American Jewish historical quarterly

DAVID L. YULEE

(From the "Quarterly" of the Florida Historical Society, 1909)

PUBLICATIONS

OF THE

AMERICAN

JEWISH HISTORICAL SOCIETY

NUMBER 25

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY
1917

^

BALTIMORE, MD., U. S. A.

AMERICAN JEWISH HISTORICAL SOCIETY.

LIST OF OFFICERS.

President:
DR. CYRUS ABLER, Philadelphia, Pa.

Vice-Presidents:

HON. SIMON W. ROSENDALE, Albany, N. Y.;
PEOF. RICHARD J. H. GOTTHEIL, New York;
REV. DR. DAVID PHILIPSON, Cincinnati, O.;
HON. JULIAN W. MACK, Chicago, 111.

Corresponding Secretary:
ALBERT M. FRIEDENBERG, 38 Park Row, New York.

Recording Secretary:
SAMUEL OPPPENHEIM, New York.

Treasurer:
HON. N. TAYLOR PHILLIPS, New York.

Curator:
LEON HUHNER, New York.

Additional Members of the Executive Council:
(Term expiring with the 25th Annual Meeting.)
CHARLES J. COHEN, Philadelphia, Pa.;
DR. HERBERT FRIEDENWALD, Denver, Colo.;
PROF. MAX L. MARGOL1S, Philadelphia, Pa.;
PROF. ALEXANDER MARX, New York.

(Term expiring with the 26th Annual Meeting.)

LEE M. FRIEDMAN, Boston, Mass.;

PROF. J. H. HOLLANDER, Baltimore, Md.;

MAX J. KOHLER, New York;

DR. A. S. W. ROSENBACH, Philadelphia, Pa.

(Term expiring with the 27th Annual Meeting.)

RABBI HENRY COHEN, Galveston, Texas;

L. NAPOLEON LEVY, New York;

HON. MAYER SULZBERGER, Philadelphia, Pa.;

HON. SIMON WOLF, Washington, D. C.

HON. OSCAR S. STRAUS, New York, ex-officio,
as Past President of the Society.

iii

OBJECTS.

The object of this Society is to collect and publish material
bearing upon the history of America, and to promote the study
of Jewish history in general, preferably so far as the same is
related to American Jewish history or connected with the
causes of emigration from various parts of the world to this
continent. It is known that Jews in Spain and Portugal lent
no inconsiderable aid to the voyages that led to the discovery
of America, that a few accompanied the earliest discoverers
and that Jews were among the first settlers on this continent,
and in its adjacent islands. Considerable numbers saw service
in the Colonial and Eevolutionary wars, some of them with
great distinction. Others contributed liberally to the Conti-
nental treasury, at critical periods, to aid in the establishment
of Independence. Since the foundation of our government,
Jews have played an active part in the political affairs of the
country, and have been called upon to hold important public
positions. The records of the achievements of these men will,
when gathered together, prove of value and interest to the
historian, and perchance cast light upon some obscure parts
of the history of our country.

PREFACE.

The papers in this volume are drawn from among those pre-
sented at various recent annual meetings of the Society. Mr.
Buhner's dates from the Philadelphia meeting of 1911 ; Mr.
Schechter's from the session held in the same city in 1916.
Mr. Friedman's paper was presented at New York in 1915,
whilst Mr. Hartogensis' was submitted the preceding year
in Philadelphia. Of the three papers contributed by Mr.
Oppenheim, the first, on the question of the kosher meat
supply in New York in 1813, was read at the meeting held
in Philadelphia in 1916. The second, relating to Jacob
Franks, and the third, dealing with the Simson family in New
York, date from the session held at Boston in 1912. Special
attention may be directed to the Notes printed in this volume
because of their unusually scholarly character. They repre-
sent in part briefer papers submitted at the annual meetings
of the Society in the past few years, and in part interesting
material gathered for publication in our series. A word may
also be found here for Judge Sulzberger's memoir of the late
Joseph Jacobs; the bibliography of Jacobs' writings, appended
thereto, is the fullest thus far issued.

The preparation and editing of this volume were in the
hands of the Publication Committee of the Society, com-
posed of Albert M. Friedenberg, Esq., chairman; Prof. Alex-
ander Marx and Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach. Dr. Cyrus Adler
was a member ex officio of this committee.

vii

TWENTY-FOURTH ANNUAL MEETING.

The twenty-fourth annual meeting of the American Jewish
Historical Society was held at the Dropsie College for Hebrew
and Cognate Learning, Broad Street below York, Philadelphia,
Pa. It began on the morning of Sunday, February 20, 1916,
continued on the afternoon and evening of that day and termi-
nated on the morning of Monday, February 21, 1916.

The president, Dr. Cyrus Adler, occupied the chair, and
opened the proceedings by extending a cordial welcome to those
present. Mr. Albert M. Friedenberg, Corresponding Secre-
tary, was secretary of the meeting.

The annual reports of the officers were presented. The cor-
responding secretary, Mr. Friedenberg, stated that, on Febru-
ary 18, 1916, the Society had 371 members 2 honorary, 45
corresponding and 324 active members, 4 of the class last
named being for life. During the year the Society lost 3 cor-
responding and 5 active members by death, 8 resigned and 3
were dropped for non-payment of dues. William Vincent
Byars, of St. Louis, Mo., was elected a corresponding member
by the executive council, and Rev. Father Fidel Fita y Colomer,
of Madrid, Spain, another corresponding member, chosen to
honorary membership. Publications No. 3, in a second edi-
tion, and No. 23, the latter on December 1, 1915, were issued.
The following were named as a committee to plan the appro-
priate celebration of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the found-
ing of the Society, falling on June 7, 1917 : Dr. Cyrus Adler,
chairman ; Hons. Oscar S. Straus, Simon W. Rosendale and N.
Taylor Phillips, and Albert M. Friedenberg.

Mr. Leon Hiihner, Curator, submitted his report; it is
printed immediately following this account in this volume.
The following report of the treasurer, Hon. N. Taylor Phillips,
for the fiscal year ended October 1, 1915, was referred to
Messrs. Lee Kohns and L. Napoleon Levy, of New York,
for audit :

ix

REPORT OF TREASURER.

GENERAL FUND.

RECEIPTS.

Balance with Treasurer in National City Bank of New

York, October 1, 1914 $ 814.10

Members' dues and back dues 1,402.50

Balance due to Treasurer October 1, 1915 48.63

$2,265.23

EXPENSES.

The Lord Baltimore Press, printing Publication No. 22. . .$ 918.99
Disbursements and clerical services, Lyons Collection

Committee 550.22

Disbursements, Corresponding Secretary's office 388.05

The Lord Baltimore Press, printing second edition of Pub-
lication No. 3 250.00

Disbursements for 23d Annual Meeting 76.75

Fire Insurance premiums 36.73

Disbursements, Treasurer's office 17.25

Disbursements, Jewish Material in Foreign Archives 13.25

Expressage and postage on Publications, Sept. 3, 1914, to

July 1, 1915 6.59

Rental Safe Deposit Box 5.00

Exchanges National City Bank 2.40

$2,265.23

PUBLICATION FUND.
RECEIPTS.

Balance with Treasurer, October 1, 1914 $ 36.22

From Permanent Fund in New York Life Insurance &

Trust Co., by resolution of Executive Council 2,145.83

Sales of Publications 57.45

$2,239.50

EXPENSES.

The Lord Baltimore Press, printing Index to Publications. $2,145.83
Balance in National City Bank of New York, October 1,

1915 93.67

$2,239.50

STATEMENT OF THE ASSETS OF THE SOCIETY,
OCTOBER 1, 1915.

GENERAL FUND.
Deposit in National Savings Bank of Albany, N. Y.

(interest added to July 1, 1915) $2,537.29

Less Balance due to Treasurer 48.63

$2,488.66

PUBLICATION FUND.
Principal deposited in New York Life Insurance & Trust

Co $1,854.17

Interest on above, to July 1, 1915 555.11

Balance in National City Bank of New York 93.67

$2,502.95

The chair appointed Rabbis Abraham A. Neuman and Max
D. Klein and Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of Philadelphia, as a
committee on nominations. They reported, and the following
officers and additional members of the executive council were
thereupon unanimously elected :

President, Dr. Cyrus Adler, Philadelphia, Pa.; vice-presi-
dents, Hon. Simon W. Rosendale, Albany, N. Y.; Prof.
Richard J. H. Gottheil, New York city; Rev. Dr. David Philip-
son, Cincinnati, 0. ; Hon. Julian W. Mack, Chicago, 111. ; cor-
responding secretary, Albert M. Friedenberg, New York city ;
recording secretary, Samuel Oppenheim, New York city;
treasurer, Hon. N. Taylor Phillips, New York city; curator,
Leon Huhner, New York city. Additional members of the
executive council : For a term of three years, Hon. Mayer Sulz-
berger, Philadelphia, Pa.; Hon. Simon Wolf, Washington,
D. C. ; Rabbi Henry Cohen, Galveston, Tex., and L. Napoleon
Levy, New York city. For a term of two years, Prof. J. H.
Hollander, Baltimore, Md.; Max J. Kohler, New York city;
Lee M. Friedman, Boston, Mass., and Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach,
Philadelphia, Pa. For a term of one year, Dr. Herbert
Friedenwald, Denver, Col.; Charles J. Cohen, Philadelphia,
Pa. ; Prof. Alexander Marx, New York city, and Prof. Max L.
Margolis, Philadelphia, Pa.

xi

Dr. Adler presented a letter from Hon. Simon Wolf whose
ill health prevented his attendance of the meeting. He also
presented a letter from Miss Laura Mordecai, of Philadelphia,
conveying a copy of the Crimean War report of Major A.
Mordecai, her father, which she presented to the Society. On
motion the thanks of the Society were accorded her for her
gift. Besides, Dr. Adler announced that Dr. Yahuda, a cor-
responding member, had been chosen as professor of rabbinical
literature at the University of Madrid, Spain.

The committee to prepare a set of by-laws, consisting of
Hon. N. Taylor Phillips, chairman; Simon Lyon and Albert
M. Friedenberg, presented its report. The proposed amend-
ment to the Constitution of the Society was adopted. The pro-
posed by-laws were read and discussed section by section, and
also adopted. The Constitution as amended will be found at
the end of this volume; there also are printed the by-laws as
the same were adopted by the Society at this annual meeting. 1

The following necrologies of deceased members of the Society
were presented at the afternoon session of February 20, and
the morning session of February 21, 1916 :

Mendes Cohen, by Dr. Cyrus Adler; N. Darnell Davis, by
Albert M. Friedenberg; Solomon Fox, by Kev. Dr. David
Philipson; Adolf Guttmacher, by Rev. Dr. William Rosenau;
David Hutzler, by Louis H. Levin; Joseph Jacobs, by Hon.
Mayer Sulzberger; August B. Loeb, by William B. Hacken-
burg; Isaac L. Rice, by Hon. Samson Lachman; Solomon
Schechter, by Prof. Alexander Marx.

The following papers were read :

Miss Elf rida Cowen, of New York : ( 1 ) "A Proselyte Apos-
tate: a Romance of a Century Ago "; (2) " Moses Elias Levy
(Yulee) of Florida."

Samuel Oppenheim, of New York: (1) "The Will and
Inventory of the Estate of Henry Benjamin Franks, 1758";
(2) " The Question of the Kosher Meat Supply in New York
City in 1813"; (3) "Calendar of Twenty-one Unprinted

1 See p. 221 et seq.

xii

Letters Relating to Aaron Lopez "; (4) " David Franks' Inter-
est in Lands in Virginia " ; ( 5 ) " Jews Who Died of Yellow
Fever in the Epidemic in New York in 1798 ; (6) " A Letter
of Jonas Phillips, July 28, 1776, Mentioning the American
Revolution and the Declaration of Independence."

Rabbi Julius J. Price, of Toronto: (1) "The Jews of
Northern Ontario " ; (2) " An Early Jewish Merchant of Hali-
fax "; (3) " Samuel Gradische, an Eighteenth Century French
Sutler"; (4) "Adolphus Mordecai Hart, of Quebec"; (5)
"Newspaper Comments on the Samuel Hart Case"; (6)
"The Levy Family of Canada " ; the last-mentioned only by
title.

Report of the committee on the Gratz Papers, by Prof. Alex-
ander Marx and Albert M. Friedenberg, presented by the latter.

Lee M. Friedman, of Boston: (1) "A Note on Jewish
Worship in New York, 1812"; (2) "Additional Material on
Francisco de Faria."

Leon Hiihner, of New York: (1) "Jews in the Corre-
spondence of Sir William Johnson "; (2) " Gleanings of Jew-
ish Interest in American Colonial and Revolutionary History."

Miss Mabel Lyon, of New York : " Some Pedagogical As-
pects of American Jewish History."

Rev. Dr. David de Sola Pool, of New York: (1) "The
Mohelim in Curacao and Surinam, 1732"; (2) "A Real Es-
tate Record of the Sholam Colony "; (3) "A Revised List of
the Hazanim in New York City in the Eighteenth Century " ;
(4) "A Slave Proclamation of De Witt Clinton"; (5) "An
Early Zionist Project."

Frank I. Schechter, of New York : " An Unfamiliar Aspect
of Victorian Anglo-Jewry."

Albert M. Friedenberg, of New York: (1) "Economic
Factors in American Jewish History"; (2) "Memorial Note
on Samuel Westheimer."

Prof. Alexander Marx, of New York : " The Autobiography
of an Unknown of the Seventeenth Century : a Picture of the
Condition of the Jews of Bohemia."

xiii

Rev. Dr. Abraham A. Neuman, of Philadelphia : " Educa-
tion Among the Jews in Spain."

Hon. Simon Wolf, of Washington, D. C., and Max J.
Kohler, of New York : " American Contributions Toward the
Removal of Jewish Disabilities in the Balkan States."

Dr. I. Abrahams, of Cambridge, Eng. : " Johnson of Colum-
bia and the Hebrew Language."

William Vincent Byars, of St. Louis: "Jacob Myers, a
Type of American Enterprise."

Frank Cundall, F. S. A., of Kingston, Jamaica : " Extracts
from a Jamaica Magazine of 1797 Relating to the Jews."

Prof. Gotthard Deutsch, of Cincinnati: (1) "Abraham
Alexandre Lindo, a Pioneer American Jewish Publicist";
(2) "America in Haskalah Literature."

Dr. A. Levinson, of Chicago : " Tobias Katz : a Medical
Cyclopaedist of the Seventeenth Century."

Rev. Dr. Martin A. Meyer, of San Francisco : " Jewish Par-
ticipation in the Panama-Pacific International Exposition."

xiv

REPORT OF LEON HUHNER, CURATOR.

During the past year the Society received by gift and pur-
chase 78 books and 126 pamphlets, as well as 27 periodicals, so
that our collections consisted on February 1, 1916, of 1820
books and 1126 pamphlets. This does not include the valuable
collection of prints and curios of historic value. Aside from
this I have made it a practice to collect newspaper clippings of
Jewish interest, as well as programmes of prominent events,
which have been added to the collections from time to time.

The purchases during the year have been mainly recent pub-
lications of Jewish interest, such as Fraser's " The Conquering
Jew," Lillian D. Wald's " The House on Henry Street," and
similar works.

The most notable gift during the past year has been that of
Ex-Judge Mayer Sulzberger, who presented to the Society the
Gratz papers, consisting of valuable original MS. material relat-
ing to the Gratz family, and a memorandum concerning this
which he prepared.

The Society is also indebted to the following persons for
gifts made by them during the past year :

Dr. Cyrus Adler, miscellaneous material relating to Jews in the
Spanish-American War.

Dr. M. Brann, a reprint of his paper on the Silesian rural Jewish
community.

Mr. Charles J. Cohen, Nos. 12-22 of our Publications; 12 volumes
of the publications of the Jewish Publication Society of America,
and 9 issues of the American Jewish Year Book.

Mr. Frank Cundall, hand-book of Jamaica for 1915. In this con-
nection I desire to call attention to the uniform courtesy of Mr.
Cundall, of Jamaica, in presenting to the Society all matters of
Jewish interest which happen to come to his attention.

Mr. Albert M. Friedenberg, Dr. S. Schechter's " Seminary Ad-
dresses"; Karpeles' " Jews of the Nineteenth Century," and 24
miscellaneous items.

Mr. W. 0. Hart of New Orleans, 6 items relating to New
Orleans and the centenary celebration of the battle fought there.

xv

Mr. Leon Huhner, 36 items of Jewish interest.

Mr. Max J. Kohler, photograph of the late Alonzo Rothschild.

Prof. Henry M. L6on, " Some Eminent Jewish Philologers of
By-gone Ages."

Mr. Samuel Oppenheim, 22 early letters mainly by and to Aaron
Lopez, and also a photograph of a letter of Jonas Philips written
to Gumpel Samson in July, 1776, with three accompanying pages
of MS. and a translation of the letter referred to.

Rev. Dr. David Philipson, his book on Max Lilienthal.

Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, interesting original papers relating to
the Ohio Company, 1776.

Alliance Israelite Universelle, of Paris, through the courtesy of
our member, Mr. B. H. Hartogensis, the history of the Alliance
by Narcisse Leven.

In addition to the foregoing, miscellaneous gifts were
received from Mr. Philip Cowen, Rabbi Henry Cohen, Mr.
Edward Hagaman Hall, Mr. Albert Lucas, the Westheimer
family, and Mr. Lucien Wolf, of London.

In closing I may be permitted again to voice my appeal that
the Society begin to secure funds for a permanent building for
what is now a valuable and unique collection of material relat-
ing to the Jews, and particularly to those in this country. The
twenty-fifth anniversary of the Society occurs next year, and
the most fitting way of celebrating that event, perhaps, would be
to start a fund for that purpose.

Dated February, 1916.

xvi

CONTENTS. PAGE

David L. Yulee Frontispiece

Preface vii

Twenty-fourth Annual Meeting ix

Report of Leon Hiihner, Curator xv

David L. Yulee, Florida's First Senator. Leon Hiihner, A. M.,

LL. B 1

The Question of the Kosher Meat Supply in New York in 1813 :
With a Sketch of Earlier Conditions. Contributed by

Samuel Oppenheim 31

An Unfamiliar Aspect of Anglo-Jewish History. Frank I.

Schechter, A. M., LL. B 63

Genealogical Notes on Jacob Franks from Official Records.

Contributed by Samuel Oppenheim 75

The Phylacteries Found at Pittsfield, Mass. Lee M. Friedman,

A. B., LL. B 81

Will of Nathan Simson, a Jewish Merchant in New York before
1722, and Genealogical Note Concerning Him and Joseph

Simson. Contributed by Samuel Oppenheim 87

Unequal Religious Rights in Maryland Since 1776. Benjamin

H. Hartogensis, A. B 93

Notes:

Johnson of Columbia and the Hebrew Language. I. Abra-
hams 109

Was the Bank of England Projected by a Jew? Samuel

Oppenheim Ill

Miscellanea. A. M. F 112

Records of a West Indian Mohel 114

David Franks' Interest in Lands in Virginia. Samuel

Oppenheim 119

Adolphus Mordecai Hart, of Quebec. Julius J. Price 121

Joseph Aaron. /. Abrahams 122

Jews Who Died of Yellow Fever in the Epidemic in New

York in 1798. Samuel Oppenheim 123

Memorial Note on Samuel Westheimer. A. M. F 124

The Will of Henry Benjamin Franks, December 13, 1758, and
Inventory of His Estate. Samuel Oppenheim 125

2 xvii

Notes : PAGE
Additional Material on Francisco de Faria. Lee M. Fried-
man 127

Letter of Jonas Phillips, July 28, 1776, Mentioning the
American Revolution and the Declaration of Independ-
ence. Samuel Oppenheim 128

An Early Reference to the Jews 131

The New York Synagogue in 1812. Lee M. Friedman 131

Moses Elias Levy's Agricultural Colony in Florida. Elfrida

D. Cowen 132

Further Additions to " Calendar of American Jewish Cases."

Albert M. Friedenberg 134

The Mohelim of Curagao and Surinam, and other Notes.

D. de Sola Pool 138

Some Revolutionary Letters. Samuel Oppenheim 142

Necrology:

Mendes Cohen. Cyrus Adler 145

Alberto Carlos da Silva. Xavier da Cunha 148

Nicholas Darnell Davis. Albert M. Friedenberg 148

Solomon Fox. David Philipson 149

Adolf Guttmacher. William Rosenau 150

David Hutzler. Louis H. Levin 152

Joseph Jacobs. Mayer Sulzberger 156

August B. Loeb. William B. Hackenburg 173

Isaac L. Rice. Samson Lachman 175

Solomon Schechter. Alexander Marx 177

Index 193

Constitution 219

By-Laws 221

List of Members . 228

xviii

DAVID L. YULEE, FLORIDA'S FIRST SENATOR.
BY LEON HUHNEB, A. M., LL. B.

It is a curious fact that so little has been written concerning
the career of several Southern statesmen who were potent
figures in our national history during the period immediately
preceding the Civil War. Men whose names in their day
were familiar throughout the land are to-day well nigh for-
gotten, and even so brilliant a personality as that of Judah P.
Benjamin had no fitting biography until Prof. Pierce Butler's
comparatively recent work appeared.

Though by no means so prominent as Benjamin, David L.
Yulee was nevertheless a noteworthy figure in his day. It is,
therefore, remarkable that, beyond a dozen lines or so, nothing
has ever been written concerning his career with the exception
of an article by his son, C. Wickliffe Yulee, which, however,
is mainly of a reminiscent and personal character. 1 In prepar-
ing this paper, therefore, it was necessary to go through origi-
nal documents on file in various government departments, the
public reports of Senate and House Committees, and the writ-
ings of distinguished contemporaries.

Not only had Senator Yulee the distinction of having been
a prominent factor in national affairs for over twenty years,
but to him belonged in large measure the honor of having
obtained the admission of Florida into the Union, and of being
her first Senator. Besides this, he is of additional interest
because he was the first Jew ever elected to the United States
Senate.

The father of the subject of our sketch never bore the name
of Yulee. The family name was Levy, and as David Levy the
future Senator first distinguished himself in the affairs of
Florida. 2

1 C. Wickliffe Yulee, "Senator Yulee," in Publications of the
Florida Historical Society, Jacksonville, 1909, vol. ii, nos. 1 and 2.
3 George B. Utley in Magazine of History, vol. viii, p. 79.

1

2 American Jewish Historical Society.

His father, Moses Elias Levy, was a native of Morocco, born
at Mogador about 1782. 3 He emigrated to the Island of St.
Thomas about 1800, at the age of eighteen, and there engaged
in the lumber business, accumulating a considerable fortune.
In 1816 he removed to Havana, Cuba, where he was a govern-
ment contractor in supplying troops. 4 Two years later he paid
his first visit to the United States. 5

C. Wickliffe Yulee, in the sketch above referred to, claims
a rather fanciful ancestry for his family. To quote from his
article, the Senator's grandfather was a Portuguese, who

became a high official in the Emperor of Morocco's court, and as
such had been given the rank of prince. Upon the death of the
Emperor, whose side he had espoused against the intriguing heir,
he was obliged to fly at a moment's notice to England, taking with
him his wife, an English Jewess, and their infant son.

This child was Moses Levy, and was educated in an English
university, but became a tradesman, and his mother

who had exaggerated ideas as to the importance of the princely
title, insisted upon his dropping the name of Yulee temporarily,
and adopting that of Levy,

her own maiden name. This name he retained to the day of

* See House Document No. 10, 27th Congress, 1st Session, p. 17,
and Report by Mr. Halsted; House Document No. 510, 56th Con-
gress, 2d Session; Chester H. Rowell, "A Historical and Legal
Digest of All Contested Election Cases in the House of Repre-
sentatives of the United States," Washington, 1901; Barton Report,
27th Congress, p. 114.

""Contested Election Case of David Levy," House Report No.
450, 27th Congress, 2d Session, vol. ii.

6 Ibid., Barton Report. At the date of the birth of his son, Moses
Levy was a subject of the King of Denmark. Nathan Levy, who
was United States Consul at St. Thomas in 1832, may have been a
relative. See Committee Report No. 705, 24th Congress, 1st Ses-
sion, vol. iii; Committee Report No. 87, 25th Congress, 2d Session,
I; Report No. 238, 25th Congress, 3d Session, I; House Report No.
72, 26th Congress, 1st Session, IV.

David L. Yulee, Florida's First Senator Huhner. 3

his death, although he approved of the resumption of the
family name by the Senator.'

In connection with the above statement it must be borne in
mind that Senator Yulee married out of his faith and that his
children were brought up as Christians. In fact the article
referred to shows a desire to escape the recognition of a
Jewish ancestry as much as possible, and, aside from the
fanciful statement as to how the name Levy came into the
family, it even claims that the princely grandfather was not
a Jew at all, but a Mohammedan by the name of Yulee. 7

The fact remains, however, that the Senator's father was
never known by any other name than Moses E. Levy, and was
always devoted to the ancient faith. 8 When he visited the
United States about 1818, he became enthusiastic over our
free institutions, and contemplated settling here, but his
affairs at the time did not permit him to remove. Even
before Spain had ceded Florida to the United States, he
had decided to settle in the Eastern portion of that Territory,
and in August, 1820, through his agents Hernandez and
Cheavitean purchased about 45,000 acres of land for which it
appears he paid about $40,000.' His plan was to bring

Yulee, supra, no. 1, pp. 26, 28.
T Ibid., p. 28.

8 The Occident for September, 1856, speaks of the Senator from
Florida as " the son of a professing Jew, the late Moses Elias Levy."

9 See " Contested Election Case of David Levy," House Report
No. 450, 27th Congress, 2d Session, vol. ii, pp. 5, 56. Part of the
purchase price was only payable after the cession of Florida to the
United States. See House Document No. 10, 27th Congress, 1st
Session, Exhibit 12; Levy v. Aredondo, in Transcript of Records of
Supreme Court of United States, January Term, 1838, Part 2, pp.
912, 933, 936 and ibid., January Term, 1839, Part 2, p. 614; 56th
Congress, House Document No. 510; Rowell, supra; Barton Report;
Executive Documents, vol. xi, 18th Congress, 1st Session, p. 74;
Levy v. United States, in which the report recommends the con-
firmation of his claim to 36,000 acres in Alachua County; also,
ibid., p. 84, confirming 14,500 acres.

4 American Jewish Historical Society.

families from Europe to settle on his plantation,

and in 1820 he instructed his agent in London that the colonists
designed for his settlement might be sent on. 10

On June 8, 1821, he appeared in Philadelphia before the
United States Circuit Court, and there declared his intention
of becoming a citizen of the United States." About this time
he also visited New York, and became acquainted with promi-
nent Jews there ; among others, Daniel L. M. Peixotto."

Leaving Philadelphia he went to St. Augustine by way of
Charleston and arrived there about the time of the change of
sovereignty. 13 He purchased negroes and commenced sugar
planting at a place called Volutia about eight miles above
Lake George on the St. John's Eiver, and also at a place oppo-
site this, which he named Hope Hill. 14 As early as 1822, he
figured extensively in large land transactions in that portion
of the Territory. 18

Andrew Jackson became Governor of the Territory, and in
March, 1823, issued an ordinance which enabled those persons

10 " Contested Election Case of David Levy," supra, p. 5, Barton
Report; House Document No. 10, supra, Exhibit 17; Rowell, supra,
Barton Report. Several of the settlers thus obtained came from
France, as was the case with the Chateauneuf family, and some of
his colonists came directly from New York and New Jersey. See
Executive Documents, vol. xi, supra, pp. 70, 343-344. A road was
built and other improvements were made. Ibid., pp. 323, 325, 333-
337, 343-344, 349, 350, 355. And see infra, p. 132 et seq.

11 See authorities given in note 9.

"House Report No. 450, supra, p. 59. He was the son of the
minister of the Spanish and Portuguese synagogue at New York.

18 " Contested Election Case of David Levy," supra; House Docu-
ment No. 510, supra; Rowell, supra.

u IMd.; House Report No. 450, supra, Exhibit 26, p 74.

is ll)id.; House Report No. 450, supra, Exhibit 12, p. 49; Executive
Documents, vol. xi, supra, pp. 130, 223, 256, 258, 311-316. It is
interesting to note that among those figuring in his real estate
transactions were Abraham M. Cohen and Antonio Mier, probably
Meyer. The former was a resident of Philadelphia.

David L. Yulee, Florida's First Senator Hiihner. 5

who were inhabitants of Florida at the time of the change of
flags to become American citizens at once by complying with
certain formalities. Under this ordinance Levy renounced
his allegiance to the King of Denmark, to whom St. Thomas
belonged, and took the oath of allegiance to the United States,
receiving a certificate of citizenship at St. Augustine. 1 ' It was
this method of obtaining his citizenship which subsequently
proved to be a source of infinite trouble both to himself and
his son.

When Moses Levy visited the United States, he brought with
him his son David." Like Alexander Hamilton, therefore, the
future Senator was born in the West Indies, the date of his
birth being June 2, 1810. 18 As the father desired to give his
children the best possible education, he did not take them with
him to Florida, but took the boy to Norfolk, Virginia, where
he placed him with his intimate friend Moses Myers," then a
leading citizen of Norfolk, who had held distinguished office,
and who at one time had represented the French Republic in
the United States. 20 David Levy attended school and con-
tinued to reside at Norfolk from 1819 to 1827, with the excep-
tion of occasional trips to the West Indies. 21

16 Ibid.; House Report No. 450, supra; House of Representatives,
38th Congress, 2d Session, Miscellaneous Document No. 57; Bart-
lett, " Cases of Contested Elections in Congress, 1834-65," Wash-
ington, 1865.

17 Ibid.; House Report No. 450, supra, p. 56.

"lUd.; House Document No. 510, supra; Rowell, supra. The
place of his birth was St. Thomas.

See House Report No. 450, supra, p. 133, Affidavit of Dr. Francis
Mallory; House Document No. 510, supra; Rowell, supra; House
Document No. 10, supra, Exhibit 11.

20 See " The Jews of Virginia," by the present writer, in Publica-
tions of the American Jewish Historical Society, No. 20.

21 See Miscellaneous Document No. 57, supra, p. 41 et seq.; House
Document No. 510, supra; Rowell, supra; House Report No. 450,
supra; House Document No. 10, supra, Exhibit C.

6 American Jewish Historical Society.

In the meantime, his father had become one of the foremost
citizens of St. Augustine. He had purchased extensive lands
in the interior and was considered one of the most influential
men in the Territory. From the affidavit of Judge Elias B.
Gould, 22 printed in one of the Government publications, it
appears that as early as 1822 Moses E. Levy took an active part
in the politics of Florida, particularly on the subject of educa-
tion, and from time to time contributed to the daily press on
various subjects using as a pen name, the words " Youlee,"
" Eubates " and similar forms. 23 He even succeeded in 1824
in bringing about certain reforms in the administration of the
law. 24

When, in 1825, Letamendi, the Spanish consul in Florida,
celebrated the adoption of the Spanish Constitution by a great
function, we learn that the street decorations and other por-
tions of the arrangements were gotten up under Levy's direc-
tion, and that the account of the event in The Florida Herald
was, in part, written by him. 28 We have Isaac Leeser's state-
ment for the fact that he was a professing Jew, 28 and it further
appears that he was repeatedly engaged in religious contro-
versial literature, which called forth a book by Captain Thrush,
published in England, entitled " Letters to the Jews, par-
ticularly addressed to Mr. Levy of Florida." 2T In 1827 and
1828 he appears to have been in England, and to have engaged

"Gould's father was the^ founder of the East Florida Herald.
See ibid.

IMd.; House Report No. 450, supra, vol. ii, p. 66; Bartlett's
" Contested Election Cases," supra; Rowell, supra.

25 House Report No. 450, supra, p. 67.

* See The Occident, 1856.

2T See Th. Thrush, late Captain R. N., " Letters to the Jews with
a copy of a Speech said to have been delivered by Mr. Levy of
Florida," York, 1829. This book is mentioned in Jacobs and
Wolf's Bibliotlieca Anglo- Judaica, No. 431, p. 74. I am indebted to
Mr. Albert M. Friedenberg for calling my attention to it.

David L. Yulee, Florida's First Senator Hilhner. 7

in a similar controversy with one Forster. This correspond-
ence, which was subsequently published, indicates that Moses
Levy .had made quite a reputation both as a speaker and a
writer. But even aside from these religious controversies, he
seems to have created a stir by a plan he devised for the aboli-
tion of negro slavery. 28

About 1822, the family of Moses E. Levy consisted of four
children, all of whom resided in London, 29 with the exception
of David who was being educated at Norfolk, Virginia, as
already stated. Later on, however, the other children were
brought to America, and the eldest son, Elias, placed at Har-
vard College. 30 For some unknown reason, however, Moses
Levy cut short the education of both his sons in 1827. The
reasons given by his grandson is that his action was prompted
by " a condition of religious socialism." 3 Young David, in-
stead of going to St. Augustine, went to a plantation of his
father's in the interior of Florida, which he and his brother

28 See " Letters concerning the Present Condition of the Jews.
Being a Correspondence between Mr. Forster and Mr. Levy," 1829.
In the preface appears the following statement: " Mr. Levy has
by his conduct and discourses at meetings of Jews and Christians
over which he presided and by his writings of the subjects of dis-
cussion at these meetings as also by his plan for the abolition o:
negro slavery, made his name so well known as to render any
further introduction of him to public notice unnecessary." In this
work Levy's letters are signed M. E. Levy and, in the last of them,
he mentions that he is on the eve of his departure for America.
I am indebted to Mr. Friedenberg for calling my attention to this

book.

29 See House Report No. 450, supra, pp. 56 and 58; Bartlett, supra;

Rowell, supra.

lUd.; House Report No. 450, supra, p. 67; Yulee, supra, No. 1,
p 28. Elias is probably identical with Elias Yulee who subse-
quently became Receiver of Olympia, Washington Territory. See
Senate Report 381, 35th Congress, 2d Session, vol. i, February 18,
1859; ibid., No. 123, 36th Congress, 1st Session, vol. i.

31 Yulee, supra, No. 1, p. 28.

8 American Jeivish Historical Society.

managed for some years, so that, even as late as 1831, we find
him residing in Alachua County, in the interior of East
Florida. 32 He frequently visited St. Augustine, however, and
made friends with many of the old Spanish families, though by
this time he seems to have become quite estranged from his
father. 33 He finally removed to St. Augustine, studied law
with Judge Robert R. Reid, and was admitted to the Bar in
1832. 34 Entering the political arena, he soon became an im-
portant factor and obtained the position of Clerk to the Terri-
torial Legislature. 35 In 1834 he attracted attention by a public
Fourth of July oration. 36 During the Seminole troubles he was
active in protecting the interests of the white settlers, and was
present at important negotiations with the Indians. To him
we are indebted for the report of the conference of 1834 be-
tween General W. Thompson, the United States Agent, and
the Seminole chiefs, among whom was the famous Osceola,
together with the addresses delivered on that occasion. 87 A
contemporary work by an army officer, describes Levy at this
time as

not only one of the most enlightened, but also one of the most
patriotic inhabitants of Florida. 38

Thenceforth his political advancement was rapid. In 1836
he was elected to the Legislative Council from St. John's
County, and served during the session of 1837 ; in the latter
year he was elected to the Legislature, continuing during the

M House Report No. 450, supra; Miscellaneous Document No. 57,
supra, p. 41.

33 Yulee, supra, No. 1, p. 28.

M See House Report No. 450, supra; Bartlett, supra; Rowell,
supra.

35 Ibid.

36 See affidavit of Elias B. Gould in House Report No. 450, supra,
p. 68.

37 " Notices of Florida and the Campaigns," by M. M. Cohen, an
Officer of the Left Wing, Charleston, 1836, pp. 57, 62.
38 Ibid., p. 62.

David L. Yulee, Florida's First Senator Huhner. 9

session of 1838." In that year he was elected one of the dele-
tes of St. John's County to the Convention which f ramed th<
Constitution of Florida, his name being appended to the
Constitution adopted. 40 He was chosen Delegate in Congre!
for Florida for the next two years, and from the start appears
to have been the soul of the movement to obtain the admiss
of Florida into the Union.

Like all public men, however, he had many enemies, and it
was while a member of the Constitutional Convention m 1
that one of the defeated candidates raised the question that
neither he nor his father was legally a citizen of the Unit*
State* 41 The question was decided in his favor, but m 11,
an order to show cause why his name should not be stricken
from the roll of attorneys for the same reason was obta
by some of his opponents. The Court of Appeals sustained
Levy's citizenship. 48 As the question was still unsettled, how-
ever when he was about to take a trip to Cuba in 1840, he
applied for a passport, stating all the facts to the Department
of State. The passport was granted ; 43 but the question of t
recnilarity of his father's naturalization, through which he
claimed citizenship, continued to harass him for many years
to come.

- see House Document No. 10, supra, Exhibit C; House Report

N See The" Acts and Resolves of the First General Assembly of
the State of Florida. Published under the Direction of t
Attorney General of the State/' Tallahassee, 1845. The .Constitu-
tion was adopted December 3, 1838, and signed January 11, 11
See House Document No. 10, supra.

Miscellaneous Document No. 57, supra p. 41 et sea I
Report No. 450, supra; House Document No. 10, supra, Hou.
Document No. 510, supra; Rowell, supra.

e ^ate to the Secretary of state
dated July 25, 1840, will show that in making application for -a
passport/he referred the attention of the Department distmctly
to the proceedings on file there."

10 American Jewish Historical Society.

In 1840, one David R. Dunham brought the question before
the Grand Jury on the ground that his vote should not have
been received by the Inspectors of Election. Here, too, Levy
was successful, 44 but in 1841, while sitting in the 27th Congress
as Delegate from the Territory of Florida, the question again
came up in its most serious form. Mr. Dunham on that occa-
sion presented a remonstrance to the House of Representatives
against Levy's right to a seat. A committee was appointed,
and this body decided against him, declaring his seat vacant. 45
The young Delegate, however, obtained permission to present
further testimony, with the result that the committee, by Mr.
Barton, of Virginia, presented a majority report in his favor,
while Mr. Halsted, of New Jersey, submitted a minority re-
port against him. The House took no action on this report,
and so Levy retained his seat. 48

The question involved in this contest may here be mentioned.
It seems that the ordinance issued by General Jackson, under
Avhich Levy's father had been naturalized, had been declared
void; and a subsequent law had been passed which granted
citizenship to all who had been inhabitants of Florida at the
time of the change of sovereignty, on complying with certain
formalities. It was contended, however, that Levy's father
was not an inhabitant on July 17, 1821, when American sov-
ereignty commenced, but that he had come to Florida a few
days later and could not, therefore, claim the benefit of this
legislation. 47 The evidence as to this point was hopelessly con-

44 Ibid. The question was also tested and decided in his favor by
the unanimous decision of the Territorial Court of Florida,
February 13, 1841.

"Ibid., Halsted Report.

48 Ibid. Barton's Report is dated March 15, 1842. See Rowell,
supra, pp. 41-47, 114; also House Document No. 10, supra; the
entire contest and testimony are given in full in the authorities
mentioned, particularly in House Report No. 450, supra.

41 Ibid. It is interesting to note that the evidence in this election
contest also disclosed the names of several Florida settlers, natu-
ralized there in 1821 and who were probably Jews. They were

David L. Yulee, Florida's First Senator Huhner. 11

flicting. The only theory, on which the majority report pro-
ceeds, was that the Delegate was a child at the time, that his
father had purchased land before the formal transfer, and
declared his intention at Philadelphia of becoming a citizen,
coupled with the fact that there was doubt as to whether or
not the father was in Florida at the date mentioned, whereas
there was no doubt that he had continually resided there for
many years. It was only fair, therefore, that the leaning of the
committee should be in favor of his citizenship, on the ground
that the spirit of the naturalization policy of this country had
been fully satisfied. 48

It is interesting to note that in this contest David Levy
enlisted every possible influence. He procured affidavits from
Daniel Levi Maduro Peixotto of New York and several from
his father. 49 From the language of the latter^s affidavit how-
ever, as well as from some of his father's letters about this
time, it appears that Moses Levy had become completely
estranged from his son. Even after the contest had been
decided in Levy's favor, General P. S. Smith endeavored to

George Levy, aged 26, a planter from London, Lewis Solomon,
aged 30, a watchmaker from London, Levy M. Rodenburg, aged
29, a grocer from Amsterdam and Isaac Hendricks, a planter from
South Carolina. See Report No. 450, supra, p. 123.

48 See authorities cited in note 41. Judge James M. Gould, one
of the oldest inhabitants of St. Augustine, testified: "I have
always been on intimate terms with the old inhabitants of St.
Augustine, especially the Spanish portion and the most prominent,
and among them have never heard the citizenship of David Levy
doubted. They are truly American people who adopted the Ameri-
can laws and have watched with a jealous eye any infringement
of them, and who do more towards sustaining them than many
native-born Americans. They have generally supported David
Levy at the elections and considered him as much a citizen as
themselves." Joseph Manucy and other old inhabitants gave
similar testimony.

49 7&id.; House Report No. 450, supra, pp. 24, 59.

12 American Jewish Historical Society.

reopen the matter for the purpose of presenting further evi-
dence against Levy. 60 On this point Smith wrote to Levy's
father, and the latter's reply shows that the relations between
father and son were far from cordial. Moses Levy wrote :

The irritating subject of David Levy is become troublesome to me

beyond measure The subject begins to make me unhappy

indeed. 61

He concluded by saying that the whole thing was of no interest
to him, and later in a deposition which he gave to General
Smith, he spoke of his early purchase of land " in this, to me,
unhappy country/' '

In the House of Representatives David Levy attracted atten-
tion almost from the start, and, owing to the fact that his views
on many subjects were exactly opposed to those of John Quincy
Adams, he seems at once to have incurred the dislike of this
distinguished statesman. The earliest mention of the new
Delegate appears in Adams' Diary under date of June 21,
1841, in the following words :

Pickens introduced David Levy as Delegate from the Territory
of Florida. Morgan objected to his being sworn and presented
papers contesting his election, and denying that he is a citizen of
the United States. The Speaker called for credential and upon
inspection of it swore him in. The papers presented by Morgan
were referred to the Committee of Election. Levy is said to be a
Jew, and what will be, if true, a far more formidable disqualifica-
tion, that he has a dash of African blood in him, which, sub rosa,
is the case with more than one member of the house. 53

60 Ibid.; 27th Congress, 3d Session, Document No. 15, December
14, 1842.

81 Ibid. The letter is dated St. Augustine, November 13, 1842.

M Ibid. Moses E. Levy's deposition is verified October 31, 1842,
and in both letter and deposition he never speaks of the Delegate
as his son but always alludes to him as David Levy.

53 " Memoirs of John Quincy Adams comprising his Diary from
1795 to 1848," edited by Charles Francis Adams, Philadelphia,
1877, vol. x, p. 483.

David L. Yulee, Florida's First Senator Hulmer. 13

This last remark was probably due to the fact that Levy may
then already have made the claim that his grandfather was a
prince and a Mohammedan. In September, 1841, Levy tried
to enlist Adams' favor in his contested election case, but
Adams seems to have considered the matter desperate. 84

For some years prior, the Seminole Indians had been
harassing settlers in Florida, and the government had made
war upon them. Just at this time, however, there were bills
in the House for the withdrawal of troops from Florida, on
the ground that security had been restored. Levy foresaw that
this would leave settlers at the mercy of the Indians and
vehemently opposed the bills mentioned. He made several
speeches in the House and called for official documents in the
War Department relating to the situation. The earliest of
these speeches was made during his election contest and within
a month after being sworn in. John Quincy Adams mentions
them repeatedly in his Diary, thus August 3, 1841,

I found Levy, the Delegate from Florida attempting to get up for
consideration his resolution of inquiry upon the Secretary of War."

May 16, 1842,

I found Levy, the Jew Delegate from Florida, making a red hot
speech against the President's message declaring his intention
to put an end to the Florida war. 56

May 25,

In the House David Levy, the alien Jew Delegate from Florida,
moved a call for correspondence of the commanding officer of the
Army in Florida, .... and a resolution that there should be
no cessation of hostilities till the Seminoles should have been

"Ibid., vol. xi, pp. 6, 7.

86 Ibid., vol. x, p. 520.

"Ibid., vol. xi, p. 155. Even before this Levy had presented a
resolution calling on the Secretary of War for information con-
cerning Indian troubles in Florida. See H. R. 1, 27th Congress,
1st Session, July 29, 1841.

14- American Jewish Historical Society.

effectively subdued. He told of a whole family butchered since
the 1st of this month. 57

On June 4, 1842,

Long speech of Pope for a reduction of the army. David Levy,
delegate from Florida loquacious against it. 58

As time went on Adams' dislike became more and more pro-
nounced, until in February, 1843, we find him writing:

Weller moved a reconsideration to let Levy make another hour
speech, which he did. I was provoked to the boiling point, but
made no reply ."

In February, 1844, Levy distinguished himself in a very
able speech concerning the termination of the tenth article of
the Ashburton Treaty, which involved the subject of slavery
and the extradition of slaves. Adams in his Diary stated :

David Levy, the Jew Delegate from Florida with much apparent
agitation and awful length of face, moved a suspension of the
rules to enable him to offer a resolution requiring the President
to give notice to the British Government that the United States
wish to terminate the tenth article of the Ashburton Treaty.

Adams expressed his fear that this would bring up the subject
of slavery and added that he was full of anxiety on that
account. 80 Despite these sneering references, we have Edward

67 Ibid., vol. xi, p. 162. It was quite natural that Levy should
feel very strongly on this subject, for in 1835 his father's sugar
houses and one of his plantations had been destroyed by hostile
Indians. Some property which had been saved and removed to
Micanopy was ordered burnt by the commanding officer of the
United States troops when he abandoned the place, so as to pre-
vent it from falling into the hands of the enemy. Moses E. Levy
had presented a claim to Congress for property thus destroyed but
his claim had been disallowed on the ground that the property
had been lost by the fortunes of war. See Committee Report No.
236, 25th Congress, 3d Session, I, January 26, 1839.

58 " Memoirs of John Quincy Adams," supra, vol. xi, pp. 168, 170.

59 Ibid., p. 316.

M Ibid., p. 500. Adams frequently referred to Levy simply as
" the Jew Delegate from Florida." See ibid., vol. xii, p. 164.

David L. Yulee, Florida's First Senator Huhner. 15

Everett's tribute to Levy's address when writing in January,
1845:

Levy's argument is so clear and satisfactory that I have not
attempted to improve upon it. 81

Shortly afterward, Everett, writing on the Ashburton Treaty
to the Earl of Aberdeen, said :

The undersigned instead of any argument of his own to that effect,
invites Lord Aberdeen's attention to the extract herewith trans-
mitted from a speech of Mr. Levy, Delegate from Florida to the
Congress of the United States in which the sufficiency of an indict-
ment is very ably maintained. 62

His most important work, however, on which his whole
heart and soul centered, was that of obtaining the admission
of Florida into the Union. In this cause he worked incessantly
for several years until his efforts were finally crowned with
success. He aroused public sentiment in the Territory in
order to get the necessary support, arranged meetings and sent
circulars even to the most distant parts. 63

Some years ago the present writer purchased a collection of
autograph letters written by Yulee about this period and sub-
sequently. Some of these relate to his criticism of the adminis-
tration, some to the admission of Florida, and others to general
political affairs. One of the earliest, written in 1842, resented
the appointments, made by President Tyler without consulting
the representatives of the section affected. He wrote :

The fact is that Mr. Tyler is a weak man, with good impulses but
no clearness of principle and no enlargement of purpose. I have

61 Edward Everett to Secretary of State, January 31, 1845, quoted
in letter from Levy to Westcott, March 21, 1845, original in writer's
possession.

" January 30, 1845, quoted in iUd.

3 See " Circular Letter of D. Levy to the People of Florida
relative to the admission of Florida into the Union," Washington,
1844, 24 pp.; Executive Document No. 71, 25th Congress, 3d Ses-
sion, IV, January 11, 1839 ; original letters in writer's possession.
3

16 American Jewish H'istorical Society.

become satisfied that as a Democrat I cannot confess any political
sympathy with him. If I could, I could do something in the way

of office, but it is a game I cannot play The design is, I

suppost, to make a Tyler and Webster presidential party, but it
is a small beer concern that will become flat by exposure. Some-
times he consults me, but I wash myself of responsibility for his
appointments, and shall shortly come out with a letter upon the
subject.

He also spoke of Polk as a presidential candidate. 84

This letter, though written three years before Florida was
actually admitted into the Union, shows his activity in that
regard. He wrote :

As it will be next to impossible to bring Florida in alone, it has
been thought best to get our matter under way in this session, and
not risk a defeat, but to be in train for immediate action in the
next session.

The letters in my possession were addressed to various public
men, most of them to James D. Westcott, subsequently his
colleague in the Senate. His correspondence included the fore-
most men of his day, George Bancroft, Polk, Pierce, Benjamin,
Buchanan and the rest. 65 One of the most important of these
letters, dated February 22, 1845, only a few days before the
actual admission of Florida, was addressed to Westcott, and
in part reads as follows :

I took up this measure at the only time when there was a hope of
uniting the people came out wholly in the face of unanimous
opposition in my own district, on the favor of which I was so
dependent for my prospects in life took the stump upon the sub-
ject wrote my friends in its support got the measure reported
in the only shape it could have passed have now got it through
the House with a triumphant vote have been laboring like a
slave to overcome the party policy by which we were to be buried

64 Original in writer's possession.

65 See Polk Papers, Bancroft Collection, New York Public Library,
No. 332; Polk Papers, Library of Congress; "Calendar of the
Papers of Martin Van Buren," Washington, 1910, p. 385; see Pub-
lications, supra, No. 22, p. 100.

David L. Yulee, Florida's First Senator Huhner. 17

in the Senate, and am now satisfied it has been successfully over-
come and that we will be admitted, and with all this evidence
of my sincerity I am to be blamed if by unavoidable circumstances
it should fail. . . . . This disposition to blame me may be owing
to my not continuing to make incessant noise about it. It is not
according to my way to do so. I have my own manner of accom-
plishing things. I came out upon the subject and kept it going,
until public sentiment at home was ripe for the movement. That
was one step, and I stopped when that was sufficiently done. I
then turned to the accomplishment of the measure here and
worked in quiet until it was time to make a noise and demon-
stration here, and then did it, and succeeded. Never judge me to
be inactive because I am silent."

As already stated Florida was admitted a few days after
this letter was written and Levy at once began a very vigorous
campaign, which resulted in his election as the first Senator
from the State. One of the letters in my possession mentions
the numerous attacks upon him, and he advised his manager
to assure the people that he

has procured positive assurances from Mr. Polk that only Florida
men will be appointed in Florida as soon as the State is organized.

This campaign was one of the most hitter ever fought. All
sorts of charges were made against Levy and continued even
after his election. In one of the letters addressed to Westcott
in July, 1845, he said :

They write me from St. Augustine that our Democratic friends
are all well satisfied with your selection. They write me also
that General Hernandez and General Worth in the same room
where I happened to be, said that the party had elected two black-
guards, so you see we both have to mend our morals in the
Senate. I was in hopes my labors would be confined to improving
my mind but it seems I shall have to look to my morals also.

All the letters thus far referred to are signed David Levy, or
simply Levy* 1

68 Original in writer's possession.
67 Ibid.

18 American Jeivisli Historical Society.

On March 10, 1845, the new State named one of her counties
in his honor, so that, though he subsequently changed his name,
his memory is perpetuated in the old name only, for Levy
County and the town of Levyville in Florida have continued
without change to the present time. 68

The year 1845 was a landmark in Yulee's career. He had
been for several years a familiar figure in Washington and had
access to good society there, becoming acquainted among
others with the family of Ex-Governor Wickliffe of Kentucky,
formerly a member of Tyler's Cabinet. He married Miss
Wickliffe. Up to the time of his election as Senator, he had
been known by no other name than that of David Levy.
Shortly after being elected to the Senate, however, and just
prior to his marriage, it was stated that Miss Wickliffe made
it a condition that he change his name. 69 In compliance with
her request he assumed the name of Yulee, so that while he
served in the House of Eepresentatives as Levy, in his sub-
sequent career he was known as Yulee. The act of the legis-
lature by which his name was changed may be found in volume
1 of the Laws of Florida. It reads :

Whereas, David Levy memorialized this General Assembly stating
that his proper patronymic is Eulee, and that his father prior to
his birth, dropped the same, and assumed that of Levy, and that he

' 8 See Leslie A. Thompson, " A Manual or Digest of the Statute
Laws of the State of Florida," Boston, 1847, p. 18. It seems that
this county had been originally established and organized by the
Acts of the Governor and Legislative Council of the Territory of
Florida, and simply was confirmed when the State government
was established. See George B. Utley, "Origin of the County
Names of Florida," supra; J. M. Hawk, M. D., " The Florida
Gazetteer, 1871," p. 56; Charles Ledyard Norton, " A Handbook
of Florida," New York, 1892, p. 54. Norton, however, is mistaken
as to the date of naming Levy County. See " The Acts and
Resolves of the First General Assembly of the State of Florida,"
Tallahassee, 1845, pp. 37, 38.

w See obituary notice in The New York Tribune, October 11, 1886.

David L. Yulee, Florida's First Senator Huhner. 19

is desirous of resuming the said name of Eulee. Be it therefore
enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the State of
Florida in General Assembly convened, that the name of David
Levy be altered and changed to David Levy Eulee.

He seems, however, to have altered the spelling at once, sub-
stituting the letter Y for E. This law became effective De-
cember 29, 1845, TO and immediately afterward he married Miss
Wickliffe. 71

This change of name appears also from the letters in my
possession. The earliest, as already stated, are signed David
Levy or simply Levy, but the signature became David Levi/
Yulee, in 1846, as appears from one written to George Ban-
croft a few days after the enactment of the law above referred
to. Later on the letters are signed simply D. L. Yulee. From
this period on, the Senator seemed to have no longer associated
with the Jewish members of his family. Thereafter no men-
tion was ever made of his father, and though he never formally
joined any other church, it is doubtful whether he ever took
any interest in Jewish affairs. His children were brought up
in the Christian faith. 72

The lady whom Yulee married belonged to one of the dis-
tinguished families of the day. We have the authority of Mrs.
Clay that she was called the " Wickliffe Madonna." 73 Shortly
after their marriage they made a tour through some of the
Northern states, being entertained among others by Governor
Winthrop at his home near Boston. 14

70 " Acts and Resolves," supra. It has also been stated that the
name Yulee was obtained by transposing the letters of the name
Levy. As, however, the name Yulee is a well-known Jewish name
among Portuguese Jews, the chances are that it may have been
the ancestral name.

71 Yulee, supra. No. 1, p. 34.

72 Ibid.

73 She was so called because she was so devoutly religious. See
Mrs. Virginia Clay, " A Belle of the Fifties," New York, 1904, p. 54.

71 Yulee, supra, No. 1, p. 34.

20 American Jewish Historical Society.

Yulee took his seat in the Senate December 1, 1845, almost
a month before his change of name became effective. He
became chairman of the Naval Committee in 1846, and was
one of the earliest champions of iron vessels." It is interesting,
too, to find that he was also one of the strongest opponents of
the movement for abolishing flogging in the Navy." Among
the bills he introduced and succeeded in passing was the one
authorizing the Grinnell Expedition in search of Sir John
Franklin."

Later he became chairman of the Committee on Post Offices
and Post Boads, and was one of the earliest champions of
cheap ocean postage. 18 Of his ability we have the estimate of
Floyd, Buchanan's Secretary of War, that he possessed " an
energy and zeal which commanded unusual success." '

Though Yulee's father had been an advocate of the aboli-
tion of slavery, the Senator, like most Southern statesmen,
became affiliated with the pro-slavery element. During a trip
on the Ohio he became acquainted with Edwin M. Stanton,
whom he tried to convert to his views on that subject, and

75 Ibid., p. 35. It is interesting to note that he reported adversely
on the claim of Captain John Ericsson for superintending the con-
struction of the steamer Princeton. See Poore's Index, p. 576.

Yulee, supra, No. 1, p. 35. It is a curious fact that the brutal
system of flogging in the Navy was finally abolished through the
efforts of another Jew, Commodore Uriah P. Levy.

""Ibid., p. 35. The writer has been unable to verify this state-
ment. Yulee, however, was interested in the Wilkes Exploring
Expedition. See "Report on the Wilkes Exploring Expedition,"
Senate Report No. 29, 30th Congress, 1st Session.

78 Yulee in supra, p. 36.

""Ibid. Additional particulars of his career in the Senate are
given in "The Diary of James K. Polk, 1845-9," edited by Milo
Milton Quaife, Chicago, 1910, vol. i, pp, 28, 30-32, 149, 184, 211, 262-
263; vol. iii, p. 194; "The Works of James Buchanan," Philadel-
phia, 1911, vol. vii, p. 130; vol. viii, p. 368; vol. xi, pp. 124, 126-132.

David L. Yulee, Florida's First Senator Hiihner. 21

there is extant a letter written to Stanton in 1848 along the
same lines. 80

His term expired in 1851. At the following election, how-
ever, he was defeated by Stephen E. Mallory in one of the
closest contests ever witnessed in this country. There were
59 members of the legislature and a resolution had been
adopted requiring a majority vote for choice. On the first
ballot Yulee received 29 votes, and there were 29 blanks.
The second and third ballots had the same result. Yulee
claimed that he was the only qualified person voted for and
should have been declared elected. Finally Mallory received
31 as against Yulee's 27. The contest was bitterly fought in
the Senate by Yulee's counsel, Eeverdy Johnson and Edwin M.
Stanton, but the Senate's decision was adverse, though the
question was considered so close that in 1853 the Senate voted
that Yulee receive from the contingent fund a sum equal to his
per diem as Senator from the commencement of the session to
August, 1852, when the case was finally decided. 81

He now devoted his entire energy to the development of his
State ; he drew up the " Internal Improvement Act " and
planned an extensive system of railroads. The Florida Eail-

80 See George C. Gorham, " Life and Public Services of Edwin M.
Stanton," New York, 1899, vol. i, p. 73, where the letter is given in
full.

M Ibid. The report is an elaborate document of about 300 pages.
See 49th Congress, 1st Session, Senate Miscellaneous Document
No. 47: "Compilation of Senate Election Cases, 1789-1885," by
George S. Taft, pp. 143-147; 38th Congress, 2d Session, House
Miscellaneous Document No. 57: "Cases of Contested Election,"
by D. W. Bartlett, p. 608, 32d Congress, 1st Session. The debate
may be found in the " Appendix " to the Congressional Globe, 32d
Congress, 1st Session, pp. 1170-1176; E. M. Stanton, "Argument
before the Select Committee of the United States Senate," Wash-
ington, 1852 ; Senate Miscellaneous Document No. 2, 32d Congress,
Special Session, I; Senate Report No. 349, 32d Congress, 1st Ses-
sion, vol. ii, and Senate Miscellaneous Document No. 109, 32d Con-
gress, 1st Session, vol. i.

22 American Jewish Historical Society.

road, incorporated in 1853, was his special favorite. It crossed
the State from the Gulf to the Atlantic and, as he figured,
would be utilized in connection with the commerce of New
York and the Mississippi Valley. A system of fast steamers
would carry products from Florida and Georgia to the North
and at the same time attract immigrants. 82

He was re-elected to the Senate in 1855, and served con-
tinuously till 1861, when he resigned to join the Confederate
cause. 83

It may fairly be said that among the statesmen of the South,
none saw more clearly the inevitable conflict between the North
and South on the question of slavery than did Yulee. Shortly
after the adoption of the Wilmot Proviso, in February, 1848,
he offered a resolution in reference to New Mexico and South-
ern California, protesting against the abolition of slavery in
that section on the ground that these territories belonged to
all the citizens of all the states arid that slave property could
therefore rightfully be brought into them. 84 Writing to Cal-
houn in 1849 he suggested that if an amendment to the Con-
stitution protecting the South against aggression were not
adopted, he thought it " the best policy to take steps at once
for a separation." 8 These radical views earned for him the
title of the " Florida Fire Eater." 85 Among his closest friends
was Stephen A. Douglas whom he supported in the leadership
until the latter repudiated secession. 87 Yulee was one of the

82 Obituary notice in The New York Herald, October 11, 1886;
Yulee in supra, No. 1, p. 37.

83 Nicolay and Hay's " Life of Lincoln," vol. iii, p. 181; The New
York Herald, October 11, 1886.

84 Yulee, supra, No. 1, p. 34.

85 lUd. See Senate Miscellaneous Document No. 6, Part 2, 30th
Congress, 1st Session, vol. i.

86 See The New York Herald, supra.

87 Yulee, supra, p. 38. He was a jealous defender of all that
related to the South. Mrs. Archibald Dixon in " The True History
of the Missouri Compromise," Cincinnati, 1899, pp. 232-234, men-

David L. Yulee, Florida's First Senator Hulmer. 23

ten Southern statesmen, including Jefferson Davis, who in
1850 signed an agreement to oppose by any and all means the
admission of California unless upon certain conditions agree-
able to the South. 88

After Lincoln's election no Southern statesman more fully
realized the gravity of the situation than did Yulee. He at
once held repeated conferences with Ex-President Tyler and
others, and early in January, 1861, while still a United States
Senator, joined the foremost senators of the South in a plan
to form a confederacy. On Janury 5, 1861, he wrote a letter
which was to be delivered to Joseph Finnigan or Governor
Call of Florida, 89 and this has since become an historic docu-
ment. He therein advised the taking of all United States
strongholds before the Federal Government was able to
strengthen its position. The letter reads as follows :

Washington, January 5, 1861.
My dear Sir:

The immediately important thing to be done is the occupation
of the forts and arsenals in Florida. The Naval Station and forts
at Pensacola are first in consequence. For this a force is neces-
sary. I have conversed with Mr. Toombs on the subject. He will
start this work for Georgia and says if the Convention or Governor
will ask Governor Brown of Georgia for a force, he will immedi-
ately send a sufficient force and take the Navy Yard and forts.

The occupation of the Navy Yard will give us a good supply of
ordnance and make the capture of the forts easier. Major Chase
built the forts and will know all about them. Lose no time, for

tions how in 1850 Yulee bitterly opposed the printing of a resolu-
tion of the Legislature of Vermont against slavery on the ground
that its language was insulting to the South.

88 This agreement was still extant in 1900 and in possession of
John G. Parkhurst. It was originally found by scouts at Win-
chester, Tenn., in 1863. See Report of American Historical Asso-
ciation, 1900, I, p. 603.

M Colonel George W. Call. The letter is given in full in The New
York Herald, supra, and may also be found in Nicolay and Hay,
supra, p. 180.

24 American Jeivisli Historical Society.

my opinion is, troops will be very soon despatched to reinforce
and strengthen the forts in Florida. The arsenal at Chattahoochee
should be looked to, and that at once, to prevent the removal of
arms deposited there.

I think that by the 4th of March all the Southern States will
be out, except perhaps Kentucky and Missouri, and they will soon
have to follow.

What is advisable is the earliest possible organization of a
Southern Confederacy and of a Southern Army. The North is
rapidly consolidating against us upon the plan of force. A strong
government, as eight States will make, promptly organized, and a
strong army with Jeff. Davis for General in Chief, will bring them
to a reasonable sense of the gravity of the crisis.

Have a Southern government as soon as possible, adopting the
present Federal Constitution for the time, and a Southern army.
I repeat this because it is the important policy.

Virginia and Maryland and Tennessee are rapidly coming up to
the work. God speed you.

I shall give the enemy a shot next week before retiring. I say

enemy. Yes. I am theirs and they are mine

Yours in haste,

D. L. YULEE."

On January 7, he wrote another letter to General Finnigan
of the Sovereignty Convention, enclosing a copy of resolutions
adopted at a conference of the senators from Georgia, Ala-
bama, Louisiana, Arkansas, Texas, Missouri and Florida. In
this letter he said :

The idea of the meeting was that the States should go out at once
and provide for the early organization of a Confederate Govern-
ment, not later than the 15th day of February. This time is
allowed to enable Louisiana and Texas to participate, and volun-
teer bills might be passed which would put Mr. Lincoln in im-
mediate position for hostilities, whereas by remaining in our
places until the 4th of March, it is thought we can keep the hands
of Mr. Buchanan tied, and disable the Republicans from effecting
any legislation which will strengthen the hands of the incoming
administration.

Ibid.

David L. Yulee, Florida's First Senator Hilhner. 25

The resolutions which he enclosed read as follows :

Resolved, that in our opinion, each of the Southern States should
as soon as may be, secede from the Union.

Resolved, that provision should be made for a Convention to
organize a Confederacy of the seceding states, the Convention to
meet not later than the 15th day of February, at the City of
Montgomery, in the State of Alabama.

Resolved, that in view of the hostile legislation that is threat-
ened against the seceding states, and which may be consummated
before the 4th of March, we ask instructions whether the dele-
gates are to remain in Congress for the purpose of defeating such
legislation. 91

These letters were found among Yulee's effects when his
home in Fernandina was taken by Union troops in 1862.

Florida passed her ordinance of secession on January 10,
1861, and Yulee's was the first speech in the Senate to an-
nounce the secession of a Southern state. This was on January
21, 1861. The question before the Senate was the admission
of Kansas. Yulee asked permission to address that dis-
tinguished body on a personal matter, and when permission
was given, he delivered a dignified address announcing his
resignation and stating that Florida withdrew because she

was not willing to disturb the peace of her associates by an in-
flamed and protracted struggle within the Union. The people of
Florida will ever preserve a grateful memory of past connection
with this Government and just pride in the continued development
of American society. 92

91 See obituary notices in The New York Times, and The New
York Tribune, October 11, 1886, where the letter and resolutions are
given in full. The rapid secession of several of the Southern States
compelled the Senators to retire sooner than they had anticipated.
See also Nicolay and Hay, " Life of Lincoln," vol. iii, p. 180.

92 See The New York Herald, supra; Nicolay and Hay, supra, p.
181; Yulee, supra, No. 1, p. 42. On January 22, 1861, a motion was
submitted that the Journal be so corrected as to record the fact that
Messrs. Davis, Mallory, Yulee, Clay and Fitzpatrick had announced
that the states from which they were Senators respectively had

26 American Jewish Historical Society.

Mrs. Clay, an eye witness, in her Memoirs thus describes
the memorable scene :

As one by one, Senators Yulee, Mallory, Clay and Jefferson Davis
rose, the emotion of their brother Senators and of us in the
galleries increased; as each Senator, speaking for his state, con-
cluded his solemn renunciation of allegiance to the United States,
women grew hysterical and waved their handkerchiefs, .... men
wept and embraced each other mournfully Scarcely a mem-
ber of that Senatorial body but was pale with the terrible signifi-
cance of the hour. 93

Yulee's plan seems to have been that the Union be split into
three parts, the East, the West and the South, all of which
might possibly form a defensive and commercial league, each,
however, to work out its own salvation. 94

Months before Lincoln's election, he had resolved to retire
from public life and devote himself to the development of his
State. The railroad he had established was completed, and the
merchant ships in connection with it were ready, but the latter
were soon seized by the Federal Government and used for con-
veying Union troops. 96

Yulee now joined his family at Fernandina, and took an
active part in the organizing of troops. 96 Later he sent his wife
and children to his sugar plantation at a place called Homo-
sassa, situated on a small river flowing into the Gulf of Mexico.

seceded and that they thereupon withdrew from the Senate. An
amendment was offered that these names be stricken from the list
of Senators. Both motions were tabled, and on March 13, 1861, a
resolution was adopted that these Senators having withdrawn
from the Senate, their seats in this body became vacant. This
resolution, however, did not include Yulee, whose term of office had
expired on March 3, 1861. See Senate, 36th and 37th Congresses,
p. 195.

93 See Mrs. Virginia Clay, " A Belle of the Fifties," supra, p. 147.
. M Yulee, supra, No. 2, p. 3.

85 Ibid., No. 1, 38.

99 See The New York Herald, supra.

David L. Yulee, Florida's First Senator Hiihner. 27

He joined them there when Fernandina was captured and
there he remained in retirement during the early years of the
war, Homosassa becoming one of the shelters of refuge for
blockade runners, after Cedar Keys had been taken. 97

Though he was repeatedly consulted by Southern statesmen
throughout the struggle, he took no active part in the war.
While he and his family were absent on one occasion, Federal
troops appeared and his house was destroyed by fire,' 8 but the
army officers disclaimed all responsibility.

His friendship with Jefferson Davis had been a very close
one in the early days, and a letter written by the latter after
some misunderstanding during Pierce's administration closed
with the words

You are too near to me by many ties, and your kindness has been
too often shown, to permit me to leave you for an hour in doubt
as to the affectionate regard with which I am as ever,

Your friend,

JEFFERSON DAVIS."

During Buchanan's administration, however, their relations
became somewhat strained, because Yulee was instrumental in
securing Johnston's appointment as Quartermaster-General in
preference to Colonel Robert E. Lee, who was Davis' candidate.
I^ater still, after the commencement of the war this estrange-
ment became a permanent breach. 100

Despite the fact that Yulee took no active part in the war,
the Federal Government regarded him from the start as one
of the chief offenders, and made repeated efforts for his
capture. 101

97 Norton, supra, p. 233; Yulee, supra, No. 2, p. 4; "Proceedings
of the Convention of the People of Florida, 1861," p. 15.

98 This is denied by Norton, stipra, p. 233. See, however, Yulee,
supra, No. 2, p. 7.

99 Yulee, supra, No. 2, p. 8.
lw I1)id., pp. 8, 9.

101 Ibid., p. 9; The New York Herald, supra, states that "he did
all in his power to organize troops for the defense of the state and

28 American Jewish Historical Society.

After Appomattox, the Governor of Florida appointed him
one of a commission to go to Washington and confer with the
President as to the reestablishment of Florida in the Union. 108
Before reaching Washington, however, he was arrested at
Gainesville, Georgia, and sent a prisoner to Fort Pulaski, near
Savannah. 103 The letters above mentioned, found at Fer-
nandina, were the basis of his arrest, and though many promi-
nent men interceded with President Johnson he remained a
prisoner. Even his friend Stanton refused at first to stir in
his behalf. 104 The State of Georgia in Convention memorialized
the President in behalf of Yulee, Davis and the few remaining
prisoners of state. 105 A whole year elapsed, yet though most
prisoners of war had been set at liberty, the only ones that
remained in confinement were Davis, Clay and Yulee. 106 The
last-named was finally liberated through the efforts of his old
friend General Joseph E. Johnston, who induced General
Grant to intercede for him. 107 Thereafter he took no active part
in politics though it is stated that he was again offered the
United States Senatorship. 108 He joined his family at Fer-
nandina and continued to devote all his time to building up the
ruined railroad system of Florida, retiring finally with a coin-
took such an active and prominent part in the rebellion that at
its close he was incarcerated." See also The World. New York,
October 11, 1886.

102 Yulee, supra, No. 2, p. 10.

103 Ibid.
Ibid., p. 14.

105 See "Confederate Records of Georgia," 1865, p. 147: Resolu-
tion of October 26, 1865; Report of Committee, ibid, p. 197.
100 Yulee, supra, No. 2, p. 14.

107 Ibid., p. 15. He was pardoned by President Johnson who had
been one of his colleagues in the Senate. See The New York
Tribune, supra.

108 Yulee, supra, p. 16.

David L. Yulee, Florida's First Senator Huhner. 29

fortable fortune. 109 Kemoving to Washington in 1880, Yulee
was received into the circle of his former friends and associates,
Fish, Frelinghuysen, Hamlin and others. 110 His wife died in
1884 and he followed her two years later, on October 10, 1886.
Both were interred in Georgetown Cemetery, at Washington.
He left four children, C. Wickliffe Yulee, Mrs. C. A. Eeid,
the Misses Florida and Mary Yulee. 111

Though he can be regarded as a Jew by race only, yet his
name deserves to be remembered because he was the first of his
race to be a member of the United States Senate and because
his career incidentally brings to view the career of his father,
Moses Elias Levy, an observant Jew, who was one of the
influential pioneers in the early history of the Territory of
Florida.

109 Ibid.; The New York Herald, supra, states that "After the
War, he accepted the situation and did all in his power to restore
the prosperity and commerce of the state." See George R. Fair-
banks, " Florida, its History and its Romance," Jacksonville, 1898,
p. 204.

110 Yulee, supra, p. 17.

111 He died at the Clarendon Hotel, New York, where he was
stopping on his way from Bar Harbor, Me., to Washington. See
obituary notices in The Sun, and the other New York daily news-
papers, cited herein, of October 11, 1886.

THE QUESTION OF THE KOSHER MEAT SUPPLY
IN NEW YORK IN 1813: WITH A SKETCH OF

EARLIER CONDITIONS.
CONTRIBUTED BY SAMUEL OPPENHEIM.

By Chapter 233 of the laws of New York for 1915 it is
made a misdemeanor to sell or expose for sale and to represent
as kosher any meat or meat preparations not sanctioned by
Hebrew religious requirements. Though a new enactment in
the general law of the state, in specifically designating and pro-
tecting the sale of meat used by orthodox Jews, it seems that
as far back as 1796, and again in 1805, it was recognized by
the municipal authorities of the city of New York as violating
the rights of some of the inhabitants for a butcher to represent
as kosher the meat offered by him for sale, which had not been
ritually certified in accordance with regulations adopted by
the Jews. And a little less than a decade later further recog-
nition of the observance by the Jews of the precepts of their
oral law relating to food was shown by the same authorities by
the passage of an ordinance giving the governing body of the
Jewish congregation in the city the right of controlling the
means of such observance, but these same authorities at their
next meeting, when a protest was made by some of the members
of the congregation that the power granted infringed upon
what they considered as their religious and civil rights, re-
pealed the ordinance, thus again recognizing the observance
but deciding not to interfere with its regulation.

The following sketch gives a brief history of the methods
adopted in early New York to provide for the carrying out of
the Jewish dietary laws, and also shows the relation between
the government and the synagogue.

4 21

32 American Jewish Historical Society.

As is well known the observance of these laws, for which in
addition to religious reasons a hygienic value is claimed, 1 was
until recent times a certain mark of distinction between the
Jew and the Gentile. 2 To the present day these laws are rigor-
ously adhered to by orthodox Jews.

Nicholas Smart was a non-Jew butcher in the Fly Market,
New York, in the last part of the eighteenth century. The still
unprinted minutes of the Common Council of the city of New
York, kept in the City Library in the City Clerk's office, state,*
under date of August 3, 1796, that :

On a complaint that Nich s Smart butcher has fraudulently affixed
false Jewish seals to meat for sale in the Public Market Ordered
that he attend this Board at the next meeting on Wednesday after-
noon the tenth instant to answer for his conduct.

The minutes, under date of August 10, 4 read :

Nich s Smart butcher attended to the order of last meeting and
after examination of one witness on the part of the complaint the
hearing was postponed till the next meeting.

At the next meeting, held August 15, the same record states : B

On further consideration of the subject of complaint against
Nichs Smart butcher it was Ordered that his license be suppressed.

1 See Carl H. von Klein, " Jewish Hygiene and Diet," in Journal
of the American Medical Association, September 27, 1884; J. A.
Dembo, "The Jewish Method of Slaughter," translated from the
German, London, 1894, pp. 56-95; Noah E. Aronstam, "The Jewish
Dietary Laws from a Scientific Standpoint," in The Medical Age,
February 25, 1904; Joseph Mayor Asher, "Jewish Pood and Health
Laws," in " Encyclopedia Americana," article on " Judaism ; " and
for an historical sketch, " The Jewish Encyclopedia," vol. iv, s. v.,
" Dietary Laws," and authorities there cited. ,

2 The value of these laws as manifesting the local existence of
Judaism is made the subject of an anecdote by Isaac D'Israeli in
his entertaining though unfriendly work, "The Genius of Juda-
ism."

3 Vol. 12, p. 36.

4 Ibid., p. 39.
8 Ibid., p. 41.

Kosher Meat Supply in New York in 1813 Oppenheim. 33

A final reference to this matter in the minutes appears under
date of September 26, when it was
Ordered that Nich s Smart butcher be restored to his office.

Caleb Vandenburg was a non-Jew butcher in the Fly Mar-
ket, in New York, in the first part of the nineteenth century.
The same unprinted minutes of the Common Council record 8
under date of August 12, 1805, that:

A petition of the Congregation Shearith Israel stating that Caleb
Vandenburg had improperly used a seal resembling theirs to affix
upon meat was referred to the Market Committee.

This petition is not to be found on file among the records of
the City Clerk of New York, where similar documents are kept.
Through the courtesy of Hon. N. Taylor Phillips, the officer
of the Congregation Shearith Israel in the City of New York
having charge of its records, a copy has been obtained from the
unpublished minutes of the trustees of that congregation.
These minutes show that at the meeting of August 11, 1805,
the president was authorized to sign and deliver to Mayor
DeWitt Clinton a memorial reading as follows :

To his Honor the Mayor and the Corporation of the City of New

York in Common Council convened.

The Memorial of the President and Trustees of the Congregation
of Shearith Israel in New York Respectfully Sheweth: That your
Memorialists are peculiarly circumstanced, in their Religious
Principles in regard to Meats which are brought to market for
Sale, they being under the necessity of hiring a person, to kill all
the Meats which are intended for the Consumption of our Congre-
gation. That the said person is furnished with proper Seals,
stamped with such Letters, as to designate the time when the said
Meat was killed. That such Seals are the only Security we can
possibly have to guard against Impositions. That unfortunately
in the course of the last week, a person by the name of Gale Van-
denburg has been found so depraved, as to be guilty of affixing
Seals on Meat, which had not been killed by the person employed

'Vol. 15, p. 322.

34 American Jewish Historical Society.

by us, and had exposed for Sale the said Meat, with such Seals on,
to Members of our congregation, which by the testimony herewith
offered will more fully appear. That your Memorialists have no
Remedy but by application to your Honorable Board, who they feel
confident will grant them redress, and protect them in their Re-
ligious Rites, secured to them by the Constitution of the United
States, as well of this State, and inflict such punishment in your
power as to prevent any such Fraud for the future.
By order of the Board of Trustees.

NAPHTALI JUDAH

Presid*
Attest

ISAAC GOMEZ

Clerk.

The testimony mentioned in this memorial was submitted
in the form of three affidavits. No copy of these is available,
but the substance of two of them is given in the trustees'
minutes and in condensed form is here printed :

Jacob Abrahams, the shochet, stated that having been informed
by other butchers in the market that Vandenburg was offering for
sale as kosher sealed meat that was trefah he called on Vanden-
burg and told him it was wrong to do this, as he the shochet had
not killed or sealed it; that Vandenburg laughed and said the
meat was kosher and that he had sold a piece to a Jewess. Benja-
min Seixas, the president, stated that after speaking to the shochet
he called on Vandenburg who offered to sell him a piece of beef.
The seal fell from the piece offered and another piece with a seal
was shown him. The seal bore the date of two days before and the
meat seemed proper for use. Seixas added that if he had not been
warned he would have bought the meat for himself if he had
wanted some. To make sure the meat was trefah he called on the
shochet again to examine it, and the latter after doing so declared
he had not killed nor sealed it. Vandenburg being asked how he
dared put a seal on and offer for sale to Jews meat that was not
kosher denied he had done so on the piece offered, and observed
in a laughing and jeering manner that such things had been done
before. The seal was then taken off. On the following day Seixas
again called on Vandenburg and berated him for his conduct in
practicing a fraud on members of the congregation. Vandenburg,
then, after further questioning and denying he had put the seal on,

Kosher Meat Supply in New York in 1813 Oppenheim. 35

acknowledged that his boy had put it on. Seixas then told him he
would complain to the corporation and endeavor to have his
license taken away, and Vandenburg replied he did not care for
that.

The third affidavit was made by Simon Myers Cohen, but
its contents are not referred to.

The report of the Market Committee on the trustees' memo-
rial is to be found in file box 26 in the City Clerk's Record
Room in the Municipal Building, Borough of Manhattan,
where are kept the extant records of the old Common Council.
It reads :

The Market Committee to whom was referred the memorial of
the President and Trustees of the Congregation of Sherith Israel
report that they have examined the Subject and have conferred
with Caleb Vandenburg who acknowledges he put the seals on the
Meat, but did it in a joke, but the affidavits of two of the Congre-
gation declare that he offered the Meat for sale as Cosher or fit for
that Congregation to eat, and as we do not see any good cause why
this Board ought not to protect this religious People in their
religious Rights when not inconsistent with the Public Rights.
We therefore are of opinion that Caleb Vandenburg be Suspended
of his License as a Butcher.

New York Sep r 2 th 1805.

GEORGE JANEWAY
J* DKAKE

The minutes of the Common Council, under date of Sep-
tember 2, contain this entry : T

Upon receiving the report of the Market Committee in the case
of Caleb Vandenburg for affixing Jewish seals to meat
Ordered that he be suspended as a Butcher.

The trustees' minutes of the following day, September 3,
state :

The President informed the Board that the Memorial and Affi-
davits taken on the Complaint against Gale Vandenburg, for sell-
ing Terepha Meat for Casher, (as particularly noted in the last
minutes) had been delivered by him to the Mayor of this City,

7 Hid., p. 351.

36 American Jewish Historical Society.

who had duly laid the same before the corporation, who in conse-
quence thereof did deprive the said Vandenburg of his license.

The Common Council minutes of September 9, 1805, con-
tain an entry 8 reading :

A petition of Caleb Vandenburg to be reinstated was referred to
the Mayor with authority to grant the prayer of the petition if he
shall deem it expedient.

Vandenburg's petition for reinstatement is not on file, but
the substance of it and copies of his apology to the trustees,
with the latter's recommendation to the Mayor on the endorse-
ment of the petition by three reputable citizens, are entered
in the trustees' minutes of September 9 and 12. Condensed
these are here given :

Vandenburg in his petition to the Common Council expressed
contrition for the offence committed against the congregation of
selling trefah meat as kosher and stated that being convinced of
the magnitude of the offence he had solicited forgiveness of several
members and had asked for a recommendation from the Board of
Trustees.

The trustees having been informed of this petition resolved
that if Vandenburg would make a suitable apology and add a
recommendation signed by two or three respectable men they
would consider the same.

Vandenburg then wrote to the trustees that he had been de-
prived of his license as a butcher in consequence of an act in which
he intended no injury, as he was ignorant of its nature or conse-
quence, and offered his sincere apology and promised to abstain
in the future from any conduct which might afford offence to the
trustees or the congregation. He attached a recommendation in
his favor signed by Tunis Wortman, William Klein and James
Cheetham, referring to his large family and his good character
hitherto and that he was justly exposed to the censure of the
trustees, though he intended no injury or insult, and was ignorant
of the nature of his conduct.

Upon this the trustees authorized the giving to Vandenburg of a
recommendation to the Mayor, signed by Naphtali Judah, Jacques
Ruden, Bernard Hart and M. L. Moses.

8 IMd., p. 357.

Kosher Neat Supply in New York in 1813 Oppenheim. 37

That Vandenburg was restored appears from the fact, noted
in the Common Council minutes later, that he was licensed to
keep a stall as a butcher in the Catherine Market. 9

Nicholas Smart in 1796 probably received his reinstatement
under similar circumstances, though no entry regarding his
case appears in the trustees' minutes.

Thomas F. DeVoe, in his compendious work treating of the
butchers of New York, 10 refers to the Smart case and quotes
fully from the Common Council minutes, but cites the name
of the butcher simply by his initials, thus N .... S ....
He makes no mention of the Vandenburg incident. He
naively or perhaps maliciously suggests that the office to which
the smart Mr. Smart (who, he must have known, was a non-
Jew) was thus restored " no doubt was butchering for the
Jews."

Had Mr. DeVoe read carefully further on in the Common
Council minutes and noted the entries for February, 1813,
when the question of the authority of butchers to slaughter
for the Jews was considered, he probably would not have made
the comment he did.

Under date of February 1, 1813, the minutes n read :

A Petition from Benjamin S. Judah and Isaac Gomez Junr in
behalf of the Trustees of the Society of Sheerith Israel was read
stating that agreeably to the Jews Laws it is not lawful for a Jew
to eat of the flesh of Any Animal unless killed inspected and sealed
by certain persons called Shochets duly authorized by the Trustees
of the Synagogue that certain persons unauthorized by their
Trustees had taken upon them the Office of Shochet and they

9 Ibid. In England a somewhat similar case with a Jew butcher
occurred in 1788 and is mentioned by James Picciotto, in his
" Sketches of Anglo-Jewish History," London, 1875, p. 214. It is
not referred to by H. S. Q. Henriques in " The Jews and the
English Law," though it is mentioned by Albert M. Hyamson, in
" History of the Jews of England," London, 1908, pp. 295-6.

10 " The Market Book," New York, 1862, p. 202.

11 Vol. 26, p. 205.

38 American Jewish Historical Society.

prayed the interference of the Common Council to prevent such
impositions. Whereupon an Ordinance was passed entitled "an
Ordinance to prevent impositions in the sale of Jews meat in the
public Markets."

The following is a copy of the petition here referred to, taken
from the original in file box 53 in the City Clerk's Eecord
Room.

To the Mayor, Aldermen & Commonalty of the City of New York.
The Memorial of Benjamin S. Judah & Isaac Gomez Junior
Respectfully Showeth:

That by a resolution of the Board of Trustees of the Congrega-
tion Shierith Israel in the City of New York, a certified copy of
which is hereunto annexed, your memorialists have been appointed
a committee for the purpose of respectfully representing to your
honors that by the Jewish Laws it is not lawful for any Jew to eat
of the flesh of any Beaves, Calves, or sheep unless they were killed
inspected & sealed by certain persons called Shohets, duly author-
ized by the Maumad or Trustees of the Synagogue & by them
pronounced to be sound. That it has ever been customary for all
societies of Israelites to employ one or more Shohets for the pur-
pose of killing, inspecting & sealing meats before they are exposed
for sale in the public markets; that from the first establishment
of the Synagogue in the City a Shohet has been employed by the
Maumad or Trustees of the same who have allowed him a com-
pensation for his services, which has been remunerated to the
Society by Butchers who have been employed by the Society in con-
sideration of receiving their custom.

Your memorialists would further represent to your honors, that
in violation of ancient customs and wholesome regulations of the
said Society certain persons who are not employed by the Trustees
of the Congregation aforesaid have killed & sealed meat, and that
the same has been exposed for sale in the public markets by
Butchers without the authority of the Society aforesaid for so
doing.

Your memorialists therefore beg leave to solicit the aid of your
honors in the premises & to request that you will pass an ordi-
nance prohibiting under such penalties as you may deem proper,
the exposing for sale in the public market of any meats sealed
after the customs of their Society unless the same has been killed
& sealed by the Shohet employed by the said Trustees & exposed

Kosher Meat Supply in New York in 1813 Oppenheim. 39

for sale by such Butchers as may be designated by the Trustees
aforesaid.

And your Memorialists as in duty bound, will ever pray.
New York 29 January 1813.

BEN. S. JUDAH
ISAAC GOMEZ JUN

Board of Trustees Congregation of Sheerith Israel the 25th
January 1813.

Resolved that the Board adhere to their ordinance enacted to
prevent imposition by the Shohet on the Congregation whom they
preside over, and that a temporary Shohet be imployed untill
Mark Solomons can be sent for, conformable to his Election as
Class No. 2, and that a committee of .... be appointed to draw a
Memorial, and Ordinance to be presented to the Mayor and Com-
monalty of this City, praying that the same may be passed, pro-
hibiting the sale of any sealed Beef or Meat commonly called Jew's
Beef, not killed and sealed by the Jew Butchers (called Shohet)
engaged and employed by the Trustees of the Congregation Shee-
rith Israel; and that the said Committee be impowered to take
the aid of Ogden Edwards Esquire the Attorney of this board, and
to consult him on any legal acts in the premises.

Moved and seconded that the blank be filled with the names of
Messieurs B. S. Judah and Isaac Gomez Junior.

Extract from the Minutes.

M. GOMEZ
Clerk.

The reference in the foregoing resolution to the trustees
adhering to their ordinance enacted to prevent imposition by
the shochet on the congregation is to another resolution, desig-
nated as an ordinance, passed January 3, 1813, after consider-
ing the report of a committee presented and adopted at a
meeting held November 15, 1812. This related to the elec-
tion of a new shochet for the congregation.

There had been some difficulty with the incumbent, Jacob
Abrahams, whose term was to expire February 1, 1813. He
had held the office since 1803, being elected annually. 12 Under

12 Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society, No. 21,
p. 214.

40 American Jewish Historical Society.

his contract he was among other things to see to it that the
markets were supplied with meat for the members. Com-
plaints had been made that he had failed to do so. On June 2,
1812, he had been instructed by the trustees to arrange with the
non- Jewish butchers (contracted with by the congregation, as
explained further on), to kill with them on Wednesdays until
the first of November. Later, on August 4, the trustees,
through a committee, directed that the killings should be on
the Wednesdays during September and October, and they
added four nights succeeding the holidays in those months.
On August 30, 1812, the committee reported that because the
dates named were not specifically mentioned in his contract
Abrahams had refused to kill as requested, unless $46.64 were
allowed him as extra compensation. His salary, in part paid
by the butchers, was $550 per annum, including leads for seals.
This was not his sole occupation. 13 The trustees thereupon
in a resolution characterized his demand as exorbitant and
highly unjust. It furnished, they declared, additional evi-
dence of his contempt of the dissatisfaction which existed
among the members because of his failure to keep the markets
supplied, and their consequent deprivation of a necessary
article of food. His conduct in attempting to take advantage
of an omission in his contract in reference to the days of kill-
ing, the trustees added, had produced much clamor in the con-
gregation and merited extreme reprobation. Under his earlier
contract, made in 1805 (copied in the minutes of November
11 of that year and presumably renewed on substantially the
same terms from year to year while he held office, as no copy
is entered later), he was to keep the markets supplied every
day except the Sabbaths, the second days of the holidays and
Yom Kippur, and was also to supply the markets on the days
succeeding the holidays. This apparently meant that he was

13 The New York city directory for 1813 gives the name Jacob
Abrahams, clothing, Vesey Street corner of Greenwich.

Kosher Meat Supply in New York in 1813 Oppenheim. 41

not to kill for the sale of meat on the excepted days. The
requirement of August 4, 1812, called for killing on the second
night of Rosh-Hashona, Kippur night and the second and
eighth nights of Succoth.

Again on November 2, 1812, he had failed to kill and the
markets had not been sufficiently supplied, and thereupon at
the meeting of November 4, Solomon Seixas and Haym M.
Salomon were appointed a committee of investigation. Their
report, however, is not entered in the minutes. At the same
meeting Benjamin S. Judah and Solomon Seixas were ap-
pointed a committee to draft a proclamation regarding the
election of a new shochet and a circular to be sent to various
congregations out of the city to induce candidates to offer
themselves. On November 15, they reported making certain
recommendations the substance of which will be given fur-
ther on.

At this period, and also prior thereto after the days of
Asser Levy who died in 1682, there were no butcher shops in
New York kept by Jews, and the familiar sign " kosher " in
Hebrew letters, now seen on the windows of such shops, did
not then meet the eye of the passerby. This was no doubt due
to the conditions of the business and to the inability of Jews
to profitably dispose of trefah parts if owning the whole animal.
The control of the sale of meat was in the hands of a limited
number of butchers, licensed by the Mayor under certain regu-
lations. The business was done in public markets where each
butcher rented a stall, and no meat was allowed to be sold else-
where during stated hours fixed by city ordinances." Few Jews
seem to have been licensed as butchers since the early days
under the Dutch and in the first years of the English rule.

A short sketch of the conditions relating to the meat supply
for the Jews since their arival in New York, so far as the facts

""Ordinances of New York," compiled and published in 1707,
1749, 1774, 1793, 1799, 1812; DeVoe, supra, p. 200.

42 American Jewish Historical Society.

have not already been given in the Publications of this
Society, will be of interest.

Under the Dutch, Asser Levy and Moses Lucena were sworn
in in 1660 as slaughterers of animals," the former becoming
a partner of Egbert Meindersen, a butcher, and also dealing
in cattle." We also find that on October 31, 1665, Asser Levy,
by virtue of his appointment under the Dutch, was resworn in
under the English as a slaughterer of animals, with other
butchers, among whom was Gerrit Jansen Roos," whose partner
he became in the building and ownership of a slaughter house
patented to them and known as the Broadway Shambles. 18

We have no record until recent times of other Jews selling-
meat publicly, or owning slaughter houses, or keeping butcher
shops. However, the names of some Jews, presumably
shochets, appear as butchers soon after Levy's death. In the
MS. Mayor's Court Minutes, under date of May 1, 1683, there
is an entry that

Upon the petition of Symon and David Valentine Van der Wilden
they are admitted and allowed to exercise the trade and occupation
of butcher within this city and precincts.

Under date of August 29, 1695, Isaac Naphtali, in a petition
of Simon Bonan for letters of denization in New York to
Naphtali, is described as a " Jew, butcher, in Rhode Island."
Under date of August 23, 1698, Joseph Isaacks' occupation,
on his admission as a freeman, is referred to as that of butcher,

15 " Records of New Amsterdam," New York, 1897, vol. vii, pp.
258, 261; Publications, supra, No. 18, p. 64.

""Records of New Amsterdam," supra, vol. iii, p. 248; vol. v,
pp. 320, 158, 164.

17 Ibid., vol. v, p. 312. This item has not heretofore been noted in
any account of Asser Levy.

""Minutes of the Common Council," vol. i, pp. 67, 68; Book of
Patents No. 5, p. 34, in Secretary of State's office, Albany, N. Y.;
DeVoe, supra, p. 55.

Kosher Meat Supply in Neiv York in 1813 Oppenheim. 43

as is likewise, on a similar admission, that of Valentine Cam-
panel on June 9, 1713. 19

In 1730 mention is made of shipments of Jews' meat to
Curagao. This is found in three bills of lading recorded in
Liber 31 of Conveyances (pp. 392, 393), in the Register's
office, New York County. There it appears that in Septem-
ber and October of that year Abraham Rodrigues de Rivera
shipped to Abraham Dias Coutino of Curasao

One Barrell with Smoak Sasangers and two firkins of fatt; also
one furcking of Canker (sic) [Casher] fatt; and Six half Barrells
of Peackle Jew Beeff and two firkins of Peackle Sasangers and one
furcking of fatt.

Reference is made in the minutes of the Congregation
Shearith Israel between 1747 and 1758 to the exportation in
barrels and casks of kosher meat to places beyond the sea,
meaning thereby the West Indies, as Jamaica and Curagao
are mentioned. 80

According to the MS. accounts of the congregation (kept in
a separate volume referred to in the printed minutes, p. 66,
note), the trustees collected for part of 1752 a very small tax
on beef exported. In the account of 1753, which covered part
of the year 1752, the amount was much larger. 25 4s 9^ were
paid as a tax on the exportation of 1941 barrels and firkins of
beef. In 1757 the amount so paid was 5 11s 3d on 445 casks.
No other receipts are noted in the accounts for this purpose.
Neither in the accounts nor in its other records are there any
entries showing that the congregation as a body or through its
trustees was engaged in any way in dealing in meat or made a
profit from its sale as merchandise. In an arrangement made
with the shochet in 1805 he was allowed as a perquisite to col-

19 MS. Mayor's Court Minutes, sub dato; see Publications, supra.
No. 6, p. 101; also ibid., No. 2, p. 48. For Naphtali see " New York
Colonial MSS.," vol. 40, p. 65 (at New York State Library in 1910).

20 Publications, supra, No. 21, pp. 56, 67-9, 77, 78; ibid., No. 22,
p. xxii, as to exportation to Barbados.

i4 American Jewish Historical Society.

lect a fee of fifty cents on each large animal killed by him for
export." This would indicate that the exportation of meat
was still carried on after 1758, when it is last noted in the
printed minutes, until and after the Revolution.

The late David Sulzberger, commenting on a statement of
Rev. Gershom Mendes Seixas, said 22 it would be safe to infer
that there were in 1812 about three hundred and fifty souls in
the New York congregation and no less than fifty additional
unattached. This apparently is on the basis of an average of
about six to a family, fifty families being then counted, in
addition to the unmarried ones.

The Jewish population of the city from about the beginning
of the eighteenth century until 1812 did not vary materially
from these figures, as may be judged from the printed minutes
of the congregation covering the years 1728 to 1786 and those
unprinted thereafter to 1812. There was no other Jewish con-
gregation. Chaplain John Miller's New Yorke, published in
1695, gives the Jewish population then as twenty families.
The printed minutes for 1728 show about forty different names
of heads of families, while in 1746 they give a list of fifty-one
subscribing members. Lists of names given in the minutes
and accounts thereafter to 1812 show small variations in num-
ber.

21 MS. Minutes for November 17, 1805. In earlier years we find
that in 1746 Abraham Myers Cohen in a suit brought against him
by Elijah Barton is charged with 6 16s Id for divers weights of
beef sold him. See Mayor's Court Records, bundle marked 1734-
1740. In the MS. Mayor's Court Minutes, under date of July 24,
1753, and May 3, 1757, in separate suits brought by Edward Croston
and John Carpenter against Abraham deSouza, it appears that
deSouza bought in 1753 divers quantities of butcher's meat, fat and
tallow, to the amount of 22 and 130 respectively. The purchases
no doubt were made for export purposes ; deSouza's name appears
as Abraham Henriques deSouza in the congregation's accounts
referred to above, though not at all in the printed minutes.

23 Publications, supra, No. 6, pp. 141-2.

Kosher Meat Supply in New York in 1813 Oppenheim. 45

The population of the city during the same period, as given
in Valentine's " Manual " for 1862 and other years, has in
round numbers been estimated as follows: 4000 in 1696;
8000 in 1731 ; 10,000 in 1756 ; 21,000 in 1773 ; 23,000 in 1786 ;
33,000 in 1790; 60,000 in 1800; and 96,000 in 1810. Thus,
while the population of the city increased greatly during the
various decades of the eighteenth century that of the Jews
during the same period did not keep proportionate pace but
remained almost stationary.

In order to supply the comparatively small Jewish com-
munity of the city with animal food it was necessary for the
trustees to enter into contracts with a number of non-Jewish
butchers whereby the latter agreed to permit the duly ap-
pointed shochet to kill for them, and after inspection, to seal
the parts of the meat that could lawfully be partaken of by
Jews. The sealing, according to the minutes of 1758, made a
watcher or shomer at sales unnecessary. These parts, so duly
sealed, were kept separated from other classes of meat and were
offered for sale at stated hours by those selected butchers, who
thus obtained profitable Jewish customers. Within these
hours there was occasionally early in the day, noted in 1786,
and also at other hours, noted in 1765 and 1770, an insuffi-
ciency of supply.

No copy of the contracts with the butchers can be found
among the records of the congregation, though they are men-
tioned in the minutes of February 9, 1812, as having been
then signed and filed with the Clerk. No copy is entered in
the minutes, from which, however, we may gather some details.
On this date a bargain was reported as having been made for
one year with four butchers in the Fly Market (near the foot
of Maiden Lane) for beef, and with three for small creatures,
the three to pay for the privilege of supplying the members
the price the four were to pay; also with two in the Bear
Market (part of the present Washington Market) for beef
and with two for small creatures. The amount thus agreed

46 American Jewish Historical Society.

to be paid by the butchers totaled four hundred and twenty
dollars, and their notes therefor were to be turned over to the
shochet as his compensation in addition to the sum of one
hundred and thirty dollars allowed him by the congregation.

The butchers usually gave the shochet as a perquisite certain
small pieces, such as tongues, etc., but these pieces were re-
quired by the trustees to be sold by the shochet, through the
butcher, at the market price, to a congregator at the latter's
request. 23 The amount realized from this source was not large,
as is seen from a complaint made by Mark Solomons, the
shochet in 1796, who after a few months' service stated that
the emoluments from the sale of the tongues were much less
than he had been led to expect, and that the "high price of
living in the city " made it necessary for him to ask for an
increase of salary, which the trustees graciously allowed him
to the amount of twenty pounds. 24

The following typical rules, according to the minutes of
February 14, 1796, were required to be observed by this shochet,
then newly" elected :

1. He shall supply the market with a sufficiency of large and
small meat for the congregation. 2. Seals shall be plain and placed
on different parts of the hind as well as the forequarter. 3. He
shall remove the seals from the meat whenever he thinks it be-
comes trefah. 4. The Crantz fat shall be sealed when requested
by the butcher or a congregator.

These rules were amplified in the agreement of November
11, 1805, with Abrahams. 25

The butchers having been selected for their character, re-
liance was largely placed upon their honesty and faithfulness
for the proper carrying out of their agreement relative to the
sale of the kosher meat. The instances, noted after 1790,

23 MS. Minutes for November 11, 1805.
"lUd., for May 22, 1796.

85 For the earlier rules of 1758, and other related particulars, see
Publications, supra, No. 21, pp. 76, 77, 45, 90.

Kosher Meat Supply in New York in 1813 Oppenheim. 47

where this trust appears to have been abused were on investi-
gation found to have been without dishonest intent and arose
from ignorance of the strict requirements. The accused were
permitted after warning to continue selling. In the cases
where complaints were made to the corporation, the violations,
as in 1796 and 1805, were made by butchers not employed by
the trustees. The congregation, according to the minutes,
went several days without meat in 1771 because of charges
against a shochet and his resignation temporarily thereupon.
This caused in later agreements, noted in 1805, the require-
ment of a three months' notice of intended resignation.

In a case brought in 1787 against the shochet A. A. Von
Ottingen, on the complaint of Hyam Myers and Eleazer Ben-
zaken, for killing an animal improperly, Benzaken had re-
moved the seals from the meat because in his opinion the
animal was trefah. The matter was heard before a body con-
sisting of Hayman Levy, Solomon Simson, Isaac Moses, Josiah
Ellis and Samuel Judah, trustees, Manuel Myers, Hart Jacobs,
Hyam Solomons, ^Bphraim Hart and Myer Myers, shochtim,
and Abraham I. Abrahams, Isaac Pinto and the Hazan Ger-
shom Seixas, " to examine and explain the dinim " or laws,
and the shochet was exonerated and declared to have properly
complied with the rules. It was also decided that no indi-
vidual had a right to remove the seals from meat sealed by the
congregation's shochet. 26

One of the provisions of the Jewish dietary laws forbids the
use of meat after a certain length of time following the killing.
The observance of this requirement is illustrated in the min-
utes of March 4, 1798. Then Uriah Hendricks called attention
to an abuse he had witnessed in the sale of sealed meat which
had been offered as fresh and appeared so to be on the closest
scrutiny, but which was actually ten or twelve days old,
whereby, because the seals had not been removed, many were

28 MS. Minutes for Tamuz 20, 5547 (July, 1787).
5

48 American Jewish Historical Society.

deceived into buying. The shochet was called upon to explain
and was ordered to live up to his agreement and to remove the
seals in proper season.

The minutes of the trustees for 22nd Tamuz, 5550 (July,
1790), to be found in the book of minutes of the electors,
1790-1835, contain the item that Mr. Benjamin S. Judah
informed the meeting

that one Passenger, a butcher, had imposed Terefa beef for Casher
in his sale to a Yehuda,

whereupon it was resolved that the shochet receive instructions
to omit killing in the future for said Passenger without the
particular permission of the Board.

The minutes of May 28 and 29, 1805, show that Thomas
Gibbons, one of the congregation's butchers, was complained
of to the trustees by Benjamin Jacobs, Senior, for selling a
tongue properly sealed but not by the shochet. In defence,
the butcher stated that the tongue had been taken from an
animal which had been killed by the shochet, but no seal being
on it when sent to Mr. Jacobs, he, Gibbons, had affixed one
himself when Mr. Jacobs returned it through his coachman
with a request for a tongue with a seal on it. After the com-
plaint and defence had been considered by the trustees in
conjunction with the minister, Eev. Gershom Seixas, and
Ephraim Hart, Jacob Hart, Senior, and Israel B. Kursheedt,
shochtim, it was decided that on receiving an affidavit from Mr.
Gibbons that the seal was not affixed with any intent to deceive
the congregator (which affidavit was furnished), the shochet
be permitted to continue killing with him, and that Mr. Gib-
bons be notified that his conduct was disapproved of and should
not be repeated in the future.

On January 8, 1808, a complaint was made by the shochet
against John L. Fink, the nature of which is not stated in the
minutes. The trustees having heard the evidence dismissed

Kosher Meat Supply in New York in 1813 Oppenheim. 49

the complaint as insufficient and authorized the shochet to
continue killing with Mr. Fink as usual. 27

The minutes of June 11, 1811, contain correspondence be-
tween the trustees and Jacob Abrahams relative to a variety
of complaints against the latter as shochet that the markets
were not sufficiently supplied with large and small meats;
that for several days no meat killed on the previous day was to
be had; that members could not be supplied with tongues;
that he had failed to seal the hindquarters and shoulders of
small meats ; and that he had refused to kill with butchers who
had the best cattle. To this Abrahams replied alleging the
utter impossibility of giving general satisfaction; his prede-
cessor he urged had failed to do so and he felt convinced he had
fully done his duty. As to the insufficiency complained of he
claimed that there was plenty of meat but a scarcity of certain
parts arose when many wanted those parts. He killed every
day, he wrote, and the best meat was regularly served. As to
not killing with certain butchers he stated that he killed with
as many as he possibly could in the time limited for the killing,
and that if there was no meat in the market no blame could be
attached to him. He admitted he had not sealed the hind-
quarters and shoulders of small meat, but added it was not
customary so to do and that he had done so whenever requested.
He knew of only one instance of a gentleman not getting a
tongue, and that was because he could not give what he did not
have. 28

Further references to the conditions outlined above are to
be found in the memorial of January 29, 1813, in the memo-

27 The minutes of October 10, 1808, show a complaint against the
shochet Abrahams. See Publications, supra, No. 21, pp. 162, 163.

28 That the Jews of England also had their troubles in regard to
kosher meat previous to this time may be gathered from the ac-
count of James Picciotto in his " Sketches of Anglo-Jewish His-
tory," supra, pp. 158-9.

50 American Jewish Historical Society.

rials given further on, and in the imprinted minutes of the
congregation as well as in those printed. 29

The names of ten out of eleven of the butchers contracted
with by the congregation in February, 1812, are given in the
minutes of August 30. There they are noted as Nicholas Steel,
William Pulis, George Rierson, Andrew Fisher, William
Meserve, Cornelius King, Cornelius King, Junior, John Hop-
kins, Alexander Fink, Senior, and Alexander Fink, Junior.
According to DeVoe, the last four named were of the Bear
Market and the others of the Fly Market. From the minutes
it appears that, on August 20, these butchers on request signed
an agreement to permit Abrahams the shochet to kill for them
on the dates named by the trustees, though these were not
enumerated in their contract, but Abrahams in a letter dated
August 30, 1812 (copied with the butchers' letter in the min-
utes), declined, as already stated, to act at these times unless
additionally compensated.

On November 15, of the same year, the committee on the
election of shochet, appointed at the meeting of November 4,
made their report. They recommended that notice of the in-
tended election be sent to the Jewish congregations in Phila-
delphia, Richmond and Charleston, to be read to their mem-

M Publications, supra, No. 21, pp. 4, 60, 64, 69, 76, 90, 94, 107-9,
112, 124-7, 155; DeVoe, "The Market Assistant," New York, 1867,
pp. 18-20, 87. He gives, apparently from his own observation and
on information derived from Jewish friends, a good description of
the customs and laws of the Jews relating to kosher food, and of
their method of slaughtering cattle by a shochet appointed, as he
says, by their synagogue or some ecclesiastical authority. He
describes the manner of examining the animal after it is killed,
to see if it was in sound health, and the placing of seals on the fore-
quarters to show the meat to be kosher, and, under certain condi-
tions, on the hindquarters. These seals, he informs us, were
until 1846 made of lead, since which time thick paper and wax
have been used. The shochet, he adds, is paid an annual salary
by the society in which he worships, and in addition receives a
perquisite from the owners of the animals he slaughters.

Kosher Meat Supply in New York in 1813 Oppenheim. 51

bers; that the shochet to be elected should be subject to the
control of the trustees; that he should kill with as many
butchers as they might direct, every day if required, except cer-
tain holidays to be specified ; that he should agree to truly and
faithfully perform the duties of his office; and that for his
services he be allowed four hundred dollars per annum, includ-
ing all emoluments and perquisites. To pass upon the qualifi-
cation of the candidates a committee of Bet-Din of shochtim,
who are referred to in the last document printed below, had
been appointed October 25. These were Joseph Andrews,
Moses Gomez, Ephraim Hart, Jacob Hart, Israel B. Kursheedt
and Naphtali Phillips, any three of them to act, to whom was
added, December 3, Rev. Gershom Seixas, the minister of the
congregation.

Mark Solomons, in a letter dated at Charleston, S. C., De-
cember 4, 1812, submitted his application for the position of
shochet, and stated he had formerly acted in that capacity for
the congregation in New York. Jacob G. Berlin likewise
applied. On the day of the election Jacob Abrahams offered
himself as a candidate. He wrote that he was willing to serve
at the salary he was then receiving, even if the number of days
for killing were increased, but would take less if the labor and
duty were proportionately decreased.

The election was held January 3, 1813. Just previous to
the balloting notice was given that no candidate or candidates
would be considered except those offering themselves in con-
formity with the report of November 15, 1812. If more than
one candidate was voted for they were to be classed singly.
The candidate receiving the highest number of votes was to be
known as Class No. 1, the next highest as Class No. 2, and so
on, and on failure of Class No. 1 to accept the. terms proposed
by the trustees, the election was to fall to Class No. 2, and so on
in rotation. This method was adopted, the resolution declared,
in order that
the congregation may not suffer imposition or be without a shochet.

52 American Jewish Historical Society.

Thirty-five members of the congregation were present at the
meeting. Their names as entered in the minutes, here alpha-
betically arranged, are as follows: Isaac Abrahams, Jacob
Abrahams, Solomon Abrahams, Joseph Andrews, Abraham
Barnet, Benjamin Gomez, Isaac Gomez, Junior, Moses Gomez,
G. S. Gumport, Ephraim Hart, Jacob Hart, Dr. Joel Hart,
Joseph Hart, Harmon Hendricks, H. Hyman, Michael Isaacs,
Sampson Isaacs, Samuel Isaacs, Israel Jacobs, Solomon Levy
(Johnson), Aaron Judah, Gary Judah, Moses Judah, Naphtali
Judah, I. B. Kursheedt, Eleazer Lazarus, Moses Leon, Aaron
Levy, Benjamin Levy, Isaac H. Levy, David Moses, Isaac
Moses, Junior, Sam Myers, Levy Nathans, Seixas Nathan,
Naphtali Phillips, Alexander Euden, Haym M. Salomon, Ben-
jamin Seixas, Solomon Seixas, Sampson Simson, Daniel Solis,
John Solomons, and William Warner. Quite a number failed
to attend.

On counting the ballots the inspectors, after stating that one
ballot had been invalidated as being in duplicate, announced
that Jacob Abrahams had received twenty-six votes and had
been elected as Class No. 1, and that Mark Solomons had re-
ceived eighteen votes and had been elected as Class No. 2.

When it came, however, to the signing of the contract with
him, prepared so as to conform to the report of November 15,
1812, Abrahams, after making some objections, which were
considered and overruled, declined to accept its terms. This
was reported to the meeting held January 25, 1813, and then
the resolution above given in the memorial to the Common
Council of January 29, that the board would

adhere to their ordinance enacted to prevent imposition by the
shochet on the congregation

was passed by the trustees.

Notice was ordered at the same time to be given in writing to
Abrahams that his contract having expired he would no longer
be considered as in the employ of the trustees as shochet. A

Kosher Meat Supply in New York in 1813 Oppenheim. 53

request was also ordered to be sent to him to return the knives,
pinchers, seals and other articles in his custody belonging to
the congregation. The action on this request is noted towards
the end of this sketch.

The reference in the memorial to " certain persons, who are
not employed by the trustees," who killed and sealed meat
which was exposed for sale in the public market by butchers
who had no authority from the Society for so doing, was no
doubt to Abrahams and one or two other qualified shochtim
probably assistants or former incumbents who had authority,
under the Jewish law, to kill. Through the latter, other
butchers than those contracted with by the congregation could
thus properly offer meat for sale as kosher, using their own
seal. The effect would be to compete in the sale of this class of
meat with the butchers employed by the congregation and thus
bring about a reduction in the revenue which went towards the
payment of the shochet's salary. This effect is mentioned
indirectly in a report to the trustees of February 4, 1813,
referred to below. It was not, however, the inducing cause of
the application for the ordinance. That was rather sought for
in order to ensure strict compliance with the requirements of
the Jewish law. An outside shochet also would not be sub-
ject to control in the performance of his duties, and members
using him would have no one to appeal to on any doubtful
questions relating to the dietary laws, usually submitted to
persons in authority. The Rabbi or the Bet-Din of the con-
gregation would not recognize the work of such outside shochet,
or would declare it trefah, and confusion would result. The
trustees considered themselves as standing in loco parentis
towards the members of the congregation in the enforcement of
the laws. 30 Their desire in 1813 to control the market can
therefore, in view of what is herein outlined, be readily under-
stood.

"Ibid., pp. 74, 122-4, 219, 164, and the last document printed
below.

54 American Jewish Historical Society.

The trustees' memorial of January 29, 1813, was endorsed
by the Clerk of the Common Council thus :

No. 8. Memorial on behalf of Congregation Sherith Israel.
In Com. Council, Feby 1, 1813, read and Ordinance passed agree-
ably to prayer of Pet.

A copy of the ordinance could not be found in the City
Clerk's Record Room where it should have been, as the manu-
script volumes of ordinances prior to the fourth, covering the
period before 1836, are there missing. No copy of this ordi-
nance is in print. Through an examination, however, of the
unpublished minutes of the trustees of the congregation, per-
mitted through the courtesy already acknowledged, a copy (as
also of other matter used herein relating to the subject before
us) was found therein. The ordinance reads as follows :

An Ordinance to prevent impositions in the sale of Jews Meat in
the public Markets, passed the 1st of February 1813.

Be it Ordained by the Mayor, Aldermen and Commonalty of the
city of New York in Common Council convened. That no Butcher,
or other person shall hereafter expose for sale in the public Markets
any Meat sealed as Jews Meat who shall not be engaged for that
purpose by the Trustees of the congregation of Sheerith Israel, and
unless the Meat has been sealed by a person employed by the
Trustees of the said Congregation for that purpose called a Shohet,
under the penalty of twenty five dollars for each offense.

A true copy

(Signed) I. MORTON,
C. C. C.

This ordinance, if unrepealed, would have given the trustees
of the congregation the exclusive control of the supply of kosher
meat to orthodox Jews in the city of New York, because, unless
they approved of the shochet, the latter's seal could not be
affixed to Jews' meat, and, unless so affixed, orthodox Jews
would not have purchased or partaken thereof. But fate de-
creed that such control should not be lodged with the trustees,
as appears from the further record.

Kosher Meat Supply in New York in 1813 Oppenheim. 55

At a meeting of the trustees held February 4, 1813, at which
there were present Messrs. Benjamin Gomez, President, Joseph
Andrews, Benjamin S. Judah, Isaac Gomez, Jr., Haym M.
Salomon and Solomon Seixas, a report was made by Benjamin
S. Judah and Isaac Gomez, Jr., the committee appointed by
the resolution of January 25, of their action before the Com-
mon Council and of the passage of the ordinance in question
on their petition. They annexed to their report a copy of their
memorial and an authenticated copy of the ordinance. They
concluded with the following statement :

Your committee have been informed that Jacob Abrahams sup-
ported as they believe by some other member or members of this
congregation propose applying to the Corporation of this city for
a repeal of this salutary law. Your committee [ask] that without
delay steps may be taken to rebut their improper conduct. New
York 4th Feby 1813.

The committee also reported that under the authority vested
in them they had employed and commissioned Jacob G. Berlin
from the first to the fifteenth of February as temporary shochet
and that he had entered upon his office accordingly.

The trustees thereupon adopted the following resolutions,
as appears in the book of their minutes :

Whereas at the last Session of the Common Council a law was
passed prohibiting the sale of sealed Meat, since which a certain
Member of this Congregation being instigated by persons of the
same disposition, had the publication of said law suspended, and
intend praying for the repeal of the same, and are endeavouring
to obtain the signatures of members of this congregation under the
imposing Idea that it is an infringement on the rights of the people.

Therefore Resolved by the Trustees of the Congregation Sh64rith
Israel that they deem such opposition as wicked and irreligious,
and only tending to destroy the respectability of the Congregation
of which they preside over.

On Motion of Solomon Seixas and seconded by Haym M. Salomon.
That Messieurs Benjamin S. Judah and Issac Gomez Junior, the
committee appointed at the last meeting be directed to continue
to use their endeavours to repell the opposers, and to continue

56 American Jewish Historical Society.

such lawfull means to have the law confirmed by the Corporation
as they and the Attorney of this Board shall deem proper.

On February 8, the minutes of the Common Council M con-
tain the following record :

A Memorial of Sampson Simson and others Members of the Con-
gregation of Sheareth Israel praying the repeal of the Ordinance
passed at the last Meeting of the Board " preventng impositions
in the sale of Jews meat in the public market " was read Where-
upon Resolved that the Ordinance be repealed.

It was then moved that the whole subject be referred to a Special
Committee The question being taken thereon & a division being
called for the Members voted as follows: Affirmative Ald r Wend-
over, Morss, Vanderbilt, Buckmaster and M ss Brackett, Waldron,
Mann, King, Palmer 9. Negative Ald r Mesier, Cunningham, Fish,-
Dickenson, Pell, M ss Nitchie, Hardenbrook, Smith, Lawrence 9.
The Board being equally divided the Recorder gave his casting
vote in the negative.

The Common Council consisted of Mayor DeWitt Clinton,
the Recorder, Pierre C. Van Wyck, and ten Aldermen and ten
Assistant Aldermen. In the absence of the Mayor the Recorder
presided at this meeting at which all the members were present
except the two representing the sixth ward. The effort to
refer the matter to a committee for further consideration is
significant of the importance attached to the subject by the
members of the Board. The failure so to refer is later men-
tioned by the trustees as a reason why they were unable to
have a full discussion of the subject, as desired by them.

The memorial just referred to is here given, as copied from
the original in the same file box 53 in the City Clerk's Record
Room. A copy is not to be found in the minutes of the trustees
of the congregation, for reasons which will appear.

To the Honorable the Mayor Aldermen and Commonalty of the

City of New York in Common Council convened.
The Respectful Memorial of the subscribers members of the con-
gregation of Shearith Israel in the City of New York, showeth
That We have learned with the deepest regret, chat an ordinance

u Supra, vol. 26, p. 221.

Kosher Meat Supply in New York in 1813 Oppenheim. 57

has passed your Honorable Body, entitled " An Ordinance to
prevent impositions in the sale of Jew's Meat in the public Mar-
kets " Which we humbly conceive to be an encroachment on our
religious rites and a restriction of those general privileges to
which we are entitled.

Your Memorialists are sensible that your Honorable Body did
not intend to impair the civil rights, or wound the religious feel-
ings of our sect. We therefore in full confidence that you will
grant us relief respectfully pray that the said ordinance may be
immediately abolished and if consistent with the regulations of
your honorable Body may be expunged from the Minutes of your
proceedings.

New York February 2d 1813.

SAMP N SIMSON
HARMON HENDRICKS
M. L. MOSES
JACOB LEVY JR.
BERN D HART
AARON LEVY
GOMPERT S. GOMPERTS
SEIXAS NATHAN.

The document was endorsed by the Clerk :
No. 22. Memorial of members of the Congregation of Sheruth
Israel. In Com. Council Feby 8, 1813. Read Ordinance repealed.

I. MORTON.

What took place at the hearing before the Common Council
on February 8, may partly be gathered from the report of the
committee, Judah and Gomez, to the trustees, following the
repeal of the ordinance. This report and the resolutions of the
trustees thereon are to be found in the trustees' minutes for
February 14, here given through the courtesy already acknowl-
edged. At that meeting the same trustees were present as at
the meeting of February 4. The committee's report was as
follows :

Your Committee according to instructions attended at the
Chamber of the Corporation of the city of New York on Monday
the 8th Instant, and much to the regret of all good Jews who have
the welfare and prosperity of the finances and good management
of our religious Society at heart, a Petition [was presented] (a copy

58 American Jewish Historical Society.

of which your committee applied to the Clerk of the Common
Council for, on the/ 9th Instant who referred your committee to
the Recorder to obtain his sanction for the clerk to copy and
deliver the same to your committee; on the 10th instant one of
your committee applied to the Recorder and clerk for the purpose
aforesaid, when the Recorder refused his sanction to the clerk to
furnish a copy of the Petition, but the said Recorder observed that
if one was wanted, that application must be made to the Common
Council for the same) ; your committee regret that they are pre-
cluded the satisfaction of accompanying this document with this
report for the full information of this Board; the same was signed
by some of our Electors who are unfortunately misguided in advo-
cating the cause of Jacob Abrahams late Shohet; the said Petition
appeared to have been accompanied by oral information of an
unfortunate Schism in our society; and much inflated with a con-
siderable degree of misrepresentation as to our real views to the
intention and facts stated in the memorial of your committee dated
the 29th January last, and presented the 1st February instant,
which obtained that salutary and Judicious Ordinance for the pro-
tection of our Just rights. Said Petition and representation pro-
duced considerable debates and turned the question to one point,
that the Corporation of the city would not interfere in our con-
troversy, and therefore the Ordinance was lost, and a question
of commitment by a division of votes equal in favor of your com-
mittee and against them, but decided by the casting vote of the
Recorder who presided. That your committee was ready with
Ogden Edwards Esquire attorney to the Board prepared with
depositions and documents to prove our rights to be well founded
as grounded on the Memorial presented by your committee with-
out reference to any party disputes, as it would not have been
dignified to have laid such differences before a body not so com-
petent to decide them as ourselves. Your committee was precluded
from any explanations for the want of Commitment and conse-
quently the city Corporation have been deceived as to the pure
motives of the Trustees of the Congregation Sheerith Israel in
requesting the passage of the Ordinance repealed; the more so as
an expression in debate by a Member of the city Board, rather
derogatory, tho' he apologized in his explanation, but not alto-
gether satisfactory to your Committee.
New York February 14th 1813.

(Signed) BENJ N S. JUDAH

ISAAC GOMEZ JI:N* Committee.

Kosher Meat Supply in New York in 1818 Oppenheim. 59

Thereupon, on motion of Mr. Benjamin S. Judah and
seconded by Mr. Haym M. Salomon it was resolved :

That the following remonstrance be adopted and presented to the
Common Council of this city, signed by our clerk in his official
Capacity.

This resolution was passed after a negative vote by Isaac
Gomez, Jr., and Solomon Seixas, the latter stating that he con-
sidered the proposed document as inviting insult and only
tending to create schisms in the congregation to a greater
extent than already existing.

Here the trustees' minutes contain a copy of the remon-
strance. The following copy, however, carefully compared,
is taken from the original in the file box No. 53 above men-
tioned :

To the Mayor, Aldermen & Commonalty of the City of New York
in Common Council convened.

The Trustees of the congregation of She6rith Israel beg leave
respectfully to represent to your honorable body, that they have
learnt with much regret that it has been imputed to them at your
honorable board that they have imposed upon your honors by
making the representations which were contained in a memorial
which they caused to be presented praying for an ordinance to
regulate the sale of Jews meat.

This charge when made against a religious society is of so
serious a nature that the Trustees conceive that [they] would be
lost not only to all sense of what they owe to their characters, but
the character of the Society which they represent were they not to
repel it. As it was not stated wherein the imposition consisted
they have caused depositions to be taken which fully corroborate
the statements contained in their petition. The Trustees feel them-
selves at a loss to immagine upon what ground such a charge could
have been predicated. The ordinance which they prayed for was
one which would add the sanction of your honorable body to pro-
tect them from impositions & one which at the same time enabled
them to meet the expences attending it.

The Trustees have been informed that they have not been able to
satisfy themselves from the Records of your honorable body in
consequence of the Recorder having refused (Mr. Benjamin S.

60 American Jewish Historical Society.

Judah one of the Committee appointed by the Board of Trustees)
to give his consent that they would be furnished with a copy of a
remonstrance which was presented to your honorable board, that
it was intended that the regulation infringed upon the rights of
conscience of certain individuals. In answer to this the Trustees
state that by the regulations of the Jews there may be & usually
are a number of Shohets, that it is the right of the members of the
congregation to employ which of them they may think proper,
that individuals who complain of their rights being infringed
upon have employed another Shohet as they are well informed
then the one engaged by the Trustees, that its meat is exposed for
sale with certain marks thereon. How then the rights of those
Gentlemen are infringed upon your memorialists cannot imagine.
The effect of the Ordinance simply is, that no person should make
use of a seal in the manner that the Shohet of the Trustees have
usually done. It is therefore merely to protect the seal and
manner of sealing of the Trustees, of the constitutional Guardians
of the Society, those to whom the congregation generally look up
to for protection in religious customs. Far be it from the Trustees
to impose shackles upon any man's conscience, and with what
propriety it can be alleged by those who presented the remon-
strance that their right of conscience is infringed when it appears
from their own Practice that they have found a remedy for every
possible inconvenience to them which would flow from the ordi-
nance, the Trustees leave it to your honorable body to decide.

It is contended that the act was a nullity inasmuch as the meat
could be marked or designated in a way other than a seal. If it
was a nullity, there surely could not be any imposition in pro-
curing it. But the Trustees would remark that altho' it would be
a nullity to those who take it upon themselves to regulate their
own conduct in this particular, yet that it was not so as it respected
the mass of the congregation ; they, as before remarked, look up to
the Trustees for direction in all their religious concerns. They pur-
chase meat sealed in a certain manner because it is so sealed by the
Shohet of the congregation who is contracted with by the Trustees.
They do not conceive it proper to purchase any other. And to
them it is matter of serious importance the seal which has ever
designated the meat which it is lawful for them to eat should be
preserved from violations. If the persons opposed to the Shohet
employed by the Trustees do not chuse to eat of the meat, let them
employ a Shohet of their own and designate it by a particular
mark of their own. But the Trustees cannot but consider it as a

Kosher Meat Supply in New York in 1818 Oppenheim. 61

grevance that the seal of the society cannot be preserved from
violation, & that they cannot be protected in the exercise of a
right which certainly is interesting to their consciences & to that
of the society which they were elected to superintend.

It is further alledged as the Trustees have been informed that
there are parties in the Congregation upon this subject. To this
they would reply that the board of Trustees unanimously con-
curred in the resolution for presenting the memorial which was
laid before your honors. That if there is any diversity of senti-
ment respecting the propriety of regulating the Shohet in the
manner contemplated by the ordinance that it is the first time that
such a difference has exised since the establishment of the con-
gregation, as the Trustees are informed by the most antient mem-
bers of it.

The Trustees have further learned with some surprise that the
character of the temporary Shohet employed by the Trustees be-
came the subject of discussion at your honorable board. Upon
this subject they would remark that the suitableness of the per-
sonage to fill the office of Shohet is to be decided by a Tribunal of
Bet-din of Shohetim, which in English is the house of Judgment
of the Shohets. That at the head of that board is the minister of
the Congregation, and that it was decided by them that the per-
sonage employed was qualified for that office. The Trustees could
not imagine that your honorable body would like to take it upon
themselves to decide upon this subject and therefore were not
prepared to meet the circumstances. The Trustees assure your
honors that a certificate obtained from so highly respectable a
tribunal is sufficient to confute any disqualifying charge that may
be brought against any individual obtaining it.

New York February 14th 1813.

By Order of the Board

M. GOMEZ
Clerk.

This document was duly presented, and the action of the
Common Council thereon appears from the following entry in
their minutes 32 under date of February 15, 1813 :

A Memorial of the Trustees of the Congregation of Sharith
Israel explanatory of their former Memorial was read Ordered
that they have leave to withdraw their Memorial.

81 Supra, p. 239.

62 American Jewish Historical Society.

The document itself was similarly endorsed :

No. 26. Memorial Trustees Sherith Israel. In Com. Council
Feby 15, 1813. Resolved that petitioners have leave to withdraw
their memorial. I. MORTON

Clerk.

The memorial was not withdrawn. It is still on file. No
further entry appears either in the minutes of the Common
Council or of the trustees on the subject of the above ordinance.
An amusing item, however, is to be found in the trustees'
minutes to the effect that Jacob Abrahams, as requested by
the trustees, had returned the knives and pinchers used by him
as shochet, but that the former were in such a condition that
it was impossible to set them for killing, and it was necessary
to have them ground before they could be used, and that the
latter were totally useless, having apparently been purposely
broken, so that it was also necessary to repair them before they
could be put into service.

After the meeting of February 14, 1813, the trustees ap-
pointed Haym M. Salomon as a committee to investigate the
general conduct of Abrahams while shochet and as a member
of the congregation, and to draw up his report with the aid of
the Clerk. His report or its substance is not entered in the
minutes. A later entry, under date of May 25, shows that
Abrahams had been overpaid $18.74 during the last year of
his incumbency, and it was ordered that he be requested to
return that sum within two weeks or stand suit therefor.

AN UNFAMILIAR ASPECT OF ANGLO-JEWISH

HISTORY.
BY FRANK I. SCHECHTER, A. M., LL. B.

In the chapter of his "Aspects of Rabbinic Theology"
devoted to " The Zacuth of the Fathers," my father, of blessed
memory, has shown that it was thought by certain Rabbis that

he who had Zacuth of his fathers could with less risk expose him-
self than any other man.

I have many times in my life had occasion to feel that the
application of this Talmudic dictum has its very emphatic
and decided exceptions, and never more so than in the appar-
ently small task of the preparation of this paper for the Ameri-
can Jewish Historical Society. Here, in this instance, I stand,
not by my own merit, but by the Zacuth Avoth, by the merit
of the fathers. Some months ago Prof. Alexander Marx was
kind enough to call to my father's attention a little pamphlet
entitled " Records of My Family," by Israel Solomon, printed
in New York in 1878 for private circulation. The spontaneity
of these records and the unique character of the information
therein contained interested my father exceedingly, and he at
first thought of communicating them himself. But later on,
with characteristic generosity, he turned them over to me as
the basis of a paper for this Society. As you will all too soon
perceive, the theme of my paper is slight, the material scanty
and heterogeneous, and the method necessarily somewhat
fragmentary, but my apology is that the task was there and the
promise to be fulfilled.

Israel Solomon's " Records " of his family, comprising less
than seventeen printed pages, are the work of a comparatively
obscure brother of the late Barnet L. Solomon who was well
6 63

64 American Jewish Historical Society.

known in his lifetime in circles of American Jewish endeavor.
As the author himself states in the dedicatory preface, the
" Records " lay no claim to

any literary value, [but are] the simple narrative of family notes,
[with the hope that] it will be continued in the spirit in which it is
offered, and handed down from one generation to another so that
in hundreds of years hence this little beginning will be of renewed
interest.

That the spirit of the " Eecords " has been handed down as he
desired needs no further proof than the mention of the fact
that the author was related to the late Ex- Judge Myer S. Isaacs
and that among those who now claim kinship with him are
Prof. Abram S. Isaacs, and Lewis M. Isaacs and Solomon B.
Solomon of New York, to whom I am indebted for informa-
tion concerning him.

Israel Solomon was born in Falmouth, England, on August
28, 1803. With the exception of a year's sojourn in Lisbon,
about 1819, when his father died, and of several years spent in
Paris, he resided in England until June, 1881, when, as a hale
and hearty pilgrim of seventy-eight, he sailed for New York
there to spend the evening of his life with his brother, Barnet
L. Solomon. He died at Cornwall-on-the-Hudson, N. Y., on
September 2, 1890. 1 The reason for his failure to accompany
his brother to New York in his youth, is told with characteristic
candour and simplicity :

My mother died in the early part of 1832, at Bristol, to which
city we came from Falmouth, and in Bristol I carried on a retail
silver and jewelry trade, combined with pawnbroking. My brother
Barnet was there apprenticed to the cabinet and upholstery busi-
ness. After the death of my mother, we broke up our residence and
business in Bristol, with the intention of emigrating to Australia,
but by the advice of our cousin Benedict Joseph, we determined to
go to New York and in that year, 1832, our business transactions
in England were almost completed, so that my brother and the late

1 See brief obituary in The Jeivish Messenger, September 5, 1890.

Unfamiliar Aspect of Anglo-Jewish History Schechter. 65

Benedict Joseph went down to Liverpool to secure three berths
on a clipper ship sailing to New York, leaving me in London to
close up all business left unfinished. Upon their arrival in Liver-
pool, the government had issued an order that all passenger ships
must have a doctor on board, and on this account the price of
passage would be increased five pounds for each passenger. To
save the ten pounds that would have cost them had they waited for
me, they started for America without me. When I arrived at
Liverpool with the intention of following them, my cousin Barnet
Joseph advised me to go to Paris and become agent or commis-
sioner for purchasing French manufactured articles to send to
England. His arguments being strengthened by an acquaintance
of mine, one Behrends, I followed his advice, and on the saving of
ten pounds passage money, all my future depended, until I
abandoned England forever in June 1881.

The above quotation and certain Portuguese reminiscences
to which we shall later have occasion to refer, are all that
Israel Solomon's " Records " afford us of the author himself.
Furthermore, the " Records," mainly a haphazard narrative of
episodes in the lives of various members of his family, a typical
Golus family with branches in New York and Paris, in Frank-
furt a. M. and London, are practically the only Jewish contri-
bution of the author. Solomon, a man of broad general culture,
with both scientific and antiquarian interests, and evidently
something of a numismatist, in the last years of his life con-
tributed several articles to The Jewish Messenger, but these,
with one exception to be hereafter considered, dealt with
purely secular topics. 3

We start out with a simple little tale of courtship, a humble
Jewish parallel to Deborah Read's first glimpse of her illus-
trious lover, Benjamin Franklin.

2 Israel Solomon's signed articles in The Jewish Messenger were:
"Anecdotes about Money" (May 16, 1884); "Notes on Medals"
(June 20, 1884); "Notes on Bills of Exchange" (July 25, 1884);
" Curious Kinds of Money" (October 3, 1884); "Anecdotes about
Money " (November 21, 1884) ; " Notes on Money " (July 10, 1885) ;
"Roman Money and Luxury" (August 13, 1886); "The Etrus-
cans" (October 4, 1889).

6G American Jewish Historical Society.

My grandmother, Esther, [commence the " Records,"] was a na-
tive of London, and her maiden name was Elias. Her father was a
German by birth, and nick-named, Fine Schneider; and, being a
tailor of repute, he employed many workpeople. Esther married
early in life an Alsacian by birth named Bernard Beer, who, on
arriving in London, was seeking the house in which lived a towns-
man of Bernard Beer. The house was in the same street in which
Esther resided, but Bernard was ignorant of the number of the
house his friend resided in; so he knocked at hazard at the door
of Elias, trusting that the inhabitant could give him the informa-
tion. Esther answered the knock, and, seeing the stranger was a
Jew, said to him in German, " What do you want? " He told her
the reason for troubling her. The name and residence were
familiar to Esther, and she stepped into the street and pointed out
the house, but her delicate and kind way quite captivated Bernard,
who formed within himself the hope that fortune would be favor-
able, so that he might become her husband. He inquired of his
friend the name of the family, etc., of his charmer, and very
naturally it became the dream of his existence.

The struggle of Bernard Beer for a livelihood that would
assist him in obtaining the realization of this dream and the
incidental light which the brief recital of this throws upon the
life of the provincial English Jews in the eighteenth century
have suggested to me the title for this paper since Mr.
Friedenberg insisted that it have a title "An Unfamiliar
Aspect of Anglo-Jewish History." It is a peculiar and note-
worthy fact that whenever we think of post-Expulsion Anglo-
Jewish history, we think of it as an aspect of English civic
history rather than a phase of Jewish social history. That is
to say, the history of the Jews of England in the seventeenth
and following centuries, with its freedom from the degrading
tendencies of a compulsory ghetto life, reads in the main
merely as one small episode in the development of the drama of
political and civil emancipation in that great land, with its
ever increasing and renewing aspirations for democracy and
liberty. The history of the Jews becomes a history of English
rights rather than a history of Jewish duties. It is the victory

Unfamiliar Aspect of Anglo- Jewish History Schechter. 67

of emancipation, of the English naturalization act under the
liberal tutelage of Pelham in 1753 and its shameful repeal in
the following year; it is, almost a century later, the contest
of the valiant Baron Rothschild, refusing again and again to
take his oath of admission to Parliament on the " true faith
of a Christian " it is the embellishment of the baronial arms
of Moses Montefiore with the motto " Jerusalem," rather than
the problems of Jewish existence, the foundation and structure
of Jewish communities and the solution of Jewish communal
problems, that we usually recall in connection with eighteenth
and nineteenth century Anglo-Jewry. And so to the student
of Jewish social history, it is a distinct novelty to descend in
these simple " Records " of the family of Israel Solomon from
the heights of parliamentary struggle and civic conquest to the
humble phases of Jewish life and sacrifice suggested rather
than painted by our author.

[Bernard Beer, was by trade, we are told,] a soap boiler and
wished to obtain employment at the London manufacturers, but
the Shabas prevented his obtaining any employment unless he
sacrificed his religious scruples, which he could not do and was
obliged against his wishes to become a pedlar of small wares for
a sustenance. He struggled on until he arrived at Falmouth; there
he was hospitably received by Zender Falmouth ; whose real name
was Henry Moses; but in those days any Jew settling down within
a town and having a certain respectability amongst Jews had the
name of the town attached to his first name. Zender kept a stock
of buckles, small cutlery, jewelry and watches to supply to
hawkers, and gave credit to young men on certain conditions, and,
where it was necessary, advanced money to obtain the hawker's
license. The conditions were to return every Friday early enough
to form one of the Minyan, and on Sunday morning square up the
accounts by paying over what money he had and received fresh
goods on credit. But when the hawker's license was procured,
Zender insisted that his name should be quite a Jewish name, and
instead of the name Bernard Beer, his name was inscribed Barnet
Levy, and the family ever after became Levy instead of Beer.

68 American Jewish Historical Society.

In this respect Beer would have shared the commendation
of Disraeli by the " Edinburgh Eeviewer " of Tancred, who
remarked : 3

It is indisputably to his [Disraeli's] honor, that whilst so many
persons of that blood have condescended to the smallest devices,
such as the elision of vowels, or the transposition of consonants
to veil the characteristic names of their families, or have dropped
them altogether out of a false shame, he should without even the
obligation of the religious duty have frankly avowed the fact and
repudiated the notion of disgrace in this alien origin.

In the description of the final happy outcome of the quest
of Bernard Beer, we catch another novel glimpse of con-
temporary life, Jewish and otherwise.

Bernard prospered, [writes Solomon,] and lost no time in turn-
ing towards the magnet of attraction. He went to London, called
on Elias, the tailor, and told him his errand and hopes. Elias
himself had no objections, if Barnet's references were respectable,
etc., etc. Barnet then referred to Zender Falmouth, and as by a
strange coincidence Zender was uncle to Elias' wife, a favorable
answer was received from Zender, and Esther became engaged.
Barnet returned to Falmouth, took a house and shop, furnished the
house, and returned to London and was married. After the
marriage, the time soon arrived in those days to enter the house
and commence its duties, but in those days the distance from Lon-
don to Falmouth was beyond three hundred miles by the mail
coach. Fare was very heavy, and the cost of postchaise not to be
thought of for people of moderate means. The next great travelling
conveyance was Russell's wagon, an immence vehicle covered by
canvas, with six heavy horses, a driver and a guard, heavily armed
with blunderbusses, and who rode on a stout pony either at its
side or followed behind the wagon. It took from three to four
days and nearly as many nights before the wagon from London
reached Falmouth. [We Americans grumble if we cannot now
travel between the same points in six hours.] In the front of the
wagon, space was kept before the packages and boxes for pas-
sengers, and their seats were straw and hay on which men,
women, and children were placed. Such a conveyance could not
suit Esther, so she rode behind her husband on what is called a

3 The Edinburgh Review, Ixxxvi, p. 138 (1847).

Unfamiliar Aspect of Anglo-Jewish History Schechter. 69

pack-saddle horse, riding all the way, stopping when the day was
drawing to night at any inn on the road in the village or town
frequented by Jews and in that time, down to 1830, inns where
Jewish travellers rested were to be found in all the roads and towns
of England.

And here we come to a passage in the " Kecords " which we
may without flippancy respectfully refer to the Committee on
Dietary Laws of the United Synagogue of America or other
similar bodies which have so often discussed the problem of
Kashruth for the travelling man :

The landlord then, especially to gain their custom, kept a cup-
board or closet containing cooking utensils entirely for their use,
so that they might eat kosher. The landlord kept the cupboard
locked and guarded the key on his own person, and when a Jew
used the utensils he saw to the cleaning of them, and before
putting them away he wrote with chalk within the bottom of the
utensil his name, day of the month, and year, with the portion from
the law read on the Sabbath of that week all in Hebrew. Some
of these hotels were in the centre of populated districts, and the
pedlars going the rounds of the district would congregate of a
Friday evening at these hotels and stay over Saturday, and on
Sunday they trudged again on their laborious rounds. They
generally formed a club, and one of the number, who was licensed
by the rabbi to slaughter animals, was paid by the club for one
day's loss of profit from his business to get to the hotel on Friday
early enough to kill animal or poultry, purchase fish, etc., and
either cook or superintend it that it should be quite kosher by the
time the brotherhood came there, and ushered in the Sabbath
gladly singing hymns; and after a copious but frugal repast, some
Hebrew literature or tales of the past and present were related
by one or the other with all the happy freedom allowed to speech
in dear old England; although these happy lovers of English soil
were not allowed the perfect equality now enjoyed by their
children.

The " Eecords " of Israel Solomon's family present many
interesting points of contact with the general life and history of
their respective periods. The author tells us for instance that
his mother

visited London at the time the old London bridge was being taken
down and the new bridge was nearly finished. I went with her to

70 American Jewish Historical Society.

see the two, and while regarding the structure she repeated what
occurred to her mother who, when young, went with a group of
young girls to see the bleeding heads on poles on the entrance to
London Bridge and on the top of Temple Bar; these were the heads
of leaders of the last great Scotch rebellion, and the penalty for
not going to see this barbarous exhibition was to be called by the
neighbors Jacobite.

Then there is an amusing story of the French relative of
the author's wife who, he tells us,

was married to the brother of a rising speculator who is now one of
the noted millionaires in Paris, and he married his only daughter
to the Prince Polignac. They were married by the Archbishop of
Paris, who made a witty play on words in his address to the young
couple complimenting the bridegroom as a descendant of Sang
Pure, and the bride of cent per cent.

In the house in Paris where the family of the author's wife
lived

their neighbors and intimates were the family of the Halevys
at that time supplying groceries to Israelitish customers.

The father and the mother of Israel Solomon's wife were
natives of Nancy, Lorraine, and

they were married in the year of the Terrorists in France, when
all religious ceremonies were forbidden by the then government
under severe penalties. The marriage ceremony was in a square
yard of a house into which no windows looked, and it was in-
habited by Jews who carefully guarded all entrances into the yard.

There are a lot of such intimate historical glimpses and
titbits compressed within the seventeen pages of the " Records "
and the temptation to present such gossip is great, but I shall
not intrude further upon your time except to retain in perma-
nent form whatever else there may be by our author of general
and Jewish interest. Whatever this is, concerns chiefly his
travelling reminiscences, mainly of Portugal, which I shall
venture to supplement with a few Portuguese recollections of
Israel Solomon contained in an article in The Jewish Mes-

Unfamiliar Aspect of Anglo-Jewish History Schechter. 71

senger* written almost immediately on his arrival in this
country. Israel Solomon's father, a merchant, was the son of
Israel Solomon, a German, born in Ehrenbreitstein-on-the-
Rhine. He (Israel Solomon's father) died suddenly in Lisbon
in January, 1819, but twenty-one days after his arrival from
Falmouth.

I was with my father, [relate the "Records,"] and his death
occurred on Friday. We had just taken a suite of rooms or a flat
in a tenement house, . . . and an acquaintance from Cornwall, named
Phillip Samuel, a Polish gentleman, was invited by my father to
sup with us. After supper I prevailed on him to stop for the night
and to accompany us the next day to the synagogue. Some time
after I was in bed, I was awakened by the groans of my dying
father. I called Mr. Samuel, and I left him with my father and
rushed away at midnight, at which hour, at Lisbon, the streets
were filled with thousands of dogs, who lived on offal and garbage
thrown every night from the windows of every house. I rushed
through the terrible night to the apartments of Madame Julia
Delivant, an old London friend, who had taken up her residence
in Lisbon, and how I reached her house is quite a mystery, what
with the frightful yells and attacks of the dogs, and covered as I
was with the refuse thrown from the houses . . .

" Mr. Samuel was a native of Warsaw," the " Records " ramble on
in characteristic fashion, " and his life was full of romance. He was
the son of the secretary of the great synagogue there, and highly
educated in Hebrew. . .His trade was that of a silk merchant. He
purchased from importers at Dantzig. Travelling in those days
was done by caravan, and the Jewish trader took with him ten
men, so as to say prayers three times a day. These religious
observances became opposed to the activity required for com-
mercial work, and quicker means of transit came in vogue. He
then lived at Wilna, and when he was obliged to go to Dantzig in
the winter, he left early in the morning in a sledge, arriving the
same evening at Dantzig. For this breach of an old custom of
travelling, the rabbis, so-called, who formed the travelling party
of ten, excommunicated Phillip, and in spite of the cherem, he
burst asunder these superstitious trammels, not any more to be

4 August 12, 1891.

72 American Jewish Historical Society.

observed in any country or city. . .He laughed at the edict, and con-
tinued on longer journeys without a retinue of followers..."

Phillip was a handsome gentleman, wearing a black beard. But,
in those days, no one but Jews in European dress wore beards,
and on the ship on which he was the passenger he felt so im-
pressed with the prejudice that his beard would arouse among the
Portuguese rabble that, before he left the vessel, he shaved his
beard. This he afterwards regretted, because he considered that
at that time so many private Jewish families of the best mercantile
class resided in Lisbon, and descended from the old Jewish families
who became outward Christians, observing outward ceremonies to
save fortune and families from the cruel butchers of the Holy
Inquisition; but in the privacy of family worship they always
remained Jews until the opportunity arrived to dispose of their
possessions and property, and emigrate to Holland, Germany and
other countries. Phillip became acquainted with some of these
secret Jewish families, and was always received by them as a
friend.

In an article on the Jews of Portugal, ascribed by the editor
of The Jewish Messenger to " an English gentleman for many
years a resident of Lisbon/' which is certainly the work of
Israel Solomon, he says, in part :

Lisbon has been inhabited by Jewish families openly residing
as Jews since the year 1810. At that time there was no regular
synagogue but there were three Minyan rooms. A cemetery had
been purchased, in which the remains of the writer's father, and a
friend, a native of Poland, repose. Before the Jews had a burial
ground of their own, the English factory's burial ground had a
strip of land divided into three portions, one for Jews, and the
others for Mohammedans and Greek Christians. . .When the Moor-
ish Jews found that Portugal was open for them to reside publicly
in the country, they nocked there; but among them unfortunately
were some men of poor reputation. The old families of private
Jews, who outwardly professed Catholicism, but secretly kept to
the fundamental belief of Judaism, received their co-religionists
with open arms, aiding the poor traders as brethren ... I have
vividly remembered two gentlemen with decorated orders coming
one Saturday evening to the Minyan held in the house of Simon
Cohen and throw themselves down before the ark, containing the
scrolls of the law, and on their knees fervently praying. They

Unfamiliar Aspect of Anglo-Jewish History Schechter. 73

had come to Lisbon from the Trases Mantes, and there in Lisbon
wished to know, where the kippur was held, and returned to the
country, bearer of the date for the year of 1819.

Although, [he continues,] the Jews were allowed to reside
freely in Portugal, the prejudices and laws against apostates pre-
vented private Jews and their families, who had always outwardly
professed Christianity from being publicly known as Jews. A
fashionable hatter in Lisbon was called " Brandon the Jew,"
although outwardly ostentatiously a Christian. On Sunday morn-
ing I have seen him go in Portuguese fashion with his family to
mass first himself, then his wife, daughters and servant girls,
one after the other in line. . .

My departed friend, Samuel the Pole, who lived with me for
some time, was invited to spend the summer months in the country
with private Jewish families, one of whom was a Justice of the
Peace, and they assured Samuel that they never divulged to their
children the secret of their religion until they had attained the age
of reason. Many houses, including domestics, were Jewish, and in
some districts the Jewish families were numerous, and a young
man would often become a monk, so that he might pretend to be
the confessor to families in the circuit. . .An old friend, named
Pereira, used to tell me that from a mixed marriage all trace of his
being descended from a Jewish family was lost, and he received
his education in France, but had a faint recollection of having seen
Tephilin, and he was not at all a Catholic in belief, but was liable
like all Catholics to fine or imprisonment, which was the conse-
quence if any Portuguese did not annually show that he had con-
fessed at least once a year; so a well known monk for a Crusado
(a Portuguese coin of gold or silver) gave certificates of con-
fessions to such persons as Pereira.

Israel Solomon closes his Portuguese recollections with the
following story that may point a moral for many a Jewish
grandee :

Some time before the French army invaded Spain under the first
Napoleon, one of the Braganzas of the royal family of Portugal
voyaged around the coasts and visited Gibraltar, where he was
received with honors due to his rank. The Jewish families on the
Rock were the greatest merchants and received the Prince in
princely hospitality. The Prince, before leaving Gibraltar, ex-
pressed his wish to entertain them in his palace at Lisbon, but

74 American Jewish Historical Society.

was answered by Cardoza, the Jew, (called afterwards by the
public in Lisbon " King of Jews ") : " Neither I nor my friends can
accept your invitation to visit Lisbon." " Why not? " said the
Prince. " Because," said Cardoza, " of the indignant custom of
putting on a yellow badge, and under a permit of being a Jew,
allowed a few days only, if urgent commercial affairs oblige him to
visit Portugal, and there a soldier by his side, wherever he goes
to keep off the mob, who would stone anyone wearing the yellow
badge; and the principal houses you have honored with your
presence, are all Jewish." The Prince vehemently uttered his
abhorrence at such indignity and the conduct of his .forefathers,
assuring Cardoza that if he or the most humble Jew should visit
Lisbon, nevermore any such indignity would be allowed. Cardoza
soon took advantage of the invitation, coming and residing in
Lisbon.

And with the subsequent return of the families of Simon
Cohen, Haazans, Brunan, Canqui, etc., commenced the re-
habilitation of a Portuguese Jewry that could once more openly
proclaim the Unity of God and the Unity of Israel.

GENEALOGICAL NOTES ON JACOB FRANKS FROM
OFFICIAL RECORDS. 1

CONTRIBUTED BY SAMUEL OPPENHEIM.

I.'

ELIZABETH RAMSEY of the Parish of St. Andrews undershaft
widdow aged fifty years or thereabouts and Katherine Grimes wife
of Thomas Grimes of St. Anns Westminster Millwright aged fifty
years or thereabouts do severally make Oath upon the holy
Evangelists of Almighty God to be true that they did very well
know Mr. Abraham Franks by Profession A Jew late of London
breaker 3 and Abigail his wife who lived in the Parish of St. James's

1 See the genealogy by Israel Solomons in Publications oj the
American Jewish Historical Society, No. 18, pp. 213-214, which
seems to be based in part on data in the case of Naphtali Franks
v. Joseph Martin, and others, reported in 5 Brown's Parliamentary
Cases, p. 151 et seq., ed. 1784; 456 et seq., ed. 1805; also the same
genealogy, as given by Charles Henry Hart with some additions
and descriptive matter, in Pennsylvania Magazine for History and
Biography for April, 1910, vol. xxxiv, p. 253.

2 From Liber 26 of Conveyances, p. 411, in the Register's Office,
New York County, noted as "Recorded for Mr. Jacob Franks y e
12 day of August Anno Dom 1710."

* This man was no doubt identical with Abraham Ff rancke, one
of twelve Jew brokers of London in 1697, mentioned by name in
Albert M. Hyamson's " History of the Jews of England," London,
1908, p. 260, and referred to, without mention of name, by Lucien
Wolf in his article in The Jewish Chronicle, April 16, 1897, p. 8,
on " The Jew Brokers." The affidavit would indicate that when it
was made both Abraham and his wife Abigail were dead, as they
are described as late of London, and are spoken of in the past
tense. In Daniel Lysons' " Environments of London," London,
1792-96, vol. iii, p. 466 (for reference to which thanks are due to
Mr. Israel Solomons of London) we find " Abigail Franks, wife of
Abraham Franks, 1695 " noted as having been buried in the ceme-
tery of the Portuguese Jews at Mile End Road, London. We can
safely assume these two, whose names are mentioned in the affi-
davit, to have been the parents of Jacob Franks. An Abraham

75

76 American Jewish Historical Society.

Duke's place London and that they do also well know Isaac Franks
Jacob Franks and Moses Franks now present whose Names are by
them severally hereunder subscribed and that they are the Reputed
Children of the said Abraham and Abigail Franks and were born of
the body of the said Abigail Franks in St. James Dukes Place Lon-
don aforesaid all which these Deponents well know (Vizt) the said
Elizabeth Ramsey for that she was Midwife and laid the said Abi-
gail Franks of the said Isaac Jacob and Moses Franks, and the said

Franks was one of the founders of the Great Synagogue (Ash-
kenazi) in Duke's Place in 1722. See Hyamson, supra, p. 243.
This man living twenty-five years later than the Jew broker of
1697, and who appears to have died in 1748 or fifty-one years later,
is not likely to have been the broker of 1697. In 1730 he and Isaac
and Aaron Franks, all described as of London, each contributed
through Jacob Franks of New York, five guineas towards the
erection of the Schulchan, Banca and Hekal for the newly built
Jewish synagogue in New York. See Publications, supra, No. 21,
p. 34. Though in the early minutes of the Congregation Shearith
Israel of New York, printed in Publications, supra, No. 21, Jacob
Franks is described (p. 12) as Jacob bar Naphtali, yet we have him
here in the official record written down as Jacob the son of Abra-
ham. The fact that the above affidavit, which shows the name of
Jacob's father to have been Abraham, was recorded by the man
known in synagogue as Jacob bar Naphtali is significant of the
probability that Jacob's father had a different secular name than
the one he was known by in synagogue. There certainly were not
two people named Jacob Franks prominent as merchants in New
York at the period of the two documents now for the first time
printed or referred to. Those documents can only refer to the one
Jacob Franks we know of as prominent in New York, holding real
estate and actively identified with the affairs of the Jewish com-
munity in New York. They were recorded to secure the title of
Jacob Franks and his children to lands and to give them the right
of naturalization under the law of that time. The suggestion is
here made that the name Abraham was probably assumed by the
Jew broker in London, if his synagogue name was Naphtali, as
more useful for a Jew in his line of business than the foreign
sounding name of Naphtali in an English use, or, as a broker, he
might have been then nicknamed Abraham and retained that name
as distinctive in his business. We have as to other names the-

Genealogical Notes on Jacob Franks Oppenheim. 77

Katherine Grimes that she was Servant in the house of the said
Abraham and Abigail Franks about ten years during which time
the said Isaac Jacob and Moses Franks were born, and Lastly they
the said Depts do depose that they have known the said Isaac
Jacob and Moses Franks ever since their birth.
ELIZABETH RAMSEY
The Mark of KATHERINE X GRIMES
ISAAC FRANKS JACOB FRANKS MOSES FRANKS

Jurati Fuerunt 29 die Mensis Marti Anno Dom 1709 Coram me
O Buckingham Enterd in the Custom house London the 23
Decemb. 1708 Wm. Waterson, D: Coll. 11 June 1708 Ent pr
Nathaniel Fowlers.

This is a true Copy of the Original to me produced Ita post
Collationem Attestor Rogatus Londini 21 Aprilis 1709 Ed w John-
son Not 8 Pub cus . 1709

instances in our own records of Moses Gomez, about this period,
being known to the world as Lewis Gomez and Benjamin Mendez
Pacheco as Rodrigo Pacheco. Ibid., pp. 5, 7. Cf., as to probably a
like substitution of first names, Naphtali to Henry, the note to
" The Will of Henry Benjamin Franks," infra. Lysons (supra,
pp. 481-482) also gives names, with dates of death, of many Jews
buried in the cemetery belonging to the German or Dutch Jews,
established in the locality of Mile End Road about 1700. Among
these are Moses Franks, Esq., 1710; Abraham Franks, 1748; Philas,
wife of Naphtali Franks, Esq., 1765; and Aaron Franks, Esq., 1777.
The date there given for the time of the death of Moses Franks,
1710, it will be noted, is within a year after the date of the affidavit
here printed, and we may safely infer that this man was the one
mentioned in and who signed the affidavit. The Abraham Franks
of 1748, mentioned by Lysons, is probably the one of 1722 and 1730
noted above. Mr. Solomons, in a letter to the present writer, states
that in the burial register of the Portuguese synagogue in London,
examined by him, is the following entry: " Sarah Frank* asquenazi
24 Sebath 5456"; that there are no records extant of the Ash-
kenazi community for the period under consideration (the Franks
belonging to that congregation though originally members of the
Sephardi when that was the only congregation in London), and
that he had seen the tombstones of Abraham and Aaron Franks
(presumably of the dead of 1748 and 1777) but only their names
are legible thereon. The graves of Abigail and Sarah Franks he

78 American Jewish Historical Society.

II. 4
City of New York ss.

PAUL RICHARD Esquire Mayor of the City of New York in America
To all to whom these Presents shall Come or may in any wise Con-
cern Sendeth Greeting

KNOW YE That on the Day of the Date hereof personally appeared
before me Mary Clarke aged forty five Years or thereabouts the
Wife of John Clarke of the said City Mariner Miriam Hart Wife
of Moses Hart of the same place merchant aged Fifty four Years or
thereabouts and Elizabeth Stollard of the same City widow, aged
fifty six Years or thereabouts being all persons unto me well known
and worthy of Good Creditt and the said Mary Clarke and Eliza-
beth Stollard being sworn upon the Holy Evangelists of Almighty
God And the said Miriam Hart being also sworn upon the Five
Books of Moses after the Manner of the Jews did then solemnly
Declare Depose and Testifie in Manner & form following That is
to say That for many Years past They have very well known and
been well acquainted with Jacob Franks of the City aforesaid
Merchant and with Abigail his Wife of the Hebrew Nation; And
the said Mary Clarke and Miriam Hart upon their Oath Say That
on the First day of July which was in the year One thousand
Seven Hundred and Fifteen or thereabouts They were present in
the city of New York aforesaid when Abigail Franks The Wife of
the said Jacob Franks was delivered of a Son who soon after was
named Naphtaly; And the said Miriam Hart & Elizabeth Stollard
at the same time did further upon their Oath Depose declare and
Testifie that afterwards to witt on the first Day of January Old
Stile which was in the Year One thousand Seven hundred and
Eighteen or thereabouts They were present when the said Abigail
Franks in New York aforesaid was delivered of Another Son who
soon after was named Moses; And, that, on the twenty third day

reports he was unable to find. Who the latter was has not been
established. In addition we find in 1772 an Abraham Franks noted
as a visitor in a Pennsylvania Masonic lodge. See Publications,
supra, No. 19, p. 46. It is of interest here to note that there was a
non-Jew in England in 1733 named Rev. Abraham Franks, D. D.,
Rector of Wen Dean, Wiltshire, whose death is reported in The
Gentleman's Magazine, 1733, p. 550.

4 From Liber 32 of Conveyances, supra, p. 41, noted as " Recorded
for Mr. Jacob Franks of the City of New York Merchant the fifth
day of August in the year of our Lord 1735."

Genealogical Notes on Jacob Franks Oppenheim. 79

of September which was in the Year One thousand Seven hundred
& Twenty or thereabouts, they were present when the said Abigail
Franks in the same City of New York was delivered of another
Son who soon after was named David; And that on the Eighth
Day of December which was in the year One Thousand Seven hun-
dred and Thirty Two or thereabouts They the Deponents were
present when the said Abigail Franks in New York aforesaid was
delivered of another Son who soon after was named Aaron; And
that the said Naphtaly Franks Moses Franks David Franks and
Aaron Franks were really and in good Truth all born within the
City of New York aforesaid at the times aforesaid or thereabouts
and under the Allegiance of the Crown of Great Britain; And that
the said Naphtaly Franks Moses Franks David Franks and Aaron
Franks are all now living as they verily Believe; And that the said
Elizabeth Stollard was One of the Nurses to the said Abigail
Franks at the several times She was Delivered of the aforesaid
Moses Franks David Franks and Aaron Franks And I the said
Mayor Do hereby further certifie That the said Naphtaly Franks is
now or lately was living in London And the said David Franks
now or lately was living in Boston in New England (as I have been
credibly Informed) And that the said Moses Franks and Aaron
Franks are now living in New York aforesaid; And that the said
Jacob Franks and Abigail Franks his Wife and Family have lived
several Years within the said City of New York and unto me well
known and have had several Children born within the said City;
And that said Naphtaly Franks Moses Franks David Franks and
Aaron Franks four of their Children have always been Deemed
Esteemed Reputed and taken to be natural-born Subjects of the
Crown of Great Britain born in the City of New York aforesaid

In Faith and Testimony of the Truth whereof I the said Mayor
have hereunto subscribed my name and caused the Seal of the said
City of New York to be Put and affixed the Fifth Day of August in
the Ninth Year of the Reign of our Sovereign Lord George (the
Second) by the Grace of God King of Great Britain France and
Ireland Defender of the Faith and so forth and in the Year of
Our Lord One thousand seven hundred and Thirty Five.
(Seal) PAUL RICHARD,

Pf Order of the Mayor

Will Sharpas Cl. 5

5 For other children of Jacob Franks, see Publications, supra,
No. 18, p. 121. As to his daughter Richa, see ibid., No. 22, p. 39

7

80 American Jewish Historical Society.

et seq. The reference, ibid., p. 39, to the grant of administration
on the estate of Jacob Franks to her and John Harris Cruger, is
based on the MS. volume in the Surrogate's office, New York
County, marked "Letters of Administration 4, 1759-1774," sub
data January 31, 1769, and on " Collections of the New York His-
torical Society," 1908, Abstract of Wills, vol. vii, p. 467, where the
first name is printed Rachel instead of Richa. As to Naphtali
Franks, son of Jacob, mentioned in the affidavit as of London in
1735, see, in addition to Franks v. Martin, supra, Transactions of
the Jewish Historical Society of England, vol. vi, p. 126, and
Charles H. L. Emanuel, " A Century and A Half of Jewish History,"
London, 1910, p. 4.

THE PHYLACTERIES FOUND AT PITTSFIELD,

MASS.
BY LEE M. FRIEDMAN, A. B. f LL. B.

Ever since the publication in 1650 of Thorowgood's " Jewes
in America " claiming that the lost tribes of Israel had been
found in the American Indians, this idea secured a deep and
widespread hold on the Puritan imagination. Confirmation
of this theory was found in texts of the Bible itself, and in the
alleged similarity in appearance of the Indians and of the
Jews ; others found convincing proof in what they recognized
as Hebrew words and sounds in the Indian language, while
still others recognized Jewish traditions and religious customs
reproduced in certain Indian legends and observances. As
early as 1652, Sir Hamon FEstrange published his answer to
Thorowgood in " Americans No Jewes," denying and answer-
ing these claims. In the way of all religious controversies of
that age, each side produced arguments which completely satis-
fied itself and only spurred the opposition to fresh efforts as
unconvinced as ever. The following one hundred and fifty
years saw a whole literature of this debate grow up around this
subject which still finds its sporadic repetition even to-day.

Pittsfield, beautifully located in the heart of the Berkshires,
was originally a sparely settled Indian village of the Mohegans.
In the early years of the eighteenth century, white settlers
from Massachusetts cities and towns began to come to this
region.

As early as 1753, the Great and General Court of Massa-
chusetts incorporated the settlers as <e The Proprietors of the
Settling lots in the Township of Poonstoosuck." In 1761, the
town of Pittsfield was incorporated, named after the great
Commoner, William Pitt.

81

82 American Jewish Historical Society.

Captain Joseph Merrick settled in Pittsfield about 1800,
having removed from Westfield, and became the innkeeper of
its chief hostelry. He owned a farm and garden a little out
of the center of the village at the south end of Onota Lake on
which was " Indian Hill " more recently called " Fort Hill."
On Indian Hill had been the old fort established in 1754, for
the protection of the early settlers from the French and Indians.

While ploughing, in the summer of 1815, on Indian Hill,
Captain Merrick turned up with his plough what proved to be
a phylactery. Elkanah Watson, one of Pittsfield's dis-
tinguished pioneers, gives the following contemporary account
of the discovery : *

Pittsfield, November 10, 1815.
To Hugh Williamson.

Dear Sir:

In conformity with your request to ascertain all the facts in
relation to the interesting discovery of a Jewish phylactery, in this
village, in June last, I reply. It was ploughed up in the yard of
Mr. Joseph Merrick, a respectable inhabitant who resides on the
borders of the village, in the midst of rubbish, and lying some
inches below the surface.

Immediately on hearing the rumor of the discovery, I repaired
to the house of Mr. Merrick, where I found several clergymen,
whose curiosity was greatly excited by the strange incident, and
who believed with me that the article must have found its way
into this recent wilderness, by the agency of some of the descend-
ants of Israel.

Having previously read with intense interest on the subject and
being impressed with the belief that the Indians of America were
descended from the lost tribes of Israel; and that they had been
directed by the same Almighty hand, which had brought them out
of the land of Egypt, to continue their journeyings in a north-
eastern course, probably for many ages, and finally to reach this
continent at Behring's Strait; yet retaining some knowledge of
the arts and sciences, and always adhering to the rites of the
Jewish religion. After reaching this continent, and the lapse of

1 " Men and Times of the Revolution, or Memoirs of Elkanah
Watson," New York, 1856, p. 388.

The Phylacteries Found at Pittsfield, Mass. Friedman. 83

many years, and probably ages, some portions inclined to rest in
the northern region, but most pursued a southern course, spread-
ing in all directions, even to the southern extremity of South
America, and north to the polar regions; and thus peopling the
whole surface of both Americas, more or less densely, according
to the varied climates. Those in the extreme north and south,
becoming the most savage, as in the milder regions they have been
found the most civilized, and in possession of arts and sciences,
especially in the City of Mexico and Peru.

It is not my purpose to write a treatise on this important sub-
ject, but merely to skim the surface, in the view of accounting in
some measure for this very interesting discovery. I think it must
have originated from these sources. It is well known, even from
Sacred Writ, that the Jews held their phylacteries, with the
precious scroll enclosed, in religious reverence. This discovery
forms another link in the evidence by which our Indians are
identified with the ancient Jews, who were scattered upon the face
of the globe, and to this day remain a living monument, to verify
and establish the eternal truths of Scripture.

On comparing this phylactery with those described in the Old
Testament, I found an exact conformity. I will explain it in my
own way. They are described in Scripture as composed of five
folds of raw hide or leather, sewed compactly together by the en-
trails of animals. In order to understand the appearance of this
discovery, imagine five pieces of leather or raw hide, or some com-
position similar to India rubber, and capable of resisting the
ravages of time and exposure, cut into squares of two inches,
sewed together with entrails. Suppose, also a hole in the center,
half an inch in diameter made to admit a tube two and a half
inches long with eyelet holes at the corners to receive strings
and you will have an idea of the article.

This tube, as described by Mr. Merrick, was of such a hard,
spongy substance that it was with great difficulty he could gain
an opening at one of the sloping ends, and seemed absolutely im-
pervious to moisture, for although the surface was incrusted in a
manner to evince its having been probably exposed for many ages,
yet I drew out from the tube three or four scrolls of parchment,
which it contained when found, and inscribed with texts of
Scripture, written in Hebrew in an elegant manner, and the ink
of a beautiful jet black. The parchment, writing, ink, were all
perfectly fresh.

Very respectfully,

E. WATSON.

84 American Jewish Historical Society.

Contemporary local tradition reported that these were the
relics of early Jewish settlers in Pittsfield. It was said that a

Jew from Germany was known to have resided in Pittsfield and
probably lost them. 3

Eev. Ethan Smith, pastor of the Congregational Church of
Poultney, Vermont, in 1823 published his "View of the
Hebrews" supporting the contention that the Indians were
the Ten Lost Tribes. On the publication of this volume
President Griffin of Williams College called his attention to
this discovery of the phylacteries in Pittsfield, and the Eev.
gentleman immediately undertook an investigation to use this
find as further evidence to support his contention. He made
a journey to Pittsfield. He interviewed " different aged
people " and convinced himself that " no Jew was ever known
in Pittsfield." He got an account of the discovery from Cap-
tain Merrick himself. He tried to see the phylacteries and
found that they had been deposited with the American Anti-
quarian Society at Worcester, 8 but they had been misplaced as
they could not be located. Thereupon being convinced that
they were Indian in their origin, he found that these phy-
lacteries were a convincing proof of the Hebraic origin of the
Indian and inserted the story of their discovery as an un-
answerable argument to support his views in the second edition
of his " View of the Hebrews."

1 have made a diligent search to see if we could identify
any of the early settlers of Pittsfield as Jews.

2 Ethan Smith, " View of the Hebrews," 2d ed., 1825, p. 213 et seq.

3 Isaiah Thomas, the founder of the society and its president,
reported to Rev. Ethan Smith that " among the many boxes of
articles he knew not where to look for it." The present librarian
writes, " I rather think that we have the phylactery in question,
at least we have a sheet of old vellum upon which are written two
columns of Hebrew script, surrounded by an ornamental design
and border colored by hand. The sheet of vellum is about 10 x 7,
and in its present state is closely rolled."

The Phylacteries Found at Pittsfield, Mass. Friedman. 85

Situated on the Mohawk trail, the main colonial thorough-
fare of western Massachusetts, not over two days' travel from
Albany, and a trading center of a prosperous growing agri-
cultural district, it would not be surprising to find enterprising
Jewish traders visiting or settled there at an early date. We
fail, however, to substantiate the traditions from the early
records.

The name of Isaac Isaacs appears on the Pittsfield military
rolls as in service in 1780-1781, and it has been suggested that
he may have been a Jew. There is nothing to substantiate
this, and I am more inclined to believe that he belonged to the
well-known Connecticut family of that name which was early
settled in Greenwich, Stamford, and Norwalk.

But whether lost by an early settler or dropped by some
pioneer traveller, the finding of the phylacteries at Pittsfield
affords only another indication of the ubiquity of the Jew in
early colonial America.

WILL OF NATHAN SIMSON, A JEWISH MERCHANT
IN NEW YORK BEFORE 1722, AND GENEALOGI-
CAL NOTE CONCERNING HIM AND JOSEPH
SIMSON.

CONTRIBUTED BY SAMUEL OPPENHEIM.

Nathan Simson, according to MS. records, was a prominent
Jewish merchant in New York between 1706 and 1722. In
the latter year he is noted in those records as having gone to
London to reside. His death is likewise noted as having
occurred before 1726. The date must have been between
August 3, 1725, the date of his will, and October 24, 1725,
the date of its probate. In 1719 he was named as one of the
executors of the will of Samual Levy 1 and the MS. records
show him as having acted in that capacity in litigations in-
volving the estate and also in litigations of his own. Simson
was elected constable of the South Ward, New York, Septem-
ber 29, and sworn in October 14, 1718. Levy was also elected
and sworn as constable of the North Ward at the same time. 2

Simson was an uncle of Joseph Simson, 8 the grandfather of
Sampson Simson, the founder of Mount Sinai Hospital. His
will is recorded in Somerset House, London, 4 and reads sub-
stantially as follows :

1 In the abstract of Levy's will in Publications of the American
Jewish Historical Society, No. 23, p. 150, the name appears as
Matthew Simson. The full record in the Surrogate's Office in New
York County gives the name correctly as Nathan Simson.

2 " Minutes of the Common Council of the City of New York," vol.
iii, pp. 181, 186.

3 Liber 36 of Conveyances, p. 50, in the Register's Office, New
York County.

4 Rubric P. C. C., 220 Romney.

87

88 American Jewish Historical Society.

In the name of God 3 Aug. 1725 . . .

I NATHAN SIMSON of the parish of Saint Dunstans in the East
London, Merchant

I direct and appoint my Executors hereinafter named to expend
the Sume of ffifty pounds out of my Estate for a Tombstone to be
placed on my Grave.

To my Eldest Sister GRACE PLONT, widow of SAMUEL PLONT
" late of the City of Bun the resident of the Elector of Collogn near
the Rhine in Germany," merchant, deceased, one Annuity of Ten
pounds, during the term of her naturall life, and after her decease
I bequeath the same unto my present Wife DYFIE SIMSONS
poorest Relations, to be distributed and paid to them propor-
tionably share and share alike.

To my Sister ROSE RISER, wife of MIERO RISER of Amster-
dam in Holland, Merchant, one Annuity of Ten pounds during the
term of her naturall life and after her decease unto my present
wife DYPIE SIMSONS poorest relations to be distributed and paid
to them proportionably, share and share alike.

To my Wife DYFIE SIMSON, all the Interest mony which from
time to time, from and after my decease shall arise or become due
out of the South Sea Stock I am intituled to from the South Sea
Company of Great Britain (and which shall at any time hereafter
be placed out in any other Governmental Security or Securitys of
Great Britain) by my said Executors hereinafter named, To hold

to her for and during the term of her naturall life And I

appoint that after my said Wife DYFIE SIMSONS decease, All
the moneys in Stock or Stocks then placed out and remaining in
Governmental Security shall so continue in the Government of
Great Britain and the Interest thereof Annually to be applyed and
disposed of to the Severall uses and purposes hereinafter men-
tioned (that is to say) One half years Interest or Net produce I
devise and appoint to one poor Relation of mine, either Male or
Female for a portion in the way of Marriage and putting him or
her in the World, and the direct Management thereof to be left to
the discretion of my Executors hereinafter named and the other
half years Interest I give and appoint to one poor Relation of my
said wifes, either Male or Female for a portion in the way of
Marriage and putting him or her out in the World, the Manage-
ment thereof also to be left to the discretion of my said Executors
hereinafter named. And I do hereby order That all the Interest
arising Annually from such Governmental Security or Securitys

Will of Nathan Simson Oppenheim. 89

as aforesaid from and after my Wife DYFIE SIMSONS decease
shall be applyed and continued to be paid yearly for the purpose
aforesaid (that is to say) One half part of the Interest to
be given to a poor Relation of mine and the other half years

Interest to be given to a poor Relation of my said Wives And

my Will also is That if my own and said Wives Relations shall
happen to be extinct Then and in such case from that time Every
years Interest shall be disposed of yearly to two poor Orphans
either Male or Female as in manner as to my own and Wives
Relations aforesaid

Whereas I am possessed and intituled to a Seat in the Great
Synagogue of the High German Jewes in Amsterdam in Holland,
my will is that my Brother in Law MIERE RISER may have the
liberty of Setting here at all Suitable and Seasonable times of
Service after my decease, if my Sister, ROSE RISER shall be then

living my said Brother in law constantly paying five Guilders

annually to the Elders thereof for the use of the said Synagogue,
according to their law and custom and which hath been by me

hitherto done And after my said Sister ROSE RISERS

decease, my Executors hereinafter named to permit and suffer my
nearest relation at Amsterdam to sett therein at pleasure. . . .And
if no Relation shall be resident there I order my said Executors
hereinafter named to Let the said seat in the said Synagogue for
the best advantage and the money ariseing thereby (after the five
Guilders annually paid as aforesaid) to be distributed yearly to
the poor for ever.

RESIDUARY LEGATEE. My wife DYFIE SIMSON and unto
her heires and assigns for ever.

EXECUTORS. My wife DYFIE SIMSON and BENJAMIN
ISAAC of the City of London, Merchant, my nephew ISAAC LEVY
of the said city of London, Merchant and HENRY ISAAC of the
said City of London, Merchant. And I do request the aforesaid
gentlemen to take the care upon them as Trustees or Overseers as
well as Executors.

WITNESSES: J. STEVENS, MANUEL CORTINO, THO.
HUETT Attorn near the Navy Ofilce London.

PROVED 24 October 1725, by DYFIE SIMSON, widow and
relict & Henry ISAAC, power reserved to ISAAC LEVY and BEN-
JAMIN ISAAC.

PROVED 3 Nov. 1725 by ISAAC LEVY, one of the executors,
power reserved to BENJAMIN ISAAC.

90 American Jewish Historical Society.

Jacob Pranks, of the City of New York, merchant, Miriam Levy,
widow of Samuel Levy, Frances Simson, Widow of Samuel Simson,
being of the Jewish Religion and duly sworn upon the five Books of
Moses, Declare that Joseph Simson, now living in the city of New
York, merchant, is the nephew of Nathan Simson, late of New
York, merchant, deceased, who died in England, the said Nathan
Simson his sister Sarah being the mother of the said Joseph
Simson, and to the best of their knowledge and belief that in the
Year One Thousand seven hundred and Eighteen, he the said
Joseph Simson came over to this City with his said Uncle Nathan
Simson from London, and lived with him after his arrival in this
City about one year and a half, and that in the year One Thousand
Seven hundred and Twenty two said Joseph Simson Married
Rebekah Isaacs by whom he had severall children, Two sons and a
Daughter (to witt) Samson Simson, Sarah Simson, and Solomon
Simson, which said Sarah Simson is intermarried with Raphael
Jacobs of the said city of New York, Merchant, on which inter-
marriage the said Sarah did receive her part and proportion of
the estate of the said Nathan Simson, given in and by his Last
Will and Testament, and that the said Sarah hath now issue living,
by the said Raphael Jacobs Four children (to witt) Benjamin
Jacobs, Joseph Jacobs, Abraham Jacobs, and Judith Jacobs, and
that in the year One thousand Seven hundred and Fourty-four,
Frances Simson who was the wife of Samuel Simson, the said
Joseph Simson's Brother, with Richa Simson her Daughter by the
said Samuel Simson, arrived in this City from Holland, the said
Joseph Simson having sent for them, she the said Frances being a
Widow, and the said Richa an Orphan, which said Richa is now
living in this City and married to David Jacob Levy of the said
City of New York, Merchant, and that the Deponents do believe
this Relation to be Strictly True and further say not. 6

JACOB FRANKS,
MIRIAM LEVY,
her

FRANCES X SIMSON.
mark

6 Liber 36, supra, noted as " Recorded for and at the request of
Mr. Joseph Simson Merchant of the City of New York this 12th day
of January Anno dom 1762." See Publications, supra, No. 10, p. 109
et seq.

Will of Nathan Simson Oppenheim. 91

New York December ye 29th 1761.
Sworn Before Me, John Cruger, Mayor.
City of New York, ss:

I, John Cruger Esqr: Mayor of the said City, Do by these pres-
ents Certify, Declare, and make known to all persons, whom it
may Concern that on the Day of the date hereof, the Three Several
Depositions of Jacob Franks, Miriam Levy and Frances Simson,
all of this City, hereunto annexed and to which they have severally
subscribed their names were in due form of law taken and sworn
to before me on their several Corporall Oaths, which I at this day
administered to them, (on the five Books of Moses) they being of
the Jewish nation.

In testimony Whereof I have to the said Depositions as also to
these presents, set my hand and caused my seal of office of Mayor-
alty of the said City of New York to be affixed in New York (in
America)- this Twenty ninth day of December in the second year
of the Reign of Our Sovereign Lord George the Third King of
Great Britain &c. Annoq. Dom. 1761.
By order of the Mayor JOHN CRUGER

Aug. V. Cortlandt [Seal of Mayoralty.] 8

C Clerk.

8 For data as to those mentioned above other than Joseph Simson,
see index to this volume, and Publications, supra, No. 3, p. 6;
No. 6, p. 102; No. 18, p. 106; No. 20, p. 163; index to No. 21; and
index volume; also Surrogate's Office, New York County, Libers 7,
p. 76; 29, p. 55; 41, p. 87; 52, p. 311; 119, p. 455; and J. A. Stevens,
" Colonial Records of Chamber of Commerce of the State of New
York," with " Biographical Sketches," bound in.

UNEQUAL EELIGIOUS RIGHTS IN MARYLAND
SINCE 1776.

BY BENJAMIN H. HARTOGENSIS, A. B.

The story of the early Jewish settlers of Maryland, and of
their progress in achieving some civil and religious rights, has
been written by Prof. J. H. Hollander. 1 However, his account
only goes up to the year of the Declaration of Independence of
the United States.

The present treatment of the struggle for equal civil and
religious rights in Maryland begins where Prof. Hollander's
ends. In 1776 all persons who professed Christianity, except
Quakers, were entitled to the equal protection of the laws of
Maryland; others were not. The latter have not to this day
been fully emancipated. Nevertheless, progress toward equal
rights before the law has surely been made.

The Declaration of Independence proclaimed as a self-evi-
dent truth that all men are created equal, and Article VI of
the Federal Constitution prescribes that

No religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any
public office or public trust under the United States.

The first amendment thereto adds that

Congress shall make no law respecting the establishment of
religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.

1 " Some Unpublished Material relating to Dr. Jacob Lumbrozo,
of Maryland." in Publications of the American Jewish Historical
Society, No. 1, p. 25 et seq.; "The Civil Status of the Jews in
Maryland, 1634-1776," ibid., No. 2, p. 33 et seq. See, also, " Some
Unpublished Material relating to the Civil Disabilities of the Jews
in Maryland," read by Prof. Hollander at the fourth annual meet-
ing of the American Jewish Historical Society, Philadelphia, 1896,
ibid., No. 5, p. v, which remains unpublished. I have omitted herein
the history of the fight for the passage of the Jew Bill because of
these earlier papers.

93

94 American Jewish Historical Society.

These organic laws were confirmed in the preamble called the
Declaration of Eights of the Maryland constitution, and in
the body of the several constitutions adopted in Maryland since
the Eevolution. 2 The Constitution of the United States " and
the Laws made or which shall be made in pursuance thereof "
were in apt terms enacted as the supreme law of the State of
Maryland, but the spirit has yet to dominate the local law.
Despite a very liberal Declaration of Eights, preceding Mary-
land's first constitution (1776), 3 the following unequal civil
and religious rights then affected Jews :

1. The legislature might lay a tax to support the Christian
religion.

2. The oath of office was to be administered only after the
applicant had subscribed to a declaration of his belief in the
Christian religion.

3. For expressing disbelief in the Trinity, capital punish-
ment, branding of the forehead and boring of the tongue of
the offender were penalties.

4. For labor on the Lord's day founded in honor of Christ,
and commonly called Sunday, penalties were prescribed.

5. Jews were under marked disabilities as jurors and as
witnesses.

6. Marriage by a rabbi was not clearly licensed in fitting
terms.

2 Maryland did not enter the Confederation until 1781, but rati-
fied the Federal Constitution, April 28, 1788, and thus entered the
Federal Union at an early date.

3 " We, the people of the State of Maryland, grateful to Almighty
God for our civil and religious liberty," etc. Preamble to first
Declaration of Rights, 1776. Article II of the Declaration of
Rights, cited and approved in many decisions of the Maryland
Court of Appeals reads : " The Constitution of the United States
and the laws made or which shall be made in pursuance thereof
and all treaties made .... are and shall be the supreme law of
the state and the judges of this state and all the people of this
state are and shall be bound thereby, anything in the constitution
or the law of this state to the contrary notwithstanding."

Unequal Religious Rights in Maryland Hartogensis. 95

THE FIGHT FOR EIGHT TO HOLD PUBLIC OFFICE.

In 1797 a determined effort was begun by Solomon Etting,*
and his father-in-law, Barnard Gratz, late of Philadelphia, to
make it possible for the Jews of Maryland to hold public office
under the state law without first declaring a belief in the
Christian religion. A bill drafted originally for that purpose
by William Pinkney, 5 and called the Jew Bill, was champ-
ioned, session after session at great sacrifice and even at the
cost of defeat for office, by Thomas Kennedy of Washington
County. The fight for Jewish civil rights began in earnest in
1818.'

'The Etting family had been conspicuous in local history and
communal activity. Reuben Etting in 1798 had been Captain of
the Monumental Blues, and he and other Jews had fought with dis-
tinction in the defense of Baltimore City, September 12, 1814. Of
Solomon Etting it is written : " His interest in public affairs was
keen and sustained; his intercourse and friendship with persons
engaged in public life large and intimate, and his concern for the
full emancipation of the Jews of Maryland intense. He was the
author of the successive petitions for relief and the proposed con-
stitutional amendments that besieged every session of the Gen-
eral Assembly from 1816 to 1826. He was the moving spirit of the
sharp legislative struggle that followed each effort and it was his
personal friends, largely out of respect for him who led the suc-
cessive contests." J. H. Hollander, " Maryland," in " The Jewish
Encyclopedia," vol. viii, p. 361.

5 In an address to the General Assembly, January 10, 1823, on
" Civil Rights and Religious Privileges," Kennedy ascribed the
Jew Bill to William Pinkney, then already dead.

6 The fight on the Jew Bill began under the leadership of Ken-
nedy at the December session, 1818. Brackenridge read from
Madison's Memorial to the Virginia Legislature on the test law of
Virginia, from Judge Tucker's " Notes on Blackstone " ; and re-
ferred to Niles' Register, vol. xii, p. 295. Kennedy followed, say-
ing: "The constitution of the United States has guaranteed to
every American citizen the right of worshipping God in the man-
ner he deems most acceptable to him, and this right is violated

8

96 American Jewish Historical Society.

The bill was finally enacted into law on February 26, 1825,
the last day of the session, by a vote in the House of Delegates

whenever the citizen is made to feel the consequence of his opin-
ion, either by direct bodily inflictions or by disqualifications.

" The test .... holds out the reward of office and dignities for
conversion or denounces the punishments of partial degradation
in the common belief of citizenship, while they persist in their
unbelief. Can it be possible that in this enlightened age and
country, we have not renounced the impious practice of propagat-
ing religion by the sword? Let us substitute the only real test of
the qualifications for public office; that of public and private worth,
character and reputation. For my own part, I would rather have
my name recorded among the supporters of this bill, than be
raised to the highest office in the state.

" In Baltimore city there are Jewish families who in point of
respectability and worth are inferior to none; who are known
only as different from the Christians in their religious tenets;
who are educated in the same schools with our youth and like them
glory in being Americans and freemen." This referred apparently
to the Ettings and the Cohens. He mentioned the " American
Orator," a school text-book, containing speeches by champions of
universal toleration, and gave instances of Jews in the military
schools. He may have referred to Simon M. Levy, the hero of
Maumee Rapids, who was one of two in the first class sent by
Maryland to the Military Academy at West Point. Appended to
the published report of the speeches are strong and informing
editorial utterances, denouncing such intolerance as had up till
then been shown by Maryland, taken from the following news-
papers: Independent Press, Natchez, Miss.; Virginia Republican,
Danville, Va.; Southern Patriot, Charleston, S. C.; Genius of
Liberty, Winchester, Va.; Freeman's Journal, Aurora, and Frank-
lin Gazette, Philadelphia, Pa.; Eagle, Shepherdstown, Va.; and
Maryland Censor. In addition, there are extracts from letters of
Thomas Jefferson, dated May 27, John Adams, July 31, and James
Madison, May 15, 1818. See " Sketch of the Proceedings in the
Legislature of Maryland, December Session, of what is commonly
called the Jew Bill, containing the report of the Committee ap-
pointed by the House of Delegates to consider the justice and expe-
diency of extending to those persons professing the Jewish religion
the same privileges that are enjoyed by the Christians, together
with the bills reported to the Committee and the speeches of

Unequal Religious Rights in Maryland Hartogensis. 97

of 26 to 25, the remainder of the 80 members being absent;
at the next session,, on January 5, 1826, "the Act for the

Thomas Kennedy, Esq., of Washington County, and H. M. Bracken-
ridge, Esq., of Baltimore City," Baltimore, 1819, a copy of which
is in the collections of the American Jewish Historical Society;
Governor Worthington's speech on the Maryland Test Act of 1824,
and the speech of Thomas Kennedy in the Legislature of Maryland,
January 10, 1823, " Civil Rights and Religious Privileges," on an
act to extend to all citizens of Maryland the same civil and religious
privileges that are enjoyed under the constitution of the United
States. Kennedy closed with the words: " Even on a dying pillow,
it will comfort us to think that we have done at least one good act
in our lives, that we have been instrumental in establishing
religious freedom in Maryland, that we have broken the yoke of
superstition and prejudice, and let the oppressed go free, and that
we have caused happiness to many an anxious heart." Among
other notable speeches on the Jew Bill is one by John S. Tyson.
Other champions of equal civil rights were John V. L. MacMahon,
E. S. Thomas, General Winder, and Colonel W. G. D. Worthington.
Scharf, " History of Maryland," Baltimore, 1879, vol. iii, p. 152. A
notable unsigned memorial was presented by some citizens to the
Assembly of 1825, praying for the passage of the bill of 1823. It
makes no mention of the Jews. " Their voice is not raised in favor,
but in opposition to exclusive privilege; they ask an equality of
rights with their fellow citizens. If the disqualifications under
which they live were imposed as the penalty of law for civil delin-
quencies, of social intemperance or a disregard of the obligations
of religion, they would blush to murmur; but it is, they humbly ap-
prehend, the retribution of a too honest perseverance in conscien-
tious faith, unmindful of political disqualifications, of social incon-
venience and of individual contumely, and this same manly and
virtuous constancy, which exerted in the cause of their country,
would entitle them to be honored as patriots, exposes them to pro-
scription, when exercised in the service of the acknowledged God."
Kennedy was roundly denounced on his return home from the
legislature of 1818 and called Judas Iscariot, and " one-half Jew
and the other half, not Christian." However, he was reflected
to the two succeeding sessions of the General Assembly, but in
1821 he was defeated largely because of his continuing his ardent
fight for religious liberty and because of Kennedy's " Jew Baby "
and " Jew Bantling." Of the 40 members of the General Assembly

98 American Jewish Historical Society.

Eelief of the Jews of Maryland being the Act passed at the
December session of the Assembly of 1824," was finally con-
firmed. 7 It was not as broad, liberal and just a measure as
Kennedy's plan looking to the abolition of all sectarian tests
for office-holding, but a compromise bill.

Thereafter, and even now, every Jew elected to or appointed
to office, was compelled to subscribe to a belief in a future state
of rewards and punishment. 8 Citizens unwilling to avow a
belief in Christianity, or being Jews, were unwilling to sub-
scribe to a belief in a hereafter; non-conforming Christians

of 1822, who voted for the Jew Bill, 16 were defeated. Kennedy
was again defeated at the election of 1823. For a sketch of Kennedy
see Jewish Comment, January 9, 1914. This was written by Clara
Riley, who won the prize offered by I. S. Kahn of Hagerstown, Md.,
through the Washington County Historical Society.

7 Act of 29th January, 1823 entitled "A bill to extend to all
citizens of Maryland, the same civil and religious rights and
religious privileges that are enjoyed under the constitution of the
United States."

8 The Declaration of Rights preceding the present constitution
of 1867 of Maryland prescribed: "That no religious test ought
ever be required as a qualification for any office of profit or trust
in this State other than a declaration in the existence of God; nor
shall the Legislature prescribe any other oath of office than the
oath prescribed by this Constitution." Nevertheless it will be
noted that until the present day the Code of Maryland, Public
General Laws, Article LXX, 9, prescribes that the oath of office
must be preceded by a declaration of belief in the Christian
religion, and if the officer professes to be a Jew, he must declare
his belief in a future state of rewards and punishments. True
liberty requires that there be recognition of no religion. In the
District of Columbia, which until 1791 was largely a part of the
State of Maryland, the oath of office as used on printed forms is
on the " Holy Evangely of Almighty God," although Jews are not
prejudiced thereby or disqualified from taking an oath binding
on their consciences. Forms of affidavits with Christological ref-
erences, e. g., " Upon the Holy Evangel," continue in general use
in Maryland and were, likewise until recently, generally used in
the District. The words could be deleted by Jews and other
dissenters, however.

Unequal Religious Rights in Maryland Hartogensis. 99

and Jews, unwilling to submit or subscribe to the test, deists
(like Thomas Jefferson), atheists, Pantheists. Moslems, Bud-
dhists, and Brahmins were excluded from office. This is still
the law of Maryland.

Immediately after the enactment of the Jew Bill into law,
Solomon Etting and Jacob I. Cohen were elected members of
the City Council of Baltimore, and subsequently the latter was
elected president of the First Branch thereof. The change in
public opinion was largely due to the influence of Cohen,
the Ettings and their families.

The trend of public opinion and the breadth of view of the
members of the legislature may be gauged by the defeat in one
house of the charter for the Baltimore Hebrew Congregation
in 1829. A bill had been introduced by Delegate H. Hunt to
grant a special charter to Nidche Israel (Scattered of Israel)
Congregation, i. e., to incorporate the Baltimore Hebrew Con-
gregation. On its second reading, February 6, 1830, the bill
was rejected. However, the vote was reconsidered, and the bill,
after this narrow escape from defeat, finally passed both
houses. No debate on the bill, either at the time of its defeat
or at the reconsideration of the vote killing the bill has been
reported. 9 The Jewish population of Baltimore City was only
150 at this time. 10

PENALTIES FOE DENYING CHRIST.

It will be remembered that the mere denial of the divinity of
Jesus brought on the trial for blasphemy of " ye Jew Doctor "
Lumbrozo in the newly-founded colony of Maryland. His

9 In December, 1827, Hunt presented to the House of Representa-
tives a Memorial of " sundry citizens of the City of Baltimore pray-
ing that they may incorporate under the name and style of the
scattered Israelites for the purpose of building a Synagogue,"
" History of the Baltimore Hebrew Congregation," by Rev. Dr. A.
Guttmacher, Baltimore, 1905.

10 In 1825 Solomon Etting computed the number of Jews in Balti-
more at 150, ibid., p. 21. In the state he estimated there were 150
more; see Scharf, supra, p. 153.

100 American Jewish Historical Society.

trial in 1658 followed hard on the Edict of Toleration of 1649
by which Lord Baltimore made himself famous for all time ;
but that instrument expressly excluded Quakers, while Jews
were not to share in its benefits. However, Lumbrozo was
freed from a possible hanging only by the general amnesty
proclaimed in honor of the succession to the Lord Protector-
ship of Eichard Cromwell. 11

In 1776 the statute against blasphemy of 1715, reenacted in
1723, was in force, and it remained unchanged until 1819. At
this time two of the penalties, boring of the tongue and brand-
ing of the forehead, were stricken out by legislative enactment,
Kennedy having called attention to them in his great speech
on the Jew Bill at the session of 1818. Hanging, the extreme
penalty, was never expressly abolished by statute. 12 Under
the present statute

to blaspheme or curse God, or to utter profane words of or con-
cerning our Saviour, Jesus or the Trinity

is an offense against the dignity and majesty of the law of
Maryland, the penalty for this crime being $100. It may be
noted that the law of 1723 governing blasphemy established

11 See the Edict of Toleration of Maryland; note 1, supra; " The
Jewish Encyclopedia," supra.

12 By the Act of 1723 of the General Assembly of Maryland it is
prescribed : " That if any person shall hereafter, by writing or
speaking, blaspheme God or deny our Saviour to be the Son of God
or shall deny the Holy Trinity .... or the Godhead of any of
the Three persons .... or shall utter any profane words con-
cerning the Holy Trinity or any persons thereof .... [he] shall,
for the first offense, be bored through the Tongue; on second offense
stigmatized by burning in the forehead with the letter B . . . .
for the third offense, shall suffer death without benefit of the
Clergy." The original Act of 1715 on which this was founded
refers to adultery and fornication, to blasphemers, and to abjura-
tion on the oath of a Christian. The Act of 1723 was repealed by
Act of Assembly passed January 11, 1820. By the Codes of 1859 and
1860 this definition appears: "Blasphemy of or uttering any
profane words of and concerning our Saviour Jesus Christ or of

Unequal Religious Rights in Maryland Hartogensis. 101

as its corollary the equally obsolete Sunday law of to-day, so
that, according to Judge Chambers of the Maryland Court of
Appeals, by failing to observe its provisions as to the observ-
ance of the Lord's day, one actually blasphemes the head of
the Christian Church, in whose honor the Lord's day is set
apart. 13

DISABILITY OP JEWS AS WITNESSES AND JURORS.

By the Act of 1717, in force at the time of the ^Revolutionary
War, the testimony of a negro was not admissible in evidence
in any cause before a court or magistrate wherein a " Chris-
tian" white person was concerned. This clearly militated
against Jews. Through the efforts of John P. Kennedy, at the
instance of Dr. Joshua I. Cohen," the Assembly by Act of
January 23, 1847, remedied the discrimination by omitting
the word " Christian " from the text. The rules of evidence
in the codes of law subsequently adopted omit all reference to
the disqualification.

and concerning the Trinity .... to be fined $100 or jailed 6
months." See present statute in substantially same words, Anno-
tated Code of Maryland, 1914, Article XXVII, 21. The Declaration
of Rights in the French Revolution provided : " No one shall be
disquieted on account of his opinions religious or otherwise, pro-
vided their manifestation does not disturb the public order estab-
lished by law."

"A proper statute would allow equal rights to all creeds, with
special privileges and exception to none, even the creedless, and
in order not to have special legislation in the interest of any
church and yet to prevent breaches of the peace for using language
disrespectful to any person or thing sanctified by any church or
religious organization in a manner calculated to arouse any of its
communicants, would reenact the Third Commandment of the
Decalogue in modern phraseology.

"Dr. Joshua I. Cohen attended the Constitutional Conventions
of 1850 and 1867 for the purpose of securing the elimination of all
discriminations for religious beliefs and practices from that instru-
ment.

102 American Jewish Historical Society.

Maryland law-makers have ever deemed it a duty to care
solicitously for the religious beliefs of their fellow-citizens but
only in grandiloquent terms. Beginning with the Declaration
of Eights in the state constitution of 1776," and in each suc-
ceeding one, the people of Maryland are enjoined to worship
God. At first the legislature had the power in their dis-
cretion to lay a general and equal tax for the support of the
Christian religion, but this provision soon disappeared. How-

"The Declaration of Rights of 1776 prescribed, 33: "That as
it is the duty of every man to worship God in such manner as he
thinks most acceptable to Him; all persons professing the Chris-
tian religion are equally entitled to protection in their religious
liberty; wherefore no person ought by any law to be molested in
his person or estate on account of his religious persuasion or
profession or for his religious practice; yet the legislature may in
their discretion lay a general and equal tax for the support of the
Christian religion." By 35 it is provided that no other test or
qualification ought to be required on admission to any office of
trust or profit than such oath of support and fidelity to this State,
and such oath of office as shall be directed by this Convention or
the Legislature of this State and a declaration of a belief in the
Christian religion. In 36 exception is made as to administering
an oath by attestation of the Divine Being, and Quakers, Dunkers
and Mennonites " . . . . ought to be allowed to make their solemn
affirmations." By the Amendment of 1796, Article III, Quakers,
Mennonites, Dunkers, Nicolites and New Quakers may, instead of
taking an oath of office, make affirmation. By ibid., Article V,
1, Quakers, Nicolites, New Quakers and Dunkers may affirm as
witnesses. The Declaration of Rights, 1851, Article XXXIII is the
same as present Article XXXVI, touching the qualification of wit-
nesses and jurors. Article XXXIV provided : " That no other test
or qualification ought to be required on admission to any office
of trust or profit than such oath of office as may be prescribed by
the Constitution or the laws of the State and a declaration of
belief in the Christian religion, and if the party shall profess to be
a Jew, the declaration shall be of his belief in a future state of
rewards or punishments." This was modified so that the present
Article XXXVII omits the references to the two religions.

Unequal Religious Eights in Maryland Hartogensis. 103

ever, each constitution in its turn provided that one must
believe in the

existence of God and that under His dispensation such person will
be held morally accountable for his acts and be rewarded or
punished therefor in this world or in the world to come,

as an indispensable qualification and prerequisite to act as
witness or juror. This discriminated against certain non-
conformists,, atheists and agnostics. Many deists, men of
note, are unable to qualify as witnesses or jurors in Maryland
to-day. The law also probably operates against such Jews as do
not believe in bodily resurrection or in Paradise or Gehenna. 18

MEDIAEVAL SUNDAY LAWS OF THE CHURCH.

The Sunday law of the State of Maryland in its inception,
construction and enforcement is distinctly a relic of the
mediaeval union of church and state. It was enacted in its
present form in 1723 as part of and corollary to the Blasphemy
Act of that year. No work is allowed on

the Lord's day commonly called Sunday except works of charity
and necessity; .... nor shall [it be permissible to] .... suffer
children or servants to profane the Lord's day by gaming, fishing,
fowling, hunting, or unlawful pastime or recreation.

Gaming here is clearly distinguished from fowling and hunt-
ing and covers card playing, which with other " recreations and
pastimes " is forbidden."

18 The Pittsburgh Conference of Reform Rabbis of 1885 adopted
as part of its platform that it was no longer essential to believe in
Paradise or Gehenna, " The Jewish Encyclopedia," vol. iv, p. 218.
Reform Jews, according to Dr. Kaufmann Kohler, have no further
belief in bodily resurrection, ibid., p. 359.

" The Code of Baltimore City penalizes " pitching quoits, flying
a kite, playing bandy or ball or any other game or sport on the
Sabbath Day." The Court of Appeals of Maryland decided that
ball-playing is illegal even when it does not disturb Christian
worship or rest. See Hiller v. State, infra.

104 American Jewish Historical Society.

As far back as 1834 Judge Chambers for the highest court
decided that the Lord's day or " Christian Sunday " the Sab-
bath set apart as the day of rest, is the day consecrated by the
resurrection of the Christian Saviour. He clearly referred
to the section of the Act of 1723 governing blasphemy. Judge
Boyd, later Chief Justice, speaking for the whole court in
1894, cited and approved this decision in affirming the
sentence of a Seventh-Day Baptist farmer, who tilled his
field on Sunday after his Saturday rest, and added :

If the Christian religion is incidentally or otherwise benefited or
fostered by having this day of rest, as it undoubtedly is, there is
all the more reason for the enforcement of laws that help to pre-
serve it .... to promote the cause of Christianity. 18

ARE EABBIS Now LICENSED TO MARRY?

There is a manifest omission in the laws of Maryland gov-
erning the solemnization of marriage so far as non-conformist
Christians, other than Quakers, Jews and other disbelievers in
the Gospel are concerned. Marriage for them may be solemn-
ized by the publication of the banns in a house of worship, and

18 See Judefind v. State of Maryland, 78 Md., 510 (1894) ; Kilgour
v. Miles et al., 6 Gill and Johnson, 274 (1834), given in Publica-
tions, supra, No. 11, p. 103; Hiller v. State, 124 Md., 385 (1914),
which affirmed the earlier opinion. In 1912 the writer procured
the introduction of an amendment to the Sunday law, exempting
from civil prosecution habitual Seventh-Day observers who did not
disturb religious worship or Sunday rest; and he campaigned in
its interest. Senator William Ogden, of Baltimore City, introduced
the bill, which was not reported to the Senate. Rev. Dr. A. Gutt-
macher, Israel Silberstein, Adolph Kres, Louis Katzher, Morris
Selenkow and A. S. Shochet, all of Baltimore City, accompanied
him to the hearing on the bill accorded by the Committee. In the
legislature of 1914, under similar auspices, Delegate Duke intro-
duced a bill applying only to Baltimore City, and allowing certain
rights to storekeepers who religiously and regularly observed the
Seventh-Day Sabbath. It was not reported on favorably by the
Baltimore City delegation to the House of Delegates.

Unequal Religious Rights in Maryland Hartogens'is. 105

the language here is broad and unexceptionable. Otherwise,
it is an indispensable requirement for a valid marriage in
Maryland that there be a license, and, as a condition precedent
absolute, a religious ceremony. The license is directed

to any minister of the Gospel or other officer or person authorized
by law to solemnize marriage;

but there is nothing to be found in the law of Maryland or in
the decisions of its highest court so authorizing any officer or
person, and of course a rabbi is not a minister of the Gospel.
The law ought to be amended. However, until it is, there is
no likelihood that any marriage solemnized under a state
license and subsequently consummated will be declared invalid
in this state, but it is possible that there will be, as in England,
appeals to the courts to settle questions of marital rights
easily fixed by timely statutory amendment."

19 The writer, several years ago, was called upon for a legal
opinion as to the authority of a Kazan of a Reform synagogue of
Baltimore to solemnize the marriage of two members of the con-
gregation on Tish'a b'Ab, on which day, according to the laws of
orthodox Jews, marriages are not celebrated, and which is not
observed as a fast day by Reform Jews. Two questions arose;
first, as to the authority under the laws of Maryland of this
Cantor to perform a marriage in the absence of the rabbi of the
congregation from the city, and second, presuming such authority,
then as to the marriage on the day stated. All the other Re-
form ministers were absent from the city. The writer gave it
as his opinion that the Cantor ordinarily could rely upon having
sufficient authority to solemnize such a marriage, especially if he
had credentials from his congregation, since the performance of a
formal religious ceremony, which the parties considered binding,
would undoubtedly be held by the courts of Maryland as a religious
ceremony sufficient for all purposes. As to his officiating on the
day mentioned, the opinion was ventured that no Jew would be
justified in the eyes of the synagogue in performing such a mar-
riage unless he was a member of the Central Conference of Ameri-
can Rabbis, which had abrogated the Talmudic authority on the
subject. The advice was given to postpone the ceremony until

106 American Jewish Historical Society.

It is clear that Maryland will have to change its Declaration
of Eights " and its Constitution, as well as many of its laws,
before it can stand forth as a state where equal rights for
all prevail, or approach the standard set for it by Thomas
Kennedy a century ago, to the effect that disbelievers in the
Gospel be not content to come before the law under toleration

nightfall when the question could not arise. However, for the
reason stated above, even if performed, the ceremony would prob-
ably be considered binding and legal by Maryland tribunals,
although open to possible attack by the parties themselves. Sub-
sequently the Baltimore Jewish Committee was formed by Reform
and Orthodox Rabbis at the residence of Rev. Dr. William Rosenau,
with the writer as chairman, to consider just such questions, and
to appear in public as a local authority to speak for the Jewish
community on questions of ritual ceremonies and the religious
rights of Jews. At the 1916 session of the Maryland legislature a
bill to amend the marriage laws was introduced. This committee
sought, thereupon, to amend the provisions affecting the license,
so as to give ordained rabbis and others, holding credentials from
Jewish congregations, equal rights with ministers of the Gospel.
The bill failed to pass the house.

20 The Declaration of Rights of the present Constitution of Mary-
land (1867) in Article XXXVI says: "That as it is the duty of
every man to worship God in such manner as he thinks most
acceptable to Him, all persons are equally entitled to protection in
their religious liberty; wherefore no person ought by any law to
be molested in his person or estate on account of his religious
persuasion or profession, or for his religious practice, unless, under
the color of religion, he shall disturb the good order, peace or
safety of the State or shall infringe the laws of morality, or injure
others in their natural, civil or religious rights; nor ought any
person to be compelled to frequent, or maintain or contribute
unless on contract, to maintain any place of worship or any min-
istry; nor shall any person, otherwise competent, be deemed incom-
petent as a witness, or juror, on account of his religious belief,
provided he believes in the existence of God, and that under His
dispensation such person will be held morally accountable for his
acts, and be rewarded or punished therefor in this world or in the
world to come."

Unequal Religious Rights in Maryland Hartogensis. 107

and patronage. The Jews of to-day must follow the Cohens
and Ettings in their efforts of an earlier time to eliminate
references to Christianity or the Gospel, arid to remove all dis-
criminations against those who do not believe therein from the
law; provided, always, that no man be allowed to disturb the
worship of his neighbor or to interfere with his rest or rights.
Equality of all religionists and others before the law, not a
mere toleration of dissenters from the accepted form of Chris-
tianity, can alone satisfy the demand of all true liberals.

NOTES.
JOHNSON OF COLUMBIA AND THE HEBREW LANGUAGE.

In a valuable paper contributed to the Society's Publications,
No. 19, p. 116, Mr. Leon Huhner refers to the first president of what
is now known as Columbia University. This was Samuel Johnson,
and it is to one particular feature of his activities that this short
note is devoted.

Johnson felt a passionate love for Hebrew. Before he was six,
he came across a book with some Hebrew words, which some one
told him belonged to the " language used by Moses and the
Prophets." From that instant he was consumed with the desire
to learn Hebrew. 1 At his first school in Guilford, Conn., one of the
tutors, Noyes, had some little knowledge of Hebrew, and thus the
foundation of Johnson's knowledge of the language was laid.
Johnson was a man of wide interests, and made many friends in
England, whither he proceeded in 1723 to receive ordination. On
his return to America, he soon had the pleasure of welcoming
Berkeley, who arrived at Rhode Island in 1729. More to our
present point, however, is Johnson's correspondence thirty years
later with Archbishop Seeker and Bishop Lowth. In several
letters of Seeker reference is made to Johnson's anxiety that
tutors sent to America should have a knowledge of Hebrew. 3
Bishop Lowth writes to Johnson on May 3, 1768, thanking the latter
for his recently published grammar. He praises the work and
adds:

I am glad to find that the study of Hebrew hath made a beginning, and
some kind of progress in North America : and I doubt not, that, having been
so well introduced, and still enjoying the same patronage and assistance, it
will continue to increase, and, in time, flourish. 3

The Bishop was a true prophet. In the same letter Lowth de-
scribes the progress of Kennicott's collation of the Hebrew MSS.
of the Old Testament. 4 In a third letter, dated May 16, 1771, Lowth
writes :

I wish it were as much in my power, as, were there an opportunity, it would
certainly be in my inclination, to promote your useful proposal of estab-

1 T. B. Chandler, " Life of Samuel Johnson, D. D., the first President of
King's College, in New York," New York and London, 1824, p. 2.

2 Chandler, supra, pp. 179, 185.

3 Ibid., p. 202.

4 Cf. also Lowth's letter of May 15, 1770, Chandler, supra, p. 204. 1.
Abrahams in " Miscellanies," p. Ixxix, in Transactions of The Jewish His-
torical Society of England, vol. viii.

109

110 American Jewish Historical Society.

lishing a Hebrew Professorship in North America. We must leave to God's
good providence this and many other improvements in that country, and I
doubt not of their being in due time accomplished. 6

Again a true prophecy!

The most quaint fact about Johnson's devotion to Hebrew was
the curious book which he published in 1767, and which Lowth
pronounced " as clear and as full as any thing I have met with in
so small a compass " (58 pp.) . Its title is " An English and Hebrew
Grammar, being the first short Rudiments of those two Languages,
Taught Together. To which is added, a Synopsis of all the Parts
of Learning." 8 The book is exactly what the title prepares the
reader to expect. It is an attempt to teach English and Hebrew
simultaneously to quite young English children. Thus the first
chapter is " Of the Letters and Reading English," while the second
chapter is "Of the Letters and Reading Hebrew." The third
chapter treats of the " Nouns in English," the fourth of the
" Nouns in Hebrew." Sometimes the two languages are combined
in one and the same chapter. Thus the fifth chapter is " Of the
Pronouns in both English and Hebrew " ; the ninth is " Of Particles
in both English and Hebrew," and the tenth "Of the Syntax in
both English and Hebrew." The author, at the end of the Preface,
permits the teacher to " go over the whole English Grammar before
he proceeds to the Hebrew." But clearly he holds that the teach-
ing ought to be simultaneous. He gives two reasons for drawing
up the two grammars together. In the first place the two languages

appear to me to be the simplest & easiest, and (as to the Grammatical
Structure of them) the most like one another of any that I know.

Secondly, he has the

Persuasion that as soon as a Lad has learned to speak and read English
well, it is much the best to begin a learned education with Hebrew ; both
because it is the first and easiest of all Languages, and .indeed the mother of
all Language and Eloquence : But chiefly because in it were written the
most ancient original Oracles of God.

What Johnson held in theory he applied in practice. He taught
Hebrew to his grandson very early, for he writes that the child,
while in his sixth year, was " making a rapid progress in Hebrew." T
Naturally, Johnson was by no means the first to conceive that
Hebrew ought to form part of the early studies of all young
children. Dr. H. P. Stokes has called my attention to an instance

8 Chandler, supra, p. 206.

London, 1757. Price One Shilling.

7 Chandler, supra, p. 122.

Notes. Ill

in England in the reign of Charles II. William Wotton taught his
son Hebrew, and in his " Essay on the Education of Children "
gives a delightful account of the child's proficiency before he was
six. The narrative is to be found in the book just cited, printed in
London in 1753, but written nearly a century sooner.

I. ABRAHAMS.

WAS THE BANK OF ENGLAND PROJECTED BY A JEW ?

The following, from The British Magazine, 6 suggests a line, of
enquiry which The Jewish Historical Society of England may deem
it proper to enter upon. It is here given for what it may be worth:

The following Address was humbly delivered by Mr. Jacob Henriques,
into the King's own Hand, at the Parliament-House, on the 19th instant.
(March, 1761, at the proroguing of the session.)

Wrote by HIMSELF.

A private, humble ADDRESS, to the best of Kings, George the Third,
&c. &c. &c.

May it please the KING,

THAT amidst the throng of loyal and dutiful addresses presented by his
faithful subjects, a veteran, for the credit and honour of the British nation,
with all imaginable respect, presumes to approach his royal person, ever
bearing in memory the glorious revolution, happy for these kingdoms and
all Europe ! In that period my late honoured father projected the Bank
of England.

"The race not being always to the swift, nor the battle to the strong;
but time and chance happening to all : " by various dispensations of Divine
Providence, after using every honest and laudable endeavours, grudging
no talent or expense for the public service, find myself so circumstanced,
that with the greatest humility I most earnestly entreat your majesty's
royal favour, so as to enable me to pass through the few remaining days of
my pilgrimage with less solicitude, affording me some relief from the cares
and anxieties of this life, that I may be fitter to prepare for my last great
change, which at the farthest cannot be far off. I have seven daughters to
maintain. Hitherto my sorrows and disappointments have been many and
frequent ; but if what I now offer, with the most profound reverence, shall
incline your majesty on mature deliberation to consider me, my grey hairs
will not go down sorrowing to the grave, and my eyes will be closed in peace.

May health, honour, glory, and every felicity, attend your sacred person,
is the hearty wish of

Your majesty's most dutiful, most humble, and
devoted servant and subject,

JACOB HENRIQDES, born 1683.

SAMUEL OPPENHEIM.
8 1761, vol. ii, p 157.

112 American Jewish Historical Society.

MISCELLANEA.

The MS. Division of the New York Public Library has recently
(1916) come into possession of the following unicum:

Monteflore Album | Awarded by popular vote to the | Aguilar Free Library
| at the | Art Gallery | of the Fair in aid of the | Montefiore Home | for
Chronic Invalids. | New York Dec. 18. 1886.

This contains a pen-and-ink drawing, by Constant Mayer, of Sir
Moses Montefiore, and numerous portraits and autographs, etc., of
the latter. Besides, it embraces the following letters from Sir
Moses :

1. To Mrs. Davis, dated East Cliff Lodge, Ramsgate, August

28, . On her daughter's betrothal to Andrade.

2. To Myer S. Isaacs, Secretary of the Board of Delegates of
American Israelites, dated Ramsgate, August 8, 1865. Offers his
congratulations on the reorganization of the board, and best wishes
for the prosperity of America after the war.

3. To K. K. Shearith Israel, New York (in Hebrew).

4. To Rev. H. Pereira Mendes, dated Ramsgate, September 5,
5638 [1878]. On the work of the Morocco Famine Relief Fund.

5. To the Editor of The American Hebrew, dated Ramsgate,
September 9, 5644 [1884]. On his subscription to this publication
for 5645. * * *

The Library has, in addition, the volume of " Autographs col-
lected for the Hebrew Educational Fair, New York, December 9,
1889." It contains those of President Benjamin Harrison and his
Cabinet, procured by Benjamin F. Peixotto, and of Governor David
B. Hill of New York, Vice-President Levi P. Morton, the Chief
Justice [Fuller] of the United States and the Associate Justices of
the Supreme Court, Mayor Hugh J. Grant of New York, the
executive council of the fair, and the heads of congregations and
institutions, etc., collected by Mrs. A. H. [Minnie D.] Louis.

* * *

From the "List of Assessments, Town of Cazenovia, [West-
chester County, N. Y.,] for year 1812," also in the possession of the
Library, this item is taken:

TCamoa Real Personal Sum Amount of Taxes

Estate Estate Total dollars cents

Hays Philip 347 347 1 24

Phillips Barzila (?) 240 240 86.

* * *

The Massachusetts Historical Society issued, as the ninth (1914)
and tenth (1915) volumes, whole numbers 69 and 70, of the seventh

Notes. 113

series of its Collections, " Commerce of Rhode Island, 1726-1800,"
edited by Worthington C. Ford. In the former, covering the period
1726-1774, are printed 445 inedited letters, sailing orders, invoices,
bills of lading and trading agreements, 225 of which relate directly
to Aaron Lopez; in the latter, running from 1775 to 1800, 80 of
the 424 letters and commercial pieces likewise bear on Lopez, and
two others on Moses Michael Hays. See The American Hebrew,
January 29, 1915, p. 348; ibid., March 24, 1916, p. 576; ibid., Septem-
ber 29, 1916, p. 720 et seq.; Transactions of the Jewish Historical
Society of England, vol. viii, " Miscellanies," p. xxiii; The Occident,
vol. xvii, p. 150; Publications, No. 23, p. 183.

Attention may be called to two publications of the Library of
Congress, both edited by John C. Fitzpatrick. The first of these
is the " Calendar of the Correspondence of George Washington,
Commander in Chief of the Continental Army, with the Officers,"
in four volumes (1915); the second, the "Calendar of the Corre-
spondence of George Washington, Commander in Chief of the
Continental Army, with the Continental Congress," one volume
(1906). Both are based on original, largely unpublished MSS. in
that Library, and throw additional light on the activities, during
the Revolutionary War, of Isaac, David and David Salisbury or
Solebury Franks. The connection of the last-named with Benedict
Arnold is plainly discernible from the entries in these pages.
See The New York Herald, May 1, 1914, for an interesting reference
to a portrait of Franks, owned by Clarence I. de Sola, of Montreal.
Moses Bush, Captain Benjamin Edgar Joel (was he a Jew?),
Joshua Newman (?), Levy Solomons of Montreal, Moses Harris,
Major David Forst and a Captain Myers (?), and Simon Phillips
are also referred to. See The American Hebrew, October 29, 1915,
p. 717.

In The Jewish Exponent, November 20, 1914, p. 2, Mr. William
Vincent Byars printed a letter, from the Etting Collection of the
Historical Society of Pennsylvania, written by Mathias Bush of
Philadelphia, to Barnett [Barnard] Gratz, then sojourning in
London, and dated November 7, 1769. It relates to business affairs
and family matters; Michael Moses, [David] and Richea Franks,
Joseph Simon, Moses Clavai, Solomon Henry [Shelomoh ben Zebi
Bluch], Henry Cohen and De Leon and Pereira of Jamaica are men-

114 American Jewish Historical Society.

tioned in it. Cf. Dr. Markus Brann, Etwas von der schlesischen
Landgemeinde, in Festschrift zum 70. Geburtstage Jakob Gutt-
manns, 1915, p. 225 et seq.

Nathan Jaffa, of Roswell, N. M., was Grand Master of Masons in
New Mexico for 1913-1914, and Charles E. Rosenbaum occupied a
similar station in Arkansas for 1914-1915. See Publications, No.
19, p. 95 et seq.; No. 22, p. 182.

Prof. J. H. Hollander brought to our notice Catalogue No. 60 of
G. E. Mackenzie, bookseller, of London, on p. 53 of which the
following entry is given:

591. Manasses (R.) A Narrative of the late Proceeds at Whitehall con-
cerning the Jews who had desired by R. Manasses, an Agent for them, that
they might return into England and worship the God of their Fathers here
in their Synagogues, &c., sm. 4to., new half morocco, gilt top, London, 1656

Pages 13-14 contain an account " Of the proceeds amongst Indians in New
England." The British Museum does not possess a copy, neither does Sabin
mention it.

Mr. Frank Cundall, F. S. A., of Jamaica, sent us for the collec-
tions of this Society a memoir, giving an account of Chief Rabbi
Joshua Hezekiah De Cordova, of Kingston in that island, who was
born at Amsterdam in 1720 and labored in his ministerial office
from his arrival at Kingston in 1755 to his death there in 1797.
It was published in the Columbian Magazine, or Monthly Mis-
cellany, of Jamaica, for October, 1797. In the same issue of this
periodical, as well as in that for the preceding month, may be
found elegiac verses to the memory of Emanuel Baruch Lousada,
of Kingston, then lately deceased.

A. M. F.

BECORDS OF A WEST INDIAN MOHEL.

[Mr. Israel Solomons, of London, kindly supplied the subjoined
records, which he said evidently belonged to a Mohel in the West
Indies. They were entered on the blank leaves in a Daily Prayer-
book of David Levi, which has been the property of his friend
Joseph Nunes Nabarro, Solicitor, of London, since December 20,

Notes. 115

1900 (Kislev 28, 5661). Besides their intrinsic interest it may be
pointed out that the original record entries of a Mohel are clothed
with evidentiary value of an irrefragable character by English
and American courts of justice. F.]
At the head of the entries the following appears:

R. J. N. I November 3, 1816.
y '" V')Heshvanl2,5577.

1. Monday, 28th Feb., 1825. Samuel. Son of Samuel Hart by Elizabeth
his Wife. Born Oct. 31, 1824. Father & Mother Padrinho & Madrinha.

nan

2. (Dead) Sunday, 6th Mar., 1825. Henry. Son of Barnet & Hanah
Isaacs of Montego Bay. Born Wed., Feb. 23, 1825. Padrinho : Solomon
Marks. Madrinha : Catherine Marks, his daughter.

3. Halbert, Son of David Jacob & Deborah Basan. Born Tuesday, May
31, 1825. Circumcised on Monday, June 13, 1825. Padrinho : D. J. B.
Madrinha : Sarah Nunes for M Bas:m.

njn orraN

4. Tuesday, Aug. 16, 1825. Abraham Henry, Son of Jacob Portello
Corinaldi and Hanah his Wife of Montego Bay. Born July 17, 1825.
Padrinho : Horatio Corinaldi. Madrinha : Rosa Solomons.

prw

5. Oct. 6, 1825. Isaac, Son of Phenias & Leah Vaz. Born in Blk. River,
Aug. 6, 1825 & brought to Kingston to be circumcised. Padrinho : Isaac
Nunes Vaz. Madrinha : Vaz.

6. Sat., Oct. 29, 1825. Albert, Son of Ralph & Rachel De Pass at 8 days
old. Padrinho : J b De Pass. Madrinha : Luna Melhado, Wife of Dr. Eml.
Melhado.

7. Thursday, Nov. 24, 1825. Abraham, Son of Ashur & Esther Lyon at
days. Padrinho: - . Madrinha: Mrs. Esther Demercado.

(Dead) Sunday, Jan. 22, 1826. Naphtali, Son of Solomon and

Myers. Born 1826. Circumcision put off in consequence of ill health.
Padrinho : Henry Levison. Madrinha : .

9. Thursday, Feb. 2, 1826. Albert Augustus, Son of Isaac & Henrietta
Isaacs. Born at Berry Hill Plantation (Parish of Manchester), on the 24th
Jan., 1826. Padrinho : Albert Levison. Madrinha : Adelaide Eliza Isaacs.

116 American Jewish Historical Society.

10. Thursday, Mar. 2, 1826. Circumcised at Montego Bay, Benjamin.
Son of Benjamin & Esther Nunes. Born Saturday morning, Feb. 11, 1826.
Padrinho : George Delisser. Madrinha : Sarah De Pass.

WALLACE.

11. Sun., Oct. 22, 1826. Circumcised Wallace at 8 days, Son of David &
Deborah Basan. Born Sat. night, 14th Oct. London, 6th June, 1853, at
10 o'clock this night his Soul departed to Heaven after an illness of
Eleven Years.

DHBOK

AUGUSTUS.

12. Sun., Mar. 18, 1827. Circumcised at Gaza, Manchester. Augustus,
Son of Aaron & Rebecca Sampson. Born Sat. morning, Feb. 10, 1827.
Padrinho : Joseph Carrol. Madrinha : Rebecca Lopez by proxy of Rosalind
Stella Sampson.

ALEXANDER.

13. Wed., Aug. 1, 1827. Circumcised at 8 days, Alexander, Son of Judah
& Alberga. Padrinho : -- Alberga. Madrinha : - .

14. (Dead) Thur., Dec. 27, 1827. Circumcised Jacob, Son of Phenias &
Leah Vaz. Born in Blk. River, Sun.. 10th Nov., 1827 and brought to Kings-
ton to be named.

15. Wed., Feb. 27, 1828. Circumcised Algernon, Son of Solomon Myers
by his Wife at 8 days old. Padrinho : Dr. Mos. Morales. Madrinha : -- .

16. Sat., Mar. 29, 1828. (Shabat Gadol.) Circumcised in the German
& English Synagogue Horatio, Son of Elkin & - Moses at 8 days.
Born Friday afternoon, Mar. 21. Padrinho: The Father. Madrinha: His
eldest daughter.

in

17. Dec., 1829. Circumcised David, Son of Ralph Pereira by Rebecca
Quello. Born 6th Sept., 1829. Pad.: Is. Gadelia. Mad.: Fan. Gadelia.

ntra

18. Fri., Jan. 15, 1830. Circumcised Moses, Son of Isaac Garcia De Pass
by his Wife Maria at 8 days. Padrinho : B. M. De Leon. Madrinha :
Rebecca M. De Leon.

19. Mon., April 13, 1830. Circumcised Abraham. Son of Isaac & Esther
Pinto at 8 days. Padrinho : Abraham Pinto, Jr. Madrinha : Esther Pena.

Notes. 117

20. Tues., May 8, 1830. Circumcised Daniel, Son of David of Abm.
Rodrigues Da Costa by his wife Louisa at 8 days. Padrinho : Aaron of
Abraham Rodrigues Da Costa. Madrinha : .

21. Tues., July 13, 1830. Circumcised Jacob, Son of Francis Henriques
at 8 days. Padrinho : I. Brandon. Madrinha : - .

22. Mon., Aug. 23, 1830. Circumcised Samuel Carvalho, Son of David
of Isaac Soarez by Rebecca, his Wife. Padrinho : The Father. Madrinha :
His sister Rebecca Soarez.

23. Tues., Sept. 7, 1830. Circumcised Alexander, Son of David of David
Rodrigues Da Costa by Rebecca his wife at 8 days. Padrinho : Amos Da
Costa. Madrinha : Jud. De Cordova of A. H.

24. Thur., Oct. 7, 1830. Circumcised Henry, Son of Manasseh De
Mercado by his Wife at 8 days. Padrinho : Abraham Morais. Madrinha :
Esther of Manasseh De Mercado.

25. Wed., Nov. 3, 1830. Circumcised Carlos or Charles, Son of Alex
Bravo by his Wife Sarah at 8 days. Padrinho : Isaac Henriques. Madrinha :
Hannah, Wife of Dr. Moses Henriques.

26. Fri., Nov. 5, 1830. Circumcised Aaron Charles, son of Moses &
Judith Bonitto at 8 days. Padrinho : Abraham Jacobs. Madrinha :
Deborah, Wife of Abraham Jacobs.

27. Wed., Dec. 8. 1830. Circumcised David, son of Amos & Mary Ann Da
Costa at 8 days. Padrinho : Alexr. Joseph Lindo. Madrinha : - .

28. Sat., Mar. 19, 1831. Circumcised William Henry, son of Dr. Emanuel

Melhado by his wife Luna at 8 days. Padrinho : Melhado.

Madrinha : Jane De Pass.

29. Wed., Mar. 30, 1831. Circumcised James Henry, son of Abraham De
Pass by his Wife Sarah at 8 days, (being the second day of Pesah).
Padrinho : Benjamin Alberga. Madrinha : Esther, daughter of Levy
Earned.

30. Tues., May 24, 1831. Circumcised at Falmouth Abraham Henry,
Son of Emanuel Lyon by Frances his wife. Born Sat., 30th April. Padrinho :
Asher Lyon. Madrinha : Esther Lyon.

31. July 1831. Circumcised David, son of Lewis Davidson by his wife.

ANDREW (died).

32. Sun., July 31, 1831. Circumcised Andrew, son of Benjamin & Eve
Belizario at 8 days of age in St. Andrews. Levy Earned & his Wife.

33. Sun., Feb. 5, 1832. Circumcised - "HJi'D (Sander), Son of Sol
& Myers. The father and Jael Melhado.

34. Fri., Mar. 23, 1832. Horatio, son of Robert & Rachel Salmon at 8
days old. Padrinho : P. Lawrence. Madrinha : Mary Delgado.

35. Fri., May 25, 1832. Son to Amos & Marry Ann Da Costa at 8 days
old.

118 American Jewish Historical Society.

36. David Alfred. Monday, July 16, 1832 at 8 days. Son of Ralph
Brandon Da Costa by his wife. Padrinho : Alfred Elkin Lewin. Madrinha :
Mary Ann Mendes.

37. Sat., July 28, 1832, at 8 days David, son to Daniel Wolfe by his Wife.
Padrinho : Wolfe. Madrinha : Mrs. Eml. Barrow.

DAVID.

38. David, Son of Jacob & Sarah Da Costa. Circumcised Sat., Aug. 25,
1832 at 8 days. Padrinho : David of David R. Da Costa. Madrinha :
Jud. De Cordova.

in

39. Son of Bennet by his wife. Circumcised Pri., Nov. 2, 1832 at
8 days. Padrinho : Joseph Marchallech. Madrinha : Mrs. Sereno.

(sic) $&

40. Septimus, Son of David Da Costa by his wife. Circumcised Monday,

Nov. 19, 1832 at 8 days. Padrinho : R. B. Da Costa. Madrinha :

lavarez.

41. Arthur Wellesley, Son of Benjamin & Eve Belizario. Circumcised
Thurs., Dec. 6, 1832.

42. Edward Henry, Son of Louis Lewis by his wife. Circumcised Sat.,
Dec. 22, 1832, at 8 days. Padrinho : Andrew Lewis. Madrinha : Sarah L.
Lewis.

43. Jacob, Son of David & Elizabeth Aarons, Sat., Dec. 29, 1832, at 8
days. Padrinho : Moses Delgado. Madrinha : Henrietta Delgado.

GEORGE.

44. Thurs., Jan. 31, 1833. Circumcised George, son of Manasseh De

Mercado by his wife at 8 days. Padrinho : Jacobs. Madrinha :

Daughter to M. De Mercado.

MICHAEL.

45. Tues., April 23, 1833. Circumcised Michael, Son of Joshua Raphael
De Cordova by his wife Esther at 8 days. Padrinho : Jacob De Cordova.
Madrinha : Rosa Nunes.

PHILIP.

46. Monday, May 27, 1833. Circumcised Philip, Son of Robert Salmon
by his wife Rachel who died in giving birth to the infant on 28th March.
Padrinho : Robert Salmon. Madrinha : Sarah Melhado.

JOSHUA. .

47. Wed., June 20, 1833. Circumcised Joshua, son of Solomon Joseph by
his wife at 8 days.

Notes. 119

DAVID FRANKS' INTEREST IN LANDS IN VIRGINIA, IN 1774.

David Franks and others purchased from the Indians two tracts
of land in Virginia as it was known before the Revolution, for
colonization purposes and Indian trade. The grantees, desiring
their colonists to be under the protection of the government of
Virginia and of the King, appointed David Franks, with William
Murray and John Campbell, a committee to present a petition to
the Lord Chancellor at London, requesting such protection. This
petition with a copy of an opinion of the Chancellors, enclosed in it,
is given below. A memorandum of the copyist states that accom-
panying these documents and a copy of the Indian deed was a letter,
dated May 16, 1774, from Governor Dunmore to Lord Dartmouth
recommending compliance with the petition. The acquisition of
these lands by Franks, Murray and Campbell and others, with a
short description of their location and references to the colony
up to July, 1775, is mentioned in " The Gratz Papers," by William
V. Byars, in Publications of the American Jewish Historical
Society, No. 23, pp. 19 to 23. The spelling and punctuation are
given as in the original. The tracts extended from the Mississippi
along the Illinois River to the present site of Chicago, and from the
Mississippi front below Kaskaskia to the mouth of the Ohio River.

[British Public Record Office, Papers of Colonial Office, 5, 1352 (old A. W. I.
212) pp. 151 to 155.]

To His Excellency, The Right Honorable John Earl of Dunmore Governer and
Commander in Chief, in and over the Colony and Dominion of Virginia,
and Vice Admiral of the same.

The Petition of the several Grantees named in the Deed (herein after
mentioned) as well, on behalf of themselves, as in the Names and on behalf
of all the several Persons settled upon the Lands granted by the said Deed
to the Petitioners. HUMBLY SHEWETH That your petitioners having
seen the opinions of Lords, Chancellors, Cambden, and York, relative to
Titles, derived by his Majesty's Subjects from the Indians, or Natives (an
exact copy whereof is hereunto annexed ;) and being farther induced, by
motives of extending the British Trade into the Indian Country, and by
equitable, fair, and open dealing, to bring over the Natives to a due Sense
of a peaceable and well regulated Commerce ; as well as to avert the Evil
consiquences, that might ensue to his Majesty's good Subjects from the
great numbers of irregular and Lawless Emigrants, that are about seating
themselves upon the Lands of the Natives, without having obtained the
consent of those Native and Natural Proprietors to the making of such
settlements, which irregular and unlicensed encroachments, might very
probably be productive of Indian Insurections and depredations the fatal
consequences of which, have been experienced by many thousands of his
Majesty's Subjects.

Your Petitioners have therefore, at an expense of many thousand pounds ;
as well as with very great fatigue to some of your petitioners, in the most
fair, open, and public manner, purchased in Fee Simple, from the Native
proprietors, two several tracts or parcels of Lands as by the Indian Deed

120 American Jewish Historical Society.

of Conveyance (duely executed in full and public Council held with all the
Chiefs or Sachems of the different Tribes of the Illinois Nations of Indians,
and recorded in the Secretary's office at Williamsburgh in the Colony and
Dominion of Virginia) may more fully appear. That, no part of the Lands in
your Petitioner's purchase were heretofore ceded to, or purchas'd by, or
for either, their Christian or Britannic Majesty's or either of their Subjects.

That, the purchase was fair, open, public and satisfactory to the Indians,
appears from the Affedavits of Richard Winston French Interpreter, Michael
Danne and Piero Bloit, Indian Interpreters (the latter of whom being Indian
Interpreters for the Crown in that Country) taken by the officer Com-
manding his Majesty's Troops in the Illinois Country, which may be farther
proven if necessary, by the Testimony of many other Credible witnesses,
who were present at the several Conferances, publicly held with the Indian
Chiefs &CV relative to the petitioners purchase, as well, as subscribing wit-
nesses to the Executing the Deed of Conveyance, and present at the delivery
of the Considerations expressed in the Deed.

That, your petitioners are, at a very considerable expence, making settle-
ments upon their purchase : as well by themselves, as by many Orderly,
Industrious and usefull British subjects whom your petitioners are trans-
porting to that Country, which 'tis hoped, and expected, may soon become
usefull and beneficial to their parent Country, as well as to his Majesty's
Colonies in America, and also tend greatly to facilitate and expedite the
Civilization of those Indians who have heretofore been troublesom to the
Frontier Inhabitants of the several Colonies, the settlers upon your
petitioners purchase becoming a good barrier to cover the Frontiers, of the
several Contiguous Colonies, and particulary the present Frontier In-
habitants of Virginia.

That your petitioners shall be always willing to comply with such Rules,
and Regulations, with respect to quit Rents, as the Inhabitants of his
Majesty's Colony and Dominion of Virginia are Subject to, as well as
Ardently wishing to enjoy the benefit of the Laws And as they aprehend
their purchase to be within the limits of the Colony of Virginia, tho' its
Jurisdiction has not hitherto been so far extended.

Your petitioners therefor pray, That your Lordship be pleased to take
the Petitioners, and their settlements in to the protection of your Lordships
Government of Virginia, and extend to them the Laws and Jurisdiction of
your Colony accordingly.

And your petitioners shall ever pray

By order of the Committee duely authorised by all the Grantees

DAVID FRANKS
W MUREAY
JOHN CAMPBELL
Philadelphia 9th
Aprile 1774

The following is the opinion of the late Lord Chancellor Cambden and
Lord Chancellor York on Titles derived by the Kings Subjects from the
Indians or Natives :

In respect to such places as have been or shall be acquired by Treaty or
Grant from any of the Indian Princes or Governments : your Majesty's
Letters Patents are not necessary, the property of the Soil vesting in the
Grantees by the Indian Grants; Subject Only to your Majestys Right of
Sovereignty over the Settlements as English Settlements and over the
Inhabitants as English Subjects who car'y with them your Majestys Lows
wherever thei/ form Colonys and receive your Majestys Protection by Virtue
of your Royal Charters.

The above is a true Copy compared in London the 1 st April 1772

SAMUEL OPPENHEIM.

Notes. 121

ADOLPHUS MORDECAI HART, or QUEBEC.

The Hart family of Three Rivers and Quebec is well known in
Canadian history. 9 I found several notices with regard to Adolphus
Mordecai Hart who charged a circuit judge for making unfair
decisions. Hart, a student at law at Quebec, had attended many
trials that took place before a judge named Bowen. Although only
a student, yet he soon realized that many of the decisions handed
down by this judge were unfair, and as a result immediately set to
work and examined the judge's decisions for past years, and found
them contrary to law. On further examination he found that it
was the judge's friends who always received the most favorable
decisions. With that in mind and with the help of several friends
he presented a petition to the Lower House of Assembly on
January 7, 1836, through Mr. A. Gugy. It set forth that Judge
Bowen was notoriously a partial, violent and cunning judge; that
he had during a series of years been guilty of flagrant abuses of his
judicial authority; that he had oppressed people who applied to the
said Court of Justice; that he had pronounced opposite judgments
in cases similarly situated and that these judgments were clearly
ascribable to his partiality for his relations and friends and his
personal animosity towards others; that he had put, by such gross
violation of law, citizens and subjects of His Majesty to enormous
and ruinous expense.

When Judge Bowen was asked about these charges he denied
then in the warmest terms and added that Hart be required to
furnish the House with details on which the charges were based.
After pursuing the inquiry for some time, it was moved by Mr.
Viger and seconded by Mr. Berthelot that the consideration of the
said charges against Judge Bowen be put off to next month. On a
vote being taken we have the following record: 29 yeas and 24
nays.

On March 10, 1836, the charges were again taken up by the stand-
ing Committee of Grievances. 10 The Committee, with Gugy as
chairman, examined numerous judgments by Judge Bowen and
concluded that he had handed down many decisions contrary to
law. It recommended that there was room for accusation, that
often such a spirit pervaded the Bench, that the judgments given
out would tend to destroy public confidence in the administration

9 See Publications, No. 23, p. 43 et seq. ; p. 137 et seq.

10 Thirteenth Report of the Standing Committee of Grievances, 1835-6."

122 American Jewish Historical Society.

of justice, 11 and that instruction be given to Judge Bowen that he
exercise more care in his decisions.

I was unable to find anything further. Several years later, how-
ever, Judge Bowen resigned his position.

JULIUS J. PRICE.

JOSEPH AAEON.

To the figures which moved actively in the Jewish circles of
New York at the early part of last century, may be added that of
a certain Joseph Aaron.

All that is known of him so far may be derived from his pub-
lished work. From that source we gather that he was a " Hebrew
Professor and teacher of Hebrew Grammar," and that, when his
book appeared in 1834 he was domiciled at 355 Grand Street,
New York.

On November 12, 1834, he deposited with Frederick J. Betts,
Clerk of the United States Court for the Southern District of New
York, the title of his book, in conformity with the Act of Congress.
The book is a 16 volume of 72 pp., the last two of which are blank.
It has a Hebrew & English title, the latter of which runs: " A Key
to the Hebrew Language, and the Science of Hebrew Grammar
Explained. (With Points) First Part." The title-page further in-
forms us that the book was " Chiefly designed for the use of
Schools." On the other hand the Preface opens with the
declaration :

This little work is calculated to teach adults to read the Hebrew Language,
with points, correctly, with Rules, which will enable them, with their own
study and application, to attain that most desirable acquisition, of an
acquaintance with the Holy Tongue.

Probably the author had two classes of pupils in mind; Jewish
children and Christian adults. He rather falls between two stools.
The grammatical rules are too intricate for the young, while the
selection of prayers at the end was specially designed for children,
both SepJiardim and Ashkenazim.

There are some indications that the author was not an accom-
plished Hebraist, as when he renders a well known Talmudical
aspiration by " The Law shall be my belief," instead of " my chief
business in life." But Joseph Aaron has distinct merits as a
teacher. Though he worked on the old lines, he reveals some ink-
ling of what we regard as newer methods. Thus he prints a long

11 Appendices to " Journal, 1835-6."

Notes. 123

vocabulary of Hebrew words, many of them the names of common
objects, just as a modern teacher would do, even if he ignored the
Hebrew-by-Hebrew system.

The author promised a second volume on the verbs and tonic
accents. It is not known whether he carried out this plan. At all
events his name seems worthy of preservation in the Publications
of this Society.

I. ABRAHAMS.

JEWS WHO DIED OF YELLOW FEVER IN THE EPIDEMIC IN
NEW YORK IN 1798.

From " An Account of the Malignant Fever lately Prevalent in
the City of New York," by James Hardie, New York, 1799, the
names of Jews who died of yellow fever during the epidemic in
New York between August 1 and November 14, 1798, with their
addresses and provenance, as there noted, are here given, together
with references to the mention of some of them as given in the
Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society. The
statistical tables in the account show the mortality among the
Jews as 1 in August, 5 in September and 4 in October, 1798, or 10
in all, out of a total of 2,064 of all denominations. The race of
the victims is not specified in the detailed list.

Jacob Hays, conveyancer, a child, of 63 Chappel St.

Uriah Hendricks, merchant, 112 Pearl St. London. (See Publications,
supra, No. 18, p. 104 ; No. 20, p. 163.)

Moses Isaac, broker, 32 Barclay St., (ibid., No. 18, p. 105 which gives a
Nathaniel Isaacs as having died September 25, 1798. The list also
gives Isaac Moses, broker, but this is probably intended for Moses
Isaac just mentioned, as the well known Isaac Moses who was an
auctioneer died some years later. The New York City directory for
1797 gives an Isaac Moses, shoemaker, and this man's name does not
appear later or before in the city directories) .

Solomon Isaac, storekeeper, 17 Chatham St. Germany. (Ibid.)

Michael Israel, trader in furs from Hesse Cassel, Germany.

Walter S. Judah, student of physic. (Ibid., p. 101.)

Joseph Levi, a soldier. Hospital.

Samuel Lazarus, shopkeeper, 19 William St. (Ibid., p. 103.)

Joseph Nathan, trader, Whitehall street, Germany. (Ibid., p. 103.)

Samson A. Myers, coppersmith, 71 John St.

In a list of those who made donations to the Health Committee
for the relief of the sick and indigent, mainly coming from near
by towns and very few from the city itself, appears the name of
Ephraim Hart as contributing $25. He was a prominent Jew in
the city (ibid., No. 2, p. 85; No. 4, pp. 215-217).

SAMUEL OPPENHEIM.

124 American Jewish Historical Society.

MEMORIAL NOTE ON SAMUEL WESTHEIMER.

Samuel Westheimer was born in Rimbach, Hessen-Darmstadt,
Germany, March 18, 1833. In the spring of 1848 he came to the
United States on a sailing vessel from Hamburg, the voyage con-
suming thirty-one days, and removed to St. Joseph, Mo., in March,
1859. On April 23, 1866, he was married to Johanna Haas, of
Chicago; the fruit of this union was two sons and seven daughters.
His wife and all the children but one son and one daughter sur-
vived him at his death on December 22, 1914, in St. Joseph. For
over thirty years Mr. Westheimer had been president of the Jewish
Congregation Adath Joseph of St. Joseph and, from its inception,
he was a director of the National Jewish Hospital for Consumptives
at Denver. Besides, he was actively identified with the fortunes of
the Independent Order of B'nai B'rith.

In the civic life of his adopted home Samuel Westheimer always
took a deep interest; from 1878 to 1885 he was intimately associ-
ated with its municipal administration. In the two years from
April, 1882, during the mayoralty of F. M. Posegate, Mr. West-
heimer was president of the city council of St. Joseph and chair-
man of its finance committee. The municipal finances were then in
a deplorable condition; the treasury of the city was absolutely
bankrupt; St. Joseph had defaulted in the prompt and regular
payment of its obligations, and its accumulated debts amounted to
about $1,750,000. Under Mr. Westheimer's expert guidance the
credit of the city was successfully reestablished and order in the
finances restored. In February, 1884, the Republican and Demo-
cratic parties simultaneously offered him the mayoralty nomina-
tion. He declined it. No wonder that, in an editorial leader on
" The Passing of Samuel Westheimer," The St. Joseph Observer
for December 26, 1914, remarked that this pioneer settler helped,
and was, indeed, the prime factor, to transform an insignificant
steamboat landing into one of the great cities of the middle West.

Former Mayor Posegate, who survived his co-worker in munici-
pal affairs, in a letter to The St. Joseph Gazette for January 3, 1915,
declared by way of a suitable tribute that

it will not be inappropriate for me to suggest that the future his-
torian of St. Joseph should emblazon the name of Samuel Westheimer upon
one of his brightest pages. 12

12 This, and the other pieces justificatives, form a part of the collections of
this Society, to which they were kindly presented by the family of the late
Samuel Westheimer, through the good offices of Mr. Jacob Gimbel.

Notes. 125

On January 4, 1915, the city council of St. Joseph formally
passed resolutions testifying to the probity and worth of Samuel
Westheimer. In these it was said of him:

one of those stanch, tried and true citizens of which St. Joseph

has reason to feel proud a man who gave of his time and his money and
his brain to make his home town more progressive, more substantial and

more prosperous, a man who generously gave his time and his talent

to the rehabilitation of the political structure of the city he loved,

his place will be hard to fill in this community, .no city has enough men of
such inimitable character. 13

A. M. F.

THE WILL OF HENRY BENJAMIN FRANKS, DECEMBER 13,
1758, AND INVENTORY OF His ESTATE.

Henry Benjamin Franks, who kept a shop at Mt. Holly, N. J.,
not far from Philadelphia, and is described in the inventory of his
estate as late of Bridgetown, County of Burlington, Province of
West New Jersey, was probably identical with Naphtali Benjamin
Franks whose name appears in the MS. record book of marriages
and deaths of the Congregation Shearith Israel of New York as
having died 15 Kislev, 1758." This date would about correspond
with the date of the death of Henry Benjamin Franks which
occurred between the date of his will, December 13, 1758, and the
qualification of his executor, December 19, 1758. The proof of the
execution of the will was made later. Mr. Phillips says the facts
he supplies as to Naphtali B. Franks are of record, but does not
give his authority; presumably he had in mind the book of
marriages and deaths above mentioned, though my examination
of that book failed to show who Naphtali B. Frank's relatives
were. It is probable that Naphtali, for business or sentimental
reasons, substituted the name of Henry. Such variations between
the synagogue and secular first names are frequent among Jews.
Jacob Franks and his son David are mentioned in the will but
their relationship to the testator is not indicated.

Though the inventory mentions Henry Benjamin Franks as of
Bridgetown, David Franks, the executor, in an advertisement in

13 Published in The St. Joseph Gazette and The St. Joseph News-Press for
January 5, 1915. See, also, the editorial leader in The St. Joseph Gazette
for January 3, 1915. There it was inter alia said : " Westheimer was a
very modest gentleman, one who did no bragging about his services to the
community or of his accomplishments as an individual, but left to his
family and friends the legacy of a splendid name, which is, after all, the
jewel of great price." Throughout his long life Mr. Westheimer was a
munificent but unostentatious patron of charity, both Jewish and general.

14 See also N. Taylor Phillips in Publications of the American Jewish
Historical Society, No. 4, p. 201.

126 American Jewish Historical Society.

the Pennsylvania Gazette, December 28, 1758, requesting the pre-
sentation of any demands against the estate and the payment of
debts due it, speaks of his testator as late of Mt. Holly, N. J. The
advertisement also gives notice of the sale on January 9, 1759, of
an assortment of shop goods and household ditto at the dwelling of
said Franks.

Moses Mordecai, one of the witnesses to the will, a friend of
David Franks, the executor, resided in Philadelphia, and was the
father of the well known Jacob Mordecai. (Publications, supra,
No. 6, pp. 40, 41.)

The will is recorded in Liber B-9, p. 312, in the office of the
Secretary of State at Trenton, N. J. With the accompanying
documents it reads:

I appoint David Pranks of Philadelphia my Executor to manage all my
affairs after my disease because he knows my Relations, and I know him to
be an honest man so that I would not have him accountable to any Body
about my affairs I give all my Estate to Jacob Franks of New York &
David Franks of Fhilad" to dispose of it between my Mother, my Brothers
& sisters as they shall think proper

Witness my Hand & Seal this 13th Day of Dec. 1758

H. B. FRANKS (Seal)

Witnesses
Phineas Bond
Daniel Hopewell
(In Hebrew letters)
Mordecai

Be it remembered that on the day of the Date hereof Personally appeared
before me Charles Read Esqr one of the Surrogates of the Province of New
Jersey David Franks Executor in the Annexed Instrument named who
being a Jew and being Duly sworn on the five Books of Moses did Solemnly
Depose that the annexed Instrument of Writing contains the True Last
Will and Testament of Henry Benjamin Franks the Testator therein named
as farr as he knows & as he verily Believes And that he will Well and truly
perform the same by paying first the debts of the said Deceased and then
the Legacies in the said Testament Specified so farr forth as the goods
Chattels and Credits of the s* deceased can thereunto extend and that he
will make and Exhibit into the Registry of the Prerogative Office in
Burlington a true and perfect Inventory of all and Singular the Goods
Chattels and Credits of the said deceased that have or shall come to his
knowledge or possession or to the possession of any other person or persons
for his use and render a just and True account when thereunto Lawfully
required

Sworn Dec' 19th 1758 DAVID FRANKS

Before Cha Read Surrogate

Moses Mordecai being a Jew and one of the witnesses to the annexed Will
being duly sworn on the five Books of Moses according to law did severally
depose and Daniel Hopewell being of the people called quakers on his
solemn Affirmation which he took according to Law did declare that they
were present and Saw Henry Benjamin Franks the Testator above named
sign and seal the same and heard him publish pronounce & Declare the
annexed Instrument to be his last will and testament and that at the doing
thereof the said Testator was of sound & disposing mind and memory as farr

Notes. 127

as this deponent & affirmant knew and as they verily believe and that
Phineas Bond the other subscribing Evidence was present and signed his
name as a Witness to the Same Together with this Deponent and Affirmant
in the presence of the said Testator

Affirmed and Sworn

10th Janr 1759 before his

Cha Read Surrogate MOSES MORDECAI

murk
(In Hebrew letters)

Mordecai

DANIEL HOPE WELL

Inventory of all and Singular the Goods and Chattels Rights and Credits,
of Henry Benj Pranks, Mer 4 late of Bridgetown in the County of Burlington
and Province of West New Jersey Deceased Viz*

Imp His Purse 165 12 6

It His wearing apparel 18 5

It His household furniture 31 7

It His Horse Bridle and Sadie 6

It His Shop Goods 413 6 8

It His Negro Wench Prisula 20

It His bonds 22

It Notes of hand 11 5 2y 2

It His Book Debts 107 4 4

795 8%
Appraised this 20th Day of December
Annq Domini 1758
p r us

Zachariah Rossell juner
D 1 Jones Ju n
Sworn & affirmed y e
10th Jany 1759 before
Cha Reade Surrogate QppENHEIM>

ADDITIONAL MATERIAL ON FRANCISCO DE FARIA.

Since the publication of the paper on Francisco de Faria and the
Popish Plot in the Publications (No. 20) of this Society through
the kindness of Mr. Israel Solomons of London my attention has
been called to a rare pamphlet. Its title runs :

The | Narrative | of Segnior | Francisco de Faria | Interpreter and Secretary
of Languages unto | Gaspar de Abren de Fritas. | Late Ambassador in Ordi-
nary from the Crown of | Portugal. | To his most sacred Majesty of Eng-
land. | Wherein is contained the several | Informations | given upon oath
before the Right Honourable the Lords Commit | tees, for Examinations
touching the horrid Popish Plot, and re | ported to the Lords Spiritual and
Temporal in Parliment assembled. | And 1 1 afterwards to the Commons of
England in Parliment assembled. 1 1 London, Printed by John Gain, for
Randal Taylor, | and to be sold at his House near Statio | ner's-Hall 1680.

From this the following autobiographical facts in addition to
those already printed about de Faria are offered. Francisco was
10

128 American Jewish Historical Society.

born at Pernambuco, Brazil, in 1653. He was removed by his
parents to Holland where he continued until 1662, when he came
to England. Then he writes,

having a desire to see the World, I travelled through the most considerable
parts of it.

He returned by way of Flanders to England in 1678. Through his
father's influence as a friend of the then newly arrived Portuguese
Ambassador to England, Francisco, being able to speak English,
French and Portuguese, and claiming a "knowledge of seven or
eight langauges " was taken into the service of Don Gasper de
Abren de Freitas as Interpreter and Secretary of Languages, in
which position he continued until the Ambassador departed for
home in February, 16|$.

L.EE M. FRIEDMAN.

LETTER or JONAS PHILLIPS, JULY 28, 1776, MENTIONING THE
AMERICAN REVOLUTION AND THE DECLARATION OF

INDEPENDENCE.

The following letter in cursive Judaeo-German from Jonas
Phillips to Gumpel Samson, merchant, of Amsterdam, given in
printed form with an English translation, is of interest because
of its mention of the war between the Colonies and England, the
number of soldiers engaged at first on each side, and the copy of
the Declaration of Independence enclosed in it. Accompanying
it is some English matter. The letter never reached its destina-
tion, having been intercepted by the British. A photographic
copy of it, with a MS. copy of the English text, has been obtained
from abroad and presented by the writer to the American Jewish
Historical Society. The originals are in the British Public
Record Office. 15

Philadelphia, July 28, 1776.

psS iSpn a omo :r or nsS'ByS'fl

P'SSOI Vr VflDU TID JVBO N"K 1T1 f VpHl ^NH 3'ff 'JHK

f JJNI ya QMh'uy -jw }p' i* ana } M K rx ySro D-J S-MI >b ry
IK ST. EUSTATIA "jia jjni x^a p-ns? nn KMT
xn }jn MAY 1775 pa ana ]"

15 Colonial Office Papers, No. 5, p. 40 [bundle not arranged, old No.
A. W. 1, p. 449].

Notes. 129

nayra yj"D ia jj^nyDt? mtrS ir -ia Bp'Brj cpS'n p 'N
pN n Bijni rwra }jn pDip'j N p D-J ana fr
aN Ty iSy? pp'iy "n HDIN w JIN pjjNa ^N nSjn en ]iS
y-ii "Sx I?SN Vii pp'ppm* vT-n trj ^iVn jjn o^na njn -
^a yjma iy TN nSj;; S'3 JIN pipvan en jxp

lp niino nyDia ntfl^injis KH D'D oi n^^a

oijrn non^n an wr whx vh'My p parity
JIN o^pn 100,000 -jisj np^N p'N pan Trjn'Dj? NH pxo

^? paxn TJT^DP NH pa- riD'Soy JIN 25,000
p^N T'N pj'jSi^j p NH njSxn pa xvyuv NH N'n
"! ly ^'n "syn pjnx Dijni i^ x-n nnn ^:KJ NH pa
1"N w pp-iy t]iS'n p'N piyji oS^n yN D^ rrn p'p n'a I'D on
n I'D -13 pnSu 100 Vn "iy ^n jjni prnp w ySro 0*3 "i^ax I-D PN

axn yx ySnNif'a ySnj; 'p3n EPD y^N S-n ST. EUSTATIA sp pj

ni3 iJ T^ '<
N'li pi'DnoK JIN
^N ]'TNS 'Tii ^ty D
na^a-ia o3 HND IN o^mjn^ -I^N n3n onj SHND

JONAS PHILLIPS.
[Translation.]
Philadelphia July 28th 1776

Philadelphia, Sunday, 12 Menachem Ab, 5536.

Peace to my beloved master, my kinsman, the eminent and wealthy, wise
and discerning, God-fearing man, whose honored, glorious name is R.
Gumpel, may his Rock and Redeemer protect him and all his family ! Peace !

As it is not always possible to send a letter to England on account of
the war in America, I must therefore write by way of St. Eustatin.

I have not yet had any answer to a letter of May, 1775, when I sent my
master a bill of exchange for ten pounds sterling for my mother. Should
that letter not have arrived, then the enclosed third bill of exchange will
obtain the money, and please send it to my mother, long life to her. Should
it, however, have already been obtained you need not return the bill of
exchange again, and this to the wise will suffice.

As no English goods can come over at all, and much money can be earned
with Holland goods if one will venture, should you have a friend who will
this winter acquaint himself with the goods mentioned below, I can assure

130 American Jewish Historical Society.

you that four hundred per cent, is to be earned thereby. I could write
my meaning better in English than Judaeo-German.

The war will make all England bankrupt. The Americans have an army
of 100,000 fellows 18 and the English only 25,000 and some ships. The
Americans have already made themselves like the States of Holland. The
enclosed is a declaration of the whole country. How it will end, the blessed
God knows. The war does me no damage, thank God !

I would like to send you a bill of exchange, but it is not possible for me
to get it. If my master, long life to him, will disburse for me 100 gulden to
my mother, I can assure you that just as soon as a bill of exchange on St.
Eustatia can be had I will, with thanks, honestly pay you. I have it, thank
God, in my power, and I know that my mother, long life to her, needs it very
much ; and I beg of my master, long life to him, to write me at once an
answer, addressed as herein written.

There is no further news. My wife and children, long life to her and
them, together send you many greetings and wish you good health up to one
hundred years.

You friend, to serve. From me, Jonah son of /?. Feibesh [Phoebus] (the
memory of the righteous is a blessing) , of Busick.

JONAS PHILLIPS.
To

M? Jonas Phillips, in Philadelphia
to the Care of Mr Samuel Curson,
Merchant in Si. Eustatia

Goods that will sell to Advantage in this Place
All Sorts of Coarce & fine White Linen
Russia Sheetings

Russia Duck Coarce White thread

Ravens Duck
Russia Sail Duck
Oznabrigs
Drillings
Check Linens
Harlem Stripes
Shomoise
Ivory Combs
Needles
Pinns

Drugs & Medicines
Sewing Silks
Worsted Stockings, large
Striped Woolen Blankets

Different sorts of Woolen Goods for the Winter Season
[Endorsed]

To
MJ Gumpel Samson

Merchant

S' Eustatia 24 SepJ 1776 Rece'd
& forwarded by

Your humf servi

Sam. Curson

16 In the original the word appears to be Dip 1 ") (intended for
pi. of p^; Judges ix, 4 ; xi, 3 ; A. V., " vain men." See John Adams,
" Works," vol. iii, p. 48 ; Graydon, " Memoirs," p. 134 et seq.

Notes. 131

[At the side]

WILLING MORRIS & C?

Exchange for 10 Sterling Philadelphia May 22<! 1775

Three days after Sight of this our Third Bill of Exchange, First nor
Second of the same Tenor and date paid ; Pay to M r Jonas Phillips or
order, Ten pounds Sterling

Value received and place the same to Account as P r advice from

Your most Humble Serv**

WILLING MORKIS & CY
To Mess rs Davis Strachan & C

in

London
[Endorsed]

Pay the contents to M r Gumpel Samson
or order

Jonas Phillips 1T

SAMUEL OPPENHEIM.

AN EARLY KEFERENCE TO THE JEWS.

In W. Winterbotham's " An Historical, Geographical, Commercial
and Philosophical View of the United States of America," 18 we
find the following under the rubric "Jews":

The Jews are not numerous in the United States. They have, however,
synagogues at Savannah, Charleston (South-Carolina), Philadelphia, New-
York, and Newport. Besides those who reside at these places, there are
others scattered in different towns in the United States.

The Jews in Charleston, among other peculiarities in burying their dead,
have these : After the funeral dirge is sung, and just before the corpse is
deposited in the grave, the coffin is opened, and a small bag of earth, taken
from the grave, is carefully put under the head of the deceased ; then some
powder, said to be earth brought from Jerusalem, and carefully kept for this
purpose, is taken and put upon the eyes of the corpse, in token of their
remembrance of the holy land, and of their expectations of returning
thither in God's appointed time.

The articles of their faith are well known, and therefore need no descrip-
tion. They generally expect a glorious return to the Holy Land, when they
shall be exalted above all the nations of the earth. And they flatter them-
selves that the period of their return will speedily arrive, though they do
not venture to fix the precise time.

The whole number of persons who profess the Jewish religion, in all parts
of the world, is supposed to be about three millions, who, as their phrase
is, are witnesses of the unity of God in all the nations in the world.

THE NEW YORK SYNAGOGUE IN 1812.

Rev. John Pierce, minister at Brookline, Mass., in his "Diary,
1809-1849," writes of his attendance upon the services of the
synagogue in New York on December 12, 1812, as follows:

17 A similar bill is printed in Publications, No. 2, p. 54.

18 The First American Edition, with Additions and Corrections. 1796.
Vol. i, p. 394.

19 Original in the Library of the Massachusetts Historical Society. Pro-
ceedings, 2d Series, vol. xix, pp. 370-1.

132 American Jewish Historical Society.

Dec. 12. Saturday. I attended the worship of the Jews in their Synagogue
in company with the Rev. Timothy Alden. The men occupy the lower floor.
The women are in the gallery, which has a breast-work as high as their
chins. The men wore white sashes ; had wax candles burning, and went
with great ceremony to the altar to take out a scroll on which was written
their law. Their exercises, consisting of prayers and singing from the
Psalms and recitations from the law were performed by young and old, and
altogether in the Hebrew language. They were very attentive to us ; and
finding that we could read Hebrew, they pointed out to us, the places from
which their services were taken.

LEE M. FRIEDMAN.

MOSES ELIAS LEVY'S AGRICULTURAL COLONY IN FLORIDA. *

The establishing of colonies under a single proprietor, or under
a company acting as proprietor, was a favorite method in the early
days of the past century of acquiring wealth. For many years
Levy had a plan in mind for establishing a colony in some part
of the United States, and for that purpose he became the purchaser
of vast tracts of land in Florida; indeed, he must have been one of
the largest landowners in that region. Besides much other
property, he owned a tract of 36,000 acres (equivalent to 2^ times
the area of Manhattan Island) in Alachua County where, in
accordance with the terms of the grant, he was to establish a
colony. This we learn from " A Letter from the Secretary of the
Treasury to the Chairman on Public Lands, transmitting docu-
ments in relation to land claims in Florida, May, 1824." M When
Spain ceded Florida to the United States, the change in ownership
resulted in many land disputes, and a commission was appointed
to hear these. The proceedings in various cases which were found
to be beyond the jurisdiction of the Commissioners, were sent, with
their opinions, to the Secretary of the Treasury to be laid before
Congress. In Levy's case the Commission states

th-it whatever may be the true construction of our powers, we have no
difficulty in deciding in favor of the equity of Mr. Levy to have his claim
confirmed to a quantity proportionate to the merit and extent of his
compliance. 22

The original owners of the land, Don Fernando de la Mazo Arre-
dendo and Son, merchants in Havana, had obtained the property
in 1817 with the consent of the Indians of the Alachua district, 28

20 See supra, p. 3 et seq.

21 Executive Document No. 156, 18th Congress, 1st Session, p. 69.

22 Ibid., p. 75.

23 Ibid., p. 312 ; " Notices of East Florida, with an Account of the Seminole
Nation of Indians, by a recent traveller in the Province," Charleston, 1822,
p. 46.

Notes. 133

from the General Superintendent of the Island of Cuba, who
stipulated that they settle two hundred Spanish families upon the
land within three years from the date of the grant. 24 Upon obtain-
ing the property Levy gained a year's extension. Although the
hostile disposition of the Indians made it exceedingly difficult,
nevertheless the settlement actually began on November 12, 1820,
within the time limit originally set. 28 At great expenditure of
labor and money, several families, coming for the most part from
Delaware County, New York, from New Jersey and from Europe,
were established at Alachua. It has been estimated that Levy
spent more than $18,000 in settling families, building houses,
clearing lands and furnishing provisions. 26 By 1823 there were
fifty persons settled on the grant, all of whom were brought there
by Levy at his own expense for the purpose of forming a settle-
ment. For years Levy and his agents had been at work, procuring
the promises of families to come to Florida as settlers; but many
hesitated because of the lack of proper accommodations and neces-
saries to make them comfortable. There were twenty-five houses
erected in 1823 ; a road of 45 miles had been built and plans made
for a sawmill; three plantations had been established on the tract
of which 300 acres were cleared and under cultivation. 27 As a con-
temporary observer has expressed it:

Several gentlemen of capital [settled on a grant in Alachua which

they] had purchased while the c'ountry was still under Spanish dominion.
They also obtained a cession of it from the Indians ; and having a great deal
of enterprise and the necessary means were about introducing a large body
of industrious settlers ; by whom the wilderness will soon be converted into
a smiling scene of cultivation and civilized improvement. 28

Mr. Levy himself said in 1823 that

the present owners of the grant consist of more than seventy individuals,
most of them acriculturalists from New York, New Jersey and other parts ;
many rich and opulent citizens, the major part of whom became purchasers
with the intention of settling on the said lands. 29

As to Alachua itself, one writer says that

all accounts agree in extolling the fertility of its soil, salubrity of its air,
sublimity of its scenery, abundant supply of cattle and stock of all kinds, . . .
and it is perhaps calculated than any other part of the country for the
establishment of a white population desirous of agricultural pursuits. 80

24 Executive Document No. 156, supra, p. 74.

25 Ibid.

28 Ibid., pp. 75, 313, 343, 344, 350, 353, 355-356.
27 Ibid., pp. 75, 313, 323, 343, 355-356.

1 " Notices of East Florida . . . ," p. 46.

29 Executive Document No. 156, supra, p. 313.

30 James Grant Forbes, " Sketches, historical and topographical, of the
Floridas, more particularly of East Florida," New York, 1821, p. 124.

134 American Jewish Historical Society.

The immediate point of settlement was at Micanope, 31 a town which
at the present time has a fair Jewish population.

Levy had agents abroad to attract settlers to his colony. One of
them was Frederick Warburg to whom he talked of his project
when in London as far back as 1816. In 1821, Warburg was en-
gaged by Levy to come to Florida, and accordingly he left his home
in Hamburg and migrated to this country. He remained north
after his arrival here to await the coming of other families who
were also going to the Alachua colony. 32 He was one of the most
important witnesses for Levy before the Land Commissioners.
In the pedigree of the Warburg family published in " The Jewish
Encyclopedia " there is no mention of a Frederick Warburg before
1840. 33

ELFRIDA D. COWEN.

FURTHER ADDITIONS TO " CALENDAR OF AMERICAN JEWISH

CASES." 34

A case involving the rejection of an orthodox Jew as a witness
is reported in The Hoboken Observer, January 16, 1914. It arose
in the Court of Special Sessions for Hudson County, New Jersey. 35
It is provided by the law of Missouri 3e that

Every person, believing in any other than the Christian religion, shall be
sworn according to the peculiar ceremonies of his religion, if there be any
such ceremonies.

1906 Massachusetts. Botkin v. Miller, 190 Massachusetts, 411.

Suit in damages for loss of trade and injury to barber shop property of
plaintiff. He was compelled by defendant and others, orthodox Jews, to
resist their efforts to keep his shop closed on a high holyday. Questions of
evidence examined and resolved in favor of defendant.

31 Report No. 236, 25th Congress, 3d Session (January 26, 1839).

32 Executive Document No. 156, supra, pp. 343, 355-6.

33 Vol. xii, p. 466.

"Publications, No. 12, p. 87 et seq.; No. 13, p. 137 et seq.; No. 19, p. 167
et seq. For the Massachusetts cases cited in this memorandum I am in-
debted to Lee M. Friedman. He has recently published an informing paper
on " The Parental Right to Control the Religious Education of a Child,"
in Harvard Law Review, vol. xxix, p. 485 et seq. In this the Jewish cases
are collected, ibid., pp. 486-7, 496, including some hitherto neglected by
writers on Anglo-Jewish legal history. See The American Hebrew, April 10,
1914, p. 677 et seq.

35 See The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, September 27, 1910.

36 " Revised Statutes," 1909, vol. ii, p. 2027, 6350.

Notes. 135

1909 Massachusetts. Saltman v. Nesson, 201 ibid., 534.

A by-law adopted by a synagogue corporation, . organized under Massa-
chusetts law, providing that divine services shall be rendered strictly in
accordance with the Ashkenazic ritual and also that this enactment may not
be changed save by unanimous consent obtained at a special meeting of the
corporation, is unreasonable and inconsistent with the legal right of the
members to control the corporate affairs. Equity will not operate to enjoin
a duly-enacted alteration of this by-law.

1910 New York. In re Kahn, New York Law Journal, June 6,
1910, p. 1106 (Supreme Court, Kings County, Crane, J.).

A body may, by order of the court, be disinterred from a cemetery where
the cemetery association and the surviving wife and children of the deceased
consent to this action, in spite of the opposition of the owner of the plot,
in this instance the religious brotherhood known as the Chebrah Kahl Adath
Kurland, in which interment was originally effected. See Jacobs v. Isaac
Lodge, No. 6, I. O. S. B., ibid., December 2, 1910, p. 917 (idem., Blackmar,
J.) ; Lohmeyer v. Salomon, ibid., July 20, 1915, p. 1513 (idem., Kelly, J.) ;
Mitnick v. Russian Congregation (Baltimore City Circuit Court No. 2),
The Jewish Exponent, December 16, 1910.

1911 New York. Clement v. De Rose, New York Law Journal,
March 18, 1911, p. 2565 (Supreme Court, New York County,
Lehman, J.).

A building, used and maintained as an orthodox synagogue, is one ex-
clusively occupied as a church within the meaning of the statute covering
the issuance of excise licenses, despite the fact that it contained apartments
for the janitor, which the latter occupied and in which, occasionally, he
transacted business.

1911 New York. Miller v. Miller, The American Hebrew, Febru-
ary 3, 1911, p. 413 (idem., Erlanger, J.).

A rabbinical divorce obtained in Russia by parties residing there is valid
here. See Rakocz v. Rakocz, New York Law Journal, July 18, 1913, p. 1926
et seq. (idem., Goff, J.) ; remarks of City Magistrate Cornell in The Evening
Sun (New York), September 23, 1910.

1912 Connecticut. Easterbrook v. Hebrew Ladies Orphan Society,
85 Connecticut, 289.

An orphanage and home for the aged is not a business within the mean-
ing of a restrictive covenant running with the land, and so does not come
within the prohibition therein expressed.

1912 New York. Schiff v. Adler, New York Law Journal, July 31,
1913 ( Supreme Court, New York County, W. Larremore,
Referee).

L. 1911. c. 220, is constitutional in its retrospective operation, particularly
with regard to L. 1911, c. 16, and the transfer of charitable funds.

136 American Jewish Historical Society.

1913 New York. In re Hebrew Educational Institute of South
Brooklyn, iMd., March 11, 1913, p. 2931 (idem., Kings County,
Kelly, J.).

The court refused to approve, under the membership corporations law,
a certificate of incorporation. It was held that a proposed society to incul-
cate the principles of Judaism and to provide Jewish religious instruction
fell within the religious corporations law as an association with a religious
object. See matter of David Horodoker Benevolent Association, ibid.,
February 11, 1915, p. 1847 (idem., Kelby, J.) ; Matter of Young Women's
Association, 169 Appellate Division (New York), 734, at p. 741 (1915) ;
Young Women's Hebrew Association v. Sanders, New York Law Journal,
March 29, 1916, p. 2385 (Supreme Court, Bronx County, Tierney, 7.).

1913 New York. Reinheimer v. Standard Scale & Supply Co.,
New York Law Journal, December 27, 1913, p. 1539; The
Hebrew Standard, December 26, 1913 (Municipal Court, Man-
hattan, Lynn, J.).

The absence of an employee on a certain day in order to observe the cere-
monies of her faith does not justify her employer in breaking his contract
of employment with her. See Greenberg v. Western Turf Association, 140
California, 357 (1903) ; Aaron v. Ward, 203 New York, 351 (1911).

1914 Alabama. National Jewish Hospital for Consumptives v.
Coleman, 191 Alabama, 150.

Where a testamentary gift to a charity is ambiguous because applicable
to several different eleemosynary institutions, and precisely to none of them,
the religious and social affiliations of the testator and other matters germane
in their nature may be enquired into, to prevent the gift lapsing and to
determine who the beneficiary intended was.

1914 Massachusetts. Wolkovisky v. Rapaport, 216 Massachusetts,
48.

Equity will not sustain an action by a wife against a rabbi, as in the case
at bar, to enforce for her benefit a trust agreement covering property which
the rabbi holds to her use under a specific marital contract culminating in
a contemplated dissolution of the marriage. This arrangement is altogether
against public policy.

1914 New York. Estate of Morris Loeb, New York Law Journal,
November 18, 1914, p. 637 (Surrogates' Court, New York
County, Cohalan, S.).

The Hebrew Charities Building, incorporated by L. 1898, c. 96, is not
exempt from taxation as a charitable and benevolent institution, since rent
is received for its use and occupancy which may be applied to non-charitable
purposes, e. g., the excessive compensation of certain employees.

1914 New York. People v. Saruya, The Hebrew Standard, August
28, 1914 (City Magistrates' Court, Manhattan, Freschi, C. M.).

An observant Jew will not be held to answer a charge of violating the
statute forbidding labor on Sunday where his work on that day does not

Notes. 137

disturb the peace of his neighbors. See People v. Dunford, 207 New York,
17, 20 (1912) ; People ex rel. Briggs v. Owen, 92 Miscellaneous (New
York), 254, at p. 258 et seq. (1915) ; People v. Bolatnick, New York
Law Journal, April 4, 1916, p. 56 (County Court, Kings County, Dike,
J.) ; People v. Hollemler, ibid., June 11, 1915, p. 1053 (Court of Special
Sessions, Brooklyn, Freschi, J.) ; editorials in The New York Times,
March 24, 1907; The Chronicle, Spokane, Wash., June 28, 1916; The
Jewish Ledger, November 20, 1914 ; a paper by the present writer on
" Sunday Labor in the State of New York," in Jewish Comment, August
5, 1910, p. 210 et seq.; "Is the State Justified in Enforcing (sic) Sunday
Observance Upon the Jews?" by Isidor S. Levitan, in ibid., June 25, 1915,
p. 151 et seq.; Velodrome Co. v. Stengel, 91 Miscellaneous (New York), 580
(1915) ; Columbia Law Review, vol. xv, p. 619 et seq.; The Evening Journal
(Richmond, Va.), June 16, 1916 ; Hiller v. State, 124 Maryland, 385 (1914).
A. S. Freidus was good enough to call my attention to Napoleon's views on
Sunday laws, see Bloch's Oesterreichische Wochenschrift, 1888, vol. v,
p. 23 ; Berthomieu, Le repos hebdomadaire dans le commerce, Paris, 1914.
See, too, " Bulletin No. 45," for September, 1910, of the New York State
Department of Labor, which, on p. 377 et seq., contains an excellent review
of the judicial decisions construing Sunday labor laws and gives a digest
of these statutes in tabular form. In " Bulletin No. 49," for December,
1911, of the same series, a digest of rest-day legislation in foreign countries
is printed, p. 505 et seq.

1914 Pennsylvania. Felsh v. Tonkin, The Jewish Exponent,
December 11, 1914, p. 11 (Municipal Court, Philadelphia,
Gilpin, J.).

Where a kosher butcher sued another for libel growing out of the latter's
distribution of circulars declaring the former's meat to be ritually unfit
for use by observant Jews, it was held that the circulars, if emanating from
an ecclesiastical tribunal whose decision on the question of Kashruth is
conclusive and whose validity cannot be questioned in a court of law, con-
stituted privileged communications and were thus not susceptible of a
libelous construction. See the so-called kosher law of New York, L. 1915,
c. 233 ; People v. Goldberger, and People v. Schwartz, New York Law
Journal, August 11, 1916, p. 1585 (Court of Special Sessions, New York,
Edwards, J.).

1915 Louisiana. Herold v. Parish Board of School Directors, 136
Louisiana, 1034.

The reading of the Bible, including the Old and New Testaments, in the
public schools of the state, is a preference given to Christians, and a dis-
crimination made against Jews ; hence the practice must be enjoined. See
People ex rel. Ring i;. Board of Education, 245 Illinois, 334 (1910) ; State
ex rel. Weiss v. District Board, 76 Wisconsin, 177 (1890) ; The American
Hebrew, August 6, 1915, p. 333 ; The Union Bulletin, November, 1915,
p. 3 et seq.; Year Book, Central Conference of American Rabbis, vol. xxv,
p. 120 et seq.; Moses P. Jacobson, "Is This a Christian Country?"
[Shreveport, La.,] 1913, pp. 9, 16, 17. The following states affirmatively
provide for the reading of the Bible in the schools : Indiana (Burns,
" Annotated Indiana Statutes," 1908, vol. ii, p. 1175 6578) ; Iowa
(" Annotated Code," 1897, title 13, c. 14, 2805) ; Massachusetts (" Revised
Laws," 1902, vol. i, c. 42, 19) ; Mississippi (Constitution of 1890, art. 3,
18) ; New Jersey ("Compiled Statutes," 1911, vol. iv, p. 4765, 114) ;
North Dakota (" Revised Codes," 1905, 888) ; Oklahoma (" Revised Laws,"
1910, vol. ii, p. 2158, 7940) ; Pennsylvania (Law 159 of May 2, 1913) ;
and South Dakota (" Compiled Laws," 1913, vol. i, p. 609, 203).

138 American Jewish Historical Society.

1915 New York. Commonwealth Securities Co. v. West 134th
Street Realty Co., New York Law Journal, September 29, 1915,
p. 2153 (Supreme Court, New York County, Pendelton, /.).

A tenant's refusal to give possession of property to a receiver of the rents
and profits thereof on the due date, is not contemptuous where this occurred
on a Jewish holiday and where the surrender took place on the succeeding
day.

ALBEKT M. FRIEDENBERG.

THE MOHELIM OF CURAQAO AND SURINAM, AND OTHER NOTES.

Berith Yitzchak is the title of a hand book of the Sephardic
ritual for the use of Mohelim, published in Amsterdam in the year
1768. At the end of it there is given a list of the Mohelim in
Amsterdam, the Hague, Naarde, London, Hamburg, Bayonne,
Curacao and Surinam.

According to this list there were in Curacao in 5492 (1732) the
following Mohelim:

1. Ishac Henriques Ferreyra; 2. Ishac Curiel; 3. Ishac Haym
Rodrigues da Costa; 4. Jahacob Levy Maduro; 5. Ishac de Jahacob
Levy Maduro; 6. Abraham de Mordechay Senior; 7. Saul Ydanha
de Casseres; 8. Josiau Ydanha de Casseres.

Of these, (1) was one of the married members of the Curacao
Hebra or Burial Society in 1783; (2) was the father of Josseph
Curiel, another of the members of the Burial Society; (4) was
probably the father of (5) who was one of the Mahamad of the
Congregation in Curacao in 1783; (6) seems to have been related
to Mordecay Haim Senior one of those who petitioned the Congre-
gation for the creation of the Burial Society, and (7) and (8)
were related to Semuel Idanha de Casserez another of the mem-
bers of the Society in 1783. 37

The Mohelim in Surinam, at approximately the same period,
were the following:

9. Jahacob Mendes Meza; 10. Ishac Nassy; 11. Daniel Messias
Penso; 12. Abraham Fernandes; 13. Semuel de Selomoh de la
Para; 14. Kazan Eliezer a Cohen; 15. Jahacob Ymanuel Levy.

( 9 ) was a member of a prominent family in Surinam at the time.
The Kazan of the Congregation was David Mendes Meza. In 1695
he gave 100 Ibs. of sugar towards the founding of a hospital in
Paramaribo. 38 He figures as a witness to a wedding on 30 Kislev,

37 For all these see Pool, Publications, No. 22, pp. 169, 170.
38 Roos, iMd., No. 13, p. 131.

Notes. 139

5489 and again on 10 Adar, 5492. 39 His son Abraham Hisquiau
Mendes Meza married on 14 Tishri, 5491 ^j his daughter Lea mar-
ried on 24 Tishri, 5494, 41 and another daughter, Abigael, married
Ishak de David de Meza on 5 Sivan, 5466, 42 apparently the same
as the Is. de David d' Meza figuring on the Surinam map of circa
1750, to which Prof. Richard Gottheil has called attention, as the
owner of plantation 69. 43 He was possibly also the same as Ishak
de David Meza, the owner of plantation 21. 44 Although the dates
would, therefore, seem to favor the identification, we probably may
not identify this Jacob Mendes Meza (9) with the Jahacob son of
Rabbi David de Meza who married on 20 Elul, 5494. 45 Kazan David
Mendes Meza was most probably not the same as Rabbi David de
Meza. In the list published by Roos, both David Mendes Meza and
David de Meza are mentioned. 48 The identity of (9) therefore re-
mains uncertain.

(10) was probably the same as the Isaac Nassy, who was one of
the delegates to Holland in 1751, 4T and possibly the same as the
Isaac Nasci referred to by Malouet as an extraordinary man of
great learning. 48 Isaac Nassy was possibly the father of David
Nassy, author of the Lettre politico-theologico-morale sur les
Juifs. 49

(11) was almost certainly the Daniel Messias Penso who mar-
ried Abigail de Britto. 50 Other members of the family known to
us are Jahacob Messiah Penso, witness to a wedding on 15 Adar I,
5478," and Ester his daughter who married Abraham Hisquiau
Mendes Meza, 14 Tishri, 5491. When the map of circa 1750 was
made, plantation 59 was held by the heirs of Mess. Penco. 62

The father of (13) was Selomoh de la Parra who married Ribca
Arrias, 53 and who figures as witness to a wedding on 8 Elul, 5466,
and again on 1 Cheshvan, 5468. 54 Of Semuel, (13), his son, we
know that he gave 710 Ibs. of sugar towards the founding of a
hospital in Paramaribo in 1695. 65 We learn also that he married
Rachel de David de Meza on 14 Tishri, 5467. 56 We find him wit-
nessing marriages on 12 Tishri, 5481, 2 Sivan, 5484 and 13 Ab.

39 Hilfman, ibid., No. 18, pp. 201, 203. ^ Ibid.

Ibid. p. 202. 49 Ibid.

41 Ibid. p. 204. Ibid.

42 Ibid. p. 193. * l lbid.

43 Ibid. No. 9, p. 134. 52 Ibid.

44 Ibid. pp. 130, 132. 5S Ibid.

45 Ibid. No. 18, p. 204. 54 Ibid.
"Ibid. No. 13, p. 131. **Ibid.
47 Ibid. No. 16, p. 11. Ibid.

No. 3, p. 129 et seq.

No. 22, pp. 25-28.

No. 19, p. 187.

p. 196.

No. 9, p. 131.

No. 18, p. 190.

p. 193.

No. 13, p. 132.

No. 18, p. 193.

140 American Jewish Historical Society.

5484. BT His daughter Rahel married Jahacob son of Rabbi David
de Meza, 20 Elul, 5494. M Ester, a daughter of Selomoh de la
Parra, and apparently therefore sister of Semuel de la Para,
married on 29 Elul, 5469. 59 Another sister, Rahel, married on 13
Sivan, 5478," and a brother David married on 16 Sivan, 5471. 61 This
brother David also figures as a marriage witness on 12 Cheshvan,
5484 and 14 Tishri, 5491, 62 and appears on the map of circa 1750
as the owner of the two plantations 28 and 29. 83 When this map
was made, the plantations of Semuel de la Para (34 and 40) were
held by his widow. 64 A Selomoh de la Parra, probably son or
nephew of (13) was the leader of the Jews who were very
heartily received in the Bush Negro Village in 1761. 65 I cannot
identify (14) and (15). Prof. Gottheil's name list, 66 Rev. P. A.
Hilf man's list of marriages 87 and this list of Mohelim when taken
together give material for reconstructing the Surinam Jewish
community at about 1750.

THIS INDENTURE, made the twelfth day of December in the year one
thousand eight hundred and thirty-seven BETWEEN Edmund Bruyn of
Wawarsing County of Ulster and the State of New York of the first part
and Marcus Van Gelderen of the City and County of New York and State
aforesaid of the second part WITNESSETH, That the said party of the
first part, for and in consideration of the sum of three hundred and twenty
seven dollars and eighty cents lawful money of the United States of
America, to him in hand paid, by the said party of the second part, at or
before the ensealing and delivery of these presents, the receipt whereof
is hereby acknowledged, hath granted, bargained, sold, aliened, remised,
released, conveyed and confirmed, and by these presents doth grant, bargain,
sell, alien, remise, release, convey and confirm to the said party of the
second part and to his heirs and assigns forever, ALL those several lots
and parcels of land herein after designated and described situate in the
town of Wawarsing County of Ulster State aforesaid in a tract of land
commonly called and known by the name of Bruyn's tract of land, North-
westerly of the dwelling house and saw mill of the said Edmund Bruyn and
about the place commonly known by the Terwilliger lot and being part of
a location surveyed plotted and marked out into lots and numbered by
Jacob Chambers Esq on the 22 day of November 1837. The said lots hereby
conveyed are designated in the map made by said Jacob Chambers Esq and
numbered as lots numbers Forty Eight, Sixty three, fifty five, fifty six,
Seventy three, Seventy four, sixty nine and Seventy of the Sholem tract or
location and number three in Sholem village containing about 32 7/10 acres
of Land. TOGETHER with all and singular the tenements, hereditaments

5T Ibid., pp. 197, 198. 63 Ibid., No. 9, p. 131.

68 Ibid., p. 204. M Ibid.

89 Ibid., p. 193. 5 Ibid., No. 16, p. 12.

60 Ibid., p. 196. 6 Ibid., No. 9, p. 134.

61 Ibid., p. 194. 6T Ibid., No. 18, pp. 186-207.
82 Ibid., pp. 198, 202.

Notes. 141

and appurtenances thereunto belonging, or in anywise appertaining, and
the reversion and reversions, remainder and remainders, rents, issues and
profits thereof : AND, also, all the estate, right, title, interest, property,
possession, claim and demand whatsoever, as well in law as in equity, of the
said part of the first part, of in or to the above described premises, and
every part and parcel thereof, with the appurtenances TO HAVE AND TO
HOLD all and singular the above mentioned and described premises,
together with the appurtenances unto the said party of the second part
and his heirs and assigns, for ever. AND the said Edmund Bruyn for him-
self and his heirs, the said premises, in the quiet and peaceable possession
of the said party of the second part his heirs and assigns, against the said
party of the first part, his heirs, and against all and every person and per-
sons whomsoever, lawfully claiming or to claim the same, shall and will
WARRANT and by these presents for ever DEFEND.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the said party of the first part, hath hereunto
set his hand and seal the day and year first above written.

Sealed and delivered in the presence of

T. VAN GANSBEEK JR. EDMUND BRUYN (Seal).

Ulster County: On the 12th day of December 1837 before me came
Edmund Bruyn known to me to be the individual described in and
who executed the within conveyance who acknowledged that he
executed the same.

T. VAN GANSBEEK JR.

Commissioner of Deeds.
Ulster County Clerks office

Recorded in Book No 49 of Deeds on page 714 & 715 the
fifteenth day of Dec. 1837 at 12 o'clock noon.

CHAS. W. CHIPP. Clerk. 88

BY DE WITT CLINTON,
Mayor of the City of New-York:

To all to whom these presents shall come, greeting :

KNOW YE, THAT Judah Lyons 88

having made satisfactory proof before me that he hath resided in the
State of New York during one year next preceding the date hereof, and
that during the said time a female Slave called Josina Aged twenty four
years, hath been the property of him the said Judah Lyons and that he
is about permanently to remove from the State of New York to Surinam
I DO THEREFORE, by virtue of the Authority in me vested, by the Act
Entitled, " An Act concerning Slaves and Servants " authorize and licence
the said Judah Lyons to carry the said Slave with him out of the said State.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto Subscribed my Name and
caused the Seal of the Mayoralty of the said City to be affixed the thirty
first day of July-1805.

(SEAL) DEWITT CLINTON.

D. DE SOLA POOL.

88 This indenture supplements the note on the Jewish Colony of Sholam
in No. 23 of these Publications, pp. 178, 179.

69 Judah Lyons was the father of Rev. J. J. Lyons.

142 American Jewish Historical Society.

SOME REVOLUTIONARY LETTERS.

CAMP 18th July 1780
Sir

By Co? Smith I send you 4000 dollars which is short of the Sum I
received of Mr. Morris by one thousand. I shall in a day or two Send you
the rest. I unfortunately on my Journey from Philadelphia incurred some
necessary expenses on account of one of my Horses giving out & being
obliged to procure another, nothing but the exigency of the Case would
have induced me to make use of your Money, but without doing it I could
not come on to Camp Co 11 . Smith will also deliver you a Bundle of
Plumes & Cockades Mrs. Morris & the Ladys of your acquaintance at
Philadelphia desire the Compliments to you & I am S r . with great Respect

Your most ob l Hu le S*.

DAV D S. FRANKS
[Endorsed :]

Major Franks
Hon bl Maj r Gen 1 .
Baron Steuben

West Point
Co 1 Smith

* * *
D r Sir

The Bearer will deliver you two Horse thieves, he & two more are evi-
dence against them one of the Rogues Akely is a notorious villain & if not
properly secured will make his Escape.

I am D* ST

Your hum S 4
H4Q r ? 15th Augt. 1780 71
C Lamb D S FRANKS ADC

* * *

HEAD QUARTERS ROBINSON HOUSE 16 th Aug 1 . 1780
Sir

The General requests you would be so kind as to order the Ten Seamen
returned in the Massachusetts Line to be draughted & put under the direc-
tion of the Quarter Master, for the purpose of assisting to transport the
flour to Albany.

No more Men can by any means be taken from the Garrison, as it will
be greatly weakened by a draught of 200 Men who are to go up the River
to be employed under Col Hay to cut Wood for the Garrison.

I am fully of your Opinion, that a small Vessel will be much better to
transport the flour & have recommended it to the Q' Master, by the
Gen ls Order

I am D Co'

Your very Hum S*

DAV D S. FRANKS ADC
Col Lamb

* * *

WESTPOINT Sep'r 15* h 1780
Sir,

The Officer which was sent to me this day with a party of men to unload
hay, has been Absent from his party several Hours, the men have done

T0 The original of the following is to be found in the second volume of the
Steuben Papers at the New York Historical Society. A rectigraph copy
of it and of the other letters printed here has been obtained through the
courtesy of Mr. Robert H. Kelby, Librarian of the Society.

"The originals of this and the next two letters are to be found among
the Lamb Papers, at the New York Historical Society.

Notes. 143

nothing of any consequence to day, I am informed he is diverting himself
at long bullets in garrison. I wish he might be brought to answer for his
conduct

I am Sir with Respect, your

Most Obedt & Very Huml Serv*

ISAAC FRANKS
G P M

Col. Lamb ComdJ West point
[Endorsed :]

on service

Coll Lamb Commanding
West point.

BALTIMORE TOWN 25 May 1775
Dear Sir

I am first to apologize for my want of good nature, Politeness, and every
valuable qualification to render me worthy of the tribute you have paid
in your endeavors to establish a correspondence, believe me Sir I should
with pleasure have answered your Several favours but my mind has been
so Agitated for some time past with the Various Scenes of Brittish Policy
that could think of nothing else, your Sentiments are so generous and
liberal in favour of America, that if you had no other Merit that alone
would lead me to gratify you in every intelligence in my power, have now
sent you some papers tho they are old to us, yet as you may not see a
Variety of Papers in your Country you may find something entertaining,
the Philad* Post this morning brings nothing new, nor does any thing
Transpire from the Congress tho it is Sayd a general None Exportation
(Tobacco excepted) will take place the 20th July, if the act of Parliament
restraining the Trade to Brittain Ireland and the english West Indies that
we have been expecting for some time past should be in force

hope you rec<J by David Johnston of Virginia Waggoner a small box with
sundrys as p r bill inclosed you then 6..1..11 but omitted to charge the
medicins which I paid William Richards 2.-.8 as p r bill now inclosed,
which with what you had in August last 1.4.- amounts in the whole to
9..6..7. the Mandant Drops had of D? Bass but as they were so high pric'd
did not chuse to bring any more without your further direction

Whenever it shall be convenient there is none of my family but will
Embrace the first opportunity of Spending Sometime with you Mrs Gates
and Master Bob you all have their best wishes and as a proof of mine
shall neglect no opportunity that can contribute to the Budget of your
Weekly post, being very affectionately Dear Sir

Your Obed* humble Serv*

BENJAMIN LEVY

Since writing the above have been on the Enquiry for News and have mett
with the inclosd last Mondays New York Paper
Major Horatio Gates."

SAMUEL OPPENHEIM.

72 The original is to be found among the Gates Papers, Miscellaneous, at
the New York Historical Society.

11

NECROLOGY.
MENDES COHEN.

Mendes Cohen, born in Baltimore, May 4, 1831, died
August 13, 1915, was one of the finest examples and the
highest type of Jew that has been produced upon American
soil. Born of a family which settled in Pennsylvania in 1773,
and afterward moved to Virginia and later to Maryland, whose
members participated in trade and commerce and banking,
who took part in the War of the Revolution, and the War of
1812 in defence of their country, whose representatives fought
and won the fight of religious liberty in Maryland, were pio-
neers in medicine and in scientific collections as widely diverse
as Egyptology and Continental Currency, he was a worthy
member of this eminent group.

He was a just man who always did right and thought
straight. He had a personality which commanded and re-
ceived respect. His first work was as apprentice machinist in
the Baltimore locomotive works of the famous Ross Winans,
builder of many early American locomotives. In 1851 at the
age of 20 years, Mr. Cohen was appointed one of the assistants
to the Engineer of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad on work
connected with the construction of the Broad Tree Tunnel.

On the completion of this work he was transferred to the
motive-power department of the railroad. Two important
duties were assigned to him during this period the adaptation
of the wood-burning passenger locomotives to coal burning and
the handling of traffic on the famous 10 per cent, temporary
grade over the Kingwood Tunnel, a remarkable achievement
in railway operation.

At 24 years of age he became assistant superintendent of the
Hudson River Railroad, with which company he remained
until 1861, when he succeeded Gen. George B. McClellan as

145

146 American Jewish Historical Society.

operating head of the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, first being
superintendent and later president and superintendent. Dur-
ing this period he, with Octave Chanute, played an important
part in the difficult problem of the transportation of troops.
About the close of the year 1863 Mr. Cohen retired from this
position and for a short time was connected with the Phila-
delphia & Reading Railroad.

From 1868 to 1871 he was comptroller and assistant to the
president of the Lehigh Coal & Navigation Co. In 1872 he was
chosen president of the Pittsburgh & Connellsville Railroad
which was subsequently consolidated with the Baltimore &
Ohio Railroad system. During 1892-93 he was president of
the American Society of Civil Engineers, and in 1894 Presi-
dent Cleveland appointed him a member of the board to report
upon a route for the Chesapeake & Delaware Ship Canal.

He carried on his profession as a civil engineer in the early
pioneer days when the paths had not yet been smoothed out and
had the privilege of participating in carrying the first line of
railroad across the Allegheny Mountains.

Though he was president of a railroad, without the slightest
hesitation and without any thought of his career, he resigned
that presidency when he found that the figures that he had fur-
nished to the associated roads had been altered in a presenta-
tion to the stockholders. From that time on he never fol-
lowed any gainful pursuit and devoted himself entirely to the
welfare of the City of Baltimore and to the studies in which
he was greatly interested. Through his ability and persistence
the modern system of sewerage in the City of Baltimore was
adopted and put into effect. He was greatly interested in his-
tory; was a faithful member of the Maryland Historical
Society; acted for many years as its secretary and president,
and did much to encourage the scientific labors of its mem-
bers and to forward its publications, among the most splendid
of the collections issued by any state historical society. During

Necrology. 147

that period of lack of respect for archives, when national and
state records were plundered by private collectors, the records
at Annapolis also suffered. With great pains and care he
traced a great many documents and letters which had been
removed from the collections, purchased them at private and
public sale and restored them to the State.

He was very much interested in the American Jewish His-
torical Society, one of its founders, and for a long time a mem-
ber of its executive council and one of its vice-presidents. He
made a number of gifts to its collections and always had a deep
and sincere interest in its welfare and a belief in its usefulness,
and this coming from a man whose judgment was cool and
steady served as a great incentive to those of us who may have
occasionally been influenced by our enthusiasm.

He had a wide general cultivation and took an interest in
all the art, musical and intellectual pursuits of his fellow-
citizens in Baltimore and of the institutions which fostered
these purposes. He was a member of the Municipal Art Com-
mission of Baltimore and a trustee of the Peabody Institute.
He was thoroughly devoted to Judaism, living without any
claim of righteousness a thoroughly observant Jewish life and
his home was a sanctuary of this life.

No man in Baltimore was better known, nor more pro-
foundly admired, and the good qualities of his head were more
than equaled by the good qualities of his heart which caused
him to bestow his beneficence in many directions.

He lived his full life of more than four score, with the excep-
tion of a brief illness, in vigor and capacity for work, and
although his friends realized that when the time came he must
go the way of all flesh, it seemed especially hard that this
splendid frame could be shattered by illness.

It was an honor and a privilege to have the acquaintance
and to enjoy the friendship of such a man.

CYRUS ABLER.

148 American Jewish Historical Society.

ALBERTO CARLOS DA SILVA.

Alberto Carlos da Silva, a corresponding member of this
Society, was born at Lisbon, Portugal, October 27, 1850. He
was the eldest son of Francisco Arthur da Silva, a bookseller,
and his wife D. Adelaide Elisa Trindade.

He began his public career as Official of the Bibliotheca
National de Lisboa on December 29, 1887, and, on November
27, 1902, was promoted to be Primeiro-Conservador, in which
post he continued until his death in May, 1912. His remains
were buried in the Western Cemetery of Lisbon.

In his last years he pursued the practice of collecting rare
books written by Portuguese Jews, most of which he gathered
in England, Germany and Holland. His aid was loyally given
in the preparation of the writer's A Exposigdo Petrarchiana da
Bibliotheca Nagional de Lisboa: Catalogo summwrio, published
in 1905.

XAVIER DA CUNHA.

NICHOLAS DARNELL DAVIS.

When, on September 29, 1915, at Bath, England, N. Darnell
Davis, C. M. G., sunk into his final sleep, there passed away
one of the most active and interested corresponding members
of this Society.

Darnell Davis was born in Grenada, B. W. I., on February
4, 1846. He served there for some years in the office of the
private secretary to the governor, and later became private
secretary to the administrator. From 1866 to 1873 he was con-
nected with the local government of British Guiana, 1874 to
1876 civil commandant at Sherbro, Sierra Leone, and 1876 to
1908 postmaster-general and later on auditor-general of British
Guiana. In the last-mentioned year he retired from the
British Colonial Civil Service, having previously on occasion
acted also as government secretary and deputy governor.

Necrology. 149

His leisure moments were devoted to historical research,
and he made himself one of the greatest authorities on the
history of the West Indies. He was a voluminous writer on
his chosen subject, and contributed several papers and many
notes on the Jewish aspects of it to the Publications of this
Society.

I knew Mr. Davis only by correspondence and his letters to
me, as well as to Mr. Max J. Kohler, my predecessor in office,
were filled with useful information and valuable suggestions.
One of his cherished projects to secure copies of the inscrip-
tions in the Jewish graveyard of Nevis, B. W. I. was rendered
impossible of fulfillment by reason of the illness which finally
caused his demise.

In his departure this Society, together with the Eoyal Colo-
nial Institute and the West India Committee of London, loses
an able co-worker. 1

ALBERT M. FRIEDENBERG.

SOLOMON Fox.

The Cincinnati Jewish community lost one of its foremost
members when Solomon Fox passed to his eternal reward on
September 25, 1915. He was a resident of Cincinnati since
1866, in which year he arrived in this country from Europe.
He was born in St. Georg, Austria, on July 12, 1846. He was
associated with his brothers in the diamond and jewelry busi-
ness from the time of his arrival in Cincinnati to the day of his
death.

1 Obituary notices of Mr. Davis may be found in The West India
Committee Circular, October 5, 1915, p. 439; United Empire, vol. vi
(N. S.), p. 850 (November, 1915). Mr. Frank Cundall, F. S. A.,
kindly drew my attention to an " appreciation " of the late Dar-
nell Davis, by his old friend and collaborator, J. Graham Cruick-
shank, which was published in The Daily Argosy, Demerara,
November 4, 1915.

150 American Jewish Historical Society.

Solomon Fox was a man of rare public spirit, lofty char-
acter and marked generosity. He gave of himself and his time
without stint to the furtherance of the welfare of our religious
and educational institutions. He served as president and as
member of the board of trustees of the Bene Israel Congrega-
tion for many years. He was chiefly instrumental in securing
the funds for the erection of the beautiful temple of the con-
gregation at Rockdale and Harvey Avenues, Avondale, which
was dedicated in September, 1906.

He was a member of the executive board of the Union of
American Hebrew Congregations and was chairman of the
board of managers of its Department of Synagogue and School
Extension. His unfailing interest in this work contributed
largely to its success. He was treasurer and one of the moving
spirits of the committee that had in charge the great task of
building the handsome new structures of the Hebrew Union
College. His enthusiasm was contagious ; in his simple, unos-
tentatious and yet effective way he did with his whole heart
whatsoever his hand found to do.

He was one of the kindliest of men. He made for himself a
large place in the life of the community. No good cause ap-
pealed to him in vain. His memory is indeed a blessing !

He was in his seventieth year when his earthly career was
closed. He is survived by his widow, two sons, Burton and
Edgar, and two daughters, Mrs. Millard W. Mack, of Cincin-
nati, and Mrs. Julian W. Mack, of Chicago.

DAVID PHILIPSON.

ADOLF GUTTMACHER.

Adolf Guttmacher, who was a member of the American
Jewish Historical Society almost from its very beginning, was
born at Jaraczewo, Germany, January 7, 1861. His parents.
Manheim and Dorothea Guttmacher, transmitted to him by

Necrology.

151

way of example and training their genuine Jewishness, which
asserted itself in his early desire to enter the Rabbinate.

His elementary instruction Adolf Guttmacher received
originally in his native town and subsequently at Breslau and
Berlin. He came to America in 1884 and settled at Athens,
Ohio, where at a local college he assisted in teaching French
and German. The same year he moved to Cincinnati entering
simultaneously the University of Cincinnati and the Hebrew
Union College. He graduated from both institutions in the
year 1889, receiving from the former the Bachelor of Arts
degree and from the latter his Rabbinical ordination.

Adolf Guttmacher's first pulpit was that of the Achduth
Veshalom Congregation of Fort Wayne, Ind. In August,
1891, he was called to the pulpit of the Baltimore Hebrew
Congregation, Baltimore, Md. During his ministry of twenty-
four years in Baltimore he found time for many responsibilities
other than those which his pulpit enjoined. Having pursued a
post-graduate course in Semitics at the Johns Hopkins Uni-
versity, Adolf Guttmacher was in 1900 awarded the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy upon the presentation of his dissertation
entitled " Optimism and Pessimism in the Old and New
Testaments." In the early days of the Jewish Comment he
was one of the editors of this journal. For several years he
was also vice-president of the Hebrew Education Society and
an advisory of the Daughters in Israel. At the time of his
death he was president of the Jewish Home for Consumptives,
an executive of the Federated Jewish Charities, secretary of the
Eudowood Sanitorium, a member of the board of directors of
the Maryland Prisoners' Aid Association and on the board of
the Maryland Society for the Protection of Children from
Cruelty and Immorality, all Baltimore institutions.

In addition to serving these institutions he was for a long
while a member of the Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Wissen-
scliaft des Judentums, the Alliance Israelite Universelle, the

152 American Jewish Historical Society.

American Oriental Society, the Alumni Association of the
Hebrew Union College and the Central Conference of Ameri-
can Rabbis. In July, 1914, the Alumni Association of the
Hebrew Union College elected him its president. For the
Central Conference of American Rabbis he did most valuable
work. As its recording secretary for two years, he cooperated
in the editing of two of the Year Books of the Conference (vols.
xiii and xiv), and of the publication on the Synod. Latterly,
when he was made chairman of the publication committee of
the Conference, he saw the " Union Hagadah " and " Prayers
for Private Devotion " through the press.

Besides his thesis for the doctorate Adolf Guttmacher pub-
lished a " History of the Baltimore Hebrew Congregation "
(1905) ; " A Sabbath School Companion for Jewish Children "
(1907); and "The Perpetual Light Prayers and Medita-
tions on Death for Home and Burial Ground" (1913). He
contributed several articles to The Jewish Encyclopedia. A
number of sermons from his pen appeared in the Jewish press.

Adolf Guttmacher married Laura Oppenheimer, of Fort
Wayne, June, 1892, who, together with a daughter and two
sons, survives him. Adolf Guttmacher was called to his eternal
reward on January 17, 1915. As preacher and as man he
answered the requirements of the Lord. He did justice. He
loved kindness. He walked in humility before his God.

WILLIAM ROSENAU.

DAVID HUTZLER.

David Hutzler was born in Baltimore, Md., June 13, 1843.
and lived in the city all his life. His death occurred while
he was still engaged in conducting the business he had helped
to establish fifty-seven years ago, and while the public ac-
counted him as one of the foremost among the active mer-
chants of the city and one of its best-known citizens.

Necrology.

153

Mr. Hutzler was educated in the public schools of Baltimore,
and at the early age of fifteen entered business with his elder
brother, Mr. Abram G. Hutzler, the sole survivor (1916) of the
three brothers, who for so many years as Hutzler Brothers were
known throughout the city and elsewhere as merchants of the
highest standing, as much interested in the development of
their city, and of its people, as in the growth of their own large
interests.

It was characteristic of the solid and fundamental way that
marked the activities of the Hutzler Brothers, that the large
business, the outgrowth of over a half-century of honorable
trade, should be conducted on the same spot where in 1858 it
began. The place has expanded, modern methods and inven-
tions have all been drafted into service, but the foundations
were laid broad and deep at the beginning, and have been ade-
quate to the imposing superstructure that has been built upon
them.

Early in his career David Hutzler evinced an interest in
public affairs, and there is hardly a movement for the better-
ment of conditions, for the improvement of public service, for
the advancement of education, for the support of art and music,
with which his name was not intimately connected. Indeed,
when a representative non-professional man was required for
any large public service, the name of David Hutzler rose per-
haps oftenest in the mind of the citizens of Baltimore, Chris-
tian as well as Jewish, as the person best fitted for the place,
both by reason of his ability and experience and of His strong
desire to serve his city and his f ellowmen.

In the world of business the range of his activities is shown
as vice-president of the Board of Trade and chairman of its
committee on municipal affairs, as committee chairman of the
National Board of Trade, director of the Merchants' and Manu-
facturers' Association of Baltimore, of the National Mechanics
Bank, of the Eutaw Savings Bank and of the Fidelity and

154 American Jewish Historical Society.

Deposit Company. He was active in forming a Municipal
Research Committee, which helped to install the system of
accounting now used by the city, and he devoted much time
and labor to urging one-cent postage for first-class matter, and
also the parcels-post, which he advocated with cogent argu-
ment and convincing statistics.

Resolutely refusing political office, Mr. Hutzler was always
willing to place his abilities at the service of city and state.
He served on the New Charter Commission, which gave Balti-
more the first opportunity to manage its affairs in a modern
way ; and after the great fire in 1904 he acted as treasurer of the
Special Relief Committee, which so wisely performed its
duties that it could return to the city six-sevenths of the money
appropriated for relief. A simlar public spirit prompted
him to become, at the request of Sir William Osier, the first
treasurer of the Maryland Society for the Relief and Preven-
tion of Tuberculosis ; to be one of the largest contributors and
most earnest workers for the endowment fund for Johns Hop-
kins University and for a similar fund for Goucher College ; to
interest himself in the Municipal Art Society and in countless
organizations the object of which was to make the city a better
and more beautiful place to live in.

The charities found in him a sincere supporter, and he served
at one time on the Maryland Board of State Aid and Chari-
ties, and was a member both of the State Conference and the
National Conference of Charities and Correction. He was a
staunch supporter of the Federated Jewish Charities of Balti-
more, and at one time was a member of its board of directors ;
as director and afterwards president of the Hebrew Orphan
Asylum he served over a quarter of a century. In all the
numerous movements for the extension and the increased sup-
port of the Jewish charities, he was a ready and generous con-
tributor, and the same was true in reference to all movements
of a similar nature, whether designed for the general good or
even for the benefit of sectarian or other group interests.

Necrology.

155

As an ardent advocate of peace, he acted as a delegate to
the Peace Conference between Great Britain and the United
States, held in Washington in 1901. Later, in 1907, he repre-
sented Baltimore at the Peace Conference in New York City.
He was in Europe when the war broke out, and he returned
saddened by the clash of arms and the triumph of the military
spirit.

He was a notable figure in social life, and his friends and
acquaintances were drawn from an unusually wide field. When
quite a boy he assisted in the formation of the Harmony Circle,
a Jewish social organization which has flourished for over fifty
years, and has attained distinction as a high type of its class.
At one time he was president of the Phoenix Club, and he held
high offices in the Masonic fraternity.

For many years he was one of the most active members of
the Har Sinai Congregation, and he showed his interest in
Jewish affairs by his participation in the various movements
having for their purpose the development and elevation of the
Jewish people.

Personally, Mr. Hutzler presented a striking and dignified
figure. One saw in him at a glance a man devoted to the
higher interests of men and affairs. In personal relations he
was affable and considerate, though he maintained opinions
that he had formed after due consideration. His family life
was that of a man who consciously held through life to high
ideals. Vigor and alertness, mental and physical, were out-
standing characteristics, so that though he exceeded the
Psalmist's " three score years and ten," he never created the
impression of an elderly man. On the contrary, he had life
abounding, which impelled him to the last to consider with
interest every public problem, to travel with zest, and to read
with enthusiasm. He was keenly alive to the movements and
currents of his time; he absorbed their meaning, and became
the champion of those he approved.

156 American Jewish Historical Society.

In his home the natural dignity of the man relaxed into that
intimate comradeship which is the essence of domestic felicity.
Wife, children and grandchildren were merged into one happy
family, trusting, helpful, stimulating to each other, all ani-
mated with a spirit of culture, of alertness, of progress, of
service, forming a group whose devotion among its members
was equalled only by its deep concern for the best interests of
the community at large.

Merchant, citizen, friend, Jew, in each capacity showing an
exalted conception of duty as well as ability to conceive and
execute, David Hutzler was a notable example of the solid
right-thinking and far-seeing men, who probably contribute
more than any other class to communal and municipal progress.
When the time comes to consider the forces that went to the
making of Baltimore during the last generation, it will be
found that David Hutzler's contribution was as generous as it
was useful and elevating.

David Hutzler died January 21, 1915, and was survived by
his wife (who was Ella J. Gutman, married February 25,
1874) and five children, Cora R. (Mrs. Henry) Oppenheimer.
Theresa G. (Mrs. Jacob H.) Hollander '(since deceased),
Mabel, Albert D., and Joel G. D. Hutzler. The interment was
in the Har Sinai Cemetery.

Louis H. LEVIN.

JOSEPH JACOBS.

Joseph Jacobs was one of the important figures in the
Jewry of our age. Born in New South Wales, educated in
England, living there until his forty-sixth year, settled in
this country during the last sixteen years of his life, he was
in himself a type of the humanit}^ and universality of the
Jewish people.

He was born at Sydney on August 29, 1854, and died at
Yonkers, X. Y., on January 30, 1916, in the sixty-second year
of his age.

Necrology.

157

His life was thus sharply divided into three periods. Of
his first the stage of juvenile preparation we know nothing.
At an early age, probably in his eighteenth year, we find him
at the University of Cambridge, at St. John's College. His
degree of B. A. he took in 1876, being the senior moralist of
the year. At the University he appears to have been keenly
interested in mathematics, in history, in philosophy, in an-
thropology and in general literature.

These interests, as he developed, took shape in two distinct
lines of mental activity, literature and anthropology, of which
folk-lore is an important part. For the former, whoever may
have been his living preceptors, he sat at the feet of the great
masters from Chaucer to Browning. He was at home in the
whole field of English literature, and loved its masterpieces
in prose and poetry. He wrote with ease and grace, so that
even his researches in matters of pure science were free from
the stiffness commonly ascribed to the average professor's
style.

Had he followed literature as a career, he might have at-
tained a high place in the illustrious roll of honor of Britain's
literary worthies. One has but to read the specimens em-
bodied in his "Essays and Keviews," London, 1891, to be
convinced of his marvelous powers of thought and diction.

Fate, however, determined otherwise. In the very year of
his graduation, 1876, George Eliot's " Daniel Deronda " was
published. It ventured to treat a great Jewish problem with
understanding and sympathy. That this might not rouse the
enthusiasm of critics the authoress well knew. On December
1, 1876, she writes in her journal :

I have been made aware of much repugnance or else indifference
towards the Jewish part of " Deronda," and of some hostile as well

as adverse reviewing Words of gratitude have come from

Jews and Jewesses, and there are certain signs that I may have
contributed my mite to a good result.

158 American Jewish Historical Society.

That the hostility of the criticisms on " Daniel Deronda "
grieved George Eliot is doubtless true, notwithstanding her
assertion that she never read criticisms of her works. There
are always good friends who spare us the labor of reading
disagreeable things by telling us of them with painful fidelity.

To the fresh and youthful mind of Jacobs the practical una-
nimity of hostile criticism conveyed the message that even
in his beloved England there was a strain of Jew-hatred, un-
conscious perhaps, but widely prevalent.

Under the stress of this feeling he wrote the critical essay
entitled " Mordecai," which appeared in Macmillans Maga-
zine, June, 1877. It is one of the series afterwards published
under the title of ""Jewish Ideals," Macmillan & Co., 1896.
As the production of a youth fresh from college, it is a mar-
velous piece of work, displaying wide knowledge and deep
thought in language at once apt and noble.

Under the spur of the feeling which produced " Mordecai,"
he went in the same year to Berlin and there studied Jewish
literature and bibliography under Steinschneider and Jewish
philosophy and ethnology under Lazarus.

When he came back to England he turned to anthropology,
under the guidance of Sir Francis Galton. In the pursuit of
this study his interest in folk-lore increased and he pursued
the subject earnestly, never, however, allowing his attention
to the Jewish side of the subject to flag.

With interests so wide, an intellect so keen, and a pen so
ready his literary productivity was naturally great. His
published writings, numerous as they are, give but an imper-
fect idea of Jacobs' phenomenal industry. While engaged in
these serious studies he did an enormous amount of practical
work. From 1878 to 1884 he was secretary of the Society of
Hebrew Literature. When Eussia, in 1881, began her present
cruel persecution of the Jews, it was Jacobs who, in The Times
(London) of January 11 and 13, 1882, drew the attention of

Necrology.

159

Europe to this new development of barbarism. The result
was the Mansion House meeting of February 1, 1882, and the
formation of the Mansion House Fund and Committee, whose
secretary he was from 1882 to 1900.

He was, too, very active in promoting the Anglo-Jewish
Historical Exhibition of 1887, was the honorary secretary of
its literature and art committee, and in that capacity com-
piled (with Lucien Wolf) its excellent catalogue. That exhi-
bition, held in the Eoyal Albert Hall, London, also resulted in
a series of publications of papers of great historic value, in
which he took a leading part. Especially important was the
" Bibliotheca Anglo- Judaica," mentioned above, a work which
in the language of Dr. Israel Abrahams " has been the inspira-
tion of all subsequent researches in that field."

In 1888 Jacobs visited Spain for the purpose of investi-
gating the MS. sources of the history of the Jews of that
country, on which occasion the Eoyal Academy of History at
Madrid elected him a corresponding member. His noteworthy
discourse at his reception into that society is the last article in
his book entitled " Jewish Ideals," supra.

In 1891 he wrote, in connection with the Guildhall meeting,
a further account of Eussian persecutions, with an appendix
on anti- Jewish legislation in Eussia. This is the carefully
prepared paper in which occurs the fateful sentence : " The
Eussian law declares all Jews to be aliens." The little book
was entitled "The Persecution of the Jews in Eussia," was
published in London in 1891, and was promptly republished
in this country by the Jewish Publication Society of America.

In 1896 he began the issue of The Jewish Year Book, which
has become an institution. He continued its publication until
his departure from England, the last one issued by him being
the one for 1899. These Year Books were works of great use-
fulness. They furnished not only practical information to
the many, but contained matter of historical and other scien-
12

160 American Jewish Historical Society.

tific value. Indeed, they set a standard for that kind of pub-
lication, which has since heen followed in England and in our
own country.

With the year 1900, the second period of Jacobs' life ended.
He had in 1896 visited the United States and had delivered
his lectures on "The Philosophy of Jewish History" before
Gratz College in Philadelphia and before the Council of Jew-
ish Women at New York, Philadelphia and Chicago. About
this time the American Jewish Historical Society elected him
one of its corresponding members.

When in 1900 the fertile brain of Dr. Isidore Singer evolved
the audacious scheme of a great Jewish encyclopaedia, which
should enlist the service of six hundred collaborators, of whom
nearly one-half were residents of countries in which English
is not the national language, it was apparent that the work
could not succeed unless the department for revising the MSS.
was of the highest capacity and efficiency. There was but one
opinion as to the proper man for the place, and Joseph Jacobs
was called to enter upon his American career.

It is needless in this presence to enlarge upon the char-
acter of that enterprise. It is one of the greatest works of
constructive scholarship that has been produced in America.
To quote Dr. Jacobs himself :

It gives a complete Jewish history, a complete Jewish theology,
a nearly complete account of Jewish literature, and the first sketch
of a complete Jewish sociology.

Moreover, it furnishes illustrations to the number of nearly
twenty-five hundred. Of these 63 are maps, 112 are speci-
mens of Hebrew typography, 333 are portraits, and there is
a goodly number of MSS.

Jacobs was not only the revising editor responsible for the
English of the myriad articles contained in the work, but he
had also his special departments in which he was an expert,
namely, " Anthropology " and " Jews of England." An idea

Necrology. 161

of his labors may be obtained from the fact that about four
hundred and fifty articles were written by him, and that the
valuable illustrations were largely due to his efforts.

During his residence in this country he was actively en-
gaged in practical affairs. He took a lively interest in this
Society, of the executive council of which he was an active
member up to the date of his death, was a working member
of the publication committee of the Jewish Publication So-
ciety of America, was for some years a professor in the Jewish
Theological Seminary of America, since 1906 was editor of
The American Hebrew and since 1914 director of the Bureau
of Jewish Statistics of the American Jewish Committee.
With these manifold occupations he found time to make
psychological experiments and observations intended to be
utilized in a great book he had long planned, and to which I
shall presently allude.

As far back as 1889 he had privately printed his "Plan
of a projected work," which he tentatively called " The Jewish
Eace A Study in National Character." It was to be divided
into two main parts, with an introductory part. The intro-
duction was to have two chapters (three sections). The
first part was to have nine chapters (twenty-two sections).
It was entitled " Traits." The second the last part was to
have twelve chapters (forty-two sections). Its title was to be
" Historic Causes." And the whole was to be rounded out by a
" Conclusion."

He had tentative titles for each of the sections. Sixteen of
these had as early as 1889 been printed under various titles
and there is little doubt that he had always worked at some
of the others, and it may be that he left the book in a finished
state. The hope that this may be so is strengthened by the
remark of Prof. Marx in The American Hebrew of February
11, 1916, that he saw all but the concluding chapter of a
work which is probably the same as that so carefully planned
more than a quarter of a century since.

162 American Jewish Historical Society.

Needless to say, Dr. Jacobs' reputation in England was
great. He was one of the leading contributors to The Athe-
nceum, was called to edit Folk-lore, was looked upon as the
leading authority on fairy tales and the migration of fables.
He was president of the Jewish Historical Society of England.
In Spain he was received into the Royal Academy of History,
as has already been noted, and in this country the Brooklyn
Institute of Arts and Sciences elected him a member and the
University of Pennsylvania conferred on him its honorary
degree of Doctor of Letters.

It is still too early to assign to Dr. Jacobs the place to which
he is fairly entitled in the realms of English literature, of
folk-lore, of anthropology, and of Jewish history and eth-
nology. Personally I am convinced that it will be high.

In conclusion, let me speak a word of appreciation of the
man. His was a noble nature, incapable of envy. With an
insatiable thirst for knowledge, he was always ready to wel-
come a fellow-enquirer. His abundant stores were at every-
one's disposal and neither the youth nor the humble position
of the worker hindered his admiration of any achievement.

He was, in the beautiful language of his friend and mine,
Israel Zangwill, of

the simple brotherhood of souls that seek the highest good, ....
confronting life with kindly eyes, a scholar unafraid.

MAYER SULZBERGER/

In the following bibliographical list 2 of Jacobs' writings I
have included such of his stray papers as were separately re-

1 See The American Jewish Year Book 5617, pp. 68-75.

2 For assistance in its compilation I am indebted to Albert M.
Priedenberg and Prof. Alexander Marx. Attention may be directed
to the bibliography, covering Jacobs' contributions only to Anglo-
Jewish history, literature, and statistics, prepared in a com-
pendious fashion by Dr. Israel Abrahams, and published in the
Transactions of the Jewish Historical Society of England, vol. viii,
p. 150 et seq.

Necrology. 163

printed, articles and reviews which he contributed to Jewish
scientific journals and a list of his articles in alphabetical
order, arranged by volumes, which appeared in " The Jewish
Encyclopedia/ 7 and similar recent works. The list abundantly
shows Jacobs' fertility. The dates of the publications do not
refer to the dates of authorship of the contents, but to their
collection into volumes.

lS8l-seq. Editorial writer The Jewish Chronicle.

1882 Persecution of the Jews in Russia, 1881 (published

anonymously).

Reprinted from The Times, with Map and Appendix.

1883 The " Blood Accusation," its Origin and Occurrence dur-

ing the Middle Ages (published anonymously).

Reprinted from The Jewish Chronicle, June 29, 1883.
Studies in Jewish Statistics.

Reprinted from The Jewish Chronicle.

1885 The Jewish Question, 1875-84. Bibliographical Hand-

list.
On the Racial Characteristics of Modern Jews.

Reprinted from Journal of the Anthropological Institute.

1886 The Comparative Distribution of Jewish Ability.

1887 The Fables of Bidpai (edited).

Catalogue of Anglo- Jewish Historical Exhibition (with
Lucien Wolf) .

1888 The same work, de luxe edition (with Lucien Wolf),

illustrated by Frank Haes.

Bibliotheca Anglo-Judaica: A Bibliographical Guide to
Anglo-Jewish History (with Lucien Wolf).

The London Jewry of 1290. Papers read at the Anglo-
Jewish Historical Exhibition.

Jewish Diffusion of Folk-Tales (a lecture at Jew's Col-
lege).

Reprinted from The Jewish Chronicle.

1889 The Jewish Race: A Study in National Character (pri-

vately printed).
Aesop's Fables as printed by Caxton (edited).

2 vols. ; vol. i containing his History of the Aesopic Fable.

Slavonic translation of this work, New York, 1914.
Was Sir Leon ever in London?

Reprinted from The Jewish Chronicle, January 25, 1889.
Jews in England: When did the Jews first settle in
England? Jewish Quarterly Review, vol. 1.

164 American Jewish Historical Society.

Massorite School in England? Ibid.
Une lettre franchise d'un Juif anglais au xiiie siecle.
Revue des Etudes Juives, vol. xviii.

1890 English Fairy Tales.

2d edition, 1892; 3d edition, 1898; 3d edition, revised,

New York, 1910.

The Persecution of the Jews in Russia (published
anonymously).

Issued by the Russo-Jewish Committee of London. Re-
printed by The Jewish Publication Society of America,
1891, 1897.

Day's Daphnis and Chloe (edited).
Painter's Palace of Pleasure (edited).
Browning's Theology. Jewish Quarterly Review, vol. ii.
Ideals: Jewish Ideals. Ibid.
English Massorites. Ibid.

1891 Celtic Fairy Tales.

New edition, New York, 1910.
Essays and Reviews.

Studies in Jewish Statistics (collection).
Baltasar Grac.ian's The Art of Worldly Wisdom (trans-
lated and edited).

New edition, 1913.
Three Centuries of the Hagin Family. Jewish Quarterly

Review, vol. iii.
Review of Steinthal's Essays. Ibid.

1892 Tennyson and In Memoriam.
Indian Fairy Tales.

2d edition, 1903.
Howell's Familiar Letters [Epistolae Ho-elianae]

(edited).
Papers and Transactions, 2d International Folk-lore

Congress, 1891 (edited).
Review of Bickell on the Hagada and the Mass. Jewish

Quarterly Review, vol. iv.
Notes on the Jews of England under the Angevin Kings.

Ibid., vols. iv, v.

1893 More English Fairy Tales.

New edition, New York, 1910.
The Jews of Angevin England.

English History by Contemporary Writers, series edited
by Prof. F. York Powell. Ibid., American edition,
New York.

Yiddish-English Manual (with Hermann Landau)
6th edition, 1906.

Necrology.

165

1894 More Celtic Fairy Tales.

New edition, New York, 1910.

Studies in Biblical Archaeology.

Aesop's Fables.

Statistics of Jewish Population in London, etc.

An Inquiry into the Sources of the History of the Jews
in Spain.

Rejoinders (to Steinschneider on Berachyah Nakdan
and to Bacher's review of Jews of Angevin England).
Jewish Quarterly Review, vol. vi.

Notes on the MS. Sources of the History of the Jews in
Spain. lUd.

Little St. Hugh of Lincoln. Transactions Jewish His-
torical Society of England, 1893-4.

1895 Literary Studies.

2d edition of Essays and Reviews, 1891.
As Others Saw Him: A Retrospect A. D. 54 (published
anonymously).

2d edition, Boston, Mass., 1900; 3d edition, New York,

1903.

Reynard the Fox (edited).
Meinhold's The Amber Witch (edited).
On editorial committee of Folk-lore, a periodical.
Review of James Drummond's Hibbert Lectures. Jewish
Quarterly Review, vol. vii.

1896 Jewish Ideals and Other Essays.
Wonder Voyages.
Introduction to Job.

Morris' Old French Romances (edited).
Goldsmith's Comedies (edited).
Thackeray's Esmond (edited).
Barlaam and Josaphat (edited).
The Jewish Year Book (edited).
The Arabian Nights (edited).
Editor The Jewish Library.

Vol. i : Israel Abrahams' Jewish Life in the Middle Ages ;

no more published.

On editorial committee of Folk-lore, a periodical.
A Jewish Scholar's Career.

Reprinted from The Jewish Chronicle.
Glossary of Jewish Terms.

Reprinted from The Jewish Year Book 5657. Enlarged
in subsequent issues.

166 American Jewish Historical Society.

Spanish Jewish History. A Reply to Kayserling. Jew-
ish Quarterly Review, vol. viii.

1897 English Style and Composition.

Not issued; see The Jewish Chronicle, March 27, 1908,

p. 18 [by Albert M. Friedenberg].
The Jewish Year Book (edited).
Review of Jevons' History of Religion. Jewish Quarterly

Review, vol. ix.
Review of Jessopp and James' St. William of Norwich

Ibid.

The New Logia. Review of books by Grenfell, Hunt and
Harnack. Ibid., vol. x.

1898 Introduction to Austen's Emma.
Introduction to Chamisso's Peter Schlemihl.
The Jewish Year Book (edited).

The Literary Year Book (edited).

The Typical Character of Anglo-Jewish History. Jewish

Quarterly Review, vol. x. [Inaugural Address as

President.] Transactions Jewish Historical Society

of England, 1896-8.

Aaron of Lincoln. Ibid., in both places.
Review of Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible. Jewish

Quarterly Review, vols. xi, xii.
Review of M. Lazarus' Ethics of Judaism. Ibid., vol. xii.

1899 The Story of Geographical Discovery.

New editions, 1902, 1906, 1907, 1909, 1913.
Economics of Domesday: Lectures before the London

School of Economics (unpublished).
Introduction on Persian Poetry to Costello's Rose

Garden of Persia.
Tales from Boccaccio (edited).
The Jewish Year Book (edited).
The Literary Year Book (edited).

1900 The Dying of Death.

The Balzac Library, No. 11.

1900-1906 Revising editor The Jewish Encyclopedia; also editor
departments Jews of England and anthropology of the
same work.

1901 Yehude Russia. Ha-Modia la-Hadashim, vol. i, No. 6.

A characterization of the Russian Jews, especially writ-
ten for this periodical, and, it now appears, translated
into Hebrew by A. S. Freidus, to whom I owe this item.

Necrology.

167

A Plea for an American Jewish Historical Exhibition.
Publications of the American Jewish Historical So-
ciety, No. 9.

The following articles in The Jewish Encyclopedia, vol.
i: Aaron of Canterbury; Aaron of Lincoln; Aaron of
York; Aaron, son of the Devil; Aberdeen, Scotland;
Abraham's Oak (part 3 ); Abraham of Hamburg;
Abraham ben Isaac Auerbach; Abraham ibn Shoshan
of Cairo; Abraham ben Solomon of Zamora; Abu
Talib; Acts of Parliament relating to the Jews of
England; Aden; Adler; Adler, Cyrus; Aesop's Fables
among the Jews; Afghanistan; Aguilar, Baron d'
(part) ; Alexander; Alexandre, Albert; Alfonsine
Tables; Almagest; Amador de los Rios, Jos6; An-
cestor Worship; Andrew, St.; Anecdotes; Anglo-
Israelism; Anglo-Jewish Historical Exhibition; An-
thropology; Antonio de Verona; Apes.

1902 The Damascus Affair of 1840 and the Jews of America.

Publications of the American Jewish Historical So-
ciety, No. 10.

Earliest Representation of Ark of the Law. Jewish
Quarterly Review, vol. xiv.

The following articles in The Jewish Encyclopedia, vol.
ii: Arabian Nights; Archa; Archite; Aria, Lewis;
Arthur Legend; Artisans; Asher, Asher; Asnapper;
Assize of Jewry; Astronomy in Post-Talmudic Times;
Ayas, Leon; Ba'al ha-Bayit; Baba-Buch; Badge;
Badhan (part); Bakewell Hall; Ballads on Jewish
Subjects; Ballin, Ada Sara; Banking; Barabbas;
Barlaam and Josaphat; Barnett, Jacob; Barnett,
Lionel D.; Bath, England; Beck, Matthew Frederick;
Bedford, England; Belfast; Belinfante Family; Beli-
sario, Miriam Mendes; Bells; Benas, Baron L.

In ibid., vol. iii: Bender, Alfred Philipp; Benedict of
York; Beni-Israel (part) ; Benjamin of Canterbury
(or Cambridge); Benjamin, Simeon; Bennett, Solo-
mon; Bentwich, Herbert; Benvenista de Porta; Be-
rechiah de Nicole (of Lincoln) ; Bernard of Clair-
vaux; Beth Hillel, David de; Bevis Marks Synagogue
(part) ; Bibliography; Birmingham, England (part) ;

8 This word signifies that Jacobs produced this article in collabo-
ration with another contributor.

168 American Jewish Historical Society.

Births; Bishop of the Jews; Black Death; Blood-
Accusation (Cases); Blumenfeld, J. C.; Blumenthal,
Mark; Bodenschatz, J. C. G.; Boeschenstain, Jo-
hannes; Book-Collectors; Book-Plates; Breithaupt,
John Frederick; Bristol, England ; Brothers, Richard ;
Browning, Robert; Bury St. Edmunnds; Cambridge,
England; Campen, John van; Canon; Cantarini;
Canterbury; Carpi, Solomon Joseph ben Nathan;
Carpi, Zachariah; Carvajal, Antonio Fernandez;
Castro, Jose Rodrigues de; Cat; Censors, List of;
Census; Chamberlahi, Houston Stewart; Chao-Yng-
Cheng; Chartography.

1902-1903 Editor English department The Jewish World (Die
idische Welt), New York daily newspaper.

1903 The following articles in The Jewish Encyclopedia, vol.

iv: Cheyne, Thomas Kelley; Chronology, Post-Bibli-
cal; Churriker, Abraham David; Circumcision (in
Ethnography) ; Clavering, Robert; Coat of Arms
(part); Cochin (part); Coffee; Cohen (Name); Col-
chester; Colenso, John William; Commerce; Con-
sanguinity among Jews ; Cornwall ; Coronation Chair ;
Costume (in Post-Biblical Times) ; Cresques lo Juheu;
Crusades (The); Crypto- Jews; Davis, Myer David;
Deaf-Mutism; Defense; Deutsch, Emanuel (part);
Divekar, Samuel Ezekiel; Dreams in Jewish Folk-
lore.

In ibid., vol. v: Edersheim, Alfred; Education Trade-
Schools (part); Eggs; Elyas of London; England;
Era (part) ; European Jews (Census) ; Exchange,
Bills of; Exchequer of the Jews; Exeter; Ezekiel,
Ezekiel Abraham; Fable; Faro (printing); Ferdi-
nand II; Ferdinand, Philip; Finance; Folk-lore;
Folk-medicine; Folk-tales; Freemasonry; Gabbai;
Gadarenes; Generation (Length of); Geographers;
Gesenius, Heinrich Friedrich Wilhelm; Ghosalker,
Solomon Daniel; Gibeon and Gibeonites (part) ;
Gibraltar; Gilds; Ginsburg, Christian David; Glass.

1904 Samuel Vanstrahlen [Van Straalen]. Publications of

the American Jewish Historical Society, No. 12.
The Hundred Best Available Books in English on Jew-
ish Subjects.

Reprinted from American Jewish Year Book 5665.

Necrology. 169

Editor Jewish Charity, New York monthly magazine.

The following articles in The Jewish Encyclopedia, vol.
vi: Goe'l; Golgotha; Gordon, Samuel; Gotendorf,
James; Guastalla, Enrico; Guggenheim, Meyer; Gu-
glielmo, Benjamin; Habdalah, Superstitions; Hachuel,
Sol; Haggadah; Haggadah shel Pesach Illumina-
tions and Illustrations; Hagin Deulacres; Hagin fil
Mossy; Hair, Superstitions; Halakah; Ham Biblical
Data and Critical View; Hambro' Synagogue; Handi-
crafts; Heine, Heinrich; Heine, Solomon; Hep! Hep! ;
Hereford; Herschel, Sir William; Historiography;
Historische Commission; Hospital; Host Desecration
(Cases); Hugh of Lincoln; Hull; Hunting; Imber,
Naphtali Herz; Incunabula; Inn; Intermarriage,
Statistics; Isaac of Norwich; Isaac, Johann Levita;
Isaacs, Rebecca.

In ibid., vol. vii: Ixar; Jablonski, Daniel E.; Jacob ben
Judah Hazzan (of London); Jacob of London; Jesus
of Nazareth in History; Jew; Jewesses; Jewish
Chronicle, The; Jewish Historical Society of England;
Jewish Quarterly Review; Jewish Theological Semi-
nary of America; Jewry; Jews' Walk; Joceus of York;
Johannes, Pauli; John of Capua; Joseph of Mande-
ville; Joseph, Morris; Joseph Zabara; Judah ben
Isaac; Judith Montefiore College; Junior Right; Jus
Primae Noctis; Kaliah wa-Dimnah (Fables of
Bidpai); Karfunkelstein, Siegfried; Kedeshah; Ke-
far-Salama; Kennicott, Benjamin; King; Kiss and
Kissing; Knot; Kremser, Simon; Krespia Nakdan;
Lapidaria; Lateran Councils; Lee, Sidney; Leicester.

In ibid., vol. viii: Lesser, Louis; Levi, Borach; Levi,
Nathaniel; Leviate Marriage; Levy, Abraham Hirt-
zel; Levy, Amy; Levy, Joseph Hiam; Levy, Sara;
Lewis, Sir George Henry; Lewis, Harry S.; Lewisohn,
Leonard; Liebermann, Felix; Limerick, Ireland; Lin-
coln, England; Lindo; Lindo, Alexander; Lindo,
David Abarbanel; Lindo Mark Prager; Lisbon, Ty-
pography; London (pp. 155-178) ; London Committee
of Deputies; Lopez, Rodrigo; Lot (Critical View);
Lumley, Benjamin (part) ; Luzzato (part) ; Magnus,
Lady Katie; Magnus, Sir Philip; Maimon (ben
Joseph) ; Mammon; Manasseh ben Israel; Manessier

170 American Jewish Historical Society.

de Vesoul; Manetti, Giannozzo; Mansion House and
Guildhall Meetings (part); Mantua, Typography;
Manuscripts, Number of; Marriage, Statistics; Matri-
archy; McCaul, Alexander; Meir ben Elijah of
Norwich; Metuentes; Michaelis, Johann David;
Michaelis, Johann Heinrich; Migration (Statistics);
Minters; Mirror; Mocatta Pedigree; Montefiore,
Leonard; Montezinos, Antonio de.

1905 Report of the Committee on Indexing American Jewish

Periodicals. Publications of the American Jewish
Historical' Society, No. 13.

Frederic David Mocatta, lUd.

The following articles in The Jewish Encyclopedia, vol.
ix: Moscheles, Felix; Moser, Moses; Moses ben
Isaac Hanessiah; Moses ben Nahman (Pedigree);
Moses ben Yom-tob (part); Miinster, Sebastian;
Miinsterberg, Hugo; Mussafla, Adolf; Myers, Asher
Isaac; Myers, Maurice William; Myers, Walter;
Names, Personal (pp. 152-160) ; Napoleon Bonaparte;
Natality; Navigation, Post-Biblical; Nethinim; Nol-
deke, Theodore; Northampton, England; Norwich,
England; Occupations (Statistical); Olshausen, Jus-
tus; Oxford, Typography; Pacifico Case; Palache,
Samuel; Palgrave, Sir Francis; Pardo, Joseph;
Peace, Kiss of; Pedigree; Pentateuch; Peter of Alles-
sandria.

In ibid., vol. x: Place-Names; Popes, The Bulls of the;
Poverty; Presbyter Judaeorum ; Price, Julius Mendes;
Prideaux, Humphrey; Professions (Statistics); Pub-
lican; Purity of Race; Races of the Old Testament;
Raffalovich, Arthur; Raphael, Mark; Reddinge,
Robert de; Reinach, Baron Jacques; Reland, Adrian;
Renan, Joseph Ernest; Reubeni, David; Reuss, Eduard
Wilhelm; Ricius, Augustinus; Riddle; Rimini; Ritt-
angel, Johann Stephanus; Riva di Trento; Roads;
Robert of Bury St. Edmunds; Robles, Antonio Rodri-
quez da; Rome, Typography; Rosenmiiller, Ernst
Friedrich Karl; Rosenthal, Harry Louis; Rossi, G. B.
de; Rothschild (pp. 490-498); Rumania Anti- Jewish
Legislation; Sabbionetta, Typography.

In ibid., vol. xi: Samuel ha-Nakdan; Samuel and Yates
Pedigree; Samuelson, Sir Bernhard; Sargon, Michael;

Necrology. 171

Saulcy, L. F. J. C. de; Sayce, A. H.; Schiff Pedigree;
Schiff, Jacob H.; Schlemihl; Schudt, Johann Jakob;
Schultens, Albert; Schuster, Arthur; Schutzjude;
Selden, John (part); Seligman Pedigree; Seligman,
E. R. A.; Seligman, Isaac N.; Seligman, Jesse; Selig-
man, Joseph; Shapira, M. W.; Shepherd; Shetadlan;
Shetar; Shoe; Shurrabi, Shelomo Salem; Shylock;
Simon, Sir John; Simon, Richard; Sindbad; Slave-
Trade; Snowman, Isaac; Solomon and Marcolf; Solo-
mon, Simeon; Solomon, S. J.; Soncino (part); Son-
cino, List of Publications; Soncino, Eleazar ben Ger-
shon ; Soncino, Gershon ben Moses ; ; Soncino, Israel
Nathan; Soncino, Joshua Solomon; Soncino, Moses;
South Carolina; South and Central America; Spain,
since 1473; Speyer Pedigree; Spielmann, Sir Isidore,
Spielmann, Marion H.; Spinoza (pp. 511-520); Sta-
tistics (pp. 528-536) ; Straus Family; Sulzberger
Family and Pedigree; Superstitions, Modern; Sutro,
Alfred; Sydney (part); Synagogue Architecture
(Supplemental); Szold, Henrietta; Tallage; Tally.
1906 The Jewish Encyclopedia: A Guide to Its Contents, an

Aid to Its Use.

The following articles in The Jewish Encyclopedia, vol.
xii: Tammuz; Taylor, Charles; Threshold; Toledo
(pp. 176-182); Tombstones, Sarcophagus; Totemism;
Toy, Crawford H.; Travelers; Trebino, Tomas;
Tremellius, John Immanuel; Tribes, Lost Ten; Tri-
ennial Cycle; Trumbull, Henry Clay; Tuchmann,
Jules; Tychsen, Olaus Gerhard; Types, Jewish; Ty-
pography (pp. 295-335) ; Ugolino, Blaisic; United
States, Statistics (pp. 370-378) ; Universities; Usury,
Medieval Doctrine; Vecinho, Joseph; Virtue, Origi-
nal; Vitringa, Campegius; Wagner, Richard; Wallich
(Pedigree); Walton, Bryan; Wandering Jew; War-
burg Family and Pedigree; Wasker, Silliman Abajee;
Weather-Lore; William of Norwich; Wilna, Ty-
pography; Winchester, England; Wolf, Johann
Christoph; Wolf, Lucien; Worms Family and Pedi-
gree; Wiinsche, August; Ximenes, Sir Morris; Year
Book; Yezer ha-Ra'; York, England; Zangwill,
Israel; Zangwill, Louis; Zedek, Joseph Cohen-; Zim-
mern, Helen.

172 American Jewish Historical Society.

1906-1916 Editor The American Hebrew.

1907 Dr. Meyer Kayserling. Publications of the American

Jewish Historical Society, No. 16.

1907-1915 Style editor new Bible translation of The Jewish Pub-
lication Society of America.

1910 Charles Gross. Publications of the American Jewish

Historical Society, No. 19.

1911 European Ideals: A Study in Origins (privately

printed).

The following articles in the Encyclopaedia Britannica,
llth edition: Jew, The Wandering (vol. xv) ; Ne-
thinim (vol. xix) ; Passover (vol. xx) ; Purim (vol.
xxii) ; Tabernacles, Feast of (vol. xxvi).

1912 The following article in Hastings' Encyclopaedia of

Religion and Ethics, vol. v: Fable.

1913 Introduction to English translation of Ruppin's The

Jews of To-day.

1914 Jewish Population of the United States.

Reprinted from American Jewish Year Book 5675.
The Original of Scott's Rebecca. Publications of the

American Jewish Historical Society, No. 22.
Anatole Leroy-Beaulieu. Ibid.
Review of books on legends of the Jews. Jewish

Quarterly Review, new series, vol. iv.
Review of Smith and Karpinski's Hindu-Arabic

Numerals. Ibid., vol. v.

1915 The Federation Movement in American Jewish Philan-

thropy.

Reprinted from American Jewish Book 5676.
Annual Report for the year 1914 of the Bureau of Jewish
Statistics and Research of the American Jewish Com-
mittee.

Reprinted from 8th annual report of the American Jewish

Committee.
American Jewish Year Book 5676 (edited).

1915-1916 On editorial board for Jewish classics of The Jewish
Publication Society of America.

1916 Europa's Fairy Tales.

Annual Report for the year 1915 of the Bureau of
Jewish Statistics and Research of the American Com-

Necrology. 173

mittee, including a memoir on New York Jewish
Charitable Institutions and State Aid.

Reprinted from 9th annual report of the American Jewish
Committee ; also reprinted in American Jewish Year
Book 5677.

Reviews of books on the Jews and Austrian finance,
and on Jewish immigration into the United States.
Jewish Quarterly Review, new series, vol. vii.

AUGUST B. LOEB.

On Monday, August 23, 1915, at his summer residence,
Ventnor, N. J., August Benjamin Loeb, of Philadelphia,
passed to his eternal home after a serious and protracted ill-
ness of six months' duration.

Mr. Loeb was born in Bechtheim, Germany, August 16,
1841. At the age of ten years he came with his parents, Ben-
jamin and Babette Loeb, and other members of his family to
this country and settled in Philadelphia where he resided until
his death.

He was educated in the public schools of Philadelphia. In
early manhood he entered into the business life of the com-
munity with two of his brothers in the importation of foreign
leather and in the manufacture of tartaric acid preparations.
Of the corporation organized to carry on the latter industry he
was the president, and among the pioneers of this field in the
United States. He subsequently retired from the leather
business and became interested in banking, and was in 1893
elected a director of the Finance Company of Pennsylvania,
and of the Tradesmen's National Bank in 1896 ; he later became
vice-president of the latter, and in 1910 its president. The
last-named office he occupied until his death. During his
administration the bank was brought to a high standard of effi-
ciency and enjoyed increased prosperity. In addition to these
positions he held prominent places in a fiduciary capacity in
other large corporations, and was notably a director in the

174 American Jewish Historical Society.

Market Street National Bank, the Eeal Estate Trust Com-
pany, and the South Chester Tube Company, in all of which
he continued to the time of his death. He was for several years
a director of the Philadelphia Rapid Transit Company which
controls the entire street railway system of the city.

He was a contributor to the Jewish charitable organizations,
as well as to many of other denominations, but his active pub-
lic work was almost exclusively given to the Jewish Hospital
and Home for the Aged and Infirm of Philadelphia, with which
he became associated as its treasurer in 1880, and remained in
service up to the time of his death, a period of thirty-five years ;
he was for many years chairman of its executive committee and
of the committee on investments, serving with zeal and fidelity.
With ripe judgment he carefully guarded the interests of the
association, and gave his best thought and influence to place
it on a plane with the best of its kind.

In 1878 Mr. and Mrs. Abraham Adler, who were the parents
of Mrs. Loeb, in conjunction with Mr. Loeb erected and pre-
sented to the Jewish Hospital Association the Mathilde Adler
Loeb Dispensary as a memorial to Mrs. Loeb, who died in
1875. This dispensary has been of much usefulness and an
important factor in the work of the hospital. It was endowed
by him during his life in the sum of $10,000, and a like amount
was bequeathed by him for this purpose in his will. A bequest
of $2000 was also made by Mrs. Abraham Adler for its support.
In 1864 when the association erected the new building for the
Home for Aged and Infirm Israelites he and his brothers en-
downed a room therein in memory of their parents.

He was highly respected and esteemed in the business com-
munity of the city. He entertained the highest ideas of respon-
sibility, and was fair and just in his dealings. He had a large
circle of friends by whom he was held in high regard. He was
a prudent and careful man, of sound judgment, a good coun-
sellor and conscientious in the discharge of every duty to which
he was assigned.

Necrology. 175

In accordance with his request his funeral took place from
the Henry S. Frank Memorial Synagogue on the grounds of
the hospital, to which he was so long attached ; it was attended
by a large number of his associates of various institutions and
numerous other friends.

WILLIAM B. HACKENBURG.

ISAAC L. RICE.

Isaac L. Rice, who has been a member of this Society since
1911, died in the City of New York on November 2, 1915. He
was born in Bavaria in 1850, but in his youth accompanied his
parents to Philadelphia, where he received his early education.
He devoted himself then to music and to its teaching in New
York City. He soon became a well-known figure in that city
in artistic circles, and was recognized as a most competent
instructor and interpreter, and a brilliant career in practice
and in theory as a musician and as an historian of music seemed
to lie before him. He determined, however, to abandon his
labors in this direction, and took up the study of the law at
Columbia University. He was particularly interested in the
Political Science Department of the Law School, which had re-
cently been established, and was graduated in 1880 with special
honors in that branch of his studies. He became a lecturer and
instructor in the Columbia Law School, and helped to develop
and broaden the course of studies there. During this period he
wrote for various reviews, notably in answer to some of Herbert
Spencer's essays on railroads and theories as to the administra-
tion and finance of public utilities. His profound study of the
technical side of railway and corporation finance and his power
of imagination in visualizing the apparently dry details and
anticipating the practical application of new and untried
forces, led to his leaving the teaching and lecturing field and
ultimately to great success in the largest financial undertak-
13

176 American Jewish Historical Society.

ings. Devoting himself from 1886 to 1889 to the practice of
the law with Nathan Bijur, now Justice of the Supreme Court
of the State of New York, and Meyer M. Friend as his asso-
ciates, he became more and more familiar with the practical
side of corporation organization and reorganization and liti-
gation involving the rights and duties of promoters and in-
ventors. While practicing law, he established The Forum, a
well-known periodical of high literary merit, and contributed
frequently to its pages. In 1889 he left the active practice of
the law and devoted himself to the study of inventions, par-
ticularly in the electrical field, and to the administration of
corporations formed for the application to immediate use of
many such inventions. The creation and extension of the
storage battery industry were largely due to his labors as presi-
dent of the Electric Storage Battery Company. His organiza-
tion and direction of the Electric Vehicle Company led to the
widespread development of the electric automobile industry,
and he founded and largely controlled the Electric Boat Com-
pany, which became preeminent in the construction and intro-
duction of submarine boats. The sensational sale of its stock,
from which large fortunes were realized, was one of the last
activities of his busy and useful career. He was deeply inter-
ested in chess, had invented an opening known as " The Rice
Gambit," and was most generous in his efforts to keep the
international interest in the game alive. He was a picturesque
figure and lived an interesting and energetic life. He was a
liberal contributor to charitable works, and a large portion of
his fortune has been given by his widow for the establishment
of a hospital for convalescents, to bear his name, and for the
endowment and assistance of various literary institutions.

SAMSON LACHMAN.

Necrology. 177

SOLOMON SCHECHTER.

On November 19, 1915, an untimely death brought to a close
the rich life of Solomon Schechter, whose loss was felt almost
as keenly by the Jewry of the whole world as by us in this
country. In him we have lost our greatest exponent of Juda-
ism. Solomon Schechter was born in Focsani, Roumania,
probably in December (rDt3n""i), 1850. He received his
first education from his father, who had emigrated froni
Lukasch, Russia, and exercised the function of a Shochet i*n
Focsani. Dr. Schechter was fond of speaking of this -self-
denying, saintly, and scholarly man. The respect he felt
towards him proved a blessing to the son even in the periods of
greatest storm and stress. He felt that it was his father's influ-
ence which had kept him within the fold of conservative
Judaism.

The unusually gifted boy, who learned to read Hebrew at
the age of three, and knew the Pentateuch at five, was to devote
his life from his early youth to the study of the Torah. At the
age of ten he began to attend the Jeshiba in Piatra, a nearby
town, and when about thirteen years old he was sent to one of
the greatest Talmudic authorities of the time, R. Joseph Saul
Nathanson, of Lemberg. After a year of assiduous study 'he
returned home with a highly complimentary certificate from
his great teacher for his zeal and the originality displayed in
his studies, the more remarkable when we consider the age of
the boy. In 1875 he went to Vienna. The first contact 'with
European culture naturally made a very deep impression on
the mind of the young Talmudist. The upheaval produced m
so many young men of this type may be observed almost daily
even at the present time. It is impossible to estimate how great
a loss Judaism is suffering through the numerous defections
from its ranks caused by the sudden removal of its most gifted
sons from the Eastern Ghetto into the university life of the
West. It requires great inner strength to withstand the influ-

178 American Jewish Historical Society.

ence of the new surroundings and to continue to value the in-
heritance of the Jewish past so little esteemed therein.

That Schechter escaped the dangers of the new environment
he ascribed to the respect for his father and to the friendship
of two men in Vienna, Adolf Jellinek and particularly Meir
Friedmann. Jellinek recognized at once the unusual gifts of
the new arrival, and did everything in his power to help him in
his struggle for a living. He charged him with cataloguing his
library, and procured stipends for him. What was even more
appreciated, he favored him with his personal friendship, and
Schechter never forgot the stimulating discussions carried on
with him during long walks through the streets of Vienna.
One of the prize essays, " The Library of R. Bezallel Ashkenazi
traced from his Responsa and his Novellae," announced by Dr.
Schechter for the Seminary for the scholastic year 1915-
1916 goes back to a suggestion received at that time from
Jellinek. During his stay in Vienna Schechter was a regular
pupil of the Beth ha-Midrash, a modernized Talmudical high
school in which Jellinek took great interest. Here he enjoyed
the instruction of Meir Friedmann and Isaac Hirsch Weiss, the
two scholars who in different ways showed a happy blending of
old-time Talmudic scholarship with modern methods. Weiss,
who had devoted himself to the presentation of the historical
development of the Halakha or rather the Halakhists, wished
his pupil to follow in his footsteps ; but it was Friedmann, with
his lovable personality and depth of feeling, who won the deeper
influence over Schechter. Friedmann had shown his mastery
in his editions of the oldest Midrashim and their interpreta-
tion in the true spirit of their authors. As a teacher of Mid-
rash he was unsurpassed. In this line Schechter followed him
in his first great book, to the dissatisfaction of Weiss, who did
not fully appreciate the value of such editorial work and whose
own editions were therefore not his highest accomplishments.
Friedmann, who entrusted the instruction of his sons to

Necrology. 179

Schechter, was, I think, in Sehechter's own opinion, the man
who had exercised the greatest influence on him, and Schechter
always remained fondly attached to him. From Weiss, who
liked to exercise Rabbinical functions, from which Friedmann
refrained, Schechter received the Rabbinical diploma when he
left Vienna for Germany, in 1879. The document bears testi-
mony, not only to Schechter's unusual acquaintance with Bible,
Talmud, and Midrash, as well as later Jewish literature, but
also refers expressly to his high moral character, which shrank
back from all hypocrisy and disdained all sham.

His old friends accompanied Schechter with their good
wishes and their fatherly care. Only lately I had the oppor-
tunity of reading a touching letter written by Weiss in answer
to the first letter his pupil sent him from his new place of resi-
dence. A father could not have shown more solicitude for the
welfare of his son than the master displayed for his pupil. He
expected him to make new friends easily, as he had always
possessed this gift. But he advised him particularly to cultivate
the friendship of Dr. P. F. Frankl, whose acceptance of the
Rabbinate of the Berlin community had been the real reason
for Schechter's leaving Vienna. He had followed his old
friend to his new sphere of activity. But Schechter needed
no advice on that score ; his deep friendship for Frankl, even
the latter's death could not end.

In Berlin Schechter came in contact with all the great
scholars of that city. But the only one who had a lasting influ-
ence on him was Israel Lewy, one of the foremost Talmudic
critics, whose methods he followed in the Introduction to his
Abot de Rabbi Nathan. He also enjoyed the instruction of
the great Steinschneider, and although in later years he showed
a certain aversion to bibliographical research of which Stein-
schneider was the foremost exponent, he expressed his indebt-
edness to the master in his first article in the Beth Talmud,
and paid him a fine tribute in the sixteenth number of our
Publications.

180 American Jewish Historical Society.

It was due to his friend Frankl that the years of study were
brought to a close and that Schechter began to make use of the
enormous store of learning he had accumulated. In 1882
Claude G. Montefiore, who was studying in Berlin, wished to
continue in England the studies he had auspiciously started in
Germany. Strangely enough in the country that harbors the
greatest treasures of the Jewish past, it was not possible to
find a proper teacher. It was necessary to import one, and at
FrankFs recommendation of Schechter as the man he was
looking for, Montefiore invited him to go with him to England.
Thus Schechter joined the small band of Jewish scholars that
had immigrated to England Adolf Neubauer, Michael Fried-
laender, and Simon Schiller-Szinessy and soon secured ac-
cess to the wonderful collections of the British Museum. Of
these he had heard legends current in his native place, as he
tells us in the first volume of his " Studies in Judaism." His
studies had only sharpened his desire for them. To his
rambles among the MSS. of the Museum and the Bodleian
Library we owe the discovery of Saadya's commentary on the
rules of interpretation and the testaments of the two sons of
Rabbi Asher ben Jehiel which strongly appealed to a mind
like Schechter's constantly seeking the soul in the scholar.
In London Schechter finished his first great book, an exhaust-
ive edition of the Abot de Rabbi Nathan, an important and
interesting Talmudic book of ethical content, which was in-
cluded in all the Talmud editions, but the text of which had
suffered very much at the hands of ignorant copyists. Here
for the first time a Hebrew text was published on the basis of
all extant manuscripts and with the painstaking conscientious-
ness one was used to see applied to Greek and Latin texts, but
which was almost a novum in Hebraicis. The learned author
had discovered a second version of the book and he published
this for the first time side by side with the well-known text.
He had read through numberless volumes, both in print and in
manuscript, to collect quotations which in some way might help

Necrology. 181

to elucidate the difficulties of the text, and all the wealth of
his own knowledge and acumen were brought to bear on the
interpretation of the book. Even after text and commentary
were printed the author was not yet satisfied, and continued his
labor, the results of which he incorporated into appendices.
The publication of this volume at once put Schechter in the
front rank of Jewish scholars, and for thirty years Abot de
Rabbi Nathan has been quoted by all scholars only according
to Schechter's edition. In the same year his essay on " The
Chassidim " appeared, translated by Montefiore from the Ger-
man original. Many years later it was retranslated into Ger-
man and translated into Roumanian. For the first time a
sympathetic picture of the Chassidic movement had been
painted showing the underlying beauty of many of its teachings
as well as the idealism of its founders and early representatives.
The essay marked an epoch in Schechter's development. He
had now entirely passed his Sturm und Drang periode, and
could do justice to the associations of his early youth, which
on his first contact with Western life had become so repulsive
to him. As a matter of fact, the respect for his father, a de-
voted adherent of Chassidism, had much to do with this defense
of the movement. Ten years earlier, under the fresh influence
of the great change he had undergone, Schechter had published
a biting and very clever satire on Chassidic life in the form of
letters by Chassidim. This first article of Schechter's, written
in Hebrew, had appeared in a periodical anonymously, but he
always felt that he owed an apology to his father for having
ridiculed what the latter held in such veneration. The result
was the essay on the Chassidim which now appears as the first
of his " Studies."

In London Schechter for a time was connected with Jews'
College, at that time under the presidency of Dr. Michael
Friedlaender, one of the most modest and saintly of Jewish
scholars, who always manifested the warmest friendship for
Schechter. In his house Schechter also met his wife, Mathilde

182 American Jewish Historical Society.

Roth, who was to gain so great an influence on his life, and
without whose constant and unselfish care removing every
obstacle from his path at the cost of the greatest personal
sacrifices, he never could have done his work as he did.

That he did not neglect the primary object of his coming to
England was testified to abundantly by Montefiore, in 1892, in
the introduction to his Hibbert Lectures, his first important
scientific publication. In 1890 Schechter was appointed
Lecturer in Rabbinics at Cambridge University, and here his
influence soon asserted itself, not only among the Jewish stu-
dents, who always were welcome and felt at home in his house,
but also in the circle of the Cambridge scholars, whatever may
have been their specialty. Here he became the intimate friend
of the famous folklorist, Sir James George Frazer, of W. W.
Buckland, the Regius Professor of Law, of the Icelandic
scholar Eiriker Magnusson, and many others, who found it
profitable to discuss with him complicated questions connected
with their own subjects. These ties of friendship persisted
even after Schechter came to this country, and whenever he
returned to England he was greeted with the greatest enthusi-
asm by his numerous friends.

In 1893 a travelling scholarship enabled Schechter to visit
the great Jewish collections of Italy and to gather material in
two fields, the history of the Biblical Canon and the textual
criticism of the treatise Abot, in which he had been interested
since his work on Abot de Rabbi Nathan had brought him face
to face with its problems. In Cambridge Dr. Charles Taylor
had naturally kindled this interest in the treatise to which he
had himself devoted many years of labor. The material on
Abot collected by Dr. Schechter is being prepared for publica-
tion by one of his former pupils, Rabbi Jacob Kohn, whom he
had entrusted with this task some time ago. But his notes
dealing with the history of the Canon have not been utilized yet.
Though he did not exploit the material which attracted him at
the outset, the Italian trip brought some important literary

Necrology. 183

discoveries in the line of Midrashic literature such as the
Aggadath Shir ha Shirim. It is to be hoped that more of the
material collected by him may in time become accessible.
About the same time Schechter was engaged in editing a
voluminous Midrash on the Pentateuch, which had reached
Europe from Yemen a few years previously and which for the
first time had been utilized by Schechter to whom Mr. Monte-
fiore had presented a copy of it for his Abot de Rabbi Nathan.
His uncommon mastery of the whole of the Midrash literature
with its most obscure quotations enabled Schechter to discern
at once that this Yemen compilation had made use of many
an unknown Midrash and also offered important variations in
the texts of the known books. In 1902, after ten years' work,
the first volume of the Midrash ha-Gadol appeared on the eve
of the editor's departure to this country. The notes and ref-
erences to this interesting book show once more the master of
Midrash, who could trace the great majority of the sources of
the compiler even though the latter had combined the various
texts into a more or less continuous work without a mention of
the origin of the sentences. As Schechter states in the preface,
he had read the proofs to this volume partly in some German
city, partly in Rome, in Cairo, and in Jerusalem; that is to
say, not only the visit to the Italian libraries had fallen into
the period of printing this Midrash, but also the great turning
point in his life the discovery of the Genizah.

The existence of the Genizah at Cairo had been known
before, and from time to time dealers in antiquities had
stealthily abstracted old parchments from their centuries-old
resting place and sold them to European or American col-
lectors and tourists. Dr. Schechter himself told me the story
of his visit to his friends Mrs. Lewis and Mrs. Gibson, who had
just returned from a trip to the East, and showed him some old
Hebrew leaves which the learned ladies had acquired on their
journey. One of these leaves attracted his special attention,
and he at once conceived the idea that it contained a piece of

184 American Jewish Historical Society.

the original of Ben Sira, in which he had long been specially
interested, as is shown by an article of a few years before
enumerating all the Hebrew quotations from this book occur-
ring in Jewish literature. To test the correctness of his idea he
had to go home, for the ladies, being strict Presbyterians, had
no copy of the Apocrypha in their house. I need not dwell on
the universal stir produced by the discovery of the original of
the book looked upon as part of the Bible by the Christian
world. It had a consequence quite unique in the annals of
Jewish science. Dr. Schechter was enabled not through
Jewish liberality, it should be added parenthetically to start
immediately for Egypt, to search the Genizah at first hand for
further parts of Ben Sira. With his wonderfully magnetic
personality he succeeded far beyond all expectation, and was
permitted by the Jewish community of Cairo to take with him
all the treasures he unearthed. Together with Dr. Taylor,
who had made it possible for Dr. Schechter to go to Egypt, he
presented the priceless treasures to the university whose teach-
ing staff he adorned. From that time on his scientific activity
was centered on the fragments he had discovered. One must
have seen him in the midst of these dusty, crumpled bits of
paper to realize fully the amount of learning and quickness of
perception required to separate documents of one class from
the other and bring some kind of order into that chaos. It may
be said without exaggeration that hardly any other single
scholar has enlarged our knowledge of our past to the same
degree as Dr. Schechter. He has changed our whole view of
conditions in Babylonia, Palestine, and Egypt in the tenth
and eleventh centuries. Various Genizah publications in the
Jewish Quarterly Review, his Saadyana, etc., will always re-
main first-class sources of Jewish history. By no stretch of the
imagination can the importance of the discovery of the Genizah
be overestimated or the further discoveries be foretold that
may be made in this collection which, unfortunately but for
casual visits of foreign scholars, has been lying idle since Dr.

Necrology. 185

Schechter left Cambridge. Besides his volume of Ben Sira
published in collaboration with Taylor the publication of the
" Documents of Jewish Sectaries " has made the greatest im-
pression. The former brought him public recognition in the
professorship of Hebrew at the University of London, without
his application for the post, and in the honorary Doctor's degree
by Cambridge University, and the second was similarly recog-
nized by Harvard. It is characteristic of Schechter and de-
serves the greatest credit that he at once recognized the impor-
tance of this puzzling and enigmatical sectarian text which, in
so rich a collection of unknown fragments, would have been
neglected by almost every other scholar.

Between the two publications a most important change had
taken place in Schechter's life. He had given up the pleasant
associations, the intimate friendships, and the quiet life of
Cambridge University to devote his great powers to his own
people. Largely the change was prompted also by the desire to
bring up his children in Jewish surroundings. It was mainly
through the efforts of some of the most farsighted members of
our Society here in Philadelphia that Dr. Schechter was
invited to take charge of the reorganized Jewish Theological
Seminary. The remark once made by Jellinek to an English
visitor, that the date of Schechter's arrival in England should
be marked as epoch-making for the Jewish learning in that
country, applies with even more force to his arrival in this
country, April 17, 1902.

Of his activity in the seminary I will not speak here, nor of
his influence on the development of Judaism in this country,
which as far as such matters can be estimated by contempo-
raries, is know to all those present. I must however mention
briefly that part of his literary activity which made him so
well-known to the educated public, his " Studies in Judaism "
and his " Aspects of Eabbinic Theology/' In these works he
shows a wonderful combination of most thorough scientific
research with an admirably lucid presentation in a style en-

186 American Jewish Historical Society.

tirely his own, which nowhere suggests to the reader that the
author not only was not born an Englishman but became ac-
quainted with English only as a mature man. The casual
reader cannot surmise what painstaking work lies behind the
elegant, characteristic sentences, or what untiring research was
required to establish the facts offered to the public without
claim to original investigation, with the air almost that they
may be found in any handbook. I shall never forget the num-
ber of books he consulted for the essay on Safed, the Responsa
volumes searched from cover to cover for some stray reference
that might possibly occur there, but often did not, and his
happiness in finding the statutes of the Safed saints in a newly
acquired manuscript of our Seminary Library. Dr. Schechter,
like no other modern Jewish scholar, could put his own rich
personality in the place of the mediaeval author who attracted
his interest, be he a Talmudist pure and simple, a " liberal "
philosopher, or, horribile dictu, a Cabalist. For him the
rationalistic prejudice against the mystic did not exist. A
man did not need the excuse that he had, besides Cabalistic
writings, also a medical or mathematical work to his credit.
It is due to Dr. Schechter that historical justice has been done
to the Jewish saints and mystics of the Middle Ages.

His theology is characterized by its constructive tendency
which offers the best apology for Judaism by developing its
doctrines in a clear exposition instead of defending it by refut-
ing its critics.

It would be entirely wrong to consider Dr. Schechter a dry
scholar who spent his time among his books removed from the
questions of the day. Although in England, in his official ac-
tivity, he was out of direct touch with the affairs of the com-
munity, his interest in all matters Jewish was very strong. In
accordance with his nature, he was in opposition to the ruling
powers. Opposition to the customary and the mechanical
routine of organization with its deadening effects was one of

Necrology. 187

his characteristic traits. His "Epistles to the Jews of En-
gland " manifest his interest in that Jewry. In America his
position brought him face to face with the problems of our
time, and compelled him to address the public regularly at the
Commencements of the Seminary, occasions which a man like
Schechter would naturally utilize to give expression to his
own views on the burning questions of the day in his char-
acteristic fashion. By a stroke of good fortune a few months
before his death he himself carried out a plan that had occu-
pied him since the end of the first decade after the reorgani-
zation of the Seminary, that of publishing a collection of his
Seminary addresses and similar papers, giving permanent
form to the addresses he had prepared with infinite care
and setting forth his views on the most important problems of
present-day Jewry. The volume, ending with his last public
address, therefore is of great value for an understanding of
the ideas for which he labored assiduously in the Seminary.

In summing up Schechter's scientific work, one finds great
difficulty in stating which branch was his specialty. The prog-
ress of Biblical science he had always followed with keen
interest, if frequently with serious doubts as to the correctness
of the results accepted by the modern school. He had but
rarely occasion to occupy himself with these questions in his
books, but the Introduction to his Ben Sira registers his pro-
test against the school of the day with documentary evidence,
which again characteristic of our time has been taken up
by non-Jewish scholars abroad while most Jewish scholars
fight shy of Biblical studies.

Again, since his early youth, Schechter had been a master of
Talmudic studies, and up to recent times he taught the Pales-
tinian Talmud in the Seminary. In his work in preparation
for an exhaustive treatise on Jewish charities, which occupied
his mind very largely during the last two years, and which,
alas, was not to be written by him, who like none else could

188 American Jewish Historical Society.

have dealt with the subject, the Halakhic aspects attracted his
special attention. In the last weeks of his life he was occupied
with reviewing the relevant Talmudic passages and the early
commentaries upon them. The enactment passed in the middle
of the second century by the Rabbinic authorities at Usha con-
cerning tithes, of which the Babylonian and the Palestinian
Talmud give diametrically different accounts, was the last
scientific subject he discussed with me. He kept track of the
modern scientific literature on Talmudic subjects, and com-
plained shortly before his death that a recent dissertation on
the laws of Hazaka, a new acquisition of our library, had not
been brought to his attention. His article " Talmud " in the
extra volume of Basting's Dictionary of the Bible may be
mentioned in this connection as a masterpiece of lucid presen-
tation of a difficult subject.

To Liturgy also he only rarely refers in his publications
outside of his treatment of its theological aspects, and still he
was very deeply interested in this branch, lectured on it in the
Seminary, and intended to write a comprehensive review of all
the recent publications in this field.

Of his marvelous acquaintance with the whole Midrashic
Literature I have spoken already. If the discovery of the
Genizah had not intervened, Dr. Schechter would probably
have finished the edition of the five volumes of the Midrash ha-
Gadol and would have contributed much to the study of the
history of that branch of literature.

While his work on theology has always attracted great inter-
est, Schechter himself had to be urged on by outsiders to put
his material on the subject into shape. His clear insight into
the theological concepts of the Eabbis has always been admired,
but somehow Schechter seemed to prefer to devote his leisure
to other matters. Still the reception accorded to his " Aspects "
made him think of a second volume for the discussion of some
other problems of Rabbinic theology, but the plan never went
beyond his casual thought.

Necrology. 189

What made him most popular, however, were his historical
or, to be more definite, his biographical essays. He had won-
derful ability in putting before the reader the historical setting,
as a frame for the picture drawn by him with incomparable
skill. It made no difference whether he wished to put before
our eyes an individual or a body of scholars or saints. It is very
much to be regretted that we have not more of these masterly
sketches from the hand of the literary artist, which incidentally
throw much light on the conditions prevailing in entire periods.
His interest in Jewish history was most comprehensive; per-
haps he was more attracted by the pious Jews of mediaeval
Germany than by those of Spain with their secular culture.
He took very little interest in the Jewish Historical Society of
England, objecting to " provincial Judaism " on principle, and
he was very glad when our Society, whose corresponding mem-
ber he was since 1896, widened its scope to include the whole
of Jewish history.

Considering Schechter's life as a whole, we may without
hesitation say that it was happy in personal experience as it
was in achievements. His sudden, unexpected death without
antecedent suffering which his impetuous temperament could
ill have borne, formed a fitting climax.

Though I may have exceeded the time allotted to me in
attempting to characterize Schechter the scholar, yet I cannot
conclude without devoting a few words to Schechter the man
who, " higher than any of the people from the shoulder and
upward," attracted attention in any gathering in which he
appeared. His wonderful head expressed the man's per-
sonality. His magnetism, his happy flashes of humor, brought
everybody under his spell. The brilliant expressions of his
genius, uttered as unexpectedly as lightning, often made his
friends wish for a Boswell to collect his utterances. His
breadth of mind made possible a circle of friends and admirers
unusually large and of diversified character. Nothing was

190 American Jewish Historical Society.

foreign to the interest of this man, who had read the master-
pieces of every literature but did not refrain from indulging
freely in the lighter novel to rest his mind. When his interest
in a subject was roused, he sought all possible information
upon it by reading almost everything written on the matter.
For a time Japan was the center of his reading appetite. In
certain phases of American history he always showed deep
interest. He ever appreciated it if his friends drew his atten-
tion to a book worth reading on the Civil War or on Lincoln ;
on both subjects few people will have read more extensively
than he. This unusually wide reading enabled him, in writing
as in conversation, to illustrate his statements by apt quotations
from all kinds of sources. He was a master in the use of such
quotations and very fond of them ; sometimes he even put his
own words in the mouth of an indefinite somebody. He found
common ground for a talk with everybody, and it was most
touching to observe Dr. Schechter among children. Whatever
their age, they all looked to him as a friend and he made it his
business to cultivate their friendship. He always attracted
children, being himself childlike in many respects.

I may be permitted to give here a personal reminiscence of
my first meeting with Dr. Schechter, when in 1898 I came to
England as a young student to collate the MSS. of a book,
Seder Olam, in which I understood Dr. Schechter to be inter-
ested. Having with some difficulty made an appointment with
him for a certain Sunday, I came to his house in Cambridge, an
entire stranger, without any letter of introduction, and asked
him whether he could give me some material for the book in
question. He told me he had given up the idea of editing the
book, though he had made copies of some important MSS. with
his own hand and had begun to write notes on the text. With-
out hesitation he presented all his material, the result of con-
siderable work, to the young stranger of whom he knew nothing.
I always thought this a remarkable expression of generosity,

Necrology. 191

characteristic of his impulsive nature, which would form a
predilection or an aversion in a moment and be guided by it in
his actions. In the same measure, he had his strong prejudices
which he was wont to express in even stronger language than
they were meant. A violent diatribe by Schechter against a
person did not preclude his otherwise having great respect for
the man's character or abilities. His friends knew how much
to deduct when Schechter relieved his feelings by such an
explosion. In personal relations he went to extremes ; a person
was wholly good or wholly bad, he was no friend of lukewarm
feeling. If he felt that he had offended a friend he would try
at once to straighten the matter out again, and never was
Schechter more human than in such moments of reconciliation.
I have tried to give a few glimpses of this powerful person-
ality, but a speaker of quite different gifts is required to do
justice to our departed master. I was favored with his inti-
mate friendship for many a year and our relations will always
be a cherished and sacred memory to me. To speak with one
of his old Cambridge friends,

He was one of the few the very few men I have known who
were real leaders of thought, enlighteners of the world.

We who were privileged to be his friends could not find a
better expression of what we felt when he was taken from us
than the words of a lifelong friend, Sir James Gr. Frazer, of
Cambridge, who at the news of his death in a private letter,
wrote the following tribute to his beloved confrere :

In him we have lost one of our truest friends and one of the
finest and most remarkable men we have ever known. It would
be difficult to say whether he was more admirable for the bril-
liance of his intellect and the readiness of his wit, or for the
warmth of his affection and the generosity and nobility of his
character, but I think it was the latter qualities even more than
his genius which endeared him to his friends. It was a wonderful
combination of intellectual and moral excellence, and the longer
and the more intimately one knew him the more deeply did one
14

192 American Jewish Historical Society.

feel the impression of his greatness and goodness. I reckon it
among the good fortunes of my life to have had the privilege
and honor of his friendship, and I am sure that very many who
knew him must feel as I do. His memory the memory of his
intellectual honesty, his generous enthusiasm for everything that
was noble and beautiful, and his unmeasured contempt for every-
thing that was base and ignoble the memory of this will abide
with us and be an inspiration to us to the end of our lives.

ALEXANDER MARX.

INDEX.

A. M. F. See Friedenberg, Albert M.

Aaron, Joseph, note on, 122-123.

Aaron v. Ward, case of, 136.

Aarons, David, 118.

Aarons, Elizabeth, 118.

Aarons, Jacob, 118.

Aberdeen, Earl of, 15.

" Abot de R. Nathan," by Solomon
Schechter, 179, 180, 181, 182.

" Abraham Alexandre Lindo, a Pio-
neer American Jewish Publi-
cist," by Prof. Gotthard
Deutsch, xiv.

Abrahams, Abraham I., 47.

Abrahams, Isaac, 52.

Abrahams, Ifsrael], note by, on

" Johnson of Columbia and the

Hebrew Language," xiv, 109-

111.

ref. to work by, 109 (note), 162

(note), quoted, 159.
note by, on Joseph Aaron, 122-
123.

Abrahams, Jacob, 34, 39, 40 (note),
46, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 58, 62.

Abrahams, Solomon, 52.

" Account of the Malignant Fever
lately Prevalent in the City of
New York," by James Hardie,
123.

Achduth Veshalom Congregation,
Fort Wayne, Ind., 151.

" Act for the Relief of the Jews of
Maryland." See Jew Bill of
Maryland.

" Acts and Resolves of the First
General Assembly of the State
of Florida . . . ," alluded to,
9 (note),
ref. to, 18 (note), 19.

Adams, Charles Francis, ref. to
work by, 12 (note).

Adams, John, 96 (note).

ref. to "Works" of, 130 (note).

Adams, John Quincy, and David L.
Yulee, 12-14.

Adath Joseph Congregation, St.
Joseph, Mo., 124.

" Additional Material on Francisco
de Faria," note on, by Lee M.
Friedman, xiii, 127-128.

Adler, Mr. and Mrs. Abraham, 174.

Adler, Dr. Cyrus, vii, ix, xi, xii, xv.
necrology of Mendes Cohen by,
xii, 145-147.

" Adolphus Mordecai Hart, of Que-
bec," note on, by Rabbi Julius
J. Price, xiii, 121-122.

Aggadath Shir ha Shirim, 183.

Aguilar Free Library, New York,
112.

Akely, horse thief, 142.

Alabama, 24, 136.

Alachua County, Florida, 3 (note),
8, 132, 133, 134.

Albany, 142.

Alberga, Alexander, 116.

Alberga, Benjamin, 117.

Alberga, Judah, 116.

Alden, Rev. Timothy, 132.

Alliance Israelite Universelle, xvi,
151.

Alumni Association of Hebrew
Union College, 152.

" America in Haskalah Literature,"
by Prof. Gotthard Deutsch, xiv.

American Antiquarian Society at
Worcester, Mass., 84 and
(note).

" American Contributions toward
the Removal of Jewish Dis-
abilities in the Balkan States,"
by Hon. Simon Wolf and Max.
J. Kohler, xiv.

" American Hebrew," 112, 161.
ref. to, 113, 134 (note), 135, 137.

American Jewish cases, further ad-
ditions to Calendar of, 134-138.

American Jewish Committee,
Bureau of Jewish Statistics of,
161.

193

194

American Jewish Historical Society.

American Jewish Historical Society,
account of twenty-fourth an-
nual meeting, ix-xiv.
report of Corresponding Sec-
retary, ix.

report of Treasurer, x-xi.
executive council elected at
twenty-fourth annual meeting,
xi.
papers presented at twenty-fourth

annual meeting, xii-xiv.
report of Curator, xv-xvi.
gifts to, xv-xvi, 124 (note), 128.

American Jewish Historical Society,
Publications of, alluded to, 5
(note).

ref. to, 39 (note), 42 (note), 44
(note), 46 (note), 49 (note),
50 (note), 75 (note), 76 (note),
78 (note), 79 (note), 87 (note),
90 (note), 91 (note), 93 (note),
104 (note), 109, 113, 114, 119,
121 (note), 123, 125 (note),
126, 127, 131 (note), 134
(note), 138 (note), 139 (note),
140 (note), 141 (note), 179.

" American Jewish Year Book," ref.
to, 162 (note).

American Oriental Society, 152.

American Society of Civil En-
gineers, 146.

" Americans no Jewes " (1'Es-
trange), alluded to, 81.

Amsterdam, 88, 89, 128, 138.
Great Synagogue at, 89.

Andrade, Mr., 112.

Andrews, Joseph, 51, 52, 55.

Anglo-Jewish Historical Exhibition,
159.

" Annotated Code," Iowa, ref. to,
137.

" Annotated Indiana Statutes," ref.
to, 137.

" Argument before the Select Com-
mittee of the United States
Senate" (Stanton), alluded to,
21 (note).

Arkansas, 24, 114.

Arnold, Benedict, 113.

Aronstam, Noah E., ref. to work by,
32 (note).

Arredendo, Don Fernando de la

Mazo, 132.
Arrias, Ribca, 139.
Ashburton Treaty, 14, 15.
Asher ben Jehiel, R., 180.
Asher, Joseph Mayor, ref. to work

by, 32 (note).
" Aspects of Rabbinic Theology "

(Schechter), quoted, 63.
alluded to, 185.
Atheists, excluded from office in

Maryland, 98, 99.
" Athenaeum, The," 162.
"Aurora," Philadelphia, 96 (note).
" Autobiography of an Unknown of

the Seventeenth Century, The :

a Picture of the Condition of

the Jews of Bohemia," by Prof.

Alexander Marx, xiii.

Baltimore, Lord, 100.

Baltimore, 143, 145, 147, 151, 152,

153, 154, 155, 156.
Baltimore Board of Trade, 153.
Baltimore City Council, Jewish

members of, 99.
Baltimore Hebrew Congregation

(Nidche Israel), 99, 151.
Baltimore Jewish Committee, 106

(note).
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 145,

146.

Bancroft, George, 16, 19.
Bank of England, Jew the possible

projector of, 111.
Barbadoes, 43 (note).
Earned, Esther, 117.
Earned, Levy, 117.
Barnet, Abraham, 52.
Barrow, Mrs. Eml., 118.
Bartlett, D. W., work by, alluded to,

5 (note), 7 (note), 8 (note),
ref. to, 21 (note).
Barton, Elijah, 44 (note).
Barton, Report, 27th Congress, ref.

to, 2 (note), 4 (note),
alluded to, 3 (note), 10 and

(note).

Basan, David Jacob, 115, 116.
Basan, Deborah, 115, 116.
Basan, Halbert, 115.
Basan Wallace, 116.

Index.

195

Bass, Dr., 143.
Bayonne, 138.

Bear Market, New York, 45, 50.
Beef, exportation of, and Congrega-
tion Shearith Israel, New York,

43, 44.

Beer, Bernard. See Levy, Barnet.
Belizario, Andrew, 117.
Belizario, Arthur Wellesley, 118.
Belizario, Benjamin, 117, 118.
Belizario, Eve, 117, 118.
" Belle of the Fifties" (Mrs. Clay),

ref. to, 19 (note), 26.
Ben Sira, original of, 184.
Bene Israel Congregation, Cincin-
nati, 150.
Benjamin, Judah P., 1, 16.

Bennet, , 118.

Benzaken, Eleazer, 47.

" Berith Yitzchak," handbook for

use of Mohelim, 138.
Berkeley, [George], 109.
Berlin, 179.
Berlin, Jacob G., 51.
Berthelot, Mr., 121.
Berthomieu, work by, alluded to,

137.

Betts, Frederick J., 122.
Bible, reading of, in public schools,

cases concerning, 137.
" Bibliotheca Anglo- Judaica " (Jacobs

and Wolf), ref. to, 6 (note),

159.
" Bibliotheca Nagional de Lisboa,

148.

Bijur, Nathan, 176.
Bl[ac]k River, Jamaica, 115, 116.
Blackmar, Judge, 135.
Blasphemy, punishable in Maryland,

99, 100 and (note), 101 (note).
Bloch's " Oesterreichische Wochen-

schrift," ref. to, 137.
Bloit, Piere, 120.
B'nai B'rith, Independent Order of,

124.
Board of Delegates of American

Israelites, 112.
Bodleian Library, 180.
Bonan, Simon, 42.
Bond, Phineas, 126, 127.

Bonitto, Aaron Charles, 117.

Bonitto, Judith, 117.

Bonitto, Moses, 117.

" Book of Patents ... in Secretary

of State's Office, Albany, N. Y.,"

ref. to, 42 (note).
Boston, 79.

Botkin v. Miller, case of, 134.
Bowen, Judge, 121, 122.
Boyd, Judge, 104.
Brackenridge, H. M., 95 (note), 97

(note).

Brackett, Mr., 56.
Brahmins, discriminated against in

Maryland, 99.
Brandon, I., 117.
Brandon, the Jew, 73.
Brann, Dr. Markus, xv.

ref. to work by, 114.
Bravo, Alex, 117.
Bravo, Carlos (Charles), 117.
Bravo, Sarah, 117.
Brazil, 128.

Bridgetown, N. J., 125, 127.
Bristol, England, 64.
British Guiana, 148.
" British Magazine, The," quoted,

111.

British Museum, 114, 180.
British Public Record Office, 128.
Britto, Abigail de, 139.
Broadway Shambles, 42.
" Brooklyn Daily Eagle," ref. to, 134

(note).
Brooklyn Institute of Arts and

Sciences, 162.

Brown, Governor, of Georgia, 23.
Brown's " Parliamentary Cases,"

ref. to, 75 (note).
Brunan family, 74.
Bruyn, Edmund, 140, 141.
Buchanan, [James], 16, 24, 27.
Buckingham, O., 77.
Buckland, W. W., 182.
Buckmaster, Mr., 56.
Buddhists, discriminated against in

Maryland, 98, 99.
Bush, Mathias, letter of, to Barnard

Gratz, 113-114.
Bush, Moses, 113.

196

American Jewish Historical Society.

Butchers, non-Jewish, and the
Kosher meat supply in New
York, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38,
40, 41, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50,
53, 54.

early Jewish, in New York, 41,
42, 43.

Butler, Prof. Pierce, alluded to, 1.

Byars, William Vincent, ix, xiv, 113.
ref. to work by, 119.

Cairo, Genizah at, 183, 184, 185.

Calendar of American Jewish cases,
further additions to, by Albert
M. Priedenberg, 134-138.

" Calendar of the Correspondence
of George Washington, Com-
mander-in-Chief of the Con-
tinental Army, with the Con-
tinental Congress," 113.

" Calendar of the Correspondence
of George Washington, Com-
mander-in-Chief of the Con-
tinental Army, with the
Officers," 113.

" Calendar of the Papers of Martin
Van Buren," ref. to, 16 (note).

" Calendar of Twenty-one Unprinted
Letters Relating to Aaron
Lopez," by Samuel Oppenheim,
xii.

Calhoun, [John C.], 22.

California, 22.

Cull, Governor George W., 23.

Cumbden, Lord Chancellor, 119, 120.

Cambridge, University of, 157, 182,
185.

Campanel, Valentine, 43.

Campbell, John, 119, 120.

Canqui family, 74.

Cardoza, Mr., 74.

Carpenter, John, 44 (note).

Carrol, Joseph, 116.

" Cases of Contested Elections in
Congress, 1834-65" (Bartlett),
alluded to, 5 (note),
ref. to, 21 (note).

Casseres, Josiau Ydanha de, 138.

Casseres, Saul Ydanha de, 138.

Casserez, Semuel Idanha, 138.

Cazenovia, New York. 112.

Central Conference of American
Rabbis, 105 (note), 152.

" Century and A Half of Jewish
History, A" (Emanuel), ref.
to, 80 (note).

Ceremonial laws, Jewish, observance
of, in early nineteenth century,
67, 69, 71-72.

Chambers, Judge, 101, 104.

Chambers, Jacob, 140.

Chandler, T. B., ref. to work by, 109
(note), 110 (note).

Chanute, Octave, 146.

Charleston, 131.

Charleston, Jewish Congregation at,
50.

Chase, Major, 23.

" Chassidim, The," by Solomon
Schechter, 181.

Chateauneuf family, 4 (note).

Cheavitean, agent of Moses E. Levy,
3.

Chebrah Kahl Adath Kurland, 135.

C'heetham, James, 36.

Chesapeake & Delaware Ship Canal,
146.

Chicago, 119.

Chipp, Chas. W., 141.

Cincinnati, 149.

Cincinnati, University of, 151.

" Circular Letter of D. Levy to the
People of Florida Relative to
the admission of Florida into
the Union," alluded to, 15
(note).

" Civil Rights and Religious Privi-
leges," by Thomas Kennedy, 97
(note).

" Civil Status of the Jews in Mary-
land, 1634-1776" (Hollander),
ref. to, 93 (note).

Civil War, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 190.

Clarendon Hotel, New York, 29
(note).

Clarke, John, 78.

Clarke, Mary, 78.

Clavai, Moses, 113.

Clay, [Henry], 25 (note), 26.

Clay, Mrs. Virginia, work by, cited,
19, 26.

Clement v. De Rose, case of, 135.

Cleveland, Grover, 146.

Index.

197

Clinton, De Witt, 33, 56, 141.
Cohen, Abraham M., 1 4 (note).
Cohen, Abraham Myers, 2 44 (note).
Cohen, Charles J., xi, xv.
Cohen family of Baltimore, 96

(note).

Cohen, Rabbi Henry, 1 xi, xvi.
Cohen, Henry, 3 113.
Cohen, Jacob I., 99.
Cohen, Dr. Joshua I., 101 and

(note).
Cohen, M. M., ref. to work by, 8

(note).
Cohen, Mendes, necrology of, by

Cyrus Adler, xii, 145-147.
Cohen, Simon Myers, 35.
Cohen, Simon, 72, 74.
" Collections of New York Historical

Society," ref. to, 80 (note).
" Colonial Records of Chamber of

Commerce with Biographical

Sketches, bound in" (Stevens),

alluded to, 91 (note).
" Columbia Law Review," ref. to,

137.

Columbia University, 109, 175.
" Columbian Magazine, or Monthly

Miscellany " of Jamaica, 114.
" Commerce of Rhode Island, 1726-

1800," Jewish items in, 113.
" Committee Report No. 87, 25th

Congress, 2d Session," ref. to,

2 (note).
" Committee Report No. 236, 25th

Congress, 3d Session," ref. to,

14 (note).
"Committee Report No. 705, 24th

Congress, 1st Session," ref. to,

2 (note).
Commonwealth Securities Co. v.

West 134th Street Realty Com-
pany, case of, 134.
" Compilation of Senate Election

Cases, 1789-1885" (Taft), ref.

to, 21 (note).
" Compiled Statutes," New Jersey,

ref. to, 137.
"Compiled Laws" (South Dakota),

ref. to, 137.

Confederacy, Southern, 24, 25.
" Confederate Records of Georgia,"

ref. to, 28 (note).

Congress, United States, Jews in,

10, 11, 17, 18.
" Congressional Globe," ref. to, 21

(note).

Connecticut, 135.
" Contested Election Case of David

Levy," ref. to, 2 (note), 3

(note), 4 (note).
Cordova, Jacob De, 118.
Cordova, Chief Rabbi Joshua Heae-

kiah De, 114.

Cordova, Joshua Raphael De, 118.
Cordova, Jud. De, 117, 118.
Cordova, Michael De, 118.
Corinaldi, Abraham Henry, 115.
Corinaldi, Hanah, 115.
Corinaldi, Horatio, 115.
Corinaldi, Jacob Portello, 115.
Cornell, City Magistrate, 135.
Cortino, Manuel, 89.
Cortlandt, Aug. V., 91.
Costa, Aaron Da, 117.
Costa, Abm. Rodrigues Da, 117.
Costa, Alexander Da, 117.
Costa, Amos Da, 117.
Costa, Daniel Da, 117.
Costa, David ' Da, 117.
Costa, David 2 Da, 117, 118.
Costa, David 3 Da, 117.
Costa, David 4 Da, 118.
Costa, David Alfred Da, 118.
Costa, David Rodrigues Da, 117,

118.
Costa, Ishac Haym Rodrigues da,

138.

Costa, Jacob Da, 118.
Costa, Louise Da, 117.
Costa, Mary Ann Da, 117.
Costa, Ralph Brandon Da, 118.
Costa, Rebecca Da, 117.
Costa, Sarah Da, 118.
Costa, Septimus Da, 118.
Council of Jewish Women, 160.
Coutino, Abraham Dias, 43.
Cowen, Elfrida, xii.

note by, on " Moses Ellas Levy's

Agricultural Colony in Flor-
ida," 132-134.
Cowen, Philip, xvi.
Crane, Judge, 135.
Cromwell. Richard, 100.
Croston, Edward, 44 (note).

198

American Jewish Historical Society.

Cruger, John, 91.

Cruger, John Harris, 80 (note).

Cruickshank, J. Graham, ref. to,

149 (note).
Cundall, Frank, xiv, xv, 114, 149

(note).
Cunha, Xavier da, necrology of

Alberto Carlos da Silva, 148.
Cunningham, Mr., 56.
Curacao, 43.

congregation in, 138.
mohelim of, 138.
Curasao Hebra or Burial Society,

138.

Curiel, Ishac, 138.
Curiel, Josseph, 138.
Curson, Samuel, 130.

" Daily Argosy " of Demerara, ref.

to, 149 (note).
"Daniel Deronda " (George Eliot),

157, 158.

Danne, Michael, 120.
Dantzig, 71.
Dartmouth, Lord, 119.
Daughters in Israel, Baltimore, 151.
" David Franks' Interest in Lands

in Virginia," note on, by Samuel

Oppenheim, xii-xiii, 119-120.
David Horodoker Benevolent Asso-
ciation, 136.
" David L. Yulee, Florida's First

Senator," by Leon Hiihner,

1-29.

Davidson, David, 117.
Davidson, Lewis, 117.
Davis, Mrs., 112.
Davis, Jefferson, 23, 24, 25 (note),

26, 27, 28.
Davis, Nicholas Darnell, necrology

of, by Albert M. Friedenberg,

xii, 148-149.

Davis Strachan & Co., 131.
Declaration of Independence, 128,

130.
Deists, discriminated against in

Maryland, 98, 99, 103.
de la Para, Semuel de Selomoh, 138,

139, 140.

de la Parra, David, 140.
de la Parra, Ester, 140.
de la Parra, Rahel, 1 140.

de la Parra, Rahel, 2 140.

dc la Parra, Selomoh, 1 139, 140.

de la Parra, Selomoh, 2 140.

Delaware County, New York, 133.

De Leon, of Jamaica, 113.

De Leon, B. M., 116.

De Leon, Rebecca M., 116.

Delgado, Henrietta, 118.

Delgado, Mary, 117.

Delgado, Moses, 118.

Delisser, George, 116.

Delivant, Madame Julia, 71.

Dembo, J. A., ref. to work by, 32

(note).

Demercado, Mrs. Esther, 115.
De Pass, Abraham, 117.
De Pass, Albert, 115.
De Pass, Isaac Garcia, 116.
De Pass, Jb., 115.
De Pass, James Henry, 117.
De Pass, Jane, 117.
De Pass, Maria, 116.
De Pass, Moses, 116.
De Pass, Rachel, 115.
De Pass, Ralph, 115.
De Pass, Sarah, 1 116.
De Pass, Sarah, 2 117.
de Sola, Clarence I., 113.
Deutsch, Prof. Gotthard, xiv.
De Voe, Thomas F., work by, ref. to,

37. and (note), 41 (note), 42

(note), 50 (note).
"Diary of James K. Polk, 1845-9,

ref. to, 20 (note).
Dickenson, Mr., 56.
Dietary laws. See Kosher meat

supply in New York, in 1813.
Dike, Judge, 137.
Disabilities of Jews in Maryland, 94,

95, 96 (note), 97 (note), 98

and (note), 99, 100, 101, 102,

103, 104, 105 and (note), 106

and (note), 107.
D'Israeli [Benjamin], 68.
D'Israeli, Isaac, work by, alluded to,

32 (note).

District of Columbia, 98 (note).
Divorce, rabbinical, case concerning,

135.
Dixon, Mrs. Archibald, work by,

cited, 22 (note), 23 (note).

Index.

199

" Documents of Jewish Sectaries,"

by Solomon Schechter, 185.
Douglas, Stephen A., 22.
Drake, J., 35.
Dropsie College for Hebrew and

Cognate Learning, ix.
Duke, Mr., 104 (note).
Dunham, David R., 10.
Dunmore, Governor, 119.

" Early Jewish Merchant of Halifax,

An," by Rabbi Julius J. Price,

xiil.
" Early Reference to the Jews," note

on, 131.
" Early Zionist Project, An," by

Rev. Dr. David de Sola Pool,

xiii.
" East Florida Herald," alluded to,

6 (note).
" Economic Factors in American

Jewish History," by Albert M.

Friedenberg, xiii.
" Edinburgh Review," quoted, 68.
" Education among the Jews in

Spain," by Rev. Dr. Abraham

A. Neuman, xiv.
Edwards, Judge, 137.
Edwards, Ogden, 39, 58.
Ehrenbreitstein-on-the Rhine, 71.
Electric Boat Company, 176.
Electric Storage Battery Company,

176.

Electric Vehicle Company, 176.
Elias, Esther, 66, 68.
Eliezer a Cohen, Hazan, 138.
Eliot, George, 157, 158.
Ellis, Josiah, 47.
Emanuel, Charles H. L., ref. to work

by, 80 (note).
" Encyclopedia Americana," ref. to,

32 (note).
England, 114, 128.
" English and Hebrew Grammar,
being the first short Rudiments
of those two Languages Taught
Together . . . ," by Samuel
Johnson, 110.
" Environments of London " (Ly-

son), ref. to, 75 (note).
" Epistles to the Jews of England,"
by Solomon Schechter, 187.

Ericsson, Captain John, 20 (note).
Erlanger, Judge, 135.
" Essay on the Education of Chil-
dren," by William Wotton, 111.
Esterbrook v. Hebrew Ladies Orphan

Society, case of, 135.
Etting Collection of the Historical

Society of Pennsylvania, 113.
Etting family of Baltimore, 95

(note), 96 (note).
Etting, Reuben, 95 (note).
Etting, Solomon, 95 and (note), 99

and (note).
" Etwas von d e r schlesischen

Landgemeinde " (Brann), ref.

to, 114.
Eudowood Sanitorium, Baltimore,

151.
Eulee, David Levy. See Yulee,

David Levy.
Eutaw Savings Bank, Baltimore,

153.
Everett, Edward, and D. L. Yulee,

15.
" Executive Document No. 71, 25th

Congress, 3d Session," ref. to,

15 (note).
" Executive Document No. 156, 18th

Congress, 1st Session," ref. to,

3 (note), 4 (note), 132 (note),

133 (note), 134 (note).
" Executive Documents, vol. xi, 18th

Congress, 1st Session." See

" Executive Document No. 156,

18th Congress, 1st Session."
" ExposiQao Petrarchiana da Bib-

liotheca Nagional de Lisboa

. . . ," 148.
" Extracts from a Jamaica Magazine

of 1797 Relating to the Jews,"

by Frank Cundall, xiv.

Falmouth, England, 64, 67, 68, 117.

Falmouth, Zender. See Moses,
Henry.

Fairbanks, George R., ref. to work
by, 29 (note).

Faria, Francisco de, note on, 127-
128.

Federated Jewish Charities, Balti-
more, 151, 154.

Felsh v. Tonkin, case of, 137.

200

American Jewish Historical Society.

Fernandas, Abraham, 138.

Fernandina, Florida, 26, 27, 28.

Ferreyra, Ishac Henriques, 138.

" Festschrift zum 70. Geburtstage
Jakob Guttmanns," ref. to, 114.

Ffrancke, Abraham. See Franks,
Abraham. 1

Fidel Pita y Colomer, Rev. Father,
ix.

Fidelity and Deposit Company, Bal-
timore, 153-154.

" Fifty-sixth Congress, House Docu-
ment No. 510," ref. to, 3 (note).

Finance Company of Pennsylvania,
173.

Fink, Alexander, Jr., 50.

Fink, Alexander, Sr., 50.

Fink, John L., 48, 49.

Finnigan, Joseph, 23, 24.

Fish, Mr., 56.

Fish [Hamilton], 29.

Fisher, Andrew, 50.

Fitzpatrick [Benjamin], 25 (note).

Fitzpn trick, John C., 113.

Florida, 1, 3, 6, 9, 10 and (note), 11
(note), 13, 15, 21, 23, 24, 25,
28, 29.

Moses E. Levy's agricultural
colony in, 132-134.

" Florida Gazetteer, The, 1871 "
(Hawk), ref. to, 18 (note).

" Florida Herald," alluded to, 6.

" Florida, its History and its Ro-
mance " (Fairbanks), ref. to,
29 (note).

Florida Railroad, 21, 22.

Floyd [John Buchanan], 20.

Fly Market, New York, 32, 33, 45,
50.

Focsani, Roumania, 177.

" Folk-Lore," 162.

Forbes, James Grant, ref. to work
by, 133 (note).

Ford, Worthington C.. 113.

Forst, Major David, 113.

Forster, Mr., 7.

" Forty-ninth Congress, 1st Session,
Senate Miscellaneous Document
No. 47," ref. to, 21 (note).

" Forum, The," 176.

Fowlers, Nathaniel, 77.

Fox, Burton, 150.

Fox, Edgar, 150.

Fox, Solomon, necrology of, by

David Philipson, xii, 149-150.
Frankl, P. F., 179, 180.
Franklin, Benjamin, 65.
"Franklin Gazette," of Philadel-
phia, alluded to, 96 (note).
Franklin, Sir John, 20.
Franks, Aaron, 1 76 (note), 77

(note).

Franks, Aaron, 2 79.
Franks, Abigail, 1 75 and (note), 76,

77 and (note).
Franks, Abigail, 2 78, 79.
Franks ( Ffrancke) , Abraham *

(Naphtali 1 ), 75 and (note), 76

and (note), 77.
Franks, Abraham, 2 76 (note), 77

(note).

Franks, Abraham, 3 78 (note).
Franks, Rev. Abraham,* 78 (note).
Franks, David, 79, 113, 125, 126.
interest of, in lands in Virginia

in 1774, note on, by Samuel

Oppenheim, 119-120.
Franks, David Salisbury (Solebury),

113.
letter of, to Baron Steuben,

quoted, 142.
letter of, to Col. Lamb, quoted,

142.
Franks, Henry Benjamin (Naphtali

Benjamin), 77 (note).
will of, 125-127.
inventory of estate of, 127.
Franks, Isaac, 1 76 and (note), 77.
Franks, Isaac, 2 113.

letter of, to Col. Lamb, quoted,

142-143.
Franks, Jacob (Jacob bar Naphtali),

90, 91, 125, 126.
genealogical notes on, 75-80.
Franks, Moses, 1 76, 77 and (note).
Franks, Moses, 2 78, 79.
Franks. Naphtali. 1 See Franks

(Ffrancke), Abraham. 1
Franks, Naphtali, 2 77 (note).
Franks, Naphtali, 3 78, 79, 80 (note),
ref. to case of, v. Joseph Martin,

75 (note).
Franks, Naphtali Benjamin. See

Franks, Henry Benjamin.

Index.

201

Franks, Philas, 77 (note).
Franks, Rachel. See Franks, Richa.
Franks, Richa (Rachel, Richea), 79

(note), 80 (note), 113.
Franks, Sarah, 77 (note).
Frazer, Sir James George, 182.
tribute of, to Solomon Schechter,

191-192.
" Freeman's Journal," Philadelphia,

96 (note).
Freidus, A. S., 137.
Freitas, Don Gasper de Abren de,

127, 128.

Freschi, City Magistrate, 136, 137.
Freylinghuysen, 29.
Friedenberg, Albert M. (A. M. F.),

vii, ix, xi, xii, xiii, xv.
necrology of N. Darnell Davis by,

xii, 148-149.
alluded to, 6 (note), 7 (note), 162

(note).

miscellaneous notes by, 112-114.
on " Memorial Note on Samuel

Westheimer," 124-125.
note by, on " Further Additions
to ' Calendar of American Jew-
ish Cases,' " 134-138.
Friedenwald, Dr. Herbert, xi.
Friedlaender, Michael, 180, 181.
Friedman, Lee M., xi, xiii.

on " The Phylacteries Found at

Pittsfield, Mass.," 81-85.
note by, on " Additional Material
on Francisco de Faria," 127-
128.
note by, on " The New York

Synagogue in 1812," 131-132.
ref. to work by, 134 (note).
Friedmann, Meir, 178, 179.
Friend, Meyer M., 176.
Fuller, Chief Justice, 112.

Gadelia, Fan., 116.

Gadelia, Is., 116.

Galton, Sir Francis, 158.

Gates, Major Horatio, letter of Ben-
jamin Levy to, quoted, 143.

Gates, Mrs. [Horatio], 143.

Gates Papers, Miscellaneous, at the
New York Historical Society,
143 (note).

" Genealogical Notes on Jacob
Franks from Official Records,"
contributed by Samuel Oppen-
heim, 75-80.

"Genius of Judaism" (D'Israeli),
alluded to, 32 (note).

" Genius of Liberty," of Winchester,
Va., alluded to, 96 (note).

Genizah at Cairo, 183, 184, 185, 188.

" Gentleman's Magazine," ref. to,
78 (note).

George III, King of England, 111.

Georgia, 24, 28.

Qesellschaft zur Forderung der Wis-
senschaft des Judentum*, 151.

Gibbons, Thomas, 48.

Gibson, Mrs., 183.

Gill and Johnson, ref. to, 104
(note).

Gilpin, Judge, 137.

Gimbel, Jacob, 124 (note).

" Gleanings of Jewish Interest in
American Colonial and Revolu-
tionary History," by Leon Htih-
ner, xiii.

Goff, Judge, 135.

Gomez, Benjamin, 52, 55.

Gomez. Isaac, Jr., 34, 37, 38, 39, 52,
55, 57, 58, 59.

Gomez, MCoses], 1 39, 51, 52, 61.

Gomez, Lewis (Moses), 77 (note).

Gomez, Moses. 2 See Gomez, Lewis.

Gomperts, Gompert S., 57.

Gorham, George C., ref. to work by,
21 (note).

Gottheil, Prof. Richard J. H., xi.
ref. to, 139, 140.

Goucher College, 154.

Gould, Judge Elias B., 6, 8 (note).

Gould, Judge James M., quoted, 11
(note).

Grant, Hugh J., 112.

Grant [Ulysses S.], 28.

Gratz. Barnard (Barnett), 95.

letter of Mathias Bush to, 113-
114.

Gratz College, Philadelphia, 160.

Gratz Papers, report of the com-
mittee on, xiii.

"Gratz Papers" (Byars), ref. to,
119.

202

American Jewish Historical Society.

Graydon, " Memoirs " of, ref . to,
130 (note).

Great Synagogue, London, 76
(note).

Greenberg v. Western Turf Associa-
tion, case of, 136.

Grenada, B. W. I., 148.

Griffin, President, of Williams Col-
lege, 84.

Grimes, Katherine, 75, 77.

Grimes, Thomas, 75.

Grinnell Expedition, 20.

Gugy, A., 121.

Gumport, G. G., 52.

Gutman, Ella J., 156.

Guttmacher, Rev. Dr. Adolf, 104

(note),
necrology of, by William Rosenau,

xii, 150-152.
work by, quoted, 99 (note).

Guttmacher, Dorothea, 150.

Guttmacher, Manheim, 150.

Haas, Johanna, 124.
Haazans family, 74.
Hackenburg, William B., necrology

of August B. Loeb by, xii, 173-

175.

Hague, the, 138.
Halevy family, 70.
Hall, Edward Hagaman, xvi.
Halsted, Mr., report by, ref. to, 2

(note).

alluded to, 10 and (note).
Hamburg, 134, 138.
Hamilton, Alexander, 5.
Hamlin [Hannibal], 29.
"Handbook of Florida" (Norton),

ref. to, 18 (note).
Har Sinai Congregation, Baltimore.

155.

Hardenbrook, Mr., 56.
Hardie, James, work by, quoted, 123.
Harmony Circle, Baltimore, 155.
Harrison, President Benjamin, 112.
Harris, Moses, 113.
Hart, Adolphus Mordecai, of Quebec,

note on, 121-122.
Hart, Bernard, 36, 57.
Hart, Charles Henry, ref. to, 75

(note).
Hart, Elizabeth, 115.

Hart, Ephraim, 47, 48, 51, 52, 123.

Hart, Jacob, Sr., 48, 51, 52.

Hart, Dr. Joel, 52.

Hart, Joseph, 52.

Hart, Miriam, 78.

Hart, Moses, 78.

Hart, Samuel, 1 115.

Hart, Samuel, 2 115.

Hart, W. O., xv.

Hartogensis, Benjamin H., on " Un-
equal Religious Rights in Mary-
land since 1776," 93-107.

" Harvard Law Review," ref. to,
134 (note).

Harvard University, 7, 185.

Hastings' " Dictionary of the
Bible," 188.

Havana, Cuba, 2, 132.

Hawk, J. M., ref. to work by, 18
(note).

Hay, Col., 142.

Hay [John]. See Nicolay [John
G.], and Hay [John].

Hays, Jacob, 123.

Hays, Moses Michael, 113.

Hays, Philip, 112.

Hebrew Charities Building, New
York, 136.

Hebrew Education Society, Balti-
more, 151.

Hebrew Educational Fair, New
York, autographs collected for.
112.

Hebrew Educational Institute of
South Brooklyn, case concern-
ing, 136.

Hebrew grammer of Joseph Aaron,
122-123.

Hebrew language and Johnson of
Columbia, note on, 109-111.

Hebrew Orphan Asylum, Baltimore,
154.

" Hebrew Standard," ref. to, 136.

Hebrew Union College, 150, 151.

Hendricks, Harmon, 52, 57.

Hendricks, Isaac, 11 (note).

Hendricks, Uriah, 47, 123.

Henriques, Francis, 117.

Henriques, H. S. Q., work by. al-
luded to, 37 (note).

Henriques, Hannah, 117.

Henriques, Isaac, 117.

Index.

203

Henriques, Jacob, 1 117.

Henriques, Jacob, 2 petition of, to
King George III, of England,
111.

Henriques, Dr. Moses, 117.

Henry S. Frank Memorial Syna-
gogue, Philadelphia, 175.

Henry, Solomon [Shelomoh ben Zebi
Bluch], 113.

Hernandez, agent of Moses E. Levy,
3.

Hernandez, General, 17.

Herold v. Parish Board of School
Directors, case of, 137.

Hilfman, Rev. P. A., ref. to work by,
140.

Hill, David B., 112.

Hiller v. State of Maryland, ref. to
case of, 104 (note), 137.

" Historical and Legal Digest of All
Contested Election Cases in the
House of Representatives of the
United States," (Rowell), al-
luded to, 2 (note).

" Historical, Geographical, Commer-
cial and Philosophical View of
the United States of America,'
by W. Winterbotham, quoted,
131.

" History of the Baltimore Hebrew
Congregation" (Guttmacher),
quoted, 99 (note),
alluded to, 152.

" History of the Jews of England "
(Hyamson), ref. to, 37 (note),
75 (note).

"History of Maryland" (Scharf),
ref. to, 97 (note).

" Hoboken Observer," ref. to, 134.

Holland, 90, 128.

Hollander, Prof. J. H., xi, 114.

ref. to work by, 93 and (note). '

Hollander, Theresa G. (Mrs. Jacob
H.), 156.

Home for Aged and Infirm, Phila-
delphia, 174.

Homosassa, Florida, 26, 27.

Hope Hill, Florida, 4.

Hopewell, Daniel, 126, 127.

Hopkins, John, 50.

" House Document No. 10, 27th Con-
gress, 1st Session," ref. to, 2

(note), 3 (note), 4 (note), 5
(note), 9 (note), 10 (note).

" House Document No. 510, 56th
Congress, 2d Session," alluded
to, 2 (note), 4 (note), 5 (note),
9 (note).

i: House of Representatives, 1, 27th
Congress, 1st Session," ref. to,
13 (note).

" House of Representatives, 38th
Congress, 2d Session," ref. to,
5 (note), 8 (note), 9 (note).

" House Report No. 72, 26th Con-
gress, 1st Session," ref. to 2
(note), 3 (note).

" House Report, No. 450, 27th Con-
gress, 2d Session," ref. to, 2
(note), 3 (note), 4 (note), 5
(note), 7 (note), 8 (note), 9
(note), 10 (note), 11 (note).

Hudson County, New Jersey, 134.

Hudson River Railroad, 145.

Huett, Tho., 89.

Huhner, Leon, ix, xi, xiii, xvi.
report as Curator, xv-xvi.
on " David L. Yulee, Florida's

First Senator," 1-29.
ref. to work by, 109.

Hunt, H., 99 and (note).

Hutzler, Abraham, 153.

Hutzler, Albert D., 156.

Hutzler Brothers, of Baltimore, 153.

Hutzler, David, necrology of, by
Louis H. Levin, xii, 152-156.

Hutzler, Mabel, 156.

Hutzler, Joel G. D., 156.

Hyamson, Albert M., ref. to work
by, 37 (note), 75 (note), 76
(noue).

Hyman, H., 52.

Invarez, , 118.

Illinois nation of Indians, 120.

Illinois River, 119.

In re Hebrew Educational Institute

of South Brooklyn, 136.
In re Kahn, 135.
Indian Hill, Pittsfield, Mass., 82.
Indian-Israel theory, 81, 82, 83, 84.
Indian traders, Jews as, 119, 120.
Indians, purchase of lands from,

120, 132, 133.

204

American Jewish Historical Society.

Indiana, 137.

Icwa, 137.

" Is the State Justified in Enforcing
Sunday Observance upon the
Jews?" (Levitan), ref. to, 137.

"Is This a Christian Country?"
(Jacobson), ref. to, 137.

Isaac, Benjamin, 89.

Isaac, Henry, 89.

Isaac, Moses, 123.

If-aac, Solomon, 123.

Isaacks, Joseph, 42.

Isaacs, Abram S., 64.

Isaacs, Adelaide Eliza, 115.

Isaacs, Albert Augustus, 115.

Isaacs, Barnet, 1 115.

Isaacs, Barnet, 2 115.

Isaacs, Ilanah, 115.

Isaacs, Henrietta, 115.

Isaacs, Henry, 115.

Isaacs, Isaac, 1 85.

Isaacs, Isaac, 2 115.

Isaacs, Lewis M., 64.

Isaacs, Michael, 52.

Isaacs, Myer S., 64, 112.

Isaacs, Nathaniel, 123.

Isaacs, Rebekah, 90.

Isaacs, Sampson, 52.

Isaacs, Samuel, 52.

Israel, Michael, 123.

Jackson, Andrew, 4, 10.

Jacob bar Naphtali. See Franks,
Jacob.

" Jacob Myers, a Type of American
Enterprise," by William Vin-
cent Byars, xiv.

Jacobs, Mr., 118.

Jacobs, Abraham, 1 90.

Jacobs, Abraham, 2 117.

Jacobs, Benjamin, 90.

Jacobs, Benjamin, Sr., 48.

Jacobs, Deborah, 117.

Jacobs, Hart, 47.

Jacobs, Israel, 52.

Jacobs, Joseph, necrology of, by
Mayer Sulzberger, xii, 156-173.
bibliographical list of writings of,
162-173.

Jacobs, Joseph and Wolf, Lucien,
ref. to work by, 6 (note).

Jacobs, Joseph, 90.

Jacobs, Judith, 90.

Jacobs, Raphael (Raphall), 90.

Jacobs v. Isaac Lodge, No. 6, I. O.
S. B., case of, 135.

Jacobson, Moses P., ref. to work by,
137.

Jaffa, Nathan, 114.

Jamaica, 43.

Janeway, George, 35.

Jefferson. Thomas, 96 (note), 98
(note).

Jellinek, Meir, 178, 185.

"Jew Brokers" (Wolf), ref. to,
75 (note).

Jew Bill of Maryland, 95 and
(note), 96 and (note), 97 and
(note), 98, 99.

" Jewes in America " (Thorowgood) ,
alluded to, 81.

"Jewish Chronicle" (London), ref.
to, 75 (note).

" Jewish Comment," ref. to, 98
(note), 137, 151.

" Jewish Dietary Laws from a
Scientific Standpoint" (Aron-
stam), ref. to, 32 (note).

" Jewish Encyclopedia," ref. to, 32
(note), 95 (note), 100 (note),
103 (note), 134.
alluded to, 152.
and Joseph Jacobs, 160, 161, 163.

"Jewish Exponent," ref. to, 113,
135, 137.

Jewish Historical Society of En-
gland, 162, 189.

Jewish Home for Consumptives, Bal-
timore, 151.

Jewish Hospital, Philadelphia, 174.

"Jewish Hygiene and Diet" (von
Klein), ref. to, 32 (note).

" Jewish Ideals," by Joseph Jacobs,
158, 159.

" Jewish Ledger," ref. to, 137.

" Jewish Messenger, The," ref. to,

64 (note), 65 (note), 71.
quoted, 72-73.

" Jewish Method of Slaughter "
(Dembo), ref. to, 32 (note).

" Jewish Participation in the Pan-
ama-Pacific International Expo-
sition," by Rev. Dr. Martin A.
Meyer, xiv.

Index.

205

Jewish Publication Society of Amer-
ica, 159, 161.
" Jewish Race A Study in National

Character," by Joseph Jacobs,

161.
Jewish Theological Seminary of

America, 161, 185, 186, 187.
"Jewish Year Book," (England),

159, 160.
" Jews and the English Law "

(Henriques), alluded to, 37

(note).

Jews' College, London, 181.
" Jews in the Correspondence of Sir

William Johnson," by Leon

Htihner, xiii.
44 Jews, The, of Northern Ontario,"

by Rabbi Julius J. Price, xiii.
11 Jews of Virginia, The " (Hiihner),

alluded to, 5 (note).
Jews, Secret. See Marranos.
" Jews Who Died of Yellow Fever in

the Epidemic in New York in

1798," note on, by Samuel Op-

penheim, xiii, 123.
Joel, Captain Benjamin Edgar, 113.
Johns Hopkins University, 151, 154.
" Johnson of Columbia and the He-
brew Language," note on, by

Dr. I. Abrahams, xiv, 109-111.
Johnson [Andrew], 28 and (note).
Johnson, Edw., 77.
Johnson, Reverdy, 21.
(Johnson), Solomon Levy, 52.
Johnston, David, 143.
Johnston, General [Joseph E.], 27,

28.

Jones, Dl., Jr., 127.
" Joseph Aaron," note on, by I.

Abrahams, 122-123.
Joseph, Barnet, 65.
Joseph, Benedict, 64, 65.
Joseph, Joshua, 118.
Joseph, Solomon, 118.
" Journal of the American Medical

Association," ref. to, 32 (note).
Judah, Aaron, 52.
Judah, Benjamin S., 37, 38, 39, 41,

48, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60.
Judah, Cary, 52.
Judah, Moses, 52.
Judah, Naphtali, 34, 36, 52.

Judah, Samuel, 47.

Judah, Walter S., 123.

Judefind v. State of Maryland, ref.

to case of, 104 (note).
Jurors, disabilities of Jews as, in

Maryland, 94, 101, 103.

Kahn, I. S., 98 (note).

" Kashruth," observance of, in En-
gland, 69.

Kaskaskia, 119.

Katzner, Louis, 104 (note).

Kelby, Judge, 136.

Kelby, Robert H., 142 (note).

Kelly, Judge, 135, 136.

Kennedy, John P., 101.

Kennedy, Thomas, 95 and (note),

97 (note), 98 (note), 100, 106.

pleads for right of Jews to hold

public office, 95 (note), 97

(note).

Kennicott's collation of Hebrew
MSS., 109.

Kentucky, 24.

" Key to the Hebrew Language, and
the Science of Hebrew Gram-
m a r Explained ..'/* by
Joseph Aaron, 122-123.

Kilgour v. Miles, ref. to case of, 104
(note).

King, Mr., 56.

King, Cornelius, 50.

King, Cornelius, Jr., 50.

Kingston, Jamaica, 114, 115, 116.

Riser, Miero (Miere), 88, 89.

Kiser, Rose, 88, 89.

Klein, Rabbi Max D., xi.

Klein, William, 36.

Kohler, Dr. Kaufmann, ref. to, 103
(note).

Kohler, Max J., xi, xvi, 149.

See also Wolf, Hon. Simon, and
Kohler, Max J.

Kohn, Rabbi Jacob, 182.

Kohns, Lee, ix.

Kosher meat supply in New York,
in 1813, article on, 31-62.

Kres, Adolph, 104 (note).

Kursheedt, Israel B., 48, 51, 52.

Lachman, Hon. Samson, necrology of
Isaac L. Rice by, xii, 175-176.

206

American Jewish Historical Society.

Lamb, Col., letter of David S.

Franks to, quoted, 142.
letter of Isaac Franks to, quoted,
142-143.

Lamb Papers, at the New York His-
torical Society, 142 (note).

Larremore, W., 135.

Lawrence, Mr., 58.

Lawrence, P., 117.

Lazarus, Eleazer, 52.

Lazarus, Prof. [Moritz], 158.

Lazarus, Samuel, 123.

Lee, Robert E., 27.

Leeser, Isaac, 6.

Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company,
146.

Lehman, Judge [Irving], 135.

Le"on, Prof. Henry M., xvi.

Leon, Moses, 52.

1'Estrange, Sir Hamon, work by,
alluded to, 81.

Letamendi, Spanish consul in Flor-
ida, 6.

" Letter from the Secretary of the
Treasury to the Chairman on
Public Lands, transmitting doc-
uments in relation to land
claims in Florida, May, 1824,"
quoted, 132.

" Letter, A, of Jonas Phillips, July
28, 1776, Mentioning the Amer-
ican Revolution and the Decla-
ration of Independence," note
on, by Samuel Oppenheim, xiii,
128-131.

" Letters concerning the Present
Condition of the Jews. Being
a Correspondence between Mr.
Forster and Mr. Levy," quoted,
7 (note).

"Letters of Administration, 4y 2 ,
1759-1774," ref. to, 80 (note).

" Letters to the Jews with a copy
of a Speech said to have been
delivered by Mr. Levy of Flor-
ida " (Thrush), alluded to, 6
(note).

" Lettre politico-theologico-morale j
sur les Juifs," of David Nassy, I
139.

Levi, David, records of a West In-
dian Mohel entered in the Daily
Prayer-Book of, 114-118.

Levi, Joseph, 123.

Levin, Louis H., necrology of David
Hutzler by, xii, 153-156.

Levinson, Dr. A., xiv.

Levison, Albert, 115.

Levison, Henry, 115.

Levitan, Isidor S., ref. to work by,
137.

Levy, Aaron, 52, 57.

Levy, Asser, 41, 42 and (note).

Levy, Barnet (Bernard Beer), 66,
67, 68.

Levy, Benjamin, 1 52.

Levy, Benjamin, 2 letter of, to Major
Horatio Gates, quoted, 143.

Levy County, Florida, 18.

Levy, David. See Yulee (Eulee),
David Levy.

Levy, David Jacob, 90.

Levy, Elias. See Yulee, Elias.

" Levy Family of Canada, The," by
Rabbi Julius J. Price, rill.

Levy, George, 11 (note).

Levy, Hayman, 47.

Levy, Isaac, 89.

Levy, Isaac H., 52.

Levy, Jacob, Jr., 57.

Levy, Jahacob Ymanuel, 138.

Levy, L. Napoleon, ix, xi.

Levy, Miriam, 90, 91.

Levy, Moses Elias, 2 and (note),
3, 5, 6, 7, 11, 12 and (note),
14 (note), 29.

agricultural colony of, in Florida,
note on, 132-134.

Levy, Nathan, 2 (note).

Levy, Samuel, 87, 90.

Levy, Simon M., 96 (note).

Levy, Commodore Uriah P., 20
(note).

Levyville, Florida, 18.

Lewin, Alfred Elkin, 118.

Lewis, Mrs., 183.

Lewis, Andrew, 118.

Lewis, Edward Henry, 118.

Lewis, Louis, 118.

Lewis, Sarah L., 118.

Lewy, Israel, 179.

Library of Congress, 113.

Index.

207

" Life and Public Services of Edwin
M. Stanton " (Gorham), ref. to,
21 (note).

"Life of Lincoln" (Nicolay and
Hay), ref. to, 22 (note), 25
(note).

" Life of Samuel Johnson, D. D., the
first President of King's Col-
lege, in New York " (Chandler),
ref. to, 109 (note).

Lincoln, Abraham, 23, 24, 26, 190.

Lindo, Alexr. Joseph, 117.

Lisbon, 64, 71, 72.

" List of Assessments, Town of Caze-
novia [Westchester County,
N. Y.], for year 1812," Jewish
items in, 112.

Liverpool, 65.

Loeb, August B., necrology of, by
William B. Hackenburg, xii,
173-175.

Loeb, Babette, 173.

Loeb, Benjamin, 173.

Loeb, Morris, case concerning estate
of, 136.

Lohmeyer v. Salomon, case of, 135.

London, 75, 76, 77, 79, 80, 87, 88,
89, 90, 113, 116, 138.

" London Times," 158.

London, University of, 185.

Lopez, Aaron, 113.

Lopez, Rebecca, 116.

Louis, Mrs. A. H. (Minnie D.), 112.

Louisiana, 24, 137.

Lousada, Emanuel Baruch, 114.

Lowth, Bishop, on study of Hebrew
in North America, 109, 110.

Lucas, Albert, xvi.

Lucena, Moses, 42.

Lumbrozo, Jacob, 99, 100.

Lynn, Judge, 136.

Lyon, Abraham, 115.

Lyon, Abraham Henry, 117.

Lyon, Asher (Ashur), 115, 117.

Lyon, Emanuel, 117.

Lyon, Esther, 115, 117.

Lyon, Frances, 117.

Lyon, Mabel, xiii.

Lyon, Simon, xii.

Lyons, Judah, permitted to take
slave from New York to Suri-
nam, 141.
15

Lyons, Rev. J. J., 141 (note).
Lvsons, Daniel, work by, cited. 75
(note), 77 (note).

McClellan, General George B., 145.

MacMahon, John V. L., 97 (note).

Mack, Hon. Julian W., xi.

Mack, Mrs. Julian W., 150.

Mack, Mrs. Millard W., 150.

Mackenzie, G. E., items of Jewish
interest in catalogue of, 114.

" Macmillan's Magazine," ref. to,
158.

Madison, James, 95 (note), 96
(note).

Maduro, Ishac de Jahacob Levy, 138.

Maduro, Jahacob Levy, 138.

" Magazine of History," ref. to, 1
(note).

Magnusson, Eiriker, 182.

Mallory, Stephen R., 21, 25 (note),
26.

Malouet, alluded to, 139.

Manasses, R., work by, 114.

Mann, Mr., 56.

Mansion House Fund and Com-
mittee, London, 159.

" Manual or Digest of the Statute
Laws of the State of Florida "
(Thompson), ref. to, 18 (note).

Manucy, Joseph, 11 (note).

Marchallech, Joseph, 118.

Margolis, Prof. Max L., xi.

"Market Assistant" (De Voe), ref.
to, 50 (note).

"Market Book" (De Voe), ref. to,
37 (note).

Market Street National Bank, Phila-
delphia, 174.

Marks, Catherine, 115.

Marks, Solomon, 115.

Marranos (secret Jews) in Lisbon,
71, 72, 73, 74.

Marriage by rabbis not clearly
licensed in Maryland, 94, 104,
105 and (note), 106 (note).

Martin, Joseph, case of Naphtali
Franks, against, ref. to, 75
(note).

Marx, Prof. Alexander, vii, xi, xiii,

63, 161, 162 (note),
necrology of Solomon Schechter
by, xii, 177-192.

208

American Jewish Historical Society.

Maryland, 24, 145.

unequal religious rights in, since

1776, article on, 93-107.
Maryland Board of State Aid and

Charities, 154.
" Maryland Censor," alluded to, 96

(note).
Maryland, Code of, Public General

Laws, cited, 98 (note).
Maryland Edict of Toleration, 99,

100.

Maryland Historical Society, 146.
Maryland Prisoners' Aid Associa-
tion, 151.
Maryland Society for the Protection

of Children from Cruelty and

Immorality, 151.
Maryland Society for the Relief and

Prevention of Tuberculosis, 154.
Maryland Test Act of 1824, speech

of Governor Worthington on,

alluded to, 97 (note).
Masons, Jews as Grand Masters of,

114.

Massachusetts, 134, 135, 136, 137.
Massachusetts Historical Society

" Collections," Jewish items in,

112-113.
Massachusetts Historical Society,

" Proceedings," ref. to, 131

(note) .
Mathilde Adler Loeb Dispensary,

Philadelphia, 174.

Matter of Young Women's Associa-
tion, 136.

Mayer, Constant, 112.
" Mayor's Court Records," ref. to,

44 (note).
Meat supply in New York. See

Kosher meat supply in New

York.

"Medical Age," ref. to, 32 (note).
Meindersen, Egbert, 42.
Melhado, Dr. Emanuel, 115, 117.
Melhado, Jael, 117.
Melhado, Luna, 115, 117.
Melhado, Sarah, 118.
Melhado, William Henry, 117.
" Memoirs of John Quincy Adams

comprising his Diary from 1795

to 1848," quoted, 12, 13, 14.

" Memorial Note on Samuel West-
heimer," by Albert M. Frieden-
berg, xiii, 124-125.

" Men and Times of the Revolution,
or Memoirs of Elkanah Wat-
son," ref. to, 82 (note).

Mendes, Rev. H. Pereira, 112.

Mendes, Mary Ann, 118.

Mercado, Esther De, 117.

Mercado, George De, 118.

Mercado, Henry De, 117.

Mercado, Manasseh De, 117, 118.

Merchants, early Jewish, in New
York, 87, 90.

Merchants' and Manufacturers' As-
sociation of Baltimore, 153.

Merrick, Captain Joseph, 82, 83, 84,

Meserve, William, 50.

Mesier, Mr., 56.

Meyer, Antonio. See Mier, Antonio.

Meyer, Rev. Dr. Martin A., xiv.

Meza, Abigael, 139.

Meza, Abraham Hisquiau Mendes,
139.

Meza, David * de, 139, 140.

Meza, David 2 Mendes, 138, 139.

Meza, Ishak de David de, 139.

Meza, Jahacob, 1 139, 140.

Meza, Jahacob 2 Mendes, 138, 139.

Meza, Lea, 139.

Meza, Rachel de David de, 139.

Micanope (Micanopy), Florida, 14
(note), 134.

Midrash ha-Gadol, of Solomon
Schechter, 183, 188.

Mier (Meyer), Antonio, 4 (note).

Mile End Road, London, Jewish
Cemetery at, 75 (note), 77
(note).

Miller, Chaplain John, work by,
alluded to, 44.

Miller v. Miller, case of, 135.

" Minutes of the Common Council of
New York, ref. to, 87 (note).

Mississippi, 137.

Mississippi River, 119.

Missouri, 24, 134.

Mitnick v. Russian Congregation,
case of, 135.

Mohel, West Indian, records of, 114-
118.

Index.

209

" Mohelim of Curagao and Surinam,"
note on, by D. de Sola Pool,
xiii, 138-140.

Montefiore Album awarded ... to
the Aguilar Free Library at the
. . . Fair in Aid of the Monte-
fiore Home . . . 1886, 112.

Montefiore, Claude G., 180, 181, 182,
183.

Montefiore, Sir Moses, 67, 112.

Montego Bay, Jamaica, 115, 116.

Montgomery, Alabama, 25.

Morais, Abraham, 117.

Morales, Dr. Mos., 116.

" Mordecai," essay by Joseph Jacobs,
158.

Mordecai, Major A., xii.

Mordecai, Jacob, 126.

Mordecai, Laura, xii.

Mordecai, Moses, 126, 127.

Morgan, Mr., 12.

Morocco Famine Relief Fund, 112.

Morris, Mrs., 142.

Morss, Mr., 56.

Morton, I., 54, 57, 62.

Morton, Lev! P., 112.

Moses, David, 52.

" Moses Elias Levy's Agricultural
Colony in Florida," note on, by
Elfrida D. Cowen, xii, 132-134.

Moses, Elkin, 116.

Moses, Henry (Zender Falmouth),
67, 68.

Moses, Horatio, 116.

Moses, Isaac, 1 47.

Moses, Isaac, Jr., 2 52.

Moses, Isaac, 3 123.

Moses, M. L., 36, 57.

Moses, Michael, 113.

Moslems, discriminated against in
Maryland, 98, 99.

Mt. Holly, N. J., 125, 126.

Mt. Sinai Hospital, New York, 87.

MS. Mayor's Court Minutes, quoted,

42.
ref. to, 43 (note), 44 (note).

Municipal Art Commission of Balti-
more, 147.

Municipal Art Society, Baltimore,
154.

Murray, William, 119, 120.

Myers (?), Captain, 113.

Myers, Algernon, 116.

Myers, Hyam, 47.

Myers, Manuel, 47.

Myers, Moses, 5.

Myers, Myer, 47.

Myers, Naphtali, 115.

Myers, Sam, 52.

Myers, Samson A., 123.

Myers, Sander, 117.

Myers, Solomon, 115, 116, 117.

Naarde, 138.

Nabarro, Joseph Nunes, 114.

Naphtali, Isaac, 42, 43 (note).

Napoleon and Sunday law, 137.

" Narrative of Segnior Francisco de
Faria. Interpreter and Sec-
retary of Languages unto Gas-
par de Abren de Freitas . . . ,"
127-128.

Nasci, Isaac. See Nassy, Isaac.

Nassy, David, 139.

Nassy (Nasci), Isaac (Ishac), 138,
139.

" Natchez Independent Press," al-
luded to, 96 (note).

Nathan, Joseph, 123.

Nathan, Seixas, 52, 57.

Nathans, Levy, 52.

Nathauson, R. Joseph Saul, 177.

National Conference of Charities
and Correction, 154.

National Jewish Hospital for Con-
sumptives at Denver, 124.

National Jewish Hospital for Con-
sumptives v. Coleman, case of,
136.

National Mechanics Bank, Balti-
more, 153.

Neubauer, Adolf, 180.

Neuman, Rev. Dr. Abraham A., xi,
xiv.

Nevis, B. W. I., 149.

New Jersey, 133, 134, 137.

New Mexico, 22, 114.

New York, 4, 76 (note), 78, 79, 87,
90, 91, 122, 123, 131, 141, 155,
175.
article on the Kosher meat supply

in, 31-62.

Common Council of, and the ques-
tion of Kosher meat supply, 32,

210

American Jewish Historical Society.

33, 34, 35, 36, 37-38, 38-39, 54,

55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62.
" New York Colonial MSS.," ref. to,

43 (note).
" New York Evening Sun," ref. to,

135.
" New York Herald," ref. to, 22

(note), 23 (note), 25 (note),

26 (note), 27 (note), 29 (note),

113.
New York Historical Society, 142

(note), 143 (note).
" New York Law Journal," ref. to,

135, 136, 137, 138.
New York, Minutes of the Common

Council of, quoted, 32, 33, 35,

36, 37-38, 38-39, 56, 61.
ref. to, 42 (note).
New York Public Library, 112.
" New York Sun," ref. to, 29 (note).
" New York Synagogue in 1812,"

note on, by Lee M. Friedman,

xiii, 131-132.
"New York Times," ref. to, 25

(note), 137.
" New York Tribune," ref. to, 18

(note), 25 (note), 28 (note).
" New York World," ref. to, 28

(note).

New York (state), 135, 136, 138.
New York State Department of

Labor, Bulletin of, ref. to, 137.
"New Yorke" (Miller), alluded to,

44.

Newman (?), Joshua, 113.
Newport, 131.
" Newspaper Comments on the

Samuel Hart Case," by Rabbi

Julius J. Price, xiii.
Nicolay [John G.], and Hay [John],

ref. to work by, 22 (note), 23

(note), 25 (note).

Nidche Israel Congregation, Balti-
more. See Baltimore Hebrew

Congregation.

" Niles' Register," ref. to, 95 (note).
Nitchie, Mr., 56.
Norfolk, Va., 5, 7.
North Dakota, 137.
Norton, Charles Ledyard, ref. to

work by, 18 (note), 27 (note).

" Note, A, on Jewish Worship in
New York, 1812," by Lee M.
Friedman. See " New York
Synagogue in 1812."

"Notes on Blackstone " (Tucker),
alluded to, 95 (note).

" Notices of Bast Florida, with an
Account of the Seminole Nation
of Indians, by a recent traveler
in the Province," ref. to, 132
(note), 133 (note).

"Notices of Florida and the Cam-
paigns" (Cohen), ref. to, 8
(note).

Noyes, Mr., 109.

Nunes, Benjamin, 1 116.

Nunes, Benjamin, 2 116.

Nunes, Esther, 116.

Nunes, Rosa, 118.

Nunes, Sarah, 115.

" Occident," cited, 3 (note).

ref. to, 113.
" Oesterreichische Wochenschrift "

(Bloch), ref. to, 137.
Ogden, Senator William, 104 (note).
Ohio River, 119.

Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, 146.
Oklahoma, 137.

Oppenheim, Samuel, xi, xii-xiii, xvi.
on " The Question of the Kosher
Meat Supply in New York in
1813 : with a sketch of Earlier
Conditions," 31-62.
on " Genealogical Notes on Jacob
Franks from Official Records,"
75-80.

on " Will of Nathan Simson, a
Jewish Merchant in New York
before 1722, and Genealogical
Note concerning Him and
Joseph Simson," 87-91.
note by, on " Was the Bank of En-
gland Projected by a Jew?"
111.

note by, on " Jews Who Died of
Yellow Fever in the Epidemic
in New York in 1798," 123.
note by, on " Will of Henry
Benjamin Franks, December 13,
1758, and Inventory of His
Estate," 125-127.

Index.

211

note by, on " Letter of Jonas
Phillips, July 28, 1776, Men-
tioning the American Revolu-
tion and the Declaration of
Independence," 128-131.
note by, on " Some Revolutionary
Letters," 142-143.

Oppenheimer, Cora R. (Mrs. Henry),
156.

Oppenheimer, Laura, 152.

" Optimism and Pessimism in the
Old and New Testaments," by
Adolf Guttmacher, 151.

" Ordinances of New York," alluded
to, 41 (note).

" Origin of the County Names of
Florida (Utley), ref. to, 18
(note).

Osceola, Seminole chief, 8.

Osier, Sir William, 154.

Pacheco, Benjamin Mendez (Rodrigo

Pacheco), 77 (note).
Pacheco, Rodrigo. See Pacheco,

Benjamin Mendez.
Palmer, Mr., 56.
Pantheists, discriminated against in

Maryland, 98, 99.
Paramaribo, hospital at, 138, 139.
" Parental Right to Control the Re-
ligious Education of a Child "

(Friedman), ref. to, 134 (note).
Parkhurst, John G., 23.
Passenger, New York butcher, 48.
Peabody Institute, Baltimore, 147.
Peace Conference between Great

Britain and the United States,

155.
Peace Conference in New York City,

155.

Peixotto, Benjamin F., 112.
Peixotto, Dr. Daniel Levi Maduro,

4, 11.

Pell, Mr., 56.
Pena, Esther, 116.
Pendleton, Judge, 138.
Pennsylvania, 137, 145.
" Pennsylvania Gazette," ref. to,

126.
Pennsylvania, Historical Society of,

113.

" Pennsylvania Magazine of History
and Biography," ref. to, 75
(note).

Pennsylvania, University of, 162.

Penso, Daniel Messias, 138, 139.

Penso, Ester, 139.

Penso, Jahacob Messiah, 139.

People ex rel. Briggs v. Owen, case
of, 137.

People ex rel. Ring v. Board of Edu-
cation, case of, 137.

People v. Bolatnick, case of, 137.

People v. Goldberger, case of, 137.

People v. Hollender, case of, 137.

People v. Saruya, case of, 136-137.

People v. Schwartz, case of, 137.

Pereira, Mr., 73.

Pereira, of Jamaica, 113.

Pereira, David, 116.

Pereira, Ralph, 116.

Pernambuco, Brazil, 128.

" Perpetual Light Prayers and
Meditations on Death for Home
and Burial Ground," by Adolf
Guttmacher, 152.

" Persecution of the Jews in Rus-
sia," by Joseph Jacobs, 159.

Petition of David Franks et. al.,
to the Lord Chancellor relating
to lands in Virginia, 119-120.

Philadelphia, 4, 113, 126, 131, 142,

173, 174, 175.
Jewish congregation at, 50.

Philadelphia Rapid Transit Com-
pany, 174.

Philadelphia & Reading Railroad,
146.

Philipson, Rev. Dr. David, xi, xvi.
necrology of Solomon Fox by, xii,
149-150.

Phillips, Barzila (?), 112.

Phillips, Jonas, letter of, July 28,
1776, mentioning the American
Revolution and the Declaration
of Independence, 128-131.

Phillips, N. Taylor, ix, xi, xii, 33.
report as Treasurer, x-xi.
ref. to work by, 125.

Phillips, Naphtali, 51, 52.

Phillips, Simon, 113.

" Philosophy of Jewish History,"
by Joseph .In cobs, 160.

212

American Jewish Historical Society.

Phoenix Club, Baltimore, 155.

" Phylacteries Found at Pittsfield,

Mass.," by Lee M. Friedman,

81-85.
Picciotto, James, ref. to work by,

37 (note), 49 (note).
Pickens, Mr., 12.
Pierce [Franklin], 16, 27.
Pierce, Rev. John, on services in the

New York Synagogue in 1812,

131-132.

Pinkney, William, 95.
Pinto, Abraham, 116.
Pinto, Abraham, Jr., 116.
Pinto, Esther, 116.
Pinto, Isaac, 1 47.
Pinto, Isaac, 2 116.
Pitt, William, 81.
Pittsburgh Conference of Reform

Rabbis, 103 (note).
Pittsburgh & Connellsville Railroad,

146.
Pittsfield, Mass., phylacteries found

at, in 1815, 81-85.
Plont, Grace, 88.
Plont, Samuel, 88.
Polk [ James K.], 16, 17.
" Polk Papers, Bancroft Collection,

New York Public Library," ref.

to, 16 (note).
" Polk Papers, Library of Congress,"

alluded to, 16 (note).
Pool, Rev. Dr. David de Sola, xiii.
on " The Mohelim of Curasao and

Surinam, and other notes," 138-

141.

ref. to work by, 138 (note).
Poore's "Index," ref. to, 20 (note).
Popish Plot, Francisco de Faria and,

127.
Population, Jewish, of New York in

1812, 44, 45.
of Baltimore in 1825, 99 and

(note).

Posegate, F. M., 124.
Price, Rabbi Julius J., xiii.

note by, on " Adolphus Mordecai

Hart, of Quebec," 121-122.
" Proceedings of the Convention of

the People of Florida," ref. to,

27 (note).

" Proselyte Apostate, A., a Romance
of a Century Ago," by Elfrida
Cowen, xii.

Public office, Jews holding, in the

United States, 1, 2 (note), 5, 7

(note), 8, 10, 17, 87, 99, 124.

fight in Maryland for right of

Jews to hold, 95-99.

" Publications of the Florida His-
torical Society," 1 (note).

Pulis, William, 50.

Quaife, Milo Milton, ref. to work
by, 20 (note).

Quakers, discriminated against in
Maryland, 93, 100.

Quebec, Canada, 121.

Quello, Rebecca, 116.

" Question, The, of the Kosher Meat
Supply in New York in 1813:
with a Sketch of Earlier Con-
ditions," contributed by Samuel
Oppenheim, xii, 31-62.

Rabbi, marriages by, in Maryland,
not clearly licensed, 94, 104,
105 and (note), 106 (note).

Rakocz v. Rakocz, case of, 135.

Ramsey, Elizabeth, 75, 76.

Read, Charles, 126, 127.

Read, Deborah, 65.

" Real Estate Record, A, of the
Sholam Colony," by Rev. Dr.
Ifavid de Sola Pool, xiii, 140-
141.

Real Estate Trust Company, Phila-
delphia, 174.

" Records of My Family," by Israel

Solomon, 63.

quoted, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,
71, 72, 73-74.

" Records of New Amsterdam," ref.
to, 42 (note).

" Records of a West Indian Mohel,"
note, 114-118.

Reid, Mrs. C. A., 29.

Reid, Judge Robert R., 8.

Reinheimer v. Standard Scale & Sup-
ply Co., case of, 136.

Religious rights in Maryland, since
1776, article on, 93-107.

Index.

213

Religious test as qualification for
office in Maryland, 95, 96
(note), 97 (note), 98 and
(note), 102 (note).

" Report No. 236, 25th Congress, 3d
Session," ref. to, 134 (note).

" Report No. 238, 25th Congress, 3d
Session," ref. to, 2 (note).

" Report of American Historical As-
sociation," ref. to, 23 (note).

" Repos hebdomadaire dans le com-
merce " (Berthomieu), alluded
to, 137.

" Revised Codes," North Dakota, ref.
to, 137.

" Revised Laws," Massachusetts, ref.
to, 137.

"Revised Laws" (Oklahoma), ref.
to, 137.

" Revised List, A, of the Hazanim
in New York City in the Eight-
eenth Century," by Rev. Dr.
David de Sola Pool, xiii.

Revolution, the War of the, Jews in,

113, 142, 143, 145.
reference to, in a contemporary
letter, 130.

Rhode Island, Jews and the com-
merce of, 113.

Rice, Isaac L., necrology of, by Sam-
son Lachman, xii, 175-176.

Richard, Paul, 78, 79.

Richards, William, 143.

Richmond, Jewish congregation at,
50.

" Richmond, Va., Evening Journal,"
ref. to, 137.

Rierson, George, 50.

Riley, Clara, ref. to, 98 (note).

Rimbach, Germany, 124.

Rivera, Abraham Rodrigues de, 43.

Rodenburg, Levy M., 11 (note).

Roos, Gerrit Jansen, 42.

Roos [Rev. J. S.], ref. to work by.
138 (note), 139.

Rosenau, Rev. Dr. William, necrol-
ogy of Adolf Guttmacher by,
xii, 150-152.
alluded to, 106 (note).

Rosenbach, Dr. A. S. W., vii, xi, xvi.

Rosenbaum, Charles E., 114.

Rosendale, Simon W., ix, xi.'

Rossell, Zachariah, Jr., 127.

Roth, Mathilde, 181, 182.

Rothschild, Baron, 67.

Rowell, Chester H., work by, alluded
to, 2 (note), 3 (note), 4 (note),
5 (note), 7 (note), 8 (note), 9
(note),
ref. to, 10 (note).

Royal Academy of History at Ma-
drid, 159, 162.

Royal Colonial Institute, 149.

Ruden, Alexander, 52.

Ruden, Jacques, 36.

Russia, persecution of Jews by, 158,
159.

Saadya, commentary of, 180.

" Sabbath School Companion for
Jewish Children," by Adolf
Guttmacher, 152.

Sabin's catalogue, 114.

St. Augustine, 5, 6, 8.

St. Eustatia, 129, 130.

St. Joseph, Mo., 124, 125.

" St. Joseph Gazette," quoted, 124,
125 (note).

" St. Joseph News-Press," ref. to,
125 (note).

" St. Joseph Observer," quoted, 124.

St. Thomas, 2 and (note), 5.

Salmon, Horatio, 117.

Salmon, Rachel, 117, 118.

Salmon, Robert, 117, 118.

Salomon, Haym M., 41, 52, 55, 59,
62.

Saltman v. Nesson, case of, 135.

Sampson, Aaron, 116.

Sampson, Augustus, 116.

Sampson, Rebecca, 116.

Sampson, Rosalind Stella, 116.

Samson, Gumpel, letter of Jonas
Phillips to, July 28, 1776, men-
tioning the American Revolu-
tion and the Declaration of In-
dependence, 128-131.

" Samuel Gradische, an Eighteenth
Century French Sutler," by
Rabbi Julius J. Price, xiii.

Samuel, Phillip, 71, 72, 73.

Savannah, 131.

214

American Jeivish Historical Society.

Scharf, ref. to work by, 97 (note),
99 (note).

Schechter, Frank I., on " An Un-
familiar Aspect of Anglo-Jewish
History," xiii, 63-74.

Schechter, Solomon, necrology of, by
Prof. Alexander Marx, xii, 177-
192.

Schiff v. Adler, case of, 135.

Schiller-Szinessy, Simon, 180.

Seeker, Archbishop, 109.

Seixas, Benjamin, 34, 35, 52.

Seixas, Rev. Gershom Mendes, 44,
47, 48. 51.

Seixas, Solomon, 41, 52, 55, 59.

Selenkow, Morris, 104 (note).

Seminole Wars, 8, 13, 14 (note).

" Senate, 36th and 37th Congresses,"
ref. to, 26 (note).

" Senate Miscellaneous Document
No. 2, 32d Congress, Special
Session," ref. to, 21 (note).

" Senate Miscellaneous Document
No. 6, Part 2, 30th Congress, 1st
Session," ref. to, 22 (note).

" Senate Miscellaneous Document
No. 109, 32d Congress, 1st Ses-
sion," ref. to, 21 (note).

" Senate Report No. 29, 30th Con-
gress, 1st Session," ref. to, 20
(note).

" Senate Report, No. 123, 36th Con-
gress, 1st Session," ref. to, 7
(note).

" Senate Report No. 349, 32d Con-
gress, 1st Session," ref. to, 21
(note).

" Senate Report 381, 35th Congress,
2d Session," ref. to, 7 (note).

Senate, United States, Jews in, 1,
17.

" Senator Yulee " (Yulee), ref. to, 1
(note).

Senior, Abraham de Mordechay, 138.

Senior, Mordechay Haim, 138.

Sereno, Mrs., 118.

Seventh-Day Baptists and Maryland
Sunday law, 104.

Sharpas, Will, 79.

Shearith Israel Congregation, New

York, 76 (note), 112, 125.
and the question of Kosher meat
supply in New York, 33, 34, 35,
36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45,
46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54,

55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62.
description of services in, in 1812,

131-132.

Shearith Israel Congregation, Min-
utes of, quoted, 33-34, 35-36, 55-

56, 57-58, 59.

ref. to, 44 (note), 46 (note), 47

(note),
cited, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52.

" Shepherdstown Eagle," alluded to,
96 (note).

Shochet, A. S., 104 (note).

Shochet of Congregation Shearith
Israel and Kosher meat supply
in New York in 1813, 37, 38, 39,
40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49,
50 and (note), 51, 52, 53, 54,
55, 56, 58, 60, 61.

Sholam, New York, document relat-
ing to Jewish colony at, 140-
141.

Sierra Leone, 148.

Silberstein, Israel, 104 (note).

Silva, Alberto Carlos da, necrology
of. by Xavier da Cunha, 148.

Silva, Francisco Arthur da, 148.

Simon, Joseph, 113.

Simson, Dyne, 88, 89.

Simson, Frances, 90, 91.

Simson, Joseph, 87, 90.

genealogical note concerning, 90.

Simson, Matthew. See Simson,
Nathan.

Simson, Nathan (Matthew), will of,

87-89.

genealogical note concerning, 90-
91.

Simson, Richa, 90.

Simson, Sampson, 1 52, 56, 57, 87.

Simson, Samson, 2 90.

Simson, Samuel, 90.

Simson, Sarah, 1 90.

Simson, Sarah, 2 90.

Simson, Solomon, 47, 90.

Index.

215

" Sketch of the Proceedings of the
Legislature of Maryland, De-
cember Session, of what is com-
monly called the Jew Bill
. . . ," 96 (note), 97 (note).

" Sketches, historical and topograph-
ical of the Florida s, more
particularly of East Florida "
(Forbes), ref. to, 133 (note).

" Sketches of Anglo-Jewish His-
tory " (Picciotto), ref. to, 37
(note), 49 (note).

" Slave Proclamation, A, of De Witt
Clinton," by Rev. Dr. David de
Sola Pool, xiii, 141.

Smart, Nicholas, 32, 33, 37.

Smith, Col., 142.

Smith, Mr., 56.

Smith, Rev. Ethan, 84.

Smith, General P. S., 11.

Soarez, David, 117.

Soarez, Isaac, 117.

Soarez, Rebecca, 1 117.

Soarez, Rebecca, 2 117.

Soarez, Samuel Carvalho, 117.

Society of Hebrew Literature, 158.

Soils, Daniel, 52.

Solomon, Barnet L., 63, 64.

Solomon, Israel, 1 71.

Solomon, Israel, 2 63, 64, 65, 67, 69,

71, 73.

article on " Records of My
Family " by, 63-74.

Solomon, Lewis, 11 (note).

Solomon, Solomon B., 64.

Solomons, Hyam, 47.

Solomons, Israel, ref. to work by,

75 (note),
on records of the Franks family,

77 (note), 78 (note),
alluded to, 114, 127.

Solomons, John, 52.

Solomons, Levy, of Montreal, 113.

Solomons, Mark, 39, 46, 51, 52.

Solomons, Rose, 115.

" Some Pedagogical Aspects of
American Jewish History," by
Mabel Lyon, xiii.

" Some Revolutionary Letters," note
on, by Samuel Oppenheim, 142-
143.

" Some Unpublished Material relat-
ing to the Civil Disabilities of
the Jews in Maryland" (Hol-
lander), ref. to, 93 (note).

" Some Unpublished Material relat-
ing to Dr. Jacob Lumbrozo of
Maryland " (Hollander), ref. to,
93 (note).

South Dakota, 137.

South Sea Company of Great
Britain, 88.

" Southern Patriot " of Charleston,
alluded to, 96 (note).

Souza, Abraham Henriques de, 44
(note).

Spain, 159.

" Spokane Chronicle," ref. to, 137.

Stanton, Edwin M., 20, 21 and
(note), 28.

State ex rel. Weiss v. District Board,
case of, 137.

Steel, Nicholas, 50.

Steinschneider [Moritz], 158, 179.

Steuben, Baron, letter of David S.
Franks to, quoted, 142.

Steuben Papers, at the New York
Historical Society, 142 (note).

Stevens, J., 89.

Stevens, J. S., work by, alluded to,
91 (note).

Stokes, Dr. H. P., 110.

Stollard, Elizabeth, 78, 79.

Straus, Hon. Oscar S., ix.

" Studies in Judaism" (Schechter),
alluded to, 180, 185.

Sulzberger, David, work by, cited,
44.

Sulzberger, Hon. Mayer, xi, xv.
necrology of Joseph Jacobs by, xii,
156-173.

" Sunday Labor in the State of New
York" (Friedenberg), ref. to,
137.

Sunday law in Maryland, 94, 101,
103 and (note), 104 and (note),
in New York, 136-137.

Surinam, 141.

the Mohelim of, 138-140.

Sydney, New South Wales, 156.

216

American Jewish Historical Society.

Taft, George S., ref. to work by, 21
(note).

" Tancred " (D'Israeli), alluded to,
68.

Taylor, Dr. Charles, 182, 184.

Ten Tribes, lost. See Indian-Israel
theory.

Tennessee, 24.

Texas, 24.

"Thirty-Eighth Congress, 2d Ses-
sion, House Miscellaneous Docu-
ment No. 57," ref. to, 21 (note).

Thomas, E. S., 97 (note).

Thomas, Isaiah, 84 (note).

Thompson, Leslie A., ref. to work
by, 18 (note).

Thompson, General W., 8.

Thorowgood [Thomas], work by, al-
luded to, 85.

Three Rivers, Canada, 121.

Thrush, Captain Thomas, work by,
alluded to, 6.

Tierney, Judge, 136.

Tish'a b'Ab, validity of Jewish mar-
riage solemnized on, 105 (note).

" Tobias Katz : a Medical Cyclopse-
dist of the Seventeenth Cen-
tury," by Dr. A. Levinson, xiv.

Toombs, Mr., 23.

Tradesmen's National Bank, Phila-
delphia, 173.

" Transactions of the Jewish His-
torical Society of England," ref.
to, 80 (note), 109 (note), 113,
162 (note).

" Transcript of Records of Supreme
Court of United States," ref to,
3 (note).

Trinidade, Adelaide Elisa, 148.

Trinity, disbelief in, punishable in
Maryland, 94, 100 and (note),
101 (note).

" True History of the Missouri
Compromise" (Dixon), cited,
22 (note) -23 (note).

Tucker, Judge, alluded to, 95 (note).

" Twenty-seventh Congress, 3d Ses-
sion, Document No. 15," ref. to,
12 (note).

Tyler, President [John], 15, 18, 23.

Tyson, John S., 97 (note).

Ulster County, New York, 140, 141.

" Unequal Religious Rights in Mary-
land since 1776," by Benjamin
H. Ilartogensis, 93-107.

" Unfamiliar Aspect of Anglo-Jewish
History, An," by Frank I.
Schechter, xiii, 63-74.

" Unfamiliar Aspect, of Victorian
Anglo-Jewry, An," by Frank I.
Schechter. See " Unfamiliar
Aspect of Anglo-Jewish History,
An."

" Union Bulletin," ref. to, 137.

Union of American Hebrew Congre-
gations, 150.

" United Empire," ref. to, 149
(note),

United States, early reference to
Jews in, 131.

Utley, George B., ref. to work by, 1
(note), 18 (note).

Valentine's " Manual," alluded to,
45.

Vandenburg, Caleb, 33, 34, 35, 36,
37.

Vanderbilt, Mr., 56.

Van der Wilden, David Valentine,
42.

Van der Wilden, Symon, 42.

Van Gansbeek, T. Jr., 141.

Van Gelderen, Marcus, and the Jew-
ish colony at Sholam, note on,
by D. de Sola Pool, 140-141.

Van Wyck, Pierre C., 56.

Vaz, Isaac, 115.

Vaz, Isaac Nunes, 115.

Vaz, Jacob, 116.

Vaz, Leah, 115, 116.

Vaz, Phenias, 115, 116.

Velodrome Co. v. Stengel, case of,
137.

" View of the Hebrews," by Rev.
Ethan Smith, 84.

Viger, Mr., 121.

Virginia, 24, 145.
David Franks' interest in lands in,
in 1774, 119-120.

" Virginian Republican " of Dan-
ville, alluded to, 96 (note).

Volutia, Florida, 4.

Index.

217

von Klein, Carl H., ref. to work by,
32 (note).

Von Ottingen, A. A., 47.

<,

Waldron, Mr., 56.

War of 1812, Jews in, 95 (note),
145.

Warburg, Frederick, 134.

Warner, William, 52.

Warsaw, 71.

41 Was the Bank of England Pro-
jected by a Jew ? " note on, by
Samuel Oppenheim, 111.

Washington County Historical So-
ciety, 98 (note).

Washington, D. C., 155.

Washington, George, Jews in the
correspondence of, 113.

Washington Territory, 7 (note).

Waterson, Wm., 77.

Watson, Elkanah, on the discovery
of a phylactery at Pittsfleld in
1815, 82-83.

Wawarsing, New York, 140.

Webster [Daniel], 16.

Weiss, Isaac Hirsch, 178, 179.

Wendover, Mr., 56.

West, The, Jews factors in colonizing
of, 119-120.

" West India Committee Circular,"
ref. to, 149 (note).

West India Committee of London,
149.

West Indies, 43, 149.

records of a Mohel of, 114-118.

West Point, 142.

West Point Military Academy, Jews
at, 96 (note).

Westchester County, New York, 112.

Westcott, James D., 15 (note), 16.
correspondence of D. L. Yulee
with, 16-17.

Westheimer family, xvi.

Westheimer, Samuel, memorial note
on, 124-125.

Wickliffe, Miss, 18, 19 and (note).

Wilkes Exploring Expedition, 20
(note).

" Will, The, and Inventory of the
Estate of Henry Benjamin
Franks, 1758," by Samuel Op-

penheim. See " Will of Henry
Benjamin Franks . . ."

" Will of Henry Benjamin Franks,
December 13, 1758, and In-
ventory of His Estate," note on,
by Samuel Oppenheim, xii, 125-
127.

" Will of Nathan Simson, a Jewish
Merchant in New York before
1722, and Genealogical Note
concerning Him and Joseph
Simson," contributed by Samuel
Oppenheim, 87-91.

Williamson, Hugh, letter from
Elkanah Watson to, on dis-
covery of phylactery at Pitts-
fleld in 1815, 82-83.

Willing Morris & Co., bill of ex-
change on, 131.

Winans, Ross, 145.

Winder, General, 97 (note).

Winston, Richard, 120.

Winterbotham, W., early reference
to Jews in the United States
in work by, 131.

Winthrop, Governor, 19.

Witnesses, disabilities of Jews as,
94, 101, 103, 134.

Wolf, Lucien, xvi, 159.
ref. to work by, 75 (note).
See also Jacobs, Joseph, and Wolf,
Lucien.

Wolf, Hon. Simon, xi, xii.

Wolf, Hon. Simon, and Kohler, Max
J., xiv.

Wolfe, Daniel, 118.

Wolfe, David, 118.

Wolkovisky v. Rapaport, case of,
136.

" Works of James Buchanan," ref.
to, 20 (note).

Worth, General, 17.

Worthington, Governor, 97 (note).

Wortman, Tunis, 36.

Wotton, William, 111.

Yahuda, Dr., xii.

" Year Book," Central Conference

of American Rabbis, ref. to, 137.
Yellow fever epidemic in New York

in 1798, 123.
York, Lord Chancellor, 119, 120.

218

American Jewish Historical Society.

Young Women's Hebrew Association

v. Sanders, case of, 136.
Yulee, C. Wickliffe, 29.

work by, ref. to, 1 and (note), 7
(note), 8 (note), 19 (note), 20
(note), 22 (note), 25 (note),
27 (note), 28 (note), 29
(note) ; cited, 2-3.

Yulee (Eulee), David Levy, article
on, 1-29.

name adopted by, 2-3, 18-19 and
(note).

early years of, 5, 7, 8.

in the House of Representatives,
8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15.

question of citizenship of, 9, 10,

11 and (note), 12.
in the Senate, 17, 20, 22, 25 and

(note), 26.
part taken by, in the Civil War,

23, 24, 26, 27, 28.
last years of, 28-29.
Yulee (Levy), Ellas, 7 and (note).
Yulee, Florida, 29.
Yulee Manuscripts in possession of
Leon Hiihner, 15 and (note), 16
(note), 17 (note), 19.
Yulee, Mary, 29.

Zangwill, Israel, quoted, 162.

CONSTITUTION.

NAME.

I. The name of this Society shall be the " American Jew-
ish Historical Society."

OBJECTS.

II. The objects shall be the collection, preservation, and
publication of material having reference to the settlement
and history of Jews on the American Continent, and the pro-
motion of the study of Jewish history in general, prefer-
ably so far as the same is related to American Jewish history
or connected with the causes of emigration from various parts
of the world to this continent.

MEMBERS.

III. Any person approved by the Executive Council may
become a member by paying five dollars; and after the first
year may continue a member by paying an annual fee of five
dollars.

On payment of one hundred dollars, any person may become
a life member exempt from fees.

Persons may be elected as honorary members and be exempt
from the payment of fees; but no honorary member shall be
elected except by the unanimous vote of the Executive Council.

Persons approved by the Council may be elected as corre-
sponding members, and be exempt from the payment of fees.

Any member who shall have neglected or omitted to pay
his annual dues for three successive years shall, on notice to
him from the Treasurer of that fact and of this provision,
ipso facto cease to be a member of this Society unless within
one month after said notice he pays all of his dues in arrears

219

220 American Jewish Historical Society.

or shall be excused therefrom by the Executive Council of the
Society, which is hereby authorized on proper grounds to remit
said dues.

OFFICEKS.

IV. The officers shall be a President, four Vice-Presidents,
a Corresponding Secretary, a Recording Secretary, a Treas-
urer, a Curator, and an Executive Council, consisting of the
foregoing officers and of twelve other members elected by the
Society, with the ex-presidents of the Society. These officers
shall be elected by ballot at each regular annual meeting of
the Society. The additional members of the Executive Council
shall be elected as provided in and by Section 3 of Article II
of the By-Laws of the Society.

COUNCIL.

V. The Executive Council shall have charge of the general
interests of the Society, including the election of members,
the calling of meetings, the selection of papers to be read, and
the determination of what papers shall be published.

AMENDMENTS.

VI. This Constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote
at any annual meeting, notice of such amendment having
been given at the previous annual meeting, or the proposed
amendment having received the approval of the Executive
Council.

BY-LAWS.
ARTICLE I.

MEMBERS.

Section 1. The dues of members of the Society, including those
elected between the 1st day of October and the 1st day of April
in a fiscal year, shall be payable annually on the 1st day of Octo-
ber for said fiscal year in advance. Those joining as members
between the 1st day of April and the 1st day of October in a fiscal
year shall at such time pay dues only for the current half-year,
proportionately, and thereafter shall pay full yearly dues in ad-
vance on the 1st day of October in each year.

Section 2. The fiscal year shall extend and include from the
1st day of October to the 30th day of September next ensuing in
each calendar year.

Section 3. The President and the Corresponding Secretary,
whenever the Society or its Executive Council is not in session,
shall have the power to act upon applications for membership in
the Society.

Section 4. Members whose dues are more than one year in
arrear on the 1st day of October, at the opening of a new fiscal
year, shall not be entitled to receive such publications as the
Society may thereafter issue until and unless such dues in arrear
shall have been fully liquidated.

ARTICLE II.

OFFICERS, ETC.

Section 1. The term for which officers of the Society shall be
chosen is one year and until their successors shall have been duly
elected and qualified.

Section 2. Vacancies occurring in the term of any officer of
the Society shall be filled by the vote of a majority of the mem-
bers of the Executive Council, present at any meeting thereof,
for the remainder of said term.

Section 3. The term for which additional members of the
Executive Council of the Society shall be chosen is three years

221

222 American Jewish Historical Society.

and until their successors shall have been duly elected and quali-
fied. At the twenty-fourth annual meeting of the Society twelve
additional members of the Executive Council shall be chosen, of
whom four shall hold office as such for one year, four for two
years, and four for three years, in accordance with the action of
the Society at such annual meeting. The successors of each of
said additional members of the Executive Council shall thereafter
hold office as hereinbefore first provided.

Section 4. Vacancies occurring in the term of any additional
member of the Executive Council of the Society shall be filled,
until the annual meeting of the Society thereafter, by the vote
of a majority of the members of the Executive Council, present
at any meeting thereof. At the annual meeting of the Society
thereafter, such vacancies shall be filled by election by the Society
for the remainder of said original term.

ARTICLE III.

DUTIES OF OFFICERS.

Section 1. The President shall preside at all meetings of the
Society and the Executive Council, fix the time and place for
holding the meetings of the latter, appoint the members of all
committees when not named in resolutions, fill vacancies therein,
and add to the membership thereof when requested so to do by
the chairmen thereof. He shall have a general supervision of
the Society and be ex offlcio a member of all committees.

Section 2. In case of the death, resignation or inability of the
President to perform his duties, his functions and powers shall
devolve upon the Vice-Presidents in the order of seniority respec-
tively. If the President and all the Vice-Presidents shall be absent
from any meeting of the Society or its Executive Council, a chair-
man pro tempore shall be chosen for such meeting by the mem-
bers present thereat.

Section 3. The Corresponding Secretary shall conduct the cor-
respondence of the Society, under the direction of the President.
He shall have charge of the Seal, Charter, Constitution, By-Laws
and records of the Society and certify or attest all instruments
from the Society. He shall issue all notices of meetings, and
notify all members of their election and of such other matters as
may be directed by the Society, the Executive Council or the
President. He shall receive, duly file and safely keep all papers,

By-Laws. 223

reports and documents, other than those appertaining to the
Treasurer and the Curator, belonging to the Society, and at each
meeting of the Society or the Executive Council report such let-
ters and communications, as far as practicable, as he may have
received since the time of his previous report. He shall distribute
the minutes of meetings of the Executive Council among the
members thereof within two weeks after each meeting has been
held, and generally perform such other duties for the Society's
business and development as may be necessary, proper and requi-
site.

Section 4. The Recording Secretary shall keep fair and accu-
rate records of the minutes of each meeting of the Society and
its Executive Council, and promptly transmit the same, after each
has adjourned, to the Corresponding Secretary.

Section 5. The Treasurer shall receive, collect and hold sub-
ject to the order of the Executive Council all moneys, securities
and other valuable papers of the Society, deposit all moneys in
one or more banks or trust companies in the City of New York
or elsewhere, approved by the Executive Council, pay all bills
when the same are accompanied by vouchers drawn, signed and
approved by the President and the Corresponding Secretary jointly,
and render a financial report at each regular annual meeting of
the Society and each meeting of the Executive Council. On the
1st day of April and the 1st day of October in each fiscal year he
shall send bills for unpaid dues to the members of the Society,
and shall notify the Corresponding Secretary of all changes and
terminations in the membership of the Society. He shall notify
the Corresponding Secretary on the 1st days of March and Novem-
ber in each fiscal year of all the members who on such dates shall
be in arrears for dues, and the amounts of such arrearages.

Section 6. The Curator, under the direction of the Executive
Council, shall have charge and superintendence of the library and
collections of the Society, and the care and arrangement of the
books, manuscripts and other articles belonging to the Society.
He shall cause to be prepared and kept to date a proper catalogue
and list of the same, and shall acknowledge the receipt of acces-
sions donated to the Society. He shall expend in the purchase of
books and other articles, and for their safekeeping and preserva-
tion, such sums of money, with the approbation of the Executive
Council or the President, as shall from time to time be appro-
priated for the purpose, and render proper vouchers therefor to

16

224 American Jewish Historical Society.

the Executive Council. He shall make a full report, at each regu-
lar annual meeting of the Society, on the condition and progress
of the library and the collections of the Society.

ARTICLE IV.

MEETINGS.

Section 1. There shall be held not less than two stated meet-
ings of the Executive Council in each fiscal year. Written notice
thereof shall be sent to each member of the Executive Council at
least two weeks in advance thereof.

Section 2. Special meetings of the Executive Council shall be
called upon the written request of at least five members thereof.

Section 3. Six members of the Executive Council shall be
the requisite number for a quorum to transact business at any
meeting thereof.

Section 4. Fifteen members of the Society shall be the requi-
site number for a quorum to transact business at any meeting
thereof.

Section 5. Nothing herein contained shall operate to prevent
the Society or its Executive Council from voting upon any prop-
osition laid before either or both by mail.

ARTICLE V.

COMMITTEES.

Section 1. The following standing committees, namely: on
publication, finance, and audit, shall be appointed by the President
at the regular annual meeting of the Society, or within thirty
days after the termination thereof, to hold office until their suc-
cessors are appointed.

Section 2. The committee on publication shall consist of not
less than three or more than five members, who must be officers
of the Society or additional members of its Executive Council.
It shall have charge of preparing, editing and issuing the publica-
tions of the Society, and has the authority by delegation from the
Executive Council to determine what papers shall be published.

Section 3. The committee on finance shall consist of at least
three members, of whom the Treasurer shall be one, all of whom
shall be members of the Executive Council. It shall have charge

By-Laws. 225

of the investments of the Society, with full power to make or
alter any such in its discretion, and shall supervise and foster
the permanent fund of the Society. Investments of the funds of
the Society shall be limited to such as are lawful for savings
banks and trustees in the State of New York, pursuant to the
laws thereof made and provided from time to time.

Section 4. The committee on audit shall consist of two mem-
bers. Its duty shall be to audit and examine the Treasurer's ac-
counts and the vouchers thereunto appertaining and to report the
result of its examination to the President or the Executive Coun-
cil.

Section 5. A special committee on local arrangements shall be
appointed to consist of not less than three nor more than five mem-
bers of the Society, preferably residing in the locality at which
each annual meeting of the Society takes place. Its duty shall
be to care for and supervise all the details of the local arrange-
ments for such annual meeting, including the edifice in which the
same shall be held.

Section 6. A special committee on nominations shall be ap-
pointed to consist of not less than two nor more than five mem-
bers of the Society, and no candidate for office shall be debarred
therefrom by reason of his membership of this committee. Its
duty shall be to report a list of nominees as officers and addi-
tional members of the Executive Council of the Society for election
at the annual meetings of the Society.

Section 7. The right to make additional nominations from the
floor at the annual meetings of the Society on the part of any
duly-qualified member thereof is not abridged in any way by the
provisions of Section 6 hereof.

Section 8. A special committee on programme shall be ap-
pointed to consist of three members, of whom the Corresponding
Secretary shall be one. Its duty shall be to prepare and suitably
print and distribute the programme of each annual meeting of the
Society. It shall endeavor to secure appropriate publicity there-
for, and shall have the right to determine the fitness and avail-
ability of papers to be submitted at such annual meetings, and the
determination of the time to be allotted to each for presentation
thereat.

Section 9. Special committees shall be appointed by the Presi-
dent pursuant to resolution of the Society or its Executive Council.

226 American Jewish Historical Society.

ARTICLE VI.

FUNDS.

Section 1. The permanent fund of the Society shall consist of
the donations or bequests made to it, the payments received from
members for life, and the interest and accumulations of the same.
It shall not be drawn against except by and with the approval of
the Executive Council by a formal vote to that end. The per-
manent fund shall be kept and used primarily to further research
work in which the Society as such may be interested.

Section 2. The President shall have power at any time to au-
thorize the payment of a sum or sums, not exceeding fifty dollars
in the aggregate, in a single instance, out of the general fund of
the Society, for the purpose of subventioning research work of any
nature approved by him.

Section 3. The publication fund of the Society, as at present
constituted, shall be employed so far as possible to defray the
cost of the publications issued by the Society. Payments out of
this fund shall be made by the Treasurer upon vouchers signed
by the President and the Corresponding Secretary jointly.

Section 4. The general fund of the Society shall be employed
to defray the current running expenses of the Society. Payments
out of this fund shall be made by the Treasurer upon vouchers
signed by the President and the Corresponding Secretary jointly.

ARTICLE VII.

SEAL.

Section 1. The seal of the Society shall consist of the following
design : In the field a scroll on the face of which appear the words
(in Hebrew), D^ltf niD s ~OT. and on the circumference, American
Jewish Historical Society.

ARTICLE VIII.

AMENDMENTS.

Section 1. These by-laws may be amended by a two-thirds vote
of the members present at any annual meeting of the Society,
notice of such amendment having been given in the printed pro-
gramme of such meeting, or the proposed amendment having
received the approval of the Executive Council.

By-Laws. 227

Section 2. To entitle a proposed amendment to these by-laws
to be included in the programme of an annual meeting of the
Society, it must be formulated in writing, signed by not less than
five members of the Society, communicated to the Correspond-
ing Secretary not less than sixty days before the date of the
annual meeting of the Society at which action thereon is con-
templated, and notified to the members of the Society not less than
ten days before the annual meeting thereof.

LIST OF MEMBERS. 1
HONORARY MEMBERS.

Rev. Don Fidel Fita y Colomer, Calle de Isabel la Catolica, 12,

Madrid, Spain.
Dr. M. Giidemann, Oberrabbiner, I Werdertorgasse 17, Vienna,

Austria.
Hon. Andrew D. White, LL. D., Ithaca, N. Y.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

Israel Abrahams, M. A., 11 St. Barnabas Road, Cambridge, Eng-
land.

Elkan N. Adler, 15 Copthall Avenue, E. C., London, England.
Dr. M. Brann, Wallstrasse 1 b, Breslau IV, Germany.
Prof. George Lincoln Burr, President White Library, Cornell

University, Ithaca, N. Y.

William Vincent Byars, Temple Building, St. Louis, Mo.
A. Howard Clark, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.
Frank Cundall, F. S. A., Institute of Jamaica, Kingston, Jamaica,

B. W. I.
Xavier da Cunha, Director of Bibliotheca Nagional, Rua de

Gusmao, 12-2, Lisbon, Portugal.

Dr. Charles W. Dabney, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Albion M. Dyer, " The Haddam," Cor. Euclid Avenue and Doan

Street, Cleveland, Ohio.

Col. David Fergusson, care Berkeley Nat. Bank, Berkeley, Cal.
Dr. A. Freimann, Stadtbibliothek, Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany.
Rev. Dr. Moses Gaster, Haham, 193 Maida Vale, W., London,

England.

Prof. Ludwig Geiger, W. 50, Schaperstrasse 8, Berlin, Germany.
Rev. Prof. Dr. Hermann Gollancz, 12 Clifton Gardens, Maida Hill,

W., London, England.

F. Fernandez y Gonzalez, Universitad de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Dr. Max Grunwald, II Ferdinandstrasse 23, Vienna, Austria.

1 This list is corrected to December 1, 1916. Kindly notify the
corresponding secretary of all errors and changes therein.
228

List of Members. 229

Henry S. Q. Henriques, M. A., B. C. L., 176 Gloucester Terrace,

Hyde Park, W., London, England.

Rev. P. A. Hilfman, P. O. Box 406, Paramaribo, Surinam.
J. M. Hillesum, care Rosenthal Library, University, Amsterdam,

Holland.
Dr. S. A. Hirsch, 5 Randolph Gardens, Maida Vale, N. W., London,

England.

Archer M. Huntington, 15 W. 81st Street, New York.
Albert M. Hyamson, The White House, College Road, Cheshunt,

England.

Dr. J. Franklin Jameson, Carnegie Institution, Washington, D. C.
John W. Jordan, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1300 Locust

Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

Dr. K. Kohler, 3016 Stanton Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Rabbi Israel L6vi, 60 Rue Condorcet, Paris, France.
Rev. S. Levy, New Synagogue, Egerton Road, Stamford Hill, N.,

London, England.

Prof. Raphael Georges Levy, 3 Rue de Noisiel, 16e, Paris, France.
Rear Admiral Adolph Marix, U. S. N., retired, Iroquois Hotel, 49

W. 44th Street, New York.

Prof. John Bach McMaster, University of Pennsylvania, Philadel-
phia, Pa.

J. T. Medina, Santiago, Chile.
Claude G. Monteflore, 8 Palace Green, Kensington, W., London,

England.

Prof. Bernard Moses, University of California, Berkeley, Cal.
Rev. J. S. Roos, Hoogeweg 46, Watergraafsmeer, Holland.
Julius F. Sachse, 4428 Pine Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
Sigmund Seeligmann, Nic. Witsenstraat 11, Amsterdam, Holland.
Israel Solomons, 74 Sutherland Avenue, W., London, England.
Prof. Werner Sombart, Handelshochschule, Berlin-Charlottenburg,

5, Germany.

Sir Isidore Spielmann, C. M. G., 56 Westbourne Terrace, Hyde

Park, W., London, England.

Rev. Dr. H. P. Stokes, St. Paul's Vicarage, Cambridge, England. f
Lucien Wolf, 2 Verulam Buildings, Gray's Inn, W. C., London,

England.
Dr. Abraham S. Yahuda, Professor of the University, Felipe IV,

6, Madrid, Spain.

230 American Jewish Historical Society.

LIFE MEMBERS.

James H. Hyde, 18 Rue Adolphe Yvon, Paris, France.
Newport Historical Society, Newport, R. I.
William Salomon, 25 Broad Street, New York.
Hon. Oscar S. Straus, LL. D., 5 W. 76th Street, New York.
Hon. Mayer Sulzberger, LL. D., H. L. D., 1303 Girard Avenue,
Philadelphia, Pa.

MEMBERS.

A.

Louis I. Aaron, 1001-2 Second Nat. Bank Building, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Dr. Cyrus Adler, 2041 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
Benjamin Alexander, 1920 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
Ben. Altheimer, care Ladenburg, Thalmann & Co., 25 Broad Street,

New York.

N. L. Amster, 67 Milk Street, Boston, Mass.
Charles E. Asnis, 405 Bailey Building, Philadelphia, Pa.

B.

Frank H. Bachman, 1512 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
Louis Baer, 200 Summer Street, Boston, Mass.

A. G. Becker, LaSalle and Monroe Streets, Chicago, 111.
George L. Beer, 329 W. 71st Street, New York.

David Belais, 102 Fulton Street, New York.

Eugene S. Benjamin, 436 Lafayette Street, New York.

Mrs. Arthur Berenson, 875 Beacon Street, Boston, Mass.

Rev. Dr. Henry Berkowitz, 427 W. Hortter Street, Germantown,

Philadelphia, Pa.

Emile Berliner, 1438 Columbia Road, Washington, D. C.
Jacob S. Berliner, 71 Central Park W., New York.
Albert Berney, care Isaac Hamburger & Sons, Baltimore and

Hanover Streets, Baltimore, Md.

B. Bernheim, care Bernheim Distilling Co., Louisville, Ky.
Isaac W. Bernheim, 646-650 W. Main Street, Louisville, Ky.

Dr. C. S. Bernheimer, care Hebrew Educational Society, Hopkinson

and Sutter Avenues, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Bernard Bienenfeld, 525 Rialto Building, San Francisco, Cal.
Hon. Nathan Bijur, 160 W. 75th Street, New York.
Simon Binswanger, 21st and Mulberry Streets, St. Joseph, Mo.

List of Members. 231

Rev. A. Blum, 596 Riverside Drive, New York.
George Blumenthal, 23 W. 53d Street, New York.
Hart Blumenthal, 1921 N. Park Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.
Albert A. Brager, Eutaw Place and Laurens Street, Baltimore, Md.
Hon. Louis D. Brandeis, United States Supreme Court, Washing-
ton, D. C.

Arnold W. Brunner, 320 Fifth Avenue, New York.
Joseph L. Buttenwieser, 220 Broadway, New York.

C.

Stephen Caplin, 338 McDonough Street, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Hon. Benjamin N. Cardozo, 16 W. 75th Street, New York.

Ernest A. Cardozo, 31 W. 69th Street, New York.

Hon. Alfred M. Cohen, 9 W. 4th Street, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Charles J. Cohen, 500-510 Ludlow Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

Emanuel Cohen, 313 Nicollet Avenue, Minneapolis, Minn.

Rev. Dr. Henry Cohen, 1920 Broadway, Galveston, Texas.

Joseph H. Cohen, 1-3 E. 33d Street, New York.

Moise K. Cohen, 542 W. 36th Street, New York.

Nathan Cohn, 612 Independent Life Building, Nashville, Tenn.

Ceasar Cone, Greensboro, N. C.

G. Herbert Cone, Court of Appeals, Albany, N. Y.

Mrs. Moses H. Cone, 1800 Eutaw Place, Baltimore, Md.

Dr. Sydney M. Cone, 2326 Eutaw Place, Baltimore, Md.

Mrs. Eva Coons, 1510 Girard Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.

Dr. Isador H. Coriat, 416 Marlborough Street, Boston, Mass.

Israel Cowen, 907 Tacoma Building, Chicago, 111.

Harry Cutler, 7 Eddy Street, Providence, R. I.

D.

Simon Dalsheimer, N. W. Cor. Greenmount Avenue and Oliver

Street, Baltimore, Md.

James Davis, 1400 Milwaukee Avenue, Chicago, 111.
Clarence I. de Sola, P. O. Box 745, Montreal, Canada.
Bernard S. Deutsch, 261 Broadway, New York.
Prof. Gotthard Deutsch, 3600 Wilson Avenue, Cincinnati, O.
Emanuel Dreifus, 1000 Arcade Building, Philadelphia, Pa.
Julius J. Dukas, 335 Broadway, New York.

232 American Jewish Historical Society.

E.

Gustave A. Efroymson, care H. P. Wasson & Co., Indianapolis, Ind.

Rabbi Louis I. Egelson, 24 Carew Building, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Dr. Albert Ehrenfried, 362 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Mass.

Mrs. Adolph Ehrlich, 42 Beech Road, Brookline, Mass.

J. D. Eisenstein, 940 Kelly Street, New York.

Hon. Abram I. Elkus, 111 Broadway, New York.

David A. Ellis, 60 State Street, Boston, Mass.

Rev. Leon H. Elmaleh, 2322 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

M. Elsasser, 1701 Westmoreland Building, Los Angeles, Cal.

Rev. Dr. H. G. Enelow, 895 West End Avenue, New York.

Alfred I. Esberg, 119 W. 40th Street, New York.

F.

Louis E. Feingold, 340 Main Street, Worcester, Mass.

Henry Fernberger, 543 Real Estate Trust Building, Philadelphia,

Pa.

Rabbi M. M. Feuerlicht, 3034 Washington Bould., Indianapolis, Ind.
Harry Fischel, 61 Park Row, New York.
William Fischman, 15 E. 26th Street, New York.
Samuel Fleischman, 32 Liberty Street, New York.
Arthur A. Fleisher, 2301 Green Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
Mrs. Louis Florsheim, Congress Hotel, Chicago, 111.
Rabbi Solomon Foster, 90 Treacy Avenue, Newark, N. J.
Mrs. Henry L. Frank, 1608 Prairie Avenue, Chicago, 111.
Dr. Lee K. Frankel, 1 Madison Avenue, New York.
J. Walter Freiberg, 216 E. Front Street, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Maurice J. Freiberg, Alaska Avenue, Avondale, Cincinnati, Ohio.
A. S. Freidus, New York Public Library, New York.
Emil Frenkel, 8 E. 81st Street, New York.
Albert M. Friedenberg, 106 Morningside Drive, New York.
Dr. Harry Friedenwald, 1029 Madison Avenue, Baltimore, Md.
Dr. Herbert Friedenwald, 1032 Clarkson Street, Denver, Colo.
Dr. Julius Friedenwald, 1013 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Md.
Lee M. Friedman, 30 State Street, Boston, Mass.

G.

Louis Gerstley, 1411 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
William Gerstley, 1409 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
Jacob Gimbel, 9th and Market Streets, Philadelphia, Pa.

List of Members. 233

Albert A. Ginzberg, 294 Washington Street, Boston, Mass.

Dr. Julius Goldman, 111 Broadway, New York.

Abraham Goldsmith, 35 Nassau Street, New York.

Prof. Richard J. H. Gottheil, Columbia University, New York.

Hon. Samuel Greenbaum, 2 E. 94th Street, New York.

Bernard Greensfelder, Commonwealth Trust Building, St. Louis,
Mo.

Rev. Dr. Moses J. Gries, 10311 Lake Shore Bould., Cleveland, Ohio.

Rev. Dr. L. Grossmann, 528 Camden Avenue, Avondale, Cincinnati,
Ohio.

Moses H. Grossman, 115 Broadway, New York.

Rev. Dr. Rudolph Grossman, 1347 Lexington Avenue, New York.

Daniel Guggenheim, 120 Broadway, New York.

Hon. Simon Guggenheim, care M. Guggenheim's Sons, 120 Broad-
way, New York.

H.

Rabbi Louis J. Haas, Ohev Sholom Congregation, Harrisburg, Pa.

Wm. B. Hackenburg, 953 N. 8th Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

Bernhard Harris, 2031 Tioga Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

Mrs. S. Marcus Harris, 12 W. 70th Street, New York.

B. H. Hartogensis, 1940 Linden Avenue, Baltimore, Md.

Harvard University Library, Cambridge, Mass.

Daniel P. Hays, 115 Broadway, New York.

Hon. David E. Heineman, 1706 Dime Bank Building, Detroit, Mich.

E. L. Heinsheimer, 326 Walnut Street, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Norbert Heinsheimer, 56 Beaver Street, New York.

Mrs. Charles Hendricks, 325 West End Avenue, New York.

Harmon W. Hendricks, 49 Cliff Street, New York.

Henry S. Hendricks, 271 Central Park W., New York.

Philip S. Henry, " Zealandia," Asheville, N. C.

Levi Hershfield, Hotel Ansonia, New York.

Very Rev. Dr. Joseph H. Hertz, 48 Hamilton Terrace, St. John's

Wood, N. W., London, England.
Miss Rose A. Herzog, 314 W. 99th Street, New York.
Samuel A. Herzog, 299 Madison Avenue, New York.
Selmar Hess, 151-153 W. 19th Street, New York.
Hon. Albert Hessberg, 57 State Street, Albany, N. Y.
Hon. M. H. Hirschberg, Newburgh, N. Y.
Hon. Harry M. Hoffheimer, First Nat. Bank Building, Cincinnati,

Ohio.

234 American Jewish Historical Society.

Rabbi Charles I. Hoffman, 45 Elizabeth Avenue, Newark, N. J.
Prof. Jacob H. Hollander, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore,

Md.

Aaron Horvitz, 561 Frick Building Annex, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Leon Hiihner, 320 Central Park W., New York.
Dr. Isaac Husik, 408 S. 9th Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
Rev. Dr. Moses Hyamson, 115 E. 95th Street, New York.
Samuel I. Hyman, 52 E. 10th Street, New York.
Samuel L. Hyman, 58 W. 70th Street, New York.

I.

Dr. H. Illoway, 1113 Madison Avenue, New York.

Rev. Dr. A. S. Isaacs, 447 Ellison Street, Paterson, N. J.

Hon. S. W. Jacobs, K. C., 83 Craig Street, W,, Montreal, Canada.

Alfred Jaretzki, 121 E. 73d Street, New York.

Prof. M. Jastrow, Jr., University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.

Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.

H. Jonap, 415 Race Street, Cincinnati, Ohio.

K.

Andrew Kaas, 2025 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

Hon. Julius Kahn, House of Representatives, Washington, D. C.

Mark J. Katz, 22 William Street, New York.

A. Ray Katz, 216 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Md.

Wm. B. Klee, 5307 Northumberland Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Rabbi Max D. Klein, 1808 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

Max J. Kohler, 52 William Street, New York.

August Kohn, 1520 Senate Street, Columbia, S. C.

Dr. Harry E. Kohn, 1512 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

Simon I. Kohn, 720 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

Lee Kohns, 46 Warren Street, New York.

Rev. Geo. A. Kohut, 302 W. 87th Street, New York.

Dr. Harold Korn, care Allegiance Realty Co., 33 W. 42d Street,

New York.

Sidney L. Krauss, 900 Franklin Bank Building, Philadelphia, Pa.
Eugene G. Kremer, 100 Broadway, New York.
Manuel A. Kursheedt, 302 Broadway, New York.
Miss Serena Kursheedt, 601 W. 113th Street, New York.

List of Members. 235

Hon. Samson Lachman, 313 W. 106th Street, New York.

Rev. Dr. Max Landsberg, 316 Mercantile Building, Rochester, N. Y.

A. M. Langfeld, 1421 Wallace Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

Hon. Edgar J. Lauer, 36 Central Park S., New York.

Hon. Edward Lauterbach, 22 William Street, New York.

Hon. Irving Lehman, 37 W. 69th Street, New York.

Hon. David Leventritt, 111 Broadway, New York.

Rabbi Harry Levi, 24 Verndale Street, Brookline, Mass.

Joseph C. Levi, 37 Liberty Street, New York.

Louis S. Levi, Hotel Alms, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Louis H. Levin, 411 W. Payette Street, Baltimore, Md.

Louis Leviseur, 476 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Mass.

Hon. Aaron J. Levy, 307 E. Broadway, New York.

Julius Levy, Roland Park, Baltimore, Md.

L. Napoleon Levy, 18 W. 72d Street, New York.

Louis E. Levy, 1424 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

William Levy, Lombard and Paca Streets, Baltimore, Md.

Isidor Lewi, New York Tribune, New York.

Adolph Lewisohn, 61 Broadway, New York.

Hon. Walter H. Liebmann, 233 Broadway, New York.

Samuel D. Lit, Market and 8th Streets, Philadelphia, Pa.

Prof. Simon Litman, University of Illinois, Urbana, 111.

Hon. Lucius N. Littauer, 257-265 Fourth Avenue, New York.

Howard A. Loeb, 431 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

Dr. Isidor Loeb, University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo.

Jacob Loeb, Apartado 503, Mexico City, Mexico.

Leo Loeb, 790 Drexel Building, Philadelphia, Pa.

Oscar Loeb, 1515 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

Mrs. M. D. Louis, care Hebrew Technical School for Girls, 2d

Avenue and 15th Street, New York.
David A. Lourie, 723-724 Scollay Building, Boston, Mass.
Max Lowenthal, Wilcox Building, Los Angeles, Cal.
Hon. William Lustgarten, 68 William Street, New York.
Simon Lyon, 1420 New York Avenue, Washington, D. C.

M.

Hon. Alfred Mack, 9 W. 4th Street, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Hon. Julian W. Mack, Post Office Building, Chicago, 111.
Rev. Dr. J. L. Magnes, Indian Field Road, Greenwich, Conn.

236 American Jewish Historical Society.

Major Kaufmann Mandell, 90 West Street, New York.

Prof. Max L. Margolis, Wayne Avenue and Lincoln Drive, Ger-

mantown, Philadelphia, Pa.
Isaac Markens, 241 W. 101st Street, New York.
Hon. Marcus M. Marks, 4 E. 94th Street, New York.
Louis Marshall, 120 Broadway, New York.
Prof. Alexander Marx, " The Palmetto," 100 Morningside Drive,

New York.

Jules E. Mastbaum, 1424 S. Penn Square, Philadelphia, Pa.
Stanley V. Masthaum, Globe Theatre Building, Juniper and

Market Streets, Philadelphia, Pa.

Clinton O. Mayer, 907 N. 16th Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
Rev. Dr. H. Pereira Mendes, 106 Central Park W., New York.
Eugene Meyer, Jr., 14 Wall Street, New York.
Rev. Dr. Martin A. Meyer, 2109 Baker Street, San Francisco, Cal.
Nathan J. Miller, 437 West End Avenue, New York.
Simon Miller, 901 N. 16th Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
Leon S. Moisseiff, 3 E. 106th Street, New York.
Hon. Henry Morgenthau, 30 W. 72d Street, New York.
Commander Albert Moritz, 723 E. 18th Street, Brooklyn, N. Y.
William Morris, 8 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
Hon. David N. Mosessohn, 716 Chamber of Commerce Building,

Portland, Ore.

N.

Clarence S. Nathan, 46 W. 83d Street, New York.

Edgar J. Nathan, 128 Broadway, New York.

Frederick Nathan, The Belnord, Broadway and 86th Street, New
York.

Rev. Dr. Abraham A. Neuman, care Dropsie Cbllege, Broad and
York Streets, Philadelphia, Pa.

Hon. Joseph E. Newburger, 51 Chambers Street, New York.

Morris Newburger, care Newburger, Henderson & Loeb, 100 Broad-
way, New York.

Rev. A. H. Nieto, 265 W. 129th Street, New York.

O.

Adolph S. Ochs, New York Times, New York.
Justus Oesterlein, 339 W. 88th Street, New York.
Samuel Oppenheim, 811 Dawson Street, Bronx, New York.
Jacob Ottenheimer, 609 Main Street, Cincinnati, Ohio.

List of Members. 237

P.

Bernard A. Palitz, 80 Maiden Lane, New York.

Rev. Dr. David Philipson, 3947 Beechwood Avenue, Cincinnati,

Ohio.

Hon. N. Taylor Phillips, 114 W. 74th Street, New York.
Hon. M. Warley Platzek, 15 E. 48th Street, New York.
Rev. Dr. David de Sola Pool, 102 W. 75th Street, New York.
Rabbi Julius J. Price, 495 Palmerston Bould., Toronto, Canada.

R.

Marcus Rauh, 951 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Albert W. Rayner, 8 E. Lexington Street, Baltimore, Md.

Theodore B. Richter, 111 Broadway, New York.

Benjamin Ripin, 546 W. 36th Street, New York.

Rev. Dr. William Rosenau, 1515 Eutaw Place, Baltimore, Md.

Dr. Abraham S. W. Rosenbach, 1320 Walnut Street, Philadelphia,

Pa.
Rabbi David Rosenbaum, Congregation Beth Israel, 1010 Lavaca

Street, Austin, Texas.

L. N. Rosenbaum, 80 Wall Street, New York.
M. Rosenbaum, 603 S. 3d Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
Leopold Rosenberger, 19 W. 86th Street, New York.
Hon. S. W. Rosendale, 57 State Street, Albany, N. Y.
Julius Rosenwald, care Sears, Roebuck & Co., Chicago, 111.
William B. Rosskam, 2300 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
Louis P. Rothschild, 3724 Wyandotte Street, Kansas City, Mo.
Rabbi Herman H. Rubenovitz, 76 Hutchins Street, Roxbury, Mass.

S.

Isadore Saks, 135 Central Park W., New York.

J. Bunford Samuel, 1609 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

Alvin T. Sapinsky, 135 Broadway, New York.

Frank I. Schechter, 30 Broad Street, New York.

Hon. Jacob H. Schiff, William and Pine Streets, New York.

Mortimer L. Schiff, William and Pine Streets, New York.

David Scheyer, 70 Rowena Street, Detroit, Michigan.

Rev. Dr. M. Schlesinger, 457 Western Avenue, Albany, N. Y.

Harry Schneiderman, 356 Second Avenue, New York.

Miss Sara X. Schottenfels, 59 W. 92d Street, New York.

Rev. Dr. Samuel Schulman, 55 E. 92d Street, New York.

238 American Jewish Historical Society.

Ely K. Selig, Broad and Carpenter Streets, Philadelphia, Pa.

Emil Selig, 13th and Filbert Streets, Philadelphia, Pa.

Sol. Selig, Allegheny Avenue and Hancock Street, Philadelphia,
Pa.

Prof. Edwin R. A. Seligman, Columbia University, New York.

Isaac N. Seligman, 1 S. William Street, New York.

Hon. Ben Selling, 4th and Morrison Streets, Portland, Oregon.

Max Senior, Mitchell Building, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Prof. I. Leo Sharfman, 1607 S. University Avenue, Ann Arbor,
Mich.

Shearith Israel Congregation, 99 Central Park W., New York.

Alexander B. Siegel, 25 Broad Street, New York.

Rev. Dr. Joseph Silverman, 45 E. 75th Street, New York.

Colonel Maurice Simmons, 198 Broadway, New York.

Samuel Snellenburg, Market and 12th Streets, Philadelphia, Pa.

Hon. Isador Sobel, 11 W. 8th Street, Erie, Pa.

Miss Elvira N. Solis, 127 W. 74th Street, New York.

Mrs. Henry Solomon, 4406 Michigan Avenue, Chicago, 111.

Dr. Ferdinand Sonneborn, 262 Pearl Street, New York.

Siegmund B. Sonneborn, 2420 Eutaw Place, Baltimore, Md.

Hon. Frederick Spiegelberg, 36 W. 76th Street, New York.

Hon. Philip Stein, 1633 First Nat. Bank Building, Chicago, 111.

Horace Stern, 1327 Land Title Building, Philadelphia, Pa.

Maurice Stern, care Lehman, Stern & Co., Ltd., New Orleans, La.

Rev. Dr. Joseph Stolz, 4827 Langley Avenue, Chicago, 111.

Hon. Adolph D. Straus, 20 E. 76th Street, New York.

H. Grant Straus, 555 Park Avenue, New York.

Dr. Isaac Straus, 29 W. 42d Street (Room 1630), New York.

Jesse I. Straus, care R. H. Macy & Co., 34th Street and Broadway,
New York.

Hon. Nathan Straus, 27 W. 72d Street, New York.

Nathan Straus, Jr., 210 Fifth Avenue, New York.

Percy S. Straus, care R. H. Macy & Co., 34th Street and Broad-
way, New York.

Roger W. Straus, 120 Broadway, New York.

Samuel Strauss, 21 E. 82d Street, New York.

Hon. Seligman J. Strauss, Court of Common Pleas, Wilkes-Barre,
Pa.

Moses J. Stroock, 30 Broad Street, New York.

Sol. M. Stroock, 133 W. 85th Street, New York.

Cyrus L. Sulzberger, 516 West End Avenue, New York.

List of Members. 230

Joseph E. Sulzberger, 1303 Girard Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.
A. J. Sunstein, 319 First Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Mayer M. Swaab, Jr., 88 Central Park W., New York.
Miss Henrietta Szold, 2 Pinehurst Avenue, New York.

T.

Oscar B. Teller, 903 N. 8th Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
Montague Triest, 73 Rutledge Avenue, Charleston, S. C.

U.

Isaac M. Ullman, 61 Chapel Street, New Haven, Conn.
Israel Unterberg, 86 Franklin Street, New York.

V.

Charles Van Leer, Seaford, Delaware.

Benjamin Veit, 856 Quincy Street, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Ludwig Vogelstein, 42 Broadway, New York.

W.

Louis I. Waldman, P. O. Box 219, Albany, N. Y.
Morris D. Waldman, 356 Second Avenue, New York.
Henry Wallenstein, 233 S. Main Street, Wichita, Kansas.
Moses R. Walter, 908-910 Maryland Trust Building, Baltimore, Md.
Felix M. Warburg, William and Pine Streets, New York.
Hon. Paul M. Warburg, Federal Reserve Board, Treasury Depart-
ment, Washington, D. C.

Martin Wechsler, 154 Ocean Parkway, Brooklyn, N. Y.
A. Leo Weil, 5931 Howe Street, Pittsburgh, Pa.
H. Weinstock, 400-418 K Street, Sacramento, Gal.
Prof. Adolph Werner, 401 West End Avenue, New York.
Maurice Wertheim, 30 E. 42d Street, New York.
Benjamin S. Westheimer, 117-119 S. 3d Street, St. Joseph, Mo.
Mrs. Johanna H. Westheimer, 117-119 S. 3d Street, St. Joseph, Mo.
Arthur S. Wiener, 25 Broad Street, New York.
Louis Wiley, New York Times, New York.
Rev. Wolf Willner, 1913 Hamilton Street, Houston, Texas.
Rev. Dr. Stephen S. Wise, 23 W. 90th Street, New York.
Mrs. Abraham S. Wolf, 1530 Green Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
Albert Wolf, 4218 Parkside Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.
17

American Jewish Historical Society.

Edward Wolf, 12th and Callowhill Streets, Philadelphia, Pa.
Edwin Wolf, 1517 N. 16th Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
Morris Wolf, 1517 N. 16th Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
Hon. Simon Wolf, Woodward Building, Washington, D. C.
William B. Woolner, Peoria, 111.

Z.

Rabbi Martin Zielonka, Temple Mt. Sinai, P. O. Box 817, El Paso,
Texas.

The Bloch Publishing Company, 40 E. 14th Street, New York
City, is selling agent for the Society.

Publication No. 1, 1893 (143 pp.), containing the following
papers:

Address of the I'resident. Hon. Oscar 8. Straus.
The Settlement of the Jews in Georgia. Chas. C. Jones, Jr., LL. D.
Mickve Israel Congregation of Philadelphia. Rev. Sabato Morais, LL. D.
Some Unpublished Material relating to Dr. Jacob Lumbrozo, of Maryland.

Dr. J. H. Hollander.

Beginnings of New York Jewish History. Max J. Kohler, M. A.
Notes on the Jews of Philadelphia, from Published Annals. Pro/. Morris

Jastrow, Jr.
The First Publication of a Jewish character printed in Philadelphia. Prof.

Morris Jastrow, Jr.
Jews Mentioned in the Journal of the Continental Congress. Dr. Herbert

Friedenwald.

A Landmark. N. Taylor Phillips, LL. B.
An Act allowing Naturalization af Jews in the Colonies. Hnn. Simon W.

Rosendale.

Jewish Beginnings in Kentucky. Lewis N. Dembitz.

A Document Concerning the Pranks Family. Hon. Simon W. Rosendale.
jews in the American Plantations between 1600 and 1700. Dr. Cyrus

Adler.

Americana at the Anglo-Jewish Exhibition. Dr. Cyrus Adlcr.
A Political Document of the Year 1800. Dr. Cyrus Adler.
The Settlement of Jews in Canada. Andrew C. Joseph.
Notes and Index.

2d edition, postpaid, $1.50.

No. 2, 1894 (207 pp.), containing the following papers:

Address of the President. Hon. Oscar S. Straus.

A Sketch of Haym Salomon. Prof. Herbert B. Adams, Ph. D.

On the History of the Jews of Chicago. Dr. B. Felsenthal.

The Jewish Congregation in Surinam. Dr. B. Felsenthal.

A Sermon by Moses Mendelssohn, printed in Philadelphia 130 years ago.
Dr. B. Felsenthal.

The Civil Status of the Jews in Maryland, 1634-1776. J. H. Hollander,
Ph.D.

Family History of the Reverend David Mendez Machado. N. Taylor Phil-
lips, LL. B.

Note concerning David Hays and Esther Etting his Wife, and Michael
Hays and Reuben Etting, their Brothers, Patriots of the Revolution.
Solomon Solis-Cohen.

The Colonization of America by the Jews. Dr. M. Kayserlina.

Phases of Jewish Life in New 'York before 1800. Max J. Kohler.

The Lopez and Rivera Families of Newport. Max J. Kohler.

A Letter of Jonas Phillips to the Federal Convention. Herbert Frieden-
wald, Ph. D.

Jacob Isaacs and his Method of Converting Salt Water into Fresh Water.
Herbert Friedenwald, Ph. D.

Memorial presented to the Continental Congress. Herbert Friedenwald,
Ph.D.

Columbus in Jewish Literature. Prof. R. J. H. Oottheil.

Settlement of the Jews in Texas. Rev. Henry Cohen.

Aaron Levy. Mrs. Isabella H. Rosenbach and Abraham 8. Wolf Rosenbach.

Documents from the Public Record Office (London). Dr. Charles Gross.

Memoir of John Moss. Lucien Moss.

Postpaid, $2.00.
(D

#0. 3, 1895 (176 pp.), containing the following papers:

Address of the President. Hon. Oscar 8. Straus.

Some further References relating to Haym Salomon. Dr. J. H. Hollander.

The Earliest Rabbis and Jewish Writers of America. Dr. M. Kayserling.

The American Jew as Soldier and Patriot. Hon. Simon Wolf.

Points in the First Chapter of New York Jewish History. Albion Morris

Dyer.
An Early Ownership of Real Estate in Albany, New York, by a Jewish

Trader. Hon. Simon W. Rosendale.

Phases of Jewish Life in New York before 1800. II. Max J. Kohler.
Correspondence between Washington and Jewish Citizens. Lewis Abraham.
The Relation of Jews to our National Monuments. Lewis Abraham.
Early Jewish Literature in America. George Alexander Kohut.
Notes. Morris Jastrow, Jr., Herbert Friedenwald, Cyrus Adler.

Postpaid, $1.50.

No. 4, 1896 (243 pp.), containing the following papers:

Chronological Sketch of the History of the Jews in Surinam. Dr. B. Fel-

senthal and Prof. Richard Gottheil.
The Jews in Texas. Rev. Henry Cohen.
The Jews of Richmond. Jacob Ezekiel.
Trial of Jorge de Almeida by the Inquisition in Mexico (with a fac-simile

illustration). Dr. Cyrus Adler.

Incidents illustrative of American Jewish Patriotism. Max J. Kohler.
Jewish Martyrs of the Inquisition in South America. George Alexander

Kohut.
The Levy and Seixas Families of Newport and New York. N. Taylor

Phillips.
A Biographical Account of Ephraim Hart and his son Dr. Joel Hart, of

New York. Gustavus N. Hart.

Postpaid, $2.00.

No. 5, 1897 (234 pp.), containing the following papers:

Frontispiece : Portrait of Isaac Franks.

Address of the President. Hon. Oscar S. Straus.

Documents relating to the Career of Colonel Isaac Franks. Professor
Morris Jastrow, Jr.

Some Cases in Pennsylvania wherein Rights claimed by Jews are affected.
John Samuel.

Henry Castro, Pioneer and Colonist. Rev. Henry Cohen.

Material for the History of the Jews in the British West Indies. Dr.
Herbert Friedenwald.

Naturalization of Jews in the American Colonies under the Act of 1740.
Dr. J. H. Hollander.

Who was the First Rabbi of Surinam? George A. Kohut.

Isaac Aboab, the First Jewish Author in America. Dr. M. Kayserling.

The Jews and the American Anti-Slavery Movement. Max J. Kohler.

Documents relative to Major David S. Franks, while Aid-de-camp to Gen-
eral Arnold. Abraham S. Wolf Rosenbach.

Notes on the First Settlement of Jews in Pennsylvania, 1655-1703. Abra-
ham S. Wolf Rosenbach.

Notes. Herbert Friedenwald, J. H. Hollander, A. S. Wolf Rosenbach.

Postpaid, $2.00.

(2)

No. 6, 1897 (180 pp.), containing the following papers:

Address of the Corresponding Secretary. Dr. Cyrus Adler.

A Memorial sent by German Jews to the President of the Continental

Congress. Dr. M. Kayserling.
Documents relating to the Attempted Departure of the Jews from Surinam

in 1675. Dr. J. H. Hollander.
A Modern Maccabean. Rev. Henry Cohen.
Notice of Jacob Mordecai, Founder and Proprietor from 1809 to 1815 of

the Warrenton (N. C.) Female Seminary. Gratz Mordecai.
Some Newspaper Advertisements of the Eighteenth Century. Dr. Herbert

Friedenwald.

The Jews in Newport. Max J. Kohler.

Civil Status of the Jews in Colonial New York. Max J. Kohler.
The Oldest Tombstone Inscriptions of Philadelphia and Richmond. George

A. Kohut.

A Literary Autobiography of Mordecai Manuel Noah. George A. Kohut.
The Congregation Shearlth Israel. An Historical Review. N. Taylor

Phillips.

Growth of Jewish Population in the United States. David Sulzberger.
Notes.

Postpaid, $1.50.

No. 7, 1899 (134 pp.), containing the following:

Trial of Gabriel de Granada by the Inquisition in Mexico, 1642-1045.
Translated from the original by David Fergusson, of Seattle, Wash-
ington. Edited with notes by Cyrus Adler.

Postpaid, $1.50.

No. 8, 1900 (168 pp.), containing the following papers:

Address of the President. Hon. Oscar 8. Straus, LL. D.

Asser Levy, A Noted Jewish Burgher of New Amsterdam. Leon Huhner,

A. M., LL. B.
Site of the First Synagogue of the Congregation Shearlth Israel of New

York. Albion Morris Dyer.

The Jewish Pioneers of the Ohio Valley. David Phillpson, D. D.
A Brave Frontiersman. Rev. Henry Cohen.

Some Early American Zionist Projects. Max J. Kohler, A. M., LL. B.
Ezra Stiles and the Jews. Rev. W. Wiltner.
Notes on Myer Hart and Other Jews of Easton, Pennsylvania. Gustavus

Some References to Early Jewish Cemeteries In New York City. Elvira N,

Solis.

Persecution of the Jews In 1840. Jacob Ezekiel.
Notes. Herbert Friedenwald.

Postpaid, $1.50.

(3)

No. 9, 1901 (190 pp.), containing the following papers:

Address of the President. Dr. Cyrus Adler.

A Plea for an American Jewish Historical Exhibition. Joseph Jacobs, B. A.

Fray Joseph Diaz Pimienta, alias Abraham Diaz Pimienta, and the Auto-

de-F6 held at Seville, July 25, 1720. Prof. Richard Gottheil.
The Early Jewish Settlement at Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Henry Necar-

sulmer, A. M., LL. B.
Jews and the American Anti-Slavery Movement. II. Max J. Kohler,

A. M., LL. B.

Isaac Levy's Claim to Property in Georgia. Herbert Friedenwald, Ph. D.
The History of the First Russian- American Jewish Congregation. J. D.

Eisenstein.
Whence came the First Jewish Settlers of New York? Leon Huhner,

A.M., LL. B.

The German- Jewish Migration to America. Max J. Kohler, A. M., LL. B.
Francis Salvador, a Prominent Patriot of the Revolutionary War. Leon

Huhner, A. M., LL. B.
Notes on the History of the Earliest German-Jewish Congregation in

America. Rev. Dr. Henry Berkowits.
Contributions to the History of the Jews in Surinam. (Illustrated.)

Prof. Richard Gottheil.
Notes. Prof. Richard Gottheil, Rev. H. P. Mendes, Miss Elvira N. Solis,

Rev. G. A. Kohut, Max J. Kohler, Herbert Friedenwald, H. C. Ezekiel.

Postpaid, $1.50.

No. 10, 1902 (202 pp.), containing the following papers:

Address of the President. Dr. Cyrus Adler.

References to Jews in the Diary of Ezra Stiles. Prof. Morris Jastrow, Jr.

A Method of Determining the Jewish Population of Large Cities in the
United States. George E. Barnett, Ph. D.

Jewish Activity in American Colonial Commerce. Max J. Kohler, A.M.

The Jews of Georgia in Colonial Times. Leon Huhner, A. M., LL. B.

The Cincinnati Community in 1825. David Philipson, D. D.

New Light on the Career of Colonel David S. Franks. Oscar S. Straus,
LL.D.

Sampson Simson. Myer S. Isaacs.

The Damascus Affair of 1840 and the Jews of America. Joseph Jacobs,
B.A.

Solomon Heydenfeldt : A Jewish Jurist of Alabama and California. Al-
bert M. Friedenberg, B. 8.

The Jews in Curasao. G. Herbert Cone.

Notes. Max J. Kohler, Herbert Friedenwald, Leon Huhner.

Postpaid, $2.00.

No. 11, 1903 (238 pp.), containing the following papers:

Address of the President. Dr. Cyrus Adler.

Switzerland and American Jews. Sol. M. Stroock, A. M.

Phases in the History of Religious Liberty in America with Special Ref-
erence to the Jews. Max J. Kohler, A. M., LL. B.

The Jews of New England (other than Rhode Island) prior to 1800. Leon
Huhner, A. M., LL. B.

The Jews and the American Sunday Laws. Albert M. Friedenberg, B. S.,
LL.B.

The Jews of Chicago. H. Eliassof.

New Matter relating to Mordecai M. Noah. G. Herbert Cone.

Note on Isaac Gomez and Lewis Moses Gomez, from an Old Family Re-
cord. Miss Elvira N. Solis.

Report of the Committee on Collections of the American Jewish Historical
Society. Joseph Jacobs.

Items relating to the History of the Jews of New York. N. Taylor Phil
lips. LL. B.

The Trial of Francisco Maldonado de Silva. George A. Kohut.

Notes.

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No. 12, 1904 (205 pp.), containing the following papers:

Address of the President. Dr. Cyrus Adler.

The Inquisition in Peru. Elkan Nathan Adler.

The Jews of South Carolina from the Earliest Settlement to the End of
the American Revolution. Leon Huhner, A. M., LL. R.

Judah P. Benjamin : Statesman and Jurist. Max J. Kohler, A. M., LL. D.

Calendar of American Jewish Cases. Albert M. Friedenberg, B. 8., LL. B.

The Jews in Boston till 1875. Joseph Lebowich.

A History of the Jews of Mobile. Rev. Alfred G. Moses.

A Jewish Army Chaplain. Myer 8. Isaacs.

The Development of Jewish Casuistic Literature in America. J. D. Eisen-
stein.

Jewish Heretics in the Philippines in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Cen-
tury. George Alexander Kohut.

Outline of a Plan to Gather Statistics Concerning the Jews of the United
States. Wm. B. Hackenburg.

Notes and Necrology. Leon Huhner, Louis Grossman, Joseph Lebowick,
Helen Wise Molony, A. M. Friedenberg, and I. 8. Isaacs.

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No. 13, 1905 (167 pp.), containing the following papers:

Naturalization of Jews in New York under the Act of 1740. Leon Huhner,

A. M., LL. B.
Phases of Religious Liberty in America with Particular Reference to the

Jews. II. Max J. Kohler, A. M., LL. B.

Are There Traces of the Ten Lost Tribes in Ohio? David Philipson.
Jewish Beginnings in Michigan Before 1850. Hon. David E. Heineman.
" Old Mordecai " The Founder of the City of Montgomery. Rabbi A. J.

Messing, Jr.

The History of the Jews of Montgomery. Rabbi Alfred G. Moses.
A German Jewish Poet on America. Albert M. Friedenberg, B. 8., LL. B.
Judah Touro, Merchant and Philanthropist. Max J. Kohler, A. M., LL. B.
Isaac De Pinto. Leon Huhner, A. M., LL. B.
Additional Notes on the History of the Jews of Surinam. J. 8. Roos,

Rabbi of Dutch Congregation, Paramaribo.
Notes.

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No. 14, 1906 (262 pp.), containing the following:

The Two Hundred and Fiftieth Anniversary of the Settlement of the Jews
in the United States. Addresses delivered at Carnegie Hall, New
York, on Thanksgiving Day, MCMV, together with other Selected
Addresses and Proceedings.

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(5)

#o. 15, 1906 (122 pp.), containing the following:

Jews in the Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States. Being the
Address Delivered by Cyrus Adler, Ph. D., President of the American
Jewish Historical Society, at the Thirteenth Annual Meeting held In
Cincinnati, Ohio, February 27, 1905.

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No, 16, 1907 (230 pp.), containing the following papers:

Address of the President. Dr. Cyrus Adler.

Some Further Notes on the History of the Jews in Surinam. Rev. P. A.
Hilfman.

Some Jewish Factors in the Settlement of the West. Max J. Kohler, A. M.,
LL.B.

The Struggle for Religious Liberty in North Carolina, with Special Ref-
erence to the Jews. Leon Hiihner, A. M., LL. B.

Jacob Philadelphia, Mystic and Physicist. Julius F. Sachse.

Jacob Philadelphia and Frederick the Great. Prof. Dr. Ludwiy Geiger.

An Early Jewish colony in Western Guiana, 1658-1666 ; And its Relation
to the Jews in Surinam, Cayenne and Tobago. Samuel Oppenheim.

Notes.

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No. 17, 1909 (300 pp.), containing the following papers:

Address of the President. Dr. Cyrus Adler.

Dr. Rodrigo Lopez, Queen Elizabeth's Jewish Physician, and his Relations

to America. Max J. Kohler, A. M., LL. B.
Original Unpublished Documents Relating to Thomas Tremino de Sobre-

monte (1638). Dr. Cyrus Adler.
The Jews of New Jersey from the Earliest Times to 1850. Albert M.

Friedenbera, B. 8., LL. B.
A Contemporary Memorial Relating to Damages to Spanish Interests in

America Done by Jews of Holland (1634). Dr. Cyrus Adler.
An Early Jewish Colony in Western Guiana : Supplemental Data. Samuel

Oppenheim.

General Ulysses S. Grant and the Jews. Joseph Lebowich.
The Correspondence Between Solomon Etting and Henry Clay. Walter

H. Liebmann.
The Jews of Georgia from the Outbreak of the American Revolution to

the Close of the 18th Century. Leon Hiihner, A. M., LL. B.
Lincoln and the Jews. Isaac Markens.
Some Notes on the Early History of the Sheftalls of Georgia. Edmund H.

Abrahams.
The First Jew to Hold the Office of Governor of One of the United States.

Leon Hiihner, A. M., LL. B.
Notes.

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(6)

No. 18, 1909 (276 pp.), containing the following papers:

The Early History of the Jews in New York, 1654-1664, Some New

Matter on the Subject. Samuel Oppenheiin.

" A Burial Place for the Jewish Nation Forever " Rosalie S. Phillips.
A Memorial of Jews to Parliament Concerning Jewish Participation in

Colonial Trade, 1696. Max J. Kohler, A. M., LL. B.

Notes on the History of the Jews in Barbados. N. Darnell Davis, C. il. G.
The Jews' Tribute in Jamaica. Extracted from the Journals of the House

of Assembly of Jamaica. Georye Fortunatus Judah.
Notes on the History of the Jews in Surinam. Rev. P. A. Hilfmaii.
Notes.

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No. 19, 1910 (285 pp.), containing the following papers:

The Jews and Masonry in the United States before 1810. Samuel Oppen-

heim.
A List of Jews Who were Grand Masters of Masons in Various States

of this Country. Albert M. Friedenberg, B. S., LL. B.
Jews in Connection with the Colleges of the Thirteen Original States prior

to 1800. Leon Buhner. A. l\f., LL. B.
The Beginnings of Russo-Jewish Immigration to Philadelphia. David

Rulzberger.
Some Additional Notes on the History of the Jews of South Carolina.

Contributed by Leon Hiihner.
Notes.

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No. 20, 1911 (209 pp.), containing the following papers:

Societies for thp Promotion of the Study of Jewish History. Alexander

Marx, Ph. D.

Unpublished Correspondence between Thomas Jefferson and Some Ameri-
can Jews. Contributed by Max J. Kohler.
Hebrew Learning among the Puritans of New England prior to 1700.

Rev. D. de Sola Pool, Ph. D.
The Jews of Virginia from the Earliest Times to the Close of the

Eighteenth Century. Leon Hiihner, A. M., LL. B.
Joseph Simon Cohen. Charles J. Cohen.
A List of Jews Made Denizens in the Reigns of Charles II and James II,

1661-1687. Contributed by Samuel Oppenheim.
Francisco de Faria, an American Jew, and the Popish Plot. Lee M.

Friedman, A. B., LL. B.
Documents Regarding the Thanksgiving Proclamation of Governor Hoyt,

of Pennsylvania (1880). Contributed by William B. Hackenburg.
Rhode Island and Consanguineous Jewish Marriages. Benjamin H.

Hartogensis, A. B.
Notes.

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No. 21, 1913 (336 pp.), containing the, -following:

Preface and Introduction.

Biographical Sketch of Rev. Jacques Judah Lyons.

The Earliest -Extant Minute Book of the Spanish and Portuguese Congrega-
tion Shearith Israel in New York. 1728-1760.

Minute Book of the Spanish and Portuguese Congregation Shearith Israel
in New York, 1760-1786.

Biographical Sketch of Naphtali Phillips.

Sketch of the Spanish and Portuguese Congregation Shearith Israel, written
about 1855. Naphtali Phillips.

Biographical Sketch of Mordecai Manuel Noah.

Address of Mordecai Manuel Noah, delivered in 1825.

Glossary and Index.

This volume has twelve (12) illustrations, consisting of portraits, views

and facsimiles.

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Index, 1914 (600 pp.), containing the following:

Preface.

Index to Publications Numbers 1 to 20.

An Index to the Jewish Encyclopedia, Containing References to Articles

That Deal With the History of the Jews in the United States. Samuel

P. Abelow, M. A.
Advertisement.

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No. 22, 1914 (325 pp.), containing the following papers:

Preface and Reports.

Judah Monis, First Instructor in Hebrew at Harvard University. (Illus-
trated by facsimile of advertisement of Monis' Grammar.) Lee If.

Friedman, A. B., LL. B.
David Nassy of Surinam and his " Lettre Politico-Theologico-Morale sur

les Juifs." Sigmund Seeligmann.
The Chapters of Isaac the Scribe : A Bibliographical Rarity, New York,

1772. Samuel Oppenheim.

The Original of Scott's Rebecca. Joseph Jacobs, Litt. D.
Some Phases of the Condition of the Jews in Spain in the Thirteenth and

Fourteenth Centuries. Rabbi Abraham A. Neuman, A. M., D. H. L.
The Correspondence of Jews with President Martin Van Buren. Contributed

by Albert M. Friedenberg.

America in Hebrew Literature. Rev. Dr. Mendel Silber.
Life of Hon. Henry M. Phillips. J. Bunford Samuel.
Jews in the Legal and Medical Professions in America prior to 1800. Leon

Buhner, A. M., LL. B.

Notes on American Jewish History. Rev. D. de Sola Pool, Ph. D.
Notes. /. Abrahams, N. Darnell Davis, Samuel Oppenheim, Albert M.

Friedenberg, Leon Hiihner, Max J. Kohler, David Philipson, and B. H.

Hartogensis.
Necrology.

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(8)

No. 23, 1915 (257 pp.), containing the following papers:

Preface and Reports.

The Gratz Papers. William Vincent Byars.

Documents Relating to the History of the Jews in Jamaica and Barbados
in the Time of William III. Contributed by Frank Cundall, N.
Darnell Davis, and Albert M. Friedenberg.

The Startling Experience of a Jewish Trader during Pontiac's Siege of
Detroit in 1763. Hon. David E. Heineman.

A Sketch of the Life of David Undo. Alicia Undo.

Proceedings Relating to the Expulsion of Ezekiel Hart from the House
of Assembly of Lower Canada. Contributed by Rabbi Julius J. Price.

Some Jewish Associates of John Brown. Leon Hiihner, A. M., LL. B.

Early Jewish Residents in Massachusetts. Lee M. Friedman, A. B., LL. B.

Report of the Foreign Arch ires Committee. Albert M. Friedenberg, Chair-
man.

Dr. Abraham Bettmann, a Pioneer Physician of Cincinnati. Gotthard
Deutsch, Ph. D.

References to Jews in the Correspondence of John J. Crittenden. Con-
tributed by Cyrus Adler and Albert M. Friedenberg.

A Spanish-American Jewish Periodical. Rabbi Martin Zielonka.

Unpublished Canadian State Papers Relating to Benjamin Hart. Con-
tributed by Rabbi Julius J. Price.

The Sephardic Congregation of Baltimore. Benjamin H. Hartogensis, A. B.

Wills of Early Jewish Settlers in New York. Contributed by Lee M.
Friedman.

Jews Interested in Privateering in America during the Eighteenth Cen-
tury. Leon Hiihner, A. M., LL. B.

Notes. Samuel Oppenheim, D. de Sola Pool, Frank Cundall, David Phil-
ipson, J. Cassuto, Albert M. Friedenberg, Isaac E. Marcuson, and I.
Abrahams.

Necrology.

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No. 24, 1916 (180 pp.), containing the following:

Jewish Disabilities in the Balkan States, American Contributions toward
Their Removal, with Particular Reference to the Congress of Berlin.
Max J. Kohler and Simon Wolf.

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No. 25, 1916 (258 pp.), containing the following papers'

Preface and Reports.

David L. Yulee, Florida's First Senator. (Illustrated by portrait of Yulee.)

Leon Hiihner, A. M., LL. B.
The Question of the Kosher Meat Supply in New York in 181-1 : With a

Sketch of Earlier Conditions. Contributed by Samuel Oppenheim.
An Unfamiliar Aspect of Anglo-Jewish History. Frank I. Schechter, A. M.,

LL.B.
Genealogical Notes on Jacob Franks from Official Records. Contributed by

Samuel Oppenheim.

The Phylacteries Found at Pittsfleld. Mass. Lee M. Friedman. A. B., LL. B.
Will of Nathan Simson, A Jewish Merchant in New York before 1722, and

Genealogical Note Concerning Him and Joseph Simson. Contributed

by Samuel Oppenheim.
Unequal Religious Rights in Maryland Since 1776. Benjamin H. Harto-

gensis, A. B.
Notes. I. Abrahams, Samuel Oppenheim, Albert M. Friedenberg, Julius

J. Price, Lee M. Friedman, Elfrida D. Cowen, and D. de Sola Pool.
Necrology.

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