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Full text of "The New York times current history : the European war."

THE 

EUROPEAN 

WAR 

VO,UMF, XX. 

JULY, 1919--OCTOBER, 1920 

Cumulative 
and 

Index of Vols. I.-XX.--Treaties 
Documents ---Gazetteer of 
Names and Places 

NEW YORK 
EW YORK TIMES COMPANY 



MAY 1 8 195B 

Copyright 1920 
By The New York Times Company 
Times Square, New York City 



THE 

EUROPEAN 

WAR 

Period July 1919--October 1920 

INTRODUCTION 

HE Treaty of Versailles that 
formally ended the World War 
was an imperfect instrument. None 
would have admitted this more readily 
than its framers. Few of its decisions 
were unchallenged. Many were the tar- 
gets of bitter criticism. Most were 
the result of compromise. With all its 
defects, however, the treaty represented 
the best thought and effort of the allied 
statesmen. The world's long agony was 
over and the nations turned from the 
destructive energies of war to the con- 
structive processes of peace. 
The treaty was ratified by Great 
Britain, July 31; by Italy, Oct. /; by 
France, Oct. 13, and by Japan, Oct. 27. 
It was submitted to the United States 
Senate by President Wilson July 10, and 
after a long and exhaustive debate, which 
will be referred to later, was rejected by 
that body, Nov. 19. The German Na- 
tional Assembly ratified the treaty July 
9 by a vote of 208 to 115; 99 Deputies 
refraining from voting. As only the 
ratification of three of the major allied 
and associated nations was required in 
addition to that of Germany, the treaty 
became a valid instrument, though many 
months were to elapse before the formal 
exchange of ratification should put all 
its clauses into effect. 
Signed on the same day as the Treaty 
of Versailles, but only made public four 
days later, were treaties between the 
United States and France, and between 

France and Great Britain, by the terms 
of which the txvo powers agreed to come 
to the aid of France if any unprovoked 
act of aggression were committed against 
her by Germany. It was provided that 
the treaties should be submitted to the 
council of the League of Nations, which 
would decide whether to recognize them 
as engagements in conformity with the 
League covenant; it was also agreed that 
the Franco-American Treaty should be 
submitted to the United States Senate 
and the French Parliament for approval. 
The alliance had been suggested by 
France, who felt that adequate protec- 
tion against a revived and revengeful 
Germany had not been accorded her by 
the main treaty. The supplementary pact 
referred to Articles 42 and 43 of the 
Versailles Treaty, which forbade Ger- 
many to establish any fortification or 
maintain any military forces on the left 
bank of the Rhine or on the right bank 
to the west of a line drawn fifty kilo- 
metres to the east of the same river; and 
the binding clause was as follows: 
"In case these stipulations should not 
assure immediately to France appropri- 
ate security and protection, the United 
States of America shall be bound to come 
immediately to her aid in case of any 
unprovoked act of aggression directed 
against her by Germany." 
The agreement between England and 
France was the same in tenor, with the 
additional provision that the treaty ira- 



INTRODUCTION TO BOUND VOLUME XX. 5 

could not be effectively held in check, and 
if internal order were not lnaintained 
the reparations demanded by the Allies 
of Germany could not be secured. As 
a result of extensive correspondence, 
some diminution of the army was effect- 
ed, but not to the extent demanded by 
the treat}. April 1, 1920, came and 
passed with the army still exceeding 
200,000 men, although that was the date 
by which it as to be reduced to 100,000. 
It was not until the allied and German 
delegates met face to face at the Spa 
Conference, July 5, 1920, that a de- 
cision was reached that foreshadowed a 
belated compliance with the allied de- 
mands. 
At that conference it was shown that 
Germany still had 200,000 soldiers, 
millions of rifles, 20,000 machine guns 
and 12,000 cannon. In explanation, it 
was alleged by the German delegates 
that the Government had met with in- 
superable difficulties. Strikes had been 
almost incessant. The rifles had been 
taken home by the soldiers and concealed 
so that they could not be recovered. Ger- 
many had no thought of revenge. The 
Government must have means to protect 
itself against Communism. In conclu- 
sion, they asked for a further delay of 
fifteen months in the matter of disarm- 
ament and army reduction. This was 
denied them, and the Allies laid down as 
terms that the safety police and home 
guards be disbanded; that concealed 
arms be found and yielded up under 
severe penalty for recalcitrants; that a 
law be passed converting the Reichswehr 
into a small regular army as provided 
by the treaty; and that all other military 
and aviation clauses be faithfully exe- 
cuted. On these ccnditions, the Allies 
agreed to extend until Jan. 1, 1921, the 
time for the reduction of effectives, but 
demanded that the army should not ex- 
ceed 150,000 men by Oct. 1, 1920. They 

threatened that if at any time the Allied 
Commission of Control should find that 
Germany was evading the fulfilment of 
the terms, the Allies would proceed to 
further occupation of German territory, 
whether in the Ruhr district or else- 
where, and would continue to occupy it 
until the terms were fully complied with. 
The German delegates demurred to the 
clause regarding occupation, but finally 
signed the protocol in which it was em- 
bodied. On Oct. 1, 1920, it was announced 
that the German Army had been reduced 
to 150,000. 
Another evasion of the Versailles 
Treaty with which the Allies found it 
difficult to deal was that regarding coal. 
This was a matter of the most vital im- 
portance to France and Belgium, who re- 
lied upon the coal deliveries from Ger- 
many to build up their crippled indus- 
tries. It had been originally stipulated 
that Germany should deliver 89,000,000 
tons annually, of which 25,000,000 were 
assigned to France, 8,000,000 to Belgium 
and 6,000,000 to Italy. This total had 
been reduced by the Reparations Com- 
mission to 29,000,000 tos. In thi as in 
other provisions of the treaty Germany 
defaulted. In May, 1920, her monthly 
deliveries had been reduced to less than 
half the demanded quota. In June of the 
same year this was further diminished 
by 10,000 tons daily, or 00,000 tons a 
month. Yet at the same time Germany 
was selling coal in large quantities to 
Switzerland, and had contracted to sell 
Holland 80,000 tons monthly. The mat- 
ter was brought up at the Spa Confer- 
ence for definite settlement, and pro- 
voked the most stormy discussions of the 
meeting. Hugo Stinnes, one of the most 
extraordinary figures of post-war Ger- 
many-s multi-millionaire, coal baron, 
owner of seventy newspapcrspresented 
the German case in a speech whose truc- 
ulence brought a rebuke from the presid- 



6 THE NEW YORK TIMES CURRENT HISTORY 

ing officer, and was afterward apolo- 
gized for by the German Government. 
He declared that the allied demands for 
29,000,000 tons monthly could not possi- 
bly be complied with, palliated the de- 
struction of the French coal mines as 
due to military necessity, and bluntly 
asserted that in the matter of coal the 
Germans would make the terms and the 
Allies must accept them. 
The crisis in the deliberations came 
July 12, when the Allies demanded that 
2,000,000 tons a month be delivered. 
When the Germans refused the allied 
military chiefs were summoned. Still the 
Germans paltered, until the patience of 
the allied delegates was exhausted. On 
July 16 the latter threatened an invasion 
of the Ruhr district by six divi.ions on 
the following day unless their terms were 
accepted. The menace proved effective, 
and the Germans signed. It was stipu- 
lated that in case the total German coal 
deliveries for August, September and Oc- 
tober should be ascertained by Nov. 15, 
1920, to have fallen below 6,000,000 tons 
the Allies would occupy the Ruhr dis- 
trict or some other German territory. If, 
on the other hand, the Germans should 
within six months supply 12,000,000 tons 
of coal they would obtain credits amount- 
ing to about $100,000,000, which they 
would ultimately have to repay. 
Other features of reparation were met 
by the Germans with equivocation or by 
counterproposals. A scheme presented 
by them dealt with the questions of in- 
demnity, the rebuilding of devastated 
France and the delivery of materials for 
the restoration of the territories affected. 
The Allies were requested to extend the 
payment of reparations over a period of 
thirty years. Allied aid was asked in 
respect to food, fodder, fertilizers and 
raw materials. Regarding the obligation 
to pay on May 1, 1921, the sum of 200,- 
000,000,000 marks in gold, the Germans 

declared that they considered they had 
paid that amount already in other ways, 
thus calmly repudiating a future obliga- 
tion. It was suggested that an interna- 
tional syndicate be formed to rebuild dev- 
astate France, the cost of which Ger- 
many would ultimately pay. As far as 
delivery of materials was concerned, she 
would do all that was possible. Nothing 
definite was done in the matter of these 
proposals. 
On Jan. 10, 1920, the final exchange of 
ratifications between Germany and the 
allied powers took place at Paris. This 
formal act left the United States alone 
still technically at war with Germany. 
At the same time, a protocol was signed 
bearing on the indenmity to be paid by 
the Germans for the sinking of the in- 
terned fleet at Scapa Flow. The Allies 
had demanded 400,000 tons of docks, 
dredges and other maritime equipment 
as reparation for the sinking, but the 
final figure agreed upon was 2'/5,000 
tons. 
On the same day that ratifications 
were exchanged the State Department 
at Washington announccd that, as the 
United States had not ratified the treaty, 
it was the position of this Government 
that the armistice continued in full force 
and effect between the United States 
and Germany, and that accordingly the 
provisions of that instrument and its 
various extensions remained binding on 
the two nations. 
GERMANS IN THE BALTIC STATES 
During the greater part of 1919, a 
curious military situation existed in the 
former Baltic Provinces of Russia t!at 
engrossed the attention at,d finally 
aroused the apprehension of the Allies. 
The provinces in questionEsthonia. 
Lithuania and Latvia-Courlandhad 
been or generations under the domina- 
tion of the Baltic Barons, who, though 
of Russian eitizenshila, were wholly Gero 



THE NEW YORK TIMES CURRENT HISTORY 

munists were fruitless, and began to take 
measures looking toward military coer- 
cion. It was announced on July 12 that 
General Franchet d'Esperey, commander 
of the allied forces in the East, was 
preparing an advance on the Hungarian 
capital with a force of 150,000 men. 
In the meantime, however, other forces 
were tending to bring about the over- 
throw of the Bela Kun Government. The 
bloody excesses of which it had been 
guilty made it numerous and bitter ene- 
mies. There was also a widespread anti- 
Semitic element that resented the domi- 
nance of Bela Kun and his colleagues, 
most of whom were of his race. As 
long as he confined himself to the estab- 
lishment of his economic theories there 
was no resentment sufficient in strength 
to bring about his downfall, as vast 
numbers of the Hungarians had suffered 
under the tyranny of the rich and proud 
Magyar magnates and were satisfied to 
see them exploited in turn. But the ex- 
tremes to which the Communist Govern- 
ment proceeded in its warfare against 
religion and morality revolted a large 
part of the population. It confiscated 
church property, threw Bishops and 
other church dignitaries into prison, en- 
couraged the teaching of atheism in the 
schools, and inculcated lax morality, 
making marriage and divorce so easy 
that the result was practically a system 
of free union. The spirit of revolt be- 
gan to assert itself. Officers and men 
deserted f?om the army. Clashes oc- 
curred between the extreme and mod- 
erate factions. Distintegration and de- 
moralization spread further and further, 
and signs multiplied that the collapse of 
the rgime was imminent. 
To divert attention from internal con- 
ditions and revive the nationalistic spirit, 
Bela Kun began a new offensive against 
the Rumanians. This proved an ill-fated 
movement. The Hungarians were de- 

feated at the River Theiss and the rem- 
nants of their army drifted back toward 
Budapest, creating panic in the capital. 
This was increased by the news that the 
Czech forces were also advancing. At 
the same time, Premier Clemenceau of 
France, in the name of the Peace Con- 
ference, addressed a letter directly to the 
Hungarian people, in which he declared 
that their only hope for the removal of 
the blockade lay in the overthrow of 
communist rule and the establishment 
of a truly representative Government. 
The combined military and diplomatic 
pressure proved effective, and on Aug. 
1 Bela Kun announced his resignation. 
Immediately thereafter he fled to Austria 
and was interned, the latter Government 
subsequently refusing the repeated deo 
mands of Hungary for his surrender. 
A new Hungarian Cabinet was formed 
at once under the leadership of Julius 
Peidll. Martial law was proclaimed in 
Budapest and strictly enforced. Nego- 
tiations were opened with the Peace Con- 
ference looking toward the recognition 
of the new Government. An encourag- 
ing reply was received, but a kaleido- 
scopic change in affairs threw every- 
thing again into confusion. 
The Rumanians, after their defeat of 
the Hungarians at the Theiss, had been 
ordered by the Allies not to advance be- 
yond that river. On Aug. 4, however, 
by a sudden movement they took pos- 
session of Budapest. Thirty thousand 
troops, including- infantry, cavalry and 
artillery, entered the city. Hostages 
were taken from among the citizens, and 
it was announced that five would be 
shot for every Rumanian soldier slain. 
The Rumanians took control of all ado 
ministrative agencies, occupied the pub- 
lic buildings and announced that they 
would remain to keep order. An ulti- 
matum was served on the new Hungar- 
ian Cabinet demanding the reduction of 



'2 THE NEW YORK TIMES CURRENT HISTORY 

1, 1920. Provisions were made for the 
protection of minorities in race, lan- 
guage, nationality and religion. BuN 
garia was required to recognize the in- 
dependence of the Serb-Croat-Slovene 
State. All her warships, including sub- 
marines, were to be surrendered to the 
Allies. The treaty was signed at Neuilly, 
near Paris, Nov. 27, 1919. 
A new Ministry favorable to the En- 
tente was formed on Oct. 14 under the 
leadership of M. Stambulisky. It was 
created for the express purpose of sign- 
!n the treaty, and all its members were 
cf the political faction that tried to pre- 
vcnt Bulgaria from entering the war on 
the side cf the Central Poxvers. One of 
its earliest acts was to order the arrest 
of 400 Germanophiles who had involved 
their country in catastrophe. Measures 
xvere taken also to secure the extradition 
cf ex-Czar Ferdinand for trial. A Bul- 
garian-Greek convention was signed 
Nov. 27 that permitted free emigration 
for two years and established a mixed 
commission of supervision. Labor 
troubles and Communist agitation were 
checked by the new Government with a 
firm hand, and in the Sobranje elections 
of March 28, 1920, the Government re- 
ceived a new lease of power, its plurality 
in Parliament being materially increased. 
A notable feature of the election was 
the complete defeat of the Socialists, 
xvhose representatives were reduced from 
thirty-nine to nine. 
Considerable progress was made in the 
rehabilitation of the country. Agricul- 
ture prospered, despite the lack of agri- 
cultural implements. The yield of cereals 
in 1919 vas 2,527,614 tons, of which, 
after deducting the anaount necessary 
for consumption and sowing, /27,614 
tons remained free for export. Laws 
were passed looking toward an increase 
of educational facilities. Another law 
made labor of some sort obligatoT on all. 
A report that was not without its in- 
fluence on the terms imposed on BuN 
ffaria vas that rendered by the lnteral- 
lied Commission authorized by the Peace 
Conference to investigate the charges of 
Bulgarian atrocities in the Greek prov- 
ince of Eastern Macedonia, during the 
Bulgarian occupation from Augaast, 1916, 
to the time of the signing of the armi- 

stice. The report covered 635 pages, and 
forms one of the darkest chapters of the 
history of the war. The inquiry had 
been conducted in 339 cities and villages, 
and covered a population of 305,000 peo- 
ple. The results were classified under 
arrests, terror, requisitions, forced labor, 
spoliation, extortion, pillage, starvation, 
rape, kidnapping vf children, taxation, 
destruction and deportations. Under 
each of these heads a host of instances 
were established by sworn evidence. 
Fiendish toures vere a common ac- 
companiment of the crimes alleged. 
Among a multitude of other facts it was 
brought out that 94 villages had been 
literally destroyed, 30,000 Greeks had 
perished from starvation or violence, 
42,000 had been deported into Bulgaria, 
where 12,000 of them had died--worked, 
whipped or toured to death. The re- 
port asserted that the atrocities were 
not due to the criminality of an uncon- 
trolled soldiery, but had been designed 
and organized by the Bulgarian General 
Staff. 
A general denial was later made by 
the Bulgarian Government, which alleged 
that similar crimes had been committed 
by the Greeks and Serbs, both in the 
recent conflict and in the preceding 
Balkan wars. 
TURKEY 
The treaty with Turkey was the last 
to be concluded betweeen the Allies and 
the four members of the Central Powers. 
In territorial matters it was by far the 
nmst drastic. The Turks had had reason 
to fear the worst after their emissaries 
had been brusquely dismissed from Paris 
in one of the most scathing notes ever 
addressed to plenipotentiaries of a sov- 
ereign State. Still they retained some 
hope of playing off one or more of the 
Allies against the others, as had been 
their policy for generations, and of ex- 
tracting from the fears of their con- 
querors what could not be gained from 
their good-will. They relied upon the 
lohammedan populations of India and 
Egypt to give the victors pause before 
fle threat of a Holy War. 
Had they relied wholly upon this they 
might not have been disappointed, for 
England hesitated long before stripping 



NEW YORK TIMES CURRENT HISTORY 

territory and took from her all but a 
shadow of military, naval and political 
power. It did not wholly oust her from 
Europe, but it left her impotent as a 
factor in the affairs of that continent. 
One of the most important points of 
treaty was the provision that the Dar- 
danelles be internationalized. Naviga- 
tion was to be open in time of peace and 
war alike to all vessels of commerce and 
war, no matter under what flag. This 
included not only the Straits proper but 
also the Bosporus and the Sea of Mar- 
mora. The vaters were not to be sub- 
jcct to blockade, nor could any act of 
war be committed there, except in enforc- 
ing the decisions of the League of Na- 
tions. 
The Turkish Army, to be used for 
police purposes alone, was reduced to 
35,000 nlen, with a possible increase of 
15,000 in case of special exigency. Mili- 
tary airplanes and vessels of war were 
forbidden. The fortifications of the 
Dardanelles were to be razed. An army 
of occupation, consisting of British, 
French and Italian troops, was to be 
maintained at Turkey's expense. Turks 
charged with war crimes and massacres 
were to be handed over to the Allies for 
trial. All religious and political prison- 
ers were to be released. The financial 
losses of the Allies in the war were to 
Le regarded as a Turkish liability. 
The finances of the nation were to be 
placed vholly in the hands of an allied 
commission. This was to supervise the 
budget and approve internal and ex- 
ternal loans. It vas also to fix the 
annual sum to be paid to the Allies to 
defray the costs of the army of occupa- 
tion. 
('onstantinol)le vas to remain as the 
seat of rovermuent, but under allied 
supervision. This city, together with the 
sanjak .of Chatalja, embraced all that 
was left to the Turks in Europe. It 
represents 2,238 square miles and a 
population of 1,281,000. The territorial 
losses in Asia were still greater. At the 
beginning of the World War the Turkish 
Empire included in Europe 10,882 square 
miles of territory, with a population of 
1,891,000, while in Asia it controlled 
710,224 square miles, vith a population 
of 21,273,900. The Peace Treaty left it 

with a territory of less than 100,000 
square miles, with a population of about 
5,000,000. It marked the elimination as 
a power in world politics of the Ottoman 
Government, whose baleful .hadow had 
been cast athwart Europe since the day 
in 1453 vhen Mohammed II. had spurred 
his horse into the Church of St. Sophia. 
The territorial losses included Turk- 
ish Armenia, which is to be administered 
under a mandate by the League of Na- 
tions. In addition, Turkey was required 
to recognize the independence of the ad- 
jacent territory, including Van, Bitlis, 
Erzerum and Trebizond, which territory 
is to be added to the Transcaucasian 
States already established. Mesopo- 
tamia was placed under the mandate of 
Great Britain, as was Palestine, which is 
destined ultimately to become a Jewish 
State. A mandate was given to France 
over Syria. The treaty gave Smyrna 
and the hinterland extending to a depth 
of eighty miles and a breadth of 150 
miles to Greece under limited sov- 
ereignty. 
The Turkish counterproposals rejected 
the surrender of Smyrna and Syria, ob- 
jected to the demolition of the fortifica- 
tions of the Dardanelles, and asked for 
representation on the commission that 
was to govern the straits. Strenuous ef- 
forts were made also to retain some of 
the islands in the Aegean. The repre- 
sentations, however, were without effect, 
and the treaty was finally signed at 
Svres, France, on Aug. 10, 1920. 
EVENTS IN POLAND 
The design of the Peace Conference 
was to make Poland one of the great 
powers of Europe. It was deemed es- 
sential to have a strong buffer State be- 
tween Russia and Germany to prevent 
the junction of those nations in a war 
of revenge or conquest. Territorially the 
aim of the conference was realized. The 
borders of Poland were extended far into 
former Russia, though not so far as the 
line that existed before the infamous 
partition of 1772. Posen had been allot- 
ted to her; Danzig, though a free city, 
vas practically under predominant 
Polish influence; part, at least, of Ga- 
licia was assured to her, and there was 
a possibility of some of the areas under 



THE NEW YORK "TIMES CURRENT HISTORY 

paring for an offensive of colossal pro- 
portions in the Spring. They feared 
that the offer vas sent simply to lull 
them into a sense of false security. Be- 
.sides, the Poli.h military situation at 
the time was excellent. The army under 
the command of Pilsudski was holding a 
19ng front extending froln Marienburg 
in the Province of Livonia along the 
lvina across Poland and through 
Ukrainian territory to the Rumanian 
frontier. Prospects were bright for se- 
curing the military co-operation of the 
Ukrainians and the Letts, and the com- 
ing Spring campaign was looked forward 
to with confidence. 
When, however, the peace offer was 
repeated in January, there had been a 
serious change in the situation. Yuden- 
itch had been defeated on the Petrograd 
front, Denikin had been driven back in 
the South, and the Siberian forces of 
Kolchak had been routed. Esthonia also 
had concluded an armistice with Russia 
that ultimately developed into peace. 
Poland was isolated, and the Soviet 
armies released from other zones were 
able to concentrate against her. The 
Russian offer contained the statement 
that the Soviet Government from the 
first had recognized the sovereignty and 
independence of the Polish Republic, and 
that there was no territorial, economic 
or other question which could not be 
solved peacefully by negotiations, con- 
cessions and nutual agreement. 
Before doing anything besides ac- 
knowledging the receipt of the offer, 
Poland sought and secured the consent 
of the Allied and Associated Powers to 
carry on negotiations. The Polish Min- 
ister to the United States declared in 
Washington on Feb. 3 that Poland would 
sign a treaty with the Soviet authorities 
if the latter would guarantee that Bol- 
shevist propaganda xvould not be carried 
on in Poland and other European coun- 
tries. 
Nothing came at the time, however, 
from the peace tentatives. The Poles 
held a conference at Warsaw with rep- 
resentatives of Finland, Latvia and :Ru- 
mania and reached an agreement as to 
the principles that were to govern the 
negotiations with the Soviet Government. 
Then they made a series of peace pro- 

posals that demanded much more than 
the Bolsheviki could be expected to ac- 
cept, especially in the matter of bou7t- 
daries. Difficulties arose as to the place 
for holding the conference, the Bolshe- 
viki suggesting Esthonia, while the 
Poles favored the city of Borysov. 
While futile notes were being ex- 
changed, the Poles suddenly launched a 
whirhvind campaign on a 250-mile front 
from the Pripet to the Dniester. The 
movement was undertaken in conjunc- 
tion with the Ukrainians, with xvhom 
Poland had contracted an alliance for 
offensive purposes. The campaign was 
marked by a rapid succession of vic- 
tories for the joint forces, which pushed 
deeply into th6 Ukraine, capturing im- 
mense amounts of rolling stock and war 
material from their demoralized enemies. 
In two days 15,000 prisoners were cap- 
tured, Mohilev was taken and the 
Poles were moving southeast along the 
Dniester. By May 1, Polish cavalry had 
reached the outskirts of Kiev, one of the 
main objectives of the campaign. By 
May 6th the city was taken and a start 
was made toward the second objective, 
Odessa. 
By this time the Bolsheviki had ral- 
lied, and heavy forces were being 
rushed forward to the fighting line. 
For nearly a month the line of battle 
swayed back and forth with alternate 
successes and defeats for both sides. 
A sudden stroke of strategy by the Rus- 
sians on June 9 completely changed the 
situation. General Budenny, the con- 
queror of Denikin, xvith 5,000 cavalry 
drove through the center of the Polish 
lines southvest of Kiev. Having 
broken through, he divided his forces 
into three detachments, one moving on 
Berdichev, another on Fastova, while a 
third rode on to Jitomir threatening to 
cut the line of communication to Kiev. 
The brilliant action made necessary the 
evacuation of Kiev to prevent its isola- 
tion. 
The tide of battle now turned against 
the Poles on every portion of their 
front. Much stronger Bolshevist forces 
harassed their retreat from Kiev, xvhile 
in the north the Soviet armies won 
signal victories on the Beresina and 
threatened the capture of Vilna and 



INTRODUCTION TO BOUND VOLUME XX. 25 

Minsk. By July 6 the Polish forces 
were heinl dt'iven back in a retreat that 
grew ever more disorderly. The For- 
tress of Rovno was takeu July 1 aud it 
became evideut that Warsaw was in 
great peril. 
The whole nation rushed to arms. 
Women and boys, as well as the men, en- 
listed for service. It is doubtful, how- 
ever, that the capital would have been 
saved from capture had not the Allies 
intervened. 
The latter had followed Poland's lat- 
est offensive with grave misgivings. It 
was regarded as impelled by imperial- 
istic motives. England and Italy, who 
were on the verge of resuming trade 
relations xvith Russia, especially disap- 
proved. France alone vieved it with a 
degree of complacence if not xvith full 
approbation. 
But while there was a feeling that 
Poland had invoked her own chastise- 
ment, the Allies were determined that 
she should not be crushed. The response 
to her appeal was immediate. Guns and 
ammunition were rushed forwai'd. Hun- 
dreds of French officers offered their 
services. General Maxime Weygand, 
who had been Chief of Staff to Marshal 
Foch, hastened to Warsaw, and in 
operation with Pilsudski played an im- 
portant part later in turning the tide 
of military events. 
The Supreme Council issued a state- 
ment at Spa on July 11, in vhich it was 
announced that the Allies had sent to 
Moscow a proposal to the Soviet for an 
armistice betveen Poland and Russia, 
subject to the condition that the Polish 
troops retire behind Poland's legitimate 
boundaries. It was stated that the 
British Government had bound itself to 
give no assistance to Poland for any 
action hostile to Russia. It was how- 
ever bound under the covenant of the 
League of Nations to defend .the integ- 
rity of Poland within its legitimate 
ethnographical frontiers. If, therefore, 
Soviet Russia would not be content with 
the withdrawal of the Polish army, but 
intended to take action hostile to Poland 
within the latter's own territory, the 
British Government and its allies would 
feel bound to assist the Polish nation to 
defend its existence with all means at 
their disposal. 

The proposal of the Allies was re- 
jected by the Soviet Government on July 
20. The latter declared that it was ready 
to grant an armistice and lnake peace 
with Poland and to give the Poles an 
eveu more favorable frontier than that 
laid down by the Allies. But the 
Poles themselves must first appeal for 
peace. 
In compliance vith the advice of the 
Allies, the Poles then made a direct ap- 
peal to Moscov for an armistice. This 
was granted on July 22. On one pretext 
or another, however, the negotiations 
were delayed first to the 26th, then to 
the 31st and again to Aug. 11. In the 
meantime the Bolshevist forces vere 
sveeping forward with scarcely a check, 
and it became apparent that they meant 
to capture Warsaw and dictate the terms 
of peace in the capital. The Allies, roused 
by the danger and stirred by Russia's 
refusal of their demands, redoubled their 
efforts to help. A confelnce of the 
British and French Premiers was held at 
Boulogne on July 27 and a new note was 
sent to Russia declaring that Poland 
xvould not be peznitted to accept terms 
that involved disarmament, a change in 
the Polish system of goveaament, a 
boundary line less favorable than that 
granted to Poland by the Peace Confer- 
ence or the use of Poland as a "bridge" 
in any sense between Russia and Ger- 
many. 
Far more effective, however, than 
these diplomatic warnings was the mili- 
tary assistance rendered by France. 
Weygand at last, after much obstruction 
and delay, had been put in charge of 
Polish operations. He had as able as- 
sistants Generals Henry and Billotte. 
Eight hundred veteran French officers 
stiffened the wavering Polish line. Then 
on Aug. 15 Weygand struck like a thun- 
derbolt. The Soviet forces gave way 
everywhere before the suddenness and 
fury of the assault. Soon the retreat de- 
generated into a rout. Whole brigades 
xvere isolated and captured. Town after 
town was retaken. Thousands fled across 
the tier of East Prussia and were in- 
terned. A more sudden reversal had 
seldom been known in the history of 
warfare. 
That the military recoveT was corn- 



THE NEIV YORK TIMES CURRENT HISTORY 

reinforcements. Petrograd was mean- 
while being put in a state of defence, 
and large forces were hurried there from 
other portions of the Bolshevist front. 
By Oct. 27 the Red armies were strong 
enough to take the offensive, and the in- 
vading line xvas pushed back. On the 29th, 
Yudenitch was compelled to abandon 
Gatchina and remove his staff headquar- 
ters to Yamburg, sixty-eight miles from 
Petrograd on the road to Reval. By 
Nov. 1 Trotzky was able to announce 
that all danger to Petrograd had been 
removed. Desperate efforts were made to 
persuade Finland to come to the help of 
the anti-Bolshevist forzes. It xvas declared 
that Petrograd could be taken in three 
days if Finland xvould throw its weight 
into the balance. The Finns had an army 
of 35,000 men, of whom 15,000 were on 
the Russian frontier and could easily 
join hands with Yudenitch. An animated 
debate on the subject took place in the 
Finnish Parliament, but on Nov. 4, the 
Government declared that it could not 
assist. The refusal was based on Fin- 
land's internal situation, her weak 
finances, the uncertainty of securing 
adequate xvar supplies and the fact that 
the Entente had not guaranteed that fut- 
ure Russian Governments would recog- 
nize Finland's independence. 
Meanwhile the Yudenitch army had 
been driven to the very borders of Es- 
thonia, and several divisions which had 
been forced to cross the frontier were 
disarmed by the Esthonian authorities. 
Despite the defeat that the Esthonians 
had suffered in conjunction xvith the 
Russian forces of Yudcnitch, the morale 
of the former still continued good and 
they put up a strong resistance at Narva, 
where with only three divisions they 
continued to hohl off forces five times 
their number. Without Fnni: h .upport, 
however, the hope of which by this time 
had faded, it was clear that the Es-" 
thonians must be soon overxvhelmed, and 
proposals were made for an armistice 
with a view to concluding peace negotia- 
tions. Even prior to the Yudenitch vent- 
ure a conference had been arranged at 
Dorpat between the Bolsheviki and the 
representatives of the Baltic States, but 
this had proved abortive through the 

truculence of the Soviet cnvoy, Litvinov. 
Undeterred by this fiasco, the Esthonian 
Government still persisted in its desire 
for peace, and another conference was 
held at Dorpat. on Dec. 5. Drastic de- 
mands were made by M. Krassin, the 
head of the Bolshevist delegation, in- 
cluding the severance by the Esthonians 
of all relations with the Allies and Fin- 
land and the turning over of all transit 
and dock facilities which would have 
made Esthonia a mere Soviet depen- 
dency. To 'einforce these demands a 
determined military offensive was car- 
ried on against the Esthonian front. Pro- 
longed negotiations followed, the ques- 
tion of strategical boundaries proving" a 
thorny one that twice nearly disrupted 
the conference. Agreement was finally 
reached, however, and an armistice was 
signed on Dec. 31. Considering the mili- 
tary situation, the terms were as favor- 
able as Esthonia could have hoped to 
gain. Russia recognized vithout qualifi- 
cation the independence of Esthonia, 
which was the one great object for which 
the latter had been fighting. The arm- 
istice vas for one week, to be auto- 
matically renewable from week to week, 
with full liberty to either Government to 
denounce it on twenty-four hours' notice. 
On Jan. 29 the final peace treaty was 
signed at Dorpat. Commercial arrange- 
ments were made on the most favored 
nation basis. The right to use the Nar- 
ova River waterfalls was given to the 
Soviet Government which in turn lent 
Esthonia 16,000,000 rubles in gold and 
gave her concessions for the construction 
of a railway line from Revel to Moscow, 
besides materials for the line and 300 
locomotives. There were to be no in- 
demnities or reparations. Prisoners of 
war xvere to be exchanged as soon as 
possible. Each party to the agreemen.t 
was to withdraw its military forces 
within its own borders. Any differing 
interpretations of the treaty were to be 
settled by mixed commissions. The 
treaty was to go into effect at once. 
Thus one by one, the military forces 
opposed to the Bolsheviki were being 
put out of action. Kolchak, Denikin and 
Yudenitch had been defeated and their 
armies dispersed. Poland still remained. 



THE NEW YORIt" TIMES CURRENT HISTORY 

Allied militant activity in Persia, Tur- 
key and the Caucasus should cease; that 
all British prisoners should be released; 
that Bolshevist propaganda in India and 
Asia should be abandoned and that the 
Russian debt should be lcognized as 
binding on the present Government. At 
the insistence of France a further con- 
dition was added that the Bolshevists 
should cease hostilities against Poland. 
The reply of the Soviet Govelment 
expressed surprise that the subject of 
the resumption of trade relations should 
he complicated by the question of the 
Polish aznistice. The note stilnd up 
fresh trouble by insisting that the Lon- 
don Conference should be solely betveen 
Soviet and allied delegates and that 
neither Poland nor the Baltic States 
should be represented. The allied Pre- 
miers held a conference at Boulogne and 
decided to adhere to the original pro- 
posals. Their joint note declared that 
the Allies would discuss terms of peace 
with Soviet Russia only after the ques- 
tions outstanding between Moscow and 
Poland, as vell as those between the 
former and the Baltic States, should 
have been adjusted. 
While these long distance negotiations 
were going on, Krassin and Kamenev 
had returned to England, but were able 
to accomplish little, since the whole 
question of trade relations had been made 
to depend upon a satisfactory settlement 
of the Polish question. The prospect of 
resumption receded still further when it 
became known that one of Russia's con- 
ditions of peace with Poland was the 
formation of an armed militia composed 
solely of workingmen, the object being 
to put the young republic at the mercy 
of an armed proletariat. This clause 
was withdrawn on the Allies' protest, 
though surprise was feigned that objec- 
tion should have been made to it. 
Occasion was taken in the note of the 
Russian Foreign Minister to introduce 
a disquisition on the advantages of the 
Soviet system. Mr. Balfour's reply de- 
molished the statements of Tchitcherin, 
implied Moscow's bad faith in dictating 
the clause which did not appear in the 
draft submitted by Kamenev, and re- 
affirmed Great Britain's unalterable op- 
position to the dictation of one class over 

all the rest of a vanquished population, 
irrespective of what class it might be 
drawn from, whether workmen or cap- 
italists. 
Further illustration of the difficulty 
of dealing with men to whom a pledge 
meant nothing and in whom good faith 
was non-existent was furnished by the 
conduct of Kamenev, who at the very 
time he was carrying on negotiations 
with the British Government was de- 
tected in supplying Russian gold to a 
London labor organ to promote Bolshe- 
vism in England. As a result of the ex- 
posure Kamenev was compelled to re- 
turn to Russia and trade negotiations 
were further deferred. 
At this juncture the United States 
was brought into the discussion. Baron 
Avezzan% the Italian Ambassador to the 
United States, had intimated that the 
Italian Government would welcome the 
views of this Government on the situa- 
tion presented by the Russian advance 
into Poland. Secretary of State Colby, 
in his reply, which was a model of clear 
and cogent reasoning, took occasion to 
outline the attitude of the United States 
toward the whole Russian situation. Its 
salient features vere a warm expression 
of sympathy with the Russian people and 
confidence in its ultimate destiny and 
strong condemnation of the Soviet at- 
tempt to instigate worldwide revolution. 
The letter, dated Aug. 10, declared that 
the American people believed in a united, 
free and autonomous Polish State, and 
were earnestly solicitous for the main- 
tenance of PoIand's political indepen- 
dence and territorial integrity. It de- 
clared that the United States maintained 
unimpaired its faith in the Russian peo- 
ple and did not doubt that it would 
eventually overcome the existing an- 
archy, suffering and destitation. It was 
heartily in accord with the desire of the 
allied powers to bring about a peaceful 
solution of the existing difficulties in 
Europe. It was unable to see, however, 
that a recognition of the Soviet rgime 
would promote, much less accomplish, 
this object, and was therefore averse to 
any dealings with it beyond the most 
narrow boundaries to which a discussion 
of an armistice could be confined. 
It was not possible, te note continued, 



 J. PERSHING 

New t'ortrait of the American Commander, Who Was Showered Wth 
Honors and Given Fu|| Rank of General on His Return Home. 



BELGIANS 

Queen Elizabeth of Belgium, Who, With King Albert and Crown 
Prince Leopold, Is Making Her lirst Visit to the United States. 



EY OF FALLODON 

New British Ambassador to the United States. Succeeding Sir Ceci} 
Spring-Rice. 
(Pholo P , Ror , 



0 



f. 



THE NEW YORK TIMES CURRENT HISTORY 

moved around the sides of the horseshoe 
to the signature tables. It was thus 
President Wilson, and not M. Clemen- 
ceau, who was first of the allied dele- 
gates to sign. This, however, was purely 
what may be called an alphabetical 
honor, in accordance with the order in 
which the nations were named in the 
prologue to the treaty. Premier Lloyd 
George, with the British delegation, came 
next. The British dominions followed. 
M. Clemenceau, with the French dele- 
gates, was next in line; then came Baron 
Saionji and the ot[,er Japanese dele- 
gates, and they in turn were followed by 
the representatives of the smaller powers. 
During the attaching of the signatures 
of the gkeat powers and the Germans a 
battery of moving picture cameras 
clicked away so audibly that they could 
be heard above the general noise and dis- 
order of the throng. The close of the 
ceremony came so quickly and quietly 
that it was scarcely noticed until it was 
all over. M. Clemenceau arose almost 
unremarked, and in a voice half lost 
amid the confusion and the hum of con- 
versation which had sprung up while the 
minor powers were signing declared the 
conference closed, and asked the allied 
and associated delegates to remain in 
their seats for a few moments--this to 
permit the German plenipotentiaries to 
leave the building before the general 
exodus. 
THE GERMANS DEPART 
None arose as the Germans filed out, 
accompanied by their suite of secretaries 
and interpreters, just as all the pleni- 
potentiaries had kept their seats when 
Dr. Miiller and Dr. Bell entered. The 
Germans went forth evidently suffering 
strong emotion. Outside an unsym- 
pathetic crowd jammed close to the cars 
which took them away. There was no 
aggression, but the sentiment of the 
throng was unmistakable. 
Meanwhile the great guns that an- 
nounced the closing of the ceremony were 
booming, and their concussion shook the 
old palace of Versailles to its founda- 
tions. Amid confusion the assembly dis- 
persed, and the most momentous cere- 
mony of the epoch was at an end. 
The great war which for five long 

years had shaken Europe and the 
world was formally ended at last. 
It was a war which had cost the 
belligerent nations $186,000,000,000; 
which had caused the deaths of 
7,582,000 human beings, and which had 
left the world a post-war burden of debt 
amounting to $135,000,000,000. It was a 
war which had changed the whole face 
of Europe, which had brought many new 
nations into existence, which had revolu- 
tionized the organization of all national 
and international life. It was a war 
which had brought the world the con- 
sciousness of its common obligation to 
unite against all war. The booming of 
the great guns of Versailles seemed to 
proclaim a new epoch. 
PRESIDENT WILSON'S ADDRESS 
Simultaneously with the signing of 
peace President Wilson cabled the fol- 
lowing address to the American people, 
which was given out at once in Wash- 
ington by Secretary Tumulty: 
My Fellow-Countrymen: The treaty of 
peace has been signed. If it is ratified 
and acted upon in full and sincere execu- 
tion of its terms it will furnish the charter 
for a new order of affairs in the world. 
It is a severe treaty in the duties and 
penalties it imposes upon Germany; but 
it is severe only because great wrongs 
done by Germany are to be righted and 
repaired; it imposes nothing that Ger- 
many cannot do; and she can regain her 
rightful standing in the world by the 
prompt and honorable fulfillment of its 
terms. 
And it is much more than a treaty of 
peace with Germany. It liberates great 
peoples who have never before been able 
to find the way to liberty. It ends, once 
for all, an old and intolerable order under 
which small groups of selfish men could 
use the peoples of great empires to serve 
their ambition for power and dominion. 
It associates the free Governments of the 
world in - permanent League in which 
they are pledged to use their united power 
to maintain peace by maintaining right 
and justice. 
It makes international law a reality 
supported by imperative sanctions. It 
does away with the right of conquest and 
rejects the policy of annexation and sub- 
stitutes a new order under which back- 
ward nations--populations which have not 
" yet come to political consciousness and 
peoples who are ready for independence 
but not yet quite prepared to dispense 
with protection and guidance--shall no 
more be subjected to the domination an4 



THE NEW YORK TIMES CURRENT HISTORY 

lumania undertakes to accord freedom of 
transit to persons, goods, vessels, carriages. 
wagons and mails in transit to or from any 
allied or associated State over Rumanian ter- 
ritory, including territorial waters, and to 
treat them at least as favorably as the per- 
sons. goods, vessels, carriages, wagons and 
mails respectively of Rumanian or of any 
other more-favored nationality, origin, im- 
portation or ownership, as regards facilities, 
charges, restrictions, and all other matters. 
All charges imposed in Rumania on such 
traffic in transit shall be reasonable having 
regard to the conditions of the traffic. Goods 
in transit shall be exempt from all customs 
or other duties. 
Tariffs for transit across Rumania and 
tariffs between Rumania and any allied or 
associated power involving throuffh tickets 
or waybills shall be established at the re- 
quest of the allied or associated power con- 
cerned. 
Freedom of transit will extend to postal, 
telegraphic, and telephonic services. 
Provided that no allied or associated power 
can claim the benefit of these provisions on 
behalf of any part of its territory in which 
reciprocal treatment is not accorded in re- 
spect of the same subject matter. 
If within a period of five years from fhe 
coming into force of this treaty no general 
convention as aforesaid shall have been con- 
cluded under the auspices of the League of 
Nations, Rumania shall be at liberty at any 
time thereafter to give twelve months' notice 
to the Secretary General of the League of 
Nations to terminate the obligations of the 
present article. 
ARTICLE 16--Pending the conclusion of a 
general convention on the international 
rgime of waterways. Rumania undertakes to 
apply to such portions of the river system 
of the Pruth as may lie within, or form the 
boundary of. her territory, the rdgime set 
out in the first paragraph of Article 332 and 
in Articles 333 to 338 of the treaty of peace 
with Germany. 
ARTICIE l'--All rights and privileges ac- 
corded by the foregoing articles to the allied 
and associated powers shall be accorded 
equally to all States members of the Lcague 
of Nations. 

The present treaty, in French. in English 
and in Italian, of which in case of divergence 
the French text shall prevail, shall be rati- 
fied. It shall come into force at the same 
time as the treaty of peace with Austria. 
The deposit of ratifications shall be made 
at Paris. 
Powers of which the seat of the Govern- 
ment is outside Europe will be entitled merely 
to inform the Government of the French 
public through their diplomatic representa- 
tive at Paris that their ratification has been 
given: in that case they must transmR the 
instrument of ratification as soon as possible. 
A procs-verbal of the deposit of ratifica- 
tions will be drawn up. The French Gov- 
ernment will transmit to all signatory powers 
a certified copy of the procs-verbal of the 
deposit of ratifications. 
Dwne at Pri, the i,th day of Decemb, 
one thousa i burred and itn, 
 ngle copy whh will remai posid 
the archives of the Government of the French 
Republiv, a of whh authenta 
will be $ramiHed to eavh of t gory 
powers. Pipotents who in coequence 
of their temp-ary absce from Pa 
ot sied the preset eaty may do so up 
Dev. 0, 1919. 
In faith wrf the heinafter-amvd 
plenipotvntr, whe powers have been 
fou in good and due fo, have signal the 
esent treaty. 
(Sied) FRANK L. POLK, 
HENRY WHITE, 
TASKER H. BLISS, 
EYRE A. CRO'E, 
GEORGE H. PERLEY, 
THOMAS MACKENZIE, 
R. A. BLANKENBERG, 
EYRE A. CRO, 
G. CLEMENCEAU, 
S. PICHON, 
L. L. KLOTZ, 
ANDRE TARDIEU, 
JULES 
G. DE 
K. MATSUI, 
GEN. C. COD 



m 
Z 



THE NEW YORK TIMES CURRENT HISTORY 

previously published in CURRENT HISTORY 
MAGAZINE. Among the most important 
of the general clauses are the following: 
Limiting the Bulgarian military forces 
to 20,000 and abolishing universal com- 
pulsory military service; limiting the 
Bulgarian Navy to four torpedo boats 
and six motor boats, all without tor- 
pedoes; forbidding the employment of 
any military or naval air forces or the 
keeping of any dirigibles. The repara- 
tion clauses compel Bulgaria to pay 
2,250,000,000 francs gold (about $450,- 
000,000) in semi-annual instalhnents over 
a period of thirty-seven years, beginning 
July 1, 1.920, with interest at 5 per cent. 
per annum. In addition, it provides for 
the return to Greece, Rumania and Ser- 
bia of any objects or securities seized 
during the invasion. It requires Bul- 
garia to deliver to Greece, Rumania and 

Serbia within six months after the treaty 
came into force the following live stock: 

Bulls (IS months to 
3 years) .......... 15 
Milch cows (2 to 6 
years) ............ 
Horses and mares (3 
to 7 years) ......... 2,2:0 5,250 
Mules ............... 47o 1.07.0 
Draught oxen ....... 1.8C0 3,400 
Sheep ............... fi.O(',O 15.000 

Serb-Croat- 
SIo one 
Rumania. State. 

6.000 

,5,000 
1 
12,00o 

It also provides that 50,000 tons of 
coal shall be delivered annually for five 
years to Jugoslavia. There is a provi- 
sion requiring Bulgaria to pay the total 
cost of all armies of the allied and asso- 
ciated powers occupying Bulgarian ter-. 
ritory from the signing of the armistice, 
Sept. 29, 1918, to the coming into force 
of the treaty. 

Handing Peace Terms to Bulgaria 
Ceremony at the Quai d'Orsay 

}]-HE Peace Treaty between the allied 
J. and associated powers and Bul- 
garia xvas handed to the Bulgarian 
peace delegation on Sept. 19, 1919, at 
10:40 A. M., in the Clock Room of the 
French Ministry of Foreign Affairs on 
the Quai d'Orsay in Paris. It was re- 
ceived by General Theodoroff and the 
four other members of the Bulgarian 
delegation. 
Representatives of each of the twenty- 
seven Governments participating in the 
conference, including Rumania, were 
present. Frank L. Polk, head of the 
United States delegation, sat on M. 
Clemenceau's right, and Sir Eyre Crowe, 
the new British plenipotentiary to the 
Peace Conference, sat on the President's 
left. 
General Theodoroff, head of the Bul- 
garian delegation; M. Ganeff, M. Sake- 
soft, M. Stambulivsky, and M. Hartzoff 
entered the Foreign Office punctually, 
their dark faces showing no emotion, in 
contrast to the pale, drawn countenances 
displayed by the German plenipoten- 
tiaries at the Versailles ceremony and 
with Dr. Renner's good-humored de- 
meanor on the occasion of the signing 

of the Austrian treaty at St. Germain. 
They were ushered into the large dining 
room, where the plenary sessions of the 
Peace Conference formerly were held. 
The allied delegates rose when the Bul- 
garian representatives appeared. 
Premier Clemenceau opened the pro- 
ceedings by stating that the meeting had 
been called to hand the Peace Treaty to 
the Bulgarians and that they would have 
twenty-five days to consider it and file 
objections, after which the powers would 
fix a day for final consideration. Paul 
Dutasta, SecretmT of the Peace Confer- 
ence, then handed the bound treaty to 
the Bulgarians, after which General 
Theodoroff read a long statement in 
French, pleading that the Bulgarian 
people were not responsible for the 
war, but that their Government had 
thrown the country into the struggle. 
He blamed King. Ferdinand and Vasili 
Radoslavoff, Bulgarian Foreign Minister 
in 1914, for Bulgaria's entry into the 
war. The people, he declared, did not 
approve of the German alliance, which 
"came to them as a cataclysm," but they 
realized that they must accept a part of 
the blame. Bulgaria's desire was to live 



Appendix (R) 

erman Property in the Allied Countries 

Berlin to Reimburse Its Own Nationals 

CORDING to the terms of the Peace 
Treaty, the method of dealing with 
property belonging to German na- 
tionals in allied countries and debts in- 
curred between allied and German na- 
tionals was defined as follows: 
Two Clearing Houses are to be estab- 
lished in either country for the settle- 
ment of debts, to be known respectively 
as the Creditor Clearing House and the 
Debtor Clearing House, provided that 
within one month after the deposit of 
ratification of the treaty Great Britain 
(or another allied country) give Ger- 
many notice of its intention to adopt 
this scheme. 
The Creditor Clearing House will 
ascertain and give notice to the Debtor 
Clearing House of all debts c.aimed 
by the respective nationals, and in 
common with this supplementary or- 
ganization reach an agreement on the 
exact amount due. Dispute is to be set- 
tled by (a) arbitration, (b) the decision 
of a mixed tribunal, composed of a rep- 
resentative of each Government and a 
third member selected by agreement who 
is to act as President; in case of dis- 
agreement this third member is to be 
selected by the President of the Swiss 
Confederation; (c) at the instance of 
the Creditor Clearing Office the dispute 
may be referred to the courts of the 
plae of domicile of the debtor; thus, if 
the British Creditor Office claims a 
sum a being due from a German na- 
tional in the German Debtor Clearing 
Office, the amount due will be determined 
by the German courts. Conversely, if 
the German Creditor Clearing Office 
claims on behalf of a German national a 
sum due from an allied national through 
the allied Debtor Clearing Office, then 
the question of the amount due will be 
detexmined by the allied courts. Where 
the respective nationals were solvent at 
the date when the debts were incurred, 
the Governments of the allied national 
and Germany respectively undertake to 
see that such debts are duly paid and 

they are vested with the right of ob- 
taining the amount due from their re- 
spective nationals. 
Where this scheme is adopted there is 
no other method by which creditors can 
obtain payment of their debts except 
through the Clearing Office scheme. 
Each month a balance is to be struck, 
and where the balance is in favor of the 
allied national the Germans must pay 
over through their Clearing Office the 
amount shown due to such creditors. 
Where, however, the balance is shown 
due to German nationals, then the 
amount of such balance is to be retained 
by the allied Clearing Office until com- 
plete payment has been effected of the 
sums due to that country and its nation- 
als on account of the war. 
Germany undertakes to compensate its 
nationals in respect of the sale or reten- 
tion of their property rights or interest 
in allied States, and in that way the 
doctrine of the inviolability of private 
property is preserved. 
The effect of the treaty is to appro- 
priate toward the indemnification of 
allied subjects all property rights and 
interest and all debts owing to Germans 
by allied subjects, and that in so far as 
there is any balance over, such balance 
will be applied in satisfying pro tanto 
the indebtedness of Germany to the re- 
spective allied country on account of 
claims of its nationals for reparation. 
These principles will be applied 
through all British colonies and through- 
out the territories of every allied and 
associated power. German nationals will, 
as a consequence, be stripped of all their 
wealth, whether in the shape of property 
rights or interests, or of debts due to 
them, and their only remedy will be 
against their Government, from whom 
they can claim compensation for property 
rights and interests, and probably also 
for debts. Such property can only be 
restored to its rightful owners by the 
German Government taxing its subjects 
generally--that is to say, by making all 



Z 

0 



GERMANY AND THE ARMENIAN MASSACRES 

occupants were in danger. The German 
Colonel thereupon strode up to INuri 
Pasha and in a loud voice said to him: 
Your Excellency, I beg of you now at 
last to take effective steps for the pro- 
tection of the Germans. If not. I shatt 
be compelled to report to the German 
Embassy at Constantinople how little 
you protect German tile and property ! 
Nuri was taken aback, but protested 
that he had done everything possible. 
The Colonel pointed out that not a single 
senior officer had yet visited the town, 
and that the troops, instead of being told 
off on guard duty, had merely been 
paraded for inspection. The Colonel de- 
clares that, although the moment was 

not one for polite amenities, he employed 
no word or gesture that might be cal- 
culated to give offense. Nevertheless, 
on the following day, Sept. 18, Halil 
Pasha sent his aide de camp to Colonel 
Paraquin with a message to say that, in 
view of the Colonel's conduct toward 
Nuri Pasha in public the day before, he 
was relieved of his post as Chief of Staff 
to the Eastern Army Group. 
All the satisfaction that General yon 
Kressenstein, the German High Com- 
missioner at Tiflis, could get from Nuri 
was an assurance in French that any 
"little accidents" that might have oc- 
curred would be repaired. 

Syria and the Anglo-French Pact 
Tentative Spheres of Infhtence 

HE presence of British troops in 
Syria, the portion of the former 
Turkish Empire claimed by France, 
caused increasing friction for several 
months, but the issue was amicably ad- 
justed early in September by frank con- 
ferences in Syria between Lord Allenby 
and General La Forcade, and a little 
later by similar conferences in Paris be- 
tween Premier Lloyd George and the 
French Government. The arrest of the 
pro-French Emir Said by the British 
called forth many indignant articles in 
the French press, which charged the 
British with working against French as- 
pirations in Syria. The criticism at all 
times was tempered by French gratitude 
for what the British had done in the 
war, but the possibility of serious mis- 
understanding was finally removed by 
the announcement, on Sept. 16, 1919, that 
a satisfactory agreement between the 
two Governments regarding the distribu- 
tion of spheres of influence in Syria and 
adjoining provinces had been concluded. 
Lord Allenby himself had stated in 
Paris on Sept. 10 that Great Brit- 
ain would recognize the mandate of 
France in Syria. The British, he said, 
were in Syria for purely military rea- 
sons, and left all political matters to 
France. 

The main lines of the agreement ulti- 
mately reached were published by the 
Temps on Sept. 16. By virtue of 
this agreement Great Britain from 
Nov. 1 was to evacuate all the terri- 
tories north of a tentative frontier be- 
tween Syria and Palestine, it being un- 
derstood that this frontier had only a 
provisional character and that its out- 
line might be modified when the Peace 
Conference decided finally on the polit- 
ical organization of the Levant. 
The district of Mosul vas apparently 
not included in the regions in which 
Great Britain intended to cease to be re- 
sponsible for the maintenance of order. 
On the other hand, it was agreed that 
the departure of the British troops 
should not have as its consequence the 
occupation by French troops of the four 
cities of Damascus, tIama, toms, and 
Aleppo, which are in "Zone A," in which 
the Anglo-French Agreement of 1916 
provided for the constitution of an Arab 
State or confederation of Arab States. 
Nevertheless, the Arab power would 
henceforth look to the French and not 
to the British Government for support 
and advice. 
Among the territories in vhich the re- 
lief of the ]ritish troops would be car- 
ried out by French troops figures Cilicia, 



THE NEW YORK TIMES CURRENT HISTORY 

cable directly with the War Department on 
all matters of supply not involving questions 
of policy. 
In the following discussion of the services 
of supply the subjects of co-ordination of 
supply at the front, ocean tonnage, and re- 
placements are included for convenience, 
though they were largely or entirely under 
the direct control of general staff sections at 
my headquarters. 
CO-ORDINATION OF SUPPLY 
Our successful participation in the war 
required that all the different services imme- 
diately concerned with the supply of combat 
troops should work together as a well- 
reffulated machine. In other words, there 
must be no duplication of effort, but each 
must perform its functions without interfer- 
ence with any other service. The Fourth Sec- 
tion of the General laff was created to con- 
trol impartially all these services, and, under 
broad lines of policy, to determine questions 
of transportation and supply in France and 
co-ordinate our supply services with those of 
the Allies. 
This section did not work out technical 
details, but was charged with having a gen- 
eral knowledge of existing conditions as to 
supply, its transportation. nd of construc- 
tion affecting our oporations or the effi- 
ciency of our troops. It frequently happened 
that several of the supply departments de- 
sired' the same site for the location of in- 
stallations, so that all plans for such facili- 
ties had to be decided in accordance with the 
best interests of the whole. 
In front of the advance depots railroad 
lines and shipments to troops had to be 
carefully controlled, because mobility de- 
manded that combat units should not be 
burdened with a single day's stores above the 
authorized standard reserve. Furthermore, 
accumulations at the front were exposed to 
the danger of des'ruction or capture and 
might indicate our intentions. Ench combat 
division required the equivalent of twenty- 
five French railway car loads of supplies for 
its daily consumption to be delivered at a 
point within reach of motor or horse-drawn 
transportation. The regular and prompt re- 
ceipt of supplies by combatant troops is of 
first importance in its effect upon the morale 
of both officers and men. The officer whose 
mind l pre-occupied by the question of food, 
clothing, or ammunition is not free to de- 
vote his energy to training his men or to 
fighting the enemy. It is necessary that 
paper work be reduced to an absolute 
minimum and that the delivery of supplies 
to organizations be placed on an automatic 
basis as far as possible. 
THE REGULATING STATIONS 
The principle of flexibility had to be borne 
in mind in planning our supply system in 
order that our forces should be supplied, no 
matter what their number, or where they 
might be called upon to enter the line. "this 

high degree of elasticity and adaptability 
was assured and maintained through the 
medium of the regulating station. It was 
the connecting link between the armies and 
the services in the rear. and regulated the 
railroad transportation which tied them to- 
gether. The regulating officer at each sta- 
tion was a member of the Fourth Section of 
my General Staff, acting under instructions 
from his chief of section. 
Upon the regulating officer fell the re- 
sponsibility that a steady flow of supply was 
maintained. He must meet emergency ship- 
ments of ammunition or engineering ma- 
terial, sudden transfers of troops by rail, the 
hastening forward of replacements, or the 
unexpected evacuation of wounded. All the 
supply services naturally clamored to have 
their shiprnents rushed through. The 
regulating officer, acting under special or 
secret instructions, must declare priorities in 
the supply of things the army needed most. 
Always informed of the conditions at the 
front, of the status of supplies, and of mili- 
tary plans and intentions, nothing could be 
shipped to the regulating station or in front 
of the advance depots except on his orders. 
The chiefs of supply services fulfilled their 
responsibilities when they delivered to the 
regulating officer the supplies called for by 
him. and he met his obligation when these 
supplies were delivered at the proper rail- 
heads at the time they were needed. The 
evacuation of the wounded was effected over 
the same railroad lines as those carrying sup- 
plies to the front; therefore, this control had 
also to be centralized in the regulating 
officer. 
LOCATION IMPORTANT 
The convenient location of the regulating 
stations was of prime importance. They had 
to be close enough to all points in their zones 
to permit trains leaving after dusk or during 
the night to arrive at their destinations by 
dawn. They must also be far enough to the 
rear to be reasonably safe from capture. 
Only two regulating stations were actually 
constr.ucted by us in France. Is-sur-Tille and 
Liffol-le-Grand. as the existing French facili- 
ties were sufficient to meet our requirements 
beyond the reach of those stations. 
As far as the regulating officer was con- 
cerned, supplies were divided into four main 
classes. The first class constituted food. 
forage, and fuel needed and consumed every 
day; the second, uniforms, shoes, blankets. 
and horse shoes, which wear out with reason- 
able regularity; the third, articles of equip- 
merit which require replacement at irregular 
intervals, such as rolling kitchens, rifles, and 
escort wagons; the fourth class covered 
articles the flow of which depended upon 
tactical operations, such as ammunition and 
construction material. Articles in the first 
class were placed on n automatic basis, but 
formal requisition was eliminated as far as 
possible for all classes. 
In order to meet many of the immediate 
needs of troops coming out of the line and to 



OUR WAR EFFORT TOLD IN BRIEF 



THE NEW YORK TIMES CURRENT HISTORI" 

made the designs of their planes avail- 
able to us and before the end of hostili- 
ties furnished us from their own manu- 
facture 3,800 service planes. 
Aviation training schools in the 
United States graduated 8,602 men from 
elementary courses and 4,028 from ad- 
vanced courses. More than 5,000 pilots 
and observers were sent overseas. 
The total personnel of the Air Service, 
officers, students, and enlisted men, in- 
creased from 1,200 at the outbreak of 
the war to nearly 200,000 at its close. 
There were produced in the United 
States to Nov. 30, 1918, more than 8,000 
training planes and more than 16,000 
training engines. 

The De I/aviland-4 observation and 
day bombing plane was the only plane 
the United States put into quantity pro- 
duction. Before the signing of the ar- 
mistice 3,227 had been completed and 
1,885 shipped overseas. The plane was 
successfully used at the front for three 
months. 
The production of the 12-cylinder Lib- 
erty engine was America's chief contri- 
bution to aviation. Before the armistice 
13,574 had been completed, 4,435 shipped 
to the expeditionary forces, and 1,025 
delivered to the Allies. o 
The first fliers in action wearing the 
American uniform were members of the 
Lafayette Escadrille, who were trans- 



THE CONSTITUTION OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA 

ond instance are in session all year; ex- 
ceptions are made by law. 
100. Judgments are pronounced in the name 
of the republic. 
Sessions of court arc oral and public ; Judg- 
ments in criminal cases are declared in 
public; the public may be excluded from 
court sessions only in cases enumerated by 
law. 
In trials of criminal cases the principle of 
accusation applies. 
101. Professional Judges may not hold any 
other paid position, permanent or temporary, 
except as otherwise provided by law. 
102. Iudges in passing upon a legal ques- 
tion may examine the validity of an ordi- 
nance; as to law they may only inquire, 
whether it was properly promulgated (Sec- 
tion 51). 
103. The President of the republic shall 
have power to declare amnesty, grant par- 
dons or commute punishments, restore lost 
civil rights, in particular the right to vote 
for National Assembly and other elected 
bodies, and with the exception of criminal 
proceedings where an individual is com- 
plainant, suspend all criminal prosecution. 
This power of the President of the republic 
does not apply to members of the Govern- 
ment, impeached or condemned in accord- 
ance with Section 79. 
104. Liability of the State and Judges for 
damages caused by illegal execution of of- 
ficial authority is determined by law. 
105. In all cases in which an administrative 
organ in accordance with particular laws 
passes upon claims for compensation the 
party affected may. after exhausting his 
remedies with higher authorities, apply for 
relief to courts. 
Details are regulated by law. 
V. RIGHTS AND PRIVILEGES, 
WELL AS DUTIES OF CITIZENS 
106. Privileges due to sex, birth and calling 
are not recognized. 
All inhabitants of the Czechoslovak 
public enjoy, equally with the citizens of the 
republic, in its territory full and complete 
protection of race or religion. Exceptions 
to this principle are admissible only as far 
as is compatible with international law. 
"I?itles may be conferred only when they 
refer to office or occupation; this does not 
apply to academic degrees. 
107. Personal liberty is guaranteed. De- 
tails are regulated by a law which is a part 
of this Constitution. 
Personal liberty may be restricted or taken 
v.way only in conformity with law; likewise 
public authorities may compel a citizen to 
perform personal acts only in conformity 
vith law. 
108. Every Czechoslovak citizen may settle 
in any laart of the Czechoslovak lepubllc, 
cquire real property there and engage in a 
gainful occupation, within the limits of gen- 
eral legal provisions. 

"lhis right may be restricted only in the 
public Interest by law. 
109. Private ownership may only be re- 
stricted by law. 
Expropriation may be accomplished only 
in compliance with law and compensation 
shall be paid. except where the Law specific- 
ally provides that compensation shall not be 
paid. 
110. The right to emigrate may only be 
limited by law. 
111. Taxes and public burdens may be im- 
posed only in conformity with law. 
Likewise threats and imposition of punish- 
ments shall be made only in conformity with 
law. 
112. The rights of home shall not be 
violated. 
Details are regulated by  law which Is 
 part of this Constitution. 
113. Liberty of press and the right to as- 
semble peacefully and without arms. and to 
form associations is guaranteed. It is there- 
fore illegal as a matter of principle to sub- 
Ject the press to censoring before publication. 
The manner in which the right of assembly 
and association shall be exercised is de- 
termined by laws. 
An association may be dissolved only when 
its activity violates the criminal law or pub- 
lic peace and order. 
The law may impose restrictions upon 
assemblies in places serving public traffic, 
upon the establishment of associations for 
profit and upon the participation of foreign- 
ers in political societies. In the same man- 
ner restrictions may be imposed upon the 
preceding guarantees in time of war or of 
domestic disorders which may menace sub- 
stantially the republican form of govern- 
ment. the Constitution or public pece and 
order. 
114. The right to associate for the protec- 
tion and improvement of conditions of em- 
ployment and economic interests is guaran- 
teed. 
All acts of individuals or associations which 
seem to amount to intentional violation of 
this right are prohibited. 
115. The right of petition is inherent ; legal 
persons and associations may exercise it only 
within their scope of action. 
116. Secrecy of mails is guaranteed. 
Details are regulated by law. 
117. Every person may, within the limits of 
law, express his opinions by word, writing, 
press, picture, &c. 
This applies to legal persons within their 
scope of action. 
The exercise of this right shall not prej- 
udice any one in his relations as employe of 
another. 
118. Scientific investigation and publication 
of its results, as well as art, is untrammeled 
as long as it does not violate criminal law. 
119. Public instruction shall be so conducted 
as not to be in conflict with the results of 
scientific investigation. 
120. Establishment of private schools is 
permitted only within the limits of laws. 



pendx 

PARAD] IN IEVAL. THE CAPITAL O1 ESTHONIA. ON THE IC, OND ANNIVERSA_lctv_ Ol  
THE NATION'S INDEPENDENCE. FEB. 24. 1920 
(Photo Uitcood  Utdertcood) 

The Russo-Esthonian T  :eaty 

Full Text of the First Peace Treaty Made by Soviet 
With One of the New Baltic States 

Russia 

TREATY of peace between Es- 
thonia and Soviet Russia was 
signed at Dorpat on Feb. 2, 1920, 
after negotiations lasting about 
a month. The full text of this document, 
which finally reached this country via 
the Esthonian press, confirms the sum- 
mary printed in CURRENT HISTORY last 
March and shows what concessions the 
Bolshevist Government of Russia was 
willing to grant in order to bring about 
peace with one of its new Baltic neigh- 
bors. 
The treaty apparently has been ef- 
fective for some time, as a London cable- 
gram of Feb. 17 said it had been ratified 
by the Esthonian Assembly, making 
peace immediately effective, the implica- 
tion being that it had already been rati- 
fied in Moscow. A Reval cablegram of 
Feb. 23 told of the arrival of two Bolshe- 
vlst delegations, one of which was to 
administer the provisions of the treaty. 
Late in April the German press reported 
that Russia had already paid over to 
Esthonla the 15,000,000 rubles in gold 

mentioned in the treaty, but these re- 
ports lack confirmation. 
The preamble to the treaty in the 
Esthonian newspapers gives the delegate 
personnel of the peace conference as fol- 
lows: For the Government of the Estho- 
nian democratic republic--Jaan Poska, 
Ants Piip and Mail Puuman, members 
of the Constituent Assembly, and Jaan 
Soots, Major General of the General 
Staff; for the Soviet of People's Com- 
missioners of the Russian Socialist Fed- 
eral Soviet Republic--Adolph Yoffe, 
member of the Central Executive Com- 
mittee of the All Russian Soviets of 
Workers; Peasants' Red Army and Cos- 
sack Deputies, and Isidor Gukovsky, 
member of the Collegium of the People's 
Commissariat of State Control. 
The text of the treaty of peace 
reads: 
ARTICLE l.--e War between the signa- 
tories of this treaty shall cetse from the day" 
this treaty becomes effective. 
ARTICLE ll.--In accord with the avowed 
intention of the Russian Socialist Soviet 
Federal Republic to recogniz th, :-.- --, 



SENATE 

RATIFICATION DEBATE 

Long Struggle of Opposition Mcmbcrs to Alter 
Certain Clauses of the German Peace Treaty 

[PERIOD ENDED AUG. 20, 1919] 

HE President's address, presenting 
the treaty to the Senate, was 
greeted coldly by the Republican 
Senators, who had long shown 
hostility to certain features of the 
treaty, especially to the League of Na- 
tions covenant. On July 14 there be- 
gan in the Senate a debate over the 
ratification of the treaty, opened with 
a three-hour speech by Senator Swan- 
son of Virginia in support of the treaty 
as it stood. Senator Swanson de- 
clared that any modification would mean 
renewed negotiations; that any reserva- 
tions would have the effect of amend- 
ments, and that they could not be bind- 
ing until the other nations had sub- 
scribed to them. In the meantime, he 
pointed out, the United States would be 
in the position of withholding assent to 
the peace terms. 
After Senator Swanson's speech, which 
was regarded as the keynote of the Ad- 
ministration fight for the League cove- 
nant, two RepublicansSenator Fall of 
New Mexico and Senator Kellogg of 
Minnesotaontested his view that the 
treaty should be ratified without reser- 
vations, taking the ground that the Sen- 
ate should make reservations, even if the 
treaty had to go back to Paris for re- 
consideration. 
HOSTILE RESOLUTIONS 
On the same date, in one of the stor- 
miest sessions it had had in recent years, 
the Senate Foreign Relations Committee 
voted to report three resolutions dealing 
with the Peace Treaty. Sharp clashes 
took place between Republican and Dem- 

ocratic members over the propositions, 
which were as follows: 
One offered by Senator Lodge, calling 
upon the State Department for a copy 
of the alleged secret treaty of last Octo- 
ber between Germany and Japan. 
One by Senator Borah, asking the 
President to submit a memorandum al- 
leged to have been filed by Secretary 
Lansing, General Bliss, and lIr. White, 
protesting against the Shantung award. 
One by Senator La Follette, calling 
upon President Wilson to inform the 
Senate whether Nicaragua had been per- 
mitted, with armed forces, to invade 
Costa Rica. 
A fourth resolution, proposed by Sen- 
ator Johnson, calling on the State De- 
partment to supply to the committee a 
stenographic report of all the secret pro- 
ceedings of the Peace Conference, re- 
lating particularly to the League of Na- 
tions, aroused a violent debate, in which 
Senator Hitchcock, the Administration 
spokesman, took sharp issue with the 
object of the resolution as a flagrant 
violation of all diplomatic ethics. This 
resolution, after considerable dispute, 
was not voted upon. ]t was, however, 
adopted at a subsequent session. 
On the following day the resolution of 
Senator Lodge was adopted by the Sen- 
ate after an acrimonious debate, in 
which Senator Lodge called the Shan- 
tung decision "' a price paid." 
CONFERENCES WITH REPUBLICANS 
]t was announced at the Vhite House 
on July 16 that President Wilson would 
begin the following day a series of con- 
ferences with Republican Senators at the 
White House, with a view to laying be- 
fore the opponents of the League of Na- 
tions information conceling provisions 
to which objection had been raised in the 
Senate. Fifteen Republican Senators 



SENATE DEBATE ON THE PEACE TREATY 

The Senate Foreign Relations Commit- 
tee on Oct. 23 adopted four more reserva- 
tions to the treaty, making fourteen in 
all. Included in these four was Reserva- 
tion No. 7, as it is printed herewith, ex- 
cept that commissions, if any, are to be 
chosen by " The Senate" instead of by 
"The Congress." No. 12, as it appears 
above, was also adopted. The following 
new Reservation No. 13, offered by 
Senator Shields, Democrat, of Tennessee, 
was adopted by a vote of 10 to 7, one 
Republican member, Senator McCumber, 
voting No: 
"rhe United States declines to accept any 
interest as trustee, or in her own right, or 
to accept any responsibility, for the 
eminent or disposition of the overseas 
possessions of Germany to which Germany 
renounces her right and titles to the prin- 
cipal allied and associated powers under 
Articles 119 to 127, inclusive. 
In putting the original Reservation 
No. 2 into No. 4, which provides that 
the United States reserves the right to 
determine what questions are within its 

domestic jurisdiction, the committee 
voted to add to the latter reservation 
the phrase: " And the suppression of 
the traffic in women and children, and 
in opium and other dangerous drugs." 
Senator Shields also moved that the 
Chairman be instructed to draw a res- 
ervation covering the "national honor 
and vital interests '" of the United States. 
This is the language of the Root treaties 
of 1908, and was suggested by Senator 
Reed of Missouri, a Democrat, but not a 
member of the committee. This motion 
was passed, 10 to 5, and the wording of 
the reservation was left to Senator 
Lodge, who offered the following on Oct. 
24 as Reservation No. 14: 
The United States reserves to itself ex- 
clusively the right to decide what ques- 
tions affect its honor or its vital interests 
and declares that such questions are not 
under this treaty to be submitted in any 
way either to arbitration or to the con- 
sideration of the Council or the Assembly 
of the League of .Nations or any agency 
thereof, or to the decision or recommenda- 
tion of any other Dower. 

New Zealand's Premier on the Treaty 

HE Prime Minister of New Zealand, 
William F. Massey, who had repre- 
sented his dominion (with Sir Joseph 
Ward) at the Peace Conference in Paris, 
gave an account of his stewardship to a 
large audience at Wanganui, New Zea- 
land, on Sept. 6, 1919. He said the 
Paris Conference was the most important 
the British dominions had ever taken 
part in, and they had been admitted on 
terms of equality with the empire and 
the allied nations. 
When war broke out, Germany held 
two important strategical islands in the 
Pacific. New Zealand now held one-- 
Samoamand Australia the othermRa- 
haul. 
Coming to the question of Nauru Isl- 
and, Mr. Massey explained that it was 

the most important phosphates-bearing 
island in the Pacific. It was in Ger- 
many's hands when war broke out, and 
a company of Germans and British were 
working the deposits. New Zealanders 
had had their eyes on the island for 
many years, and when it was seen that 
Germany was going to lose the island, 
some New Zealanders, of whom Mr. 
Massey was one, thought New Zealand 
should get it. Australian and New Zea- 
land delegates did not agree as to who 
should have the mandate over the island, 
so it was eventually decided, on Mr. 
Massey's proposal, that Great Britain 
should take the mandate. 
So far as the New Hebrides was con- 
cerned, Mr. Massey hoped the Condomin- 
ium would be ended as soon as possible. 



DEFEA T OF RA TIFICA TION 

offered by Senator Thomas, Democrat, of 
Colorado, was defeated by a vote of 48 to 
36, four Democrats--Gore, Reed, Smith 
of Georgia, and Walsh--voting with the 
Republicans. The debate continued on 
Nov. 11 and 12. On the 13th the reser- 
vation precisely as recommended by the 
Foreign Relations Committee was adopt- 
ed by a vote of 46 to 33. On this crucial 
ballot all the Republicans voted aye, 
together with four Democrats, Senators 
Gore, Reed, Smith of Georgia, .nd Walsh 
of Massachusetts. Senator Shields, Demo- 
crat, of Tennessee, was also paired in 
the affirmative. 
INVOKING CLOSURE RULE 
After the reservation had been adopt- 
ed, Senator Lodge, the majority leader, 
offered a petition, signed by thirty Re- 
publican Senators, to invoke the closure 
rule, so as to limit further debate on the 
treaty. Under the rules the petition went 
over until Nov. 15, when it was to be 
voted on without debate. The Senate 
took a recess over Nov. 14 on account of 
the funeral of Senator Martin. 
Senator Lodge's move for closure came 
after a similar attempt made by Senator 
Hitchcock, the minority leader, under 
which debate on the resewations alone 
would have been restricted. This effort 
of Mr. Hitchcock failed, when the Senate 
sustained a ruling by Senator Cummins, 
Republican, of Iowa, who was in the 
chair, that the closure, if invoked, must 
operate as to the entire treaty and not 
the reservations alone. 
Among the reservations offered by 
Senator Hitchcock was one, touching 
upon Article X., to provide that the ad- 
vice which the League of Nations Coun- 
cil might give to members of the League 
respecting the use of their military 
forces might be considered by the mem- 
bers as only advisory and that, for itself, 
the United States reserved the right, 
through Congress, to decide whether to 
accept the advice. The minority reser- 
vation on Article X. was offered by Sena- 
tor Hitchcock as a substitute for the 
committee reservation before the latter 
was finally voted upon. It was defeated 
by a vote of 44 to 52. 
:Nov. 15 was a field day for voting. 

The closure rule was first adopted by a 
vote of 78 to 16, whereby all further de- 
bate on any question regarding the treaty 
was limited to one hour for each Sena- 
tor. The Foreign Relations Committee 
reservations were then offered in quick 
succession, and ten were adopted during 
the day by votes overaging 53 to 40, the 
Republicans voting solidly for each res- 
ervation; various Democrats voted with 
them, as many as thirteen breaking party 
lines in certain cases. 
On Nov. 17 two reservations offered, 
respectively, by Senators Owen and Reed, 
both Democrats, were voted down. One 
of them rejected participation in the dis- 
posal of the German colonies, and the 
other excluded the League of Nations 
from action affecting the "honor and 
vital interests " of the United States. 
THE PRESIDENT'S ATTITUDE 
Senator Hitehcock announced on the 
same day that President Wilson had in- 
formed him that he would "pocket" the 
treaty if the Lodge resolution of ratifica- 
tion, with the majority reservations as 
a part of it, were adopted. Various 
minor reservations offered by different 
Senators were quickly voted down at this 
session, the majority indicating that no 
further resetwations would be adopted. 
During the session of Nov. 18, preceding 
the final vote on the ratifying clauses, a 
number of resewations were offered, but 
each in turn was defeated by a decisive 
majority. 
On Nov. 19 the way was dear for final 
and decisive action on the treaty. The 
Democrats held a conference before the 
Senate assembled, at which the following 
letter from President Wilson to Senator 
Hiteheoek was read: 
lIy Dear Senator: You were good 
enough to bring me word that the Demo- 
cratic Senators supporting the treaty ex- 
pected to hold a conference between the 
final vote on the Lodge resolution of 
ratification and that they would be glad 
to receive a word of counsel from me. 
I should hesitate to offer it in any de- 
tail. but I assume that the Senators only 
desire my judgment upon the all-impor- 
tant question of the final vote on the 
resolution containing the many reserva- 
tions of Senator Lodge. On that I can- 
not hesitate, for, in my opinion, the 
reolutlon In that form doe not lrovtde 



THE NEW YORK TIMES CURRENT HISTORY 

piness that can never end for purposes 
which we do not now care to state or take 
further steps to attain? 
The attainment of these purposes is pro- 
vided for in the Treaty of Versailles by 
terms deemed adequate by the leading 
statesmen and experts of all the great 
peoples who were associated in the war 
against Germany. Do we now not care 

--Dayton Dady News 
" THE MOUNTAIN LABORED AND 
BROUGHT FORTH A MOUSE " 

to Join in the effort to secure them? 
We entered the war mo.t reluctantly. 
Our people were profoundly disinclined to 
take part in a European war, and at last 
did so only because they became con- 
vinced that it could not in truth be re- 
garded as only a European war, but must 
be regarded as a war in which civilization 
itself was involved and human rights of 
every kind as against a belligerent Gov- 
ernment, iIoreover, when we entered the 
war we set forth very definitely the pur- 
poses for which we entered, partly be- 
cavse we did not wish to be considered as 
merely taking part in a European contest. 
This Joint Resolution which I return does 
not seek to accomplish any of these ob- 
jects, but in effect makes a complete sur- 
render of the rights of the Uited States 
so far as the German Government is con- 
cerned. 

A treaty of peace was signed at Ver- 
sailles on the twenty-eighth of June last 
which did seek to accomplish the objects 
which we had declared to be in our minds. 
because all the great Governments and 
leoples which united against Germany 
had adopted our declarations of purpose 
as their own and had in solemn form 
embodied them in communications to the 
German Government preliminary to the 
armistice of Nov. 11, 1918. But the treaty 
as signed at Versailles has been rejected 
by the Senate of the United States. though 
it has been ratified by Germany. By that 
rejection and by its methods we had in 
effect declared that we wish to draw 
alart and pursue objects and interests of 

[AMERICAN CARTOON] 

--leo York World 
" SOMETHING JUST AS GOOD! " 

our own, unhampered by any connections 
of interest or of purpose with other Gov- 
ernments and peoples. 
Notwithstanding the fact that upon our 
entrance into the war we professed to be 
seeking to assist in the maintenance of 
common interests, nothing is said in this 
resolution about the freedom of naviga- 
tion upon the seas, or the reduction of 
armaments, or the vindication of the 
rights of Belgium, or the rectification of 
wrongs done to France, or the release of 
the Christian populations of the Ottoman 
mpire from the intolerable subjugation 
which they hve had for so many genera- 
tions to endure, or the establishment of an 
independent Polish State, or the continued 
maintenance of any kind of understanding 
among the great powers of the world 
which would be calculated to prevent in 



THE NEW YORK TIMES Cutr,'NT HISTORY 

Senator Borah is right in saying that 
the Allies should restore to A_rmenia the 
portions they have allocated to themselves 
by the secret Sykes-Picot pact. Armenia 
helped win the war to make the world 
safe for democracy. It is not democracy. 
however. Great Britain and France want 
to save in Armenia, but the cotton fields 
of Cilicia and the rich wheat lands, the 
mineral wealth, gold, silver, copper, iron, 
load. coal, petroleum, marble, saltpetre, 
quicksilver, sulphur and salt of Harpoot, 
Diarbekr and the other southwestern 
provinces. 
It is these richest provinces--really the 
heart and backbone of Armenia--that the 
Allies are hypocritically representing as 
poor and barren lands. 
If the full rights of Armenia are not 
recognized an American mandate will 
sin, ply mean that American soldiers will 
join the French and their protdgds, the 
Turks. the ]ritish and their protdgs, the 
Kurds. to prevent Armenians from coming 
into their own heritage. 
Let it be known also that the Armenians 
can defend themselves if the Turkish 
soldiery is compelled to evacuate Armenia. 
The recent massacres in Cilicia would not 
have occurred had not the Armenians 
been disarmed by the French. The most 
salient proof of the Armenian national 
valor is that General Antranik at the head 
of his Amenian revolutionary bands 
fought against the Turks and the Turkish 
Government for thirty years and was 
never vanquished; it was the British who 
prevailed upon him to cease fighting after 
the armistice. 
Whatever money America advances for 
the rehabilitation ot an Armenia that in- 
cludes all her territories can and will be 
repaid by the Armenians. The required 
expenditure for such assistance will not 
amount to more than the loss which 
America will otherwise sustain on account 
of future wars that will certainly happen 
if Armenia is left a prey to Turkish perse- 
cution and allied rapacity. 
SENATE REJECTS TIlE MANDATE 
The Senate Foreign Relations Com- 
mittee on May 27, by a vote of 11 to 4, 
voted to reject the President's recom- 
mendation for the mandate and reported 
the following resolution to the Senate: 
Resolved, y the Senate (the House of 
Representatives concurring) that the Con- 
gress hereby respectfully declines to grant 
to the Executive the power to accept a 
mandate over Armenia as requested in 
the message of the President dated Ia 
24. 1920. 
The only opposition to the course 
adopted was voiced by Senator Hitch- 
cock, who d.d not, however, counsel ac- 

ceding to the Presidential recommenda- 
tion. Mr. Hitchcock was opposed to the 
acceptance of an Armenian mandate, but 
he did not wish the committee to adopt 
the resolution which was voted, as he 
thought that it constituted too summary 
a treatment of the President's proposal. 
The resolution was acted on by the 
Senate on May 31. It xvas adopted by a 
vote of 52 to 23. Every effo to modify 
the resolution was defeated by a decisive 
vote. Several Democrats among the 
txventy-three xvho voted in the negative 
were opposed in principle to the mandate, 
but voted against the resolution because 
they objected to its phraseology. 
Senator Lodge, in the debate on the 
resolution, stated: 
I do not desire to have this country give 
the world the impression that it does not 
smpathi-e with the Armenian people. 
They are a gallant people. I think they 
deserve aid. but there are many ways 
to give them aid without involving the 
United States." 
The motion to amend the resolution so 
that the President would be authorized 
to accept the mandate was made by 
Senator Brandegee, Republican, Connec- 
ticut, xvho said he did not expect to vote 
for it, but offered it merely to put the 
Democrats on record on the straight-out 
proposition of acceptance. The twelve 
who voted for the amendment were 
Senators Ashurst, Beckham, King, Mc- 
Kellar, Phelan, Ransdell, Robinson, 
Sheppard, Simmons, Smith of Arizona, 
Smith of South Carolina, and Williams. 
Democratic Leader Underwood was 
among those voting in the negative. 
By a vote of 28 to 46 the Senate re- 
jected a substitute resolution by Senator 
King, Democrat, Utah, authorizing in- 
ternational negotiations with a view to 
"proper protection" of Armenia by the 
great powers. Another substitute by 
Senator Pittman, Democrat, Nevada, 
empowering the President to give "Ad- 
ministrative advice " to Armenia with- 
out emplacement of armed force was 
voted doxxm without a roll call. 
ACTION OF THE HOUSE 
The Committee on Foreign Affairs of 
the House of Representatives by a de- 
cisive vote recommended the adoption of 
the Senate resolution rejecting the Presi- 



GAZe,-TTEER OF THE WORLD WAR 

37,656 Jews, 29,864 Roman Catho- 
lics and 5,644 Protestants. 
Motherland: Slavs 79.8 per cent., 
Turkish 12.8 per cent., Rumanians 
2.2 per cent. In 1905, 72 per cent. 
illiterates. In 1906-07, 20 colleges 
(gymnasia), 1 university in the 
capital (Sofia), and 4,581 primary 
schools, with 415,681 pupils. 
The Bulgars came about 500 A. D. 
from the Volga to the louver 
Danube, conquering the Slav popu- 
lation living there. In 679. they 
founded their own kingdom. They 
gradually amalgamated with the 
conquered people, adopted their lan- 
guage and in 864 also the Greek 
form of Christianity. Prince Simeon 
(893-927) extended his empire 
from the Adriatic to the Black Sea. 
In 1393 began the rule of the 
Turks. The Berlin Congress (1878) 
practically freed Bulgaria from the 
Turkish yoke. Prince Alexander, 
through Russian intrigues, was 
forced to abdicate Sept. 7, 1886. His 
successor, the late Czar Ferdinand, 
started his rule in August, 1887. 
After the assassination of Premier 
Stambuloff (1895) Ferdinand gradu- 
ally reconciled himself with Russia. 
Oct. 9, 1908, Bulgaria was declared 
a kingdem, and Ferdinand assumed 
the title of Czar. 
The Bulgarians are classed as a 
Slavic people because they speak a 
Slavic tongue, but they belong, to a 
great extent, to the Turanian stock. 
Bulgaria entered the war Oct. 14, 
1915; surrendered Sept. 29, 1918. 
CALAIS, a town in France, in the De- 
partment of Pas-de-Calais, situated 
on the Strait of Dover, 21 miles 
E. S. E. of Dover and 20 miles N. E. 
of Boulogne. It is strongly forti- 
fied. By means of sluices the whole 
adjacent country may be laid under 
wter. 
The older sections of the town 
present a Flemish character. It is 
one of the principal ports for the 
debarkation of travelers from Eng- 
land to France. In 1347 Calais was 
taken by Edward III. of England 
after a sieg._e of eleven months, re- 

maining in the hands of the English 
until 1558. It was Spanish from 
1595 to 1598. Off Calais the English 
conquered the Spanish Armada in 
1588. Population (1906) 60,680. 
CAMBRAI (or Cambray), a fortified 
town in France, in the Department 
of the Nord (French Flanders), on 
the River Scheldt, 32 miles S. S. E. 
of Lille. Population (1906) 24,919. 
It is the seat of an Archbishop; 
its cathedral contains a monument 
to Fn61on. It has long been 
famous for its linen---called cambric. 
It was an old Roman colony; in 
the Middle Ages it was part of the 
German Empire. It has belonged to 
France since 1678. Dec. 10, 1508, 
the League of Cambrai was con- 
cluded there between Maximilian I., 
Louis XII. of France and Ferdinand, 
the Catholic Doge of Venice. Occu- 
pied by allied fo.rces Oct. 9, 1918. 
CAMERON (German--Kemerun, mean- 
ing Crab Rive), from 1884 to 1918 
a Gewaan colony of Westext Equa- 
torial Africa, extending northwest- 
ward to Lake Tchad. 
Area--about 190,000 square miles. 
It is generally low near the coast. 
The interior is a series of high pla- 
teaus, 3,000 to 4,000 feet in eleva- 
tion and adapted to cattle raising. 
The soil near the coast is of vol- 
canic origin, and is exceedingly fer- 
tile, producing cocoa, coffee, to- 
bacco palm oil and ketels, ivory 
and india rubber. The rivers of the 
country, owing to the falls and cat- 
aracts, are navigable only for short 
distances. 
The seat of the folner ImpexSal 
Government was at Buea. Popula- 
tion (1910) 2,000,000 to 3,000,000; 
1,284 white people. The natives are 
mostly Sudan negroes, Bantus, 
Kanuri and Haussa. Now a manda- 
tory of the League of Nations. 
CARINTHIA (GermanKaernthen), for- 
mer crownland and titular duchy of 
Austria. It is bounded by the 
duchies of Salzburg, Styria, Carni- 
ola and the counties of Goerz and 
Gradisca. 



GAZETTEER OF THE WORLD WAR ::,'3 

Himalayas on the S. Area, 700,000 
square miles, eight times the size 
of Great Britain. Tibet is the 
loftiest region of such extent on the 
globe; its tablelands vary in height 
from 17,000 to 10,000 feet. The 
population is estimated at 6,000,000. 
The Tibetans are a Mongolic race, 
much more closely allied to the Bur- 
mese than to the ChLmse or Mon- 
gols proper, and are broad-shoul- 
de'ed and muscular. 
TIGRIS, a large river of Asiatic Turkey, 
rises south of Lake Goljik, in the 
mountains of Kurdistan, within a 
few miles of the eastern bend of 
the Euphrates, and flows 1,150 
miles SE., E., and SE. again, till at 
Kurna it joins the Euphrates (q. v.) 
90 miles above its mouth in the Per- 
sian Gulf. It receives the Bitlis, 
Great and Little Zab, and Dyala, all 
from the left. In its upper course 
the Tigris is very swift, and it 
brings down the mud. On its ban  s 
are Diarbekir, Mosul, and Bagdad, 
with the ruins of Nineveh, Seleu- 
cia and Ctesiphon. The river is 
navigable for small steamers to 
Bagdad. 
TILSIT, a town of East Pssla, on the 
left bank of the Memel or Niemen, 
65 miles NE. of KSnisberg by rail. 
Here was signed, on the island in 
the river, the treaty of 1807 between 
Russia and Napoleon.- Pop. 40,000. 
TIRLEMONT, a Belgian town, 30 miles 
ESE. of Brussels. Here the French, 
under Dumouriez, defeated the Aus- 
trians in 1793. Pop. 18,000. 
TOGOLAND. Geznan colony on the 
Gulf of Guinea, West Africa. An- 
nexed by Germany in 1884, 
It is bounded on the south by the 
Atlantic, on the west by the British 
possessions on the Gold Coast; on 
the north ad east by the French 
colonies of Upper Senegal and Da- 
homey. Area: about 33,700 square 
miles; population, about 1,000,000 
negroes and negroids. In 1910 there 
were 372 whites, of whom 340 were 
Germans. 
Climate: hot, humid and un- 
healthy. Flora: oil palms, rubber, 
timber and dvewood trees. Fauna: 
elephants and lions in the interior; 
cattle and sheep, horses and donkeys 
are plentiful. 
It is rich in iron ore. The capi- 
tal, Lome, a German creation, is a 
city of about 5,000 inhabitants and 
the seat of the Governor; it is the 
sea terminus of the railway sys- 
tems, has a few churches, schools 
and hospitals, and several large 
business houses. 

The territory surrendered to An- 
glo-French forces Aug. 25, 1914. It 
was made a mandatary of the 
League of Nations in 1919. 
TOUL, a town in the French Dep. of 
Meurthe-et-Moselle, on the Moselle, 
20 miles W. of Nancy. The Tullum 
Leucorum of the Romans, Toul 
maintained a semi-independence till 
1545; on Sept. 23, 1870, surrendered 
to the Germans after bombardment; 
and since has been strongly fortified 
with a cordon of fos. Pop. about 
10,000o 
:rRANSYLVANIA (i. e., "Beyond the 
Woods" from Hungary. Hungarian: 
Ardeal-forest country; German: Sie- 
benburgen). Bounded by Hungary 
proper on the west and north, by 
Bukowina on the northeast and by 
Rumania on the east and south. 
Area about 21,000 square miles; 
population (1910  2,678,367. The 
country, forming an irregular circle, 
is surrounded on all sides by the 
so-called Transylvanian Mountains, 
the southena continuation of the Car- 
pathians, which, on the east and 
south borders, form a huge natural 
fortress. The highest peak (Negoi) 
is 8,345 feet high. 
The principal rivers are the IIaros, 
Aluta (which pierces the famous 
Roteturm Pass to enter Rumania) 
and the Szamos. Hot Summers al- 
ternate with very cold Winters, but 
the climate is healthy. There are 
numerous mineral springs of all 
kinds. 
22.6 per cent. is arable land, 16.5 
per cent. meadows and gardens, 9.5 
per cent. pastures, 37.3 per cent. 
forests, 13.5 per cent. unproductive 
soil. The principal occupations of 
th inhabitants are agriculture, 
cattle raising and mining. Luxuriant 
vegetation: Maize, wheat, rye, hemp, 
flax, tobacco, &c. Fauna: Bears, 
wolves, foxes, boars, chamois, buf- 
faloes. 
Transylvania has the richest gold 
mines in Europe; 1900 output about 
$1,500,000. Other metals are silver, 
copper, lead and iron. The production 
of coal has been retarded by the 
abundance of timber. 
The population is composed of 
Hungarians, Szeklers (a mixed race 
closely akin to the Hungarians), 
Saxons and Rumanians, which latter 
form the majority of the inhabitants. 
The Saxons are the posterity of the 
German immigrants brought by 
King Geza II (1141-61) from Flan- 
ders and the lower Rhine to repeople 
and cultivate desolated territories. 



THE NEW YORK TIMES CURRENT HISTORY 

of Bruges by rail and 8 miles from 
the French frontier. It once was one 
of the most important manufactur- 
ing tovns in Flanders, with 200,000 
inhabitants in the 14th centuT and 
4,000 looms. Pop. 17,000. Ypres is a 
veT ohl tovn, dating from the 9th 
and 10th centuries. In 1688 it was 
strongly fortified by Louis XIV. 
Scene of terific fighting in the 
World War. 
YSER, a sma!l Belgian coast river 
which, like the hleuse and the 

Schelde, comes from France. After 
passing Nieuport it flows into the 
North Sea. 
ZAMOSC, a fortified town of Russian 
Poland, 154 miles SE. of Warsaw. 
Pop. 16,500. 
ZEEBRUGGE, po2 on the west coast of 
Belgium used by the Germans as a 
submarine base during the war. It 
was the scene of a brilliant Btish 
naval attack April 22, 1918, that in- 
flicted severe damage upon harbor 
and mole. 



D 509 .N4 v.20 
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history 47086286 

current 

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