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r
1

THE . V £1^

LONDON JOURNAL

Slttg Kti2r ^^itnrt g ^

CONTAINING

FULL DESCRIPTIONS OF THE PRINCIPLES AND DETAILS OF

EVERY NEW PATENT,

ALSO

1 • •

Original i^ommunitationi^

ON OBJECTS CONNECTED WITH

SCIENCE AND PfilLOSOPHY,

PARTICULARLY SUCH AS EMBRACE THE MOST RECENT

INVENTIONS AND DISCOVERIES

BV W* HEWTOH,

CIVIL ENGINBBR AND MRCHANICAL DRAFTSMAN.

VOL. IX.

[SECOND SERIES.]

Honiron :

PUBLISHED BY SHERWOOD^ GILBERT^ AND PIPKR^ PATERNOSTER ROW)
6IMPKIN AND MARSHALL^ STATIONERS* COURT ; AND W. NEWTON,
OFFICE FOR PATENTS, 66^ CHANCERY LANE ; AND BENNI6, BUK NEUYB^
BT. AUGUSTIN^ PARIS.

1834.

4->

»• .

■
. 4

*i:'

CUNNINGHAM AND SALMON. PRINTERS, CRO'^N-COURT,

FLEET-STREET.

LIST OF PLATES TO VOL- IX.

SSeONO SERIES.

I. Beny's Improved Steam Engine ; and on Disc Valvei;
IL Dakeyne's Hydraulic Engine; Knowles's Axletrees;

Salmon's Malt Kiln; Payne's Weighing Machine;

Drake's Tiles 5 and Turner and Shand's Sugar Refining
Apparatus.
. III. Moore's Propelling Apparatus ; Higgins's Improved
Carriage ; Mencke's Brick Machine ; aud Boase and
Smith's Swe^ing Machine.

IV. Roger'» Improved Stopp§rs f<yr Cables i Fowler's Im-

provements in Circulating HotFluids ; Tippett's Steam
Engine ; dnd Price's Heating Apparatus.

V. Roger's Improved Anchors ; Rennoldson's Improved

S|p|im Engine ; Llanos's Improved Bit ; and Fitz«
maurice's Improved Pump.

VI. Parish's Water Valve; Rhodes's Spinning Machine;

Neale*« Propelling Machinery ; Parker's Carriage Drag;
Manton's Gun Lock; Poolers Kneading Machinery;
and Williams's Felting Machine.

VII. Hancorne's Nail-making Machine; Forbes's Improved Stove

Grate ; Philip's Distilling Apparatus ; and Nevill's
Water Whf6el.

VIII. Osier's Improved Chandelier ; Smith's Improved Rotary

Engine; and Dickinson's Paper-cutting Machinery.

IX. Brown's Improved Coach ; Sculthorp's Improved Axles ;

Daniell's Improved Gig Mill ; Leeson's Improved
Harness ; Winan's Improved Wheels.; Arnold's Liquor
Gauge ; Rowland and McMillan's Pavings and Shaud's '
Distilling Apparatus.

X. Wheatstone's Musical Instrument ; and Bock's Improved

Embroidering Machinery.

tummm

1 5030

PREFACE.

In closing the Ninth Volume of the London
Journal of Arts and Sciences, the Proprie-
tors beg respectfully to express their thanks for the
steady support which this Work has received from
its commencement, in the beginning of the year
1 820 ; and for the permanent foundation upon which
it is now established by a numerous and extended
circle of scientific readers, as a standard work of
reference for all improvements in the various branches
of the Manufacturing Arts.

Before the commencement of this Journal, the
details of recently patented inventions were almost
exclusively confined to the pages of oae respectable
periodical publication. The Repertory of Arts,
Manufactures, and Agriculture; a work
comprehending a considerable range of valuable in-
formation connected with those branches of science,
but defective in one point, namely, that it embraced
only a few, not the whole of the subjects for which
Patents had been taken ; and consequently, failed in
the very important feature of representing the actual
state of improvement in the Mechanical Arts.

It is known that the ** London Journal of Arts
and Sciences," commenced with the professed object
of giving to its readers full descriptions of the prin-
ciples and details of every invention, for which

the Royal Grant of Letters Patent, in Ei^land>
tinder the Great Seal^ should be obtained. Arduous
as the accomplishment of this task h^ been, and
attended' with difficulties not anticipated, the Editcy:
has the pleasure of saying, that in the preceding
volumes of the "London Journal of Arts and
Sciences" (consisting of fourteen, forming the first
series, and nine the second series), will be found
accurate descriptions of the principles and details of
EVERY INVENTION, the specification of which has
been inroUed in Chancery, for which a patent has
been granted in this kingdom from the beginning of
the year 1820 to 1830, — in the whole, one thousand
three hundred and seventy patented inventions.

The circumstance of associating the Repertory
OF Arts with the London Journal of Arts, in

consequence of purchasing the copyright of the for-
mer work in 1832,* induced the Editor to commence
the new Conjoined Series^ now in course of publi-
cation, in which the same prominent and important
feature, that of reporting the specification of every

* A periodical, under the title of ^' Repertory of Patent In-
ventions^" has been subsequently foisted upon the public by some
anonymous Editor j as a continuation of the original work, but
with which it has no connexion whaterer ; the entire copy-
right of the Repertory, Firsts Second, and Third Series, having
been sold by Mr. W. H. Wyatt to the proprietors of the " Lon»
^on Journal of Arts/'

^REFA'CE.

nr^

new patent invention^ will be faithfully adhered to, in
order to render the work a complete Journal and
Repertory of all the improvements introduced into
tke yariows branches of the Manufacturing Arts.

For the purpose of making tlus Work more «x^
tensively useful as a magazine of reference, it is in-
tended to publish, in an appendage to the current
numbers, portions monthly, until complete, of an
Analogical Index, arranging the subjects treated
of throughout the twenty-three volumes of the
" London Journal of Arts and Sciences," according
to their respective classifications, denoAinations, and

■

objects ; so that, in each of the various branches of
the Arts and Manufactures, every inviipjtion which
has been made the subject of patent right, during the
preceding ten years, may be immediately referred to.
As a further source of reference, after the comple-
tion of the above-mentioned Index, it is intended to
revise the early volumes of the Repertory of Arts y and
to give, as a Retrospectof the Akts, an epitomised
report of all the specifications contained therein
with their original plates, and also such specifica-
tions as have been omitted in that work, in order to
form a complete catalogue of all the patent inven-
tions, with their principles and objects, which have
been granted in England from the commencement
of the present century.

I N D I; X

TO VOL. IX.

Page

Molina, a new musical instru-
ment, Wheatstone's patent • 189

Air, on diverging streams of, com-
prested " - - 36

■ its application for producing
locomotion, Poole's patent - 184

Anchors, improved cat-liead stop-
pers for, Rogers's patent - 92

improved construction of,

Rogers's patent - - 94

Axletrees for carriages, Knowles's
patent - - - 24

improvements for coaches,
ScuUhorpe's patent - - 165

"Bankers' cheques, improvements
in the manufacture of, Joce-
lyn's patent - - 176

Baths, improvements in, Gooch's
patent - - - 211

Bits for horses, Llanos's patent - 102

Boilers or generators of steam,
Berry's patent - - 10

Tippett's patent - 86

Bricks, improvements in the ma-
nufacture of, Mencke's patent- 65

— improvements in machinery
for making, Cowderoy's patent 221

Carding, machinery for preparing
wool, flax, &c., Ford's patent- 79

Carriages, improvements in the
construction of, Higgins's pa-
tent - - - - 62

■ for the conveyance of
passengers and luggage on a
principle of security, Quetin's
patent - - - 181

or coach for passengers

and luggage, Brown's patent - 164
Celestial Phenomena - - 56

Chandeliers of glass and metal,
an improved construction of.
Osier's patent - - 158

Cloths, woollen, improved ma-
chinery for dressing, shearing,
&c., Foxwelland Clark's patent 106
— --— — Daniell's patent - 167
CoiSb, an improved, for the con-
veyance of passengers and lug-
gage, Brown's patent - 164

Page

Cutting marble aad wood to or-
namental patterns, Gibbs's pa-
tent - - - - 209

D.'
Distilling and rectifying appa-
ratus, improvements in, Philip's
patent * - - 138

' Stein's patent - 148

■ — ^ Shand's patent- 173

-and evaporation, Shand's

patent - - - 183

Dough, improved machinery for

preparingandkneading,Poole's

patent - - - 129

Drag or apparatus for retarding

the progress of a carriage,

Parker's patent - - 127

Dressing and finishing woollen

cloths, Daniell's patent - 167

i Foxwell and Clark's

patent - - - 106

Embroidering or ornamenting
cloths, stuffs, &c., machinery
for, Bock's patent - - 192

Felt, for improvements in the
manufacture of, for covering
the bottoms of ships, and other
purposes, Williams's patent - 134

Fire-arms, improvements in the
construction of, Manton's pa-
tent - - - 133

■ Lawrence and Crund-

well's patent - - - 206

Flues for furnaces, stoves, boilers,
&c., improved, Fraser's patent 147

Friction, improvements for dimi-
nishing that of wheeled car-
riages, Winan's patent -171

Harness, improvements in and
additions to, Leeson and Toft's
patent - - - 170

Heat, improvements in the means
of communicating, by means of
fluids, Price's patent - - 68

Hot water, improvements in the
means of raising and circulat-
ing, for domestic uses. Fowler's
patent - - - 82"

Hydraulic engine, for applying
the power of water to work
machinery, Dakeyne's patent 19

-X

P«ge

Vneading dough, improved ma-
chinery for, Poole's patent - 129

Lathes, improvjements in turning,
Fitsmaurice's patent - -103

Liquors, apparatus for ascertain-
ing the quality and measuring
the quantity drawn, Arnold's
patent - . - 177

Machinery, oa the employment
of, in manufactures - - 1

Malt- kiln for drying grain, Sal
mon's patent

Mechanical agent to he con-
nected to a steam or other en-
gine. Smith's patent

Meteorological Journal -

Meter for measuring liquors, Ar-
nold's patent - - .

Mills, improvements in construct
ing, M*Curdy's patent

Music, an improved apparatus
for turning the leavesof, Louis's
patent

Musical, improvements in, vrind
instruments, Wheatstone's pa-
tent - - - - 189
instruments, improve-

- 25

152

177
- 204

- 145

ments on» Day and Munch's
patent

Nails, improved machinery for
the^ manufacture of, Hancorne's
patent

P.
Paper, improved machinery for
making, Dickinson's patent -
■ in single sheets, Dickin-

son's patent . . .

Patents Sealed in England

■■•■ Scotland

Ireland

- 197

- 135

149
50
47

225

Patents, Reports of, Recent.

ArAold, T., for an improved ma-
chine or gauge, for denoting
the quality and quantity of cer-
tain fluids or spirituous liquors 177

B.
Barnard, £,, for improvemMatu in
weaving and preparin^loth 107

EX Ix

Page

Berry, M., for improvements in
steam boilers and engines for
propelling on land and water - 10

Boase, J., Smith, T., for imi>rove^
ments in machinery for cleans-
ing and watering streets, &c. - 67

Brown, T., for an improved
coach • - - 164

Brandreth, T. S., for a new me-
thod of applying animal power
to machinery - » 187

Bock, H., fu« improvements ^
machinery for embroidering or
ornamenting cloths, &c. • 192

Clark, F. and B., Foxwell, P., for
improvements in machinery for
shearing and finishing woollen
and other cloths, &;c. - - 106

Cochrane, W. E., for improve-
ments on paddles for propell-
ing boats, &c. - - 156

Crundwell, J., Lawrence, D., for
an apparatus to be applied to
fire-arms, in place of locks - 206

Cowderoy, J., for Improvements
in machinery for making
bricks - - -221

Dakeyne, E. and J., for an hy-
draulic engine for applying the
power or pressure of water,
steam, &:&, to the working of
machinery, &c. •• - 19

Daniell, J. C., for improvements
in machinery, applicable to
dressing woollen cloth - 167

Day, F., Munch, A., for improve-
ments on musical instruments 197

Dick, M., for an improved rail-
road, and method of propelling
carriages thereon by machi-
nery - - - 168

Dickinson, G., for improvements
in making paper by machinery 99

Dickinson, J., for improvements
in manufacturing paper, &c.,
into single sheets or pieces by
machinery - - - 149

Dodgson, W., for improvements
in slilps' scuppers - 205

Drake, F. H. N., for improve-
ments in tiles for building . 28

Parish, W«, for an improved me- .^
thod of cleansing out water-
courses - ' - - 117
b

m^.

Page

- 103

- 140

Fitsmanrice, L. IL» ^r improve*
ments <m ship's and other
pumpf

Fofbes, J,, for a new method of
consuming smoke

Ford, J., for improvements in ma*
chinery for clearing, opening,
scribbling, combing, slabbing,
and spinning wool, carding and
spinning cotton, flax, &e., and
spjpning or twisting iaz, &c.

Fowls', T., for improvements in
or for raising and circulating
hot water, hot air, &c. - 82

Fexwell, P., Clark, W. andB.,for
improvements in machinery,
for shearing, cropping, and
finishing woollen cloths, &c. - 106

Fraser, J., for a new and im-
proved arrangement of flues,
to communicate with the va-
rious parts of culinary appa-
ratus - • - 147

Gibbs, J., for improvements in
machinery for cutting marble,
wood, &c. - - - 209

Gooch, W., for improvements in
baths - - - 911

Hancorne, £., for improvements
in making nails - - 1.35

Higgins, J. L., for improvements
in wheel carriages - - 62

Jooelyn, N., for improvements in
manufacturing blank forms for
bankers' cheques, &c.

Josephs, £., for improvements on
the wheels and axletrees, and
other parts of carts, waggons,
&c.

- 176

- 125

Knowles, M., for an improvement
in axletrees for carriages - 24

Lawrence, D., Cundwell, J., for
an apparatus to be applied to
fowling-pieces and other fire-
arms, in place of locks - 206

LHbios, v., for improvements en
bits -. - - 102

- 65

PAgt

Leesott^ W., for (mprovementi in
harness andaaddlery « * 1^#

Losh, W., for improvements in
iron rails for rail-roads • 123

Louis, A., for a mechanical voiti
suviCo, to assut the players of
music quickly to torn thdr
leaves of mode hooks whilst
playing - • 145

Macdougall, D., for improve-
ments on syringes, applicable
to garden and other purposes - 21S

Blanton, G. H., for an improve-
ment in locks for fire-arms - 13S

Mencke, W., for improvements
in preparing materials formak
ing bricks

M'Curdy, J., for improvements
in constructing mills and mill-
stones for grinding - - 204

Milne, J., for a machine for dress-
ing stones used in masonry - 202

McMillan, C, Roland, J., for a
new mode of making street
ways, &c.

Moore, J., for improved machi-
nery for propelling carriages,
ships, &c. ; and apparatus for
condensing the steam of steam
engines - - .

Munch, A., Day,F., for improve-
ments on musical instruments 197

Naish, F., for improvements in
the manufacture of silks •819

Neale, F., for a combination of
machinery for propelling ves-
sels - - -

Nevill, J., for an improved ma«
chine for obtaining mechanical
power from falls and running
streams of water

- 174

- 126

- 141

Osier, T., improvements in glass
and metal chandeliers -

• 1S8

Parker, R., for an improved drag
applicable to wheeled car-
riages - - - 127

Payne, B. M., for improvements
on weighing machines - - 27

Philip, .£. D., for an improved
distilling apparatus • -138

nmxi

^Page

Poolc^ M*, for impMvcaaents B
. the apparttut used: for extract*
ing molasses or ^yrup from
Siliftr ... -61

Poole, H., for improVed machi-
neryfor preparing or kneadiog
dough - - - 129

Poolci M., for im{«^ivement8 in
raising or generating steam and
air, and for the application
thereof to locomollTe engines,
&c. - - - - 184

Price, H. C. and C. F., for an
improvement upon certain ap-
paratus for communicating heat
by means of circulating of
fluids - - - 68

Quetin, L., for an improved ve-
hicle - - * 181

Bennoldson, G., for improve-
ments in rotary steam engines 100

Rhodes, J., for improvements in
machinery for spinning and
twisting worsted, &c. - 120

Roger, W., for improvements in
cat-head stoppers > . - 92

Roger, W., for improvements in
anchors - - - 94

Roland, J., McMillan, C, for a
new mode of making streets,
ways, &c. * - - 174

Rolfe; T. H,, for improvements
upon the self*acting piano-
forte - - - 215

Salmon, T., for an improved malt-
kin - - - - 25

Sculthorpe, G. K., for improve-
ments on axles and coach and
other springs - - 1 65

Shand) ^, Turner, E., for a new
methdSbf purifying and white-
ning sugars - - 60

Shand, W., for improvements in
distillation - - - 173

Shand, W., for improvements in
distillation and evaporation • 183

Sharp, W., for improvements in
machinery for spinning cotton,
&c. - - - - 121

Sinister, J., for improvements in
weaving cloth, &c., and its ap-
plication to the making o^
fetftys, &c. ' - • - 147

Page

Smith, T., Boaie, #«, for improve-
ments in machinery for dleaas-
ing and watering streets, &c. • %J

Smith> T., for an improved piece
of machinery, which, combined ^l^
with steam or other engines,
will effect an improvement in
each - - - 152

Stein, R., for improvements in
disdliation « - - 142

Stewart, J., for improvements 4||-
piano-fortes » - « 319

Tippett, T., for Improvements
in the construction and mode
of working engines with steam
and air in the boiler, and its
application to a new method
of propelling vessels - - 86

Torrens, R., for an apparatus for
communicaUng power and mo-
tion - - - - 2C0

Turner, E., Shaad, W., for a new
method of purifying and white-
ning sugars • - 60

Tyler, H., for improvements in
water-closets - - 213

Wheatstone, C, for improve-
BHBnts in wind musical instru-
ments - - . 189

Williams, T. R., for improve-
ments in manufacturing felt ap-
plicable to covering the bottoms
of vessels, &c. - - 134

Winans, R., for improvements in
diminishing friction in wheeled
carriages used on rail-roads - 171

Patterns In wood or marble, im-
proved machinery for cutting,
Gibbs's patent - - - 289

Paving, improvements in con*
structing streets or carriage
ways, Roland and M'Millan's
patent - - - 174

Piano-fottes, improvements on
self-adRg, Rolfe's patent - 215

— — — improvements in,

Stewart's patent - - 2 Id

Power, engine for exerting by
means of water, Dakeyne's
patent - - - 19

-■ Neville's patent - 141

INDBX.

Page

Power, anew mcthUdfC applying,
Brandreth's patent - - 187

, I improved machinery for

communicating, and motion^
Vorrens's patent - - 200

Propelling, improvements in ma-
chinery for, ships, boats, &c.,
Moore's patent - - 57

, Neale's patent - 126

. improvements in pad^

dim for, Cochrane's patent - 156

fumps, improvementl in ships
and other8,Fitzmattilce's patent 103

Rail-roads, improvements in the
formation of, Losh's patent - 123

■ — - an improved, and
propelling carriages thereon,
Dick's patent - - 168

for diminishing the

friction of carriages thereon,
Winan's patent - - ^'1

Roads and streets, improved mode
of constructing the pavements
of, Roland and McMillan's
patent - - - 174

. machinery for

scraping and cleansing^ Boase
and Smith's patent - - 67

Shearing or cropping the pile of
woollen cloth, improved ma-
chinery for,Foxwell and Clark's
patent - - - 106

Sheathing ships' bottoms, Wil-
liams's patent - - 134

Ships' scuppersjimprovements in,
Dedgson's patent - - 205

Silk, improved manufacture of,
mixed with other articles,
Naish's patent - - 219

Smoke, for an improved method
of, burning and consuming,
Forbes's patent - - 140

Spinning, worsted yarns, Rhodes's
patent - - - 120

, — and rovingcotton, silk,

&c.. Sharp's patent - - 121

— • and scribbling sil^flax,

and other materials, Forlfi pa-
tent - - - 79

Springs, for coaches, &c., im-
proved, Sculthorpe's patent - 165

Stays and other articles of dress,
improved manufacture of, Si-
pister's patent - ■ 146

Page
Ste4pboilerf or* generators, im-
provements in, Berry's patent 10
. carriages, Report of the

House of Commons - li|109

■ engine6,improvementi la,
Tippett's patent - - 86

■ Poole'p patent • 184
— — r^itary, Rennold*

son's patent • - 100

_.» mechanical agent

for. Smith's patent - - 152

Stones, improved machine for
dressing, Milne's patent - 202

Streets, improved method of
scraping and cleansing, Bease
and Smith's patent - - 67

< improved method of p»»

ving, Roland and McMillan's
patent - - - 174

Sugar, improvements in purifying
and whitening. Turner and
Shand's patent - - 60

■ improvements in extract-

ing molasses from, Poole's pa-
tent - - - - 61

Syringes, improvements in, Mac-
dougall's patent - - 218

Tiles for buildings, an improved
construction of, Drake's patent 26

Valves, peculiar phenomenon of
high pressure, steam, or con-
densed air - - 36

Water-closets, improved method
of constructing, Tyler's patent 213

Water- courses, improved method
of cleaning/ Parish's patent -117

Water-falls, improved machinery
for obtaining the power of,
Nevill's patent - ^ - 141

Weaving, improvements in ma-
chinery for, Barnard's pat»it - 107

WeighinfT machines, improve-
ments in, Payne's patent - 27

Wheeled carriages, improvements
in the construction of,Higgins'8
patent - - - 62

Wheels for carts, &c., improve-
ments in, Josephs' patent - 125

■ diminishing the friction

in, Winan's patent - - 174

Woollen cloths, improvements in
machiiwry for dressing, Da^
nlell's patent - - - 167

THE

JOURNAIi OF ARTS ANJ^ SCIENCES.

No. XLIX.

^^ECOND SBRIBS.]

#risittal Communteations.

On the EMrLOYMENT OF Machinery.

To the Editor of the London Journal of Arts, &c.

SiR^-^Tt istebe regfretted that the question of advantage or
higtinryTiftmlting from the useof machinery, still continues to
divide the opinion of may classes of persons employed in
iHanufacftare. Being anxious to remove any unfavourable
fMpreiisions^ fvbiqh, in some unthinking minds, may have
arisen from the partial disciEtssion of this subject, I venture
to take a^n opportunity of 'offering you a few simple and
obvious thoughts on a question of such vital importance
to the 4nteres1^ ^of the whole community.

ImpeUed by ifaematural love of association, men in the
Mrly «ges of the world, congregated together, and thus
laid the foundation of that social edifice, which time, Ia«
bour, and art, has subsequently erected, improved, and
vHmmented.

Vol. IX. Second Sbribs. b

2 Original Communications.

In the first formation of society, we must suppose men's
wants were few; and from the difficulty of satisfying even
the demands of necessity, they were induced to make
common cause ; each bringing together such subsistence
as he could collect, and exchanging his little surplus with
his companions, for any part of their stores, which he might
desire to share, and of which they have more than they
can immediately consume. Thus commences that system
of barter, or exchange, which, carried on in a more
extended scale, acquires the name of commerce.

The bare and actual necessaries of savage life we have
supposed to be but few ; and in general they are such as
the bountiful hand of nature gratuitously supplies, viz.
fruits, roots, herbs, and water. But for desiring man
these are not long sufficient. He sees the beasts of prey
feeding upon the small and timid animals around him, and
naturally concludes that had he skill to catch them, they
would likewise furnish him wholesome and agreeable
food. To acquire such means first awakens his ingenuity ;
and the rude pleasures of the chace soon engage his
arrested attention. Success crowns his endeavours ; and
he not only thus obtains food, but warm and substantial
clothing. In a gradual progression towards a state of
civilization, man's cunning or ingenuity furnishes him with
various means to increase the productive power of his
labour, and every little aid thus derived, awakens in him
new desires, and suggests further improvements to his
active mind.

Every accession of power, beyond that bodily strength
with which nature has blessed us, is obtained alone by
combinations of mechanical powers, and every means by
which such accession of power is converted to useful
purposes, is a machine.

We will now suppose man to be in possession, not only

On the Employment of Machinery, 3

of the bare necessaries of life, such as food and covering*
but of even some of the ruder luxuries, which he obtains
only by hard and incessant labour for six hours per day.
To be more easy and explicit, we will limit the number
of individuals, who have agreed to make common cause
or have entered into a state of society, to one hundred :
fifty males and fifty females ; all which number of males
are to be actively employed in providing for their own
wants, and in contributing their respective shares to satisfy
the wants of their companions. After the six hours labour
has been performed by each, their remaining eighteen
hours may be passed in CBSt, in idleness, or sport. One
of the fifty, naturally more ingenious than the others, con-
trives, by the assistance of such uncouth implements as he
can frame, to render his labour more productive, or to
obtain the same result from his five hours labour per day, that
the others obtain from their six. All eagerly copy his inven-
tion, and possess themselves of similar means; so that
shortly the whole fifty are required to labour but five
hours per day, to provide the same quantity of subsistence
that previously occupied them six hours in procuring-
One little improvement suggests another, one rude inven-
tion calls forth further ingenuity, so that in a short time
the whole fifty individuals can be more plentifully and
variously supplied with the necessaries of life by one hour's
daily labour, than they could at first by six hours severe
toil.

Here it may be objected, machinery does not secure si-
similar advantages to us; for universal practice is op-
posed to such simple theory. I answer, that its operation
as here shown is purposely divested of all the accumu-
lated encumbrances which burden a progressive state of
society, and which obscure the effects of machinery upon
industry through the long labrynth of the divisions and

4 Original Communicaiions.,

subdivisions of labour ; and eontt^d, that the advaii-ts^ges
which we derive from machinery^ are equally greats and
far greater in amount^ than those above shown ; but admit,
that they are not so palpably obvious to every mind^
owing to the increased complexity of the. soi^al. states

We resume our subject, supposing that the fifty bmlIc
individuals, by aid of the invention of their ing^uiiy^
are obliged to labour but one hour per day to provide
themselves, and their companions, with all the ixecessarws
of life : a reduction of five hours from the original:
amount of their time of labour. But this reduction will not
long continue ; their numbers increase ; each female becomes
the mother of a child ; and shortly, still further additions
are made to the rising community During the early and
tender years of childhood, the £athers must provide their
ofikpring with subsiiftence, and until the children are able
to labour for themselves, their paieA<t'« toil W/ill be thus
ificteased (we will say) from one hour, to two hours pef
day. The assistance and improvements g£ ari may have
again reduced their time jof labour to the fifty mw, fisom
two hours tc^ one hour and a half per day ; when one of
their numbers becomes studious and wishes to devote him-
self to thet service of religion. To assist him in his
priestly duties, we will suppose that four others^ who
have also become drones under the effect of his example^
join him in this new and sacred callipg. Here U tjhe pro*
ductive power of five individuals to be swept from t^he
aceount> who with their wives and childiren, are now to
be supported^in a state of unproductive inaction, by tibe
additional labour of the remaining forty-five. Thi^, un-
der tbe^ slow ajid gradual iqapro^ements of the ingenuity
of uncultivated minds, w,ill agaii», inQi;ea$e to the forty-
five, their time of laboiir, froia one hour and a half, to
three hours per diay»

On the EmplQyment of Machinery. 5

. Wlfirilst enjoytog the pl^sure^ of the cb^jce, aApth^ p^
the re[ivi(Uung^ foi^ty-^five dispovers^ th^t irsk $oal^ disAo^
p^rt. of %\kw ^Oi^^try^ tJHi^re 9re niungijbe«$ of otb^r iudivi
4ual9i wJkQ bavc^ Uk^U«^ fojcia^d themselves intQ ^ rivi^l
sooietyy whipb may be^ liki^ly to- affect their iotereatt*
These iviu&t be mmediately/ ^oqu^red^ aod ^iaper^ed.
Fifteen .qf their ablest men are quickly chosen to set OiVit
on a murdei^ous expedition of wa^^ leaving their w^es
and ehildre^ to the care of the reoxaiiuwg' thirty. Of
the chosen fi$lifien>, fivie^ perh^'PS^. Dev«»T r^liurii;, and of the
te^> i9thQ> survive^ one half have acqw^d 4^ distaste to re^
vert to ^he former drudgery of l^our^ aiM^emj)lQy ti^fmn
selves for the future, in making M^^eapPD^s of de£enee^ am4
in preserving order a^d discipline tl^QugliiONA their liable
don^ais^s, So that; thi]i;y-fivet ^jjq uqw c^a^n^ieUed to per-
fbrn^ the labour of the fifty> i^ providing sub3istenqei |i^
clothing for themselves^ the^ir companions, th;eir wiyes^,
their widows^ 9iVA their gradually increasing comm(anity.
Noiwith^i^ndiDg their ingenuity, their invention^, sgid the
improvements of art^ this diminution, in the number of
prod^^i^c labourers, will increase the totaj amo.unt ^f
their time of labour to the industriq^s thi];ty-pfive» fr<pjpa
three houtra, to five hours per day.

We will naw suppose, as a very natural consequence,
that five of the individuals, who had ret urn^ed from their
hostile expeddtion, and had resumed their Somkw occupa^
tion as labourers, being desirous of noyc^lty,^ and dissi^
pated by a love of roving, are induced t,9 attempt the
construction o;f a. vessel, in which th^y i^ay e?(plore the
banks of the riveri^, and extend their incursions along the
coastis of the sea. Here are five more to be taken from
the number of productive laboujpers, as some tioii^ <PM%t
necejisarily elapse before their ve^s^el can be servioe9.bIy
employed ; for at first, it can only serve %Q gratify a res^-"
less curiosity. So that only thirty are now left to pro-

6 Original Communications.

duce subsistence for themselves, the remaining fifteen
males, fifty females, and the whole of their families.

To perform this without the aid of their simple ma^
ehinery would be impossible. Even with the assistance
of such implements as their. ingenuity may have furnished
them, with the gradual improvementof those implements,
and with the invention of new ones, the thirty industrious,
and productive labourers, would be worse off than ever,
being now obliged to work not only five hours, but seven
hours per day, for the maintenance of their fifteen surviving
companions, who are less productively, or quite unpro-
ductively employed, and for the maintenance of their
wives, widows, and children.

During this period, some of fhe younger members of
the community would have arrived at years of sufficient
maturity to render them also serviceable, by adding their
little stock of labour to the general amount. This
would in time lessen the burden of the industrious thirty,
provided their families suffered no farther increase; but
otherwise, the accession of the labour of the elder chil-
dren would no more than counterbalance (he increased
demands occasioned by their still more rapidly increasing
numbers. As they continued to increase in numbers, and
as those numbers grew up into manhood, it would be ne-
cessary for the preservation of peace, good order,and pro-
per subordination, to select some head or chief to be in-
vested with suitable authority. Then first commences the
unavoidable burdens of government. All such additions
to the unproductive classes will naturally take place in
every advancing society, each of which, proportionately
reduces the atnount and the reward of productive labour.
To render this diminution less apparent and oppressive,
further inventions, more efficient machinery, must be
brought inty action.

On the Employment of Machinery, 7

Contributions must now be made from the common
stock to support their government in becoming honour
and dignity, however simple it may be in form, and inex-
pensive in operation. To produce a sufficient surplus to
defray the expenses of their government, would oblige
the industrious individuals in the community to labour
nine hours, instead of seven hours per day.

They will now no longer continue satisfied to make com-
mon cause without apportioning out the already cultivated
lands^ and each taking his share under his own immediate
protection, by increased industry creates a surplus stock,
which in time, renders him wealthy and independent of
further labour. Next, laws must be framed for the preser-
vation and security of their respective properties ; and
some individuals, more subtle than the rest, after fram-
ing such laws, will pretend to devote their time to main-
tain, defend, and explain them. Here again another
unproductive class of persons spring up, and throw them-
selves a burden on the industry of the remainder. These
will shortly render it necessary for the hard-working la-
bourers to toir ten hours per day. As society proceeds
in its more complicated form, various other classes of in*
dolent consumers swell the numbers of the community ;
such as those which prepare ornaments to please the eye,
provide amusements to gratify the ear, and delicacies
to pamper the taste ; but these individuals are more im*
mediately lost sight of in the throng and bustle of the
busy crowd ; tliough like noxious vermin, they still con-
tinue to sap the roots of industry, and undermine every
foundation of wealth, for they must all be supported out
of the produce of the labour of industry.

These constant drawbacks upon the improvement of
our condition, these incessant reductions of the reward of
industry, shortly compel the hard working, industrious la-

S Original Communications .

boiirers of the country, to toil, not only ten, bot twelve
and thh-teen h^&ufs per day^ notwithstandiag the introdoc-
tioo, and eOtitinaed intiproTemeni xif machinery, and t4ie
con8e<}uent increase of tii<e p^oducti^e (>oWer of labour.

To tra^e out all the adv^ntatj^eous effects of macbinety
Iht^Vigh fbe different raMifications and complexities of <a
risen society, — to bsc^if^iite the extekit of assistance ^i^
forded %y machinery "to tfie productive labour of linan^-^to
«nuili^n5ite the atu'oatot of blessing which k confers upoA
an indf^Hsed manCifadturing population, would be utterly
impossible ; but from the brief and hasty sbH^ch here
giv^n^ irtiicb endeavours to firhow the opemtion o( 'ma-
chitiety upon a rising society, I hope 4t ^ill be seisn that
machinery^ instead Of b*eing iiijurious, alone enables tfstd
b^M'^ill tfa^ 'l^0tig ai3Cumulated burdens of our community^
by the facilities ilt affbrds to ou¥ labour 9isA industry in car^-
rying on the great ^taA indispensable work of production.

Here then ^i^e see an infant society, whose nUtnbeYs,
limited to few, for the sake of perspicuity, are enabled,
by their rude efforts of natural ingenuity^ to obtain all the
necessaries of life, and that, by the trifling exertioa of
one hour's daily labour ; yet, as this society farther ad-
vances t6a state of inaturity, itt^drfeiasing in ingewtiity snd
fikiU, s^nd assisted mot^ and more by telachitiery atid art,
its me'mbers are gradually reduced to a state of greater
hardship and severer toil. How much more heavily does
this toil and hardship fall on the labour of a matured so^
ciety, where not bnly the necessaries of life, but innumer-
able comforts and luxuries are demanded ; where compe-
titioti has forfeied itself into every branch of produotidn ;
and where the endless burdens of increased taxes are to
be letied from the produce of the industrious, for the
ttiaintentfnfefe of the likewise increasing numbers of the
idle and tltoprbductive. Ought we to blame machinery as

On the Employment of Machinery, 9

& source of unparalleled injury, when by the increase
which it effects in the productive power of labour> it alone
enablei us to bear so many burdens, and to maintain so
many indolent classes of consumers. If any odium can
be cast upon machinery, it must arise from its having* fur-
nished us with the means of supporting the numerous
burdens imposed upon the labour and industry of the na-
tion by these unprofitable idlers. To rid our country and
community of the many classes which belong to the
drones of our hive of industry, is impossible, many of
whom furnish those luxuries which we^ by habit, have
now been used to call the indispensible necessaries of life;
and however much the introduction and employment of ma-
chinery may have given life, and added numbers, to these
unwelcome inmates, we ought, knowing our inability to
eject them, to feel thankful and grateful to the system which
enables us to support them without total immediate ruin
to all.

Besides the impossibility of providing even the bare
bare necessaries of life for a pressing population, with-
out the aid of machinery, how let me ask is any improve-
ment to be ever effected in our social condition, by the
addition of conveniences, comforts, and luxuries, unless
facilities be afforded by ingenuity and skill, to render la-
bour more productive, and to increase the amount of
consumable articles beyond what unassisted nature could
effect. Little do they " who clamour against machinery'*
consider that every comfort and luxury they enjoy, is
secured to them (only) by the gratuitous assistance of
what they deprecate as ruinous to the best interests of
the community. In short were we blind enough to allow
their views of the abolition of machinery to be carried
into effect, from being wealthy, powerful, and civilized as
a nation, we should irremediably fall at once into, a skite

Vol. IX. — Sbgond Sertvs. c

10 Recent Patents.

of the most abject poverty, and weakness, and soon re*
lapse into barbarism. As well might the bees of a well
stored hive (ear off the wings which had borne them
from flower to flower, collecting honey, merely because
some worthless drones idly and unprofitably consumed the
produce cf their toil, and thus increased their total
amount of labour necessary to replenish the empty cells.

Trobridge, Wilts, Yours,

Feb. 1832. 1. A.

^ttmt patents.

To Miles Berry, of the Office for Patents, Chancery
Lane, in the parish of iSt. Andrew Holborn^ in the
county of Middlesex, engineer and mechanical drafts-
man, in consequence of a communication made to him
by Monsieur Jean Nicholas Senechal, ingenieur, des
ponts et chausses, residing at Versailles, in the king-
dom of France, for an invention or discovery of
certain improvements in the boilers or generators of
steam and other vapour ; and in engines to be worked
by steam or vapour, for propelling or actuating ma^
chinery on lafid, and boats, vessels or other floating
bodies on water ; and also in the mode of condense
ing such steam or vapour. — [Sealed 28th September,
1831.]

The subjects of this Patent, among other ingenious sug-
gestions, present two striking novelties viz. a self re-
gulating mode of abstracting heat from a boiler, in the
event of the steam rising in temperature or pressure
beyond that at which it is intended to be worked ; and
also a mode of effecting the condensation of the educ-
tion steam, without employing an air pump ; by leading*

Berry's, for ImpU, in Steam, ^c. 11

it through tubes into boxes connected with the paddle
wheels of a boat^ or the fly wheel of a Iai)d engine,
which in rerolving through water and air^ sufficiently
refrigerates the vapour to produce a vacuum in the work-
ing cylinder. The inventor of these improvements is
Monsieur Galy Cazalat, formerly of the School of Arts,
now Professor of Mathematical and Physical Science,
at the Royal College of Versailles in France. The
following is the substance of the specification: —

These improvements in the boilers or generators of
steam and other vapours, and in the engines to be worked
by steam or vapour, consist in the following general
features : — First, in connecting certain parts of a boiler
to a bath containing a dense fluid, by which a portion of
heat may he absorbed, from the steam if accidentally raised
above a given pressure, and thereby the possibility of
explosion prevented, without the necessity of a single
valve in connection with the boiler ; and which absorption
expands the dense fluid, and by that means causes a
mechanical action to take place, which removes the fire-
grate or furnace, and hence suppresses the quantity of
heat applied to the boiler. Secondly, in the peculiar
arrangement and construction of certain parts of the
engine, viz. the erank shafts which are made hollow,
for the purpose of carrying away the eduction vapour to
the condensers : by which the air pumps may be partially
if not entirely dispensed with ; and the adaptation of
tubes which convey the condensed vapour away from the
axle into the receiver below. Thirdly, in the construc-
tion of a moveable condenser, in connection with, or
forming part of the paddle wheel of a marine — or fly
, wheel of a land engine : by the rapid motion of which
through the water and air, the cooling and condensation
of the vapour is efiected.

12 Recent Patents.

In plate 1. %. 1^ is a longitudinal section of the tubes
and chambers constituting the boiler or generator, and ita
flues ; fig. 2, is a transverse section of the same ; a, B^ Cj
are cylindrical tubes placed lougitudinaliy, and intended
to contain water, or other liquid from which steam or
elastic vapour is to be generated. These longitudinal
tubes are connected together by vertical tubes, in any
convenient way, and communicate through the necks, a
and b, with a larger cylindrical tube d, placed iongitudi*
nally above. The system of tubes a, b, c. which may be
otherwise arranged and connected, is enclosed within a
tight casing of iron, or other fit material, formed as a
boiX E, E, E. This box is divided into passages for flues
by flanges or partitions extending from the sfides of the
tubes, and attached to the case ; and through these flues
the flames, vapour, and smoke from the furnace f, passes
in the directions shewn by the arrows ; and, after beating
the tubes, the smoke or vapour ultimately escapes at the
chimney o. The whole of these tubes, with their furnace
and flues, are encompassed by an outer vessel of iron,
or other suitable material, h, h, h,h, open at top, which
forms another boiler, intended to be filled with water,
containing the dense fluid, a solution (if potash in
water. The top of this liquor is to be covered with a
layer of tallow or oil, in order to prevent the liquor eva-
porating before it becomes heated to the boiling point,
which would not take place until its temperature is raised
to 284 of Fahrenheit's thermometer. On the top of this
liquor a flat board or cover i, i, floats, and ascends or
descends as the fluid becomes expanded or contracted
by variations in its temperature. The tubes a, b, c, are
to be filled with pure water, which has been exhausted of
its air ; and this water must also rise or flow through the
necks a, and 6, into the upper tube d, until it has occu«

Berry^SyfoT Impts» in Steam, ^c, IS

pied about one»sixth of that tube's capacity. A force or
injecting pump may be employed to effect this object.
The atmospheric air> to support combustion in the far«-
naqe F> is admitted through a door k, by means of which
the flames and heated vapours are made to pass through
the flues^ and round the water tubes as before described.
The steam generated by these means rises from the seve-
ral tubes into the upper one d^ and proceeds from thence
through the small tube l, to the working cylinder of an
engine placed near it. If it should happen that the tem-
perature of the steam in the generator at any time rises
too high, the solution of potash in the outer vessel which
surrounds the tube D, will absorb a portion of the heiit>
and it will continue so to do until the solution begins to
boil^ which will take place at a temperature of 2849
Fahrenheit. The water in the outer vessel will theOi by
evaporating/ carry off the surplus heat, and leave thi^
solution still at a temperature of 284^ Fah. ; the conse^
quence of which is, that if the boiler D^ be made capable
of resisting the force of the working steam (say 320^ of
Fahrenheit), the bursting of the boiler will be physically

impossible.

it is, nevertheless, advisable at all times to prevent the

saturated water (which is termed preservative liquor)

from boiling. To this intent the fire grate F, is mounted

upon small wheels or pulleys, which roll upon a rail way

frame, formed by two parfallel rods m, bearing as levers

upon a knife-edged fulcrum n, behind the furnace ; and

at the front supported by a perpendicular chain o,

attached to the end of a long lever p, placed above the

boiler. The fire grate, by these means, stands upon an

inclined plane, the lowest part of which is in front, as

shewn at fig. 1. But in the event of the saturated fluid

becoming heated beyond the temperature of 266o Fah.

(at which point it begins to dilate considerably) it will.

14 Recent PtUenis.

by its expansive force, raise the floating' board or cover
I, I, This board is connected by a rod or arm q» to the
lever, p ; and, consequently, in rising moves the lever
p, upon its fulcrum joint in the standard r ; this move-
ment of the lever lifts the chain o, and raises the front
part of the inclined plane m, so as to cause the fire grate
to run back by its own gravity into the closed space
under the boiler as far as the stop s. The flame of the
furnace will, in this situation, quickly die away, and the
combustion consequently decrease. As the working
steam becomes consumed, the temperature which had
been raised will now diminish, the preservative liquor
will contract again, and the float i, and lever p, will
descend, and lower the rods, so as to bring the fire grate
back to its former position.

The boiler for a large engine is composed of several
sets of tubes, arranged as above, and placed one by side
the other; and. the small chimneys all lead into one
large chimney. The several sets of boiler tubes cummu-
nicate with each other by a lateral tube, at T, or in
any other convenient situation ; and into this lateral tube
the pump forces the water or liquid from which the
steam or vapour is to be generated. The several steam
tubes D, are likewise connected together, and lead to one
common steam chamber; and lastly, a similar pipe is
intended to form a communication between the several
vessels or troughs of preventive liquor, which are at first
filled by a pump adapted in any convenient way ; and
by the same means they may be replenished, occasion-
ally, with water, when it is found to have diminished its
volume by evaporation through the superincumbent layer
of tallow or oil.

By the above described arrangement of apparatus, it
has been found perfectly practicable and safe to employ
spirits of different kinds, either alone or mixed wiih water.

Berry'' s, for Impts, in Steam, ^c. 15

for the purpose of generating an elastic viapour^ capable
of working an engine in the same way that steam would
be employed. Either, for instance^ may be used in lieu
of water ; by lowering the level of the water in the tube
D^ to about one tenth of its capacity, and then injecting,
by means of the pump, about another tenth of either.
The preservative liquor, in this case, may be pure water,
or water saturated with any kind of salt, will do equally
as well as potash ; but a superincumbent surface of oil or
tallow must, in all cases, cover the preservative liquor, to
prevent evaporation.

The novel arrangement of the engine is repre-
sented, with all its parts at fig. 3, one of the working
cylinders, with its appendages, being shewn in section,
and the other in its external appearance. These working
cylinders a, a, are both fixed upon a strong metallic chest
B, B, which is desig^ned to be a reservoir, from which the
pumps feed. A double beam c, c, mounted upon an axle at
D, vibrates, one on each side, the engines being between >
as shewn in the plan view, fig. 4. The two piston rods
are connected to the beams, near the ends, by lateral
rods E, E, and, of consequence, the piston in one cylinder
ascends, while that in the other cylinder descends. At
the extremities of the beams, the crank rods g, o, are
attached by swivel joints, and the crank shafts are made
hollow, for the purpose of effecting a condensation of the
eduction steam, in away that will be hereafter explained.

The crank shafts turn in bearings at h, h, h, or in any
other convenient situations, and their extremities are con-
nected to the stationary sockets i, i, by union joints at K^
K ; the piston rods are guided by pulleys L, l, running up
and down between the standards m, m, fixed on the tops
of the working cylinders, and to the frames or carriages
of these pulleys, the upper ends of the lateral rods B, e,
are attached. The feeding pumps n, n, are worked by

16 Recent Patents,

rods connected to the beaTn8 at x, x, and the slide valves
are worked by excentrics o, o^ upon the crank shaft.

The steam or vapour generated in the boiler^ either in
the way above described or by ordinary means^ being
conveyed by a pipe, enters the steam box at p^ and being
inducted through the aperture a, into the working
cy Under > depresses the piston ; at the same time the educ-
tion steam from the opposite side of the piston passes
from the aperture 6, into the recess of the slide valve Q,
and from thence through a passage c, on the side of the
cylinder, by a pipe to the stationary sockets of the hol-
low crank axle i^ i, before described^ through which the
condensation is affected.

As it may be advantageous to allow the steam or va-
pour to work by expansion^ the sliding valve in that case
must be constructed accordingly, and may be made upon
any of the plans in common use.

To prevent^ as much as possible^ the eduction steam or
vapour from becoming chilled while working, the cy-
linder is enclosed within a jacket or case r, r, filled with
a dense fluids consisting of a solution of potash or other
salt. This fluid may be heated by mean$ of a connec-
tion with the boiler ; — supposing a part of one of the sets
of tubes described above (of which several sets constitute
the complete boiler) to be disconnected from the othitr sets
of tubes, for the purpose of supplying this dense fluid in
a heated state to the jacket or the engine.

In this individual boiler^ or rather portion of the general
boiler, the communication of the upper tube d, and the
middle tube ^, with the other tubes a^ and c, is cut
off; these last mentioned tubes are then filled with the
dense fluid which flows from thence into the jacket^ fill-
ing it also nearly to the top^ and surrounding the workifig
cylinder^ on the surface of which there must be a coating or
layer of oil or tallow, to prevent the evaporation of the
water, before the temperature of the dense fluid is raised

Berry's, for Impts, in Steam, S^c, IT

to the boiling point. This oil or tallow floaiiug at the
top, mU at the same time grease the rods of the
piston aofl of the sliding valve.

The rubbing surface of the piston is formed of tempered
steely hent into the form of hoops, the ends of which
are ujoited by a piece of leather, which completes or
closes the circles, thus allowing them to expand or con-
tract. These metallic hoops or circles are attached at the
upper and lower edges, to the circumferences of two
leather disks, nailed upon a wooden disk of convenient
thickness, which occupies the solid central part of the
piston ; and these are pressed together by two outer
plates or discs of iron. The piston, thus surrounded by the
metallic hoops^ must fill the interior of the cylinder as
tightly as possible, withoat producing too great friction.

The piston is formed with a hollow rod, into which
melted tallow is poured; this tallow is intended to
pass by a small internal channel, and to ooze through
between the wooden disk and the circle surround-
ing it> for the purpose of greasing the piston in the work-
ing cylinder ; and in order to give sufficient force to ex-
pand tb^ metallie ring, the tallow is pressed by a small
plug OP piston inserted in the top of the hollow piston
rod at ey and adjuetable by a screw which forces it dawn ;
w^ the tallow being thus pressed, expands the metallie
hoop tightly against the interior ^urfeces of the cylinder.

The moving condenser is formed in connexion with the
paddle-wheel of a marine engine, or the fly wheel of a
^nd engine. The steam, after escaping from the educ-
tion, passes as before said, into the hollow crank shaft of
the engine, and from thence through hollow rods, or
arms, extending from the said hollow shaft to boxes at
the back of the several paddles of the propelling wheel, or
into chambers in the circumference of the fly wheel, which.

Vol.. IX. Sacote Sbbibs. d

18 Recent Patents.

by passing rounds become cooled by successively dipping
intu the the water, in which the vessel floats^ or intc a
pool or reservoir, placed conveniently for the purpose.

One paddle is shewn at fig. 3, in the situation in which
it would stand when immersed in the water. The parts
of the wheel, and the arms by which the paddles may be
fixed, are here omitted^ as not necessary to the illustra-
tion. Fig. 5, is a section, or edge view, of the paddles,
the face of which, or surface that strikes the water, is
flat, as usual ; but behind there is a box, or hollow space
w, formed by the back of the paddle, and a corrugated,
or fluted, sheet of metal attached thereto. This corru-
gated sheet of metal is designed to expose an extended
surface to the refrigerating medium, both of cold water
and air. The pipe from the hollow crank shaft leads
down into this box or chamber, and conveys the eduction
steam into the chamber, to be condensed. Every one of
the paddles is intended to be so furnished with a con-
densing box, and, in the fly wheel of a land engine,
similar chambers may be made in or near its periphery, to
which the eduction steam is to lead through the arms.

The liquor produced by this mode of condensing the
eduction vapour, will, when the arm of the wheel rises,
flow into the hollow axle, and assist the condensation of
the steam through which it passes. The vapour, wheh
thus liquified, will flow along the crank axle into the
reservoir below, by the perpendicular tubes, and from
thence the feeding pumps are intended to inject it again
into the boilers. There are two syphons z, connected to
these perpendicular tubes, the bulbs of which are partly
filled with mercury ; they are intended as guages, to shew
the state of condensation, and as escapes to the air in
blowing the engine.

By this arrangement of the parts, the engine if employed
for pi'opelling ships, boats, &c. may be placed trans-

Dakeyne*s for Impts, in Steam Engines, 19

versely in the vessels, which allows of considerable sim-
plicity in its construction^ and^ by the use of the condensing
boxes, in the way described, the dimensions of' the air
pumps may be diminshed^ if not altogether dispensed
with; and^ in using pure distilled water, exhausted of air,
to feed the boilers, in the way above explained ; their
surfaces will never become foul, or require cleaning. —
Inr oiled in the Rolls Chapel Office, March, 1832.

. Specification drawn by Messrs. Newton and Berry.

To Edward Daketne, and James Dakeyne, both of
Darley Dale, in the county of Derby, merchants^ for
their having invented a machine or hydraulic engine
for applying the power or pressure of water, steam,
and other elastic fluids, to the purpose of working

. machinery, and other uses requiring power ; and ap-
plicable to that of raising or forcing fluid, — [Sealed
21st January, 1830.]

This is a sort of rotatory engine, the centre upon which
it moves being a ball and socket joint, and the piston a
flange or broad ring, extending from the equatorial part
of the ball, but called by the Patentees an ecliptic ring ;
which is designed to move with a rolling motiop within a
circular box. The water, steam, or other fluid intended
to actuate this engine, is admitted into the circular box on
one side, through an aperture, against a perpendicular
partition which bisects the ring in a notch, allowing it to
vibrate ; and the water or steam acting within the box
upon the surface of the oblique ring, or piston, causes it
to be depressed on one of the circular boxes, and elevated
on the other side, thereby moving the ball to which the

20 Recent Patents,

ring is affixed upon its central poiot, and: giiFing a tibm-
tory motion to its pole.

The construction and operation of this engitte is by i^
means clearly made out in the specification. Its descrip-
tion is of very considerable lengthy and encumbered by a
multitude of far-fetched expFessions and scientific terms,
which in their appropriation are more impre^siv^ in sound
than expressive in sense. We sbalU however, rendet the
subject as clear as we can, under the ckcunistanees,
assisting our explanation by figures of the most important
parts of the machinery.

Plate II. fig. 1, is an elevation of thecomplete machine
supposed to be in working order. Fig 2, is a section
taken vertically through the centre of the nwachine;, shew*
ing its principal working parts ; of which the Patentees
commence their description in the following words : -^

" The fluid used for the purpose of working the m»ehi-*
nery, revolves through a circular groofoe or channel a, A,
formed round the equatorial) cirovmference of a globe b^
having ingress and egress through tw<^- narrow openings
a, by close OIL each side of a stop or partition c, placed
across the said channel (see the horizontal view fig. 3 ;)
and the circumition of the fluid gives conical motion to
the poles of the said globe b^ on the centre o, efifected by-
pressure on the planes of a circular plate or flange d,
united to the equatorial circumference of the said globe
B, which we denominate the ecliptic ring."

" The said globe b^ beingplaced in an oblique position,
the said ecliptic ring thereon forms semicircular inclined
planes longitudinally across the said channel^ the fluid
pressing on which, causes the said poles to revolve coni-
cally in orbs or circles on the vertex of the centre c ; and
by the said conical motion of the poles of the said globe
B, revolving motion is communicated to machinery by

Dakeynes\ for Iwtpts. in Steam, Engines, 21

rneang of dve taptr rod b^ irbieh im feied in ttve vppM
pole of tbe 0tid globe^ As in fig. 1. Tbe o^poftite poU of
the saki glob9 nuiy ailtfo act cdtijointly ther^wkfa^ a»
sImwb in tbe arraiige«iMtit ait fig^ 4, hereafter tlescribed^^'

The circular box o^ whieb enc^oees tbe ball and itiB
riog^ is maide in two partay a&d united in the mAdlt by
two horizontal flai^ea boitedi tiogedker ; th« irerficsl «ec:-
ttoiiad figure of wbiefa is seen lit fig. 2y its p«viphery
being turned smooth, and in the form' of the equa'^orial
part of a concave sphere, against which the periphery of
the ecliptic ring acts being tightly packed oo tlh<e edges^
as^ pistons usually arei

The speei&cations gpo ou te» descrifbe, in a very teamed
strain^ '* a ayslem whiteh appertariiiis to the fukram of
the mdiine'" (die ball and socket joRtt in fil« centre, ^e
presume ;) connected with which dbere are ** certain
spaces or soperiwial areas of defthiedi dimension g, h ;
and g, i, encompassed aa Aie polar surfaces of the
said globe » ; the safkl surftiees being p«rtially enclosed
by spherieaJliy concave cups or shells^ emisim<*tfed on
each drrision of the said case Cr, and their jtmdfures^ to the
said surfaces being secured by waCer-tight packages nea»
the poles at h, and i, the said spaces are circumseribed*
thereby immediately betwi^lt^ die befope«-described
packages g, on the said surfaces beneath the said' cups or
shells."

** The said stop or parl»tion c, which cuts off the conimu^
nication^ or excludes the junction' of the ingress and egress
fluids andcauses the circumition round the said channel As a,
consists of a thin piate constructed of wrought iron or brass^
or other strong or suitable material^ and is fixed stationary
in the said channel, in the radios, to the centre of the
said globe B, and right angularly across the said chn^nel
A, and made firm and stationary in grooves to the three

22 Recent Patents,

internal angular planes e, andftf, and is curved to form
a juncture to the moveable globe b, and made as nearly
as possible water or steapi-tight thereto^ by a package of
leather or other proper material laid into a groove, or
otherwise^ by any of the known methods."

'' The said two narrow openings a^ and bj for the in-
gress and egress of the fluid, are constructed close on
each side of the said stop or partition, and perforate ;
the periphery of the said channel a, a, and also the said
opposite planes f, /, thereof, laterally, on each side of
the said stop or partition."

The specification proceeds to explain the ecliptic ring,
which we have described above, and then its action, as
follows : — '^ And the said planes of the said ecliptic ring,
being constructed in the radius to the centre of the globe
B, and turned true and smooth, form water or steam-tight
joints, with the similar constructed internal opposite
planes j^, J^, of the said channel a, a ; and by the incli-
nation of the poles of the said globe b, the ecliptic ring
forms a diagonal circular division longitudinally athwart
the said channel, each of its sides being in contact with
the internal opposite planes of the said channel, through
the centre, and circumvolves or rolls in the circle round
the said channel, with conical motions of the poles of the
said globe b. The respective definite radii of each plane
or surface of the ecliptic ring, meeting those of the inter-
nal opposite planes of the said channel a, a, forming op-
posite each other, through the centre two water or steam-
tight radial joints, revolving the said channel A, a; which
action we denominate the ecliptic circumvolution. And
in spontaneous succession one or the other side of the half
circular plane or surface of the ecliptic ring, athwart the
said channel a, a, the circumition of the propelling fluid
round the said channel having ingress at one of the said

Dakeynes\ for Impts. in Steam Engines. . 23

narrow opening^^ close to one side of the said stop or
partition^ and egress at the other close to the contrary
side thereof, impels the described motion by pressure,
effecting conic revolutions on the poles of the said groove
B^ with regular impetus impressed from the impelling
cause continued."

It is by this, and what follows in the specification, to
be understood that the ecliptic plane moves round in the
box, and that the pole of the globe is made to move in a
course resembling an inverted cone, to give motion to a
wheel or other machinery connected to its extremity. It
appears to be unnecessary to pursue the elaborate descrip-
tion of this machine, as the intention of the Patentee
must be perceived.

There is certainly considerable ingenuity^ and, we be-
lieve, novelty, in this contrivance ; but we are by no means
satisfied that it would act in the way described, or, at
least, with any advantage over other constructions of
steam engines for driving machines.

In the modification of the machine, shewn in section
at %. 4, an axis is carried through the globe, and it is
then proposed to adapt the mechanical power exerted by
both poles, to the driving of the machine. It is further
suggested that the same contrivance may be employed as
a force pump, in which case power must be applied to
the pole to drive it. — [Inr oiled in the Petty Bay Office,
July, 1830.

24 Recent Patents.

To Margaret Knowles, of LavendermHilly Battersea^
in the county of Surrey, Spinster, for her invention
of an improvement in axletrees, for, and mode of ap^
plying the same to carriages, — [Sealed 4th July,
1829.]

The object of the Patentee appears to be that of eoa*
bling a carriage to turn withiu a smaller space than the
ordinary Qonstructions of the fore axle of a travelling-
carriage or waggon will allow, \vhich moves round or locks,
as it is termed, upon a centre pin, fixed in or near the
perch in the middle of the fore part of the carriage. The
improvement consists in attaching a distinct best exie on
eacb ^ide of the carriage, which is mounted in a suitable
frame, and turn^ horizontally upon a vertical pin.

Plate II. fig* 5. represents an elevation of the axletree
proposed ; a, a are the e^ds of the axles, on which the
running wheels of the vehicle are to be mounted ; 6, 6 are
elongations of the axles, extending inwards ; c is a ver-
tical pin, passing through (, which, is fastened to tbe top
and bottom brackets d^ d^ and e^ e are braces to kiaep the
axles and pins firmly together ; the two brsickets d^ d,
being held fast by a block/, bolted to them in the middle
between the two axles.

Fig. 0. is a variation of the contrivance, shewn in a ho-
rizontal view ; a, a are the ends of the axles to receive
the wheels as before ; b, b their elongated parts ; f, f is
the axeltree attached to the pole or perch g*. The axles
a, b, and the axeltree f, are connected together by
brackets e, e, turning upon pins c, c, the ends of the
brackets being attached to the pieces 6, by joints at i, i.
This contrivance is stated to be for the purpose of giving

Salmon's, for Impts. in an improved Malt-kiln, 25

play when the body of the carriage is mounted upon
springs.

Fig 7, is another horizontal representation, we suppose,
of the same construction ; the pole or perch of the car-
riage being inclined on the side, as in turning, and the
short axles turned also.

It must be confessed that this description is insufficient
in many points, to render the invention evident, or capa-
ble of being brought into operation. We have^ however,
given as complete an account of it as the specification will
permit, and must therefore leave our readers to recon«
cile the obvious impracticability of the scheme in the best
way he can. — [Inrolledin the Inrolment Office^ January,
1830..

To Thomas Salmon, of Stoke-Ferry, in the county of
Norfolk, maltster, for his having invented an im*
proved malt-kiln, — ] Sealed 9th July, 1829.]

When malt or other grain is exposed upon a fiat surface,
to be dried by the application of heat beneath it^ the
steam evaporated, passing through the bed of grain, be-
comes cooled, and instead of flying off, condenses, and
settles upon the upper surface, to the injury of the grain
and the protraction of the drying process. The Patentee,
therefore, proposes to apply heat, both to the under and
upper surfaces of the grain, when spread out to dry, by
the following means: —

Plate II. fig. 8, is supposed to represent in perspective,
a small part of the drying floor of a kiln, formed by
square tiles, placed side by side, with small perforations

Vol. IX. Second Sbribs. e

26 Recent Patents.

through them, which allow heated air to pass from be-
low. When this floor is covered with malt, or other
grain, to the usual height, or thickness, the flues below
are made hot, and the tiles, through which that heat is
transmitted, communicate it to the under-layer of grain,
which becoming heated, sends steam upwards through
the mass ; and this steam, being partially condensed by
the wet grain above, and the cold air, falls again upon the
upper surface, and thereby, greatly impedes the operation.

In order to heat the upper surface of the grain atthe same
time as the lower, the Patentee proposes to remove a
square tile in several parts of the floor, and to introduce
a pyramidical chimney of sheet iron or other suitable ma-
terial, into each aperture, as at a. The chimney is open
on the under side to the flue, and consequently the heated
air from the flue passes readily through it into the apart-
ment or chamber, in which the grain is spread to dry. The
air on the upper surface of the grain, by these means, be-
comes heated, and prevents that condensation of the
steam, which would otherwise take place.

The aperture at the top of the building, under these
circumstances, may be contracted considerably ; that is,
an opening of three feet will be amply sufficient
to discharge the steam from the floor of a twenty-seven
foot square kiln.

The chimneys must rise high enoughfrom the floor to be
quite clear of the upper surface of the grain, and a cap
or cover to each chimney must be made capable of ris-
ing or falling, to diff*erent heights, so as to allow of regu-
lating the delivery of hot air, as may be required by par-
tially opening or closing the aperture. — [Inrolled in the
Tnrolment Office, August y 1829.]

[ 27 ]

To Benjamin Matthew Payne, of the Strand, in the
parish of St, Martin-in'the^Fields, and county of
Middlesex y scale maker, for certain improvements on
weighing machines. — [Sealed 18th August, 1828.]

The specification of this Patent does not set forth (be
particular points which the inventor may consider to be
new. A drawing is attached, exhibiting a steelyard of
the ordinary construction, suspended at the fulcrum,
with a scale pendant at one end, and a sliding weight, to
be adjusted to any graduation, from the fulcrum, accord-
ing to the quantity of material to be weighed. A move-
able graduated piece is also made to slide upon the beam,
with a small weight appended, to determine fractional
parts of the whole numbers represented by the larger
weight ; this small graduated piece is, we presume, the
proposed novelty.

Plate II. fig. 9, represents the apparatus as given in the
specification ; a, a, is the beam of the steelyard, swingmg
upon its fulcrum pivots at b. The scale c, may be dis-
placed, and any other mode of suspending the articles to
be weighed substituted, according to circumstances ; d, is
the sliding weight to be moved upon the gratuated beam
as usual ; e,- is a small graduated piece attached to the
index of the weight, and divided into fractional parts of
the whole numbers marked upon the beam, having a small
weight f

If the beam be designed to weigh hundreds, then the
small sliding piece may represent quarters and half
quarters of a hundred; if the graduations of the beam are
equivalent to pounds, then the small slide will give
ounces. The Patentee proposes even furtlior^ that in the

28 Recent Patents.

event of the larger divisions of the beam representing
ounces, the sliding* scale may give pennyweights or
grains.

There is a standard g, with a square spring at top, in
which the end of the steelyard is confined ; this is merely
designed as a rest, and to prevent the beam from moving
through too large an angle. — [Inrolled^ in the Inrolment
Office, February, 1829.]

To Francis Horatio Nelson Drake, of Clayton House,

in the county of Devon, Esq. in consequence of a

communication made to him by a foreigner residing

abroad, for certain improvements in tiles for covering

' houses, and other buildings, — [Sealed July 25, 1829.J

The object of this improvement is to form roofs with
tiles of clay, properly baked, which shall be so connected
together that the surface of the whole roof may be per-
fectly smooth — that is, without any visible overlaps, and
yet conduct the water away safely, however little ele-
vated the roof may be.

Plate II. fig. 10, exhibits one of these improved tiles as
it would appear detached, and seen on the upper side.
The part a, is lower — that is, only about half the thick-
ness of the part b, there being a ledge formed at c, c,
I for the bottoms of the two next adjoining tiles to fit up to.

Diagonal grooves are cut at d, d, which lead into lateral
channels e, e^ for the purpose of conducting the rain-
water that may insinuate itself through the joints of the
upper tiles. This water will, of consequence, pass along
the ledge c, and by that means will ^je carried off by a

Drake^s, for Impts. in Tiles. 29

wedge-formed channel y, in .the middle of the part 6, to the
next tile below^ and so on till it reaches the eaves or
/Sautter of the roof^ and thus having a ready means of
escape^ does not lodge on the tiles. These are to be
moulded in clay, and baked in the ordinary way« and may
be coloured and glazed to resemble slates.

Fig. ll^^hews the face and edg'e views of an improved
pantile^ the form of which enables the tiles to lock iuto
each other^ when laid upon the roof.

These tiles are said to possess the following advan-
tages. — They present a plain surface (referring to the flat
tile first described^) and are not acted upon by the wind ,
are perfectly immoveable, except when singly raised in
the order in which they were placed^ as every tile is con-
fined by those which lie abov« it ; and as respects the
pantiles, every one is held down by three above it, so that
they lock each other, and no cement or mortar is neces-
sary to confine them. When broken, by accident, any
one can be replaced with the greatest facility.

A roof constructed of these tiles is impervious to the
heaviest rain or snow^ and is far more durable than any
other kind of covering ; when coloured they resemble
slates, and are much lighter on a roof than the best kind
of slates ; as 360 of them weigh only one hundred weight,
and will more than cover a hundred square feet. They
may also be used, with great advantage, as a coating for
walls. — llnrolled in the Inrolment Office, January,
1830,

[ 30 ]

Report of the Committee of the House of Commons.

(^Continued from Vol. VIII.)

'* The Committee have throughout their examinations
been most anxious to ascertain whether the apprehension,
very commonly entertained^ that an extensive use of these
Carriages on roads would be the cause of frequent ac-
cidents and continued annoyance to the public^ were well
founded.

'' The danger arising from the use of Steam Carriages,
was stated to be twofold — that to which passengers are
exposed from explosion of the boiler, and the breaking of
the machinery ; and the effect produced on horses, by the
noise and appearance of the £ngine.

'' Steam has been applied as a powerful draught in two
ways; in the one, both passengers and Engine are
placed on the same carriage ; in the other, the engine
carriage is merely used to draw the carriage in which the
load is conveyed. In either c se, the probability of dan-
ger from explosion has been rendered infinitely small,
from the judicious construction of boiler which has been
adopted.

'' These boilers expose a very considerable surface to
the fire, and steam is generated with the greatest rapidity.
From their peculiar form, the requisite supply of steam
depends on its continued and rapid formation ; no large
and dangerous quantity can at any time be collected.
Should the safety valve be stopped, and the supply of
Steam be kept up in greater abundance than the engines
require, explosion may take place, but the danger would

steam Carriages. 31

be comparatively trifling, from the small quantity of
steam which could act on any one portion of the boilers.

" The danger arising to passengers from the breaking
of the machinery need scarcely be taken into considera-
tion. It is a mere question of delay, and can scarcely
exceed in frequency the casualties which may occur with
horses.

" It has been frequently urged against these carriages,
that, wherever they shall be introduced, they must effec-
tually prevent all other travelling on the road; as no
horse will bear quietly the noise and smoke of the
engine.

'' The Committee believe that these statements are un-
founded. Whatever noise may be complained of, arises
from the present defective construction of the machinery,
and will be corrected as the makers of such carriages
gain greater experience. Admitting even that the pre-
sent engines do work with some noise, the effect on
horses has been greatly exaggerated. All the witnesses
accustomed to travel in these carriages, even on the
crowded roads adjacent to the metropolis, have stated^
that horses are very seldom frightened in passing.

*' The Committee, having satisfied themselves that
steam has been successfully adopted as a substitute for
Horse Power on roads, proceeded to examine whether
tolls have been imposed on carriages, thus propelled, so
excessive as to require legislative interference, and also
to consider the rate of tolls by which steam carriages
should be brought to contribute, in fair proportion with
other carriages, to the maintenance of the roads on which
they may be used.

'' They have annexed a list of those local acts, in
which tolls have been placed on steam, or mechanically
propelled carriages.

32 Steam Carriages,

'* Mr. Gurney has given the following specimens of the
oppressive rates of tolls adopted in several of those acts:
On the Liverpool and Prescot road, Mr. Gurney 's car-
riage would be charged 2/. 8^., while a loaded stage
coach would pay only 4*. On the Bathgate road the
same carriage would be charged 1/. 7 s. Id., while a coach
drawn by four horses would pay 5*. On the Ashburnham
and Totness road Mr. Gurney would have to pay 2/.,
while a coach drawn by four horses would be charged
only 3*. On the Teignmouth and Dawlish roads the
proportion is 12*. to 2*.

*' Such exorbitant tolls on steam carriages can only be
justified on the following grounds.

'^ First, because the number of passengers conveyed'
on, or by, a steam carriage, will be so great as to di-
minish (at least to the extent of the differehce of the rate
of toll) the total number of carriages used on the road ;
or, secondly, because steam carriages induce an additional
expense in the repairs of the road.

" The Committee see no reason to suppose that, for the
present, the substitution of Steam Carriages, conveying a
greater number of persons than common coaches, will
*take place to any very material extent; and as to the
second cause of increased charge, the trustees, in framing
their tolls, have probably not minutely calculated the
amount of injury to roads likely to arise from them.

'* The Committee are of opinion that the only ground on
which a fair claim to toll can be made, on any public
road, is to raise a fund, which, with the strictest economy,
shall be just sufficient, first to repay the expense of its
original formation ; secondly, to maintain it in good and
sufficient repair.

" The Commitiee would direct the attention of The

Steam Carriages, 33

House especially to the Evidence of Mr. Macneil,^ whose
observations on this branch of the subject/being founded
on a long course of very accurate experiments^ are pecu-
liarly interesting and useftTl. He estimates that the feet
of horses dmwin<g' u fa«t coach, are more injurious to the
I'oad than the wheels, in the proportion of three to one
nearly ; that this propoitiou will increase with the velo-
city ; that by increasing the breadth of the tires of the
wheels, the injury done to roads by great weights may be
counteracted. He considers that on a good road, one ton 0h

may be safely carried on each inch of width of tire of the
wheels.

•* Mr. M^Adatn and Mr. Telford have given corres-
sponding Evidence a6 to the greater wear caused by horses^
feel than by wheels of Carriages.

'* Each of the above Witnesses agrees^, that, adding the

weight of the horses to that of the coacb, and comparing

iht iirjdry done to a road by a steam carriage of a weight

equal to that of the coach and horses (the wheels being

of a proper width of tire), the deterioration of the road

will be m(H3b less by the steam carriage than by the

eMch and horses.

*' Appreliensioo^llUBelso been entertained, that although

tbe peculiar action of the wheels^ may not be injurious,

yet Ifaat, from the great power which may be applied, if

tbe steam w^re worked at a very high pressure, or if the

size of the engine were increased, greater weight might

be carried than tbe sCrenghth of the road could bear.

Mr. Macneirsevidence before theCommittee shews him to be a man
of scieuce, coc^ judgment, and a scholar; the minutes of his evidence
wiU be read with great satis&ction by mathematicians generally,
but more particularly by those interested in the subject of whed
carriages.

Vol. IX. — Second Series. f

34 Steam Carriages,

*' Undoubtedly, iii proportion to the advance of the
science, will be the increase of weight drawn by an
Engine with a given expenditure of fuel ; but there are
many practical difficulties to be surmounted before the
weight so drawn can loaeh the point when it would be
destructive of roads. There are no theoretical reasons
.'•gainst the extension of the size of the engines. The
difficulties, according to Mr. Gurney, are of a practical
nature, and only in the '' difficulty of management of a
large engine." In proportion as we augment the power
of the engines, we must increase their strength^ and con-
sequently their weight ; the greater weight will be a mate-
rial diminution of their efficiency. To a certain extent
the power may be increased in a greater ratio than the
weight; but, with our limited knowledge of the application
of Steam, and witii the present formation of the Public
Roads, the point will be very soon attained, when the
advantage of increased power will be counter-balanced by
the difficulties attendant on the increased weight of the
engines.

'* The weight drawn, at the rate of ten miles per hour^
by Mr. Gurney's engine, has not, on any extent of road,
exceeded the weight of the drawing Carriage; nor is it
likely, with the difficulties to be encountered oa the pre-
sent lines of road, from their quality and the numerous
ascents, that the weight drawn will be in excess of the
strength of the roads. The immense quantity of spare
power required to surmount the different degrees of re-
sistance likely to occur, would render the engine too un-
manageable. This will appear evident from the force of
traction required to draw a waggon over the Holyhead
and Shrewsbury road, which varied from 40 to upwnrds
of 300 lbs.

" In considering the effect on roads, we must not over-

Steam Carriages, 35

look one peculiarity, in which they have a great advan-
tage over other carriages. In coaches drawn by horses,
the power being without the machine to be moved, it be-
comes an object of the greatest importance to «(ive as
much effect as possible to the power, by diminishing the
resistance, arising from the friction of the wheels upon the
surface of the road. For this purpose, the proprietors of
coaches and waggons have adopted every possible con-
trivance^ so to reduce the tiers of their wheels, that a
very small portion of them may press o\\ the road ; in
some coaches they are made circular in their cross section,
so that the entire weight of the carriage presses on a mere
point ; should the materials be soft, such wheels cut their
way into the road like a sharp instrument. The owners of
waggons^ too, have adopted a similar plan. Mr. Macneil
states that the actual bearing part of the tire oP apparently
broad- wheel waggons, is reduced to three inches by the
contrivance of one band of the tire projecting beyond the
others.

" With Steam, oa the contrary, a certain amount of ad-
hesion to the roads is required to give effect to the action
of the machinery, or the wheels would slip round, and
make no progress. It appears of little importance, there-
fore, so far as relates to the engine, whether the requisite
amount of friction be spread over a broad surface of tire,
or be concentrated to a smalk point; but as the wheels,
by being too narrow, would have a tendency to bury
themselves in every soft or newly-made road, and thus
raise a perpetual resistance to their own progress, it
actually becomes an advantage to adopt that form, which
is least injurious to the road. The proprietors, who have
been examined on this point, seem to be quite indiffeVent
as to the breadth of tire they may be required to use.

" These considerations have convinced the Committee

36 Steam Carriage*

tb«t the tolls ettforced on strain oarriagev im?e« in gtoe*
ral« far exce^d^d th« rate which their injuriouaness to
roada^ in comparison with other carriages^ would war-
rant ; thej^ found, however, considerable difficulty ih
framing a scale of tolls applicable to all road»> in lieu of
those authorized by several local acta.

" Mr, Gurney has delivered in a soale of tolls, gradu-
ated according to weight and width of tire of the wheeU
As this has been drawn up by a person interested in the
success of steam carriages, it might have been expected to
be more favourable to them. The Committee, however,
have not adopted it, because of the diffieulties and inter*
ruptions, which a fluctuating rate of toll would induce.

The only fair plea for charging tolls on such carriages,
in proportion to their weighty is to prevent a load front
being propelled or carried> which would permanently in-
jure the road.

Experiments and observations on diverging streams

OF COMPRESSED AIR. By Mr. T. HoPKINS.

{From the TransactUns of tha Literary and PhU9$opiieal

Society of Manchester, \

^"^^^■«^*»"

On the eleventh of October, 1824, Mr.. Roberts i^l^xed a valv« to
the aperture of a^pipe, used aa a waste pipe, fen the pucpoaa of
regulating or equaLusiog the force of a blast of air which waa
blowing a furnace. To hi3 surprise, however, he fou»d that Hie
valve, instead of being readily blown- off by a strong blast, re-
mained at a smalt distance from the aperture of the pipe, and
was removed to a greater distance only by a considerable wer-

Oil Due Steam Valvet. 97

tiou of the poww of the band. This nnfulwr ph«ftOfiieiioii was
witoeased by oaaAy gentlemen, memben of tbi« »ocietyi. la the
same we^, and appeared to be viewed by them al^ an equally
new and extraordinary.'^

Mr. Roberta made some experiments on his atr-yalTc at tiie
time, aind varioiiB theoriea were then suggested to aecomit for Hbt
adherence of the ralve to the pipe. It was not, howerer, imtil
the month of September in the present year, that I agreed to
join him in making farther experiments, a pert of which, I now
pioeeed to give,

A vertical section of part of the apparatus nsed is given in
Plate L fig. 6, where a, is a pipe, three inches diameter, with
tibe* apeitore contracted to 2§ diameter, at b, h, and surrounded
by a flange e, c, lOf diameter, to form a seat for a valve. On
tiiis seat was placed a circular disk or valve i, d» nx inches dia-
meter, vrith a pin in its centre, by means of which it was left at
liberty to rise or Idl freely, and kept at Ae same time perpendi-
cular to the aperture.

The valve was attachied to one end of a scale beam by a string,
and balanced by vircaghts placed in a scale e, attached to the op*
poaite end ol the beam. The valve being thus placed on the seat
without any weight oi its own to press downward, the stream of
c(Ha»i^esaed air was admitted into the pipe a, when the valve d,
rose from the flange or seat c, l-32nd of an inch> and there re-
mained stationary. Thirteen ounces, avoirdupoiae wdgfat, were
now put into the scale «, wbieb zaiaed the valve bo 1-1 2th of an
indi above the seat. Twenty-six ounces raised it to l«8tii of an
ilich^ and thirty-two ounce raised it to l-4th of an inch, but any
weight beyond this last caused the valve to fly abruptly off.

It thus appeared, that when the valve was raised from its seat

' • w '^ ■^^■r'i w »^ 'mwwm I ^- M ■■■ w ^ . ■ ' — *■■■ — ■■-■■ ^ ■ ■ ^wm ^ i ■ ■» -m^— ^^n^^^im^i^^^^ » w > « »■

* Monr. Clement, of Paris, was said to be in Mandiester at
this period, and saw the air- valve adhere to the pipe, yet he
afterwards* it appeaxi, represented the discovery to have been
made in France long subsequent to the time he saw it at Mr. Ro-
berts* Works.

38 On Disc Steam Valves.

a quarter of an inch, there was the greatest difference between
the force of the issuing current of air pressing against the undkr
side of the valve, and of atmospheric pressure on the upper side
of the valve. The pressure of the atmosphere was greater than
the force of the issuing stream of previously compressed air, a
weight of thirty-two ounces being requisite to establish an
equilibrium.

That we might ascertain what was the state of the stream of air
under the valve, in different parts of it, four double syphon tubes
were procured,and properquantities of mercury being piit into them,
they were inserted id hoh s made through the valve at certain
distances from each other, as shown in Figs. 6, at 1, 2, 3, 4.
The inserted limbs of these tubes being thus left exposed to the
action of the stream of air, the compressed air was again ad-
mitted into the pipe a, and the valve rose as before, l-32nd of
an inch.

The tube 1, in that part of the valve d-^ which was over the
aperture d, had the mercury in it \\ inches higher in the
outer than in the inner limb, and consequently shewed a pres-
sure from the compressed air below it, above atmospheric
pressure, equal to 1^ inches of mercury. The tube 2, which
was near to the aperture &, but over the inner edge of the seat
(?, shewed a rise of the mercury of 3-lOths of an inch in the
inner limb of the tube, and consequently a pressure from the
air below it leee than atmospheric pressure by 3-IOths of an
inch, — or a partial vacuum of 3-lOths of an inch of mercury.
The tube 3, at the same time shewed a similar vacuum of l-8th
of an inch of mercury. The mercury in the tube 4, was un-
disturbed.

The valve with the four tubes in it was now raised above its
seat from l-32nd of an inch until it was \\ inches above the
seat, by gradations of l-32nd of an inch each, and the heights
of the mercury in the tube, were noted at eaish step, distin-
guishing by a ^, or a v, whether they shewed pressure from
below, or a partial vacuum, and thus a table of five columns

On Disc Steam Valves. 39

was formed. The first column shewed the height of the valve
above the seat, and the other four columns, the heights of the
mercury in the four tubes, and whether they indicated pressure
or vacuum.

This table shewed, that the pressure from the stream below, on
tube 1, continued at 1| inches of mercury^ until the valve was
raised from its seat to l-16tb of an inch above it ; but from that
elevation until it was raised to 1| inches from the seat, the mer-
cury shewed a gradually diminishing pressure, and at that height
the pressure was only 6-lOths of an inch.

Tube 2, shewed its greatest degree of vactctim, which was 1 and
8-lOths inches of mercury, when the valve was raised d-32nds of
an inch ; from which point, as the valve was further elevated, the
vacuum became less, until at a height of 3-8ths there was no va-
cuum, — the mercury in the two limbs of the tube being at the
same level. On raising the valve from 3-8ths to 1 J inches, this
tube shewed an increasing pressure from the stream of air below,
and at the least named height the pressure was 4-lOths of an
inch of merciny.

The tube 3, shewed its greatest degree of vacuum to be 7-20ths
of an inch of mercury, and it was when the valve wasupll-32nds
of an inch. As the valve was raised higher, the vacumn became
less, until at the height of 1| inches it was nothing.

In tube 4, the mercury began to shew a small degree of vacuum
when the valve was raised 3-32nds of an inch ; when it was up ^
an inch the vacuum was ^ of an inch, being its greatest degree ;
from this point the vacuum diminished, and when the valve was
1^ inches high, there was very little difference in the levels of the
murcury in the two limbs.

A similar course of experiments was gone through with a valve
S inches diameter, with some small variations in the results, which
were noted in another table ; but the only one worth mentioning
is, that while the 6-inch valve required a little more than 32
ounces in the scale e, to detatch it from its seat, the 8-inch valve
required 48 ounces.

40 On Disc Steam Valves,

From a general view of the results thus obtained* it appeared
that while the valve adhered to the seat, and remained at but a
small distance from it, a circular stripe or flat ring of attenuated
air was found between the valve and its seat, and near to the
aperture b, the air at the same time in the parts further from the
aperture becoming more dense* untQ close to the periphery, it
became nearly of atmospheric density; but as the valve was
raised, the ring of the attenuated air approached the outer part or
periphery of the valve.

To find the form and nature of this ring, it now appeared de-^
sirable that the different heights of mercury in the same tube,
indicating degrees of vacuum should be ascertained at small and
equal distances, beginning at the edge of the aperture, and pro^^
ceeding along a radial line to the periphery of the valve. To ac-
complish this, a moveable slide was dovetailed into the valve, and
in this slide was inserted the lower limb of one of the double
syphon tubes with mercury in it as before, shown at Fig. 7, where
the tube is placed over the aperture, and indicates a pressure from
the compressed air of 1^ inches of mercury.

This valve being placed on the seat, the slide /,/, was moved
until the tube came over the seat, and the distance of the tube
from the edge of the aperture was noted when the mercury first
indicated a slight degree of vacuum. From this point the slide,
and consequently the tube, was drawn outward l-32nd of an inch,
and the height of the mercury indicating vacuum again noted.
In this way, by stages of l-d2nd of an inch each, the tube was
drawn to the outer edge or periphery of the valve, and at the height
of the mercury noted at each stage. The different heights of the
mercury in all these stages, with the exact places of the tube at
the times, were then marked by dots on paper, and these dots
being connected by lines, we obtained the curve represented in
fig. 8. In this diagraih g, shews the point at which the vacu-
um was first indicated, and the line from ^, to 4> represents the
increase of the degree of vacuum, until at A, it is 1|- inches of
mercury. From this point the reduction of the degree of vacuum
is seen by the curve from h, to t. The straight line k, a litQe

On t)Uc. Steam Valves, 41

iower down, represents the pressure which the mercury shewed
when the tube was over the aperture.

The valve was now raised higher from its seat, and the tube
moved as before, and data obtained for the formation of other
curves. When the valve was 3-16ths above the seat, the tube
being placed over the aperture, shewed a pressure of only one and
4-lOths of an inch of mercury; but the tube being brought over
the seat at a distance of 5-d2nds from the edge of the aperture,
shewed a vacuum of one and 8-lOths of an inch of mercury.
From that point proceeding outward, the vacuum became less.

These experiments shewed, that until the valve was raised to a

certain height above its seat, the under side of that part of the

valve which was over the aperture, was exposed to a pressure of

1^ inches of mercury more than atmospheric pressure ; and the

under side of all the rest of the valve, forming an outer stripe or

ring, was exposed to a pressure less than atmospheric, or had a

partial vacuum vaiying from one and 8-lOths of an inch of

mercury up to atmospheric pressure, The siiperior pressurfe

against the under side of the centre of the valve, must then have

been counterbalanced by the inferior pressure against the under

side of that of the valve which is nearer to the periphery, — and

more than counterbalanced, for atmospheric pressure on the top

of the valve was still so superior as to admit of a weight of 32

ounces being applied, before that pressure could be overcome and

the valve raised.

Valves of various smaller sizes were now tried, and it was
found that one of 4^ inches diameter, was what may be called
the neutral size over an aperture of 2§ diameter ; as, when it was
balanced it would just adhere to the seat when the air was
admitted, but the least weight placed in the scale raised it.
Valves of any size smaller than this did not adhere to the seat,
and would therefore be proper valves for such a pipe.

A conical valve was now procured, the greatest diameter of

which was 6 inches on the upper side, and its least diameter was

2§ inches, the same as the aperture, and its thickness 1^ inches.

This valve being fitted into a proper seat, required as many ounces^

Vol. IX. — Second Series. «

42 On Disc Steam Valves.

fitted to raise it from its seat as the flat 6 -inch valve did. See
Fig. 9.

Another conical valve, whose greatest diameter was the same
as the flat neutral valve, 4^ inches, its least diameter 2§, and its
thickness 3 inches, was fitted like the preceding one, into a seat
of equal thickness with itself. This valve, however, if less than
six ounces in weight, was blown off by the blast. And thus it
appeared, that a conical valve, may be less disposed to adhere to
the seat than a flat valve, the diameter of the upper sides of both
being the same. See Fig« 10.

A phenomenon, singular in appearanee, was exhibited while
using these conical valves. It became necessary to fasten a seat
with a hollow cone to the flange, and, in the experiments, the
issuing stream of air was made to pass between the cone and its
seat. But when this seat was liberated from the flange, and the
stream of air suffered to flow, one stream rushed between the
cone and the seat, and another between the seat and the flange.
And thus the seat of the cone was held in its situation by the two
streams of air, without being in contact with any thing else.

During the experiments, burning paper was placed on the
valves, that the flame and smoke might shew whether there was
any atmospheric current rushing down upon it. But it was only
at the periphery that the flame was drawn down, until it came in
contact with the stream of air issuing from under the valve,
which cut off the flame as abruptly, as it could have been cut
through with a knife, apparently from its force and coldness. On
the valve the flame blazed in the way in which it ordinarily
does, when their is no current of air acting upon it.

In endeavouring to account for these phenomena, it appeared,
that the air in the aperture was projected or driven from the aper-
ture as from a centre, in radial lines in every direction through
enlarging circles, and thus became attenuated as it was thrown
off from the centre, in the way that light is diminished accord-
ing to its distance from its radiating point. For the purpose
of ascertaining whether this was a correct view, or not, another
experiment was made.

On Disc Steam Valves. 43

Instead of a circular valve, one of the form of a cross was
used, six inches in diameter, of which fig. 1 1 is a plan. The cen-
tre of this cross valve just covered the aperture b, in fig. 6, and
the four arms /, /, /, /, extended to the diameter of six inches.
The four angular spaces between them left on the seat of the
valve were covered with pieces of wood m, m, m, m, fitted to the
spaces and fastened to the valve seat, leaving the cross valve at
liberty, to be raised ub 3k we 3 n them. By this contrivance, the
compressed air, on issuing from the aperture, was confined to four
separate streams of equal and uniform breadth, which could not
diverge, but passed under the cross until they escaped at the ends
of its arms. The tubes with mercury, as in Fig. 6, having been
inserted in the arms shewed not more than l-8th of an inch va-
cuum in any part of the arms, and less towards their outer extre-
mities ; and this small vacuum probably was the result of some air
making its way under the angular pieces m.

The cross was now raised enough to leave considerable spaces
for the stream to expand from its previously compressed state, and
to become rarified, but no greater attenuation was indicated by
the mercury. And thus it appeared, that when there was but
little space, only l-32nd of an inch, under the circular valve for
the air to be projected into, there was an attenuation, or partial
vacuum, of If inches of mercury, but when the cross valve was
gradually raised from l-32nd to the height of half an inch from
the seat, and when of course there was ample room for expansion,
not more than l-8th of an inch vaccuum was indicated.

From these various) phenomeDa it appeared that the vacuum
under the circular valve was produced by the spreading of the
air from a smaller to a larger circle, immediately after it left
the aperture. For on the air being prevented from spreading
by the pieces of wood, m, Fig. 1 1 , when fastened to the seat oj
the valve, the vacuum nearly disappeared in the streams niidej
the arms of the cross valve ; but by attaching the angular pieces
to the cross valve, and suffering both to rise together, the fulj
vacuum of If reappeared as with the circular valve.

44 On Disc Steam Valves.

When the circalar valve d, in Fig. d, is placed on tbe seat,
there is stagnaDt atmospheric air within the aperture b. On
the condensed air being admitted into the pipe a, the stagnant
air is put into motion, and before it can overcome the inertia of
the valve, is forced between the onter parts of the valve and its
seat. The air, while being thus forced, is, however, compelled
te diverge from a circle, whose diameter is 2 and three-eighths
to one of a larger diameter, and is consequently dilated and
attenuated. The impulse given by the compressed air on its
first admission to the stagnant air in the pipe, causes the stag?
nant air to commence the process, but the compressed air fol-
lows instantaneously, and through the force with which it is
impelled by the original moving power, is projected under the
valve, an«l there forced to diverge with a velocity proportioned
Jo the amonnt of the projectile force.

The projectile force acting through the stream of compressed
air, and the peculiarly shaped and confined space through
which the air is drivn, are then the causes of its dilatation,
until its degree of rarity is beyond that of the atmosphere,
when atmospheric pressure on the upper side of the valve pre-
ponderates.

This view will, perhaps, be illustrated, by supposing the com-
pressed air at the edge of the aperture, to be an elastic ring of
two 3-8ths diameter, and that every part of ^this ring shall be
struck with equal force from the centre, in a radiating direc-
tion to the circumference : by the time that the ring is pro-

jected to a sufficient distance to be a diameter of, say 4 inches,
it will be stretched from a smaller to a larger circumference
and every part of the ring will be equally stretched or attenu-
ated. A part of such a ring may be supposed to be represented
in Fig. 12. It is not, however, necessary that the substance pro-
jected should be elastic, for if the ring' were made of lead, the
e£fect would be the same ; or if grains of sand, or small lead
shot, could, in like manner, be thrown from a centre, in al
directions around, it is clear that as they were removed farther

On Disc Steam Valves. 46

from the ceiitri", the grains or shot would be more distant
from each other, or the stream of them would be more tftte ,
naated.

By ft reference to the ciirve^> Fig« 8, representing the degrees
of vacfuam, it -v^ be secin that thecirdo^ of greatest vaeuum is
near to the* aperture ; and it may be inferred, t^at this fact is
exposed to die theory of Ibrced divergence, as on that theory it
may be thought that we ought to have the greatest vacuum. where
the divergence was the greatest, and consequeatly near to the
periphery of the valve. But it should be borne in mind, that the
issuing stream of air has to overcome atmospheric reeistaaoe ; and
when, by diverging, it has become rarer than the atmosphere
against vsrhich it is acting, the momentum requisite to ke^ it so is
soon expended, and the stream under the outer parts of the valve,
not having sufficient force to overcome atmospheric resistance
from without, yields to it, and ia brought to common atmospheric
density. If the velocities of the stream under the different parts
of the valve could have been ascertained by stages of Hurty-
seconds parts of an inch, in the same way that the degrees of
vacuum were found by the heights of the mercury, it is presumed,
that this point would have been established by experiment,
instead of being left dependent on an inference.

The moving of the circle of greatest vacuum outwards, as the
valve was elevated, does, however, exhibit evidence of the just-
ness of the inference. When the valve was but little raised, the
force of the stream was expended in divei^ing a part of itself,
near to the aperture , but when the valve was considerably raised,
the superior density of the stream was not confined to that part
immediately over the aperture, but shewed itself also between the
valve and a part of its seat. When it was raised half an inch, the
same point point, h, which in Fig. 8, shews the greatest vacuum,
indicated a pressure of a quarter of an inch of mercury, while the
circle of greatest vacuum, had removed farther from the aperture.

It has been suggested, that the formation of the vacuum may
\>e accounted for from th^ known tendency of a compressed spring,

46 On Due Steatn Valves,

when liberated, to fly beyond the point at which it will finally
settle. But this action of a spring is only one instance of the
operation of a general law of nature which is applicable to all
bodies. When any body elastic or non-elastic is put in motion,
its inertia causes it to continue in motion in the direction in
which it has been impelled until its force is expended, ' The force
of a liberated metallic spring* is expended in the effort to over-
come the tenacity of the substance of which it is composed, while
the force of a cannon ball, fired into an earthen bank, is expended
on the resistance presented by the earth; but it is projectile
force that is expended in both instances.

In a short time after the phenomenon of the adherence of the
air-valve was observed by Mr. Roberts, he ascertained, by
experiment^ without knowing that it had been done, before, that
water, when forced through a conical pipe, with considerable
velocity, will draw out other water, placed below in an open
vessel, if one end of a small tube is inserted in the conical pipe,
and the other end is immersed in the water, in the vessel below :
thus showing that water, an inelastic fluid, produced the same
effect that air did, when rushing out in a stream, confined in a
peculiar manner. And at the time this paper was going to press,
water was by pressure from a column of considerable height, made
to issue from a pipe with a valve placed over it, similar to what is
exhibited in Fig. 6, when the valve, instead of being forced off by
the issuing stream of water, was found to adhere to the seat, at a
small distance from it. And when the apparatus was inverted,
and the value consequently placed below the seat, upon the water
being permitted to flow, the valve, instead of obeying the law of
grovity and falling by its own weight, or of being driven off the
force of the stream of water, adhered, with considerable firmness,
to the seat.

[ 47 3

S^ottj^ ipautito.

{Continued from p. 341.)

To Richard Edwards, of Dewsbury, in the county of York,
leather and flock seller, for the invention of an improvement on,
or a substitute for glass, sand, emery, and other scouring paper
or substances.

To Joel Benedict Nott, of Schenectady, in the State of New
York, now of Barry Street, St. James's, in the county of Mid-
dlesex, for the invention, communicated to him by a foreigner
residing abroad, of certain improvements in the construction of a
furnace or furnaces for generating heat, and in the apparatus for
the applicotion of heat to various useful purposes. — ^Feb^ 18.

To Bartholomew Redfem, of Birmingham, in the county of
Warwick, gun-maker, for the invention of a lock, break-oflf, and
trigger, upon a new and improved principle, for fowling-pieces,
muskets, rifles, pistols, and small fire-arms of all descriptions. —
Feb. 21.

To John Wallace, brassfounder in Leith, for the invention of

an improvement or improvements upon the safety-hearths for the
use of vessels. — Feb. 23.

To Joh2 Macdowall, of Johnston, near Paisley, for the invention
of certain improvements on the pistons, valves, and boilers of
steam-engines. — March 2.

To William Morgan, of York Terrace, Regent'^ Park, in the
county of Middlesex, Esq, for the invention of certain improve-
ments in steam-engines

To Jeremiah Grime, jun. of Bury, in the county of Lancaster,
copper-plate engraver, for the invention of a certain method of
dissolving snow and ice on the trams or railways, in order that
locomotive steam engines and carriages, and other carriages, may
pass over railroads, without any obstruction or impediment from
such snow or ice.

To David Napier of Warren Street, Fitxroy Square, in the
county of Middlesex, engineer, and James and William Napier

48 Scotch Patents,

of Glasgow, machinists, for an invention of " certain improve-
ments in machinery for propelling locomotive carriages." —

March 14.

To Robert Stephenson of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, in the county
of Northumberland, engineer, for an invention of ** an improve-
ment in the axle and parts which form the bearings at the centres
of wheels for carriages which ar6 to travel upon edge rail-
ways." — March 24.

To Henry Pratt of Bilston, in the county of Stafford, miller,
for an invention of certain kiln-tiles made and manufactured of
clay, iron, and other metals and materials, for the purpose of
drying wheat, malt, oats, and other grain, and for various other
purposes, with the formation of the fire-place and kiln.

To Thomas Baily and Charles Baily, both of the town of
Leicester, in the county of Leicester frame-smiths, for an inven-
tion of certain improvements in mach|inery for making lace, com-
monly called bobbin-net. — April 22.

To James Milne, of the city of Edinburgh, brass -founder, for
an invention of an improvement or improvements on gas-meters. —
April 27.

To David Napier, of Warren Street, Fitzroy Square, in the

county of Middlesex, engineer, for an invention of certain im-

. provements in printing machinery, with a method of economising

the power applied to the same, which method of economissing

power is also applicable to other purposes. — April 11.

To John Dickson, of Abbots Langley, in the county of Hert-
ford, paper- maker, for an invention of an improved method of
manufacturing paper by means of machinery. — April 29,

To John and James Potter, of Smedley, near Manchester,
spinners and manufacturers, for an invention of certain improve-
ments in machinery, or apparatus applicable to the spining or
twisting of cotton, flax, silk, wool, and other fibrous materials.
— May 2.

To William Rutherford, junior, of Jedburgh, writer and bank
agent» for an invention o\ a combination or arrangement of ap-
paratus or mechanism, to be used by itself, or applied to locks

tod other fasteniogs, for more effectually protecting property. — -
May 3.

Scotch Patent,?.

To Samuel Mordan, of Manchester, in the county of Lancas-
ter, in the kingdom of England, merchant, for an invention of
an improved stretching machine. — May 18.

To Andrew Smith, of Princes Street, Leicester Square, in the
parish of St. Martins-in-the-Fields, in the couiity of Middlesex,
mechanist, for an invention of certain improvements in ma-
chinery for propelling boats, vessels, or other floating bodies on
the water, and in the manner of constructing boats and vessels
for carrjdng such machinery ; part of which said improvements
are applicable 'to water-wheels for driving mills or machinery,
and also to windmills. — May 19.

To Thomas Knowles, of Charlton Row, in the county of Lan-
caster, cotton-spinner, for an invention of certain improvements
in certain machinery, by aid of which machinery spinning ma-
chines, commonly called mules, are or may be rendered what is
termed self-acting — that is to say, certain improvements in certain
machinery, by aid of which machinery spinning machines com-
monly called mules, are or may be worked by power, without
requiring the usual application of the strength of the spinners
to give motion to the handles or wheels, and to such other parts
of mules as are commonly worked by the strength of the spin-
ners. — May 20.

To Samuel Lambert, of Regent Street, in the parish of St.
James, Westminster, in the county of Middlesex, gold-lace-man,
for an invention of an improvement in throstle spindles for spin-
ning and twisting silk, cotton, wool, flax, and other fibrous sub-
stances.

To Sir Thomas Cochrane, Knight, commonly called Lord
Cochrane, of Regent's Park, in the coimty of Middlesex, for an
invention of an improved rotatory engine to be impelled by steam ;
and which may be also rendered applicable to other puposes. —
June 2.

To Sir Thomas Cochrane, Kight, commonly called Lord Coch-
rane, of Regent's Park, in the county of Middlesex, for appa-
ratus to fecilitate excavating, sinking, and mining. — ^June 4.

To Andrew Ure, of Finsbury Circus, in the county, of Middle-
aex, M. D., for an invention of an apparatus for regulating the
temperature in evaporization, distillation, and other processes.

Vol. IX. Second Series.

50 New Patents Sealed.

To George Stephenson, of Liverpool, civil engineer, for an
invention of an improvement in the mode of constmcting wheels
for railway carriages. — ^June 6.

To Alexander Craig, of Ann Street, St. Bernard's, in the pa-
rish of St. Cuthbert, and county of Mid-Lothian, in consequence
of a communication made by a certain foreigner, residing abroad,
of an invention of certain improvements in machines or ma-
chinery for cutting timber into vineers or other useful forms.
— June 6.

To Michael Donovan, of the city of Dublin, druggist, for an
invention of an improved method of lighting places with
gas. — June 10.

To John Aitchison of Clyde Buildings, in the city of Glasgow,
and county of Lanark, merchant, for an invention of certain
improvements in the concentrating and evaporating cane juice
solutions of sugar, and other fluids, — June 10.

N^tD i9«ait0 SraUh*

To George Freeman, of Tewkesbury, in the county of
Gloucester, lace manufacturer, for his having inveDted
certain improvements in machinery for ornamenting and
producing devices upon lace. — Sealed 22d Feb. —
6 mouths, for Inrolment.

To Alexandre Beattie Shankland, of Liverpool-street,
in the city of London, in consequence of a communication
made to him by a foreigner resident in America, for a
new method of cutting, working, and planing of wood,
minerals, and metals, by means of machinery. — 23d Feb.
6 months.

To William Crofts, of Lenton, in the county of Not-
tingham, frame smith, for his having invented or found
out certain improvements in machinery for making lace
or net, commonly called bobbin-net lace. — 23d Feb.
6 months.
: To Ralph Watson, of York-place, Port man-square, in

New PatenU Sealed. 51

the county of Middlesex^ Esq. in consequence of a com-
munication naade to him by a certain foreigner residing
abroad, for an invention of a certain improved lamp. —
23d Feb. 6 months.

To Thomas De La Rue, of Crown-street, Finsbury-
square, in the county of Middlesex, card maker, for his
having invented certain improvements in making or manu-
facturing, and ornamenting playing cards. — 23d l^^eb.
6 months.

To William Church, of Bordesley Green, near Bir-
mingham, in the county of Warwick, gentleman, for his
having invented or discovered certain improvements in
machinery for making nails. — 25th Feb. 6 mouths.

To Samuel Walker, of Millshaw, near Leeds, in the
county of York, clothier, for his having invented or dis-
covered certain improvements in gig machines for dressing
woollen cloths. — 1st March, 6 months.

To John Joyce, of Portland-road, in the parish of St.
Mary-le bone and county of Middlesex, gentleman, in
consequence of a communication made to him by a cer-
tain foreigner residing abroad, for an invention of a cer-
tain improvement or improvements in machinery for
making nails of iron, copper, and other metals. — 1st
March, 6 months.

To Charles Beard, of Coggleshall, in the county of
Essex, ironmonger, for his having invented or found out
an improvement in the construction of cocks for taps for
drawing off liquids. — 1st March, 2 months.

To George Oldland, of Hillsley, in the parish of
Hawkesbury, in the county of Gloucester, cloth worker,
for his having invented or discovered certain improve-
ments in machinery or apparatus for shearing, dressing,
and finishing of woollen cloths, and other fabrics — 3cl
March, 6 months.

52 New Patents Sealed.

To William Wells, of Manchester, in the county of
Lancaster, machine maker, for bis having found out and
discovered a new and improved method of making* and
constructiog gig machines, otherwise called raising
machines, or machines for raising the nap or pile of, and
brushing and dressing woollen and other cloths. — 8th
March, 2 months.

To Thomas Petherick, of Penpelleck, in the parish of
Tydwardrestle, in the county of Cornwall, mine agent,
and John Filmore Kingston, of Islington, m the county
of Devon, gentleman, for their having invented improve*
ments in certain machinery and apparatus for separating
copper, lead, and other ores from earthy and other sub-
stances, with which they are or may be mixed; the said
improvement being applicable to the machinery for which
a patent was granted by his late Majesty to the petitioner
Thomas Petherick, bearing date the 28th day of April,
1830.— 8th March, 6 months.

To Frederick Collier Bakewell, of Haropstead, in the
county of Middlesex, gentleman, for his having invented
certain improvements in machinery or apparatus for
making or manufacturing soda water, and other aerated
waters or liquids. — 8th March, 6 months. •

To Joseph Gibbs, of the Kent Road, in the county of
Kent, engineer, and William Chaplin, of the Adelphi,
in the county of Middlesex, coach maker, for their
having invented certain improvements in wheeled car-
riages, and in the means of constructing the same. — 8th
March. 6 Months.

To Henry Warner, of Loughborough, in the county
of Leicester, hosier, Charles Hood, of the same place,
framesmith and setter-up, and Benjamin Abbot, also of
the same place, framework knitter, for their having in-
vented certain improvements upon machinery now in\ use

New Patents Sealed. 63

for makiog or maDufacturifig stockings^ stoojking net^ or
framework knitting, warp web, warp net, and point net. —
8th MajTQh. 6 monthd.

To John Day, of Birminghaai, in the county of War-
wick, brass founder, for bis having invented an improve ->
ment in the manfacture of cocks, used for the stopping
and drawing off gass and water, and for other purposes for
for which cocks are new used. — 15th March. 6 months.

To Henry Brewer, of Surrey-place, Old Kent Road,
in the parish of Saint George Southwark, in the county
of Surrey, wire weaver, for his having invented or dis-
covered certain improvements in machinery or apparatus
for making paper. — I5tb March. 6 QK>ntbs.

To John Walmsley, of Manchester) silk winder, for
bis having invented a machine for cutting off fur or hair
from heaver and other skins.— l5th March. 6 months.

To Matthew Towgood, of Dartford, in the county of
Kent, paper maker, for his having invented certain im-
provements in cutting paper. — 15th March. 6 months.

To William Day, of Gate-street, Lincoln's Inn Fields,
ni the parish of Saint Giles in the Fields^ inthe county of
Middlesex, lithographic printer, for his having invented
or discovered certain improvements in the construction of
printing presses. — ^22nd March. 6 months.

To Bennet Woodcroft, of Manchester, in the county
palatine of Lancaster, printer, for his having invented
or discovered certain improvements in the construction
and adaptation of a revolving spiral paddle, for propelU
ing boats and other vessels on water.-^22nd March. 6
months.

To William Alexander Brown, of Liverpool, in the
countv of Lancaster, merchant, and Herman Hendricks,
of Passz, near Paris, in the kingdom of France, but
now residing in Russel-street, Covent Garden, in the

54 New Patents Sealed.

county of Middlesex, gentleman, in consequence of a
communication from a certain foreigner residing abroad,
by which they are in possession of an invention of an
improved method or methods of manufacturing the prussi-
ates of potash and soda, and the prussiate of iron, also
for the construction of certain apparatus, vesst^ls, or ma*
chinery, to be used in the said manufacture, and a new
or improved method of employing the said prussiate of
iron, or other prussiates of iron, as a substitute for indigo,
in dying all sorts of wools, and whether in the fleece,
skin, spun, or woven into cloth, stuffs, or otherwise ;
also in dying silks, cottons, or linens, and in fact, all
other sorts and descriptions of textile or other substances
fit for the purpose of receiving colour of a blue^ blue-
black, black, greens, bronze, or any other colours for
which indigo has hitherto been used, either as a ground
work or auxiliary; and also for an improved arrangement
of certain utensils and machinery, to be used in the said
dying process. — ^22nd March, 6 months.

To Benjamin Cook, of Birmingham, in the county of
Warwick, brass founder, for his having invented an
improvement in the application of a material hitherto
unused in the manufacture of paints, varnishes, and for
various other purposes. — ^22nd March, 6 months.

To Peter Young, of Fenchurch-street, in the city of
London, rope and sail maker, in consequence of a com-
munication made to him by a foreigner residing abroad,
for an invention of a new mode of manufacturing mangel
wurzel, for the purpose of producing certain known
articles of commerce. — 22nd March, 6 months.

Chancery Lane, Newton & Berry

London. Office for Patents,

56
Meteorological Journal , 1832.

Thenno.

Barometer.

RaiD
iiiin-

Therino,

Barometer.

Rain

in in —

1932.

Hig.

Low

Hig.

Low

ches.

1882.

Hig.

Low

Hig.

Low.

111 lU'

ches.

Jan.

Feb.

29,80

29,77

30,13

30,06

29,97

29,82

30,09

30,05

80,15

80,06

,35

37 i 29

30,18

30,12

30,26

30,11

,025

30,18

30,05

30,23

30,13

Mabch

29,98

29,81

42 30

80,10

30,20

Xf—

30,24

80,22

I'EB.
1

29,49

29,25

30,25

30,18

29,22

29,18

48 , 35

29,95

29,69

29,70

29,40

,026

46 as

29,66

29,58

,275

29,86

29,74

4« 3^

29,49

29,34

,15

29,95

29,87

29,35

29,84

29,79

29,60

29,38

29,39

30,06

29,78

,075

30,10

29,93

80,26

30,24

30,36

30^28

30,33

30,25

30,84

80,16

30,46

30,43

,06

29,99

29,90

30,40

30,28

29,86

29,60

30,26

80,10

29,52

29,32

30,02

30,00

,05

29,66

29,29

30,02

29,96

29,76

29,73

.05

80,00

29,94

29,65

29,42

,125

29,86

29,60

29,40 Stat.

29,79

29,62

,025

29,76

29,66

,05

30,22

30,02

29,76

29,48

,86

30,22

30,20

30,08

30,00

80,25

30,22

80,10

30,00

30,28

30,19

29;92

29,87

30,26

30,25

29,92

29,72

,076

30,30

30,18

30,14

30,04

,085

30,14

30,04

30,07

30,00

Edmonton.

Charles Henry Adams.

CELESTIAL PHENOMENA, for April, 163'i.

D. H. M.

1 22 11

3 li

4 M

8 34

9 40

18 49

7 21

1»

13 20 13

12 46

17 22

18 19 68

19 14 36

20 19 46

Clock before the Q 8 m. 66 s.

$ in perihelio

Q rises 5 h. 33 m. sets 6 h.

27 m.
Q passes the meridian
2Z passes the meridian
9 in conj. with 2/ lowPT- 14.
in Aquarius, ^ lat. 1. 17.
S. Iat.58S.diff. oflat. 20.
^ passes the meridian
rises 6 h. 25 m. sets 6 h.

36. m.
Clock before the (7) 2 m. 44s.
P passes the meridian
J) in perige

^ in conj. with H long. 14 in
Cap. ^lat. 1.16. S. y lat.
40 S. diff. of lat. 86.
T^ passes the meridian
i in D or firet quarter
passes the meridian
in Aphelio
alias R. A. 22 h. 47 m. Decl.
3. 14. N.
Clock before the Q 1 m. 18 s.
rises 6 h. 16 min. sets 6 h.

45 min.
occult, of Saturn, Im. 3 h. 26m.
Em. 4t> h. 10 m. mean time.
S passes the meridian.
S passes the meridian.
Ecliptic oppos. or Q full m.
Clock after the 1 m.
rises 5 h. 6 m. sets 6 h.
54 m.

passes the meridian
in conj. with ^ in Oph.
esta R. A. 8 h. 27 m. Decl.
25. 6. N.

passes the meridian
enters Taurus
lock after the Q 1 m. 11 s.
rises 4 h. 56 m. sets 7 h.

4 m.
(C passes the meridian

D. H. M.

21 3 ([ in Apo^e

21 10 23 ^ passes the meridian

22 16 12 ^ in D or last quarter

22 Juno R. A. 9 h. 52 m. Decl.

11.23. N.

23 22 in conj. with ^ lon^. 18. in

Cap. ([ lat. 55 S. y lat. 40.
S. diff. of lat. 15.

24 ^ Stationary near ( in Aries
36 52 2 passes the meridian

25 Clock after the 2 m. 10 s.

26 ([ in conj. with ^ long, i in

Aqnanus ([ lat. 1. 57. S.

S lat. 1.32. S. diff. of lat.

26.
25 rises 4 h. 47 m. sets 7 h.

13 m.
25 20 8 ^ pa&ses the meridian

25 22 80 9 passes the meridian

26 Juno R. A. 9 h. 54 m. Decl.

11.30. N.
26 10 14 ([ in conj. with 2/ long 19 m
Aquarius ([ Ut 8. 17. S.
Jup.lat. 1. 2. S. diff oflat.
2.16.

26 21 30 ([ passes the meridian

27 32 5f in conj. with J in Aries.

28 7 50 C inconj. with 9 long. 14 X

([ lat. 4. 36. S. $ lat. 1.

32. S. diff. of lat. 3. 4.
30 Ceres R. A. h. 56 m. Decl.

2. 46. S.
80 Clock after the 2 nl. 66 s.
80 rises 4 h. 38 m. sets 7h.

22 m.
30 28 ^ passes the meridian
SO 3 40 Ecliptic conj. or # new moon
80 15 28 ([ in conj. with $ long. 17.

in Aries, ([ at. 4. 56- S.

Merc. lat. 1.29. N. diff. of

lat 6. 25.

None of the eclipses of Jupiter's satellites
are visible in London this month.

The waxing moon ]) . — the waning moon ([

J. LEWTHWAITE.
Rotberhithe

THE

lliiiilri^n

JOURNAL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES,

No. L.

[second series.]

^ttmt Hj^ntmtfi,

To John Moore, of Broad Wier, in the city of Bristol ^
gentleman, for certain new or improved machinery for
propelling carriages ; also for propelling ships ,
vessels J or other floating bodies, and for guiding
propelled carriages, and apparatus for condensing
the steam of the steam engines after it has propelled
the steam engine piston. — [Sealed 30th Sept. 1829.J

The subjects of this Patent are divided into two heads;
first, an apparatus for actuating and guiding the running
wheels of a locomotive carriage, or driving the paddle
wheels of a steam vessel ; and, secondly, the employment
of an air valve in the eduction tube of the steam engine,
for the purpose of promoting the condensation. The
manner in which these improvements are described in

Vol. IX. — Second Sbribs. i

58 Recent Patents.

the specification, render it very difficult to discover the
whole of the Patentee's inventions ; we shall^ however,
give the best explanation we are enabled to aiake under
these citcum stances, observing", that in our opinion, those
parts of the invention, which are intelligibly shewn, do
not appear likely to become practically useful for the
purposes proposed.

Plate III. fig. 1, is a horizontal representation of the
locomotive engine ; a, a, a, is a square or oblong frame
through which the axle b, of the running wheel c, c,
passes, and at right angles to this is the perch d, d, of
the carriage ; e,/, and g, h, are vibrating levers, turning
upon the perch d, as their fulcrums or axle ; the ends of
these levers are attached by joints to the lateral levers
/, and k, which turn upon the axle of the running wheels
as their fulcrum. At the ends of these lateral levers
2, and Ar, clips I, m, n, o, are affixed, which are severally
designed to take hold occasionally of the periphery of
the running wheels, in order that, by depressing one end,
and raising the other end of the lateral levers i, k, the
clips having hold of the wheels, may force them round.

The driving powers, which may be that of a steam
engine mounted in the carriage, is to be connected by a
rod to one of the arms e,/^ g, or A, and by its recipro-
cating action these arms will be alternately raised and
depressed, and the lateral levers i, and k, consequently
be made to vibrate upon their fulcrums on the axle /.

This vibratory action of the lateral levers i, and Ar, will,
it is said, cause the clips /, m, n, o, to take hold of the
periphery of the wheel, and to drive it through part of a
rotation, and it is by a succession of these vibratory
strokes, that the wheels are to be pushed round, and the
carriage or vessel to be propelled forward.

Mooters, for Impts, in Propelling Carriages* 69

Such is the scheme proposed^ but it must be confessed^
that the drawing does not exhibit a practicable method of
accomplishing the intended motion^ and, if really accom-
plished, it is quite obvious that the movement must be
too slow for any such purpose, as that of propelling the
running wheels of carriages, or the paddle wheels of
steam vessels.

The mode of steering or guiding carriages, is not more
intelligibly made out in the specification than the pre-
ceding. A rectangular fmine p^p^p, p, which is placed
before the carriage already described, at fig. 1, is
mounted upon two moving wheels q, q, which constitutes
the fore carriage ; r, is the steering cross, upon the axle
of which there is a pulley or roller with a cord or chain
s, s, Sy s, passing round it, and over pulleys at the angles
of the frame ; and after embracing a pulley at t^ the ends
of this cord or chain are made fast to the frame of the
hinder carriage.

Thfere is no explanation given of the way in which this
is to turn or guide the carriage, and we are left in a very
unsatisfactory way to conjecture it.

Fig. 2, is intended to exhibit the improvements for con-
densing steam after it has passed from the working cylinder ;
a, isa section of the working cylinder, with its piston; 6,6, the
boxes with the induction and^duction valves, from whence
a tube c, c, c, passes from a boiler to convey the steam
into the cylinder, and the tube d, d, d, carries off the
steam from the eduction ; /*> is a box with a valve, open-
ing to admit atmospheric air, for the purpose of aiding
the condensation, the water being discharged by the pipe e.
There is another plan proposed, shewn at fig. 3, which, it
is said, will answer equally well. All that we can make
out of this, is, that cold water is to be poured down the

60 Recent Patents.

tube g, g, to aid the condensation, and the water to
run oflF at bottom. — [Inrolled in the Petty Bag Office,
March, 1830.]

To Edward Turner, of Gower-street^ in the county of
Middlesex, M. D. and Willlam Shand, of the Burn,
in Kincardineshire, in that part of the United King'
dom called Scotland, Esq. for their having invented
a new method of purifying and whitening sugars, or
other matter, — [Sealed 26th June, 1830.]

The removal of the colouring matter from sugar is
usually effected by filtering water through the sugar in a
conical vessel. The broad end of the vessel is placed
uppermost, and being filled with the moist sugar, its sur-
face is covered with wet clay, from which the water
descends through the sugar, and carrying with it the
colouring matter in solution, passes off at bottom through
a hole in the apex of the inverted cone.

The plan proposed by the Patentees is not materially
different from that above described, excepting that they
propose to force the water through the sugar, instead of
allowing it to descend slowly by its own gravity.

Plate II. fig. 12, represents a vessel a, formed as the
frustrum of a cone : it is proposed to be made by staves
of wood, combined as a cask, with iron hoops round it,
having a bottom perforated with small holes. On the
top edge of this vessel there is a flange or flat rim b, b,
into which the plate c, of fig. 13, is intended to fit.

The vessel is placed in a tripod stand for convenience,
and when filled with sugar fresh from the boiler, it is
allowed to get cold ; then the plate c, is placed over it.

Turner and Strand* s, for Impts. in Sugar. 61

and the two are made fast together by screws or bolts
passed through the flanges. Water is then poured into the
funnel z, which^ when the stop cock is opened^ paisses
down the perpendicular pipe or column e, into the ves-
sel a, and there descending through the sugar by its
gravity^ passes out at bottom^ bringing the colouring
matter from the sugar with it in.<soIution.

A coarse cloth should be laid upon the surface of the
sugar, to prevent its being disturbed by the descending
water ; and leather should be introduced between the
flanges to prevent the water oozing out at the joint.

Syrup or molasses may be used^ or other fluids^ instead
of water^ as the invention consists in applying a column
of liquor of any suitable kind, on the top of a vessel
containing sug'ar, for the purpose of carrying ofl* the
colouring matter in its descent through the sugar with
greater expedition than is effected by the ordinary means
of clarifying. — [Inrolled in the Inrolment Office, Decem-
ber, 1830.]

To Moses Poole, of Lincoln* s Inn, gentleman^ in con^
sequence of a communication made to him by a certain
foreigner residing abroad, for an invention of cer»
tain improvements in the apparatus used for certain
processes of extracting molasses or syrup from
sugar. — [Sealed 26th June, 1830.]

The object of this invention is precisely the same as the
preceding, but the mode of effecting it is different.

An open vessel is to be made with what is called a
false bottom, that is, a double bottom, the inner one being

62 Recent Patents.

perforated with many holes; this false bottom is to be
concave as a basin^ and to be covered mth a horse hair
clothe to prevent the materials passing through.

When filled with the sugar frdm which the colouring
matter is to be extracted, an exhaustion is to be produced
in the vessel under the false bottom, which will cause the
liquid matter above to pass rapidly through by the su-
perincumbent pressure of the atmosphere, and thereby
carry off the colouring matter quickly, which may be
occasionally drawn from the bottom of the vessel, by
opening a stop cock for the purpose.

The exhaustion to be produced under the false bottom,
is proposed to be effected by condensing steam. No draw-
ings accompany the specification, though the Patent is
granted for ^'improvements in the apparatus used for
certain processes of extracting molasses, &c." We
should rather say improvements in the process of ex-
tracting, &c. It is, however, said that a jet of cold
water is to be thrown into the vessel filled with steam, or
rather a shower by a rose head distributor, which by
cooling and condensing the steam, will produce an ex-
haustion of the air under the false bottom of the vessel
containing the sugar without employing an air pump. — [In-
rolled in the Inrolment Office, December, 1830.]

To John Lanb Higoins, of Oxford- street, in the county
of Middlesex , gentleman, for certain improvements
in wheel carriages, — [Sealed 1 1th August, 1828,")

The intention of the Patentee is to construct an improved
apparatus for locking the fore wheels of a carriage, in
which, instead of thej axletree turning upon a centre pin.

Higgins\ for Impts, in Wheel Carriages. 63

fixed in for part of the axletree, as in the ordinary way,
it is here made to move round horizontally upon a
changeable centre in the following manner : —

Plate III. fig. 4, is a horizontal or plan view of the
carriage running upon three wheels, the body being re-
moved to shew the parts more clearly ; fig. 6, is an eleva-
tion of the fore wheels and axle taken transversely;
a, a, are the fore wheels ; b, the hind wheel ; c, c, c, c,
the fore carriage for supporting the body of the vehicle,
having springs under it affixed to the axletree as usual ;
e, is called the sway bar, which is connected to the fore
carriage under the perch ; /, f, is a double perch, formed
through and secured to the transome g. The bed of the
fore carriage is at e, fixed upon the axletree ; i, i, is an
iron staple, firmly fixed to and standing up from the bed,
seen best at fig. 5, the ends of which staple form the
double or changeable centres.

The double perch /, /*, bears upon the bed A, under
the staple i, i, in the fore carriage, add upon the springiSi
or axletree of the hind wheels. Two curved pieced kj k,
are framed into the transome g, and made fast to the
ends of the perch. These pieces k, ky are segments of
circles, the radius of which is equal to thie length of the
staple t. There is a bolt fixed at I; intended to work
against the bent piece m, when the carriage is on (he
lock.

/The perch is drawn forward by the ends of the staple
i, bearing against the segment piece A:, k^ and when it is
upon the lock, as shewn by dots in fig. 4, one end of the
staple becomes the centre of motion, while the other end
moves round within the arc of the segment piece by
which it is confined.

The Patentee says, a body being fixed upon the fore
carriage, and turning with it between the wheels in the

64 Recent Patents,

same manner as a two wheeled carriage, the driving is
rendered much safer and easier than an ordinary four
wheeled carriage ; a great advantage is also gained by
this construction of carriage, when backing or going
down hill. The two ends of the staple bearing against
the transome, the hind wheel is kept parallel with the
fore wheels, except when the driver wishes to alter his
course. Another body seat or boot may be placed over
the hind wheel, with a recess for that wheel to work in.

The carriage may be made of any of the usual mate-
rials, and the form and proportions may be varied acr*
cording to the kind of body or seat , for which it is
intended.

Tb^ Patentee concludes by sayipg, *' My invention
does not consist in any specific form or construction of
the wheel, axletrees, springs, or other parts in a detached
state ; but my improvements consist in combining and
i^rranging those parts in such a manner as to form three
wheeled carriages with double centre perches. The
figures of the drawing shew how the parts are to be
combined to form a carriage of the above kind, but the.
arrangements, forms, dimensions and proportions of the
parts may be greatly varied to render carriages of the
above description suitable for various purposes of plea-
sure or utility ; such va,riations will be obvious jto any
competent workman who may construct carriages accord-
ing to my improvement." — [InroUed in the Inrolment
Office, Feb. 1829.^ .

[ 65 ]

To William Mencke, of Park-place, Peckhdm, in the county of
Surrey^ gentleman, for certain improvements in preparing mate-
rials for and in the making or manufacturing of bricks, — [Sealed
11th August, 1828.]

There are two objects proposed under this Patent ; the first is, to
improve the quality of bricks by the admixture of chalk with the
clay; and, secondly, the employment of a peculiar construction of
press for forming or moulding the bricks in a more perfect and
expeditious manner, than by hand moulds.

In the first instance> the clay is to be prepared with chalk, by
grinding the two substances together in an ordinary pug mill.
The mass of material, after having been ground, is to be mixed
with a considerable quantity of water ; and when it has been al-
lowed to settle, the water is to be drawn off from the top by a
portable pump, the trunk of which must be gradually lowered
into the fluid, so as not to disturb the mixture, or become itself
clogged by the clay. When the water has been sufficiently
withdrawn, a quantity of sulphuric acid is to be poured upon the
clay, which will caiise the materials to mix more perfectly to-
gether. The proportions of clay and chalk are not stated, nor
the quantity of sulphuric acid, but these will probably require
to be varied, according to the qualities of the material.

When the chemical action of the acid upon the earthy matters
has sufficiently operated, and the materials have been properly
incorporated together, the plastic stuff is to be spread out to dry
in Slabs, and when dry, is to be fed by hand into the press or ma-
chine, in which the bricks are to be formed.

Plate III. fig. 6, represents an elevation of the brick-making
press, consisting of two strong iron pillars a, a, which are the
main supports ; b, is the cross beam at top, through which the
screw c, passes; and d, the crossbeam at bottom, having a reser-
voir of water with the plug or stem e, working in it, as an ordi-
nary hydraulic press.

Vol. IX. Second Series. k

66 Recent Patents.

The box or mould in which the bricks are made, is shewn at
/,/, fixed to and supported by the standard pillars. It consists
of a rectangular frame with partitions, dividing the box into any
number of spaces corresponding to the form and size of the in-
tended bricks, of which eight, twelve, or any other desired num-
ber may be moulded at one time. This box is open both at top
and bottom; the under side is to be closed when the machine is in
operation by a flat board g, supported by the flat table, called the
follower h, which is mounted on the stem e, of the hydraulic
press; and the force pump being worked as usual in other hydrau-
lic presses, the water will be forced through the pipe t, and raise
up the follower h, and board g, to the under side of the mould;
the screw c, is attached to the plunger k, having a number of
blocks on its under side, corresponding to the number of bricks
intended to be made at one operation in the mould, which blocks,
are designed to compress the material, and to force the bricks out
of the mould when formed.

The clay and other material compounded as above stated, is to
be thrown into the mould/, in a dry state, by a labourer, and
when the mould is solidly fQled, the material is to be spread level
with the top of the frame/; the lever /, of the fly press being
now swung round, the blocks of the plunger k, vnll descend into
the compartments of the mould, and press the material into a
compact form. The valve of the hydraulic press may now be
opened, which will cause the follower h, to descend, when by
further turning the lever /, of the fly press, the brick will be dis-
charged from the moulds through the bottom on to the board g, by
which they may be removed from the press to be dried, and ano-
ther batch of bricks made in the machine in the like way.

The bricks after having been thus formed, are to be dried,
ready for burning, by piling them in open ranges, in an arched
oven. The construction of the oven for drying is not very ma-
terial, but it is proposed, to make a series of long narrow ovens,
with arched roofs, the furnace of each being in front, and the
chimney at the back, by which means> the. heat will be conducted

Rouse" Si for Impts. in watering Roads, 67

through the stacks of bricks, and the moist vapour be carried off
by the chimneys.

When the bricks have been sendered sufficiently dry by these
means, they are to be removed from the ovens, and are to be
again stacked within the same ovens with fiiel ; and in that way
they are to be burned and rendered fit for use.

Bricks made in this manner will be found to be of a very su-
perior quality, more compact, better shaped, and more durable
than any bricks that have been hei*etofore made by any other
means or materials. — [InroUed in the Inralment Office^ February ,
18290

To John Boasb, of Albany-street, gentleman, and Thomas
Smith, mechanic, of Augustus-street, both in the Regenfs-park,
in the county of Middlesex ^ for their having invented certain
improvements in machines or machinery for scraping, sweeping,
cleaning, and watering streets, roads, and other ways, which
machines or machinery may be applied to other purposes. —
[Sealed 10th December, 1828.]

It appears to be the intention of the Patentees to save part of the
labour of scavengers, by driving a machine, containing a rotary
brush and scrapers, over the surface of streets and roads, in order
to bring the mud, without the labour of hand sweeping, to one
side of the way, where it may be taken up by scoops, and thrown
into the mud cart by hand labour, as usual, in order to be carried
away.

Plate III. fig. 7, shews a plan, or horizontal representation of
'the machine ; a, a, is a rectangular frame, mounted upon a rotary
axle b, to which the running wheels c, c, are affixed ; d, d, is an
axle placed diagonally, which has a cylindrical brush fixed upon
it. This axle turns in bearings in the frame a, and is driven
round by a bevel pinion on the rotary axle b.

Horses are to be attached to this carriage by means of the

68 Recent Patents,

shafts in front, or it may be drawn by hand as a track. The
rotation of the running wheels c, c, as the carriage goes forward,
gives, through the bevel pinions, an opposite rotary movement to
the cylindrical brush, which sweeps the mud in a diagonal direc-
tion to the side of the road.

In order to collect that portion of the mud which has the stiff-
est consistency before sweeping, scrapers are employed to pre-
cede the brush ; these scrapers are made by plates of metal e, e, e,
suspended by rods or chains from the shaft /, which is' placed
diagonally in the fore part of the carriage. The shaft is made
capable of turning upon its axis, in order to raise the scrapers to
any height from the ground that may be desired ; being in many
pieces, they are enabled to give way if any stone or other obstruc-
tion comes against them. A tail scraper, of a half-moon shape, is
affixed to the back part of the carriage at g, to collect and scrape
the mud into a heap on the side. A tank with water may also
be placed on the top of the machine, if required, to water the
ground. — [Inrolled in the Inrolment Office, February, 1829.]

To Henry Cruger Price, and Charles Fox Price, of the
city of Bristol, ironmongers, for their having invented or found
out an improvement in and upon certain apparatus already known
for the communicating of heat by rneans of the circulating of
/Mt(fe.— [Sealed 20th August, 1829.]

The apparatus. to which this improvement relates^ is for.thB
communicating of heat to air, for the purpose of warming
the iQterior.of apartments in dwelling houses, or. for shops,
or manufactories; of churches and public offices; of hot
houses and ; conservatories. for plants, or other buildings in
which a moderate degree of artificial heat or warmth -is re-
quired to be given to the air. therein contained; the com-

Price'syfor Impts, in communicating Heat. 69

ttiunication of that heat being effected by means of the
circulation of hot water through a system of pipes and hollow
vessels ; one of which vessels is situated at the lower part of
the apparatus, and is exposed to the heat of fire, in the
manner of a boiler, in order to give heat to the water therein
contained ; and other hollow vessels which are situated at the
upper part of the apparatus, and are surrounded with the air
which is to be warmed, by communicating to that air a part of
the heat which the contained water received when the same was
in the boiler.

The circulation is kept up in that direction which will al-
ways cause the water which is heated in the boiler, to flow out
from the upper part, through ascending pipes, into the other
pipes or vessels which are exposed to the air ; and as fast as
the same water becomes cooled, by communicating part of its
heat to that air, it flows out from the vessels, through descend-
ing pipes, and returns into the lower part of the boiler, where
it becomes heated again, and as fast as it is so heated it rises
to the upper part of the boiler, and passes away again through
the ascending pipes to the upper hollow vessels, so as to keep
up a continual circulation of all the water that is contained in
the apparatus, through every part of the system of pipes and
hollow vessels ; for the water goes out of the boiler as soon as
it is heated by the fire that is applied thereto, and it returns
back into the said boiler, after it has become cooled within
the vessels which are exposed to the air that is to be warmed
by the apparatus. >

The said circulation results from the ' manner in which the
said boiler and pipes and hollow vessels are disposed, arranged
and combised one with another, into a system, whereof that
part where the fire is applied is on a lower level than the other
parts which are surrounded by the air that is to be warmed :
and the ascending and descending connecting pipes between
one part' and 'the other of the apparatus are so arranged, that
the columns of water contained in each of the said pipes

^ •

70 Recent Patents.

respectively shall be of equal vertical height ; but nevertheless
that the water constituting the column within the boiler (and
the pipes ascending from it), shall be hotter than the water
constituting the column within the vessels that are exposed to
the air that is to be heated (and the pipes descending from
them) : in short, the apparatus must contain two distinct
columns of water, one hotter than the other, which com-
municate freely at their respective lowest levels, where the
boiler is situated, and also at their highest levels, where the
vessels that are exposed to the air are situated.

The two columns are of equal vertical heights, or altitudes,
but the water in one column being colder, and consequently
heavier than the hotter water in the column, will preponderate,
and weigh up that other column, so as to cause motion and
circulation of the water through the apparatus, by virtue of
those alterations of specific gravity which take place in water,
or other fluids, whenever they are heated or cooled.

For instance, when heat is communicated to water, so as to
raise its temperature, the water expands ; that is, its bulk or
volume increases, and consequently, the specific gravity of the
water is diminished ; for any given measure of it will weigh less
than it would have weighed when the temperature was lower.
Or on the other hand, when heat is withdrawn from water, so
as to lower its temperature, that water shrinks or contracts in
bulk, and consequently its specific gravity is increased. On
this principle, if one of the columns of water in the apparatus
is always kept hot by the application of fire to the lowest
part of it (that is, under the boiler), and if the other column
is always kept cool by the communication of part of its heat
to the air that is to be warmed (that cooling taking place at
the upper part of the column), then the greater specific gravity
of the cold water in the latter column will outweigh the hotter
water in the other colunm, so as to displace the hot water out
of the boiler, and drive it upwards through the ascending
pipes into the vessels which are exposed to the air, as fast

Price* Si for Itnpts. in communicating Heai. 71

as the cooler water runs out therefrom through the descending
pipes into the boiler ; and the ' heated water so entering
those upper vessels^ being cooled in its turn by communicating
part of its heat to the surrounding air, becomes heavier, and
then descends, forcing up out of the boiler a fresh quantity of
water which has become heated again therein, and consequently
lightened ; and thus the water in the boiler, at the bottom of
the two columns, being continually heated by the fire, and the
wiiter in the upper vessels being continually cooled by warming
the air with which they are surrounded, a constant circulation
of the water is produced through all parts of the apparatus,
whereby that water becomes a vehicle for the conveyance and
distribution of heat from the fire to places at a distance, where
that heat is required to be communicated to air.

And whereas apparatus of the above description is already
known, and is not of our invention, it is not necessary to de-
scribe the same more minutely : what is hereinbefore stated
being sufficient to explain the kind of apparatus to which our
improvement is to be applied : and our improvement consists
in a certain arrangement and combination of pipes and vessels
(hereinafter described) to be connected with the upper part of
the ascending pipes from the boiler, which ascending pipes
contain the column of heated water, in order to receive the in-
crease which takes place in the volume of the water that is
contained in the apparatus as it becomes heated. Our improve-
ment operating in such manner as to avoid overflowing by that
increase, and yet to keep the boiler and the vessels which are
exposed to the air, which is to be warmed, (as well as the
ascending and descending pipes connecting between the same),
always full of water.

And further, our improvement consists in constructing the
aforesaid vessels, which are exposed to the air that is to be
warmed, in a particular manner (hereinafter described), with
several cylindrical vessels of different diameters, which are put
one within another, in pairs, the upper and lower edges of each
pair being joined together, in order that the space left vacant

• .ViT

T2 ttecent Patents.

between the two cylinders may form a vessel to coDtain the hot
water. A series of such Cylindrical vessels are disposed one
within another, leaving narrow cylindrical spaces between them
for the passage of the air that is to be warmed by the hot
water, which is contained within the vessels ; consequently, the
said air will be eitposed, or spread out in thin layers, which
are situated between extensive surfaces of the vessels contain-
ing the hot water ; and, conversely, the hot water so contained,
will be spread out in thin layers, between the said extensive
surfaces of the vessels exposed to the air ; and that air is
caused to ascend in a continuous current through the narrow
cylindrical spaces allotted for it betweeen the said cylindrical
vessels, at the same that the hot water flows downwards
through the interior of the cylindrical vessels, whereby the
heat of the water will be rapidly and completely communicated
to the air.

And for the full explanation of our improvement we have
hereunto annexed a drawing, which represents so much of an
apparatus for the communicating of heat to air, by means of
the circulation of hot water through the apparatus, as is re-^
quisite for the full explanation of our improvement, and the
adaptation thereof to the apparatus already known.

Plate IV. flig. 1. is an elevation of the apparatus with our
improvement. Figs. 2, 3, and 4, are horizontal sections of
what we term our water stove, being our aforesaid series of
vessels, one within another, by which the' heat is communicated
from the hot water to the air : and ^g, 6, is a vertical section
of the same stove. The . same letters of reference are used to
denote the same parts in all the figures ; a, represents the
boiler, which is of the kind commonly used for steam engines;
and the only difference in the use of it is, that it is quite filled
with water. The boiler is heated by applying fire to it in any
of the modes in use for steam boilers ; but the furnace is much
smaller, in proportion to the boiler, than is usual in steam
boilers. The construction of the boiler forming no part of our
invention need not be further described.

Price* Sy for Impts, in communicating Heat, 73

b, is an ascending pipe, joined to the upper part of the* boiler,
to convey the hot water therefrom up to the cylindrical vessel c ;
the ascending pipe b, is no part of our invention. The vessel c,
with the pipes and vessels marked d, e,/, g, k, i, and k, we term
bur safety reservoir, and we claim the whole thereof as part of
our invention. The cylindrical vessel c, is of such size as will
facilitate the \mion of those pipes with it ; and it also serves as
a reservoir, which contains an extra quantity of water beyond
what would be absolutely necessary for the performance of the
apparatus, and thereby allows hot water to be drawn off from the
apparatus (when required for any useful purpose), without inter-
rupting the operation of the apparatus ; e?, is a pipe joined to the
top of the vessel c, and to the bottom of the upper vessel e, in
order to convey the increased and superfluous quantity of water
(whether arising from the expansion of the water by heat, or
otherwise), from c, into e.

The pipe e?, is curved, or looped down and up again, to form
an inverted syphon, which will prevent the circulation of water
that might otherwise take place between c, and e, in conse-
quence of the water contained in c, (which is the lowest) being
hotter than that contained in e, (which is higher) ; e, is a vessel in
the form of a frustum of a cone, open at top, and the pipe d, joins
it at bottom. It receives the water that may 'proceed from c,
in consequence of the increase of the volume of the water con-
tained in the apparatus when it becomes heated. As the vessel e, is
provided to allow for that expansion, its capacity should be made
suitable to the increase of bulk consequent upon the application of
heat. When the fluid employed is water, the capacity of the vessel
e, should be one twentieth part of the quantity of water contained
in all the other parts of the apparatus, because water, at the
mean temperature of 52 degrees of Faht. expands about one
twentieth of its volume when it becomes heated to 212 degrees,
or the botLiug point. The vessel e, is made conical, in order that
as the water rises within it the extent of surface it exposes to
the atmosphere may be diminished, and the evaporation propor-

V«L. IX. — Second Sbribs. l

74 Recent Patents,

tionably lessened ; /, is a cylindrical vessel, within which the
conical vessel e, is contained as it were within a case. The ves-
sel/, is open at top, and its use is to receive such part of the
water as may overflow the top of e, in consequence of the gene-
ration of vapour in the boiler, or any other cause. The waste
of water from the apparatus, whether by evaporation or by being
withdrawn for useful purposes, or from other causes, may also be
supplied by pouring water into the vessel/; and g, is a pipe de-
scending from / to c, with a stop cock in it at ^, to let down the
water from/, into c ; t, is a short pipe joined to the lowest part
of tlie loop in the pipe d, and to the pipe g, where it joins to
the top of the vessel c ; it has a stop cock k, in it. When the
cock ky is opened, it allows the loop of d, to empty itself of water
which might otherwise obstruct the escape of the air from the
apparatus when it is to be filled, preparatory to working ; /, is a
pipe from the bottom of the vessel c, to the bottom of our stove
m. The pipe /, is no part of our invention ; m, (see also figs.
2, 3, 4, and 5), is our stove, which we do claim as part of our
invention ; n, is a pipe descending from the bottom of the
stove m, to the bottom of the boiler a ; it serves to conduct the
water down from the stove m, (as it becomes cooled therein) ta
the boiler, that it may be heated again. The pipe «, we do not
claim as our invention. The vessel c, should never be entirely
empty ; and to ascertain the height of the water within it, a
small vessel s, is joined at the lower part of it, by the pipe r,
and cock t, to the bottom of the vessel c ; therefore, when the
cock t, is opened (the cocks h, or A, being also opened to esta-
blish a free communication with the atmosphere), the water will
rise within the vessel 5, to the same height as it stands within c.
The vessel s, is open at top, and that top is on a higher level
than the top of c ; s, may be made of glass, to see the height of
the water within it. The parts r, s, t, we do not claim as part
of our invention. The stove m, is made of concentric cylinders,
placed one within the other, leaving narrow spaces between the
cylinders, which are united in pairs at top and at bottom, so that
the space left between each pair, will serve as a vessel to contain

Price s, for Impls, in commuvicalivg Heat. 75

iKrater, as shewn by the spaces d, e, in figs. 3 and 5.
The spaces or intervals /,/,/, between the several cylinders
c, d, e, that contain the water, are left vacant for the passage of
the air that is to be warmed by the hot water that is contained
within the vessels c, d, e. The cylindrical vessels rf, e, of the
stove, are each composed of two cylinders of metal, which enter
one within the other, leaving a space of about two inches wide
for water between the two cylinders ; and they are united to each
other by flanges, at top and bottom of each ; viz. the flange at
the bottom of the smallest or interior cylinder projects outwards
from the base thereof ; whilst the lowest flange of the larger or
external cylinder projects inwards therefrom ; and the under
surface of the latter flange applies upon the upper surface of the
before mentioned flange. Suitable packing is interposed between
the flanges, and they are united by screws put upwards through
the lowest flange, and screwed into the other. In like manner
the flange at the top of the inner cylinder projects outwards ;
whilst the upper flange of the outward cylinder projects inwards ;
but those upper flanges fit one into the other to form one plane,
the outside circumference of the flange of the inner cylinder
being of the same size and figure as the inside circumference of
the flange of the exterior cylinder ; and the crack between those
two circumferences is covered by a flat circular ring applied over
the top surface of the two flanges, with suitable packing under
the ring, which is fastened down by screws put down througli
the ring, and tapped into the flanges.

Note, — It is obvious, that in order to put the cylinders toge-
ther, the lower flange of the outer cylinder must be large enough
within side to drop over the upper flange of the inner cylinder ;
but ears may project within the interior circle of the said lower
flange of the outer cylinder to receive the screws, and corre-
sponding indentations being made in the exterior edge of the
upper flange of the inner cylinder, will allow one cylinder to drop
over the other ; also the interior of the upper flange of the outer
cylinder must have ears projecting inwards, to fill up the said
indentations.

76 Recent Patents.

£ach of the vessels so formed of two cylinders, has two necks
projecting from it, viz. one at the bottom, projecting downwards,
to connect with the branches m, m, of the pipe n, to convey the
water away from the stove ; and the other neck, projecting up-
wards from the top, to connect with the branches x, x, in order
to introduce the hot water into the vessel : for this purpose the
pipe /, is joined to the bottom of a large pipe c, which stands
up in the centre of the smallest of the vessels. That large pipe
may be considered as a continuation of the pipe /, only enlarged
in diameter, to form a small vessel, and expose more surface ; an
interval is left all round it, for the passage of the air that is to
be heated ; and at the top of the vessel c, the branch x, x, is
joined, to connect with the upper necks of the concentric ves-
sels e?, and e, in order to introduce the hot water freely and
equally into both of them.

'Note, — The upper neck of each vessel, where the hot water
is introduced into it, should be situated at that part of its inte-
rior capacity which is the most remote from the lower neck, by
which the same water makes its exit from the same vessel, in
order that the water may be compelled to pass through every
part of the interior of the vessel.

The bottom of the stove is raised up from the floor of the
apartment in which the stove is placed, by supports, in order to
admit the external air beneath the bottom, that it may pass
freely up into the spaces left vacant for it* passage upwards, be-
tween the several water vessels c, d, e. The top of the stove is
a dome a, covering all the cylindrical vessels of which the stove
is composed, and receiving all the air that rises through the
spaces /, /, /, /, between them : at the top of the dome a, is a
turning register, of the same kind as usually applied in other
air stoves ; that register serves to regulate the exit of the warm
air from the stove, according to the quantity that is required to
be discharged into the place where the stove is situated ; h, is
a small tube, joined to the highest part of the top branch x, x,
which connects the three vessels c, d, e, ; the tube h, passes up
through the centre of the turning knob of the register, at the

P rice* s, for Impts. in communicating Heat. 77

top of the dome a, and has a small air cock m, at the top, which
is opened to allow the air to escape from the spaces c, d, e, when
they are to be first filled with water, but when they become
full the air cock m, is to be shut.

To fill the apparatus for action, all the stop cocks h, k, t, fig. 1,
and m, fig. 5, must be opened, and water being introduced mto the
upper vessel /, fig. 1, it will flow through the pipe g, and cock
h, into the vessel c, and firom thence by the pipes h, I, and n, it
will run down and fill the boiler a, and the stove m, until every part
thereof is full. When the water begins to issue at the cock an, fig. 5,
that cock must be closed, and also when the height of the water in
the transparent or other vessel s, fig. 1, indicates that the vessel c,
is full to the top, all the other cocks h, k, and t, must be shut.

Note. — ^This mode of filling the apparatus from the vessel/,
is that which may be commonly practised, though it is by no
means essential that the water should be introduced at/. If
convenience requires, the water may be introduced (either by
a pump, or by a pipe from an elevated reservoir) into any part
of the apparatus, even into the boiler a, the only condition being,
that the whole apparatus shall be completely fitted up to the
level of the top of the vessel c.

The fire is then to be lighted beneath the boiler a, and as the
water within it becomes heated (and consequently becomes spe-
cifically lighter than the water in the other parts, which have not
been heated), the circulation vdll begin, by the colder and heavier
water in the descending pipe /, n, overbalancing the hotter and
lighter water in the ascending pipe b, and therefore the colder
water vyill force its way into the lower part of the boiler a, and
displace and force therefrom a corresponding quantity of hot
water up the ascending pipe b, and into the vessel c ; it is ob-
vious that a corresponding quantity of water will at the same
time run down the descending pipe /, and pass through the stove
m, where it will communicate part of its heat to the air that is
contained in the spaces /, /, /, /, fig. 5, and the water thus be-
coming cooled (and consequently heavier), will descend through the
descending pipe «, fig. 1, into the bottom of the boiler, forcing up a

78 Recent Patents.

like quantity of heated water by the ascending pipe 6. and so the
circulation will go on. The fire under the boiler continues giving
heat continually to the water that is within it, and the stove
always communicates part of the heat of the contained water to
the air that is passing through it, and which surrounds it. Hence
the difference of specific gravity, which causes the circulation, is
continually kept up so long as the fire is continued, and the ap-
paratus kept at work. It is obvious, that the heat given to the
water should never be accumulated so much as to produce steam
in the boiler. '

Note. — ^The ascending pipe h, and the vessel c, should be
covered with wrappers of non-conducting substance, to avoid
loss of heat by radiation and contact with the air, because the
ascending column of water in a, b, c, must be kept hot, whilst
that in /, m, n, is cooled. If more convenient, the ascending
pipe b, may be carried up within the chinmey of the furnace for
the boiler. The above apparatus is represented with only two
of our stoves m, but the same boiler and pipes, and our safety
reservoir (consisting of the vessel c, with the pipes and vessels
marked d, e,f, g, h, t, k), may supply several of our stoves,
situated either in different places, or together in the same place,
according to the distribution of heat and heated air that is re-
quired to be effected by the apparatus. It is advisable to place
the stoves m, on a level, as much higher than the boiler a, as
convenience will allow, because the circulation will be the more
rapid, and consequently the communication of heat will be more
effectual. The water which has passed through one of our
stoves, may afterwards be conducted through another stove, as
shewn by the figure, so as to serve both.

The dimensions of the apparatus, and the form and disposition
of the several pipes and vessels, must be adapted according to
the situation in which the apparatus is to be fixed, and the space
which is to be heated thereby ; few situations being alike in all
respects, no rule can be laid down for dimensions, but the same
must be left to the judgment of the artificer who is to construct
the same, and he must adapt it according to the local circum-

Ford*s for Impts, in spinning Silk, 8^c. 79

stances of each particular case ; and as to the materials of which
the parts of the apparatus are to he composed, we prefer cast
iron for the large pipes and reservoirs, and for the stoves ; and
wrought iron for the boiler. The smaller pipes and cocks may-
be of copper and brass, and although the vessels of which the
stove is composed are stated to be cylindrical, they may be made
square, or of any other form that is preferred for giving them an
ornamental appearance. — Inr oiled in the Petty Bag Office,
February, 1830.

To John Ford, of Wandsworth Road, Vauxhall, in
the parish of Lambeth, and county of Surrey,
machine maker, for his invention of certain improve-
ments in machinery for clearings opening, scribbling,
combing, stubbing, and spinning wool, and for card*
ing, roving, or stiffening and spinning cotton y short
stapled flax, hemp, and silk, either separately or
combined ; and for spinning or twisting long stapled
flax, hemp, silk, mohair, or other fibrous substances,
and either separately or combined, — [Sealed 13th May,
1828.]

However extensive the pretensions of this Patent may
appear from the all-engrosslDg title above recited, yet
the specification extends greatly beyond even the limits
prescribed, branching into subjects which could scarcely
have been contemplated as connecting themselves in any
way with the business of clearing, opening, scribbling,
combing, carding, stubbing, roving, twisting, or spinning,
of any of the substances alluded to.

The inventions referred to are displayed by elaborate
drawings in no less than one hundred and three figures,
and of course these are very scientifically explained by a

80 Recent Patents.

voluminous description of the parts, pointing out all the
particulars of process and construction, but scarcely
hinting* at the beneficial object which all this is intended
to effect.

Out of so much matter it might be expected to find at
least some features of novelty ; we have not however
been fortunate enough to discover them.

Taking up the subjects seriatem, we find, first, an ap-
paratus for beating, breaking, or opening wool ; one of
those machines which are commonly called a deviL It
consists of two rotary fan-formed beaters, each turning
upon a horizontal axle within a close box, the under part
of which box is an open grating. The wool to be operated
upon is conducted into the machine, or as it is termed, fed
in by a creeping cloth, and is delivered to the beaters
between a pair of feeding rollers, where it becomes
opened or separated by the rapid rotary action of the
beaters as it is discharged from the rollers.

The progress of the wool through the machine is as-
sisted by a blowing apparatus, consisting of a box, con-
taining a rotary fan, the air being received into the box
by openings near the axle, and expelled through a nar-
row channel close beneath the delivering rollers, by which
means the wool, when opened, is carried in the current
of air through the machine^ and the dirt allowed to fall
down through the grating.

The creeping cloth or endless web by which the wool
is fed in, is distended upon two rollers, which are pro-
posed to be cut on their peripheries with longitudinal
ratchet flutes, which, it is said, will cause the cloth to
move on much more evenly than if the rollers were plain ;
and the novel feature is a rack and pinion under the feed-
ing frame, which, it is said, allows of regulating the
supply of material to the beaters ; and which contrivance

Pord^s, for Impts, in spinning Silk, ^c. 81

may also ,be usefully adapted to carding and scribbliug
engiues, and to drawing and roving frames. We have
examined this contriTance^ but cannot comprehend how
it is to effect the object proposed.

The next improvement is in covering the pressing
rollers of a drawing or roving frame with leather cut in
a particular way, and wound upon a roller in a spiral
form. This, it is said, will prevent the filaments of wool
from adhering to the top rollers, which is frequently a
matter of great inconvenience and loss.

Instead of pressing down these top rollers by weighted
levers, it is proposed to place flat brushes, bearing upon
their upper surfaces. These brushes are to be made with
thin bristles standing parallel to each other, not diverge
ing; and to accomplish this, a very long dissertation is
given, describing the Patentee's method of manufacturing
these brushes, the mode of tying up the bristles, of
cutting them off in tufts, of attaching them to leather
and wood as holders, of the materials to be used for the
purpose, and the implements to be employed, and so on.

After wading through this mass of irrevelant matter^
we come to the improvements proposed in the twisting
and spinning machinery, which are so indefinitely described,
that we can only say, the filaments of wool, or other mate-
rial^, are, conducted from, the drawing rollers horizontally
through spinning boxes> which carry their flyers round in
vertical directions^ and that the thread is ultimately taken
up upon bobbins turning horizontally ; in all of which
we do not perceive any novelty. But one particular
feature, as connected with the spinning apparatus, is
dwelt upon at great length, which is the mode of mould'-
ing and casting the frame work of the machinery, involv-
ing a treatise upon sand and loam, and the Patentee's

Vol. IX.— Second Series l

S2 Recent Patents.

own particular views and mode of proceeding in pre«
paring to make the castings for the spinning machine.

It will be unnecessary for us to labour further through
the labyrinths of this specification, as our readers may
rest assured that we Lave given the essence, if such it
may be called, of the above recited invention. — [Inrolled
in the Inrolment Office, Nov. J 828.]

To Thobias Fowlbr, of Great Tdhrington^ in the county
of Devon, stationer, for his invention of certain
improvements in or for raising and circulating hot
water, hot oils, and other hot fluids, for domestic and
other purposes. — [Sealed October 2, 1828.]

The Patentee states in his specification, that his invention
consists in causing water, oil, or other fluids, to circulate
through the medium of a bent tube, or tubes, by raising
the temperature of the fluid contained in a vessel at one
end of such tube, or syphon, so that it may be of a less
density than the fluid contained in a vessel at its other
end ; consequently, it will rise up through that end of the
tube, and after parting with a portion of its heat to the
surrounding atmosphere, descend down the other end
into the opposite vessel, thus keeping up a constant cir-
culation of heated fluid in the pipes.

Also in such an arrangement of apparatus for that pur-
pose as renders this invention applicable to domestic and
other purposes. Fig. 6, Plate IV. is a view of an appa-
ratus which will sufficiently explain the nature of this
invention ; a, b, are two open vessels placed upon the
same level, each containing water or other fluid, con-

Powler^s^for Impts. in raising Hot Water, S^c. 83

nected together at their lower extremities by the pipe c,
haying a stop cock in it ; d/\a the bent tube called the
Thermo-syphoD> having two stop cocks near its ends
next the vessels a, and b ; and also the funnel e, upon its
highest part, with a stop cock upon its connecting tube.
The Thermo-sypbon is suspended so that its ends may be
immersed about half way in the fluid contained in the
two vessels, the end immersed in a, being bent upwards,
as shewn in the iSgure, to prevent any air which may be
disengaged and rise from the fluid as it becomes heated
entering the syphon.

In order to put this apparatus into operation, a fire is to
be made in the furnace under the vessel a, and the air re-
moved out of the Thermo-syphon by shutting off the
cocks near its ends, and introducing water into it through
the funnel e, its cock being open. When the air in the
tube has been completely removed, the cock of the funnel
is to be shut off, and those on the extremities of the sy-
phon opened, as also the one on the tube e, when the
apparatus will be ready for operation, which will com-
mence as soon as the fluid in the vessel a, becomes suf-
ficiently heated.

Fig. 7, is a more simple apparatus, which may be
made to act on the same principle, having only one
vessel ; and the lower end of the Thermo-syphon a, an-
swering the purpose of the vessel 6, and the connecting
tube c, at the same time ; the water always passing up
that leg of the Thermo-syphon which is the warmest, and
down the other.

The Patentee states that having described the principle
of his invention, it is only necessary to shew how it is
applied to domestic and other purposes ; and prefaces his
description of the next two figures by observing, that in
order to apply his principle, it is always necessary that

84 Recent Patents.

the object to be heated by the circulation of hot floidf
caused by the means aforesaid (whether the same be a
bath or greenhouse^ or any other matter), should always
be situated somewhere between the highest point of the
Thermo-syphon and its ooldest end.

Fig. 8, represents this invention applied to the purpose
of heating a bath, supposed to be on the first floor in a
private dwelling-house ; a, is an open vessel, as before
described, two-thirds full of water, and supposed to be
placed on the kitchen fire ; 6, is the ascending leg of the
Thermo-syphon ; c, is the bath, having a double casing
at the back and bottom ; d, d,iB the descending leg of
the syphon ; and e, is the funnel on the highest point.
It will be seen that the bath, which is to be heated, is
situated between the highest point and the lowest, which
is the coldest part of its descending leg ; /, is one of the
walls of the house ; and as the Thermo-syphon may be of
almost any shape, however tortuous, of course the arrange-
ment may be adapted to the premises.

It is only necessary to state, that the highest point of
the Thermo-syphon should not in any respect exceed
thirty feet, as it acts in this respect on the principle of
the torricellian column, and the Patentee prefers it not
to exceed twenty feet.

Care should be taken also at all times to exhaust the air
completely when filling the Thermo-syphon, air-plugs
being placed where necessary to petmit the air to escape
when filling, and to prevent its return.

Fig. 9, represents another application of the said
invention for heating what is called a hot plate for cop-
per-plate printers ; for this purpose, it is only necessary
to introduce a shallow metal box, as part of the descend-
ing" leg of the Thermo-syphon as here shewn.

When this invention is to be applied to the purposes of
heating hothouses, greenhouses, conservatories, or other

Foufler*s, for Impts* in raising Hot Water, 8^c. - 85

places where the heat is required on the ground or in low
situations, the apparatus may be varied according to
circumstances^ and a greater or less number of boilers,
with their connecting tubes, be used as required^ each
boiler having a separate furnace ; or they may all be
placed over one fire^ and their connecting tubes commu-
nicating^ to various shaped vesseli placed in different
parts of the building ; the Thermo-syphon must always
communicate from one of the boilers^ or a vessel nearest
in connection with them^ to one of the vessels most
remote from them; so that the circulation of the hot
fluid from one boiler to another may be kept up through
their connecting tubes to the vessel from which the
syphon receives the hot fluid. • •

The great difficulty of making syplions act regularly
for any considerable time^ and the tendency the water
has to find its equilibrium in all the vessels, will prove a
great hindranoe to this inveotion ever being made lO'ttCt
a^ desired ; besides which, the Patentee, has made 00 little
differende in the length of the receiving and dise^harging
leg9 of the Thermo-syphotiy t\M> it cannot be supposed
he intends to avail himself of any assistance from the con-
struction of the syphon, but depends upon the greater
density df the fluid contained in one of its legs to oause
it to descend, and the hot or lighter fluid to rise in the
other end, and thus keep up its circulatioik<^[/nfo2/€c{
in ihe Inrolment Office^ Nov. \9i&,'\

86 Recent Patents.

To Thomas Tippbtt, of Gwennap, in the county of
Cornwall, engineer, for certain improvements in the
construction and mode of working engines with steam
and air, and in the boiler or generator of steam, and
in the application of such improved engines to a new
method of propelling of vessels and other floating
bodies.— {Sealed 2d October, 1828.]

The Patentee states, in his specification of the aboye
invention, that the improvements in engines to be worked
with steam and air, or atmospheric pressure, and in the
boiler; and also in the application of such improved
engines consist the following heads : —

First, the improved engine is constructed by erecting
two working cylinders (furnished with pistons, valves,
pipes of communication, and other parts, usually em-
ployed with the working cylinders of steam engines) ;
one of these cylinders has four times the internal
capacity of the other, and is open at one end to the
atmosphere, the other or smaller cylinder being closed
at both ends ; the piston rods of both cylinders are con-
nected at the same end with the beam of an engine in the
usual manner, the piston rod of the larger cylinder being
farthest from the centre of motion of the beam.

After blowing out the air from these cylinders, by
the admission of steam from the boiler, the steam is
allowed to pass from the boiler by a proper steam pipe,
to the upper internal part of the smaller close cylinder
above its piston, and at the same time cause the valves
to open, which permit the steam to pass from the lower
part of this cylinder, and from the lower part of the
large open cylinder, beneath their pistons, through pipes
to a condenser, in the usual manner ; by which means an

Tippetfs,for Impts. in working Engines with Steam, 87

approximation to a vacuum will be formed b'eneath the
said pistons, and the larger piston will be pressed down-
wards, or towards the closed ends of its cylinder, by the
pressure of the atmosphere acting on the upper side ;
while the piston of the smaller cylinder will be also
pressed downwards, or in the same direction with the
other, at the same time, by the pressure of the steam
from the boiler. The communication between the lower
extremities of both the cylinders and the condenser is
then closed by the usual means, and at the same time a
communication is opened through a pipe properly ar-
ranged for the purpose, between the upper end of the
smaller closed cylinder and the lower end of the larger
open cylinder, beneath its piston, while a communication
is likewise opened between the boiler and the lower ex-
tremity of the smaller cylinder beneath its piston ; the
effect of which combined operations will be, that the
pistons of both cylinders will be forced upwards, the
piston of the smaller cylinder, by the force of the steam
from the boiler, and the piston of the larger open cylin-
der, by the difference or excess of the pressure of the
steam beneath it, acting on its larger surface, above that
of its pressure on the piston of the smaller cylinder in
the contrary direction, which latter piston has only a
fourth of the area of the other piston, and which excess
will be farther aided by the effect of the steam acting
expansively, in passing from the upper part of the smaller
cylinder to the lower part of the larger open cylinder
beneath its piston ; an effect well known to experienced
engineers, and long since calculated and used by Mr«
James Watt, in other modes of application, by which be
proved, that, in some instances, a given quantity of dense
steam would perform double the work in the same time^
that it would if employed with an uniform pressure.

88 Recent PatfinU,

An air pump is used with the condenser, of the eommpn
construction, but the Patentee prefers that its rod should
be connected with that part of the engine beam which
lies at the opposite side of its centre of motion, from
that to which the piston rods of the two before described
working cylinders are united. The valves of the engine
are opened or closed as required, and perform all other
operationiB necessary for the engine, by any of the ap-
proved means commonly used for such purposes. The
connecting rod, by which the engine is to be made to
operate on a fly wheel, or momentum wheel, for turning
machinery, or on pumps for raising water from mkij^s and
other depths, is connected in the usual^ manner to the
end • of the beam, that is most remote from the .worlwg
cylinders i and the wotking of the eni^ine is continued
as . Iqng as is necessary, by reiterating the above Qpe-
rations. ■ ' -

Second, the improvements on the boiler or generator
of steam, are efiected by placing a aemi-cylindrical ves-
sel above and parallel to a cylindrical boilc^r^ with its flat
Side downwards, and connecting the. two by several yer«
tical tubes, which are arranged in three rows, between
the top of the bylbdrical boiler and the bottom of the
senEU-cylindrical addition ; one of which rows of tubes ii^
to range along the summit of the cylindrical boiler; and
the other two rows to be disposed at equal distances
from it, at its opposite sides. The Patentee prefers having
the fire place made within the cylmdrical boiler, in the .
manner usual for those of this kind ; and having an ad-
ditional smaller preparatory boiler, of the same depth
as the cylinder, and the same breadth, but of very little
length, placed upright, near the farther end of the cylin-
drical boiler, from its fire place, and connecting the
upper parts of the two together by a horizontal tube.

TippeU*s, for Inipis, in working Engines by Steams 89

the heated vapours and flame are passed from the fire
plaee through the cylindrical boiler, and then to ascend
to the bottom of the semi-cylindrical additioUi and after
passing along its whole length;, in a direction contrary
to the first progress, the flame and vapour then descend
by external flues along the sides of the eylindrical boiler
near its front, and pass beneath its bottom, as in their
first direction, to the lower part of the preparatory boiler,
behind which they again ascend^ as far as the top of the
semi-cylindrical addition^ along the whole extent of which
dxe flame and vapour pass to the chimney, erected imme-
diately over the front of the boiler ; the flame and hot
vapours are made to circulate as mentioned, by a proper
arrangement . of the brick work, in which the whole is
inclosed, by means sufficiently well known to the erectors
of furnaces, to need more particular description. The
combmed boiler, thus constructed, is to be supplied with
water by a forcing pump, worked by the engine ; the
9upply of water enters the bottom of the preparatory
boiler, through a pipe ; from the force which the boiler,
after receiving some heat, it will pass into the cylindrical
boiler, and from thence will rise up the vertical tubes,
into the s«mi-eyUn^ical addition, amd a sufficient height
to admit of a targe part of k being heated there, though
not so high as to prevent the semi-cylindricat addition
from also serving as a steam reservoir, by occupying too
much of its interior. By constructing the boiler in this
Bsanner, the Patentee conceives that he will be able to
heat the water in it much quicker, and with less expense
ef fuel, than by a caramon boiler, on account of the
mnch more extensive surface of water that is in it^ ex-
posed to the action of the fire.

Vol. IX. Secqnd Series. ^

90 Recent Patents.

Lastly: — The new method of propelling vesselB, to
which the power of the new engine hereinbefore described
is to be applied, is effected, first, by having two or more
hollow cylinders placed horizontally within each vessel,
at its stern, beneath the level of the water, with one of
the ends of each opening into the water, but properly
secured all round, so as to prevent any water from run-
ning into the vessel, between its sides and the planks and
timbers of the latter; in the cylinders pistons are placed
to work forwards and backwards by means of cranks, or
other fit modes of effecting the operation, by the primary
power of the steam-engine, which means or modes are
well known to most engineers, regulating the motion,
however, in such a manner, that the velocity with which
the water is driven out backwards from the vessel, shall
be considerably greater than that with which it enters the
cylinders : the Patentee also causes strong metallic rods
to be moved backwards and forwards horizontally, through
stuffing boxes in the stern of the vessel, beneath the level
of the water, by means similar to those by which the mo-
tion of the said pistons is effected above mentioned ; and
to the outer ends of these rods are attached, by proper
joints, vanes, or flat plates, capable of shutting close to
the rods, or in their line of direction, when the said rods
are drawn inwards, and of opening outwards from the
rods again when they are thrust out backwards from the
vessel, to a position extending at right angles to the rods;
this may be easily effected by stops, faistened to the said
vanes, or constructed in the joints, by which (hey are
attached to the rods ; and these vanes, by pressing against
the water with their extended surfaces, when the rods are
driven outwards, will impel the vessel by their reaction,
while, on the other hand, by being folded up as men-
tioned^ they will present but a comparatively small surface

Tippetfs, for Impts. in working Engines by Steam. 91

to the resisted water^ and thereby make but little resist-
anoe to the way of the vessel^ when they are retracted*
preparatory to another protrusion.

To farther explain the nature and intent of the before
described improvements, the Patentee annexed drawings of
one of the methods in which his improved engine worked
t>y steam and air, or atmospheric pressure is arranged,
and also of one of the methods in which the improved
boiler or steam generator is formed, according to the
foregomg descriptions.

Fig, 7> Plate IV. is a representation of one of the im-
proved engines, worked by steam and air, or atmospheric
pressure, in which is the beam of the engine ; 6, the
large cylinder, open at its top to the atmosphere ; c, the
smaller closed cylinder ; d, the pipe of communication
between the top of the smaller cylinder and the bottom
of the larger cylinder ; e, the valve box, at the upper
end of the smaller cylinder ; f, the valve box, at the bot-
tom of the same cylinder ; g, the valve box, at the bot-
tom of the larger or air cylinder ; h, h, the eduction pipes,
from both cylinders to the condenser ; t, the condenser ;
k, a pipe leading from the condenser to the air pump ;
/, a valve in said pipe, opening towards the air pump ;
m, the air pump ; n, the rod of the air pump ; o, the plug
rod, by which the gear or apparatus for working the
valves is moved ; p, the orifice for the steam pipe that
communicates with the boiler; q, the head of the beam,
to which a connecting rod is to be attached, for turning a
fly wheel to work machinery, or for working pumps for
raising water from mines or other depths ; and r, r, the
piston rods.

Fig. 8, represents the side of one of the improved
boilers ; a, denotes the semi-cylindrioal st^am generator ;
c, the cylindrical boiler ; d, d, d, d, the vertical pipes

90 Recent PnUenie,

whieh connect tb« cylindrical boiler with the temi-cyliDdri'-
cal steam generator ; e, the preparatory or feeding
boiler ; f, the pipe that connects the preparatory with the
cylindrical boiler ; g, the feeding, pipe of the prepaimtory
boiler ; h, the main passage in the boiler ; i, the safety
Talve; k, part of the pipe that leads to the engine.

Fig. 9, is a representation of the front end of the boiler ;
a, the semi-cylindrical steam generator; £j the fire-tube
that contains the fire-place and ash receptacle ; d, d, d,
the vertical tubes which connect the cylindrical boiler
with the semi-cylindrical steam generatcu'.

To William Rogbr^ of Norfolk-street, Strand, in the
county of Middlesex, Lieutenant in the Roy cU Navy,
for certain improvements in the construction of cat'
head stoppers.— [Sealed 30th Sept. 1829.]

TfiBss improvements in cat^head stoppers for anchors, are shewn
in Plate IV* fig. 13, which is a general representation of part of a
ship's bow end cat's-head, with an anchor suspended to h, by
lieutenant Rogers's improved cat-head stopper, the particular
construction of which is shewn on an enlarged scale in figs.
J4* 15, 16, &c.

Before pmceedii^ with the description of this invention, it
may be as well to state that the stof^er commonly used, con-
sisfs of a chain or rope, one end being fastened to the cat<headi
and the other passed or reeved through the ring of the anchor,
and then made fast to the timber head placed for that purpose.
These improved cat-head stoppers consist of a chain with a pair
of jaws, formed like a pair of forceps, attached to its end*
Fig. 17, is a front, and fig. 18, an edge view of one

Rogers, for ImpUk in Cat-heads.. 93

limb or jaw of the forceps. Fig. 14, id a firap^t view df the iot*
C6jpsw with the jawB o|>e]i« refftdy to take hokL «f the sing <)f the
anchor. Fig. i5» is a view of the forces d9sed> aliber haliiig
taken hold qf the rm% of the anchor^ and fig* 16» is lui«dge view
of the same ; Oj is th^firooit pia ox bolt« ^hitb is peased tiurbugh
the limbs of the forceps* and coiiaeGts the$» togetb^ 3 1^ holt . 10
also passed Hirough the eyes of a shad^e b^ and livetted, as shewn
in the figs. 14 « 15, and 16 ;. c, c, are two other shaokles» whidli
connect the stopper chain d, by the two short pieces of chain
Cy e, with the upper ends of the limbs of. the fcnrcepi^ as shewn
in the figs« ; f, is another piece of chain, called fte slip
chain* having one end Qonoected Wi& the shackle b, and its
otiier joined to the eyebolt f, fig. 1, hj^ a shackle, which ey<*
bolt is fiared securely into the cat-head<

The Patentee th^i proceeds to explain the method of using
these improved stopp^s* when the anchor is to be' cattdd in the
usual manner. The jaws or forceps are to be lowered by the chain
J, so as to allow of their laying hold of the ring of the anchor.
This is effected by opening them sufficiently wide to receive the
ring, and as shewn in fig. 14 ; the chain d, is then to be pulled
tight enough to dose the jaws of the £orceps» and then £Mtened
to the timber head in the usual manner^ see ^, 1. The jaws or
forceps wiU then be seen, as in figs. 15, and 16. On reference

t • • •

to fig. 1, it will be perceived, that the chain d, is reeved
or passed through the hole in the cat-head, that is generally used
for the standing part <^ the commdn steppe ; and in order to
prevent it being t^hafed or cut by the Motion oi the chaiil>
it is protected by a cast iron socket, with a fiange let into the
iq)per part of the cat-head, and firmly secured thereto, as shewn
in fig. 1. Fig. 19, represents a top view, and fig. 20, a section
of this socket on an enlarged scale. When the anchor is to be
let go, it IS only necessary to slack the stopper chain d, until the
strain comes upon the slip chain/, which relieves the forceps,
and lets the ring of the anchor open the jaws, and dip out of
them.

94 Recent Patents.

It will be perceived, that the heavier the anchor is, the greater
will be the compression of the limbs of the forceps, so that the
anchor cannot be released from them, unless the stopper chain d,
be slackened, so as to allow the strain to come upon the slip chain
/, which is made sufficiently long, to prevent that taking place,
unless the stopper chain be slackened intentionally, in order to
let go the anchor. The size, length, and strength of the for-
ceps and the chains, are of course to be regulated by the weight
of the anchors. The* anchor must be fished, and its flukes
secured in the usual manner.

The Patentee states, he does not intend to claim as his inven-
tion, the various parts herein shewn and described, which are
already known, but claims as his invention the application of the
forceps, as shewn and described in connexion with the chains
and tackle necessary to enable them to answer the purpose
intended. — [InroUed in the Inrolment Office, March, 1830.]

To William Roger> of Norfolk-street, Strand, in the
county of Middlesex, Lieutenant in the Royal Navy,
for his invention of certain improvements in the con-
struction of anchors. — [Sealed 21st August^ 1829.]

The invention described by the Patentee in bis specifica-
tion, consists of certain improvements in the construction
of anchors, partly consisting of improvements upon a
former patent granted to the said William Roger, 13th
March, 1 828, for certain improvements on anchors, for
a descri|)t:on of which, see the Seventh Volume, Second
Series, of this Journal, page 29. The Patentee states
that the present improvements are the result of experi-
ments made by him, with a view to determine the best
and strongest forms which could be given to anchors.

Roger^Sy for Impts, in Anchors. 95

made upon the principle of his patent ; and that he ha^
found it advisable to alter the form of the iron plates^
of which the shanks of the anchors were made^ in order
to give additional strength to them when formed of com-
binations of wood and iron ; and also to introduce several
additional plates hereinafter described, and to combine
them together, with or without a central piece or core
of wood, as it is only used to facilitate the operation of
combining them, and not with a view to give an addi-
tional strength to the shank, but which core will serve
to prevent water from entering the shank if it were made
hollow.

The whole of the parts of the anchor are to be bound
together by means of iron bands or hoops, in place of
bolts, or pins and hoops, as described under his former
patent ; and likewise, in order to strengthen the arms or
flukes, the inventor has adopted another method of con-
necting or uniting them to the iron plates of which the
shanks are formed.

Fig. 1, Plate V. is a side view of a complete anchor,
formed upon the present improved construction, and
fig. 2, a plan of the same ; fig. 3, an end view of the
crown and flukes, or arms ; fig. 4, represents the two
principal iron plates a, a, a, a, of which the shank is
constructed, bent so as to form parts of the stump arms
to which the flukes are to be connected ; the method of
forming the shank pieces is as follows : — ^The fig, 5, is a
view of one of them previous to bending ; it is notched
at 6, in order to afford a facility in bending or curving
it, as in fig. 6. The gap occasioned by bending it, is to
be afterwards filled up with iron, as shewn by the dotted
lines, and firmly welded therein, so as to form the knee
of the anchor.

The shank plates being ready for joining together.

96 Recent Fatents.

tbe Patentee proceeds to describe the centre pi^ce with
which they are to be united. Fig. 7, is one of two thin
iron plates^ of which the centre piece is partly composed.
Pig. 8, shews two plates combined. Pig. 9, one of two
other thin iron plates, which tare to be united to the two
former. Fig. 10, is a section of the four iron shank
plates^ by which it will be seen that the centre piece is a
hoHow square frame> which it is desirable to fill with
iron for the reasons already mentioned.

The two ptates c, c, have their ends thickened, asshewn
in fig. 8^ and are to be welded together. The two other
plates d, are then to be placed within the former ones,
and to be welded firmly to them at their ends ; previously
to placing the plates d, within the plates c, c, a core or
central piece of wood should be introduced between
them^ to kee^ the plates f, in their proper places, and to
prevent -their collapsing during the operation of welditig.
This wooden core or central piece> which should be made
of African oak, or other desirable woad> should not ap-
proach so near to the ends as to be liable to be burnt
when welding them. The centre piece is then to be
placed between the {dates a, a, see figs. I and 4> and to
be confined by thin temporary loops of iron. The ends
of the iron plates a, a, are then to be welded t9o the
centre piece, and also to each other at the end j,
through which end the hole for the shackle pin, and also
ibe hole for the forelock k^y to pass through are made.
The crown piece, shewn in %s. 5 and 6, ig to be welded
to the stump c, c, fig. 4, as well as to the end i, of the
centre piece h, h, and as shewn in fig. 1, and thescarphs
M, ir, are to be cut to receive the arms or flukes, figs.
10 and H, and which are also to be scarphed tbcon-
respond therewith. Previously, however, to uniting or

Rodger*^, for ImpU. in Anchors. 9^

connecting the anns or flukes with the stump armsj the
crown and throat of the anchor are to be Btrengthened
by the application of the crown slabs n^ fig. A» which
are to be welded on each side of the crown^ over-
lapping the end of the centre pillar K and the throat or
knees of the stump arms and the crown piece. The
stiimp arms are then to be strengthened in a similar man-
ner by the thin flat peices p, p, which are to be welded
on each side.

The palms are united to the flukes by welding in the
usual way^ and the flukes are also united to the stump
arms by means of the long scarphs m,m\ and when the
rfiank of the anchor has been thus formed and united
with the flukes^ the anchor-smiths' work may be said to
be complete.

The temporary hoops are now to be removed^ and to
be replaced by other permanent hoops^ as shewn in figs*
1 and 2 ; and in order to prevent the hoops from shifting
their places in the event of the shank being strained^
small pins are driven through the holes formed in the
Loops.

Another of the improvements in the construction of
anchors claimed under this patent, consists in a new me*
thod of affixing the stock upon the shank of the anchor,
which is effected in the following manner : in fig. 2, the
stock is shewn affixed to the anchor ; in fig. lit, it is
shewn detached. It may be made either of one or two
pieces of timber as may be found most convenient. It is
however to be observed, that the stock is to be completed
before fitting on to the shank. After the stock is shaped,
a hole is to be made through the middle of it to fit' that
part of the shank to which it is to be affixed. Two stock
plates are then to be let in, one on each side of the stock.

Vol, IX.— Second Sbbixs, o

Recent Patents.

d made fast by countersunk nails and straps or hoops ;
her straps or boops of iron are also to be placed round
e stock as usual.

In place of nuts formed upon the shank of the anchor,
is proposed to secure the stock by means of a hoop x,
id a key y. By this contriraiice, the stock is prevented
am goinjT nearer to the crown of the anchor than it
ight to do, and the key prevents it from sliding towards
le shackle.

As fitting the stock to the shankjof an anchor by this
ethod, prevents the use of a ring:, as in the ordinary
anner, the Patentee says, that he in all cases substitutes
shackle for the ring-, and which is [all that is required
ir a chain cable, but when a hempen cable it to be used,
e connects a ring to the usual shackle, by means of a
>ining shackle, as in figs. 1 and 2.

The specification concludes with these words, " I do
ot mean or intend hereby, to claim as my invention, any
f the various parts herein shewn and described, which
ave already been included in my former patent, or which
lay be known, or in use ; nor do I claim the manner of
trengthening the crown of the anchor, by means of the
rown piece, or the manner of connecting the arms or
lukes as shewn, such having been already practised ; but

claim the. peculiar method of forming and combining^
he different parts of which the shank of the anchor
onsists, as heretofore described, which by combining the
laid shank with the other parts in the manner described,
iroduces an improved anchor on this new construction.

I also claim the method of fitting the stock upon the
hank of the anchor, in the manner described and shewn,
vhich admits of its being put on, and taken off without
■emoving the hoops to separate it into two parts as usual.

Rodger^Si for Itnpts. in Anchors. 99

and consequently without the assistance of a carpenter.—^
[Inrolled in the Inrolment Office^ February, I830.J

Note — ^By mistake in the foregoing pages, the name of the
Patentee has heen put Roqbbs, whereas it should have heen

RODGBBS.

To Georgb Dickinson^ of Buckland Mill, near Dover,
in the county of Kent, paper manufacturer, for his
invention of an improvement or improvements in mak-
ing paper by machinery. — [Sealed 21 st Feb. 1828.]

In the machinery employed for making a continuous
sheet of paper^ as originally patented by Mr. Henry Pour-
drinier^ the endless web of wire gauze constituting the
mould on which the semi-fluid pulp is first poured out,
must be submitted to a lateral shaking motion in a hori-
zontal position^ for the purpose of getting rid of the wa-
ter, and enabling the fibres of the pulp to settle and be-
come firm paper. This lateral shaking motion of the
web is stated to be injurious to the fabric of the paper,
by bringing its fibres more closely together breadthwise
than in length, and by that means tending to produce
long ribs or thick streaks in its substance.

To obviate this inconyenience, the present Patentee
proposes to give a rapid up and down movement to the
wire gauze web as it conducts the pulp along, by which
means the water will be sufficiently shaken out, and the
pulp left in a compact, undisturbed, and smooth sub-
stance.

Various methods might be devised of effecting this
up and down movement of the endless web of wire
gauze, all of which the Patentee considers to come within

/tecent Patents.

of bis invention, viz. that ol
aod down moTement to the web|
Kontal movement, as heretofore,
escribes, which is that of roounti
luct the horizontal endless wet
1 a vibrating frame. The fore p
:hed to the standards of (he i
and the hinder part, or that on
lOured out, is supported by vertici
!Tank on a shaft below. Rapid ro
to this crank shaft, the hinder
tri]y receives a quick up uid dow
hich causes the water to be shaki
carries the pulp forward in th
its the object of setting; the fit
ch greater equality than in the
I. — InroUed in the Inrolment O.

tENHOLDSON, of South Shields in
I, miller for his having invented
t in rotary steam engines. — [Sea!

128.]

of this patent are some peoulia
and mode of working a rotary ste
el ; that is a hollow cylinder in v,
' a central axle, b made to travel n
>rce of steam, and by so doing tc
f power, capable of driving o

g 13, is an end view of the cylim
verse seclioD of the same, taken i

Rennoldson*s, for Impts, in Steam Engines^ 101

its ends, in which the mode of working the sliding steam
tops is shewn ; the cylinder may be of any desirable
len^h (the Patentee proposes about four times its diam-
eter^) and a long box or recess is made, extending the
whole length of the cylinder^ on each side, to receive the
sliding steam stops when they recede.

In fig. 14, a, a, is the circular race of the piston 6. The
axle c, to which the piston is aiBxed, is hollow, and the
steam passes through one of its ends, and through an
aperture d, into the circular race, where, by exerting its
force the piston is driven round in the direction of the arrow ;
the stop e, acting as the fixed point of resistance, and the
axle c, is thereby made to revolve.

At each end of the revolving axle c, a wheel is fixed,
represented by the dotted circle f,f, in fig. 13. In the
face of each of these wheels, there is a groove formed,
shewn by dots at g> g> g ; part of this groove is concen*-
trie with the axle, and the other part excentric, which is m^
tended to receive rollers at the end of the levers A, h, as
the wheel goes round, for the purpose of moving the steam
stops in and out.

In the position of the parts shewn at fig. 14, it will he
seen that the stop e, is projected across the steam way,
and in that situation acts as a resistance to the steam as
above said, while the other steam stop «, is slidden back
into its recess, allowing the piston to pass. The levers
h, h, are fixed upon short axles in the boxes k, k, and
upon those axles within the boxes are also fixed similar
levers /, I, the ends of which will be seen in fig. 14, taking
into a notch in each slider. Now it will be perceived that
when the rotary axle c, has been carried round to a cer«
tain point, the excentric part of the groove g, will cause
the lever h^ to move outwards, by which act one of the
steam stops e, cr t, will be drawn back out of the steam

103 Hecent Patents.

race, and the other projected forward across the st
race. By these moTeneota of the steam stops, the [
of resistaDce against which the steam acts, become
sessively changed, and the piston being allowed b^
recedmg of the stops to pass freely, a continued re
motion of the axle is the eonseqneDce, as long as the si
is supplied.

After each active volume of steam has expended it
the projecting of the stop forward cuts off its commui
tion with the induction, and allows itto escape throug
aperture into the opposite end of the axle, and so to
away. Though the above construction of a rotary st
engine b fully set out, yet the novelty claimed bj
Patentee in (his specification appears to be very iucc
derable ; as it is limited in the first place to the mod
tightening the piston to prevent the escape of steam
placing hemp or gaskins behind the metallic packings,
pressing them outward, hy wedge formed pieces or
dined planes; and, secondly, in making the joint of
caps or ends of the cylinder as frustrums of cones, w
will admit of their being tightened up as occasion maj
quire. — [fnrolled in the Petty Bag Office June, 1821

To Valentine Llanos, of Hampstead, in the count-
Middlesex, gentleman, in conseguence of a comm
cation made to him by a person residing abroad,
an invention of ctn improvement or improvementt
bits.— lSea.\ed 15th December, 1828.]

Tub object of this invention is to construct the bit
a horse's mouth in such a manner as to protect
palate and the tongue from injury, and at the same I

Llanos' s, for Impts, on Horse^s Bits,

103

to retain perfect command over his actions. Plate V^
fig. 15^ shews the improved form of the mouth piece,
which is made with a peculiarly formed bow a, in the
middle. The cheeks of the bit are intended to turn upon
the necks b, by but are to have a small pin in each, which
shall work in the recesses or grooves at the end of the
mouth piece. These grooves are formed one quarter
round the ends of the mouth piece, and consequently the
cheeks of the bit are limited in their action, to ninety
degrees of circular range.

The particular advantages of this contrivance are not
very intelligibly set out in the specification, excepting that
it is said, a horse may be fed without removing this bit
from his mouth, which will be very advantageous to
cavalry soldiers when in action.

The novel features claimed by the Patentee are, the
particular shape of the mouth piece, which protects the
palate and the tongue from injury; the method of con-
necting the mouth piece with the cheeks, so as to
limit their action to ninety degrees ; and the joint which
allows of feeding the horse, without removing the bridle
from his head. — [InroUed in the Petty Bag Office^ June,
1829.]

To Lewis Roper Fitzmaurice, of Jamaica-place, Com*
mercial Road, in the county of Middlesex, master
mariner in the Royal Navy, for improvements on
ship's and other pumps, which improvements are also
applicable by certain alterations to turning lathes and
other purposes. — [Sealed Uth August, 1828.]

The subject of this invention is an apparatus resembling
in principle a rotary steam engine or steam wheel ; that

^«>*^

104

Recent Patents.

d./^

is, there are a series of radial pistons attached to a rotafy
whed, which, by passing round in a cloae circular cham-*
ber, produce a vacuum behind.

Plate V. fig. 16, represents a rectangular box a, a, a, cat
through the middle in vertical section, with the rotary
wheel within ; b, is the axle of the wheel ; c, e, e, the
circular recess or chieiiBber, in which the pistons d, d, d,
are intended to act, their edges touching the surface of the
chamber that is fitting closely as they pass round, and the
whole enclosed and packed air tight.

Each piston is mounted upon a radial arm or axle, and
is enabled to turn round with its axle, which it is made to
do on coming against an inclined plane, that places it
edgewise. This inclined plane is shewn at e, e, in the
lower part of the circular chamber ; and it will be Been,
that the pistons as they arrive successively at this inclined
plane are turned edgewise, and pass round in that position
through a narrow channel in the box, until they reaoh the
part f, where the circular chamber opening to its broad
area, the piston is by the coiled spring upon its axle forced
round again into its former position.

The construction of the machine being understood, it
remains to explain its operation. If a winch be applied
to the axle of the wheel, and it is turned in the direction
of the arrow, the air will become exhausted, and water
will flow up the syphon pipe g, the lower end of which is
supposed to be immersed in a reservoir of water, such
for instance, as the hold of a ship, and the water
thus drawn up will be discharged as the wheel goes
round, at the tube h, in the lower part of the box.

Another plan, which the Patentee calls a modification
of the foregoing, is shewn at fig. 17, which represents
a vertical section of a circular box or chamber having
a series of flaps or pistons attached to a wheel and car-

Fitzmaurice^s, for Impts. in Ship^s Pumps. 105

ried round a ring^ formed chamber rendered air tight ;
a, a, a, are the flaps or pistons attached by hinge joints
to the wheel 6, which turns upon an axle in the centre ;
c, is a cam fixed to the side of the box^ for the purpose of
gtiiding the pistons or flaps by means of their tail pieces,
vrhich act against the periphery of the cam as the wheel
goes round.

At the lower part of the circular chamber there is
a curved ledge d, projecting from the side of the box,
vrhichy as the flaps or pistons come round in the direction
of the arrow, cause them to fall back into the periphery
of the wheel, and e, is a block, or stop, which closes up
a- part of the ehamber.

When the wheel is driven round by a winch> or other
power applied to its axle, the flaps or pistons fitting
closely to the surfaces of the chamber, produce a vacuum
or exhaustion of the air behind them, which causes the
water to rise in the syphon pipe g, as in the former instance,
and which > descending with the rotation of the wheel,
is discharged at the aperture or tube h.

The flaps or pistons having fallen into the periphery of
the wheel, as they proceed along the lower part of the
chamber, when they have respectively passed the stop or
block e, the cam c, takes hold of the tail of each flap, and
turns it over upon its hinge joints into its former position,
where it again becomes a piston, carrying on the pumping
or exhausting operation, and drawing the water up the
syphon pipe from the reservoir below.

It is considered that this apparatus may be made to
drive machinery where only a small power is required, as
in turning laths, and other operations of that kind. In
this case the syphon pipe is removed, and a perpendicu-
lar pipe attached to the aperture g, through which a des*

Vol. VUF.^Seoond Series. p

106 Recent Patents.

cending column of water is to pass from a reservoir at
the top of the building, in which the machinery is placed
By these means the pistons will be carried round with a
power equal to that of the weight of the descending
column of water, and that power communicated from the
axle may be employed to drive the lathes or other
machinery. — [Inrolledin the Inrolment Office, February,
1829.]

To Philip Foxwell, clothier, William Clark, cloth-
dresser, and Benjamin Clark, cloth dresser, all of
Dye House Mill^ in the parish of Minchin-hampton,
in the county of Gloucester^ for certain improvements
in machinery for shearing, cropping, or cutting, and
finishing woollen, and other cloths, and cassimeres, —
[Sealed 19th August, 1828.]

The subject of this Patent applies to a machine for
shearing or cropping the pile from woollen cloth. The
general construction of the machine to which these
improvements are adapted, does not appear to differ
materially from the shearing machines formerly made by
Mr. O. F. Davis, of Nailsworth, and against whonti
several actions at law were maintained by Mr. Lewis in
18^8, for an infringement of parts of their prior patent
rights ; a particular account of which, with accurate
representations of the machines are introduced in the
Second Volume of the Second Series of this Journal.

In this machine the cloth tightly distended by hooks,
or what are called habits, travels breadthwise, that is,
from list to list, under the shears, and the pile of the
cloth becomes cropped or shorn as it passes, by a vibrat-
ing blade, acting against a fixed ledger blade ; there is
also a transversing brush for raising up the pile, previously

Foxwetl, ^fV.^B. Clark'*, /or cutting Cloths, ^c. 107

to its comiug under the operation of the shears, which
brush is worked to and fro by a crank.

There does not appear to be any novel features in the
construction of the parts or movemeqts of the machinery,
but the claims of invention are, first, the adaptation of a
japanned or varnished cloth, as a bed for]the shears to act
upon, and second, a shaft with ratchet wheels and palls,
for drawing up tightly the habits and lists. — [Inrolled in
the Inrolment Office, February, 1829.]

To Edward Barnard, of Nailsworth, near Mtnchin^
hampton, in the county of Gloucester, clothier, for
certain improvements in weaving, and preparing
c/oM.— [Sealed 1 9th, August 182S.]

Thbrb are two objects proposed under this Patent; the
first is, an apparatus for keeping the selvages or lists of
cloth uniformly distended, while weaving in the loom;
the second is, a contrivance for raising the pile or nap of
the cloth, previously to shearing it.

The figure shewn below represents one of the appara-

tus for distending the cloth. The frame a, is to be
fastened to the breast beam, or to the side of a loom, by
screws, or any other convenient means ; the two indented
wheels b and c, extending into the loom, so as to allow
the list or selvage to pass between the an^le of. the two
wheels, and to be taken hold of by the parts in contact.

108

Recent Patents,

The teeth of both wheels are made extremely obtuae; to
that they may only take hold, not enter into Ant l»t or
edge of the cloth.

The wheel c, is pressed up into contact with the wheri
b, by a weighted lever d, or by a spring, which acts mider
a shoulder in the stem or shaft of the wheel c, and by
that means tbe teeth of the two wheels are kept in con -
tact at one point.

At the back of the wheel b, there is a circle of teeth i
into which a pinion e, works, and this pinion being driven
by a band and pulley on its axle, turns the wheel round,
and draws the list or selvage of the cloth to the desired
width.

It will of course be understood that one of these appa-
ratus is to be placed on each side of the loom, taking hold
of the list or selvage of the cloth as it passes, and thereby
keeping it distended ; but as the progress of the cloth is
slow, so must be that of the wheels b, e, the pinion e,
therefore is made to turn very slowly, by an occasional
movement of the pulley, actuated by the advance of the
slay, through the agency of a ratchet and click, or by any
other convenient means.

The contrivance by which the pile or nap of cloth is
proposed to be raised, when about to be shorn, consists
in a series of brushes, made to travel across the cloth while

the clotl|^9 {fLssing through the shearing machine. The
figure above represents the cloth a, a, a, tightly distended

Barnard* Sy for ImpU. in preparing Cloth. 109

%ad it«pp<isedto be .pasfiiAg through a sbeariiig machine .
two pulleys b, b, are mminted ui the maey«e> and aiade
to revolve upon their axles, by aay suitable bontrtv^aUce ;
oiper those pullies an endless bamd is passed^ wfaicfa car-
f4es a series of broshes c, c, €, and on the wheels i, iy,
tttrning, the brushes are made to travel across the eloih^
and to raise the pile ready to be taken hold of and eroped
by the shears, which are in operation behind the brushes,
but not shewn in the figure.

From aboard d, d, two arms extend^ which support a
rod 6, e. This rod is intended to press upon the surface of
the cloth, for the purpose of keeping it smooth as it ad-
vances through the machine.

This last described piece of mechanism is mounted on
anns or levers extending from the front of a shearing frame,
axid is enabled to rise or £^11 on hinge joints^ for the con-
venience of beixig readily raised up from the cloth« — [/n-
roUed in the Inrolmeni Office, February, 1829.]

Report of the Committee of the House of Commons on

(CctUinuedfiom p* 36.^

" The only fair plea for charging Tolls on steam Carriages in
proportion to their weight, is to prevent a load from being pro-
pelled or carried which would permanently injure the road, Within
this limit it would be as injudicious to interfere with their pro-
gressive efficiency, (which can only result from the improvements
of the machinery and the system of generating and applying Steam),

110 On Steam Carriages,

as it would be to tax Garriagea drawn by large and well bred
horses more heavily, than such as were drawn by horses in worse
condition* and of smaller size and power.

" To charge a Toll according to the number of passengers oon-
yeyed, is scarcely less objectionable. If a fluctuating Toll be in-
tended, it would be as inadmissible as to propose a similar mode
of charging for fiast Coaches, and would be open to all the ca-
vil and interruptions to which a fluctuating Toll would be liable.
If the Toll were fixed according to the number of passengers the
Carriage were capable of conveying, it would imply the necessity
of a licence, limiting the number of passengers, and cramping the
progress of improvement of a machine, the capabilities of which
can only be ascertained slowly and by continued experiment.

" The trustees of the Liverpool and Prescot road have already
obtained the sanction of the Legislature to charge 'the monstrous
Toll of U. 6d. ' per horse power,' as if it were a national object
to prevent the possibility of such Engines being used. Besides
they have supplied no standard of their own conception of horse
power ; engineers have differed very much in their estimates oi
this power ; there is not, therefore, much probability that the op-
posite interests of a Steam Coach proprietor and Toll collector
would lead to any agreement as to the meaning of the term. But
suppose the Legislature were to settle this point, and to arrange
that a certain length of stroke and diameter of cylinder should
represent a certain power, we still fail to ascertain that whidi
alone it is essential to know ; viz. the actual efficiency of the
Engine. Can we regulate the density of Steam at which an
En^e of a given size should be worked ? To be effectual, it
would be also necessary to ascertain the quantity of water con-
sumed, and even this check would be inadequate with an Engine
on Mr. Trevithick's principle. If the toll be left as at present on
' horse-power,' it would be the obvious interest of the proprietor
to work with the smallest nominal power, but to increase as much
as possible the force of his Steam, thereby increasing the proba-
bDity of explosion.

" Some Trustees have placed the Toll upon the number of

On Steam Carriages, III

wheels. The Committee would object to this mode of charge, if
only because it interferes between the rival modes of Steam tra-
velling, and gives a bounty in fieivour of that, in which the Engine
is placed on the same carriage with the passengers. The opposite
plan, of separating the Engine firom the Carriage, is that which
probably the public will prefer, until the safety of the mode of
conveyance shall have been fully ascertained.

** There is still a more serious objection to this mode of charge ;
it tends to discourage the use of separate Carriages ; although it
must be evident, that if a certain weight be carried, it will be
much less injurious to the road when divided over eight wheels,
than when carried on four only. On this point the Committee
must again refer to Mr. Macneil's evidence. They cannot, there-
fbre, recommend the House to adopt a scale of Toll, which shall
increase in inverse proportion to the injury done to the road. It
will be seen in Mr. M' Adam's evidence, that the Toll on Steam
Coaches imposed by the Metropolitan Roads Act, is liable to this
objection.

" Some of the local Acts have placed an unvarying Toll on
Steam Carriages. This, if moderate, would be unobjectionable ;
but the Committee could not propose any sum which would adapt
itself to the necessary varieties of expence in keeping up different
roads, by which the Tolls on common Carriages have been regu-
lated. A fixed ToU has, too, this disadvantage, that light
experimental Carriages, or such as are built solely for speed,
would be liable to the same toll, as Steam Carriages heavily
laden.

" The Committee do not anticipate that, for a considerable
period. Steam will be used as a propelling power on common
roads for heavy waggons. It appears to have been the general
opinion of the witnesses, that in proportion as the velocity of
travelling by*Steam on common roads is diminished, the advan-
tages of Steam over horse power are lost. The efficiency of
horses in draught is rapidly diminished as their speed is increased ;
while, on the contrary, the weight which could be carried or

112

On Steam Carriages,

propdled, at any great velocity, by Steank, could not be more
cheaply conveyed^ were the speed decreased to that of the slowest
waggon.

'* As speed, therefore, is the cause of greatiy increased expense
where horses are nsed, while with Steam it is comparatively
unimportant, it is probable that the latter will be chiefly resorted
to when rapidity of conveyance is required. Mr. Gumey con-
aders, that, under four miles per hour, horses can be used in
draught more economically than Steam. Should it, however, h^
dieemed profitable to convey heavy goods by Steam Carriages, the
Committee recommend that tiiere should be as little interference
as possible with ^e ninnber of carts employed; as ^e effect on
the surfiace of roads would be infinitely more injurious if heavy
loads were placed on a single cart, than if tibe same weight were
divided over several. The Committee recommend that where
Carriages, containing heavy goods alone, are propelled by Steam,
the weight of the load should be charged, without reference to
the number of carts on which it may be carried.

"In cottdusion, the Committee submit the following Summary
of liie Evidence, given by the several witnesses, as to the pro-
gress made on the application of Steam to the purposes of
draught on common roads.

'^Suffident evidence has been adduced to convince your Com-
mittee, —

1. That Carriages can be propelled by steam on common

roads at an average rate of ten miles per hour.

2. That at this rate they have conveyed upwards of fourteen

passengers.

3. That their weight, including engine, fuel; water and atten-

dants, may be under Usee tons.

4. That they can ascend and descend hills of considerable ^

inclination with feunlity and safety.

5. That they are perfectly safe for passengers.

6. That they are not (or need not be, if properly construct-

ed) nuisances to t^e Public.

On Steam Carriages, 113

7. That they will become a speedier and cheaper mode of

conveyance than Carriages drawn by horses.
8 That, as they admit of greater breadth of tire than other
Carriages, and as the roads are not acted on so injuriously
as by the feet of horses in common draught, such Car-
riages will cause less wear of roads than coaches drawn
by horses.
9, That rates of Toll have been imposed on Steam Carriages i
which would proliibit their being used on several lines
of road, were such charges permitted to remain un-
altered."
Mr. Gumey, in commenting upon this Report, observes'Colonel
Torrens' arguments are so conclusive, in regard to the effects of
Steam Carnages to agriculture and commerce, that any further
remarks here will be unnecessary and presumptuous. I would,
howevei, call to mind, as a practical illustration of the truth of
these arguments, the immense benefit which has already accrued
to agriculture in particular, by the substitution of wheel carriages
for pack horses. The state that society, and agriculture especially^
would be in, had not this introduction of machinery taken place,
may easier be conceived than pointed out« In short, the number
of horses necessary to do the work which is now done by wheel
carriages, would consume almost all the produce of the country •
This improvement, with the substitution of the Steam Engine for
horse power in stationary situations, has alone enabled this coun#
try to support its increased population.

The advantaged of machinery are too well know to require any
observation; but the propable effects on society, so far as this
particular machine is concerned, viz., the Steam Carriage, I
would extract from the minutes my evidence given before the
Committee of the House of Commons.

I said *' generally, in regard to the main improvements on

Steam Engines, by which this country has been so much1)ene-'

fitted, and the prospective advantages to be derived from Steam

Carriages, that they always have been and will be in direct ratio

Vol. IX.— Second Series q

114

On Steam Carriages,

with the removal of horses. The great and splendid improve-
ments of Mr. Watt have generally heen supposed to be principally
connected with the separate condenser of the Steam Engine ; but
before Mr. Watt's day, we could draw off the water from our
mines in Cornwall, and we could do a variety of other simple
work by the Steam Engine : and so far the improvement of Mr.
Watt was simply productive of a saving of fuel. I consider that
the great national advantage arising from Mr. Watt's improve-
ment> has been his application of the Steam Engine to machinery;
and the extent of that advantage to the community has been in
direct proportion to the removal of horse po^er: a most unpro-
ductive labourer and a dead expense to the countr}\

" If this view of the subject be entertained, the application of
steam to propelling carriages on common roads will be as im-
mportant above its application to machinery, generally, as the
number of horses employed in locomotion, exceed those neces*
sary to machinery, which bears no smaU proportion with respect
to each other. At Hounslow alone, there are at this moment
upwards of 1,000 horses employed in stage coaches and posting.
On the Paddington Road, a distance of five miles only, there are
upwards of 1,000 horses employed at this moment. Throughout
Great Britain it is almost impossible to say how many horses are
employed, but I shoidd perhaps be within bounds if I were to say
millions, in posting and stage coaches. If it is possible to remove
those horses by an elementary power (which I firmly believe is
practicable), the national advantage must be in proportion to the
number of horses so removed ; and if it is shown that one car-
riage horse can be removed from the road by the present state of
steam, carriages, I see no reason why every horse so employed
should not be so removed.

" It has been decided that the consumption of a horse, from
the produce of the land, is equal to that necessary for eight indi*
viduals, so for every horse that is removed and is supplied by
elementary power, we make way for the maintenance of eight
individuals. If it is possible, and I see no objection to it, to do

On Si earn Carriages, 115

the principal work of horses by steam, or other elementary power,
the Committee may imagine to what extent we may provide for
our increasing population. We may do much by political laws,
but natural laws will do more, and when pointed out by the
finger of Providence, may be made thus to provide for his wise
dispensations.

" I firmly believe that the introduction of steam carriages will
do much for this country ; I have always had this impression ; I
left an honourable and lucrative profession, in which I was exten-
sively engaged, in order to attend to this subject, because I was
convinced of its importancs and practicability; I have always
entertained the same idea as I do at present. Imperfections may
exist in the machinery ; but I conceive that the main points of
difficulty have been removed by the experiments I have made,
and that all those now remaining are practical difficulties, which
will be removed by further experience ; and if there is no cause
opposed by the Legislature, or any other source, I will be bold
to say, that in five years, steam carriages will be generally em-
ployed throughout £ngland. I have not hesitated, having these
feelings, to devote all my time for the last six years to the sub-
ject, and am mentally recompensed by the present state of the
sublect."

These sentiments are, however, but a matter of individual
opinion, although, I believe, no impartial person can question
their truth. The Report of the Committee of the House of
Commons expresses the sentiments of a body of men constituting
the most able and competent tribunal ; and is conclusive, so far
as the decision of men can be, whose opinions have been governed
by the best evidence. The following document, however, is still
more important and conclusive, because it states the results of
actual work ; it is therefore positive, and admits of no exception.

This, with other valuable documents of a practical nature, was
not submitted to the Committee, because immediately after I had
given my evidence I left London, and the only subject before
them then was that of Tolls. The Committee, in the course of

IIG

On Steam Carriages,

their inquiry, impressed with the importance of the subject, had
extended their report to the " probable utility which the public
may derive from steam carriages/' I had no agent or person to
represent my interest in London ; and, consequently, when, on
this latter inquiry, these documents ought to have been laid be-
fore them, there was no one to do so. I have the greater satis^
faction now in making them public, because they practically con-
firm a most important part of their report, and shew the value to
be attached to the other views entertained by them.

*' The principal document in question, is an exact amount of
the time of each journey, during the four months the carriage
continued to run between Cheltenham and Gloucester, the num-
ber of passengers taken in every Journey, the monies received for
fares, the monies expended in power, and the wear and tear of
the machinery. These heads com])rehend all the points which
affect comparative value. I am indebted for these particulars to
Mr. Stone, who has had the management of the Steam Carriages
of Gloucester, and who has superintended most of my experiments
from the commencement.

" It is said in the Report of the Committee, that " Mr. James
Stone states that the Engine drew ^v^ times its own weight
nearly, at the rate of from five to six miles per hour, partly up'
an inclination." As the fact appears only in the minutes of evi-'
dence without the particulars, I shall first give here, in Mr. Stone'9
own words, the particulars of an experiment wliich I have no
doubt is the one, or one similar to that, alluded to. They were
written the day of making the experiment.

\^Tahe continued.}

TBS

ilotiDron

J'OURNAL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES,

No. LI.

[SBCONO SERIES.]

^#M>

Emnt patents.

To WiLUAM Parish^ of Cambridge, Jacksonian pro/es'
€or in the University, for his having invented an
improved method or methods of cleaning out footer
courses. — [Sealed 4th December, 1828.]

The principle of this invention is the employment of a
vessel suspended upon pivots, to receive water by any
slow drainage, which vessel when filled to a certain height
shall, by the preponderating weight of the water accumu-
lated on one side of its axis, immediately tip over and
discharge the whole of its contents in a copious flood, the
force of which flood is intended to carry away ietny filth
that may have deposited in the drain. There is also a
contrivance for applying the same apparatus as a moving
power, to open a sluice for the occasional discharge of a

Vol. IX. — Second Series. r

118

Recent Patents,

large body of water from an embanked pond or reserToir,
the rapid current of which water is intended to wash away
the sediment from the ditches or drains connected there-
with.

Plate VI, fig. 1, represents a tray or shallow vessel,
suspended upon pivots; one end of the tray having a
shoot or bevelled edge. This vessel is intended to receive
water by means of a pipe, or a drain delivering into it.
When the vessel is filled to a certain height, the weight
of the water towards the shoot end will preponderate, and
cause the vessel to tip over and discharge its contents
suddenly ; which will produce a powerful flow of water,
calculated to wash away any deposits in the drain into
which it is discharged.

Fig. 2, is another modification of the same contrivance,
in which a cylindrical vessel suspended upon pivots is em-
ployed, having a iip formed as a tangent to the cylinder.
If water be allowed to run into this vessel until it rises to
the top of the lip, a preponderating weight will by that
means have accumulated on the lip side of the axis, which
will turn the vessel over, and cause it to discharge its con*
tents at the lip part into the drain below.

Fig. 3, represents the section of an embanked pond or
reservoir, the contents of which are required to be dis-
charged occasionally with considerable force through the
drain below. An apparatus similar to that last described,
is enclosed within a water tight box jsr, z, at the bottom of
the pond, and a perpendicular pipe y, extends upwards
from the top of this box. When the water in the pond
has risen to the level of the upper orifice of the pipe y,
it then flows down the pipe, and is conducted into the cy-
lindrical vessel, by means of a trumpet mouthed tube.
The vessel having become filled with water to the height
of the lip, the preponderating weight on that side causes

Parish's, hnpts. in cleaning Water Courses. 1 19

it to turn upon its pivots^ in doing which it also carries
round the toothed wheel x, affixed to its side ; and this
wheel taking into a rack on the edge of the horizontal
rod w, draws that rod, and with it the sliding valve v, from
the aperture or mouth of the drain u, hence the contents
of the pond immediately flow down the drain, and wash
away the filth which may have settled there.

The water discharged from the cylindrical vessel into
the box z, runs off by the small drain t, and the cylinder
being furnished with a counter-poise weight, is, when
empty, brought back to its former position, and the valve
r, sliden back over the mouth of the drain, allowing the
pond to fill again gradually. On the water rising to the
aperture at top of the pipe, the same effects take place
again, and thus the apparatus occasionally empties the
pond, discharging the water with great force, for the pur-
pose above described.

The Patentee states, that he does not intend to confine
himself to the apparatus described, but claims the appli*
cation of every sort of contrivance by which an inter-
mitted flow of water may be effected ; and he further
states, that the Patent is taken at the suggestion and for
the use df Mr. Jowett, of Great Queen Street, Lincoln's
Inn Fields, and that the apparatus is to be called
JTowett's apparatus for cleansing out water courses. —
[InroUed in the Inrolment Office, March, 1829.]

[ 120 J

To Joseph Rhodes^ the younger^ of Alverthorpe, in the
parish of Wakefield, and county of York, worsted
spinner, for his having invented certain improvements
in machinery for spinning and twisting worsted, yam,
and other fibrous substances. -^^esX^A, 18th Sep-
tember, 1828.]

Neither the novelty or the advantage of these ^' improve-
ments in machinery for spinnings &c.'* appear to be pointed
out in the Specification, and we are at a loss to discover
what tne merits of the invention consist in — a small part
of a spinning machine is represented, for the purpose of
explaining the kind of apparatus employed.

Plate VI. fig, 4, is an end view of a portion of the ma-
chine, showing the operative parts, with one spindle and
flyer. The cop of worsted, or other yarn intended to be
spun, is placed upon the frame at a, from whence the yam
passes through drawing rollers b, b, b, to the interior of a
hollow tube c. This tube is mounted in bearings in two
fixed horizontal bars d, d, and is made to revolve by
means of the pulley e, and cord passing round the driving
drumy*. At the lower end of this tube is affixed the
%^i* g» A^d the spindle h.

The thread or yarn proceeds through the tube c, and
through the arm of the flyer g, at the end of which it
passes on to the bobbin L The end of the spindle which
carries the bobbin, protrudes through the rail k, and it is
by the rising and falling of the rail k, that the bobbin
is slidden up and down upon the spindle, so as to enable
the yarn to wind progressively upon the bobbin in uniform
coils.

The rail k, is supported by arms /, one of which arms
extend from the lower end of the lever m, the fulcrum of

Sharp's, for Impts. in Spinning, ^c.

121

this lever being a pivot at n. The periphery of a heart
wheel or cam o, driven by a toothed wheel p, affixed to
its axle, acts against a pin in the lever m, and as the heart
goes round the lever is made to vibrate^ by which means
the rail k, and the bobbin i, are progressively raised
and depressed^ for the purpose of laying the yarns evenly
upon the bobbin«

When the bobbin is full of spun yam it must be remo-
ved from the spindle, or as it is termed doflTd, by lowering
the rail k. This is done by shifting aside the lever m,
so as to withdraw the pin from the periphery of the heart,
and throw it into the position shown by dots. The elastic
city of the lower parts of the lever allows of this side
movement.

As we have above said, the invention, or novelty, is not
evident from thid Specification; the Patentee distinctly
disclaims every part of the machine as already known
and in use, but claims the arrangement of the whole as
exhibited. — [Inrolled in the Inrolment Office, March,
1829.]

To WiLUAM Sharp, of Manchester, in the county palatine
of Lancaster, cotton spinner, for certain improvements
in machinery for spinning or roving cotton, silk, wool,
or other fibrous substances. — [Sealed 19th August,

1828.]

These improvements apply to that description of machi-
nery commonly called the '^ bobbin and fly frame." The
object of the inventor is to enable a machine to spin and
wind upon bobbins, rovings, or yarns, of various qualities

122

Recent PcUents.

of fineness, by occasionally removing the driving pinions
of the machine, and supplying others with different num-
bers of teeth.

The Specification, which is of very considerable lengthy
describes all the minutiae of a bobbin and fly frame of the
ordinary construction, with tbe addition of two pinions
united together, and fixed on tbe axle of the front drawing
rollers, which pinions have dissimilar numbers of teeth.
These pinions, or rather this double pinion, takes into two
trains of wheels, tbe one train actuating the spindles
which give the twist to the filaments of yarn, the other the
bobbins, upon which the twisted yarns are to be wound;
and the proportions of the diameters, and numbers of
teeth, on the two parts of the double pinion, are accurately
calculated to effect the taking up or winding on, according
to the degree of fineness of the twisted yarn.

The differential movement which regulates the rotary
speed of the bobbins, according to their increasing dia-
meters — or, in other words, that causes the bobbins to turn
slower as they augment in bulk by the accumulation of
the yams, so as to take up or wind on at all times a given
length of yarn on to a corresponding extent of surface, is
effected 4)y a rack, as in other spinning or roving frames,
which rack being moved progressively, shifts tbe conduc-
tor of a strap that embraces a conical drum, and by pas-
sing this strap to the larger diameter of tbe drum, causes
it to turn slower, and consequently to drive the bobbins
(which it actuates) with less speed.

This rack, however, in the improved machine, is to be
moved by a pinion of like diameter, and a number of teeth,
to that pinion which regulates the winding on already
mentioned ; this pinion being driven by means of connec-
tion with the other moving parts of the machine. When
it is required to vary the speed the double pinion first

Losh*s, for Impts, in Rails for Roads. 123

described^ and also the pinion last described, must be re-
moved, and other pinions of suitable numbers of teeth
substituted in their place ; which adaptation of pinions for
the purpose above stated, appear to constitute the whole
matter of the present invention.

The Patentee says, he claims '' the contrivance for
giving to the taking up motion of the machine, a distinct
and separate motion from the twist, which are to bear a
relative proportion to each other," and also the ''pro-
perty by which the rack is moved, without requiring to
be changed for different qualities of yarn;" and the Spe-
cification concludes, by saying, that the inventor does not
confine himself to the mode above described of perform-
ing the object, as it may be varied, and effected by many
other contrivances.— [/nro/Zed in the Inrolment Office,
February y 1829.]

To William Losh, of Benton House, in the county of
Northumberland, esq. for his having invented certain
improvements in the formation of iron rails for rail
roads ; and in the chairs or pedestals, in or upon
which, the rails may he placed or fixed. — [Sealed 18th
September, 1828.]

This invention is said to consist in two particulars : first,
a mode of giving additional strength to the iron rails of
the road in those parts which have been found most
likely to give way, by the pressure of the heavy carriages
passing over them ; and secondly, a particular mode of
joining the ends of the rails, so as to cause them to lock
into and confine each other, and thereby prevent the
shifting of any of the rails from their proper situations.

124

Recent PcUents.

The Patentee employs a rail of the ordinary sectional
form, that is with a top edge like the rail of a stair-case
bannister, slightly rounded on the upper side with
orer-hanging edges. The bar which constitates the lower
part of the rail, is increased in depth toward the middle
of its length, for the purpose of preventing it bending. Its
ends, which are to bear upon the chains, or sleepers are
formed with ears of a semi-cylindrical shape, resting in
cast iron blocks as chairs, which have corresponding
concavities, and the ends of the bars are made with lateral
indentations, as mortices and tenons locking into each
other, the joints being secured by wedges or keys.

The rails, if of malleable iron, are proposed to be made
by passing bars in a red hot btate between indented
rollers, as in the ordinary way of rolling bars to any parti-
cular figure ; but the increased depth of the rail in the
middle is to be produced by making the groove' of the
roller excentric ; and the ends are to be formed by forging
or any other convenient means.

The claim of novelty, consists in giving the additional
depth to the middle part of the rail to afford strength,
and the mode described of forming the junctions at the
ends of the rails, and supporting them in cast iron chairs,
fastened to the sleepers for the purpose of preventing
ihem from shifting from their situations.— [/nroZZecI in
the InrolmeHt Office, March, 1829.]

[ 125 ]

To Bdward Jos&phs, of Haydon Square, Middlesex,
merchant, for his having invented certain imptove*
ments on thefoheels, d^letreeSy and other parts of carts,
waggons, and other convet/ances.-^lSeal&d 18th De-
cember, 1828.]

The Patentee considers^ that by the employment of large
runnings wheels for carriages^ the draft will be very consi-
derably relieved, as the peripheries of such wheels would
roll over hollows in the rdad^ whereas smaller wheels
would sink into those hollows and cause repeated obstruc-
tions and concussion.

As, however, the axles of such large wheels would be
higheif than it might be found convenient to raise the bed
or bottom of the cart or waggon, it is proposed to form
the axletree as a ci'ank, tlie boxes or naves of the wheels
fitting on to the ends of the cranks, some distance above
die bed of the cgftt or waggon, which is to bear upon the
lower or receding part of the axletree.

In this mode of mounting a carriage upon crank axles,
the bed may be brought very near the ground, which will
afford considerable convenience to the loading and un-
loading of heavy goods. For the convenience of locking,
the front wheels must be smaller, and may be allowed
to pass under the bed of the waggon much in the usual
M^ay.

The Patentee says, that he " does not claim any of the
parts as new, but he claims the general arrangement ot
the whole ; *' a claim not very easily maintained or even
to be understood, if none of the parts in themselves are
new. — [Inr oiled in the Inrolment Office, June, 1829.]

Vo^ IX. — Second Sbrivs.

[ 126 ]

To Francis Nealb, of the city of Gloucester, barrister
at law, for his having invented a certain machine, ap-
paratus, or combination of machinery for propelling
vessels. — - [Sealed 7th January, 1829 .J

This is another adaptation of the well-known mechanical
contrivance called the "lazy tongs," consisting of a series
of levers jointed together, to the extremities of which series
the paddles are to be appended that act in the water ; and
by the expanding and contracting of the lazy tongs or
jointed levers, the paddles are worked to and fro in the
water, for the purpose of propelling the vessel.

Plate VI, fig. 5, represents the side of a vessel to which
the series of jointed levers is attached. A crank a, sup-
posed to extend from the main rotary shaft of the engine
within the vessel, is connected by a joint to the central
pair of levers at their upper ends; the opposite joint of
the central counter levers being upon a fixed stud below,
at b.

"To the extreme arms or outer levers of the series are
connected the horizontal frames c, c, which carry the
paddles. One or .more paddles d, may be attached to
each frame c, and they may be suspended upon swinging
axles, bearing between two horizontal bars, with cross
bracings, which constitute the frames.

Two sweep rods e, e, turn upon fixed studs or pivots
aty,/i and, at their reverse ends, are jointed to the outer
levers of the series.

It will be perceived, that if the crank a, be made to re-
volve, it will cany the upper joint of the central levers
round in the dotted circle ; and as all the levers must pre-
serve their parallelism to each other when the crank has
arrived at the highest point of its ro^tation, the series of

Necde^s, fw PropeUing Vesteh. 127

♦..

levers will be drawn up into the position shown by dots^
causing the paddles d, d, to approach the centre^ in which
movement one paddle will be in ction and the other out
of action.

Behind the joint of each paddle there is a stop^piece
with a bevel edge, which, as the paddle advances pre-
viously to giving its stroke, allows it to fall into an in-
clined position, and to slide through the water without
obstruction ; but as the paddle recedes for the purpose
of giving its stroke, the resistance of the water throws it
into a perpendicular position, when it bears against the
stop : and now is brought into operation the force exerted
by the machinery, through the agency of the paddles
against the resisting fluid, and the vessel is propelled in
the Opposite direction. — llnrolledin the Inrolment Office 9
July, 1829.T

To Robert Parker, of Hackney, in the county of Mid-
dleseXy lieutenant in the Royal Navy, for his having
invented an improved drag or apparatus which is
applicable to stage coaches and other wheeled carria^
ges, and whereby the motion thereof may be retarded
and stopped when required, — [Sealed 31st January,
1829.]

The Patentee says that his apparatus consists of a mecha-
nical contrivance resembling in principle the structure of
the human leg, having the knee joint and the ankle joint.
It is constructed by an iron lever, which may be ealled
the leg, attached to the axle* tree of the carriage by a
knee joint, which'enables it to be raised or lowered. At
the bottom of this lever is a broad piece held by the

188

Recent Paien$e*

ankle joints called the &koe ; wbicti^ wb^n ibf ^ttsig in
brougt^t into operation^ glides upoa the gromidji and lifta
the running ijrheel up from its beihring.

Plate VI^ fig. 6^ shows the apparatus drawn up under
the carriage^ apd of eourse not in operatian ; di^ wtieel
is reprei^ented by tbe dotted segment of q. circle as juur
ning upon the ground. Fig. 7, shows the drag iu operas
tiouj the i^oe being iq coataet with the ground^ and the
running wheel of the carriage raised up off the ground ^
the weight of the vehicle b^ng supported by the drag
instead of the wheel, and consequently as the shoe slides
along the ground^ a very considerable friction ta|ces placoj
and the progress of the carriage is consequently im*
peded.

The axle of the bind wheel of the carriage is repre*
sented at a, and immediately below it is the knee joint or
pivot of the leg'6/ affixed to the axle tree. This leg is a
straight bar of iron, at the lower end of which the foot
or shoe c, is a<ttached by the ankle joint. At the back of
the foot or shoe piece c, there is an elongation d», tbroug;h
which the pin or swivel joint of the eye piece e, is pro-
truded. A bent lever f, turning upon a fulcrum pin in the
leg, is passed through the eye piece, and is confined in
the elevated situation shown at fig. 7, by a loop g, which
drops over its end.

Thus it will be perceived that the bent lever /*, wh^n
confined by the loops g, holds up the eye piece e, and
the elongated part of the foot d, and by tha.t meaaft
l^eeps the foot or shoe in the propier pos^ioi^ for the so^,
to bear against the ground, in which pp^itipa it is still fur-
ther held by the drag chain A, suspended! ft^om tbe undey
part of the carriage.

When it is required to bring the dia^ in^ operation, a.
person seated at the hinder pajrt oC the coach> on the outi

Poolers, for Impis. in preparing Dough. It9

sidQ, lets down the apparatiit from tht po«ittoa shown
at fig. 6, by rQleasing the €hEiDt> which are all comieeted
together above> and by drawing the ehain tV powerfully,
the h^o.% lever is raised, bringing tha eye piece, and
with it the foot, ii^o the poaition shown at fig. 7, at vriuok
time the loop g> folk ov^ the end of the bent lerer, aadi
confines it securely in the poaitton for dragging*

In order to raise the drag frooi die ground, and allow
tbe wheel tc^ eowe again into action, the chain or Awd k,
attached to the loopa g, is to be first drawn up, which
causes tbe loop to slip off tbe end of the bent leYer«
when the lever immediatiely falls and allows the eye pieca
to fall also, and the foot to turn up as the periphery of
the wheel comes into contact with the ground. The drag
may then be drawn up by means of tfie chain into the
position shown at fig. 7, and he there made fast to a hook
or staple on the side of the ^BLrmge^-^lInrolttd im Me
Inr^lment Office, July, 1829.}

To Moses PoauB, of Lincoln^r Inux m the county q/
Middlesex^, gevttleman, in con^e^^c^ of a communis
eation made to him by a foreigner r^eiding abro^^
for an invention^ of certain improved machinery foir
preparing or kneadiKkg dipugA.-^ Sealed 19th Jun^,
1829.]

There are three different constructions of machinery
proposed under this patent^ either of which are to be enif*
ployed for kneading doughy for the making of bread or
biscuits.

In tbe first machine described in this Specification, the

130 Recent PaienU.

dough passes to and fro under a heavy roller mounted in
a trough, which roller has a reciprocating rotary actiou
given to it, by means of a wheel, pinion, and winch, driven
by hand on the outside of the trough. The second con-
trivance is a trough with several compartments for knead-
ing different kinds of dough at the same time ; which
trough is mounted upon pivots, and is made to revolve
upon standards by a wheel, pinion, and winch connected
to it's pivot, the kneading of the dough being principally
effected by the rolling over of a heavy ball in each com-
partment as the trough revolves. The third contrivance
is a series of arms and oblique hoops or rings attached
to an axle, which is made to revolve within a semi-cylin-
drical trough, for the purpose of stirring up the 6our and
water and kneading it into dough.

Plate VI, fig. 8, represents the section taken trans-
versely of a trough for kneading, made of wood; it
should be lined with hard wood or with smooth plates of
iron. The lower part of this trough is curved to prevent
the dough from lodging in any corners. An iron or hard
wood roller a, extending the whole length of the trough,
is mounted upon an axle, the pivots of which pass through
the ends of the trough. This roller is intended to revolve
near the bottom of the trough, but may be raised or
lowered at the pleasure of the workmen when in use, the
bearings of the pivots being in sliding-frames attached to
levers moved by racks and pinions.

Above the roller a, there is a fixed wooden partition b,
extending the whole length of the trough, which partition
is beveled on its lower edge, and nearly meets the peri-
phery of the roller : it is intended as a scraper, and to
prevent the dough from passing over the roller.

Upon the end of the axle of the roller a, a toothed

Poolers, for Impts» in preparing Dough. 131

wheel is fixed, shown by dots; this takes into a pinion on
the axle of the fly-wheel c, to which a winch is attached
for driving the machine by manual labour, or a rigger
may be placed upon the same axle for working the ma-
chine by any other motive- power.

The fly-wheel being put in motion^ the roller a, is made
to revolve, and the flour and liquor having been previously
introduced into the trough and covered by the lid, the
materials are drawn through the space between the bottom
of the trough and the roller, and become partially
mixed.

When this operation has gone on for a short time, the
dough partially formed will have been nearly all drawn to
one side of the trough, the rotation of the wheel n, and
roller a, must then be reversed, and the dough will pass
back again under the roller to the other side of the
trough. Thus, by a reciprocating action of the roller a,
the materials will be properly mixed and kneaded into
dough ready for the oven.

Fig. 9, represents the second construction of machinery;
a, is a long box or chest made of wood, with iron bind-
ings, of which this fig. is an end view. This box or chest
is divided into any number of compartments, and the
whole is covered with a lid fastened down by hoops or
staples. The ends of the box or chest have pivots in the
position of an axis, upon which the chest is balanced in
standards, and it is made to revolve upon those standards
by means of a toothed wheel, pinion, fly-wheel, and
winch, or by other convenient means.

The flour and liquor being introduced into the several
compartments of the box or chest, a heavy iron ball, like a
cannon ball, is placed in each compartment, and attached
to the side of the chest by a chain : the chest is then

Recent Patents.

elosed 0M;ttrely by its Kd, attd being tdm^ found upM its
pivots the ball rolls ctet and over and from side to side
amoD^ the materials, and eauses them to mix ; and when
80 mixed into doagh, the wei<^ht of the ball, as it con«
tinues to roll, kneads the dough perfectly, and brings it
into a state fit for baking.

By dividing tb# rotary chest into several compartments,
the Patentee considers that he shall be enabled to mix
and knead different kinds of meal at the same time, and
by one operation of the machme.

The third kind of kneading apparatus is shown at figs.
10 and II; it consists of a semi^ylindrical trough,
shown in section at fig. 10, in which a series of oblique
rings and radial arms are attaciied to a rotary axle. A
portion of tliis rotary apparatus is shown detached from
the machine at fig. II.

The semi'cylindrical troi!igh a, a, is intended to extend
for a considerable length, perhaps ten or twelve feet long.
It is to be stationary and mounted upon legs, and has a
lid or cover 6, which being turned over on to the trough
a, a, incloses the rotary axle.

Flour and liquor being introduced into the trough, and
the lid closed down, the rotary axle is to be put iu mo-
tion, which will cause the arms and oblique rings of the
axle to pass through the materials in the trough, and to
stir them up so as to produce a perfect mixing, or incor-
poration of the meal and the liquor, and hence to knead
it into dough ready to be made up into loaves of bread.
llj^oUed in the Inrolment Office, December, 1829,]

[ 133 J

To George Henry Manton, of Dover-street, Picca-
dilly, in the county of Middlesex, gun maker, for
his invention of an improvement in the construction of
locks for all kinds of fowling pieces and fire arms. —
[Sealed 2d September, 1829.]

This improvement applies solely to guns and pistols
which are to be fired upon the detonating principle^ the
object being a means of allowing the fulminating powder
to escape readily from the touch hole when exploding ;
as it has been found that by the employment of detonating
primings^ the force of the fulminating powder in the
touch hole not being allowed to escape readily, has caused
the piece to kick.

The Patentee proposes to remedy this inconvenience by
opening the side of the touch hole at the same instant
that the cock strikes the nipple, which will allow the ful-
minating powder to blow out.

Plate VI. figs. 12 and 13, show the side of a fowling
piece, with a lock for firing by percussion ; a, is the cock ;
b, the nipple upon which the detonating Cap is to be
placed ; c, and d, is a double armed lever turning upon a
pin in the bridge piece e,

A flat disc at the end c, of the lever, covers a lateral
opening in the side of the touch hole, as seen at fig. 12,
and thus keeps the touch hole closed and protected from
the intrusion of wet to the priming. At the other end d,
of the lever, there is a small friction roller, which bears
against the edge of the cock, the lever being kept up to
its bearing by a small spring.

On discharging the fowling piece, the descent of the
cock forces the lever into the position shown at fig. 13,
which shifts the disc c, from the aperture of the touch

Vol. IX. — SecoKd Series. r

134 Recent Patents.

hole, and allows the ignited priming to blow away with-
out causing the gun to recoil.

The Patentee says that the opening and closing of a
lateral aperture from the touch bole may be effected in
several other ways beside that which he has shown, and
he therefore claims the exclusive right to every mode of
letting off or relieving the exploded priming from the
touch hole at the time that the piece is discharged. —
[Tnrolled in the Inrolment Office, November^ 1829.]

To Thomas Robinson Williams, of Norfolk-street,
Strand, in the county of Middlesex, Esq, for his
having invented improvements in the making or manu-
facturing of felt, or a substance in the nature thereof,
applicable to covering the bottoms of vessels, and
other purposes, — [Sealed 23d May, 1829.]

In sheathing the bottoms of ships it was found desirable
to place between the wood work and the copper plates,
sheets of brown paper steeped in tar, for the purpose of
protecting the wood work from the anger worm ; latterly
sheets of felted wool, steeped in tar, have been em-
ployed for the same purpose, and the object of this
Patent is to prepare such sheets of felt by means of
machinery.

Plate VI. fig. 14, represents the section of an appara-
tus to be employed for this purpose ; a, is a vat or vessel
containing tar ; b, b, are two cylindrical rollers mounted
in suitable bearings, over which rollers an endless web of
wire gauze is passed. This web is conducted also over
two guide rollers above the tar in the vat, and beneath a
roller d, immersed in the tar; c, c, are two similar cylin-

Hancorne*Si for Impts^ in making Nails, 135

drical rollers carryiag another endless web of wire gauze^
which passes under a weighted guide roller e, and also
under the roller d, in the vat.

The loose wool which should be first prepared by car-
ding, is to be spread out evenly of a sufficient thickness
upon liie inclined surface of the wire gauze, between the
two front rollers b, and c, and the rollers being* then made
to revolve, the thickness of wool is drawn in by the two
webs between the front rollers b, c, and is thence con-
ducted down into the vat, where it becomes saturated with
the tar, and being further carried between the two webs,
it passes upwards beneath the pressing roller e, which
gives it firmness, and is then led off and discharged from
the webs in a stiff sheet on to the table g, where it may
be cut into suitable sijsed pieces. After this the pieces
are hung up to dry, and are then fit to be used for cover-
ing the bottoms of ships to protect the wood work.-—
{InroUed in ike Inrolment Office^ November, 1829.]

To Bdward Hancorke, of Skinner^street, in the city
of London, nail manufacturer, in consequence of a
communication made to him by a foreigner residing
abroad, for an invention of certain improvements in
making naih. — [Sealed 16th October, 1828.]

This is a machine for manufacturing nails by cutting,
pressing, and stamping' rods, or slender bars of iron.

The rods or bars having been prepared eith^^r by roll-
ing or hammering, or by cutting them from sheets or
plates of iron, called slitting, are then to be made red
hot, and in that state passed through the machine to be
cut into suitable lengths, — pressed into wedge forms for

136 Recent PatenU.

pointings and stamped at the end to produce the bead. A
longitudhial view of the machine is shown in Plate VII.
at tig, 1 ; but^ as it is very complicated in its details^ and
its principles appear to have beenpreviously embodied in
the machinery for making nails, patented by Mr. Thomav
Tyndell, of Birmingham^ in 1827 (see London Journal
of Arts, Second Series, Vol. III. page 184), we do not
consider it necessary to describe all its minutia, as the
general operations of the machine may be very v^ell
understood from this figure.

A strong iron frame work, one side of which is shown
at a, a, supports the whole of the mechanism ; 6, is a table
capable of sliding to and fro. Upon thb table lying hori-
zontally are the clamps, which take hold of the sides of
the rod as it advances, and also the shears which cut the
rod into short lengths, suitable for making from each
length a separate nail.

These clamps or holders consist of a fixed piece and
a movable piece, the latter being brought into action by
a lever. The shears or cutters are situate and perform
much in the same way.

The rod or bar of iron showi^ at c, having been heated
to a red heat, is passed into the machine by sliding it
forward upon the table 6, when the table is in its most
advanced situation ; rotary motion is then given to the
crank shaft d, by means of a band passed round the rigger
e, which causes the table b, to be drawn back by the
crank rody*; and as the table recedes the horizontal lever
is acted upon, which closes the clamps. By these means
the clamps take fast hold of the sides of the heated rod
and draw it forward, when the movable chap of the
shears, also acted upon by a lever, slides laterally, and
cuts off the end of the rod held by the clamps : the piece
thus separated being intended to constitute one nail.

Hancorne*$j for Impts, in making Nails. 137

Let it be supposed that the nail situate at g, having been
thus brought into the machine and cut off^ is held between
clamps^ pressing it sideways^ but which are not seen in the
figure: in this situation it is about to be headed and
pointed. — The header is a steel die h, intended to be
pressed up against the end of the nail by a cam i, upon
the crank shaft, which cam at this period of the operation
acts against the end of a rod k, forming a continuation of
the die k, and forces up the die so as to compress the
solid metal into the form of a head.

The process of pointing the nail is performed by two
rolling snail pieces l^ L These snail pieces are some-
thing broader than the width of the nail, and turn upon
axles supported in the side framing. As the table b,
advances, racks m, on the edge of the table take into
toothed segments n, n, on the axles of the snails^ and
cause them to turn.

The snails at first pinch the nail close under its head
with very little force, but as they turn over the longer
radius of the snail coming into operation upon the nail,
its substance is then very considerably pressed, and forced
into a wedge form. This completes the nail, and it is imme-
diately discharged from the clamps or holders ; the car-
riage is then sent forward again by the rotation of the
crank shaft, and another portion of the rod c, is brought
forward, cut off, and formed to the desired shape of a
nail, in the way above described. — [Inrolled in the Inrql-
ment Office ^ April, 1829. J

[ '38 3

J EuwiEi) Dakih Philp, of Regent-street, Sai*t
James's, in the city of Westminster, and county of
Middlesex, ehemitt, for his having invented an im-
proved distilling and rectifying apparatus. — [Sealed
S9lh November, 1828.]

us h an apparatus to be placed upon a Btill head, for
J purpose of sepaiatin^ the aqueous from the alcoholic
pours, which it professes to do with better «ffect than
s been accomplished by any other contrivance hereto-
■e employed.

Plate VII, fig. 2, exhibits the external appearance of
i apparatus placed upon a still ; fig. 3, shows its inter-
l arrangement in section upon a larger scale ; a, is the
ad of the slili, from which a cylindrical tube b, b, b,
ea as a head. This tube is divided into several com-
rtments c, c, c, c, (four are proposed) by horizontal par-
ous d, d, d, d, d. All communications from one
mparlment to the next is cut off by these partitions,
cept through the apertures e, e, e, e, e, and these are
arded by water joints.
Within the compartments c, inner chambers are formed

inverted cylindrical boxes /, /, /, f, and the vapour
litted from the still, after entering the lower compart-
mt c, passes from thence into the interior of (he box/,

apertures at the lower parts of the inverted box, or
3 boxes may stand within the compartments upon legs,
3 object being to make the way free for the flow of the
[>our from the lower part of each compartment into the
'erted box within it.

Ekich compartment is circumscribed by a cylindrical
isel g, g, containing water for the purpose of refrige-
ing the vapour, and promoting its condensation, and

Philp's, for Impts. in distilling Apparatus, ^-c. 139

the water is supplied to the upper vessel by a pipe h,
from whence it flows into the lower resseU by other
pipes i, i, i, and is discharged ultimately at k.

The construction of the apparatus having been de-
scfibed^we proceed to explam the mode of its operation : —
The vapour rising from the still passes^ through the
lower aperture e, in the head b, into the lower compart-
ment e, as shown by the arrows. In this compartment
the vapour becomes partially cooled by the surrounding
vessels of water^ and its aqueous parts become condensed^
which fall to the bottom of the compartment^ and flow
away into the still again by the descending pipe I, while
the alcoholic vapour rises through the apertures m, tn,
at bottom into the box f, /, and thence proceeds from
the box f, up the tube e, as shown by the arrows into
the second compartment c. Then the vapour becomes
again cooled by the surrounding vessel of cold water^
and is further condensed^ the aqueous part falling to the
bottom of the compartment, and flowing away through
the water joint to the lower compartment, and the
alcoholic vapour rising as before through the aparture e,
to the next compartment and so on, until it reaches the
top of the still head, whence it proceeds in a highly rec-
tified state by the pipe n, to the worm tub, or ultimate
refrigerator^ where the alcoholic vapour becomes condensed
into a pure spirituous liquor.

The Patentee does not confine himself to any particu-
lar dimensions or number of compartments, boxes, and
vessels c,y, and g, nor does he define the precise features
of his invention, but states that he does not claim any of
the parts of the apparatus which may have been so em-
ployed before.

After his indefinite claim, we feel ourselves bound to
refer our readers to the patented inventions of Mr. Saint-

140 Recent Patents.

mare, applicable to distilling apparatus, (see the first
Series of the Londou Journal of Arts Vol. X. page 77 » and
Vol. XIII. page 198,) in which the more perfect conden-
sation of the vapour emitted from a still, is sought to be
effected by passing it through a succession of chambers
in connection with refrigerating liquor, until the vapour is
discharged at top in a highly concentrated state ; also,
the flow of water through the surrounding vessels g, g,
hj/ which the coldest medium is applied to the most
highly concentrated portions of the vapour, is an adap-
tation of the same principles as those claimed under
Yandal's Patent, refrigeration, (see also Vol. XIII. page
95.)— [/wroMed in the Inrolment Ojfficey May^ 1829.]

To John Forbes, of Cheltenham, in the county of
Gloucester^ architect and surveyor^ for his new
invented method of burning or consuming smoke. —
[Sealed 15th December, 1828.

The principle feature of this invention is placing one fire
grate immediately under another, by which the smoke
emitted from the lower fire will pass up through, and be
consumed by the upper fire.

The object of the invention, we presume, is to cure
smokey chimnies, but upon what principle the additional
fire is to effect this, we do not perceive.

Plate VII, fig. 4, is a section of the fire place and
chimneys ; a, is the upper or ordinary grate ; 6, is the
lower grate. The smoke and combustible vapours from
the fire of the lower grate 6, is intended to pass through
the fire of the upper grate a. A blower c, is made to

NievilVsy for obtaining Mechanical Power, ^e. 141

slide up and down in the frame at top^ which is proposed
to be suspended by weighted chains passed over pulleys,
as shown by dots.

To an aperture in the back of the grate the pipe d, is
connected^ which leads the smoke of the fire up the
chimney ; it has a cap at top to guard against the descent
of wind ; a recess e, is formed by plates of iron in the
back of the grate^ into which the smoke of the lower fire
passes^ and by it is conducted into the upper fire to be
consumed. This throws a considerable heat into the part
y, behind the grate^ and the air thus heated in ascending,
greatly promotes the draft of the chimney.

On the sides of the grate there are hollow chambers ;
formed by the bevelled faces or surfaces marked g, through
which the atmosphere of the room passes ; and there
becoming heated^ is returned into the room for the pur-
pose of warming it.

The claims of the Patentee are^ firsts the employment
of two fire grates ; second, the recess e^*, and, third, the
back chamber y*, for promoting the draft. — \Inr oiled in
the Inrolment Offices, June, 1889.]

To James Nevill, of New Walk, Shad Thames,' in the
county of Surrey, engineer, for his having invented
an improved machine or apparatus for obtaining
mechanical power from falls and running streams of
water.— [Sealed 25th September, 1828.]

This invention is called a water wheel, but we should
rather describe it as a chain pump, acting by he weight
of water depressing its buckets.

Vol. IX. — Sbcond Series. >

142 Recent Patents.

Plate VII, [&g. 5, shows one mode of adapting the
apparatus for obtaining mechanical power from the fall of
a running stream, which is called an undershot water
wheel ; it consists of a series of buckets a, a, a, attached
to an endless chain that moves vertically, which is passed
over two drum wheels b, b, commonly called lantern
drums, their peripheries being formed by rods, leaving
open spaces between every two for the buckets a, a, to fall
into.

A shaft or well is formed for the chain and buckets to
descend through, and the water flowing over at top, fills the
baskets successively, and causes them to descend, which
turns the drum wheels 6, 6, and from the axles of these
revolving wheels the mechanical power is to be derived.

Fig. 6, shows another arrangement of the same con-
trivance, but adopted to an overshot water wheel, in
which the buckets a, a, travel diagonally, or in an inclined
plane.

The endless chain carrying the buckets, pass over simi-
lar drum wheels 6, ft, and the water flowing over the
upper drum fills the buckets successively, and causes them
to pass down the inclined plain on the outside, and hence
to give the rotatory impulse to the wheels.— [/nro/Zerf in
the Inrolment Office, March, 1829.]

To Robert Stehi, of Regent-street, Oxford-street, in
the county of Middlesex, gentleman, for his having
invented certain improvements in distillation.— [Sealed
4th December, 1828.]

The subject of this Patent is a still, or rather a distilling
apparatus of a very complicated construction, the leading
object of which appears to be that of presenting the wash

Stein's, for Impts. in Distillation. 143

or fermented liquor to the heat in an extremely attenuated
form or finely divided state, that is^ in jets^ or a shower,
or, as the Patentee expresses it, in the state of a mist.

The wash descends from the vat by a pipe, which con*
ducts it through several vessels called baths, as they are
surrounded by hot chambers formed by casings or outer
vessels, which constitute' the passages for the steam or
vapour emitted from the still to pass to the refrigerator.
By these means the wash becomes heated, and the vapour
cooled.

In describing this invention, we must commence at two
opposite ends of the apparatus at the same time, namely,
at the reservoir, on the right hand, from whence the cold
liquor flows through the heated vessels into the still, and
at the boiler on the left, from which steam is passed
through the still and round the wash vessels to heat them.

Bearing in mind these two prominent features, let it be
observed that the still itself stands about midway between
the boiler on the one hand, and the wash vat on the other :
and is totally unlike stills in common use, being a long
cylindrical vessel placed horizontally, and divided into
several compartments by vertical partitions made of thick
cloth.

The wash, after passing through three several vessels,
each surrounded with a casing filled with steam or hot
vapour, is conducted in a heated state by a series of pipes
leading respectively to a small force pump, connected to
each of the compartmentsof the cylindrical still. These
pumps are all acted upon by one large piston working in
a cylindrical vessel, into which the wash is delivered by
the pipes, and from whence it is ejected through the
pumps.

Here one important feature is to be remarked : — each
pump has an air vessel connected to it, by which an elas-

144 Recent Patents.

tic pressure is exerted upon the surface of the wash as iC
rises in each pump barrel^ and by that means^ when the
piston is, set to work> the wash is thrown into the several
compartments of the still in continued jets. In order^
however, to divide the wash into the most minute particles-^
as a shower or a mist, a plate is placed a little distance
above each jet within the still/for the purpose of distri-
buting the wash when it strikes upwards, and causing it to
be scattered widely over the still, and thereby become
greatly exposed to the action of the heat.

Having explained the manner in which the wash is dis-
tributed in a shower or mist within the still, we proceed
to show the mode by which it becomes heated ; this is
effected by the passage of steam through the still.

As before said, a boiler is placed at the left hand end
of the apparatus, from whence steam rises, and is intro-
duced into the left hand extremity of the cylinder. Thi^re
it mixes itself with the heated wash in the finely divided
state described, and carries away those portions which are
reduced by the heat to an alcoholic vapour. The cloth
partitions of the cylinder are close enough to prevent the
passage of the wash from one compartment to another,
but yet allow the steam and vapour to pass on to the end
of the cylinder, and thence to escape through a pipe to
the jacket of one of the wash vessels, when it becomes
partially condensed ; but that portion which remains in a
state of vapour, proceeds onward to the jacket of the
second wash vessel, and from thence to the third : and
ultimately the most volatile parts of the vapour passes
down into the worm or refrigerator, and are then condensed
in the form of concentrated spirit or alcohol, from whence
it is taken for rectification.

Referring again to the consideration of the wash, it is
to be observed that it flows first from the reservoir placed

Louis* Sy for opening Leaves of Music Books, 146'

at an elevation^ into a vessel surrounded by a jacket con^
taining the heated vapour virhich passes from the stilly as
before described^ and the effect of this is^ that the vapour
becomes partially condensed by the cold wash, and the
wash heated by the hot vapour.

The wash on flowing into the second and third vessel^
and the vapour passing round them^ in like manner effects
a transmission of the heat, which assists in condensing
the vapour prior to its reaching the worm, and of heating
the wash before it is injected into the still. — [Inrolled in
the Inrolment Office, May, 1829.]

To Abraham Louis, of DeaU'Street, Birmingham^ in the
county of Warwick, mechanic, for his having invented
a mechanical volti suvito to assist the players of music
quickly to turn their leaves of music books whilst play"
jng.— [Sealed 10th December, 1828.]

The inconvenience which a performer experiences in turn-
ing over th^ leaves of the music book while playing, has
induced the Patentee to construct an instrument which,
by a slight touch, shall turn over one leaf at a time.

The instrument is attached to one corner of a square
board, which is to stand nearly upright, as a back to the
book. The parts that are to turn over the leaves may be
called long fingers or arms ; they are jointed to the board
much in the same way as a pen-knife is attached to its
handle.; and when prepared for operation, the fingers are
turned down severally over the top of a leaf.

To each of the fingers or arms a spring is connected^
called a volti, and a lever which is to be touched when
a leaf requires turning over, acts upon a sort of trigger.

l46 Recent Patents*

and lets off the arm, which, in rising, turns the leaf of
the book over with it. — [^Inrolled in the Inrolment Office^
February, 1829. J

[This apparatus bears a close resemblance to one pro-
posed for the same purpose, and for which a Patent was
granted to Mr. John Chancellor, of Dublin, in Novem-
ber, 1828.]

To James Sinister, of Bull-street, Birmingham, in the
county of Warwick, for his new invented improve^
ments in weaving, preparing, or manufacturing a cloth
or fabric, and the application thereof to the making
of stays and other articles of dress.^^l^SedAed 18th
December, 1828.]

The object of this invention is to prevent the necessity of
cutting out pieces of cloth, and sewing them together for
the purpose of forming long bags, to receive strips of
whalebone, steel, or wood, for women*s stays ; which is to
be effected by weaving two thicknesses of cloth at the
same time, and connecting the thicknesses together iu cer-
tain places.

The Patentee has described this invention by particular
reference to such threads of the work as are to be raised
or depressed at certain times, but these are subject to vary
according to the forms of bags intended to be made.

The only material feature to be observed, is that two
warps are to be employed, each wound upon a separate
beam ; that they are to be passed through separate reeds

Minister's, for Impts. in Cloth for Stays, 147

in a double race slay, and that two shuttles are to work
together, one above the other, the warps being drawn to-
gether at certain intervals by the operation of the healds
or headles ; and by that means the double web in certain
places becomes woven into one.

Fabrics or cloths by these means may be produced with
different colours on opposite sides, and they may have,
variously formed bags suited to receive padding, wadding,
whalebone, steel, wood, or any other materials as springs
or stifienings for stays, riding belts, braces, and other
articles for dress ; and the same contrivance will also
apply to the making of purses, and various other goods of
the like Vix^d.^^Unrolled in the Inrobnent Office, June,'
1829.]

To Jaihes Eraser, of Limehouse, in the county of
Middlesex, engineer, for his having invented or
found out a new and improved arrangement of a
flue or flues, to communicate with the various parts of
culinary apparatus, such as steam^ soup, or water
boilers, oven or ovens, hot plate or plates, hot closet
or closetSy and stewing stove or stoves, to render them
more compact ; and to appropriate parts of the said
apparatus to effect other useful purposes — [Sealed
27th January, 1829.]

The subjects of this Patent^re divided into '>Uwo series,^*
as the Patentee expresses it; that is^ the adaptatio^n of
the ixxvention^ first, to a Ipoitable cooking apparatus, as a
ship's hea,rth, atid secondly^ to a permanent cooking range^
with oven and boiler to be fixed in the kitchen of a
mansion.

The features -of novelty, if there are any, connected
with thi6 invention, consist in the precise construction.

148

Recent Patents,

arrangement^ and disposition of the fire place^ flues,
boiler^ oven, hot plate^ air veut^ &c. as set forth in a series
of figures accompanying the specification. As^ however^
these several parts of a cooking apparatus have been so
variously contrived as to form a disposition in the many
inventions for similar purposes which have formed the
subjects of previous Patents^ we find ourselves^ in the ab-
sence of any definite claim, unable to point out any pecu-
liar features which we should consider to be new.

The flame and heated vapour passes from the fire in the
grate under a hot plate for stewing, and then partly round
an oven, and partly under a boiler, and from thence
through flues, pi-oceeds to a chimney, after having com-
pletely exhausted its heating powers.

There are dampers for shutting off the current of heat
from the boiler if desired, and for directing it to any other
part of the apparatus, but none of these appear to be
capable of producing any new or superior effect ; and the
only part which is particulary insisted upon as of import-
ance in the arrangement, is a tube or chimney for con-
ducting the steam and hot air from the stewing plate,
which does not communicate with the chimney, and
therefore prevents the possibility of smoking the victuals
while cooking.

The forms of the ship's hearth, or portable cooking stove
and the stationary stoves for the kitchens of mansions, of
course differ considerably in form and external appearance,
but a similar arrangement of the parts occur in both, and
the same apparent want of novelty presents itself ; we
therefore deem it unnecessay further to describe this in-
vention, — [Inrolled in the Petty Bag Office, March,
1829.]

r 149 ]

To John Dickinson, of Nash Millj in the parish of
Abbots hanglej/y in the county of Hertford^ paper ma'
nufacturery for his having invented a new improvement
in the method of manufacturing paper and other ma-
terials into single sheets or pieces^ by means of ma-
chinery. — [Sealed 14th January, 1829.]

There are three subjects embraced by this patent : first,
a mode of expressing the water, and compressing the
fibres of the pulp of the paper immediately on its coming
from the machine mould, by passing the fresh- made sheet
between rollers, previous to its reaching the drying
apparatus ; secondly, introducing threads of flax, cotton,
or silk, or lace, or web of a fibrous character into the
substance of the paper when making ; and^ thirdly, the
construction and employment of a machine for cutting
the length of paper when finished into separate sheets.

The apparatus to be employed for expressing the water,
from the new made sheet of paper, is to be adapted to
one of those machines constructed upon the principle of
Fourdriniers patent for making endless paper, the par-,
ticular features of which are well known, and therefore
need not be here described.

The present invention consists in adapting to a con-
venient part of the machine two pairs of pressing rollers
made of metal, between which the endless sheet of paper
immediately from the mould, is to be conducted by end-
less webs. The pulp is in a great measure freed from
the water in which it floated by the shaking of the wire-
gauze strainer, but by passing with its felt between these
pressing rollers, not only is the water expressed and
more perfectly discharged from the sheet, but the paper
becomes more compact and firm.

Vol. IX.— Second Series. t

l&O Recent Patents.

It is proposed that one of the rollers of each pair
should be made hollow and be heated by steam passed
into it through its axle, and the surface of the sheet being
brought in contact with the periphery of this heated roller,
that side of the sheet will become smooth and glossy.
In passing the sheet from the first to the second pair of
pressing rollers* it is to be turned over by changing the
direction of the endless belt, in order that the other side
of the sheet may be exposed to the heated surface of the
pressing roller, and thereby become glossy also.

In order to introduce threads of flax, cotton, or silk or
lace, or other fibrous web into the substance of paper, the
patentee forms the sheet of paper of two thicknesses of
pulp, the one being moulded upon the horizontal wire
web as usual, the other on t^e periphery of a wire drum ;
and these two thicknesses bting brought into contact, are
(as it is technically termed) couched together, with the
threads or other fibrous material between them.

The construction of a machine capable of effecting this
object in the way described, is not claimed as new, but
its application to that particular purpose is claimed.

The threads of flax, cotton, or silk, intended to be in-
troduced into the paper, are to be wound upon bobbins,
placed in a frame at the end of the machine, and these
threads being conducted thence are made to pass over a
guide roller, having grooves round it at an inch or any
other desirable distance apart, the threads severally lying
in the grooves, for the purpose of being conducted in
parallel lines.

The ends of the threads are all to be brought under
the wire drum, and as the drum goes round, the pulp
forming upon its periphery partially imbeds the threads
in the surface of the endless sheet of paper, which by the
travelling felt is brought up to meet the other endless

Dickinson's^ for Impts. in Manufacturing Paper, 151

sheet coming from the horizontal mould. The surface of
the two sheets of paper are thus united or couched to-
gether with the threads between them, and their adhesion
may be made more perfect by passing between them
pressing rollers, as described above.

Lace, or any other fibrous material, may be employed
instead of threads; in which case the material must be
tightly wound upon an even roller, and carried forward in
a distended fdrm under the wire drum, from whence it
will, with the sheet of paper, be conducted by the travel-
ling felt to meet the other sheet, and then the two will be
couched together in the way described.

The patentee has not stated the object for which such
a combination of paper and threads, or other fibrous ma-
terials, are by him intended to be employed. About a
year before the date of this patent, the same contrivance
was proposed by Mr. R. J. Routledge as a mode of
making paper for bank notes, in order to render forgery
more difficult ; we had some of the paper, but the intended
patent was not proceeded with.

The machine for cutting lengths of paper into separate
sheets is shewn in Plate VIII. at fig. 1 . The paper pre-
viously made in a very considerable length, is in the first
instance wound upon a cylindrical roller, a, mounted upon
an axle, supported in an iron frame or standard. Prom
this roller the paper in its breadth is extended over a c(mi-
ducting drum, 6, also mounted upon an axle turning on
the frame and standard, and after passing under a small
guide roller, it proceeds through a pair of drawing or
feeding rollers, c, which carry it into the cutting machine.
Upon a table, rf, rf, which is firmly fixed to the floor of
the building, there are a series of chisel-edged knives,
€y e, e, placed at such distances apart as tfie dimensions
of the cut sheets of paper are intended to be. These

152 Recent Patents,

knives are made fast to the table^ and against them a
series of circular cutters, /, fy fy mounted in a swinging
frame^ g*, g", are intended to act. The length of paper
being brought along the table over the edges of the
knives^ up to the stop, h ; the cutters are then swung for-
ward, and by passing over the paper against the stationary
knives, the length of paper becomes cut into three separate
sheets.

The frame, g",g-, which carries the circular cutters, /,/'j/;
hangs upon a very elevated axle, in order that its swing
may move the cutters as nearly in a horizontal line as
possible, and it is made to vibrate to and fro by an ex-*
centric, or crank, fixed upon a horizontal rotary shaft
extending over the drum, 6, considerably above it, which
may be driven by any convenient machinery.

By a suitable connection of gear work, the paper might
be fed into the machine ; but it is proposed that the work-
men should draw the paper from between the rollers, c,
and bring it up to the stop, A, in the intervals between the
passing to and fro of the swinging cutters .^[//iro/fed in
the Inrolment Office^ Jult/, 1829.]

To Thomas Smith, of the borough of Derby y in the county
of Derby y engineer^ for his having invented or found
out an improved piece of machinery y which being com*
bined with parts of the steam-engincy or other engineSy
such as pumpsy fire^engineSy water wheelsy air pumpsj
condensersy and blowing engines will effect an im-
provement in each of them respectively, — [Sealed 14th
January, 1829.]

The subject of this patent is a rotary engine, to be

Smith' s^ for Impls. in Steam-engines , Sfc. 153

actuated by steam or by water, or any other fluid, as a
first mover for driving machinery ; or, by reversiag its
action, it may be employed as a pump for raising or
forcing water, or of injecting air as a blowing machine.

The apparatus consists, first, of a hollow drum or
cylinder, within which two quadrant-shaped pistons are
made to revolve, but with dissimilar speed ; that is, the
one piston moves rapidly round the cylinder, the other
following it slowly. The consequence of this dissimi-
larity of movement between the two pistons is, that the
face of the slowly moving hinder piston operates as a stop
or surface, by which the pressure of the steam or other
fluid is resisted, and made to force the advanced piston
forward.

By the time that the first piston has arrived close up
against the back of the second piston, the last mentioned
will have advanced far enough to have opened a commu-
nication between the induction pipe aud the narrow space
between the back of the second piston aud the face of the
first. The first piston now in its turn becomes the stop,
and advances slowly, while the force of the steam or
other fluid drives the other piston forward with speed,
until it comes up to the back of the former, and so on :
the two pistons moving fast and slow reciprocally. This
alternation of speed is regulated by a peculiar mode of
connecting or gearing the two pistons together by means
of a pair of elliptical wheels, or by some such contrivance,
which will be hereafter explained.

Plate VIII. fig. 2, is a view of the interior of the cylin-
der, the end place being removed to shew the pistons
within. Fig. 3 is a longitudinal view of the axis, with
the two pistons attached threto, shewing the face of one
piston and the back of the other : a is the axle passing
horizontally through the centre of the cylinder, 6, i, b,

154

Recent Patents.

which is made fast to the ground ; c, and d, are the two
pistons respectively fixed upon those portions of the axle
marked a, c, and a, rf, the two portions of the axle being
united by a pin and socket, shewn by dots in fig. 3, which
allows a, c, and a, rf, with their respective pistons, to
turn independently of each other.

If steam or any other fluid be allowed to pass into the
engine at the induction aperture, e, it will proceed along
the groove or channel, /, formed round the edge of the
piston c, and will flow into the space, g, between the
two pistons, and there exerting its force, either elastic or
gravitating, it will force the two pistons asunder, and the
face of the piston, d, operating as a stop or resistance,
the piston, c, will consequently be driven forward rapidly
in the direction of the arrow. The piston, d, at the same
time moving slowly onward, will open the eduction aper-
ture, A, to its groove or channel, /, by which channel the
steam or other fluid will then be enabled to escape from
the lower portion of the cylinder, marked k, leaving that
part of the cylinder in a state of vacuum.

Before the piston, e, in its rotary course, has overtaken
the piston, cf, the latter will have so far advanced in its
rotation as to have brought its groove or channel, i, mto
communication with the induction aperture, e, in the
same way that c, appears in fig. 2, and the piston, c, will
then be about to open the eduction passage, A, for the
purpose of letting oflF the steam or other fluid which forced
it round. In this way, by the succession of the recipro-
cating actions of the two pistons, the two parts of the
V axle, «, c, and a, rf, will be made to revolve with inter-
rupted or varying speed; but this varying speed being
communicated to one general shaft, through the agency
of two pair of elliptical wheels, the interrupted motions

Smith's J for Impts, in Steani'engines. 155

will resolve themselves into a uniform rotary motion of
the shaft so driven*

The manner of gearing by elliptical wheels being well
understood, it is not necessary to explain their construc-
tion 5 but the peculiar contrivance proposed by the paten-
tee, of obtaining an interrupted gear motion, for the pur-
pose of giving a slow movement to the following piston
derived from the quick movement of the advancing one,
will constitute the concluding part of this subject.

Fig. 4 exhibits a wheel with two circumferences of
teeth, Zy and ^, the one having a greater radius than the
other, and upon an axle, placed parallel to that of the
wheel, two toothed segments of different radii, x^ and w,
are fixed, which segments respectively take into the teeth,
2, and ^, of the wheel. Supposing the shaft, d, of the
wheels, z,y, to be the general shaft above mentioned^ into
which the varying speed of the two pistons are to be
resolved, for the purpose of driving it with a uniform
rotary motion, and the segments, a:, w, to be fixed upon
the end of that portion of the axle marked a, c, in fig. 3.
The piston, c, being now driven forward in its cylinder
by the force of steam or other fluid, and the segment, x,
taking into the larger radius of the wheel, 2, the general
shaft, Vy will revolve with a speed commensurate to
that of the piston, c, as long as the segment, or, remains
in gear with it ; but when the segment, Wy comes into
gear with the wheel in the circle of teeth of smaller radius,
y, then a dijfferent speed would take place.

Let it now be supposed that a wheel similar to s, y, is
fixed upon the axle of the other piston, as a, d, fig. 3,
and that two toothed segments, as x, Wy are fixed upon
the general shaft, v, and in an opposite direction to the
former, so as to take into the last-mentioned wheel in
the way above described; it will then be perceived that

156

Recent Patents.

the moment the segment, x^ of the first axle, a^ c, has
ceased to act in the circle of teeth, z, on the first men-
tioned axle, the corresponding segment, Xy on the general
shaft, r, will begin to gear in with the corresponding
circle of teeth, x, in the wheel fixed on the axle, a, rf, of
the other piston. Hence, the general shaft, r, will, by
the two pistons alternately acting, be kept in constant
rotary motion. But on the segment, w, alternately
coming into gear with the wheel, y, of the smaller diame-
ter, the pistons connected to them respectively will be
retarded and carried forward on the cylinder slowly, in
the way and for the purpose explained above in reference
to fig. 2.

Another contrivance for producing an interrupted gear
movement from a uniform rotary motion, is shown at
fig. 5, which is to be employed in a similar way to the
mechanism last described, by mounting the wheel, t/,
upon the axle of one of the pistons, as a, c ; and the
pinion, t, upon the. general shaft, v^ or vice versd, and
when either of the concave portions of the wheel are act-
ing upon the pinion, the shaft of the pinion will revolve
slowly, but when the convex parts of the wheel are in
gear, the pinion will turn rapidly. — [_Inrolkd in the
Inrolment Office^ July^ 1829.]

To William Erskine Cochrane, of Regent Street^ in
the county of Middlesex^ for his having invented an
improvement in, or on, paddles for propelling boats
and other vessels. — [Sealed 14th January, 1829.]

This is a contrivance, by which the paddles of the pro-
pelling wheel of a steam vessel are made individually to

'•V

Cochrane' s J for Impls. on Paddles. 157

turn round upon centers, in order that they may enter the
water and leave it edgewise. A similar object has re-
peatedly been made the subject of a patent, more or less
resembling in detail the scheme herein suggested, which
may be described in a very few words : —

Instead of fixing the paddles (or float-boards, as they
are sometimes called) firmly to the rims of the wheels, as
in the ordinary construction, the improved paddles have
each two axles, the one mounted in the outer rim of the
wheel upon which the paddle turns, the other axle con-
necting the paddle to a ring, which is placed in an
eccentric situation with reference to the axle of the
wheel. By this arrangement the several paddles are
always kept in perpendicular positions in every part
of the wheel's rotation, and consequently enter the
water and leave it edgewise, passing through the water
when making the propelling stroke, with their faces
perfectly at right angles to the surface of the stream,
by which the greatest possible propelling effect is at-
tained.

This mode of constructing paddle-wheels is so well
known that a representation of it is unnecessary;
precisely the same contrivance formed the subject of
a patent granted to Samuel Lambert, dated 4th April,
1819, for the specification of which see the first volume
of the London Journal of Arts y first series, page 341. —
[InroOed in the Inrolment Office, June, 1829. j

ToL, IX.— Second Series. u

158 Hecenl Patents.

To Thomas Osler, of Birmingham^ in the county of
fVarwick, chandelier furniture manufacturer, for kis
having invented or fbund out certain new improve metits
in Ike construction of glass and metal chandeliers and
other articles of ornamental lighting. — [Sealed 10th
November, 1 829. J

Tma invention of improvements in chandeliers consiste
in a method of combining separate and detached prismatic
and other pieces of flint glass, hereinafter descrilied, in
Buch a manner as to produce various ornamental and
refractive forms and substances not hitherto used, and
applying them to the manufacture of glass and metal
handeliere, or other articles employed in ornamental
ighting.

The pieces of glass selected for this purpose are either
irisms, by which I mean pieces of glass cut into different
blong surfaces, the sides of which are parallelograms
lyramidal, having their respective sur&ces convergent
Qwards a point. I have found those prisms produce the
lest effect which are tri-tateMl and equi-lateral, by
rhicb I mean such as have equi-lateral triangles for their
lases, and the same observations will apply to pyramidal
lieces.

These separate pieces being cut to the dimensions
equired, and very accurately polished, are to be ar-
anged, combined, and fastened together by methods
rhich will be readily understood with the assistance of
lie figures represented in Plate V-III.
Having manufactured or procured such pieces of flint
lass as are before described, and two of which are
hewn in figures 1 and 2, I next cut away a small portion
rom each end, in the manner exhibited in figures 3 and 4,

Osler^Syfor Impts. in Chandeliers, 159

leaving a small portion on one side as a projection or
ledge (see a^ a^ a^ a^) to be fixed into light metallic frames^
which purpose will be best effected by some strong ce-
menting substance.

These frames may be made of almost any metal, but
for economy and facility of working, experience has
led me to prefer fine brass of the best quality, which is
afterwards plated with silver, and preserved from dis-
colouration by any transparent and colourless varnish.

The frames consist of two circular grooves of any
required diameter, which being carefully turned out with
a strap or bar across each (see b, b^ figures 5 and G),
are united to each other by a hollow or solid rod or pillar
from centre to centre (see c, c, figure 7)> ^nd have a notch
or opening, d^ dy into the groove, of such a 6iz€ as will
easily admit the glass projection or ledge before spokeu
of, and represented at a, /i, a, a, in figures 3 and 4.
This aperture may be cut in one or both of the circular
grooves, for although one opening will in general be
found quite sufficient, I am not aware of any practical
objection to the use of one in each groove.

When it is intended to apply one of these combinations,
as a covering to the reservoir of a lamp, or for the con-
cealment of any thing unsightly, two, three, or more slips
of metal, fixed at each end, and at equal distance, to the
inside of the circular grooves (see e^ f , figure 8) are sub-
stituted for the central rod or pillar which I use in other
cases.

It can be scarcely necessary to observe that when
these circular grooves are connected by slips or pieces of
metal, as is here shewn, to their inner surface, that the
strap or bar across the centre (see figures 5 and 6, b, fr,)
is also rendered unnecessary. I would here observe,
that it is not essential that openings shall be made on

•v

160 Recent Patents,

either side of the said strap, or bar (seef^f, in the same
figures); but I recommend them, on account of the con-
venient access thej give to the inside of the cylinder or
truncated cone, for the purpose of cleaning it, and because
it is desirable that the whole should be as light as is
consistent with stability.

The frames being thus prepared, the several pieces of
glass, cut to either of the forms before mentioned (see
a, a, a, a, figures 3 and 4), are to be successively passed
tiirough the aperture, </, figure 7> within the grooves^ and
then secured with any tenacious cement ; I have, hitherto,
found no cement more useful or efficacious than good
plaster of Paris.

In this manner it will be at once evident that cylinders
(see fig. 9 and section)^ truncated cones (figure 10 and
section), inverted truncated cones (figure 1 1 and section),
as well as any combinations of these, and of so great a
variety of diameters, may be easily produced, that it would
be difficult to assign a limit to them ; and by accurately
adapting these forms to others constructed on the
same principle (see figures 12 and 13), a very consider-
able degree of length or height is also readily at-
tainable.

An effect almost exactly similar may be obtained by
several other methods of uniting the pieces of flint
glass before mentioned to metallic grooves, hoops, rings,
or plates ; all which I have carried into effect, and worked
to, and a part of which I shall enumerate ; but after much
experience of their respective facilities or objections, I
decidedly prefer the method already specified, with one
exception, which consists in cutting a groove across the
largest end of the pyramidal pieces, or across either end
of the prismatic pieces (see figures 14, 16, 16), which
groove so cut in the glass is to include either one side

Osier Sy for Impts, in Chandeliers, 161

of a metallic groove as at g", figure ]7j or a part or the
whole of a single metallic ring (see h^ fig. 17)) the smaller
end being secured in an inclined groove^ the bottom of
which is formed by a moveable plate or plates screwed
to its or their position after the prisms are arranged, as is
shewn by a sectional cut line (see i, i, in the same figure)
and the interstices of both ends being filled with cement^
as was stated in the method first mentioned.

In constructing forms of extensive size, or forms
having such an outline as require the pieces of glass to
be placed in a position approaching the horizontal, I
prefer this method to that recommended in the construc-
tion of other forms already specified; first, on account
of the difficulty of making circular metallic grooves of a
large size, yet of so light a substance or weight as would
be desirable ; and secondly, because the metallic groove
pr rim, which it is always better to keep out of sight, is
in a considerable degree hidden by its inclosure within
the grooves in the glass pieces.

At figure IB, I have exhibited a very slight variation
from the method iUustrated by figure 17, shewing, how-
ever, no other difference than is required by the form
of the pyramidal piece employed, the larger end of which
is slightly notched in the manner represented by figure
16, and the smaller end cut to a slope, as at fig. 19.

A third method of combining and securing the glass
pieces before mentioned, and the only one which I em-
ployed for several weeks, is to cut a deep notch, trian-
gular, square, circular, or elliptical in the projection or
ledge already described (see a, a, a, a, fifgs. 3 and 4);
and fastening them to a circular, or any other metallic
substance, by a broad-headed screw, the head of which
may be of cut glass (see fig. 20), or used with the ad-
ditional ornament of a flower or rosette, also of glass, as

162 Recent Patents.

in fig. 21, or a hole through the projection or ledge may
be substituted for the notch (see fig. 22), using the screw,
or screw and rosette, in the same manner.

A fourth method of binding and securing the pieces of
glass before mentioned, and which I have also practised
occasionally, is to cut a shallow groove or notch in the
projection or ledge (see fig. 23), of each piece, and
binding the whole series to a circular or other metallic
groove or plate, with a band of fine catgut or wire gra-
dually and cautiously tightened so as to hold the several
pieces of glass in their proper places. I may here also
observe, that though I consider the circular to be far the
most convenient and advantageous form for the metallic
grooves or plates to which the glass pieces are to be
affixed, yet it is by no means an indispensable one, in-
asmuch as a polygonal groove or plate (see fig. 24), the
angles of which correspond with the pieces of glass to^
be attached to it, will produce as good an effect as a cir-
cular one 3 and I did in fact work to these polygonal
grooves or plates for many weeks, but discontinued
using them on finding the circular ones so much more
convenient.

A fifth method of combining and fastening the pieces of
glass before mentioned, which' I have likewise practised
before the use of the aperture in the grooves (see d, .
fig. 7)9 And which may be effected either with or without
the assistance of the hollow or solid central pillar, c, c,
fig 7 9 or the slips of metal e, e^ fig. 8, is that of inserting
the several projections or ledges of the pieces of glass at
the one end into the lower groove, with a sufficient
quantity of cement to enable them to retain their position
for a short interval, and then placing the upper groove
(previously filled with cement over them like a cap), see
fig. 25, pressing it gently but firmly downwards, and

^-v-

Os/er's^ for Impts. in Chandeliers. 163

continuing the pressure till the cement has become hard
and tenacious.

In this manner I have repeatedly constructed cylinders
of considerable strength^ but when truncated cones are
to be formed in this way, the several pieces require to be
supported by a block of proper shape and size on the
inside till the upper groove is securely fixed. I mention
this as a method of accomplishing my object, which, in
the earlier stages of my invention, I have repeatedly and
successfully had recourse to ; but since easier and more
secure means have been devised^ I cannot recommend
it to other manufacturers either for convenience or sta-
bility.

The]several forms or outlines herein-before described,
or any combinations or varieties of these or of any part
of them being thus completed, the beauty and richness of
their appearance will certainly be much improved by
covering, or in any other manner concealing, as far as it
is practicable^ the metallic parts, which are essential to
their construction. This is to be effected in a great
variety of ways, and especially by enclosing such metallic
parts within circles of glass, richly cut to such designs or
patterns as individual taste may suggest ; but these are
altogether distinct and separate from any thing which I
claim as an invention; and must therefore be left entirely
to the discretion of the manufacturer. — [InroUed in the
Inrolment Office^ May^ 1830.]

Specification drawn hy the Patentee.

164 Recent Patents.

To Thomas Brown, of Birmingham, in the county of
Warwick, coachmaJcer, for his having invented an
improved coach, particularly adapted for public con-
veyance and luggage. — [Sealed 5th August, 1829.]

The Patentee commences his specification in the follow-
ing words.

The subject of this invention is an improved coach,
comprising a new combination and arrangement of the
various parts which have been heretofore used in carriages
of different descriptions ; but which parts being combined
together and arranged in this improved coach, in the
manner exhibited in the Plate, and which will be herein-
after described.

It possesses the united qualities of lightness and con*
sequent ease of draught, safety from overturning or
breaking down, steadiness of motion, and great capacity
of carrying luggage *, and the luggage being on springs,
and locked up under cover, secure from loss and damage
from weather, or by jolting. And the Patentee further
states, that it will be found on trial to possess all these
qualities to a greater extent than any coach now used for
public conveyance of passengers and luggage. This
improved coach is constructed without a perch or frame,
whereby much weight is saved, and, consequently, much
ease of draught is gained ; and the coach is built much
lower, or nearer to the ground than any heretofore used ;
and the whole of the springs of this improved coach are
placed lengthwise of the coach, and none crosswise, as
heretofore, thereby another saving of weight is effected.

Bcull1i&fpe*s, for Impts, on Axks and Springs. 165

, Plate IX, fig. 1^ is a side elevat^ of the ipoipray^d
"Coach^ in which there does pot app>|^r \q be apy peciilif^
features of novelty. It is^ as before s^^ ^i^hout a perdti^
The ioce pcirt of the (x)ac|i is suppf^ed t^poi^ eUipticol
«{Tis(^ fiffi3&«d to the fote axletr-ee^ a^^d the Ipcking i§ as
usual. The hinder wheels are mpuated upon what \fi pom-
monly called a crank aide : that is^ the a^e instead of
being straight is depressed in the midiBei, being bent at
Tight angles on eadi side within the wheels^ for th^ purpose
of enabling it to pass under the hind boot of the coach,
which is designed to be very ^ear the ground. This
arrangement, it is said^ affords considerable safety and
steadiness^ and as the S{»:ings are all in one direction^'^none
of them being placed crosswise, the carriage will by those
means not be liable to sufing <>r rock^ and may be made
much lighter as to the substance of its materials^ and atiU
afford sufficient strength.

The claim of the Patentee is to the general arrangement
of the parts of a travelling carriage as rejuresentedi and
not to any of its parts separately. — [^Inrolkd in th&
Inrolment Office, Februarj/, 1830,]

To. Gedrge King Sculthorpb, of Rohert-sfrett^
Chelsea^ in the (iounty of Middlesex^ gentleman^ /qv his
having invented certain improvements oh axles or
axhtrees, and coach and other spring*.— [Sealed 4th July^^
1829.] .

There are three improvements proposed under this Patent,
the first is, the employment of short axles for the wheels
of carriages ; one portion of each axle is to be fixed into
the nave of the running wheel, and the other part to turn

^ely in a box attached' to the under part of the carriage.

Vol. IX. — Second Series. x

166 kecent Patents.

The second improvement is the introduction of a wedge
between the axle and its box, for the purpose of increasing
friction when the progress of the carriage is required to be
impeded, as in descending hills. The third improvement
1s^ the adaptation of a forked spring acting within a hollow
frustrum of a cone^ which spring is increased in tension
by the resistance of the sides of the box as the superin-
cumbent weight depresses the fork into the contracted part
of the cone.

■ Plate IX, fig. 2, shows the short axle a, b, attached by
a frame c, to the under part of a carriage ; fig. 3, repre-
sents the same, as it would appear if viewed on the upper
side. The part a, of the axle is made square for the purpose
of being fixed into the nave of a wheel; the part b, is near-
ly cylindrical, and turns in the bearings, which form parts
of the frame c, fixed on each side, under the carriage. An
adjusting screw </, is employed to tighten the axle and pre-
vent its having too much freedom endwise in its bearings.
The rotary part of the axle and its frame may be enclosed
within a box or casing, to protect it from dirt and dust and
also to contain oil for lubrication.

The second feature of improvement, viz. the wedge for
producing friction upon the axle, is seen at e, in both figs.
2, and 3. A lever f^ is attached to the smaller end of the
wedge e, which lever moves upon a fulcrum joint at g.

When the chain or cord A, passed over a pulley up to
the seat of the driver is drawn forcibly, the lever will be
made to bring the wedge forward between the axle ft, and
the frame r , which by the great friction it produces upon
the axle will impede or stop its rotation, and when the
chain or cord is released, the spring i, acting against tl^e
smaller end of the wedge, will force it back and relieve the
axle.

Fig. 4, represents in section a conical box a, a^ aflSxed,

DanielPsy fot Impts. in Woollen Cloth- \W

fo the framing of a carriage; Within this box a perpen-
^Gular rod b, slides up and down through an aperture
withpacking, at the lower end of which rod there is a forked
spring attached, or two blades of steel c, c» These blades
press against the inclined sides of the box, and according
to the force of the weight supported by the top of the rod,
so will the springs be brought into tension.

This construction of spring .is designed to support^'car-
riage bodies, and it is contemplated by the Patentee that it
may be applicable to other situations«—^[ //iro//ed iu the
Jnrolment Office ^ January^ 1830.}

To Joseph Cliseld Daniell, of Limpley Stoke^ in
the county of Wilts, clothier, for his having invented
certain improvements in machinery applicable to dressing
woollen c/o/A.— [Sealed 8th July, 1829.]

The subject of this Patent is represented to be a further
improvement upon the machine called a gig-mill, for which
several former Patents have been granted to the same in-
ventor, see Vol. IV. of our Second Series.

It is stated, that for the purpose of enabling the teasles
to act with greater delicacy upon the face of the cloth
under the dressing operation, it was foimd desirable to in-
troduce rollers between the respective boards of teasles in
order that such rollers might support the cloth as it passed
over the surface of the gig barrel, this was the subject of
one Patent; and, that the teasles might be made to act
^against the cloth with an elastic force, the teasle boards
were mounted upon joints with springs, this was the sub-
jiect'of another Patent. The present is precisely the same
contrivance as the last mentioned, adapted to gig boards,
oh which wire cards are mounted*

166 Recent Faientv.

Pkile IX^ fig. 5, xepcesents 8 wBgment of the gig bsfrel^
on which is mounted a bbatd a, with a fillet of caods or
wite brush ; b,b,tm the two guatd tolfers mentiotrad
^hoH ; ty c,is a portion of doth under opeeuihUy agsaost
tiie fece of whi'eh^ thfe toids ard acting aa the barrel goes^
round in the direction c^ Ih^ arc6w.

The board that the cal?i& are noioliniled ujpoa is ^tlached;
to the gig baQrdl hj a hinge joint at d, dn which it moves
up ahd down ; e^ is a pbt^, screwed into the boatd^ the
height of which ^ limits the depvessioi^ of the boards and
is capable of adjustment ; round this pin there is a spiral;,
spring which raises the bo»?d^ai»d thereby keeps the points
of the cards in contact with the face of the clpth^ and
affords the elastic pressure.

The only difference between this and the preceeding iiK

vention above alluded to^ appears to be^ that in one in-

srfance^ teasles were used for dressing the face of the cloth^

in the other wire cards.— ^[/nro/Zecf in the Inrolmimk
Office^ Jan wary, 1830.]

To Maxw£:ll Dick^ g/ the town of Irvine, in the county}
of Ayr, North Britain j bookseller and publisher, for his
having iftvenied an improved railroad and method qfpro-
felling carriages thereon by machinery for the purpose of
conveying passengers^ letters, intelligence, packets, and
other goodi with great velocity, — [Sealed 21st May,
1829.]

Til£ Pateifitee ptopd&es to propel catriages, as be exptesses
it, by *' suspensioti lines of railroad, by meftns of ^hieh a
velocity of conveyance by vtrheeled carriages iaay be gained,,
hitherto unknown in the annals of commerce*"

Palmer^s suspension rail-rc^d is alluded to, (see Vol. V.
of our First Series, page 66) but the inventiOn'<^ the pre-
sent Patentee is stated to be on a very different princiide.

Dick*¥y for Jmpts. in Railroads. 169

For our part we consider that if any principle can be made
out from the confused and uniatelligible specification before
us. Palmer's principle of a railroad elevated upon posts or
pillars^ is indisputably inyolved in the present invention.

It appears that the Patentee proposes to employ four*
lines of rails or rods placed parallel to each other, and all
affixed at their ends to posts^ pillars, or piers elevated from
the ground ; by means of which contrivance, however un-
dulating the surface of the earth may be over which the
Une of rails are to pass, or whatever obstruction may inter-
vene, as rivers, brooks, ponds, pits, cross-roads, buildings,
&c., the line of rails may be made horizontal and straights

Two lines of rails are to be placed in horizontal coinci-
dence for the running wheels on each side of the carriages
to travel upon, and the other two lines are to be placed
parallel to the former at a little distance below, which
appear to be for the purpose of guiding the carriage, and
preventing it from jumping off the rails. There are anti-
friction rollers attached to the undei* part of the earriages,^^
which run against the last mentioned line of rails.

The pillars or supports are to be placed at considerable
distances apart, dependent upon ^their height and the
strength of the rods or lines of rail. The carriages, if we
understand right^are to be attached in some way by frames
to yokes, but the mode of attachment is not shown, neither
does it appear by what means the yokes are to pass the
supporting pillars.

The great propelling power which is to drive with such
extraordinary velocity, is to be obtained by the employ-
ment of toothed wheels and pinions, and these are to be
put in action, if we understand right, by steam enginesr
placed at certain distant stations on the line of way.—
llnroUed in the Inrolmeni Office, November, 1829.]

^ I

E 170 1

To WiLLiAH Lbeson, of Birmingham, in the county <gf
Warwick, in consequence of a communication made to him
btf his late partner, William Toft, of the same place,
deceased, for an invention of certain improvements in, or
(additions to, harness and sadlery, part or parts of which
improvements are applicable to other purposes. — [Sealed
8th July, 1829.]

The subjects of this Patent are spring fastenings to be
attached to harness. The first is called a spring stop hook,
to he employed for connecting the traces to the harness of
a gig horse ; the second is called a spring shaft tug for
attaching the shafts of a gig to the horse's saddle.

Plate IX., fig. 0, is a side view of the spring stop hook,
consisting of a box a, or hollow piece, the side of which is
removed to show the parts within. The end of the box is
made solid, and forms a hook h. This hook is closed so as
to constitute a ring by the sliding stop piece c, which is
capable of moving up and down in a groove formed by the
sides of the box. There is a notched lever d, whioh is
attached to the sides of the box by a pivot, and a sprinjg
behind it throws the lever outwards.

In the figure the ring part of the hook is shown closed,
by the stop piece c, being slidden up, and the notch of the
lever d, keeping it there secure. When it is required to
open the ring of the hook, as in taking off the traces, the
notched lever d, must be pressed ^back, the sliding stop e,
may then be slidden down, as shown by dots, which will
open the hook; and on sliding the stop c, up again a&
before, the notched lever d, will hold it securely.

The spring shaft tug shown at fig. 7, is made with a
jointed clasp c, which is held by the spring catch <^ sto{^

Winaui^ jor Impts, in $team Carriages. 171

leveir d* In order to loosen the tug from the shafts of a
gigy the spring catch must be pressed back^ when the clasp
€, may be raised. — [InroUed in the Inrolment Office^
January, 1830.]

Ta Ross Win A us, of Vernon, in the county of Sussex ^
€ind State of Netv Jersey, in the United States of North
Americay at this time resident in London, for his invention
xf certain improvements in diminishing friction in wheeled
tarriages to be used on rail roads, and other roads, and
which improvements are applicable to other purposes. —
[Sealed 28th May, 1829.]

Tf4EREare two objects proposed under this patent; the
first is to relieve the friction of the axles of rail-road wag'-
gons and carriages, by preventing the rubbing of the axles
against their bearings, or within the boxes or naves of the
wheels ; the second is a means of preventing the friction
caused by rubbing the peripheries of rail-road waggon
wheels upon the rails when travelling over curved lines.

The first of these objects is intended to be effected by
substituting, in place of fixed bearings for the axles, anti^-
friotion wheels, in which the ends of the axles run. Plate
IX., fig, 8, represents one of the running wheels u, of a
raiWoad waggon. This wheel is affixed to the axle b, and,
consequently, turning with it, the outer part of the axle
being elongated as at c* The body of the waggon is sup-
ported by a frame-work d, which extends round it, and
two blocks e, e, are affixed to the under part of the frame-
work which carry the axle of the anti-friction wheel y*:
these parts are shown in section in the figure.

The anti-friction wheel f, has a groove within it into
which the end of the axle c,^:protrude6, and by these means.

172 jRecetU Patents. .

the end of the axle running against the internal circle of
the anti-friction whe«el, bears the weight of the waggoa

aj[)d its load.

It will now be perceived that as the end of the ai^le c,
does not run against a fixed bearing, but a moveable one,
that any rubbing or friction, which might arise from the
contact of the axle and its bearing, will be relieved by the
antifriction wheel being driven round by the friction of
the rotary axle.

As the end of the axle and the groove of the anti-»friction
wheel are much exposed to dirt and dust, it is proposed,
under some circun^stances, to enclose those parts by a close
iron box or casing. The manner of effecting this is shown
at fig. 9^ which represents the anti-friction wheel ./, and
its box or casing g, in section. The end of the axle r, is
passed through an aperture in the casing, which aperture
is guarded by a collar on the axle.

This iroi^ box, \yhich parries the antifriction wheel and
its axle /, may form part of an iron framing, extending
round the waggon in placQ of the wood framing e, described
^above, and the box being made tight, may contain oil for
lubricating the rotary parts^

In reference to the second part of the invention, it is
proposed (hat the periphery of the running wheels should
be made conical, in order that on such parts of the line of
railway as may be curved, the larger diameter of the wheel
on ope side may run upon the more extended line of curve,
while the smaller diameter of the opposite wheel may pass
along the shorter line or lesser curve.

It is lastly stated that the above mode of diminishing
friction in wheeled carriages will apply to carriages gene-
rally for the conveyance of goods and passengers on ordi-
nary roads, and that the same is also applicable to mule
carriages employed for spinning. — [Inrolled in the Inr^l^
ment Office, November y 1829.]

t 173 3

To William Sra}^d, of the Burn, in Kincardineshire^ in

that part of the United Kingdom called Scotland, Esq^

Jm' his having invented a certain improvement or imr-

provementsih distiUation. — {Sealed 10th August, 1829.3

The subject of this Patent is a peculiar arrangement of
apparatus for distilling spirituous liquors.

Plate IX, fig. 10, is an elevation of the entire apparatus;
iij is a still or alembic placed over a fire. In this vessel
the wash or other materials intended for distillation are to
be placed) and when heated, the vapours will rise up to the
«till-head b, and proceed by the pipe c, into the fi^rst recti-
fying vessel d:

In the bottom of this vessel there is a central aperture
closed by a dish e, below, which dish is to be filled with
water, and the pipe c, having a bell-formed extremity,
<lescends into this dish, and deposits there the vapour
emitted from the still, which by the water becomes con-
densed in the dish.

As this first condensation necessarily produces only a
weak spirit, a cock and pipe f, is placed at the bottom
of the vessel d, for the purpose of drawing off this weak
spirit and cS,rrying it back again into the still. But the
more volatile parts of the spirit which may be evolved
from the dish, pass upwards in the vessel d^ and strike
against the top and dome head g.

This dome head being exposed extemally to a eolder
temperature than within, causes a further condensation of
the vapour to take place, which, falling to the bottom of
the vessel, may be drawn off likewise by the cock and
pipe f^ and passed into the still.

Such portions of the vapour as contain the spirit in a
more highly concentrated state pass from the dome head of
the vessel d, by the pipe A, into a second rectifying vessel i,

Vol. IX. — Sbcond Sbribs. y

174 Recent Patents.

where a similar operation goe9 on, and from thence to a
third rectifying vessel k^ and thence into the refrigerating
and condensing worm enclosed in the tub /.

The water intended to occupy the lower part of the rec-
tifying vessels and the dish below^ may be introduced by a
funnel in each dome head, and the water may be drawn off
by small cocks in the bottom of each dish, and the spirit
condensed in the rectifying vessels may be led from one
vessel to the other through pipes with stopcocks, as shown
in the figure.

The Patentee does not confine himself to the employ-
ment of any precise number of rectifying vessels, as a
greater or less number of vessels may be used, according to
the required strength of the spirit, neither does he feel it
necessary to make the rectifying vessels in distinct vats,
as they may be formed in one vessel with partitions, having
communications by pipes one into the other ; and in order
to increase the condensation^ the upper part of each recti-
fying vessel may be covered with cold wash or low wines ;
and if any spirit should be likely to be evolved, the tops of
the vessels might be closed, and a pipe from each lead off
into the still.-— [/nro/Zeci iVi the Inrolment Office^ February^
1830.]

To James RoLAiiD,of Heneage-street, Brick-lane, SpUal"
fields, in the county of Middlesex^ and Charles
M' Mil LAN, of the same place, engineers and mill"
iorights, for their having invented a new or improved
process or mode of constructing, forming, or making
streets, ways, carriage roads, and highways in general.
—[Sealed 11th August, 1829.]

The inconvenience of occasional partial sinking of the
paving stones in streets, lanes, and other highways, have

Roland ^ M*Millan*iyfor Impts. in Roads^ Sfc. 175

induced the Patentees to construct a framfng of iron* to
be laid upon the ground^ previously prepared and levelled,
for the purpose of receiving the paving stones, which must
be all squared and trimmed to a similar size.

The form of the iron framing is shown in Plate IX. >
at fig. 11, which represents the horizontal appearance oi
upper surface of one portion of the framing; fig. 12, is a
vertical section of the same.

The frame consists of a rectangular rim with cross and
diagonal bars of cast iron. Two blocks a, a, are fixed at
two of the corners, which are intended to overlap the end
of the next frame connected thereto. A rib b, passes
along the middle of the bar on the upper side, as a bearing
for the line of paving stones, and diagonal ribs c, c, on the
under side, are designed to give strength and to support
the frame-work.

Fig. 13, shews a series of these frames connected to-
gether in one range by bolts or screws passed through the
blocks a, a, at their ends, forming a cross section of the
road. The ground, made of hard materials, as gravel or
broken stone, is to be levelled and then pecked, and the
frames- placed in connexion, the diagonal ribs bearing
upon the ground, which should be slightly sloping towards
the sides.

A provision for hollow gutters is to be made at the sides
of the road by iron troughs d, d, shown in the last men*
tioned figure, these troughs being supported on one side
by the frame-work, and on the other side by a line of stones
placed upon the hard ground, so connected and extended
over any space or area in breadth and length.

Upon this frame-work the paving stones are to be placed
in rows as shown, the joints crossing or blocking, and
wedging up tight against each other, and they may be
slightly rammed, to drive them to their bearings. The small

176 Recent Patents.

interstices between the stones are then to be filled up witfr
fine gravel or cement^ made with sand and lime, or any ol'
the usual materials.

By the employment of this contrivance^ the paving
stones will not be liable to sink in hollows^ and the road
will be found to be extremely durable.— [/wo//ed in the-
Petty Bag Office, February, 1830.1

!Fe Nathanijsl Jocelyn, of Newhaven, State of Cew*
necticut, in North America, now residing in the city of
London^ artist, in consequence of a communication from
foreigners residing abroad, and from much study of AiV
oton, for an invention of certain improvements in the
preparation or manufacturing of blank forms for bankers^
cheques, bills of exchange, promissory notes, post bilh^
and other similar instruments or securities for the exchange-
or payments of monies, by which forgeries and alterations^
in the same are prevented or de^ec^ed. —[Sealed 3d
August, 1829.}

It is with very great difficurty that we have been enablec);
to collect a single idea of the Patentee's intentions from
the specification now before us.

The Patentee expatiates upon the manner in which
bankers' cheques and bills of exchange are usully drawn^
and the facility of fraud being practiced by dishonest
persons in altering the sums expressed in such cheques
•and bills. To obviate this, the Patentee would induce the
bankers to mark their blank pheques^ before delivering them
to th^ir customers, with sorne private sigo, to be knowiv
Qif\y to the banker and the drawer, by which blanks with^

\'.

Arnold* $^ for Impts in Liquor Apparatuses. 177

eertain signs should be appropriated to ceritam sums oQly,
and hence if any other Aum was expressed upon the
cheque, the forgery or alteration would be immediately
detected,

Anpther suggestion is, that in the ^vent of seireral
blank cheques being printed upon one sheet, that stamps
with some marks, such as scroll work, should be printed
upon tlie spaces between every two, so that the marks
might be cut through when any cheque was cut off, and
these and the number of the cheque being compared by
the banker before payment, any fraud would be instantly
detected.

It would.be a waste of time to say any more upon thi»
subject, as the absurdity of the suggestions must be
obvious to every reader. — [Inrolled in the Pettj^ Bag
Office, December, 182^.]

To Thomas An^otu, of Hoxton, in the county of Middle^
sex, tin plate worker, for his invention of a new or im"
proved machine or gauge for the purpose of denoting the
quality or strength of certainfuids or spirituous liquors,
and for measuring or denoting the quantity of fluid or
spirituous liquors withdrawn from the vessel or receptacle
in which the same are contained, and which machine or
gauge may be so constructed as to effect either of the above
objects without the other if required. — [Sealed 26th May^
1829.]

This is an apparatus designed to show the quantity of
liquor which has been drawn from a vat or cask in any
eexttun space of time, and also to show the strength of the

178 R^:ent Patents.

spirit or specific gravity of the liquor contained withiit.
It is^ we presume, intended to be empldyed as a check upon
the person who is entrusted to draw the liquor for retail
trade from the pipe in the lower part of the apparatus, a#,
upon inspection^ it will indicate the quantity that has
passed through the feeding cock into the receiver, and con*
sequently that which has been drawn out^ as the feeding
cock and the discharging cock act simultaneously*

The manner in which these objects are proposed to be
effected is by the employment of a hydrometer to be immers-
ed in the fluid, and a hollow wheel or drum having parti*
tions dividing the drum into compartments, which, as they
successively become filled » denote the quantity.

Plate IX., fig. 14, represents the apparatus partly in sec-^
tion ; a, is a cock, which, by the screw &, is to be inserted
into the vat from whence the liquor is to be drawn. The
key of the cock is shown at c, having a lever handle ;
df dy is a vessel intended to receive the liquor as it is drawn
off, having a cylindrical part e, e, with a conical bottom
and discharge cock in the lower pipe f.

The measuring wheel g, turns upon an axle, and on the
outside is connected to a set of counting wheels, with an
index and dial plate, to denote the same number of rota*
tions of the wheel, which will give the quantity by measure
of the liquor delivered into and discharged from it.

It is proposed that the capacity of each chamber of the
measuring wheel shall be equal to half a quarter of a pint^
As the liquor flows from the cock a, it falls into one of .
the chambers of the wheel or drum, and when the liquor
rises up to a certain height in the chamber, its weight
causes the wheel to turn and discharge the liquor into the
vessel d, from whence it runs down to the cylinders, below*.

When the drum or wheel has made one third of a revo- .
lutipn, a small click stops its progress ; and as the next >

Arnold's J for Impts. in Liquor Apparatuses, 179

chamber gradually Als, the wheel passes a little way round,
and by so doing raises the click so as to allow the wheel to
move onward without impediment, another third of a
rotation on the next chamber becoming filled.

In this way the successive chambers of the drum, filling
and discharging, give rotary movement to the drum, and
the number of rotations made in any space of time being
indicated by the index upon the dial, shows the quantity
of liquor passed from the cock.

A glass float h, is introduced into the liquor in the cylin-
drical vessel e, and a wire or thin rod i, is inserted into a
cork in the neck of the float, the upper end of the rod
being attached by a slot and stop pins to the lever or key
of the cock c. When the liquor in the cylindrical vessel e,
is low from the quantity drawn off, the float, of course, is
depressed, and the rod descending with the float h, brings
down the lever and opens the way of the cock, at which
time the liquor flows into the chamber in the wheel g,
which, as before said, keeps revolving as long as the liquor
is (delivered into it from the cock. But as soon as the
quantity discharged into the cylindrical vessel is sufficient
to raise the glass float up to its highest position, the rod t,
will have lifted the lever and closed the cock. No more
liquor can, therefore, be delivered from the cock into the
chambers of the drum g, until a quantity has been drawn
ofi* below. Such is the operation of the measuring part
of the apparatus.

In order to indicate the strength of the spirit and detect
its fraudulent dilution, a cylindrical glass tube k, is placed
in the lower part of the apparatus connected with the
pipe /; when the cock /, of this tube is opened, liquor
will be allowed to flow into the tube ; and when that has
been done, a hydrometer may be introduced into the glass

180 Recent Patents.

tube, by the floating posititian of vvnich the strength of
the spirit will be indicated.

The principles and construction of the measuring wheels
with curved chambers are well understood^ particularly in
their application to gas meters ; and also th6 construction
and mode by which the counting wheels are connected to
and made to indicate the number of rotations of the mea-
suring wheel, is well known ; it is not, therefore^ necessary
to describe them more particularly. The principal con-
struction and mode by which a hydromet,er indicates the
strength of spirits is also understood ; there is, therefore,
no need of explaining' it move fully ; ari<l as these things
are not new in themselves, it is to be understood that the
Patentee clainis only their adiaptation in the way showh to
the construction of an apparatus which shall indicate the
quantity of spirits or other liquors that have been drawn
from a particular vessel in a certain space of time, and
also show its specific or spirituous strengths — ^Inroiled in
the Petty Bag Offke^ November, 1829.]

THE

%oiiIion

JOURNAL OF ARTS AND SOIENOES,

No. LII.

[second series.]

Utttnt ^attnttt.

To Louis Quetin, of Great Winchester»street, in the city
of London^ professor of mathematics^ in consequence of
a communication made to him by a certain person residing
abroad, for an invention of a new or improved vehic/e,
or combination of vehicles, for the carriage or conveyance
of passengers, and also luggage and goods, constructed
npon a principle of security against overturning or up^
setting, and possessing other advantages which he conceives
will be of public utility. — [Sealed 25th July, 1829.]

This is an extraordinary project for obtaining safety, and
preventing a carriage from overturning, consisting of a
plan for running the carriage upon a single wheel.

A broad wheel, or rather a bowl-shaped roller, is provided
with an elongated axle extending at both ends. To this
axle a strong rectangular horizontal frame is attached, with
uprights, called a cage, circumscribing the wheel on which
carriage bodies, with suitable boxes or boots, are fixed by
the sides of the wheel, before and behind it, and also on
the top. These carriage bodies and boots are to be so
exactly balanced, that the whole weight may be supported
and poised upon the wheel or roller in the centre.

Vol. IX, — Second Sbries, i

182

Recent Patents.

The construction of such a ponderous vehicle may be
readily conceived. The framework or cage that is to cir«
cumscribe the central wheels must be made exceedingly
strong in order to support the carriage bodies^ which may
be formed agreeable to the taste of the builder, or in the
usual appearance of carriage bodies suited to receive pas-
sengersy having capacious boxes or boots as magazines
beneath for the stowage of heavy goods and luggage. On
the tops of these carriage bodies cabriolas are to be placed
for outside passengers ; and the whole, that is, the carriage
bodies^ boots, or magazines^ and cabriolas, are to be so
mounted upon springs connected with the framework or cage,
that any concussions caused by passing over obstructions on
the road may be neutralised.

As the vehicle may be subjected to some vibratory or
swinging action in its travelling upon roads, there are to be
an ti- friction rollers attached under the carriage magazines
or boots at the sides, which come in contact with the
ground in case of any preponderance of either side of the
vehicle, allowing the carriage to roll on without ob-
struction.

The vehicle is to be drawn by horses, as other car-
riages, having a pole in front ; and we presume that the
bowl shape of the wheel will allow of its turning, without
much difficulty, to the right or left, out of the straight
course.

A variation of this scheme is also described, but the
precise construction of which we do not exactly perceive.
It is proposed that a broad wheel of large diameter without
spokes shall be employed, within which a carriage body is to
be suspended by some means which are not intelligibly
explained. We presume that the carriage body is to hang
upon something like gimbles or universal joints, within the
wheel, as it is stated, that its erect position is to be pre-

Shanes, for Impts. in Distillation^ 183

served by weighting the under part of the carriage body,
which, as the wheel goes round, will preserve its position
by means of its gravity. — [Inrolled in the Petty Bag
Office, January, 1830«]

To William Shand, of the Burn, in Kincardineshire, in
that part of the United Kingdom called Scotland, Esq,,
for a certain improvement or improvements in distillation
and evaporation, — [Sealed 21st August, 1829.]

This invention applies both to a still and to a boiler,
wherein the syrup is to be evaporated for the crystallisa-
tion of sugar, in which the heat from the fire is communi-
cated through the medium of an oil bath to the bottom of
the still or evaporating vessel.

The employment of oil as a medium of heat for the pur-
pose of evaporation, has been preferred to that of water or
steam, because oil is capable of being raised to a higher
degree of temperature than water before it is passed off in
vapour. But it having sometimes happened, or has been
supposed to have happened, that highly elastic gas has
been given off from the oil bath, which, by its explosion,
has been productive of very serious injury, the Patentee
proposes by this invention to condense any such gas as it
may arise, and thereby to render thS apparatus perfectly
safe.

The form of the still or of the evaporating pan consti-
tutes no part of the invention. Its bottom is to be im-
mersed in the oil bath, which is placed over the fire. One
part of the top of the vessel containing the oil bath is to
be open, and communicate with a serpentine channel, like
a flM> which passes round the sides of the still or evapo*

184

Recent Paienii.

rating pan ; and this channel is enclosed at top by a vessel
of cold water, which circumscribes the upper part of the
still or pan. Any vapour which may arise from the heated
oil will pass up this serpentine channel and at top strike
against the under part of the vessel containing the cold
water,, by which means the vapour will become condensed,
and fall down again into the bath in the liquid form of oil.

As the water in the upper vessel would rapidly imbibe
beat, it is necessary to keep a constant current pasiking
through it, which is proposed to be done by feeding it
through a pipe from a reservoir of cold water above, and
allowing the heated water to flow away by a waste pipe
below into a discharging gutter.

The furnace, flues, and boiler, whether for a still or for a
sugar pan, or any other evaporating vessel^may, of course^
be constructed in any convenient form or way ; but the
Patentee claims the exclusive use of the ^'serpentine
channel by which the vapour is allowed to rise ; the water
channel at top by which the vapour is condensed ; and tlie
water gutter which receives the overflow, as the chief
means of performing the improvement/' — [Inrolltd in the
Inrolment Office^ February, 1830,]

To Moses Poole, of Lincoln'$ Inn, in the county of
Middlesex,^ gentleman, in consequence of a communication
made to him by a certain foreigner residing abroad, for
certain improvements in the apparatus for raising or
generating steam and currents of air^ and for the appU^
cation thereof to locomotive engines, and other purposes*
—[Sealed 8th July, 1829.]

The two features of improvement proposed in the title of
this patent, consist in a peculiar construction of steam

Poolers, for Impis. in generating Steam. 185

boiler, and in a mode of promoting the draught of a chimney
or flue.

The boiler in which steam is proposed to be generated
is formed by a series of small tubes like gun barrels, placed
horizontally, and connected together by the open ends of
the tubes being inserted into coupling boxes, so as to pro-
duce a zig-zag continuation of tubeing from the beginning
to the end of the range.

'The form of the boiler may be assimilated to a cage, as
the series of small tubes are to be nmged round the sides of
the furnace, and at the top and bottom, the fire being in the
middle; and the tubes are to be affixed to the boxes. at
their ends by a rod passed through each tube, with screw
nuts at its extremities, which will allow of the tubes being
readily opened and.cleaned when required*

The water is to be supplied, to these tubes by a force
pump through a pipe leading in at the commencement of
the range, and the steam is to pass off at the other extre-
mity into a cylindrical vessel constituting a steam chest,
where any water which may be carried over will become
deposited by its gravity, and return to the reservoir of the
force pump while the steam proceeds onward to the indue*
tion aperture of the engine.

This construction of boiler is proposed, as particularly
eligible for focomotive engines, to which it is shown
adapted, though in a very imperfect manner, in several
figures of drawings accompanying the specification ; but
as there is nothing claimed as new in the construction of
the engine or carriage, and there is obviously no novelty in
the boiler, we do not consider it necessary to give engravings
of the figures.

It is stated that as the internal diameter of the tubes
which form the boiler are very small, and would soon burn
through if the water became evaporated, whenever the

186 Recent Patents.

carriage is stopped the engine must be still kept at work^
in order that water may be constantly pumped into the
tubes, so as to keep the boiler always charged.

As the hinder wheels of the carriage are connected by
gear to the engine, it will, whenever the carriage is in-
tended to stop, be necessary to raise the hinder wheels off
the ground. This is proposed to be done by letting down
a lever from behind the carriage, which is to act as a prop'
having a broad foot or drag slipper at its end, which is to
be brought under the periphery of the wheel. This prop
lever, when required, is to be forcibly draw into a perpen^
dicular position by means of a drag chain connected to the
rod of a piston in a small auxiliary cylinder fixed under
the perch of the carriage.

To bring this apparatus into effective operation, a volume
of steam must be let into the small cylinder at such times
as the drag or prop is required to act, when the pressure of
the steam forcing up the piston causes the chain to draw
the prop lever, and bring it nearly into a perpendicular
position by the side of the wheel, the drag slipper being
then in contact with the ground beneath the periphery of
the carriage wheel. This auxiliary piston and steam
cylinder, it is proposed, shall be employed to bring the
drag into operation whenever the velocity of the carriage
requires to be retarded, as in passing down steep descents.

Thest^im discharged from the eduction aperture of the
engine passes into a cylindrical vessel placed parallel to the
steam chest, above described, which vessel is intended to be
a partial condenser. The eduction steam is conveyed into
this vessel by a groove in a jecket round the working
cylinder, in which, we presume, the slide valves are
intended to act; but this part of the apparatus is so
imperfectly described, that its construction and mode of
operating is altogether teyond our comprehension.

BrandretVsf for Impts. of Power «.b Machinery* 187

The concluding part of the Specification stet^^^at the
uncondensed steam is to be blown off from the cylindrical
vessel last described into the flues or chimney of the boiler^
for the purpose of creating by the velocity of its exit a
strong current or air draught through the furnace, which may
be regulated by a suitable stop cock, as the draught shall
require lu^ casing or diminishing. This application of a
current of steam is also proposed generally for all situations
in which a powerful draught of the flues and chimney of a
furnace is required. — [^Inrolled in the Inrolment Ojffice,
January, 1830.]

To Thomas Shaw Brandketh, of Liverpool, in the
county of Lancaster, barrister at law, for a new method
or methods of applying animal power to machinery. —
[Sealed 9th September, 1829.]

The subject of this Patent is one of the varieties of loco-
motive machinery in which a horse or other animal is placed
within the vehicle for the purpose of exerting his muscular
strength by pushing with his feet against a receding floor,
connected by gear to the running wheels of the carriage.

Upon this principle the power has usually been obtained
by the horse or other animal walking upon an inclined
plane, or upon the descending part of the periphery of a
rotary drum as a treadmill ; in which cases the gravity of
descending weight of the animal principally produced the
power by which the machinery was to be actuated. In the
present instance, however, the muscular exertion alone is
brought into operation, the weight of the animal not being
made conducive to the production of power.

The present machine, which is denominated aC«ci,o*
PED, is intended to be the agent for drawing a serittef

188 Recent Patents.

loaded carriages behind it upon a railway. Four running
wheels, like those usually employed for railway carriages,
are affixed, two to the fore axles and two to the hinder
axles of the cycloped, the axles turning in bearings secured
to the under part of the horizontal frame of the carriage.
Two cylindrical barrels are also mounted upon axles sup-
ported by the frame, round which barrels an endless band,
or two parallel endless chains, are passed. To this endless
band or chains a series of transverse battens or rails of
wood, placed close together, are attached, which being
supported by a series of small rollers, mounted transversely
in the side frames of the carriage, form a horizontal plat-
form for the horse or other animal to stand or walk upon.

The axles of the running wheels, and those of the cylin-
drical barrels, are connected together by toothed wheels
and pinions, so that any rotary motion being given to the
barrels will be communicated to the running wheels, and
cause them to carry the cycloped forward.

On the top of the horizontal framework of the carriage
upright posts and side rails are erected, forming a sort of
stall to enclose the horse, with a trough or manger in front,
that the animal may feed as it goes on. A collar is placed
round the horse's neck, with traces or chains attached to
the harness, which traces are hooked to staples in the
side rails.

The horse being now made to pull by his collar, the
traces draw from the staples in the side rails, and in making
this effort to advance, the horse's feet act as levers against
the rails of the moveable floor or platform, which being by
these means slidden back, causes that rotary movement of
the drums connected to the platform, and of the toothed
pinions upon their axles, which turn the axles of the run-
ning wheels, and impels the carriage forward upon the
railway, drawing the train behind it — [/nrolled in the In-
raiment Office, March, 1830,]

[ 189 ]

To Charles WnEATSTon^^formerli/ of the Strand, but
now of Conduit-street , in the county of Middlesex, mu-
sical instrument maker ^ for his having invented a certain
improvement or improvements in the constrtiction of wind-
musical instruments, — [Sealed 19th June, 1829.}

Tii E subjects of this patent are several highly ingenious
methods of constructing and of adapting keys to the Ger-
man musical instrument called the Molina. This instru-
ment is formed by a scries of sonorous metallic springs
something like the tongues of Jews-harps, which are
mounted in a box, and are made to vibrate and give out
musical tones by the pressure of wind either from the
breath of the perfornier, or from a small portable blowing
apparatus.

The improved instruments are denominated Sympho-
NiONs; they are constructed in several different shapes,
and are played upon by the fingers something in the

way of a flagelet, that is, the mouth is applied to the
embouchun, and the fingers touching small projecting pins
raise the keys, which allow the sounds to be emitted
through the apertures, or if adapted to a small round
bellows, the keys are touched in like manner by the fingers
of the performer, as the bellows are expanded or com-
pressed, and the passage of the wind through the aper-
tures, as the keys are opened, cause the metallic tongues
to vibrate, and to emit the sounds of notes in tuneful suc-
cession.

One form of the Symphonion intended to be inflated by
the mouth is represented in plate X, consisting of a metal
box with apertures in the sides in each of which a metallic
tongue is placed, but the apertures are closed at the back
by lever keys, and the interior of the box being filled

Voj., IX. — Second Srri^is. % a

190 Recent Patents*

with wind by the breath of the performer through a
mouthpiece, whenever one of the keys is raised the wind,
in passing through the aperture, puts the spring or me-
tallic tongue in a state of vibration, which produces the
sound of a musical note.

Fig. 1 , is an external representation of the box in which
the levers and keys are seen. Fig. 2, is an edge view of
the same, showing also the mouthpiece. Fig. 3, exhibits
the interior of the box, the face plate on the mouthpiece
side of the box being removed. Fig, 4, is a section taken
across the box, showing the positions of the several opera-
tive parts.

The frame and. box a, a, a, is made of any shape con-
venient for being held by the fingers ; b, is the mouth-
piece through which the performer blows into the
interior of the box ; c, c, c, are the springs or metallic
tongues mounted in front of the apertures made in the
face plate ; d, d, t/, are the pins or keys to be played upon
by the fingers, which are connected to the lower valves
e, e, e, covering the apertures.

The box a, being filled with wind through the mouth-
piece b, by the breath of the performer, on depressing any
one of the keys d, by the finger, the lever connected with
that key will open its valve at e*, fig. 4, when the spring
c, will by the passage of the wind be made to vibrate, and
consequently give out the tone or musical note.

The metallic tongues or springs must be so formed and
attached to the plate of the box, as to be capable of.
severally producing the tones of common chords. This
will be understood by musical instrument makers, as well
as the modes of tuning them, and the means of obtaining,
sharp or flat notes.

It is unnecessary to show all the modifications ^s to
shape, under which the Patentee proposes to construct the

Wheatstone's,for Impts* in Musical Instruments. 191

SymphonioM; the leading principles of construction being
the same as those above described.

One other construction of the instrument, however,
is proposed, varying considerably from those already
described, which is stated to be a modification and im-
provement of the Chinese organ. It is formed by pipes
having vibratory metallic tongues at their ends. Two of
these pipes are shown in different positions at iigs. 5,
and 6 ; a, being the aperture at which the wind is ad-
mitted, and by the vibratory tongue from whence the sound
is given out.

Any required number of these pipes may be arranged
and attached to a board, as fig. 7, their lengths and also
their tongues being adjusted and tuned as organ pipes.

This series of pipes it is proposed to place withih a
bellows, as fig. 8> which being expanded and collapsed by
the hands of the performer, will cause the required pres-
sure of wind to be forced into the unstopped apertures
or mouthpieces a^ of the pipes and the fingerg of the per-
former, at the same time pressing in succession upon the
keys on the outride, will open such of the pipes as may
be required to produce the tones.

The Arrangements of the musical springs or tongues,
and also of the keys in the instrument, will be dependant
upon the convenience with which the fingers of the per-
fofmer may be enabled to touch them so as to play any
tune upon the instrument with facility. — Ifnrolled in the
Inrohnent Office^ December, 1829.]

[ 192*]

To Henry Bock, 0/ Ludgate-streeiy in the city of Lon»
don, Esq., in consequence of a communication made to
him bj/ a certain foreigner residing abroad, for improve-
ments on machinery for embroidering or ornameiUing
cloths, stuffs, and other fabrics. — [Sealed 2d May,
1829.]

This is a machine which, however ingenious in its con-
struction, must be considered to be more curious than
useful. It is designed to conduct a series of needles with
threads to and fro through a distended sheet of muslin or
other material, for the purpose of producing upon the face
of such material the kind of raised needle-work called
embroidery.

Plate X, fig. 9, is a front view of the machine complete;
fig. 10, is a longitudinal section of the same, showing the
positions and operations of the several parts.

The Patentee has described this invention under three
distinct heads. First, the manner in which the frame hold-
ins: the sheet of muslin or other material to be worked
upon is to be shifted when in operation, for the purpose of
bringing different parts of the sheet into proper situations
for the needles to pass through according to the pattern or
device intended to be worked thereon. Secondly, the
means by which the machinery carrying the holders of the
needles is to be moved in order to conduct the needles to
and fro, and pass them through the interstices between the
threads of the sheet of muslin or other material about to
be embroidered. And, thirdly, the method by which the
respective series of fingers, pincers, or holders, are closed
or opened in order to take hold of the needles for the pur-
pose of carrying them, and to release the needles when
they have been protruded through the material.

The machinery is supported in an outer stationary frame-

Bock's, for Impts. in Ovnamenting Cloths. 1 93

work of iron a, a, within which are mounted two movable
frames b, 6, and c, c, connected together. The frame b, b,
carries two rollers d, d, on which the muslin or other
material e, e, intended to be embroidered is rolled, and by
these means is tightly distended in a vertical position in
the middle of the machine. Two series of pincers or fingers
ff fi are fixed upon each of the carriages g, g, which
carriages respectively run to and fro upon lateral rails A, h,
at the back and the front of the machine.

The second set of pincers mounted in the lower part of
each carriage, are to be considered only as repetitions of
the upper series, the additional holders being introduced
for the purpose of performing a greater extent of work,
that is, causing a double series of needles to operate upon
two parts of the sheet of muslin at the same time.

The needles are formed as shown upon an enlarged
scale at 5, fig. 11, having two points, and the eye in the
middle; and the pincers or fingers which hold the needle
are also represented in this figure considerably enlarged.
These pincers or fingers are placed in opposite positions
on the back and front carriages, as seen in the section, fig.
10, that is, the opening of the chaps face each other so
that the respective needles, conducted toward the muslin by
the one set ^of holders on the advance of the carriage, are,
after their points have been passed through the muslin,
taken ho.ld of by the opposite set of holders, and are
drawn through the muslin by the retiring of the other
carriage.

The general objects of the machine being stated, we
proceed to explain the particular construction of its parts,
and the manner of their operating.

The muslin or other material' having been rolled, as
above said, round the rollers rf, d, the axles of those rollers
are mounted in bearings in the frame b, b, and the muslin

194 Reeent Patents.

ifl drawn tight by turning the winches of worm pinions,
acting iit the oblique teeth of the wheels t, t, on the ends
of the rollers d, d.

As the approaching and receding movements of the car-
riages g, g, are upon stationary horizontal planes, the
needles would be brought to the same spot upon the muslin
at every advance of the carriages, if the frame in which
the muslin is distended remained stationary ; it is there-
fore necessary, in order to work a pattern or device upon
the muslin, that the frames carrying it should be moved a
little distance after every passage of the needles. For this
purpose, therefore, the frame 6,holding the rollers, is enabled
to slide upwards, and the frame c, to which 6, is connected,
to slide laterally.

By reference to the front view of the machine, fig. 9,
the manner of moving the sheet of muslin in working a
pattern will be perceived. The outer frame c, c, mounted
upon the standards, is enabled to slide to and fro horizon-^
tally by means of anti-friction wheels running upon a
transverse rail A, fixed to the standards and the inner
frame 6, 6, in which the rollers rf, rf, are mounted, being
suspended by a counterpoise weight and cord /, passed over
pulleys, is enabled to move vertically by itsguidesm,97?,f;2,m,
sliding against straight edges attached to the outer movable
frame c, c.

The movements of both these frames b and c, are regu-
lated by a piece of machinery composed of jointed levers
w, n, n, called by the Patentee a pentagraph. The fulcrum
of this pentagraph is a joint o, attached to the standard,
and it is balanced by a counter weight and cord passed
over pulleys.

The frame b, is connected to the pentagraph by a joint p,
and at the reverse extremity of the pentagraph there is a
handle and tracing point q, which, being passed over the

Bock's, for ImpU. in Ornamenting Cloths. 186

face of a pattern t;ard r, affixed by a bracket to the
ttandard, causes the frames b and e, to be moved both
fertically and horizontally.

The subject drawn upon the pattern card is that which
is to be worked or embroidered by the needles on the sheet
of muslin ; and by shifting the tracing point of q, from
place to place previous to each passage of the needles, the
pentagraph will cause the situation of the sheet of muslin
to be shifted in a corresponding degree, and the different
parts brought opposite to the points of the needles, so that
they may enter a different part of the sheet at each move-
ment, and by a succession of stitches produce a spreading
pattern.

The means by which the needles are passed to and fro
through the muslin is now to be considered. The longitu-
dinal section, fig. 10, will best illustrate the manner of
working the needles. Carriages g, g, are mounted upon
bevel-edged wheels running upon longitudinal bars A, b.
These carriages support the series of fingers, pincers, or
holdei'sy,/,/,y, extending across the machine, each of
them being designed to take hold of one end of the needle,
as shown upon an enlarged scale in fig. 11. These carriao-es
are made to travel to and fro upon the lateral rails by means
of hands passed over the puUyes tt, tt, tt.

The operator, when he has adjusted the point of the
tracer g, upon the pattern board, draws the band, and
brings one of the carriages, with the pincers holding the
needles, up to .the sheet of muslin, as shown at the right
hand of fig. 10, the points of all the needles being by this
means protruded through the muslin. The other carriages,
with the chaps of its pincers, open as at the left hand in
fig. 10, is then advanced in like manner, and brought up so
that the opposite points of the needles may stand within
the open chaps of the pincers. This being done, the chaps
of the holders are then closed by means which will be

96 Recent Patents,

described hereafter ; and the needles being thus held fast
by the back series of pincers, the chaps of the front or
right hand series of pincers are then opened. The left
hand carriage being then made to retrograde, the needles
will by that means be drawn through the muslin^ and the
stitch of embroidery be formed.

Previously to the next advance of the left hand carriage,
the situation of the muslin must be shifted a trifling
distance by moving the point of the tracer as above
described, which will cause the points of the needles to
be introduced in other parts of the muslin, and so extend
the stitches, by which the embroidery is to be worked.

The specification does not point out the mode in which
the thread is to be supplied to the needles. There is some
thread represented by the drawing in the centre of the eye
of the needle, which may possibly be a very small bobbin
carrying the thread ; but this we only conjecture, and
conceive that it would be scarcely possible for it to pass
through the muslin.

There are curved surfaces called shields v, v, v, t?, placed
across the middle of the macliine, as shown in the section
fig. IO5 which are covered with plush for the purpose of
taking hold of the loose threads from the needles as they
pass, and causing them to be drawn tight at every stitch.

The third feature of the invention is the contrivance by
which the series of pincers or fingers are opened and shut
at the proper periods for releasing the needles from one
series, and taking hold of them by the opposite series.

To the hinder part pf the upper chap of every one of
the holders there is a small chain attached, which leads
down to a crank t/, u, extending across the machine under
each of the carriages. This crank is moved up and down
by an arm or lever w, w^ fixed to its axle, which lever is
acted upon by a rotary cam x, x.

When the operator wishes to open the chaps of one

r •

Dai^ 4 Munches, for Impis. in Musical Instruments. 197

of the series of holders f, he presses upon one of the
treadles y, which, by means of a band or cord passed
round the pulley on the end of the longitudinal shaft z,
causes that shaft to revolve ; and in so doing, by means of
one of the bevel toothed wheels, to turn one of the cams
jr, into such a position as shall act against the arm or
lever w^ when the carriage passes it, and thereby cause the
crank u, to which the tail chains of the pincers are
attached^ to draw down those chains, and consequently to
open the chaps of that series of pincers which are advanc-
ing, in order to receive the points of the needles. As
soon, however, as the open chaps of the pincers have
arrived at the situation of the needles^ the lever w, slips
away from the cam x, and the spring beneath the upper
chap (see fig. 11,) then forces up the tail lever of each of
the pincers, and causes the needles to be held fast.

The cams and levers by these means opening and
closing the chaps of the pincers, cause the series of needles
to be taken hold of and held fast by the pincers, or to be
released at certain periods ; and hence, by the traversing of
the carriages to and fro, the needles are conducted through
and through the fabric stretched upon the vertical frame,
and the embroidery is effected. — {JnroUed in the Inrohneni
Office, November, 1 829.]

3V) Francis Day, of the Poult rj/, in the city of London,
optician, and Augustu Munch, of the same place,
mechanic^ in consequence of a communication made to
them by a certain foreigner residing abroad^ and improve^
ments by themselves, for an invention of certain improve-
ments on musical instruments. — ^[Sealed 19th June, 1829.]

This invention applies to wind musical instruments of the
organ kind, or organised piano-forte, and like the iuven-

VoL, IX. — Second Skribs. t b

IdB Reeeni VatenU.

tion which forms the subject of the preceding patent, con*
sists in the adaptation of metallic spring tongues like thd
tongue of a Jew's harp, which, by their vibrations, gi?a out
musical tones.

The Patentees describe the invention as a new substitute
for the pipes of an organ forming a stop, that is, an addi-
tional series of notes on tha organ technically denomi-
nated a stop.

These metallic tongues have been applied to organs and
other wind musical instruments in Germany, and are found
to produce very fine and rich effects of tone ; it is for the
adaptation of them to similar musical instruments in
England that the present patent is obtained.

Over the aperture of the wind chest in place of one of
the ordinary organ pipes, a wooden box is fixed, the
under part of which box has a metallic plate with a long
slot or opening in it suited to receive the metallic tongue
or spring, from the vibrations of which the musical tone or
note is to be produced. The upper part of this box is
open for the free discharge of the sound ; but in order to
ciTect variable modulations of tone, a wooden fiap or valve
is placed upon the top of the box, by means of which the
open end can be more or less closed, as may be desired.

The tongue or sonorous spring may be flat, and fastened
by its root to the metallic plate, allowing it to vibrate in
the slot or lower aperture of the box, or it may be of a
bent form, its root or fulcrum being fixed, and its spring
part allowed to play freely in the aperture. The metal at
the vibratory end of the tongue should be thicker than at
the root for emitting grave notes, but of thinner substance
for high notes. The wooden valve at top of the box may
be raised or depressed by a rod connected to a pedal, or
by any other means ; or the valve may be formed by a
slider instead of a flap, if preferred ; and the box itself
may be square, or of any other convenient form.

Duy'syfor Impts, in Musical Imrtumentv 109

A series of these boxes with metallic tongues or springs
below, and valyes above, are to be mounted over the several
apertures of the wind chest of a common organ, or other
similarly constructed instrument^, and the keys of the
instrument being as usual connected by levers, with valves
to the apertures of the wind chest, those apertures are
opened by the depression of the keys, as the fingers of the
performer act upon them ; and hence the wind, in passing
from the chest through the lower apertures of the boxes,
puts the tongues into a state of vibration, producing the
notes or musical tones required.

It is obvious that this simple contrivance of adapting
musical springs or metallic tongues to organs, instead of
pipes of large magnitude, will admit ot the construction of
very powerful musical instruments of small dimensions
compared to ordinary organs ; and as the mechanism by
which organs are usually worked, or as it is more
technically called played, is well understood, and of course
admit of some variety in construction, it is not intended
by the Patentees to limit themselves to any particular
arrangement of mechanism. They therefore define the
claim of exclusive right of adaptation in. the following
words : —

"The formation of a new substitute or stop for the
pipes of an organ by the combining of metal tongues or
springs, with wooden boxes fitted with regulators or modu-
lators of the tone ; also the application of pallets or
valves to the tops of the said boxes, and the remova
thereof from the insides of the wind chests of the organ>
to which this latter form of our new stop may be applied ;
and also the manner of raising or lifting the said regulating
pallets or valves." — [^Inrolled in the Inrolment Office^
December, 1 829 J

mip^^^V

200 Riceni Patents,

To Robert Torre ns^ of Croydon, in the countjf of

Surrey, a lieutenant-colonel in the Royal Marine$, far
certain apparatus for the purpose of communicating
power and motion. — [Sealed 9th September, 1829.]

The subject of this invention is an engine to be worked
by the force of elastic gas instead of steam. The general
mechanism is the same as that usually employed for con-
densing engines^ but the generator, and also the working
cylinder, are surrounded by hot mediums of oil or water
contained in vessels which enclose the generator and
working cylinder. The condenser is, in like manner, sur-
rounded by a medium of cold water contained in a vessel
which encloses the condenser.

The gas in the generator is intended to be rendered
elastic by the heat transmitted from the medium of hot
oil or water which surrounds it; and having been so ren-
dered elastic, it passes by means of a pipe to the working
cylinder of the engine, in a similar way to that in which
steam is conducted in an ^ordinary steam engine.

The heating mediums are kept under pressure in close
vessels for the purpose of allowing the heat to be increased
to a degree of intensity/and also to prevent the fluid from
evaporating.

The working cylinder being surrounded by a medium of
heated oil or water, increases the elastic force of the gas
by further expanding it ; and having forced the piston to
the end of the cylinder, the gas then passes off by an
eduction valve, as usual, to a condenser.

The condenser is formed of thin metal, in order that the
heat of the gas when passed into it may be readily trans-
mitted to the surrounding water, which, by means of
pumps, is to be kept in a continued current for the purpose

Torrens^Sffor Impts* in Power atid Motion. 20i

of carrying off the accruing heat from the generator^ and
receiving a supply of cold water to keep up the refrige-
rating Btate of the medium.

When the eduction gas has been lowered in its tem-
perature in the condenser^ it is from thence forced up by a
pump again into the generator^ to be heated and expanded
as before.

Safety valves and air vessels are provided ; and in
putting the machine to work^ the gas is allowed to blow
through by means of lateral pipes, for the purpose of
driving out any atmospheric air which may previously
have occupied the vessel.

Tbe specification does not state what material is to be
placed in the generator from which gas is to be evolved,
nor can we comprehend the Patentee's intention, as in the
drawing of the engine which accompanies the specification^
a liquid is represented as occupying the lower part of the
generator, and that is written upon ^' condensed gas."

It is quite evident that the whole is a very crude and
undigested project, full of incongruities, which, though
elaborately described in the specification, is very far from
being intelligibly explained. The principal features claimed
appear to be that of enclosing the generator and the work-
ing cylinder within vessels of heated oil or water, and
keeping those medii under pressure. There is no feature
of novelty proposed in the construction of any parts of
the mechanism of the engine, and therefore we do not con-
sider a figure representing it at all necessary. — [^Inrolhd in
the Inrolment Office, March j 1830.]

► 1 »■,-■:-:.■■*.■■ I

./"

C «« 3

To John Milne, o/* Edinburgh, architect, for a machine
or engine for dressing of stones used in masonry, by the
assiitance of a steam engine, a wind, a horse, or a water
power, whereby a great quantity of manual labour wilt
ftc saved.— [Sealed 15th September, 1829.]

A MACHINE for picking and dressing stones by attaching^
the tool to a falling lever, worked like a tilt hammer, the
stone being placed upon a movable carriage below, formed
the subject of a patent granted to Alex. Dallas, in AprtJ^
1824. — (See the first series of our journal, vol, ix*, p. 301.)
The invention of the present Patentee is for the same ob-
ject ; but in this instance the tools (for there are many) are
attached to the periphery of a rotary drum or barrel, and-
the block of stone is progressively carried along upon a
sliding frame under the rotatry drum.

The barrel or drum is proposed to be of from eighteen to
thirty-sixinches in diameter, and from eighteien to forty-eight
inches long. Round the periphery of this drum the tools,
whether pecks, chisels, addices, or droves, are to be placed
in several series spirally, that is, winding round the peri-*
pbery of the drum like a screw, so that the several tools
may in succession be brought into operation one after the
other, upon different points of the stone.

The stone intended to be dressed, is id its rude form ta
be fastened upon the sliding carriage by cramps, and as.
the drum goes round the carriage is intended to move on
slowly) so that the points of the tools may strike against and
chip off portions of the surface.

When the stone has passed once under the operation of the
tools on the rotary drum, it is to be slidden back again upon
its carriage ; and the frame of the carriage with the stone

Milne* 8, for Imptt, in Dressing Stones. 203

oeing then raised a trifling distance by means of segment \ i

racks and pinions beneath, the carriage wi^^ the atone is i

again passed under the rotary drum^ and t^ . »tf«ls, pecking
aa before, chip off further portions of the irregular sur-
face. This operation is to bo repeated, and the position
of the stone shifted until the surfaces are worked down
or dressed to the desired figure.

The rotary drum carrying the working tools is proposed
to be driven by toothed gear connected with a steam engine
or other first mover; and the progressive motion of the car-
riage on which the stone is supported may be produced by
connecting it with the rotary motion of the drum, or the
carriage may be moved independently by hand. If the
former contrivance is adopted^ it is obvious that any desired
speed may be given to the carriage by changing the wheels
of the gear which connect the drum and the carriage to-
gether.

It is proposed when bevels are desired to be worked
upon the surface of the stene that the rotary barrel should
be'shaped accordingly, and the tools adapted both in posi-
tion and figure to produce such surfaces. In a similar way
it fs proposed that grooves may be cut in the stones, and
that after pecking, the surface may be rendered smooth by
the tools called droves;

The Patentee does not confine himself to any particular
forms, dimensions, or positions of the parts, but claims a
rotary drum or barrel, carrying the dressing tools, and a
carriage beneath for conducting the rough stone along for
the purpose of bringing it under the operation of the rotary
drum— [Jwro/Zed in the Inrolment Office, March, 1830.]

t 204 ]

To John M'Curdy, of Great James-street, Bedford-row,
in the county of Middlesex, gentleman^ in consequence of
a communication made to him by a foreigner residing
abroad, by which he is in possession of an invention or
discovers/ of certain improvements in the method of con-
structing mills and mill-stones for grinding. — [Sealed
2d November, 1829.]

Thbr£ are three principal features claimed under thi»
patent ; the* first is adopting a bolting apparatus to the
mill in such a way, that the flour, in descending from the
stones, may pass immediately into the bolting drum, for
the purpose of having the bran and other husky matters
separated from it.

The second feature is, cutting peculiarly formed grooves
or recesses in the faces of the stones, and filling up holes
or faulty places in the faces of the stones by a cement.

The third is a method of hanging the top stone in such
a way, that it may be readily adjusted to any required dis-
tance from the bed-stone. The bed and also the running
stones being mounted in a strong framework of cast-iron
or other material, the bolting apparatus is placed beneath^
and is actuated by the same moving power that drives the
revolving stone of the mill. The particular arrangement
of the parts, however, is not claimed, but only the adap-
tation generally; and there does not appear to be any
novel features in the mechanism, but the same contrivances
are used as are employed in driving ordinary corn-mills,
and ordinary bolting machinery.

T e peculiarly formed indentations made in ithe faces of
the burrs or grinding stones are, — a series of spiral or con-
volute grooves, cut from the circumference to the centre in
the face of the uppe r stone, and an arrangement of straight

DodgsotiSf for Impts. in Ships* Scuppers. 206

angular grooves in the face of the bed-stone, which, act-
ing together, it is considered will break the corn more
effectually than the form of grooves usually cut in the faces
of raill-s tones.

In order to fill up any small holes which may and often
do occur in the faces of these stones, it is proposed to
break up portions of French burr stone into small pieces,
and also to pulverise some portions of these burr stones,
and with them to mix a quantity of alum. These materials
being placed in a ladle over a fire, will, by the alum melt-
ing, become a sort of fluid ; and being applied as a cement
to the holes in the faces of the stones, those holes will be
effectually filled up, and the surfaces at those parts made
even.

The new mode of hanging and adjusting the upper
Stone does not appear to be very clearly described in the
specification ; there seems to be a cross-bar, through
which the spindle passes, with a screw on the spindle, by
which the stone may be raised or lowered at pleasure.
The contrivance appears altogether to be designed for
portable mills, or for small mills for grinding and preparing
flour for private families. — [^Inrollei in the Inrolment Office^
January, 1830.]

To William Dodgson, of Lower Shadwell^ in the
county of Middlesex, pump and engine maker ^ for his
invention of certain improvements in ships* scuppers, and
which may be applied to other purposes. — [Sealed 17tli
November, 1829.]

The scuppers or apertures on shipboard, by which water
is discharged, are proposed by the Patentee to be furnished
with valves or flaps o()ening outward, in order that the

Vol. IX.— Second Sbhies. 3 c

206

Recent Patents.

water may run off freely from the interior of the vessel,
but that no water may be allowed to enter through the
same aperture.

When the scupper hole is in a horizonal position, the
flap or valve which closes it must be fumishet "^th a
counterpoise or loggerhead behind its hinge joini^ _ nhe
purpose of balancing its weight and keeping the flap up
against the hole ; but when the flap hangs perpendicularly,
its own weight will keep it to its seat. — llnrolled in the
Inrolment Office, May, 1830,]

To David Lawrence, q/' Stroud, and John Crund-
WELL, of Ashford, both in the county of Kent, gun--
makers, for certain improvements in apparatus to be
applied to fowling-pieces and other Jire-arms in place of
locks — [Sealed 15th September, 1829.]

We should call this invention a gun-lock of a peculiar
construction, certainly not a substitute for a lock, because
without a gun-lock the improved apparatus vyould be useless.

The improved contrivance applies to those kind of
fowling-pieces or other fire-arms which are primed by
detonating compositions, and discharged by percussioar
The detonating composition may be placed in a cap, as
usual, or be employed in the form of small balls ; a very

Lawrence 4r CrundtveWs, for Jmpts. in Fire-arms. 207

slight variation in the construction of the apparatus render-
ing either mode applicable.

Fig. 1, shows a portion of a fowling-piece, with the
improvement adapted thereto : cr, represents the breech
part of the barrel ; b, the butt; c, the lock plate ; rf, a lever'
which forms the principal feature of the improvement.

^'^•^^^

The lever is shown detached in a horizontal view at
fig. 2; it is attached to the lock plate by a hinge joint
at e, and is opened by a thumb piece f, the part g, being
designed to receive the detonating composition.

The internal construction of the works of the lock forms
no part of the present improvement : the kind of lock
employed is one in which the stroke is given by the smart
thrust forward of a plunger against the breech at the end
of the barrel where the touch-hole is situate, and at the
mouth of which touch-hole the detonating composition
must be exploded. This blow may be produced by various
contrivances, which are well known as applicable to gun-
locks.

In fig. 2, the piece h, i, inserted at g, represents the
nipple, which is perforated longitudinally. The broad end
h, is intended to lie against the orifice of the touch-hole,
and the small cylindrical part i, to receive upon it the deto-
nating cap. In order to prime the gun, the lever d, must
be thrown open from the lock plate by turning upon its
hinge joint; and when the detonating cap has been placed
upon the nipple i, the lever is then to be closed, as at
fig. 1, which will bring the part h, up against the touch-
hole, as described. The trigger being then drawn in the
ordinary w^y, the plunger of the lock will be let off ; and by
striking with a smart blow against the detonating cap

.(if. ':

208 Recent Patents.

placed upon the nipple at i, the explosion will take place ;
and the fire passing through the nipple, will proceed
through the touch-hole into the barrel, and discharge the
contents of the gun.

In the event of small detonating balls being employed
instead of detonating caps, those balls may be placed in a
small magazine or box shown at /c, in fig. I, aflSxed to the
lock plate. This box is conical within ; and through a
small hole at its under part one priming ball is enabled to
descend whenever the lever rf, is thrown open. To receive
this priming ball a recess is made in the part g, of the
lever; which recess, when the lever stands open, is brought
immediately under the delivering hole of the magazine.
Hence on the opening of the lever d, a priming ball
descends into the recess, and on the closing of the lever
the longitudinal aperture is brought into coincidence with
the touch hole. A sliding pin or piston must in this
instance be introduced in place of the nipple at i, against
which the blow of the plunger striking when the trigger is
drawn, the ball will be exploded and the contents of the
barrel fired. This piston, after each discharge, may be
forced outward again by a small helical spring embracing it^

At the outer end of the lever d, the thumb piece f^ has
a joint, and also a tooth or catch intended to bear against
a stop when closed, for the purpose of keeping the lever
fast against the lock plate.

In order to prevent the gun being discharged accident-
ally, a contrivance is applied which bolts the trigger. Thia
contrivance is shown at /, in fig. I ; it is a bent lever
mounted upon a fulcrum pin at w,the reverse end of which
lever acts as a bolt against the trigger. When the
gun is brought to the shoulder for firing, the hand, as it
approaches the tail of the trigger, presses against the lever
/, and forces it upwards, which brings the bolt end of

Gil.h's, for Impis, in cutting Marhk* 209

the lever opposite a notch in the trigger, and thereby sets
the trigger free; but without thus acting upon the lever /,
the trigger would remain locked, and the gun could not be'
discharged.] — Inrolled in the Inrolment Office, March,
1830.]

To Joseph Gibbs^o/" Gray ford Mills, in the county of
Kent, timber merchant , for his invention of improvements
in machinery for cutting marble, woody and other sub-
Seances. — [Sealed 12th November, 1829.]

This is a machine in which ornamental devices in bas-
relief, are to be wrought in wood, metal, stone, or other
material from patterns or models; the operating part of
the machine working in the manner of a vertical drill.

There are two flat tables fixed one above the other, and
perfectly parallel to each other; upon the lower of which
tables, the piece of wood or other material intended to be
cut or carved in bas-relief is to be made fast ; and im-
mediately over this, on the upper table, the bas-relief pat-
tern or model of the device is to be securely fixed.

The working drill is mounted in a swinging frame, and
is driven by a band from a rigger, passed round a pulley
upon the drill ; and in the same swinging frame, immedi-
ately above, and precisely coincident with the axis of the
drill, a smooth-pointed pin is fixed, the pin and the drill
being so adjusted in the frame, as to their distance apart,
that when the point of the pin above touches any part of
the surface of the bas-relief, pattern, or model, the point
of the drill below shall touch a corresponding part of the
material to be carved or wrought.

The frame carrying the drill and the guide point is
mounted upon a vertical shaft, fixed to a standard, or to
the side of the apartment or building in which the work is

210 Recent Patents.

to be performed. The frame is enabled to turn or swing
round horizontally upon its shaft, so that the point may
be passed over the surface of the model ; add it is also
enabled to advance or recede by adjusting screws.
Besides swinging round horizontally, the frame carrying
the point and drill is enabled to slide up and down verti-
cally, in order that the guide point and the drill may
together, that is simultaneously, be raised up, the one from
the surface of the model, and the other from the work ;
which is to be done by a lever, or treadles and rod, con-
nected to the frame, over which the attendant workman
has command*

In this way the guiding point is intended to be shifted
to every part of the surface of the model in succession, and
in so shifting, to bring at the same time the operating drill
below, over a corresponding part of the piece of wood,
metal, stone, or other material about to be wrought to a
similar pattern or device.

According to th6 subject to be cut or carved, so must
drills, wjth different sorts of points or heads, be employed
and shifted, as occasion may require, from the drill stock,
and others applied in their stead* Some of the drills are to
have rose heads, others spear heads, and various forms
suited to the excavation intended to be made in the mate-
rial under operation.

Let it now be supposed that the guide point, by means
of the swinging frame, is brought over the model, and that
the drill is made to revolve by means of the strap and pulley,
as before described, the point or head of the drill will, as it
revolves, penetrate into the surface of the material fixed on
the lower table, until the guide point above has descended
to the surface of the model fixed on the upper table, then
the drill will be prevented from cutting further, and the
frame must be raised by the workman bearing upon the

Gooch*s,for Impts. on Baths. 211

lever. The point being then brought over another part of
the model, the drill will be allowed, as before, in like man-
ner to cut away the surface of the wood, metal, stone, or
other material. The guide point Being thus shifted from
place to place, the drill will, by a succession of operations,
cut or carve out the complete copy of the model over which
the guide point has been conducted.

Thus copies of ornamental scrolls, foliage, and devices,
of a variety of kinds, principally for decorating buildings,
may be cut or carved in wood, metal, stone, and other
materials from models, by the different sorts of drills,
guided by the parallel guide point, in a machine of the sort
described ; and which operation may be performed with
considerable expedition and cheapness.

Tliere are several sheets of elaborate drawings accom-
panying the specification, exhibiting this machinef in differ-
ent positions and in detached parts, which we cannot,
with any convenience, compress into our present limits :
nor do we consider it at all necessary to exhibit these
figures, as the general features and operation of the machine
may be easily understood from what has been said; and it
does not appear that any novelties in the mechanism are
claimed, but only the arrangement and adaptation of the
whole to the purpose described. — \^Inr oiled in the InroU
ment Office, May, 1830.]

To William Gooch, of Mount-street, Berkley^square,
in the county of Middlesex, for his having invented
certain improvements on baths of different descriptions,
which improvements are applicable to other purposes. —
[Sealed 7th November, 1829.]

The invention w^hich forms the subject of this patent,
consists merely in combining in one apparatus several well

212 Recent Patents.

known contrivances which have been heretofore commonly
used separately ; as a portable shower bath, a vapour batb,
and a slipper bath. These are proposed to be adapted
together so as to constitute one apparatus, in which all
these several operations may be performed in succession
without removing the patient.

Supposing one of the upright shower bath closets re-
sembling a sentry box be employed, in the* upper part of
which the vessels and other apparatus are suspended in the
ordinary way for producing a shower. In the lower part
of this closet, that is, upon its floor, a pot or other vessel is
to be placed containing aromatic herbs or medicinal
materials, which pot is covered with a lid pierced full of
holes like a colander. A pipe from a small boiler, on the
ordinary fire of a bedchamber, is to be passed through the
side of the closet into the pot containing the medicinal
materials, for the purpose of condu.cting steam into the
vessel, which steam, acting upon the herbs, will cause an
aromatic vapour to be evolved, and to be passed upwards
through the perforations in the lid of the vessel into the
closet.

The person intending to be operated upon by the vapour
bath, is to be enclosed within the closet, covered with
a cloth hood, as usual, having an aperture in the top to
pass the head through ; and in this way the steam atmo-
sphere which rises from the vessel below will be made to
act upon the body, or upon any part of the body, without
affecting the respiration.

When this sudorific operation has been continued a
sufficient length of time, the steam may be shut off, and
the patient may receive a shower bath without quitting*
the closet.

Another arrangement of the invention is designed for
giving the vapour, the shower, and also immersion to
a patient, by one apparatus.

Tyler* $f for Impts, in Water-closets. 213

A vessel generally knowa as a slipper bath is to be '?)

employed^ having a partially perforated bottom^ through
which, from a chamber below the bath, the steam and
aromatic vapour from a pot or vessel, as above described,
is to be allowed to pas> upward to the patient reclining in
the slipper and coveted by a hood of cloth. When the
sudatory has operated as long as maybe thought necessary,
a shower of cold water may be let fall upon the patient
from a suitable apparatus above, and after this the slipper
may be filled with water so as to immerse the patient.

The claim of invention is the combination of these con-
trivances in one apparatus, and not the contrivances them-
selves taken separately.— Liwro/Zed in the Inrolment Office,
May, 1830.]

To Hayward Tyler, of Warwick-lane, in the city of
London, brass-founder {being one of the people called
Quakers), for certain improvements in the construction of
water-closets. — [Sealed 23d September, 1829.]

In this improved construction of water-closets it is not pro-
posed to deviate materially from the general arrangement
of the ordinary parts of a water-closet, but to adapt certain
appendages for the purpose of forming air-tight valves,
which shall prevent the passage of offensive effluvia up the
discharge pipe.

It will not be necessary to describe all the parts of the
mechanism of a water-closet, as they are sufficiently known :
we shall, therefore, merely point out the proposed improve-
ments.

Immediately under the discharging aperture of the pan or

basin of the water*closet a horizontal sliding valve is intro-
VoL. IX.— iSscoND Sbrus. <o

21^ Recent Patents.

duced^ which closes the aperture perfectly air-tight when the
closet is not in use, and which is to be opened by a lever
when the soil is required to be discharged.

This valve is formed by a circular plate or disc of metal,
mounted upon a pivot or centre*pin, the plate being packed
BO as to be perfectly air-tight, but yet allowed to turn freely
in a horizontal direction.

The disc or plate of metal forming the valve has an ez-
centric circular hole through it^ in such a situation that as
the disc is turned round upon its pivot, this hole may be
brought into coincidence with the discharging aperture at
bottom of the basin. When that is the case, the soil and
water will be allowed to pass down into the discharge pipe;
but when the disc is so turned that the solid part of the
metal is immediately under, and intercepts the discharging
aperture of the basin, then the passage is so completely
closed that neither water can pass down nor effluvia up ;
the packing in which the disc or plate slides being suffi-
ciently close to constitute an air-tight valve.

It will readily be perceived that this disc may be turned
round by a variety of mechanical contrivances : that which
the Patentee prefers is a segment rack fixed to the axle of
the disc, and acted upon by a pinion connected to a lever^
which is worked by a handle rising above the seat.

The other contrivance applies to a dish valve ; that is^
a dish or hollow vessel hung upon a hinge joint under the
discharging aperture of the basin^ which 13 intended to
contain water sufficient to form a water valve that is to
close the aperture of the basin, and by means of the water
to prevent the offensive effluvia rising from the discharge
pipe*

But as it may sometimes happen that the water will ea^
cape from the dish, and thereby leave the cQmmunieatioa
open, it is proposed, as the improvement, that the edge of

tr_

Rolfe^s^for Impts. in Piano-fortes. 215

the dish all round shall have a rim of leather fitting exactly
against the lower edge of the basin^ and being kept up
thereto by a balance weight, the valve will be tight, and
the effluvia be prevented from passing, even though the
water may have discharged itself from the dish. — \_lnrolled
in the Inrolment Office, March, 1830.]

To Thomas Hall Rolfe, of Cheapside, in the city of
London, musical instrument maker^ for his new invented
improvement or improvements upon the self -acting piano^
/arfe.— [Sealed 11th August, 1829.]

The specification of this patent would fill a volume : its
extraordinary length, therefore, obliges us to give only the
leading features of the invention.

These improvements apply to a self-acting piano-forte ;
that is, an instrument in which the keys are- worked by a
revolving barrel, the periphery of the barrel being studded
with wire staples as tappets, which, as it revolves, depress
the keys in succession, and cause the hammers to strike
the strings, and give out the tones as when played upon
by hand.

The objections which are stated to have presented them-
selves in the construction and performance of the self-play-
ing piano-fortes heretofore made are the difficulty of shift-
ing the barrel in order to change the tunes ; the labour
which the barrel has to perform in producing the forte and
piano gradations of tone ; and the monotonous sounds result-
ing from the too sudden action of the dampers.

To remedy these defects certain novel contrivances are
proposed to be adapted to the instrument, which are

,<N

216 Recent Patents.

described under three several heads : first, a simple and
easy mode of shifting or sliding the barrel laterally for
the purpose of changing the tunes, that is, bringing other
sets of staples or tappets upon the barrel to act upon the
keys ; secondly, an improved method of producing the
forte and piano tones by an auxiliary barrel and levers ;
and, thirdly, the adaptation of an additional set of dampers
applicable to the self-acting part of the instrument, and
independent of those dampers which are connected to the
keys worked by the fingers.

Under the first head the revolving barrel is described as
being pressed toward one side of the frame or case by
a powerful spring coiled round its axle, which spring keeps
the barrel up to a certain bearing. This bearing, however,
is capable of being moved by means of a wedge or inclined
plane situate behind it, by which inclined plane the barrel
may be forced back, the spring giving way. Hence it will
be perceived that the position of the wedge or inclined
plane will govern the situation of the barrel, and that by
sliding the wedge which moves the barrel, the tappets, for
any tune desired, may be brought into operation.

On the upper edge of the inclined plane or wedge a rack
is formed, which is acted upon by a toothed sector, the
sector being moved by a pinion and train of wheels above.
Connected to this train of wheels there is an index or
pointer to be turned upon a dial plate on the outside of the
case ; which index, on being brought to point to any tune
named in the dial plate, causes the toothed gear to slide
the wedge so as to bring the barrel into the proper position
for acting upon the keys as the barrel goes round to pro-
duce the desired tune.

In producing the forte and piano tones upon the instru-
ment heretofore, high staples inserted into tha periphery

RolfeU, for Impts. in Piano-fortes. 217

of the barrel have been employed ; but these high staples^
haying to bear very considerable weight and pressure, im-
peded the operation of the instrument. An apparatus is
therefore proposed, under the second head of this invention ,
which shall produce the effect with g.^ater facility*

An auxiliary shaft, connected by wheel work with the
going fusee or spring barrel, carries certain tappets, intended
as they go round to act upon sliders which communicate
with levers that raise or depress the parts called the forte
and the piano keys, for the purpose of opening or closing
those keys at such particular parts of the tune as may be
required to be expressed either with particular force or
peculiar softness.

The third head of the invention applies to an additional
set of dampers connected to those keys, which are worked
by the rotation of the tappet barrel, and having no con-
nexion with the dampers of those keys which are played
by the iSngers.

It is stated that when the dampers are allowed to strike
the strings suddenly, as in the self-playing pianos here-
tofore made, the notes finish with so much abruptness as
to destroy the desired effect of expression and feeling in
the music. To remedy this defect the Patentee attaches
to the hinder part of each damper a weight, in order that
as the damper rises in returning to stop the vibration of the
string after every note, the gravity of the weight may par-
tially retard its approach toward the string, and thereby
cause the vibration to be gradually discontinued. — llnrolled
in the Petty Bag Office, February, 1830.]

[ 218 ]

To Daniel Macdougall, of Edinburgh, horticulturist,
for his invention of certain improvements on, or additions
to syringes, applicable to garden and other purposes.-^'
[Sealed 1 0th November, 1829.]

The subject of this patent is a syringe, intended to be
employed for washing the branches of shrubs in order to
remove insects. It consists in attaching to the extremity of
the syringe a bent tube with a perforated cap, by which
water may be forced in the form of a shower upwards or
sideways, for the purpose of washing the under parts of
the branches and recesses between them, to which access
might by any other means be difficult.

8UI.«JU<.^JjkOL«^yMU.JUkWM.l»A.lAkgLWUL.!

I I MIII I l l l i I ||| | | |_[^-*"-»J»-^JJ-I^UIL>LimilJJLILILL».ULI.

The above fig. represents a longitudinal section of the
syringe, the cylindrical barrel and the piston of which are
of the ordinary form and construction : a, is a bent tube
attached to the end of the barrel, having a perforated cap-
plate bj with a small valve in the middle opening outwards.

By introducing this end of the tube with the valve into
a vessel of water, and drawing the piston back, the barrel
will become filled with water ; and then, by forcing the
piston forward, the water will be expelled through the
small holes in the perforated cap in the form of a shower,
at an oblique angle to the direction of the piston.

The claim of invention is the bent tube at the end, and
the introduction of the valve in the cap or rose head.—
{Inrolled^in the Inrolment Office, May, 1830.]

C 219 ]

To John Stewaet, of George-street, Eust on-square , in
the county of Middlesex, piano-forte maker, for Ms
having invented certain improvements on piano-fortes.^--^
[Sealed 2d November, 1829.]

The improvement proposed under this patent is a slight
variation in the form of some of the rods or levers which
constitute what is called the action part of a piano-forte,
and the introduction of a horizontal rail, upon which the
fulcrum joints of such levers are intended to be supported.
The advantages proposed from this variation or peculiarity
of construction, are not pointed out in the specification,
and are by no means obvious from an inspection of the
drawing ; and as it would be impossible to give a just idea
of the plan without exhibiting a section of the interior of
ihe piano-forte with all its working parts, we trust that this
notice of the invention will, in tlus instance, be considered
suflScient. — Unrolled in the Inrolment Office, January,
1830.]

To Francis Naish, of Stoneaston^ near Wells, in the
county of Somerset, gentleman, for his having invented or
found out certain improvements ir^ the manufocture or
application of silks, mixed or combined with other articles^
[Sealed 2d November, 1829.]

The object of the Patentee is to combine soft waste silk
with cotton or wool, or other fibrous material, for the pur-
pose <rf^ manufacturing it into articles of wearing apparel
and other fabrics.

The refuse or floss silk rejected by the spinner is to be
cut into short lengths by any convenient hand implement.

220

Recent Patenis.

and having been picked and sorted as to its colours,
it js then to be chopped into short staple by a chopping
machine of a particular construction*

After this the silk is to be passed through another
machine called a breaker, and then to be mixed with a
suitable quantity of cotton or wool, or other fibrous mate-
rial, in the machine called a tucl^er or devil, usually em-
ployed for opening or separating the fibres of cotton and
wool.

When the silk and other materials have; been thus mixed,
they are ready to be operated upon by the scribbling and
carding engine, and then by the slubbing billy and spinning
jenny or throstle in the ordinary way of preparing yarns
for the weaver.

The onlv feature of novelty, however, which the Patentee
proposes to claim under this patent, is the machine for
chopping the silk into short staples, and that for breaking
it afterward, bothiof which are so very imperfectly exhibited,
in the rudely sketched perspective views which accompany
the specification, that we are utterly unable to describe them.

The apparatus called the chopping machine has a

straight knife, intended to be moved up and down, as we

-suppose, with a quick vibratory action ; but the means of

.actuating it is not shown, neither is there any bed or bench

.represented upon which the material is to pass under the

knife, or any thing against which the knife is to chop.

The representation of the breaking machine is equally

defective ; we can simply understand that there is to be a

revolving barrel with teeth or combs as it is expressed ; but

in what manner these rotary teeth are to be brought into

operation upon the material we are unable to explain. —

[Inrolled in the Petty Bag Office^ January, 1830.]

[ 221 ]

To John Cowderoy, of Britannia-street ^ City-road, in
the county of Middlesex, gentleman^ for his having in-
vented certain improvements in machinery for making
ftiicA:^.— [Sealed 2d November, 1829.]

The general constroctiou of this bric^-making machinery
resembles in its leadingjfeatures most of the other machines
which have been projected for the same purpose, but the
present has some peculiar parts designed for particular
objects^ which we shall presently describe.

The machine or engine consists of substantiaLside frames
or standards of cast iron, in which are mounted the axles
of transverse rollers carrying an endless chain, whereon a
series of moulds are mounted^ in which the clay is to be
pressed for forming the bricks.

This endless chain, as the rotation of the rollers carries
it forward, slides upon a. flat table firmly secured to the
frammrork, ihe* table constituting the resisting surface
against which the force is exerted in pressing the earth into
the moulds.

Above the series of travelling moulds^ a box or hopper is
placed containing the brick earth, supplied thereto from a,
barrow occasionally, which falls down into the moulds as
they move onward, and, in their progress, passing under an
inclined surface, the clay or brick earth becomes pressed
firmly into the moulds, and is made smooth on their upper
surfaces by a horizontal scraper.

As the moulds travellii^ with the. endless chain arrive
successively at that part of the machine ^here they pass
down over the roller, the bricks are intended to drop out
of their respective moulds on to an endless band, or creeping
cloth extended over a pair of rollers, which creeping
cloth is made to move progressively forward by gear, or

Vol. IX. — Second Seribb. 2e

222 Recent Patents.

other suitable connexion, with the moving part of the
engine ; and from this creeping cloth the bricks are suc-
cessively taken by boys, and carried to the drying ground.

The above shows the general construction and move-
ments of the machine or engine for making bricks ; the
following are the particular features of improvement.

As there has always been found considerable difficulty^
from the adhesive nature of the clay, of discharging the
bricks from the moulds, it is proposed that each mould
shall be formed pf several pieces jointed together, which
pieces are confined and held tight while the clay is preyed
into the moulds, but are made to open when the moulded
brick is to be discharged. The ends of the moulds there-
fore are formed by pieces standing up perpendicularly from
the joints of the chain, anji the sides of the moulds by
pieces connected to the long links of the chain by hinges.

When the moulds are passing along the horizontal table
under the clay trough, the parts of the tnoulds are confined
and held firmly together, but when they arrive respectively
at that part where the chain passes down over the roller
the ends of the moulds open radially, and the side pieces
of the moulds fall back on their hinges. The new-moulded
bricks are by these means released from their adhesion to
the sides and ends of the moulds, and at the same time a
small plunger in the bottom of each mould rising up,
pushes the brick from its seat, and causes it to fall down
on to the creeping cloth, as' before described.

As it is necessary, in order to carry away the soft new-
moulded bricks without injuring their form, to deposit
each of the bricks as they fall from the mould upon a small
square board, a considerable number of these square
boards are placed one uppn another in an upright trough,
from which they are to descend one at a time through the

iJowderoi/s, for Impts. in making Bricks. 223

bottom on to the endless band or creeping cloth, into
suitable situations for receiving the bricks as they fall from
the moulds.

For the purpose, therefore, of delivering these boards
singly and with regularity on to the creeping cloth, a square
block is made to revolve under the trough which has a
spring upon each of its four sides. These springs, as the
block goes round, each take hold of a board as it descends
and conduct it to an inclined plane, upon which the boards
respectively slide down on to the creeping cloth. In this
manner the boards are all regularly ranged upon the creep-
ing cloth, ready, as the cloth moves on, to receive the
bricks successively falling from the moulds.

For the purpose of clearing the moulds from any por-
tions of clay which may adhere to them, an apparatus is
placed beneath the machine, by which water is thrown up
against the interior of the moulds as they pass along after
discharging the brick, and by which the moulds are
wiped out.

This apparatus consists of, first, a spring scoop placed
in a vessel of water under the travelling moulds, against
the outer end of which scoop a tappet wheel acts. As this
tappet whfeel goes round, the end of the spring scoop is
occasionally depressed, and then being suddenly let go,
a portion of water is by the recoil of the scoop thrown
upwards into the moulds. Immediately behind this a
wheel carrying a series of sponges is kept in constant
rotation ; which sponges, as the wheel revolves, wipe the
interior of the moulds clean from any. clay that may have
attached itself to their interiors.

After each successive mould has proceeded beyond the
washing and cleansing apparatus just described, a similar
spring scoop is adapted for the purpose of throwing up dry
sand from a sand box below against the moulds as they

224

Recent Patents.

pass ; which sand is intended to attach itself to the interior
of the moulds for the purpose of preventing the adhesion
of the clay thereto, when the moulds again pass under the
hopper, and become charged with the material in continuing
the operation of moulding the series of bricks in the way
first described,— [/i?ro/fc<i in the Petty Bag Office, May,
1830.]

Here ends the Reports of all the Specifications of Patents
for Inventions, granted previously to the year 1830.

The whole number of Patents for Inventions granted in
England from the beginning of the year 1820 to 1830,
amounted to one thousand four hundred and forty-one ;
and of ^these, from accident, or other causes, known only
to the Patentees, the Specifications of seventy-one have
not been inrolled in Chancery, as directed in each grant ;
consequently, no accounts of those inventions can be
given. The Patent rights, in those instances, have become
null and void.

The following are the numbers of Patents granted in
the several years : —

Specifications not inrolled 7

. 5

. 4

. 2

- 8

- 15
. 7
. 6
. 6
. 11

1820

granted

- 95

1821

- U5

1822

- 106

1823

. 136

1824

- 179

1825

. 2a:

1826

- 131

1827

- 150

1828

- 152

1829

•

. 130

Cunning^bain and Salmon, Printers, Crown-court, FIeet*street»

[ 225 ]

Of IMftliDt

That have passed the Great Seal in Ireland from the beginning of

the Year 1820 to 1830.

1820.
To Francis Fox, the younger, for a new improved method of facili-
tating and ensuring the discharge of 6re-arms, — 12th January.

— Israel Grundy and Edward and Josiah Neave, for an application
of various gases to certain useful purposes. — 12th April.

— William Brockedon, for an invention of certain improvements
in wire-drawing. — 12th April.

— William Mallett,for his invention of a lock with sliding guards.—
23d May.

— James Bristow Frazer and George Lilly, for improvements in
propelling boats and other vessels. — 9th August.

— William Kendrick, for improvements in tanning hides. — Hth
August,

— Samuel Fletcher, for improvements in saddles. — 14th August.

— John Rider, for improvements in steam-engines. — 17th August.

— Apsley Pellalt, for incrusting devices in glass. — 24th August.

— Honourable William Erskine Cochrane, for improvements in the
construction of lamps. — 9th September.

— Robert Frith, for an invention of dyeing and printing colours
on linen, calico, &c., so as to make the same permanent.-^ 10th
December.

1821.

— William Bruntin, for certain improvements in fire-grates. — 10th
March.

— Joseph Main, for improvements in preparing and spinning wool,
cotton, silk, flax, &c. — 23d March.

— «• Ilario Pellafinet, for an improvement of machinery for breakings
bleaching, preparing, and spinning yarn, hemp^ flax, &c. — 18th
April.

— William Frederick CoUard, for an improvement in piano-fortes,
— 4th May.

Vor. IX., Second Serifs. 2 f

S86 Irith Patents.

To John Winter, for an tii||iirQv«aiilnt in chiiniiey tops.-^llth March.
— - Phillips London, junior, for an improvement in the applicatipn of
heat to coppers and other utensils. — 22d May.

— John Leigh Bradbury, for a new method of engraving and
etching metal rollers used for pnnfing, &c. — 15th June.

— Samuel Hall, for an improvement in the manufacture of starch.-^
6th Augudt,

— ftbben Satteon, Ibf &b kbptmwutm in th« coft^tmetidti of insini-
iMnfil kfi the t^i^ ot hem^k and pr&klp6is.^-^h A^ti»t.

— - John LetMbrridge^ for k new and improved method of d^tni«g
gM ftom oil, &c. — 3ltft October.

— Marquis of Chabannes, for a new tffode of attractmg lllid ttffebliig
fiA.*— 8th Noveoiber.

1822.
-» Thotftas M^st^rmim, foi^ maehtnery to he ta^^ed bjr steatn with^

out cylinder, pi^ft, tcc.-^26fh JsiiCisry.
-^ tllomsil Morton, for a niethod of dtftggring sbip^ out of iv^ter on

land. — 1st February.

— Benry Robkison PaleMif, fcf iwiprotemcfiit^ ift (lie cotstfuction of
rftihrays ot tom*road($, and of the catfiftges to be used thereon.*-
1st February.

— DoDftinique Pierre Deurtwrocq, for aft appartrttis for condenslmg
the alcoholic steams arising from spiritaotts Hquof 6.— 26th June.

— * John Toole, for improvements in plating iron or steel whh
brass, copper, &c. — 26th June.

— William Erskine Cochrane, for improvements in the construc-
tion of lamps. — 26th June.

— Pierre Erard, for improvements on the pedal hafp ISth

October.

— Bichavd Ormrod, for improvements in fte mode of heating
liquors in boilers. — 18th October.

— Pietre Erwd, ftjr impr overaents in piano-fortes and other keyed
jusCraniatts^ — 1 4th December.

1823.
— Wiffiam Oekid, fcr an improved apparattts for evaporating
liquors, — ^Janaary.

Irish Patmf9. 987

To Sir Anthony Perrier^ for a^ af^paratus for distilliDgf*-*!^^
February.

-^ John Barlowy for improvements in the mtnn&cture of gajt, but

particularly from peat or turf.
-^ James Foic, % improvement^ in apparatus for di8tiUatiop*-^6tb

June.
-« Jacob Perkins, for improvements in steam-engities.—- 6th June.

— William Lister, for improvements in spinning wool, siUc, mo*
hair, &c. — 6th June,

— Robert Winter, for an improved iibethod of conducting the pro-
cess of distillation* — Ist August.

— Joseph WooUamsy for an improvement in wheeled carriages. —
1st August.

— Robert Mushett, fqr an improvement in copper for sheathing of
ships. — 1st August.

— Philip Chelly for improvements in drawing and roving and
spinning hemp, flax, &c.— 7th August.

— Charles Mackintosh, for rendering flaxi wool, cott4>ni silk,
leather, kc, impervious to water. — 15th August.

— John Leigh Bradbury, for improvements in printing, pointing,
and staining ulks, cottons^ &c. — 27th September.

— William Wigston, for improvements in steam-engine9«~-^th
December.

— John Greene, for improvements in machines for fovitig and
spinning cotton, flax, silki and other fibrous sub9tancos.?-*-5th
December.

-^ Samuel HaU« for improyementa in lace^ nets muslin, &c.— »8th
December.

— Richard Roberti^ for improvements in machines for weaving
plain and figured cloths. — 12tb December.

— Joseph Rogerson Cotter, for improvements on musical instru-
monts.-r-24th December.

1824.

-rr Thomas Bewley» for improvements in wheel(»d carriag^.**^5tb
February.

888 Irish Patents.

To Louis John Pouche, for improvements in casting and making
metal type. — 19th February.

— Charles Anthony Dean, for an apparatus for extinguishing fire
or extricating property therefrom. — 25th February.

— John Foster Gimson, for improvements in doubling and twist-
ing cotton, silk, &c. — 25th February.

— William Fumival and Alexander Smithy for an improved boiler
for steam-engines and other purposes. — 19th April.

— Francis Gybbon Spilsbury, for improvements in farming.-^
29th April.

— John Malam, for improvements in gas apparatus. — 29th June.

— Jean Jacques Saintmairc, for improvements in distilling. — 10th
July.

— Thomas Gethan, for improvements in metallic plates, rollers,
pipes, &c. — 12th July.

— Daniel Tonge, for improvements in reefing sails. — 12th July.

— John Crossby, for improvements in the construction of lamps

and lanterns, for the better prevention of li^ht against wind.

August.

— John Viney, for improvements in water-closets.— 27th Sept.

— Jephtha A^pry Wilkinson, for improvements for manufacturing
weavers' reeds by water and other power. — 2d October.

— Robert Lloyd and James Rowbotham, for improvements in hats.
— 2d October.

— John George Bodmer, for improvements in cleansing, carding,
&c., cotton. — 7th October.

— George Vaughan, for improvements in steam-engines. 7th

October.

— James Easton, for a machine for breaking, scutching, and pre*^
paring fiax, &c. — 5th November.

1825.

— William Busk, for improvements in propelling ships' boats,
&c. — 7th March.

— Josiah Parfcs, for a certain method of manufacturing salt. 7th

March.

Irish Patents. 239

To Pierre Jean B. V. Gosset, for improvements in looms for
weaving.— 22d March.

— John Heathcoat, for improvements in manufacturing silk^ for
weaving. — 22d March.

— William Weston Young, for improvements in the manufacture
of salt.— 30th March.

'- — John Bellingham, for improvements in the use of gas for illumi-
nation. — 16th April.

— Thomas Masterman^ for an apparatus for bottling wine, beefi
&c. — 16th April.

— John Masterman, for an improved method of corking bottles. —
15th April.

— John Phipps and Christopher Phipps, for improvements in
machinery for making paper. — 16th April.

«- David Gordon, for improvements in the construction of portable

gas lamps. — 2d May.
— - James Hanmer Baker, for improvements in the art of dyeing

and calico printing. — 16th May.

— William Furnival, for improvements in the manufiaicture of
salt. — 16th May.

— James Surrey, for a new method of applying hefct for the pro-
duction of steam. — 20th April.

— John Potter, for improvements in looms to be impelled by me-
chanical power. — 14th June.

-— Charles Mackintosh, for a new process in making steel. — 14th

Jime.
-— Abraham Henry Chambers, for improvements in paving horse

and carriage ways.— 18th June.

— Simeon Broadmeadow, for improvements in manufacturing and
purifying inflammable gas, by the introduction of atmospheric air.
— 18th June.

— Samuel Browne, for an engine for effecting a vacuum for
raising water, and for putting machinery in motion. — 18th
June.

— William Chell, for improvements in drawing, roving, and spin-
ning flax, wools, &c.*-18th June.

99Q IrUh PatenU.

To WiQiam HarringtoOf for an improyed raft for transferring tim-
ber. — 20th June.

'wr lUchard Badnfdly for improvements in windings doubliDg» %^
silk, W00I9 cotton, &c. — 20th June.

— * George Augustus Lamb, IX^D., for a new composition of m^t
hops. — 30th June.

-»*< John lieigh Bradbury, for a new mode of twistbg, spinning^ pr
throwing silk, cotton, &c.— 1st July.

^^ Charles Ogilvy, for an apparatus for storing gas. — 15tb July.

— Benjamin Rotch, for an improved fid for upper masts of ships*
vessels, &c.— 22dJMly.

— Cornelius Whitehouse, for improvements in manufacturing
tubes for gas, &c. — 6th August,

— Timothy Burstall and John Hill, for a locomotive or steam car-
riage. — I6tb August

— Walter Hancock, for improvements in pipes or tubes for the
passage of fluids. — 16th August.

— William Grimble, for improvements in the construction of an
apparatus for distilling of spirituous liquors. — 20th August.

— James Tullock, for improvements in machinery for sawing
marble,-— 7th September.

— Ralph Cordner, for the combination of an apparatus for washing
and bleaching by steam, with other agents. — 7th September.

— John Charles Christopher Raddatz, for improvements in, or
. connected with steapci-engines.— 33d September.

— William Mason^for improvements in axle-trees. — 23d SepteiQ^r.
•*^ Edmond Jordin, for a new mode of obtaining power appligaUe

to machinery. — 30th September.
«-^ Maurice de Jongby for improvements iq spinning machines*
-p-30th September.

— Richard Roberts, for improvements in machmery for spipning*
— ^SOth September.

-r— Thomas Dwyer, for improvements in the manufiwJture of but-
tons. — lOlh October.

— John Wilks and John Baroyd, for an engine for cutting naili^
sprigs, and sparables, — 1st Ifovember.

tb CteorgS HtttUa^i f^ \fkptm(Uikt\aL\& in th« edtuttitieti6& ilft^ dp-
plication of wheels.— 32d Nortistobei'.

^ John Mftrliii H iuiohett and Jdii^h Deli^e^ ^ i6)prb¥«»]^nts
in loo(MI.^^2&th N<Hr«ixber.

•^ Bimjaoiifl Anders, lb# iitij^vefoents in oi>nsH*ndtihg dr making
buttons. — 29th Decemb^.

1826.

— Jc^it Bowkfr and Thotnas Gibdon, f&c ah impi^iittietit iti the

manufacture of hats. — 17th January.

— James Bjrthe Waynman, for impfo^elnefita in the matiufacture
of hat bordei9.-^9th February.

-^ George T)ionipM>a» for improirem^ftt» in the constmction of
riding saddles, — 1 1th February.

— Thomas Steely for imptovements in th« construcmm! of divitig
bells. — 24th February.

— Alexander Lamb and WiUiam SoCtd), fbr iffiprovements m
machinery for preparing, roving, drawing, &e.9 dax, heffip, silk,
ftc— 22d March.

— John Harvey Sadler, for an improved power loom for weaving
^Ik, cotton, &d. — 21M March.

•— Jean Jacques Saintmairc, for improvements in th« proees6 of
distilling.— 22d March. ' '

— John Frederick Smithy for improvements in madrbiery for cord-
ing, roving, drawing, &c., wool, cotton, Stc. — 22d March.

-^ ifenry Ik^kiswortb, junior, for improvements in winding bob*

bins, &c.— 22d March.
-^ Francis Molineux, for improvements in machinery for spinning

and twisting silk, wool, &c — ,20th May.
^^ NidiokLs Hegesippi Maniclor, for anew preparation of fktty ^ab^

stance for the purpo8«f d afiording bgliA. — 30th Marjr.
^ John Stephen iJKigtcm, for a new mode of seasonteg timber and

other wood. — 14th June.
--* Joseph Alexander Taylor, for a new^ polishing appsrattis for

hoosehDld purposes.-^ Idth Jnly.
•«« Tinotby BnnrtaQ «nd John E^ fbr ^ locofoottfe iiid^m«eti^«

232 Irish Patents,

To Marquis de Combio» for improvementls in the cot^lmctioii of

rotatory steam-engines.— 4th Septemiber. .
•— Thomas Cooke, for improvemeiits in the coihstriiction:of car-

riages and on harness to be used therewkh, ' whereby gi^ter

safety to the persons riding in siaeh carriages and other ad^n-.

tages will be obtained. — 4th September.

— Edmund Luscombe, for a method of manufacturing or prepar-
ing an oil or oils extracted from certain vegetable substances,
and the application thereof to gas light and other purposes. —
4th September.

— - Richard Mee Raike^ for a metliod of applying steam without
pressure to pans, boilers, coppers, stills, pipes, and. machinery, in
order to, produce, transmit, and. regulate various temperatures of
heat in the several processes of boiling, distilling, evaporating,
inspissating, drying, and warming, and also to produce power. —
7th November.

•— Samuel Browne, for certain improvejuents on his former patent
for an engine or instrument for effecting a vacuum, and thus pro-
ducing a power by which water may be raised and machinery
put in motion. — .8th December. . .

— James Kay, for improvements for ^spinning hemp, &e. — 9th

December.

1827.

— Theodore Jones, for an improvement or improvements on-
wheels for carriages. — 8th January.

— John Oldham, for certain improvements in the construction of
wheels designed for driving machinery, which are to be im-
pelled by water or by wind, and H^ich said improvements are
also applicable to propelling boats and other ves^ls.— •2d April.

-— John Frederick Daniel, for. certain improvements in the manu-
facture of gas for, the purposes of illumination. — 1st May.

— Hf nry Charles Lacy, for a new apparatus on which to suspend
carriage bodies. — 1st May.

-r Dominique Pierre . Deurbrocq, for an apparatus adapted to cool
worts or must, previous to its being sent to undergo the process of
fermentation, 4Lnd also for the purpose of condensing the steam
arismg #om stills during the process of distill9tion.-*-7th May.

Irish Patents. 233

To William Mallett, for portable iron beds. — 21st May.

*— John FoUock, for a method of manufectaring gas, lit for illumi-
natifkg purposes from rosin, and producing a residuum, from
which spirits of turp<^tine and pitch are extracted.— 2nd June.

-^ William Nicholson and Charles Barwell Coles^ for a new
method of constructing gasometers or machines, or apparatus,
for holding and distributing gas for the purpose of illumination,
— 16th June.

— Robert Stirling and James Stirling, for certain improvements
in air-engines for the moving of machinery.— 20th June.

— Morton William Laurence, for an improvement in the process
of refining sugar. — 24th J URe. *

— Francis Halliday, for certain improvements on engines or ma-
chinery, to be actuated by steam ; which improvements^ with or
without the aid of steam, are applicable to the raising or forcing
of water.— 24th June.

— William Wilmot Hall, for an engine for moving and propelling
ships, boats, carriages, mills, and machinery of every kind. —
11th July.

— Robert Moore, for certain improvements in the process of pre-
paring and cooling worts or wash from vegetable substances for
the production of spirits. — 13th September.

— ^ Robert Moore, for certain processes for rendering distillery
refuse productive of spirits. — 13th September.

— John Patterson Reid, for an improvement or improvements on
power-looms for weaving cloth of v&rious kinds.— 21st Sept.

-i^ Walter Hancock, for an improvement or improvements upon
steam-engines. — 23d October.

— Joseph Tilt, for certain knprovemenis in the boilers used for
making salt, commonly called sail-pans, and in the mode of ap-
plying heat to the brine. — 10th December.

— Solomon Robinson, for improvements in machinery for hackling
or dressing and ekaning hemp, flax, and tow. — 10th December.

. Lambert Dexter, for certain improvements in machinery for the

purpose of spinning wool^ cotton, and other Rbrous .substances. —
10th December*

Vol. IX.^Secomd Sebxbs. to

931 . Irtsh Patents.

I f

1828.

To Count de la Garde» for improvement in machinery hr oreaKing
or.preparinf^ hemp, flax, and other fbrouB materiaifs, wtitcii he
denominates ^*The Rural Mechanical Brake."*^4th January.

«-« Bennet Woodcroft^ for certain processea and apparatus for
printing and preparing for manufacture 3ranit of linen, cotton,
•ilk, woollen, or any other fibrous matwiaL — 11th Februiaty-

— Thomas Bonnor, for certain improvements on Bafety-lainps.—
, 29th February.

— Peter Humphrys, for an apparatus or mode for the aaving of
fuel in U^ boiling and heating df liquids.— -3d April.*

— Robert Stein, for an ibiprovement in applying heat to the pur-
pose of distillation. — 22d July.

.. — John Bay lay Hatnniet, fpr certain improvements in ibur-

, wheeled carriages iq a new application of springs ^above or below
the axle-trees, and has invented a newly<-constructed hindermost

, and fore*<jarriage.— 22d July. ^

^ — Sir J^es Anderson and William Henry James, for certain im-
provements in the construction of steam -carriages^ and in the
apparatus or machinery for propelling the said carriages ; part
of which improvements are applicable to other useful purposes.
— 22d July.

;-— Mathew Bush, for certain improvements .on the machinery or
apparatus for printing calicoes and other fabrics. — 22d July.

— Joshua Jenour, junior, for a cartridge or case, and method of
more advantageously enclosing therein shot or other missiles for
th^ pp{)Qse of loading fire-arms and guns of different desorip-*
tions. — 25th August.

7— James Beaumont Neilson, for an iavention of the improved ap«
plication of air to produce heat in *fir^, forges^ and furnaces,
where bellows or other blowing apparatus are reqttired«-^22d
December.

. 1829.

«
^ • • •

-^ William Strachanj for an imprcureju^ent in. the making or. maiu*-
factur^ of alum^;-;^24tb Mgrc^ . ; .> • / ./ .

— G)unt de la Garde, for a method of making paper ofv vaUiiMLis

,t .: . « 'i, : . < . , la /

Irish Patents 235

descriptions from the bullen or ligneous part produced from
certain textile plants, and in the process of preparing the same
textile plants by the rural mechanical brake, and which sub-
stances are to be employed alone or mixed with other suitable
materials in the manufacture of paper. — 24th March. -
To Granville Sharp Pattison, for a new and improved method of
applying iron in the sheathing of ships and other vessels, and of
applying iron bolts, spikes, nails, pintles, braces, and other
fastenings, used in the construction of ships and other vessels. —
8th April.

— Maurice de Jongh, for an improvement or improvements in ma-
chines, adapted for spinning, doubling, twisting, roving, and
preparing cotton and other fibrous substances. — 25th May.

— Samuel Hall, for a method and apparatus for generating steam
aud various gases to produce motive power, and for other useful
purposes. — 8th July.

— John Lihou, for an improved method of constructing ships'
pintles for hanging the rudder. — 18th August.

— Joshua Bates, for a new process or method for whitening
sugars. — 18th December.

— Joshua Bates, for an improved method of constructing steam-
boilers or generators, whereby the bulk of the boilers or gene-
rators and consumption of fuel are considerably reduced. — 18th
December.

END OF VOL. IX.

NOV 7 WIT

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