NOAA technical report NMFS SSRF

NOAA TR NMFS SSRF-679

A UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF
COMMERCE
PUBLICATION

,i-'°'ro^

V \

T

NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF-679

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

National Marine Fisheries Service

Kinds and Abundance of Zooplankton
Collected by the USCG Icebreaker
Glacier in the Eastern Chukchi Sea,
September-October 1970

sfflf

BRUCE L. WING

Marine Biological Laboratory
LIBRARY

OCT 14 1992

Woods Hole, Mass.

SEATTLE, WA
August 1974

NOAA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
Frederick B. Dent, Secretary

NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION
Robert M. Wtiite, Administrator

NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE
Robert W. Schoning, Director

NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF-679

Kinds and Abundance of Zooplankton
Collected by the USCG Icebreaker
Glacier in the Eastern Chukchi Sea,
September-October 1970

BRUCE L. WING

j Marine Biological Laboratory •
LIBRARY I

OCT 14 1992 I

i

Woods Hole, Mass. 1

^ t

■N %

^ ^sk

%>1

9 Sr

SEATTLE, WA

^ T^

^ J ^

August 1974

'h-^^

^'/N^

'^^6

-191^

For saie by ihe Superintendenl of Documents. US. Governmeni Printing; Office
VVashingron. D.C, 20402

The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) does not approve, rec-
ommend or endorse any proprietary product or proprietary material
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publication.

CONTENTS

Page
1

1

Introduction

Methods

Abundance and distribution of zooplankton "

Relationships between zooplankton and characteristics of water °

Temperature ' -

Salinity '2

Dissolved oxygen '2

Comparison of abundance and distribution of zooplankton in 1970 and 1947 15

Summary '"

Acknowledgments J^

Literature cited

18

Figures

1. Station locations at which zooplankton samples were taken by the USCG

icebreaker Glacier in 1970 and by the USS Nereiis in 1947 and the number

of species collected at each station -

2. Abundance of the hydromedu^an A glantha digitate contoured in powers of 6 per

100 m-' 10

3. Abundance of chaetognath Sagitta elegans contoured in powers of 3 per 100 m^ . . 10

4. Abundance of pteropod Clione limacina contoured in powers of 3 per 100 m^

Presence ofSpiratella limacina indicated by X 10

5. Abundance of the copepod /ltY;/7/V/ longiremis contoured in powers of 3 per 100

m-' 1 :

6. Abundance of the copepod Calaniis finmarchicus contoured in powers of 3 per

100 m^ 11

7. Abundance of the copepod Centropages ahdominalis contoured in powers of 3

per 100 m^ 1 1

8. Abundance of the copepod Eucalaniis bungii contoured in powers of 3 per 100

m^ 1 i

9. Abundance of the copepod Pseudocalanus ininutus contoured in powers of 3 per

100 m' 1

10. Abundance of calanoid copepods (all species) contoured in powers of 4 per 100

m^ 12

11. Sea temperature distributions at surface, 10 m, and bottom, eastern Chukchi

Sea off Cape Lisbume-Icy Cape, 25 September to 17 October 1970. Redrawn

from Ingham and Rutland (1972) 13

12. Salinity distributions at surface, 10 m, and bottom, eastern Chukchi Sea off Cape

Lisbume-Icy Cape, 25 September to October 1970. Redrawn from Ingham and

Rutland (1972) 13

13. Dissolved oxygen distributions at surface, 10 m, and near bottom, eastern

Chukchi Sea off Cape Lisbume-Icy Cape, 25 September to 17 October 1970.
Redrawn from Ingham and Rutland ( 1972) 14

14. Contours of percent saturation of dissolved oxygen at surface, 10 m, and near bot-

tom, eastern Chukchi Sea, Cape Lisbume-Icy Cape, 28 September to 17
October 1970. Redrawn from Ingham and Rutland (1972) 14

Tables

1 . Location, depth, date, time, and number of species collected for 39 stations occu-
pied by the USCG icebreaker Glacier, 26 September to 17 October 1970 . . . .

Ill

2. Numbers of zooplankters in the eastern Chukchi Sea, 26 September to 17 October

1970. Quantities are number per 100 m^ of water filtered 3

3. Means, transformed means, and standard deviation and 0.95 confidence limits of

transformed means of the density of zooplankters in three areas of the eastern

Chukchi Sea, September-October 1970 9

4. Values of t from tests for equality of transformed means of density of zooplank-

ters in four areas of the eastern Chukchi Sea, September-October 1970 10

5. Values of F from tests for equality of variances using transformed data for density

of zooplankters in four areas of the eastern Chukchi Sea, September-October

1970 10

6. Numbers of selected zooplankters taken at four stations by the USS Nereus in

1947 and at four comparable stations by the USCG icebreaker Glacier in 1970
(WEBSEC-70), southeastern Chukchi Sea 17

IV

Kinds and Abundance of Zooplankton Collected by
the USCG Icebreaker Glacier in tlie Eastern Chukchi Sea,

September-October 1970

BRUCE L. WING"

ABSTRACT

Zooplankton samples were taken at 39 oceanographic stations in the eastern Chukchi Sea in Sep-
tember and October 1970. Sampling was done by vertical tows from near bottom to the surface with a
0.5-m diameter No. 0 (0.57 mm) mesh NorPac standard plankton net. Data are presented on the distribu-
tion and relative abundance of 63 categories of zooplankton at the onset of winter. Zooplankton abun-
dance generally was lowest in waters with temperatures below 0°C; it did not appear to be associated with
the distribution of salinity; and it tended to be inversely related to dissolved oxygen concentration.
Comparison of zooplankton abundance in 1970 with published observations on the Chukchi Sea in 1947
shows probable seasonal variation of meroplankton abundance and yearly variation of holoplankton
abundance.

INTRODUCTION

In September and October 1970, the U.S. Coast
Guard icebreaker Glacier made the first of the West-
ern Beaufort Sea Ecological Cruises (WEBSEC-70).
The WEBSEC program is carried on principally by the
Coast Guard, but several other Federal agencies and
universities cooperate in obtaining the many types of
data required for a complete ecological assessment of
the Beaufort Sea. The work of WEBSEC-70 was actu-
ally done in the eastern Chukchi Sea because excep-
tionally heavy pack ice prevented work east of Bar-
row, Alaska.

I participated in the WEBSEC-70 cruise from 26
September to 17 October. During that time I took
zooplankton samples at 39 of the 92 stations occupied
by the Glacier (Fig. 1, Table 1). The area covered was
between lat. 68°54'N-70°34'N and long. 162°24'W-
168°56'W. My objective was to determine the kinds
and abundance of zooplankton in the eastern Chukchi
Sea at the onset of winter. Previously, with the excep-
tion of MacGinitie (1955), information on the zoo-
plankton of the eastern Chukchi Sea was limited to the
summer months of July and August (Johnson, 1936,
1953, 1956, 1958; Hand and Kan, 1961; English, 1966).

This paper lists the kinds and abundance of zoo-
plankters collected in 1970. It then relates the
zooplankton distribution to the distribution of temper-
ature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen and compares my
abundance data for 1970 with Johnson's (1953) data for
the 1947 summer cruise of the USS Nereus.

METHODS

My zooplankton sampling was limited to those sta-
tions at which the Coast Guard took hydrographic
casts to measure physical and chemical characteristics
of the water. Of the 92 stations occupied by the

Table 1 .--Location, depth, date, time and number of species of zooplankton
collected for 39 stations occupied by the USCG icebreaker Glacier, 26
September to 17 October 1970.

Station
number

Lonp. M Lat. N

Sampling
depth

(BST)

Number

■>' 2
species-

'Auke Bay Fisheries Laboratory. National Marine Fisheries Ser-
vice. NOAA, P.O. Box 155, Auke Bay, AK 99821.

8

69°45'

163°34'

17

26

September

2225

19

9

70°10'

166°03'

42

27

September

1545

15

isi'

70°19'

165°45'

41

28

September

0700

11

70°28'

165°15'

42

28

September

1520

11

70°18'

164°4r

40

29

September

1515

8

18

70°24'

164°09'

40

30

September

0715

13

19

70"22'

163°16'

28

30

September

1335

12

21

70° 34'

163°16'

36

1

October

1425

15

23

70»23'

162°24'

20

2

October

1005

13

24

70°09'

162°57'

18

2

October

1620

10

2^

70°ir

162° 52'

16

3

October

0850

4

69°59'

163°17'

19

4

October

0710

13

70°Qr

163°59'

28

4

October

1400

12

31

69°45'

163° 34'

18

5

October

0720

9

33

69°47'

164° 30'

30

6

October

0350

16

34

69° 52'

165°37'

40

6

October

0745

14

35

69°59'

166°03'

43

6

October

1320

13

36

70°08'

167°11'

46

6

October

1640

13

39

69°5r

166°47'

49

7

October

0725

9

40

70°18'

166°57'

45

7

October

1225

22

43

70°30'

168° 26'

44

8

October

0715

15

44

70-1 r

168° 56'

34

8

October

1215

15

49

69°48'

168°05'

45

9

October

0725

16

50,,
55^'

69°38'

167°44'

44

9

October

1420

16

69°24'

167°15'

42

10 October

0505

24

69°13'

166°52'

38

10

October

1230

29

60

68°57'

166°26'

35

11

October

1050

12

62

69°06'

166°02'

25

12

.October

0740

13

63

69°14'

165°56'

32

12

October

1135

10

64

69°25'

166°29'

36

12

October

1455

23

69

69°50'

167°23'

44

13

October

0935

13

72

69°19'

165°ir

27

14

October

0910

7

73

69°33'

164°37'

24

14

October

1420

10

78

69°27'

165°38'

30

15

October

0840

11

85

69°13'

164°45'

20

16

October

0715

8

86

69°05'

165°05'

20

16

October

1100

6

87

69°04'

165°36'

20

16

October

1415

9

90

68°54'

166°40'

42

17

October

0705

12

91

68°54'

167°24'

44

17

October

1310

13

y^

One pair of s

.amples was

taken at each

station; the time of the

start

of the

first sample

is given.

11

Includes categories not

identified to

genus or species.

3/|

Part of sampl

es lost.

-Qualitative phytoplankton samples also taken at this station.

1

168°W

(^^

15

0

70°N
15

(@

/

-69° N

19

1 6t|°W

15

10-FATHOM LINE

©

to

168°W^ — ^ /

APPROXIMATE BOUNDARY OF
HIGH SPECIES DIVERSITY AREA
APPROXIMATE BOUNDARY OF
LOW SPECIES DIVERSITY AREA

Figure 1. — Station locations (circled numbers) at which zooplankton samples were taken by the USCG
icebreaker G/aciVr in 1970 and b_v the USS /Verfui (prefix N) in 1947 and the number of species collected at
each station (numbers without circles).

Glacier, 47 were for hydrographic casts; I was able to
sample at 39 of those stations. At each station two
samples were usually taken within 5 min of each other.
All sampling was done with a 0.5-m diameter No. 0
(0.57 mm) mesh NorPac standard net. The net was
lowered to 2 m from the bottom over depths of 1 8 to 5 1
m and was retrieved vertically at 40 m per min. The
samples were preserved with 5% formaldehyde solu-
tion in plastic bags immediately after they were col-
lected. Counts and identifications of zooplankters
were done at the Auke Bay Fisheries Laboratory. No
subsampling was required because the number of zoo-
plankters in each sample was generally low (9-1,900). I
did not make an extensive literature search for the
most recent taxonomic revisions and was able to iden-
tify many of the larvae and even some of the adults
only to phylum, class, or order (Table 2).

Biomass of the samples was not measured because
weight measurements (wet or dry) and oxidation tech-
niques would have made the specimen unfit for further
taxonomic study; volumetric measurements were pre-
cluded by the large numbers and the large size varia-
tion of the hydromedusan^^/flA?r/?a digitale.

I assumed a net efficiency of 100% and converted
the catch data to numbers of zooplankton per 100 m^
of water filtered. The coarse mesh (0.57 mm), short
vertical tows, and absence of noticeable clogging by
phytoplankton make the 100% assumption reasonable.

The review of field and laboratory studies of the ef-
ficiencies of the plankton nets by Tranter and Smith
( 1968) indicates that the actual volume of water filtered
by slowly pulled coarse mesh nets is no less than 95%
of the theoretical.

Tiie abundance of the eight most common zooplank-
ters (A- digitale, Clione limacina, Sagitta elegans,
Aiartia longiremis, Calanus finnuirchicus, Centro-
pages abdomiiuilis. Eiicalaniis hiingii. Pseudocalanus
miniitiis) and all calanoid copepods combined were
examined for correlations with hydrographic condi-
tions by comparing contour charts of levels of abun-
dance of each species and total calanoid copepods
with the contour plots of temperature, salinity, and
dissolved oxygen from Ingham and Rutland (1972).
Values of A'' (A" = 3, 4, or 6; / = 1, 2, 3, . . .m) were
used to assign levels of abundance of each group at
each station. I contoured areas of absence and pres-
ence, and arbitrarily subdivided presence into five
categories of abundance. Because a single scale of
abundance could not be reasonably applied to all
species, a separate scale based on maximum abun-
dances recorded during the cruise was used for each
species. To avoid subjective judgments. I used the
power function to delimit abundance categories. This
choice of power function was justified partially by the
ease of computation and partially by the need to
counter the effect of increasing variance with increas-
ing means.

Table 2. --Numbers of zooplankters in the eastern Chukchi Sea, 26 September to 17 October 1970. Quantities are nuri;ber per 100 m of water filtered.
P Indicates present but not counted. First and second sample at each station indicated by 1 and 2.

Number of
stations at
which found

Station number

e

5

11

IJ 15

16

1«

21

Zooplankter'

1 2

1 2 ■

1 2

12 12

1

2

1 2

1 2

Aqlantha digltale (0. F. Muller) 39 7,190 600 2.328 2,850 1.478 832 P 206 204 -- 11,459 6.875 6,184 7,003 1,584 1.981

Melicertum octocostatum (M. Sars) 5 30 — — 12 — -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 14

Obeli a sp. 4

Aurella aurita (Linneaus)^ 2

Chrysaora melanaster Brandt2 2 — — -- -- — -- 2 — — -- -- -

Cyanea capillata TLinneausjz 1 — — -- -- -- -- -- — — -- — 14

Ctenophora^ 4 12 12 18 --

Nematoda 1

Bryozoa {cyphonautes ) i __ __

Polychaeta (adults) 1 30

Polychaela (larvae) 31 60 -- 73 36 13 36 18 28 14

Evadne nordmanni Loven 3

Podon leuckarti G. 0. Sars 4 30

Acartia longiremis (Lilljeborg) 26 60 - - 12 - 12 -- 24 13 36 18 -- 28

Calanus TTnmarchicus (Gunnerus) 29 60 90 982 133 12 25 — 12 -- -- 13 13 14

Calanus tonsus Brady 1

Centropages abdominal is Sato 27 239 419 -- -- 12 13

DeriuQin1a~to]li (Linko) 5 -- 30 -

Epilabodocera amphitrites

(McMurrlch) 8

EucaUnus buiigii Giesbrecht 22 -- -- 12 36 12 12 — 24 -- -- — 13 -- 36 14 14

Eurvtenx)ra herdinani

{Thompson & Scott) 1 -

Hetridia lucens Boeck 2

Microcalanus sp. 3 -- — -- -

Pseudocalanus minutus (Kroyer) 27 — — 49 — 37 37 -- 24 25 -- — 13 18 — 28 --

Tortanus discaudatus

(Thompson & Scott] 12 — -- -- -

Unidentified Calanoida

(copepodites) 1

Oithona helgolandica Claus 10 -- -- 12 -- -- -- -- -- -- — 25 51 -

Copepoda-Harpacticoida 5 -- -- -- - -- -- -- — -- — 18--

Copepoda (nauplii ) 4

Balanoids (naupl ii) 25 90-- -- -- -- -- -- — — -- 25 13—

Balanoids (cyprids) 10 -- -- -- - — 24 -- -- -- -- -- 18 14

Acanthornysis sp. 2 30

Mysis sp. 1 .. 30

Cimacea 6 -- 60

Epicaridea (cryptoniscids) 2 60

Hyper 1a sp. (juveniles) 1
Hyperoche medusa rum

(Kroyer) (juveniles) 1
Parathemisto 1 1 be 1 1 u 1 a

(Lichtenstein) (juveniles) 1
Parathemisto pacifica Stebbing

(juveniles) 6 -- 30

Oedicerotidae (3-4 sp.) 6 90 150

Phoxocephalidae 1 go --
Unidentified Garmaridea

(3-4 sp.) 7

14

Thysanoessa inermis (Kroyer) 2

Thysanoessa raschii (M. Sars) 16 -- — -- -- -- — — -_ -- — ._ _- _. _. __ 28

Thysanoessa sp. (larvae) 8 -- — 133 36 -- 37 -- 24 13

Panda! us qoniurus Stimpson 1

Hippolytiaae (zoeae) 1 -- -- -- -- -- -. __ __ __ .. __

Oxyrhyncha (zoeae) 6 -- -- -- -- 25 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 18

Oxyrhyncha (megalopa) 20 30 30 24 49 37 12 64 51 -- 18

Pagurus sp. (zoeae) 20 -- — 36 36

Pagurus sp. (glaucothoe) 12 -- -- -- _. 12

Clione limacina (Phipps) 29 30 30 24 12 24 -- -- 25 13 -- 18

Spiratella helicina (Phipps) 8

Gastropoda (veligersj

Lamellibranchia (veligers) 7

Sagitta elegans Verrill 30 60 120 146 73 118 50 P 121 25

Echinoidea (plutei) 16 -- -- 24 24 12 -- — -- 13

Asteroidea (bipinnarias) 2

Fri til larid boreal is Lohmann 16

Oikopleura yanhoeffeni Lohmann 5

Ascidacea (larvae) 3

Boreoqadus saida (Lepechin)

(juveni leD 7
Pleuronectes quadri tuberculatus

Pallas (larvae) 1

13

13

25

51

26

25

204

229

57 28
57 85

127
28

See footnotes at end of table.

Tdble 2. --Continued.

Number of
stations at
which found

Station number

23

24

26

28 29

31

33

34

Zooplankter'

1 2

1 2

1 2

12 12

1

2

1 2

1

i

Aqlantha digitaTe (0. F. Muller) 39 8.785 4,966 4,669 3.537 3.024 5.921 26,269 18,763 14,369 12,460 22,918 21.079 9,677 1,783 2,228 1.821

Meli'certum octocostatum (M. Sars) 5 -- -- -- -- — -- -- — — -- — -

Obeli a sp. 4 P P

Aurelia aurlta (Linneaus)' 2 _. ..

Chrysaora melanaster Brandt^ 2

Cj^anea capil lata (Tinneaus)' 1

Ctenophora^ 4 ~ — — -- — -- -- — — -- ~ — ■— -- — 13

Nematoda 1

Bryozoa (cyphonautes ) i — —

Polychaeta (adults) 1 — -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -

Polychaeta (larvae) 31 76 25 -- 28 -- 32 2,680 1,608 127 164 28 57 68 51 25 25

Evadne nordmanni Loven 3

Podon leuckartj G. 0. Sars 4

Acartia longiremis (Lilljeborg) 26 25 76 28 — -- 64 - 54 16

Calanus fT"nmarchicus (Gunnerus) 29 — 25 — — -- — 54 28 13 38

Calanus tonsus Brady 1

Centropages abdominalis Sato 27 — - - 107 54 91 91 57 — 255 16 51 166

Derjuginia toUi (Linko) 5

Epi labocfocera amphi trites

(McMurrich) 8 18 — -

Eucalanus bungii Giesbrecht 22 25 -- -- -- -- ~- -- ~- -- -- -- 13

Eurytemora herdniani

(Thompson & Scott) 1

Metridia lucens Boeck 2

Hicrocalanus sp. 3

PseudocalamJs minutus (Kroyer) 27 25 — 28 — -- — — 27 18

Tortanus discaudatus

(Thompson & Scott) 12 — 25 — — -- — — — 18

Unidentified Calanoida

(copepodites) 1

Githona helgolandica Claus 10 751 509

Copepoda-Harpacticoida 5 -- — — -- -- -- 27

Copepoda (nauplii) 4 -- — - -- P P P

Balanoids (nauplii) 25 -- — 80 54 18

Balanoids (cyprids) 10 25 -- -- - 27

Acanthornysis sp. 2 --

Mysis sp. 1

Cumacea 6 — — — — -- — 27

Epicaridea (cryptoniscids) 2 — __ __ ______

Hyper i a sp. (juveniles) 1
Hyperoche medusarum

(Kroyer) (juveniles) 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- — 18

Parathemisto 1 ibellula

(Lichtenstein) (juveniles) 1
Parathemisto pacifica Stebbing

(juveniles) 6

Oedicerotidae (3-4 sp.) 6 — — -- -

Phoxocephalidae 1
Unidentified Gammaridea

(3-4 sp.) 7

Thysanoessa inermis (Kroyer) 2

Thysanoessa raschii (M. Sars) 16 -- — --

Thysanoessa sp. (larvae) 8 -- 25 -- 28

Panda 1 us goniurus Stimpson 1

Hippolytidae (zoeae) 1

Oxyrhyncha (zoeae) 6 51 -- -- 28

Oxyrhyncha (megalODa) 20 -- 76 85 85 -- - 55

Paqurus sp. (zoeae) 20 -- -- -- 27 -- — 18 2<

Paqurus sp. (glaucothoe) 12 - — 28 — 32

Clione limacina (Phipps) 29 — 25 85 -- - -- -- -- 28 -- 17

Spiratella heljcina (Phipps) 8

Gastropoda (veligers) 1 — -- — -- -- .. p p

Lamellibranchia (veligers) 7 .._--_ P p p p

Sagitta elegans Verrill 30 -- 51 28 - -- -- — — — 34

Echinoidea (plutei) 16 2,010 670 91 73 — 28 51

Asteroidea (bipinnanas ) 2

Fritillaria boreal is Lohmann 16 509 357 85 57 -- 32 590 384 55 146 — — 17
Oikopleura vanhoeffeni Lohmann 5
Ascidacea (larvae) 3

Boreogadus saida

(Lepechin) (juveniles) 7

Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus

PalUs (larvaF) 1

28

85

68

38

140

85

—

17

13

38

—

34

13

--

See footnotes at end of table.

Table 2, --Continued.

Number of
stations at

Station number

3S

a

ii

iO 43

44

4«

50

Zooplankter'

which found

1 i

1 i

1 2

1 2 1 J

1 2

1 2

1 2

Aglantha digitale (0. F. Muller) 39

Melicertum octocostatum {M. Sars) 5

Obeli a sp7 1

Aurella aurita (Linneaus)- 2

Chrysaora melanaster Brandt- 2

Cyanea capillata (linneaus)- 1

Ctenophora^ 4

1

1.481 3.612 830 886 2.598 4,054 8.828 2,716 1.678 3.241 3,970 5,542 3.622 4,244 3.820 3.530
23

Bryozoa (cyphonautes) 1

Polychaeta (adults) 1

Polychaeta (larvae) 31

Evadne nordmanni Loven 3

Podon leuckarti G. 0. Sars 4

flcartia lonqiremis (Lilljeborg) 26

Calanus finmarchiTus (Gunnerus) 29

Calanus tonsus Brady 1

Centropages abdominalis Sato 27

Derjuqimd toll i (Linko) 5
EpilaBodocera amphitrites

(McHurrich) 8

Eucalanus biingii Giesbrecht 22
turytemora herHmani

(Thompson & Scott) 1

Metrldia lucens Boeck 2

Microcalanus sp. 3

Pseudocalanus minutus (Kroyer) 27
Tortanus discaudatus

(Thompson & Scott) 12
Unidentified Calanoida

(copepodites) 1

Oithona helgolandica Claus 10

Copepoda-Harpacticoida 5

Copepoda (nauplii ) 4

Salanoids (nauplii) 25

Balanoids (cyprids) 10

Acanthorriysls sp. 2

Hjfsis sp. 1

Cunacea 6

Epicaridea (cryptoniscids) 2

Hyperia sp. (juveniles) 1
Hyperoche medusarurn

(Kroyer) (juveniles ) 1
Parathemisto libel lula

(Lichtenstein) (juven i 1 es ) 1
Parathemisto pacif ica Stabbing

(juveniles) 6

Oedicerotidae (3-4 sp.) 6

Phoxocephalidae 1
Unidentified Gamnaridea

(3-4 sp.) 7

Thysanoessa inermis (Kroyer) 2

Thysanoessa rascMT (M. Sars) 16

Thysanoessa sp. (larvae) 8

Panda] us goniurus Stimpson 1

Hippolytidae (zoeae ) 1

Oxyrhyncha (zoeae) 6

Oxyrhyncha (megalopa) 20

Pagurus sp. (zoeae) 20

Pagurus sp. (glaucothoe) 12

Clione limacina (Phipps) 29

Spiratella helicina (Phipps) 8

Gastropoda (veligers) 1

Lamellibranchia (veligers) 7

Sagitta elegans Verri 1 1 30

Echinoidea (plutei) 16

Asteroidea (bipinnarias) 2

Fri til laria boreal is Lohmann 16

Oikopleura yanhoeffenj Lohmann 5

Ascidacea (larvae) 3

107 12 11

91 45 35

15 n 34 93 139

83 107 100 78

11 45 35 -- 75 15 23 -- 12 23
57 11 81 46 195 210 - 45 23 116

10 31 11 n
23 34

30 124 34 58 139

23 11 127 93 75
11

23 11 35
11 11

10 83 11 34 12 12
23 11

449 255 11

- 23 12

11 31 187 34 34 150 208 105
42 114 -- 11 12 35 30

34

11

24 47 22 22 10 21

11 12 46 30

23 58
12 23

12 30 90 23 -- 12 --
23 11 23 12

12
93

12 33 100

n

45 68

113 n
11

58 93 30 45 11
15 60 -

79 637 1.146

1,754 170 35 58 300

n

Boreogadus saida (Lepechin)

(juveniles!
Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus

Pallas (larvae)

See footnotes at end of table.

Table 2. --Continued.

Number of
stations at
which found

Station

number

54
1

2

55

60

62

63

64

69

72

Zooplankteri

1

2

1

2

1

2

1

2

1

2

1

2

) 2

Aqlantha diqitale (0. F. Muller)

39

2.425 4

.244

5.145 11

,928 3

,783 3

,638

957

2,241

3,501

1,846

3,183

2,617 6

,019 4

804 1

.320 1.000

Melicertum octocostatum (M. Sars

) 5

--

--

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

__

Obelia sp.

4

—

121

54

13

"

--

—

--

—

—

--

--

--

--

Aurelia aurita (Linneaus)^

2

__

_-

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

--

—

-

—

—

._

Chrysaora melanaster Brandt-

2

12

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

--

--

—

■■-

—

_-

Cyanea capil'lata (Linneaus)'

1

—

—

--

—

■-

--

—

--

--

--

--

—

--

—

-■

Ctenophora^

4

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

-

--

"

-

-- --

Nanatoda

1

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

-

--

--

-- --

Bryozoa (cyphonautes)

1

--

--

P

P

-

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

-- --

Polychaeta (adults)

1

_.

__

-_

--

—

—

—

—

--

—

-

--

--

--

__

Polychaeta (larvae)

31

12

146

1,514

630

—

—

—

—

48

48

14

3b

—

38 19

Evadne nordmanni Loven

3

„

24

94

__

15

--

.-

--

—

—

—

--

--

—

__

Podon ieuckarti G. 0. Sars

4

"

--

228

121

—

~

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Acartia lonqiremis (Lilljeborq)

26

12

134

13

29

__

_.

_.

__

__

_.

14

__

__

__

Calanus finmarchicus (Gunnerus)

29

1,031 2

,959

1,649

,086 3

,201 1

,397

41

--

--

--

141

552

—

12

—

Calanus tonsus Brady

1

—

—

—

—

—

—

--

—

--

28

—

-_

Centropaqes abdominal is Sato
Deriuqima tolli (Linko)
Epilabodocera amphitrites

27

36

412

442

362

73

175

102

81

48

16

368

382

139

93

19

5

—

"

--

—

--

--

--

20

--

—

--

--

--

--

,_

(Mchurrich)

8

—

—

13

—

--

--

—

--

—

--

14

14

12

--

—

Eucalanus bunqii Giesbrecht

22

146

958

576

710

87

29

--

--

--

42

28

--

12

_-

Eurvtemora hertinani
{Thompson & Scott)

1

—

--

--

—

—

--

—

--

--

--

--

--

--

_.

Metridia lucens Boeck

2

36

182

27

13

—

—

—

--

--

--

--

—

--

--

__

Microcalanus sp.

3

—

—

402

80

—

—

—

--

—

--

—

--

—

Pseudocalanus minutus (Kroyer)

27

85

558

536

322

146

n

--

--

--

—

--

14

--

--

19

Tortanus discaudatus

(Thompson & Scott)

12

—

—

27

54

--

41

41

—

lb

42

71

—

12

—

Unidentified Calanoida

(copepodites)

1

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

19

Oithona helqolandica Claus

10

--

49

268

40

-

--

--

--

-

--

12

--

-- --

Copepoda-Harpacticoida

5

P

P

13

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

--

-

-- --

Copepoda (nauplii)

4

P

P

P

P

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

--

--

.. ..

Balanoids (nauplii)

25

12

206

2.037 1

,086

--

116

41

102

16

--

17

22

81

58

19

Balanoids (cyprids)

10

-

24

--

27

—

--

—

--

--

—

--

—

—

—

Acanthornysis sp.

2

—

—

-

-

--

-

-

-

-

-

3

Mysis sp.

1

--

--

"

—

—

-"

"

""

—

"-

—

--

—

—

—

Cumacea

6

24

-

-

-

-

20

-

-

-

-

-

"

-

-- "

Epicaridea (cryptoniscids)

2

--

--

--

--

--

-

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

" --

H^peria sp. (juveniles)

1

_-

__

—

—

--

--

—

—

—

--

—

—

—

—

__

Hyperoche medusa rum (Kroyer)

(juveniles)

1

--

--

—

--

--

--

--

--

—

--

—

—

—

—

—

Parathemisto libellula

(Lichtenstein) (juveniles)

1

—

—

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

—

--

—

—

—

Parathemisto pacifica Stebbinq

(juveniles)

6

--

24

13

—

--

--

--

--

--

--

3

--

—

—

Oedicerotidae (3-4 sp. )

6

12

—

13

—

--

-.

20

.-

--

3

Phoxocephalidae

1

—

—

—

—

--

—

--

--

--

--

--

—

--

—

__

Unidentified Ganmaridea

(3-4 sp.)

7

--

-

--

—

—

—

—

20

16

—

--

--

--

-

-

Thysanoessa inermis (Kroyer)

2

--

--

—

—

—

—

20

--

--

—

3

Thysanoessa raschii (M. Sars)

16

194

255

27

--

15

--

—

—

—

8

3

--

—

—

Thysanoessa sp. (larvae)

8

—

—

—

--

--

--

—

—

—

--

--

—

—

—

—

Pandalus aoniurus Stimpson
Hippolytidae (zoeae)

1

._

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

._

-,

3

__

1

—

—

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

—

—

--

—

Oxyrhyncha (zoeae)

6

—

—

—

—

—

--

—

--

--

--

—

--

—

—

Oxyrhyncha (megalopa)
Pagurus sp. (zoeae)

20

—

—

13

—

--

—

—

--

--

--

35

46

—

20

24

12

13

27

15

—

--

--

lb

3

3

--

—

__

Pagurus sp. (glaucothoe)

12

--

12

13

--

--

--

-

-

48

3

--

46

23

-

Clione limacina (Phipps)

29

12

12

13

27

__

41

20

16

605

8

19 --

SpirateDa helicina (Phipps)

8

376

691

804

777

--

29

20

20

--

--

6

6

23

—

--

Gastropoda (veligers)

1

-

-

--

-

--

-

--

-

--

--

--

-

--

-

Lamellibranchia (veligers)
Saqitta eleqans Verrill

7
30

P
424 1

P
,419

P
911

P
563 1

41
41

20
61

16

48

3
64

.016

393

111

133

46

12

._

Echinoidea (plutei)

16

-

243

268

322

„

-

-

-

-

-

-

--

-

..

Asteroidea (bipinnarias)

2

-

-

--

--

--

-

--

-

-

-

--

-

--

-

-- -

Fritillaria borealis Lohmann

16

..

36

13

__

__

..

..

..

..

..

__

..

—

Oikopleura vanhoeffeni Lohmann

5

—

21

--

—

--

--

__

__

__

._

--

Ascidacea (larvae)
Boreoqadus saida (Lepechin)

3

24

11

3

(juveniles)

7

—

—

—

—

—

--

--

--

—

-.

—

--

..

--

_-

Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus

Pallas (larvae)

1

"

""

"

""

""

■"

"'

20

""

""

""

""

""

—

See footnotes at end of table.

Table 2. --Continued.

Zooplankter'

Number 0/
stations at
which found

"TT

T5~

Station number

^^

"5r

ftqjantha digitale (0. F. Muller) 39

Helicertum octocostatum (M. Sars) 5

Obelia spT 4

Aurel'a aurita (Linneaus)- 2

Chrysaora mejanaster Brandt^ 2

Cyanea capillata [Linneaus)^ 1

Ctenophora' 4

Nematoda 1

Bryozoa (cyphonautes) 1

Polychaeta (adults) 1

Polychaeta (larvae) 31

Evadne nordmanni Loven 3

Podon leuckarti G. 0. Sars 4

Acartia longiremis (Lilljeborg) 26

Calanus finrnarchfcus (Gunnerus) 29

Calanus tpnsus Brady 1

Centropaqes abdominal is Sato 27

Derjuginia tolli (Linko) 5
Epi laBodocera amphitrites

(McMurrich) 8

Eucalanus bunqi i Giesbrecht 22
Eurytemora herSnani

(Thompson & Scott) 1

Metridia lucens Boeck 2

Microcalanus sp. 3

Pseudocalanus minutus (Kroyer) 27
Tortanus discaudatus

(Thompson & Scott) 12
Unidentified Calanoida

(copepodites) 1

Oithona helgolandica Claus 10

Copepoda-Harpacti coi da S

Copepoda (nauplii ) 4

Balanoids (nauplii) 25

Balanoids (cyprids) TO

Acanthomysis sp. 2

Hysis sp. 1

Cunacea 6

Epicaridea (cryptoniscids) 2

Hyper i a sp. (juveniles) 1
Hyperoche medusarum (Kroyer)

(juveniles! 1
Parathemisto libellula

(Lichtenstein) (juveni 1 es ) 1
Parathemisto pacifica Stebbing

(juveniles) 6

Oedicerotidae (3-4 sp. ) 6

Phoxocephalidae 1
Unidentified Ganmaridea

(3-4 sp.) 7

Thysanoessa inermis (Kroyer) 2

Thysanoessa^ raschli (M. Sars) 16

Thysanoessa sp. (larvae ) 8

Panda! us goniurus Stimpson 1

Hippolytidae (zoeae) 1

Oxyrhyncha (zoeae) 6

Oxyrhyncha (megalooa) 20

Paqurus sp. (zoeae) 20

Paqurus sp. (glaucothoe) 12

Clione limacina (Phipps) 29

Spiratella helicina (Phipps) 8

Gastropoda (veligers) 1

Lamellibranchia (veligers) 7

Sagitta elegans Verrill 30

Echinoidea (plutei) 16

Asteroidea (bipinnarias) 2

Fri til laria boreal is Lohmann 16

Oikopleura yanhoeffeni Lohmann 5

Ascidacea (larvae) 3

Boreoqadus saida (Lepechin)

(juveni leD 7
Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus

Pallas (larvae) 1

21 2,122 1.392 1,273 509

21
85

17
17

1.146 2,365 2.910
12

12

25
127

51
25

497
606

388
303

23
405

25
51

12
49

12
97

12
12

370
81

12

12

116
12

12
12

388
24

182
49

'Staurophora mertensi Brandt was frequently seen but not taken in any of the samples.

-Seen more often than taken in samples.

^All specimens too damaged for species identification.

ABUNDANCE AND DISTRIBUTION
OF ZOOPLANKTON

Sixty-three categories of zooplankton, including
separate larval stages for some species, were identified
in the samples from the 39 stations (Table 2). Among
the categories, 18 occurred at only one station each
and 12 occurred at more than half of the stations
(Table 2). The number of categories identified at each
station varied from 6 at station 86 to 29 at station 55;
the average number of species per station was 13
(Table 1, Fig. 1). In general, the stations with the
greatest number of species were northwest of Cape
Lisburne and those with the least were between Cape
Lisburne and Point Lay.

The numbers of individuals in each category at each
station varied greatly (Table 2). I calculated the aver-
age number for the two samples at each station for the
purpose of comparing abundance of the categories.
Aglantha digitale was the predominant zooplankter
and the only one that occurred at all of the stations.
The average number per 1(X) m^ (i.e.. the average of
the two samples) among the stations ranged from 2(X)
to 22.516. Calanoid copepods. the second most abun-
dant zooplankters, ranged from 27 to 3.146 per 100 m^.
C alanus finmarchiciis was the most abundant calanoid
(up to 2,299 per 100 m^) and also occurred the most
frequently (29 stations). Larvae of polychaetes, barna-
cles, oxyrhynchid crabs, hermit crabs, and sea urchins
in aggregate were more abundant than calanoid
copepods at 18 stations. The large proportion of mero-
plankton to the total zooplankton is characteristic of
the shallow areas of the eastern Chukchi Sea (John-
son. 1956).

Even though two samples were available from most
stations, no rigorous statistical comparisons were
made between samples or stations because of the low
counts and the high frequency of zero counts in the
samples. Frequently one sample of a pair would have a
raw count four times or more the count of its mate.
The extreme case was station 63 where one sample
contained a single Clione limacina and its mate con-
tained 38. The presence of one or more individuals of a
species in one sample of a pair was often accompanied
by the absence of individuals in the other sample.
Extreme cases of absence and presence were 0 and
32 Aglantha digitale in the samples from station 86
and 0 and 20 plutei of Echinoidea in the samples from
station 54.

RELATIONSfflPS BETWEEN ZOOPLANKTON
AND CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER

The distribution and abundance of zooplankton are
in part dependent on characteristics of the water be-
fore and at the time of sampling. In discussing the
distribution and abundance of species within the area
covered by the Glacier, it must be remembered that
the survey was extended over a month; during this

time marked chemical and physical changes in the
water were caused by surface freezing, wind mixing,
and the southward movement of the ice front (Ingham
and Rutland. 1972). Despite the extended period,
comparison of the contours of plankton abundance
(Fig. 2 to 10) with contour plots of temperature, salin-
ity, and dissolved oxygen (Fig. 1 1 to 13) are useful for
an understanding of the area.

The similarity of the density distributions of zoo-
plankters in the nine categories (Fig. 2 to 10) selected
for comparison suggests that the abundance of all ex-
cept ^cflrr/a longiremis (Fig. 5) were being influenced
by a common set of environmental factors. The area
appeared to be subdivided into three parts: a west area
(stations 40-60, 64, 90, and 91), a north area (stations
8-39 and 69), and a south area (stations 62. 63. and
72-87). To test the reality of this subdivision. I com-
puted means and variances for each area from the sta-
tion means. The variances were high and increased as
the means increased, which indicated that the data
were not normally distributed and required transfor-
mation. Plots of variances and standard deviations
against the means indicated that the square root trans-
formation (A" = \X -1-0.5) could be used. The original
means and transformed data are given in Table 3.

The square root transformation did not fully nor-
malize the data but did reduce variances enough for
me to test for differences of means and variances
among the three areas. To test for equality of trans-
formed means (Table 4). I used either a r-test assuming
equal variance or a ?'-test assuming unequal variance
(Ostle. 1963). The choice of whether to use the f-test
or the /'-test depended on the results of an F-test for
equality of variances (Ostle. 1963) (Table 5). The 0.05
level of significance was used in all cases to accept or
reject the assumptions of equal means or variances.
Although they were not always statistically different,
the higher variances were usually associated with the
higher means. Because the north and south areas ap-
peared to have equivalent means but differing var-
iances in several cases. I combined the north and
south areas into an east area for fiirther testing against
the west area (Tables 4 and 5).

Aglantha digitale (Fig. 2) was least dense in the
south area and had significantly higher variance in the
north area than in either the west or south areas.
Sagitta elegans (Fig. 3) had significantly different
mean densities in all three areas: the west was highest
and the north lowest.

Clione limacina (Fig. 4) was the only species in
which no statistical difference among means was
found. The variance about the mean was highest in the
south area because of the exceptionally high count of
juveniles at station 63. Deleting station 63 from the
statistics left the north area separable from the other
areas by reason of higher variance (Table 5).

The mean density oiAcartia longiremis in the south
area was significantly lower than in the west area but
not lower than in the north area. The variance for the

Table 3.--Heans, transformed means, and standard deviation and 0.95 confidence limits of transformed means of the
density of zooplankters in three areas- of the eastern Chukchi Sea, September-October 1970.

Zooplankter, area, and
ntwber of stations

Mean
(number per 100 m )^'

Transformed
mean

Standard deviation

0.95 confidence limits of
transformed mean

(in parentheses)

(.V ♦ 0.5)

of .'X ♦ 0.5

Lower lirrit Upper limit

Aqlantha diqitale

West (18)

4,492

North (20)

6.577

South (8)

1.218

Saqitta eleqans

west (10)

424

North (20)

32

South (8)

100

dione limacina

West (11)

12

North (20)

14

South (8)

48

South (7>^/

15

Acartia lonqiremis

West (11)

60

North (20)

13

South (8)

6

Calanus finoiarchicus

West (11)

646

North (20)

47

South (8)

43

Centropaqes abdominalis

West (11)

130

North (20)

48

South (8)

19

South (7)i/

9

Eucalanus bunqii

West (11)

129

North (20)

9

South (8)

1

Pseudocalanus minutus)

West (11)

90

North (20)

9

South (8)

16

Total calanoids

West (11)

1,109

North (20)

131

South (8)

98

64.32

19.85

71.21

39.82

33.12

11.76

18.24

10.07

4.49

3.58

9.26

4.10

3.28

1.53

3.30

1.93

4.82

5.38

3.78

0.96

5.97

5.24

2.98

2.18

1.92

1.75

20.73

15.44

4.52

5.31

4.95

4.68

9.90

6.01

4.98

5.04

3.35

3.03

2.47

1.87

8.07

8.40

2.37

1.97

1.02

0.90

7.22

6.50

2.47

1.96

3.56

2.19

28.68

17.77

10.39

4.97

9.40

3.47

50.12

78.52

52.57

89.85

23.29

42.96

11.04

25.45

2.81

6.17

5.83

12.68

2.25

4.30

2.40

4.21

0.32

9.32

2.89

4.67

2.28

9.67

1.%

4.00

0.45

3.39

10.36

31.11

2.03

7.01

1.04

8.86

5.87

13.94

2.62

7.34

0.81

5.88

0.74

4.19

2.43

13.72

1.45

3.29

0.27

1.77

2.85

11.59

1.55

3.37

1.73

5.39

16.74

40.62

8.06

12.72

6.49

12.30

'west area includes stations 40 to 6C, 64, 90, and 91; north area stations 8 to 39 and 69; and south area

stations 62, 63. and 72 to 87.

2/

— Rounded to the nearest Mhole mnber.

Excluding station 63.
Excludino station 62.

Table 4. --Values of t^ from tests for equality of transformed means {X' = A + 0.5}
of density of zooplankters in four areas of the eastern Chukchi Sea, September-
October 1970.

Areas

compared

Zooplankter

West-South

West-North

West-East-'

North-South

Aqlantha diqitale

3.915*

0.632

0.185

3.876*

Saqitta eleqans

2.569*

4.187*

3.706*

3.051*

Clione limacina

0.789

0.037

0.578

0.778

C. limacina (excluding
station 63)

0.771

-

0.262

0.842

Acartia lonqiremis

2.378*

1.807

2.021

1.227

Calanus finmarchicus

3.196*

3.376*

3.387*

0.200

Centropaqes abdominalis

3.114*

2.432*

3.033*

0.B51

C. abdominalis

(excluding station 62)

3.826*

-

3.122*

1.891

Eucalanus bunqii

2.761*

2.217

2.380*

2.489*

Pseudocalanus minutus

1.737

2.366*

2.222*

0.368

Total calanoids

3.508*

3.342*

3.423*

0.514

-^East equals north and south areas combined.

*t or t' equals difference of means significant at P = 0.05.

Table 5. --Values of F from tests for equality of variances using transformed data
(X' = /X ■«■ 0.5) for density of zooplankters in four areas of the eastern
Chukchi Sea, September-October 1970.

Areas comparecT

Zooplankter

West-South

West-North

West-Easti'

North-South

Aqlantha diqitale

2.85

4.02**

3.475**

11.47***

Saqitta eleqans

6.03***

7.89***

5.78***

1.31

Clione limacina

12.44***

1.60

4.56***

7.78***

C. limacina (excludinq
station 63)

2.52

—

4.68***

4.02*

Acartia lonqiremis

8.95***

5.81***

6.296**

1.54

Calanus finmarchicus

10.90***

8.44***

9.315***

1.29

Centropaqes abdominalis

3.93*

1.42

1.735

2.76

C. abdominalis

(excluding station 62)

10.36***

-

1.752

7.28***

Eucalanus bunqii

87.99***

18.26***

21.302***

4.82**

Pseudocalanus minutus

8.80***

10.98***

10.051***

1.25

Total calanoids

26.20***

12.80***

15.256***

2.05

- East equals north and south areas combined.
*P • 0.05.
**P = 0.025.

♦**P = 0.010.

north and south areas separately and combined were
significantly lower than for the west area, although the
mean of the two areas (11 per 100 m^ for 28 stations)
did not differ significantly from the mean for the west
area (60 per 100 m^ for 1 1 stations). The density con-
tours of /4. longiremis (Fig. 5) tend to run more
strongly north-south than the contours for the other
species. Although the west-north and west-east differ-
ences of means were not statistically significant, the
differences are probably real.

The mean densities and variances of Calanus
finmarchicus and Centropages abdominalis were sig-
nificantly higher in the west area than in the north and
south areas. The separation of north and south areas
was not statistically significant for either C.

1 FATHOM LINE

I 1 < 216/100 m^
I 1 217-1,296/100 m'
W^ 1.297-7,776/100 m^
n > 7,777/100 m^

Figure 2. — Abundance of the hydromedusan Aglantha digitale con-
toured in powers of 6 per 100 m^.

16<**W

l-FATHOM LINE

I I ABSENT
I [ 1-9/100 m3
I 1 10-27/100 m'
^ 28-81/100 m3
@ > 82/100 m^

Figure 3. — Abundance of chaetognath Sagitta elegans contoured in
powers of 3 per 100 m^.

10-FATHOM LINE

ALASKA
I I ABSENT

I I 1-27/100 m' 59<'N-

I i 28 81/100 m^
^ e2-2i4VtOO m^
B 211 729/100 m^
H > 730 100 m^

Figure 4. — Abundance of pteropod Clione limacina contoured in pow-
ers of 3 per 100 m'. Presence of Spiralella limacina indicated by X.

10

Figure 5. — Abundance of the copepod Acartia longiremis contoured in
powers of 3 per 100 m '.

Figure 6. — Abundance of the copepod Calanus finmarchicus con-
toured in powers of 4 per 100 m^.

■ 10 FATHOM LINE

I I ABSENT

I 1 10-27/100 m'
^ 28-81/100 m'
H 82-243/100 m^

Figure 8. — Abundance of the copepod Eucalanus bungii contoured in
powers of 3 per 100 m^.

Figure 9. — Abundance of the copepod Pseudocalanus minulus con-
toured in powers of 3 per 100 m^.

finmarchicus or C. abdominalis. but the density con-
tours (Fig. 6, 7) show that the portions of each area
having zero counts were separated by a band of mod-
erate density along the probable boundary of the north
and south areas. Eucalanus bungii (Fig. 8) had a simi-
lar density distribution, in which statistically signifi-
cant differences were found between means of the
south area and the west and north areas but not be-
tween the west and north areas. However, the differ-
ence in the mean for E. bungii in the west and north

areas is quite large (?' = 2.217 vs. t'^^ ,

2.224), and

Figure 7. — Abundance of the copepod Centropages abdominalis con-
toured in powers of 3 per 100 m''.

the difference of variance is significant (F = 18.26 vs.
Fo.9995 = 8.14). Pseudocalanus minutus varied from
the other calanoid copepods in that the higher mean
density for the west area (90 per 100 m^) was not statis-
tically different from that for the south area (16 per 100
m^) but did differ from that for the north area (9 per 100
m^). The density contours of P. minutus (Fig. 9) show

11

a broad area of absences and low abundance in the
lower half of the north area, compared with a very
narrow band of absences or low abundance on the
western margin of the south area.

Contouring and testing the density of all calanoid
copepods as one group obscures much detail but does
indicate major patterns (Fig. 10). The west area was
statistically separable from the north and south areas
because of the high abundance in the lower half of the
west area. The north and south areas were not statisti-
cally separable and were characterized by generally
few calanoids. Lowest abundances in the north area
were in the northeast sequences of stations, consider-
ably off center from the areas of lowest abundance for
the individual species contoured. In the south area,
the four stations of lowest total calanoid densities (sta-
tions 63, 72, 86, and 87) were the same stations con-
tributing to the low mean densities of Acartia lon-
giremis. Calanus finmarchiciis, and Eucalanus bungii.

In general, the west area had significantly higher
mean concentrations of zooplankters than the com-
bined north and south areas except for Aglantha
digitale and Clione limacina. Although not statisti-
cally separable, the difference between west and east
concentrations of Acartia longiremis (Fig. 5) is proba-
bly real.

The north area had statistically higher mean densi-
ties of Aglantha digitale and Eucalanus bungii and
lower mean density of Sagitta elegans. After deleting
the exceptionally high count of Centropages
abdominalis at station 62, the density of C.
abdominalis was also statistically higher in the north
than in the south area. Variances of A. digitale, C.
abdominalis, and E. bungii were statistically higher in
the north area than in the south area, as was the var-
iance of Clione limacina after deletion of exceptionally
high values from station 63. Although the differences
were not always statistically significant, the north area

Figure 10. — Abundance of calanoid copepods (all species) contoured
in powers of 4 per 100 m^.

had generally higher means and variances than the
south area.

Temperature

The contours of temperature (Fig. 11) resemble
those of zooplankton abundance. The area enclosed
by the 0°C contours between Cape Lisburne and Point
Lay most closely approximates the area of lowest
zooplankton diversity (Fig. 1) as well as areas of low
abundance for Aglantha, Clione, Centropages,
Eucalanus, Pseudocalanus, and total calanoid
copepods (Fig. 2, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10). To the north, tempera-
tures rise to over 3°C and then drop, forming a series
of contours that parallel changes in abundance of these
same five zooplankters, plus Sagitta, total calanoid
copepods, and perhaps Calanus. The area northwest
of Cape Lisburne generally has wider contour spacing
of temperatures from 1° to 3°C and generally higher
abundance of zooplankton. If temperature is the major
physical factor controlling zooplankton abundance,
areas with temperatures below 0°C or with strong
horizontal gradients probably had a history of condi-
tions (either too cold or unstable) that prevented de-
velopment of large populations. The areas of broad
temperature contours probably represent more stable
conditions that would allow denser populations of
zooplankton to develop.

Salinity

The distribution of zooplankton did not appear to be
- associated with salinity. The salinity contours (Fig.
12) did not correspond well with the zooplankton con-
tours, particularly in the 10 m and bottom contours.
Thus, although the nearshore stations were less saline
than the offshore stations, these differences were not
associated with differences in zooplankton abundance.

Dissolved Oxygen

The horizontal contours of dissolved oxygen con-
centration (Fig. 13), especially at the surface and 10-m
depths, may be more indicative of recent physical
processes and lowering temperatures than biological
processes. Although there appears to be an inverse
relationship between zooplankton abundance and ox-
ygen concentration, comparison of zooplankton abun-
dance with percent saturation of dissolved oxygen
(Fig. 14) and theoretical oxygen depletion yielded no
significant relationships. The cold-water area between
Cape Lisburne and Point Lay had low zooplankton
abundance and high oxygen concentrations. The sta-
tions northwest of Cape Lisburne had warmer waters,
more zooplankton, and generally less oxygen. West of
Point Lay, nearshore stations (where lowered salinity
or increased wave action may have effected greater
oxygen solution) had higher oxygen concentrations,
whereas offshore stations had lower oxygen concen-
trations and moderately high populations of Aglantha

12

l6(f>W 10 FATHOM LINE

lO-FATHOM LINt

10-FATHOM LINE

16y°W -^ lO-FATHOM LINE

- 10 FATHOM LINE

- 10-FATHOM LINE

Figure 11. — Sea temperature distributions at surface, 10 m, and bot-
tom, eastern Chukchi Sea off Cape Lisburne-Icy Cape, 25 September
to 17 October 1970. Redrawn from Ingham and Rutland (1972).

Figure 12. — Salinity distributions at surface, 10 m, and bottom, east-
ern Chukchi Sea off Cape Lisburne-Icy Cape, 25 September to 17
October 1970. Redrawn from Ingham and Rutland (1972).

13

10-FATHOM LINE

-70°N / J\

■ 10-FATHOM LINE

10-FATHOM LINE

Figure 13. — Dissolved oxygen distributions at surface, 10 m, and near
bottom, eastern Chukchi Sea off Cape Lisburne-Icy Cape, 25 Sep-
tember to 17 October 1970. Redrawn from Ingham and Rutland

(1972).

16«=^V 10-FATHOM LINE

I6U°W 10-FATHOM LINE

68°W

^(,'fW 10-FATHOM LINE

•

90

BOTTOM •

\

-70»N

--5_

) ^"-^

'y^^}° /J^^ --

/

8S'

,.-^.

• 1 /V K.-^ ALASKA

-eg^N

* * ' — r

y^ 69»N-

1 '^^A.f '^

letf'w

Figure 14. — Contours of percent saturation of dissolved oxygen at
surface, 10 m, and near bottom, eastern Chukchi Sea, Cape
Lisburne-Icy Cape, 28 September to 17 October 1970. Redrawn from
Ingham and Rutland (1972).

14

and calanoid copepods. Stations west of Icy Cape had
alternating areas of low and high oxygen concentration
and corresponding areas of high and low zooplankton
abundance respectively.

COMPARISON OF ABUNDANCE

AND DISTRIBUTION

OF ZOOPLANKTON IN 1970 AND 1947

The eastern Chukchi Sea fauna is a continuation of
the fauna of the eastern Bering Sea (Johnson, 1953,
1956: Johnson and Brinton, 1963). Of the 32 kinds of
zooplankters from the eastern Chukchi Sea identified
to species, only the copepod Dcrjiiginia tolli has not
been previously recorded in the eastern Bering Sea; it
appears to be restricted to the polar seas (Brodskii,
1950; Johnson, 1963).

In this section I compare the results of sampling by
the Glacier in the fall of 1970 with the results of sam-
pling by the Nere/zi in the summer of 1947. Others have
studied zooplankton in the Chukchi Sea, but the
Nereiis cruise was the only one that collected data in
the same area and used similar sampling techniques as
the Glacier. Because an east-west change in zooplank-
ton composition and abundance has been demon-
strated (Johnson, 1936, 1953; English, 1966), 1 com-
pare my data with Johnson's only for the most approx-
imate of the two sets of stations — Nereus stations 12,
13, 14, and 21; and Glacier stations 43, 44, 49, and 90
(Fig. 1, Table 6). The comparative data in Table 6 are
drawn from Table 1 of Johnson (1953) and my Table 2
in this paper. The data from both sources were ad-
justed to number of zooplankters per 100 m^. The dif-
ferences between the zooplankton catches of the two
cruises may have been due to differences in the years
of sampling, the season, or the size of the mesh in the
sampling net used. Also, because most of the Glacier
stations were inshore of the Nereus stations, they
were shallower and less saline.

Johnson (1953) did not list Hydromedusae in any of
his samples, but the hydromedusan Aglantha digitale
was the predominant zooplankter in my samples and
occurred both as juveniles and adults. MacGinitie
(1955) and Hand and Kan (1961) found this species to
occur consistently off Point Barrow, and Hand and
Kan noted large yearly variation in its abundance.
Considering the ubiquity of the distribution oi A.
digitale in 1970 (Fig. 2), 1 believe it likely that 1947
was a year of low abundance and 1970 one of very high
abundance.

Polychaete larvae were more numerous In 1947 than
in 1970. Among all of the stations sampled in 1970, the
counts at only two approached the magnitude of
Johnson's counts. The 1947 samples were taken with a
finer meshed net, which would account for part of the
difference, and also they were taken earlier in the
year. Many of the larvae I examined were approaching
a size and state at which they settle to the bottom.

When present, in the 1947 cruise cladocerans
(Evadne sp. and Podon sp.) were observed in high
numbers and in the 1970 cruise in low numbers. The
abundance of marine cladocerans varies seasonally,
with peaks in spring and summer (Gieskes, 1971); so
that the low numbers obtained on the Glacier cruise
could have been due to the time of year.

Calanoid copepods dominated the zooplankton in
1947 but not in 1970. Except for Acartia longiremis
and Pseiidocalanus miniitus most species of calanoid
copepods were about as abundant in 1947 as in
1970. Acartia longiremis was much more abundant
in the 1947 samples, possibly because this species, like
the cladocerans, has peak abundance in the
summer. Pseiidocalanus minutus was more abun-
dant in the summer of 1947 than the fall of 1970 even
though this species probably overwinters as copepo-
dites (Fontaine, 1955) and should have a relatively
high population in the early fall. Thus, 1 think the large
difference in abundance oi P. minutus between 1947
and 1970 reflects a difference between years rather
than seasons. The high numbers of calanoid nauplii
and the cyclopoid Oithona sp. in the summer of 1947
versus very few in the fall of 1970 appears to be a
seasonal effect. Because of their small size, copepod
nauplii and Oithona were never sampled adequately
by the nets 1 used; however, few copepod nauplii and
Oithona were found in qualitative phytoplankton sam-
ples taken with finer nets at four stations. No egg-
bearing calanoids were found in the 1970 samples.

Barnacle larvae were more uniformly distributed
than cladocerans in both years and were more numer-
ous in the summer of 1947 than the fall of 1970. Early
summer populations of barnacle larvae may be com-
posed of several species. Three species of Balanus
(MacGinitie, 1955) and one of Chthamalus (South-
ward and Southward, 1967) may contribute larvae to
the area. Some species of Balanus release only a single
spring or early summer brood, whereas Chthamalus in
the Chukchi Sea may release more than one brood per
summer (Southward and Southward, 1967). Although
large yearly variations in abundance of barnacle larvae
probably occur, I believe the differences between the
1947 and 1970 samples represent seasonal more than
yearly differences.

Amphipods and euphausids were probably not ade-
quately represented in either the 1947 or 1970 samples
because of their ability to avoid the nets used. Without
knowledge of the identity of the amphipods taken in
1947, I can only note that amphipods were about as
abundant in 1947 as in 1970. Only larval stages of un-
identified euphausids were reported for the 1947 sam-
ples, and juveniles of Thysanoessa inermis and T.
raschii predominated in the 1970 samples, as one
would expect in the later season.

Crab larvae were more abundant in the fall of 1970
than the summer of 1947. Advanced zoeae and
megalopa of an oxyrhynchid crab (probably Hyas
coarctatus) were more numerous than equivalent

15

stages of hermit crabs (Paguriis sp.) At many stations
oxyrhynchid and Pagurus larvae were about as abun-
dant as many of the calanoid copepods (Table 2).

The pteropods Clione limacina and Spiratella
helicina were found in the southeastern Chukchi Sea
in 1970 but not in 1947. Yearly variation in abundance
of both species may be large — ^Johnson (1953) did not
find pteropods in the southeastern Chukchi Sea in
1947, but MacGinitie (1955) reports that 5. helicina
were abundant at Point Barrow that same summer.
Spiratella spp. are the only known prey of C. limacina
(Lain, 1970). However, the frequent occurrence of C.
limacina in the absence of Spiratella (my Fig. 4:
MacGinitie, 1955, Table 7) suggests that Clione does
have alternative prey.

Lamellibranch veligers were numerous in Johnson's
samples in the summer of 1947 but rarely occurred in
my samples in the fall of 1970. The small size of the
veligers precluded quantitative sampling by the nets
used in 1970, but 1 believe the difference is principally
due to the lateness of the season in which I sampled. I
found lamellibranch veligers at only 7 of 39 stations,
and then only in low abundance; Johnson encountered
lamellibranch veligers at 19 of 21 stations in the Bering
and Chukchi Seas, usually in high abundance.

Sagitta elegans is the only chaetognath recorded
from the Chukchi Sea (Dawson, 1971). The stations
compared in Table 6 had greater numbers of S.
elegans in 1947 than 1970, but complete data from both
years show a wide variation in catch (my Table 2:
Johnson, 1953, Table 1). Where there is a thousand-
fold difference between stations, a twofold or
threefold difference between years (Table 6) does not
seem significant.

Echinoderm larvae, like polychaete larvae, copepod
nauplii, Oithona sp., and lamellibranch veligers, were
probably underestimated in 1970, relative to estimates
in 1947, because my net was coarser than that used
aboard the Nereus. However, I think the major cause
of the difference between the 1947 and 1970 counts is
seasonal because most echinoderm larvae have a
pelagic life of less than 8 weeks (Thorson, 1961) and
would have settled out of the plankton before late Sep-
tember or October. If my hypothesis is correct, this in
combination with MacGinitie's (1955) data indicates a
very short spawning period for most Chukchi Sea
echinoderms with planktonic larvae; the peak spawn-
ing period is in July or August and most larvae settle
before September or October.

Like echinoderm larvae, adult larvaceans (appen-
dicularians) may also be seasonal in abundance. This
seasonality may explain why larvaceans were about
1,000 times more abundant in the 1947 summer sam-
ples than in my 1970 fall samples. Neither Johnson
(1953) nor MacGinitie (1955) mention Fritillaria
horealis in their samples, but it dominated the larva-
ceans in my samples. I found the larger Oikopleura
vanhoeffeni only occasionally in 1970. Unfortunately,
Johnson (1953) does not identify the larvaceans found

in the Nereus samples, although a Fritillaria sp. and
an Oikopleura sp. were recorded by Johnson (1936)
from samples taken by the U.S. Coast Guard cutter
Chelan in 1934 at stations west of Nome, Alaska.

I believe the strong seasonal nature of Arctic pro-
ductivity accounts for most of the differences found in
comparing my 1970 fall data with Johnson's 1947
summer data, especially those larval forms which were
much more abundant in 1947. Large yearly variations
probably account for the greater abundance of some
larger and longer lived zooplankters in 1970. Although
a coarser net was used in 1970 than 1947, I feel that net
selectivity played a role secondary to the seasonal and
yearly differences.

SUMMARY

1. Zooplankton samples were collected at 39 sta-
tions in the eastern Chukchi Sea between 26 Sep-
tember and 17 October 1970.

2. Sixty-three categories of zooplankton were en-
countered; between 6 and 29 categories occurred at
the individual stations.

3. The hydromedusan Aglantha digitate was the
predominant zooplankter, both in numbers and
biomass. Calanoid copepods were the second most
abundant zooplankters, although meroplankters
equaled or exceeded copepods in numbers at one-half
of the stations.

4. Contour plots of zooplankton abundance indicate
that three environments were sampled: I) an area of
high abundance and diversity northwest of Cape Lis-
bume, 2) an area of low abundance and diversity be-
tween Cape Lisbume and Point Lay, and 3) an area of
rapid north-south variation but generally low abun-
dance extending west along the 70°N parallel.

5. Waters with temperatues below 0°C tended to
have lower zooplankton abundance than adjacent
warmer waters. In areas where the temperatures
changed rapidly from 1° to 3°C horizontally, the abun-
dance of many species changed along the gradient in a
parallel fashion. Broad temperature contours in the
area northwest of Cape Lisbume indicated some sta-
bility, which would be conducive to the development
of large zooplankton populations.

6. Nearly no assocation was evident between zoo-
plankton abundance and salinity.

7. A tendency was noted for an inverse relation be-
tween zooplankton abundance and dissolved oxygen
concentration of the water.

8. A comparison of the 1970 data with data for 1947
demonstrated several differences — some appeared to
be differences between years and others seemed to be
differences due to time of year. Apparent between-
year differences were greater numbers of Aglantha,
Clione, and crab larvae, and lesser numbers of
Pseudocalanus in 1970 than in 1947. Differences
thought to be due to season were lesser numbers of
cladocerans, /Icarf/fl, Oithona, larvaceans, and most

16

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17

planktonic larvae in the fall of 1970 than in the summer
of 1947.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author is indebted to the U.S. Coast Guard for
the opportunity to participate in the WEBSEC studies.
Appreciation is extended to Captain Robarge and the
officers and crew of the Glacier for their interest and
assistance in sampling. Particular thanks must be
given to those of the marine science department for
their willingness to brave the wind and cold in order
for the scientists to obtain data from an area and time
period not normally covered by arctic investigations.
Oceanographic data discussed in this report were sup-
plied by cruise leader Merton Ingham of the Coast
Guard Oceanographic Unit.

LITERATURE CITED

BRODSKII, K. A.

1950. Veslonogie rachki Cahinoida darnevostochnikh morei
SSSR i poliamogo basseina (Calanoida of the Far Eastern
Seas and the polar basin of the USSR). Zool. Inst., Akad.
Nauk SSSR, No. 35. 441 p. [ Translated by Israel Program
Sci. Transl., 1967. 440 p; avail. U.S. Dep. Commer..
Clearinghouse Sci. Pub!., Springfield, Va., as TT 67-51200.]

DAWSON, J. K.

1971. Species of Arctic Ocean chaetognaths. In H. A.
Kobayashi (editor), Taxonomic guides to Arctic zooplankton
(III), p. 3-21. Univ. South. Calif., Dep. Biol. Sci., Tech.
Rep. 4.

ENGLISH, T. S.

1966. Net plankton volumes in the Chukchi Sea. In N.J.
Wilimovsky and J.N. Wolfe (editors). Environment of the
Cape Thompson region, Alaska, p. 809-815. U.S. Atomic
Energy Comm., Wash., D.C.

FONTAINE, M.

1955. The planktonic copepods (Calanoida, Cyclopoida,
Monstrilloida) of Ungava Bay, with special reference to the
biology of Pseudocalanus minutus and Calaniis
finmarcMcus. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 12:858-898.

GIESKES, W. W. C.

1971. Ecology of the Cladocera of the North Atlantic and the
North Sea 1960-1967. Neth. J. Sea Res. 5:342-376.

HAND, C, and L. B. KAN.

1961. The Medusae of the Chukchi and Beaufort seas of the
Arctic Ocean including the description of a new species of
Eucodonium (Hydrozoa: Authomedusae). Arctic Inst.
North Am., Tech. Pap. 6, 23 p.

INGHAM, M. C, and B. A. RUTLAND.

1972. Physical oceanography of the eastern Chukchi Sea off

Cape Lisbume-lcy Cape. In WEBSEC-70, an ecological

survey in the eastern Chukchi Sea. p. 1-86. U.S. Coast

Guard, Oceanogr. Rep. 50. Wash., D.C.
JOHNSON, M. W.

1936. The production and distribution of zooplankton in the

surface waters of Bering Sea and Bering Strait, with special

reference to copepods, echinoderms. mollusks and

annelids. //; Report of oceanographic cruise U.S. Coast

Guard cutter CheUin 1934, Part II, p. 45-84. U.S. Coast

Guard, Wash., D.C.
1953. Studies on plankton of the Bering and Chukchi Seas and

adjacent areas. 7th Pac. Sci. Congr. Proc, Vol. 4, Zool., p.

480-500.
1956. The plankton of the Beaufort and Chukchi sea areas of

the Arctic and its relation to the hydrography. Arctic Inst.

North Am., Tech. Pap. 1, 32 p.
1958. Observations on inshore plankton collected during

summer 1957 at Point Barrow, Alaska. J. Mar. Res.

17:272-281.
1963. Zooplankton collections from the high polar basin with

special reference to the Copepoda. Limnol. Oceanogr.

8:89-102.
JOHNSON, M. W., and E. BRINTON.

1963. Biological species, water-masses and currents. In M.

N. Hill (editor). The Sea. Ideas and observations on progress

in the study of the seas. Vol. 2, p. 381-414. John Wiley &

Sons, N.Y.
LALLI, C. M.

1970. Structure and function of the buccal apparatus ofClione

Umacina (Phipps) with a review of feeding in gymnosomatous

pteropods. J. E.xp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 4:101-118.
MACGINITIE, G. E.

1955. Distribution and ecology of the marine invertebrates of

Point Barrow, Alaska. Smithson. Misc. Collect.

128(9):1-201.
OSTLE, B.

1963. Statistics in research. 2d ed. Iowa State Univ.

Press, Ames, 585 p.
SOUTHWARD, A. J., and E. C. SOUTHWARD,

1967. On the biology of an intertidal chthamalid (Crustacea,
Cirripedia) from the Chukchi Sea. Arctic 20:8-20.

THORSON,G.

1961. Length of pelagic larval life in marine bottom inverte-
brates as related to larval transport by ocean currents. In M.
Sears (editor). Oceanography, p. 455-474. Am. Assoc. Adv.
Sci., Publ. 67, Wash., D.C.

TRANTER, D. J., and P. E. SMITH.

1968. Filtration performance. In D. J. Tranter (editor). Re-
views on zooplankton sampling methods, p. 27-56.
UNESCO (U.N. Educ. Sci. Cult. Organ.) Monogr.
Oceanogr. Methodol. 2, Part 1.

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