,  p.  18. 

2.  A  partisan  of  a  religion. 
re  lig'  ion  ize,  v.i.&i. 

At  Intram. .  To  profess  a  religion,  or  re- 
ligionism. 

B.  Tram.  '  To  make  religious. 

•  r8-lIir-i6n-168S,  a.     [Eng.  religion;  -lets.] 
Destitute  of  religion;  not  professing  or  be- 
lieving in  religion. 

•re-Hg-I-Ss'-I-ty,  *.  [Fr.  religioKite ;  Ital. 
reluiiosita, ;  Sp  religiosidad.]  Sense  or  Renti- 
tnent  of  religion  ;  tendency  towards  religious- 
ness. 

rS-li&'-ious,  a.  <fe  s.     [Fr.  relipieux,  from  Lat. 
religiosus,  from  religio  =  religion  (q.v.);  8p., 
Port ,  oi  Ital.  religiuso.] 
A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  religion ;  con- 
cerned with   or  devoted  to  religion  .  as,  re- 
ligious society,  religious  books. 

2.  Imbued    with    religion ;    exhibiting   re- 
ligion ;  pious,  godly,  devout :  as,  a  religious 
man. 

3.  Characterized  by  religion  or  piety  ;  aris- 
ing from  religion ;  pious. 

4.  Devoted  by  vows  to  the  practice  of  re- 
ligion ;  bound  by  vows  to  a  monastic  life. 


*  5.  Bound  by,  or  abiding  bv  some  solemn 
obligation  ;  scrupulously  faithful ;  conscien- 
tious, rigid,  strict. 

"  With  all  reUyiout  strength  of  sacred  vows." 

xluiketp. :  King  Joint,  tit  1. 

B.  As  subst.  .  One  who  is  bound  by  monas- 
tic vows,  or  devoted  to  a  life  of  piety  and  de- 
votion :  a  monk  or  nun.  A  religious,  after 
profession,  lost  all  civil  rights. 

"  To  the  nllgioutei  that  were  in  Gancoyne, 
He  gaf  a  thousand  mark. "        R.  Brunne,  p.  1*6. 

If  Religious  Tract  Society :  [TRACT). 

religious-house,  .«.  A  monastery  or 
nunnery. 

*  re-lig-i-OUS-i-te,  s.    [RFLIOIO^ITY.] 

re-llg'-ious-ly,  *  re-lig-i-ous-llche,  adv. 
[Eng.  religious ,  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  religious,  pious,  or  devout  manner; 
with   love,  reverence,  and  oliedience   to  the 
Divine  will ;  piously,  devoutly,  reverently. 

2.  According  to  the  rites  of  religion  ;  ac- 
cording to  the  precepts  of  divine  law 

"  F..r  their  lirethreu  slain, 
Reliyioutly  they  ask  a  sacrifice." 

Shnkf,tp. .   TilvJi  A  ndronicut,  1.  1. 

3.  Exactly,  strictly,  conscientiously  ;  with 
strict  observance. 

"  The  original  'Jehovah,'  which  ought  upon  all  occa- 
sions to  have  been  rnligioutly  retained."— Bp.  Hartley: 
Sermoni,  vol.  in.,  ear.  30. 

*  re -lig' -lofts -ness,    s       [Eng     religious; 
-netis.  ]    The  quality  or  state  of  being  religious. 

"  A  goodly  nligioutnett  or  mnnastical  lif e."—  Wood  : 
Athena  O*nn.,  vol.  i.  (  WhMynghaml 

*  rel-ike,  s.    [RELIC.] 

*  re-lin'-quent,  a.    [Lat.  relinquens,  pr  par. 
t. f  relinqvo  —  to  leave,   to  relinquish  (q.v.).] 
Relinquishing. 

re-lln'-qulsh,  v.t.  [O  Fr  relinqnis-,  stem 
of  pr.  pzr.  of  relinifiiir,  from  Lat.  relinquo  = 
to  leave  •  re-  =  back,  again,  and  linquo  =  to 
leave  ;  O.  Ital.  relinquere.] 

1.  To  leave,  to  give  up,  to  abandon,  to  with- 
draw from  ;  to  give  up  or  retire  from  posses- 
sion or  occupancy  of ;  to  quit. 

"  The  English  colonies  grew  poor  and  weak,  though 
the  English  lords  grew  rich  and  mighty;  for  they 
placed  Irish  tenants  upon  the  lands  relinquithed  by 
the  English."—  Daviet:  State  of  Ireland. 

2.  To  cease  from  ;  to  desist  from ;  to  aban- 
don, to  give  np. 

"  Relinquishing  the  war  against  an  exhausted 
kingdom.  —  Holingbroke :  Remark*  on  Hilt,  of  Eng. 

3.  To  renounce  or  give  up  a  claim  to ;  to 
forego,  to  resign,  to  abandon. 

"  He  would  not  relinauith  his  own  rights,  but  he 
would  respect  the  lights  of  others."— Uacaulay . 
Hilt.  Eng.,  ch.  Iv. 

re-lln'-quxsh-er,  s.  [Eng  relinquish ;  -er  ] 
One  who  relinquishes ;  one  who  leaves,  quits, 
abandons,  or  renounces. 

re  lin'-quish-ment,  s.  [Eng  relinquish ; 
-ment.]  The  act  of  relinquishing,  leaving, 
abandoning,  or  renouncing  ;  renunciation. 

"  The  utter  relinauiihment  of  all  things  popish  "— 
Hooker:  Ua-let.  Polity,  bk.  iv.,  |  3. 

reT-I-qua,  s.  [Lat.  nent.  pi.  of  reHqiius  = 
remaining,  from  relinquo  (pa.  t.  reliqui)  =  to 
relinquish  (q.v.).] 

Law:  The  remainder  or  dobt  which  a  person 
finds  himself  debtor  in,  UJKHI  the  balancing  or 
liquidating  of  an  account.  (Wharton.) 

*  reT-I-quaire,  s.    [Fr.]    The  same  as  RELI- 
QUARY (2)  (q.v. ). 

"  While  from  the  opening  casket  rolled 
A  chain  ami  reliqiiaire  of  gold." 

Scott :  Rokebn.  vl.  «. 

rSl'-I-qua-ry  (l),  s.    [REUQUA.] 

Law :  flie  debtor  of  a  reliqua,  or  of  a  balance 
due  ;  also  a  person  who  only  pays  piecemeal 
(Wharton.) 

reT-I-qua-rjf  (2),  s.  [Fr.  reliqunire,  from  Lat. 
re'.iquice  =  relics  (q.v.).]  A  depository  fui  a 
relic  or  relics  :  a  casket  or  case  in  which  relics 
are  kept. 

'•  It  was  my  goodly  lot  to  gam 
A  reliquary  and  ft  chain  ' 

Scott .  Roketiy.  Tl  18. 

*  rel-I-qua'-tion,«.    [LIQUATION.]  Remains, 
residue. 

"  The  rrHlquation  of  all  which  preceded.*— Back*  : 
Ufe  of  Willvtmi,  ii.  197. 

*  rel-ique,  s     [RELIC.] 

reliquiae  (as  rg-lik  -wi-e),  *.  pi  [Lat  = 
remains,  remnants.] 


1.  Ecrles. :  [RELIC,  II.]. 

2.  Bot.  :  The  withered  remains  of  leaves, 
winch,  not  being  articulated  with  the  stem, 
cannot  fall  off,  but  decay  upon  it.     Called  also 
Indusite. 

*  rellquian  (as  r6-Hk'-wI-an),  o.    [Eng 
*  reli<{u(e) ;  -ian.]    Pertaining  to,  concerning, 
or  constituting  a  relic. 

"  A  great  ship  would  not  hold  the  rrliqutan  piece* 
which  the  BapisU  have  of  Christ's  cross."-*.  UUl: 
Patkaay  to  Piety.  1629,  p.  H»  (reprint  18471. 

*  ro-li'-qnl-date,  v.t     [Pref  re-,  and  Eng. 
liquidate   (q.v.).]      To    liquidate    anew ;   to 
adjust  a  second  time. 

*  rfi-li-qul-da'-tion,  s.     [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
liquidation  (q.v.).]     The  act  of  reliquidating ; 
a  second  or  renewed  liquidation  or  adjustment. 

re! -fan,  *  rel-lice,  s.    [RELISH,  v.] 

L  Literally: 

1.  The  effect  of  anythwig  on  the  palate ; 
taste,  savour.    (Generally  used  of  a  pleasing 
taste.) 

"  Distinguish  every  relM,  sweet  and  soar." 

Daoiet     Immort.  of  the  8->ul.  s.  1«. 

2.  That  which  is  used  to  impart  a  flavour 
to  anything ;  espec.,  something  taken  with 
food  to  increase  the  pleasure  of  eating. 

IL  Figuratively : 

1.  That  quality  in  any  object  which  gives 
pleasure  ;  the  power  or  quality  of  pleasing. 

"  The  fruits  of  liberty  have  the  more  agreeable 
rrli.i'i  after  the  uneasy  hours  of  a  close  and  tediou* 
confinement."—  Waterlancl :  Works,  viii.  <59 

2.  Pleasure  or  delight  given  by  anything. 

"  We  do  not  always  flnd  equal  reltth  In  the  same 
enjoyment"— Search :  UgM  of  /future,  vol.  i..  pt  L. 
ch.  vi. 

3.  Inclination,    taste,    fondness,    appetite, 
liking.    (Now  usually  followed  by  for,  form- 
erly also  by  of.) 

*  4.    A  small  quantity  or  admixture  just 
perceptible. 

*'  Some  act 
That  has  no  rdM  of  salvation  In't." 

Kh-iketp.     Samlet,  til.  «. 

*  5.  Characteristic  quality  or  sort ;  cast. 

"  His  feara  .  .  be  of  the  same  relish  as  ours  are."— 
Shaken/I.  Henry  V.,  Iv  1. 

rel'-ish,  v.t.  &  i.     [O.   Fr    relecher,  relicher-^ 
to  lick  over  again  :  re-  •=  again,  and  lecher  (Fr. 
lecher)  —  to   lick,    from  O    H    Ger    lecchon, 
lechdn;  Ger.  lecken  =  to  lick  (q.v.).] 
A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  give  a  relish  or  agreeable  flavour  or 
taste  to 

"  On  smoking  lard  they  dine ; 
A  sav'ry  bit  that  serv'd  to  relt*h  wine." 

Itrt/den  .  Otrid  ,  Mrtamor/ihotet  vlil 

2.  To  like  or  enjoy  the  taste  or  flavour  of; 
to  partake  of  with  pleasure  or  gratification. 

3.  To  be  pleased  with  ;  to  be  gratified  by  ; 
to  enjoy 

"  To  see  how  people  relithed  the  same." 

Drnyton :  Miieriei  of  Ifueni  Margartt. 

*  4.  To  savour  or  smack  of ;  to  have  a  smack 
or  taste  of 

*  B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  have  a  pleasing  taste. 

"  The  Ivory  feet  of  tallies  were  carved  Into  the  shape 
of  lions,  without  which,  their  greatest  dainties  would 
notrWfc*  to  their  palates  "_ Haketeill:  On  Proiidenc* 

2.  To  give  pleasure. 

"  Hnd  I  been  the  under  out  of  this  secret,  It  would 
not  have  rrlinhrd  among  my  other  discredits."— 
ShaJzeip.  •  Winter'$  Ta>e,  v  2 

3.  To  have  a  relish  or  flavour. 

"  A  theory,  which  how  much  soever  It  may  reUth 
of  wit  and  invention,  hath  no  foundation  In  nature.  '— 
Wnodvxird. 

•  rel'-ish-a-ble,  a.  [Eng  relish;  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  relished  ;  having  a  pleasing 
taste. 


*  re-lls'-ten  (t  silent),  v.i.     [Pref   re-,  and 
Eng.  listen  (q  v.).]    To  listen  again.    (Ttnny- 
ton    Brook,  18.) 

*  re-live',  v.i  &  t     [Pref  re-,  and  Eng.  live, 
v.  (q.v.).] 

A.  Intrant.  •  To  live  again  ;  to  come  to  lifa 
again ;  to  revive 

"  Will  you  deliver 
How  this  dead  queen  rellvo!" 

ifhaketp. :  Perictet.  T.  S. 

B.  Trans. :   To  bring  back  to  life  ;  to  re- 
animate, to  revive 

"  Thought  with  that  sight  hi  m  much  to  have  reHifd." 
Spenter    f  «..  HI.  vUL  8. 


fete,  fit,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  p6t, 
or,  wore,  woli;  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub.  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian.    »,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  -  kw. 


reload    remanent 


39-r 


re-load',  v.t.  or  i.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Ens.  load, 
T.  (q.v.).J  To  load  again,  as  a  gun,  ie. 

"  It  is  impossible  for  them  to  reload."— Cook  •  Third 
Voyage,  bk.  vi.,  ch.  v. 

re  loan',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  Inan,  v. 
(q.v.).]  To  lend  or  loan  again  ;  to  lend  again 
that  which  has  been  lent  aud  repaid.  (Amer.) 

re-loan',  s.  [Pref  re-,  and  Eng  loan,  s. 
(q.v.).J  A  second  lending  or  loan.  (Amur.) 

•  re-16-cate',  v.t.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  locate 
(q.v.).]    To  locate  a  second  time. 

re-lo-ca'-tion,  s  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  loca- 
tion (q.v.).] 

*  1.  Ord.  Lung. :  The  act  of  relocating. 

2.  Scots  Law :  A  reletting ;  the  renewal  of  a 
lease. 

H  Tacit  relocation  •  The  tacit  or  implied  re- 
newal of  a  lease,  inferred  where  the  landlord, 
instead  of  warning  the  ten.int  to  remove  at 
the  stipulated  expiration  of  the  lease,  has 
allowed  him  to  continue  without  making  any 
new  agreement. 

•  re-lodge',  v.t.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  lodge,  v. 
(q.v.).]    To  lodge  again.    (SoiUhey.) 

•  re-long7,  v.t.     [Pref.    re-,  and   Eng.   long 
(q.v.).]    To  prolong,  to  postpone. 

"  I  thynke  it  were  good  that  the  trewee  were  relonged." 
—Bernert  •  froutart;  Chronicle,  voL  L,  ch.  ccxii. 

•re-l6va',  v.t.  fPref.  re-,  and  Eng.  love,  v. 
(q.v.).]  To  love  in  return. 

••  To  own  for  him  so  familiar  and  levelling  an  affec- 
tion as  love,  much  more  to  expect  to  be  relovrd  hy 
him.  were  not  the  least  saucy  presumption  man  could 
be  guilty  of,  did  not  his  own  comuiauduieiiU  make  it 

•  rS-lu'-cent,  a.     [Lat.  relucens,  pr.  par.  of 
reluceo  :  re-  =  back,  and  luceo  =  to  shine.] 

1.  Throwing  back  or  reflecting  light ;  bright, 
glittering. 

2.  Bright,  shining,  eminent,  conspicuous. 

"  In  brighter  mazes,  the  rfluctnt  stream 
Plays  o'er  the  mead."       Thvmton :  Summer.  1SJ. 

•  rS-ltict',  v.i.  [Lat  reluctor,  from  re-  =  back, 
and  luctor  =  to  struggle.)     To   struggle  or 
strive  against  anything  ;  to  make  resistance. 

"  We,  with  studied  mixtures,  force  our  relucting 
appetites."— Decay  of 

rS-lttctf-ange,  re-luctf-an-ey,  "re-luct- 

an  Cle,  Y     [Eng.  reluctan(t) ;  -ce, -cy.] 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  reluctant; 
unwillingness,  repugnance,  dislike. 

"  With  feigne.1  alacrity,  she  bean 
His  strong  reluctance  down. 

Thornton:  Liberty,  IT.  779. 

•  2.  Regret,  displeasure. 

••  To  the  great  honour  and  reluctancy  of  all  good 
men."— Athena  Oxon.,  vol.  ii.  (an.  16S«). 

ffS-luct'-ant,  a.  [Lat.  reluctant,  pr.  par.  o) 
reluctor  =  to  struggle  against ;  Sp.  reluctante.] 
(RELUCT.] 

•1.  Striving  or  struggling  against  some- 
thing ;  struggling  or  resisting  violently. 

"  In  dusky  wreaths  reluctant  flames,  the  sign 
Of  wrath  awak'd."  Hilton  :  P.  L..  vi.  58. 

2.  Unwilling  to  do  what  one  has  to  do ; 
acting  with  reluctance  or  repugnance ;  loth, 
unwilling,  disinclined,  averse. 

"  Their  chief,  with  step  reluctant,  still 
Was  lingering  on  the  craggy  hill." 

Scott :  Lady  ,if  the  Lake.  ill.  23. 

3.  Proceeding  from,  or  characterised  by  re 
Inctance  or  repugnance  ;  doneorgranted  with 
reluctance  :  as,  reluctant  obedience. 

r5-luct'-ant-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  reluctant;  -ly. 
In  a  reluctant  manner  ;  with  reluctance  ;  un 
willingly. 

"  Our  host 
Rose,  though  reluctantly,  and  forth  we  went." 

n'orUneorth  :  Szcurtion,  bk.  ii. 

•  rS-lfic'-tate,  v.i.  [Lat.  reluctatus,  pa.  par 
of  reluctor  —  to  struggle  against.)  [RELUCT. 
To  struggle  in  opposition ;  to  resist ;  to  ac 
reluctantly. 

"  Men  devise  colours  to  delude  their  reluctatin 
consciences."—, 


•  re-luc-ta'-tlon,  ».    [RELUCTATE.]     Resist 
ance,  opposition,  reluctance,  repugnance. 

"  I  have  done  as  many  villanles  as  another. 
And  with  as  little  returtatian." 

Beaum.  t  flet. :  Pilyrim.  U 

•  re-lume',  v.t.  [O.  Fr.  relumtr ;  Fr.  rallumer. 
[RELUMINI:.]     To  light  again;    to  rekindle. 
(Lit.  ct  fig.) 

"  I  know  not  where  is  that  Promethean  heat 
That  can  thy  light  relume.' 

Snaketp.  :  Othello,  v.  t 


re-lu'-mine,  v.t.  [Lat.  relumino,  from  re-  = 
again,  and  lumino  =  to  liglit,  lumen,  gemt  lu- 
minis  =  light ;  Ital.  raUuminare.] 

1.  To  light  again  or  anew  ;  to  rekindle. 

"  His  eye  reluminet  its  extinguished  Una." 

Coteper     Tat*,  L  441 

2.  To  illnmiiiiite  ag.iin. 

rS-ly',    t'.i.    [Pref.   re-,  and   Eng.  lie  (2),  v. 
(q.v.).J 

•  1.  Lit.  :  To  rest  or  lean  physically. 

"  HIM  most  holy  baud  relief 
Upon  hm  knees."        /i.triet     Bolt  Rood e,  p.  U. 

2.  Fig.  •  To  rest  or  lean  with  confidence,  as 
when  satisfied  of  tiie  truth  or  certainty  of 
facts,  evidence,  or  future  events,  or  of  the 
veracity  and  trustworthiness  of  a  |>erson  or  a 

stHte nt,  or  of  the  ability  and  willingness  of 

a  person  to  do  any  act,  fulfil  a  promise,  &c. ; 
to  depend  ;  to  have  confidence  ;  to  trust ;  to 
rest.  (Followed  hy  on  or  upon.) 

"  Who  "lights  not  foreign  aid.  nor  overbuys  ; 
But  on  uur  native  strength  in  time  of  ue«d  rrliet." 
Driiden :  To  John  Dryden  of  Chrlterton. 

•  3.  ReHexively :  To  rest ;  to  trust ;  to  cause 
to  depend. 

"  Not  relying  ourselves  entirely  upon  him  and  his 
salvation."—/)/)  Saunderton. 

re  made',  pret.  <t  pa.  par.  ofv.    [REMAKE.] 

re-main',  *  re-mayne,  v.i.  &  t.  [From  the 
O.  Fr.  impei*.  verb  il  remaint,  tromremaintire 
=  to  remain  ;  Lut.  remanet  =  it  remains,  re- 
maneo  =  to  remain  :  re-  =  behind,  and  nvineo 
=  to  remain  ;  O.  Sp.  remaner ;  Sp.  &  Port. 
remanear.] 
A.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  continue  in  a  place ;  to  stay,  to  abide, 
to  wait 

"  While  here  you  do  remain* 
Shakap.  :  ilidiummer  Xiyht't  Dream,  T. 

2.  To  stay  or  be  left  l>ehind  after  others 
have  gone ;  to  be  left  after  a  part  has  been 
taken  away  or  lost ;  to  survive  ;  to  be  left  out 
of  a  greater  quantity. 

"  He  was  seen  of  above  five  hundred  brethren  at 
once;  of  whom  the  greater  part  remain  unto  this 
present,  but  some  are  fallen  asleep."— I  Cor.  xv.  8. 

3.  To  continue  or  endure  in  a  particular 
state,  form,  or  condition. 

"This  mystery  remained  undiscovered."— Hhaketp.  • 
Winter!  Tale,  v.  s. 

•  4.  To  continue  or  endure,  generally. 

"  The  upright  shall  dwell  in  the  land,  aud  the  per- 
fect shall  remain  in  It."— Proverb*  ii.  31. 

•  5.  To  live,  to  dwell. 

"  Did  he  ask  for  met  Where  remain*  he  I "— Shatetp. . 
At  You.  Like  It,  iii.  S. 

6.  To  be  left  as  not  included  or  comprised  ; 
to  be  left  still  to  be  dealt  with. 

"  There  remain*  a  scruple  In  that  too." 

Hhaketp. :  \  Henry  I'/.,  T.  S. 

7.  To  be  reserved. 

"  For  thee  remaint  a  heavier  doom." 

Shaketp. .  Richard  II.,  L  «. 

•  B.  Transitive : 

1.  To  be  left  to  ;  to  continue  with. 

••  In  a  little  time,  while  breath  remaint  thee." 

Milton  '  Samtoa  Ayonutet,  1.126. 

2.  To  be  left  or  reserved  for  ;  to  await. 

"  Such  end,  pardie,  doe*  all  hem  remayne.' 

Spenter :  Shepheardt  Calender ;  Hay. 

re-main ,  *.    [REMAINJ  v.] 

•  1.  The  act  or  state  of  remaining ;  stay, 
abode. 

11  Let's  fetch  him  off  or  make  remain  alike." 

Shaketp.     Corialanul.  1.  4. 

•  2.  Something  which  remains  or  is  left  to 
be  done. 

"  All  the  remain  is  welcome." 

shaketp      Cfmbeline.  Iii.  I. 

3.  That  which  remains  or  is  left ;  remainder 
a  remnant.    (Now  only  used  in  the  plural.) 

"  Us  the  poore  remain  of  Troy." 

l-huer  •  firyill .  AntUot  L 

4.  Specifically  in  the  plural : 

(1)  That  which  remains  of  a  human  body 
after  life  has  ceased  ;  a  corpse,  a  dead  body 

(C)  The  productions,  espec.  the  literary 
productions,  of  one  who  is  dead  ;  posthumous 
works. 

^  Organic  remains :  [OROASIC]. 

rS-maln'-der,  s.  &  a.    IO   Fr   remaindrts 
to  remain  ;  cf.  attainder,  from  Fr  attaindrt 
rejoinder,  from  Fr  rejoindre.] 
A*  As  substantive : 

L  Ord.  Lang. :  That  which  remains ;  any 
thing  left  over  after  a  part  has  been  taken 
away,  lost,  or  destroyed  ;  a  remnant. 
"  (He]  wastes  the  sad  remainder  of  his  hours.' 

Wordtvorlh  :  Sxcurtion.  bk.  It 


IL  Technically  : 

1.  Arith.,  Alg.,  etc. :  That  which  is  left  over 
of  the   subtrahend,  after  taking  away  the 
minuend. 

2.  Eng    Lair .    An  estate    in    remainder  is 
defined  to  be  an  estate  limited  to  take  effect 
and  be  enjoyed  after  another  estate  Is  deter- 
mined.   Thus  if  a  man  seized  in  fee-simple 
grants  lands  to  A  for  twenty  years,  or  other 
period,  and,  after  the  determination  of  tlie 
said  term,  then  to  B  and  his  heirs  for  ever, 
here  A  is  tenant  for  years,  with  remainder  to 
B,  since  an  estate  for  years  is  created  out  of 
the  fee,  and  given  to  A,  and  the  residue  or  re- 
mainder to  B.     Remainders  are  either  con- 
tingent, cross,  or  vested   (or  executed)  re- 
mainders.   A  contingent  (or  executory)  re- 
mainder is  where  the  estate  in  remainder  is 
limited  to  take  effect  either  to  an  uncertain 
person,  or  upon  an  uncertain  event ;  so  that 
the  particular  estate  may  chance  to  be  deter- 
mined, and  the  remainder  never  take  effect. 
A  cross    remainder  is  where   each    of  two 
grantees  has  reciprocally  a  remainder  in  the 
share  of  the  other.      Thus,  if  an  estate  be 
granted  as  to  one  half  to  A  for  life,  with  re- 
mainder to  his  children  in  tail,  with  remainder 
to  B  in  fee-simple  ;  and  as  to  the  other  half 
to  B  for  life  with  remainder  to  his  children  in 
tail,  with  remainder  to  A  in  fee-simple,  ouch 
remaindersare  called  cross-remainders.  Vested 
(or  executed)  remainders  are  those  by  which  • 
present  interest  passes  to  the  party,  though 
ft  is  to  be  enjoyed  in  future,  and  by  which  the 
estate  is  invariably  fixed  to  remain  to  a  deter- 
minate i*rson  after  the  particular  esta*«  is 
spent,  as  if  A  be  tenant  for  years,  remainder 
to  B  in  fee  :  here  B's  remainder  is  vested, 
which  nothing  can  defeat  or  set  aside. 

3.  Publishing:  An  edition,  the  sale  of  which 
has  practically  ceased,  and  which  is  cleared 
by  the  trade  at  a  reduced  price. 

"  One  of  those  satires  on  the  vanity  of  authors  and 
the  rashness  of  publishers — a  list  of  rtmatndert."— 
Athenaum.  Oct  S.  18S6.  p.  4M. 

*  B.  At  culj. :  Remaining  ;  left  over ;  refuse, 

"  Which  is  as  dry  as  the  rrmai,i.lrr  biscuit 
After  a  voyage."       Shaketp. :  At  i'uu  Like  tt.  U.  T. 

remainder-man,  s. 
Law:  He  who  has  an  estate  after  a  particu- 
lar estate  is  determined. 

r§  mains',  s.  pi.    [REMAIN,  «.] 

re  make ,  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng  make,  T. 
(q.v.).]  To  make  again  or  auew. 

"  Perfectly  rrmake  us  after  the  image  of  our  Maker  " 
—Olannul  Apology. 

remand ,  * re-maund, v.t.  [Fr.  remander  = 
to  send  for  buck  again,  from  Lat.  reman/fa 
=  to  send  back  word:  re- =  back,  indwMMb  = 
to  enjoin,  to  send  word;  Sp.  remandar;  Ital. 
rema.nd.nre.) 

•  l.  Ord.  Lang. :  To  send  back  ;  to  call  or 
order  back. 

"  Be  sygnyfled  his  estate  to  the  duke  of  Orlyanca. 
wherevpoli  he  was  rrmaauaed.  and  •»  lie  rrUmmrd  to 
Paryv"— Benttn:  frvUtan ;  Cr-i*yde.  »..!.  li..ch.ccvL 
2.  law:  To  remit  in  custody  to  some  future 
time,  as  an  accused  person,  in  onli-r  to  allow 
opportunity  for  the  further  inquiry  into  the 
case,  and  the  collection  of  further  evidence  ; 
to  adjourn  to  a  future  time,  as  u  ruse  demand- 
ing further  investigation  and  evidence. 

••  They  shall,  notwithstanding,  be  rrmanded  and  re- 
main priwners."— frynne :  Trtafktry  *  /«jl»»«l4y, 
pt  iv..  p.  17 

re  mand ,  ».    [REMAND,  v.] 

Lute:  The  act  of  reminding  ;  the  state  of 
being  remanded. 

•  rS  mand'  ment,  ».     fEng.  remand ;  -merit.) 
The  act  of  remanding  ;  •  remand. 

•  rem  -  a  -  nen9C,   •  rgm  -  a  -  nen  -  gfr.  •. 

(Eng.  remanen(t);  -ce,  -ey.J 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  remanent ; 
continuance,  permanency. 

••  The  remantney  of  concupiscence  or  original  »ln  In 
the  rtfenernte."— Jtr.  Taylor  :  Of  Original  Si*. 

2.  That  which  remains;  a  residuum. 

"To  make  It  sublime  Into  finely  figured  crystal* 
without  a  rtmanrnce  at  tb«  bottom.  —Hoyle  Ha>  it. 
1ILIL 

rim'-a-n»?nt,  a.  &  «.  [L*t  remantnt,  pr.  |»r 
of  remuneu  —  t<>  remain  (q.v  ).] 

A.  At  adj. :  Remaining,  surviving.  (Obso- 
lete except  in  Scotch  legal  and  ecclesiastical 
phraseology  ) 

"Our  old  guilt  and  th«  rtmanrnt  affections  must  be 
taken  off."— Taylor :  Of  Repentant*,  ch.  Ii..  i  «. 


^;  p6ut.  jdM;  cat,  9elL  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  *em;  thin,  thi.;  **.  • 
-clan.  -tian  =  shan,    -Uon,  -sion^shun;  -tion,  -fion  =  ^iun.   -cioM.  -ti.us,  -siou.  =  «hii». 


-We, 


3948 


re  manet—  remember 


B.  As  subst. :  The  part  remaining ;  a  fern 
fiant,  a  residuum. 

"  Her  majesty  bouf-ht  of  his  executrix  the  nmantnt 
at  the  last  term  of  three  year*."— Bacon. 

remanent-magnetism,  *. 

Magn.  :  A  quantity  of  magnetism  retained 
by  a  bar  of  iron  after  a  magnetic  current  has 
passed  through  it  A  massive  bar  of  iron  re- 
tains its  magnetism  much  longer  than  one 
formed  of  a  bundle  of  soft  iron  wires. 

rSm-a-net,  s.     [Lat  =  it  remains.]     [RE 

MAIN.'t).] 

Law :  A  suit  which  stands  over  to  another 
sitting,  or  any  proceeding  connected  with  it 
which  is  deferred  or  delayed. 

re-ma' -ni-e,  a.     [Pa.  par.  of  Fr.  remanier 
to  handle  again,  to  do  over  again.] 

Pukeont.  (Of  fossils) :  Derived  from  older 
beds.  They  are  tjenerally  scarce,  are  often 
coloured  differently  from  the  other  fossils  and 
from  the  rock,  and  look  water-worn. 

"  Fossils  derived  from  older  beds  are  called  remanit." 
—Lyrtl  •  Student' t  Manual,  ch.  xiii. 

re"  mark ,  s.     [Fr.  remar/fue.]    [REMARK,  v.] 

1.  The  act  of  remarking  or  taking  notice ; 
notice,  observation. 

"  The  cause,  tho'  worth  the  search,  may  yet  elude 
Conjecture  and  remark." 

Cuttper  :  Table  Talk.  208. 

2.  A  brief  statement  taking  notice  of,  or 
referring   to,  something;  an    observation,  a 
comment,  a  note. 

"Those  choice  remark*  he  from  his  travels  drew." 
Itrydrii  :  Altrcea  Rtdux.  6i 

•  3.  Noticeable  quality  ;  note. 

4.  Enyr.  :  A  small  picture  or  other  dis- 
tinguishing mark  placed  by  an  artist  on  an 
engraved  plate,  generally  in  the  margin.  Also 
use'l  attributively,  as  a  remark  proof,  a  remark 
plate. 

re-mark'  (1),  v.t.  &  i.  [Fr.  remarquer  =  to 
mark,  to  note,  to  heed  •  re-  —  again,  and  mar- 
qner  =  to  mark  ;  marque  =  a  mark ;  Sp.  re- 
marcar ;  Ital.  rimarcare.] 

A.  Transitive : 

1.  To  observe ;  to  note  mentally ;  to  take 
note  or  notice  of. 

2.  To  utter  by  way  of  remark,  comment,  or 
observation  ;  to  observe  ;  to  say,  as  a  thought 
that  has  occurred  to  the  speaker. 

•3.  To  distinguish,  to  mark  ;  to  point  out. 

"His  manacles  rent/ink  him.  there  he  sits." 

Hilton  :  Samion  Agtmiitei.  1.309. 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  make  observations  or  re- 
marks ;  to  observe. 

"I  shall  only  remark  that  when  this  text  is  away, 
thers  will  be  but  one  left  iu  the  whole  Scripture  where 
that  particular  form  of  expression  is  used."—  Water- 
land  •  tt'orki,  ii  Ji 

re-mark'  (2),  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  mark, 
v.  (q.v.).]  To  mark  again  or  anew. 

re-mark' -a-ble,  a.  &  s.     [Fr.  remarquable, 
from    remdnjuer  =  to    remark    (q.v.);    Sp. 
remarcabU;  Ital.  rimarcabiU.] 
A.  As  adjective: 

1.  Worthy  of  remark  or  notice  ;  observable, 
notable. 

"  Tis  remarkable,  that  they 
Talk  molt,  who  have  the  least  to  say. * 

Prior:  Alma,  11.  S4&. 

2.  Extraordinary  ;    deserving    of   especial 
notice ;  wonderful,  conspicuous,  rare,  unusual, 
distinguished,  famous. 

*  B.   As  subst. :  Something  notable,  extra- 
ordinary, or  remarkable. 

"  To  writ*  the  remarkabiei  of  their  reign*."— fuller  : 
Worthiet;  Backinghamihire. 

r£  mark  a  ble-nesa, .?.  [Eng.  remarkable ; 
-ntss.]  Tiie  quality  or  state  of  being  remark- 
able ;  worthiness  of  remark  or  notice;  observ- 
ableness. 

"They  signify  the  remarkableneu  of  this  punish- 
ment of  the  Jews,  as  signal  revenge  from  the  crucified 

ri-mark'-a-bly,  adv.  [Eng.  remarkable); 
-ly.]  In  a  remarkable  or  extraordinary  man- 
ner or  degree ;  notably,  extraordinarily,  un- 
usually ;  so  as  to  call  for  especial  notice  or 
remark. 

"  A  remarkably  handsome,  tall,  and  well-made  nee  " 
—Macaula.ii ;  UM.  Eng.,  ch.  xi». 

rS-marked',  pa.  par.  or  a.     [REMARK,  '..] 

Notable,  conspicuous,  remarkable. 

"  Yon  speak  of  two 
The  most  remarKd  i'  the  kingdom." 

SkUUtp.  •'  Benry  rill.,  f.  1. 

r6-mark'-er,  s.    [Eng.  remark,  v. ;  -er.]   One 


who   makes    remarks   or   observations ;    an 

observer. 

"  If  the  remirker  wouU  h-it  once  try  to  outshine  the 
author  by  writing  *  better  book  on  toe  tune  subject, 
he  would  soon  be  convinced  of  bis  own  Uuumuieuey." 
-Wain. 

re'-mar'-rla&e,  s.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
marriage  (q.v.).]  A  second  or  repeated  mar- 
riage ;  any  marriage  after  the  first. 

re-mar'-ry,  *re-mar-y,  v.t.  &,  i.  [Pref. 
re-,  and  Eng.  marry  (q.v.)ij 

A.  T'.-ans. :  To  marry  again  or  a  second 
time. 

B.  Iiitrans. :   To  be    married  again  or  a 
second  time. 

"  They'll  remary 
Ere  the  worm  pierce  your  windiuji  sheet." 

Webiter :  White  Denl,  v.  1. 

re -mast',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  mast,  v. 
(q.v.).]  To  furnish  or  provide  with  a  new 
mast  or  masts. 

re-mas'-ti-cate,  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  En?. 
masticate  (q.v.).  ]  To  masticate  or  chew  over 
again,  as  in  chewing  the  end. 

"  The/  are  remaitiaUed  (chewing  the  cud,  as  it  is 
called).  —  Smithson:  Useful  Hook  for  Farmer!,  p.  37. 

re  mSs-ti-ca'-tion,  s.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Bug. 
mistication  (q.v.).]  The  act  of  remasticating 
or  chewing  over  again. 

"The  rough  portions  of  the  food  undergo  the  process 
of  remaitication  several  times."—  Smithtou  :  L'seful 
Book  for  Farmers,  p.  38. 

•rem-berge,  s.    [RAMBEKOB.] 

rem'-blai  (em  as  an),  s.  [  Fr. ,  from  remblayer 
—  to  nil  up  an  excavation,  to  embank  ;  O.  Fr. 
emblner  —  to  hinder,  to  embarrass.] 

1.  Fort. :  The  elevated  portion  of  earthworks 
formed  by  the  disposition  of  the  deblai,  or 
excavated  materials. 

2.  Eng.  :  The  earthwork  that  is  carried  to 
bank  in  the  case  of  a  railway  or  canal   tra- 
versing a  natural  depression  of  surface. 

rem'-ble,  v.t.    [Etym.  doubtful.]   To  remove. 

"I  ...  raaved  an*  rembled  'um  oot." 
Tennyson  :  Sort  hern  farmer  (Old  Style),  viii. 

*  reme,  *.    [REALM.] 

re  mead,  *remeid,  s   [REMEDY.]  A  remedy. 

"  Past »'  rtmead."     Burnt :  Poor  Jlailie't  Elegy. 

*  re-mean',  're-mene,  v.t.    [Pref.  re-,  and 

Eng.  mean,  v.  (q.v.).]    To  remind.     (Oowtr.) 

*  re-me'-ant,  a.     [Lat.  remeans,  pr.   par.  of 
remeo  =  to  return.)     Returning  ;  coming  back. 

"Like  the  rtmeant  sun." 

tungsten  :  Saint*  Traieily.  ii.  8. 

re-me'as'-ure  (s  as  zh).  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and 
Eng.  measure,  v.  (q.v.).j  To  measure  ag:tin 
or  anew. 

"The  way  they  came  ;  their  uteps  remea*nrfd  right." 
Fairefaz:  tiodfrey  of  Boulogne,  xv.  Z. 

re-me'-dl-a-ble,  a.  [Eng.  remedy;  -able.) 
Capable  of  being  remedied  ;  admitting  of  a 
remedy. 

"  The  remediable  eTlls  of  their  conditions."— Stand- 
ard. Jan.  18,  1886. 

*  re  me  -di-a  ble-ness,  s.     [Eng.  remedi- 
able; -ness.]    The  quality  or  state  of  being 
remediable. 


r,  adv.  [Eng.  remediable); 
-ly.]  In  a  remeui  ible  manner  or  state  ;  so  as 
to  admit  of  remedy  or  cure. 

re  me'-di-al,  ii.     [Lat  remedialis  =  healing, 
from  remedlum  =  a  remedy  (q.v.).]    Afford  in-,' 
a   remedy ;  containing,   constituting,  or  in- 
tended for  a  remedy  or  the  removal  of  an  evil. 
"  The  remedial  part  of  the  law  is  a  necessary  con. 
sequence."— Blackttone :  Comment,    (lutrod.) 

remedial-statutes,  *.  pi. 

IMW  :  (See  extract). 

"  Remedial  ttatutri  are  those  which  are  made  to 
supply  defects  in  the  common  law  iUelf,  either  by 
enlarging  the  law  where  it  was  narrow,  or  by  restrain- 
ing it  where  it  was  too  lax."— lUackslone :  Comment. 
(lutrod.,  i  2.) 

•  rS-me'-dl-al-ly,  adv.   [Eng.  remedial;  -ly.] 
In  a  remedial  manner  ;  by  way  of  remedy  ;  so 
as  to  remedy. 

*  r$-me"-dl-ate,   a.      [Eng.    remedy;    -ate.] 
Remedial. 

"  All  von.  nnpnbllsh'd  Tlrtnex  of  the  earth, 
Spring  with  my  tears  ;  be  aidant  and  rrmtdinM." 
Shakeep. :  Lear,  iv.  i. 


•rem'-e-di-lSss,  •  rem-e-dl  -lease, 
*  rem-e-dy-lesse,  a.  [Eng.  remedy ;  -less.  I 

1.  Not  admitting  of  a  remedy  ;  incurable; 
beyond  remedy  ;  hopeless. 

"  Hopeless  are  all  my  evils.  Ml  remedUen." 

Milton  :  Sumjo/i  .iijonutet.  «4«. 

2.  Irreparable,  irremediable,  irretrievable  : 
as,  a  remediless!  loss. 

3.  Not  answering  as  or  servingf -raremedy; 
Ineffectual,  powerless. 

4.  Not  admitting  of  change  or  reversal ; 
irrevocable. 

11  \V«,  by  rightful  doom  rrmedilen. 
Were  lost  in  death  till  He  that  dwelt  above 
Emptied  his  glory."  Milton  :  Cirninu-Mon. 

5.  Without  excuse  or  escape  ;  under  neces- 
sity. 

"  I  haue  bought  a  piece  of  land  in  the  field  ne'e,  and  I 
inu.it  rmirililriue  go  thither  to  see  wmt  I  haue 
bought"—  Udal:  Luke  xiv. 

6.  Without  a  remedy ;  unable  to  find  or 
obtain  a  remedy ;  without  hope  of  rescue  or 
escape. 

"  And  Itell  him)  that  his  bale  were  better  oner  Mount. 
Than  thus  to  pine  remetlyletu-  in  grief." 

tiatcoiffne  :  Dan  Bartholtmeu  of  Bathe. 

'  rem'-e-di-less-iy,  •rem-i-di-les-ly, 

ado.     [Eng.  remediless;  -ly.]    In  a  manner  or 
degree  not  admitting  of  remedy  ;  irremediably. 
"  He  golug  away  remrdUeily  chafing  at  his  rebuke." 
—Sidney  :  Arcadia,  bk.  1. 

*  rim'-«S-dI-l£ss-ness.  s.  [Eng.  remediless; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  remedi- 
less ;  incurableuess. 

"The.rrmtdileuneu  of  this  disease  may  be  Justly 
questioned."— Boyle :  Workt.  vol.  ii,  pt.  ii..  ess.  s. 

ram  -e  *y,  *  rem  e  die,  *  r«m  e  dye,  a. 

[O.   Fr.    *remedie,  reniede  (Fr.  remede),  from 
Lat.  remediiim  =  a  remedy  :  re-  —  again,  and 
medeor  —  to  heal ;  Sp.,  Port.,  &  Ital.  remedio.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  That  which  cures  or  heals  any  disease ; 
a  medicine  or  application  used  to  heal  a  dis- 
ease and  restore  health. 

2.  That  which  serves  to  remedy,  counteract, 
or  repair  any  hurt;  that  which  corrects  any 
evil ;   redress,  reparation.     (Followed  by  /or 
or  against,  formerly  also  by  to.) 

"  The  remedy  i»  wholly  iu  your  own  hands."— .Swift  : 
Drapier'n  Letter,,  let.  4. 

IL  Technically : 

1.  Coining:  The  allowance  at  the  mint  for 
deviation   from  the  exact  standard  fineness 
and  weight  of  coin. 

"  Iu  England  the  rtmi-dy  of  the  mint  is :  Gold.  U 
grains  per  pound  In  weight.  rV  of  a  carat  in  finenew ; 
silver,  1  dwt.  per  pound  in  weight.  I  dwt.  per  pound  in 
fineness  :  copper.  ,V  of  the  weight  both  in  weight  and 
fineness.  The  reme-tv  of  United  State*  gold  coin  is, 
double  eagle,  one  half  grain  ;  smaller  gold  coins,  on* 
quarter  grain."— Knight:  Diet.  Mechanics,  ii.  1,916. 

2.  Law:  The  means  provided  for  the  re- 
covery of  a  right,  or  of  compensation  for  its 
infringement. 

"  The  instruments  whereby  this  remedy  is  obtained 
(which  are  sometimes  considered  in  the  light  of  the 
remedy  Itself)  are  a  diversity  of  suit*  and  actions  * 
—BlackMone:  Cumntent..  bk.  HI.,  ch.  8. 

rSm'-e-dy",  *  rem-e-dle,  v.t.  [Fr.  remedier; 
Sp.  &  Port,  remediar;  Ital.  rimediart.] 

t  1.  To  cure,  to  heal ;  to  restore  to  sound- 
ness or  health. 

2.  To  repair  or  redress,  as  an  injury  or 
wrong  ;  to  remove  or  counteract,  as  an  evil. 

"  For  the  remedying  and  redressing  of  those  fore- 
said  injuries  and  wrongful!  dealings  of  the  pope."— 
Fox:  Martyrt,  p.  97». 

re-melt',  v.t.  or  i.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  melt 
(q.v.).]  To  melt  again  or  anew. 

re'-me'm'-ber,  •  re-mem-bre,  v.t.  &  i. 
[O.  Fr.  remembrer,  se  remembrer  =  to  call  to 
mind,  formed  with  an  excrescent  6  from  Lat. 
rememoror  =  to  remember  :  re-  —  again,  and 
memoro  =  to  commemorate  ;  memor  =  mind- 
ful ;  Fr.  rememorer ;  Sp.  remembrar ;  ItaL 
rimemorare.] 

A.  Transitive : 

1.  To  bring  or  call  back  to  the  mind  or 
memory ;  to  recall  to  remembrance ;  to 
recollect 

"  By  the  rivers  of  Babylon  then  we  sat  down,  Tea, 
weweptwhen  weremembercd  Zion."— PMWmcxxxvu.  L 

*  2.  To  call  or  bring  to  mind ;  to  put  one  in 
mind  of. 

"  The  ditty  does  remembtT  ray  drowned  father." 

Shakeip.  :  Tempttl,  L  I 

*  3,  To  put  fti  mind ;  to  remind. 

"  It  doth  remember  me  the  more  of  sorrow.* 

Shakeip.  :  Oiehard  11.,  11V.  4. 


fite,  fat,  tare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;  wS,  wSt,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  g6,  p*t, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work.  wh6,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian,    se,  03  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  lew. 


rememberable— remise 


3949 


»  4.  To  come  or  return  to  the  memory  or 

remembrance  of. 

"  A«  well  tboa  treat,  U  It  remember  the*. 
How  nigh  the  death  for  wo  thou  fuuude  me." 
Chaucer  :  Troilut  *  Crttnda,  L 

5.  To  bear  or  keep  in  mind  ;  to  preserve 
unforgotten  ;  not  to  forget  or  let  slip  :  as,  To 
remember  the  circumstances  of  an  event. 

6.  To   be   continually    thoughtful    of;   to 
attend  to  ;  to  observe. 

"  Remember  what  I  warn  tbee  :  shun  to  taste." 

Milton:  P.  L..  Till  *27. 

7.  To  keep  in  mind  with  gratitude,  rever- 
ence, respect,  favour,  affection,  or  any  other 
feeling ;  to  observe. 

"  Remember  the  sabbath  day,  to  keep  it  holy."— 
Exudul  jut.  8. 

8.  To  think  of;  to  bear  in  mind;  to  con- 
sider ;  to  take  into  consideration. 

"  Remember  whom  thou  hast  aboard."— Matetp.  ; 
Tempett.  L  L 

*  9.  To  mention. 

"  A  citation  ought  to  be  certain,  in  respect  of  the 
person  cited  ;  for.  if  such  certainty  be  therein  omitted, 
inch  citation  is  invalid,  as  in  many  caaee  hereafter  to 
be  remembered.* — Ayliffe:  Parergon. 

10.  To  give  or  present  the  regards  or  com- 
pliments of;  to  mention  with  compliments: 
as,  Remember  me  to  your  father. 

B.  Intrant.  :  To  call  anything  to  remem- 
brance ;  to  bear  anything  in  mind  ;  to  exercise 
the  faculty  of  memory  ;  to  recollect. 

"  Kemember  well  ho  we  thou  art*  old*." 

Cower:  C.  A.,  Till. 

•  rS-mSm'-ber-a-ble,  a.    [Eng.  rcmembrr  ; 
-obit.]     Capable  or  worthy  of  being  remem- 
bered ;  memorable. 

"  We  aaw  this  Tery  remarkable  and  rememberable 
place  under  sufficient  discomfort  of  wind  aud  showers." 
—South*!,  :  Lettert.  IT.  ttU 

•  re-mem'-ber-a-bljf,  adv.     [Eng.  remtm- 
berab(le) ;  -ly.]    In  a  rememberable  or  memor- 
able manner  ;  so  as  to  be  remembered. 

"  To  relate  everything  as  rememberabln  as  possible." 
—Southey :  Memoin  of  Taylor  of  Norwich,  U.  77. 

•  rS-mim'-ber-er,  i.    [Eng.  remember;  -tr.] 
One  who  remembers. 

"  What  a  rememberer  is  the  heart  I  "—Kicliardton  : 
Mr  C.  Qranditon,  iv.  M. 

re"  mem'  brance.  *  re  mem  braunce,  >. 
(O.  Fr.  remembrance,  from  remembrer  =  to 
remember  (q.v.)  ;  8p.  remembranza ;  Ital. 
rimembrama.] 

1.  The  act,  state,  or  process  of  remembering ; 
the  keeping  of  a  thing  in  t.id  mind,  or  the 
recalling  of  it  to  mind  ;  recollection. 

"  The  sorweful  remembrance  of  the  good  dedrs  that 
be  hath  left*  to  don  here  in  ertue."— Chaucer :  Parian' i 
TaU. 

2.  The  power  or  faculty  of  remembering ; 
memory. 

"  Thl*  lord  of  weak  remembrance." 

Skaketp.  :  Tempt*,  il.  1. 

3.  The  period  of  time  over  which  the  power 
of  memory  extends  :  as,  It  has  not  happened 
within  my  remembrance. 

4.  The  state  of  being  remembered,  or  of 
being  kept  in  memory  ;  memory  preserved. 

"  Saying  a  few  last  words,  and  enforcing  hut  careful 
Lanafellow:  CourtMp  of  Milet  Stand,  A,  v. 

5.  That  which  is  remembered ;  a  recollec- 
tion, a  memory. 

"  Muse,  these  dear  remembrance*  must  be 
In  tbeee  convenient  place*  registred." 

Daniel :  Panegyric  to  the  King. 

6.  That  which  serves  to  recall  to,  or  preserve 
In  memory :  as, 

*  (1)  An  account  or  record  preserved ;   a 
memorandum  or  note  to  assist  the  memory. 

"  Those  proceedings  and  rem^mhrnnret  are  in  the 
Tower,  beginning  with  the  twentieth  year  of  Ed- 
ward I."— fait  :  Oriy.  of  Mankind. 

*  (2)  A  monument,  a  memorial. 

(S)  A  token  by  which  one  is  kept  in  the 
memory ;  a  keepsake. 

"  If  you  turn  not,  you  will  return  the  sooner. 
Keep  this  remembrance  for  thy  Julia's  sake." 
Shaketp.  :  Tw>  Gentlemen  of  Verona,  11. 1 

*  7.  The  state  or  condition  of  being  mindful ; 
thought,  regard,  consideration. 

"  His  majesty,  out  of  a  self-gracious  remembrance. 
did  first  propose."— Shaketp. :  AU't  WeU  that  Knot 
Well.  Iv.  sT 

*  8.  Admonition. 

"  I  (1  >  commit  nnto  yonr  hand 
The  unitaln'd  sword,  that  you  have  used  to  bear; 
With  this  remembrance  that  yon  use  the  same 
With  the  like  bold,  just,  and  impartial  spirit, 
As  you  have  done  'gainst  me." 

Shnlrttp. :  S  Wtnrt  IT.,  ».  1 

r6-m£m  -brai^-er,  s.  [Eng.  remembrance); 
-er.} 


1.  One   who   reminds ;   one  who   or  that 
which  puts  in  mind. 

"  r'altjiful  remembrancer  of  oae  so  dear." 

Covrptr  :  My  MoOttr'i  Piftun. 

2.  English:     An    Exchequer    Court    officer, 
whose  business  is  to  record  certain  papers  and 
proceedings,  make  out  processes,  <tc.  ;  a  re- 
corder.     Formerly   there    were   three   such 
officers,  the  Kinj;'s(orQueen's)  Remembrancer, 
the  Lord  Treasurer's  Remembrancer,  and  the 
Remembrancer  of  First-fruits.    The  duties  of 
the  second  of  these  were  merged  in  the  first  by 
3  &  4  William  IV.,  c.  99.      The  name  i»  also 
given  to  an  officer  of  some  corporations,  aa 
the  Remembrancer  of  the  City  of  London. 

"  All  are  digested  Into  books,  and  sent  to  the  remem- 
brancer of  the  exchequer,  that  he  make  proceaee*  upon 
them."— Bacon. 

*  re-mem-bre,  v.t.  it  i.    [REMEMBER.] 

*r$-mSm'-Or-ate,  v.i.  [Lat  rememaratut,  pa. 
par.  of  rememaror  =  to  remember  (q.v.).]  To 
remember ;  to  exercise  the  faculty  of  remem- 
brance. 

"  We  shall  find  the  like  difficulties,  whether  we 
rcmemaruit  or  learue  anew."— BryikeU :  bete,  of  Coil 
L\fe,  p.  1,604. 

*  re  mem  or  a   t ion,  Temcmoraci- 
OUn,  s.    [O.  Fr.,  from  Low  Lat,  rcmrmoratio.] 
[REMEMORATE.]    Remembrance,  memory. 

"  Helps  of  memory,  of  affection,  of  remuneration." 
— Mountayue  :  Appetite  to  Cvnar,  p.  165. 

*  re  mem  or  a  t  i  ve,  *  re  -  mem  -  «r  -  a  - 
tilt  a.    [Eng.  rememarat(e)  ;  -it*.]    Recalling 
to  mind ;  reminding. 


*  rem  en-ant,  *  rem  en-aunt,  «.      [Rx- 

MANANT.] 

*  re-mer-cies,  s.  pi.    [REMBRCT.]    Thanks. 

"Not  render  thank*,  ne  tale  remtrde*."—  L'dal  : 
Apeph,  of  tramut,  p.  IS*. 

*  rS-mer'-cf  .  *  rS-mer'-eie,  v.t.    [Fr.  re- 

mercier,  from  re-  =  again,  and  mercier  =  to 
thank  ;  merci  —  thanks,  from  Lat.  mercedem, 
acciu.  of  merces  =  reward.]  To  thank. 

"  She  him  remertUd,  at  the  patron  of  her  life." 

Upeiuer     F.  O...  II.  li.  1«. 

*  re-merge',  v.i.    [Pref.  n-,  and  Eng.  merge 
(q.v.).  J    To  merge  again. 

"  Remeraing  in  the  general  soul." 

TVnnyjon  ;  In  Memoriam,  ilvL  t. 

re'-mf-fbnn.  a.     [Lat.  remus  —  an  oar,  and 
forma  =  form,  shape.]    Shaped  like  an  oar. 

*  re'-mlg-a-ble,  a.     [Lat.  remigo  =  to  row, 
from  remex,  gen  it.  remigis  =  a  rower;  remut 
=.  an  oar.]    Fit  to  be  rowed  upon. 

"  Sterll  rtmigaNe  marshes.' 

Cotton  :  Monlai.jne,  eh.  rxiv. 

re'-ml-ges,  «.  pi.     [Lat.  nom.  pi.  of  remex, 
genit.  remigis  =  a  rower  ;  remits  i=  an  oar.] 

Ornith.  :  The  quill  feathers  of  the  wings  of 
a  bird,  which  propel  it  through  the  air,  like 
oars. 

*  re-mi  '-grate,   v.i.      [Lat.   remigratus,   pa. 
par.  of  remigro  =  to  remove  l«ck.]  [MIGRATE.] 
To  remove  back  again  ;  to  return  to  a  former 
place  or  state. 

"  The  rest  .  .  .  will  remifrate  Into  phlegm."—  Aoyl«  : 
rTorkt.  i.  4»9. 

*  re-nu-gra  -tlon,  >.     [REMIORATE.]    A  mi- 
gration to  a  former  place  ;  a  removal  back 
again. 

"  The  Scots,  transplanted  hither,  became  acquainted 
with  our  customs,  which,  by  occasional  remigr<tti»nt, 
became  diffused  in  Scotland."—  Bate  :  Oriy.  of  Man- 
kind. 


'-l-a,  s.    [Named  after  Rem\jo,  a  Bra/il- 
ian  medical  man.] 

Bot.  :  A  genus  of  Cinchonidte.  Slender 
shrubs  with  axillary  racemes  of  flowers, 
woolly  outside,  and  the  limb  of  the  corolla 
with  flve  linear  segments.  The  bark  of  Re- 
mifiaferrvginea  and  R.  Vettorii  is  used  as  a 
substitute  for  cinchona. 

remind,  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  mind 
(q.v.).J  To  put  in  mind  ;  to  recall  something 
to  the  mind  or  memory  of  ;  to  bring  to  the 
remembrance  of  ;  to  cause  to  rememlier. 

"  I  do  not  believe  It  beguiling. 
Because  it  remind*  me-  of  thine." 

Bi/roH  :  Stanuu  to  Aufftatit. 

re'-mlnd'-er,  ».  [Eng.  remind;  -er.]  One 
who  or  that  which  reminds  or  calls  to  mind. 

-  Theee  outward  object*  are  rather  the  rtmindm 
tham  the  first  begetters  or  implanUr*."—  Mart:  AiXi- 
tete  again*  Atbeum,  bk.  L.  ch.  T. 


rtil,  o.     LEn8-  remind;  -JW(Z).] 

1.  Tending  or  serving  to  remind ;  careful  to 
remind. 

2.  Careful  to  remember  ;  mindfoL 


-ing-ton-ite,  «.    [After  Edward  Renv 
ington  of  Maryland  ;  lutf.  -iu  (M *«.).] 

Jfi*. :  A  mineral  occurring  as  a  row-colored 
encrustation  on  serpentine  at  Finksbarg,  in 
Maryland.  Supposed  to  be  a  hydrated  car- 
bonate of  eobalt ;  not  yet  analysed. 

rem-I-mis'-c«no«.  *  r6m  I  nltr'-cen-cf . 

s.      [Fr.,  from   Lat.  reminiscentia  =  remem- 
brance, from  reminiscent,  pr.  par.  of  rcmtnt*- . 
cor  =.  to  rememlier,  from  re-  =  again,  and  the 
same  root  as  mrmini  =  I  remember ;  8p.  ck 
Port,  remiiiiscencia.] 

t  L  The  act  or  power  of  remembering  ;  the 
recalling  or  recovery  of  ideas  which  had 
escaped  the  memory  ;  recollection,  memory. 

"  There  is  yet  another  kind  of  discursion  beginning 
with  the  appetite  to  recover  something  lo.t,  proceed, 
ing  from  the  present  backward,  from  thought  of  the 
place  where  we  uiis«  at.  to  the  thought  of  the  place) 
from  whence  we  came  last ;  and  from  the  thought  at 
that,  to  the  thought  of  a  place  before,  till  we  have  In 
our  mind  some  place,  wherein  we  had  the  thing  w* 
~'*»:aud  thiii*  called  rrTntnitctnce." —S"bbt  " 


Jiature,  ch.  it 

2.  That  which  is  remembered  or  recalled  to 
mind  ;  a  memory  ;  a  relation  of  past  events, 
characteristics,  ic.,  within  one's  personal  re- 

collection. 


,  ».    [REMIN 


*  r6m-l 

*  rem-I-nis'-cent,  a.  &  «.    [Lat. 

pr.  par.  of  reminiscor  —  to  remember.]    [Rtv 

MIN1SCENCE.] 

A.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Remembering;  recalling  to  mind;  baring 
reminiscence. 

2.  Reminding  one  of  something. 

"  The  succeeding  scherzo,  though  somewhat  reminlt- 
cent  of  Beethoven?'—  Atkenaum.  Sept.  *,  IMS. 

B.  As  svbst.  :  One  who  calls  to  mind  and 
records  past  events. 

*  rem  1  nis  9en  tlal  (ti  as  sn),  a.    [Eng. 
reminiscent  ;    ial.]    Pertaining  to  reminiscence 
or  recollection. 

"Would  truth  dlspenie,  we  could  be  content  with 
Plato,  that  kuowle-lfe  were  hut  reiiiembraiice.  that 
Intellectual  acquisition  were  but  retniniirential  evo- 
cation."— Aro*m«.-  Vulgar  Erroun.  li'r«f.  ) 

*r8m-I-nl8'-9l-t6r-^t  o.  [Eng.  remini*- 
c(ence);  -Uory.]  Rememl>ering;  pertaining  or 
relating  to  the  memory  ;  founded  on  reminis- 
cences. 

-  I  still  have  a  rrminitcitorf  iptto  «gainst  Mr.  Job 
Joneon."—  LfUon  :  Peikam,  ch.  Iniii. 


_  ,  a.  &  t.  [Lat.  remipei,  genit.  r». 
mipedis  =  having  feet  like  oars  :  remits-  =  an 
oar,  aud  pet  =  a  foot.] 

A.  As  atlj. :  A  term  applied  to  any  indi- 
vidual of  the    crustacean  or   entomological 
genus  Remipes  (q.v.). 

B.  As  sutist. :  Any  individual  of  the  crus- 
tacean or  entomological  genus  Remipes  (q.v.). 

re'-ml-pef,  5.    [REMIPED.] 

1 1.  Zooi  :  A  genus  of  Hippid*  (q.T.),  with 
one  species,  Remipes  ttstitutinariut,  from  the 
coast  of  Australia.  Middle  antennc  bisetoae 
at  the  apex,  longer  than  external.  First  pair 
of  feet  long,  with  last  joint  acuminate. 

•2.  Entom. :  A  imme  formerly  given  to  a 
genus  of  Coleoptera,  and  to  one  of  Hemiptera, 
(Larousse) 

rfim-i-re'-a,  *.  (The  Ouianan  name  of  a 
species.] 

Bot. :  A  genus  of  Srhopnidse.  Remirta  ma- 
ritima,  common  in  Tropical  America,  U  laid 
to  be  strongly  diaphoretic  and  diuretic. 

ri-mife',  r.t.    [REMISE,  «.] 

•  L  Ord.  Lang. :  To  send  back  ;  to  remit 

"  This  too-too  mack  rtmittt 
Ought  Into  nought." 
SflretUr:  Du  Bart 04.  second  day.  Ant  wee*.  144. 

2.  Law :  To  give  or  grant  back ;  to  resign 
or  surrender  by  deed. 

••  Htmtttd,  released,  and  for  ever  quit-claimed."— 
Bladatane:  Comment.,  bk.  II..  ch.  «0. 

re-miae',  «.  [Fr.  =  drlivery,  surrender,  from 
remettre  (Lat  remitto)  =  to  surrender.)  [RE- 
MIT.] 

IMP  :  A  surrender ;  a  giving  back ;  a  re- 
lease, as  of  a  claim. 


bo^;  pout,  J6>1;  eat.  cell,  eborns,  chin,  bench;  go,  *em;  thin,  this;  «lu,  as ;  expect,  Xenophon,  eftot.   ph  - 1 
-dan.  -tlan  =  •ban.    -tion,    sion  =  shun ;  -tlon.  -flon  -  ih&n.    -clous,  -tious,  -sioua  =  shu*.    -ble,  -die,  &c.  _  bel,  d&L 


remiss— remollient 


rt  miss,  a.  ft  ».  [Lat.  remissus  =  relaxed, 
languid,  prop.  pa.  par.  of  remitto  =  to  send 
back,  to  remit  (q.v.);  FT.  rtmis;  Sp.  remiso  ; 
(tal  rimesso-] 

A.  As  adjective  : 

1.  Not  vigorous  or  energi-tic  in  action  or 
performance  ;  not  diligent  ;  slack  ;  inattentive  ; 
negligent;  careless  in  tlie  performance  cfdu'.y 
or  business  .  heedless. 

"  He  iueau<.  my  lord,  that  we  aiv  too  rtmiti." 

S*a*etf>.  •  Kf'-xird  II.,  IIL  S. 

*  2.  Wanting  in  earnestness,  intensity,  or 
activity  ;  glow,  alack,  languid. 

-The  water  deserts  the  corpuscle*.  unless  tt  flowi 
with  a  precipitate  motion;  fur  then  It  hut.-ies  tiieui 
out  along  with  it.  till  lu  motion  become*  more  languid 
ana  remit*  "—  Woodward. 

'  B.  At  subst.  :  An   act  of  negligence  or 

re.iiissne.ss  ;  negligence. 

"'  By  negligence  of  magistrates  and  remittet  of  lawes." 
—  PuttenSam  Sngliih  fame,  bk.  L.  ch.  xix. 

•re-mis-sailes,  *.  pi.  [O  Fr.]  Leavings, 
scraps,  ort.s.  refuse. 

"  Lads  not  thi  trenchoore  with  many  remiuailri.' 
Lydgate  .  Utaiu  fuer  ad  Meia-im. 

•re'-mlSS'-fUl.  a.  [Eng.  remiss;  -/u  .'(/)•] 
Ready  or  prone  to  grant  remission  or  for- 
giveness ;  forgiving,  gracious,  remissive. 

"  The  heavens  In  their  remittful  doom."       tH-ayton. 

*  re-mis-si'-Toir-i-ty,    *.     [Eng.    remissible; 
-iiy.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  remissible  ; 
capability  of  being  remitted. 

"  The  remittibilUfot  our  greatest  sins."—  Jer.  Taylor. 

*  re'-mis-si-llle,  a.     [Lat.  remissibilis,  from 
remissus,  pa.  pur.  of  remitto  =  to  remit  (q.v.).] 
Capable  of  being  remitted  ;  admitting  of  re- 
mission. 

"  Sins  ....  rrmtttibl'  or  notable  by  an  easy  peni 
Unce."—  /riMam  .  Retolitt,  |.t  Ii..  res.  » 

re  mls'-sl-o  In-Jiir'-I-se,  phr.    [Lat.] 

Scots  Law  .  A  plea  in  an  action  of  divorce 
for  adultery,  implying  that  the  pursuer  has 
already  forgiveu  the  oflence  ;  condonation. 

re-miss  -ion  (ss  as  sh),  *  re-mis  si-oun, 

«.     [Fr.,  from  Lat.  remissionem,  accus.  of  re- 
missio,  from  remissus.  pa.  par.  of  remitto  =  to 
remit  (q.v.);  Sp.  remision;  ItaL  remission*.] 
1  Ordinary  Language  : 

*  L  The  act  of  sending  back  or  remitting. 

••  Eurydlce  and  her  remiuion  into  hell."—  fXaeUurute. 

'  2.  The  act  of  remitting  or  sending  to  a 
distant  place,  as  money  ;  remittance.  (Swifl.) 

8.  The  act  of  remitting,  abating,  or  relaxing  ; 
abatement,  moderation,  relaxation. 

"  For  it  1>  the  law  at  our  nature  that  tuch  flts  of 
excitement  «h  <11  always  be  followed  by  remittioni."— 
llacaulaf  :  BUL  Eng.,  ch.  ii. 

4.  The  act  of  forgiving  or  remitting;   the 
foregoing  of  the  punishment  due  to  a  crime  ; 
forgiveness,  pardon. 

"  Thli  U  my  blood  of  the  new  testament  which  Is 
•bed  fur  many  for  the  remiuion  of  sins.  "—  Matthew 
•BlLJt 

5.  The  act  of  giving  up,  foregoing,  or  re- 
linquishing, as  a  debt,  a  claim,  a  right,  tic. 

"Those  chiefs  had  obtained  from  the  Crown,  on 
•My  tenns,  remiuiont  of  old  debts  and  grants  of  new 
titles."—  llacaulnt  •  HIM.  Kng  .  ch.  xilL 

6.  That  which  is  remitted,  given  up,  or 
relinquished. 

IL  Puth.'l.  :  Diminution  in  intensity  with- 
out complete  stopjiage.  [REMITTENT  ] 


e,  a.     [Eng.  remiss  ±  -int.] 
L   Slackening,  abating,  relaxing,  moderat- 
ing. 

"  Kemiuiff  of  hit  might" 

Popt:  Homer:  fHadxM.  WT. 
2.  Remitting,  forgiving,  pardoning. 
"  A    most   merciful    king,    who   was    remiuif*   of 
wrongs."—  Backet  :  Lift  of  H'ilHanu.  p.  »6. 

rS-mlsS'-ly,  adr.  [Eng.  remiss;  -ly.]  In  a 
remiss,  negligent,  careless,  or  heedless  man 
ner;  carelessly,  heedlessly,  negligently. 

"  Like  an  auhent  bow  carelessly 
His  sinewy  proboscii  did  remiuly  lie." 

Donne:  The  Proyrfu  of  the  Soul. 

rS  miss  ness,  •  re  mis  nesso.  *  re- 
miss nesse,  s.  [Eng.  remiss;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  remiss  ;  slackness, 
carelessness,  heedle.ssne.ss,  negligence  ;  want 
of  vigour,  diligence,  industry,  attention  or  due 
application  to  any  business  or  duty. 

"The  calculated  rtmlmrf*  of  the  Whips  achieved 
what  the  cunwieiire  of  the  Party  had  previously  not 
bean  robust  enough  to  accomplish."—  Standard.  Dec. 
It  1884. 

•  re'-inlss'-or-y,  a.  [Lnt.  rtm  Una,  pm.  par.  of 
rtmitto  =  to  remit  (q.v.).]  Pertaining  to  re- 


mission ;   serving  or  tending  to  remit ;   re- 
missive. 

"  Propitiatory,  expiatory,  remiuory,  or  satisfactory. 
•Ik-nine  all  one  thing  in  effect.  '—Latimer :  Sermon 
of  Ike  Pltuah. 

rc-mif,  *  re-mytte,  v.t.  &  i.  [Lat  remitto 
=  to  send  back,  to  abate,  to  remit :  re-  — 
back,  and  mitto  =  to  senrl  ;  Fr.  remettre ;  Sp. 
remit  ir;  Port,  remit  tir ;  I  tal.  rimittere.] 

A.  Transitive: 

L  Ordiiuiry  Language : 

*  1.  To  send  back. 

"  Whether  Earth  s  an  animal,  and  air 
Imbibes,  her  lungs  witli  cuoluess  to  repair. 
And  what  she  tucks,  remlti." 

Dryden  •  V*id  ;  Metamorphotet  XT 

2.  In  the  same  sense  as  II.  1. 
"  Their  rents  are  remitted  to  them  in  sugar  and 
mm  "— Umilit:  Wealth  o/ A'ationt,  bk.  v  ,  ch.  ui. 

*  3.  To  restore,  to  replace,  to  put  or  place 
back. 

*  4.  To  transfer,  to  refer,  to  leave, 

"  Christ  would  not  suffer  himself  to  be  called  good, 
but  remitted  that  title  to  the  Father  only  "—  Water- 

land:  :»ur«.  h.  2i7 

"  5.  To  refer. 

"  Whether  the  counsayle  be  good,  I  rrmytte  it  to  the 
wyse  reder*,"—  AJyoC  :  Uorernour,  bk.  Ui.,  ch.  xxvi. 

6.  To  relax  in  intensity  ;  to  abate  ,  to  make 
less  intense  or  violent. 

*  7.  To  make  slack  after  tension  ;  to  relax. 

"  As  when  a  bow  in  successively  intended  and  re- 
mitted."'-Cadaorth  :  Intell.  syttem,  p.  222. 

8.  To  refrain  from  exacting  ;  to  relinquish, 
to  give  up  ;  to  forego,  wholly  or  iu  part. 

"  The  magistrate  can  often,  where  the  pnblick  good 
demands  not  the  execution  of  the  law.  remit  the  pun- 
ishment of  criminal  offences  by  his  own  authority  " — 
Locke. 

9.  To  forgive,  to  pardon  ;  to  pass  over  with- 
out punishment. 


*  10.  To  resign,  to  give  up. 

"  Helther  of  either ,  I  remit  both  twain." 

Shaknp.  :  Lote't  Labour'!  Loft,  T  t, 

IL  Technically : 

1.  Comm.  :  To  transmit  or  send,  as  money, 
bills,  &c.,  in  payment  for  goods,  &c. 

2.  Scot*  Law :  To  transfer,  as  a  cause,  from 
one  tribunal  to  another,  or  from  one  judge  to 
another.    [REMIT,  5.] 

B.  Intransitive  • 

L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  To  slacken ;  to  become  less  intense  or 
rigorous. 

"  How  often  have  I  Messed  the  coming  day, 
When  toil  remitting  lent  its  turn  to  play !" 

doldtmith    Detertad  Village. 

2.  To  abate  by  growing  less  earnest,  eager, 
or  active  ;  to  moderate. 

"  As,  by  degrees,  they  remitted  of  their  industry, 
loathed  their  business,  and  gave  way  to  their  pleA- 
surea,  they  let  fall  those  generous  principles,  which 
had  raised  them  to  worthy  thought*/"— South. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Comm.  .  To  transmit  money,  &c  ,  m  pay- 
ment for  goods,  &c. 

2.  Med.  •  To  aliate  in  violence  for  a  time 
without  intermission,  as  a  fever,  &c. 

re-mit',  *.    [REMIT,  v  ] 

Scots  Law :  A  remission  ;  a  sending  back 
Applied  to  an  interlocutor  or  judgment  trans- 
ferring a  cause,  either  totally  or  partially  or 
for  some  specific  cause,  from  one  tribunal  or 
judge  to  another  or  to  a  judicial  nominee,  to 
execute  the  purpose  of  the  remit. 

•  rS-mlt'-mSnt,  s.  [Eng.  remit ;  -ment.]  The 
act  of  remitting ;  the  state  of  being  remitted  ; 
remittance,  remission,  forgiveness 


re-mit -t^L  *.     [Eng  remit;  -al.] 

1.  The  act  of  remitting ;   a  giving  up,  a 
surrender,  remission. 

2.  The  act  of  remitting  or  Rending  away  to 
a  distance,  as  money,  &c. ;  remittance,  trans- 
mission. 

re-mit -tan$e,  «.    [Eng  remit ;  -ante.} 

1.  The  act  of  remitting  or  transmitting,  as 
money,  bills,  or  the  like,  to  a  distant  place, 
in  payment  for  goods,  ic. 

"  The  same  act  of  parliament  .  restored  the  ex- 
change between  Bug  land  and  Scot  laud  to  its  natural 
rate,  or  to  what  the  course  of  trade  and  remittam-ei 
nilijht  happen  to  make  it"— Smith  :  H'ealthof  tfatiotu, 
bk.  II  .  ch.  Ii. 

2.  Money,  bills,  4c,,  remitted  in  payment. 


•  re  mit-tan9-er,   s.     [Enc.    remittance); 

•er.]    One  who  sends  a  remittance. 

"  Your  iuem»rUlist  was  stopped  and  arrested   ak 

Bayomit.  by  ..nler  from  his  remittanren  at  Madrid." 

—  Cumberland      Mtnu,ir$.  IL  17U. 

*  re-mit-tee'.  s.     [Eng.  remit;  -ee.\    One  to 
whom  a  remittance  is  sent. 

rc-mit'-tent,  a.  <fc.  s.    [Lat.  remittent,  pr.  par- 
of  remitto  '=  to  remit  (q.v.)  ;  Fr  remittent.] 
Medical  : 

A.  As  adj.  :  Diminishing  in  intensity  at 
certain  intervals,  but  not  intermitting  ;  i.e., 
temporarily  ceasing. 

B.  -4s  subst.  :  A  remittent  disease  ;  a  re- 
mittent fever. 

remittent-fever,  s. 

I'athol.  :  A  malarial  fever,  known  also  a* 
Continued  fever  (q.v.),  bilious  fever,  acclima- 
tive  fever,  &c.  It  is  marked  by  sudden  in- 
vasion and  persistent  high  temperature, 
frequently  from  105°  to  100°,  with  diminution 
of  the  red  blood-corpuscles,  with  other  changes 
in  the  spleen,  liver,  stomach,  and  'ntestines, 
resembling  those  of  intermittent  fever,  which 
it  may  pass  into  during  convalescence.  It  is 
chiefly  riparian,  or  in  marshy  regions  with 
little  water,  and  is  conveyed  by  the  winds. 
It  occurs  chiefly  in  63"  north  and  57°  south 
latitude,  with  a  cold  and  a  hot  stage,  a  re- 
mission stage,  and  a  period  of  exacerliation 
on  the  day  after  the  remission,  with  an 
average  duration  of  two  weeks,  after  which 
the  patient  usually  recovers. 

rS-mit-ter,  *.    [Eng.  remit  ;  -er  ] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  One  who  remits,  pardons,  forgives,  or 
foregoes. 

"The  condition  of  a  remitted  forfeituie  being  a* 
absolutely  in  the  breast  of  the  remitter  as  the  condi- 
tion on  which  the  blessing  was  originally  conferred." 

—  Warburton:  Works,  ix.  116. 

2.  One  who  remits  money,  &c.  ;  one  who 
makes  a  remittance. 

"The  diminished  wants  of  remittert,"—  Daily 
Telegraph.  Nov.  16,  18S2. 

IL  Law  :  The  sending  or  placing  back  of  a 
person  to  a  right  or  title  he  had  liefore  ;  the 
restitution  of  one  who  obtains  possession  of 
property  under  a  defective  title  to  his  rights 
under  some  valid  title  by  virtue  of  which  he 
might  legally  have  entered  only  by  suit. 

•  re-mit'-tor,  s.     [Eng.  remit;  -or.]    Oiiewho 
makes  a  remittance  ;  a  remitter. 

re-mix',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  mix  (q.v.).] 
To  mix  again  or  repeatedly. 

rem'-nant,  s.  &  a.     [O.  Fr.  remanent,  remen- 
ant,  from  Lat  remanent,  pr  par.  of  remaneo 
=  to  remain  (q.v.)] 
A.  As  substantive  : 

1.  That  which  is  left  or  remains  over  after 
a  part  has  been  separated,  lost,  destroyed,  or 
removed. 

"  A  remnant  of  your  race  survives." 

Cowper  :  Talk.  1.  MO. 

2.  Specif.  :  The  last  part  of  a  piece  of  stuff. 

3.  That  which  is  left  after  a  part  has  been 
done,  performed,  executed,  passed,  or  told  ; 
remainder. 

11  The  remnant  of  my  age." 
Shakeip.  .  Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona,  ill  1. 

4.  A  sera]',  a  fragment,  a  little  bit     (Used 
in  contempt.) 

"  Thou  rag,  thou  quantity,  tbou  remnant  1" 

Shaketp  •  Taming  of  the  Shrew.  IT  H 

*B    As  adj.  ,  Remaining,  left 
"  The  remnant  years  Heaven  doom'd  him  yet  to  lir«." 
Boole    Orlando  f'arioto.  xxiL 

re-m5d'-el,  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  En«;.  model,  v. 
(q.v.).]  Tomodelagam  or  anew  ;  to  refashion, 
to  rearrange. 

"  In  the  remodrtletl  boroughs  they  could  do  nothing." 

—  Macaulay  :  Bi*.  Kng..  ch  iv 

*  re-mSd-I-f  I-ca'-tion,  «.     [Pref.  re-,  and 

Eng.  modification  (q.v.).  ]     The  act  of  remodi- 
fying  ,  a  repeated  or  renewed  modification. 


'-I-fy,  v.t.  [Pref  re-,  and  Eng. 
modify  (q  v.).J  To  moU.fy  again  or  anew  ;  to 
reform,  to  remodel 


e,   *.      [Fro;  i   Los  Remolinos, 
Chili,  where  found  ;  suff.  -i.:  (.Win.).] 
Min.  :  The  same  as  ATACAMJTE  (q.v.). 

-mSl'-li-ent,  a.  [Lat.  remolliem,  genlt. 
remollientis,  pr  par.  of  remollio  =  to  soften  ; 
mollit  —  soft.]  Mollifying,  softening 


fcte,  dt,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her.  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pit, 
•r.  wore,  woli;  work,  whd,  son ;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  ritle,  fall ;  try,  Syrian.    «e.  09  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qa  =  kw. 


re  molten— remote 


3951 


•  re-mol  ten,  *  re-moul  ten,  a  [Pref. 
re-,  and  Eug.  molten  (q.v.).j  Melted  again  ; 
remelted. 

"  Miugled  with  glasse  already  made,  and  remoulten." 
—Bacon  .  Hat.  Hiit.,  §  779; 

t  re-mon-et-i-za'-tlon,  s.  [Eng.  remone- 
tiz(e);  -ation.]  The  act  of  remonetizing  a 
coii>age  ;  the  reestablishmeut  of  such  coinage 
in  the  position  of  legal  tender  after  having  for 
a  time  been  degraded  to  the  rank  of  mere 
token  money. 

t  re-mon'-e't-ize,  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
monetize  (q.v.).J  To  restore,  as  a  gold  or 
silver  coinage,  to  value  as  a  currency. 

"  The  gold  coinage  has  been  remynetaed."—Bithell  : 
Counting.  Home  Dictionary. 

•re-m8n'-8tra-ble,  a.  [Low  Lat.  remonstro 
=  to  show.]  Demonstrable. 

"The  greatness   is    remonttrable   in  the  event."— 
Adamt:   H'or/a,  ii.  S5«. 


'  stran£e,  s.    [O.  Fr.,  from  Low  Lat. 
remcmstrancia,  from  remonstrans,  pr.  par.  of 
remonstro  =  to  remonstrate  (q.v.);  Fr.  remon- 
trance.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

*  1.  The  act  of  showing,  demonstrating,  or 
manifesting  ;    demonstration,    manifestation, 
show,  display. 

M  The  Spaniards  made  no  remonttranc*  of  joy  or  an 
ordinary  liking  to  ii.'—  Backet:  Lift  of  WiUiamt, 
pt  i.,  p.  145. 

*2.  Declaration,  statement. 

"  To  prepare  and  draw  up  a  general  remonitranct  of 
the  state  of  the  kingdom."—  Clarendon:  Civil  Wan. 
LS02. 

3.  The  act  of  remonstrating  or  expostulating  ; 
a  strong  representation  of  reasons  or  facts 
•gainst  something  complained  of  or  opposed  ; 
expostulation  ;  hence,  a  paper  or  document 
containing  such  representation  or  expostula- 
tion. 

II.  Roman  Church:  A  Monstrance  (q.v.). 

T  The  Grand  Remonstrance  : 

Eng.  Hist.  :  A  remonstrance  consisting  of 
206  articles,  condemning  the  arbitrary  pro- 
cedure of  Charles  I.  It  was  carried  in  the 
House  of  Commons,  November  22,  1641,  by  a 
majority  of  eleven,  and  presented  to  the  king 
on  December  1. 

rS-mon  -Strant,  a.  &  *.  [O.  Fr.,  from  Low 
J-iat.  remonstrans,  pr.  par.  of  remonstro  =  to 
remonstrate  (q.v.).J 

A.  As  adj.  :  Containing,  or  of  the  nature  of 
remonstrance  ;  expostulatory  ;  urging  reasons 
against  something. 

"The  people  regarded  with  profound  indifference 
the  remonitrant  pastorals."—  Daily  Telegraph,  Feb.  2, 
1886. 

B.  As  substantive  : 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  One  who  remonstrates. 

2.  Church  Hist.  (PI.)  :  A  name  given  to  the 
Dutch  Protestants,  who,  after  the  death  of 
Arminius  (A.D.  1609),  continued  to  maintain 
his  views,  and  in  1610  presented  to  the  States 
of  Holland,  at  Friesland,  a  remonstrance  in 
five  articles  formulating  their  points  of  dej>ar- 
ture  from  Calvinism.    Their  adversaries  pre- 
sented a  counter-remonstrance,  whence  they 
•were  called  Counter-Remonstrants.    In  1619 
the  Synod  of  Dort  pronounced  in  favour  of 
the  stricter  school.    The  Remonstrants  still 
form  a  small  but  liberal  and  scholarly  sect  in 
Holland. 

•  The  doctrine  of  the  Rrmonitranti  was  embodied 
in  1621  in  a  eonfestio  written  by  Episcopiua,  their  great 
theologian,  while  Wytenbogaert  gave   them  a  cate- 
chism. and  regulated  their  churchly  order."—  Kncy. 
Brit.  (ed.  >th),  xx.  379. 

re-m5n'-strate,  v.t.  &  i.  [Low  Lat.  remon- 
ttratus,  pa.  par.  of  remonstro  =  to  show,  to 
expose  ;  hence,  to  produce  arguments,  from 
Lat.  re-  =  again,  and  monstro  =  to  show  ;  O.  Fr. 
remonstrer;  Fr.  remontrer.] 
*A.  Tmnsitive  : 

1.  To  make  a  representation  with  regard  to 
any  matter  ;  to  demonstrate  ;  to  manifest,  to 
show,  to  prove. 

"  Properties  of  a  faithful  servant  :  a  sedulous  eye,  to 
observe  all  occasions  within  or  without,  tending  to 
remonttratt  the  habit  within."—  Rogtrt:  Jfaaman  the 
Syrian,  p.  809. 

2.  To  show  or  point  out. 

"  And,  lastly,  your  majesty  did  exhort  them,  by  the 
opportunity  which  the  present  time  itself  did  yield 
unto  it  ;  which  I  did  particularly  rtmonttratt  unto 
them."—  Reliquia  Wottonlana.  p.  494. 

B.  Intransitive  : 

*1.  To  show  clearly  ',  to  demonstrate,  to 
prove. 


2.  To  exhibit,  present,  or  put  forward  strong 
reasons  or  representations  against  some  act 
or  course  of  proceedings  ;  to  expostulate. 

*  rem-on-stra -tlon,  ».    [O.  Fr.,  from  Low 
Lat.  remonstrationem,  accus.  of  remonstratio, 
from  remonstratus.]  [REMONSTRATE.]   The  act 
of  remonstrating  or  expostulating  ;  a  remon- 
strance, an  expostulation. 

*  re-mon'-stra-tlve, a.    [Eng.  remonstrate); 
-ive.}    Remonstrating,  remonstrant. 

"The  last  clause  a  perfect  bar  of  rrmonttratire 
music."— Ea.rU:  Philology.  I  660. 

*  re-mon   Stra-tor,  s.     [Eng.  remonstrate) ; 
•or.]    One  who  remonstrates  ;  a  remonstrant. 

"  Orders  were  sent  down  for  clapping  up  three  of  the 
chief  remonttr  atari"— Burnet :  Own  Time  (an.  1660). 

*rS-mon'-stra-tor-&a.  [From  remonstrate, 
on  analogy  of  demonstratory.]  Remonstrating, 
remonstrative. 

"Appealing  to  him  in  a  remonitratory  tone."— 
Mcltmi :  Oliver  Tmtt,  ch.  xvi. 

re-mon  -toir  (olr  as  war),  s.    [Fr.] 

Horol. :  A  mechanism  designed  to  render 
the  force  which  sustains  the  movement  of  the 
escapement  perfectly  even. 

remontoir  escapement,  s. 

Horol. :  An  escapement  in  which  the  scape- 
wheel  is  driven  by  a  small  weight  raised  by 
the  clock,  usually  at  intervals  of  thirty 
seconds ;  or  by  a  spiral  spring  on  the  scape- 
wheel  arbor,  wound  up  a  quarter  or  half  turn 
at  the  said  intervals. 

re-mo-pleu -res,  *.    [Lat  remiw  =  an  oar, 

and  pleura  =  a  rib.]    [RKMOI'LKURID.C.] 

re  mo-pleu  -ri-dse,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  remo- 
pleur(ides);  Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -idee.} 

Palceont. :  A  family  of  Trilobita.  Head 
greatly  developed,  semicircular,  the  genal 
angles  produced  into  spines.  Eyes  very  long, 
reticulated ;  body  rings  eleven ;  pygidium  very 
small.  Only  known  genus  Remopleures,  with 
seven  species,  from  the  Lower  Silurian. 

rem'-A-ra,  ».  [Lat.  remora  =  (1)  delay,  hin- 
drance, (2)  the  fish  ;  remoror  =  to  stay  behind, 
to  linger :  re-  =  back,  again,  and  moror  =  to 
delay,  mora  =  delay.] 

*  I.  Ord.  Lang. :  A  delay,  a  hindrance,  an 
obstacle. 

"  But  these  fantastical  remorat  do  not  obstruct  us 
in  the  familiar  transactions  of  life." — Search :  Light  of 
Kature.  vol.  ii.,  pt  iii.,  ch.  xxrt. 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Ichthy. :  Sucking-fish,  Sucker ;  a  popular 
name  for  any  speeies  of  the  genus  Echeneis 
(q.v.);  specif.,  Echeneis  remora,  about  eight 
inches  long,  common  in  the  Mediterranean. 
By  means  of  the  suctorial  disc— a  transforma- 
tion of  the  spinous  dorsal  fin — the  species  can 


attach  themselves  to  any  flat  surface.  The 
adhesion  is  so  strong  that  the  tish  can  only  be 
dislodged  with  difficulty,  unless  pushed  for- 
ward with  a  sliding  motion.  Being  bad  swim- 
mers, they  attach  themselves  to  vessels,  or  to 
animals  having  greater  power  of  locomotion 
than  themselves  ;  but  they  cannot  be  regarded 
as  parasites,  as  they  do  not  obtain  their  food 
at  the  expense  of  their  host. 

"Later  writers,  then,  repeat  a  story,  the  source  of 
which  is  unknown,  viz.,  that  the  remora  is  able  to 
arrest  vessels  in  their  course,  a  story  which  has  been 
handed  down  to  our  own  time.  It  need  not  be  stated 
that  this  is  ail  invention,  though  it  cannot  be  denied 
that  the  attachment  of  one  of  the  larger  sixties  may 
retard  the  progress  of  sailing,  especially  when,  as  is 
sometimes  the  case,  several  individuals  accompany  the 
same  ship." — Oiinther  :  Study  of  Puhet,  p.  461. 

2.  Med. :  A  stoppage  or  stagnation,  as  of 
the  blood. 

3.  Surg. :  An  instrument  to  retain  parts  in 
place,  e.g.,  to  maintain  a  fracture  in  place  or  a 
luxation  reduced. 

1  rSm'-d-rate,  v.t.  [Lat.  remoratus,  pa.  par. 
of  remoror  =  to  delay.]  To  delay,  to  hinder, 
to  obstruct. 

'rS-mord',  *re-morde,  v.t.  &  f.    [Fr.  re- 

mordre,  from  Lat.  remordeo  =  to  bite  again  ; 
Sp.  &  Port,  remorder ;  Ital.  rimordere.  ]  [RE- 
MORSK.] 


A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  cause  remorse  to  ;  to  altlict. 

"  God  remordeth  some  folke  by  •fliirrnUiM  *  ffc^ 
eer :  Boeciiu,  bk.  iv. 

2.  To  rebuke. 

"  Sometyme  he  must  vices  remor&e." 

Skelton:  Poemi,  p.  U, 

B.  Intrans. :  To  feel  remorse. 

"  O  what  a  terrour  wounds  remording  soules. 
Who  poyson  flnde,  what  seem  d  a  pleasant  food." 
Stirling :  Dona-day ;  The  Far*  Hour*. 

*rS-mord'-en-c^,  s.  [REMORD.]  Com- 
punction,  remorse. 

"That  rtmordencx  of  conscience,  that  extremity 
of  grief,  they  feel  within  themselves."— KUitnatteck  : 
Sermon*,  p.  174. 

re  morse ,  *  re-mors,  s.  [O.  Fr.  remors, 
from  Low  Lat.  reniorsus,  remorsio=  remorse, 
from  Lat.  remorsus,  pa.  par.  of  remordeo  =  to 
bite  again,  to  vex ;  mordeo  =  to  bite ;  Fr. 
remords.] 

1.  Biting  sorrow  for  some  evil  act  done,  and 
especially  for  an  act  of  cruelty  ;  the  keen  pain 
caused  by  a  sense  of  guilt;  compunction  of 
conscience  for  a  crime  committed. 

"  Bedloe  had  died  in  his  wickedness,  without  on* 
sign  of  remurir.  or  shame. "-Jtacaulay:  Uiu.  Eng., 

IT  Darwin  (Descent  of  Man,  pt.  i.,  ch.  iv.) 
considers  that  remorse  bears  the  same  relation 
to  repentance,  as  rage  does  to  auger,  or  agony 
to  pain. 

*  2.  Pity,  compassion,  mercy  ;  sympathetic 
sorrow. 

"Wherefore  now,  touched  with  remorse  at  their 
pitiful  case,  he  resolved  to  revoke  the  law  of  wrecks."— 
filler:  Holy  War,  bk.  iii..  ch.  vii. 

*  re-morsed ,  a.   [Eng.  remors(e) ;  -ed.]  Feel- 
ing remorse  or  compunction. 

"The  soul  of  the  remaned  sinner  draweth  near  to 
the  grave."— Bp.  Hall:  Catei  of  Corucience,  Dec.  1, 
case  9. 

re  morse  ful,  •  re  morce  fill,  a.  [Eng. 
remorse;  -ful(l).] 

1.  Full  of,  or  touched  with  remorse  or  • 
sense  of  guilt. 

"Beating  remoneful  and  loud  the  mutable  sands  of  th* 
seashore."  Longfellow  .•  tlilet  Standith,  iv. 

*2.  Tender-hearted,  compassionate,  merci- 
ful. 

"  These  eyes,  which  never  shed  remorieful  tear." 
Shakeip. :  Richard  III.,  i.  S. 

*  3.  Causing  or  exciting  compassion  or  pity  ; 
pitiable. 

"  This  his  fellowes  most  nmnrceful  fate." 

Chapman  :  Homer ;  Odyuef  X. 

t  rS-morse'-lul-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  remorseful; 
-ly.]  In  a  remorseful  manner;  with  remorsa 
or  compunction. 

•  re-morse'-flil-nSss,  ».     [Eng.  remorseful; 
-ness.]    The  quality  or  state  of  being  remorse- 
ful. 

re-morse-less,  a.  [Eng.  remorse;  -less.} 
Without  remorse;  unpitymg,  cruel,  relent- 
less, merciless;  insensible  to  distress;  im- 
placable. 

"  And  bade  his  bones  to  Scotland's  coast 
Be  borne  by  his  remortelett  host." 

Scott:  LordofthelHei.  IT.  i. 

re-morse' -less-1^,  adv.  [Eng.  remorseleut 
-ly.]  In  a  remorseless  manner ;  without  re* 
morse  or  compunction. 

"  I  He]  remoneleuly  and  unworthily  took  his  fellow 
by  the  throat."— South :  Sermont,  voL  x.,  «er. «. 

re-morse' -less-ness,  s.  [Eng.  remorseless  j 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  remorse* 
less ;  insensibility  to  distress. 

"  For  with  such  fell  remorteleuneM  she  n'er 
Had  heartued  up  her  tallons  and  her  teeth." 

Beaumont :  Love'i  Jiyttety,  ix.  ISA 

re  mote',  a.    [O.  Fr.  remot,  fern,  remote,  from 
Lat.  remotus,  pa.  par.  of  removeo  —  to  remova 
(q.v.);  8p.  remoto;  Ital.  remoto,  rimoto.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  Distant  in  place  or  position ;  far  away, 
not  near. 

"  Searching  all  lands  and  each  remotett  part." 

Spenter :  F.  Q.,  HI.  IT.  «. 

2.  Distant  in  point  of  time,  past  or  future  : 
as,  remote  ages. 

3.  Not  directly  producing  an  effect;   mot 
acting  directly. 


4.  Alien,  foreign  ;  not  agreeing. 

5.  Abstracted,  separated. 

"  Remote  from  men  with  God  be  pass'd  hi*  days.* 
Parnett :  Hermit. 


boil,  boy;  Pont;  Jowl;  oat,  cell,  chorus,  chin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.    -Ing. 
-clan,    tian  =  shan.    -tion,  -sion  -  shun;  -tion,  -sion  =  zhon,    -clous,  -tious,  -sious  =  shna.    -ble,  -die,  ftc.  =  beL  del. 


3952 


remoted— renaissance 


d.  Not  closely  connected. 


7.  Slight.  inconsiderable  :  as,  There  is  a  re- 
mote resemblance  lietween  them. 

8.  Distant    in    consanguinity  or  kindred  ; 
distantly  related  .  as,  a  remote  connection. 

IL  Rot.  (Of  arrangement)  :  Distant,  separated 
by  abnormally  long  intervals.  (Opposed  to 
approximated,  dense,  &c.) 

•  rS-mot'-e'd,  a.      [Eng.  remot(e);  -ed.]    Re- 
moved, remote. 

*'  Remoted  from  thee." 

I'Ulien  :  Rehearial,  p.  3J. 

ri-mdte'-ly,  adv.     [Eng.  remote;  -ly.] 

1.  In  a  remote  manner  ;   at  a  distance  in 
space  or  time  ;  not  near  ;  far  off. 

2.  Slightly,  inconsiderably;  in  or  to  a  email 
degree. 

3.  Not  directly  ;  indirectly. 

"  All  our  motives  derive  either  Immediately  or  re- 
molflg  from  uiir  own  satisfaction  and  complacence  of 
mind."—  Search:  Light  of  Katun,  vol.  i..  pt.  ii.,  cb. 
xxxvl. 

4.  Not  closely  in  point  of  consanguir'  .y  :  as, 
We  are  remotely  connected. 

re-mote  -ness,  s.    [Eng.  remote  ;  -ness.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
remote  or  distant  in  space,  time,  connection, 
operation,  efficiency,  relationship,  Ac.  ;  dis- 
tance. 

"  Lest  the  remntmtu  of  the  interest  should  dis- 
courage too  much  this  attention."—  Smith  :  Health  of 
Hatii.ni.  vol.  iiL.  bk.  v..  ch.  ii. 

2.  IMW  :  Want  of  close  connection  between  a 
wrong  and  injury  as  c:tuse  anil  effect.     In  this 
case  the  party  injured  cannot  claim  compensa- 
tion from  the  wrongdoer. 

*  rS-md'-tlon,  s.    [Lat.  remotio,  from  remotus, 
pa.  par.  of  removed  =  to  remove  (q.v.);  Fr. 
remotion  ;  8p.  remocion  ;  ItaL  remozione.] 

i  1,  The  act  of  removing,  or  the  state  of  being 
removed,  to  a  distance  ;  removal. 

"  All  thy  safety  were  remotion."—  Shakesp.  :  Timon 
of  AUient,  iv.  3. 

2.  Remoteness. 

"  From  the  remotion  of  the  consequent  to  the  remo- 
tion  of  the  antecedent"—  Browne  :  yulgtir  Errouri. 

re  mou-lade',  s.    [Fr.] 

Cooktry:  A  fine  kind  of  salad  dressing,  con- 
sisting of  the  yolk  of  hard-boiled  eggs,  salad- 
oil,  mustard,  pepper,  and  vinegar. 

re-mould',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  arid  Eng.  mould,  v. 
(q.v.).J  To  mould  or  shape  again  or  anew; 
to  reshape. 

re-mount',  a.  [REMOUNT,  v.]  The  opportu- 
nity or  means  of  remounting;  specif.,  a  fresh 
horse  with  its  furniture  ;  a  supply  of  fresh 
horses  for  cavalry. 

"  An  abundant  supply  of  good  remounti  for  their 
cavalry  regiments."—  Daily  Telegraph,  Feb.  23,  188S. 

re  m6~ilnt',  v.t.  St,  i.  [Fr.  remonter.]  [Mouxr,  v.] 

A.  Trant.  :  To  mount  again. 

"  I  know  to  shift  my  ground,  remount  the  car." 

Pope  :  Homer;  Iliad  vii.  199. 

B.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  mount  again  ;  to  reasceml. 

"  Who  lead  their  horses  down  the  steep,  rough  road 
May  thence  remount  at  ease." 

Wordnmrth  :  Old  Cumberland  Beggar. 

2.  To  ascend  or  go  back  in  time  or  researches. 

••  Without  remounting  to  remote  antiquities."— 
Smith  :  Wealth  at  Jtationi.  bk.  ill.,  ch.  Iv. 

•S-mov-a-bll'-l'-ty,  s.  [Eng.  removable; 
-ity.)  The  quality  or  state  of  being  remov- 
able ;  capacity  or  capability  of  being  re  noved 
or  displaced. 

re-mov'-a-ble,  "  re-move-a-ble,  a.  [Eng. 
remote);'  -able.]  Capable  of  being  removed 
or  displaced  ;  admitting  of,  or  liable  to  re- 
moval, as  from  place  to  place  or  from  an  office. 

"  The  Judges  were  removable  at  his  pleasure."— 
MacaiUav  '  Hilt.  ling.,  ch.  ii. 


,  s.    [Eng.  remov(e)  ;  -al.] 
t.  The  act  of  removing  or  moving  from  one 
place  to  another  ;  change  of  place,  site,  or 
abode. 

'•  To  this  Ulysses  :  What  the  prince  require* 
Of  swift  removal,  seconds  my  desires." 

Pope  :  Homer  ;  Odyuey  XTlL  JL 

2.  The  act  of  removing  or  displacing  from 
an  office  or  post  ;  the  state  of  being  dismissed 
or  removed  from  an  office  or  post  ;  dismissal. 

"  The  removal  of  these  persons  from  their  posts  ha* 
produced  such  popular  commotions."—  Additon. 


3.  The  act  of  removing,  doing  away  with, 
or  putting  an  end  to  ;  the  act  of  taking  away 
by  a  remedy. 

"  To  bear  contentedly  whatever  uneasy  circum- 
stances lie  lies  under,  and  to  tiu.it  in  Uod'»  mercy  for 
the  removal  of  them  ' — Sharp :  .Sermon*,  vol.  i.,  ser.  11. 

re-move',  *  re-meve,  v.t.  «fe  i.    [O.  Fr.  re- 

mouvoir,  from  L;it.  re-  —  back,  again,  and  mou- 
wir  —  to  move  (q.v.);  8p.  &  Port,  remover; 
Ital.  rimovere  ;  Lat.  remuveo.] 

A.  Transitive : 

L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  To  move  from  its  place ;  to  shift  from  one 
place  to  another;  to  cause  to  change  place. 

"  Thou  shall  not  remove  thy  neighbour's  landmark." 
—Ik-ut.  xix.  H. 

2.  To  displace  or  dismiss  from  a  post  or 
office. 

3.  To  take  or  do  away  with  by  any  remedy  ; 
to  put  away  ;  to  cause  to  leave  a  person  or 
thing  ;  to  put  an  end  to  ;  to  banish  ;  to  drive 
away  :  as,  To  remove  a  grievance,  to  remove  a 
disease,  &c. 

4.  To  make  away  with  ;  to  cut  off;  to  kill. 

"  King  Richard  thus  removed." 

Shakeip. :  I  Henry  VI.,  ii.  5. 

IL  Law:  To  carry  from  one  court  to  an- 
other :  as,  To  remove  a  suit  by  apyeal. 

B.  Intrans. :   To  change  place ;   to  move 
from  one  place  to  another,  especially  to  change 
the  place  of  residence. 

"  When  the  people  saw  it,  they  removed,  and  stood 
afar  ott."—Exodui  xx.  19. 

re-move',  s.    [REMOVE,  v.] 

1.  The  act  of  removing  ;  the  state  of  being 
removed  ;  removal  ;  change  of  place  or  posi- 
tion. 

"  There  was  no  purpose  in  them  of  this  remove." 
Shaketp.  :  Lear,  11.  4. 

*  2.  The  act  of  changing  a  horse's  shoe  from 
one  foot  to  another. 

"  His  horse  wanted  two  removes."— Swift.    (Todd.} 

3.  The  distance  or  space  through  which  any 
thing  is  moved  ;  an  interval ;  a  stage  ;  hence, 
a  step  or  d«gree  in  any  scale  of  gradation. 

"  A  posterity  that  lie  many  removet  from  us."— 
Addiion :  On  iledalt. 

4.  A  class  or  division.    (Used  of  some  of 
the  public  schools.) 

*  5.  A  posting-stage ;  the  distance  between 
two  posting-stations  on  a  road.      (Shakesp : 
AlFs  Well,  v.  3.) 

*  6.  The  raising  of  a  siege. 

"  If  they  set  down  before  us.  for  the  remote 
Bring  up  your  army." 

Shakeip. :  Coriolanut,  1.  2. 

7.  A  dish  removed  from  table  to  make  room 
for  another. 

re-moved',  pa.  par.  &  a.     [REMOVE,  v.] 

A,  As  pa.  par. :  (See  the  verb). 

B.  As  adjective : 

L  Ordinary  language : 

I.  Moved  or  changed  in  place  or  position  ; 
displaced. 

*  2.  Remote  ;    separate    from   others ;    se- 
questered, retired. 

"  For  she  hath  privately,  twice  or  thrice  a  day,  ever 
since  the  death  of  Hermione,  visited  that  removed 
house."— Hhakelp.  :  Winter'i  Tale,  v.  2. 

3.  Distant  or  separated  in  the  scale  of  gra- 
dation. 

"  Those  that  are  germane  to  him,  though  removed 
fifty  times."— Shakeip.  :  Winter's  Tale.  iv.  4. 

II.  Her.  :  The  same  as  FRACTED  (q.v.). 

re-mdv'-e'd-neSS,  «.  [Eng.  removed  ;  -ness.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  removed  ;  re- 
moteness ;  retirement. 

"  I  have  eyes  under  my  service,  which  look  upon 
his  removedneu."— Shakeip. :  Winter's  Tale,  iv.  *. 

re-mov'-er,  ».      [Eng.  remov(e);  -er.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  One  who  or  that  which  re- 
moves. 

"  It  is  the  unjust  Judge  that  is  the  capital!  remover 
of  land-markes.  —Bacon.  Euayi ;  Of Judicature. 

2.  Law:  The  removal  of  a  suit  from  one 
court  to  another. 

rem-pli'  (em  as  an),  o.  [Fr.,  pa.  par.  of 
remplir  •=.  to  fill  up.] 

Her.  :  A  term  used  when  a  chief  is  filled 
with  any  other  metal  or  colour,  leaving  only 
a  border  of  the  first  tincture  round  the  chief. 

'  rS-mu'-a-ble,  a.  [O.  Fr.]  [REMUE.]  Cap- 
able of  be'ing  moved  ;  movable. 

"  For  where  honour  is  remuaWe, 
It  ought  well  to  ben  aduised." 

Qower :  O.  A.,  TlL 


*  rS-mue',  *  re'-mew'  (ew  as  u),  v.t.  ft  C 
[O.  Fr.  remvtr,  from  Lat.  re-  —  back,  and  mute 
=  to  change.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  move  ;  to  remove. 

"  The  hors  of  bras  that  way  not  be  remrieed." 

Chaucer :  C.  T..  10, iM. 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  move. 

"  A  hyrde.  whtche  durst  not  for  fere 
Kemiit."  Homer:  C.  A.,  T. 

*  re'-mu'-gl'-ent,  a.     [Lat.  remugiens,  pr.  par. 
ofremngio  ;  mngio  =  to  bellow.]   Rebellowing. 

"  Earthquakes  accompanied  with  rtmuyient  echoes." 
— More .  tlyttery  of  Uodlineu.  p.  «3. 

*  rS-mu'-ner,    v.t.      [Fr.    remitnerer.]      [RE- 

MUNERATE.]   To  remunerate  ;  to  reward. 

"  Ever  do  wele,  and  atte  last  thou  shalt  lie  r» 
muntrrd  therfor."— Lord  Kivert :  Dictei  i  Savingt, 
sig.  E.  iiL  b. 

're-mii-ncr-a-biT-I-ty, ».  [Eng.  remiiner- 
able;  -ity.]  Capacity  of  being  remunerated  or 
rewarded. 


*  rS-mu'-ner-a-ble,  o.   [Eng.  remunerate); 
-able.]    Capable  of  being  remunerated  or  re- 
warded ;  lit  to  be  remunerated  or  rewarded. 

re  mu'-ner-ate,  v.t.  [Lat.  remunerate,  pa. 
par.  of  remunero,  remuneror  =  to  reward  :  re- 
=  again,  and  munero,  muneror  =  to  discharge 
an  office,  to  give  ;  munus  (genit.  mnneris)  =  a 
gift;  Fr.  remv/iierer ;  8p.  remnnerar.]  To 
reward,  to  recompense,  to  requite,  to  repay  ; 
to  pay  an  equivalent  for  any  service,  loss,  ex- 
pense, outlay,  &c. 

"  They  were  remunerated  partly  by  fees  and  partly 
by  salaries."— ilaca-ulay :  Bid.  Eng.,  ch.  xviii. 

re-mu-ner-a'-tion,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  re- 
munerationem,  accus.  of  remuneratio,  from  re- 
munerates, pa.  par.  of  remunero.  ] 

1.  The  act  of  remunerating,  recompensing, 
or  paying  for  services,  loss,  outlay,  &c. 

2.  That  which  is  given  or  paid  as  an  equi- 
valent foi  services  rendered,  &c. 

"  The  remuneration  of  workmen  employed  in  manu- 
factures."—.t/ncuutay  :  Hist.  Eng.,  ch.  iii. 

re-mu'-ner-a-tiVe,  a.     [Fr.  remuneratif.] 

1.  Affording  or  yielding  remuneration  ;  pro- 
ducing  a   sufficient   return   for  outlay,  ex- 
penses, &c. 

*2.  Exercised  in  rewarding  ;  remuneratory. 

"  Fit  objects  for  remunerative  justice."— Cudvorth  : 
Intell.  Syttem,  p.  690. 

*  rS-mu'-ner-a-tor-^,    a.      [Fr.    remunerar 

toire.]    Affording  or  yielding    remuneration, 
recompense,  or  reward. 

"Laws  rather  vindicatory  thn'    ^emuneraton/."— 
Blackttone:  Comment.    (Introd.) 

*  re-mur'-miir,  v.t.  &  i.     [Lat.  remurmuro.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  murmur  back  ;  to  utter  back 
in  murmurs  ;  to  return  in  murmurs. 

"  The  tremblinK  trees,  in  every  plain  and  wood. 
Her  fate  remurmur  to  the  silver  Bood." 

Pope:  Winter,  H. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  murmur  back  or  in  re- 
sponse ;  to  return  a  murmuring  echo. 

"  EuroUs'  banks  remurmur'd  to  the  noise." 

Pope  :  Statiia  ;  Thebiil  1M. 

*  re-mu-ta'-tion,  *.     [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
mutation  (q.v.).]     A  changing  back  ;  a  second 
mutation. 

"The  remutation  or  condensation  of  air  Into  wat« 
by  night."— Southey  :  Doctor,  ch.  ccxvii. 

*  ren,  *  renne,  v.i.    [RUN,  v.] 

ren,  s.    [Lat.] 

Anat. :  The  kidney. 

ren  a  ble,  •  ren  a-bulle,  a.    [A  contract, 
of  M'id.  Eng.  resonable  =  reasonable  (q.v.).] 
*  1.  Reasonable,  fair. 

"  Ot  tong  she  was  trew  and  renable." 

(Iwnine  i  Oauraine,  201 

2.  Glib,  loquacious.    (Prow.)    (In  this  sense 
apparently  regarded  as  formed  from  the  verb 
renne  =  to  run.) 

«  rSn'-a-bl^.adf.  [Eng.rena6(k);  -ly.]  Fairly, 
reasonably. 

"Speke  a*  r«twWy  and  faire  and  wel." 

Chaucer :  C.  T.,  til. 

re-nais'-aance,  s.  [Fr.  =  regeneration,  new 
birth  :  re-  —  again,  and  naissance  =  birth.J 
[RENASCENT.]  The  revival  of  anything  long 
extinct,  lost,  or  decayed ;  a  term  applied 
to  the  transitional  movement  in  Europt 
from  the  middle  ages  to  the  modern  world, 


late,  tat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  tall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there 
or,  wore,  wplt;  work,  who.  son;  mate,  cub,  care,  unite,  car,  rule,  full;  try, 


;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  pt5t» 
Syrian.    »,  «  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


renaissant— render 


395S 


and  especially  to  the  time  of  the  revival  of 
letters  and  art  in  the  fifteenth  century. 
In  a  still  narrower  sense  applied  to  the  style 
of  architecture  which  succeeded  the  Gothic 
(RENAISSANCE-ARCHITECTURE],  and  that  pecu- 
liar style  of  decoration  revived  by  Raphael 
in  the  pontificate  of  Leo  X.,  resulting  from 
the  discoveries  made  by  him  of  the  paintings 
in  the  then  recently  exhumed  Thermae  of 
Titus,  and  in  the  Septizonia.  It  was  freer 
than  the  antique. 

renaissance  architecture,  --. 

Arch.  :  A  style  which  first  sprang  into 
existence  in  Italy  in  the  beginning  of  the 
fifteenth  century.  It  reached  its  zenith  in  that 
country  in  the  course  of  the  same  century, 
and  at  the  beginning  of  the  following  became 
a  model  for  all  other  countries.  At  the  early 
epoch  of  its  existence  the  new  style  of  archi- 
tecture displays  not  so  much  an  alteration  in 
the  arrangement  of  the  spaces  and  of  the  main 
features  of  the  buildings,  as  in  the  system  of 
ornamentation  and  in  the  aspect  of  the  pro- 
files. During  the  early  period  there  was 
an  endeavour  to  adapt  classical  forms  with 
more  or  less 
freedom  to 
niodern  build- 
ings, whilst 
later,  that  is 
in  the  six- 
teenth cen- 
tury, ascheme 
tased  on  aa- 
cient  aroni- 
tecture  was 
universally 
prescriptive. 
Two  distinct 
styles  belong 
to  this  first 
period,  each 
possessing  its 
«s}>ecial  pecu- 
liarities. These  are:  the  Early  Florentine 
and  Early  Venetian  Renaissance  styles.  The 
style  may  be  said  to  have  originated  with 
Bruuelleschl  of  Florence  (died  1446),  and 
Ambrogio  Borgognone  of  Pavia  in  1473.  The 
Venetian  Renaissance  style  first  sprang  into 
existence  towards  the  end  of  the  fifteenth 
century  and  flourished  till  the  close  of  the 
sixteenth.  It  is  chiefly  remarkable  in  con- 
nection with  the  architecture  of  palaces. 
The  decoration  appears  to  have  been  borrowed 
from  Byzantine  models.  Palladio,  the  sj>e- 
cial  champion  of  this  style  (born  1518,  died 
1580),  introduced  the  stjle  known  after  him 
as  Palladian  (q.v.).  The  first  and  most  im- 
portant school  of  the  Roman  Renaissance  was 


RENAISSANCE   ARCHITECTURE. 
(Early  Florentine.) 


PALAZZI   VANDRAMINI,    VENICE. 

originated  by  Donato  Lazzari,  known  under 
the  name  of  Bramantc  (1444-1514) ;  this  was 
Joined  by  Balthazar  Peruzzi  and  Antonio  di 
Hangallo ;  another  school  was  represented  by 
Giacomo  Barozzio,  known  as  Vignola  (1507- 
1573),  whilst  a  third  was  directed  by  Miehel- 
Angelo  Buonarotti  (1474-1564),  and  by  its 
arbitrary  character  formed  a  stepping-stone 
to  the  Rococo  style  which  succeeded  it.  The 
finest  example  of  these  schools  are  the  Can- 
cellina  Palace,  the  Court  of  the  Vatican,  the 
Farnese  Palace,  and  St.  Peter's  at  Rome.  The 
Renaissance  style  was  introduced  into  France 
by  Fra  Giocondo,  under  Louis  XII.,  about 
1502,  and  by  Serlio  and  other  Italian  archi- 
tects under  Francis  I.  (1515-1547)  and  Henry 
II.  These  architects  modi  tied  their  ideas  to 
•nit  the  French  taste  ;  the  general  arrange- 
ment of  the  Gothic  churches  being  retained, 
mnd  only  the  Renaissance  system  of  decoration 
substituted  for  the  Gothic :  the  ground-plan, 
the  proportions,  and  the  whole  structure 
With  its  flying  buttresses,  pinnacles,  clustered 


columns,  deeply-recessed  portals,  Ac.,  are  bor- 
rowed from  the  Pointed  style,  and  it  was  only 
in  the  details  and  in  the  ornamentation  that 
the  Renaissance  was  followed.  The  Louvre 
and  the  earlier  portions  of  the  Tuileries  are 
examples  of  this  style.  The  Renaissance  style 
was  not  employed  in  Germany  before  the 
middle  of  the  sixteenth  century,  and  the  most 
noteworthy  instances  of  it  are  the  Belvedere 
of  Ferdinand  I.,  on  the  Hradschin  at  Prague, 
and  the  so-called  Otto  Henry  Buildings  at 
Heidelberg  Castle  (1556-1559).  In  Spain  an 
Early  Renaissance  style  appears — a  kind  of 
transitional  Renaissance  belonging  to  the  first 
half  of  the  sixteenth  century.  It  consisted  of 
the  application  of  Moorish  and  pointed  arch 
forms  in  conjunction  with  those  of  classical 
antiquity ;  in  this  way  a  conformation  was 
produced  which  was  peculiar  to  Spain,  and 
the  style  is  characterized  by  bold  lightness, 
by  luxuriance  in  decoration,  and  by  a  spirit 
of  romance.  The  Italian  Renaissance  style 
was  introduced  into  England  about  the  middle 
of  the  sixteenth  century  by  John  of  Padua, 
the  architect  of  Henry  VIII.  The  most  note- 
worthy examples  of  it  are  Whitehall  Palace, 
by  Inigo  Jones,  and  St.  Paul's  and  other 
churches,  by  Sir  Christopher  Wren. 

re  nais  -sant,  a.  [Fr.]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  Renaissance  (q.v.). 

ren'-al,  a.  [Lat.  renalis,  from  ren  =  the  kid- 
ney.] Pertaining  to  the  kidneys  or  reins. 

"The  respiratory,  circulating,  digestive,  and  renal 
systems."— Owen.-  Anal,  of  Vtrtebrad-t,  11L  T4S. 

1 1n  Pathology  there  are  renal  calculi,  can- 
cer, dropsy,  entozoa,  tistulae,  haemorrhage,  and 
tuberculosis. 

renal-abscess, ,-. 

Pathol. :  Abscess  of  the  kidney,  pyelitis 
(q.v.).  Frequently  produced  by  the  presence 
of  renal  calculi,  with  pus,  blood,  &c.,  in  the 
urine. 

renal  capsular.  o. 

Pathol. :  Of,  or  belonging  to  the  renal  or 
suprarenal  capsules. 

renal-glands,  renal-capsules, «.  pi. 

[SUPRARENAL-CAPSULES.] 

*ren-al-dry,  «.    [Prob.  for.  renardry,  from 

renard  (q.v.).]     Cunning,  intrigue,  as  of  a  fox, 

"  First- she  used  all  this  malitlons  rtnaldrie  to  the 

end  that  I  might  stay  there  this  night"— Pauenyer  of 

Bentfento. 

re  name ,  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  name,  v. 
(q.v.).]  To  name  anew  ;  to  give  a  new  name  to. 

ren-an'-ther-a.  $.  [Lat  renes  =  the  kidneys, 
and  Gr.  apftjpa  '(anthera).  [ANTHER.]  Named 
from  the  renifonn  pollen  masses.] 

Dot.  :  A  genus  of  Vandee.  Renanthera 
Lowii,  from  Borneo,  is  a  splendid  orchid,  with 
leaves  occasionally  three  feet  in  length,  and 
the  flower  spikes  ten  or  twelve. 

ren'-ard,  s.    [REYNARD.] 

ren'-ar-dine,  a.  [Eng.  renard ;  -int.]  Be- 
longing to,  or  characteristic  of  the  legend  of 
Reynard  the  Fox. 

"  There  has  been  much  learning  expended  by  Grimm 
and  others  on  the  question  of  why  the  lion  was  king 
in  the  Kenardine  tales."—  Athenantm,  Aug.  7,  ISM, 
p.  166. 

re-nas'-cenfe,  s.  [Lat.  renascent,  pr.  par. 
of  renascor  =  to  be  born  again ;  Fr.  renais- 
sance.] 

•  1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  renascent ; 
a  new  birth  or  production. 

"  The  renateenee  of  Chinese  national  and  military 
spirit."— Daily  Telegraph,  Dec.  17,  IMS. 

2.  Tin'  same  as  RENAISSANCE  (q.v.). 

*  rS-nas'-cen-9^,  ».  [RENASCENCE.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  renascent ;  new  birth 
or  production. 

"  A  rmaxvtiey.from  the  roots."— Jteijm :  Syln,  III. 
til.  31. 

re-nas'-cent,  a.    [Lat.  renascent,  pr.  par.  of 

renaSCOr.}      [RENASCENCE.] 

1.  Springing  or  coming  into  being  again ; 
being  reproduced  ;  reappearing. 

2.  Renaissant  (q.v.). 

"  Ranked  either  as  classical  or  medieval.  renateent 
or  realistic. --naily  Telegraph,  May  S,  1M6,  p.  S. 

* r£-niis'-9i-ble,  a.  [Low  Lat.  renatvibilis, 
from  Lat.  renascor  =  to  be  born  again.]  Cap- 
able of  being  reproduced  ;  capable  of  springing 
again  into  being. 


•  renat,  'reflate,  s.    [RENNET.] 

•re  nate,  Te  nat-ed,  a.  [Lat.  renattu. 
pa.  par.  of  renascor.}  Born  again ;  regenerate. 

"  To  f eyne  a  dead  man  to  be  related  and  newer* 
borne  agayne.1  —  Ball:  ttronicU;  Uenry  VII.  (an.  TJt 

•  re-nav'-I-gate,  v.t.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
navigate  (q.v.).]    To  navigate  again  or  anew. 

"re'-nay',  Te-ney,  •  re  neye,  *re-nye, 

v.t.  [Fr.  renier,  from  Lat  re-  =  back,  again, 
and  nego  =  to  deny.] 

1.  To  deny,  to  disown,  to  renounce. 

u  A  thief  that  had  renryed  our  creanee." 

f»u«c«r  :  C.  T.,  1.4H. 

2.  To  deny,  to  refuse. 
ren-cdn-tre(treaster),s.  [  RENCOUNTER,  «.J 

ren  coun  ter,  *  re  ~en  coun  ter,  s.    [Fr. 

rencontre,  from  rencontrer  =  to  encounter,  to 
meet,  contracted  from  reencontre,  reencontrer, 
from  re-  =  again,  and  encontrer  =  to  meet] 

1.  A  meeting  of  two  bodies  or  persons ;  • 
clash,  a  collision. 

"  Wai  It  by  men  chance  that  three  blind  part*  of 
matter,  floating  In  an  iuiiueiuc  S|*ce.  did.  after  sereral 
iustlings  and  rrncounteri,  jumble  themselves  iutu  tin* 
beautiful  frame  of  things t"— Scott:  Christian  Life, 
pt.  ii.,  cb.  ir. 

2.  A  meeting  in  contest  or  opposition;  a 
collision,  a  combat 

"  Without  any  buiyuesee  or  rencounter  we  earn*  ts> 
the  capital!. ~—Berneri:  frotttart;  Cronycle.  vol.  ii., 
ch.  mi. 

3.  A  casual  or  sudden  combat  or  action 
without  premeditation,  as  between  individual* 
or  small  parties ;  a  slight  action  or  engage- 
ment 

ren  coun  ter,  •  re  coun  tre,  v.t.  *  i. 
[RENCOUNTER,  «.] 
A.  Transitive: 

*  1.  To  meet  or  fall  in  with  unexpectedly. 
2.  To  meet  in  combat ;  to  engage  hand  to 

hand ;  to  encounter. 

"  He  gan  rencounter  him  in  eqoall  race." 

Openter  .•/•.«..  ILL  ML 

*  B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  come  together,  to  clash ;  to  collid*, 
to  come  in  collision. 

2.  To  meet  an  enemy  unexpectedly. 

3.  To  fight  hand  to  hand  ;  to  engage. 

rend  (IX  v.t.  &  i.  [A.S.  hrendan,  rendan; 
cogn.  with  O.  Fris.  renda,  rondo  =  to  tear,  to 
break  ;  Fris.  renne ;  I  eel.  hrinda,  pa.  t  hriutd 
=  to  push,  to  kick,  to  throw.] 

A.  Transitilt : 

1.  To  tear  or  separate  into  parts  with  fore* 
or  sudden  violence ;  to  tear  apart  or  asunder; 
to  split;  to  fracture. 

••  I  will  rend  an  oak 
And  pec  thee  in  his  knutty  entrails." 

Shairtp. :  Trmpe*.  L  B. 

2.  To  tear  away  violently ;  to  separate  or 
part  with  violence  ;  to  pluck  away  with  force. 

"  I  will   sorely  rend   the   kingdom  from  the*."— 

1  Kinyi  XL  II. 

*  3.  To  scatter ;  to  break  up  the  lines  ot 

"  To  rend  our  own  soldiers." 
Shatetp. :  AUl  Well  that  Kndi  ITett,  lit  & 

4.  To  split 

"  Groans  and  shrieks  that  rend  the  air.* 

MotMfX  :  Jf.irVI*.  IT.  & 

B.  Intrant. :  To  be  or  become  rent  or  torn 
asunder ;  to  part  asunder,  to  split 

"  The  very  principals  did  seem  to  rrnd 
And  all  to  topple."        Okattef. :  PrricUe,  1L  ft, 

*  If  To  rend  the  heart :  To  break  the  heart ; 
to  afflict  with  bitter  remorse. 

••  Rend  four  hearti  and  not  your  garment*."- Jee* 
11.11. 

rend  rock,  i.  The  name  given  to  a 
variety  of  dynamite  called  bjr  the  French 
lithofractevr,  of  which  word  it  is  an  approxi- 
mate translation.  (Amer.) 

•  rend  (2),  v.t.    [RENNE  (2X] 

r8nd-er(l),  «.  [Eng.  rrnd(ix  T.  ;  -tf.]  On* 
who  rends  or  tears  asunder. 

r8n'-der  (2),  «.    [RENDER,  •.] 

1.  A  return,  a  payment,  especially  the  pay- 
ment of  rent. 

*  2.  A  surrender,  a  giving  np. 

"  A  mutual  render,  only  me  for  thee." 

.<*<!*»;>  /  Stmnft  Itt. 

3.  An  account  rendered ;   a  statement,   a 
declaration. 

"  Drive  a  to  a  mdtr 
Where  we  hare  lived."      Skateto. :  C>mAe«»«.  IT.  1 


boil.  b6y;  pout,  J6%1;  cat,  96!!,  chorus,  9hln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  cxirt.   ph  ^  t 
-clan,  -tlan  =  shan.    -tior ,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -slon  =  zhun.    -clous,  -tious,  -sious  =  shus.   -ble,  -die,  t 


8954 


render— renidification 


ren  -der,  *  ren-dre,  v.t.  &  i.  [Fr.  rendre, 
from  Low  Lat.  rendo,  a  nasalised  form  of 
Lat.  reddo  =  to  return  :  re-  =  back,  again,  and 
do  —  to  give  ;  O.  Sp.  &  Port,  render;  Sp. 
rendir;  Ital.  rendere.] 

A.  T*ansitlve: 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  To  return ;  to  pay  or  give  back  ;  to  give 
in  return. 


2.  To  surrender,  to  give  up,  to  yield. 

"  The  castle'*  gently  rendered." 

tUuikejfi. :  Macbeth,  T.  T. 

3.  To  afford  ;  to  give  for  use  or  benefit :  as, 
To  redder  a  service  to  a  person. 

*  4.  To  give  generally. 

"  Let  each  man  render  me  his  bloody  baud." 

Shakesp. :  Ju.li.iu  Catar,  Hi.  1. 

5.  To  give,  to  furnish  ;  especially  to  give  or 
furnish  officially,  or  in  compliance  with  an 
order  or  request. 

"  Public  reasons  shall  be  rendered 
Of  Cirsar  s  death."     Shaketp. :  Julius  Cottar,  hi.  2. 

6.  To  translate,  as  from  one  language  into 
another. 

"  The  words  of  the  original  may  be  rendered,  '  by  the 
taver  of  regeneration. '  "—  Wa.terla.nd  :  Worts,  vi.  342. 

7.  To  interpret  or  exhibit  to  others   the 
meaning,  force,  or  spirit  of ;  to  reproduce. 

•  8.  To  exhibit,  to  represent,  to  describe. 

"  I  heard  him  speak  of  that  same  brother, 
And  he  did  render  him  the  most  unnatural 
That  liv'd  'mou^t  men." 

Shtiketp. :  At  Tou  Like  It,  ir.  & 

•  9.  To  state,  to  tell,  to  report. 

"  Freely  to  render  what  we  have  in  charge." 

Shakesp.  :  Henry  >'.,  t  S. 

10.  To  make  ;  to  cause  to  be  by  some  opera- 
tion, influence,  or  change ;  to  invest  with  a 
certain  quality. 

"  Render  me  worthy  of  this  noble  wife." 

Shaketp. :  Julius  Caesar,  ii.  L 

H.  Technically: 

1.  Plast. :  To  plaster  directly,  and  without 
the  intervention  of  laths. 

2.  Tallow-man. :  To  boil  down,  as  lard  or 
tallow. 

B.  Intransitive: 

*  L  Ordinary  Language : 
L  To  give. 

"  In  kissing,  do  yon  render  or  receive?" 

Shaketp:  Trailut  i  Crestida,  Iv.  5. 

2.  To  give  an  account ;  to  declare,  to  state, 
to  report. 

"  That  this  gentleman  may  render 
Of  whom  he  had  this  ring." 

ahaketp. :  Cymbeline,  v.  5. 

IX  Nautical : 
L  To  reeve  (q.v.). 

2.  To  yield  or  give  way  to  the  action  of  some 
mechanical  power. 

ren'-der-a-ble,  a.    [Eng.  render,  v.  ;  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  rendered. 

rSn'-der-er,  s.    [Eng.  render,  v. ;  -er.]    One 
who  renders. 

"  The  heathen  astrologers  and  rendereri  of  oracles 
wisely  furbore  to  venture  on  such  predictions."— Boyle  : 
Works,  vt  679. 

r£n   der-ing,  pr.  fir.,  a.,  &  s.     [RENDER,  v.] 
A.  &  B.  As  pr.  par.  £  particip.  adj. :  (See 
the  verb). 

C.  As  substantive : 

L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  The  act  of  one  who  renders  or  returns ; 
A  ret  urn. 

2.  The  act  of  translating ;  a  translation,  a 
version. 

"  St  John  himself  follows  that  rendering,  as  you 
may  observe  by  comparing  John  vl.  45  with  Isaiah 
UT.  13."—  Waterland :  Works,  i.  41 

3.  Interpretation,  reproduction,  exhibition, 
execution. 

"  A  spirited  rendering  of  a  noble  work."— Daily 
Telegraph,  Sept  10,  1885. 

IL  Technically: 

L  Plaster. :  The  first  coat  of  plaster  on 
brick-work.  It  is  followed  by  the  floating 
coat  ami  the  setting  coat,  the  latter  of  fine 
stuff.  Rendered  and  set  is  complete  two- 
coat  work  on  brick  or  stone. 

2.  Tallow-man. :  The  process  of  trying  out 
oil  or  lard  from  fat. 

rendezvous  (as  ren'-de"-vd  or  ran'-de- 

VO),  *  ren-de-VOUS.  s.  [Fr.  rendez-vous  = 
a  place  appointed  for  the  meeting  of  soldiers, 
fmm  rendez,  imper.  pi.  of  rendre  =  to  render 
(q.v.),  and  vous  =  you.] 


1.  A  place  appointed  for  the  assembling  of 
troops  ;  a  place  where  troops  or  ships  of  war 
assemble  or  join  company. 

"  Not  a  single  sail  had  appeared  at  the  place  of 
rendezvous.'  —  Macaulay  :  Hist.  Eng.,  ch,  xvilL 

2.  A  place  of  meeting  generally ;  a  place 
where  people  commonly  meet. 

"  All  to  the  general  rendezvous  repair." 

Lryden  :  Hind  i  Panther,  iii.  448. 

*  3.  A  meeting,  an  assembling. 

"  Their  time  is  every  Wednesday,  after  the  lecture 
of  the  astronomy  professor ;  perhaps  in  memory  of 
the  first  occasions  of  their  rendetvoutes."— Sprat :  JJist. 
Royal  Society,  p.  K. 

*  4.  A  sign  or  occasion  which  draws  men 
together. 


*  5.  A  refuge,  a  retreat,  an  asylum. 

"  A  rendezvous,  a  home  to  fly  unto." 

Skaketp. :  1  Henry  IV.,  Iv.  1. 

rendezvous  (as  ren  de  vo  or  ran  de 
VO),  v.i.  &  t.  [RENDEZVOUS,  s.] 

A.  Intrans. :  To  meet  or  assemble  at  a  par- 
ticular place,  as  troops. 

"  The  Blue  Posts,  where  we  always  rendezvoused, 
was  hardly  opened."— Marryu.1 :  Peter  Simple,  ch.  ix. 

*  B.  Trans. :  To  assemble  or  bring  together 
at  a  particular  place. 

"  All  men  are  to  be  rendezvoused  in  a  general  aa- 
sembly."— Philips :  Con/,  of  Danish  Mission,  p.  310. 

*  rendezvouser  (as  ren-de-vo'-er  or 
ran-de-VO -er),  s.     [Eng.  rendezvous;  -er.] 
An  associate. 

"  All  the  old  rendeivoutert  with  him."— North  :  Lift 
of  Lord  (iuUford,  L  291. 

*  rend  -i-ble  (1),  a.   [Eng.  rend  (1),  v. ;  -ible.} 
Capable  of  being  rent  or  torn  asunder. 

*  rend'-i-ble  (2),  a.    [Eng.  render),  v. ;  -ible.} 

1.  Capable  of  being  yielded  or  surrendered ; 
render-able. 

2.  Capable  of  being  rendered  or  translated. 

"  Every  language  hath  certain  idioms,  proverbs, 
and  peculiar  expressions  of  its  own,  which  are  not 
rendible  in  any  other."— nowll :  Letters,  iii.  21. 

ren-dl'-tion,  s.  [Low  Lat.  rendo  =  to  render 
(q.v.);  Lat.  redditio.]  [REDDITION.] 

*  1.  The  act  of  yielding  up  or  surrendering  ; 
surrender. 

"  For  these  two  .  .  .  were  carried  with  him  to  Ox- 
ford, where  they  remained  till  the  rendition  of  the 
place."— Uutchinson:  Memoirs,  ii.  133. 

*  2.  The  act  of  rendering  or  translating ; 
translation,  version. 

3.  The  act  of  rendering  or  reproducing ;  in- 
terpretation, reproduction. 

"  The  rendition  of  the  secondary  parts  manifested 
promise  rather  than  efficient  execution."  —  Daily 
Chronicle,  July  5,  1885. 

*  re  neague',  v.t.    [RKNEOE.] 

ren  e  gade,  *ren-e-ga'-do,  *ren-e-gat, 
*  ren-e  gate,  s.  &  a.  [Sp.  renegado  =  one 
who  has  denied  the  faith,  prop.  pa.  par.  of 
renegar  =  to  forsake  the  faith,  from  Low  Lat. 
renego  =.  to  deny  again  :  re-  =  again,  and  nego 
=  to  deny.]  [RENAY,  RUNAGATE.] 

A.  As  substantive : 

1.  An  ajiostate  from  a  faith. 

"  For  he  was  a  renegado,  which  is  one  that  first  was 
a  Christian,  and  afterwards  becometh  a  Turke."— 
Ho.Mu.nt  :  Voyages,  ii.  186. 

2.  One  who  deserts  to  an  enemy ;  a  deserter 
from  a  party  ;  a  traitor. 

"  James  justly  regarded  these  renegades  as  the  most 
serviceable  tools  that  he  could  employ."— Macaidau  : 
Hist.  Eng.,  ch.  iv. 

3.  A  worthless,  abandoned  fellow. 

B.  As  adj. :  Apostate,  false,  traitorous. 

"  Many  other  contumelies  .  .  .  the  Turkes  and  the 
false  retiegate  Christians  rnanye  tymes  dooe."— Sir  J. 
More:  Worket.  p.  1,212. 

*  ren  -e-gate,  s.  &  a.    [RENEGADE.] 

*  ren-e-ga'-tion,  *.     [RENEGADE.]     Denial, 
disowning. 

re  -  nege',  *  re  -  neague',  v.t.  &  i.     [Low 

Lat.  renego.]      [RENEGADE.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  deny,  to  disown,  to  renounce. 
"  His  captain's  heart  .  .  .  renege*  all  temper." 

Skakesp.:  Antony  A  Cleopatra,  1.  1. 

B.  Intransitive  : 

1.  In  curd-playing,  to  abstain  (especially 
when  this  is  penaMBbie)  from  following  suit, 
evec  though  one  has  cards  of  the  suit  led. 
[See  REVOKE.] 

*2.  To  deny. 


*  re-neg'-er,  s.  [Eng.  reneg(e)  ;  -er.]  A  neuier, 
a  renegade. 


*  re-neie,  *  re-ney,  v.t.    [RENAY.] 

*  re-nerve',  v.t.     [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  nerve,  Y. 
(q.v.).]    To  nerve  again;  to  give  new  nerv» 
or  vigour  to. 

"  The  sight  reneroed  my  courser's  feet" 

Byron  :  llaieppa,  XTli. 

re-new7  (ew  as  u),  v.t.  &  i.  [Pref.  re-,  and 
E'ig.  neu>(q.v.).] 

A.  Transitive  : 

I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  To  make  new  again ;  to  renovate  ;  to 
restore  to  the  original  state  of  freshness,  com- 
pleteness, or  perfection,  after  decay  or  impair- 
ment ;  to  revive. 


2.  To  make  again  :  as,  To  renew  a  lease,  to 
renew  a  promise. 

3.  To  begin  over  again  ;  to  recommence. 

"  Then  in  his  warm  embrace  the  boys  he  pressed  .  .  . 
And,  sobbing,  thus  his  first  discourse  renew  d." 

Byron:  A'itus  A  Kuryaltlt. 

4.  To  repeat,  to  iterate,  to  go  over  again. 

"  Then  gau  he  all  this  storie  to  renew." 

Spenser:  F.  Q.,  IV.  viii.  64. 

5.  To  grant  again  :  as,  To  renew  a  bill  for  mo 
amount  due  on  a  previous  bilL 

IL  Theol. :  To  transform  the  passions  and 
affections,  and  the  heart  generally,  from  the 
love  of  sin  (Psalm  Ii.  10)  to  the  love  of  God 
and  of  holiness  (Col.  iv.  22-24),  the  "old 
man,"  i.e.,  the  old  nature,  dejiarting  (Col.  iv. 
22),  and  the  "  new  man,"  i.e.,  the  new  nature, 
coming  in  its  room  (22-24).  The  agent  in 
effecting  the  change  is  the  Holy  Ghost  (Titus 
iii.  5).  [REGENERATION.] 

*  B.  Intransitive : 

1.  To  become  new  again  ;  to  be  reproduced  ; 
to  grow  again. 

"  Kenew  I  could  not  like  the  moon." 

Shakesp. :  Timon  of  A  (hens,  IT.  ft, 

2.  To  begin  again  ;   to  resume  or  recom- 
mence something  left  off. 

"  Renev,  renew!    The  fierce  Polydamas 
Hath  beat  down  Meuon." 

Shaketp. :  Troilut  t  Crettida,  T.  & 

re-new-a-bil'-I-ty  (ew  as  u),  s.    [En^.  re- 

newable ;'  -ity.]    The  quality  or  state  of  being 
renewable. 

re-new'-a-ble  (ew  as  u),  a.  [Eng.  renew ; 
-able.]  Capable  of  being  renewed. 

"  The  old  custom  upon  many  estates  is  to  let  for 
leases  of  lives,  renewable  at  pleasure."— Swift:  Miscel- 
lanies. 

re-new'-al  (ew  as  u),  ».  [Eng.  renew;  -al.) 
The  act  of  renewing  or  of  forming  anew  ;  the 
state  of  being  renewed. 

"  Then,  soon  as  the  swell  of  the  budi 
Bespeaks  the  renewal  of  spring." 

Cowptr :  Invitation  to  the  Redbreast. 

If  Renewal  of  cells  :  [Rejuvenescence  of  cells], 
re-newed'  (ew  as  u),  pa.  par.  or  o.    [RKNEW.) 

*  re-neW-ed-ly  (ew  as  u),  adv.    [Eng.  re- 
newed ;  -ly.]    Again,  anew,  once  more. 

*  re-new'-ed-ness   (ew  as   u),  s.     [Eng. 
renewed ;  -ness.]    The  quality  or  state  of  being 
renewed. 

"  An  inward  sanctity  and  renevtedness  of  heart 
against  them  all  "—Hammond  :  Works,  iv.  663. 

re-new'-er  (ew  as  u),  *.  [Eng.  renew;  -er.} 
One  who  or  that  which  renews. 

"  He  Is  his  own  reneteer,  though  in  part  only."— 
Waterland  :  Works,  vi.  362. 

*  re-neye,  v.t.    [RENAY.] 

*  ren-fierse,  v.t.    [REENFIERCE.] 

*  ren-forse,  v.t.    [REINFORCE.] 

*  renge,  s.    [RANGE,  s.] 

1.  A  range,  a  rank. 

2.  The  step  of  a  ladder ;  a  rung, 
renge,  v.t.    [RANGE,  v.] 

*  re  m'-ant,  s.     [Fr.,  pr.  par-  of  rwitor  K  to 
deny.]    '[RENAY.]    A  renegade. 

"  What  bonde*  and  chaines  me  holden,  ladie  ye  M 
wel  your  self:  a  reniant  foriudged  hath  not  halfe  the 
care."— Chaucer:  Testament  of  Love.  i. 

re-nid-i-f  I-ca'-tlon,  s.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
nidification  (q.v.).]  The  act  of  building  nests 
a  second  time. 


late,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;   we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there:   pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;   go,  p5t, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  car,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    «,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw.  J 


reniera— rent 


39.55 


rt-nl'-er-a,  *•  [Named  after  S.  A.  Renier 
(1759-1830).] 

Zool.  :  The  type-genus  of  Renierin*  (q.v.), 
with  twelve  species.  (0.  Schmidt.)  Sponges, 
easily  crumbled,  clump-like  masses  ;  canal 
system  like  that  of  Halisarca.  Skeleton  of 
four-,  five-,  orthree-sided,  orpolygonal  meslies  ; 
spicules  acerated,  pointed,  or  rounded  off, 
and  connected  by  horny  matter  at  tlieir  ends 
only.  Distribution,  probably  world-wide. 

jr6n-I-er-i'-n8B,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  L«t.  renier(a); 
Lat.  fern.  pi.  adj.  suff.  -inoe.] 

Zool.  :  A  group  including  all  sponges  which 
resemble  Reniera  in  having  a  skeleton  formed 
of  a  loose  network  of  acerate  or  cylindrical 
spicules.  Genera  :  Amorphina,  Pellina,  Eu- 
mastia,  Foliolina,  Tedania,  Sclimidtia,  Plica- 
tella,  and  Auletta.  Distribution,  world-wide. 
From  the  form  of  the  Renieriue  sponges,  it 
cannot  be  demonstrated  that  they  occur  fossil. 

T&Q'-I-er-ine,  a.  [RENIERIN^;.]  Belonging  to, 
or  having  the  characteristics  of  the  sub-family 
Reiiierinae  (q.v.).  (Cassell's  Nat.  Hist.,  vi.  327.) 

ren'-i-form,  a.  [Lat.  rents  =  the  kidneys, 
and  forma  =  form,  shape.]  Having  the  form 
or  shape  of  the  kidneys. 

rfi-nll'-la,  s.     [Mod.  Lat.,  dimin.  from  Lat. 

rents  =  the  kidneys  (?).] 
Zool.  :  The  typical  genus  of  Renilliihe  (q.v.). 


l   li  daa,  s.  pi.  [Mod.  Lat.  renill(a);  Lat. 
fern.  pi.  adj.  sufl'.  -idue.] 

Zool.  :  A  family  of  Alcyonaria.  The  body 
i»  reniform,  without  a  solid  axis,  and  the 
cooids  are  on  one  side  of  the  single  pinnule. 

•  ri-ni'-ten$e,   *  re'-ni'-ten-cjf,  *.    [Lat. 
renitens,   pr.    par.    of   renitor  =  to    struggle 
against  :  re-  =  again,  and  nitor  =  to  struggle.] 

1.  The  resistance  of  solid  bodies  when  they 
press   tip-  'n,    or   are    impelled   one   against 
Another  ;  the  resistance  of  a  body  to  pressure. 

2.  Moral  resistance;  disinclination,  reluct- 
ance. 

"  Not   without  a  certain  rrnitcncy  and  regret  of 
minde."—  Bp.  Hall  :  Chrittian  Moderation,  bk.  i.,  i  8. 

•  rS-ni'-te  nt,  a.  [Lat.  renitens.]  [RENITENCE.] 

1.  Resisting  pressure  or  the  effect  of  it  ; 
acting  against  impulse  by  elastic  force. 

"  By  .-in  inflatimi  of  the  muscles,  they  become  soil, 
and  yet  renitent."—  Kay  :  On  the  Creation,  pt  ii. 

2.  Persistently  opposed;  reluctant,  disin- 
clined. 

•renne  (i),  v.i.    [RUN,  ».] 

*renne  (2),  v.t.  [Icel.  rcena.]  To  plunder,  to 
pillage,  to  rob. 

rin  net  (1),  run  net.  *  ren  et,  *.     [Mid. 

Eng.  renne  =  to  run,  because  rennet  causes 
the  milk  to  run,  i.e.,  to  coagulate  or  congeal  ; 
Oer.  rinnen  =  to  run,  to  curdle  ;  O.  Dut 
rinsel,  runsel,  renninge  =  curds,  rennet,  from 
finnen  =  to  press,  to  curdle.  ] 

Chem.  :  An  aqueous  infusion  of  the  dried 
•tomach  of  the  calf.  It  is  a  valuable  agent  in 
the  coagulation  of  the  casein  of  milk  prepara- 
tory to  the  manufacture  of  cheese.  It  appears 
to  contain  a  soluble  ferment  which  acts  directly 
on  the  milk. 

rennet-whey,  «.    [WHEY.] 

trim  net  (2),  *  ren  at,  *  rcn  net  Ing,  s. 
[Fr.  reinette  =  a  pippin,  a  rennet,  dimin.  trom 
rtine  =  a  queen,  from  Lat.  regina,  or  from 
O.  Fr.  rainette,  dimin.  from  mine  =  a  frog  (Lat. 
rana),  because  the  fruit  is  spotted  like  a  frog.] 
A  variety,  or  rather  several  sub-varieties,  of 
apple,  with  more  or  less  spotted  fruit  ;  ground 
•colour  gray,  or  golden.  There  is  a  French  and 
a  Canadian  rennet.  Called  also  a  Queen. 

"  The  renat,  which  though  first  it  from  the  pippin 

came. 

Grown  through  his  pureuess  nice,  assumes  that  curi- 
ous name.  Drayton  :  I'oty-Olbion,  ».  18. 

Te"n'  net-ed,  a.  [Eng.  rennet  (l);-ed.]  Mixed 
or  heated  with  rennet. 

*  ren  -net-ing,  s.    [RENNET  (2).] 

*  ren-ni-ble,  a.    [REN  ABLE.] 
*renning,  s.    [RENNE  (1),  v.]    Rennet 

*  re-nome,  «.    [O.  FT.]    Renown. 

«re-n6un9e',  v.t.  &  i.  [Fr.  renoncer  =  to  re- 
nounce, from  Lat.  renuncio,  renuntio  —(I)  to 


bring  back  a  report,  (2)  to  renounce  :  re-  = 
back,  and  nuntio  =  to  bring  a  message  ;  nun- 
tiits  =  a,  message;  Sp.  &  Port,  renunciar; 
Ital.  renunziare,  rinumiare.] 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  declare  against ;  to  disclaim,  to  dis- 
own, to  abjure,  to  forswear  ;  to  refuse  to  own 
or    acknowledge    as    belonging    to    one  ;    to 
abandon  all  claim  to. 

"  He  had,  by  assenting  to  the  Bill  of  Eights,  solemnly 
renounced  the  dispensing  power."— Macaula*  .  Hat. 
Eng.,  ch.  zviiL 

2.  To  cast  off;    to  reject,   to  forsake,  to 
abandon. 

"  This  world  I  do  renounce ;  and  in  your  sight* 
Shake  patiently  my  great  affliction  off." 

tStakap. :  Lear,  IT.  i. 

B.  Intransitive : 

*  1.  Ord.   Lang. :   To   make   or   declare   a 
renunciation. 

"  He  of  my  sous,  who  fails  to  make  it  good. 
By  one  rebellious  act  renounce*  to  my  blood." 

LHyden:  Hind  i  f  anther,  ill  Its. 

2.  Cards :  Not  to  follow  suit  when  one  has 
a  card  of  the  same  suit ;  to  revoke. 

"  But  since  they're  at  renouncing,  'tit  our  parts 
To  trump  their  diamonds,  as  they  trump  our  hearts." 
Dryden  :  Prologue  to  the  Princett  of  Cleret. 

re-nounce',  s.    [RENOUNCE,  v.] 

Cards :  A  declining  or  failing  to  f""ow  suit, 
when  it  can  be  done. 

*  re  -  noun9e' -  ment,  s.     [Eng.    renounce; 
-mint.]    The  act  of  renouncing,  disclaiming, 
or  abjuring  ;  renunciation. 

"  I  bold  you  as  a  thing  enskied  and  sainted  ; 
By  your  renouncement,  an  immortal  spirit" 

Shalutp.  :  Meaturefor  iicature,  L  5. 

ri-nounj'-er,  s.  [Eng.  renounce) ;  -er.]  One 
who  renounces,  disclaims,  or  abjures. 

"  An  apostate,  and  renouncer  or  blasphemer  of 
religion."—  WUIdnt:  Natural  Religion,  bk.  i.,  ch.  riv. 

re'-noun9'-ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [RENOUNCE,  v.] 

*  re-noun5'-Ing-ly,  adv.    [Eng.  renouncing  ; 
•ly.]    With  renunciations  or  disclaimers. 

"  Willing  to  spend  and  be  spent  te\t-renouncinaty." 
—Victoria  Magazine,  Nov.,  186«,  p.  9S. 

*  ren'-6-vant,  o.     [Lat.  renovans,  genit.  re- 
nomntis,   pr.   par.  of  renovo  =  to    renovate 
(q.v.).]    Renovating,  renewing.    (Cowtl.) 

ren'-i-vate,  v.t.  [Lat  renovatus,  pa.'par.  of 
renovo  =  to  renew  :  re-  =  again,  and  novus  = 
new.) 

1.  To  renew  ;  to  make  new  again  ;  to  restore 
to  a  state  of  freshness  or  vigour  ;  to  repair. 

"  Lore  is  renovated  there." 

Coicper :  Watching  unto  God. 

*  2.  To  renew  in  effect ;  to  give  force  or 
effect  to  anew. 

"  He  renowiteth  by  so  doing  all  those  shines  which 
before  times  were  forgiven  him."— Lattnur :  OH  the 
Lard't  Prayer,  ser.  7. 

rSn'-i-vat-er,  rfin'-i-vat-or,  *.  [Eng 
renovat(e);  -er,  -or.]  One  who  or  that  which 
renovates  or  renews  ;  a  reuewer. 

rSn-i-va'-tion,  *.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  renotw- 
tionem,  accus.  of  renovatio,  from  renovatus, 
pa.  j>ar.  of  renovo  =  to  renovate  (q.v.);  Sp. 
renovacion;  ItaL  rinovazione.]  The  act  or 
process  of  renovating ;  a  making  new  or  fresh 
again  ;  a  restoring  to  a  former  state  of  fresh- 
ness or  vigour ;  renewal ;  the  state  of  being 
renovated  or  restored  to  a  former  state  of 
freshness  or  vigour. 

"  O  man  I  tyrannic  lord  !  how  long,  how  long. 
Shall  prostrate  nature  groan  beneath  your  rage, 
A  waiting  renovation!"    Thornton:  Autumn,  I, WO. 

ren -6-vat-6r,  s.    [RENOVATER.] 

*  re-no-ve-launce,  s.  [O.  Fr.]  A  renewing. 

"  And  also  mo  renorelaunca 
Of  old  forleten  aqueintaunces," 

Chaucer :  Haute  of  Fame,  it 

*  re-no-velle,  *  re-no-vele,  v.t.  &  i.    [Fr. 
renouveler.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  make  new  again  ;  to  renew, 
to  restore. 

"  He  shal  also  enforcen  him  alway  to  do  som  thing, 
by  which  he  may  rtnooette  his  good  name."— Chaucer : 
Tale  of  Melibeui. 

B.  Intrans. :  To  become  renewed  ;  to  revive. 
"  Ones  a  yere  all  thinges  in  the  erthe  raw*«(«n."— 

Chaucer :  rertonet  Tale. 

*  re-no'wmed',  a.    [RENOWNED.] 

*  re  -ndvfcrn',  *  rS-noun',  *  re-nowne,  *. 

[Fr.  renom,  renommee  =  renown ;  renomme  = 
renowned,  from  re-  =  again,  and  nom= a  name ; 
Lat.  nomen;  Port  rename;  Sp.  renombre  = 


renown;  remombr9,r=.  to  renown.]  Inequality 
or  state  of  being  renowned  or  of  having  a 
celebrated  or  exulted  name  ;  exalted  reputa- 
tion derived  from  the  widely  spread  fame  of 
great  achievements  oracconiplishuiente;  fame. 
celebrity. 

"  John  Gilpin  was  a  citixeo 
Of  credit  and  renown." 

Cotrprr  :  John  GUpt*. 

*re-no%n,  v.t.  [RESOWN,  «.]  To  make  re- 
nowned  or  famous  ;  to  give  renown  or  fame  to. 

"  The  memorials  and  the  things  of  fame 
That  do  renvtfn  this  city." 

Shatetp.  :  Twelfth  .fight,  lit  S. 

re-no^Tied',  o.  (Eng.  renown  ;  -ed.]  Famous 
or  celebrated  for  great  achievements,  distin- 
guished qualities,  grandeur,  or  the  like  ;  famed. 

"  A  chief  renowned  in  war." 

Dryden  :  firyil  ;  ^neid  Til  «. 

*  re'-nd%Tl'-e'd-ijf,    adv.      [Eng.    renamed; 
-ly.]    In  a  renowned  manner;  with  renown, 
fume,  or  celebrity. 

*  re-no%n'-er,  «.    [Eng.  renom  ;  -«T.) 

L  One  who  confers  renown  or  fame. 

"  As  through  this  great  rrnowner  I  have  wrought.'* 
Chapman  :  Boner  ;  Odyury  nilL 

2.  A  bully,  a  swaggerer.    (Translating  Ger 
renommist.) 

*  re-nol^n  -fol.  a.     [Eng.  renown; 
Celebrated,  renowned,  famous. 


a.     (Eng.    renown;    -lett.} 
Without  renown  ;  inglorious. 

rens  sel  aer  -ite,  s.  [Named  after  Governor 
Rensselaer  ;  suff.  -ite  (A/in.).] 

Af  in.  :  A  variety  of  Steatite  (q.v.),  psendo- 
morphous  after  pyroxene. 

rent,  pret.  &  pa.  par.  ofv.    [REND.] 

*  rent  (1),  v.t.  (From  rent,  pret  &  pa,  par.  of 
rend.]  To  rend  ;  to  tear  asunder. 

"  Brambles   renting   and    tearing   one   inothss-^* 
Chrit.  Hutton  :  Ltarn  to  Lift,  p.  M. 

rent  (2),  v.t.  &  i.    [RENT,  «.] 
A.  Transitive  : 

1.  To  take  and  hold  f»r  a  consideration  IB 
the  nature  of  a  rent  ;  to  hold  by  paying  rent. 

2.  To  grant  the  possession  and  enjoyment  of 
for  a  consideration  in  the  nature  of  a  rent  ;  to 
let  to  a  tenant  at  a  rent 

*  B,  Intrans.  :  To  be  leased  or  let  for  rent 

r&nt  (1),  *.   [From  rent,  pa.  par.  of  rend  (q.v.).] 
1.  Lit.  :   An  opening  made  by  rending  or 
tearing  asunder  ;  a  breach,  a  nssure,  a  crevice, 
a  crack,  a  gap,  a  tear. 

"  From  Lyons  there  is  another  treat  rent,  which 
runs  acmes  the  whole  country  in  almost  another 
straight  line."—  A  dditon  :  Kemarla  on  Italy. 

*  2.  Fig.  :  A  schism,  a  separation,  a  rap- 
ture :  as,  a  rent  in  the  church. 

rint  (2),  *  rente,  ».  [Fr.  rente  =  rent,  revenue. 
from  rendita,  a  nasalized  form  of  Lat.  reddit* 
(petunia)  =  (money)  paid,  fern.  sing,  of  rrtidi- 
f  IAS,  pa.  par.  of  reddo  =  to  give  back,  to  render 
(q.v.);  ItaL  rmdita  =  rent  ;  O.  8p.  &  Port. 
rondo;  Sp.  reiita;  Dut,  Dan.,  &  Oer.  rente; 
Sw.  rente,  rdnta;  Icel.  rente]  A  sum  of 
money,  or  other  valuable  consideration,  pay- 
able periodically  for  the  use  of  lands  or  tene- 
ments ;  the  return  made  to  the  owner  by  the 
occupier  or  user  of  any  corporeal  inheritance. 
It  does  not  necessarily  consist  in  money. 
Bithell  (Counting  Hotae  Dictionary)  says  : 

"  The  word  has  three  different  meanings,  which  It  to 
important  to  distinguish  :— 

1.  In  common  speech.  It  signifies  the  payment 
periodically  made  lor  the  use  of  lauds,  boiues.  er 

P  i'Tn^egalThrii^ogy.  It  signifies  the  right  to  ds> 
maud  payment  for  the  same,  not  the  payment  lUdf. 

S.  In  political  economy  toe  meaning  is  mure  re- 
stricted. and  is  applied  to  the  payment  annually  mad* 
for  the  use  of  ...  lauds  employed  simply  for  the  pro- 
duction of  such  wealth  as  is  yielded  by  tilling  it" 

Rents,  at  common  law,  are  of  three  kind*, 
reni-aervfce,  rent-charge,  and  rext-teck.  Bent- 
service  is  when  some  corj>oral  service  is  inci- 
dent to  it,  as  by  fealty,  and  a  sum  of  money  ; 
rent-charge  is  when  the  owner  of  the  rent  ha« 
no  future  interest  or  reversion  expectant  in 
the  land,  but  the  rent  is  reserved  in  the  deed 
by  a  clause  of  distress  for  rent  in  arrear  ;  renl- 
teck  (dry  rent)  is  rent  reserved  by  deed,  bn» 
without  any  clause  of  distress. 

"  Krnt  Is  an  lucon-orea]  heriditament  and  slgnifle* 
acompensatlun  or  acknowledgment  given  for  the  nos- 
ses.«ion  of  »ome  corporeal  inheritance.  l*ing  defined  a* 
certain  profit  issuing  yearly  out  of  land,  and  tena- 
nts corporeal.  It  must  be  a  profit  ;  yet  there  is  ne 


fcSH,  bo^;  ptfut,  J6%1;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  $hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  a? ;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist,   -ing. 
-clan,  -tlan  =  shan,  -tfon.  -*ion  =  shun ;  -^lon,  -fion  =  zhun,   -clous,  -tious,  -slous  =  shus.  -We,  -die,  Ac.  =  l>el,  del. 


3956 


rentable— repair 


occasion  fur  it  to  be  money :  for  capons,  corn,  and 
other  matters  may  .lie  rendered  by  way  uf  r?nt.  It 
must  issue  uut  of  lands  and  tenements  corporeal ;  that 

grantee  of  the  rmt  may  have  recourse  to  distrain. 
Therefore  a  rent  can  uut  be  reserved  out  of  an  advow- 
•ou,  a  couimuti,  an  office,  a  franchise,  or  the  like. 
Rent  is  regularly  due  and  payable  UIMJII  the  laud  from 
whence  it  issues,  if  no  particular  place  is  mentioned  in 
the  reservation.  And  strictly  it  is  demaudable  and 
payable  before  the  time  of  sunset  of  the  day  whereon 
It  Is  reserved,  though  perh:i;.»  not  .ilmolutely  due  till 
midnight."— Blaclutone:  Comment.,  bk.  ii..  ch.  3. 

5  Adam  Smith  considers  rent  as  the  price 
paid  for  the  use  of  land.  Ricardo  and  his 
followers  considered  that  the  rent  of  superior 
•oils  is  equal  to  the  difference  between  their 
produce  and  that  of  the  worst  soils  cultivated. 
There  is  great  doubt  as  to  the  accuracy  of 
this  view.  Land  let  by  a  landlord  to  a  tenant 
for  purpose  of  cultivation  is  analogous  to 
money  lent  to  a  borrower.  The  rent  of  the 
land  is  virtually  the  interest  oil  the  land 
viewed  as  a  loan. 
H  1.  Rents  of  Assize :  [Assize]. 

2.  Black-rent :  Blackmail  (q.v.). 

3.  Fee-farm  rent :  [FEE-FARM]. 

4.  Fore-hand  rent: 

(1)  [FOREHAND-RENT.] 

(2)  Rent  paid  in  advance. 

5.  White-rents  :  Quit-rents  when  payable  in 
silver,  as  distinguished  from  black-rents  (q.v.). 

*  rent-arrear,  5.    Unpaid  rent 
rent-charge,  *.    [RENT,  «.] 
rent-day, ».  The  day  on  which  rent  is  due. 

rent-roll,  s.  A  list  or  schedule  of  rents 
or  income  ;  a  rental. 

"  The  owner  of  an  estate  without  coffers,  and  estates 
without  a  rtnt-roU."—Lytton :  Oodolphin,  ch.  xii. 

•  rent'-a-ble,  a.    [Eng.  rent,  v. ;  -able.]    Cap- 
able of  being  rented. 

•  rent' -age  (age  as  ig),  s.    [0.  Fr.]    Rent. 

"  Nor  can  we  pay  the  fine  and  rentugt  due." 

Fletcher :  Purple  Jtland,  vii. 

rint'-al,  5.    [Low  Lat.  rentale.] 

1.  A  schedule  or  list  of  rents ;  a  roll  in 
which  the  rents  of  an  estate  or  manor  are  set 
down  ;  a  rent-roll. 

2.  The  gross  amount  of  the  rents  derived 
from  an  estate. 

3.  The  amount  charged  or  paid  as  rent ;  rent. 

"  The  rrnluli  are  even  now  nothing  abort  of  fabu- 
lous."— field,  Dec.  6,  1884. 

rental-bolls,  s.  pi. 

Scots  Law:  A  term  used  when  the  tiends 
(tithes)  have  been  liquidated  and  settled  for 
•o  many  bolls  of  corn  yearly.  (Bell.) 

rental-right,  s.  A  species  of  lease  at  a 
low  rent,  usually  for  life.  [RENTALLER.] 

•  rSnt'-al-ler,  ».     [Eng.  rental;   -er.]    One 
who  holds  a  rental  right. 

rente,  s.  [Fr.]  The  annual  Interest  payable 
on  French,  Austrian,  Italian,  and  some  other 
Government  stocks.  Also  applied  to  the 
stocks  themselves. 

rent  -er,  s.  [Eng.  rent ;  -er.]  One  who  rents 
an  estate ;  one  who  holds  an  estate  or  tene- 
ment by  paying  rent ;  a  tenant. 

"  A  renter  of  salmon  water  should  secure  absolute 
and  exclusive  right  to  it."— field,  Dec.  6.  1884. 

^  A  renter  at  Drury  Lane  is  one  who  sub- 
scribed a  certain  sum  to  rebuild  that  theatre 
after  its  destruction  by  fire  in  1809,  and  who 
was  in  consequence  entitled  to  a  seat  therein. 

renter-warden,  s.  The  warden  of  a 
company  who  receives  rents. 

riSn  ter,  v.t.  [Fr.  rentraire  =  to  join  two 
pieces  of  cloth,  to  renter,  from  re-  =  back  ;  en 
=  in,  and  traire  (Lat.  traho)  =  to  draw.] 

1.  To   fine-draw  ;  to  sew  together,  as  the 
edges  of  two  pieces  of  cloth,  without  doubling 
them,  so  that  the  seam  is  scarcely  visible. 

2.  In  tapestry,  to  work  new  warp  into,  in 
order  to  restore  the  original  pattern  or  design. 

•  ren'-ter-er,  ».     [Eng.   renter;   -er.]     One 
who  renters  ;  a  fine-drawer. 

rentier  (as  ran  tl-e),  «.    [Fr.,  from  rente  = 

government  stock.]  A  fund-holder  ;  one  who 
erives  a  tixed  income  from  lands,  stocks,  &c. 

ren'-U-ent,  a.  [Lat  renuens,  pr.  par.  of  renuo, 
from're-  =  back,  and  nuo  =  to  nod.]  Throw- 
ing back  the  head ;  applied  specifically  to 
two  muscles  which  perform  this  function. 


*  re  nu  -mer-ate,  v.t.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
enumerate  (q.v.).]    To  count,  number,  or  enu- 
merate again. 

*  re  nun   9i-ance,  ».    [Lat.  renuntians,  pr. 
par.   of  renun'tio  =  to  renounce  (q.v.).]     Re- 
nunciation. 

"  Each  in  silence.  In  tragical  rrnunciance.'—Carlyle : 
French  licvol.,  pt.  ii..  bk.  v.,  ch.  iii. 

re  nun  51  a  t ion,  *  re-nun-ti-a-tion,  s. 

[Fr.  renunciation,  from  Lat.  renuntiationem, 
accus.  of  reii.untii.iiio  =a  renouncing,  from  re- 
nuntiattts,  pa.  par.  of  renuntio  —  to  renounce 
(q.v.);  Sp.  renunciation ;  Ital.  renunziazione.} 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  The  act  of  renouncing,  dis- 
claiming, disowning,  or  abjuring. 

"  A  solemn  renunciation  of  idolatry  and  false  WOT- 
•hip."—  Waterland:  Warkt,  ii.  190. 

2.  Law: 

(1)  Eng.  Law :  The  act  of  renouncing  a  title  ; 
applied  especially  to  the  act  of  an  executor, 
who,  having  been  nominated  in  a  will,  and 
having  the  option  of  acting  as  such  or  not, 
declines  to  act,  and  in  order  to  avoid  any  lia- 
bility expressly  renounces  the  office. 

(2)  Scots  Law:  The  act  of  an  heir  who  is 
entitled,  if  he  chooses  to  do  so,  to  succeed 
to  heritable  property,  but  who  prefers  to  refuse 
it,  owing  to  the  incuiubrances  on  it. 

rS-nun'-^i-iV-to  -rjf,  a.    Pertaining  to  or 
containing  a  renunciation. 

*  ren  verse',  v.t.    [Fr.  renverser,  from  re-  = 
back  ;  en  =  in,  and  Lat.  verso  —  to  turn.] 

1.  To  turn  upside  down  ;  to  reverse. 

"  Whose  shield  he  bears  rentertt." 

Spenier:  F.  «.,  L  IT.  41. 

2.  To  overthrow  ;  to  upset. 

"  My  hopes  ....  again  renaertt." 

Stirling :  A  urora,  st.  77. 

ren-verse',  a.    [Fr.  renverse,  pa.  par.  of  ren- 
verser.]    [RENVERSE,  V.] 

Her. :  Inverted,  reversed,  set  upside  down  ; 
set  with  the  head  downward,  or  contrary  to 
the  natural  position  :  as,  A  chevron  renverse. 

*  ren  verse  -ment,  ».    [Fr.]    [RENVERSE,  v.] 
The  act  of  upsetting  or  reversing ;  reversal. 

"  Tis  a  total  renvertement  of  the  order  of  nature."— 
Xtuktlcy  :  Palaologia  Sacra,  p.  60. 

*  rSn-Vo'y',  v.t.   [Fr.  renvoyer,  from  re-  =  back, 
and  envoyer  =  to  send.]    To  send  back. 


*  ren-vtfy",  ».    [RENVOY,  v.\    The  act  of  send- 
ing back  or  dismissing. 

"  The  sudden  renvoji  of  her  majesty's  servants."— 
:  Lettert,  bk.  1.,  let  3. 


*  re-ny,  v.t. 

re  6b-tain',  *  re-ob-taine,  v.t.  [Pref.  re-, 
and  Eng.  obtain  (q.v.).]  To  obtain  or  get 
again. 

"  I  came  to  rrobtaine  my  dignitie." 

ilirrovarfar  Magittratet.  p.  762. 

*  re-ib-tain'-a-ble,  a.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
obtainable  (q.v.).J    That  may  or  can  be   ob- 
tained or  got  a  second  time. 

re-Sc'-CU-py,  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  oc- 
cupy (q.v.).J  To  occupy  again  or  anew. 

re-o'm'-e-ter,  $.    [RHEOMETER.] 

re  o'  pen,  v.t.  *  i.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  open, 
v.  (q.v.).] 

A.  Trans.  :  To  open  again  or  anew. 

"This  message  reopened  the  whole  question."— 
Jiacaulay  :  Ilia.  Eng..  ch.  xix. 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  be  opened  again  or  anew  : 
as,  The  theatres  reopen  this  week. 

re-op-p6$e',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  oppose 
(q.v.).]  To  oppose  again  or  anew. 

"  To  reoppnie  any  pen  that  shall  fallaciously  refute 
U*."—  Browne:  I'ulgar  Errourt.  (Pref.) 

re  or-dain',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  ordain 
(q.v.).]  To  ordain  again  or  anew,  as  in  conse- 
quence of  some  defect  in  the  first  ordination. 

"In  this  point  of  renrdaininq  such  M  were  ordained 
In  heresy  or  schism,  the  Church  of  Rome  has  not  gone 
by  any  steady  rule."—  fiurnet  :  Hitt.  Reform  (an.  15&4.) 

re-or'-der,  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  order,  v. 
(q.v.).] 

1.  To  order  again  or  a  second  time. 
*  2.  To  put  in  order  again  or  anew. 
"For  the  reordering  of  my  exchange*."—  Wotton: 
Remain*,  p.  486. 


re-or-di-na'-tion,  s.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
ordination  (q.v.).J  The  act  of  reordaiuing;  a 
second  or  repeated  ordination. 

re  or  gan  i  za  tion,  s.  [Pref.  re-,  ami  Eng. 
orgoMxitto*  (q.v.).]  The  act  of  reorganizing  ; 
the  state  of  being  reorganized. 

••  The  rtor,jtiniuiti<>n  of  the  military  and  civil  esta- 
blishments iu  Egypt '— .if.  Jamett  (iatette,  Oct.  12, IMS. 

re-or'-gan-ize,  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
organize  (q.v.).J  To  organize  anew ;  to  bring 
again  to  an  organized  condition. 

"  All  those  holy  relicks  of  the  bodies  of  his  saint*, 
which  are  now  scattered  about  the  world,  shall  bo 
gathered  up,  reunited,  and  rearganited  into  glorious- 
bodies."— Scott :  L'hristiun  Life,  pt.  it,  ch.  vii..  i  IL 

*  re-br'-a-ent,  a.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  orient 
(q.v.).]  Arising  again  or  anew,  as  the  life  of 
nature  in  spring. 

"  The  life,  reorient  out  of  dust' 

Tennyjon :  In  Memorial*.  CZT.  4V 

re'-6-trdpe,  s.    [RHEOTROPE.] 

re-OJC'-y-gen-ate,  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
oxygenate  (q.v.).]  To  oxygenate  again  or  • 
second  time. 

re-o'x'-y-gen-ize,  v.t.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 

oxygenize  (q.  v.).]     To  reoxygenate  (q.v.). 

rep,  repp,  a.  &  5.  [Etym.  doubtful ;  prob. 
connected  with  rib  (q.v.).] 

A.  As  adj.  :   Formed  with  a  finely-corded 
surface  ;  having  a  cord-like  appearance  :  as,  •» 
rep  paper. 

B.  As  substantive : 

Fabric :  A  dress  fabric  having  a  corded  or 
ribbed  appearance. 

re-pace',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  pace,  Y. 
(q.v.).]  To  pace  again  ;  to  go  over  again  in  » 
contrary  direction. 

re-pa$'-I-fy,  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  pacify 
(q.v.).j  To  pacify  again  or  a  second  time. 

"  Henry,  who  next  commands  the  state. 
Seeks  to  repacify  the  people's  hate." 

Daniel:  Civil  Wan. 

re-pack',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  pack,  v. 
(q.v.).]  To  pack  again  or  a  second  time. 

"To  repack  them  with  an  additional  quantity  of 
lalf— Smith  :  Wealth  qf  Xationt,  bk.  iv.,  ch.  v. 

re-pack' -er,  ».  [Eng.  repack;  -er.}  On* 
who  repacks. 

re-paid',  prtt.  &  pa.  par.  ofv.    [REPAY.] 

re-paint',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  paint,  T. 
(q.v.).]  To  paint  again  or  anew. 

"The  ground  of  this  picture  has  been  re)>aint*4L"— 
Reynoldt  :  Journey  to  Flandert. 

re-pair'  (1),  *  re-paire  (1),  v.t.  [Fr.  rrparer, 
from  Lat.  reparo  =  to  get  again  .  .  .  to  repair: 
re-  =  again,  and  paro  =  to  get,  to  prepare  ; 
Sp.  &  Port,  reparar ;  Ital.  riparare.] 

1.  To  execute  repairs  on  ;  to  restore  to  a> 
good,   whole,   or   sound  state   after   injury, 
dilapidation,  or  decay  ;  to  mend,  to  renovate. 

•"To  repair  the  house  of  the  Lord."— 2  Chrmt.  xxlv.  19. 

2.  To  make  amends  for;  to  compensate,  to 
requite  :  as,  To  repair  a  loss  or  damage. 

*3.  To  restore  to  the  original  state  by  re- 
placing what  has  been  lost ;  to  recruit. 

"To  repair  his  numbers  thus  impair'd." 

HMon:  P.  L.,  ii.  144. 

*4.  To  recover  or  get  into  position  again 
for  offence,  as  a  weapon.  (Spenser.) 

re-pair'  (2),  *re  paire  (2),  v.i.  [O.  Fr. 
repainr,  repaircer  =:  to  haunt,  to  frequent,  to 
lodge  in,  from  Lat  repatrio  =  to  return  to 
one's  country  :  re-  =  back,  and  patria  =  one'» 
native  land,  pater  — SL  father;  bp.  repatriar; 
Ital.  ripatriare  =  to  return  to  one's  country.J 
To  go  to  a  place ;  to  betake  one's  self ;  to 
resort.  (Always  with  fo,  or  some  other  word 
implying  direction,  as  thither.) 

"  The  high  born  and  high  spirited  youths  who  re- 
paired to  his  standard."— i/acaulay:  Silt.  Eng.,  ch. 
xvii. 

re-pair1  (1),  *  re-paire  (1),  *.    [REPAIR  (l),  v.) 

1.  The  act  of  retiring;   restoration  to  a 
good,   whole,  or   sound   state   after    injury, 
dilapidation,    or   decay  ;   supply   of  loss  or 
waste  ;  reparation. 

"The  expense  of  maintaining  (he  fixed  capital  in  a, 
great  country  may  very  properly  be  compared  to  that 
of  rf,xiir,  In  a  private  estate."—  Smith ;  Wealth  if 
Jfatiom,  bk.  ii.,  ch.  11. 

2.  State  or  condition  as  regards  want  of 
repairing  :  as,  The  house  is  in  good  repair. 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pSt» 
•T.  wore,  wol«;  work,  who,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  car.  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian,    w,  09  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  -  lew. 


repair— repeat 


3957 


•  repair  (2),  *  re  paire  (2),  *  re  payre,  s. 

[EtPAIR  (2),  ».] 

1.  The  act  of  repairing  or  betaking  one's 
self  to  a  place  ;  resort. 

"  ybat  my  present  repair  to  London  may  not  dis- 
please his  majesty."— CoAfrate ;  iarJ  a/  JJri«oJ  to 
Lord  Conteay,  p.  19. 

2.  The  place  to  which  one  repairs  or  resorts ; 
a  resort,  a  haunt. 

•  rS  -  pair"  -  a  -  ble,  a.    [Eng.  repair  (1),  v- ; 
•afcte.]    Capable  of  being  repaired  ;  reparable. 

"Ti«  scarce  ...»  repairable  malice."— Oauden : 
Tearei  of  the  Church,  p.  66. 

r&-palr'-er,  s.  [Eng.  repair  (1),  v.  ;-er.]  One 
who  or  that  which  repairs,  restores,  or  makes 
amends. 

"  To  make  you  repairer*  of  the  breaches  of  the  city 
a*  well  as  of  the  nation."— Stillingfleet :  Sermont,  vol. 
i.,  ser.  1. 

•rS-pair'-me'nt,  «.  [Eng.  repair  (IX  v. ; 
•went.}  The  act  of  repairing;  reparation. 

re'-pand',  a.  [Lat.  repandus,  from  re-  =  back, 
and  pandus  =  bent,  crooked.] 

Hot. :  Having  an  uneven  and  light  sinuous 
margin,  as  the  leaf  of 
Solanum  nigrum. 

re   pan   do  ,  pr 
[REPAND.] 

repando - den 
tate,  a. 

Hot.  :  Repand  and 
toothed,  as  the  leaves 
of  Doronictan  Parda- 
lianches. 

•rS-pan'-dous,  a.  [REPAND.]  Bent  upwards, 
curved  back. 

"  They  be  drawn  repandotti  or  conve»edly  crooked 
In  one  piece."— Brown*  :  Vulgar  Errourt  bk.  v.,  ch.  ii. 

*r8p-ar-a-bll'-i-tjft  ».  [Eng.  reparable; 
-ity.]  "The  quality  or  state  of  being  reparable. 

rSp'-ar-a-ble,  a.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  reparabilis, 
from  reparo  —  to  repair  ;  Sp.  reparable  ;  ItaL 
riparabile.]  [REPAIR  (1),  v.) 

1.  Capable  of  being  retired  or  restored  to 
a  state  of  soundness  ;  admitting  of  rej>air. 

"The  part*  hardly  reparable."— Bacon :  Xat.  Hitt., 
IS8. 

*  2.    Capable  of  being  repaired,  or  made 
amends  for. 

•  rSp'-ar-a-bljf,  adv.    [Eng.  reparable) ;  -ly.] 
In  a  reparable  manner  ;  in  a  manner  admitting 
of  repair  or  reparation. 

rep  ar  a  -tion,  s.  [Pr.,  from  Lat  repara- 
tionem,  accus.  of  reparatio,  from  reparutus, 
pa.  par.  of  reparo  =  to  repair ;  Sp.  reparation ; 
Ital.  riparazione.]  [REPAIR  (1),  ».] 

1.  The  act  of  repairing  or  restoring  ;  repair, 
restoration,  renovation. 

"  And  all  the  hewen  stones  thereof  defaced, 
That  there  mote  be  no  hope  of  rr/xtrotion. 
Nor  memory  thereof  to  any  nation  " 

Spenter:  P.Q..V.  H.  48. 

2.  The  act  of  making  amends  for  a  wrong, 
Injury,  &c. 

3.  That  which  is  done  to  repair  a  wrong ; 
satisfaction  for  any  wrong,  injury,  or  damage ; 
indemnification  or  compensation  for  loss  or 
damage  ;  amends. 

rep'-ar-a-tlve,  a.  &  ».  [Lat  reparatu*, 
pa.  par.  of  reparo  —  to  repair.] 

t  A.  As  adj. :  Having  the  quality  or  power 
of  retiring  ;  capable  of  eflecting  rejair ;  tend- 
ing to  amend  defects  or  make  good. 

"  /Separative  Inventions,  by  which  art  and  ingenuity 
study  to  help  and  repair  defect*  or  deformities."— 
Taylor:  Artificial  Sandtomenett,  p.  60. 

*  B.  As  svbst. :  That  which  repairs  or  re- 
stores to  a  good,  whole,  or  sound  state  ;  that 
which  amends. 

"  Whereupon  new  preparatives  were  in  band,  and 
partly  reparation  of  the  former  beaten  at  sea."— 
Keliyuia  IVottoniana,  p.  230. 

reparative-power,  s.  [REGENERATION.] 
(Owen.) 

•  rS-par'-rel,  ».     [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  apparel 
(q.  v. ).]    A  "change  of  apparel. 

"  Let  them  but  lend  him  a  suit  of  rrparret  and 
necessaries.'— Uraum.  Jt  Fletcher:  Knight  of  Burning 
Ptttle.  (Introt.) 

•rfi-par'-rel,  *  re -par -roll,  v.t.  [RE- 
PA  REL,  s.]  To  repair. 

iitee."— MS.  Lincoln,  A.  i. 


rep-ar-tee',  *  rep-ar-tle,  *  rep-ar-ty,  s. 

[Fr.  repartie  =  a  reply  ;  orig.  fern,  of  reparti, 
pa.  par.  of  repartir=  to  redivide  ...  to  reply  : 
re-  =  again,  and  partir  (Lat.  partio,  partior) 
=  to  divide.  ]  A  smart,  ready,  and  witty  reply. 

"  Offend  not  him,  whom  inocle  -ty  restrains 
From  repartee."  Couper  :  Tirocinium,  TS8. 

*  r8p-ar-tee',  v.i.    [REPARTEE,  ».]    To  make 
repartees,  or  smart,  witty  replies. 

"  For  in  all  visits,  who  but  she. 
To  argue,  or  to  repartee  t ' 

Prior :  Bant  Carrel. 

*  re-par-tii-ini-e'n'-td, «.    [Sp.]    A  partition 
or  division,  especially  of  slaves ;  an  assess- 
ment of  taxes. 

*  re-par-tl'-tion,  «.      [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
partition   (q.v.).]      The    act    of   redividing ; 
division  into  smaller  parts  ;  a  fresh  partition. 

re  pass ,  v.t.  &  t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  past, 
v.  (q.v.).] 

A.  Trans. :  To  pass  again ;  to  pass  or  travel 
back  again  over ;  to  recros*. 

"  With  more  auspicious  signs  rtpaa  the  main, 
And  with  new  ouieiu  take  the  field  again." 

ntt:  rirgil;  .Kneid  ii. 

B.  Intrans.  :  To  pass  or  go  back ;  to  move 
back. 

"  French  vessels  were  also  to  be  permitted  to  pass 
and  repeat  freely  between  Brittany  and  Muiuter."— 
Macaulay :  Uitt.  Eng.,  ch.  x vii. 

*  re  pass  age  (age  as  Ig),  s.    [Pref.  re-, 
and  Eng.  passage  (q.v.).]     The  act  of  repay- 
ing ;  a  passing  or  passage  again  or  back. 

"  Twenty  .  .  .  cut  off  their  rrpauage."—BacUui/t  : 
rogaget.  iii.  SM. 

re-pass-ant,  a.  [Pref.  re-, rod  Eng.  passant 
(q.v.).] 

Htr.  :  A  term  applied 
when  two  lions  or  other 
animals  are  borne  going 
contrary  ways,  one  of 
which  is  passant,  Hy  walk- 
ing towards  the  dexter  side 
of  the  shield  in  the  usual 
way,  and  the  other  rej<as- 
sant  by  going  towards  the 
sinister.  REPASSANT. 

re  past ,  *  re  paste,  s.  [O.  Pr.  repast  (Pr. 
repas),  from  re-  =  again,  and  past  =  a  meal,  a 
repast,  from  Lat  pastvm,  accus.  of  jtastut  = 
food  ;  orig.  pa.  par.  of  pasco  =  to  feed.] 

1.  The  act  of  taking  food  ;  a  meal. 

"  Repattt  far  richer  they  shall  prove. 
Than  all  earths  dainties  are/ 

Camper  :  (Maty  Hymnt,  Hi 

2.  Food,  victuals. 

"  Go,  and  get  me  some  report ; 
I  care  not  what,  so  it  be  wholesome  food." 

Shakftp.  :  Taming  of  the  Shrtw,  if.  a, 

*  3.  Refreshment  by  sleep ;  repose. 

•re'-pastf,  v.t.  &  i.  [O.  Fr.  repaistre;  Fr. 
repaitre.]  [REPAST,  *.] 

A.  Trans. :  To  feed,  to  feast 

"  To  his  good  friends  I'll  ope  my  arm. 
And,  like  the  kind  life-raid'riUK  pelican, 
Kepatt  them  with  my  blood." 

Shaketp. :  Bamtet.  IT.  I. 

B.  Intrant. :  To  partake  of  food  or  a  meal ; 
to  feast 

"  The  guards  repotting,  while  th«  bowls  go  round." 
l-ope :  Hom*r ;  Iliad  zziv.  Me. 

*  re"-past'-cr,  *  re-past-our,  ».    [Eng.  re- 
past ;  -er,  -our.]    One  who  takes  a  repast. 

"  Like  quick  and  greedye  rrpaitaurt." 

Stanyhurit :   Virgil ;  jSntU  L  *17. 

*  re'-pas'-ture,    ».     [Pref.    re-,    and    Eng. 
pasture,  s.  (q.v.).]     Food,  entertainment 

"  Food  for  hie  rage,  repatturf  for  his  den." 

Shaketp.  :  Lore't  Labour' t  Lott,  IT.  1. 

*  re-pa'-tri-ate,  v.t.    [Lat  repatrintus,  pa. 
par.  of  repatrio  =-  to  return  to  one's  country. ) 
[REPAIR  (2),  v.]    To  restore  to  one's  country. 

*  re-pa-trf-a'-tion,  ».    [REPATRIATE.]    The 
act  of  returning  or  restoring  to  one's  country. 

"  I  wish  your  honour  (In  our  Tuscan  phrase)  a  most 
happy  repatriation."— Iteliquia  H'ottontuntf,  p.  670. 

re'-pay',  *  re-paye,  v.t.  &  i.    [Pref.  re-,  and 
Eng.  pay,  v.  (q.v.).] 
A,  Transitive : 

1.  To  pay  back,  as  money  borrowed ;  to  re- 
fund. 

"  To  repay  that  money  will  be  a  biting  affliction."— 
Sttaketp- :  Merry  Wi*a  of  Windtor,  v.  J. 

2.  To  reimburse  ;  to  pay  back  money  to. 

"  If  yon  repay  me  not  on  such  a  day. 
Such  sums  an  are  express'd  in  the  condition. 
Let  the  forfeit  be  an  equal  pound  of  your  fair  flesh." 
Sltaketp. :  Merchant  of  Vifnict,  L  S. 


3.  To  pay  a  second  time. 

4.  To  make  return,  recompense,  or  requital 
for,  in  a  good  or  bad  sense  ;  to  requitt,  to 
compensate. 

"  To-morrow  would  have  given  him  all. 
Repaid  his  pangs,  repair  d  his  toll.- 

Byron  :  Marppa,  z  vil. 

B.  Intrans.  :    To  requite,  either  good  or 
evil  ;  to  recompense. 

-  Vengeance  is  mine.  I  will  repay,  saith  the  Lord.* 
—  ftomaru  xii.  19. 


a.  [Eng.  repay;  -able.]  Cap- 
able of  being  repaid  ;  liable  or  arranged  to  be 
rei«jid  or  refunded  :  as,  Jiouey  lent,  repayaiU 
in  instalments. 

re-pay'-me'nt,  «.     [Eng.  repay  ;  -ment.] 
1.  The  act  of  repaying  or  refunding. 


2.  That  which  is  repaid. 

r£  peal',  •  re-pele,  *  re  peal e,  •  re-pell, 

v.t.  [O.  Fr.  rapeler  (Fr.  raypeler),  from  re-  •=. 
back,  and  apeler  (Fr.  apj*Ur)=to  appeal 

(q-v.).] 

*  1.  To  recall,  as  from  banishment,  exile,  or 
disgrace. 

"  I  will  rtptal  thee,  or,  be  wen  aarored. 
Adventure  to  be  banished  myself." 

Skates*. :  S  Bnry  Tl..  ill  9. 

*  2.  To  withdraw,  to  reject,  to  refuse. 

"  Ye  uowewolderepeHaakjree  that  ye  ones  wyllynfiy 
screed  viito.'— Bmtn:  froittart ;  CronfeU.  »olTK. 
ch.  ccsuL 

*  3.  To  keep  down  or  back ;  to  repel    ( Jkf  U- 
ton :  P.  L.,  vii.  59.) 

*  4.  To*put  an  end  to. 

"  All  furepast  displeasures  to  rrpral.* 

Sptnttr:  F.  <J.,  T.  vUL  SL 

5.  To  recall,  as  a  deed,  law,  or  statute ;  to 
abrogate  by  authority ;  to  revoke,  to  readud, 
to  annul. 

"  Until  that  act  of  parliament  be  repMlssL* 

Aatesp.  :  «  Htnry  VI  ^  L  L 

r£  peal,  s.    [REPEAL,  v.] 

*  1.  The  act  of  recalling,  as  from  banish- 
ment, exile,  or  disgrace. 

"  We  thought  meet  rather  to  advise  for  his  rrrtal, 
than  proceed  to  our  dishonour. --AlUrby  Bird  turn 
Cage,  v.  I. 

2.  The  act  of  repealing,  abrogating,  or  re- 
voking ;  revocation. 

5  Repeal  of  the  Union  : 

Irish  Hist. :  An  agitation  for  the  repeal  of 
the  legislative  union  between  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland  commenced  in  the  latter  country 
in  1810.  On  April  27,  1834,  the  House  of 
Commons,  by  a  majority  of  485, negatived  a  mo* 
tion  by  Daniel  O'Connell  in  favour  of  RepraL 
In  1840  the  National  Loyal  Repeal  Association. 
was  constituted.  Many  large  and  excited, 
meetings  were  held  on  the  subject  during 
1843.  On  Oct  8  the  Government  prevented 
a  meeting,  and  in  1844  brought  O'Connrll 
and  some  other  Repeal  leaders  to  trial.  He 
was  convicted  on  Feb.  12,  but  the  sentence 
was  reversed  by  the  House  of  Lords  oa 
Sept  4.  The  agitation  for  Repeal  gradually 
subsided.  An  effort  to  revive  it  in  18CO  waa 
unsuccessful.  In  1870  it  reappeared  under 
the  name  of  Home  Rule  (q.v.), 

*  r6-peal-eV-bn-i  ty,  «.      [Eng.  repeatahU; 
-if  y.]    The  quality  or  state  of  being  repealable. 

repeal-able,.!.  [Eng.  rental;  -aftfc.]  Cap. 
able  of  being  repealed,  revoked,  or  abrogated 
by  the  same  authority  by  which  it  waa  «•» 
acted  ;  revocable. 

*  rS  peal  -a  ble  ness,  *.    [Eng.  rrpralabU; 
-ness.)    Repeatability 

re"  peal'-er,  *.  [Eng.  repeal;  -er.]  One  who 
repeals  ;  one  who  advocates  repeal ;  specifi- 
cally one  who  agitates  for  a  repeal  of  the 
Union  between  Great  Britain  and  Ireland. 

"  He  Is  the  worst  of  all  nprolm.  beeaue*  be  to  Uw 
last."— Bur**:  On  Amirieun  Ta ration. 

*  r6  peal -ment,  *,     [Eng.  nptal;   -ment.] 
The  act  of  recalling  from  banishment,  Ac. ;  re- 
call. 

"  Great  is  the  comfort  that »  banhaed  SMB  Ukrs  at 
tidings  of  his  reptal*m*nt.--1Ha*  Otmmanmnllh, 
p,*». 

re  peat ,  •  re  peate,  •  re-pete.  ».t  A  i. 

[Fr.  repeier,  from  Lot.  reprta,  ftt>m  n-  =  again, 
and  ptto  =  to  seek  ;  Sp.  1  Port  reprtir ;  Itai. 
ripetere.] 

A.  Transitire : 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  To  do  or  perform  h  vwxxod  time  or  again) 


boil,  b6y ;  pout,  jowl;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9hin,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xenophon.  e^lst.   ph  =  L 
-oian,  -tiaa  -  shaa.   -tion,  -sion  =  shun;  -(ion,  -sion  -  zhun.    -cious,  -tious,  -sious  =  shoo,   -ble,  -die,  &c.  -  bel,  del. 


3958 


repeat— repentingly 


to  iterate ;  to  go  over,  say,  do,  make,  &c., 
again. 

"  I  will  reptate  it  now  againe.  desiring  your  grace  in 
God1*  behalfe.  that  ye  will  remember  it."— Latimer  : 
Second  Sermon  before  King  Edward. 

*  2.  To  make  trial  or  essay  of  again ;  to 
essay  anew. 

"  Stay  here,  and  I  to*  danger  will  repent." 

Dry  den.    (Tadd.) 

3.  To  recite,  to  rehearse,  to  say  over. 

"  I  can  repeat  whole  books  that  I  have  read."—  Bert 
Jonton:  Ducoaeriel. 

EL  Scots  Law :  To  restore,  to  repay,  to  re- 
fUml ;  as  money  paid  in  error. 

C.  Intram.  :  To  strike  the  hours :  as,  A 
repeating  watch. 

IT  (1)  To  repeat  one's  self:  To  say  or  do  again 
what  one  has  said  or  done  before. 

(2)  To  repeat  signals : 

Naut.  :  To  make  the  same  signal  which  has 
been  received  from  the  admiral,  or  to  make 
the  same  signal  over  again. 

re-peat,  5.    [REPEAT,  v.] 

*  L  Ordinary  Language  : 

L  The  act  of  repeating  ;  repetition. 

"  So  of  this  repeat  enough." 

Chapman :  Homer ;  Iliad  xrL  IT. 

2.  That  which  is  repeated. 

EL  Music :  A  sign  that  a  movement  or  part 
of  a  movement  is  to  be  twice  performed.  That 
which  is  to  be  repeated  is  generally  included 
within  dots  in  the  spaces,  thus — 


When  the  performer  does  not,  on  repeating, 
go  so  far  as  the  last  dot-sign',  but  finishes  at  a 
previous  cadence,  it  is  usual  to  write  over  the 
repeat,  Da  Capo,  placing  a  pause  and  Fine 
over  the  chord  at 
which  the  performer 
is  to  stop.  If  the 
signs  of  the  repeat  do 
not  coincide  with  a 
well-defined  portion  of  a  movement  the  sign 
}&•  is  sometimes  added.  For  explanation  of 
the  mark  :g:  see  SEQNO. 

rS-  peat'-ed,  pa.  par.  or  a.    [REPEAT,  v.] 

rS-peat'-ed-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  repeated ;  -ly.] 
With  repetitions  ;  more  than  once  ;  over  and 
over  again  ;  frequently,  indefinitely. 

"  The  debate  on  this  motion  was  repeatedly  ad- 
loomed."— Macaulay :  Ititt.  Eng.,  ch.  ziv. 

ri-peat'-er,  *.    [Eng.  repeat,  v. ;  -er.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  One  who  repeats ;  one  who  recites  or 
rehearses. 

2.  A  fraudulent  voter;  one  who  votes  or 
attempts  to  vote  more  than  once.    (Amer.) 

EL  Technically: 

1.  Arith. :   An  indeterminate   decimal  in 
which  the  same  figures  continually  recur  or 
are  repeated.    A  pure  repeater,  or  circulating 
decimal,  is  one  in  which  the  repetition  goes 
on  from  the  beginning :  as,  -3333  .  .  .,  -272727 
...    A  mixed  rei>eater  is  one  in  which  the 
repetition  does  not  begin  till  after  the  inter- 
vention of  a  figure  or  figures :  as,  -128888  .  .  ., 
•0113636  .  .  .,  &c.    Pure  and  mixed  repeaters 
are  generally  written  down  only  to  the  end 
of  the  first  period,  a  dot  being  placed  over 
the  first  and  last  figures  of  that  period  :  thus, 
•3  represents  the  pure  repeater  -333  .  .  .,  and 
•86  represents  -3636  .  .  .,  Ac. ;  -639  represents 
•639639,  &c. ;  '138  represents  -13888  .  .  .,  &c. 
The  term  is  also  applied  to  the  dot  or  dots 
placed  over  the  period  repeated.   [REPETEND.] 

2.  Fin-arms:  An  arm  which  may  be  caused 
to  fire  several  successive  shots  without  reload- 
ing.   [REVOLVER.] 

"  The  Bullard  repeater,  with  the  same  weight  of 
powder  and  bullet  as  the  Marlln,  gave  very  steady 
•hooting."— Field,  Feb.  13,  1884. 

3.  Horol. :  A  watch  or  clock  made  to  strike 
the  time  when  a  spring  is  pushed  in.    Some 
strike  the  hour  and  quarters,  others  the  hour, 
quarter,  and  odd  minutes. 

4.  Naut. :  A  vessel,  usually  a  frigate,  ap- 
pointed to  attend  each  admiral  in  a  fleet,  and 
to  repeat  every  signal  he  makes,  with  which  she 
immediately  sails  to  the  ship  for  which  it  is 
intended,  or  the  whole  length  of  the  fleet 
when  the  signal  is  general.    Called  also  a  Re- 
peating ship. 

5.  Teleg. :  The  same  as  RELAY  (q.v.). 


re-peat'-ing,  pr.  par.  or  o.  [REPEAT,  v.] 
Doing  the  same  tiling  over  again  ;  producing 
a  like  result  several  times  in  succession  :  as, 
a  repeating  firearm  which  discharges  several 
shots  in  succession  without  reloading ;  a  re- 
peating watch  which  strikes  tin;  hours  and 
quarters  when  a  spring  is  pressed  in,  &c. 

repeating  circle,  s.  A  reflecting  in- 
strument, on  the  principle  of  the  sextant,  for 
measuring  angular  distances. 

repeating  ship,  s.    [REPEATER,  II.  4.] 

*  re-pe-da'-tion,  s.    [Lat.  repedatui,  pa.  par. 
of  repedo  =  to  go  back  :  re-  =  back,  and  pes, 
genit.  pedis  =  a  foot.]    The  act  of  going  back ; 
return,  retrogression. 

"  You  shall  find  direction,  station,  and  repedalion 
in  these  planet*."— Dr.  B.  More:  Song  of  the  Soul 
(Note*),  p.  406. 

rfi-pel',  *  re-pell,  *re-pelle,  v.t.  &  i.  [Lat 
repello  =  to  drive  back  :  re-  —  back,  and  pello 
=  to  drive  ;  Sp.  repeler;  Port,  repellir;  Ital. 
repeUere.] 

A.  Transitive: 

L  To  drive  back,  to  force  back ;  to  check 
the  advance  of,  to  repulse. 

"  They  were  successful  in  repelling  the  invaders." — 
Scott :  Norman  Hone-Shoe.  (In trod,  note.) 

2.  To  encounter  or  resist  successfully ;  to 
oppose,  to  resist. 

"  Evil  which  proceeds  from  the  will  Is  called  a  mis- 
chief, and  may  be  simply  repelled."—  Warburton  : 
Alliance  oettaeen  Church  *  State,  bk.  111.,  ch.  ill. 

B.  Intransitive: 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  To  act  with  force  in  opposi- 
tion to  force  impressed. 

2.  Med. :  To  drive  back  the  fluids  which 
tend  to  produce  a  tumour  from  the  spot  at 
which  they  are  gathering. 

*  rS-pell'-ence,  *  re-pell'-«n-cy,  s.  [Eng. 
repellen(t);  -ce,  -cy.]    The  quality  or  state  of 
being  repellent ;  repulsion. 

re-pell'-ent,  a.  &  «.  [Lat.  repellens,  pr.  par. 
of  repello  =  to  repel  (q.v.).] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Driving  back,  repulsing ;  able  or  tending 
to  repel.    (Berkeley :  Sir-is,  §  237.) 

2.  Repulsive,  disagreeable. 

"  Its  repellent  plot  deals  with  the  love  of  a  man  who 
is  more  than  half  a  monkey  for  a  woman  he  saves  from 
the  penalty  of  murder."— Athenaeum,  Oct.  7, 1882. 

B.  As  substantive : 

L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  That  which  repels. 

2.  A  kind  of  waterproof  cloth. 

EL  Pharm. :  A  remedy  which,  applied  to  a 
tumefied  part,  causes  the  fluid  which  renders 
it  tumid  to  recede. 


re-pell'-er,  *.    [Eng.  repel;  -er.]    One  who 
or  that  which  repels. 

*  re-peT-less,  *  re-pel-lesse,  a.     [Eng. 
repel;  -less.]    That  cannot  be  repelled  ;  invin- 
cible. 

"  By  assaulte  made  knowne  rcpr.lle.ue  might." 

J.  Xa.rKha.rn  :  Mr  R.  Grinmle.  p.  7L 

re' -pent,  a.    [Lat.  repens,  pr.  par.  of  repo  = 
to  creep.] 
•  L  Ord.  Lang. :  Creeping,  crawling. 

"Our  narrow  speculations  and   repent   spirit*."— 
Pr,,y, :  Diary,  June  8, 1684. 

EL  Technically: 

L  Hot.  :  Creeping  ;  lying  flat  on  the  ground 
and  emitting  roots.  (Treas.  o/Bot.) 

t  2.  Zool. :  A  term  applied  to  those  animals 
which  move  with  the  body  close  to  the 
ground,  either  without  the  aid  of  legs,  or  by 
means  of  more  than  four  pairs  of  short  legs. 
(Brand*  it  Cox.) 

*  rS-pSnt',  «.    [REPENT,  v.]    Repentance. 


re-pent',  v.i.  &  t.  [Fr.  repentir,  se  repentir, 
from  Lat.  re-  =  again,  and  pceniteo,  used  im- 
personally =  to  repent,  from  pcena  =  punish- 
ment ;  O.  Sp.  repentirse ;  Ital.  repentere,  re- 
pentirsi,  ripentirsi.]  [PENITENT.) 

A.  Intransitive : 

L  Ordinary  language : 

1.  To  feel  sorrow,  regret,  or  pain  for  some- 
thing done  or  left  undone  by  one's  self ;  to 
think  of  something  past  with  sorrow  or  regret. 

"  He  answered  and  said,  I  will  not,  but  afterward* 
he  repented  and  went: —Matt.  xzi.  29. 


2.  Specif.,  to  feel  such  sorrow  for  pin  at 
leads  to  amendment  of  life  ;  to  be  penitent ; 
to  grieve  over  one's  past  life,  and  to  peek  for- 
giveness for  sin,  witli  a  determination  to  lead 
a  new  life. 


3.  To  change  the  mind  or  course  of  conduct 
through  regret  or  dissatisfaction  with  some- 
thing which  has  occurred. 

"  Lest  perad  venture  tbe  people  repent  when  they  MO 
war."—  Exodui  xlii.  17. 

*4.  To  express  sorrow  or  regret  for  some- 
thing past. 

"  Poor  Enobarbus  did 
Before  thy  face  repent." 

Shaketp. :  A  ninny  i  Cleopatra,  IT.  t, 

*5.  To  grieve  or  be  sorry  generally. 

"  That  all  the  noble  knights  of  Maydeuhead 
Which  her  ador'd,  may  sore  repent  with  me." 

Spenter:  t\  O..,  111.  viii.  47. 

EL  Theol.  :  To  feel  "godly  sorrow  "  for  sin 
(2  Cor.  vii.  10).  [REPENTANCE.] 

•  B.  Reflex.   &  impert. :   To  be   sorry ;   to 
regret,  to  repent. 

"  I  thought  it  was  a  fault,  but  knew  it  not; 
Yet  did  repent  me,  after  more  advice." 

Shaketp. :  Mi-mure  for  Meature,  T.  L 
44  It  repented  the  Lord  that  he  had  made  man."— 
Genetis  vi.  6. 

C.  Transitive: 

1.  To  remember  with  contrition,  or  self- 
reproach  ;  to  feel  contrition  or  remorse  for. 

2.  To  be  sorry  for  generally  ;  to  regret. 

"  I  will  give  over  my  suit,  and  repent  my  unlawful 
solicitation."— Shaketp.  :  Othello,  iv.  2. 

*  re-pent' -a-ble,  o.    [Eng.  repent,  v. ;  -able.] 

Capable  of"  being  repented  of ;  admitting  of 
repentance. 

"Tis  scarce  a  repentable  *ia."—Gauden:  Ttaret  of 
the  Church,  p.  65. 

re  pent  -anje,  *  re  pent  aunce,  ».    [Fr. 

repentance.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  The  act  of  repenting ;  the  state 
of  being  penitent ;  sorrow  or  regret  for  what 
has  been  done  or  left  undone  by  one's  self; 
espec.  sorrow  and  contrition  for  sin ;  such 
sorrow  for  the  past  as  leads  to  amendment  of 
life ;  penitence,  contrition.  f  (Matt.  ix.  13.) 

2.  Theol. :  Two  kinds  of  repentance  are  re- 
cognized in  the  New  Testament :  "  repentance 
to  salvation  not  to  be  repented  of,"  which  is 
characterized  by  "godly  sorrow " ;  and  repent- 
ance characterized  by  "  the  sorrow  of  the 
world  that  worketh  death  "  (2  Cor.  vii.  9,  10). 
The  first  mourns  for  sin  not  so  much  that  it 
brings  with  it  a  penalty,  as  that  it  is  offensive 
to  God,  who  merits  all  love.  (Cf.  Psalm  li.  4.) 
It  is  a  Divine  gift  (Acts  v.  31,  xi.  18  ;  2  Tim. 
ii.  25).  The  second  kind  of  repentance  mourns 
that  sin  is  attended  by  a  penalty  rather  than 
hates  sin.     There    is    no  proper  conviction 
that  God  in  Christ  is  merciful,  and  in  extreme 
cases    there    is   despair  followed   by   death 
(Matfxxvii.  3-5.) 

re  pent  ant,  *  re  -pent-aunt,  o.  &  *.    [Fr. 

repentant.] 
A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Feeling  or  experiencing  repentance  or 
sorrow  for  past  conduct  or  words ;  contrite, 
penitent. 

44  With  shame  I  own  I've  felt  thy  sway ; 
Repentant,  now  thy  reign  is  o'er." 

Byron :  To  Romano* 

2.  Expressive  of  or  indicating  repentance  or 
sorrow  for  the  past ;  springing  from  or  caused 
by  repentance. 

41  Ajad  wet  his  grave  with  my  repentant  tears." 
Shaketp.  :  Richard  111.,  L  1 

*  B,  As  subst.  :   One  who  repents  ;  especi 
one  who  repents  for  sin  ;  a  penitent. 

*  re"-p€nt'-ant-ly,  *  re-pent-aunt-ly,  adv. 

[Eng.    repentant;    -ly.]     In   a   repentant  or 
penitent  manner ;  penitently,  contritely. 

"Th'  sayd  Swanus  .  .  .  dyed  at  the  length  rtjff 
repentauntly."— era/ton  :  Chronicle,  vol.  L,  pt_  vii. 

rS-pent'-er,  ».  [Eng.  repent,  v. ;  -«-.]  On« 
who  repents  ;  a  penitent. 

"Those  sentence*  from  which  a  too-late  repent** 
will  suck  desperation."— Donne:  Devotiont,  p.  22L 

*  re-pSn'-tf-a  (t  as  sh),  s.  pi.    [Lat. ,  neut.  pL. 
of  repens,  genit.  repentis,  pr.  par.  of  repo  =  to 
creep.] 

Zool. :  A  division  of  Merrem's  Squamata 
(q.v.),  containing  the  limbless  Lacertilia. 

re-pent -ing,  pr.  par.  or  a.    [REPENT,  «.] 

re-pent'-ing-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  repenting ;  -ly.] 
In  a  repenting  manner ;  with  repentance ; 
repentantly. 


fate,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wot,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p«5t, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  whd,  son;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  our,  rule,  full:  try,  Syrian,    w,  os  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


repentless— repledge 


3959 


*  re* -pent'- less,  o.  [Eng.  repent;  -less.] 
Without  repentance ;  unrepeuting. 

re-peo'-ple,  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  people,  v. 
(q.v.).]  To  people  again  or  anew  ;  to  restock 
with  inhabitants. 

"  From  oar  seed  the  emptied  earth  agen 
Must  be  repealled  with  the  race  of  men." 

Drat/ton :  Ifoah't  Flood. 

*re-per-ce'p'-tion,  s.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
ferception  (q.v.).]  The  act  of  perceiving 
again ;  a  repeated  or  renewed  perception  of 
the  same  object. 

*re-per-ciiss',  *  re-per-cusse,  v.t.  [Lat. 
repercussus,  pa.  par.  of  repercutio,  from  re-  = 
back,  again,  andpercutio  =  to  shake  thoroughly 
[PERCUSS]  ;  Fr.  repercuter ;  Sp.  &  Port,  repef- 
tutir.]  To  beat,  drive,  or  strike  back. 

"  It  doth  reptrcuii  and  smite  backe  the  said  dis- 
•Me."— P.  Holland:  Plinie,  bk.  xxiii..  ch.  Til. 

re-per-cuss  -l6n  (ss  as  sh),  *.  [Fr.,  from 
Lat.  repercussionem,  accus.  of  repercussio,  from 
repercussus,  pa.  par.  of  repercutio  =  to  reper- 
cuss(q.v.);  Sp. repercusion;  Ital.  repercussione.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  The  act  of  driving  or  beating 
back  ;  reverberation. 

"  With  the  repercunion  at  the  air. 
Shook  the  great  eagle  sitting  in  his  chair." 

Drayton  :  Man  in  th«  Moan. 

2.  Music :  A  frequent  repetition  of  the  same 
sound. 

re-per-cuss'-Ive,  a.  &  «.    [Fr.  repemus\f.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

1.  Driving  back ;    having   the   power   or 
quality  of  driving  back  or  causing  a  rebound 
or  reverberation. 

"  What  vigorous  arm,  what  rrpercuuive  blow. 
Baud ie*  the  mighty  globe  still  to  and  fro?" 

Blackmore:  Creation,  bk.  U. 

•2.  Repellent. 

"  An  herbe  this  is  which  bath  a  vertue  rtpercuuiM 
And  refrigorative."— P.  Holland  :  Plinie.  bk.  xrvL,  ch. 
xili. 

*  3.  Driven  back  ;  reverberated. 

"  Amid  Caernarvon's  mountains  rage*  load 
The  repercuttive  roar." 

Thornton.  Summer,  1, 1st 

B.  As  substantive : 
tied. :  A  repellent. 

"  Apply  a  strong  repermuite  to  the  place  affected." 
—Bacon  :  Hat.  Bilt.,  I  60. 

•  re-per-tl'-tious,  a.    [Lat.  repertus,  pa.  par. 
of  reperio  =  to  find  out :   re-  =  back,  again, 
and  pario,  paro  —  to  produce.]  Found  ;  gained 
by  finding. 

repertoire  (as  rep  -er-twar),  s.  [Fr.j  A 
repertory;  specif.,  the  list  of  operas,  dramas, 
Ac.,  which  can  be  readily  performed  by  an 
operatic  or  dramatic  company,  from  their 
familiarity  with  them  ;  the  stock  pieces  of  a 
theatre,  &c.  ;  those  parts,  songs,  ic.,  which 
are  usually  performed  by  an  actor  or  vocalist ; 
hence,  generally,  a  number  of  things  which 
can  be  readily  and  efficiently  done  by  a  person 
in  consequence  of  his  familiarity  with  them. 
"  It  is  likely  to  become  a  favourite  work  In  the 

repertoire  of  the  Hof  Theater."— Pall  Mall  Oatette, 

Hay  3,  1884. 

•  re-per'-tdr,  s.     [Lat.]     One  who  finds;  a 
finder,  a  discoverer. 

"  Only  the  repertor  of  mules."— fuller :  Pitgah 
Sight .  IV.  il.  S3. 

rip -er-tor-J',    •  rep-er-tor-ie,  *.    [Fr., 

rtpertoire,  from  Lat.  repertorium  =  an  inven- 
tory, from  repertor  = a  discoverer,  an  inventor, 
from  repertus,  pa.  par.  of  reperio  =  to  find 
out,  to  discover  ;  Sp.  &  Ital.  repertorio.] 

*1.  A  place  in  which  things  are  disposed 
ao  that  they  can  be  readily  found,  as  an  index 
of  a  book,  a  common-place  book,  &c. 

"  A  repertorie  or  Index  to  every  book  of  the  said 
poesie.'  -/'.  Holland  :  Plinie,  bk.  xxx.,  ch.  1. 

2.  That  which  contains  a  store  or  collection 
of  things  ;  a  storehouse,  a  treasury,  a  maga- 
zine, a  repository. 

"  The  sole  repertory  to  later  ages  of  all  the  theology, 
philosophy,  and  history  of  those  which  preceded  his. 
—Bolingbrolte  :  Euayt ;  Errour  t  SuperttUion. 

3.  The  same  as  REPERTOIRE  (q.v.). 

"  The  repertory  of  Mr.  Rosa's  seanon  not  receiving 
any  addition  since  our  hut  notice."— Daily  Telegraph. 
June  91,  1888. 

•  re  pe-rus-al,  *  r8-pe-ruf -al,  s.   [Pref. 

«-,  and  Eng.  perusal  (q.v.).]  The  act  of 
perusing  a  second  time  ;  a  second  or  repeated 
perusal. 

•  re-pe"-rus e',  re-pe-ruse ,  v.t.    [Pref.  re-, 
»nd  Eng.  peruse  (q.v.).]    To  peruse  again  or 
anew. 


rSp'-e'-tend,  *.  [Lat.  repetendus,  fut  pass 
part,  of  repeto  =  to  repeat  (q.v.).] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

*  1.  Something  which  is  or  has  to  be  re- 
peated, as  the  burden  of  a  song. 

"In 'The  Raven.'  'Leuore,'  and  elsewhere,  he  em- 
ployed the  repetend  also,  and  with  still  more  novel 
and  poetical  results."— Scribner'i  Magatine,  May  1880, 

2.  Arith. :  That  part  of  a  repeating  decimal 
which  recurs  continually  ad  infinitum.  (A 
simple  repetend  is  one  in  which  only  one  figure 
is  repeated,  as  '3333,  Ate. ;  a  compound  repetend 
is  one  in  which  there  are  more  figures  than 
one  in  the  repeating  period,  as  '135135.  &c.) 
[REPEATER,  II.  1.]  • 

rep-e-ti  -tion,  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  repetitionem, 
accus.  of  repetitio  ;  Sp.  repeticion;  ItaL  repe- 
tizione.] 

L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  of  repeating ;  the  act  of  doing  or 
saying  the  same  thing  a  second  time  ;  itera- 
tion of  the  same  act  or  the  same  words. 

"  Your  lordship  will  pardon  me  for  the  frequent 
repetition  of  these  cant  words."— Dryden :  Virgil; 
J&eid.  (Ded.) 

2.  The  act  of  repeating,  saying  over,  or  re- 
hearsing, especially  from  memory  ;  recitation, 
rehearsal 

"  Give  them  repetition  to  the  life." 

Shaketp.  :  Peridet,  T.  L 

3.  That  which  is  repeated  ;  repeated  words 
or  acts. 

4.  Memory,  remembrance. 

"  The  first  view  shall  kill  all  repetition." 

Shatetp.  :  AU'i  Well  that  Knot  Well,  T.  a 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Shet. :  The  iteration  or  repeating  of  the 
same  words,  or  of  the  meaning  in  different 
words,  for  the  purpose  of  making  a  deeper 
impression  on  the  audience. 

2.  Scots  Lav :  The  repayment  of  money  paid 
in  error. 


o.  [Eng.  repetition;  al-,  -ary.]  Of  the  nature 
of  or  containing  repetition. 

"  This  second  or  repetitional  law  being  indeed  a  re- 
capitulation and  compendium  of  the  first."— AttMotA. 

BK.  L  is. 

re'p-e'-tf'-tlon-er,  *.    [Eng.  repetition  ;  -er.] 

One  who  repeats  ;  a  repeater. 

"  In  last  he  [Jemmat]  was  the  repeater  or  repeti- 
tioner  in  St.  Mary's  church  on  Low  Sunday,  of  the  four 
Easter  sermons.  —  Wood:  fatti  Oxon..  pt.  ii. 

rgp-e'-ti-tlous,  a.  [REPETITION.]  Repeat- 
ing ;  containing  repetition. 

rep-6-ti  tious  ness,  ».  [Eng.  repetitious; 
-ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being  repeti- 
tious ;  the  habit  or  practice  of  making  repe- 
titions. 

•  re'-pe't  -I-tlve,  a.     [Lat.  repetitu*,  pa.  par. 
of  repeto  =  to  repeat  (q.v.).]    Containing  re- 
petitions ;  repeating. 

*  re-picque'  (quo  as  k),  v.t.    [REPIQUK.] 

re-pine',     *  re  pyne.    *  re  poyno,    v.i. 

[Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  pine,  v.  (q.v.)i] 

1.  To  fret  one's  self ;  to  be  discontented  ; 
to  feel  inward  discontent ;  to  complain ;  to 
murmur ;  to  grumble.  (Followed  by  at  or 
against.) 

"  Could  our  heart  repine 
At  any  poet's  happier  lay*. 

Courier ;  To  Dr.  Darwin. 

*  2.  To  be  indignant  or  angry. 

"  Lacliesis  thereat  gan  to  repine.' 

Spenter:  F.  ?„  IT.  IL  M. 

•  3.  To  fail ;  to  give  way. 

"  Repining  courage  yield* 
No  foot*  to  foe.  Sptnter :  F.  «..  L  U.  17. 

nS-pine',  s.    [REPINE,  v.]    A  repining. 

"  In  spite  of  time  and  envious  rrpinet.' 

Hall :  Satin*.  II.  IL  i. 

re'-pin'-er,  s.  [Eng.  repin(e);  -«r.]  One  who 
repines  or  murmurs. 

"  Let  rash  repinen  stand  appall'd." 

i'oung :  lletignation,  ii. 

re'-pin  -Ing,  pr.  par.  or  a,    [REPINE,  v.] 

re-pin' -Ing-ljf,  adv.  [Eng.  repining;  -fy.] 
In  a  repining  manner;  with  repining,  mur- 
muring, or  discontent. 

"The  English  clergy  had  bickering*  with  their 
DunsUns ;  and  stooped  late  and  repiningly  to  this 
yoke  under  Anselme  "-Bp.  Sail:  Honour  of  the 
Marled  Clergie,  bk.  Hi.,  i  *. 

re-pique'  (qne  as  li),  v.t.  or  i.  [Pref.  «-,  and 

Eng.  pique,  v.  (q.v.).J 


Cardt :  At  piquet,  to  count  thirty  points  i» 
hand  before  tie  adversary  counts  one. 

"  '  Your  game  ha*  been  short.'  said  Harley  •  I  re. 
piqued  him,  said  the  old  mm  wiib  joy  sr-*fcn«-  i- 
his  countenance."— Madcenae:  Man  of  f 


re-pique  (que  as  kX  ».    [RKPIQUK,  v.] 

Cards  :  At  piquet,  counting  thirty  point*  in 
hand  before  the  adversary  can  count  one, 
when  the  player  who  repiques,  instead  of 
reckoning  thirty,  reckons  ninety,  and  count* 
above  ninety  as  many  points  as  he  would 
above  thirty. 

"  Is  this  the  highest  hand  that  can  b*  construct*! 
*"  wltboot  **!***•  °*  capoit"-/W«i 


re  place  ,  v.t.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  plaet,  T. 
(q.v.).] 
L  To  put  back  or  again  in  the  former  place. 

"  Repair  the  boat,  replace  the  helm  or  oar." 

4mm  :  Corsair.  L  L 

2.  To  put  again  in  or  restore  to  a  former 
position,  rank  or  office. 

"  What  U  we  (till  rever'd  the  banlah'd  raoa. 
And  strove  the  royal  vagrant*  to  replace?  i 

Ck*nUtl  :  Prvploci  of  fmmiu*,  I 
*  3.  To  put  in  a  new  place. 

"At  last  he  rtplocrt  them  in  Italy,  their  nattvw 
country."—  Drydm:  riryil;  *S*ei*.    (Did.) 


.  . 

4.  To  pay  back  ;  to  repay,  to  refund  :  at, 
To  replace  money  stolen  or  spent 

5.  To  fill  the  place  of  with  a  competent  or 
sufficient   substitute  ;   to   put  a   competent 
substitute  in  the  place  or  room  of,  or  of  some- 
thing displaced  or  lost, 

"  The  mental  habits  got  during  the  preparation  arc 


6.  To  fill  or  take  the  place  of ;  to  be  a  sub- 
stitute for ;  to  succeed  to. 

"  Dr.  McVlcar'*  widowed  sister  was  about  to  f 
the   long-lost   lieutenant.-— Mitt    Tailor: 
(U«).  ii.  M. 

7.  To  supersede,  to  displace. 

"  With  Israel,  religion  replaced  morality.*— JT.  Ar- 
nold :  literature  *  Dogma,  p.  4*. 

re  placed ,  pa.  par.  or  a.    [REPLACE.] 

replaced-crystal,  t.  A  crystal  baring 
one  or  more  planes  in  the  place  of  its  edges  or 
angles. 

re-place  -ment,  s,    [Eng.  replace;  -m*nt.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang. :  The  act  of  replacing ;  Us* 
state  of  being  replaced. 

annual  prodnoa  destined  to  th*> 


2.  Cryttall.  :  The  removal  of  an  edge  or  augi* 
by  one  or  more  planes. 

re  plait,  v.t.  [Pref.  rt-,  and  Eng.  plait,  T. 
(q.v.).]  To  phut  or  fold  again  ;  to  fold  on* 
part  over  another  again  and  again. 


st  works,  are  many  small  toldhtaB 
ch  look  lik.  so  many  whipcord*.— 
;  Art  of  Painting.  \  tM. 

re-plant,  v.t.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  plant,  T. 


•In  Raphael*  Ant 
oftsn  replaitfd.  which  look  lik 

Itrydeii:    ' 


L  To  plant  again  or  anew. 
"  The  plant*  ...  are  rrplantrd  In  a  tnoefc  a  Iwt 
deep*."—  />.  ffoUand:  Plinie,  bk.  XUL.  ch.  uiv. 

*  2.  To  reinstate. 

"  Replant  Henry  In  hi*  former  state.* 

.  :  *  Semr,  rt,  UL  a 


*  rg  plant  -a  ble.  a.    [Eng.  replant  ;  -abU.} 
Capable  of  being  replanted. 

t  re-pUln-ti'-tlon,*.    [Pref.  r*-,  and  Eng. 
.v.).]    The  act  of  replanting. 


"  Attempting  the  replantation  of  that  beanUfal 
Image."—  SaUfwetl  :  taeiotar  of  Ami*,  p.  lot. 

re-plead',  v.t.  or  t  [Pref.  «-,  and  Eng.  pttad 
(q.v.).]    To  plead  again  ;  to  make  a  Moood  or 

new  i'li  -a, 

r6  plead  -er,  ».    [Eng.  repUad;  ^r.] 

Lav  :  A  second  pleading  or  course  of  plead- 
ings ;  the  right  or  privilege  of  repleading. 

"  And  wh«er«r  a  ntW***- 
must  begin  ae  MM  at  that 
Hone:  Comment,  bk.  xlU  oh.  14. 

'  re  pleat  ,  •  re  pleate,  t.f.  ft  i. 
re  pledge  ,  r.«.  [Pref.  rt-,  and  Eng.  pUdgt,  T. 

(q-v.).] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  To  pledge  again  or  a  second 
time. 

"  The  well-known  Sunday  suit  which  will  be  Uken 
out  next  Saturday  and  npledfed  the  following  Mou- 
day."—  Dailt  Telegraph,  Aug.  It.  1st*. 

2.  Scots  Lav  :  To  demand  judicially,  as  UM 


— "-o-  r~*-~i    '•  \^iw'w'~j 

boll,  bo^;  p^ut,  J6%1;  oat,  9011,  chorus,  9hln,  ben^h;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  «ln,  as;  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.    -Ing. 
-clan,  -tlan  =  Shan,   -tion,  -sion  =  shun ;  -tion,  -sion  =  zhun.    -clous,  -tious,  -sioua  =  anus.   -We,  -«ile,  Ac.  =  bel,  del. 


3960 


repledger— repopulation 


person  of  an  offender  accused  before  another 
tribunal,  on  the  ground  that  the  alleged  offence 
bad  been  committed  within  the  repledger's 
jurisdiction.  This  was  formerly  a  privilege 
competent  to  certain  private  jurisdictions. 

re-pledg'-er,  «.    [Eng.  repledg(e);  ;•«•.]    One 
who  repledges. 

r&-ple£-l  ar-e,  v.t.   [Low  Lat.]  [REPLEVT.) 

1.  Law:   To  redeem  a  thing  detained  or 
taken  by  another,  by  giving  sureties. 

2.  Scots  Law  :  To  repledge  (q.v.> 

r£-plen'-Ish,    re  plen  is-sen,   v.t.   &  t. 
[O.  Fr.  repleniss-,  stem  of  pr.  par.  of  rtpiUnir 
=  to   fill   up   again  ;   Lat.   re-  =  again,  and 
jj^n  its  =  full.] 
A.  Transitive: 

I.  To  fill  up  again,  after  having  been  emptied 
or  diminished  ;  hence,  to  fill  completely,  to 
Ctock  abundantly  ;  to  fill  to  excess. 

"  Be  fruitful,  and  multiply.  andrepIenbAthe  earth.- 


*  2.  To  finish ;  to  make  complete  or  perfect ; 
to  perfect 

'*  The  most  replenlthtd  sweet  work  of  nature." 
(    '.  Skaketp. :  Richard  ///.,  iv.  J. 

•  B.  Intrans. :  To  recover  former  fulness ; 
to  become  full  again. 

"  Then  the  humoon  will  not  replenith  so  soon."— 
Bacon. 

rS-plen'-Ish-er,  t.  [Eng.  replenish;  ~er.] 
One  who  replenishes. 

~  Maker  and  preserver  of  all  things,  and  rrpieniihrr 
at  all  things  euery  where."— HacMuyt :  Voyage*,  1.  378. 

"rg  plen-Ish-ment,  «.  [Eng.  replenish; 
•vunt.] 

1.  The  act  of  replenishing ;  the  state  of 
being  replenished. 

2.  That  which  replenishes. 

r5  plete ,  *  re -pleat ,  *  re-pleate,  a.  [Fr. 
replet,  fern,  replete,  from  Lat.  repletus,  pa.  par. 
of  repleo  =  to  fill  again  :  re-  =  again,  and  pled 
=  to  fill;  8p.,  Port.,  &  Ital.  repleto.]  Com- 
pletely filled ;  full ;  filled  to  repletion ; 
•bounding,  thoroughly  imbued. 

"  Replete  with  vivid  promise,  bright  as  spring." 

Hordnoorth  :  .Excursion,  bk.  T. 

•rS-plete',  *  re-pleat*y,  v.t.  [REPLETE,  o.] 
To  till  to  repletion. 

"  Such  have  their  intestines  rrpleted  with  wind  and 
•XcremenU."— Tenner :  Treatite  of  Tobacco,  p.  407. 

replete -ness,  s.  [Eng.  replete;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  replete ;  complete 
fulness ;  repletion. 

re" -pie  -tion,  *  re-ple-d-on, «.  [Fr.  rtptt- 
tion,  from  Lat.  repletionem,  ace  us.  of  repletio, 
from  repletus  =  replete  (q.v.)  ;  8p.  repletion  ; 
Ital.  replezinne.] 

1.  Ord.  Lang.  :  The  state  of  being  repleto 
or  completely  tilled  ;  excessive  fulness,  satiety. 

"  More  meate  than  accordeth  with  nature's  measore 
I*  called  rrptecion."—air  T.  L'lyat:  Cartel  of  Belth, 
btiii.,  ch.C^ 

2.  Med. :  Fulness  of  blood  ;  plethora. 

•  rS-ple'-tlVe,  a.  [Fr.  replet  if,  from  replet  = 
replete  (q.v.).]  Tending  to  or  causing  re- 
pletion. 


f.  adv.  [Eng.  repletive;  -ly.] 
In  a  repletive  manner  ;  so  as  to  replete  or  be 
repleted. 


,  o.  [Eng.  repbtte);  -ory.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  repletion  ;  causing  repletion, 
repletive. 

r$-pleV-I-a-ble,  a.     [Eng.  rephvy  ;  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  replevied  ;  replevisable. 

•  rS-pleV-Ie,  v.t.    [REPLEVY.] 

rfi-pleV-in,  s.    [O.  Fr.  re-  =  again,  and  plevine 
=a  warranty.]    [RKPLEVY.] 
Law: 

1.  A  personal  action  which  lies  to  recover 
possession  of  goods  or  chattels  wrongfully 
taken  or  detained,  upon  giving  security  to 
try  the  right  to  them  rn  a  court  of  law,  and 
to  return  them  if  the  suit  be  determined 
against  the  plaintiff.  Originally  a  remedy 
peculiar  to  cases  of  wrongful  distress,  it  is 
now  applicable  to  all  cases  of  wrongful  taking 
or  detention. 

"An  action  of  replevin  is  founded  upon  a  distress 
taken  wrongfully,  and  without  sufficient  cause:  being 
a  re-delivery  of  the  pledge,  or  thing  taken  in  distress, 
to  the  owner  ;  upon  his  giving  security  to  try  the 
right  of  the  distress,  and  to  restore  it,  if  the  right  be 


adjudged  against  him.  These  replevin!,  or  re- 
deliveries  of  goods  detained  from  the  owner  to  him, 
were  originally,  and  till  recently,  effected  by  the 
sheriff;  but  are  nowgrauKd  by  the  registrar  of  the 
county  court  of  the  district  in  which  (the  distress  is 
takeu,  upon  security  being  given  to  him  by  the  re- 
pleviior  (1)  that  he  will  pursue  his  action  against  the 
distrainor,  and  (2)  that  if  the  right  be  determined 
against  him  he  will  return  the  distress  again."— 
Blaclatone :  Comment.,  bk.  iii.,  ch.  6. 

2.  The  writ  by  which  goods  and  chattels 
are  replevied. 
•3.  BaiL 

*  re'-pleV-in,  v.t.    [REPLEVIN,  «.]    The  same 
as  REPLEVY  (q.v.). 

"  To  me,  who  once,  you  know. 
Did  from  the  pound  replevin  you." 

Butter :  Ladiet  A  raver,  IT. 

*  rS-pleV-Is-a-ble,  o.    [O.  Fr.]    The  same 
as  REPLEVIABLE  (q.v.). 

"Such  offenders  were  not  replrviiable.'—ffale: 
fleai  of  the  Crown. 

*  re-pie  v-ish,  v.t.    [RKPLEVY.]    To  bail  out, 
to  replevy. 

re-pie V-ls-or,».  [Eng.  replenish;  -or.}  One 
who  replevies  goods  and  chattels.  [RE- 
PLEVIN.] 

rS-pleV-y,  *  rS-pleV-Ie,  v.t.    [O.  Fr.  re- 

plevir,  from  re-  =  again,  and  plevir  =  to 
warraut,  to  give  pledges ;  plevine  =  a  war- 
ranty, from  Lat  prcebeo  =  to  afford,  hence  to 
offer  a  pledge  ;  Low  Lat.  rtplegio.] 

1.  To  recover  possession  of,  as  goods  and 
chattels  wrongfully  seized  and  detained,  upon 
giving  security  to  try  the  right  to  them  in  a 
court  of  law,  and  to  return  them  if  the  suit  is 
determined  against  the  replevisor  ;  to  take  or 
get  back  goods  by  a  writ  of  replevin. 

"  And  in  all  cases  of  distress  for  rent,  if  the  tenant 
or  owner  do  not,  within  five  days  after  the  distress  is 
taken,  rtplevy  the  same  with  sufficient  security,  the 
diatrainor  may  cause  the  same  to  be  appraised,  and 
•ell  the  same  toward*  satisfaction  of  the  rent  and 
charges."— Blaclatone :  Comment.,  bk.  iii.,  ch.  1. 

•  2.  To  take  back  or  set  at  liberty  upon 
security ;  to  bail. 

"  Therefore  I  humbly  crave  your  majestic 
It  to  replfrie."          Spenter:  f.  O..,  IV.  xii.  O. 

re-plev-y,  s.  [REPLEVT,  «.]  The  same  as 
REPLEVIN  (q.v.). 

"  Rf piety  cannot  be 

From  the  strong  iron  grasp  of  vengeful  destiny." 
Thornton  :  Cattle  of  Indolence,  ii.  81 

*  re-pli  -ant,  «.  [Eng.  reply ;  suff.  -ant.]   [R«- 

PL1CANT.] 

rep  -11-ca,  «.  [Ital.  =  a  reply,  a  repetition  : 
Lat  re-  =  back,  and  plica  —  fold.] 

1.  Art :  A  copy  of  an  original  picture,  done 
by  the  hand  of  the  same  master. 

2.  Music :  Repetition. 

*  rep  li-cant,  *.    [Lat  replicans,  genit.  repli- 
cantis,  pr.  par.  of  replico  =  to  fold  back  .  .  . 
to  reply  (q.v.).]     One  who  makes  a  reply  ; 
a  replier  (q.v.X 

*  rep'-ll-cate,  v.t.    [Lat  rtplicatus,  pa.  par. 
of  replico  =  to  fold  back  ...  to  reply  (q.v.).] 

1.  To  fold  or  bend  back. 

2.  To  reply. 

"  They  .  .  .  poorely  replicated."— ffai\e :  Lenten 
Stuffe. 

rep  li-cate,  a.  &  s.    [REPLICATE,  v.] 

A.  As  adjective : 

Sot. :  Folded  back.  Used  when  the  upper 
part  of  a  leaf  is  folded  back  and  applied  tu  the 
lower.  Example,  the  Aconite.  Called  also 
Replicative. 

B.  As  substantive: 
Music :  A  repetition. 

rep- 11-ca  -tion,  *.  [Lat  replieatio  =  a  reply, 
from  replicatus,  pa.  par.  of  replico  =  to  fold 
back  ...  to  reply;  8p.  replication;  Ital. 
replicazione.] 

*  L  Ordinary  Language: 

1.  An  answer,  a  reply,  a  rejoinder. 

"  What  replication  should  be  made  by  the  son  of  • 
klugt"— Skaketp. :  Hamlet,  iv.  2. 

2.  An  echo,  a  reverberation,  a  repercussion. 

"  Tiber  trembled  underneath  her  banks 
To  hear  the  replication  of  your  sound*. 
Made  in  her  concave  shorea." 

Sltakeep. :  Juliut  Ceetar,  i.  1. 

3.  A  repetition  :  hence,  a  copy,  a  portrait 

"  As  if  both  the  second  and  third  hypostases  were 
but  certain  repttcntitnt  (or  ecboes)of  the  Ant  original 
Deity.'  -  Cudworth:  InteU.  ayitem,  p.  ML 

IL  Technically: 

1.  Law:  The  third  stage  in  the  pleadings 


in  an  action,  being  the  reply  of  the  plaintiff 
to  the  defendant's  plea.  [PLEADING,  II.  2.] 

"  The  course  is  for  the  plaintiff  to  put  in  a  replica, 
tion  to  the  answer,  in  which  he  avers  his  bill  to  b* 
true,  certain,  and  sufficient,  and  the  defendant'* 
answer  to  be  directly  the  reverse."— Blackttone :  Com. 
ment.,  bk.  iii.,  ch.  18. 

2.  Logic :  The  assuming  or  using  the  aame> 
term  twice  in  the  same  proposition. 

rcp'-li-oa-tlve,  a.  [Eng.  replicate);  -iw.) 
The  same  as  REPLICATE  (q.v.). 

rS-pll'-er,  ».  [Eng.  reply,  v.  ;  -er.]  One  who 
replies  or  answers  ;  one  who  speaks  or  write*) 
a  reply  to  something  said  or  written  ;  one  who 
makes  a  return  to  an  answer ;  a  respondent. 

"  The  replier,  who  was  a  dissolute  man,  did  tax  him 
that,  being  a  private  bred  man,  he  would  give  a  ouav 
tion   of    state."—  Bacon: 
ApopMKegmt. 

re  -plum,  s.  [Lat.  =  a 
door  case,  or  leaf  of  a 
door.] 

Bot. :  A  frame  formed 
when  the  two  sutures 
of  a  legume  or  a  pod 
separate  from  the 
valves.  The  illustra- 
tion shows  the  rep-  7., 
lum  (r)  in  a  siliqua, 
and  in  the  section  of  a 
siliqua  of  a  wallflower.  REPLUM. 

*  re-plume',  v.t.    [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  pZuau^ 
v.  (q.v.).]    To  preen  again  ;  to  rearrange. 

"  The  right  hand  repiumed 
His  black  locks  to  their  wonted  composure." 

Browning  :  Saul. 

re  plunge ,  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  plungt 
(q.v.).]  To  plunge  again ;  to  immerse  again 
or  anew. 

rS-ply',  *  re-pile,  *re-plye,  v.i.  &  t.  [Fr. 

replier  =  to  fold  again  ;  replvjuer  =  to  reply, 
from  Lat  replico  —  to  fold  back  ;  to  reply  : 
re-  =  back,  and  plico  =  to  fold  ;  plica  =  a  fold  ; 
Sp.  &  Port,  replicar;  Ital.  replicare.} 

A.  Intransitive : 

L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  To  make  a  reply  or  answer  in  words  or 
writing  to  something  said  or  written  by  an- 
other ;  to  answer,  to  respond,  to  rejoin. 

"  Te  mote  herken  if  ye  can  replie 
Ayenst  all  this  that  ye  have  to  him  meved." 

Chaucer  :  Legend  of  Good  Women.    (Pro!.) 

2.  To  answer  by  deeds  ;  to  do  or  give  some- 
thing in  return  for  something  else :  ar,  The 
enemy  did  not  reply  to  our  fire. 

IL  Law :  To  plead  in  answer  to  a  defendant'*) 
plea  ;  to  deliver  a  replication  (q.v.). 

"  The  plaintiff  may  plead  again,  and  reply  to  tht> 
defendant's  plea."— Blackttone:  Comment.,  bk.  iii.. 
ch.20. 

B.  Trans. :   To  deliver   or   return   as   an 
answer.     (Often  followed  by  a  clause  as  an 
object) 

"  Perplex'd 
The  tempter  stood,  nor  had  what  to  rtiJv." 

JHIton:  P.  S..IV.Z. 

rS-ply7.  *  re-pile, «.    [REPLY,  ».] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  That  which  is  said  or  written  in  answer 
to  something  said  or  written  by  another  ;  an 
answer. 

"  Why,  tis  a  loving  and  a  fair  reply." 

Shaketp.  :  ffamlet.  L  2. 

2.  An  answer  by  deeds  ;  something  given  or 
done  in  return  for  something  else. 

IL  Music  :  The  answer  in  a  figure,  the  sub- 
ject being  called  principal. 

*  rS-ply'-er,  s.    [REPLIER.] 

*  re-poij'-on,  v.t.   [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  poison, 
v.  (q.v.).]    To  poison  again. 

re  pol  -ish,  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  poHt*, 
v.  (q.v.).]  To  polish  again  or  anew. 

"  Not  to  be  lost,  but  by  the  maker's  hand 
Kepoliik'd,  without  error  then  to  stand." 

Donne :  funeral  Elegy. 

rS-pone',  v.t.    [Lat  repono,  from  re-  =  back, 
again,  and  pono  =  to  place.] 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 

1.  To  replace.. 

2.  To  reply.    (.Scotch  *  Prov.) 

IL  Scots  Law :  To  replace  in  or  restore  to  a. 
former  situation  or  position. 

re-pop-u-la'-tlon,  s.  [Pref.  re-,  and  ETIK. 
population  (q.v.).]  The  act  of  repeopling ;  tho 
state  of  being  repeopled. 


fete,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot» 
•r,  wore,  w?!!,  work,  whd,  son;  mute,  ciib,  cure,  unite,  our,  rile,  lull;  try,  Syrian,    te,  ce  =  e;  ey  =  a;  q.u  =  lew. 


report— reposefo. 


3961 


.fK-pdrt',  v.t.  &  i.  [Fr.  reporter  =  to  carry 
back,  from  Lat.  re-  =  back,  again,  and  ;»rfo  = 
to  carry  ;  Fr.  rapporter  —  to  carry  back,  to  re- 
port. [RAPPORT]  ;  Sp.  &  Port,  reporter;  ItaL 
tiportare,  rapportare.] 
A.  Transitive : 

*  1.  To  carry  back ;  to  send  back  ;  to  return. 

"  If  yon  apeak  three  words,  it  will  (perhaps)  some 
three  time*  report  you  the  whole  three  words."— 
Bacon :  Jfat.  Hi*.,  §  248. 

2.  To  bear  or  bring  back,  as  an  answer  ;  to 
relate,  as  that  which  has  been  discovered  by 
•  person  appointed  or  sent  to  examine,  ex- 
plore, or  investigate. 

"  That  is  fake  thou  dost  report  to  us." 

Shaketp. :  Comedy  of  Errort,  T. 

3.  To  tell  from  one  to  another ;  to  spread  or 
noise  by  popular  rumour ;  to  circulate,  as  a 
report.    (Frequently,  as  in  the  example,  in 
the  phrase,  it  is  reported.) 

"  It  it  reported, 

That  good  duke  Humphry  traitorously  is  murther'd." 
Shaketp  :  «  Henry  VI..  iii.  2. 

4.  To  tell  generally  ;   to  relate ;  to  make 
known  ;  to  give  an  account  of.  (Nehem.  vi.  19.) 

*  5.  To  refer  for  information. 


6.  To  lay  a  charge  against ;  to  give  informa- 
tion against :  as,  To  report  a  servant  to  hig 
master. 

7.  To  give  an  official  or  formal  account  or 
Statement  of :  as,  To  report  the  receipts  and 
expenditure  of  a  company  to  the  board. 

8.  To  take  down  spoken  words  in  writing 
and  publish  the  same  ;  to  write  out  and  give 
an  account  or  statement  of,  as  of  the  proceed- 
ings, debates,  &c.,  of  a  meeting,  a  court,  <kc. 

"  During  the  period  he  wrote  rather  than  reported 
the  speeches  of  members  of  Parliament.'— tf  runt  .• 
JTempaper  Preit,  i.  148. 

9.  To  describe,  to  represent 

"  Is  she  so  hot  a  shrew  M  she's  reported  I  "—HutJutp.  : 
Turning  of  the  Shrew,  IT.  L 

B.  Intransitive: 

L  To  make  a  report  or  statement  of  facts : 
as,  A  committee  report*  to  the  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives. 

2.  To    take   down    in  writing  a   speech, 
debates,  replies,  &c.,   from  the  lips  of  the 
speakers  for  the  purpose  of  publication  ;  to 
give  a  written  account  or  statement  of  the 
proceedings,  debates,  Sic.,  of  a  public  assem- 
bly :  as,  To  report  for  the  papers. 

3.  To  make  known  one's  movements,  where- 
abouts, Ac.,  to  a  superior,  so  as  to  be  ready 
for  service  or  duty  when  required  ;  to  report 
one's  self. 

U  To  report  one's  self:  The  same  as  B.  8. 

rS-pbrt ,  *.    [REPORT,  v.] 

1.  An  account  brought  back  or  returned ; 
the  result  of  an  investigation,  examination, 
or  inquiry  brought  back  by  a  person  appointed 
or  sent  to  obtain  such  information. 

2.  A   tale   carried,  circulated,   or  spread 
about ;  a  popular  rumour  ;  common  fame  ; 
rumour ;  that  which  people  say. 

"  The  report  goes  she  has  all  the  m\e."—ShaJ:cip.  : 
Merry  Wiaet,  L  3. 

*  3.  Repute,  character,  reputation. 
"  A  just  man  .  .  .  and  of  good  report  among  all  the 
nation  of  the  Jews."— Acti  x.  22. 

4.  An  official  statement  of  facts,  written  or 
Verbal ;  especially  a  statement  in  writing  of 
facts  and  proceedings  submitted  by  an  officer 
to  his  superiors. 

"  Embodies  the  result  of  his  investigation  in  the 
form  of  a  report,  which,  if  approved  of  l.y  the  Judge,  is 
adopted  and  signed  by  him.  —  Olacktlone :  Comment., 
bk.  iii.,  ch.  18. 

6.  An  account  or  statement  of  a  judicial 
opinion  or  decision,  or  of  a  case  argued  and 
determined  in  a  court  of  law,  chancery, 
Ac.  The  books  containing  such  statements 
are  also  called  reports.  Such  reports  contain 
a  statement  of  the  pleadings,  the  facts,  the 
arguments  of  counsel,  and  the  judgment  of 
the  court  in  each  case  reported ;  the  object 
being  to  establish  the  law  and  prevent  conflict- 
Ing  decisions,  by  preserving  and  publishing 
the  judgments  of  the  courts,  and  the  grounds 
upon  which  the  judgments  were  based. 

"These  report!  are  histories  of  the  several  cases, 
with  a  short  summary  of  the  proceedings,  which  .ire 
preserved  at  large  in  the  record ;  the  arguments  on 
both  sides  snd  the  reasons  the  court  gave  for  its  judg- 
ment ;  taken  down  in  short  notes  by  persons  present?* 
—Blaclutone:  Comment.  (IntrodJ 

6.  An  account  or  statement  of  the  proceed- 
ings, debates,  &c.,  of  a  legislative  assembly, 
court,  meeting,  or  the  like,  taken  down  in 
writing  and  intended  for  publication ;  an 


epitome,  or  fully  written-out  account,  of  a 

speech  or  meeting. 

"The  Geiitievnan'i  M-i<>,,rinr.  In  the  year  17W,  Intro- 
duced iisaHBw  feature,  somewhat  copious  reports  of 

.  the  debates  in  the  Houses  of  Lords  aud  Commons."— 
Grant :  .Yewsptper  Preu.  i.  1ST. 

7.  An   account   of  the  proceedings  of  a 
society,  company,  or  the  like,  with  a  state- 
ment of  its  position  financially  or  otherwise. 

8.  A  paper  delivered  by  the  masters  of  all 
ships  arriving  from  parts  beyond  the  seas  to 
the  Custom-house,  and  attested  upon  oath, 
containingan  account  of  the  cargo  on  board,  &c- 

9.  The  sound  of  an  explosion  ;  a  loud  noise. 

"  Rising  and  cawing  at  the  gun's  report," 
Sialuap. :  Ifidmmmer  Mghfi  Dream.  Hi.  i. 

*10.  Relation,  correspondence,  reference, 
connection.  (Fr.  rapport.) 

"The  corridors  hare  110  report  to  the  wings  they 
Join  to.'—Xrelyn. 

"rS-pbrtf-^-ble,  a.    [Eng.  report,  T.  ;  -dole.] 
Fit  to  be  reported. 

*  re-port  -age  (age  as  ig).  «.    [Eng.  report, 

a.  ;  -age.}    Report. 

"  He  will  interest  the  lovers  of  personal  detail  by 

certain  reportage.'  —Academy,  Nor.  5.  IMI. 

rfi-pdrt'-e'd,  pa.  par.  or  a.    [REPORT,  v.] 

reported  speech,  s.  Oblique  or  indirect 
speech. 

rS-pdrf-er,  *.     [Eng.  report,  v. ;  •#»•.] 

1.  One  who  reports,  tells,  or  spread*  a  re- 
port or  rumour  of  anything. 

"  My  reporter  devised  well  for  her." 

Sttaketp. ;  Antony  t  Cleopatra,  11.  ». 

2.  Specifically: 

(1)  One  who  report*  or  draws  up  official 
statements  of  law  proceedings,  and  decision* 
of  legislative  debates. 

"The  reporter  of  the  Senatorial  Committee."— 
Daily  Telegraph,  June  23,  ISM. 

(2)  One  who  is  engaged  on  the  staff  of  a 
newspaper  to  report  public  meetings,  enter- 
tainments, ceremonies,  or  the  like,  and  to 
collect  information  respecting  interesting  or 
important  events. 

"  The  popular  belle,  that  Dr.  Johnson  attended  the 
gallery  of  the  House  of  Commons  to  report  the  debates, 
which  he  had  himself  heard— Just  as  our  reportm  for 
the  morning  papers  do  in  our  day— has  no  foundation 
whatever.  '—OrarU  /  .Vextpaper  frett,  1.  144. 

rS-pbrt'-lng,  pr.  par.,  a.,  At.     [REPORT,  *J 
A.  As  pr.  par, :  (See  the  verb). 
'B.  As  adjective  .-^ 

1.  Giving  or  furnishing  a  report  or  state- 
ment 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  reports  or  reporters. 

"A  full  and  faithful  account  of  the  reporting 
department  of  each  of  our  existing  morning  papers."— 
Brant:  Jfewtpaper  I'rta.  L  HL 

C.  As  xnbst.  :  The  act,  system,  or  practice 
of  making  reports  of  meetings,  debates,  or  the 
like. 

IT  The  publication  of  the  debates  in  the 
Houses  of  Parliament  was  long  forbidden,  and 
in  1771,  Miller,  printer  of  the  Evening  Mail, 
was  arrested  for  committing  the  offence.  The 
Lord  Mayor  released  him,  and  was  in  conse- 
quence sent  to  the  Tower.  In  1772  the  de- 
bates were  again  published.  This  time,  how- 
ever, no  arrest  took  place.  Every  important 
newspaper  has  a  staff  of  reporters.  When  a 
long  debate  has  to  be  taken  down,  the  first 
reporter  makes  notes  for  a  certain  period, 
and  then  goes  to  write  out  his  manuscript 
and  hand  it  to  the  printers.  The  process  goes 
on  till  the  debate  closes.  During  the  present 
century  the  reporting  of  events  for  newspapers 
has  become  an  important  element  of  modern 
enterprise,  particularly  in  the  United  States, 
whore  everything  of  public  interest  is  quickly 
published.  During  war  times  reporters  incur 
the  greatest  risks  in  the  gathering  of  news,  and 
reporters  have  been  sent  out  on  exploring  ex- 
peditions to  Africa,  and  other  distant  regions. 
"  In  order  that  the  earlier  history  of  parliamentary 
reporting  may  be  better  understood."— Grant :  J/ewe- 
paper  Preu,  i.  14L 

*  rS-port'-lng-ly,  adv.   [Eng.  rrporting;  -ly.] 

By  way  of  report  or  common  fame ;  on  hearsay. 

"  Believe  it  better  than  reporting!?." 

Skakap. :  tfuck  Ado,  UL  L 

re-por-tbV-I-al,    *  re-por-ter'-i-al,   a. 

[Eng.  reporter ;'  -ial.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a 
reporter  or  reporters  ;  consisting  of  or  con- 
stituted by  reporters. 

••  A  reporter  for  the  daily  press  .  .  .  was  asked,  what 
was  his  business  or  profession— Mid  replied  that  he 
was  of  the  reportorinl  persuasion  1 "—  Gentlemani 
Mugiuinr,  June,  1883,  p.  Ml. 


*  re-pbV-tdr-jf,  «.    [REPORT,  v.]    A  report 

"  -' 


Thi»    tnnscursive   repertory.  -- 

rg-pof-al,  *re  pOB-all,  ».  [Eng.  rtpot(t). 
T.  ;  -al.} 

1.  The  act  of  reposing  or  resting. 

"  Would  the  rrpoeal 
Of  any  trust,  virtue,  or  worth  in  thee. 
Make  thy  words  faith'd  f  •  Sltatetp.  :  Lear.  U.  L 

*  2.  That  on  which  one  reposes  or  rests. 

"The  devil's  cushion  ...  his  pillow  and  chief*  r». 
potall.~—  Burton  :  Anat.  of  Meiandkoly.  p.  w. 

•re  pof  ance,  «.  [Eng.  report),  v.  ;  -an«.l 
The  act  or  state  of  reposing  or  resting  in  con- 
fidence ;  reliance. 

"Bee  what  sweet 
XepoxiiK*  heaven  can  beget."    J.  Ban  :  fofnu,  p.  M. 

r8-p6fe',  v.t.  A  i.  [Fr.  repoter  =  to  repose,  to 
rest,  to  stay,  from  Low  Lat  rtpautc,  from 
Lat  re-  =  again,  «nd  panto  =  to  pause,  pavjo. 
=  spause(q.v.);  8p.  repotar  ;  Port,  rtptnuar; 
Ital.  riposare.]  [Post,  v.} 

A.  Transitive: 

1.  To  lay  at  rest  ;  to  lay  for  the  purpose  ok* 
taking  rest  ;  to  refresh  by  rest  ;  to  recline. 
"  Please  you,  meanwhile,  in  fitting  bower. 
Kepote  you  till  his  waking  bow.1 

Scot*     Lad,  <tf  0*  La**,  ri.lt. 

*  2.  To  cause  to  be  calm  or  quiet  ;  to  quieS, 
to  compose,  to  tranquillize.    (Fuller.) 

*3.  To  lay,  place,  or  set  in  confidence  or 
trust.    (Shaketp.  :  Richard  II.,  ii.  4.) 

*  4.  To  lay  up  ;  to  lodge,  to  deposit 

"  Pebbles,  repoeed  in  those  cliffs  amonpt  the  earth, 
being  not  so  dissoluble  and  more  bulky,  are  Iff*. 
behind."—  Woodward. 

IT    In  these  last  two  meanings,  the  word 
appears  to  be  confused  with  Lat.  rt/xwtt 
pa.  par.  of  rtpono  =  to  lay  up.    [RcposiT.J 

B.  Intransitive  : 

1.  To  lie  at  rest  ;  to  rest,  to  sleep, 

2.  To  lie,  to  rest 

"  Bis  right  cheek 
Repoeing  on  a  cushion.'    Mo*mp.  :  CfmMine.  Ir.  & 

*  3.  To  rest  in  confidence  or  trust  ;  to  rely,. 
to  depend. 

"  Upon  whose  faith  and  honour  I  repeet." 

OuJteip.  :  rtre  Oentlmen.  IT.  I 

re'-pofe',  *.    [Fr.  rtpo*.]    [Rrposa,  t>.) 
L  Ordinary  Language  : 
L  The  act  or  state  of  reposing  ;  a  lying  at. 
rest  ;  rest,  quiet,  sleep. 

2.  Rest  of  mind  ;   tranquillity,  calmness  ; 
freedom  from  uneasiness  or  disturbance  of 
mind. 

'•  Hi*  calm,  broad,  thoughtless,  aspect  breath'  d  npott,- 
Ttameon  :  Cattle  of  /ndfUnct,  I  M. 

3.  Settled  composure  ;  absence  of  all  show 
of  feeling. 

"  Her  manners  had  not  that  repoet 
Which  marks  the  caste  of  Vere  de  Ten.* 

TrnnttoH  :  Ladf  Clara  t'ere  d*  Fere.  St. 

4.  A  cause  of  rest  ;  that  which  gires  rest  or 


IL  Technically: 

1.  Art  :  That  quality  In  painting  which  jrire* 
it  entire  dependence  on  its  inherent  ability. 
and  does  not  appeal  by  gaudiness  of  colour,  or 
exaggeration  of  attitude,  to  a  false  estimate  of' 
ability.    A  general  quietude  of  colour  and 
treatment  and  an  avoidance  of  obtrusive  tints) 
or  striking  action  in  figures  are  generally  com- 
prehended by  this  designation,  when  applied 
to  a  work  of  art    (Fairholt.) 

2.  Drama  :  That  quality  in  an  actor  which 
enables  him  to  retain  perfect  self-command. 
and  avoid  all  exaggeration. 

3.  Poetry  :  A  rest,  a  pause. 

re  posed',  pa.  par.  or  a.    [RBPOSE,  «.] 
A.  As  pa.  par.  :  (See  the  verb). 
•  B.  As  adj.  :    Calm,    tranquil,    settled. 
(Bacon.) 


-af  f  <"**•  [En«-  ftpoitd;  -ly.} 
In  a  quiet  or  composed  manner  ;  quietly, 
composedly,  tranquilly. 

•  rS-pof  -Sd-neM,  «.    [Eng.  repoted;  -nest.} 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  reposed  or  at 
rest  ;  calmness,  composure,  tranquillity. 

"  With  wondrous  repoMdnea  of  mind."—  TVana  of 
BectaUmi.  p.  104. 

•  rS-poBO'-ful,  o.     [Eng.  repose,  s.  ;  -MO-  J 
Full  of  repose  ;  affording  confidence  or  trust;. 
trustworthy. 

"  A  fast  friend  or  repoteful  confidant"—  HowtU. 


^;  poUt,  J^v-l;  cat,  9eli,  chorus,  9hln,  bench;  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as;  expect,  Xeuophon,  oyiat.   ph  =  t* 
-oiaa,  -tiaa  =  sham,   -tion,  -sion  =  Bhun;  -fion,  -flon  =  zhun.   -cious, -tioua, -sioua  -  shua.   -ble,  -die,  &c.  =  Del,  del> 


3962 


reposer— representational 


Xi-pof'-er,  «.  [Eng.  repos(e),  v.  ;  -tr.}  One 
who  reposes. 

*  re-poY-it,  •  re-pos-ite,  v.t.  [Lat.  r«po*i- 
tus,  pa.  par.  of  repono  =  to  lay  up  :  re-  = 
back,  again,  and  pono  =  to  place.  ]  To  lay  up  ; 
to  lodge  or  deposit,  as  in  a  place  of  safety. 

"Others  repotUe  their  young  In  holes,"—  Derham: 

y,  bk.  iv.,  cli.  xiii. 


*re-pos-it,  *.  [REPOSIT,  v.]  That  which  is 
laid  up  ;  a  deposit. 

*  re-po-sf-tion,  >•    [Lat.  repositio,  from  n- 
positus,  pa.  par.  of  repono.]    [REPOSIT,  v.} 

•  L  Ordinary  Language: 

L  The  act  of  replacing  or  resetting. 

"The  reposition  of  the  luxated  shoulder."—  Witt- 
man  :  Surgery,  bk.  vii.,  ch.  v. 

2.  The  act  of  laying  up  or  depositing,  as  in 
a  place  of  safety. 

"Nut  capable  of  observation,  carelesae  of  repetition." 
—Bp.  Hall  :  A  Centure  of  Trarell.  J  6. 

IL  Scots  Law  :  Retrocession,  or  the  return- 
ing back  of  a  right  from  the  assignee  to  the 
person  granting  the  right. 

•  f  Reposition  of  the  Forest:  The  re-afforest- 
ing of  a  forest. 

re"  pos  '-I-tor-jf,  *  re-pos-i-tor-le,  «.    [O. 

Fr.  repositoire,  from  Lat.  repositorium,  from 
rfpositus,  pa.  par.  of  repono  =  to  lay  back  ;  O. 
8p.  &  Ital.  repositorio.] 

1.  A  place  where   things  are  or  may  be 
deposited  for  safety  or  preservation;  a  de- 
pository, a  storehouse,  a  magazine. 

"  That  dark  repotitory  in  which  the  abortive  statute* 
of  many  generations  sleep."—  Macaulaty  :  Hilt.  Eng., 
eh-xvi. 

2.  A  place  where  articles  are  kept  for  sale  ; 
a  shop,  a  warehouse. 

TS  po  solr  (ol  as  wa),  «.    [Fr.] 

Roman  Ritual  : 

1.  The  altar  at  which  the  Host,  consecrated 
at  the  Mass  on  Holy  Thursday,  is  reserved 
till  the  Mass  of  the  Praesanctiiied  on  Good 
Friday.     [HOLT-WEEK.] 

2.  The  altar  on  which  the  Eucharist  is  de- 
posited during  a  pause  in  a  procession. 

Te  pos  seas',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  possess 
(q.v.J.]  To  possess  again. 

"  If  Edward  rtpoara  the  crown." 

Skaltetp.  :  3  Henry  YI.,  IT.  (. 

U  To  repossess  one's  self  of  :  To  obtain  posses- 
sion of  or  to  acquire  for  one's  self  again  ;  to 
regain. 

re  pos  sess  Ion  (ss  as  sh),  s.  [Pref.  re-, 
and  Eng  possession  (q.v.).]  The  act  or  state 
of  possessing,  cr  gaining  possession  of  again. 

"  Being  ready  to  enter  Into  a  rrpouettivn  of  hi* 
country.  —HoteeU  :  LetCeri,  bk.  i.,  let.  8. 

"*  re-pds'-nre,  ».  [Eng.  repose)  ;  -ure.]  Re- 
pose, rest,  quiet.  (Fuller  :  Hist.  Camb.,  viii.  19.) 

Te-pSt',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  pot,  v.  (q.  v.).] 
To  replace  in  pots. 

"  Old  plant*.  .  .  .  being  kept  rather  dry.  and  then 
shaken  out  and  repotted.  —Field,  Oct.  3,  188*. 

*  re-pour',  v.t.      [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  pour 
(q.v.).]    To  pour  again  or  back. 

"  Repouring  down  black  darkness  from  the  sky." 

Mirrourfor  Jtagatratet. 

TO  pous  se',  a.  [Fr.,  pa.  par.  of  repousser 
=  to  push  or  thrust  back.]  A  term  applied  to 
a  kind  of  ornamental  metal  work,  formed  in 
relief  by  striking  on  the  metal  from  behind 
with  a  punch  or  hammer  until  the  required 
forms  are  roughly  prrnluced  in  relief  upon  the 
surface  ;  the  work  is  then  finished  by  the  pro- 
cess of  chasing.  The  work  of  Benvenuto 
Cellini  (1500-1570),  in  this  branch  of  art,  is 
the  most  celebrated.  Common  work  of  this 
kind,  as  for  tea-  orcoffee-i>ots,  Ac.,  is  executed 
at  Birmingham  in  pewter  and  Britannia  metal, 
and  then  electrotyped. 

*  re-prefe,  *  re-preve,  *.    [REPROOF.] 

.rSp-re-hend',  *  rep  re  hende,  v.t.  [Lat. 
reprehendo  —  to  hold  back,  to  check,  to  blame  : 
re-  =  back,  and  prehendo  =  to  hold,  to  seize  ; 
Fr.  reprendre  ;  Sp.  reprehender,  reprender; 
Port,  reprehender;  ItaL  rtprendere.] 

1.  Orig.  to  take  hold  of  one  and  pull  him 
back,  when  about  to  do  something;  hence, 
to  charge  with  a  fault  ;  to  chide  sharply  ;  to 
reprove  ;  to  find  fault  with. 

"  Pardon  me  for  rrprehmdlng  the*.* 

Shaketp.  :  Titui  A  ndroniaa,  ill.  1 


2.  To  take  exception  to  ;  to  blame,  to  cen- 
sure ;  to  find  fault  with. 

"  I  nor  advise,  nor  rtvrehend  the  choice 
Of  Marcley.uill."  /.  PhUipt:  Cyder,  i.  78. 

*3.  To  detect  of  fallacy. 

"  This  colour  will  be  reprehended  at  encountered. 
by  imputing  to  all  excellent-id  iu  compositions  a  kind 
of  poverty.  —Bacon. 

*  rep-re-hend'-er,  ».    [Eng.  reprehend ;  -er.] 
One  who  reprehends ;  one  who  blames,  cen- 
sures, or  I  i  n<  Is  fault. 

"  The  querulous  reprehendert  add  to  the  cause  of 
complaint."—  Glanfill  :  Scepiti  Scientifica.  (Fret) 

rep-re-hen'-si-ble,  o.  [Lat.  reprehensibilii, 
from  reprehensus,  pa.  par.  of  reprehendo  = 
to  reprehend  (q  v.) ;  Fr.  reprehensible ;  Sp. 
reprensible  ;  Ital.  riprenaibile.]  To  be  repre- 
hended, censured,  or  blamed ;  deserving  of 
reprehension  or  censure  ;  blameworthy,  cen- 
surable ;  calling  for  reproof  or  rebuke. 

"  To  lay  Good  morning  or  Good  evening  was  highly 
nprehmtible.'—Mucaulav  :  UM.  Eng.,  ch.  xvii. 

rep-re-hen  -si-ble-ness,  ».  [Eng.  repre- 
hensible ;  -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
reprehensible ;  culpableness,  blamableuess. 

rep-r<5-hen'-sl-bljr,  adv.  [Eng.  reprehen- 
sib(le);  -ly.]  In  a  reprehensible  manner  or 
degree  ;  culpably ;  in  a  manner  calling  for 
reprehension,  reproof,  or  rebuke. 

"  Nay,  even  those  law*  which  authorised  him  to 
govern  thus  were  iu  liis  judgment  reprthtiuMy 
lenient."— Macaulay :  But.  Eng.,  ch.  iv. 

rep  re  hen  -sion,  s.  [Lat  reprehensio,  from 
reprehensus,  pa.  par.  of  reprehendo  =  to  repre- 
hend (q.v.);  Fr.  reprehension  ;  Sp.  reprension ; 
Ital.  riprensione.]  The  act  of  reprehending, 
blaming,  or  censuring ;  blame,  censure,  re- 
proof. 

"  Reprehrntiom  may  suppress  passions  when  they 
are  weak,  but  do  but  incense  them  whilst  they  are 
raging."— Boyle:  Workt,  vi.  24. 

*  rep-re-hen'-slve,  a.    [Fr.  reprehensif;  Sp. 
reprensivo  ;  Ital.  riprensivo.]    Containing  re- 
prehension or  reproof. 

"  By  a  reprehenrive  shortness,  be  [Christ]  both  clean 
the  man's  innocence  Mid  v  indicates  God's  proceedings." 
— South :  Sermant,  viii.  299. 

*  rep-rS-hen'-Sive-ly\  adv.     [Eng.   repre- 
hensive ;  -ly.]    In  a  reprehensive  or  reproving 
manner  ;  with  reprehension  or  reproof. 

"  Xenophanes  the  Colophonian  reprehentively  ad* 
monished  the  Egyptians."— Cudvorth :  InteU.  System, 
p.  226. 

*  rep-rS-hgn'-sor-y,  a.    [Lat.  reprehensus. 
pa.  par.  of  reprehendo  =  to  reprehend  (q.v.).  ] 
Containing  reprehension  or  reproof;  repre- 
hensive. 

rep-rS-sent'  (1),  v.t.  [Fr.  representer,  from 
Lat.  reproMento  =  to  bring  before  one  again, 
to  exhibit:  re-  =  again,  and  prcesento  =to 
present ;  prcesens  =  present ;  Sp.  &  Port,  re- 
presenter  ;  Ital.  ripresentare.] 
I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  To  present  again,  or  in  place  of  something 
else  ;  to  exhibit  the  image  or  counterpart  of; 
to  typify. 

"  Before  him  burn 

Seven  lamps,  a*  in  a  zodiac  repretentiny 
The  heav'n'ly  fire*."         HUton  :  P.  L.,  xil.  S55. 

2.  To   exhibit  or  portray  by  pictorial   or 
plastic  art ;  to  reproduce. 

3.  To  portray  or   exhibit  by  mimicry  or 
action  of  any  kind  ;  to  act  Lhe  part  or  character 
of ;  to  personate. 

4.  To  depict,  to  describe,  to  give  an  account 
of:  ns,  He  represents  his  agent  as  being  remiss 
in  his  duties. 

5.  To  declare,  to  set  forth  :  as,  To  represent 
the  dangers  of  a  line  of  conduct. 

6.  To  stand  in  or  supply  the  place,  or  per- 
form the  duties  or  functions  of;  to  speak  and 
act  with  authority  on  behalf  of ;  to  look  after 
the  interests  of;  to  be  a  substitute,  agent,  or 
deputy  for. 

"  The  Estates  bad  liberally  voted  such  a  supply  as 
the  poor  country  which  they  rrpretented  could  afford." 
J/acaulay:  Hilt.  Eng.,  cb.  xxi. 

7.  To  stand  in  the  place  of,  in  the  right  of 
inheritance. 

8.  To  serve  or  stand  as  a  symbol  or  sign  of : 
as,  Words  represent  ideas  or  things. 

9.  To  image  or  picture  in  sensation. 

IL  ZooL  £  Biol. :  Before  any  clear  ideas 
prevailed  as  to  the  geo^raphi<al  distribution 
of  animals,  it  was  held  that  every  type  in  one 
hemisphere  was  represented  by  a  correspond- 
ing type  in  the  other  hemisphere.  Thus,  the 


puma  in  the  New  World  was  held  to  represent 
the  lion  and  the  tiger  in  the  Old  World. 

"  Until  the  hut  few  years  the  existence  of  twogeners, 
having  so  very  much  in  common  as  the  camels  and  the 
llamas,  and  yet  so  completely  isolated  geographically. 
had  not  received  any  satisfactory  explanation,  for  the 
old  idea  that  they  in  some  way  •  rtpramttd '  each 
other  in  the  two  hemispheres  of  the  world  was  a  mere 
tincy  without  phi.osophical  baiis."— fro/.  Fluvtr,  in 
A'/icyc.  Brit.  (ed.  tth),  xiv.  73». 

re-pre-^ent'  (2),  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
present,  v.  (q.v.).]  To  present  again  or  anew  ; 
to  bring  again  before  the  niiud. 

*  rep  re-sent -able,  n.     [Eng.  represent; 
-able.]    Capable  of  being  represented. 

*  rep  re  sent  -an9e,    s.     [Eng.    represent; 

-ance.]    Representation,  likeness. 

"  The  reprcientuttcet  and  forms  of  those  who  havs) 
brought  something  profitable."— Donne:  Hiit.  beptwt- 
ffint,  p.  93. 

*  rep-re-fent'-ant,  «.  &  o.    [Fr.,  pr.  par.  of 

representer.] 

A.  As  subst. :  A  representative. 

"  There  is  expected  the  count  Henry  of  Nassau  to 
be  at  the  said  solemnity,  as  the  repretentant  of  oil 
brother."—  Wotton:  Remaint.  p.  S79. 

B.  As  adj. :  Representing ;   acting  as  re- 
presentative. 

rep  re  sen  ta  -tion  (1),  s.  [Fr.,  from  Lat. 
reprcesentationem,  accus.  of  reproisentatio,  from 
repro3sentatus,  pa.  par.  of  reprcesento  =  to 
represent  (q.v.) ;  Sp.  representacion;  ItaL 
rapprese  ntaz  ione.  ] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  of  representing,  describing,  or 
portraying ;  description. 

2.  The  portrayal  or  reproduction  by  pictorial 
or  plastic  art  of  any  object. 

"  If  we  consider  what  Nuina  ordained  concerning 
images,  and  the  repretenlation  of  the  gods."— Sorth  : 
Plutarch,  p.  44. 

3.  The  public  exhibition  or  reproduction  of 
a  play  on  the  stage,  or  of  a  character  in  •> 
play  ;  a  dramatic  performance. 

4.  A  verbal  description ;   a  statement   oi 
arguments,  facts,  &c.  ;  hence,  specifically,  a 
respectful  expostulation  or  remonstrance. 

"  The  statement  was  not  an  accurate  repretentatum 
Ol  his  views."— Standard.  June  21,  1056. 

5.  An  image  or  likeness,  as  a  picture  or 
statue. 

"  A  very  correct  repretentntion  of  the  comet  of 
1819."— Uertchel :  Attronamy,  §  55C. 

6.  The  part  performed  by  a  representative, 
delegate,  agent,  or  deputy  ;  espec.  the  func- 
tions of  a    representative    in    a   legislative 
assembly ;   the  system   according  to  which 
communities,  districts,  counties,  &c.,  are  re- 
presented in  such  assemblies. 

"  The  full  and  complete  and  continuous  reprettnta. 
tion  of  every  part  of  the  country  in  the  Parliament." 
—Standard.  June  21.  1886. 

If  An  Act  for  the  Better  Representation  of 
the  People  is  an  Act  for  extending  the  parlia- 
mentary suffrage  to  people  who  were  not  before 
entitled  to  vote.  It  is  the  first  of  the  two 
popular  boons  constituting  a  Reform  Act. 
[REFORM  ACTS.] 

7.  A  number  of  delegates  or  representative* 
Collectively. 

IL  Law: 

1.  Eng.  Lav: 

(1)  The  standing  in  the  place  of  another,  as 
an  heir,  or  in  the  right  of  taking  by  inherit- 
ance ;  the  personating  of  another,  as  heirs, 
executors,  or  administrators. 

(2)  A   collateral    statement   in   insurance, 
either  by  parol  or  in  writing,  of  such  facts  or 
circumstances  relating  to  the  proposed  adven- 
ture, and  not  inserted  in  the  policy,  as  are 
necessary  to  enable  the  insurer  to  form  • 
just  estimate  of  the  risk. 

2.  Scots  Law : 

(1)  The  obligation  incurred  by  an  heir  to 
pay  the  debts  and  perform  the  obligations 
incumbent  upon  his  predecessor. 

(2)  The   written   pleading   presented  to  a 
lord-onlinary  of  the  Court  of  Session  when 
his  judgment  was  brought  under  review. 

re-prea-en-ta'-tlon  (2),  ».  [Pref.  re-,  and 
Eng.  presentation  (q.v.).]  The  act  of  re- 
presenting or  presenting  again  to  the  mind 
that  which  was  formerly  present  but  is  now 
absent. 

*  rep-rS-^n-ta'-tlon-al,  a.     [Eng.  repre- 
sentation; -aL]    Pertaining  to  or  containing 
representation. 


fete,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father ;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there ;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine ;  go,  pot, 
or.  wore,  wplf,  work,  who,  son;  mate,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full;  try,  Syrian.    »,  «  =  e;  ey  =  a;  qu  =  kw. 


representationary— reprise 


3963 


•  rSp-re-S en-ta'-tion-a-rjr,  o.  [Eng.  re- 
presentation; -ary.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  re- 
presentation ;  representative. 

rSp-re-sent  -a-tive,  a.  &  s.  [Fr.  represen- 
tatif;  Sp.  &  Port,  representative;  ItaL  rappre- 
tentivo.] 

A.  ^s  adjective : 

1.  Exhibiting  likeness  or  similitude  ;  fitted 
to  represent. 

"  A  Urge  berry-bearing  tree  at  James  Island  has  no 
representative  species  on  Charles  Island."— Aarwin  : 
Voyage  round  the  Wurld,  ch.  xvii. 

2.  Acting  as  agent,  deputy,  or  delegate  for 
others  ;  bearing  the  character  or  power  of  an- 
other ;  performing  the  duties  or  functions  of 
Others  ;  representing  the  interests  of  others. 

"  Thus  the  Cabinet  has  something  of  the  popular 
character  of  a  representative  body ;  an  i  the  reprtten- 
tatitie  body  has  something  of  the  gravity  of  a  Cabinet." 
—Macaulay:  Ilia.  Eng.,  ch.  xx. 

3.  Conducted  or  constituted  by  the  agency 
of  delegates  or  deputies  chosen  by  the  people : 
•s,  representative  government 

4.  Typical. 

"  No  one  human  being  can  be  completely  the  rtprt- 
ttntatioe  man  of  his  race."— Pa.lgra.st, 

B.  As  substantive : 

I.  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  One  who  or  that  which  represents  or 
exhibits  the  likeness  of  another ;   that   by 
which  anything  is  represented  or  exhibited  ;  a 
representation. 

2.  One  who  represents  or  acts  as  the  agent, 
deputy,  or  delegate  of  another  or  others  ;  an 
agent,  deputy,  or  substitute  who  supplies  the 
place  and  performs  the  duties  or  functions  of 
another  or  others  ;  specif.,  a  person  chosen  by 
any  body  of  electors  to  represent  them  in  a 
legislative  assembly. 

"  The  worse  our  repretentatiret,  therefore,  the  longer 
we  are  likely  to  be  cursed  with  them."— J/ocauJay  : 
Siil.  Knj.,  ch.  xix, 

EL  Technically: 

1.  LioL :    The  representative   theory  con- 
tended for  by  Swaiuson  and  other  quinarians 
was  that  in  each  circle  particular  types  were 
represented.    In  every  circle  of  birds,  for  in- 
stance, there  were  raptorial,  insessorial,  ra- 
sorial,  grallatorial,  and  natatorial  types.   Any 
representative  of  these  was  analogous  to  the 
corresponding  type  in  all  other  circles. 

2.  Law:  One  who  stands  in  the  place  of  an- 
other as  heir,  or  in  the  right  of  succeeding  to 
an  estate  of  inheritance,  or  to  a  crown. 

IT  (1)  //OH*  of  Representatives:  The  lower 
house  of  the  supreme  legislative  body  of  the 
United  States,  consisting  of  members  chosen 
biennially  by  the  people  of  the  several  states 
in  numbers  proportioned  to  their  population. 
Each  state  sends  at  least  one  representative. 
The  same  title  is  applied  to  the  lower  house  in 
most  of  the  state  legislatures. 

(2)  Personal  representative:  An  executor  or 
administrator. 

(3)  Real  representative:  An  heir-at-law  or 
devisee. 

representative-faculty,  *. 

Metaph. :  (See  extract). 

"  The  general  capability  of  knowledge  necessarily  re- 
quires that,  besides  the  power  of  evoking  out  of  un- 
consciousness one  portion  of  our  retained  knowledge  in 
preference  to  another,  we  possess  the  faculty  of  repre- 
senting in  consciousness  what  is  thus  evoked.  .  .  . 
This  Repreitntntice  f'ucu!ty  is  Imagination  or  Phan- 
tasy."— Hamilton  •  Metaph.  (ed.  Mantel},  ii.  24. 

representative-species,  s. 

Zool. :  A  species  exhibiting  a  comparatively 
recent  modification,  anil  having  its  origin  in 
or  near  the  locality  where  it  occurs. 

•  rSp-re-sent'-a-tive-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  repre- 
sentative ;  -ly.]    In  a  representative  manner ; 
by  way  of  representation  ;  vicariously. 

"  He  was  solemnly  reinstated  in  favour,  and  we 
repretentativeli/  or  virtually  in  him"— Sorrow.-  Ser- 
mon*, voL  ii.,  ser.  30. 

•  rSp-re-sentf-a-tlve-nSss,  s.  [Eng.  repre- 
sentative; -ness.]  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
representative. 

•  rSp-re-sent-ee',  ».     [Eng.  represent;  -ee.] 
(Wrongly  used  for  a  representative.) 

"Their  proxies  and  repretenteet  chosen  and  sent 
from  their  seven*!  distributions."— Gauden:  Ttan  of 
the  Church,  p.  448. 

rSp-re-sent'-er,  ».     [Eng.  represent ;  -er.] 

1.  One  who  represents  ;  one  who  shows,  ex- 
hibits, or  reproduces. 

"Art,  being  but  the  Imitator  or  secondary  reprt- 
ient*r."—Bre»nt :  Vulgar  Errourt,  bk.  v.,  ch.  xix. 


*  2.  One  who  represents  another  or  others  ; 
a  representative. 

*  rep-re-sent -ment,   *.     [Eng.    represent; 

•ment.]    Representation. 

"  In  his  heart  begat 
All  repretentment  of  his  absent  sire. 

Chapman:  Homer;  OdytMyi. 

re-press,  "re-presse,  v.  [Pref.  re-,  and 
Eng.  press,  v.  (q.v.).J 

1.  To  press  back  or  down  effectually ;  to 
crush,  to  put  down,  to  subdue,  to  quell. 

"  His  good  kynge  so  well  addresseth. 
That  all  his  fo  men  he  repreueth. 

dotcer :  C.  A.,  Til. 

2.  To  restrain  ;  to  keep  back ;  to  keep  under 
restraint. 

"The  prudent  goddess  yet  her  wrath  repress1*" 
Pope:  Homer;  Iliad  viii.  571 

*  rS-press',  s.     [REPRESS,   v.]     The  act  of 

repressing ;  repression. 

"  Loud  outcries  of  Injury,  when  they  tend  nothing 
to  the  repreu  of  it,  is  a  liberty  rather  assumed  by  rage 
and  impatience,  than  authorized  by  justice."— 
Government  of  the  Tonga*. 

*re-press'-er,  *.  [Eng.  reprett;  -er.]  One 
who  or  that  which  represses,  crushes,  or 
subdues. 

t  re-press' -i-ble,  o.  [Eng.  reprett;  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  repressed,  crushed,  subdued, 
or  restrained. 

"re-press'-i'-bly,  adv.  [Eng.  repreuib(le) ; 
-ly.]  In  a  repressible  manner. 

re-press-ion (ss  as  sh),  *.    [Fr.] 

1.  The  act  of  repressing,  crushing,  subduing, 
or  restraining. 

"  Do  such  things  for  the  advancement  of  Justice, 
and  for  the  repression  and  punishment  of  malefactors. 
— Barnef  Record!,  vol.  it,  bk.  L,  No.  M. 

2.  That  which  represses ;   a  check,  a  re- 
straint. 

re-press'-ive,  a.  [Fr.  rtpressif.]  Having 
power  to  repress,  subdue,  or  restrain ;  tend- 
ing or  serving  to  repress  or  quell. 

"They  were  glad  to  lift  the  burden  of  that  repreu. 
ire  legislation  from  their  shoulders."— Daily  Telegraph, 
Aug.  IS,  18*5. 

re-press'-ive-l$r,  adv.  [Eng.  repressive ;  -ly.] 
In  a  repressive  manner ;  so  as  to  repress. 

*  re-preve,  v.  &  s.    [REPROVE,  •.  &  *..] 

*  re-priefe,  *.    [REPHOOF.  ) 

*  rS-priev'-ai,  s.     [Eng.  reprieve);  -al.]    A 
respite,  a  reprieve. 

"  His  [the  sailor's]  sleep*  are  but  reprievalt  of  his 
dangers.  —Sir  T.  Overbuy :  Charactfrt,  Q.  7. 

re-prieve',  *  re-preeve,  *  re-prive,  v.t. 
[The  same  word  as  Mid.  Eng.  repreve  —  ix> 
reprove  (q.v.),  to  reject,  to  disallow.] 

1.  To  grant  a  reprieve  or  respite  to ;  to 
suspend  or  delay  the  execution  of  for  a  time. 

"  Therefore  I  humbly  crave  your  majestic 
It  to  replevie,  and  my  sonne  reprirr." 

Spenter :  F.  «.,  IV.  xii.  SL 


"  Night,  descending,  from  his  vengeful  hand, 
lirprievd  the  relics  of  the  Grecian  band." 

Pope :  Homer ;  Iliad  x.  236. 

*  3.  To  relieve  for  a  time  from  any  suffering. 

"  Or  to  succour,  or  relieve  him. 
Or  from  wants  oft  to  repreeve  htm." 

Browne  :  Shepheardi  Pipe.  eel.  a 

*4.  To  set  free  ;  to  relieve,  to  acquit. 

"  Unless  her  prayers,  whom  heav'n  delights  to  hear. 
And  loves  to  grant,  reprieve  him  from  the  wrath 
Of  greatest  injustice."    Shaketp. :  All'i  Well,  iii.  4. 

re-prieve',  s.    [REPRIEVE,  v.} 

1.  The  suspension  or  delay  of  the  carrying 
out  of  a  sentence  (generally  of  death)  on  a 
prisoner.  It  is  popularly  but  erroneously 
supposed  to  signify  a  permanent  remission, 
or  commutation  of  a  capital  sentence. 

"  A  reprieve  »  the  withdrawing  of  a  sentence  for  an 
interval  of  time  ;  whereby  the  execution  is  suspended. 
Tills  may  be,  first,  ex  arbitriojuiiicis ;  either  before  or 
after  judgment;  as,  where  the  judge  is  not  satisfied 
with  the  verdict,  or  the  evidence  is  suspicious,  or  the 
indictment  is  insufficient ;  or  sometimes  if  It  be  a 
small  felony,  or  any  favourable  circumstances  appear 
In  the  criminal's  character,  in  order  to  give  room  to 
apply  to  the  crown  for  either  an  absolute  or  conditional 
pardon.  Or.  secondly,  ex  mandato  rtgit,  from  the  mere 
pleasure  of  the  crown,  expressed  in  any  way  to  the 
court  by  whom  the  execution  is  to  be  awarded.  This 
is  the  mode  in  which  reprieves  are  generally  granted, 
through  the  intervention  of  one  of  the  secretaries  of 
state  Kr/irirvet  may  also  he  ex  neret»itate  legit :  as, 
where  a  woman  is  capitally  convicted,  add  pleads 
her  pregnancy  :  though  this  is  no  cause  to  stay  the 
judgment,  yet  it  is  to  respite  the  execution  till  she  be 
delivered.  Another  cause  of  regular  reprieve  is,  if  the 
offender  become  nan  compel  between  the  judgment 


2.  A  respite;  a  short  interval  of  ease  or 
relief. 

*3.  A  temporary  suspension  of  repression 
or  extinction. 

"  The  Kleusinian  mysteries  got  a  reprint  till  the> 
reign  of  Tbeodosius  the  elder.*- War&rton:  DMn» 
Legation,  bk.  ii.,  1 4. 

rep-ri-mand',  v.t.  [Fr.  reprimander,  from 
reprimande  —  a  reprimand  (q.v.).] 

1.  To  reprove  sharply ;  to  reprehend ;  t* 
chide  or  rebuke  for  a  fault 

"  Was  heard,  one  genial  summer's  day. 
To  reprimand  them  all." 

Cowper  .•  Judgment  of  the  Poem. 

2.  To  reprove  publicly  and  officially,  la 
execution  of  a  sentence,  or  order  of  a  superior. 

rep  -ri  mand,  s.  [Fr.  rtprimande  (O.  Fr. 
reprimende),  from  Lat  reprimtnda  =  a  thing 
tliat  ought  to  be  repressed,  prop.  fern,  or 
reprimendus,  fut  pass.  par.  of  reprimo  =  to 
repress ;  8p.  reprimenda.]  A  severe  reproof 
censure,  or  reprehension  public  or  private; 
rebuke. 

"  The  answer  of  James  was  a  cold  and  sullen  revr± 
mand"—Macaulat :  BitL  fug.,  ch.  vi. 

•  rep  ri  mand  -er,  ».    [Eng.  reprimand, »/.  | 
-*r.]    One  who  reprimands. 

"  Then  said  the  owl  onto  hi*  reprimander. 
'  Fair  sir,  I  have  no  enemies  to  slander.'  * 

VHSMT,  1KT.  p.  1M. 

•  rep  rl  mate,  *  rep  ry-mate,  a.     (Ut. 
reprimo  =  to  repress.l     To  crash,  to  destroy  ; 
to  deprive  utterly. 

"  Which  must  be  well  applyed.  correct,  and  rrprf. 
mot*  of  theyr  millcea."— Copland :  Ouydan ;  VtxKy**. 
orji  of  Cyrurgyeni. 

re  print ,  v.t.    fPref.  re-,  and  Eng.  print,  v. 

(q.v.).] 

1.  Lit. :  To  print  again ;  to  print  a  second 
or  new  edition  of. 

"  I  have  seen  some  of  my  labours  sixteen  times  rs> 
printed.'— Ootdlmitk:  EaafL  (Prat) 

2.  Fig. :  To  renew  the  impression  of. 

"  To  reprint  God's  image  upon  the  mill  *  fiiuft; 
Sermoni,  voL  L,  aw.  t 

re'-print,  s.  [REPRINT,  v.]  A  second  or  new 
edition  or  impression  of  a  printed  work  ;  a  re- 
impression. 

"  This  misleading  note  stands  nnoorrected  In  UK> 
mechanical  reprintbefore  us.'— Athenentm.  August  It; 
1W4,  p.  ML 

t  re-print'-er,  s.  [Eng.  reprint,  v. ;  -«r.)  On* 
who  reprints ;  specif.,  a  publisher  who  re- 
prints and  publishes  standard  works. 

"  Scott  may  not  have  been  able  to  see  the  copy,  bvt 
hli  reprinteri  could."— JUktnmum.  Aug.  B,  1IM.  p.  *SL 

re  pris  al.  *  re  pris  all,  •  re  pris  el. » 
[Fr.  repretailU,  from  Ital.  ripresaglia,  from 
ripr«m  =  a  reprisal  or  taking  again;  prop, 
fern,  of  ripreto,  pa.  par.  of  riprtndert  =  to  re- 
prehend, to  take  again,  from  Lat  rtprthtnd* 
=  to  take  again,  to  reprehend  (q.v.).] 

1.  The  act  of  seizing  or  taking  anything  from 
an  enemy  by  way  of  indeinnitiration  or  re- 
taliation for  something  seized  and  detained  to 
him. 

2.  That  which  is  so  seized  or  taken. 

"  That  large  reprisal  he  might  Justly  claim. 
For  prixe  defrauded  and  insulted  f«me." 

Pop*  :  Homer ;  Iliad  zL  Ml 

3.  The  same  as  RECAPTION  (q.v.). 

4.  The  act  of  retaliating  on  an  enemy  by  the 
infliction  of  suffering  or  deatli  on  a  prisoner 
taken  from  him  in  requital  for  some  act  of  in- 
humanity perpetrated  by  him. 

5.  Any  taking  by  way  of  retaliation  ;  an/ 
act  of  severity  done  in  retaliation. 

"  Desirous,  as  it  seems,  to  make  rtpritalt  upou  me.* 
—  Waterland:  Workt,  iv.  83. 

If  Letters  of  marque  and  reprisal,  Letttn  of 
mark  and  reprisal :  [MARQUE]. 

"  The  Council  of  Caledonia,  in  great  indignation, 
issued  lettert  of  mart  and  reprint  against  Spaniah 
vessels."— Macaulan  :  Bitt.  Eng.,  ch.  xxiT. 


re  pnse',  rS-piize',  *.    [Fr.,  fern, 
pa.  par.  of  reprendre  —  to  take  again  ;  Sp.  t»» 
presa;  Ital.  rifrresa.] 

*  L  Ord.  Lang. :  A  taking  by  way  of  re- 
taliation or  indemnification ;  reprisal. 

"  If  so,  a  just  reprite  would  only  be 
Of  what  the  land  usurp'd  ui>on  the  sea.' 

Dryden :  Hind  t  Panther,  iii.  SO. 

H.  Technically : 

1.  Maritime  law :  A  ship  recaptured  from  aa 
enemy  or  pirate.  If  recaptured  within  twenty- 
four  hours  of  her  capture  she  must  be  restored 
to  her  owners  in  whole  ;  if  after  that  period, 
she  is  the  lawful  prize  of  her  recaptors. 


boil,  bo'y:  pout,  jowl;  cat,  cell,  chorus,  9)1111.  bench:  go,  gem;  thin,  this;  sin,  as:  expect,  Xenophon,  exist.    -Inc. 
-clan,    ttan  =  snan.    -tion,  -sion  -  shun;  -tion,    f  ion  =  zhun.    -clous,    tioua,  -sious  -  suos.    -ble,  -die,  ic.  -  bel,  del. 


3964 


reprise— reproduction 


2.  Masonry :  A  terra  used  to  denote  the  return 
of  mouldings  in  an  internal  angle. 

3.  7xit0  (PL) :  Yearly  deductions,  duties,  or 
payments  out  of  a  manor  and  lands,  as  rent- 
charge,  rent-seek,  annuities,  and  the  like. 

4.  Music :  The  burden  of  a  song. 

•re  prise',  *  rS-prize',  v.t.  [O.  Fr.  repHs, 
pa.  par.  of  reprendre  =•  to  take  again,  from 
Liit.  reprehendo  =  to  take  again,  to  reprehend 
(q.v.).J 

1.  To  take  again  ;  to  retake. 

"  Ye  iniiht  repriit  the  armea  Sarpedon  forfeited." 
Chapman  :  Bomtr ;  Iliad  viL 

2.  To  recompense,  to  pay. 

"  If  any  of  the  lands  so  granted  by  hi«  majesty 
•hould  be  otherwise  decree.!.  his  majesty'!  grantee 
should  be  reprised  with  other  lands." — Grant:  Lord 
Clarendon ;  Life.  11.  252. 

*  re-prls'-tln-ate,  v.t.      [Lat.  re-  =  again, 
and  pristinus  —  former,  ancient.)    To  restore 
to  a  former  or  pristine  condition  or  state. 

*  re-pxis-tln-a'-tion,   s.      [REPRISTINATE.] 
The  act  of  restoring  to  a  pristine  or  original 
state  or  condition  ;  the  state  of  being  so  re- 
stored ;  resuscitation. 

*  re-prive  (1),  v.t.    [REPRIEVE.] 

*re-prive'  (2),  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Lat.  privo 
=  to  deprive.]  To  take  away. 

"  How  that  my  Lord  from  her  I  would  reprine." 

Uptntrr:  F.  Q.,  II.  i.  55. 

*  re-prize',  ».  4  v.    [REPRISE,  s.  &  v.] 

re  proa9h ,  *  re-proche,  v.t.  [Fr.  re- 
procher  (O.  Fr.  reprochier),  from  a  hypotheti- 
cal Low  Lat.  repropio  =  to  bring  near  to, 
hence,  to  cast  in  one's  teeth,  to  object,  from 
Lat.  re-  =  again,  and  propius,  compar.  ofprope 
=  near;  Sp.  reprochar.] 

1.  To  censure  in  opprobrious    terms  ;   to 
charge  with  a  fault  in  severe  terms  ;  to  cen- 
sure or  upbraid  with  severity,  opprobrium,  or 
contempt. 

"  If  ye  be  reproached  for  the  name  of  Christ,  happy 
are  ye.  — 1  Peter  iv.  14. 

2.  To  find  fault  with. 

"  The  Inner  Temple  Hall  ...  reproached  with  that 
cold  and  barren  quality  of  Smirke's  poverty-stricken 
perpendicular  Gothic."— Daily  Telegraph.  Juue21, 1886. 

*  3.  To  disgrace. 

"  I  thought  your  marriage  fit:  else  imputation, 
For  that  be  knew  you,  might  reprmich  your  life." 
Shaketp. :  Meaturefar  Measure,  v.  1. 

re"  proa9?i ,  •  re  proch,  *  re-proche,  *. 

[Fr.   reproche,    from   reprocher  =  to  reproach 
(q.v.);  Sp.  reproche.] 
I.  Ordinary  iMnguage : 

1.  The  act  of  reproaching ;  censure  mingled 
•with  opprobrium  or  contempt ;  opprobrious 
or  contumelious  language  addressed  to  any- 
one ;  severe  censure  or  blame,  as  for  a  fault. 

"  It  is  made  up  (if  boasts,  reproaches,  and  sneers."— 
Macaulay:  Hat.  Eng.,  ch.  xvii. 

2.  An  occasion  of  blame  or  censure  ;  shame, 
Infamy,  disgrace. 

"God  hath  taken  away  my  reproach."— Qenttit 
Xxx.  23. 

*  3.  An  object  of  contempt,  scorn,  or  deri- 
•kra. 

"  We  are  become  a  reproach  to  our  neighbours."— 
Pialmt  Ixxix.  4. 

IL  Roman  Ritual  (PI.):  Improperia  ;  a  series 
of  antiphous  and  responses,  forming  part  of 
the  service  which,  on  Good  Friday,  is  sub- 
stituted for  the  usual  daily  Mass.  The  text 
is  partly  in  Latin,  partly  in  Greek,  designed 
to  illustrate  the  sorrowful  remonstrance  of 
Our  Lord  with  his  people  for  their  ingratitude. 
These  reproaches  were  first  sung  to  plain- 
chant  melodies,  preserved  in  the  Graduate 
Somanum,  and  still  extensively  used,  but  in 
the  Sistine  Chapel,  since  1560,  they  have  been 
snng  to  some  exquisite  faux  bourdons,  to  which 
they  were  adapted  by  Palestrina, 

*  ro-proa9h'-a-ble,   *  re  proche  a-ble, 

o.     [Eng.  reproach;  -able.] 

1.  Deserving  of  reproach. 

2.  Reproachful,  opprobrious,  contumelious, 
disgraceful. 

"  He  also  prohybyted  that  any  thing*  ihuld  be  red 
or  siKiken,  reiir'H-hrable  or  Maaphemous  to  God."— 
£'y,t :  Governor,  ok.  Hi.,  ch.  ii. 

*  re  proa9h  a  ble-ness,  *.  [Eng.  reproach- 
able  ;  -nes.i.]    The  quality  or  state  of  being  re- 
proai  hable. 

*  re-proa9h'-a-bly,  adv.     [Enf?.    reproach- 
ab(le);  -ly.]    In  a  reproachable  manner;  in  a 
manner  deserving  of  reproach. 


re  proa9h'-er,  *.  [Eng.  reproach,  v.  ;  -er.] 
One  who  reproaches. 

re  proaph    ful,  *  re  -proch  -ful,  *re- 

proch  full,  *  re-proche-full,  a.    [Eng. 

reproach ;  -full.] 

1.  Containing   or  expressing   reproach    or 
censure ;  upbraiding,  scurrilous,  opprobrious, 
contumelious,  abusive. 

"  Reproaclifull  taunts  to  the  debasing  of  v>  Iselan- 
der»."— ttackluyt:  Yoynget,  i.  Mi. 

2.  Expressive  of  reproach. 

"A    look   so   sad,   so    reproachful,  imploring  and 
patient"          Longfellow :  Milet  Standiih,  v. 

3.  Deserving  of  reproach  ;  shameful,  scan- 
dalous, infamous,  base,  vile. 

"  Thy  punishment 

He  sball  endure,  by  coming  in  t  tic  flesh 
To  a  reproachful  life."  Milton :  P.  L.,  xii.  408. 

re  -  pr  o  a  9h  -  fill  -  ly ,  *  re  -  proch  -  ful-ly, 
*  re-proche-ful-ly,  adv.  [Eng.  reproach- 
ful; -ly.] 

1.  In  a  reproachful  manner ;  in  terms  of 
reproach ;  with  reproaches. 

"  By  the  Son  of  Man,  we  are  to  understand  our  Lord 
Jesus  Christ ;  and  to  speak  a  word  against  him,  will 
be  to  talk  slightly  and  reproachfully  of  him."— Marp  .• 
Sermont,  vol.  iii.,  ser.  IL 

2.  Shamefully,  disgracefully,  infamously. 

"  That's  bad  enough,  fur  I  am  but  reproach  : 
And  shall  I  then  be  uned  reproachfully  I" 

Shake»p.  :  2  Henry  VI.,  IL  4. 

'  rc  proa9h  ful  ness,  *  re  proche  ful- 
nesse,  s.  [Eng.  reproachful;  -ness.]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  reproachful. 

"  And  this  mannes  hutiianitee  and  curteous  be- 
haveour  ...  ye  turne  into  an  occasion  of  slaunderous 
reprochefulneue."  —  i'dal :  Luke  Til. 

rS-proafh'-less,  a.  [Eng.  reproach;  -lets.] 
Without  reproach  ;  irreproachable. 

*  re-prob-a-ble,  a.     [Lat.  reprobo  =  to  re- 
prove (q.v.).]     Reprovable. 

"  No  thynge  ther  in  was  reprubnlle."—Rede  me  and 
be  null  H'rothe,  p.  44. 

*  rep'-ro-ba-9^,  s.    [Eng.  reproba(te);  -cy.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  a  reprobate  ;  wicked- 
ness. 

"  In  his  present  state  of  reprobacy."—B.  Brooke : 
Foot  of  Ijualitt/,  ii.  134. 

*  rep'-ro-ban9e,  ».    f  Lat.  reprobans,  pr.  par. 
of  reprobo  =  to  reprove  (q.v.).]    Reprobation, 
damnation. 

"  Fall  to  reprobance."          ShaJeetp.  :  Othello,  v.  2. 

rSp'-ro-bate,  a.  A  ».  [Lat.  reprobatus,  pa. 
par.  of  reprubo  —  to  censure,  to  reprove  (q.v.).] 

A.  As  adjective : 

*  1.  Not  capable  of  enduring  proof  or  trial ; 
not  of  standard  purity  or  fineness  ;  disallowed, 
rejected. 

"  Reprobate  silver  shall  men  call  them,  because  the 
Lord  hath  rejected  them." — Jeremiah  vi.  SO. 

2.  Abandoned  in  sin  ;  lost  to  virtue  or  grace ; 
morally  abandoned  ;  profligate,  depraved. 

"  The  separate  lodging  of  the  souls  of  the  righteous 
and  the  rejndba.te."— Hartley :  Sermont,  vol.  ii.,  ser.  20. 

B.  As  subst. :  One  who  is  lost  to  virtue  and 
shame  ;  a  very  profligate  or  abandoned  person  ; 
one  who  is  abandoned  to  Bin  ;  a  wicked  de- 
praved wretch. 

"The  very  reprobatet  from  God."—  Bale.'  Image,  pt.  IL 

rep'-ro-bate,  v.t.    [REPROBATE,  a.] 

1.  To  express  disapproval  of  with  detesta- 
tion or  marks  of  extreme  dislike  ;  to  condemn 
strongly. 

"  Spain  and  Rome  loudly  reprobated  the  cruelty  of 
turning  a  savage  and  licentious  soldiery  loose  on  an 
unoffending  people."— Macaulay :  Hitt.  Kng.,  ch.  vL 

*  2.  To  disallow,  to  disapprove,  to  reject. 

"Such  an  answer  as  this  is  reprobated  and  disallowed 
of  in  law  ;  I  do  not  believe  it.  unless  the  deed  appears." 
—Aylijfe:  Pareryon. 

*  3.  To  abandon  to  wickedness,  vice,  and 
eternal  punishment. 

T  Approbate  and  reprobate : 

Scots  Law :  To  take  advantage  of  one  part 
of  a  deed,  and  reject  the  rest.  This  is  incom- 
petent. A  deed  must  be  taken  altogether  or 
rejected  altogether. 

*  rep'-rd-bate-ness,   ».     [Eng.    reprobate; 
-ness.]   The  quality  or  state  of  being  reprobate. 

*  rep'-ro-bat-er,  ».     [Eng.  reprobat(e),  v. ; 
-er.]    One  who  reprobates. 

"  The  patriotic  reprnnatrr  of  French  mode*." — 
A'oble  :  Continuation  of  Vrninger,  iii.  tin. 

rep-ro-ba'-tion,    *  rep-ro-ba-cl-on,  «. 

[Fr.,  from  Lat.  reprobatioitem,  accus.  of  repro- 


batio,  from  reprobatus  =  reprobate  (q.v.);  8p, 
reprobacion;   ItaL  reprobazione,  reprovafiontf 
riprovuzione.] 
L  Ordinary  Language : 

1.  The  act  of  reprobation ,  or  of  disapproving 
with  marks  of  extreme  dislike. 

2.  The  state  of  being  reprobated  ;  condemna- 
tion, censure,  rejection. 

"  Set  a  brand  of  reprobation  on  dipt  poetry  and  fails* 
coin."— Dryden.  (Todd.) 

II.  Technically: 

1.  Eccles.   Law:    The   propounding  of  ex- 
ceptions to  facts,  persons,  or  things. 

2.  Theol. :  The  word  reprobation  does  not 
occur  in  the  A.V.  or  R.V.    Reprobate  occurs 
both  as  an  adjective  (Jer.  vi.  30  ;  Rom.  i.  28 ; 
2  Tim.  iii.  8  ;  Titus  i.  16)  and  as  a  substantive 
(2  Cor.  xiii.  5,  6,  7).     Keprobatio  was  used  by 
Tcrtullian  (Apol.  xiii.),  adopted  by  the  Swiss 
theologians,  and   Anglicised  as  reprobation. 
The  doctrine  is  thus  stated  in  the  Westminster 
Confession  of  Faith,  iii.  7,  the  name  reproba- 
tion, however,  not  being  used  : 

"  The  rest  of  mankind  [i.e.,  all  but  the  elect]  God 
was  pleased,  according  to  the  unsearchable  counsel  of 
his  own  will,  whereby  he  extendeth  or  wlthboldeth 
mercy  as  he  pleaseth,  for  the  glory  of  his  sovereign 
power  ever  his  creatures  to  pass  by,  and  to  onlalu 
them  to  dishonour  and  wrath  for  their  sin,  to  the. 
praise  of  his  glorious  grace." 

Calvinists  adduce  in  support  of  the  doctrine 
Rom.  ix.  11-22 ;  1  Thess.  v.  9 ;  1  Pet.  ii.  8  ; 
Jude  4,  &c.  The  17th  Article  teaches  the  pre- 
destination to  life  of  "  those  whom  he  [God] 
hath  chosen  in  Christ  out  of  mankind,"  and 
is  silent  as  to  the  fate  of  others. 

"  Though  some  words  may  be  accommodated  to 
God's  predestination,  yet  it  is  the  scope  of  that  text 
to  treat  of  the  repntbatinn  of  any  man  to  hell  fire."— 
Bramhall :  Againit  Hobbei. 

*  rep-rd-ba'-tion-er,  *.    [Eng.  reprobation: 
-er.] 

Theol. :  One  who  believes  in  or  supports 
the  doctrine  of  the  reprobation  of  the  non- 
elect. 

"  Which  sort  of  sanctified  reprobationeri  we  abound 
with."— South :  Sermom,  vol.  iii.,  ser.  IL 

rep'-ro-ba-tiye,  a.  [Eng.  reprobate)  ;  -ive.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  reprobation  ;  containing 
or  expressing  reprobation ;  condemning  in 
strong  terms. 

*  rSp'-rfr-ba-tor, ».    [Lat] 

Scots  Law:  An  action  instituted  for  the 
purpose  of  convicting  a  witness  of  perjury, 
or  of  proving  that  he  was  liable  to  the  objec- 
tions of  agency,  enmity,  partial  counsel,  or 
the  like. 

rep'-ro-ba-tor-jf,  a.  [Eng.  reprobat(e)  ;  -ory. J 
The  same  as  REPROBATIVE  (q.v.). 

re-pro-du9e',  v.t.  [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng.  pro- 
duce, v.  (q.v.).] 

1.  To  produce  again  or  anew  ;  to  renew  the 
production  of;  to  generate,  as  offspring. 

"  How  a  person  once  annihilated  could  be  repro- 
duced."—Bp.  Hartley  :  Sermons,  vol.  iii.,  ser.  84. 

2.  To  yield  again  ;  to  return. 

"  The  people  who  consume,  reproducing  with  » 
profit  the  whole  value  of  their  annual  consumption." 
— Smith:  Wealth  of  Kationt,  bk.  Ii.,  ch.  v. 

3.  To  represent  to  the  memory  or  imagina- 
tion ;  to  portray,  to  represent :  as,  To  repro- 
duce a  scene  on  canvas,  to  reproduce  a  play  on 
the  stage. 

re-pro-dU9'-er,  s.  [Eng.  reproduce);  -er.J 
One  who  or  that  which  reproduces. 


re-prd-duc'-tioa,  «.     [Pref.  re-,  and  Eng. 
production  (q.v.).] 

1.  The  act  of  reproducing,  or  of  yielding, 
presenting,  or  producing  anew. 

"  The  experiment  about  the  reproduction  of  salt- 
petre."— Bi,yle :  Work*,  ill.  «L 

2.  Specif. :  The  process  by  which  new  indi- 
viduals are  generated,  and  the  perpetuation  of 
species  insured ;   the  process  by  which  new 
organisms  are  reproduced  from  those  already 
existing. 

"  There  is  also  a  reproduction  of  mankind,  but  not 
by  the  onHnary  method  of  propagation  as  now.'*- 
Halt  Orig.  of  Mankind,  p.  217. 

1[  Reproduction  of  animals  is  of  two  kinds, 
sexual  [GAMOOENESIS,  HOMOOENESIS]  and 
non-sexual  [XENOOENESIS].  The  former  is 
effected  by  the  contact  of  a  germ  cell  or 
ovum  and  a  sperm  cell  or  spermatozooid. 
When  the  former  is  present  in  a  female  and 
the  latter  in  a  male,  the  species  is  said  to  be 


late,  fat,  fare,  amidst,  what,  fall,  father;  we,  wet,  here,  camel,  her,  there;  pine,  pit,  sire,  sir,  marine;  go,  p«t, 
or,  wore,  wolf,  work,  whd,  son ;  mute,  cub,  cure,  unite,  cur,  rule,  full ;  try,  Syrian.    89,  ce  =  e ;  ey  =  a ;  qu  =  kw. 


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CAT.     NO.     23    012 


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