The Ninevah Court in the Crystal Palace

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AH 3011^.25

Layard. The nlneveh court In the
crystal palace. 185U

AVA 30\^.2,S

HARVARD
COLLEGE
LIBRARY

kr.Cfe

W^"^Wr-

GUIDES AND HAND BOO KS^

Hi-tTSTRiTOT OF THE CQ^TT^KTS Of THE CmhTAL VkLAitr

QENEBAL

AND PArtK,

GFJDE-BOOK TO

Wlttl MtttUtarci-UJJ illLULSll-lltlOtia.

i

1

J

THE PALACE
M.ANBBOOK TO TU:E BGTPTIAK COHKT,
lUKPBOOK TO THE OKEEX COUET, With
HANDBOOK TO THE llOMAJJC COTTET. Willi
KA^TJBOOK TO THE ALHAJVIBMA COUBT.

With JUusstmLioiis, By Owisf Jon^a * , . * ♦

lUXBBOOK TO TIIK NINEVEH COUBT.

Vfiih mn&tmticujq Bj A. H, LiYAjm, M.r, t ♦ • * »

HANDBOOK TO THE BYZANTINE COmT.

With tUcijjtr.iticme. By M, hmar WyjLTTimd J. B, Wimtfo . ,

HANDBOOK TO THE MJBDJJEYAL COUET,

Wltii lUiutiMttloiis. By M. iHaar Wyatt aad J, B. Wjlbwo , ^

HANDBOOK TO THE EENAISSANCE COiniT.

Witli IJluatraLioxia. By M. DtOBV Wir att and J. B, Wjutiwa

HANDBOOK TO THE IT^ULLWf COUET, With

imistnilUiTJ^,- Bj-M, Dmiir WvATT iLOii J, IL WAJtiMO

HANDBOOK TO THE POMFELUf €0UIIT.
H^VNDBOfVK TO THE SCHOOLS OF MODEEK

SCULPTURE, ByMwa Jam£Som ....*,,

AJy APOLOQY FOE THE COLOITRLN'G OK

TIIK GREEK COUBT D? fBUl CBTgTAI* PALACIL By OwitH

JufirUb ,. « # .

HOW TO SEE THE SCTTLPrimE IN THE

CHYaTAB PALACE. By lUipri^M-K M jjffi, (in thi firm}

THE POKTRAIT GALLESY OF THE CEY8-

f XL V SLAVE, licarfcriUd t*y 8iL«rflL PaiLUFB , . , .

UA^'^-^^'"'-^~ ^'' ^11 r ktitnologicjU:. and

THE KXTINOT AISTMALS AND GEOLOOIOiL,

IT r-ir. . rrr>*^g 1/IiSCmBKl*. WHli ritJi *mX t*ni«tag By

TllL

.>rAL

PALACE INDrSTRlAL m.

uvjn^iHt

j5

THE

NINEVEH COURT

•CRYSTAL PALACE LIBRARY

BBADBURT & EVANS, 11, BOUVEKIE STEEET, LONDON.
18M.

THE

NINEVEH COURT

CRYSTAL PALACE.

VE801UBED BT

AUSTEN HENRY LIYARD.

•CRYSTAL PALACE LIBRARY

▲KD

BBADBURY & EVANS, 11, BOUVEBIE STEEET, LONDON.
1854.

■50/^.;^^

1885. Jan. 21,

GHf t of

The Heirs of O. O. Peitoul

HARVARD

UNIVERSITY

LIBRARY

BBASBVBT AMD STANt,

rBIRTBRI TO THB CBTBTAXi FALACB COHPAKT,

WHITirBIABB, ftOHVOn.

CONTENTS.

FAQS

INTKODUOTION 7

THE ASSTBUK OK AEBOW-HXAPED WBITIKQ 36

ASSTEIAN AROHITSOTmElB 39

DESCRIPTION OP THB NINEVEH COURT 62

THE EXTERIOR OR FA9ADE 55

CENTRAL HALL 57

INNER CHAMBER C8

*.i* Somt of the Illu8(r<Uions in this volume have been kindly lent Sy
Mr. John Murray and Mr. Hxrbcrt Ihqram.

NOTICE.

The Nineveh, or Assyrian Court in the Crystal Palace has
been erected from the designs and under the immediate super-
intendence of Mr. Pergusson — a gentleman who has especially
devoted himself to the study of Assyrian architecture, and has
spared no pains to examine and compare every fragment of
architectural ornament and detail, as well as every monument
which might throw light upon the subject, discovered during
the researches of M. Botta and the Author in Assyria, and to
consult all the authorities on the question in this country and
Prance. He has been ably seconded by Mr. Collman, of Curzon
Street, who has applied himself most diligently and successfully
to the investigation of the peculiar mode of colouring and
ornamentation used by the ancient Assyrians, and has, to a
remarkable degree, entered into the spirit of their style of
artistic treatment. The colossal Eulls, at some of the entrances,
and the Bull-capitals and columns from Persepolis, have been
modelled by Mr. Harper from the originals and from carefiil
drawings.

The thanks of the Crystal Palace Company are especially
due to the Prench government, for its liberality in granting
full permission to their agents to take casts from the Assyrian

Ti NOTICE.

sculptures preserved in the Louvre, and to examine the
drawings and plans of discoveries recently made at Khorsabad,
sent to France by M. Place, French consul at M6sul.

The Company are equally indebted to the Trustees of the
British Museum for the casts of numerous Assyrian bas-
reliefs in the national collection.

Before describing the Nineveh Court, it has been thought
advisable to give a slight sketch of the recent researches and
discoveries among the ruins of Nineveh, to serve as an intro-
duction to the examination of the various sculptures and
monuments which it contains.

THE NINEVEH COURT.

INTEODUCTION.

Six hundred years before Christ Nineveh ceased to be a city,
and Assyria an empire. Oyaxares, at the head of a vast army of
Babylonians and Persians captured Nineveh after a short siege,
destroyed its walls and palaces, and left it what it has remained to
thifl day, a heap of ruins. The Assyrians, after the destruction of
tiMrfr capital, became subjects of the King of Babylon, and appear
no more in history as an independent people.

As the great historians of Greece had not been bom before the
AflByxian empire had perished, no trustworthy account of it is to
be found in profane history ; but the Greeks preserved many
iaraditions concerning its power and extent, and traced to it much
of their civilisation and religion, as well as many of their arts.
It is, however, in the Bible that we have the most distinct and
authentic notices of the state of Assyria. The Jews and the
Afl^rrians were kindred people. They spoke nearly the same
langnage, they claimed the same descent, and, as recent discoveries
Bsve shown, there was a considerable resemblance in their political
ConditioB. The dominions, too, of the Kings of Assyria bordered
<m those of the Jewish monarchs, and there was constantly war
between them. Indeed, there is good reason for believing that for
several hundred years the Jews were actually tributaries to the
Assyrians. It was, no doubt, chiefly on account of this intimate
ooimection, that the Jews were so frequently in danger of being
Conrapted by the superstitions and idolatrous worship of their
neighbours, a tendency which drew forth the most emphatic
warnings and denunciations of the prophets. The Kings of
Kinevehy and their successors in the Empire of the East — ^the Kings
of Babylon — ^were also repeatedly declared to bo the instruments

8 THE NINEVEH (X)URT.

by which the Ahnighty would punish the transgressions of the
Jews, who Were ultimately to be led away captive by those
monarchs, and to expiate their sios in miserable bondage. It was
soon after the division of the twelve tribes into the two distinct
monarchies of Judah and Israel, under Kehoboam and Jeroboam,
nearly 1000 years b.c., that the wars between the Assyrians and
Jews appear to have commenced, or, at least, it is then that those
wars are first mentioned in the Bible ; for the Jews, now weakened
by their internal dissensions, offered an easy conquest to their
ambitious and powerful neighbours.

The first Assyrian king, whose name is mentioned in Scripture,
was Pul. He came against Samaria when Menahem reigned over
Israel, and Azariah over Judah (about 770 B.C.), and having exacted
a heavy tribute of 1000 talents of silver from the Israelites,
returned to Assyria (2 Kings, xv. 19). Tiglath-Pileser, who
appears to have been his successor, after having carried away
captive the tribe of KaphthaJi in the reign of Pekah, became the
ally of Ahaz against the Syrians, and received in return from the
'King of Samaria, ^Hhe silver and gold that were foimd in the
House of the Lord and in the treasury in the King's House."
(2 Kings, xvi. 8.) The next Assyrian royal names which occur in
the Bible are Sargon and Shalmaneser (Isaiah xx. and 2 Kings,
xviiL), believed by some to belong to the same king. Shalmaneser
destroyed Samaria, and leading away captive the remainder of the
ten tribes, placed them " in Halah and Habor, by the rivers of
Gozan, and in the cities of the Medes.^' Thus ended the king-
dom of Israel. Sennacherib, the successor of Sargon, made war
upon Hezekiah, King of Judah, took Lachish and many of his
principal cities, and exacted so large a tribute, that the Jewish
monarch was compelled to cut off the gold from the doors and
pillars of the temple. (2 Kings, xviii 16.) At a subsequent
period, however, the Assyrian army was destroyed by a pestilence,
sent by God to punish the pride and arrogance of Sennacherib, who,
on his return to Nineveh, was murdered by his two sons as he was
worshipping in the House of Nisroch, his god. Esarhaddon, his son,
who succeeded him, is the last Assyrian king mentioned in th0
Bible. Under one of his immediate successors Nineveh must have
perished. Jerusalem was destroyed and the Jews carried into
captivity by Nebuchadnezzar, after, the Assyrian Empire had beenK
absorbed into that of Babylon. j^

It is this close intercourse, during several centuries, between thff
Jews and the Assyrians, the signal part which the kings of Nineveb

INTKODUCTION. 9

were destined to perform in the fulfilment of prophecy, and the
ultimate destruction of the kingdom of Israel by Shahnaneser
or Sargon, which render the recent discoveries among the ruins
on the banks of the Tigris of such vast interest and importance,
especially when those discoveries, as we shall shortly show, most
completely corroborate the events recorded in the Bible, and
iUuBiirate to a remarkable extent the connexion between those
two nations both in manners and language.

The Bible describes what recent discoveries fully confirm, the
extent and power of the Assyrian empire, the pride and magnificence
of its kings, its vast armies, composed of footmen-, horsemen, and
ofaariots, and the skill, enterprise, and wealth of its inhabitants.
I^ineveh, we are told in the book of Jonah, was a great city of
no less than three days' journey in extents—meaning probably in
dzonit— -containing more than six-score thousand persons who
oould not discern their right hand firom their left hand, a descrip-
tion which has been variously applied to young children and to
ignorant persons, but which, however applicable, conveys a
striking illustration of the vast population of this mighty capital
The traditions preserved by the Greeks are no less full and precise
as to its riches and splendour ; and the dimensions they assign
to it, correspond with the three days' journey of the Bible, and
with the space actually occupied by its ruins.

These dimensions, far exceeding those of any modem capital,

would seem to be too vast for a city, were it not remembered that it

iuohided gardens and fields, and was made up of several distinct

'walled quarters, distant firom one another and divided by cultivated

lands. The peculiar customs which have at all times prevailed in the

East, especially with regard to polygamy and the seclusion of women,

render a much larger space necessary for a dwelling than in the

West, and more than one family rarely inhabit the same house.

Bach is the case in the modem capitals of Isfahan and Damascus ;

aUhough they occupy as much groimd as London or Paris, they

do not contain a tithe of the population. Ancient writers tell us

that in the event of a siege, Nineveh and Babylon could supply

from the arable land within their walls abundant supplies for their

inliabitants. It is, however, doubtful whether the whole of this

I area was enclosed by one great wall ; it would appear from

remains that each quarter only was so fortified and

poxytected.

) So completely had this great city disappeared, that Xenophon,

i who marched over its site with the ten thousand Greeks, about 250

10 THB NINEVEH COURT.

years after its destruction, does not even record its name, and
merely alludes to a few isolated ruins. The very position of
Nineveh had, in subsequent ages, become a matter of doubt, and
might have remained so but for those discoveries which have
recently brought to light some of its ruins.

This entire disappearance of Nineveh, whilst the other great
capitals of the ancient world had left some visible traces of their
principal monimients, by which their site could be determined, is
chiefly to be attributed to the materials of which it was constructed.
The A8S3nrians did not, like the Egyptians, Greeks, and Bomaofl,
build their palaces and temples either of granite, predous marbleB^
or durable stone, but even their public edifices, as well as their
humblest habitations, were of bricks made of clay mixed with
chopped straw, and merely dried in the sun. Without the
chopped straw the clay would not have been bound together, or have
had sufficient consistency for use ; hence the meaning of the paasage
in the book of Exodus (chap. v. 7.) ^^^^ describes the hardships of
the Jews when the Egyptians refused to supply them with straw to
make their bricks. Other materials, such as marble, alabaster,
stone, and kiln-burnt bricks, generally painted or glazed, were
used by the Assyrians in their principal edifices, but to a com-
paratively limited extent, and only by way of ornament. Henoe^
when the buildings were once deserted, the upper walls and stories
soon fell in and buried the lower. The bricks of clay became earth
again, and the ruins would assume the appearance of mere
natural heaps and mounds rising in the plain, upon which the
grass grew and com might be sown. And such have been the
ruins of Nineveh for more than two thousand years.

On the left, or eastern bank, of the river Tigris, about 250
miles to the north of Baghdad and opposite to the modem town of
Mosul, rise a number of these mounds. Some are of great size,
and upon them the Arabs have built villages and have cultivated
the soiL Others stretch out in long parallel lines, marking the site
of walls and fortifications. The present inhabitants of the countrji
although not the descendants of the ancient, still preserve a fsn
traditions which point to these remains as the ruins of Ninevelt p
Upon one of the most considerable stands a building, which ii ^
supposed to cover the tomb of the Prophet Jonah, who is believed ^
by orientals to have died where he prophesied. Another is called J*
Nimroud, or Nimrod, and an adjoining elevation Asshur, or Atfatit
The late Mr. Bich, the British resident or political agent at Baghdad|.
a gentleman distinguished for his acquirements and his acquaintanes ^

INTRODUCTION. 11

with the languagea and antiquities of tho East, was the first to call
attention to' those very remarkable remaius. During a visit to
M<58ul, in the year 1820, he had an opportunity of carefully
eizamining the mounds opposite that town. He found among the
rubbiBh scattered around them, fragments of marble and bricks
bearing traces of inscriptions in the peculiar character called the
arrow-headed, or cimeiform. He learnt, too, from the Arabs, that
large slabs of marble covered with sculptured figures of men and
ftnimalfl had occasionally boon dug out of the ruins. Mr. Eich
ooBBequently inferred that these heaps of earth must cover the
remains of vast edifices. Many years, however, elapsed before
they were more completely examined, and the nature of their
oomtents ascertained.

M. Botta, French Consul at M6sul, first undertook, in 1842,

regular excavations in the ruins, commencing with a great moimd

oalled KoU3ninjik, rising on the banks of the Tigris, opposite to

the town. He worked for some time without success, until he

was guided by a peasant to the village of Khorsabdd, built upon

one of these artificial elevations about fourteen miles from the

river. Sculptured stones were said to have been found there by

the Arabs when digging the foimdations of their houses. M. Botta

Immediately sunk wells into t)ie mound and soon discovered

aeveral slabs, seven or eight feet high, of a kind of gray alabaster,

or gypsum, carved with hmnan figures in relief. They proved to be

part of the panelling or casing of a wall built of sun-dried bricks.

Others succeeded, and M. Botta ere long found that he was in a

' chamber forming part of an edifice which had been buried at some

remote period. Carefully removing the earth, he at length came

to a doorway leading into a second apartment ; similar discoveries

followed, and, in the space of a few months, a large number of

halls and chambers were completely explored, belonging to a

magnificent edifice whose walls were all panelled with sculptured

[ dabs, and whose entrances and facades were ornamented with

monstrous forms carved partly in full, and partly iti high relief.

^ ^Hiese extraordinary figures, which appeared to guard the inner

. teoeflBes of the palace, were of colossal size, and imited the head

of a man with the body of a bull and tho wings of a bird.

fiimiliLT monsters had been discovered among the ruins of the

^Qelebrated city of Persepolis, the ancient capital of Persia. They

f^'Ware angularly grand and imposing in form, and thus dug as it

TT'Wero out of the bowels of the earth, had a very striking and

^VHikmn appearance. The sculptures on the walls, cut in low relief.

t!

12 THE NINEVEH COUET.

represented various scenes from the public and private life of tihe
Assyrians — ^battles, sieges, banquets, processions, &c., and here
and there colossal figures of priests and deities. There were no
traces of the upper part and roof of the edifice ; as they had been
principally constructed of wood and other perishable materials^
they had entirely disappeared. Only the lower part or basement^
consisting of thick walls of sun-dried bricks, panelled with the slabs
of alabaster, had resisted the ravages of time.

The art displayed in the sculptures, although rude and primitive^
was distinguished by considerable truth of outline and elegance at
detail It has now taken its place amongst other styles of ancient
art, and is easily recognised by its peculiar characteristics, especiallj
in the treatment of the human form, marked by the strong
development of the hmbs and muscles, in the nature of its
ornamentation frequently marked by considerable grace and
beauty, and in the conventional mode of pourtraying natural
objects, such as mountains, trees, rivers, <&c. Traces of colour
were foimd upon nearly all the bas-reliefs, thus showing that
the Assyrians, like other ancient nations, painted their sculptures
and the architectural ornaments of their buildings.

During his researches at Khorsabdd, M. Botta was in constani
communication witii the Author, who, as fsor back as the spring of
1840, had visited the ruins of Nineveh, and had formed the plan
of opening the principal mounds. It was not, however, until 1845,
that he was able to carry out, by the assistance of Lord Stratford
de Kedcliffe, then Sir Stratford Canning, his long-cherished design.
In the autumn of that year he returned to MdsuL The jealousy
which the Turkish authorities and the inhabitants of the counti7
had shown of M. Botta's excavations, — carried on, as they believed,
for the purpose of discovering buried treasures, or for some
mysterious object connected with designs upon the territories of
the Sultan, attributed to Europeans, — rendered it necessary to com-
mence operations with great caution. The mound of Nimroud WM
consequently selected for examination as being the farthest removed
from M(5sul, as well as being the most important and inir,
resting in this part of Assyria. At that time the coimtry arouaij
the ruins had been left a desert, and was only occasionally visit*
by bands of Arab horsemen in search of plunder.

It was on the 8th of November that the Author left Mdsul h
Nimroud, floating down the river Tigris on a raft formed
inflated skins. He was accompanied by an English gentk
man, Mr. Boss. In a few hours he reached the ruins. Ih

INTRODUCTION. 13

periodical ntins not having yet commonced, the vast mound was
gtill an arid, yellow heap, rising in the midst of a great plain
equally devoid of verdure ; no remains of building, not even a
trace of masonry, were visible. The enormous platform, or terrace,
seemed a natural elevation ; and, had it not been for the fragments
of brick and pottery, some inscribed with aiTow-headed characters,
scattered on its surfiEu^, there would have been no signs to lead
to the conjecture that edifices had once stood on its summit.
The mound was nearly a parallelogram, in length about 1800
feet, in breadth 900, and at the north-west angle rose a high cone,
which has been called the ^^ pyramid.^' The river Tigris once watered
its western base, but had long deserted its ancient bed, now
flowing at the distance of nearly a mile and a half from the ruins.

The great Mound of Nimroud.

'Ebe mode of carr3dng on the excavations at Nimroud, and their
resultB having been fully described in a work published by the
Author on his return to this coimtry afber his first expedition to
Aflgyiia,* it will be sufficient to give a very slight sketch of the
natoze of the discoveries made by him in the nuns. The first
goooesBfiil researches were imdertaken in the south-west comer of
tiie mound, where a wall, panelled as at Khorsabdd with inscribed
dabs, was almost immediately uncovered. The edifice to which it
bekmged had evidently been destroyed by fire, its ruins were
bazied in charred wood, and the alabaster was almost reduced to
Inne, Some days elapsed before more perfect remains were dis-
covered. At length an entire slab, sculptured with a winged figure
tin. low relief, was dug out of the north-west comer of the mound,
pad a few days after the colossal human head, which formed the

1 * See ** Nineveh and its Eezoaiii!:," and the Abridgment by the Author.

14

THE NINBYBH OOUET.

fimt great discovery ti^t Nimroud, was tmoovarad. The sudiSeii
appearance of this straage object caused great exdtement amonggt
the Arabs and the inhabitants of Mdsul, who believed it to be the
head of one of their prophets, or of some evil spirit, and led to tiie
texaporary suspension of the excavations, v Not long aflier, howevar.

Discovery of the Colossal Head.

they were renewed under the authority of an imperial firman, and I
have since been carried on without any other interruption ; IImI
Sultan having generously permitted the Author to explore all tinj
ruins in this part of his dominions, and to remove any monume;
that might be discovered to this country.

The human head proved to be part of one of those emblemati^
figures akeady described as having been foimd in the ruins <
Khorsabdd, except that the body was that of a lion instead (
a bulL There were some differences too in the details.

INTEODUCTION.

15

[ cap, that peculiar head-dress always given to sacred figures

> Assyrian monuments, was round instead of square, and
istinction is now

to mark the
b Nineveh remains.
I Nineveh Court in
rystal Palace this
.-like head - dress
e observed in the
forming the door-
1 the west side of
itral hall (the head
one to the right
i cast from that first
ered at Nimroud),
differ in this respect
ihe winged bulls of Human-headed Lion.

pode and principal entrance.

econd human-headed lion was soon after discovered, the two
ig a portal into a grand hall, 154 feet in length, and 33 in
ih, in which were three other entrances similarly ornamented,
oralis of this magnificent apartment had been entirely
ed with alabaster slabs, which, with one or two excep-
were carved with elaborate bas-reliefe, representing battles,
, and hunting scenes, divided into two compartments, an
and a lower, by a band of inscriptions. Unfortunately, one
f this hall had been almost entirely destroyed, and it was
rom the fragments scattered amongst the rubbish that the

> of the sculptures, which once adorned it, could be ascer-
. The opposite waU was still preserved almost entire, although
of the slabs had fallen &om their places upon the pavement.
Y the whole series of these sculptures has been placed in the
li Museum, and casts &om them surround the inner chamber
9 Nineveh Court.

) entrances formed by the winged buUs and lions led into further
jers, from which doorways opened into other parts of the
ng ; one apartment having been discovered, the excavators
nly to follow the walls to penetrate into others. After some
IS* labour five and twenty halls and chambers were explored, all
ed with slabs of alabaster — some sculptured with figures,
I merely inscribed with a short record in the arrow-headed
Tter, containing the name, titles, and principal events of the

16 THB NINBVBH COURT.

reign of the royal founder, repeated on almost every stone used in the
edifice, and now known as ^< the standard inscription of Nimroud.^

The workmen employed by the Author were chiefly Arabs, and
Nestorian Chaldseans. Soon after the excavations had been com-
menced, the tribes which usually inhabit the plain around the rnins
returned to their pastures. By entering into friendly relatioiu
with the chie&, and humouring the peculiar prejudices and
customs of their followers, an effective body of Arabs was bo<hi
collected together. They usually brought tiieir black tents, with
their wives and children to the mound itself, and there encamped
whilst the excavations were in progress. They were chiefly
employed in removing the earth from the ruins in baskets, no
other mode of proceeding being known in the country. The more
arduous labour of digging away the rubbish, which on account of its
hardness and consistency, could only be effected with iron picks,
was assigned to the I^estoiian Ch^dseans of the mountains, a hardy
and industrious race of Christians, with whom the Aui^or had
opened communications, and who came down from their villages to
earn a scanty subsisteniDe after they had been plundered of all their
property by the Kurds.

The sculptured and inscribed walls, forming the lower part of tbe
ancient edifices, were buried beneath a vast heap of mbbishi
the remains of the upper stories and roofs, and of fine soil whiolii
had been for ages accumulating above the ruins. In some placei
this mass of earth rose fifteen or twenty feet above the Mt/L
The surface of the platform or mound was nearly flat. Upon it tti
Arabs, and probably those who inhabited the country beibi
them, had sown com for centuries, little thinking that their tfkk
ploughs were passing over the sculptured halls of palaces, onoe Hi
marvel of the Eastern world. Even tombs which must have held tlMff
dead before the birth of Christ, and some which contained vaatiB aa^
ornaments of Greek and Roman origin, were found above the AjMynaii
edifices. Had the ruins been completely explored, an inmieiiit|
quantity of earth must have been removed. In order, therefore,
save labour and much needless expense, the sides only of
chambers, ornamented with the panelling of sculptured or inscril
slabs, were uncovered, the centre being left imexamined and
with rubbish. Thus the excavations had the appearance
number of narrow galleries, open to the sky above, formed <
side by bas-reliefs and inscribed slabs, and on the other
wall of earth mingled with bricks, decayed wood, and
When the palace had been thus partially explored, a 8el<

INTRODUCTION.

17

was made of the most interesting and best preserved sculptures
to be sent to England for the British Museum, and the smaller
lion and buU now in the national collection, with the slabs
of which casts have been placed in the Nineveh Court, were taken
from the ruins. From the size and weight of these objects, and
the entire absence of any mechanical contrivances in the country,
oonsiderable difficulty was experienced in moving them. A rude
cart was at length constructed, and, with the assistance of a large
numt)er of Arabs, the two principal sculptures, the bull and lion,
were lowered from their erect position at the entrances which they

Rafts upou tbo Tigiis.

guarded, and were dragged to the water's edge. They were then
^placed upon rafts made of inflated skins bound together, and

18 THE NINEVEH COUET.

floored with beams and planks of wood. Upon these primiiiw
vessels they floated down the river Tigris to Busrah (BalsQira)^
where they were shipped for England. *

On the Author's return to Assyria in 1849, further exoaratiaii
were undertaken in the north-west comer of the Kimroud mooni
Many new chambers were discovered belonging to the palaoi
already partly explored, but their walls wore not panelled witt
BGulptured slabs, being simply plastered and painted with yarioai
ornamental designs and groups of figures. In one of theae apirt-
ments, which appears to have been the royal treasury or store-houM^
was found an interesting collection of bronzes and otiier objects, con-
sisting of plates, bowls and cups, elaborately embossed and engraved
with a variety of elegant patterns, and with figures of men and
animals ; of many large copper cauldrons ; of arms, such as arrowB,
swords, spear-heads and shields ; of the remains of a throne
made of ivory and precious wood, encased with plates of copper
embossed with various figures and designs, corresponding exactij
with the representation of the royal seat in the bas-reliefis, and
Upon which Shalmaneser or Sennadierib himself may have sat ; of
several elephant's tusks of considerable size ; of parts of altars and
trixx>ds in bronze ; of glass bowls, and of a varie^ of ornaments in
ivory, mother of pearl, glass, enamel and copper. These, with
one beautiful glass vase, and two of alabaster, bearing the name and
title of Sargon, the Assyrian king mentioned by the Prophei
Isaiah ; the remains of helmets and anuour ; tablets of ivory and
figures in the mme material, most deHoately «ad elaborately carvadl,
and enamelled loioikt of many ookran and tei0i% were
the mioet remaxkable alijeots discorered in fiie nosth-wert
during the ezoa^nAlouk They axe now mostly in tlie BdtiA
MusemL

In addition fa Ikni palace it was fotmd iliat two small templei
occupied the nartheni extremity of the platform of Nimroudi
built by the same king, and fanning, as it were, part of the sanM
edifice. The most remarkable was one adjoining the base of thfl
conical moiuid or pyramid — apparently dedicated to the Assyrian
Hercules. Its principal gateway was guarded by a pair of gigantio
human-headed lions. An adjoining entrance was formed by Bcnlp^
tured slabs, some of which are now in the British Museum, repre-
senting the Deity — ^to whom probably the temple was dedicated

* The process of lowermg and raising theae coloBsal figures has been fa]]|
described in the work publi^ed by the Author.

20 THE NINEVEH COURT.

—driving out with a thunderbolt the EvH Spirit, pouriirayed ^
monsixous head and extended jaws, the body of a lion, the tal
an eagle, and the wings and tail of a bird. Adjoining

sculptures was the figure
man, with the head and
of a fish forming a kii
head-dress and upper gai
This sLQgular image Ls be
to represent the god Daj
the Philistines, frequently
tioned in the Bible, and
whose altar the people of
were " gathered together
offer a great sacrifice a
rejoice," when Samson "
himself with all his n
against the pillars and
the lords and the people b
the ruins of the temple {i
xvi. 23). It was this ido
which fell upon its face
ground before the ark <
Lord at Ashdod, when th
and both pabns of the
were cut off, and only tl
part (according to the r
in the margin) was left (]
V. 4). At ihis same ex
was also discovered a fine
of yellowish limestone w:
figure of the royal foun«
the north-west palace ii
relief, and inscribed on tl
before it stood a tripod oi
Both are now

Dagon, or the Fish God.

sides with arrow-headed writing ;
showing that the king had been deified.
British Museum.

In this temple were found several enormous slabs of ala
covered on both sides with cuneiform writing, each fonui
entire pavement of one room. The largest was no less tl
feet by 16i feet, and upon it were inscribed in 325 lin<
annals of a king who lived nearly *a thousand years before <
These records, which contain the most curious historic!

INTRODUCTION.

21

geographical details, and throw a new light upon the political
condition and manners of the ancient Assyrians, have been trans-
lated by Dr. Hincks, and will, it is hoped, be shortly published. *

The second temple, opposite to that just described, and stand-
ing on the northern edge of the mound, was chiefly remarkable
for an entrance formed by a pair of colossal lions, sculptured with
singular spirit and boldness. One of them is now in the British
Museum.

Excavations in the high conical mound led to the discovery
that it was the remains of an enormous square tower, which must

Pyramidal Mound, Nimroud.

have been at least 200 feet high, and probably much more. It was
bnilt of sun-dried bricks, faced to the height of twenty feet with

• For a notice of the contents of these inscriptions see * * Nineveh and Babylon,"
!>. 852.

98

THE NINSYEH OOUET.

solid uutsonfy of stone, and above with burnt bricks. Ii
intmor wa» found a narrow Taulted gallery, 100 feet Ion
higli, and 6 broad. It was empty, having probably been b:
into and plundered at some remote period. It appears to
b^en a plaee of royal sepulture, and there are grounds for beli
tbat the building covered by this mound is the tomb of Sardana]
so frequently alluded to by ancient writers, as existing in thei
at Nineveh.

Whilst these discoveries were being made in the north
palaee, excavations were at the same time carried on in
parts of the great mound of Nimroud. In its centre were 1
the remains of a second edifice, which has been called the " <
palace," and which appears to have been foimded by one king
completed or added to by a second. It had suffered far
than the north-west palace ; few of the walls were still stjxii

The Obdlisk in Black Marblo.

and the greater part of the baa-reliefs were heaped togi
as if ready to be moved to some other building. Remaii
human-headed bulls and lions still stood at the entrances,

INTEODUCTION. 23

i them were inscriptionB of the highest interest ; but the most
irkaMe discovery in these ruins was that of the black obelisk
in the British Museum. This very important monimient is
stored with twenty bas-relie& representing the king of Assyria
iring the tribute of several conquered nations, consisting of
)UB wild animals, vases of precious metal, rare woods,
other costly objects, and is inscribed with 210 lines of arrow-
led writing, being the royal annals for thirty-one years.
>ngBt the names of the monarchs who acknowledged the supre*
f of the king of Assyria, are those of Jehu, king of Samaria, and
ftel, whom EHjah anointed king of Syria, which gives to this
oment the utmost value, and enables us to fix its date at
it 886 B.O. The whole inscription was first translated and
iflhed by OoL Bawlinson — ^the name of Jehu was discovered by
Hincks. This king is called '^ the son of Omri," of whom, how-
, the Bible tells us he was only the successor — " son of" being
lently used in this sense in eastern phraseology. * Samaria is,

oalied " the house of Omri," by whom we know the city to
I been founded ; another common mode of eastern designation,
be next important discovery at Nimroud was that of the south-

pdLaoe, which had been ornamented with sculptures evidently
a from several other buildings ; some from the north-west
se, and others from the centre. The himian-headed bulls and lions
dver, which stood at the entrances, bore the name of Esar-
lon, the son of Sennacherib, who appears to have founded the
oe. Several inscriptions of great interest and value have been
d ainongfBt these ruins, but imfortunately few of them are
B ; the inscribed and sculptured slabs having been sawn or
Hated to fit them into the walls. They contain the records of
and Tiglath-Pileser, the Assyrian kings mentioned in the Bible,
in one of them Dr. HiQcks first detected, amongst the names
'hsx tributary monarchs, that of Menahem, king of Israel

fourth palace was discovered in the south-east comer of the
nd, but no sculptured or inscribed slabs appear to have adorned
mllB, which were simply panelled to the height of about four feet
. common stone, and plastered and painted above. The king

founded this building, and whose name is inscribed upon
C8 from its ruins, was the grandson of Esarhaddon, and
ttrs to have been nearly the last, or perhaps the last king of
Tiai I But an obelisk or detached monument, with a bas-relief of

nnu m the Bible Jehu is called both ** the son of Nimshi," and ** the son
hoshaphat the son of Nimshi."

U THK NINEVEH COURT.

an earlier ABsyrian king, and a very long inscription containing his
annals, has recently been found by Mr. Kassam in tliis edifice.

During the latter part of the Author's first residence at Nineyeii,
the remaiEis of a palace had been discovered in the great moiind
of Kouyunjik, opposite M<5sul. The ruins were buried beneath
an immense accuiiiiQation of earth and rubbish, and were only
reached by trenches, in some instances, more than thirty feet
deep. Whilst the principal edifices at Nimroud, except the south-
west palace, were uninjured by fire ; that at Kouyunjik had
been evidently exposed, like Khorsabdd, to a terrible confli^ration.
The alabaster slabs were reduced to lime, and in many places
had entirely disappeared. The chambers were filled with chazcoal,
and other imdoubted evidence of the great fire which must
have destroyed the building. It was not, however, untfl ^
Author's return to Assyria in 1849, that these ruins were fully
explored. They were found to be those of a magnificent palace
built by Sennacherib,' the son of Sargon, the king who made war
against Hezekiah. Each apartment was panelled with sculptured
slabs, representing a distinct subject, so that each chamber was a
separate historical record. In one were poiuirayed the wars of the
king in a moimtainous region, in another a campaign in a plain
wooded with palm trees, in a third an expedition against a "pwpk
inhabiting vast marshes, and in a fourth the siege of cities stand-
ing on a great river.

But amongst the most remarkable of the bas-reliefs were twp
series representing the various processes employed by the Assyriaai
in moving the colossal figures forming the entrances to their
palaces, and in raising the great moimds upon which the royal
edifices were bidlt. We have first the stone in the rough brou^
down the river Tigris on a boat towed by several hundred meiir—
next, the slab having been landed and carved into a humaB*
headed boiU, is moved on a kind of sledge to the foot of tki
moimd ; and lastly, the colossus is dragged by gangs of woxknMi
to the summit of the platform prepared to receive it. We shaB
again allude to these series of sculptures when we describe 4lf I
architecture of the Assyrian palaces. The entrances at Koayu^pi^ I
as in the edifices previously described, were formed by hniiMil*]
headed bulls and lions, and by colossal winged figures of
gods. Amongst the latter the eagle-headed deity, Dagon or i
fish god, a lion-headed man, and various other monstrous i
continually occurred.

The bas-reliefs in Sennacherib's palace difiered somewhat 1

INTEODUCTION. 26

t) hitherto discovered. They were firom eight to nine feet high,
were mostly covered from top to bottom with very small figures,
minute, though rude, representations of the natural features of
country in which the events recorded took place. No descrip-

inscriptions, except occasionally a few words with the name
lie city or king pourtrayed, accompanied these sculptures. The
iJb of the royal founder were, however, engraved at great length
a the nimierous colossal man-bulls which formed the entrances

£Gb9ade8 of the building. Several chambers appear to have
uuned the public archives or records, and amongst the earth and
)i8h with which they were filled was discovered an immense
iber of tablets of baked clay of various sizes, covered with
riptions in the most minute arrow-headed characters. With
a was also found a large cpllection of pieces of day impressed
i seals once appended to documents — ^probably rolls of leather
trf papyrus — ^the marks of the string being still visible.
yngfst these lumps of clay were two of great importance. Upon
L was the impression of two seals ; one that of a king of Assyria,
other that of a king of Egypt. The name of the Egyptian
Aich in hieroglyphics is recognised by Egyptian scholars as that
abaco IL, the Ethiopian, of the twenty-fifth dynasty, believed
e identicsd with So, who received ambassadors from Hoshea,
I of Israel (2 Kings xvii. 4), and was the immediate prede-
cxr of Tirhakah, who came against Sennacherib. These
r were probably appended to a treaty between the kings
ksayiia and E^rpt, and the fact of the Egyptian seal being

of a monarch who reigned at the very time at which the palace
louyunjik, long before this discovery, was conjectured to have
L built, is fi. most remarkable corroborative proof of the correct-

of the interpretation of the cimeiform inscriptions.
he palace of Sennacherib at Kouyunjik is the most vast and mag-
ent buildiog hitherto discovered on tiie site of Nineveh. Although

partly explored during the Author's residence in Assyria, some

may be formed of its great extent and of the richness and
sty of its decorations, when it is mentioned, that " no less
, seventy-one halls, chambers, and passages were explored, whose
ly almost without an exception, were panelled with slabs of
pinred alabaster, recording the wars, the triumphs, and other
b deeds of the Assyrian king ; that by a rough calculation
tt 9880 feet, or nearly two miles of bas-reliefs, with twenty- ■
a portals formed by colossal winged bulls and lion-sphinxes,
» uncovered," and that the area of the ruins excavated was 720

INTEODUOTION. 27

and nomeroxiB inscriptiona, haye been fomid among the rains of the
oentre palace ; at Kouyunjik two or three obelisks, an entire statue,
and a huge number of inscribed tablets have been added to the
ooUeGiion of detached objects. But the most important discovery in
that great mound consists of many new halls and chambers panelled
with bas-relie&, in fw: better preservation than anjrthing yet foimd.
Whether these apartments belong to a second palace, or whether
they form part of that founded by Sennacherib, does not yet appear
to be detennined. They were built during the reign of the grandson
of that monarch, who, we know, added to the great edifice raised
by his grandfather ; six slabs, now in the British Museiun, of the
■HDie period having been brought from that building.

The newly discovered bas-reliefs are described as remarkable for
the Bpsiit of the design, and the exceeding minuteness of the details.
I3iey probably resemble, in this respect, the bas-reHofs above alluded
to oi the same king now in the national collection, and are of the
same style of art. Although at this period the Assyrian sculptor
BODghi to pourtray with greater exactness and in fuller detail
than had before been attempted, the scenes which he endeavoured to
l e pg O B o nti yet in a true feeling for art the monuments of this epoch
undoubtedly show a very marked dechne. The bas-reliefs from
KhorsabAd and Kouyunjik bear the same relation to the sculptures of
the north-west palace of Nimroud, as the later monuments of
Sjgypi do to the earlier. It is at Ninu'oud alone we find that
gtwidenr and severity of style displayed in the colossal lion now in
ilia Britiah Museimi, and that variety and elegance in the details
ao remarkable in the sculptures of which casts are placed in the
oaninl hall of the Nineveh Court, which were evidently the
origin of some of the ornaments of classic Greece. Any one
anqtmiirted with the various characteristics of Assyrian art will, at
» detect the period of a bas-reHef by its style, and although the
I employed by Sennacherib and his successors aimed at greater
i ttnd exactness they never reached the simple grandeur of the
' monuments.

the most interesting bas-reliefs discovered by Mr.

L in the new chambers at Kouyunjik is one series representing

king himting lions in a royal park, or paradise ; another a

against the Arabs, who are mounted on dromedaries ;

I a third, a palace with all its architectural details, and a bridge

I pointed arches. The most important of these scidptures have

seoored for the British -Museiun, and will, it is hoped, be

■ly placed in the national collection.

28 THE NINEVEH COURT.

Careful transcripts and casts in paper of the inscrij^tions discovered
at Nimroud and Kouynnjik, with a large collection of inscribed
terra-cbtta cylinders and tablets were brought to this country. The
examination to which they have been subjected has produced
resiQts which could have been scarcely expected, and the importance
and interest of which it would be impossible to exaggerate. As fsa
back as 1849, Dr. Hincks had read the name of Sennacherib as thai
of the king who founded the great palace at Kouyunjik, and had
consequently identified the names of his father and his son witl:
Sargou and Esarhaddon. Col. Rawlinson, in August, 1851,
announced that he had further discovered in an inscription frort
those ruins, the name of Hezekiah, King of Judah, and a distind
record of the expedition of Sennacherib against Jerusalem, mentioneG
in the'^ Books of Kings and Chronicles. Through the assistance d
Dr. Hincks and of Col. Kawlinson's translations, the Author ma
shortly after able to publish the substance of this most importaol
inscription, part of which we will here transcribe. These roya
records or chronicles, like most of those hitherto discovered ii
Assyria, are divided into annals, the events of each year beinj
classed together. In the first year of his reign, the inscriptioi
declares, Sennacherib turned his arms against the nations irht
inhabited the country to the south of Assyria, and whose kinj
was Merodach Baladan, a name familar to us as that of thf
Babylonish monarch to whose ambassadors Hezekiah in his pridi
showed ^^ the house of his precious things, the silver and the gold,
and the spices and the precious ointment, and all the house of Idi
armom*, and all that was found in his treasures " (Isaiah xxzix.).
Having subdued this king, Sennacherib made war upon seven]
tribes who appear to have dwelt in the mountains to the north o^
Nineveh, the modem Armenia and Kurdistan. It was not until iiie
third year of his reign that he crossed the Euphrates, and entend
Syria, whose inhabitants are called by their well-known Bihiiflil
name of Hittites. And now comes the really important portiam d
his annals. He soon discomfited the King of Tyre and Sidon, vli
is called Luliya, and who is mentioned by Josephus as Ehdfla%
undoubtedly a Greek form of the same name. Other kings of Hi
sea-coast, except the King of Ascalon submitted at once to A
Assyrians. This king was, however, at length defeated, and
prisoner to Nineveh. A passage of great importance which
occurs is unfortunately so much injured that it has not yet M
satisfactorily restored. It appears to state that the chief pM
and people of Ekron had dethroned their king Padiya, who

INTRODUCTION. 29

lependeut upon Assjrria, and had delivered him up to Hezekiah,
King of Judah. The king of Egypt sent an army, the main part
of which is said to have heloiiged to the king of Ethiopia {a&
Btated in the Bible), to Judaja, probably to help his Jewish
allies. Sennacherib joined battle with the Egyptians, and totally
defeated them near a city the name of which has not yet been
decyphered, captming the charioteers of the kiag of -Ethiopia, and
placing them in confinement. This battle between the armies of
the Assyrians and Egyptians appears to be hinted at in Isaiah
(xzxviL) and 2 Kings (xix. 9). Padiya having been brought back
£rom Jerusalem, was replaced by Sennacherib on his throne.
*' Hezekiah, King of Judah," says the Assyrian king, the very
words of whose record we now quote, " who had not submitted to
my authority, forty-six of his principal cities and fortresses, and
villages depending upon them of which I took no account, I
captured and carried away their spoil. I shut up himself within
Jerusalem, his capital city. The fortified towns and the rest of his
towns which I spoiled, I severed from his country, and gave to the
kings of Ascalon, Ekron, and Gaza, so as to make his country
weak. In addition to the former tribute imposed upon these
coxmtries, I added a tribute, the natiu-e of which I fixed." The
next passage is somewhat defaced, but tiie substance of it appears
to be, that Sennacherib took from Hezekiah the treasure he had
oollected in Jerusalem, 30 talents of gold and 800 talents of silver,
the treasures of his palace, besides his sons and his daughters and
his male and female servants, or slaves, and brought them all to
Nineveh. The city itself, however, he does not pretend to have
taken.*

In the eighteenth chapter of the Second Book of Bangs we have
an account of this campaign of Sennacherib, agreeing with singular
precision with the Assyrian records — ''Now, in the fourteenth
year of King Hezekiah, did Sennacherib, King of Assyria, come
up against aU the fenced cities of Judah and took them. And
Hezekiah, King of Judah, sent to the King of Assyria to Lachish,
saying, I have offended ; retimi from me : that which thou
puttest upon me will I bear. And the King of Assyria appointed
unto Hezekiah, King of Judah, three hundred talents of silver,
and ifwrty talents of gold, and Hezekiah gave him aU the silver
that was foiuid in the house of the Lord and in the treasures of
the King's house."

J^ See "Nineveh and Babylon," p H3.

gO THE NINEVEH COURT.

It will be perceived that the amount of tribute in gold paid
by Hezekiah, thirty talents, agrees in both records. It is possible
that the difference in the silva: may be accotlnted for by supposing
that Hezekiah added the silver ornaments of the temple and royal
treasury to the number of talents assigned to him, and that iii the
Assyrian records we have a statement of the gross amount.

It would ai^ear from the Biblical accoimt of the wars between
IBennacherib and Hezekiah, that the Assyrian king imdeitook two
distinct expeditions against the Jews ; in the first he was successfti],
in the second his army was destroyed by the plague. Sennacherib

Sennacherib on his Throne before Lachish.

reigned, according to his annals, many years after these <
and we are not told by the Bible that he was slain i

INTEODUCTION. 81

Fter his retmn to Nineyeh. The expression is general, and merely
flBnnB that he was afterwards murdered by his sons. It cannot
le expected that Sennacherib should have related his own defeat
u bis public records.

XSach warlike expedition undertaken by Sennacherib was probably
x>nmiemorated by bas-reliefs on the walls of his palace, each
!3iainber, as we have already observed, being devoted to one event.
We have little difficulty in recognising the representations of his
eampaigiis against the people of ChaldBsa and Babylonia, inhabiting
ft eofontry watered by the Tigris and Euphrates, abounding in vast
marshes formed by the overflowing of those great rivers, and
wooded with x)alm trees. The mountainous regions, with their
castles and hill forts, and their forests, are no less distinctly
pourtrayed. In some instances, a few lines of cuneiform inscrip-
tion accompany these representations, and cr^ntaiii the names of
the captured cities and of their chiefs. It might be expected,
therefore, that a sculptured record should be found of the war
"With the Jews ; and in a bas-relief representing the siege of a great
city, built amongst wooded hills and surrouiide^l by fig-trees,
pomegranates, and vines, we find the king himself seated upon his
lirone, receiving the captives and spoil taken in battle : above his
liead is an inscription in four lines, which reads, " Sennacherib,
the mighty king, king of the country of Assyria, sitting on the
tJirone of judgment, before the dty of Lachish. I give permission
for its slaughter."

Here, then, we have an actual representation of an event
recorded in the Bible, for it was during the siego of Lachish,
which afterwards siurendered, that Sennacherib " Kont Tartan, and
Eabsaris, and Rab-shakeh with a great host against Jerusalem,"
(2 Kings xviiL 17). The captives brought before the king, and
the warriors defendiog the walls of the bcvsieged city, as pourtrayed
fai the sculptures, are consequently the Jews themselves. The
wooded hills, vineyards, and orchards represent the hilly country
of Judah, in one of the vallies of wMch Lachish appears to
have been situated. This most interesting series of bas-reliefis,
although much injured by fire, will shortly arrive in this country
and wiU be placed among the other Assyrian remains in the
British Museum.

It has frequently been remarked, that there is a complete
absence <^ either cotemporary evidence or of subsequent records
to corroborate the historical parts of the Bible, and that it is
scarcely poasible that such great wars and campaigns, as are

82 THB NINEVEH COURT.

described in the Books of Kings and Chronicles could havej
occurred without some notice having been taken of them Igj
ancient writers. Such an objection, of whatever value it migbl
have been, is now completely removed by the discoveries we hay*
described ; the testimony of those who actually took a part in the
events described in Holy Writ, who had no interest whatever in
distorting them, and who recorded them almost within a few days
of the time when they occurred, can now be produced to confiim
the truth and accuracy of the Biblical relation. The simple and
unexaggerated tone in which the Assyrian records are written,
so diflfereut from that generally adopted by Eastern nations, and
the great minuteness of the details, to the very number of the
captives, cattle, and various objects of spoil taken during the several
campaigns, give a singular truthfulness to the narrative.

But these are not the only discoveries illustrative of sacred and
profane history, and of the manners and condition of the ancient
Assyrians which have been made since the inscriptions have beea
examined in England. The names of more than thirty Assyrian
and Babylonian kings have been recovered ; the earliest probaibly
reigned nearly 2200 years before Christ, and the last at the
time of the fall of Nineveh. Of some of these kings we have tho
fullest annals. Amongst the earliest and most complete hitherto
discovered are those of Tiglath-Pileser I., who must have lived
between eleven and twelve hundred years before Christ. Cylinden
of terra-cotta, one inscribed with no less them eight hundred lines
of cuneiform writing containing the records of this monaxch,
have been dug up at Kalah Sherghat, a great Assyrian ruin on the
Tigris, some miles to the south of Nimroud. Amongst other events
which occurred during his reign, they commemorate the restora-
tion of a temple which had been pulled down some sixty years
before, and six hundred and forfcy-one years after its original
foundation, thus carrying back the Assyrian monarchy to nearly
1850 years before Christ, and proving that, even at liiat remote
date, the Assyrians possessed an accurate system of chronology.
The records of the foimder of the north-west palace, perhaps the
most powerful and warlike of the Assyrian monarclw, have been
recently translated by Dr. Hincks, and are next in importance for
their antiquity as well as the most remarkable for their complete-
ness. They contain very curious geographical details of the
countries conquered by this monarch, including the names of
tribes, cities, mountains and rivers, with the amount of captives
and plimder carried away from each people ; giving us an accurate

INTBODUCTION. 33

re of the political conditioii, and of the mode of warfare of
Assyrians a thousand years before Christ, and affording a
)er of highly interesting illustrations of the customs of
Fews. The records of his, son arc scarcely less full and inte-
Lg. They contain, as has been already observed, the names
>hu, King of Israel, and Hazael, King of Syria. The annals
king who was second or third in succession to the builder of
entre palace at Nimroud have been recently discovered, and a
Lation of a portion of them has been sent to this country by
Rawlinson. The next monarch of whom we have any de-
l records is one whose name according to Colonel Rawlinson

Phal-lukha, supposed to be the Pul of Scripture and
Selochus of profane history. Col. Rawlinson has recently
i that on a statue of the god Nebo, discovered in the ruins
.e south-east palace at Nimroud, he has found an inscription
iniog the name of the wife and queen of this monarch, who
no other than the celebrated Semiramis of the Greeks, the
>8ed conqueror of Asia, and the greatest heroine of ancient
cy. Of Tiglath-Pileser II., his successor, the Assyrian king
ioned in the Bible, and who. Col. Rawlinson conjectiures,
the founder of a new dynasty, we have also important
deles ; in them we find mention of Menahem, King of Israel.
ruins of KhorsabM furnish us with the most complete annals of
)ii, the inscriptions having been published by the French
mment. We have akeady fully noticed the annals of Senna-
b from Kouyunjik. In addition to inscriptions on the walls of
lalace, we have several historical cylinders and terra-cotta tablets
e time of this king. Dr. Hincks has prepared a translation of all
important records, which will, it is hoped, be soon published.

same learned scholar has recently announced that on the
otent of a cylinder containing the annals of Esarhaddon, he
detected the names of Manasseh, King of Judah, and of the
; of Edom, Gaza, Ascalon, Ekron, Gubal, and Ashdod.

the inscriptions belonging to the son of Esarhaddon, we
amongst other impoi-tant events of his reign, an account of a
Miigii against the people of Susiana, or Elam, and a represen-
a of the celebrated capital of that country, the Shushan of
porophet Daniel, is supposed to exist in one of the bas-reliefs
in the British Museum.

would exceed om: limits to describe the many other important
veries in chronology, philology, and ancient geography which
tnacriptions hitherto brought from Nineveh have furnished,

81 THE NINBVBH COURT.

or to point out the yariouB way8 in vliicli the AaBTrian monumflatli
illustrate and corroborate the Biblical records. TheAuthor has afaredl|f
publiflhed a list of fiffcy-siz names of kings, countries, and d^ j
mentioned in the Old Testament, which occur in the Assyiui I
in8Grii)tions,* and, since the publication of his work, many othen :
have been added. The greater part of the enormous mass of mate-
rials deposited in the British Museum yet remains to be examiofid.
It is impossible to foretell what these inscriptions may yield to the
patient investigation of scholars, but it may confidently be predicted
that, should the present researches amongst the ruins of NiDcrel
be continued on the scale that their importance demands, in a TOJ
few years a complete history of Assyria, of which hitherto onfy a
few isolated facts have been known from scattered notices h
the Bible, or from vague and imcertain tradition, will be sMA
to that of the ancient world, f That which has hitherto been
discovered is sufficient to excite the deepest interest in evof
reflecting mind, and to render the attempt to restore an Assyiian
building, in which moniunents and records of such vast importaBoe
wefe contained, one of not the least attractive undertakings of the
enlightened projectors of the series of architectural illustrations of
ancient history and art in the Crystal F^dace.

We wiU now, for the sake of easy reference, recapitulate the
palaces hitherto discovered, in the order of their respective dateSj
and, as far as we are able, with the names of their founders.

The North-west Palace^ Nimrcmd, built by a king who is sup-
posed to have reigned about 900 years B. c:. His name may reti
Asshur-akh-pal, which is beHeved to be identical with the Saidft*
napalus of the Greeks, several Assyrian monarchs having borne
this name. In the inscriptions foimd in this edifice and in the
adjouiing temples of the same period are mentioned several kin^i
of Assyria, one of whom appears to have lived about 1200 ».a

The Centre Fcdacey Nvm/roud, founded by the son of Aflshv

• See "Nmeveh and Babylon," p. 626.

+ A society lias recenUy been formed under the name of *^ The Asi^ynan Sx"
caTation Fond/' supported by subscriptions and donations, for tib,e prosecution
of the researches and excavations in Assyria and Babylonia, with a view to tiw
ultimate presentation of any monuments discovered to the nation. Mr. Lofton
abeady known for his disooyeries at Susa, is now engaged f<»r the Society ii
examining various ruins in the south of Mesopotamia and on the site oi
Nineveh» and it is hoped that the Society wiU not be prevented by the want oi
adequate pecuniary means from carrying on researches which promise to be ol
such vast importance in the ehicidation of both saored and profane hifltoiy, SQ^
ia the ilhutiatioB of pwpkwy.

INTBODUCTION. 85

Jdi-pal, whose name has been read Shalmanu-bar or Divanubar.
3e was cotemporary with Jehu, King of Israel, who, according to
ihe inscriptions on his monuments, was his tributary. He must
Kherefore have reigned about 885 years b.c. This palace appears
bo have been rebuilt or repaired by Pul or by Tiglath-Pileser, two
Assyrian kings mentioned in the Bible, as the naifie of Menahom,
Kii^ of Israel, occurs in an inscription brought from the ruins.

Kakth-Sherghaty the remains of an edifice built by the f otmder of
tha Centre Palace at ISfimroud. No sculptured walls have yet
lieeii discovered in these ruins ; but the bricks and a sitting
Blatae (now in the British Museum) brought from them, bear the
Bame of this king. Kalah-Sherghat, however, appears to have
\)oea a very ancient Assyrian site, and terra-cotta cylinders have been
found there belonging to Tiglath-PHeser I., who reigned 1200 b.c.

The Upper Chambers, Nvmroud, A small edifice added on to
ihe North-west Palace by a successor of the foimder of the Centre
Balace, whose name, according to Col. Bawlinson, reads Shamas-
phaly and who reigned about 800 years b.c. In these ruins were
disoovered two inscribed slabs with an important list of royal names.

Khcyndbddy a palace at the north-east comer of Nineveh, founded
by Shahnaneser or Sargon, and probably built chiefly by the
latter, about 720 b.c. Inscriptions have been found in this
edifice which appear to describe the wars against Samaria and the
captivity of the ten tribes.

Kou/ywijiky a vast and magnificent palace, built by Sennacherib,
the son of Sargon, on the banks of the Tigris, at the north-west
comer of Nineveh, about 700 years b.c.

The Soulh-west Falacey Nvmroud^ built by Esarhaddon, who
WM the son of Sennacherib, as we know from the Bible. Few of
the sculptures in this edifice were actually executed under the
direction of this king, who appears to have despoiled the palaces
built by his predecessors on the same platform, to decorate his own.

A Palace mihe mov/nd of iJie Tcmh of Jonahy supposed to have
been built by the same king ; inscribed slabs and bricks with his
name having been discovered in the ruins.

Kouywn^y a second palace, or an addition to that of Sennacherib,
bidh by the son of Esarhaddon, whose name may perhaps be read
AflflSiTir-bani-pal, about 650 b.c.

8ofdh-east FaHacey Nvm/roudy an edifice unadorned by sculpture
and of little extent or splendour, erected by the grandson of
ftuhaddon.. This is the most recent building hitherto discovered
^ Assyria^ and its founder was perhaps the last of the royal dynasty;

J) 2

36 THE NINEVEH COURT.

ASSYRIAN OE AEEOW-HEADED WEITINQ:

As we have thus described the results of the discoveries at
Nineveh, a few words are necessary to explain the process which has
led to the deciphering of the letters or characters used by the ancient
Assyrians, and called from their peculiar shape the arrow-headed or
cuneiform (wedge-shaped). It must be premised that a similar
mode of writing, differing only in the combination of the arrow-
heads or wedges, which form the letters, prevailed at one period ia
Persia, as well as in Assyria and Babylonia. It is mainly to tMs
fact that we owe the successful solution of this very difficult
problem. The Kings of Persia, like those who preceded them in
the dominion of the east, were accustomed to engrave the recordl
of their reign on stone, and they frequently chose for that purpose
the face of some great rock or lofty precipice by the side of a much
frequented road. As their subjects consisted of three great nations,
the Persians, the Scythians, and the Assyrians or Babylonians, who
may be compared wdth the modern Persians, Turks, and Arabs, it
was necessaiy that, to be generally understood, these records should
be written in the three different languages spoken by those races,
and they were accordingly divided into three parallel colunms,
e^ch containing the same inscription, but in a different tongue.
Fortunately, the Persian column furnished the means of compa-
ratively easy decipherment ; the number of letters was limited to
about forty, whilst the Assyrians had above three hundred distinct
characters ; each word was separated by a peculiar sign, and the
language nearly resembled the Sanscrit and other languages with
which scholars are acquainted. A learned German, Professor
Grotefend, was the first to obtain a clue to the value of the letters.
By an ingenious train of reasoning, he discovered the names of
Darius and Xerxes. Since this first step, immense progress has been
made in deciphering, and now nearly every word in this branch of
cuneiform writing can be read with tolerable certainty. The
contents of one column having been thus ascertained, it was, of

CUNEIFORM, OR ARROW-HEADED WRITING. 37

coTiTBe, less difficult to decipher the other two. By carefully
oompaiing proper names, and by other means familiar to scholars,
the Yalue of a number of letters was soon ascertained. Although
Ofwing to the great variety of signs used by the Assyrians, (many
hmg rather syllables than letters, and others representing whole
words,) and to the language being far removed from any known
dialect, the progress hitherto matle in deciphering has not been
such as to enable us to read inscriptions with anything like
flnency and certainty ; yet they have furnished, as we have shown,
discoveries of the utmost importance in the history, geogi-aphy, and
' religion of the ancient Assyrians. *

The public records of the Assyrians were engraved on stone, for
ihicsh the arrow-headed character, from its simplicity, was pecu-
liarly well adapted, and were usually, as we have seen, placed on
the walls of temples, or palaces, and on rocks. For private, as
well as in some cases, for public purposes, two other materials
ft|pear to have been used, baked clay or ten*a-cotta, and rolls of
Iflifcher or papyrus as in Egypt. In the first case, the letters
were stamped or incised with a sharp iiistiiunent upon the moist
day, moulded into the shape of an octagonal or hexagonal cylinder,
or into square or oblong tablets, and then baked in the furnace.
An immense number of such documents have been discovered in
iJByrian and Babylonian ruins «and a large collection is now
in the British Museiun. The cylinders are historical, and are
JMcribed with the records, in the shape of annals, of various kings
<rf Assyria, by whose orders they appear to have been distributed
Maongst the different cities of the empire, to be deposited, it may be
conjectured, in the public archives. The smaller tablets are
mostly of a more private nature — some are evidently contracts for
the sale of land or other property, and have upon them impressions
of seals and the names of witnesses ; others appear to commemorate
<ledicatory offerings to the gods ; others again have chronological
tables and astronomical calculations, which will i>robably prove of
great value, and upon some have been detected alphabets and
^)parently lessons in grammar or spelling. In fact, there is reason
to hope that they form almost a complete Assyiian library, fur-
nishing tis with a vast amount of information regarding the
history, sciences, and customs of the Ninevites. No remains of

* The principal authorities on the deciphering of the cuneiform inscriptions
to^ which we would refer our readers, are papers of Col. Rawlinson and Dr.
Hincks in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, and in the Transactions of
the Royal Irish Academy.

88 THE NINEVEH OOUET.

the BcroUs of parchment or papyrus have been as yet discov
tliey have probably all been destroyed by tune^ but seals
app«»ded to such documents have been found in consid*
nnmbeniy and in the bas-reliefs officers are oontinuAlly repces
as registering on such scrolls with a pen or stylus, i^ amoi
the slain and of the spoil afk^ a battle.

The Assyrians had also a more cursive mode of writing thi
cuneiform. It resembled that in use throughout Syria, a t^
which is the Phoenician and ancient Hebrew. Yery fow spec
of this writing have as yet been disooYered.

The Assyrian inscriptions are in a branch of that £smi
languages usually called the Shemitio, that is to say, b
a dose analogy to the ancient Hebrew, Chaldee and Arabia
it is by the help of these three languages that they have
successfully deciphered. In the time of Daniel, the Chald<
spoken in Babylon, and was used by the Jews in their i
books. It appears to bear the nearest resemblance to the Ian
of the Assyrian monuments. A coirupted dialect of the
tongue is still spoken by the Nestorian Chaldaoan tribes, who h
the mountains of Kurdistan and the neighbourhood of the in
ancient Nineveh.

The cuneiform writing appears to have been used as late i
Greek supremacy in the £^t, and Colonel BAwlinson has re*
announced the highly interesting discovery of the names of Se!
and Antiochus the Great on some tablets found by Mr. Lofku
Agent of the Assyrian Excavation Fund, during his excavatic
the Society in the ruins of Wurka to the South of Babylon,
discovery of these names is a further proof of the accuracy <
interpretation of the arrow-headed character.

Entrance to NinQveh Court.

ASSYBIAF AECHITECTITBE,

Befoe« deacribing tlie Kmeveli Coui-fc in tlie Crystal Palara, it
win be ueoessaiy to explain tlie nature of Aasyrian architecture,
wwl the groiuids upon whicli we can voiitiut3 to i*estom any portion
rfttn Assyrian palace. All tlie ediJicea liithorto explored in Assyria
wene built upon platfoonB or artificial mounds raised tt> thu height
oltldrty or forty feet above the Icvtjl of the fiuiroundiug countiy*
I terraces were partly oonstnicted of earth and rubbish heaped
lier, and partly of i*egidai- layers of sun-dried bricks. That
^of tho great mound at K'imroud on which the more ancient
I stand, appears to bo enthely formed of such bricks carefully
Wtl aud united by tenacious day. At Babylon, as the Greeks have
wifonued us, and as exiating reniaiiia still ahow, reeds were placed
*t certain intervals between the layers of bricka and the whole was
cecaenied with bitiunen ; but this mode of qonBtruction has only
"een found in one instance hi Aaayria^ — in the high conical mound at
Niiiiruud* The platforms appear in most cases to have been faced,

40 THE NINEVEH COURT.

and to have been supported by solid masonry of limestone. At
certain intervals were flights of steps and inclined ways leading up
to the buildings, which were generally constructed on the very edge
of the artificial terrace, and thus commanded a view over the
surrounding country.

The object of raising these great platforms, which must have
demanded scarcely less labour and expense than the superstrao-
tures they were destined to sustain, was twofold — ^to give the royal
or sacred edifices additional dignity and grandeur, and to seour j in a
climate remarkable for its intense heat during the summer months,
m much coolness as possible. In some cases, too, especially
in the lowlands of Babylonia, they may have served both as a means
of defence, and to protect the buildings against the effects of
inundations, to which that country is subject. The earliest settle-
ments in Mesopotamia and Shinar were on a perfectly level plain, with
scarcely a natural elevation to break the horizon around. In
order, therefore, to raise the principal public edifices, such as the
royal palace or the temple, above the sun-ounding habitations, the
people were compelled to make an artificial hill, and hence the
origin of these vast platforms. This mode of construction having
become an essential feature of the architectm:e of this part of the East,
and hence probably, as was usual in ancient times, invested with a
religious character, was adopted by the descendants of the earhest
settlers, even when they had extended their dominions to the
northwards, and had founded their capital, Nineveh, in the midst
of a land where natm:al hills were not wanting, upon which pubUc
buildings could be erected.

In the series of bas-reliefs discovered at Kouyunjik already men-
tioned, and part of which is now in the British Museum, the process
of building these platforms or terraces, and of raising the great bulb
and other large masses to the top of them, was minutely represented.
Long lines of workmen, some to be recognised by their peculiar
costumes as captives from foreign lands, others bound together in
chains, and probably public malefactors, are seen with stones or
with baskets filled with earth or bricks on their backs, hastening to
add their burdens to the accumulating mound. Groups of men are
pourtrayed crouching on the ground and kneading the clay to nuike
the bricks. Overseers urge on the workmen with blows. To transport
the winged bulls and the great stones used in the building, sledges
are employed, with rollers, levers, and ropes. Immense bodies
of men drag them by main force up the inclined plane. The
king in person, surrounded by his principal officers and by his

ASSYBIAN ARCniTECTURE. 41

armed guards, presides over the proceedings. Officers specially
appointed direct the workmen, and some give with trmnpets tlie
neoessary signals. Considering the enoimuus size of these sculj)-
tures, some of them being nearly twenty feet square, it is astonishing
that the Assyrians should have been able not only to move them,
bat to raise them in their palaces. It is evident from the discoveries
which have been made in the ruins, that although the colossi were
roughly sculptured before being transported to the buildings
intended to receive them, they were not finished until after they
had been placed against the walls.

Having thus raised an artificial platform, and conveyed the

principal building materials to its summit, the Assyrians com-

menoed their palaces. One general plan suited to the habits of

the people, and most probably consecrated either by long custom or

by certain religious prejudices, both considerations as is well known

exercising an extraordinary influence in the East over the arts as

irell as the manners of a nation, was adopted in these edifices.

It consisted almost in every instance of oblong chambers placed

nde by side, either leading to the terrace or grouped round large

hallBy or rather court-yai*ds open to the sky, generally sqiiare and

litaated within the building itself. Some of the chambers were

UBsriy two hundred feet long, and from twenty-five to forty feet

Ixoad ; bat they were usually somewhat less than half this length,

nd about twenty feet in width. Many rooms of much smaller

dimensions were scattered through the biiilding, and at Kouyuujik

kmg galleries led from one part of the palace to the other.

Hr. Fergusson, in his ingenious and learned Essay on the Archi-

teoture of the Palaces of Nineveh and Persepolis, has shown the

pobability that these great edifices were divided according to

criental custom, into two distinct parts, that containing the apart-

awfaB inhabited by the men and reserved for public ceremonies,

^ Mid that appropriated to the women, the harem of the modem

flMiem house. There are many circimistances, into which it is

wnoely necessary here to enter, to confirm the views of this gentle-

laa upon this subject.

The exterior of the buildings, which were nearly square, all the
vaDs being invariably at right angles, had generally two facades or
jrincipal faces. One opened upon the terrace or platform, and the
'f on the opposite side, rose on the edge of the mound, and
^ IHnally overlooked the river, when the palace, as in the case of
^Kmrond and Kouyunjik, was built upon the very banks of the
^TSgris. These facades consisted almost always of three entrances,

- j'^ .-I

pzincipal being in the centre, and ornamented with two
sal human-headed bulls or lions, forming the sides or jambs
e portal The two side gateways in the more splendid edifices
flanked by simihir figures, and between them and the centre
oice were pairs, of the same winged monsters, of somewhat
Ler size, plaoed htnc^ to back, and separated by a colossal
ui figure, usually represented as strangling a lion. These
yening bulls had ilie human head turned sideways, so as to

outwards firom the front of the building. Each bull was,
over, flanked 1^ a colossal figure of a deity or priest, pre-
ng a pine-oone. Tkxm the south-eastern front of Sennacherib's
» at Kouyunjik oonintted of ten human-headed bulls, the
ist being about nineteen feet high, and of six gigantic human
es, occupying altogether a space of no less than 180 feet. It was
mued on either side by sculptured walls, which completed the
ie &9ade. The wood-cut on the opposite page will best illustrate
part of the building, lenudna of the whole of which, although
iderably damaged by fire, having been found in the ruins,
z bulls, as in the restored Nineveh Court, was, however, a
) usual arrangement, the side entrances being simply adorned
colossal winged figures, representing divinities or priests. In
interior the doorways leading from the chambers into the
fcyazds, and in some instances those opening into the principal
, were likewise formed by human-headed bulls or lions. The
ler entrances were flanked by winged figiures.
oe walls, which were of extraordinary thickness, were solidly
bructed of sun-dried bricks ; but they were usually panelled

sLabs of alabaster, or some other stone elaborately carved
0* with single figures, as in the princix>al hall of the Nineveh
t, or with entire scenes, occupying the whole slab, as at
TUigik, or divided into two compartments by a band of
iptions, and re|Hresenting battles, si^es, and domestic events,
. the inner chamber of the restored building,
e have already observed, that the whole of the upper part of
building, with the exception of a few feet of sun-dried brick
above the line of sculptured panels, had fallen in and perished,
liat remains, therefore, of the Assyrian edifices is that part
h being feiced with st<me has been able to resist the ravages of
Consequently the general plan of the bidldings, together
the substructure, has been preserved to us. The upper part
og entirely disappeared, must be restored by comparison with
omenta of the same, or of nearly the same period, by analogy

,I!,tL,

ASSYRIAN ARCHITECTURE. 45

with the modem architecture of the same country, and by such
representations of buildings as may be foimd in the sculptures on
tho walls. By such means, Mr. Fergusson has been enabled to find
materials for the restoration of the Assyrian building which now
occupies so conspicuous a place in the Crystal Palace.

We will proceed to point out the sources which have furnished
the different parts and details of this restoration. Existing
remains show that above the line of marble slabs the wall was
continued in sim-dried bricks covered with plaster or stucco, and
painted with human figures, usually the king and his attendants,
representations of animals, mythological subjects, and various
ornaments, generally of a sacred character. As the bulls forming
the portals were about seventeen or eighteen feet high, it
is most probable that the painted wall was carried to the same
height, or was about equal to the height of the sculptures. The
whole appears to have been crowned by a cornice of some sort,
supported by dentels, representing a closed fist, numbers of which
have been found in the Assyrian ruins.* They have been conse-
quently adopted in the restcftration.
r When sculptured slabs were not employed as panelling, the walls
j were either entirely stuccoed and painted, or a curious system of
I "reeding" was introduced, consisting of half-columns placed side
f V side, and separated into groups by square box-like pilasters.
I This peculiar ornament, which appears to have prevailed in
I Babylonia as well as in Assjnia, has been used in the southern
J cntiTtnce to the central hall of the Nineveh Court.
I ^mnerous representations in the bas-rehefs, as well "as recent
I ^coveries, prove that many of the Assyrian gateways were arched,
/ "^t it is by no means certain to what extent these vaulted entrances
I Were used in the interior of the buildings. Two great portals
/ ^6a<iijig into the city have been excavated at KhorsabM, one of
^^ch is flanked by human-headed bulls, from whose backs springs
*^ ajch nearly fifteen feet in span, decorated with an ornamental
borcj^er of painted bricks. This entrance has been faithfully copied
^ t;>ie centre haU of the Nineveh Court. By its side was a gate-
^'^^ of smaller dimensions, without any sculptures, and simply
*^*^lfced. It appears by the marks of wheels on the pavement,
Ixave been used by chariots, whilst the more highly ornamented
P^^*^"tad was reserved for foot passengers.

XV These dentels are frequently covered with blue enamel, the colour used in
^ restoration.

i6 THE NINEVEH COURT.

Tho i)avumout of the haUs aud cliambcrs was formed dthe
by slabs of tUabastor, similar to tlioso employed for the deooratkM
of the walls, or by largo 8<iuare bricks. lu the first case the slab
were generally inscribed on both sides, as in the north-west palio

Humon-hcaded bull at KhonabOd.

at Nimroud, with cuneiform inscriptions containing the titles oi tl
king, the names of the great gods of Assyria, and a list of tl
countries conquered by, or tributary to Nineveh, or were elaborate]
carved with graceful ornaments and scroll-work, as in the palace i
Kouyunjik. As a general rule, inscribed or ornamented slabs wei
found between the human-headed bulls, and at the various entrance
When bricks were employed for the pavement they were usual
placed in two layers, between which was a bed of fine sand to exdnc
moistmre. The bricks were generally inscribed on the under side a
with the name of the king who founded the edifice, and were somi
times cemented with bitumen. They varied in dimensionB frog
one foot to sixteen inches square. Drains were carried beneath a
the principal parts of the Assyrian palaces, and appear to ha^
communicated with one main sewer. They were frequent!
arched, and many thus constructed have been discovered both i
Kimroud and Khorsablld. Beneath tho foundations and imd<
the pavement, it appears to have been the custdm of the Assyziai
to place small images of their gods and tablets inscribed wil
dedicatory inscriptions, intended for the protection of the bidldini
Many such objects were found during the excavations, especial
beneath the winged bulls and lions. It has not been considerc

ASSYRIAN AKCHITECTUKE. 47

nscaaaiy to introduce au Assyriiiu pavemcut in tlio restored
Fmeveh Court.

It will be seen, from the foregoing remarks, that the lower part
of the Nineveh Oonrt, to the height of seyenteen feet from the
ground, has been entirely copied, with the exception of the pave-
ment, from existing remains, and that there are sufficient groimds
far the various ornaments and details which have been introduced
QQ its walls.

The superstructure above this level, as well as the roofs of
thd Assyrian palaces, was almost entirely built of wood and other
perishable materials. The buried chambers were partly filled with
dugroeal and charred wood, the effects of the great fire which de-
iboyed the building. At Nimroud many entire beams of cedar
•ad other wood were found in the ruins, some still entire, others
ftlBng to an almost impalpable powder as soon as exposed to tho
•ir. With the exception of some imperfect representations in the
WreUefii, we cotdd have had no materials for the restoration of
ib upper part of tho building, had it not happened that at Susa
ndf^rsepolis the architects, in erecting the palaces of the Persian
kingB, bad employed stone to replace those parts which in
Ai^yria were of wood. The remains still existing among the ruins
of those celebrated cities prove beyond a doubt that the Persians,
vlo, after the fall of the Assyrian and Babylonian empires, suc-
ceeded to the dominion of the East, received from the Assyrians
Ur religion, their arts, and their civilisation, closely copying them
h ill particulars. Tho human-headed bull of tho Nineveh palaces
kfonnd fiuthfully reproduced at Persepolis, Slabs sculptured with
iMH-xeUefs of processions, and with single winged figures, line the
AiniberB and the facades ; myths and religious symbols, similar to
ttow found on the monuments of Nimroud, are pourtrayod upon
fte waUa ; and the cuneiform character was used to record the
IJkay and the titles of the king. Besides, many details of archi-
toctoral moulding almost identical have been found in the Assyrian
end Persian ruins. Such being the case, we can have little
knitation in supplying from the one edifice what is wanting
h fte other. It seems to have been only from the accident
of Peoraepolis and Susa having been built in a country where stone,
(eonliaxly fitted for building purposes, was abundant, that any
Aiqge took place in the materials used, and in the form of
Mubnction.

Following the lights thus afforded us, tho foiu* great columns
h the oontod hall of the Nineveh Court, are carefully modelled

1

48 THE NINEVEH COURT.

from those still standing at Persepolis, similar columns ha-s
been lately dug up at Suf?a — a, mode of reproduction which
been preferred to attempting to compose a column from s
fragments of Assyrian architecture as have been found
Nineveh ; for although bases, and perhaps capitals, have l
discovered among the Assyrian ruins, and columns are represer
in the sculptures, they are neither so complete or so distinct a
enable us to reconstruct the whole with any degree of certau
The same remarks apply to the smaller pillars rising above
sculptured walls, which are also borrowed from Persepolis.
bull capitals are peculiarly appropriate in an Assyrian builc
where this animal, apparently looked upon as sacred, continu
occurs in the painted and sculptured decorations. It is absolu
necessary that columns should have been employed in suppor
the roof, especially in a country which does not afford beam
wood of sufficient size and strength to span chambers of
dimensions of those in the Assyrian palaces. The open su
structure was equally necessary for the admission of the requi
quantity of light and air, and, at the same time, for the excluj
of the perpendicular rays of the sun in summer, and the he
rains in winter ; considerations which it is indispensable to bea
mind in attempting any restoration of an Assyrian building
form of construction could be devised more fit to obtain these €
than that used in the Nineveh Court ; and as in several re
aentations of buildings in the bas-reliefs short columns are in
duced into the fa9ade, and as a similar mode of admitting li
and air is still foimd in parts of the East, Mr. Fergusson
not hesitated to adopt it in the restoration.

It is quite certain that the tops of the columns were connec
by massive beams of wood, forming the framework upon which
roof rested. The ceiling has been subdivided in a mode J
very prevalent not only in Mesopotamia, but also in India J
other eastern countries. Though this part of the restoral
cannot pretend to very minute accuracy, it serves as a vehicle
the display of the peculiar forms of decorative painting of
Assyrians, all the patterns and oma,ments being reproduced fi
those discovered in the excavations. The Assyrian ceilings i»
probably adorned with precious woods, ivory, and gilding. In
Bible we find mention of a " roof of cedar wood " (Zephaniah iL 1
and of chambers " ceiled with cedar and painted with vermilio
(Jeremiah xxiL 14). The greater house of the temple of Solon
was ceiled with fii:-tree which " was overlaid with fine gold t

'^^^

C-OLUMKR FKOM PEA8SP0T.IS.

6a

THE NINEVBH COURT.

thereon were set palm-trees and chains " (2 Ohroniclea liL 5), a
mode of decoration whicli may have resembled that introducMed
in the ceiling of the restored Kineveh Court, the palm-trees being
the sacred tree and the chains the guiUoche border. In the
inscriptions from Nineveh the king is described as going, like
Solomon, to Mount Lebanon to cut down cedars for the beau-
tifying of his palace.

The external cornice, resting upon the pillars of the facade, is
modelled from a bas-relief discovered by M. Botta at Khorsabkd,
representing a fishing kiosk or temple, with two circular columns and
two square piers arranged precisely as in the restoration, and siir-

Pishing Kl03lc, or Tjmpb at KhoraaMd.

mounted by a similar cornice. Of this bas-relief we have given a
sketch. The curved cornice above the bulls has been copied
from an architectural moulding found in the same ruins. By a
letter recently received from Mr. Hormuzd Rassam, who is now
superintending the excavations at Nineveh, it appears that a
sculpture has been discovered at Kouyunjik, in which a palace is

ASSYBIAN ABOmTEGTURE. 51

J minutely pourirayed, and that in this representation the
per part of the edifice is formed by columns resting upon
iged bulls and lions ; thus confirming, as it would seem, the
toration we are describing.

Uiare is one point connected with the remainB discovered at
nereh, which adds additional interest to them ; the similarity
lidh appears to have existed between the architecture of the Jews
id the Assyrians. This is especifdly exemplified in the descrip-
ai giren in the Bible of the temple and royal house of Solomon,
id even still more by the aocoimts preserved to us by Josephus of
KM cdehrated buildings. The same style seems to have pre*
flled in both countries, and we are now, for the first time, abl^i
I imdentand the accounts of the Bible from the discoveries in
Myxia. Solomon ''carved all the house aroimd with carved
{QTM of cherubim and palm trees, and open flowers within and
ttiunif The cherubim have been described by commentators on
le "Bahle as mystic figures uniting the human head with the body
^ an oz or a' lion, and the wings of an eagle ; in fact, composed
' the same elements as the colossal sphinxes at Nineveh, which
tte perhaps but a corrupted and traditional version of that reve-
tion which taught the image of the cherubim to the Jews.
bft house of the forest of Lebanon appears to have been almost
Biiiioal with one of the great halls of Nineveh. The roof was
nned of oedar wood supported by rows of cedar columns standing
1 the floor. The walls, according to Josephus (b. viii, c. 2),
wore wainscoted with stones that were sawed," i. e. into slabs,
I in the Assyrian palaces ; and appear' to have been sculptured
iCh (ttnaments, principally representations of trees and plants, in
&C And Josephus adds, '' the rest of the wall, up to the roof,
IS i^utered over, and, as it were, wrought over with various
louB and pictures," thus, agreeing exactly with the sides of the
Mmben as restored in the Nineveh Gourt.
The ediflces hitherto explored at Nineveh appear to have
wi palace-temples — ^that is to say, they served both for the
lidenoe of the king who was the high-priest as well as the
iiitioal ruler of the nation, and for the celebration of great
figious ceremonies in which he was the principal officiator. Such
IS also the case in Egypt, where the palace also comprised the
mpie.

52 THE NINEVEH COURT.

DESCRIPTION OF THE NINEVEH COUR

The Nineveh Court is situated in the north-western ang]
the Crystal Palace. It occupies five bays in frontage and
in width ; the extreme length being 126 feet, and the deptl
feet. Its exterior height, exclusive of the battlements, is 3'
2 inches. The halls are 32 ft. 7 in. high to the under part of
great beams, and this, consequently, is the height of the ^
columns which support the roof. The walls beneath the am
columns, forming ^e division between the hails and the ext
are 17 ft. 7in. high.

The court is not a complete restoration of any parti<
Assyrian building. It has been the endeavour to convey tc
spectator as exact an idea as possible of Assyrian architecture,
for this purpose a fa9ade has been restored, as it has been e
from existing remains, and two halls or chambers have
selected. The internal arrangement is, of course, arbitiraiy.
consists of two distinct apartments. The principal hall, 70
by 31 feet, is ornamented with casts from sculptures now in
British Museum, taken from several chambers in the north-
palace at Nimroud. The inner chamber 33 feet by 22 fee
surrounded by bas-reliefs from one great hall discovered an
the same ruins, placed as nearly as the dimensions of the room
permit in the order in which they were originally found,
principal hall gives a very accurate idea of the nature of
larger chambers of an Assyrian palace, which probably se
for great public ceremonies, celebrating national triumph
connected with religious worship. Although the space at <
mand would not permit the re-production of the vast dimeni
of many of those chambers — some, as we have already obsei
being nearly 200 feet in length — yet the proportions have bef
neady as i>ossible maintained. The inner chamber, in its pn
tions and details, resembles some of the smaller rooms in
edifices discovered at Nineveh, and may be accepted, suppodnj
superstructure and ceiling to be correctly restored, as a very <
representation of a royal apartment in an Assyrian palace.

DESCRIPTION OP NINEVBH COUBT. 53

fee two smaller chambers, opening into the central hall, will be
L up with original sculptures, obtained by the Company from the
rBtions and shortly expected in this country, and with casts from
new and interesting bas-reliefe which may be hereafter placed
B British Museum. These chambers, it must be observed,

no part of an Assyrian building, and have been merely taken

the thickness of the wall, in order that no space might
ameoessarily lost. In the original edifices, the dimensions
lie wail correspond with the depth of the entrances, and
irhole of this great mass consists of masonry of sun-dried
a.

I restoring the various details and painted ornaments of the
nreih Court, care has been taken to select those of most
lant occurrence in the Assyrian palaces which have hitherto

eiqkloied. They have been combined with as much regard as
hle^ to the peculiar characteristics of Assyrian architecture,

as £ur as we can judge from existing remains, of Assyrian
. The arrangement and contrasts of the colours have been
Uly studied, and when there has been no authority for their use
ij particular instance, a comx)arisou with other monuments and
aally with.E^;yptian remains have, in some instances, furnished
neans of deciding which to adopt. It may appear strange and
Ktanl to us that colour should be employed in all parts of

an edifice, and that even sculptures and bas-reliefs in various
nils should be painted. But that such was the case in
ria^.as indeed in Egypt and in ancient Greece, can now no
er admit of a doubt, and in restoring an Assyrian palace, it
Id have been absurd to omit so essential a feature of Assyrian
iteotnre. The same rule has consequently been adoj^ted with
Nineveh Court, as with all the other restorations in the
tal Palace, to render it as nearly as possible in every resjwct
the original buildings. Care, at the same time, has been taken
(Dsolt every authority upon the subject. The traces of colour
existing on the monuments discovered at Nineveh, especifdly
i those at Khorsab^, have been minutely examined, and have
iahed sufficient data for the painting of most of the bas-roliefe
architectural details. In describing the different parts of the
ling, we shall point out the authority for each particular
ment, and for its employment in the place where introduced.
1 the remains of gold-leaf continually found amongst the
I, it would appear that gilding was profusely employed in
Assyrian palaces. It is even probable that many parts

01 THE NINBYBH OOU&T.

were overlaid with thin plates of gold or other precious
metak. In this mode of decoration we have another analogy with
the great edifices raised by Solomon, in which the beams, the posts,
the winged Cherubim, and even the walls of the upper, as well as
of the principal chambers, were overlaid with gold (2 Chronicles iii).
In the restoration it would have been impossible to have attempted
the introduction of gilding without carrying it out to its fullest
extent. A yellow colour has consequently been substituted for
it. The colours employed in the Assyrian buildings, as £ur as they
have yet been analysed, were mineral pigments. There are,
however, grounds for believing that vegetable colours were not
unknown to the Assyrians, but were extensively used in decorating
the walls of their palaces. Being subject, however, to more rapid
decay than' the mineral pigments, they have disappeared* The
colours discovered in the ruins were a blue of great briUianosy
derived from copper, red, yellow, white, black, and green. These
colours, with several shades and tints, may be seen on bricks brought
from the ruins and preserved in the British Museum. The dark
black outline is a distinguishing feature of Assyrian art. Ab on
£ig3^tian monimients, colours were probably used conventionally-^*
that is to say, the same colours were always employed for a certain
class of objects. From the drawings made from painted walls at
Khorsabdd, recently sent to Paris, it would appear, however, that
the human flesh was closely imitated in colour. The AaqEziana
appear also to have been fond of using only two colours, audi, &r
instance, as blue and yellow, in very elaborate deooraidoniy (
bining them so as to skilfully produce a very pleasing effect

DESCRIPTION OF NINEVEH COURT. 55

THE EXTBBIOE OR FAgADE.

X lower part of the facade is almost entirely copied from
Dg remains at KhorsabAd and Kooiymijik, and is formed by
d Iraman-lieaded bulls and gigantic buman figm-es — casts,
the exception of the two bolls flanking the centre entrance),
Bcnlptares discovered amoong the former ruins, and now in the
nm of the Louvre, at Puis. The inscriptions on the bulls
in the name of Sargon, the Assyrian King, mentioned in
1 zz., by some supposed to be the same as Shalmaneser, who
3yed Samaria and carried away the ten tribes. The winged
oi-headed bulls were, probably, emblematical figures con-
d with the religion of the Assyrians, representing the union
sdom, power, and ubiquity — ^the three great attributes of the
'•^-wifldom typified by the head of a man ; power by the body
)iqI1 ; and ubiquity by the wings of a bird.
B pxophet Ezekiel saw in hia vision four living creatures with
hoes and four wings ; the faces being those of a man, a Hon, an
ud an eagle— the four sacred types of the Assyrian sculptures.
aeikiel was amongst the Samaritan captiyes carried away by
tOBgmir^ and as he prophesied on the banks of the Chebar, one
le rivers of Assyria, he had probably seen the palace of that
at KhorsabAd, and it has been conjectured that he employed
I well-known to his fellow-captives in order to convey and
rate his meaning*

will be observed that all these figures have five legs, the
tor being desirous of giving the spectator a complete firont, as
as side view of the animal.

le colossal figure strangling a lion is supposed to represent the
rian Hercules— one of the great deities of the nation.
x>ve the basement rise columns whose capitals are in the form
eeling bulls, back to back ; they have been accurately modelled
those found at Persepolis. We have described in our pre-
ary remarks the reasons which authorise their introduction into
ssyrian building. The battlements, in the form of steps or
nes, are a peculiar feature in Assyrian architecture and are

oH

d^HK NlKBVfiH COULT.

oontinually represented in the sculptures. The painted omame
on the cornice are the honeysuckle, alternating with a tulip

Colossal figure from Khor^nbad.

some'such flower and the guilloche, both of piu'e Assyrian orig
and the source of two of the most^elegant architectural omamei
of the Greeks.

DBSCRIPTION OF NINEVKH COURT. 57

CENTEAL HALL.

B principal entrance to this hall, opening upon the nave and
the fountain, is formed by a pair of human-headed bulln,
ieen feet high, modelled from those discovered, in the ruins
nmrad. The narrowness of the entrances, notwithstanding
olossal forms which adorn them, is a peculiar feature in
ian arohitectare. On the ceiling are painted the sacred tree,
dnged emblem of the great Assyrian God, and the winged
, wbioh, as. in Egypt, appears to have been emblematical of
q^rame Deiiy.

9 ooImmiB which support the roof are, as we have stated,
I firom those still existing amongst the ruins of PersepoHs and
We have already explained the reasons which appear to
f their introduction into an Assyrian building, and we need
repeat in this place, that although no columns of stone were
. rt Nineveh, yet that columns of some kiud, probably of
t mast have been used to support the ceiling and roof in
of moih vast size as those contained in the Assyrian x>alaces.
ana iriih a kind of rude Ionic capital are in several instances
in buildings represented in the bas-reliefs.
6 ceiling has been restored by !Mr. Fergusson, who has care-
Boleoted from the various ornaments found in the ruins of
reh, those which appear most appropriate for the decoration
IB part of the building ; every pattern and design thus in-
oed, occurring either in the sculptures, on painted walls, or on
red bricks discovered in the excavations. The arrangement
course, arbitrary, as no ancient ceiling has been preserved,
have abeady described in our introductory notes on the
lecture of the Assyrians, the grounds for the restoration of
2id other parts of the Nineveh Court

e casts which surround this hall have all been taken from
tures discovered in the north-west palace at Nimroud, and
n the British Museum. Behind the great bulls are three
winged figures of priests or deities, one above the other, a
of arrangement very common in Assyrian interior architecture.

THE IgSTBXAN KIKO.

DBSORIPTION OP THE CENTRAL HALL. 69

y the left on entering, is a group (No. 1, on the plan) repre-
ng the king resting his right hand on a long wand or staff,
standing between two winged figures. The Assyrian king may
ys be known by his head-dress, which consisted of a peculiar
sal cap or turban, apparently made up of bands of some
ixed material, suimounted by a small cone. This tiara was
ired for the monaroh alone, and he is never seen without it
beyiian monuments. The ancient Persian kings appear to
worn a somewhat similar head-dress. The royal robes are
rkable for the richness and yariety of the designs probably
x>idered upon them, mostly of a sacred character, and the arms
ho el^;anoe of their ornaments. The king, as well as his
dpal nobles and attendants, wore ear-rings, bracelets, armletp,
Oficklaces, and the splendour of his attire, as represented in
cnlptures — the long embroidered robes, the ornaments of gold
mcious stones, the elaborately curled hair, and the tassels and
ids attaohed to Taiious parts of his di-ess, more befitting a
tax than a man, are completely in accordance with the descrip-
f porefienred to us by the Greek historians of the luxury and
dnacy of the Assyrian monarchs. It is doubtful whether the
and beazd so artistically dressed and curled were false. Wigs
hove been worn by the ancient Assyrians, as they appear to
been by the IJgyptians. The Chaldseans, however, who inhabit
rt of Assyria, and are believed to be the descendants of the
Le of Kinevdi, are still remarkable for the luxuriance and
mess of their hair and beards, which woidd almost rival those
tnqred in the sculptures.

a either side of the king is a winged figure— whether of a
t or of some inferior deity is still undecided. Such figures
r continually on the walls of the Assyrian palaces, and there are
ods for conjecturing that they are of a sacred character.
r have wings and wear the rounded cap with horns, similar to
of the human-headed bulls. They oany in their hands two
3tSy a pine cone and a square vessel, which are supposed
3 emblematic of the sacred elements — fire and water. Similar
es are usually seen at the entrances, and appear to represent
g;uaTdians and protectors of the building, and are therefore
ibly minor divinities of the Assyrian hierarchy. In the present
nee they are ministering to the king, who alone is seen thus
ded by these winged figures. It must be observed that they
be priests who disguised themselves as deities, an ancient
•m during the celebration of certain religious ceremonies.

WTKGED DUTT OK rBIBJ.

DESCRIPTION OF THE CENTBAL HALL. 61

Beyond this group au eDtronoe leads into a amall chamber,
wliioli will eventually be appropriated to the exhibition of original
80olpituzeB| now on tiieir way from Nineveh.

Hie group beyond this entrance (No. 2) represents two men
bringing tribute to the King of Assyria. They formed part of a
long line of similar figures, bearing vessels and ornaments, probably
of gold and silver, which ornamented the exterior wall of the north-
west palace at Nimroud. From their peculiar dress they appeax to
have been natives of a foi'eign country subject to Nineveh. In
aome of the bas-reliefii from the same palace, the Assyrians are
repiraBented in battle with an enemy similarly attired. The first
figure of the group before us raises his hands, perhaps in token of
■abanission ; the next brings two apes or monkeys, one of which
is seated on his shoulder.

Thifl group is followed by two winged figures (Nos. 3 and 4) ; the

first wean a garland round his head and bears a fallow-deer in one

band, and a flower of peculiar shape in the other. It probably

lepreiientB a deity presiding over a month or season of the year, or

over some natural phenomenon. The second is a very peculiar figure,

and IB, perhaps, found more frequently than any other on Assyrian

nuxmnnentB. It unites with the body of a man ilie head of an eagle,

. and baSy consequently, been conjectured to represent the god Nisroch,

voonihiiqped by the Assyrians, and before whose altar Sennacherib

vasslidnbyhisBons. llie word ^^Nisr" in certain Eastern languages

doaely aUied to the Assyrian means an eagle, and long before the

diioovezy of these ruins the ancient commentators on the Bible

had aasearted that the god Nisroch was worshipped under the form

of an eagle, or of an eagle-headed figure.

An entrance here leads into the transept. It is formed by a pair
of colossal human-headed buUs, similar to those at the principal
eotranoe into the central haU, which have already been described.
Behind them is a wall of peculiar shape, consisting of a reeding,
of a series of circular projections grouped together like the
bairels of an organ. This singular construction has been closely
Mpied from existing remains recently discovered at Khorsabdd by
U. Place, and appears to have been frequently adopted in Assyrian
Jmildings, to adorn such walls as were not decorated with sculp-
tors. It was also used by the Babylonians, and a similar wall has
bfcely been found in the excavations carried on for the Assyrian
Sxcavation Fund by Mr. Loftus among the ruins of Wurka, to the
KRtth of Babylon. It was built of terra-cotta cones, witii bases
oCdijfferent colours, embedded in clay, the bases being left outwards

61

THB MLNKVKH OOUBT.

so M to fcMm a kind of monde, the dedgn of wMoh is literally
reproduced in the proeent instenoe. Hie panelled pilasters which
terminate this decoration oa both sides are also copied firom those
which inyariably accompany this pecnhar constmction at KhorsabAd.
On the external wsdl fiuang the transept are two baa-reHeft,
casts from seolptnres in the Britiah MnseosL That to the right
on isBoing frxmi the ^ifanance, is the ea^e-headed figure before de-
scribed, and that to the left a groop sorronnded by a frame, copied
from one in the Mnsenm, and rej^esenting the king between two
eagle-headed fignres and two pecahar objects which haye been
called the sacred tree. This embl«ai occurs continually cm Assyrian
buildings and monnmenta. It has been soj^rased to hare some

Ca^ri^hewkd Mr"^ iMlbn tks Saerad Tite^

x^^erence to the tree cf life, so uniri^nally recognised as a saored
and mysteiioos symbol in the rehgiiHis systems of the East ; aa3>
Mr. Fergnsaon has conjectured that it mi^ be identified with tlBj0
*'groTe,^ or ^^groTss" so frequently mentioned in the Bible m^
ma object of idoJatrous wQnh^ft to the Jew&

Returning to the hall, and continuing to the left, we have *
group (Nos. 5 and 6) reprasniting an ei^e headed figure, nimilr*'
to that on the (^ppoisate aide of the entrance, and a priest c^
dirinity, with four wings, hoKiing in one hand a maoe with ^
ctrcnlar ioip and extending the other.

Two groups (No*. 7 and 8) follow, one xepfesenting tlie kii^ hm^
twesn his attendanta, the other the same nonardi betweeu wiiigd^

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64 THE NINEVEH COURT.

figures. In the first the king is seen with a cup in his li
hand, either about to pour out a libation, or to raise it to
lips. Before him stands an eunuch holding in one hand a
flapper, or fan, and in the other apparently a towel, which is thrc
over his shoulder, and is presented to the king after he has dn
— a custom still prevailing in the East, i¥here the cup-bearer is om
the principal officers in great households. Behind the king sta]
another eunuch, who appears to be his arms-bearer, and carrie
mace, a bow, and a quiver. This group, which was repeated sevc
times on the walls of the same chamber, probably conmiemon
some religious ceremony.

In the second group is the king raising two arrows in one hai
and resting the other on his bow, an attitude in which he
constantly represented in the Assyrian sculptures, and wh
apparently denotes victory and triiunph over his enemies,
eitiiier side of him is a winged figure presenting the pine oo:
similar to those on the opposite side of the hall already describee

In the centre of the side of the room we are describing is
entrance; formed by casts from the colossal human-headed li<
discovered at Nimroud, and now in the British Museum. L
the bulls at the opposite entrance, they appear to have ty^
the great attributes of the deity, the idea of power being conve}
by the body of a lion instead of that of a bulL The whole di
except that part occupied by the sculpture, is covered with a vi
long inscription containing the records of the king who built i
north-west palace at Nimroud, between nine and ten centuries belli
Christ. On either side of the lions, and apparently ministed
to them, are winged figures presenting the pine cone. Beyond i
winged figures are the deep panels which we have already <
scribed. The remainder of this entrance-— that is to say, the ai
and the band of coloured ornament round it — is an exact cof
on a somewhat smaller scale, of a gateway recently discovered
Khorsab&d, which will be sent entire by the discoverer, M. Flaoe^
France. The restoration has been made from drawings and aectiil
now in Paris. The construction of this arch was very peouli
and of a character only hitherto found in Assyria. Hie omainfli|
portion, the band of patera and winged figures, was fonnedj
highly glazed or enamelled bricks, whilst the inner j)art of the t4
consisted of clay of great tenacity moulded into the shape oi^ m
supporting the upper arch of brickwork. It is remarkable that mm
mode of construction should have so long resisted the ravages of til

The whole wall beyond this entrance is occupied by one ^

DESCEIPTION OP THE CENTEAL HALL. 65

(No. 9), representiiig the king seated on a throne, or royal
mdy as in a preceding bas-relief, raising a cup in his right hand.
I him is an eunuch holding a fan in one hand and a stand
aiYe the cup in the other. Behind the eunuch is a winged

or priest. On the other side of the king are his two
laat arms-bearers, carrying his bow, arrows, and quiver, and
1 them a second winged figure. The whole group appears to
emi the celebration of some religious ceremony in comme-
ion of a victory. It occupied the end of a chamber in the
•west palace at Nimroud, whose walls were covered with
r groups, in which, however, the king stood erect instead of
seated on the throne.

Bse bas-reliefs, of which the two groups on the opposite side
> entrance form part, represent the triumph of the same king,
i name reads Assur-yuchura-bal or Asshur-akh-pal, and who
perhaps, be identified with the Greek Sardanapalus. They
mongst the best preserved hitherto discovered at Nineveh,
le remarkable for the great minuteness and elegance of the
Sy many of which afford valuable additions to the religious
(ds of the Assyrians. These sculptures belong to the best
i of Assyrian art, and however conventional may be the treat-
of the human form, there is a simplicity and boldness of
16 in the general de^gn, and a beauty in the ornaments,
1 as fiur as we can judge from the monuments hitherto dis-
ed, were never after equalled by the Assyrian artists. The

of the monarch as well as those of his attendants and of the
ad figures, are covered with the most elaborate designs, repre-
ig various mythic symbols and groups connected with the
on of Assyria. The emblem of the supreme deity, winged
ities, winged horses, gryphons, sphinxes, ostriches, men
g^ing with various animals, goats and bulls bending before a
i flower, and a variety of other objects, are traced upon the
i of the king and on the skirts of his robes, as well as on the
fiots of the other figures. These ornaments were probably
odered. Ancient Assyria was celebrated for the beauty and
i oi its dyed and figured stuffs, and its merchants traded
Tyre ** in blue clothes and broidered work " (Ezekiel xxvii

The forms of many of the ornaments in these bas-reliefs
M^pedally deserving of attention on accoimt of their close resem-
ee to those afterwards employed by the Greeks in architectural
artiom, of which, there are good grounds for believing, the
fotaaa furnished the original type. Greece derived much of

66 THE NINEVEH COURT.

her art, as well as many of her religions myths, from the banks of
the Tigris and Euphrates, and the discoveries at Nineveh have
furnished many analogies to prove this connection, which are of
the highest interest to the critical historian and archseologist.

The ornaments of the arms and of the furniture are remarkable
for their elegance. The handles of the swords and the ends of the
scabbards are in the form of lions, and may have been of precious ^
metal. The throne and footstool were probably made of cedar wood
and ivory, or of wood cased with copper or gold plates embossed
with figures, the extremities and some of the principal ornaments,
such as the rams' heads and the lions' feet, being also in metaL . j
A throne of this kind was discovered at Nimroud, but imfortunately ■'
too much injured by time to bear removal, as it fell to pieces almost J
as soon as exposed to the air. Fragments of the embossed copper- ?
plates, and the heads of the animals also in copper have alone been ■
preserved, and are now in the British Museimi. - ;

In looking upon these sculptures we cannot but be struck at
the remarkable illustration they afford, of the description given by
Ezekiel of the walls of an Assyrian palace. The prophet prophesy-
ing in Assyria and denouncing the idolatrous practices which,
borrowed from strange nations, had crept into and corrupted the
pure religion of the Jews, thus describes the influence of the
Assyrians upon his perverse fellow-countrymen. ** She saw men-
pourtrayed upon the wall, the images of the Chaldseans pourtrayed
with vermilion, girded with girdles upon their loins, exceeding in
dyed attire upon their heads, all of them princes to look to after
the manner of the Babylonians of Chaldsea, the land of their
nativity." (Chap, xxiii. 14, 15.)

At the north end of the central hall, and on each side of an
entrance leading into the inner chamber, are two groups (Nos. 10
and 11) one similar to that on the opposite side before described ;
the other consisting of an eagle-headed god, and a winged figure
bearing in one hand an ibex, or wild goat, such as are still found
in the mountains of Assyria, and an ear of com in the other.

In the group, No. 12, the king and winged figure are similar to
those in No. 8 on the opposite side of the halL An entrance leading^
into a small chamber, at present unappropriated, separates this
group from a second, No. 13, which is a repetition of No 8.

The inscriptions across all the slabs in this hall are of the same
import, and record the titles, genealogy, and principal events oT
the reign of the king who built the north-west palace at Nimroud.
Nearly every stone and slab discovered in that edifice, whether

BBSGRIPnON OF THE CENTRAL HALL. 67

axed or not, bore on both sides this inscription, or an
ned Yersion of it, and upon nearly every brick was stamped
lines of the king, his father, and grandfather.
» bands of painted ornaments above the bas-reliefs, are
L both in design and colour from remains recently discovered
LOoraabad. . The wall was continued over the sculptures with
L or enamelled bricks, a mode of decoration which appears to
j^eneGRilly prevailed both at Nineveh and Babylon. An immense
er of iliese coloured bricks exist among the ruins of both
great cities, and nimierous specimens are preserved in the
h MuBeum. The lion and the bull in the principal band of
loaty are the sacred auimalH continually represented on
iftSL monuments. The tree is the conventional Assyrian form
10 Tine, also, probably, a sacred emblem. The upper band
mxting rosettes, or patera, between winged figures, is copied
the decoration round the archway recently found by M.
^ ai Khorsabad.

v2

68 THS NINSYEH OOUBT.

INNEE CHAMBEE.

Passing through the eutrance at the north end of the '.
just described, and between small winged figures placed
above the other, we enter the Inner Chamber. Its walls
ornamented with casts from bas-reliefs discovered in the princ:
hall of the North-west Palace of Nimroud, and now in the Bri'
Museum. They formed a consecutive series on one side of
apartment, and they all celebrate the exploits of the same ki
who is supposed to have reigned between nine hundred an
thousand years before Christ. Between the sculptures, are insei
repetitions of the same inscription to show the manner in wl
they were originally divided. This inscription, however, altho
found in the same building, is of a more recent date than
bas-reliefs, and appears to have been carved at an entrance to
palace by the order of Sargon, the builder of Khorsabad, wl
power and conquests it describes. We commence with the 1
reliefs to the left on entering.

No. 1 (in the plan). The upper bas-relief represents the kin|
his chariot, hunting the wild bull ; he is striking one animal i
a short sword in the back of the neck, precisely where a moc
Spanish matador would deal the last and fatal blow. A sec
bull, pierced by arrows, is lying beneath the horses' feet,
royal chariot is driven by a charioteer, who holds in one har
short whip, and in the other the reins, with which he urges the tl
horses to the top of their speed. Behind the chariot, is a ho
man with a spear and bow leading a second horse, probably,
the use of the king, in case of need, and two armed attenda
The bull represented in this sculpture, was probably, at one ti
found wild in the great plains of Mesopotamia ; and the £
seems to allude to it (Deut. xiv. 5 ; Isaiah li 20), as an ani
of great strength and fierceness. K we may judge from
representation in the bas-relief, it had long, shaggy hair,
must have become extinct even before the fall of ihe Assy
empire, as Xenophon does not mention it amongst the anii
inhabiting Assyria. An observation may be made here whic
applicable to all the Assyrian bas-relie& — ^that ignorance of
laws of perspective has led the sculptor to give the horses <

DESCEIPTION OF THE INNER CHAMBEE.

69

one for© and Hind leg, and to place the bull, as it were, between
the wheel and body of the chariot*

The lower bas-rehef of W^o. 1 in this instance, bears relation
to the upper, and representa the king after his victory over the
wild bull, pouring a libation^ or drinking wine over the body of
the f Jill en animal. Whilst he raisea the cnp with Ma right hand

King standidg over a conc|nered BiiU,

he rests Ma left on Hfi bow, an attitude denoting triumph and power
in wMch we have seen the monarch pourtrayed in the centre hall.
In front of him are Ms prime minimi, or vizier, an attendant raising
ft fly-flapper, or fan, a second attendant standing with his hanfls
m>ased before Mm — an attitude of respect still assumed by
inferiors and sei-vanta in the East — and musicians playing on a kind
of stringed instrument. Behind the king are an attendant bear-
ing the paranol — an emblem of royalty even to tMs day recognised
l)y many EasteiTi nations, and reserved for the monarch alone—
and Ma armed body guard.

No. 2. The king him ting the lion. He is bending Ms bow against
an infuriated animal, wliich, already pierced by several arrows^ is
Bpringing upon the chariot, wMlst a second in the agonies of
death is struggling benefith the feet of the horses. Two warriors
on foot mth tirawn swords and raised sMelds appear to be hasten-
ing to the assistance of the king. TM^ bas-relief is probably the
finest specimen Mtherto discovered of Assyrian art, and is especially

I remarkable for the spirited and effective delineation of the lions,
wMch in their masterly, though somewhat conventional, treatment,
bear a close resemblance to the lion of the early Greek sculptors.
As on the preceding slab, the lower bas-roMef of No. 2, forms a
part of the same subject aa the upper, and represents the king in

70 THE NINEVEH COUET.

an attitude of tritimpli or thanksgiving over the fallen lion. He
is attended by his cup-bearer, guards, and musicians.

The lion represented in these bas-reliefs is still found on the
banks of the Euphrates and Tigris. It is smaller than the AMcan
lion, and the male is rarely provided with the long shaggy mane
which distinguishes that species. But its chief peculiarity is the
claw or hook at the extremity of the tail, which has been pour-
trayed by the Assyrian artist, is described by ancient writers,
and has been recently found in a specimen brought to England
from countries adjoining Assyria.

The four bas-reliefs just described confirm the traditions which
have been preserved to us by the Greeks of the skill in hunting
of the ancient Assyrian kings. Nimrod, who is supposed to have •
been the founder of the Assyrian empire, was, the Bible tells us,
** a mighty hunter before the Lord." It is probable that when
from the increasing population of the plains watered by the Tigris
and Euphrates, lions were no longer found in sufficient abundance
to afford a ready supply for the chase, they were preserved in those
vast paradises, as they were called, which were especially kept up
by the Assyrian and Persian kings for hunting, and were plenti-
fully stocked with all manner of wild beasts and rare birds. In
the series of bas-reliefs lately discovered at Kouyunjik by Mr.
Rassam, representing the son of Esarhaddon hunting in one of
those great enclosed parks, an attendant is seen letting a lion out
of a cage, whilst the monarch, having already slain a number of
animals, whose carcases are scattered around him, is making ready
for a fresh contest.

No. 3. The siege of a city or fort. This bas-relief is principally
remarkable for the introduction of the battering-ram and artificial
tower. These engines of war appear to have been constructed of
wicker-work, and to have rested on wheels, by the aid of which
they were pushed up to the walls of the besieged town. The ram
is represented in the sculpture as having already dislodged several
stones from the walls. In the tower are two warriors discharging
their arrows against the enemy, one of whom is raising his hands
as a sign of surrender, whilst the others are still defending their
city. The king, with his shield-bearer protecting him from the
arrows of the besieged, and followed by his attendants, is taking
part in the siege.

The battering-ram, the "bulwarks," the "forts built against
a city," by which are probably meant artificial towers, and other
"engines of war," are frequently mentioned in the Bible,
especially as used by the Assyrians and Babylonians^ in their wars

DESCEIPTION OF THE INNER CHAJklBER. 71

the JefWB (Ezeldel, iv. 2 ; Jeremiah, lii 4 ; and 2 Chronicles,

15).

le towers and walls of the besieged castle or city are repre-
d with angular battlements, and an arched entrance.
>. 4. A casUe on an island or on the banks of a river. On
ower is an archer, on the other a woman, distinguished by
UxDg bair. Swimming to the castle and escaping from the
rian warriors who are discharging arrows at them &om the
, are three men, two of whom are supporting themselves on
ied skins, a mode of crossing rivers still practised by the
s inhabiting Mesopotamia, who generally carry the prepared
of a sheep with them for this purpose. Rafts for transporting
handiae and travellers are constructed of similar skins, blown up
air and bound together with twigs and brushwood ; it was by

means that the sculptures discovered amongst the ruins of
nreh were transported by the river Tigris to Busrah for embar-
01. The conventional mode of treating the water and trees,
orthy of observation.

he lower divisions of Nos. 3 and 4 form one subject — ^the king
mug prisoners of war, probably captured in the sieges represented
be upper bas-reliefs. He has dismounted from his chariot, the
m of which are now held by a groom, and is raising two
W8 in his hand, an attitude denoting victory. Before him
ids his vizier, and attendants are bringing the captives, who
hoond together and have their arms fastened behind their
ks. Above them are represented various objects of spoil taken
he war, such as vessels (probably of precious metals) shawls,
. elephant's tusks.

\b no descriptive inscriptions accompany the bas-reliefs just
Bribed, the nation represented as conquered by the Assyrians
not been determined.

foa 6, 6, 7, 8, These four bas-reliefs form a consecutive series,
I represent a great battle, in which the Assyrians were, of
ne, victorious. The king is seen in his chariot, attended by

ddeld-bearer and charioteer. He is discharging his arrows
lust the enemy, who endeavour to oppose his progress, and
ticrior already wounded has fallen beneath the feet of the
IBS. Above his head is the emblem of the great protecting
I of the Assyrians, in the form of a man within a winged
iOf who especially watches over the monarch. The god is also
diaiging an arrow, with a head shaped like a trident, against
I enemies of the Assyrians. Near is an eagle, emblem of
iory, feeding on the slain. In front of the king, also engaged

Bas-relie& from Nimroud.

DRSCEIPTION OF THE BIS-BELIEFS.

n

tie enemy, are Assyrian warriors in cliariots and on horses.
^ Bome of the diarioteers liave staudards bearing devices. Tlie
I luttl© scene is concluded by Asayrian footmen slaying tbe defeated.
P In these baii-reliefa the elaborate and minute ornaments on the
r^ lobea of the figures, the ftimituxe of the horses, and the chariots,

especially remarkable. The horses are delineated with
TOBHiderable spirit^ and show that the Assyrians possessed a pure

«

found in the same country. The Assyrian horsemen appear
have been famous, and are frequently mentioned in the Bible as
11 aa the Assyrian horses (Ezekiel xxiii. 6 ; 2 Kings xviii. 23 ;
bakkuk L 8). When they fonght with the bow, their horses
ppear to have been led by a second horseman, who is represented
the baa-rehefs as wearing a circular cap — probably of iron. The
yrian warriors, it must be observed, are distinguished by the
pointed helmet, several of which were discovered in the ruins.
They were of iron inlaid with copper omanienta, as represented in
iihe sculptures.

The lower compartments of No&. 5, 6, 7, form a continuous
iobjeet, representing the passage of a river by the king and his
ttrmy. In the first boat, towed by men, the king is standing in his
chariot. He ap].>eara to be convei'sing with an attendant who is
pointing out something on the opposite bank — ^perhaps the army or
the castle of the enemy. Three men are seated at the oars, and the
boat is further propelled and steered by a long oar fastened to the
stem. The boats still used on the Euphrates tmd Tigris aie
constructed and managed in the some mannert A man Btandiug

74 THB NINEVEH OOUET.

in the stem holds by their halters four horses, who are swim
OTer the riyer. BcQiind the kiiig*s boat are two smaller ve
one cazTying his conch and a jar, and the other an empty cha
in the water, in which are seen several fish, are men floatii
skins, some leading horses. The scene is closed by wa
standing on the bank superintending the embarcation of
chariots, whilst two others are preparing their skins for swimi
The river represented in these bas-reliefs is probably the T
and to this day, opposite the rains of Nineveh, may be seen
dsely the same scene as that we have here described — so fen
the changes which take place in the customs of the East.

Nos. 9, 10, 11. The king returning victorious from battle,
procession is preceded by Assyrian warriors throwing the hea

!^^

^cp- ./

i

the slain before the royal chariot. This barbarous mode of
brating a victory is still practised by some Eastern nations,
come the musicians playing on stringed instruments, and on a d
They precede a group of Assyrian warriors in chariots, be
standards, probably the same as those represented in the pre
series of bas-rehefs, as combating with the enemy. Above
hovers an eagle, carrying a human head in its talons. The
in his chariot, followed by his led horse and guards, close
procession. The monarch holds two arrows in one hand, as
bow in the other— the usual attitude of triumph. His s]
bearer is now changed for an attendant bearing the parasol^
above him is his protecting deity, raising one hand, and hold
bow in the other. Headless bodies are scattered in the
ground.

The lower compartments of Nos. 8, 9, 10. The king af
victory receiviog captives. He has left his chariot, the hors
which ore held by a groom. Before him is his vizier, follow*

DESCaSIPTION OF THE BAS-RELIEFS.

75

with their arms bound. Above the captives are
anted vases to denote the spoil taken from the enemy.
d the royal chariot are the two charioteers, the warriors
g dismounted. They are passing under the walls of a city or
J npbn which stand women, apparently viewing the ceremony.

tk 11. Lower compartment. Assyrian warriors hunting the

' The wounded animal struggling to free itself from the

n irith which it \& pierced, is represented with great truth and

k( The details and finish of this bas-relief are worthy of

BnriioiL

i nehed doorway modelled from that discovered at B[horsabM,

feed bj eagle-headed figures and the sacred tree, Eiimilar to
* ibeady described, opens to the eastward into the great nave,
hi 12 to 15. These bas-reliefs form one subject, the siege of a
bttid a battle beneath its walls. The king is pursuing, and

76

THE NINEYBH GOU&T.

about to diflchaige an airow against a warrior who is already f allii
wounded from his chariot, the horses of which are rearing ai
plunging. The monarch is protected from the arrows of tl
besieged by his shield-bearer, and above him hovers the emble
of the great god of Assyria. Behind him are two Assyri
charioteers contending with the enemy, one of whom is flying
Ilia chariot before them, and looking back with his hands raise

asking for quarter. Assyrian warriors and the headless bodies <
the slain are placed over the Une of chariots, to represent, in a kii
of conventional perspective, the field of battle ; wavy lines at ti
bottom of the bas-reHefs denote water, probably ^ river, on tl

'^ ^JZ

\^.

^

4'

a^_

banks of which the battle was fought. The walls of the castle are d
fended by archers. Beneath them are Assyrians slaying the conquere
On the opposite side of the castle is a warrior of great distinotio
probably the general of the Assyrian army, clothed in a comple
shirt of mail made of iron scales inlaid with copper, and fsJling fro

78 THE NINEVEH COURT.

his neck to his ankles. He is discharging an arrow agai
besieged, and is protected by his shield-bearer. Above 1
hovers an eagle. Behind him stands the chariot &om whicl
dismounted, and a guard of armed men closes the scene.

This series of bas-reliefs is also remarkable for the minut
the details, and for the illustrations it affords of many pass
the Bible. The ornaments of the various arms used
Assyrians, of their armour, of the trappings of their horses
their chariots, consisting of the heads of animals, probably :
and precious metals, of dyed and figured cloths, of tassels o
colours, and of bells, profusely attached to the harness (i
which have been discovered in the ruins), are especial]
observed. The embroidered trappings are described by E2
" the precious cloths for chariots'' brought from Dedan (xxi

Both the Jewish and Assyrian armies contained a large nu
chariots. Solomon had no less than 1400, for the maintei
which certain cities were especially appointed (2 Chron.
Isaiah prophesying of the invasion of Judea by the As
describes a scene very similar to that represented in the bas
" The choicest valleys shall be full of chariots, and the h(
shall set themselves in array against the gate " (xxii. 7).

The lower division of No. 12. — ^A singular bas-relief, wl
pears to represent a walled inclosure or castle, and the pavilio
victorious king. The first is indicated by a circle of battle
walls with equidistant towers. It is divided into fom: c<
ments, each occupied by figures either preparing for a ban
a sacrifice — one is slaying a sheep, another appears to be
bread in an oven, and others are before tables and stands
dishes and bowls. Beneath, or in front of the pavilio]

r

D^CRIPTION OP THE BAS-EELIEFS.

79

1 cleaning a horse, wMat others are feeding at a manger,
3d like tiaoBO Btill used in the East when horses are picketed
f doors. An attendant stands at the entrance to the pavilion,
(©hind him are four prisoners hound together and followed by
tsyrian warrior. AhoYe this group are two strange figures dressed
as' heads and skinB, ijrohably mascxuers or buffoons.

3 lower division of Xo. 13*— Male and fenmle prisoners and
brought to Assyria after a campaign. The women are tearing
lair and throwing dust upon their heads, usual signa of grief in
Eist

9 lower divisions of Ifos, 14 and 15. —Highly interesting
liefs representing the siege of a city. The king, attended
a shield-bearer, and an eunuch raising the royal parasol, is
urging his arrows against the enemy. On the opposite side
ittering-ranij the force of which the besieged are endeavouiiug
»ck by catdiiug it with chains lowered from the walls. The

80

THE NINEVEH COURT.

Assyrians are represented as straggling to keep it in its place bn
hooks. The besieged are also throwing lighted torches upon th
artificial tower, from which a projecting spout discharges water t<
extinguish the fire. Assyrian warriors are mounting to the assaul
by ladders, whilst others are undermining the fortifications. Som
of the b^eged are falling wounded £rom the wall, others stL
defend their city. Women, tearing their hair, appear to be askin
for quarter. An Assyrian warrior, standing behind the batterin
ram and discharging an arrow, is protected by a large shield c
wickerwork, which probably covered the whole of his person. Sue
shields appear to have been especially used in sieges.

The paintings running round the chamber above the bas-rehef
represent the king, accompanied by his usual attendants and guar^
receiving his vizier — a subject continually pourtrayed on the walls o
the Assyrian palaces, and found, in more than one instance, in th
ruins of the North-west Palace at Nimroud. The drawings hav
been carefully made'from bas-reliefs in the British Museum, by Mi
Scharf, Sen. , and the colours correspond as nearly as possible to th
remains discovered. The ornamental borders are also copied froi
those found at Nimroud ; and the alternate rosettes or patera an
winged figures are taken, as in the adjoining hall, from Khorsab&c

The ceiling, like that of the central hall, of which it may I
said to form a part, has been restored from various omamem
on the existing sculptures discovered in the ruins.

BAASBtTBT AKB BVABS, rBZNTBBS, WHXTBrBIAB*.

IS'o. 6.— NINEVKH COURT.

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SIPHON [A. remnrkk^le (ofUm
Hghriim* and Jtoftnc** of tcx-
tujre, aHupted tor S|><>n»!infn,
Travc41er«, ftodl Tounat*, caally
fuliltrd ta raiTj Ln ih'* PocVet
or on. Saddle, i&fcvUurifr ibe
■tic'tpnn«aud unplnt^«.nt smell
|ifcr.4'ar to all tthtr Water-
ier 00^5.

Price accot-'injr to tU*. 40s.
to 50s , allatlk thmuffhout. BOn.
to dflf. MraAuri-ment, lensith
of :^ut «nd iit.r rnkind the client
over rlic coat. Stout Milphnnta*,
Hit. to 35«* Revirriiibli; Alpa-
cas. i*5 t> aSf. Ovtrall., B^.tiJ.
to 10i» 6d, Ljidlies' Capca pud
Hood«, Petticoats «:c.

SHJNG sud WADING BOOTS, require no drtwin?, FISHING STOCKINGS, "ift*. per j>wr.
WATER BkUH ON SALE OR HIHK.
Ilthiing J&ckett^ from lii. f^A, e^ch. YarU'hiR Troo»ef» atid Sou'-Weiterit Life Buoy*, tod WusS
Belts, Air St »»■ fur Fv»hinpr. and Folding Sponge Rdthi,
TICK.— NAME ANU ALH>UKSi* I^TAMPHI INSIDE. NONE OTHER ARE GENUINE.

EDMISTON & SOK, WaterpToofers, 6B an<i 4ie, STEAND«

IIZB MEDAL FOR DRESSING CASES,

1851.

MAGNIFICENT DRESSING CASES.

UN AND ELABORATELY-FJNISHED WRITING CASES.

I COMPLETE TRAVELLING BAdS^ FOR LADIES AND GENTLEMEN,

W. LEUCHARS,

Dg coosi<3erably enlarged his Old EfitnbliBhed Premia^s, is euftbled to offer to ib»,
inspection of the Nobility Mid Gteotry <

AN UNEQUALLED DLSPLAY OF THE ABOVE ARTICLES;
f an ImmeDse variety of Elegancies suitable for Wedding or other Presents ;
and begs to draw cHpecial attention to his large Assortment of

for the Drawing-room, in Ebony and fine Walnnt Wood,

Mounted i« Marr^tL Gilt,
Of tbe Choicest Patterns^ in the Mediceval and other Styles, consi sting of
STANDS, BLOTTING BOOKS, ENVELOPE CASES, LADIES' WRITING
DESKS, WORK BOXES, TEA CHESTS, ETC.. ETC.
IIde«igned with exquisite taste* combined tvitb the excellence of worltmanahip,
1 1 for which his EstabliBhinent has for so many years been celebrated.

[PICCADIILY, OPPOSITE ST, JAMES'S CHIJECH, LONDON.

ADVERTISEMENTS. [No. '

POPULAR WORKS

ON GARDENING AND BOTANY.

THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM ; or, the Structure, Classifioatioj
AKD UsBS OF Plants. Illustrated upon the Natural System. B7 Di
LiNDLET, Ph. D., F.B.S., &0. A New Edition, enlarged and ImproYec
Price 86«. in cloth.

THE ELEMENTS OF BOTANY, Structural and Phtsiologicai
3y I>B* LiNDLET. With a Glossary of Technical Terms, and numerous HIu
trations. 12«. cloth.

%* The Glossary may he had separatel^t price Ss. cloth.

THE ELEMENTS OF MEDICAL AND ECONOMICAL BOTANTi
By Dr. Lindlbt. With numerous Illustrations, 8vo. Price 14«. cloth.

SCHOOL BOTANY; or. The Rudiments op Botanical Scienci
By Db. Lindley. With neaily 400 Illustrations. A new edition, enlarge
and corrected. 8vo. Price 5^. 6d, half-bound.

PRACTICAL HINTS ON PLANTING ORNAMENTAL TREES
with Particular Reference to CONIFERJB : in which all the hardy species a]
popularly described. By Standish and Nqble. Price 58. in cloth.

THE LADIES' COMPANION TO THE FLOWER GARDEI

Being an Alphabetical Arrangement of all the Ornamental Pknts grown :
Gkuraens and Shrubberies ; with full directions for their eulturei By Me
LouDOK. Sixth Edition. Price 7«. cloth.

PAXTON'S FLOWER GARDEN. Edited by Sir JosErn Paxtg
and Db. Lindley. Each Volume is iUuBtrated by 86 highly-fiuisbed Plate
and more than 200 beautiful Wood Engravings. Complete in Three Volume
Price ZZs. each, elegantly bound in cloth.

%• This work ia also published m 86 Mwthljf Ftirts, th4 %ohole 0/ vkkk map he procured by order
any Bookaeller, price 2e. 6d. each.

PAXTON'S BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. Comprsing the Name
History, and Culture of all Plants known in Britain ; with a full Explanati^
of Technical Terms. Crown 8vo, 16s.

HOW TO LAY OUT A SMALL GARDEN. iDtended as a Gun
to Amateurs in Choosing, Forming, or Improving a Place (fiom a Quarter of i
Acre to Thirty Acres in extent), with reference to both Design and £xecuti<i
By Edward ICemp, Landscape Gardener, Birkenhead Park. Price 3«. 6^
boimd in cloth.

BRADBURY AND EVANS, 11, BOUVERIE STREET.

.t]

ADVEETlSEMENTa

liN COURSE OF PUBUCATION,

:HE ENGLISH CYCLOP JIDIA.

ai Hi to ISittionatB ef ©nibrrsal Itnotoletjge.

fLLUSTRATED WITH UPWARDS OF 5000 WOOD ENGRAVINGS.

Conducted bt Mr. CHAELES K:NIGHT.

«THE ENGLISH CYOLOP/EDIA/' as ftmioiint!e*l from the first, ia bfuied tipon
*^ " The Penny CydopBedii of th« Sociitr *ot the Oiffumioa of Useful Knowledg*." The copy-
iht ol thar §ret%t T*ork betufr the piroperry nf Mr. Knisht, be alone bad the power of re-mod^^llinff it
nu^hout, tro a* to adapt the nri^inai material! to (he cxutinif^ Ktate of koovledgei^ Tbe tuiotmt of
benry labour irhich thin adaptatim has involved will at once be teen by uiy one trbo wtU comparo
s pr'tfient work i^ith the or%iiiaJ. It bat not been a labour m er«ly of correetton aad revisiuni it
I invoked the iiec»'B«'ity of intrudticiiiK h ji[rcat body uf newly-writteti matter. Tbe chanjE** which,
re clapped •iui:e '*Ttke Fenny CycbiJieuia'* wa» eammcnced, twenty yean ajto^ have rendered every
inch of iniorinathm iti >omr decree a new *tmlf. In " Thk Ekqlisis C?ifCj,or*i>tA *• no diliR-^ince
been ipared tn collect every fact not previounly recorded : to «yateiaatiie articles thiit rroin thfl
r coune of pabticatiam of the original work were dlscQnnecfed ; to make the reference! complete;
f truly to pre»<nt, aa far Ad a '* IJ]ctjo<nait or UffiTicasjiL. Knovlkdgi " can jtreaent^ the id-
[ee^i opinion* of our own times*
[ '^Thr Ewodian Ctclof^vdi*." will be compriied ia Four Diyiiioni, each hafing^ ita owD alpbi-
1 arrajsgement, and each formloK, whra complete, four diatuiet voloanes.

GROGRAi'iir . . . , « • . ,^ . I . irols*

NATItaAL HiBTQKT » . . . . 4 Toll.

Si^iaircis Mii» A»T» ..♦.,»,», 4 voli.

HltTOAYi BlOGKAPBT, LiTSAATUXX, JlCC. t * . . . 4 voll.

' A NutfihuT f)/tkeCj€i.ovMmA if pitMished evity Satarddif, prim (id.; on* ti^A « Number cf
Geogaafut, the nfxt a Number o/Natvbal Hutorv } and a pdri, jiftce 2*,| on U^e liui
Dtiijf of entry Month,

VOL. I. OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISION,

VOL L OF THE NATURAL HISTORY DIVISION,
Are compirf<!d. price 10#. tQch, in H^ih.

BEADBURY AND EVANS, II, BOUVEIIIE STREET,

i

FIOTOEIAX SHAESPEBE

(NadcjiiELl Edit ion) 4

ByCHARLEii KNIGHT,

niaairated with many liundred Woodeuti^

* There eiiit no critical eitays more imbued
the pure ipirit of (^hakspere, than the §up-
entary notices which Mr. li night ap]>cnded
each play in hia beautiful Piettjjial Edition***
~ itnmH'$ Maffaxdtie, Oct., iafi3.
In 6 volt,, c!otb, -*2 ee.

In 9 volii., with the atudlea md biography »
Iklf extra, 404 $4.

Lfrndoi] ;
GBO20S Cox» King Street, Covent Garden.

13 rola., doth, ^3 I half 'bound , j^3 I2s. j 6 vols^
halAruwia, £3 ISa. 6d,

VIATIONAL CYCLOPJilDIA of

xS U^KFLiL KNOWLEDGE. Arran|r«d
ilpbab4:tica}]y, and founded upon the *' Penny
Cyclop red la,*' under the soperintendence of
Mr. Charlta Kni^hC.
Loodon: Gio^os Cxtx, Ktag St., CoveDt- Garden

Third Edition^ la. 6d. lunpi 3t, 6d, clotbboardj,
with Engravings*

POOR PADDY'S CABIN i

By an Ini^iiMAT'.
Id 4to, 38. paper; 4». 6d, cloth,

WERTHEIM'S IIBLE CAR-
TOONS, g

For iichoolfl and Cottages. 4

Ifi fcap. Svo, 3a,,, with engraringS].

VESTIGES OF DIVINE
VENGEANCE; |

Or, Dead hca find Ciiiea of the Plain. I
By W. Elf£ Tatlmi. I

In 410, price 2!ia. c^«)th, m

THE BOOK OF FAMILY^
PRAYER;

For eveTj MornlnK i^rnl Evening in the yesj.

By Two Hundred Clergymen.

WERTHEIM & MACINTOSH,

34, FaternoBter How, London.

i

ADVERTISEMENTS.

[N<

SOCIAL AND POLITICAL MORALITY.

BY WILLIAM LOVETT. Pi-ice is.

OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.

" In this truly excellent work for promoting Education, Mr. Lovett has well performed his i

The book U full of t ' ' .. -. w

Journal.

f golden sentences, which we might cull from almost every page." — Miza (k

* We have read no work on this subject, and we have read a great many, which we feel i
stronffly disposed to recommend to our resders." — Tait's Magasitie.
** One of the best manuals of the sort in the English tongue."— TAe British Banner,
** Mr. Lovett points out, with truth and faithfulness, the principles which will ensure a happy
a useful U{t.**-~Lit€rary Oazette,

Also, by the same Author, u.

ELEMENTARY ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOG

FOR SCHOOLS AND PRIVATE INSTRUCTION.— Second Edi'ion.
PUBLISHED BY SIMPKIN, MARSHALL & CO., LONDON.

THE ORIOINAI. JUVEiriI.1: I.IBRARY

WEST CORNER OF ST. PAUL'S CHURCHYARD. ^

GRANT & GRIFFITH,

SUCCESSORS TO NEWBERY & HARRIS,
BOOKSBZiZiBaS AITD YITBZiZSl

G. & G. have, in addition to their well known Publications for the Young, an extensive Sto<
New Standard and Illustrated Works ; Family, Reference, and Pocket Bibles , Prayer Books
Church Service, in every variety of Bindings.

Murray's, Black's, and other Guide Books and Mapa

For London, England, Scotland, Ireland, and the Continent.
THE BOYAL HOTEL GUIDE AND ADVEETISINO HANDBOi

PRICE Is. Contaios a List of all the Hotels In the United Kingdom. It is from iu vast circnli
the best medium for advertising. OFFICIS, 441, STRAND. Sold at all RaUway SUtions.
rr ASK FOR THE ROYAL HOTEL GUIDE.

BETTS'S
LONDON MODEBN ATLAS,

containing

TWENTY- FIVE

Large size Maps, full coloured. Price, strongly

half-bound, lOs. 6d.

London: JOHN BEITS, 115, Strand.

FREE BY POST FOR ONE PENNY.
People's Edition, with Illustrations,

THE very interesting LIFE and
TIMES of THOMAS PARR, containing
remarks on Disease, Heslth, and the Means of
Prolonging Life, thirty-two pages, with Engrav-
ings, Anecdotes, &c.,maybe bad of T. Robbbts,
and Co., Crane Court, Fleet Street, London, by
■ending one penn y stamp for the postage.

THRESHER'S INDIA GAUZE

WAISTCOATS.

Possess all the advantages of Flannel, and are

perfectly Aree from every irritating quality.

Sold only by

THRESHER & GLENNY,

Next door to Somerset House, Strand, and

C. GLENNT, 33, Lmbard Street.

T

^IIE CONSERVATIVE LA

SOCIETY: Offices, 33, Norfolk SI
Strand, London. (Enrolled under 6 & 7 %
IV., cap. 32.) EsUblished Sept. 7> 185S,
most eligible mode of investment, and fof
purpose of aiding members of all clssses toob
cheaply and speedily, the freehold franchii
counties.

Chablss Lbwis Obcwbisbw, Si

VISITORS

TO THK EXHIBITIC

are particularly invited to

MADAME TUSSAUD S
Splendid Eooms, Baker Stn

For Particulars see Gidde Book No. !•

MENAGERIE, 12, CAMDEN COTTAfl
CAMDEN NEW TOWN.
Near the Regent^s Park.

A. LAW,KaturaK8t, has alwj

• for sale a coIlectioB of Forsign Beasts, Bi
Serpents, &c., also 60 species of Oroami
Birds, well adapted for pets ; beddes a variti
Natural and Artifidftl CoiiMHiM of grant intei

c.

«.]

ADVERTISEMENTS.

ATI.ASES

DBSIGIfBD AKD ABKAMOaD UNDBB THB SUPBBINTBNDBNCB OP

THE SOCIETY FOR THE DIFFUSION OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE,

Corrected to the present time by eminent Geographers, and published by

GEORGE OOX, 18, KING STREET, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON.

I Atlas Complete, 163 Maps and 62 plans of Towns, with Index

to more than 35,000 Places, in 1 vol., half morocco or russia, sgQ Us. |n 3 vols., jBIQ 58.
%* A complete list of the Maps and Plans^Hrill be forwarded free by poet on application
to the Publisher.

\ Library Atlas, containing^ the Maps, 163 in nnmber, with the

Index, in 1 toI., j£7 7s.

I Family Atlasip^ntaining 66 Maps, with the Index, £3 3s.

*«* The I'unily Atlas Eas been selected with the greatest discrimination for general nse and
vrference, but purchasers can form tbeir own Atlas, with or withdut the Index to Places,
and have it bound in their own style, on application to the Publisher.

TO INVALIDS.

'm Ml^ieaty's Royal Letters Patent, and by Si>ecial Appointment to the Qaeen, the Empiew of
France, Russia, &c. &c.

WARD, 6, LEICESTEK SQUARE, Manufacturer of Bath, Brighton,

^and Children's CARRIAGES, to propel from behind, RECUMBENT, and all kinds of SELF-
riNG CHAIRS and BEDS for the Room. Also Patentee of the Celebrated ALBERT LOUNGING
UH, for which see a7B in Furniture Court, and for Bath Chairs see Carriage Department.

TKINSON^AND BARKER'S ROYAL INFANT'S PRESBRVA-

TIVE.— MOTHERS, call at your Druggist's, or our Agents, and purchase a bottle of the
It is the BEST MEDICINE IN THE WORLD for INFANTS and YOUNG CHILDREN

reveption and cure of those DISORDERS incident to INFANTS: affording INSTANT
IN CONVULSIONS, Flatulency, Affections of the Bowels, DIFFICULT TEETHING,
ke., and may be given with safety immediately after birth. It is no misnomer Cordial I — no
!Te deadl]r narcotic ! but a veritable preservative of infants I Mothers would act wisdy in
keepioi^ it in the nursery. Many thousands of children are annually saved by this much-
'i aaedicine, and the Infants rather like it than otherwise. Prepared only by ROBERT
[B, Bowdon, near Manchester (Chemist to Her Most Gracious AUjesty, Queen Victoria, in
■t la. lid., ys. 9d., and4s. 6d. each.— Caution— Observe the .names of "Atkimsozc a.iio
" on the Government Stamp.— Established in the year 1790.

MNfiR SERVICES, TEA SERVICES, TABLE CLASS, «cC.

GEO. B. SANDERS, 319, HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON.

See " General Guide Book," No. 1. _^__^

lAMES SCOTT & Co.,

k 78, ST. PAUL'S CHURCHYARD,

*f iMpeetfuIIy invite an inspection of their
"' Magnificent Stock of

JfKS, HAHTLES, SHAWLS,

BIBBONS, DBAPERY, LACE,

idi is now replete with every novelty for the
present Season.

3 k 78, ST. PAUL'S CHURCHYARD, akd
trt TRONGATE, GLASGOW.

HOSIERY, &c.

JlATRIMONIAL INSTITU-

rfH . TION.— OflBce, 12, John Street, Adelphi,

ion. Founded 1846. Established for the in-

iction of parties unknown to each other, who

lesirous of forming MATRIMONIAL ALLI-

Jifl SBS. The strictest honour and secrecy in every

I f^ > Proapectoses, applications, fornu, rules, and

A^ f ialbrmation sent free on receipt of 1 2 postage

-rid pa.— By order of the Directors,

"^ LAURENCE CUTHBURT.

THE EVER-POINTED HOUSE.

IN consequence of the difficulty
experienced by the Nobility, Gentry, and
Foreigners, in procuring a genuine MORDEN'S
CASE, Mr. Baxtbk, of 79, Strand, has been
induced to enter into an arrangement with that
celebrated Firm, to supply him with an unrivalled
assortment of their best

aOLD AND SILVER
PENCIL CASES,

AND

EVEBLASTIKO GOLD FEUS,

of the most fashionable and approved Patterns,
forming the largest Stock in London.

BAXTER'S, 79, STRAND.

BRITISH COLLEGE OF HEALTH,
NEW ROAD, LONDON.

MOBISON'S

Vegetable Universal Hedicines.

A CURE FOR ANY CURABLE DISEASE.

8 ADVERTISEMENTS. [

THOMAS SAXiT &b CO.,

EAST INDIA PALE ALE BREWE:

BURTON-ON-TRENT.

STORES :—

VNVBOir 22, Hiiiifferf«r4 ^Tbarfi

XXVBBPOO& 52, HMirjr Street.

, 37, Srowu SUeeCc

tOUMX/K 26i, Boll Street.

BRX8TO& BaclL Han, Baldwlii Street.

irOTTIKaBLSaiK 44, Oreybmyia Street,

BVB&IV 4k, ChroWB iSfcy.

BDIVBVROB 17, Bownle Vlaoe.

The Alet, in Ca>k (18 Gallons) aid Bnttlga, may be obtained from all reapectftble Bottlei

PERFUMERY, COMBS, BRUSHES, TURKEY SPONGES,and
requisite for the Toilet, of the very best description, and in great variety, at J. & E. ATKI Ni
24, Old Bond- street, London, and at No. 14, Nave, Crystal Palace, near the Entrance
Ponmeian Court.

J. & E. ATKINSON beg leave to recommend their New Perfumes, the CRYSTAL PALA(
TURKISH BOUQUETS, samples of which, with several others, are always open for inspectic
EAU DE COLOGNE, from J. M. Farina, opposite Julliers-place, Cologne.
24, Old Bond-street, London, June. 1954.

IVRITINO, BOOK-KEEPING, Arc.

PERSONS of any age, how-
ever bad their writing, may, in EIGHT
LESSONS, acqmre permanently an ele-
gant and flowing style of PENMANSHIP,
adapted either to professional pursuits or
private correspondence. Arithmetic on a
method requiring only one-third the time
tuoall^ requisite. Book-keeping, as prac-
tised in the government, banking, and .M^rmmt^^^ -

mfiTchanto' offices. Short-hand, &c. For . VT^ \ \

tenns, &c., apply to M». SMART, at the jr
Institution, 5, Piccadilly (between the y^
Haymarket and Regent-circus), removed A
from New-street, Covent-garden. ^S^

** A practical, scientific, and really phi- — .— _

loffophic method.*'— Co/oniaJ Beview.

OLD ESTABLISHED AND HIGHLY-ESTEEMED PREPARATIONS.

BUTLER'S VEGETABLE TOOTH POWDE

l*re-eminent for preserving and beautifying the teeth, properties which have procured fot
•pprobation of the most distinguished personages in the United Kingdom. Sold in boxes at 2

BUTLER'S POMADE DIVINE.

An elegant and efficacious preparation for excoriation and roughness of the akin, duqtped
lips, burns, exposure to the sun or inclement weather, in glass jars, 28. gd.

BUTLER'S CHEMICAL MARKING-INK.

FOR MARKING LINEN, &c., WITHOUT ANY PREPARATION, IN CASES AT

BUTLER AND HARDINa,

CHEMISTS.

4, Cheapside, Corner of St Paulas, London.

The above may be obtained al«o, of Ma. Sanobb. 150, Oxford Street, or throu^ the m<M
respectable Druggists throughout the country.

RICHARD LOADER, ''EXHIBITOR/'

OF

23 & 2A, PAVEMENT, FINSBURY, LONDON.

S^rt and General Upholsterer, respectfully soliciu an inspection of hie ntidee M exhiU
Fonitwe Court, No, (Ua, and 70a, and at his Warehouse, as above.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

IGANT PBRSOiHAl RBSUSSSTBS.

Vntrar Qe yy*iH^tSy 9xtratu(jQ[e of

t €mxM at Cuxapt, ^^^SS^9 i^t ^viitavcsu2»

OWLANDS' MACASSAR OIL.

Vm the GROWTH, RESTORATION, and for IMPROVINO

AND BEAUTIFYING THE HUMAN HAIR.

Ili Hair-from idling off or turning grey, strengthens weak HAIR, clemnaet it tnax MOrf
«Ml dandriff, and makes it B£AUTIFULLT SOFT, CURLT, and GLOSSY.

In the growth of the

JiVASH, 'WBZSKBmS, ABTD MVATACHIOfl^

Bm in its ttimolatiTe operation. For CHI L DRRN it is especially reeommended as forming
thebaaUofa BEAUTIFUL HEAD OF HAIR.
_ • 6d. ; 7a* } Family Bottles, equal to four small, 10s. 6d. ; and double that aise, 21s.
• nONI -On the wrapper of each Bottle are the words, Rowlands' Macabsab Oil, in two

Hn iMBa are engraven on the back of the wrapper nearly 1,500 times, oontaining 9)^,028 lettersiL

ROWLANDS' KALYDOR,

roB

VINO AND BEAUTIFYING THE COMPLEXION.

CaTANfiOUS DEFECTS and DISCOLORATIONS, and renders the SEIN

SOFT, TAXM, and 8x.oo»u»ra.

I all the effects of Climate on the Skin, whether with reference to cold and inclemency, or
r hear, and affords immediate relief in cases of sunburn, stings of insects, or incidental
Gentlemen after shaving will appreciate its softenmg and ameliorating properties.
Price 4b. 6f1. and 8s. 6d. per boitle.
Ron.— The words Rowland8' Kaltdor are on the wrapper of eadi bottle* and thdr
** 1^ A. BoiTLAND & SoN8, 20, Hatt >n Garden, London, in red ink, at foot.

I

ROWLANDS' ODONTO,

OR, PEARL DENTIFRICE.

ifBded of the choicest and most recherchS inKredients of the ORIENTAL HERBAL, and of
inestimable value in

P&SSBRVZXrCI A.«»]> BB^VTZFYZVO TBB TBBT8,

STRENGTHENING THE GUMS,

And in rendering

THE BREATH SWEET AND PURE.

Price 28. 9d. per box.

■ftlON.— The words Rowlands' Ooonto are on the lab**!, and A. Rowlamb & SOMtj 29,
Garden, engraved on the Government Stamp affixed on each Box.

Sold by A. EOWLANO & S NS. 20, Hatton Garden, London*

AND BY CHEMIaTS ANU PERFUMERS.

BEWARE OF SPURIOUS IMITATIONS!!!

10 ADVERT1SEMKNT&

THE OLD ESTABLrSHED '

TOT WAREHOUS

3, CHEAPSIDE, LONDON,-

(laie DUNNETT'S). . •■—•-•

W. I.EUCHAR8,

Having taken the above business, begs most respeotfolly to inform tbe 1
he has considerably increased the well-selected, stoksk, with all the newei
description of Toys and Games, both Foreign and English, and requests an
of the same. ,

Rocking Horses, Speaking and Model DoUa, DoUa' Housea, Baby
Building Bricks, Noah's Arks, American Yachts, Skin Horses,
Cricket Bats, &c.

The newly.registered games of Pop Goes the Weasel^ Jack's AliTe^ C
Parlour Bowls, Bagatelle and Tivoli Boards, Chessmen, &c.

A beautiful variety of the finest Mechanical Toys continually arriving fro
and which can only be seen at this establishment— 3, CHEAPSIDE.

LEUCHAR'S NEWLY-PATENTED CHIDREN'S CARRIAGES.

BETTS'S INTERROGATORT MAI

Each accompanied by a Book of Exercises ; price, full-coloured, including the Book,
cloth in case, 2s. 6d. ; on roller and Tarnished, 3s. 6d. ; size, 2 ft. 2 in. by 1 ft. 11

THESE MAPS offer a Dovel, and most valuable method
municatin|; Geographical instruction ; which needs only to be generally known,
eiated. The distinguishing^ characteristic of the Maps is, that they have no names on then
beinff afBzed to the principal towns, &c., as well as to the more important physical feal
numbers correspond with numbers attached to the Exercises which accompany the BCapt.
arrangement a system of practical instruction is developed, which, whilst it lightens tfa
tbe teacher, engages the attention, and insures the progress of the pupil.

The Interrogatory Maps are equally adapted to the use of either public or private schc
home education they will be found invaluable. They are boldly, but not vulgariy engrave
the physical features clearly and carefully delineated.

Europe, Asia, England, Scotland and Ireland, are published ; other Maps are in a forwi

BETTS'S IMPROVED EDUCATIONAL »

Size, exclusive of margin, 2 ft. 2 in. by 1 ft. 11 in. ; price, full coloured, Is. 6d. ; on elo*
2s. 6d. ; on roller, and varnished, 3s. 6d.

THESE MAPS have been engraved expressly for the purpose i
by their title. They are boldly, but beautifully executed up<m steel ; and the physi
are accurately as well as very distinctly marked. Tbe names introducml are not so n
materially to interfere with the physical geography, and by a combination of arrange
comparative importance of towns is made strikingly apparent ; and it will be seen, that
adopted, more distinctness and eflfect are produced than will b« found on many maps of r
dimensions. It is also hoped that the low price at which the Maps are offered to the
prove no small recommendation to them.

England, Scotland, Ireland, Europe, Asia, Palestine, the Eastern and Weatem Hemis
published ; Africa and America are in a forward state.

LONDON: JOHN BETTS, 115, STRAND; or through any Bookseller or Statio

ADVERTISEMENTS.

11

AL&S

IK

RAIEO CMOCilE flF

NT FREE
Y P0S15 j:

OIIEIIIUM W

ROAD

OWARD, Surgeon-Dentist,

eel Street, ha* introduced an entirely
loa of ARTIFICIAL TEETH, fixed
inf«. wires, or ligatures. They so
•mble the natural teeth as not to be
1 from the originals by the closest
ley will never change colour or decay,
band superior to any teeth ever before
aethod does not require the extraction
loy painful operation, and will sup-
■Menre teeth that are loose, and b
o restore articulation and mastication,
eth rendered sound and useful in

FLEET STREET.

At home from 10 till 5.

'superior~h"osiery

nrial and workmanship, of COTTON,
ILK AND SPUN SILK, &c.
ired expressly for durability and
amily use by

OPE 8c PLANTE,
3RLOO PLACE, PALL MALL,
LONDON.

JGON'S PATENT

ALTE ROOFING FELT; Inodo-
damp walU, lining iron houses; sold
aches wide, Id. per square foot; also
t, tor preventing the radiation of beat
ng sounH, and sheathinv of ships'
impleti, directions, and testimonials,

r & CO., 2, Dowgate Hill, London.

TIOIAS lARRIS ANB SOR'S
SPECTACLES

ARE CERTAIN PRESERVERS
OF THE SIGHT.

THE CHEAPEST AMD BEST.

Oppodte the rates of
THE BRITISH MUSEUM.

Snt JAMES HUSRAY S FLUID
MAGNESIA,

PREPARED under the immediate
care of the Inventor, and established for
upwards of thirty years by the Profession, for
removing BILE, ACIDITiES, and INDIGES-
TION, restoring APPETITE, preserving a mode-
rate state of the bowels, and dissolving urie add
in GRAVEL and GOUT ; also as an easy remedy
for SEA SICKNESS, and for ihe febrile affection
incident to childhood it is invaluable.— On the
value of Magnesia as a remedial agent it is un-
necessary to enlar^ ; bat the Fluid Preparation
of Sir James Murray is now the most valued by
the Profession, as it entirely avoids the possibility
of those dangerous concretions usually resulting
from the use of the article in powder.

Sold by the sole consignee, Mr. WILLIAM
BAILE7, of Wolverhampton ; and by all whole-
sale and retail Druggists and Medicine Agents
throughout the Brituh Empire, in bottles, Is.,
2s. 6d., 3s. 6d., Ss. 6d., lis., and 21s. each.

ACIDULATED STBXJP,

In Bottles, 2s. each.

N.B. — Be sure to ask for " Sir James Murray's
Preparation,'* and to see that his name is stamped
on each label, in green ink, as follows : — '* James
Murray, physician to the Lord Lieutenant."

KEATINQ'S COUGH LOZENGES.

, CERTAIN REMEDY FOR

■Ti. Disorders of the Pulmonary Organs. In
difficulty of Breathing, in Incipient Consumptions,
they are of unerring efficacy. In Asthma and
Winter Cough they have never been known to
fail, the Testimonials of which are too numerous
for publication.— 72, St. Paul's Churchyard.

I(SE~AND~BEFEIGERATOES^

FOR cooling Wine, Butter, Fruit,
Water, and all kind of Provisions. The
greatest and most economical luxury of the day.

WENHAM LAKE ICE COMPANY,

l64 A, Strand, London ; and

No. 19} Hardware Court, Crystal Palace.

12 ADVERTISEMENTS. [No.

TEAS AND COFFEES AT MEBGHANTS' PBIGEB.

DUTY OFF TEA.

THE PRICES OF ALL OUR TEAS AGAIN REDUCED FOUR PENCB
PER POUND.

PHILLIPS AND COMPANY

Qbe tlM Public the lull mod entire adTantasre of the Reduetioa of Dutj, u the fbUewiH
Prices will show :—

BLACK TEAS.

8TRONO CONGOU TEA 2s. 8d., 2s. lOd., 8s. at.

BICH SOUCHONG TEA 3«. Sd. Beeemnended.

BEST IMPERIAL SO UC BONO TEA 8s. 4d. Strongly KComiiMaded.

BEST LAPSANG SOUCHONG TRA 8s. 8d. Strongly xccoaimended.

BEST ASSAM PEEOE SOUCHONG TEA 4s. M. Very stNUigly leeommendei. \

This Tea is of peculiar and eitraordiaaiy atrengih.

GREEN TEAS.

STRONG GREEN TEAS, with flavour 3s., Ss. 4d., Ss. 8d.

PRIME RfOYUNE GUNPOWDER 4a td. Beeommendad. '

THE BEST MOYUNE GUNPOWDER 4s. 4d. Rceommended. '

TRUE PEARL GUNPOWDER 4s. 8d. RMomaeaded. '

THE BEST PBARL GUNPOWDER fta.ed. Hecom—ndei. •

The MIXED TEAS, at 3s. 8d. and 4s. per lb., are now Teiy saperior Teas, and ave
strongly recommended.

COFFEES.

THE BEST PLANTATION COFFER Is. Od. perUh

THE BEST COSTA RICA COPFES Is. 2d. „

THE BEST WEST INDIA COFFEE It. 4d. „ >

THE BESr MOCHA COFFEE Is. 4d. ^

COLONIAL PRODUCE AND SPICES,
100 PER CENT. UNDfiR MOST HOUSES.
Arrow Root, 8d., lod., is., is. 2d., and Is. 4d. Sago, Sd. and 4d. ; Large Sago, Sd. T^ii
6d. I Best, 7d. Tous les Mois, 6d. ; Bent. 8d. Maccaroni, Naples, 8d. Italian Maecarooi •
Vermicelli, lOd. Memolina, 6d. and 8d. Millet, 4d. and 5d. liics. 2d., 2id , Sd., and 4d. ; Beat, 4
Scotch Barley, 2id. Pearl Barley, 3d. Clovev, Is. 3d. and Is. fid. : Best, 3s. prr lb. NeMsC
4s. fid. and Ss. ; Best, 5s. 4d. Mace, 4s. fid. ; Best, 6s. Cinnamon, 8s. ; Best, Ss. fid Ground C
Damon, 4s. Cassia, Is. 2d. ; Ground, Is. fid. Black Pepper, Best. Is. and Is. '2d. White Psi|f
Is. 4d. ; Best, Is. 8d. Cayenne, Best, 2s. Ginger, fid., lOd., Is., Is. 4d., Is. 8d., and 2s.; »
8a. 4d» Mustard, 5d., 6d., 7d., lOd., and is. Best Mustard in England, Is. 4d. (packed in tia fo*

SUGAR.
For the eonTenience of their numerous customers, PHILLIPS & Co. supply Raw Suoab l<<
4j^d., and 5d. per lb. RarufXJD Suoak at 5d., S^d., and fid.

PHILLTPS 8r Co. aend all Goods CARRIAGE FREE, by their own Vans, within eight ■
•f No. 8, K>n« Will'sm-street, City, and send Teas, Coffees, and Sp ees, CARRIAGE FREE
ANY RAILWAY STATION OR MARKET TOWN IN ENGLAND, if to the ?ahie of 4H
upwarda.

A General Price Current is published every Month, containing all the advantages of the LoMDtf
Maskktb, and is sent tree by post on application to

PHILLIPS AND COMPANY, TEA MERCHANTS;

8, KING WILLIAM, STREET, CITY, LONDON.

Samples of TEA and COFFEE are also opm for inspection in Caae No. 11, in the South-SM
Gallery of the CrystiJ Palace.

Peat Office Orders ahould be made payable to PHILLIPS & Co. Chief OfBce.

imiff

i

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THE BORROWER WILL BE CHARGED
AN OVERDUE FEE IF THIS BOOK IS
NOT RETURNED TO THE LIBRARY ON
OR BEFORE THE LAST DATE STAMPED
BELOW. NON-RECEIPT OF OVERDUE
NOTICES DOES NOT EXEMPT THE
BORROWER FROM OVERDUE FEES.

Harvard College Widener Library
Cam bridge, MA 021 38 (61 7) 495-241 3

•\'