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NORTH-AMERICA  (CANADA  AND  THE  UNITED  STATES) 
IN  GERMAN  LITERATURE,  19 l8  to  19^5 


A  THESIS 


I 


submitted  in  conformity  with  the  requirements 
for  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Philosophy 
In  the  University  of  Toronto 


by 
Shalom  Weyl 
Toronto.  1952 


? 


>i>.  TH£  C 


itk^iix..  --vUiji  .a.v^ 


V.wi-„4^ii^^.    /i.Ji;    Liij     ij.*J.x'ijD    ST. -XLi  ) 


I.^  GiSHiL-M  j^Il'^R  TUP.ii,    1913   TO   1945 


A  THt,::IS 


subiTiittea  ia  conformity    /ita  the  requirements 
for  the  depreo  of  Doctor  of  "^lilloiophv 

in  thQ   Univeriiity   of  Toronto 

V* 


oy 
cii^.om    .  jyi 
-oronto,   1952 


vinV 


^«i 


UMVERSITY  OF  TORONTO 
SCHOOL  OF  GRADUATE  STUDIES 


PROGRAMME  OF  THE  FINAL  ORAL  EXAMINATION 
FOR  THE  DEGREE  OF  DOCTOR  OF  PHILOSOPHY 


of 


SHALOM  WEYL 


11:00  A.M..  SATURDAY.  MAY  17th,  1952 
AT  44  HOSKIN  AVENUE 


NORTH-AMERICA  (CANADA  AND  THE  UNITED  STATES) 
IN  GERMAN  LITERATURE  (1918-1945) 


COMMITTEE  D-"  CH.\RGE 

Profe'«or  A.  S.   P.   WoooHOCSE,  Chairman 

Professor  Bakkex    Fairley 

Professor  H.  Bceschknstein 

Proies!«r  C.  Lewis 

Professor  J.    A.    SUKERUS 

Prolesaor  R.    K.    .\k.n0U) 

Professor  C.  T.   BissEiL 

Professor  G.  Taiham 

Professor  F.   H.    Underhul 


BIOGRAPHICAL 

1909 — Born,  Czarnikau,  Germany 

1921-29 — Humanistic  "Gymnasium" 

1929-3-4 — Universities  Cologne  and  Berlin 

]940_M.A.,  McGili 

1946 — Instructor,  University  of  Western   Ontario 

1948 — Lecturer,  University  of  W'estern  Ontario 

1948-52 — Scliool  of  Graduate   Studies,   University  of  Toronto 

1950-51 — Fellowship,  Humanities  Kescarcli  Council  of  Canada 


NORTH-AMERICA  (CANADA  AND  THE  UNITED  STATES) 
IN  GERMAN  LITERATURE   (1918-1945) 

An  Abstract  of  a  Thesis   submitted   in  conformity  with   the   requirements   for 
the  Degree  of  Doctor  of  Philosophy  in  the  University  of  Toronto. 

The  great  political  and  economic  changes  that  took  place  during  the  period 
1918  to  1945  in  Germany  and  to  a  certain  extent  in  America  caused  a  funda- 
mental change  of  attitude  in  German  novelists  towards  America.  Furthermore, 
there  is  a  great  deal  of  new  literature  on  Canada,  which  calls  for  investigation. 

The  method  I  followed  in  this  thesis  takes  into  account  the  various  kinds  of 
contact  German  writers  had  in  Canada  and  the  United  States.  There  are  first 
the  Travellers  and  Sportsmen  who  wrote  adventure  stories.  The  old  tradition 
continues  to  satisfy  the  appetite  for  adventure  in  the  wilds  of  the  American 
North-West  and  the  Canadian  West  and  Northlands.  After  1918  there  begins 
a  new  trend,  to  ridicule  and  to  deprecate  primitive  conditions  in  the  Canadian 
Frontier  region  but  to  emphasize  the  beauties  of  its  unspoiled  nature.  After  1933 
this  'back  to  nature'  trend  is  radically  altered  into  a  hatred  of  Western  city 
civilization  as  such,  mostly  in  its  .\nglo- Saxon,  British,  Canadian,  and  American 
form.  The  harshness  of  life  at  the  Frontier  and  the  'Nordic'  landscape  are  ideal- 
ized as  the  breeding  ground  for  a  tough,  virile  and  ruthless  race  of  people.  These 
are,  besides  the  German  hunters,  either  Red  Indian  or  Eskimo  natives  or  tougli 
'sour-doughs'  of  German  origin.  Not  all  adventure  stories  go  to  the  same  ex- 
treme, but  the  trend  is  unmistakably  there  and  almost  always  at  the  expense  of 
the  Anglo-Saxons.  Other  races  or  groups,  especially  F'rench  Canadians,  and 
even  Doukhobors,  are  viewed  favorably.  Only  very  few  authors  of  the  sports- 
and-adventure  literature  deviate  from  the  general  line  of  hostility  towards 
Anglo-Saxon  North-America. 

A  much  closer  contact  with  normal  life  in  North- America  than  that  of  merely 
visiting  sportsmen  was  enjoyed  by  the  Immigrant  "Workers".  Many  of  these 
are  really  students,  journalists,  and  similar  people  who  work  their  way  through 
America.  It  seems,  however,  as  if  inost  of  them  had  come  with  preconceived 
ideas  which  their  experiences  serve  merely  to  prove.  There  are  only  one  or  two 
notable  exceptions  to  the  rule. 

Strangely  enough  there  is  another  group  of  "workers'  quite  similarly  com- 
posed— journalists,  students  or  artists,  etc. — working  temporarily  on  this  con- 
tinent, whose  homes  are  not  in  Germany  proper  but  in  Switzerland,  Austria, 
Czccho-Slovakia.  They  write  in  German  but  their  attitude  is  comjiletely 
dilTerent.  Although  they  are  sometimes  quite  critical  of  conditions  on  this  con- 
tinent there  is  nothing  of  the  preconceived  ideas  of  German  or  of  European 
superiority  or  of  American  inferiority.  .-Xmericans  they  meet  arc  good  or  bad 
people,  naive  or  sophisticated ;  sometimes  these  'workers'  arc  placed  in  positions 
very  similar  to.  if  not  identical  with,  those  of  the  former  group,  but  the  absence 
of  prejudice  makes  all  the  difTerence  in  the  representation  in  their  writings  of 
their  experiences  in   North-America. 


It  is  possible  tliat  the  first  two  groups  colour  their  picture  of  America  accord- 
ing to  probable  expectations  in  their  respective  homelands,  while  the  bnita  fide 
Immigrant  Writers  give  a  truer  i>icture  of  their  ex|)ericnces  in  America.  There 
is  this,  however,  to  be  considered,  that  the  successful  immigrant  will  soon  speak 
and  write  English  and  is  consetpiently  lost  for  the  German  reading  public  unless, 
as  is  rarely  the  case,  his  books  are  so  eminent  as  to  be  translated  into  German, 
The  less  successful  immigrant  writing  in  German  may  blame  the  new  country 
for  liis  lack  of  success.  Xcvertheless.  the  immigrants'  accounts  arc  amongst 
the  most  favorable  in  recent  (ierman  literature  on  Xorth  America,  unless  they 
are  tampered  with  by  German  editors.  Even  during  the  great  depression,  when 
foreigners  and  recent  arrivals  were  especially  hard  hit,  we  have  optimistic  ac- 
counts, a  notable  one  being  by  a  migrating  worker  who  belonged  to  the  hardest 
hit  group.  The  only  remarkable  exception  is  an  author  mildly  infected  with 
German  nationalism :  in  this  writer  we  find  again  national  self-pity  and  many 
other  prejudices  mentioned  above. 

The  Returning  Emigrant  might  be  expected  to  have  reasons  for  a  grudge 
against  America.  We  find,  however,  a  great  range  of  attitudes  towards  .-Kmerica — 
the  most  sober  and  intelligent  descriptions  beside  cliches  and  whining  self-pity. 
Often  these  people  represent  European  or  German  prejudices  against  America 
and  Americans,  but  on  their  return  to  their  home  land  they  try  to  defend  or 
explain  .\merica  to  their  fellow  country-men. 

The  accounts  of  Journalists,  often  written  by  very  intelligent  persons,  have 
been  dealt  with  extensively  in  this  thesis.  These  are  all  the  more  important  as 
their  feuilleton-like  articles  and  books  had  by  far  the  greatest  reading  audience 
of  any  group  of  writings  with  the  possible  exception  of  the  adventure  stories. 
They  can  easily  be  divided  into  reports  written  by  nationalists  of  varying  de- 
grees, by  socialists  more  or  less  of  the  extreme  left,  and  by  members  of  some 
democratic  middle  parties.  Some  of  the  more  moderate  nationalists  admire  the 
great  use  of  machines  in  America ;  others  praise  free  enterprise  as  long  as  it 
gives  opportunity  to  great  leader  personalities  and  acts  as  a  counter-force 
against  Bolshevisin.  But  again  and  again,  and  at  the  slightest  provocation,  they 
rant  in  highly  emotional  diatribes  against  everything  .American,  often  contra- 
dicting themselves  and  their  own  more  sober  observations  in  other  parts  of 
their  books ;  this  makes  quite  unpleasant  reading.  Leftist  writers  prove  to  be 
sharp  and  critical  observers  emphasizing  certain  social  conditions.  Journalists 
of  the  political  middle  range  from  mild  critics  to  enthusiastic  admirers  of 
America.  Some  of  the  latter  meet  leading  people  of  America  and  are  amazed 
how  cultured  they  are  and  how  unlike  the  conventional  idea  of  the  American 
businessman. 

A  number  of  more  or  less  journalistic  accounts  have  been  given  by  well-known 
German  writers  and  novelists.  They  range  between  violently  anti-American 
emotions,  and  sober  and  quite  sympathetic  descriptions  of  life  on  this  continent ; 
sometimes  both  extremes  are  shown  by  the  same  author  in  one  and  the  same 
book. 

To  complete  this  study  of  German  writings  on  America  I  have  included 
several  groups  of  Creative  W'riters  whose  work  is  not  based  wholly,  or  even  at 
all,  on  their  personal  experience  of  America,  but  more  on  their  imagination. 
These  include  writers  of  so-called  objective  or  technological  novels,  who  repre- 
sent .\mericans  almost  entirely  as  stereotypes.  Other  writers  use  cliches,  often 
with  effective  artistic  ability,  though  usually  to  express  their  nationalist  or 
socitilist  tendencies.  Only  a  small  group  of  imaginative  writers  probe  more 
deeply.  Even  their  severe  and  adverse  criticism  does  not  lack  quality :  their 
characters  become  human  beings  moving  vitally  against  the  .American  scene. 
Thus  Kafka,  who  sees  the  immigrant  as  the  proto-type  of  the  human  being 
struggling  in  a  strange  world,  nevertheless  recognizes  the  optimism  of  the 
New  W'orld.  Gerhart  Hauptmann  is  repelled  by  the  hustle  and  bustle  of  America, 
its  business  spirit,  and  its  corruption,  but  even  he  finds  its  energy  somehow 
fascinating.  Joseph  Roth  describes  New  York's  East  Side  well,  although  his 
saintly  'Hiob'  cannot  find  new   roots   in   .America.   Strenger,  on   the  contrary, 


emphasizes  the  struggle  as  well  as  the  great  opportunities  in  America  While 
P.recht  and  Johst  seem  to  tnms.er  .uajiy  European  hatreds  or  prejudices  thus 
mod.fymg  tl>e  American  background.  Wassermann  does  not  modify' it  but  fee"s 
hmi.clt  humbled  ut  his  Kuropean  mtellectual  arrogance;  he  recognizes  the 
incompleteness  ot  America  and  the  emergence  of  a  new  man-thf  practical 
philantliropist  with  his  simplicity  and  his  optimism  practical 


Major  Subjects: 

German  Literature 


GRADUATE  STUDIES 


Professors     Barker     Fairley,     H.      Boeschenstein 
\V.   Graft    (McGill  University). 


Germanic  Philology : 

Professors  J.  A.  Surerus.  W.  Graff  fMcGill  Ur 
versify). 

Minor  Subjects: 
Geography : 

Professor  G.  Tatham. 
History : 

Professor  Ziekursch   (University  of  Cologne). 


iiTu:LU!:TiGM 

Genuaii  Literatixrs  xiave  aealt  mu  i  , 

slnco  it   .ms   la   th.-t     )r>-Mrui    t.  ,  ,t   tiie  most   i  iter-'-'-tinf   ^-    -"•    ^ 
liccounts   or  America   ..ere   i/jitL^i, 

In  taa  t.ventietii  century,   before  the  First  World  ere 

soems   little  ca-.     ■      In  tVi-   >'•  toral  GerL';-    >  vJ'^'-'  ^r  America.      I'^'' 
tne  perioti   irom  i'yxJ   to  1^45,   aowever,    ./e     iau  German     riters 
illustrating  &  caajige  in  attitjue  towards  America,   a  chanpe     .ilcii 
".^'•rrves    "urtiier  iavestifjation.   It    l^     .:ie   t-'   •'-         '->   +- 
iii  Gerniiny,    to   tiie  s.^jrt  recunitruction  peri  tae  iviiO'^,    pro- 

ducing  a   temaorary    ilooa  of   "Arj-.irik.i-Liter  .t ur"    -t  ."  the 

aeoade  ^),     _.ij    t':-  t'le   -re  t    juiit^w^  _   ■..  iv-t  ec^'^ 
America  <a.s  weix  as  in  Germany  in  the  1930' s.     Some  of    L 
lag  attituiib,   over  a  part  o±    tais   period,  have   oeen  disciissed  in 
a   chapter  of  ?1.    iJoe3Chenstoin' s   Tae  C- err ■•■-•.  Nov?!   1^ ?  " - "  <^ i -'    ^'~■^■r.,-^.^+^^ 
University  ?r<iss,    i-S49)  .     0 1  tn.    other  iiand  a  Y  jy 

Hueb-3ner  3)    ife.'^Leots   taete  intrinsic  ear.nges,  and  does  not  t...'.e 
into  account    tiic    treat  aiscr-pa  .cies   between  the  favora..^  „    reports 
Ox"  e.vperts   ^^nd  scapiarc,    .  -2  adverse  cri  '.  of  most  fiction 


1)    ^aul  C.   Weber,   !jnc   ica   in  Ir.-'^in'  tlv?  Oc-'T"-'--  n  Literature   in 

tu.-   j'i.-^t   a..-.:'    ■■.  :     l..       ;_.  a  : — lL.-.    :     .":„^a,,,  IJa/         i  r./ 

Germanic  studies.      Coiumoi^    Uiive^aity   ?res-.   New  Yor'c-,    1"-'     . 
^'v-:  ished  June  1926,   print  id   from  tyi2. 

bchx-fider,   CaKuei:   A:  ei;-i;  ,a  in  ^-^ter    .    yt.  ■  .       aic  a 'a if   xj'jJ 
oi-    -390.  Diss,    -leiajlberg,    i936,  ' 

Imaoof,  rr-    ':  er  auro  '  ..:■ 


literator.    ....  .  .     a.ui   ,    a..       .    '^.---e^  ZVi  ■■•  ■  :,  V;a  .   r  Arv 

MVdster  Pratce,  193«J,    144      • 
:.)    :i  ni   -^T.i-z.   at:    ";J: 

J.>Mii,  .kr'Ar^HY  tfWf*>   ^.t    -L-^^,  ^  i^-- 

Au-il:.  :d   im  deutscaaii  Buca"  . 

3)    Hueo-ner,   Taeo^ora:    Tnc  n^rn.   i  a-  t  ar   t-     -      -    .      -^ 

hj:  1  '-ti'..    LnCe.-ia.n     r^tii.     on    .-      IJ -C    u , .. .     V. —     \]    -i  a/ 

oi  ic  -    ^  .-^  J .     i\Axe   193- >    uipuii-i-.  ay.- . 


/ritor..  .'  ,  , 

76  err 

I  .  i  gro 

of  C' 

.  .^    .  Ich  I    .4&ve   .  rittc  I  iit  :ii. 

cue  vuriuu  Itera  .i-u  ^ 

and  tji»:i  Qrilt\.d  t.tAte3  -i-id    ^-iilca  dot„ 
perie  ices,     T.:-. 

-.1  .:..  ,       i.U      A-L-l 


.it;       : 


in  do  on  ttii     c  .    It   ay     1  .    i 

iii^fri^-tlon  as  tute  for«  or 

■^ctiul  contacts  In  America. 


II 


III 

Table  of  Coat;nts 


Introvluction 
Taoi-e  o£   Contj.its 


I 
III 


I   i£^^:.iQ^^^^^^ 


<tJti^iX-Ujm> 


icr.  of  Awv; 


\xr--  ^coTi-Oii 


MCLLlQr  Grote:     Jag^-    und  K  .auf'aartei 
:  A'jf    .ilden  ^  '        i 

-icla  Freiuerr  von  G  Lgern.  EG:itionjd 

D  ilmont:  Tim  'j   Gauaerf.Jirton,    ♦Schelci    roTr.: 

Scliweria:  Kanada  in  P^ltboot 

*■  .t-Iio.v:K     -      ■       -  iS  Sciier^o 

.:  i^.  _  .-iciies  K.nada 

Petuiak  der  Eskimo 
jovxc:  Motu,   T"  e.->cl.lcats   .-.ui  Aia^  'a 

Kr   Ui.:  Freib    .    ..    jnter  dem  NcrJ   ict 

Steubea:  Tecum^  aa-series 

Riedei:  Durch  Kanad..s  Wlldnis 

Joaanii:  Kit  20  Dollar  in  den  wi^den   "esten 

Tar  unvoircoraiaane  Ab-^at?ur^r 
Uat  am   tToorf-uss 

Das  1     _     ohne  Herz 

von  Gr\!i^iiu:  Dis    ^et^ten  lu-o  .n 

Lan^c  .i-jsche:     Das  Amerlkanische  Ab  nteuer 

Zimmorcann:  Ti7eltv..i:cnt 


3 

4 

4 

4 

.n«5 

7 

I 

13 
1? 
23 

29 
3^ 
36 


43 
50 
:53 
58 
63 
70 
72 


Dinglreiter: 
Laurent: 
Peter  Pee: 
£i32.ak: 


Ein  dcjutscaas  M&dchen   ^^rbeit-:!t  in  Ameri^ca  73 
Vivis  Reise  86 

Oh  C  38/9 


in  Keins   ^8jr.tlichen    .'erke 


Giiliioff;  J^irnjaiiob  Swehn,   der  /ucerikafahrer  1>0 

Sc:iiLidei:  Die  liarte  Cciiule  102 

Gumpert:  'ilEier^ka*    in  H511e   und  Paradies  107 

U.K.   Houston-Mayer:  Konrad  B'Aun-ers  woiter  V/eg  111 

Mataaei:  Irg  incv.o  in  Kaiada  121 

Use  Scareiber:Die  Fluciit  ins  Paradies  126/7 

Karl  Goet^:  Lr^iier  ttber  den  User  134 


an 


IV 


i;  V  ^'  ri-.co 

,-  -  .  ;  jr-         „  ■•  >-^  "c   in  ^ 

Koi  brunner;:^ 

-  i  '  !r  13 u; 

2)  '<'•  ^  ■ 

t;   i  i:    j<Sji.r'j   runr 

i-ca:  <  coatra   U.S.A. 

i.'.— ..r-'  /o-     .    ^.1  el  KurL 

V        ^ii^  wiou  g  ,11^ tg 
^oiin  RossT" 

1   i-criin  D.c.A.    md  deni   ^ol 
A:  .s   ^ci. 

u  er:      r  ..„.„  -e  n  c*»  ^ 
K  .n  d  .,    .^u'ca'i^'t 
H.  iij.  a  einsr  ••■^iLr-jise 

Rica.   .    .^-. 3 1   ua  aie   .«    It 

no^  .  Roaa.       'Iro'<:esen'    i:i  Roda  Rcxic.   un. 

li.F.  Kisch:    Paradies  Ame.  i  :a 
Eqlitscher:  m  mit  Aneii    . 

i-.i- .   K_.  ;  .    and  Lo:v.vOn 

'''I      ii£it££S_Giv4n,£_Jou^ji_j^istic_.:.cc^i£2t^ 

Go-t  V  Fr^ns^ea:      Brl.f;>  ...us  Ame  i'-a  li.t 

G.  ^jrizmer:   Heut»    un  die  '.Velt 

Waiter  Bloom:. Veitfesic-it 

Stefan  Z.Yeig:tt arnstua..  ?n  der  Moi  j--i,oit  2    j 

y  r-    >  ;:er  ''     y 

L  .ungan 

i;.-r  rl;iyLiimus   von  Ne 
Manfred  llausm^inn:   Kloi  la  Liab- 
Alfons  Pa 'uetz   .nine  i'^a   unte     u  _ 

VII  Creitl,vo   ,.,,lt-';rs  ''^ 

1)    'CL)j,jci7e    .Titers'    u-inr   oterotypes 

Bagier:  D^s  tOneade  Licht  '  "" 

'J   u\n  riber:Ridliin 
inger:Met  11 

.  .i>:  a'!-:-    1     -:■  .ft 

Si'  .      .  les  G  auirani- 

Joiii-i  .-.  .n  ^er  -  i   un*   ooy 

fibennayar:      U.it  ""    ''■■■- 


VII   Cc2&tiYg_Writ£i:£    (c   at'.. 

2)  fin.  ..ri>.  T-    tk.-.iig   stereo;. 
Fiuc -  -_,  ^r:  ""ep 

Wiliy  2eldel:  Der  neue  Daniel 

idoesc  Der  Amerlka-Johaan  312 

3)  ..'riters   of  oter  JOtypes  lor  urcistic  and   oolitical 

"  ■  i*e' 

Bert  . .:  Uio  .  j,  .  ..j.    ...- 5-"e 

Stefan  Mtyte:  D.is  .   von  oro  317 

Hanrts  Johstt  T.:.:.  .._  3^- 

Rica.  Blaick:  Taooas  P  .Ine,    Llin  Lsbon  fttr  America  325 

4)  Truly  creative  r/rlterc 

H.  Stranger:  Strom  aus  der  Erd*  33 

Geniiirt  liaupti .^nn:  :3' 

L_    , An:ierinaan 

Euca  der  Leidenscnaft 

Till  Eu  ens    " 
J      ^_    ..i3Scrmann:Der  ?   1"!    M.  ■■  ,...  .'''- 

Josaoh  Rotli:  Rioh 

FT^n^  Ka  •  .,1 

Bibliograony  356 


I.   travklL;-:rs  and  st'ORTsj^sn 

otories  of  adventure  in  liortPi-nmericoi  lave 
always  been,  and  still  are,  very  '^oular  in  Germany, 
.-ith  the  retreat  of  the  frontier  towards  tae  Nort*i, 
Canada  and  lately  also  Alaska  have  become  favorite 
locales  for  writers  of  recent  Ger^nan  adventure  stories, 
in  which  the  lanter's  talcs  ^redo.iiia  .oe.   In  tie  earlier 
period,  before  1933 i  a  few  accounts  of  lunting  experiences 
may  be  taken  as  representative  of  a  whole  l^rj:e  literature; 
aiost  of  the  writers  excel  in  love  for,  und  desciirtion  of, 
wild  nature  and  turn  taeir  backs  on  civilizea  life. 

The  first  book  to  be  tre  .tea  in  this  series  of 
hunting  and  aiventure  stories  is  u  .rl  .  lUller-^-rote' s 
Ja  ;d  una  i.c^nufaarten  in  Kciiiaua  (  ^neels^chsen  Verl  ;^, 
dreaen,  1922J .   It  is  a  sober  book  by  a  German  resident 
of  Kitchener  (taen  :ierlin) ,  Ontario,  w  lo  returned  to 
oeraii^ny  before  tne  i-irst  world  ^ar.   He  speaks  of  the 
initial  ne.;lect  of  conservation  and  tne  later  laxity  in 
enforcing  tne  laws,  followea  oy  strict  enforcoiient  in 
tne  years  inimediately  before  tie  First  .lorld  ..ar. 
Nortfiem  Ontario  is,  for  tne  benefit  of  t  le  Geri.i^n  reader, 
com.  ared  with  Finland,  \iith     its  uiany  lakes   and 


forests,  the  great  'silent  places'  of  the  North;  he 

tells  how  in  fall  its  forests  glow  with  the  red  colour  of 

the  maple,  the  gold  of  the  birch  trees,  against  the  somber 

green  of  the  pine.   However,  he  tells  also  of  the  stiniggle 

of  canoeing  against  wind  and  waves  and  through  logjams,  of 

carrying  heavy  packs  over  portages  through  clouds  of  raosqui- 

toes  and  black  flies.   He  visits  many  Indian  settlements: 

Uberall  derselbe  Schmutz  und  dieselbe  Faulheit  des 
roten  hannes,  d  er  sich  die  Sonne  ins  offene  I'iaul  schei- 
nen  Iclsst  und  zusieht ,  wie  seine  Squaws  Kflrbe  flechten 
und  mokassins  nShen,  (Ibid. .  p. 59) 

He  t  ells  ho.v  the  famous  Hudson's  Bay  Company  at  pre  ent 

stays  in  business  by  extending  credit  to  the  natives.   The 

times  are  pa^jt  v/hen  it  coald  make  tremendous  profits  from 

deals  with  the  Indians. 

Die  Rothaute  kennen  die  i-iarktpreise  und  kflnnen  nur 
durch  Irvareapump  an  die  Hudsonbay-Gesellschaft  ge- 
fesselt  wtrden.   (Ibid.,  p. 33) 

His  hunting  accounts  are  also  much  more  sober  than  those 

in  any  other  books  discussed  oelow.   He  especially  points 

out  the  great  danger  of  hunting  with  inexperienced  hunters 

who  shoot  at  each  other  as  often  as  at  wild-life,  luckily 

missing  in  most  cases. 

In  a  final  chapter  on  the  'unknown  Canada'  of  the 

great  North-V.'est  Territories,  he  tells  of  the  rcmarkaole 

feats  of  the  'North-West  Mounted  Police',  heroes  of  the 


.XJ.i>J 


JKO 


3l 


North,  who  are  at  the  same  time  explorers,  adiuinistratorsj, 
and  police  of  enormous  areas  which  are  only  thinly  populated 
and  have  lost  uiuch  of  their  wild-life.   This  decline  results 
in  the  starvation  of  many  native  tribes,  due  to  the  disin- 
clination of  Lhe  Red  i'ian  to  turn  to  agricultural  work. 
Indeed,  he  paints  this  dying  out  of  the  native  Indians  and 
Bskimos  in  too  dark  a  colour  and  in  this  connection  we  shall 
deal  with  Mller-Grote  a  Iso  in  a  later  chapter  (p.l74f). 
However,  as  a  reporter  of  Canadian  irild-life  stories  he  is 
probably  one  of  Lhe  most  reliable  ones. 

To  be  mentioned  here  are  also  the  books  by  Armin 
0.  Huber,  nuf  wilden  Pfaden  im  neuen  tCanada  (Strecker  und 
Schrttder,  Stuttgart,  1931)  and  Von  tioten  und  neissen  /tPen- 
teurern  in  J:ianada  (Ibid. .  1932)  which  compare  favorably 
with  i^'iehrhardt-Ilow  (see  below,  p. 10)  in  objectivity,  es- 
pecially on  life  on  the  prairie;  conditions  in  the  Northern 
forest  region  are  hara   to  check.   It  seems  that  Huber  too 

makes  much  use  of  poetical  liberties,  though  probably  not 

1) 
as  much  as  Mehrhardt-ilow. 


1) 

it  .aitiht  nave  been  interesting  to  compare  these 
earlier  works  of  Aznain  0,  Huber  written  before  1933  with 
his  later  publications  which,  however,  are  not  available 
to  the  writer  of  this  thesis:  Huber,  Arrain,  0.:  Karussel 
Amerika.  Berlin  1936,  284  p.,  He lea  und  der  Hermelin.  ao- 
man  einer  kanadischen  Liebe,  Berlin  1937,  244p. ,  c:nd  his 
second  edition  of  liei  roten  und  .jeissen  Abenteurem  in 
Kanada.  Berlin  1937,  VII.,  179p.  The  author  has  changed 
his  publisher  and  added  seven  pages  of  introduction. 


In  this  connection  also  the  serloe  of  books  by 
2) 
Emll  Droonberg   ioay  be  mentioned,  Das  Gold  der  Kebelber»^e. 

I92A,  Die  C-oldvffloC'ner  am  r:iondl-:e.  1925,  Per  Trapper  aa 
Swift  Greek,  smd  Die  Ansledler  in  Canada,  .-toman,  Leipzig, 
1930.  These,  however,  are  not  available  to  the  vvriter  of 
this  thesis,  nor  are  the  boois  of  t.^e  series  written  by 
Prledrich  Frelherr  von  Gagem  ( 1882- 19 A? )  r- a  well-known 
Austrian  naturalist,  hunter  and  editor  of  a  nxmtlng  peri- 
odical ^-D3r_^larter£fa^,  1925,  Par  lote  V^nxx,   1927,  and 
Daa  Grenzerbuch,  1927,  in  which  he  describes  the  decline 
of  the  Red  Indian. 

To  be  mentioned  are  also  stories  written  by  or  about 
missionaries.  :iere  the  Indians  are  not  any  sore  the  paragons 
of  all  virtues  but  cruel  savages  who  simply  by  means  of 
conversion  by  ideal  missionaries  become  *noble  savages'  - 
as  described  in  the  following  sweetish  stories:  3hep;onaba, 
Erzflhliing  aus  der  Mission  unter  den  Chippewas,by  G.V.Polsck 
(Carl  Kirsch  Verlag,  Konstanza,  1924)  and  Oreola,  die  Ferle 


■^ 

Droonberg,  Smil,  Der  Trapper  am  Swift  Creek.  Roman 

aus  Britisch  "'olumbien,  1925. 
Das  Gold  der  Xebelberge.  Eln  Roman 

aus  Kanada.  1924. 
Die  Goldwflscher  aa  Klondike.  Rcnan 
aus  der  Zelt  der  grossen  Gold- 
funde  In  Sanada  \ind  AlaBica,1925. 
All  published  by  V.  Ooldoann,  Leipzig. 


a 


■rr 


der  Iroqueaen  by  Math.  Rohr  (Cologne,  no  date).  Per  sohwar- 
ze   Waldlflufer.  Lebsneblld  der  Indlanerapostel  Albeirt  Lacomba 

O.M.I.,  by  P.  Theodor  Schflfer  (Padorbom,  F.  Sohtiningh  Verlag, 

3) 
1932)  Is  a  more  realistic  book  than  tha  former  two. 

An  adventure  story  of  a  different  kind  is  the 
'Schelmenroman'  Dla  Qaunerfahrtea  dea  Jim  iahea  by  Joseph 
Delmont  wltn  its  sub-title  'Amerikanisoha  Grotaaken'  (Welt- 
bilchar- Verlag,  Berlin  Friedenau  1928);  and  grx^tesque  It  is 
in  presenting  many  of  the  episodes  of  the  life  of  a  rogue 
in  America.  It  is  amusing  entertainment  but  it  makae  bitter 
remarks  on  American  conditions.  The  yoiing  rogue  practically 
studies  crime  in  various  reformatories,  prisons  and  peniten- 


3) 

This  repreoentB  no  reflection  upon  the  excellent 
work  done  by  the  numerous  missionaries,  especially  those 
of  the  O.K.I.  (Oblates  of  Mary  Immaculate)  order  who  besides 
their  miasionary  work  have  published  a  number  of  religious 
v;ork8  in  German.  'Our  fathers  never  nad  much  chance  to  write 
Ipf  tneir  experience^  since  they  were  firstly  in  the  West 
^f  Canad^  for  work  among  the  immigrants,  wiiich  left  them 
very  little  time  ...   writes  Gauton  Carriers,  0.:^.I., 
librarian  of  the  University  of  Ottawa,  in  a  letter  to  the 
author,  Kay  31,  1951.  He  mentions  German  religious  publi- 
cations of  the  following  O.M.I.  Fathers:  J.  Riedinger,  H. 
Krawltz,  W«  Brueck,  T.  Scn.weers,  J.  ocaulz. 

It  might  be  added  that  another  German  O.M.I.  Father, 
P.  Schulte,  wrote  an  interesting  book  on  his  exploits  in 
Western  Canada,  which  was  published  In  English,  The  Flying 
Priest  oyer  the  Arctlo.  A  story  of  everlasting  ice  and  ever- 
lasting love  by  Father  Paul  Schulte  O.M.I.,(New  York  and 
London,  Harper,  1940).  Ine  same  priest  has  publls^iad  a 
similar  work  in  German  on  S.W.Africa:  Schulte,  Paul,  Der 
fliegende  Pater. (Berlin.  Ullstein,  193^). 


?'^x  '^?jg 


TC-u 


tlarlda. 

Es  axistiert  kelne  Gaunerspozlalltflt,  die  nicat  In 
Elmlra  D?ef  ormatory^  gelahirt  '^nirde.  Es  gab  re^elrecnta 
Kura«  In  alien  Fdcnem  \ind  der  Andirang  .far  enorm. 
(Gaunerfahrten,  p. 25) 

During  elections  he  acts  as  'repeater',  voting  In  the  naae 
of  other  people,  a  'cultural  cuatom'  allegedly  very  common 
In  the  U.S.A.,  and  the  criminals  used  are  supposedly  always 
members  of  the  political  clubs  and  stand  under  the  protec- 
tion of  high,  often  very  high,  politicians.  Stolen  goods 
are  sent  to  a  Sam  Lewis  ,  a  most  'respectable'  receiver 
of  stolen  goods  who  likewise  enjoys  the  protection  of 
politicians  and  very  high  police  officials  (ibid. ,  p. 181). 
In  a  prohibition  scene  where  the  rogue  acts  as  drunk  every- 
body is  corrupt,  the  bigotted  hypocrites  of  Boston  most 
of  all.  Indeed,  many  of  the  frauds  of  the  rogue  are  made 
possible  only  by  the  bad  conscience  of  the  'Best  People', 
as  he  blackmails  and  kidnaps  leading  men  in  Chicago.  In 
other  cases  it  is  the  credulity  of  American  religious 
beliefs  which  makes  it  possible  for  the  criminals  to  ran- 
sack a  whole  town.  Only  once  does  this  master-rogue  re- 
cognize a  still  greater  ability  than  his  -  in  Hollywood. 


TT 


Trie  same  name  Sam  Lewis  is  used  .or  a  usurer  in 
Kurt  Rledel's  Durch  Kanadas  Wildnia  (see  below  in  this 

chapter  p.36f  ) . 


"C 


JnoEi 


'■ ,+ 


'T.f>    !T0 1  .t 


Er  rauaste  bald  erkennen,  dass  ihm  die  Fllmraagnaten 
in  alien  welt  ttberlegen  waren  .  .  ,  Deschamt  zog  Tim 
au8  Kalifomien  fort  ,  .  .  (ibid.,  p, 210/11) 

New  Orleans  is  described  as  another  seat  of  crime  owing 

to  its  racially  mixed  population  of  French,  Irish, 

Americans  (!),  Spanioles,  Portuguese  and  last,  but  not 

least: 

Die  kelange  von  Franzosen  und  Farbigen  hatte  nicht 

das  beste  Henscheuinaterial  hervor^^ebracht.   New  Orleans 

wimmelte  von  Verbrechern,   (Ibid. .  p,99) 

Another  r  ogue  enjoys  a  similar  career.   He  goes  through  the 

universities  of  crime  in  Sing-Sing,  Fort  Leavenworth  and 

similar  institutions  and  f  inally  at  the  height  of  his  career 

he  becomes  the  general  manager  of  a  movie  studio. (cf.  Ibid., 

p. 256).   This  whimsical  adventure  story  introduces  a  trend 

of  ajockery  at  life  and  c  onditions  in  America  which  is 

continued  by  iiehrhardt-Ilow,  often  with  very  poor  taste. 

It  may  be  noted  that  Delmont^s  book  with  its  dis- 
tinct pre judices,  racial  and  otherwise,  was   published  as 
early  as  1928. 

C,B.  Schwerla,  writer  of  sports  and  adventure 
stories,  however,  is  a  laudaole  exception  and  i oes  not 
participate  in  disparaging  America, 

With  his  adventure  book  Kanada  im  Fait boot  (Scherl- 
Verlag,  Berlin,  1930)  the  reader  is  on  the  solid  ground  of 
realities,  although  Sch-verla  too  flees  civilization  and 
often  has  misgivings.   The  author  tells  hi^a  of  his  own  travels 
in  Canada  in  funeral  and  of  his  sports-adventures  on  the 
wild  mountain  rivers  of  british  Columbia  in  particular.  The 


8 

latter  accounts  are  of  Intareat  mostly  to  tae  sports  fans  lik- 
ing boating  or  canoeing.  .lowavor,   •>  views  Canai?.a  afresh. 
He  laudB  the  comfortable  trdna  wnlca  are  available  even 
for  the  omall  man  without  the  European  distinct ions  of 
first,  aecond,  and  third  class  cars;  he  dislikes  only  tii» 
nonchalant  behaviour  of  many  of  hio  fellow  travellers.  He 
is  azaused  by  an  inteirviav  with  a  Weatox*n  reporter  and  more 
so  with  its  result:  an  article  about  him,  a  strans©  raixtux^ 
of  reality  and  fiction.  However,  through  thin  article  he 
is  recognised  in  the  train  and  has  some  contacts  with  the 
populace.  In  Jasper  Lodge  he  aeets  some  Germans and  Swiss 
who  work  there,  a  former  Prussian  officer  who  drives  a 
truck  viflth  fertilizer. 

Kflnnen  3ie  sich  das  vorstellen?  Sin  eheaallsor  Offlzier, 
der  als  Ta^eltthner  auf  oinem  Golfplatz  1:1  nt  ffthrt,  - 
daftlr  iiat  men  in  Deutschland  zu  wenig  Y^rst&ndnis  und 
2U  viel  Tradition  .  ,  .  Hler  drttben  kann  ich  Maurer 
Oder  Utiefelputzer  oein,  ich  bin  i-nmcr  der  J'ensch,  ^er 
.  .  .  durch  soine  Aji"'b£lt  »    .    >    e  >  yA^^   wert  [Istj 

wle  Jeder  andere,  Wenn  ich  drflben  1-  --^r  (Jaaperj  Fark 
Lodge  arboito,  untorhfllt  eica  auch  dor  reichote  der 
a-     nisciien  MlllionAre  mit  mir,  und  er  den.:t  keinen 

AUj ick  daran,  daso  er  olc]\  otwas  ver^ebon  kSnnte. 

Vlelleicht  hat  or  auch  elnmal  so  an~efan_on,  und  er 
v;eiEc,  dass  cs  nur  die  /unbolt  Icr. ,  die  .  irun  "  .nsaaen 
wertvoll  macht,  Dae  let  ee,  was  einea  des  /ur-belten  so 
Iciciit  verden  Ifisst.  ( Ibid . .  p. 39) 

Thlc  iG  one  of  the  few  open-minded  and  optinlBtic  views 

on  workijag  conditions  in  the  U.S.  or  Canada,  in  contrast 

to  the  many  prejudices  of  Gennan  writers  bo  they  righti^st- 

natlonalicts  or  leftists.  This  view  iu  all  the  more  notable 


■ru 


as  the  author  llkea  the  v/ildemeeB  mucn  better  than 
civilization  with  its  doubtful  pleasures.  Thus  he  de- 
Bcrlboa  a  visit  to  one  of  the  first  BOund-filniB  in 
Vancouver  whore  a  crylnji  baby  and  other  technical  dis- 
advantagea  spoil  his  enjojrraent.  The  wild  river  trip 
and  some  mountain  climbing  in  th?  Rocky  Movmtains,  how- 
ever, are  beautifully  described.  Hia  only  misgivings  are 
that  a  luxury  hotel  may  be  built  near  or  within  his  be- 
loved wilderness,  where  a  multimillionaire  telephones 
between  five  o'clock  tea  and  dinner  to  Switzerland  "vom 
Wildan  We St en". 

On  one  occasion  he  misses  an  aopointTient  and  haa 
to  walk  to  his  destination  through  virgin  forest  all  alone 
and  at  night. 

Das  war  echt  kanadisch.  Melne  Beglelter  waren,  als 
loh  nlcht  zur  Stelle  war,  einfach  Oiino  mich  ab^ezo- 
gen  .  .  .  Dass  Ich  mich  nun  in  der  Dunkelheit  In  der 
V/ildnls  nicat  verlief,  das  war  melne  Sacha.  Jo  mahr 
ich  ...  darflber  nachdachte,  umso  menr  musste  ich 
Ihnen  recat  ^eben.  (Ibid.,  p. 156) 

He  encounters  here  again  the  nonchalance  and  the  democratic 

conviction  taat  everybody  has  to  look  out  for  himself, 

which  startles  him  at  first  but  later  wins  his  approval. 

Schwerla  too  finds  much  honesty  in  the  Canadian  wildamass 

as  well  as  in  more  civilized  areas  and  even  in  cities. 

Ich  hatt©  in  keinem  anderen  Lande  meine  Koffev   und 
main  Eigentum  so  unbeaoret  und  unbewacht  in  dan  Ztlgen, 


VI 


<^r 


10 

auf  den  BaiinhAfen  und  sogar  auf  der  3ti«as«  ilih«B 
laeeen  wie  in  ^--anada.  Das  war  nlcht  L-       .:  ^e* 
W9sen,  oondem  daa  Oefflhl,  dass  ea  ol.       '"en 
gab,  der  es  darauf  abgeeehan  hatte,  fi       .  a turn 
tax   dem  selnen  zu  raachan.  (Ibid.,  p. 135) 

An  encounter  ^th  an  officer  of  tha  fanous  Tioyal  Canadian 

Mounted  Police  conflriBB  this  trust.  The  official  is  In- 

veBtlj^^tlng  hlB  as  a  aueoeoted  murderer  and  after  a 

strict  but  (illerlouB  inquiry  he  becomes  hlr  friend.  (Cf. 

Ibid. ,  pp.126- 139)  Por  many  Germaoas  this  l£3  ?n  almost 

preposterous  idea. 

His  last  experience  with  the  Canadian  Vild  Wert, 
how'?vor'»  i''  ^n  anticlimax.  A  'ganuine  Indian'  Isatiier  bag  Is 
offered  to  him  as  one  of  the  last  ones  exiatinj,  tlae  ai,ent 
tells  hla.  <^  closer  Inspection  he  finds  it  ets-aped  'made 
In  Germany*. 

More  in  line  with  a  grovrlng  taste  Tor  advent \ir« 

stories  in  foreign  lands  in  './hlch  these  countrLee  or 

peoples  sre  disparaged  or  ridiculed,  iir  Curt  Mehr^iardt- 

5) 
Hoy's  Kanadlschea  .cherzo  (x-aul  Parey  Verlag,  Berlin, 

no  date,  approx.  1933).  The  latter  is  a  collection  of 

^ 

Tae  Parey-Verla^,    Berlin,    alone  publialied  tixe 
follo'vlng  books  on  Canada: 

Dogenhard  Graf    .'urmbrand:  Ilerren  der  v/il^nls.  Jagdrahrten 

!■  'en  At  o  imd  I^anadas, 

■•'oldomar  Graf  von  Schwerln :  •  '      ,  Auf  Eloh,i3Ar 

In  Canada, 
Prof.   Uitz  Heck:   Au_  uy   uiiw  xcixiager  of  the 

5ela.j..-    -,.  .vx^^x        -i      Gteirten, 
A.   Bryan  Williams:   Auf  Hochwlld  in  Kanada.   "waidwerk  in  der 

iflldnls  BrltlscL        '.        '      ', 
Max  Otto:    I"  -^c-.-rA^^  Urvflldem  und  -.^..^-...  rlebnisse  und 

J  elnes   rrr.pjera  uiid  -^3,    'violently 

anti- Canadian  and  anti- English  .vritcr  is  Canada- 
phobe'.    (Can.   Hist.   Rev..  V,   1924, pp. 77- 79) 
Paul  Niedlck:   Mlt  der  Bflcase  in  ftlnf  Srdteilgn  (Jungle  of  India, 
Steppes  of  Africa,  Woods  of  Alaska  and  t  le  Rocky 
Mountains ) . 


11 


thx*ee  booka  x/hloh  eppaarod  uiK'^er  t)i  >  titles   :   Au»- 

,  oroo^inet  Kanadj^  (1930),  a.c;4-.a.  ^,^   ■  m.  ooh  in 

Kanada.  and  Kanadlaoiiea  i  ^  (1932) 

v;  iOn  iftT^t-Ilow  publlrJaed  hlr;  third  book 

or  '"^•^Q.da,   Kana'^lgohaQ  Qohorzp  ^  i<-t«   ♦<  i* 

laoiiyr^den  Jllrorau, ,:?n  duroh     ralria  und  iin, 

1932),   it  vfss  reviewed  by  Loul.  .Iton  In  the 

Canadian  His torloal  .'xevie.,     .  .    (19J3),      .   ■?'?7,  aa 

f ollowo : 

.  ;2.rdt-Ihlow*e   (nleJ)   book   (hir.  third)   an 
iiuntins  e  reo  oonjparoB  •7^x7 

umfavorab*^     ,.  ^*   ^  ■^■^.  nin    :ubor  .    •   • 

Rvidently  his  lajpglnati  s  not  b<)«a  cr'.mped»  and  hia 

Aborthuaor  .    .   •   *  ...ant  in  t. 

it  waa  in  ^\\^f^,^r^i..^.   »      >ag|.da«   It  If-    ^wU*i, 

fop  Cr^'iadiano  to  under&tr^d  no..'  ;-.-.-:!i  ';.   ^.  olurMi 

e'  publiahed.   I  m&i^ly  it  aer» 

a..   ..J-..- .j.>i?  t-io,   anc?,   after  p.ll,        .  .    .   publieaerB 

ou^ht   to  >uiow  Wiiat  their  r-d&ucra  like  «   •   • 

Any  frr  fotched  atorlee  about  advanturoo  in  the 

baokv.-ooda  of  Canad*  are  eure  to  eell  in  awtweaij  .    .    . 

Inida«d,  hia   I'irat  book  vith  its  xox'oad  iUimour  on 

priioitiTb  condltiOAft  o.  new  pr&irie  Tiumo,  on  bachelor 

fartaera  living  In  diz^  and  on  the  atupldity  of  farmera  - 

all  thia  ia  hard  to  take*  However «  lauer  on  the  autaor 

trvduta  tho  wildomeaa  and  ito  inl^abltanta  vitli  real 

lov^  and  iasig}^t»  Tasro  are  baautiful     deaoriptionn  of 

the  Hoi^thom  Canadian  foreeta  and  their  wildlife,  where 

the  author  lived  cut  off  froa  eivilii^tian  ^or  aaaj 

montha  alon9,anci  during  a  Beoond  winter  with  two  oora- 


12 

panlonD.  This  pocullar  dlvlsiou  joLwuan  inocyijry  of 
'civilized'  life  and  lova  for  the  wlldern^aa  is  found 
in  many  of  our  adventure  stories  and  ia  aasily  explain- 
ed by  the  Ions  existing  tend-^ncy  of  'flL^^/it  from  olvi- 
llBstion*.  The  wildemeas  as  such  is,  however,  treated 

arently  quite  realistically,  not  in  a 'ro  "ntic *  vein, 
except  that  tho  hunter  hr.s  incredibly  gooc  luok.  fh* 
r.od  Indian  Is  not  talcen  as  ideal.  He  la  a  human  being 
v;lth  his  foibles.  The  half-breeds  are  accepted  without 
prejudice. 

Interspersed  are  life  stories,  a  sad  one  of 
the  Indian  and  one  of  Albert  'the  vi(^',  a  gold  pros- 
pector, v;ho  v?on  and  lost  t^'ro  fortunes.  It  in,  of  courae, 
hilarious  when  Albert  and  his  friend  prospector  try 
to  bs  ole^ant  and  pass  th-^mselres  off  as  baron  d 'Albert 
and  Lord  coms"oxiing  or  other.  .JUt  tnose  ^eli-raade  men, 
in  spite  of  all  their  bragging,  have  decent  characters. 
Thlc,   is  on-^  of  the  fow  occasions  in  Gor^ian  literature 
on  .i;ierlca  where  Lno  Amai'loan  oelf-inade  aan  ia  depicted 
at  all  sympathetically  (  cf.  Mehrhardt,   .   ' aches 
3chcrso,  ?p,358-373  and  395-402). 

Thus  vre  note  a  number  ol   liina  oOierv:..i,ion5>, 
dcncriptlonB  and  tales  of  life  in  Nortli-Aroerica  inserted 
in  a  large  body  of  disparagement  in  the  adventure  lit- 


13 

erature  of  pre-Hltlor  rpir-nf>  y,  This  popular  type  of 

libarature  undergoes  a  compl.ta  ci^Lange  after  1935. 

A  ^ood  Introduction  to  tiiio  type  of  \(frlting 

l8  represented  by  Georg  Lelchner  with  his  two  books, 

Ab jatau 3rli chs s  '".-^nada ,  ReiseerlebnlsBe,  (  "-yne, 

Leipzig,  1933)  Q-^d  his  j-stulal't  dqr  l3>iiqo.  Ein  Le- 

bensl:ampf  in  der  Arktls  {Pajne,    Leipzig,  19;^3).  In 

hlB  first  book  he  passes  quickly  through  tii9  centres 

of  civilization  in  Canada,  Halifax  he  finds  dead  and 

old-fas'iioned;  In  Montreal  he  io  s-ir.  v^i^.^ri  t;.r-t.  so 

nuch  French  is  still  spoken  and  that  bo  much  chawing 

gum  is  conexiraed.  Toronto  is  only  nentloned,  but  the 

Niagara  Falls  and  their  surroiindlnGS  ar^  ''-'■-? naively 

described  or  reflected  upon.  The  great  Hydro-Electric 

Turbines,  the  Industry  and  the  slcy scrapers  naar  the 

Ffeills  are  the  starting  point  for  a  lon^:  «^cvrsion 

into  the  new  modem  tecluiical  civilization  of  America, 

and  on  the  American  man  v^lth  his  objective  "hlnlilng 

but  his  lack  of  'soul*. 

So  Icann  Kaiiada  :nit  Recht  ein  'I.rnd  ohiio  3oele ' 
genarmt  verden,  wie  es  *eln  Land  ohne  Versan- 
^eiuislt*  1st.  (Lelchner,  Abenteuerll clu a  -r^.i.ada i 
p. 20;  cf.  also  Johann,  Das  Land  ohne  Merz.  below, 

-:.  55) 

This  ATisrican  '.ta  1  tan sc . xauun^^  however  is  a  danger  for 
Europe,  and  the  immigrant  v/h»  adapts  himself  to  the  new 


14 

way  of  living  loses  his  old  Idsntlty  v/lthout  gaining  a 

new  one  In  belonging  to  another  nation,  because  this 

cannot  iiappen  In  a  country  with  so  many  races.  Thus 

the  immlsrant  becomes  a  'neuter' 

"VolkBneutrum" ,  sle  haben  slch  eelbst  verloren  und 
slnd  Innerllch  leer  geworden.  (Ibid. ,  p.  21;  cf . 
Weldlioh,  below,  p.  173) 

Nevertheless  he  admires  the  'Falls'  at  night  illuminated 

by  search  llerhts  and  is  fascinated  by  this  vronder  of 

naturae,  but  when  the  search  lights  ch£uage  to  blue, 

yellow,  and  green,  he  Is  disgusted  and  3enerallze3: 

So  relht  sioh  In  Kanada  dberall  das  C-rosse,  Bewunde- 
rungswerte  und  SchSne  neben  das  Gescomacklose  und 
Flaohe.  (Ibid.,  p. 23) 

Soon  he  is  on  his  train  to  the  West  passing  through  the 
barren  country  of  the  Canadian  Shield.  Ke  talks  about 
the  oarah  continental  climate,  and  about  living  con- 
ditions, but  It  all  sounds  more  like  something  the  axt- 
thor  read  in  a  prospect  or  a  folder;  a  visit  to  the 
grain  exchange  In  Winnipeg  is  more  lively  in  its  de- 
scription. Much  more  interesting  is  his  visit  to  The 
fas  and  his  difficult  travel  to  Churchill  on  a  railway 
still  under  construction.  Colin  Ross,  it  might  be  re- 
membered, was  to  travel  the  same  road  with  wife  euad 
child  only  a  few  years  later.  The  Pas  is  at  the  time  of 
Leichner's  travels  still  a  typical  Frontier- town.  He 
generalizes: 

Die  kanadischen  StAdte  und  Flecken  slnd  wle  fllze 


iVl^XJi^ 


15 


aus  dem  Boden  cesehossen  und  von  -Iner  bunt en  Ken- 
scaenmenge  aus  aller  Herren  LAnd«r  beslodelt  i^orden. 

Desaalb  fehlt  os  Ihnen  en  der  durch  Jatiriiunderte  ge- 
formten  Eigenart.  (Ibid. .  p. 37) 

He  finds  the  place  ugly  but  has  to  stay  for  some  time 
because  of  snowstorms,  even  In  May,  and  because  of  a 
typhoid  epidemic  In  the  district.  Indians  had  warned  him 
that  the  water  was  'haunted  by  evil  spirits',  but  the 
workers  had  laughed  at  the  'superstitious  savages'.  The 
Canadian  government,  however,  had  quickly  stepped  in  and 
had  reduced  the  danger  by  vaccinations.  Leichner  stays 
in  a  dirty  hotel  room  and  finds  out  that  it  is  a  notorious 
place:  only  a  few  days  ago  a  murder  had  been  committed 
there  by  sm  Indlem  who  had  found  his  wife  there  with 
somebody  else. 

He  travels  with  a  prospector  for  many  days  and 
the  reader  is  vividly  impressed  as  much  by  the  beauty 
as  by  the  liardship  of  the  lonely  pioneer's  life.  He  re- 
marks about  the  honesty  of  people  in  the  wilderness  in 
contrast  to  the  *highly  civilized'  aypocritical  'Kultur- 
menschen'.  When  they  meet  an  old  trappei^prospector, 
they  help  each  otner  out  as  a  matter  of  course.  .»sked 
whether  he  would  like  to  return  to  Europe,  the  old  man 
talks  like  a  book  but  reflects  Leichner 's  ideas: 

.  .  .  wie  leer  doch  elgentlich  unser  Leben  drflben  ist 
.  .  .  Hler  in  der  '.Vildnis  be  stent  ein  starlcer,  off«ner 
Eampf  mit  den  Naturgewalten,  ein  Kampf ,  der  den  V.en- 


16 

BChen  <lb3r  slch  selbot  hlnauBhebt,  In  Ihm  neue 
Kraft  und  das  Vertrauen  zu  slch  selbat  ©rweckt. 
(Ibid.,  p. 90). 

As  an  example  a  tense  story  Is  told  of  a  disastrous 

winter  expedition  In  the  Canadian  northland  through 

cold,  and  blizzards  and  near  starvation,  rravelllng 

on,  they  find  rich  ore  deposits  and  dream  of  riches 

only  to  find  out  that  other  claims  had  been  staked 

•arlier. 

The  nearby  Flin  Plon  mines  are  visited.  On  the 

train  Lelchner  observes  the  mlnewdrkers  returning 

drunk  from  a  Sunday  expedition  to  the  tovm.  The  lonely, 

mlserablei  and  boring  life  of  the  worker  Is  vividly 

Imagined  -  the  drudgery  of  the  work  and  the  lack  of 

recreation  on  Sundays  when  even  the  movies  are  closed 

.  .  .  well  die  TQrciie  im  Namen  Gottes  die  Llcht- 
spielhSuser,  die  Tanz-  und  Billardsflle  gesohlossen 
halten  Ifisst.  (Ibid.,  p. 127) 

Thus  the  worker  wanders  aimlessly  alon^  and  ends  up  in 
£  secret  backroom  and  finds  escape  in  alcohol  and  cheap 
• love • .  At  the  train  stop  a  few  women  with  fear  in  their 
eyes  anxiously  are  awaiting  their  men:  will  he  have 
spent  all  his  hard  earned  money  on  his  Sxonday  trip  'do- 
ing the  town*?  "Famillentragfldie  auch  hior  in  der  i-Tlld- 
rJ,s",  he  remarks  (ibid. , p.  132) .  The  train  stops  aUe 
primitive  but  every  hut,  be  it  ever  so  caall,  has  elec- 
tric light. 


17 

Der  Amerl-raner  versteht  es,  alch  auch  In  der  './lldnls 
mttgHchet  bequem  elnzurlchten,  (Ibid. .  p.  152) 

he  notes  aoproclatlngly.  He  admires  the  company  town  and 

its  organization  shovoi  to  him  by  an  older  employee  who 

tells  him  how  he  found  his  peace  of  mind  in  hie  boat  on 

a  nearby  lake  observing  nature  in  all  weataers . 

Dort,  auf  dem  Wasser,  Im  sohwankanden  Boot,  als  die 
Wolken  alles  In  Dunlielhelt  htlllton,  als  der  Sturm  das 
Wasser  peltschte  .  .  .  ,  da  war  Ich  elnmal  gl'ttckllch, 
.  .  .  Furcht  latte  ich  nlcht  ...  In  oolchen  Klnuten 
wSchat  elne  elgenttlmliche  Kraft  im  Menso  len,  und  dlese 
Kraft  bannt  allea.  \fa8  Ihm  feindlich  gegentlbersteht  . 
•  •  (Ibid.,  p. 137) 

It  Is  Just  this  adventure  In  wild  nature  t.iat  Leiohner 
seeks  in  his  Abenteuerllchos  Kanada.  Thus  he  travels  on 
the  barely  laid  rails  to  Churchill  in  open  motor  trolleys, 
so-called  Gascars,  through  howling  winds,  rain  and  snow, 
endangered  by  the  svrampy  muskeg,  through  d-^solate  coxmtry 
up  to  Hudson  Bay.  But  he  is  also  an  Intellltient  observer, 
notlnji  that  railways  in  Canada  are  not  built  as  in  other 
countries  to  serve  an  existing  population  but  that  the  rail- 
way and  pioneers  come  first,  so  that  a  population  may  follow. 
Only  when  he  figures  the  probable  lack  of  profit  of  this 
railway  does  he  come  to  the  fantastic  conclusion  that  it 
must  have  been  built  for  strategic  rea.3ons,  namely  for  the 
posBlbllity  of  a  war  between  Britain  and  the  United  States. 
Here  he  is  close  to  the  Ideology  Colin  Ross  expresses  in 
his  Zwlschen  USA  und  dem  Fol.  Leichner  too  daocrlbes 


bM 


18 

Churchill  -  that  Interesting  town  without  women  -,  but 

he  admires  Its  organization:  a  town  run  completely  by  the 

govemmant,  where  no  money  exists  and  everybody  works 

hard,  sleeps,  eats  very  well  and  has  some  recireatlon  In 

government  institutions.  He  has  a  letter  of  recommendation 

to  the  leading  engineer  there  and  asks  a  worker  In  dirty 

overalls  v/here  he  could  find  him,  only  to  find  out  that 

he  Is  the  man.  He  notes  the  discipline  and  the  honesty  of 

the  people  taere  and  the  absence  of  any  police.  This  trip 

to  Churchill  Is  one  of  the  best  episodes  of  Abenteuerllches 

Kanada .  Others  Include  a  talk  to  an  Impoverished  Red  Indian 

who  attacks  tae  civilization  of  the  white  man,  a  visit  to 

a  Chinese  theatre  In  Vancouver,  and  a  conversation  with  a 

Chinese  on  a  train  who  tells  of  his  life  In  Canada.  He 

visits  the  Dukhobors  In  brilliant'  British  Coliznbia,  wins 

their  confidence  and   gives  a  very  sympathetic  but  highly 

romantic  picture  of  their  lives,  concluding: 

Mir  war  es,  als  ob  Ich  aus  einem  grossen,  verwllderten 
Garten  kftme  .  .  .  ,  In  dem  die,  die  darln  wohnen,  daa 
sflsse  Gift  trinken,  ...  an  dem  wir  uns  alle  oerauschen, 
das  Gift  des  Selbstbetruges.  (Ibid. .  p. 209) 

He  visits  Jasper  National  Park  and  tn.e  famous  Jasper  Park 

Lodge,  the  millionaires'  place  of  recreation;  although  ha 

describes  it  as  beautiful,  he  has  notiilng  but  scorn  and 

mockery  for  it  as: 

Die  Romantlk  des  reichen  Amerikanera  (ibid. .  p. 213) 


t'lsr' 


'0    o.t 


fi/ 


19 


or 

Keine  BeachaullchlcGlt,  keln  'Slchveraenken'  In  die 
Scii&iiaelt  der  Umgobung.  Ea  ist  .  .  .  eln  fortwAnrendea 
Hasten  nacn  neuen  Namen,  nauen  Zahlen  .  .  .  Der   rieaen- 
(^osse  Park  soiielnt  kaiu  Snda  zu  neiunan.  Sport-  und 
Splelplfltze  soyle  Scawlmmbfider  bleten  immer  neua  Zer- 
streuimg.  Und  u^ber  allem  und  alien  steht  ale  aoh<!tzen- 
der  Ens^el   der  Dollar,  (ibid.  .  p. 214) 

A  final  ciaapter  la  devoted  to  the  'Leben  und  Sterben'  of 

the  Red  Indians.  He  starts  wltn  a  visit  to  a  nolay  'Indian 

Day'  in  Banff.  But  soon  he  introduces  the  reader  into  the 

Indian's  v;ay  of  mythical  thinking  by  telling:  the  story  of 

a  totem  pole  erected  at  Banff  and  that  of  the  life  and 

death  of  an  old  Indian  squaw  with  all  her  super st it iona 

and  beliefs. 

Western  civilisation  riins  a  poor  second  in  compar- 
ison to  the  life  in  the  Canadian  wildsmess,  with  its 
honesty  -  be  it  that  of  a  prospector,  of  a  native  Indian, 
or  of  exotic  phenomena,  such  as  the  Chlneae  or  the  Dukhobors, 
Except  for  some  outstanding  technical  achievements  like 
the  power  station  at  Niagara  Falls  or  the  comfortable 
Canadian  trains,  Leichner's  only  admiration  is  for  the 
paternalistic  administration  of  a  company  to-^n  or  that  of 
a  town  completely  run  by  the  government.  All  otiier  aspects 
of  Western  civilization  are  eitier  disparaged  or  simply 
Ignored. 

Leichner's  second  book  on  a  part  of  North-America 
la  y^tulak  dar  Eslclao  written  in  Germany  in  the  spring  of 


.  fi  c  -ic 


20 

1933.  It  telle  of  the  heroic  life  of  the  EsklmoB. 

.  .  .  vom  tapferen  Leben  und  Sterben  der  Nordland- 

aenschen  .  .  •  ,  von  ihrer  heldenhaften  atlllen 

Crflsse  iind  Ihrer  tlefen  Verbundenaelt  mlt  der  all- 

gewaltigen  Katur  .  .  .  (Lelchner,  fetulak.  p. 6) 

The  scene  Is  set  in  a  little  Eskimo- 'settlement '  when 
starvation  Is  approaching.  Every  family  snares  Its  meager 
supply  \flth  less  fortunate  ones  until  the  last  food  has 
been  eaten.  A  storm  ragea  sind  all  hunters  return  empty- 
handed  except  one,  w.ioae  dOoS  return  vlthout  tiielr  master. 
His  wife  runs  out  nude  Into  zhe   bitter  cold  and  Is  found 
dead  the  next  morning.  To  the  uncle  falls  the  bitter  duty 
to  kill  the  small  baby  which  cannot  suirvrive  v.-lthout  a 
mother,  iatulak,  the  best  hunter,  stays  out  for  a  long  time 
while  hiuiger  and  starvation  teika  t-ieir  death  toll.  Tne 
people  miry  their  dead  and  build  new  smaller  IgIoob,  It 
being  forbidden  to  live  in  a  dwelling  In  vmich  a  person 
has  died,  x-etulak  finally  returns  with  success.  Tae  reader 
follows  his  exciting  aunt   of  a  bear  and  tae  harsh  waiting 
In  tne  cold  nortnem  night  to  catch  a  seal.  On  his  return 
he  first  feeds  ais  family  out  sends  most  of  tae  food  to 
the  starving  neighbours.  On  his  discovery  of  a  herd  of 
reindeer,  many  animals  are  killed  by  tae  tribe.  A  feast 
is  arranged  and  a  large  enow  Igloo  for  dancing  and  tha 
feast  is  erected.  l:ae  autaor  reflects! 

Elne  Feier  unter  prlmltlvsten  Sedingungen  iat  oft 
imstande,  an  Freude  und  Lust  mexir  zu  bieten  ala  elne. 


.    f-lt  e-Fui 


21 


die  mit  Hilfe  der  raffiniertesten  iiinrichtungen  der 
Zivllisation  veranstaltet  wird  .  ,  .  (Ibid.,  p.  67/8) 

Thus  this  anthropolorlcal  novel  tells  much  about  the 

customs  and  beliefs,  the  sufferings  but  also  of  the 

happiness  and  joys  of  these  'primitive'  people.   But  the 

author  intends  to  do  more  than  merely  to  satisfy  a 

'romantic'  curiosity.  He  wants  to  teach,  in  the  spirit 

of  the  New  Germany  of  1933: 

An  Schraerzen  und  HSrte  sind  alle  gewflhnt,  Menschen 
und  Tiere  des  Nordens.   Laut  aufklatschend  saust 
(Petulaks]  Peitsche  durch  die  LuTt.   Der  Faulen^er  da, 
der  dritte [HunJ]in  der  Reihe,  heult  auf  und  wirft 
sich  rait  alien  KrSften  nach  vorn  .  .  .  So  ist  es 
richtig  .  •  •  sich  anstrengen,  die  ,R;anze  Kraft 
hergeben.   Der  Starke  kann  es  iminer;  der  Schwache 
...  nun,  um  den  ist  es  nicht  schade.   Das  ist  das 
Leben  .  .  .  (Ibid. ,  p.  59/6) 

But  the  happy  isolation  of  these  people  ends 

some  day  with  their  first  contacts  with  the  white  man. 

While  Colin  Ross  notes  the  careful  handling  of  the  natives 

by  an  understanding  Canadian  government,  Leichner  apparently 

considers  all  contacts  with  Western  civilization  as  bad 

and  evil  for  the  native.   He  tells  of  the  absolute  honesty 

of  the  tiskimo,  unless  he  is  spoiled  by  the  dregs  of  white 

civilization,  by  sailors  on  whalin?-  ships  or  by  'smart' 

merchants  travelling  to  make  "  'gute  Geschftfte'  mit  den 

'dummen  Wilden'".   (Ibid.,  p. 93)   But  even  the  anthropo- 

eraphical  expedition  of  the  Canadian  National  Museum 

spoils  much  of  the  innocence  of  the  native;   this  is 

due  to  modern  civilization  as  a  whole  and  not 


D 


22 

.just  to  a  cheating  member  of  tlie  expedition,  t  xw  lead- 
ing, scientist  himself  knows 

daae  er  dlesom  Vcindllchen  Volke  den  Untergang  brlngt, 
Indem  er  dber  dlese  Ge^onden  berlchtet  und  andere  In 
dlese  Elnttden  lockt.  (Ibid. .  p. 121) 

Or:  He  1b  sad  that  civilization  reaches  now  even  Into 

these  far  away  districts  and  that  a  few  decades  from  now 

this  healthy  human  material  too  v/111  be  dragged  down 

In  'Lug  und  Trug'  If  It  Is  not  destroyed  completely  (cf. 

ibid. .  p.ll8)t  Even  simple  mlounderstandln^^a  lead  to 

distrust.  After  the  expedition  has  moved  on,  tv/o  I^sklmoa 

in  a  sleigh  travel  for  days  In  pursuit  to  return  some 

of  the  white  man's  be longings which  they  apparently  had 

forgotten.  How  Insulted  are  the  natives  v:hen  they  heajt* 

their  laughter  about  the  return  of  -  empty  tin  cans. 

Other  adventures  follow,  showing  the  brave  resilience 

of  the  Eskimo  facing  almost  certain  death  when  four  men 

drift  out  to  the  sea  on  an  Ice  floe.  The  miserable  spring 

time  Is  Shown  and  the  short  and  happy  summer.  A  whale 

is  harpooned  with  primitive  but  effective  tools.  The 

whole  little  tribe  Is  shown  on  the  move  to  the  Coppermine 

River.  A  storm  forces  them  to  sacrifice  all  their  heavy 

ammunition  and  their  guns.  3ut  when  thsse  peaceful  ;.eople 

camp  along  the  river,  a  bloodthirsty  Indian  tribe  massacres 

everybody  at  nlgat,  old  and  youn^,  women  and  even  babies. 


23 

Only  Fetulak  and  his  son,  absent  on  a  hunting'-  trip, 
survive  the  massacre  of  the  'Bloody  Kalis'. 

Leichner  has  apparently  used  much  anthropo- 
lo(?;ical  material  and  depicted  a  vivia  panorama  of  the 
isolated  Eskimo  life.   His  aim, to  show  the  self-reliance 
and  the  resilience  of  the  human  being  under  most  difficult 
conditions, is  based  on  similar  ideas  prevalent  among  many 
Pseudo-Romanticist  writers,  especially  in  Hitler  Germany. 
This  mirht  explain  also  much  of  his  hostile  attitude  to- 
wards Western  civilization. 

Leichner's  book  on  Eskimo-life  is  not  an  isolated 
phenomenon, as  can  be  seen  from  Motu  und  Miromotu.  Eine 
BSrenp-eschichte  aus  Alaska,  (K.  Thienemanne  Verlag, 
Stuttgart,  1937)  by  Otto  Boris.   The  story  has  some  simi- 
larities to  Heri.iann  L8ns'  "Jagd-  und  Tierreschichten", 
and  the  Lnglish  reader  mieht  find  certain  parallels  to 
Kioling's  Junp^le  Book.   The  heroes  of  the  story  are  an 
ideal  Indian,  ^liromotu,  and  his  bear  Motu,  a  German 
naturalist  and  hunter  and  a  stranp;e  American  citizen  who 
has  settled  in  the  Alaskan  wilderness  and  who  later 
proves  to  be  of  German  origin.   The  villains  are  the 
Baker  Company  with  its  salmon  fishing  rights,  certain 
Indian  half-breeds,  the  American  sheriff  and  his  aid 
Tom  Hasslix, 

ein  Halbirlftnder,  der  sich  fttr  einen  echten  Yankee 


24 


hlelt,  ...  mlt  slnem  Gealcht,  dem  man  YarBchlagen- 
halt  und  f^ilckelcitsloBlc^teit  auf  den  er&tan  flllck 
ansah.  (Boris,  .'otu  urA   Mlroaotu.  p. 30) 

He  trios  to  hunt  do'.m  the  Indian  for  a  crlms  which 
Mironotu  Indeed  had  co.Tmltted.  His  orlbe  had  resisted 
the  salmon  exploitation  of  th3  oompany  and  haa  been  ex- 
terminated by  American  soldlara  and  police,  except  for 
Mlromotu,  who  shot  the  chief  Sheriff  and  then  fled  Into 
the  mountains.  There  he  lives  alone  with  nature,  In  con- 
trast to  his  compatriot  Indians  vho  are  •civilized'.  ' 

Alle  slnd  von  der  Ktlste  und  der  Zlvllisatlon  der 
Ameri>aner  angezosen  und  varscaluckt  worden. (Ibid. , 
p.  9) 

He  has  nothing  in  coiimon  '-flth  "den  durch  Alkohol  verkom- 
menen  Stthnen  seines  Volkes  an  der  Kflste".  He  Just  hunts 
and  fishes  enough  for  his  o^vn  needs  and  for  his  friendly 
bear  Motu.  'le   is  worried  about  lalm,  for  spring  has 
arrived  and  with  it  come  strangers  into  t.ie  country. 
"Da  strolchten  die  sogenannten  Prospektors  .  .  .  umher 
.  .  .  hofften  elnen  'strike'  zu   maclien."  (Ibid. ,  p.l9) 
These  people  :iave  to  'make  meat*  but  they  shoot  much 
more  than  they  need.  Still  •.■rorse  than  these  are  the  coast- 
al Indians,  these  traitors  to  their  o-vn  race:  too  lazy 
to  do  anytlilng  oonstructlvs,  tuey  loiter  around  with 
their  canoes  in  the  hinterland  with  shotguns  and  sell 
meat  for  a  few  cents,  '"tthat   they  want  a^-e  pelts  and  furs 


\  --     •  -i 


■ev  *«t' 


25 

to  enable  them  to  go  on  a  drunken  spree  for  days  and 

weeks,  ^:lromotu,  our  Indian  hero,  a&tea   them  and  th« 

half-breeds  more  than  tho  white  man.  Tho  atrango  Gerraan- 

American  settler  a^ees  but  includes  many  .aiite  men  too: 

Niont  der  Irote]  K&nri   .  .  .  sondern  Ihr  bon^det  das 
Menschengesohleoht  .  .  .  Nxir  auf  Nutzon  lot  die 
Bande  ein^eatellt  ...  Der  El^emiutz  ibt  der  wahre 
Sinn  Idieaer]  aenschlicnen  GeBeilscixaft.  Die  sen  Be- 
trug  an  ethischen  '..'--rten  deo.:en  uie  aarm  :ait  hoch- 
trabenden  Worten  zu  .  .  .  Genusa,  iiacht.  Gold,  dae 
lat  das  DreioGatirn,  zu  dem  oi©  beten.  Ubid. ,  p.;?^/^**; 

There  are  beautiful  descriptions  of  nature  £Jid 

wild  life  when  the  autuor  followa  tae  traces  of  tne  bear 

Motu,  wounded  by  the  half breed  and  the  aalf-Irioh.  Tae 

formerly  aarmless  bear  now  attacks  men,  but  only  unarmed 

ones,  and  the  superstitious  Indians  and  .lalf- breeds  talk 

about  a  shost  doing  his  evil  deeds  in  the  form  of  a 

Vreat  dog'.  Meanwhile  a  German  naturalist  aiid  nunter 

arrives  and  hires  the  'Aaierican'  trapper  as  guide,  but 

both  are  concerned  about  wild- life  conservation,  in 

contrast  to  the  unconcerned  rest  of  tne  population  with 

the  exception  of  our  ideal  Indian,  fxie  German  naturalist 

feels  vary  much  at  home  in  the  hunting  lodse  of  tae  guide 

and  tells  of  otner  hunting  huts  he  has  seen: 

In  British  Columbia  dli'ot  es  auca  Jaad^'dtten.  Das 
Bind  aber  die  denkbar  ntlchternsten  BlocKnauser. 
Man  sitzt  auf  .  .  .  Kitten,  i&st  vom  Lcaoese  .  .  . 
Geld  will  der  Kann  mit  der  Jagd  verdlenen.  J^der 
SchuBB  .-.ird  nach  Dollars  ^e-riertet.    [TdU^,  ,   ^^.j-y/ou; 


26 

Thus  he  complains  also  about  the  tovms  and   ..  ..Itles. 
Nome,  Alaska's  capital  (sic.*), he  says.  Is  a  &li&aie  to  the 
beautiful  bay  It  lies  on.  Alaska  la  ono  of  the  most 
beautiful  places  on  earth  but  throujzi  ^ mman  settle- 
ments it  la  'versohlmpf  iert '.  rae  'Aaicrlcan'  complains 
bitterly,  too.  And  when  the  German  asks  nim  how  he  as 
American  citizen  could  speak  like  that,     nnvrers: 

'■'as  ^-'ht  :ni^h  .'unorlka  anv  i^aine  uiiv^Br   iiind  oln 
Yfllkere;emlaoh,  allein  duroh  den  Nutzen,  •  .  .  durchs 
GeechxSft  zusananen^ehalton.  -.in  ansrl  :anl aches  Volk 
glbt  es  nlcht  .  .  .  (Ibid. .  p. 81) 

Then  follow  some  beautiful  hunting  days  In  the  high  noun- 
tains  of  Alaska  under  the  leadership  of  iliro^sotu,  who  is  at 
his  beat,  so  txiat  the  naturalist  remarks: 

Der  rote  'lann  wftohet  mir  von  lag  zu  Tag  menr   ans  Her* 
.  .  .  "Bin   so  tiefes  Naturgefilil,  ein  solcn  inniges  Eln- 
leben  In  die  L^eelen  alles  dessen,  vas  da  kreucnt  und 

fleucht  .  .  .  diese  Indianer  E^&bei^  von  der  Halblcultur 
und  der  Jagd  nach  dem  Gewlnn  erst  elnen  Knacks  ge- 
'Tls^t  .  .  .  (Ibid.,  p. 102) 

But  the  two  hired  men,  the  ne.lf-Iriah  and  tne  half-breed, 

try  to  kill  the  Indian  because  a  high  prize  nas  been  set  on 

hlB  head, 

V/lille  the  German  hunters  enjoy  the  beauty  of  t:ie 

Alaskan  mountains,  the  salmon  season  nas  started  and  the 

American  fishing  companies  are  busy,  but  ti^ay  do  not  d&re 

to  go  beyond  the  coastal  region.  The  Ba  ;er  Company,  for 

salmon  exploitation,  has  built  barracks  near  the  mouth  of 


27 

the  river  and  has  barrages  and  fishing  nets  all  across 
the  main  river  and  Its  tributaries  so  that  barely  a  aalmon 
can   pass  to  spavni  at  the  headwaters. 

While  Miromotu  is  away,  bears  break  into  his 
deserted  hut  and  what  tae  bears  do  not  destroy,  foxes  and 
other  smaller  animals  carry  away  so  that  on  his  return 
Miromotu  finds  himself  without  supplies  for  the  winter. 
Soon  after  that  some  of  the  nets  of  the  Baker  Company  are 
reported  robbed  and  partly  destroyed  and  a  short  time  later 
Miromotu  is  captured  by  company  men,  badly  mlBtreated,  and 
imprisoned.  He  tnlnksi  "Wenn  es  dem  weissen  Mann  urn  den 
Dollar  geht,  kerint  er  kelne  Rtiokslcht  ..."  ( iJDld. ,  p.l22) 
His  friend  Motu,  the  bear,  that  night  destroys  still  ipore 
fishing  nets  and  a  whole  barrage.  Thereupon  the  Indian 
is  set  free.  But  the  half-breeds  and  tne  other  Indian 
workers  believe  now  more  than  ever  in  the  evil  'big  dog' 
and  many  desert  their  work  In  mid- season.  JCiromotu  now 
thinks  of  revenge.  At  night  during  a  storm  he  sets  the 
gasoline  supply  and  the  ammunition  shed  afire  and  all 
barracks  bum  down;  and  the  manager  who  had  mistreated 
him  receives  such  a  blow  in  his  face  that  ne  loses  his 
mind  for  a  long  time.  This  is  the  end  of  Baker  and  Co. 
Policemen,  nowever,  with  the  aid  of  the  half- 
Irish  Masslix  and  the  half-breed, follow  Klromotu  into 
th«  wilderness.  Tae  German  naturalist  and  the  German- 


•von  f. 


^■xca    I 


'fClii    19V tl    Sj-f.t 


•■^<'^    0-*5  -    ftr?n     tff.'    r.t^^A'-,^ 


<J 


m.'fi  n     I'i-'s  r  f."* 


28 


Amerloan  dlsouas  t:ie  oas«i 


Das  Reoht  dep  wildnls  lot  auf  Mlromotus  3«lte  ...» 
das  Raoht  der  Zlvllloatlon  steht  auT  selten  von 
Ba^cer  A  Co.  Nur  ist  ae  .  •  •  <ein  Reciitf  sondam  di9 
ralna  Gawalttat.  (Ibid.,  p. 138) 

As  Ions  as  conservation  lavfs  do  not  protect  nature,  natxire 

will  nit  baok.  It  has  to  figiit  tM.8  systea  of  exploitation. 

Mecmwhile  tne  Indian  and  his  bear  are  hunted  stnd  in  spite 

though 
Of  a  heroic  dsfense  both  are  killed/not  without  taking  a 

big  toll  of  their  enemies,  killing  among  othez*s  the  half- 

bread  and  Maealix,  the  sly  and  ruthless  Ycxikce.  The  police 

laave  the  scene  and  only  the  German  hxmters  are  left  to 

mourn  'das  Unerbittliche  der  Natxir*.  Tacy  wonder  how  long 

it  will  take  until  tl^e  'Kulturstaaten  einsehen,  dasa  ihnen 

nicht  allein  die  Nutzungsrolle,  sondem  auch  die  Beschiltzer- 

rolle  flber  die  Natur  gegeben  let'.'  (Ibid. .  p. 156) 

The  author  aeema  to  have  made  a  good  oasa  in 

anphaslzing  the  lack  of  conservation  asaswiresin  the  North- 

Aaerioan  wilderness.  It  appears  strange  that  this  concern 

for  wild  life  should  be  coupled  with  so  much  indifference 

to,  and  even  hatred  of;  human  beings*  This  conneotion  between 

racism  and  wild  life  conservation  might  bocomc  clearer  if 

a  *Textprobe*  of  another  book  by  the  aame  author  may  be 

quoted: 

.^o  ^i,v5langten  nfimlich  nur  die  Elcas  euf  die  Schussliote, 
dia  •   •   •  kflrperlioh  zu  sohwach  waren,   sich  also  nicht 


29 

dazu  dignetan,  starke  Nachkommen  zu  Ziehen.  Auoh 
welbllche  Stficke,  die  Lysine  Oder  Bc.ilecate  Junge 
zogen,  flelen  unter  der  xmerblttllcJien  Kugel7(0.  Boris, 

Worpel.  JugandgeBC;ilchte  elnes  Slches,  quoted  from 
'Textprobo'  on  p.  160  of  Boris,  Motu  und  r^roiaotu.p.l60) 

The  author,  however,  kjiows  that  conservation  laws  exist 
in  America  which  are  circumvented  by  th.e   despised  half- 
breed  Indians  and  by  the  German- Am eric an  trapper  who  makes 
a  living  smuggling  furs  (cf.  Ibid.,  p. 80)  and  \-rh.o   •zcusea 
himself  with  th»  words:  "Was  geht  mich  Amerlka  an*  etc. 
(Ibid.,  p. 81)  This  and  other  spiteful  remarks  against 
America  and  Western  civilization  snow  how  the  'Blut  und 
'Boden'-llteratxire  is  used  not  only  to  extoll  the  Germans 
but  also  to  create  distaste  and  even  hatred  against 
America. 

^Vhile  Lelchner  and  Boris  extolled  the  virtues 
of  the  Northlands  more  and  more  at  the  expense  of  Americans 
and  Canadians,  Robert  Kraus  surpasses  them  in  expressing  a 
'Hordio'  ideology. 

An  adventure  story  set  in  the  North- We  stem- 
Territories  seems  to  be  Just  the  place  for  Robert  Kraus 
in  his  Frelbeuter  unter  dem  Nordllcht  (Henry  Burmester 
Verlag,  Bremen,  no  date  but  probably  1937  or  earlier) 
to  express  his  radical  views  on  life  in  general  and  in 
particular  the  rutaleesness  of  the  Anierican  Jungle  - 
New  York's  Wall  Street  as  well  as  the  Canadian  Far  North. 


3£: 


'S-.-'U?- 


iio   i. 


f^,< 


■^'Tifvtl^'I©^- 


"1 


;;a 


.'© '. 


50 

At  first  alsht  It  sgeme  to  b«  a  soaewlriat  Improbable  story 
of  Illegal  hunting  In  Canada  n«ar  the  Great  ^laya  Laka. 
The  main  charaotera  include  a  villainoua  aCMF  offioeFf 
a  mult imi 111 onaix*'  who  losea  his  whole  f  ox*tune  to  Wall 
Street  'eharka',  and  hia  soft  and  cowardly  son  who  beooaea 
a  man  in  the  wildemesa.  Judged  by  its  plot  alone  the 
book  would  have  to  be  considered  aa  'pulp*.  But  thero 
is  more  to  it  than  that*  Besides  its  outward  make-up  in 
cloth'-bindin^,  its  philosophy  or  'Weltan80:iauung'  must 
have  appealed  to  many  a  modem  German t  life  io  a  Jxangle 
and  only  the  strong  man  Is  right;  especially  in  America 
one  has  to  be  ruthless.  A  large  fortune  aaa  been  aoaaaed 
by  wild  speculation  and  exploitation  by  'the  uncle  in 
Afflorica*  who  invitee  his  German  brotaer  and  nephew  to 
oome  to  New  York.  But  coon  the  brothers  quarz*el»  and  the 
Immigrant  has  to  go  to  work.  T  le  initial  story  reminds 
one  of  K«f)ca's  Aaerika.  When  toe  uncle  and  hia  family 
are  suddenly  killed  in  an  accident,  the  iiamigrant  inherits 
the  fortune;  he  enters  society  and  quiclily  becomea  one 
of  tae  ilhxmdeirtprozentisen  Amerilcaner  .  .  . ,  die  ver- 
mBgo  ihrer  Jrosspurigkoit  die  ganse  Welt  xuxsicher  machen.** 
(Kraus,  ZrelbQUtec,  p. 7)  Vrtien  ''Wall  street  hyenas'  try  to 
gat  hia  fortune  by  a  stock  market  coup,  he  finds  his  agents 
and  tiMsteeo  bribed  and  throws  thorn  out;  but  it  is  too  late. 


31 

ATtor  a  few  >r*«l£B  of  etxniggl*  ho  Is  a  poor  num.  i^oclety 

dx*opa  tilm  not  bocauao  t^eople  look  down  on  ulm,  out  almply 

beoauBe  nobody  wants  to  give  a  loan  to  a  man  who  proved 

to  be  Inefficient.  Thereupon  he  kille  hlmaelf. 

His  Boa»  Walter y  l\&b   atudled  as  a  rlca  oian's  son 

would  do —in  Europe— and  coneequently  can  hold  no  Job; 

he  elnke  lower  and  lower  and  drlTts  -  to  Canada^  of  all 

places*  It  is  amusing  to  note  «fhat  author  r.raus  understands 

of  Canada: 

...  in  Jenem  Lands,  das  nur  wirkllohe  'iftoner  bx^uohen 
kann  •  •  •  Kerle,  die  don  Mut  hatten,  mlt  3cnnee,  3tura, 
Elo,  Front,  mlt  veraunj^erten  Ein^oborsnen,  ^ilerl^an 
Wttlfen  und  mlt  rasend  gewordenen  Hunden  zu  kiliqpfen. 

(Ibid.,  p. 10) 

One  can  only  admire  the  author's  Imagination  or  his 

credulity  about  Canadian  conditions  In  recent  times;  the 

story  takes  place  after  the  First  World  "IVar.  Anyhow,  In 

this  wild  country  cowardly  v/alter  la  literally  left  to 

the  wolves  ono   night,  armed  only  with  a  revolver.  In 

mortal  danger  he  defends  himself  bravely,  shoot b  fovir 

wolves  and  is  Joined  by  a  trapper  under  whose  tutorship 

Walter  hardens  and  becomes  a  tougla  man*  This  toughening 

process  and  the  discussions  between  th«  haz*dened  trapper 

and  Uia  ctlll  sometimes  dreaming  yoiing  man  az*e  liv>ortant 

in  HI tier- Germany: 

Was  Walter  vor  allom  an  Puf^lkB   C.iax*akter  geflel,  das 
war  dessen  Raxihelt  und  Onei»^>lttlichkeit  .  •  .  (Ibid. , 
p. 123) 


32 

Freuoki   of  coursdi  ol&lme  not  to  bo  tou^i  out  oxxly  cozv- 

8i8t«at*  He  eonaldors  the  Hudson's  Bay  Cooipany  "eine 

orgiBLnlslex>ta  3&n.da  yon  .'t&rdem  und  Betr<i^em"i  euid  STiOOts 

taeir  agents  beoauss: 

.  •  •  dlo  hudsonbai  (alo)  Gesellaoriaft  ftlirt  elnen 
erbltterten  Kampf  eej^n  uas,   Wlr  frelwi  "rapper  sohA- 
dlgen  die  Firma  ocaalnbar  um  m&iirere  ..illlonen  la 
Jahr,  und  aus  diesem  Grunde  wenden  die  Hudsonleute 
Jedes  Mlttel  an,    una  zu  verderben  •  .  •  (Ib^d» , 
p. 8:^/5) 

Tills  nompany,  he   aays,  alx^s  tough  men  and  gives  them 
poll «•- authority  to  arrest  a  man,  handcuff  ilm  and  shoot 
hla  'in  flight': 

Elniga  Stunden  spilt er  slnd  sla  t,ot;  auf  der  Flucht 

orcchODsen.'  (Ibid.,  p. 83) 

laiUf   -la  :.ays,  la  a  systematic  metnod  of  tl^ils  company. 

.  .  •  dl0  Hothode  des  ErschiessenB  [la^  die  boquemste 
und  wlrkaams're,  ale  scndtzt  die  3e8ollocaaft  vor  noch 
grttaaerea  Sohaden  und  soiireokt  auoa  die  Fallensteller 
ab.  (Ibid.,  p. 83) 

It  la  strangsly  Just  the  mothod  applied  by  a  certain 

'Gestapo*  In  Germany.  When  A'alter  tries  to  shoot  the 

villainous  policeman  In  self-dafonoe,  a  friendly  Indian 

prevents  him,  fearing  that  his  whole  tribe  \/lll  be  killed 

consequently. 

,  .  .  Ich  habe  nlcht  das  Recht,  melne       s^enosaen 
vor  die  Geirehr©  der  Soldaten  z\x   Jagen.  \.--  -  ...  p. 213} 

and 

(altar  duchte  anV  die  vlolen  Menaohen  um  iha  .  .  . 


33 

Choqulla  ^ae  Indlaxxl  oatte  rocat  -  wenn  cil«  ijold&ten 
'•c&mcn  llecscn  sie  nlcats  von  den  p;8Ln£3n  Stanm  flbrlE* 
(Ibid.,  p. 223) 

Again  this  la  «xaotly  vrhat  happened  -  in  'Lidice',  th« 

vlllRge  In  Czechoslovakia,  annihilated  by  Oermans  only 

a  few  years  after  this  book  appeared.  No  wonder  ta« 

Hoyal  Canadian  counted  ^  ollce  az*e  described    exaotly 

like  the  Infamous  'Gestapo*:  "  joner  Poilzol,  die  In 

Kanada  zu  glalc:-ien  Tellen  ^ehaast  xind  ^eliebt  wlrd." 

i 

(Ibid.,  p. 136) 

Tae  toufxening  process  s^oa  on*  Frank,  the  trappor, 

tries  sspeclally  to  disancoant  Walter  troa  hl3  'ronantlo' 

ideas: 

Es  gibt  kelne  Romantlk,   v/eil  es  eln  unbamherzlges 
Leben  c.^\>t  ...   Das  wahre  Leben,   Walt,   1st  brutal 
.    .    ,   Ich  hasse   Jenes  Geslndsl,  das  mlt  bllll^en 
Wojrben  unsez**  ganee  Qual  versflsst.    (Ibid.,  p. 126^7) 

Walter  lo  Indeed  an  ea(^er  dlsolple.  After  Frank's  death  «• 

fcllled  by  tne    'polloeman'  -  he  refleott.: 

Qfefdhle  warsn  elne  bllllge  '..are.   Frank  uatte  Imiuer 
rao.it   nehabt.   Gefflhle  sollte  man  fflr  sonntaga  aufba- 
Y/anren,  und  dann  noch  sea:    vorslo.itig  .    .    . 

This  v/amlng  might  sees  In  place  for  loanj  overly  tdmotional 

Gennans.    3ut  tais  ideology  carried  to  Its  logiloal  o^icluslaa 

beoones  very  z*adleal:   because  the  oonaaqueaoes  az^  not  cos- 

patlble  with  toe  lavs  and  institutions  of  soolety  and: 

Die  poroanllcaen  Zwelfel  Walters,  die  ia  der  bttTcer- 
licien  Oesellsoiiaft  vez*ankert  lagen,  ;iindorten  Ihn  . 
.    .    (Ibid.,  p. 211) 


34 

Other  statements  are  still  nore  radical  and  revolutionary: 

Jeder  Kensch,  dem  es  neute  schlecht  reht,  ana  der  dabei 
kein  RevolutionSr  wird,  tau^t  nicht  viel,  (Ibid. .  p,  l'J3) 

Nor  is  this  all.   The  aversion  to  law  and  society  has  deeper 
roots,   i'he  very  thought  of  life  and  work  in  a  city  is  ab- 
horrent; what  is  desirable  is  life  without  havinr  to  v.ork 
for  it. 

.  .  .  ohne  den  verfluchten  Kampf  in  den  GrocstSdtei. . . 
Diese  ewif»:e  Ja^d  nach  elnem  IScherlichen  Dollar,  mit 
dem  man  eben  das  Leben  fristen  konnte.  .  .Vvie  ekel- 
haft  war  es  doch.  .  . (Ibid. .  p.  96) 

To  earn  a  dollar  one  had  to  *scharwenzeln* ,  had  to  renounce 
one's  nature,  *but  to  soend  this  dollar  Meant  one  could  only 
buy  a  loaf  of  bread  and  a  few  ci!»:arettes' .   "Die  MQhe  und  der 
firfolg  standen  also  weit  auseinander."   (Ibid. .  p.  96)   All 
this  leads  even  the  tough  trapper  Frank  to  leave  civilization 
and  prefer  to  under'^o  the  hardships  of  nature  rather  than  en- 
dure a  life  in  the  city  for  which  he  feels  incompetent,  where 
he  has  to  smile  when  he  would  like  to  curse  or  to  use  his 
fists.   His  last  words  to  Walter  are  a  warning: 

Gehe  nicht  in  die  civilisation  zurUck,  solanpe  du  hier 
nicht  ein  Vermflgen  verdient  hast.   Du  wirst  dort  unter- 
gehenl   (Ibid.,  p.  162/3) 

The  underlying  psycholo  y  of  this  book  is  fairly 

clear;  the  tough  men  actually  fears  civilization  and  hates 

it.   :^or  this  reason  he  retires  Into  the  wilderness  of  lav.- 

lessness.   For  this  purpose  he  has  to  quell  all  his  emotions 

and  has  to  harden  even  ...ore  in  order  to  be  able  to  live  a 


35 

criminal  life;  but  hio  final  aim  Is  to  ™a!rn  a  fortune 
throuc^i  ila  lawleabnesB  -  in  order  to  do  ajia  lo  ratum 
to  civilization,  l^.a,  to  live  a  bourgeois  Ufa  but  vflth- 
out  Ita  atrUiSgla  or  without  ioln.-  -decant  work  far  Ma 
dally  bxsjcd,  Mow  York  and  Caiiaoa  ax-a  onxy  i.jj  ^occiixgr 
of  tho  oyabollc  stru,3gla.  It  la,  aa  it  wore,  a  counter^ 
part  to  T-afrra'a  ^aarlka.  In  tae  latter  t  c  Innsont  fool 
strugsls*  "^ith  tne  uziicnovm  world;  lu  .  r.us "  .r  xj^uter 
^ntor  dom  Nordllcht  it  la  taa  incoopetant  prisltlva  .Axo 
esmnot  face  modern  aocloty  and  rather  oocapoa  Into  tas 
Hildex-neec  of  crime  and  violence, 

Cb  a  much  lower  poetical  and  objective  level  than 
t;i3  previously  raontlonod  onaa  la  the  Teovpaih  cerlea  of 
'indlaneroQsohl eaten'  by  ^rl"  "  '*3uban  (i^uGudonym  for 
Ejirhard*  "Wlttok)  who  -./rltea  withthepolr^on^fl  pen  of  ex- 
treme Germen  nationalism.  Hie  Indiana  are  pco.c?  lovin-; 
people  flijlitlng  a  war  for  freedom  ei^alnrt  .>iw.wc^  sjad 
ruthleoa  conauerora  and  Invaders.  Theae  Aa^rrlcn-ns  and 


7; 

rrltz  von  Steuben   (paeudonym  for    ^.    rd  Vlttek), 
Tma^mamlLiX&  lad.  Eina  Eraftalung  vom  Kaqpfe  dea  rot  en 

Mannes  fflr  aeui  Volk, 
Tecvunesh  dcr  Bergl5>f .  £ine  ^rzAhluo^  vom  f.aopf e  dea 

rotan  Kannaa  tun  sain  "=-"♦,   1VJ2 

£££. 


follmfldoh^n 


>  r  2nt»  193A, 

Par      V    i  ..Lj^ucm* 

jllahad  by  ?rankh*ache  Verl  ondlxms, 

Stuttt^art,    U'Oaffloa  Geaellaohaft  dor  Naturf reuruia ; . 


36 

British  are  all  uvll  except  those  of  v}^raiaxi  ori<^in; 

if  there  is  a  good  man  ,  a  German  anc&atry  is  simply 

asBuiaea,  lo^.-  ^xtuuple  for  t;ie  fauous'ldati'i^ratoCiiizig' 

Daniel  Boone  (of.  annotation  on  p. 14  of  lecuaaeh  der 

BerKldw ) «  Steuben  certainly  has  *underetood  tae  task 

of  trie  modem  German  youth'  in  riitler  Gez^any  and  he 
justly  deserves  the  *unelns98C-lrflnkte  Enpfenlung  und 

Pttrderuns*  of  •  Oberbannftilirer '  Fritz  rielke  in  Die 
Mcjerel,  the  organ  of  Nazi- librarians  (rsprintod  on  p. 
371  of  Tecumae.is  Tod.  1939,  3.  Auf lag* , and  on  p.  192  of 
Tecuaseh  der  BerRlflwe,  1932,  14.  Auflage),  The  mAny 
editions  prove  how  widely  'harmless*  Inlian  stories  were 
used  to  poison  tae  minds  of  the  young. 

Curt  Riedel*8  Pur oh  Kanadas  .ildnis.  Erlebnlss* 
eines  deutscnen  Jft^ers,  (Verlag  3.  Bert-iSua-ia,  :idterBloh, 
3rd  ed.l943)  is  somewhat  of  a  relief  as  a  more  or  leae 
harmless  cope-and-robbers  story  set  in  the  Canadian 
wilderness.  Tnere  is  much  more  objectivity  tovards  exist- 
ing conditions  than  has  been  found  in  eucn  boo'.cs  on  the 
North- Am  eric  an  wildemees  as  Boris'  B&ren>^escaicate  aus 
Alaska  or  worse  still  in  Kraibeuter  vmt^r  uac  >.jx-dllc-t 
by  R.  Kraus.  Tula  statement  holds  true  at  least  for  the 
treatment  of  tie  wilderness  itself. 

The  story  tells  of  a  youn^  German  .anaer  tJid  fox*- 


cii 


ax  ei. 


37 

eetor  w.io  hae  accompRnled  his  •mployer,   a   Caman  couutj 
on  a  huntinf  trip   ^o   nr-nada  end  vho  deoldsr   now  to  stay 
in  talB  country.   Ho   buye  a  lar^s  farm  at  a  roaaonable 
prl(t9  •>  Bight  imaeen  -  and  is  surpz'ised  to  find  it  com- 
pletely deforestad  by  a  lumber  company,    do  ac^cuaes  his 
real  ^BLatc  a^ant   or  c.eating,    calls  on  vca.1  polio* 

and   flnda  tae   eynpataetic  ear  of  an  off i oar  o.    G6r3an 
orljin   (En   llsh   officgra    ^uBt    rr.u-'a^.  tneir   ^horaldsrS; . 
Aftor  xn&^ija^  a  quioK  arrajitjsaent  wilj.  uid  xu-iD^r  cc         .y 
he  accepts    an  Invitation  of  tae  German- Jurxadlaa  police 
officer  to  accompany  iiira  on  a   long  trip  into  t -.e  wildor- 
nees.  T-iey  drop  in  on  a  Genian  farmer  aao  1-    -ryins  to 
raia«  mon^y  in  toum  Just  as  tae  ahertff  is  ingoundln^  Ixis 
farm  aachlnery.  The  young  aian  laye  out  tlis  moaey,  about 
fltr«ianfiadr«d  dollars,   mucn  to  t.ie  disgust   o-    t-ij    --larlff, 
wtio  beecses  insulting;   a  ooxing  aatoh  •nsusa  in  tfoioli  Um 
youn^  GeiTian  >d.nE  p.lthougji  t;is   otasr  man  is  a  famous 
local  caaapioa.  « 

It  auat  he  adaltted  tiiat  in  t  lia  booi:  all  -«nnan» 
encountered  are   np.rarong   of  decency   :  Mlty,      Tur 

DGutscne  iidnnt   .    .    .    axlea  und  noc 

(ibid.t   p.159),    exclaims  an  old  prospector.    In  contrast 
to  t-'n  t  .3   Znrllsh  are   of  doubtful   •-  •      ■i«3r«  is 

first  x..ii  real  eatate  agent   rfit.-.  llu-.  w.i>.*..-»8  ethics, 

than  taj  bank  nanager  in  league  wita  tie  local  usiurer. 


38 

Lewis,  and  tne  sheriff  in  league  with  both  of  tnera.  It 

is  no  -'onder  th^t  the  German  farr.ar'a  wife  complsina: 

Kanaaa  ist  nvrrllch,  d:.s  ...  n '.  i^   .   -   "  _• 
den  :4enflon9n  kann  man  das  nicat  aaoan..  ni,^-  ii>t 
alles  auf  Gelderwerb  auo-jerichtet,  Jedea  Mittsl 
ist  ihnen  dazu  recht,  hier  gent  man  ^ber  Leichen. 
Die  I'cnscaon  Bind  no   aeo^icirlg,  i^ic'cai^^tcioe  und 
grausam.  (Ibid.,  p.AO) 

These,  however,  are  noVsingle  inoidents.  The  author  sssms 

to  nave  a  special  prejudice  against  the  English.  A  local 

French- Canadian  store-keeper  is  praised  as  "ehrlich  bis 

■nf  die  Knochen"  while  tae  young  hunter  is  weumed  about 

the  stores  of  the  iHudson's  Bay  Company. 

Wenn  Sie  sioh  auf  die  NiederlasBunien  der  Hudson-Bay- 

C33sellr,c  i£;ft  verlessen  vollen,  \ierdon  Zi::  rsc.-t  br.ld 
serir  8anderbaz*e  und  schmerzliche  Erfahrun^en  machen. 
(Ibid.,  p. 21/2) 

Nor  is  this  all.  The  Indisins  -.-."om  tlis  police  inspector 

Tlsits  complain  about  ill  treatiaant  oy  t,..c  local  police. 

Tne  young  German  nears  about  the  history  of  the  Canadian 

Indian. 

ooi:^-!^?  ii3  Frsjizosen  lierren  im  Landa  var.n,  hielt  &ioh 
das  iSae  exploitation  of  tae  Indian %]  in  einigez^nasBen 
srtrlttolichen  Grenzen,  aber  als  die  Britan  die  Herrschaft 
antraten,  wurde  es  ganz  echlinnn.  (Ibid. ,  p. 33) 

The  history  as  told  by  this  Canadian  police  inspector  is 

maliciously  distorted  (cf.  ibid. .  p,34)  wnere  the  British 

are  said  to  have  put  the  Indians  in  enormous  concentration 

camps,  the  so-called  'Indian  Reservations',  out  of  pity 

and  loTs  for  humanity  and  civilization: 


39 

...    sle  O'lne  weiteres   zu   vernicriten  v/ie  aie  liOiiel. 
aa3  woilte  laun  cienn   aoc^i  veraei        .      ^Ibid.,      .    }U) 

He  also  gives  a  co.npietely  distorted   picture  of  wiat   is 
prooably  tne  historica.1  aipl  reb<^llion    (Ibid.,    rj,    36-7). 

otraneely  enou'^U,    in  snite  oi    tae   interspersed 
anti-tiritish   statenents,    the   story  continues   f  ro  n  this 
ooirit  on   quitp   sv  ,id -tdeticaily ,    ae-criblnc  tht?   '    o'lle   iu 
a  small  town   geiieral   store   in   Jlearw^l/cr— their  reaainess 
to  help   to   c   ase   soue   criiainals,    tne  ola    'sourdou^n' 
prospectors,    wion  tie   oolice   ins-^ectoi    ana    lis    merman 
frieno    aeet   aion^   t  leir  w^y,    and  the  stories  t.iey  tell 
about  their  loneso»iie  lives  or  their   -dventure^ .       .it  .out 
any  bitter   side   remarks  xiiedel  also  relates  ttieir  ex  >ei- 
i»rnces  in  gold-washing  in   strea  fis  of  the  Canadian  wilderness 
and  the  financial   backing  needed  to  exnloit  larger  finds, 
-lthour:T   just   this  oTten   invites  con-r^laints  i^bout  tie  ex- 
ploits  ion  of  tne  coor  oros'>ector.       .   lar.j;e  una -soiled    swa-np 
and  lake  r' j;ion  with   its  unique   nunting  and   fl^^ning  is 
described  to  tie  delig  t   of  any  naturalist,    to  :et  ler  with 
sorae  cru.sty  old   trainers,    one  o''     nora  is   s  .red   by  tie 
Germans  from  a  terrible  death  w  isn  t  ley    find     in   Callen 
into   an   Indian   snare,    on   ole   to     .ove,        n   old   Jerri  »n    » sour- 
dough'   they  encountf^r  in  the  wilderness  uoes  not,  w^  it    .is 
identity  to   be  known,      lioris  and  ox,nptr  writers    .ave  dso 
reportea   about   the     -ienoaeuon   of  vjer;nan-born   neole    iidin,T 


40 

tholr  German  notlonallty.  It  la  usually  explained  aa  th« 

result  of  some  pereonal  misdeed,  but  our  -uthor,  be  aides 

the  conventional  uxoube,  i^lvte  aiao  tiiiu  rjason: 

Es  aX'^t   genug  LeuLe  In  2vanada,  die  nocii  voa  Krlega 
her  .: '    slos  ver'aetzt  dli  v  -  as  si  '' i en- 

den  1-     jgen  allee,  was  -     ^a   1st,  i       -rao©n 
.  .  .  (iDld. ,  p. 141) 

He  comae  probably  nearer  to  tie  truth  tn?n  other  '.writers. 

"i.«  iisar  a  good  deal  o:'  trie  lii'o  titory  of  this 

lonesome  German  Immigrant  who  has  broken  with  his  overly 

strict  father  In  Germany  and  likes  the  frao  life  in  Canada: 

Br.B   freie  Loben  hler  in  dei^  iianadisonen  ■sll'inis  hat 
elnen  elgent^imllchen  ixeiz,  ••  hat  air  ausserordentllch 
zugesagt  .  .  .  (Ibid. ,  p. 160) 

He  does  not  wish  to  ret'om  to  Germany  although  he  would 

be  con  side  i'ed  a  rich  man  in  taa  old  coimtry. 

Real  Red  Indians  on  a  hunting  trip  are  encountered, 
fi  treat  for  every  German  boy  or  boy  at  heart,  eapeoially 
eince  taay  hunt  for  tae  famous  herons,  "viti  tie  aid  of  the 
Indians  the  dangerous  criminals  are  caught  in  a  surprisa 
attack  and  the  story  ends  successfully,  psrtlcularly  when 
tiis  young  German  receives  an  offer  by  tae  cheating  real 
estate  agent  to  rebuy  his  farm  at  a  far  higner  price.  He 
is  tanipted  but  decides  to  stay  in  Csnada  at  least  for  a 
Willie,  for  .16  likes  tae  country  waloh  naa  given  hia  so 
many  new  impz^esions,  adventures  and  experlsncee  with  both 
good  ^nd  evil  people* 

If  one  considers  that  this  book  was  reprinted 
for  the  third  time  at  the  height  of  tie  Second  World  War 


ax  lit: 


nh 


^1 

In  1943  even  In  a  soldierfl *  edition,  the  IntersporslonB 
of  antl-.Jrltiah  proparanda  can  rea^Uly  be  oxplrined  If 
not  ioi'^iven. 

uummlng  up  the  cMapter  on  adventiu-e  8tori«»,  w« 
find  a  fe-'f   ./ritere  of  an  older  tradition,  re  3chwerla, 
Huber,  trdiueiT  von  Gagom,  and  Droonijerg  leading  the 
roader'a  Imagination  Into  far  away  ccTuntrleo  and  tim«8 
Rnd  foeding  hlB  appetite  for  the  foreij^a  •.nc'  orotic  In 
©xcitins  tales  without  wiy  mental  reaervation.  In  contrast 
to  ta?se  la  a  more  recent  development  in  vrhlch  love  for 
unspoiled  nature  becomee  admiration  for  tie  struggle  of 
the  primitive  men  in  Canada's  'nordic '  country  and  in 
Alaska.  Orioinal  tais^^vings  about  the  artificiality  of 
civlllZEtlon  In  general  is  in  recent  times  turned  into 
dlBliiie  and  hatred  of  the  civilization  of  North- /im;-rica 
ae  Buch  in  all  its  phases.  This  literature  Ic  £.nti-En^l«h, 
ant  1- Canadian,  anti-American,  not  only  cxiti-capltalistlc. 
Ev3n  t-^e  ideal  German  hxinters,  trappei's,and  ne.turallsts 
trevellint'  in  tae  Norta-Arnerican  wildsrnesB  are  not  merely 
contrasts  to  the  ruthlessly  exploiting  EGo^sh,  Canadians, 
or  Americans:  they  imply  a  barely  concealed  mental  question, 
namely :"'.','hat  •.\'ould  wo  Germans  be  able  to  do  with  taess 
immense  regions  if  wo  only  wero  masters  of  this  countryi, 
an  idea  w.iich,  of  course,  could  not  be  exyrsnaed  openly.  It 


42 

implies  that  the  present  masters  of  this  beautiful  country 
are  not  worthy  to  act  as  Euch  -  but  v;a  ^'ar-rians  aro.   In 
other  words;  much  of  the  recent  aaventure-litemturj  is 
tendentious.  It  tries  to  educate  the  German  youths  in  a 
hardening  and  tou^-heninr  oroce.'s  accorcil'u-  to  an  Imnfiied 
absolutely  ruthless  life  in  .lOrth-Americii  ar.j  secanui> ,  it 
turns  an  inherent  love  for  and  aa-erness  to  hear  of  foreif^n 
countries  into  contrary  feeliiu'-s. 


THE  IMMIORANT  "worker" 

1 

In  this  chapter  those  writers  and  Journalists 
are  included  v^no  worked  in  North- Amerioc  "^v   "ny  length 
of  time,  not  necessarily  in  their  own  pror^jsoion.   Owing  to 
their  work  they  oaae  into  much  cloaer  contact  v/ith 
American  working  conditions  than  professional  writers 
or  Joumaliats  normally  do.  Taelr  experiences  are  close 
to  those  of  th©  "Immisrant  Writer".  The  "Returning 
Immigrant"  has  in  common  with  the  "Worker"  not  merely 
a  number  of  disappointing  experiences  but  also  a  certain 
psycaolo^cal  attitude,  a  mental  reservation  towards 
America  , while  the  immigrant  normally  overcomes  this 
mental  block  and  tries  to  make  the  best  of  the  existing 
conditions. 

One  of  the  foremost  "workers"  is  A.E.Johann.owing 
to  his  many  years  of  experience  as  a  worzer  and  as  jour- 
nalist in  Caziada  and  in  the  United  States. 

A.  Z.   Joloann,  a  pseudonym  for  Alfred  !foll80hl4ger, 
travelled  and  worked  in  Canada  in  1927/28.  He  wrote 
articles  about  his  experiences  for  the  Vossischo  Zaitxm/.. 
Berlin,  and  a  book  Mt  z'.mnzig  Doll9.r  in  -"'an  wilJen  Ueaten. 
Schicksale  aus  Urwald,  oteppe,  Busch  und  Jtadt  (Ullstoin, 


6) 
Borlin,  1938}  •  /wa  a  uoqu«l  at>Pdar«A 


£ia  Lcbanelauf  In  awAlf  ii^tlsodsA  (Ujoivvrsltas 
iJouta9iMV  Vf^rla^y  xlar lin,  1930).   "Uvc  of  tv^slve  «pl#pdes 
tako  plaoo  la  >^ana>ia«    jji  i.u  pic^x.  ^^ue   ur  rrict -r>r 

froM  UiiD  rctttadr  book  aro  oasllgr  roeot^-         •  -^  i^>i/2 
Jobaaa  travell«d  thra1mia.9aj1adiLMd.ttM  u«^»  orr^-^ra 

to  rind  out  about  Um  oxtdat  of  UBMBS>lqy..i;ttit.  oAd  oa   uu. 
GTCiith  of  oooaHaiaa  dua  to  too  dapreaaloiu  Oa»  result  of 
bis  goooBd  Journaj  was  hla  book  Amerlka^^y'BtiifltiiHfi  IB 
yybyrin^     (UUstoln,  BorliA*  I9j$2>,  a  a«al*noleatiric 
roport  In  '^tiloii  ho  ■inglo*  aorlouo  Uteraturo  on  aoo- 
BOBloo  «sd  Btatiatios  wiui  Intoroatlng  poraonal  exf 
rlonooa  durlne  tiio  dopreaolon*  Purine  toe  follewins 
years.      In  19^^  end  aj&in  in  IJ^o,  .^a  trcY^Xlad  in    <ort  :- 
MkA^rloat  oopQciall/  la  Aiaelca  oofl  .    .  ^^i^iiaa 

'planaer»frlng;o*,  but  •oeso  to  ua.V9  beon  intarostod  alao 
In  tao  U*;^«  and  iioooaTelt'a  i^cv  coal  (on  ^tuilaa    ).«  puaLitM^- 
^  ^olaiAgay.  Igairian  mad  1  rMoiatntoa.  ^^irton  imd  iur- 
Lsbnlsao  zwlacion  iiow  iork  und  Alaaka«  UlXotoiat  Borlla 
I97r*  This  book  was  not  available  at  tho  Unlvarolt/  of 
Toronto  Llbrarjd.     A  aequonoa  to  tlilo  booii  Is 


^ . 

Lc.  iTaan  ^nada*. 


tfciBey; 


46 


sine  limlam  ina  un:  t.«  Aaez^lka  (ooutscxwr  Vi 

las*  fi«rllB,  1942).   In  19A3  xia  pfublladod  a  B«iBi-attto> 
bitt^v^hJLoal  norel  im  3trom  Hiioh  ends  irh«n  the  .'i«re« 
Ban*  Badaaoliar,  enters  txia  ai:dp  to  eabartc  for  Caiiada  in 
1927  f  at  tiae  exaet  date  tnien  also  Joaaaa*s  Amorioan  ex- 
perientes  start.  A  proalsed  seoood  YOlme  wm  to  tell 
the  hero's  ezperieneeo  in  Canada  and  tiie  United  ^  atoa. 

As  noted,  one  of  JOifiann's  books  on  Northf-Amerioa 
was  net  available*  HoweTer«  tliere  is  enove^  material  to 
follow  t^ie  development  of  a  writer  wbo  woiSced  li  0  nji 
JjvlcrsAt*  who  set  aany  pe<9l*  of  aanjr*  t.zou^  certainly 
not  of  allf  walks  of  life  and  often,   so  hQ  tells,  raet 
tiie  ssae  poople  again  under  different  oircuaiotaaees.  Xet 
there  are  limitations  in  his  writings  on  Canada  and  the 
ynited  states.  Ab  a  Joomalist  who  was  possiblgr  pressed 
for  articles  ho  writes  in  his  reports  of  hij  Tirol     oaV.B 
and  Bonths  in  Canada  'tall  tales*  cjad  incorroct  statements 
which  as  a  free  reporter  lie  oould  have  ehae!!iaA  and  ooirreot- 
ed  easllj.  As  a  hard  working  iemioTont  ^i£  iiX^ii  oave  ajxxrau 
toat  somebodj  would  play  a  triek  an  a  credulous   'greenhorn', 
aa  he  himself  reports  having  done  only  e  few  aanths  later. 
Thus  we  hear  first  of  dirty  hovels  stanain^  ri^i.  aezt 
to  tall  Qkysorapers  in  -Edmonton,  -'.ctually  ne  rild  not  see 
anyt  ling  of  tliat  city  but  toe  inaigration  b-^rraoks,  as  he 
reports  himself*  He  bofriends  an  old  trr  .:per  near  his 
first  rfork  plaee,  a  saw  miU,  at  iridgeon  Lake  and  hears 


.^^ 


46 

a  fantastic  story  of  one  hundred  Germans,  wwIbb  and 

Scandinavians  who  have  been  in  hiding  in  the  Crow  ^ountain8 

nearby  during  the  First  *orld  Vvar.   To  s  >ice  the  bLor>  one 

woman  is  said  to  have  lived  among  the  hundred  luen;  she  is 

finally  raped,  murdered  -  and  left  to  the  wolves. 

Another  story  'i)er  letzte  Lederstrumpf »  (kit 

zwanzip;  Jollar,p.  2?-35)  is  to  be  taken  iLore  seriously, 

for  he  bewails  the  retreat  and  the  dylnr,   out  of  the  real 

touprh  men  of  the  wilderness,  oy  which  the  world  is  poorer 

losing  a  great  school  of  manly  virtues, 

,  .  ,  um  eine  unQbertrof fene  -chule  fttr  Ktthnheit  und 
Ausdauer  und  L.infachheit  Inner  ;eworden,   (Ibid. . 

p.  29) 

The  *sourdou"-hs*  have  to  withdraw  before  the  increasing 

commercial  civilization: 

•  •  .  der  unermtldlich  andriapenden  civilisation  iiiit 
ihren  Maschine-i,  AkliorjlBhnen  und  Ausbeutunrs-Aktien- 
Gesellschaften  .  .  .  (Ibia. ,  p.  29) 

This  state;nent  is  the  ruore  to  be  noted  as  he  finds  out 

to  his  own  advanta.-e  that  he  is  ...uch  better  off  worKing 

for  a  larp-e  lumber  company  in  a  larpe  looping  caiup  than 

for  an  individual  v.ith  little  financial  backinr,   's  a 

matter  of  fact,  he  de  arts  without  takinp;  leave  when  the 

'boss'  is  out  of  sip^ht  and  as  soon  as  he  finds  out  that 

he  could  not  possibly  make  any  money  there.   (Cf.  Ibid. , 

p.  164/5). 


7,      t  O*? 


47 

Tills  ^Tou^ity  youzig  man  worka  in  tli«  aaw*aills 

■>^  Northern  Albai*ta,   as  a  liuabar  Jaok,   and  on  fnilt 

farriis  In  British  Coliimbia*  and  aa  a  aarroBter  in  tho 

prairlss.   In  betwaon  h9  teaches  acm^   *idla  rloh*   ladies 

'Kantian*  plilloRophy  for  ton  dollara  per  lessen  in  order 

to  pay  for  iils  twsnty  dollar  a  day  room  In  the  luxui?y 

hotal  at  Banff  and  La.c©  Louiae.   In  iile  memory  this  ^eat 

grov:a  to  *25  a  losson.ln  his  later  book  Das  Lg.nd  onne 

Borz  (p,183).  After  an  accident  in  a  eaiup  vmloh  puts  nlm 

for  sorao  vreelca  in  a  hospital,    le  lands  in  7ancouT©r,  not 

wlt'iout  encountsrlng  a  train  aocidant,   nf  'rnioh  he  takes 

pliot, ©(graphs  in  spite  of  a  train  detectiv3  ,and  sells  his 

•story*  IraraGdlatoly  to  a  Vancourer  newspaper.   In  tie  big 

olty  ^-.e  ezperienceB  vrinter  xanamployraont  for  t  la  first  time, 

but  manages  to  live  a  soae^iibat  Boheaian  lifo.  H©  is  vory 

critical  of  many  German  unemployed  immigrejits 

die  tatsftchlich  nioht  cinen  Schuss  hxlror  irert  waren 
und  die  doa  iilsstrauen,   ait  dam  ;Tian  iifl  all^saeinen 
don  I-nmi^ranten  begognet,  iamor  neue  Naihraas  geben. 
(Ibid.,  ,j.l93) 

He  tainl?:s  tiie  local  German  colony  ia  uiuch   lOo  ooft-i^arted 

and  too     cliaritable,   taou^i  ae  also  tells  of  pitiful  ccoos. 

Tie  misery  of  these  unemployed  during  Vi^    ./Intsr  la  equal 

to  or  worse  than  that  of  t ae  unGJa^iloyad.  la  jcz^nan  cities, 

and  ha  adds: 

r-o  LcLiid  1st  -tart  und  zlh  und  Jiizig,  und  es  erfordert 
;ii\rte,   zflhe  und  Junge  Mensoaen.    (Ibid.,  p.  195) 


46 

He  tells  also  of  a  rich  German- 'jneric an  or 

Canadian  who  had  emip^rated  a  long  time  ago  and  had  made 

a  lot  of  Qoney  in  land-speculations;  who  founded  towns, 

settled  many  hundreds  of  fanners  in  the  U.b.  and  in 

Canada  and  was  senator  of  hie  state  for  a  while.  Johann 

meets  him,  old  and  wealthy,  in  Vaai,-uver,  but  he  adds  that 

these  e-reat  opportunities  are  prone, 

i)ie  meisten,  die  ;etzt  hereinkorrimen,  mQssen  ftlr  die 
Zelt  Ihres  Lebens  <»'enau  so  von  r'er  Hand  in  den  ^.und 
leben  wie  in  der  alten  Heimat,  vlelleicht  Oiit  aeia 
Unterschied,  dass  sie  durchschuittlich  etwr.s  lehr 
in  den  Kund  zu  stecken  haben  als  drttben.   (Ibid. ,  p,  232) 

What  the  old  man  tells  the  author,  especially  of  his 
trip  back  to  Germany,  parallels  Alfred  Kerr's  chapter 
on  *Jie  iixdeutschen'  (Ges.  '..erke.  II,  vol.  2,  p.  255  ff| 
cf.  below,  p. 231)  in  sentimental  home-si cknesE,  the 
officious  arrog'ance  of  some  minor  bureaucrat  and  the 
ridiculous  pettiness  of  the  home  town  people. 

On  the  other  hand  Johann 's  aescriptions  of 
primitive  conditions  on  farms  and  in  logging  camps  in  his 
chapter  'Ur^aldtypen'  and  of  his  fellow  workers  in  both 
places  remind  the  reader  of  !.ehrhardt-Ilow*s  low  type 
*Aborthumor*  (cf.  ■^.  11  above  and  i-attiiaei,  belov.,  p.  124). 
He  has  his  pet  oeeve  too:  the  American  woman  who  is  al- 
ways 'the  lady*  and  leaves  all  the  work  to  her  husband. 
The  men  are  farmers  and  dressed  shabbily  while  their  wives 
represent  urban  civilization: 


tiJii 


no 


49 

•    .    .   der  ilann  j^sieht  ausj  wie   ein  elfri'-ipr  re  .    it,zi.-^er 
Tatielfl'.iner  uad  die  Krau  wie  eine  wo'il  ,q  KokotLe- 

nach  europfliiic'ien  Jeijrifren,      (  :it  z.;.^. .^xP;  ..oLlir.    ^■.77) 

The  man   "nas   to  v/ork  more,    aas  to    lave  more  talents,   nu3t 
use  his  head    lore  t  lan   in   Suro-^e   in  orJpr  to  be   g^ccess- 
ful,    to  be   sure,   with   -^leater  r-^war^y   o  .^n   in   i:-jro|.'e. 
But  the  woman  has  little  sense  of  res-'onsibility,     le   says, 
and   Tails  to   recorinize   'ler    iusDand*s   efforts.      "Jie   br^rn- 
spracht,    als   Frinzessin   oeaandelt   zu  wr:raon   •    •    ."    y  ioi:. .  also 
-x:f.    Use  Schreijer,   below,  (o.    133) 

Thus    le  tells  ;;loatinp;ly   'now    ^e  teacT^s  dubious 
pailoso::iy  to  unsuopectin  _":  rich  laciies   in  tie  su  l  ior 
resort   of  3anff;    or  how    le  mana=;es   to   play  aoajc  wild 
niano-fantasies   of   nis   own   even  on  the  local   r^dio   and 
pretends   it   is   *  modern'    raasic  of  a  new    inknown    genius- 
musician;    and    low  ae  thereby  beco-aes  a  kind  of  social 
lion  anion.-;  the   idle  rich   ladles   of  the   city  In   "r.reisen 
der  ansc   eiaend  nicht    illzu  wShleriscuen  o'lnren   ^ehn- 
tausend  von  Grossnandel  'ond  i'inanz".    (Ibid. .    n,    326) 
One  ni,;-it   he  meets   t:iere   another  doubtful   soci  j1   lirjjn, 
a  tiussian  aristocr.it   tj  kO  is  ko  t   by  rich   ladies   ana  w.iosc 
story  ne  re-tells   in  jer  anvollko.i  ?iene     bentcirer   ( 1930) 
..■  lat   ne  thinks  of   this   society  en   be    -pon   f ro  i   tie 
following: 

iJas  -iilieu,    in  den   sich  dieser    'bend   abs'^iolt     ,        r 
genau  das  gleicne,   wie    nan  es   in  ;j;ewiriseu  reicnen  -JUid 


oal 


50 

aloIitBtuerlBOJien  i:r9is«n  ainer  J«d9n  Cro  t  fts* 
det:   dioBolbG  Zuciitloslglcolt,   dleoelbe  L 

aslbe  Spiel  alt  ZwoldeutlgkBlttn.   Dlep«  i.aaan 

gahflrt  anso  leinend  zur  Qroastadt  wle  lan, 

Caf««  and  Lloiitp«klaaen.(xit_aiEa5ii-  .  P. 224) 

At  length  hm  tello  how  ae  hl«»«If  1«  'Invlto'l'  by  aA  ©x- 
tramely  rich,  attraotlva  and   'sxclunlva*  vnma.n  wnoa  he 
Adalrsa*   She  la  kept  oy  an  lamena^xy  x*lcr.  man  ./^^  had 
la403trlnatad  her  In  hie  ideaa:  money  Is  ovcrytiilng,  there 
Is  nothing  that  eanaot  be  had  for  uoamj  and  yearning  for 
WMfUl  vork  becomea  just,  play  for  the  rio.i*   She  haa  aa 
«Sl/  duddha  Qtatue  in  aer  living  room  t(«hleh  Jahaon  inter- 
prets as  tne  idol  of  HwiMflii  dominating  av^i'^fJiiag.    (Ibid., 
pp.   239-245) 

The  autnor  eeens  to  have  the  aame  sanatial  Ideaa 
of  .^iStsrlcan   *iii^  life*  in  iiio  neact  book  jor  unvollko—ene 
^l^i^itsui^ar^in  whica  an  a&tantlve.  reader  will  reeogais^ 
■ereral  episodes  of     it  gwanaig  uollajr  (pp.  15'3-161,  223- 
227 1  and  201-205).  ''    o  life  of  a  young  Balto-!?u8Slan 
ariatoerat  and  hia  uaautiful  Biatar  la  told:  hov  taoy  flee 
trOBi  the  BolahavikB  and  live  in  Ciilna,  v/iiere  the  girl  be- 
MMSB  a  cocotte.   He  >iantB  to  lead  a  deoent  life  and  lands 
in  .^merlon.  :ieones  in  :jeattle,  rsntreal  "uid  Vanoouver  show 
hew  tne  young  ariGtoorat  bravely  Banages  to  avoid  the 
attontlons  of  secuctive  Anerican  ladies  .^ose  husbands  or 
'boy'i^ friends '  are  in  leading  poeltiona.  Finally  the  young 
nan  leaves  city  life,   eo^s  out  to  the  cot  at  on  Vancouver 


51 

Island  and  bee ones  a  fisherman  there.  After  severe  aat- 
backs  and  exciting  dangor  ho  flnfls  a  deoent  wonsn,   a  flshar- 
■«n*B  widow,  who  marries  him.  Vlth  t-xs  neip  of  and  in  30m- 
pany  with, two  hearty  fellow  fiahenaen  he  leads  a  succecs- 
ful  working  life  on  the  coast  of  Vancouver  Inland.  He  change* 
his  aristocratio  name  and  forgets  all  Europaan  and  otaer 
oivlllzetions. 

Johann's  opinions  on  Amorican  civilization  are  shown 
when  he  visits  with  mixed  feelings  t.ie  Jruvureity  of  3rltiah 
Columbia.  He  finds  it  strange  that  classical  p.allology  is 
taught  where  a  few  decades  ago  was  virgin  forest,  'Urwald', 
whose  relics,  the  tree  stumps,  wsre  still  visible  and  th»t 
the  city  has  defeated  "diese  ungshrocaenBts,  mSchtlgste 
Wlldnla"  (Mit  zwanzig  Dollar,  p. 247). 

Recalling  njobalgically  his  former  student  days,  n« 
recognizes  the  same  partly  scholarly  and  partly  boring 
atmosphere  of  seats  of  learnings.  He  attends  a  hlstorjr- 
lecture  on  Bismarck  and  finds  to  his  surprise  a  quite  clear, 
sober,  unemotional  lecture  'vhloh  could  have  been  given  at 
any  German  university.  He  takes  exception  to  soma  eriticisa 
of  Bismarck  out  above  all  he  is  enraged  that  place  naaes 
ape  given  the  English  rather  than  the  German  pronunciation, 
and  cones  to  the  conclusion  that  no  Englishman  could  ever 
Interpret  Bismarck  ('dass  kein  En^lfinder  Je-nals  Bisnarek 
interpret ieren  kSnne  .  .  .*  (ibid.,  p.  2A9). 


,'lCf  • 


52 

In  a  seoood  Isoturs  on  ~>  laicespeara  he  ie  fasoixiatttd 

and  oomparos  It  wita  t.ie  boring  scaolarly  l^oturae  he  used 

to  attend  in  Oenaany.   Ha  r^.anly  oonclu-T-^i  thPt 

rain  Deu  .    joraals  _..a'.esp-^are   :>  -adlg  vor?;u- 

tragcn  i  -     -Mr?.      ' -    i        gs  °^  ?rt.    (Ibid..  p.2A9) 

A  t.^ilrd  lectura  attended  is  on  oO^L.e'c  :-c .st.     le  ime  nothing 

adds 
but  praise  for  tiila    ''Colleg*  and/tiiat  from  tala  lecture 

alone   an  attentive   student   could   invs  e.  v-!rv   -^ood  IdJea 

about  GOfetiie.    dz  f'eela  t.iw  love  anci  Inters  at  ror  ^-i3  subject 

In  botxi  professor  ejid  students  and  hopes  for  better  relation* 

>flth  Germany  for  tiie  future.  Ha  iiantlonn  t  :«?   "  alT?nel\felt9n 

Untersohlade  In  dar  j/elstlc^n  verfc. :  ^ri  rELoisciar 

un'1  europfllscner  Studanten"    (ibid.,  p.   251)  and  adsilrea  the 

excellent  Instltatlons  for  study  ?nd  rolpjc^  +  lon  and  concludes 

Aaaerloan  universities  excel  not  t  .rcujh  rjr^^xsr  c.billty  but 

tiirough  aoney  whlcn  we  don't  have: 

,    .    .    es  iat  nlclit  grfisseres  ilBnnon,    rondem  das  Geld, 
das  wir  lelder  niciit  in  solchen  Meufen  besltzen.    (Ibid.  ) 

He  quotes  a  discussion  partner:    'Leave  to  us  t:ie   aIotj  of  hav- 
ing   luch  money  and  be  proud  to  be  so  muca  more  witu.  so 
TBUoh  lese'aoneyl  '.    (Cf.   ibid. ,  ?.251) 

In  1923  Johann  still  expressed  the  idea  'tnst  anyone 
not.  vcanting  to  becose  American  would  rat,aer  ovi  a  poor  devil 
In  Stti»^e  tian  a  ricn  laan  in  America   (Ibid. .   p. 20^6).   In 
1930,  t'lougji  the  book  was  i/rritt^n  earll=-r,   in  Der  \mvoll« 
fcdcuBene  Auenteurer  tie    lero  snas  up  ^s  -^  .  aooessful  working 


-V£r 


53 

partner  in  a  fishing-company  in  Canada,      lut  in  1931/32 
in  Amerika,    Unterrang  ac  Ueberfluss  Johaan  has   changed 
his    aind    completely. 

Nobody  can   be   blamed  for  becoii^^ng  pessiaistic 
during  the  depression  period,  esi^ecially  .vhen  he  is 
coxaaissioned  to  find  out   about  the  extent   of  uneaploy.^cnt 
and  of  comuuiiism,      Johann,    to  be  sure,   uses  his  report  to 
touch  also  laany  unrelated   sore  points   of  America,    such  as 
the  Prohibition,   disarmament  c»nc>   the  gro»tfinfc  anti-atriiiAn 
feelings,     i-iany  of  the  numerous   statistics  c*i"ven  are   obviously 
biased  and   siiailarly  many  statements  repre  cut  half-truths 
only.      For  exa;a  le   on  paje  l6  he   remarks:      "Den  Farmem  des 
kanadischen  »  estens   .    .    .   kann  nichts  Schliiu^eres  pasbieren 
als  e ine  gute  irnte"    (Untergang  au  beberfluss.   p.   16) 
which  is   correct   only   if  one  writes   'Welternte'    instead  of 
*Ernte*.      He   implies  that  sooner  or  later  the  Canadian 
government  will  be  bankrupt    (Ibid. .   p. 67)   and   foresees  a 
kind  of  self-sufficient   suusistence-farming  whereby  the 
large  farms  producing  for  a  world-market  will  disappear 
with  this   .iorld-market ,   like  an  apparition   (Cf.   Ibid.,   p.   26). 
Though  his   statistics  see.a   *  correct*    Johanii's  biased 
opinions  can  easily  be  recogniaod  when  jne  considers  that 
he  tcikes  extreme   caoea  as  average.     Thus  the    'wheat  miners' 
i.e.   the  farmers  who  do  rKjt    (and  cannot)   plant  anything 
but  wheat,   owing  to  the  dryness,   «re  taken  as  example 


'A' 


54 


of  the  whole  of  Canadian  agriculture.     Sii  il  iriy  the  at 

..nd   the  aust-storrr.s   o^  th'j   1930»3,    bad    nn   thsv     .-^t-.-. ,    r^^lned 
only  ti  ^x-c.(juiQa  o.    cas   .'r-^iria  i  .rm.;.     LSut  .li-    oet   -.version 
is  against  the  mecaanization  -nd  motorization  of  the  f  rms. 
A  whole  cii^.Tter  is  devoted  to  thio    oroblGn    ♦V-itrr'  M^rt^r 
'/ei^ea'    ( i^iu.  ^    p.i06-il5).  Ag  lin  one  notices    zue     ejection 
of  one   product  only.      Similarly  he  deals  vrith  the  catr.stro   ale 
iiBoact  of  monoculture   in  the  cotton  bolt.      (1'3\\ . .    t- .    T-        ) 
He   tuils  oi    t.x„   oIj.   .v_r  ia  Texas,    vjaica  reco'/jiea  oniy  a.^'jr 
the  local  governffiLtnt  interfered  with  armed  mipht.      His   synoa- 
tiiltjs  c.re  dii-tinctly  in  f  ;vour  of  a  il  mied   aconomy  v.-it.i    .n 
authorit  rlan  government  jimixar  to  thr.t  of  HauEor    .nd  nis 
'Iat-Kreis»    (ina ,ed   the  mag   zine  Die  T   t.   Berlin  1931/32   is 
listed  in  iiio    'literature').     Joh-nn  seems  only  more  reaction- 
ary tnan  Hei:irich  Hauser  because  ne  considers  even     the 
macnines  as   evil  in  agriculture,   ..nd,    as  a  matter  of  fact,    in 
industry  too,   for  taey  eject  human  beings   froip.  the  wor'iing 
process. 

Speaking  of  the   anemployment  in  Canada  he  deals  first  with 
the  GeriL  .n  immigrc-nt,   tells  of  several  interesting  en- 
counters  and  concluies   that  the   e^.ucated   inmipr  ..nt  c.^n 
wsatiier  the  depression  better   ta  n  the   uneducated    'Bauer' 
because  he  is  more  ad-iot"ble.     He  meets   a  comrijilst   ^e-^der 
*Genosse  /('acher'    in  the   U:riinian  L.^oor  Temp,     in  ..in,ai   eg, 
tells  of  ixis  activities   .nd  asks  him  vvhether  capitalism  is 
in  its  final  agony.      He   receives  as  answer  a  lonr  clscourse 


^e 


55 

on  Max^lBt  doctrine  v;liloii  oonoludeewith  a  surprising 

statement    'showing*   t  iS  jn3lple88ne8s  of  conununlBn  In  tiie 

faoe  of  depreaslons. 

•    •    .   vorlftuflg  slnd  nocri     '  i   vorUb-x*- 

•^n.    -vac  j.  <^,\jc~    .ri;-'-3    v  .      'Id.  ,    p. 60) 


ts.:. 


i.n  ta3  uxil-sd  ijt,at,3s  na  La^ida  co^m.   case  hlotorlos 
and  aeleota  twelve  otorleg  of  unemployed.  Seven  are  revolu- 
tionary Hnd  thr3G  oi  t  .3   remaining  flvo  tjll  of  Qrlmas.  In 
his  latar  oook  ,juq  uxxij.  OiJi^   aerz  (19^2)  a-j  lets  his  un- 
employed friend  ba  Indlvldtiallatlc  for  a  lon^  time  and 
become  a  radical  only  wlien  ae  .las  sun".-:  to  t  i9  lavol  of  a 
deapalrlns  iiouo  ^;uo  rinaiiy  alas  In  e  rloi,  in  -cae  ciapter 
•Dae  Drittel  onne  Standard'  (p.  176-235).  Generally  he 
8ea:Q9  to  have  ovaraatlrnatsd  tiie  Influence  nnd  t"T.Q  growth 
of  radicalism  in  Aia^rlca.  in  a  cnapter  * v-rzi/clflung  In 
dan  i.^raunkohlene,ebleten'  (Untor.-.ang.  cue   Uabc-rfluPB,  p.  173) 
and  In  *0l-  kranVr^n  Ge'verl:schaften'  (Ibid.,  -5^.213-224) 
tae  autnox'  ^VQS  an  Int. ere s tins  .j.u^^i-ound  lc  present-day 
developments  with  Joan  L.  Lewis  of  the  C.I.O#  against  Oreon 
of  the  A.  F.  of  L,  unions.  In  a  fevf  pages  (pp. 225-230)  hs 
has  trfo  oapitalists  en^a^©  ia  a  diaouasion,  both  with  ex- 
trame  expressions  (one  of  them  is  Henjry  ^ord). 

Johann  concludes  •--rlth  a  hope  for  a  strict  planned 

economy* 

Die  Krlse  wird  von  denjeni^^n  Staaten  .  .  .  zuerst  ^Iber- 
wunden  werdon,  welcae  auf  dem  T'r  *  -•  -  '-"^''rig  '    '    'i 
tapfer  und  consequent  sum  Aagrix.  ...  (Ib^d^. , 

p. 254) 


56 

In  spite  of  much  economic  detail  the  bool:  Is  quit*  readable 

to  tiiS  layjian  on  account  of  the  many  peraonal  experience* 

told  aa  examples  illustrating  the  subject,  Jolmnn  is  one 

of  txie  few  German  fiction  writers  who  attacked  -  thousn  in 

a  ond- sided  .iiannei^  -  the  difficult  econanic  aspect  of  the 

depression  In  America  (cf.  ?lnckenstein,  Dfljcaenmiy.  p. 209, 

see  p. 165  below). 

In  tae  following  yesirs  Johann  travelled  also  in  the 

^^r  "orth  of  tie  North  American  continent  ,x  w..  v^.ilch  a  Btx»ange 

9) 
new  German  interest  had  developed  . 

JJurlng  the  Second  '"or Id  War  th^  autaor  wrote  Daa 

Land  ohne  Hsrz  (1942)  as  a  sequel  to  .a.-  >.  ^^  two  books  on 

Ho rth- America^  in  which  episodes  from  als.   former  books  are 

Tiore  emphasized,  some  of  them  are  distinctly  recognizable. 

He  introduces  it  *fith  a  'Bexenntnis  ^^^  ■^■+^rs*  in  v.'hioh 

he  profess58  to  love  America  mors  than  cuiy  other  country 

in  the  world,  with  the  exception  of  ais  ovm  fatherland,  and 

he  almost  poetically  slnc;s  its  beauty.  ^"*  "!  i"  e  Colin  Ro8« 

vie  also  hates  this  land,  like  Boris*  ;-:o^u  onC  ::iroxotu 

because  of  its  lack  of  conservation  and  taa  loss  of  Its 

former  pioneer* spirit  to  an  ever- increasing  lust  for  profits 


^ 

C-f.    Leicn.aer,   .^etulak  der  ::.scimo,  Colin  Ross,   Mit 

9  Ar>tis.    Otto  Boris,  und  llira|fltii 

L^....                  o.-.xo..-  au3  .\:--    ••    '-—'  treats  In 

thlo   '              .    A.E.Jo  lann's  ^^  .rasidenten. 

1  una  -ijriebnlsse   zwisciiwn  '       'Incldes 

c-     X.  ..3t  in  time  wl"'     *    \s  type   g-    _   ----    -^-  less 

semi->politioal  back  :, 


57 


and  expioit>ition   (c    .     -iso  Rob.  Kraus,    ?relj:ator   jnt  :r 

..or  liur  .-u  i  norvSijen,  v    ju.  -i  Vi^a  nuiourja  dn- 

f.liss  n  ijLj/it    -:u  be  ti  'n,    r^'jh     tlosen  Aniorl'';'ier 

v^er  gro-jdu  Stidte  kennt,    :'jant  Amerllta  aicht  g  .nz, 
/eiss   vjr     lien  Dlriron  nlcht,  -; 

MOc^xIo  -  - -iten   dinmai  in  Ame  ik  .  ..  .   an 

sind,    nun  aibor   unter  dem  St:iUb   xxn  mm     er  Boaarn^n 

ailelii  vom  G  jlue   b  j/ier   scaton     mo.i    mischen  " '  v' Lis.-itlon 
verscatectrt   lieg«n,    (L.nd  ohm  ilarz.    p.il) 

or  in  an  aside,    'C^nn  /unerika  best^nd  nicht   inunor  nur     us 

RoosevaLts,   Arbeitslosen,  Ban'tciers,   Fijnjudan   una  SchOn-.  iti- 

kftnigiiiuen"    (i^^.,      •    I'^).   Thus     aere    .cs  still  ^eo^le  of 

a   lost   'Held  jaseit-iiter'    (IliI  . . )  ;     ^   police   aerpe  .nt,    a 

'noraisciier  Rec'^e',   a   '  i>AiigDeiniger,   aeU  iger'    episcopalian 

bishop  and  above  all  an  olu  sour-dough     nd  pioneer  Old  Mike 

(a  GeiTa.xn  of   course)    whose  face  is   of    'gix^uezu  erscureci:en- 

d»r  ./illens'rruft' . 

Nie  habe  ich  ein  Antlitz  gesehen,    zm  den     o     ie   zu  dissea 
der  name  passte:    lirooarerl      .      .      .     Der  Aite  kannte  ':eine 
Gnadel    (Ibia..    p.   44) 

tiven  dogs,   or  at  j.east   the  leaders  of  a  dop  team,   h^ve  h-aroic 

iualities  in  the  neroic  iandsc  pe  of   'nordic*   Alaska: 

Dana   u.a^.-.i.ir:te  Treue   udu   j±u  .  '"..-   -iii^.   es 

vor  -.Hem,    .viS  einen  puten  Lei  .let.     E"  hnt. 

Kit   jiaom  Wort,   Ch  :.rakterl    (I ^  i    . .      .    .-6) 

In  contrast  to  these  ideal  ch..r-.ct«rs  a  criciinal  is  described 

•  ein  breitscaultriger,    untersetz*  er  Mann  mit  ^in-'m 
grobssn,   aber  eigjutlich  ver  eicaj-ic-ten  Ge- Icat    . 
(Ibiii.,    ?.4-0 

Th'3  real  crirr-ln-ils,   however,     .re  tae  b  nkers  in  New  York    .nd 


5d 


elsewhere, 


.  .  .die  Bankiers  and  Minenspekulanten  .  .  .die  anonymen 
Gewalten,  die  irgendwo  in  New  York  oder  Chicago  auf  die 
KnOpfe  drtlcken  und  die  Minen  springen  lassen  .  .  , 
(Ibid.,  p.J4) 

The  author  asks  himself  why  the  big  trusts  take  everything, 

.  .  .  die  grossen  Kapitalgesellschaften  die  ErdschAtze 
des  ganzen  Landes  beschlagnahmt  haben, 

why  these  fight  a  small  man  like  Old  German  Mike  'ind  comes 

to  the  conclusion:   it  must  be  for  the  sake  of  a  principle: 

.  .  .  das  Prinzip,  dass  alles,  was  irgendeinen  nattlrlichen 
Wert  darstellt,  der  kacht  der  grossen  Kapitalisten  unter- 
worfen  werden  muss  .  .  ,  (Ibid. .  p. 35) 

and  the  Big  Money  is  the  great  Enemy  of  the  world: 

Die  riesigen  Gesellschaften  betrachten  den  Reichtum 
aller  amerikanischen  und  vieler  nichtamerikanischen 
Lflnder  als  ihr  ausschliessliches  Vorrecht  .  .  .  (ibid. ) 
,  .  .  Ob  es  wohl  je  in  der  V7elt  eine  so  eifersUchtige, 
so  kaltherzige,  so  gefUhllose  Kacht  gegeben  hat  wie  der 
des  grossen  Geldes,  dieser  erbarmungslosen  Gfittin? 
(Ibid.,  p. 36) 

To  Johann  even  the  dogs  on  their  haunches  howling  at  the 
rising  moon  in  a  cold  midwinternight  seem  to  represent  a 
symbol  of  the  world  crying  for  deliverance. 

The  first  episode  in  Das  Land  ohne  herz  is  an  other- 
wise simple  *cops  and  robber'  story  but  with  a  new  twist: 
although  the  criminals  are  captured  and  one  of  them  is  even 
torn  to  pieces  by  the  dogs,  and  although  Old  German  Mike  be- 
queathes all  his  claims  to  the  Church  and  the  police,  an 
anonirmous  capitalistic  group  called  the  Biggers  wining 
Company  wins  out  in  the  end,  for  both  church  and  police 


aels 


oriT 

vrfw 


■J 


a 


a 

D 


'X 
.8 

W 


iB9Up 


59 


literally  sell  out  the  claims  to  tr.G   comoaay  at  an  even 

lovsr  price  t  lan  the  old  ooiir-dou^i  /oulc  oav.  obtain  jd. 

The  second  episode  tells  of  t.ie  rise  and  decline 

of  la  vrheflt  farm  In  t;>e  'dust-bo^fl  *  waej^e  the  author  claims 

to  'ai  I'^ed  In  1927  and  '/rtilch  he  ro-vlolted  d\xrlng  tie 

depression  to  witness  a  sandostorm.  Tilt-   is  the  end  of  tne 

^eat  Tana*  Tne  farmer  almself  v;ill  from  taen  on  onlj  be 

able  to  eke  out  a  meaner  subsistanoe  from  a  fov  little 

garden  plots.  Tals  story  Illustrates  exactly  -/fiat  Johann 

had  described  in  previous  books,  e,.^^.  in  Aacrl'::a.  Unterj.ang 

fa  UaberfluBi^.  p.  2?/3»  At  the  same  time  le   tslle  of  a 

family  saga  of  the  Americanization  of  a  German  fairer 's 

family,  their  growing  natred  of  (lerraany  which  is  more  and 

more  un.rllllns  (  or  unable)  to  buy  'lerioan  or  Canadian  wheat • 

Hand  in  hand  with  tae  family's  Americanization  goes  the  lack 

of  conservation  measures,  for  which  he  does  not  blame  the 

farmer  but  rather  -  the  government  and  'Vail  Street. 

Keiner  der  Xlu^en  und  .''ilchtl^en  hatte  Ihn  ;:e\r8imt,   dass 
dop  Doden  keln^Bergwerk  .  .  .  sei  .  .  .  (Das  Land  ohno 

Herz .  p.  70) 

and 

Dfir  einzalne  Farmer  war  natflrllon  ac.mldloa;    •    «    •  Oas 
System  iut   schuld,   die  Mftcate  von  'Valla treet  und  der  von 
dort  auagehende   Spekulantengoist  ...   Aber  die  Erdo 
oat  sioh  furoutbar  gerftcat.    (Ibid.,  p. 101) 

A  third  episode  is  ealled   '.^otorlsisrtes  Dasein* 

and  retells  waat  John  Stein^eok  has  described  Ib  Tie  3rapee 


60 

of  Wrath.   JoUann'e  only  difference  la  hla  emp  icsls  on 
raolal  conslderatlonB. 

Anarlicaner  vom  oesLen   bc  ilag,    •    .    .   elne  vlel  beB8«r« 
:j:'t  von  Mensoaen  als  d«r  c^i&rakterlos*  Mlschoaaoh,   d«r 
die  groBMn  Stfldte  btfvttlkert:    .    .    .   latter  sate  nord- 
aux^opHlacie  Uamen   .    .    .   und  «b  aouelat  faet  ala  ^flnnt«n 
Menacnen  dleaer  H3rinmft  swar  arbeiten,   bauen,   iciopfcn  - 
ab«r  den  An^  ox*derun^en  elner  von  xidreen  und  AjctlAnkuraen 
r«6i6rt9n  Welt   zelgten  ale  alcJa  nlcxit   cso>woh6«n.    (Ibid., 
p.   123) 

It  migat  be  intereatin^  to     coMpaj:*e  tola  ataLeroent  with 

jQhazm'a  ov/n  attitude  towarda   'nordlo'  raolBts  In  hla  flrat 

book  on  Canada,  Hit  zwanzlg  Dollar  (p. 68): 

...    ale  dachta  nur  aii  &en  Isn^eiilJeLGr^    :cGlean  ... 
Jacky  (war]  ausgeaprocisn  An^stlich   .    .    .    ;    <ia  er  aber 
auBserdem  noch  blood  war,   f«hlts  es  lojn  auon  nloht  an 
dar  dazu  gehftFenden  angeffleBsanen  I'ortlon  Dummhelt. 

Tie  fourth  atory,    'Onkel  Toma   Hifltte,    renoviert*, 

paraphraaas  a  c.iapter  In  Johann's   jrevlouB  book  Am^rlka, 

Unter  .arir.  am  Ueberfluat.    Vr^lnen  von  Oi  ::.l     oma  .ifltte' 

(p.    llSff.).    Joiiann  deacrlbos  lovln  ly  tae  Idyllic  aub- 

troploal  landacape  near  the  moutu  of  t  le  Mlasisslppi  wher* 

lii   lived  for   Bcnte   time.    He   loves    c...    .  1      "".     life   of  tna 
negroeSi    For  tie   first  time  In  Aaierlca  .^e  aesurB  people   alng 

at  work,   not  the  blaring  of  a  radio  or  of  a     erajaopaone. 

leh  hatte  mitten  Im  dunkelaten  Amerlka,   la  allerunbe- 
kanntesten,   eln  Land  cntdaokt.   In  dea  nan  aang.    (Land 

o-inc    lerz.   p»   15^) 

He  iB  Impreaaed  by  t.iG  'bex-underte  pasalva  Unflberwlndllch- 
'^elt  dar   schwarzen  Raaae '    (Ibid.)  and  adinlres  t  \9lr    'slnfa- 
C:i9n,    felaenfeatsn  Glauben'    (ibic:. .   p. 156).    But  t.xe   evil 


61 

or  mfwidpn    i?*r>  .in«t  •nakes  mor9  and  ooro  BnAvcroQpmru 

supwi'-iuoua,   iOi'  •/ ilcii  ^.0    -;al:oB  t  i?  banlss  oad  ta«  oapitsd- 
leta  r^BpcniBlble, 

▼or  der  ^na  ^  .    . 

KapitallBtan  [  j 

stt  interwaale.  ^..  .  „^   . .,  1 

3:aa-rooropp8r8  dae  ir  lai  ^ 

Ble  nor  wonlge  NooBta  ndtig  iiat   •    .    .      -^r. 

.    .    .    (Ibid,,  p. 173/*) 

H©  TfiQlB,   In  tills  period  e  nvw   'llb:r--tlcm  of  layoa' 

la  taking  place  vrlta  oonsequenoea  still  vorea  f  :«•  tna 

•liberated*  t  an  after  tio  Civil  ;  cj?  (of,  ibl. . .  ...17*). 

iSXh  story,    'l)Ga  Drltt  j?d',   tells 

of  a  fictitious  avera.^9  Anerioan  faTiily  .  ntandard 

of  living  in  1927f    '-^  -^\n  r.^^jn^   ■■''•'fy*  v?  •\a=>A  to  -oiow  and 

whoni  lie  Yiaits  and  3ic>eta  aj^/^dn  eao/i  tiaa  1^.0  travels  in 

America  or  Canada*  Thus  tiia  deolina  and  t  le  taraak  up  of  t.ia 

family  1"  '■''f^ scribed  until  t^<o  fatiier  Is  no*'  '^i-  but  a 

derelict  aobo  wno  finally  losaa  'aie  life  in  &  riot  of  un- 

•nploirad*  AltaOM^  rwj  peaaini^tic,  it  is  one  of  tbe  beat 

deaoriptiona  of  t.:G  life  o      ..:s  un-aployed  during  the 
depz*088ion«   Only  Heinrioh    lauaer'e  experlonoea  of  the 
C^licatO  Blums  In  hia  yaldwaaa  naoh  C  lioaao  aay  approach 
Johann's  IntDnsiva  stufly  of  the  problem,  w  die  '.eldlloh'o 
Felix  contra  USA  Ir.  ^-i  In'sreatln^-  count  ..•.art.  of  un- 
•aqplQjaent  in  Nov;  7. jr.:   t;.p.l92  ff • ,  of.  p.  l~3j_xo-./j.   Moat 
oVxer  atoriaa  in  Paa  Land  Ohno  nor»  soim'    '^'^1  .Ified  but 
talE   •'^rlttGl  o'lno  standard*    las  a  true  ring  •▼•»  i'  auch 


is  ex;  ,^e rated. 

T'lo  last  episode,  •Prelhelt,  die  els  melnen*,  tells 
of  tv/o  diligent  ainbitlouB  men  who  built  up  a  enall  nanu- 
facturlng  buslnoBs.  Durln?;  the  depression  "lor*?  and  aore 
of  tae  former  customers  disappear  until  fie  smflll  factory 
aanufaoturss  for  only  three  big  flnas.  Wnn  the  factory  Is 
coiapletely  dependent  on  them  tney  try  to  buy  out  the  small 
•nen  vriio  finally  are  foroed  to  sell.  '*Scln  Glaube  an  die 
'FreiiiQlt'  des  rflchtlgen  In  Amerlka  [l  nt]  so  f;rttndllch  zer- 
6t8rt  worden."  (Ibid.,  p. 24?). 

In  iii3  'Scrxlusaworc'  Joioann  opanly  shoirs  the  purpose 
of  this  book  anf'  hla  fifteen  years  of  Amrrlean  experience -- 
to  underiilne  the  deep  seated  feeling  of  many  a  G©r:ian  ex- 
pressed in  a  poem  by  Gtethe,  *A  leri'^n ,  '^■<i     -"-*  -'s  besser*. 
For  this  reason  he  vn?ltaa  about  the 

.  .  .  Innere  Zerrdttung  der  Vereinlsten  Staaten.  .  .  . 
daas  SB  sich  ql,cht  lo..int  in  ainerl  anlsohen  Verhalthisson 
nooh  etwas  "Eratrebenswertas  zu  sehen  .  .  •  auch  nur  daran 
zu  don:<en,  dasa  ein  -urop&er  mlt  einem  Amerikaner  tauso  len 
tflnnte.  (Ibid.,  p. 250/51) 

AmGrica  is  a  pitlfal  land  ejad  the  A.r.crlcanB  are  betrayed 

by  taeir  oivn  leaders,  Qspeclally  by  their  president,  Frsultlin 

Delano  Roosevelt.  ^leverthsless  ha   fears  that  poople  will 

not  believe  him,  and  so  he  ends  '.flth  a  critloal  expression 

on  Amerloa  by  liomas  Wolfs. 

Reviewing  Johann's  multicoloured  Mrorka  on  Canada  and 


63 

ta<.  Jxiltod  .-.tntcB  'nfl 

la  fno  \<  ,^8 

•'"■'♦'        .^1.^6w.^.:j,  i^  :ry  little, 

he  dooB  •xaotly  t-is  r  Ing  to  an  lug  -cr-ian 

a<  tr'MktLr;  .  calln  ^r  In 

ft'airliialor  against  Jals  own  vill*,  it  be  ^d 

da8l(;>aatlOD  -  .    .  iai  Mfrcfl  .  *    :r. 

A«la  letatan  Iusa^.   utudGnt.  u 
List  v'Si-iaj.,  i^,  i:;iy/>  ^. 

Laujf  i»oi  amrr.  n.  1927) 

otaer  aod  wit        ,-,    .  . 

t*ure«  hav9  >ro.^^9d  In  Canada,  t-.s  Jr.- 

but  tueli*  work  cjad  t.        lean 

a  ;ubor'dinat3d  rola  to  tualr  more  or  loss        i  Ideolo^aa, 

3  an  "nt  at  t.o 

ualv^iir^i^y  o.      .  :>  in       or  IS.  a 

until  t...  -.-^x  .  19?".  -  --  •••^  ^'  ^^^ 

In  A      ,  •   'Jt 

3339  dlrtr 

dtrv-ota,  bl^ai,  aro«n«  ar.u  yoiio--  ta 


■*«-"U  Lu  ... 

^  1 

1  _ 

.ji 

0 

- 

ila«, 

in 

CO:: 

aOD 

litxi  eaoh 

a.-ov  .  All 

8 

or 

in  both, 

7 

onlj 

6A 


glad  to  leare  after  a  last  .eetl««  witi.  fallow  Btud^ts"''^ 

-3  C.088  by  train  to  Hlagara  and  tar...  th.  boat 
trip  aoroea  Laka  Ontario  to  Toronto,  .ils  first  ImpraaBlon. 
■aj  be  quoted  Her.  as  an  .xajiple  of  ixla  Etjlg, 

3JL^:   *•  %•  ^^t^**  dlr  da&  Vaaaer  uad  vor  dlr 
dleaae  unter  Druck  zusaoBen-  and  hochKeDr.Iata  uL 
setflm  von  Stadt  da8  fast  fiber  dlr^S^Se'^'Lh^nt 
•  .  .  U)ie_letxt«n  Ineeln,  p.  14/5)  ^-^emL 

One  hae  the  iapresalon  toat  aa  either  is  a  poet  or  llkee 

to  be  taken  for  one.  He  Is  no  poet,  merely  aubjeetire.  Of 

the  college  life  all  around  aim   wo  hear  rery  little.  Ho 

ha.  a  'dlscuBsion'.  in  front  of  a  aap  of  rotle  Canada 

ho  ask.  "Is  all  toat  Canada?*  The  answer  Is  'Yes*;   end 

of  discussion;  enter  aubjaotivity: 

Una  ait  einemal  wlrd  air  ao  entaetzlioh  klar,  wlo 
^!?:?«   I  von  ihrem  Land  ▼erstehen,  wie  wenig  sie 
f,!i  i^^i^""  riassnhaften  Raua  erfaaeen.  der  ihnen 
o^.I?T^?^^  ^^^^   ...  so  befreadend.  so.unvei- 
Boandllch:  aier  unten  dieser  sohmale  „^    -  aua 

dort  oben  Land  und  Land  und  iiaua.  Und  .       ^.n  ' 
Ble  una  atudleren  ....  und  oben  wartet  un^enutzt 
oin  welter  riaua,  harrt  der  KrAfte,  die  ihn  ersehlles- 
sen  sollen.  (Ibid.,  p. 17)  x-BonxxaB 

The  same  young  man  who  is  visibly  afraid  ot   facing  tho 
city  feels  superior  in  front  of  a  map.  He  trie,  to  grasp 


Tor 


B-i.        ,^     Books  by  otner  German  students  o-    *      rioa  aret 
Klingelberg,   Werner,   Ala  Werkatudeat  wm  dl  .,   Unio», 

Stuttgart,   1^3^. 
Lanr.e>ria8che,  Wolfgang,    Dp. 9  A.-ne-^      nxscne.  Abenteusr,    "  r 

Meanert.   ^laus..^n__     '"'^iL.,-    *    '    'ISST  '        rnlenr'^^ 

Stolper,   £mat.  Ala  v.ar   ct:..    g.   i:,     1.-^  -n   'Itl^^L 

Tagebuoh  eines   Jungen  Deutscien,   raul  List  Veriag,   Leipzig. 


o  i.  f  t'  ■"'  -    -fr 


the  apaoe  of  Canada  by  walks  In  the  vicinity  of  Toronto. 
Lllce  many  another  German  vfrlter  we  nave  encovmtered  :\9 
iiatee  the  city. 

uiwuus  vormsi^  0'.-:      "      '  ■ '  -  -    -^-^-  -   ---  --Qitgn  ^j_^ 

die  Oade  elner  .  , .  ,   .   ) 

Hor  do<38  tas  environmenr     le  city  I'inu  i^a  approval: 

Hlar  dr&ngten  eieh  Farmer  ua  einan  t^OBsen  Absatz- 
mcr'"'-  .   ••:'"   all  liii^  Gorge  und  all  I'lr  ^   -^^  •--  auf 
dc       feie  von  raor[;en  gorlchtet.  __.   .  :0) 

He  walks  on  thinking  of  the  nai»r©w  Inhabit*^  bait  in  th« 

South  and  of  the  vast  empty  country  in  the  .  orth.  Is  the 

political  power  Tnissing  to  open  up  this  country,  he  asks 

himself.  "Nein,  dleees  Land  wartet  auf  KsaKAehem"  (Ibid.. 

p. 21)  Yet  he  knowB  that  an  individual  is  too  weak  for 

this  iannanss  country: 

.  .  .  Jeder  einjselno  muaa  den  Willen  in  slch  liaben, 
\md  doch  ist  ar  verloren,  wenn  er  ale  elnzelner  alleln 
Seht;  das  Land  verechluckt  ihn,  und  all  seine  Arbeit 

let  uaoonot.  (Ibid.,  p. 21) 

In  this  underatanding  tie  young  'grienhom'  of  only  a 
few  weeks  in  tnis  country  could  taaoh  a  pretentious  expert 
like  A.  'Z,   Joiiann  who  sees  w...  oxd  pioneer  overcome  by  - 
claistsr  forces  of  financial  powers. 

In  conoequenoe  Grflnau  acO'Spts  money  from  a  financier 
of  Toronto's  ^^^^.y  :.treet  (the  small  equlVi-'Xant  of  New  York's 
',•.11  :trset)  to  go  <^^   ^^  "^'^^  north-country  ejad   to  prospect 
for  -old.  Strange  is  only  Grflnau 's  ambivalent  feeling 
CDD-J.Z,  Ziio33   financiers.  *ji  old  mn  is  at  first  'ein  alter 


66 

Ocler*    (Ibid. .  p. 53)   wixo  gx^w  to  rlchee  nn-'  to  power 

but  lost  hlB  orlvate  Ufa,    "so  let  er  ujui.i  ein  alt«t* 

hagerer  Votrai"   (ibid.,   p. 54)  and 

Zlttemd  fuhr«n  aalne  hageren,   knochl?^en  "^.n^-er 
ilb«r  die  Karte   ...    "Und  hlerJ"   Da  p '. 
fcrellte   seine  "suid  ■Ich  feat   .    .    .    Ooh  i  v.' 

hatten  die    Iflnde  dos  Alten  o^3zlttert.   -   ootti   KiemalB 
80  werden  .    .    .    (!>_._.  -    n).55/6) 

Yet,   immediately  after  that,   In  connection  "Ith  the 
former,   ne  deacrlbea  a  younger  flnenci^i-   h-j       »  gon* 
out  aa  prospector   •  nloht  getrlaben  yon  der  Suohe  ne«h 
Gold,   Bondem  von  .    .    .   AbentGuerlustJ '    (IM^. ,  p. 57), 
working  wltb  partners  or  for  a  finanolal  syndicate  and 
vho  is  now  a  sucoeaaful  man  with  ten  typev/riters  clicking 
in  front   of  his  private  office,    (cf,   Ibi  i. .   P.56/T),  He 
dlreotB  aen,   canoes,   and  airplanes,   ru&.i.c^    .       >  into  the 
Imah,  telephones  to  Nev  York  and  Montreal,   p.nd  fi*OTn  tine 
to  time  receives  the  reports  of  hia  men  from  the  bush.    (Cf. 
ibid. .   p.      5).  He  is  visibly  Grflnau's  ideal. 

Meanvrhile  Grflnau  la  at  college  and  la  full  of 
mlsapprohenaiona,   preJudlcGa  and  apparently  also  of  in- 
doctrination,   ^e  at   ends  a  football  j^aae  which  excites 
iiln  and  the  masses:    'dieses  rtickalciitslose   \uf«lnan<l9i^ 
st^sen  zweler  Mannsohaften * .    (Ibid.,   p. 23).  Ho  feels, 
Jtoverer,   t.iet  this  ^ame  could  not  develop  in  Europe  but 

dasa  dieses  r>piel  dure  i  unci  durcii  junjj  vrar,   TOllen 
Linsat-z  letzter  Kraft  bis  zur  Brutailtflt  verlangta. 
(IbUl..   p. 24) 


67 

He  Bees  In  It  also  tae  racial  conflict,    7r o a oJa- Canadians 

against  An^^lo- Saxons  and   Scandlnarlans.    Ii   is  e     ame  of 

Toronto   vs.      onore&i. 

.    .    .   alle  von  dam  glelcnen   .vilden  Fampfcelet  be- 
seelt,   ihre     anze  Kampfesimt  In  diesam  Spiela  aua- 
tobend,    (ibM. ,   P.2A) 

Here,  -:ti   finds,   1b  t  ;e  place  where   one  man  1b  wt^lh  nox*« 

t*ian  sll  others,    •der  Kftrapfer  tmd  Sieger';   here  is  t  e 

ne^f  nobility  of  '.rar-llke   cport-spirl+ .     -3   -^r-vr.    ii-^nslf 

whers   r.   siaillar  -..ar-llke   splrii,   ..as  sxiatca  c^nd   ^.iilnicB 

of  the  :-ied  Indians  of  old  and  theorises  ct   length  how 

the  roceo  are  a  product  of  taelr  netur-^l   -Tivlron-ient  and 

concluuws: 

ITdc.  i.-aner  .aerrsciit  der  C-rosoe  Gelst  fiber  Anerlka, 
der  (iroaee  ^ielst,   dlaeer  Inbe^rlff  dee  Lebana  und 

dor  :^atur;sv.'ai::en.    (Ibid.,    c.25/27) 

He  ._G  Goao  rantastlc  Ideas  or  ^cotllng  t.ie  North-  .9 st- 
Territorlea  (cf.  Ibid.,  p. 3*)  and  goes  to  Ottawa,  but 

finds  only  sceptic  lis*- oners: 

^  .   ,       ~         .  I.  U--  '  ^n  cs  iu. 

(Ibid.,  p. 28) 

Ncrort leless,    he   Is   surorlsod  about  the   ooen--indc^nesB 

in  0^:,tawa,    ^.i-    oe.^j    r:o33s    to  higa.  and  very  -ii,;^  oiflciale. 

But  -,^hen  a©  goes  over  to  :^ull  In  ^uobeo,    v9  faela  a 

contrast  to   taa    *";calte  und  JJde   Stildte  dieses  nsuen  Landea'. 

Tae   Btraste  are   Dant;    it   is  a   some.i:--  .   .j       ..:■    . 


68 


he  hears  a  woman  laughing  and  sees  children  playing  in 

the  street,  and  his  education  in  race,  Blut  und  Boden. 

breaks  through: 

Hier  ist  Volk.  das  bleibt  .  .  .  Sie  bauen  keine 
hohen  HSuser,  aber  kleine  ...  in  denen  sie  leben 
kflnnen  ...  in  ihrer  alten  Gentigsamkeit  .  .  .  (sind] 
sie  .  .  .  daran  langsani  ihr  altes  Land  zurtlckzuer- 
obern  .  .  .  dieses  Land  ^.at  sie  umgeformt  .  .  . 
seinen  Verhftltnissen  angepasst,  jso  dass  siej  in  der 
Lage  sind,  den  Raum  .  .  ,  mit  ihrem  Volkstufn  zu  er- 
ftUlen  (ibid.,  p. 28/29)  .  .  .  das  kraftvollste  und 
gesciilossenste  Volkstum  Nordamerikas  (ibid..  p.J/»). 

No  wonder  that  with  his  ideas,  ideologies  and  fantastic 

plans  he  finds  himself  alone  on  Christmas  eve. 

Wenn  du  eine  Idee  hast,  so  behalte  sie  fttr  dich  ... 
sonst  sitzt  du  .  .  .  wie  ich  an  diesem  Weihnachtsabend 
allein  .  .  .  (ibid.,  p. 29/30) 

Grilnau  is  disappointed  in  the  Canadians  around  him  who 

have  no  wish  to  open  up  a  nev;  virgin  country  but  look 

back  to  the  traditions  of  the  'old  country*,  riut  now 

he  finds  also  the  other  Canada  which  he  thinks  will 

revolt  against  the  city  civilization  - 

.  .  .  einst  aufstehen  (undl  die  Kerrschaft  der  iJtadta- 
und  Kramerzivillsation  ira  SQden  abwerfen  (wird)  .  .  . 
(ibid.,  p. 33/4)  - 

in  a  friend  outside  the  college  life  who  also  dreams 

of  the  North  and  returns  every  summer  there  as  prospector. 

Im  Grunde  war  und  blleb  er  ein  gOttlich  freier  Land- 
streicher,  mit  des  Lands treichers  ewiger.  unglQcklicher 
Liebe  nach  einem  Heim  .  .  .  ( ibid. .  p. 35) 

However,  through  this  man  he  gets  to  know  other  people 

leading  a  similarly  bohemian  life,  artists  among  them, 

who  also  love  the  North  country  and  thus  he  tells  of  the 

famous  Canadian  painter  of  the  North,  Tom  [Thorasor^  ,  of 


O' 


tq 


xC 


■1 
■3 
J 


./, 


•iijT 


ilM 


j1 


.niieae  life  and  death  Qi^'dnau  tells  in  wingtd  proM*    (^bid. . 

Finally  it  ie   eimmar,   t.ia   financlera  "ir.ve  a4- 

Tanoed  iiioney,   an  oia  car  ia  ouL.iutc^cL  anc  uxi  t-iay  ^^o 

UP  TQix>ato'8  Yonge  Street,   wJaidi  is  not  baaly  described, 

from  do\','n-town  to  up-tj\m,    tiirough  rdBldantl-.l  districts 

to  faruis.    iiae  open  country  i«  reacnad,    Uic   rara^  •  .> 

fewer»  a  fresh  breeze  coaes  from  the  fiortin,  more  and  more 

woods  appear*   Grflnau  gushes  about   bae  beautiful  liortua- 

land  oamp  in  icaajan.i  irovinclal  Paric.   Ta^y  pf-sa  through 

•  burnt  out  area  until  taay  reach  the  Gaining  district  of 

nanyft.   Tnis  too  is  not  badly  desoribed  in  its  aemi- 

frontier  condition.   A  stran^3  inaartion  (ypi-i* .  p. 96) 

is  made  dagining  Canadian  apiculture  -  tae  a^ri cultures 

of  the  Prairies  aundreda,   thousands  of  lailas  away  -  but 

will  the  Sarman  ruadgr  li^aoM  t-^t?  Snou^-i   -aat    iQ  knows 

they  suffer  from  ^assliopper  swarms,  mid-sunaaar  frosts 

and  from  blizzards,  and  where  pioneers  hopad  to  settle 

*dor^  n^vx'zo.ien  aeuts   ::ij.end,   .*0o   uau   :  ii-i./^-x-lun^'. 

Strangely,  he  comes  to  the  realization: 

Irsendwo  hat  die  i^atur  Scaranlcen  gezo^sn  .  .  .  lind 
wonnVdas  Scaicksal  einea  Landes  •  .  .  verlangt,  dtbin 
baoiedalt  zu  sein,  so  wlrd  as  dtLnn  b^aiedelt  bleiben. 
(Ibid.,  p. 97), 

w-iich  v;ould  refute  .'ns   xormer  dreams  of  settling  the 

Arotie  prairie,  Grflnau  tells  of  the  realities  of  the 


70 

Jlorthem  buahland,   of  tiie   lard  life  of  a  proapevtor,  a 
vhlte  aan,  Jim,    vno  lives  with  tilB  Indian  vranaa,   of  a 
lialf-bre«<i,   Joe,  whom  ha  gets  to  ^movf,  and  of  tie  labour 
9t  t/ie  prospector;   despite  neat  and  cold,  mosqultOBwaraa 
cad  blac;<.  flies,    (xfttnau  finds  here  a  xiappier  llfo  tlian 
In  t   9  city.   Althougli  disappointed  a;;ain  p-nd  agftln  he 
retuims  during  his  second  summer  In  Canada  end  goes  with 
ala  oanoe  much  further  North  than  In  hi a  first   one,   to 
a  place  wnere  the  last  lalao^  are  already  bare  of  trees. 
In  spit ^  of  Uie  hard  realities  related,  his  deecrlptlon 
of  life  In  tne  North- country  Is  a  soaewhat  drera-llke 
affair,   i'hls  lore  for  a   'nordlc*  l^Jidacape  and  correspond- 
lim  antagonism  toward  urban  civilization  of  tihe  s-juth  has 
an  only  too  familiar  ring. 

A  rsmarkable  contrast  to  axohaas«  student  yon 
Grilnau  is  t  i3  (German   'Werkstudent '    .'oii  rlesche, 

vrtio  describes  his  experianeaa  in  Ara!;jrlca  In  nla  boolc  Jjae 
Aaerlitanlacae  Abenteuer.    Dautsoier  Wer"'stu<-lent  In  U.S.A., 
(::n<jaliiorn,   Stutte»art,   1935)   Wiiiou  tiaa  o^en  adited  as  a 
textbook  by  F«  and  L.  iiradlay  and  was  publialiod  by  Trent  Ice 
;iall.  New  York,   1937. 

While  von  urdnau  is  always  drc  ,   Li-a<;,awi3aohe 

Is  a  person  of  a  dll'farent  mettlo.  iie  iu  uctiva  and 
onergotlc.    Iuul,  ...  also  maets  and  iaipr«&sas  .'.lirlosms 


71 


whom  he  finds  quite  helpful,  trusting  and  disinterested. 
He  receives  a  loan  of  several  hundred  dollars  to  come 
to  America  v/ithout  so  much  as  a  receipt  or  an  I.O.U, 
He  receives  a  hospitality  which  he  never  had  expected 
but  he  also  has  the  experience  of  the  'Leidenswec* ,  of 
looking  for  work  and  of  working  his  way  throush  college. 
While  Grtlnau  barely  mentions  student  life  around  the 
campus  of  his  university  (Toronto),  Langewiesche  gives 
a  detiiled  description  of  some  aspects  of  Columbia 
University  including  the  co-eds. 

As  many  another  writer  he  discusses  the  American 
drug  store  and  mentions  the  books  and  magazines  sold  there; 
but  he  gives  also  apt  little  thximb  nail  sketches  of  the 
Saturday  Evening  Post,  of  Liberty,  of  Time,  and  of  the 
New  Yorker,  of  which  the  last  two  stand  high  in  his  esti- 
mation. 

He  notices  the  easy  going  attitudes  of  American 
officials  in  giving  out  driving  licences,  for  example.  He, 
too,  generalizes  as  many  other  German  writers  do,  but  with 
a  different  accent,  for  he  warns:   nevertheless  people 
drive  cars  bettor  than  in  Germany;  in  spite  of  lack  of 
apprenticeship  in  America,  car  repairs  are  better  serviced 
than  in  Germany  and  in  spite  of  all  easy  going  manners 
people  think  just  as  intelligently  as  in  Europe.  This  is 
one  of  the  rare  occasions  where  a  German  writes  with  respect 


'U.J.    .-jij    iii.'in's 


9XXiH< 


)i^±:ju.i    ^jxtiitevxcu 


Ml    JJJC 


oT  ws" 


,00  J 


*llO 


72 

about  publlaatlono  end   on  tliouc>it  in  Ancrlca. 

Lane/3wle30iie*E  drive  rrom    lau  lorl:  to  California 

iB  paralleled  by  a  similar  motor  trip  of  .Veidllc.x  (   ••• 

'j9lo^-r,   p.l72f ),  i' le   same   boi-edom  oi    t  ^e  road  Is  orjcountcr- 

9d   .Tltii  trie  difference  taat   Uxe  atuduut  looks  at  Amerloa 

frcn  t,>i3   -^olnt    Df  view  o  '   r    r.o  loloslf>t.  nr.^  not   of  r 

diu3ii trailed  nationalistic   G^i\i:.iri,    ...till  ,aore  lnt;ii%.      '.    •; 

when 
are  Lan^jewloociio's  •xperlonoee^' i-iitoh.ilJilng  baok  to  tne 

:iiBt.  Train   •  lopplng*  la  a  common  expariance   (-Iso  ralatad 

by  our  next  vn^ltar  Llmiaermann)   but  taj  various  Amorljan 

people  Lansevleacha  meets  on  taio  trip  E.lone   ./ould 

justify  t'ae  title   of  his  boo'-   "O.is  A-nerl  :r.-Ab2ntou9r". 

Wemer  ZlmniGrmarin  Ic  unlike  Lc.u^:,.iizzQ:i<i   aut  v^ry 

much  ll.:c   cHinau     and  Jdliann,   an  ideologist.     La  a  Swlsi 

.-=    ■  o    "  • -man  nationalist,   to  bo   cur  a,  but  as  a 

rei'oraer  in  ssx-ethlcs,  practising  v^;;,ii.arian,   si2t.arlan 

Boclalict,   currency-reforraar,    spirltioallst,  •  to  name 


oni 


1-,  .,  .  3W  sides  o-"  hi?,  intsrest:^  -      .  rn  Idoolo.^iet 


of  a  different  sort.  iuiU  practically  uxi  '-•..-•.'  pravent 
him  from  seeing  Araerloa  as  It  '</ai^  v/.ien  ho  worLced  and  trav- 
elled In  "'°-^T  York,  on  yi^-'Vestom  farms.  In  r.lnes  In  the 
Rocky  :"ounLo.ins  and  ovsr.  iii  iO;;^ri^  cau;t;3  oa  t..s  :.j.w.tic.aja 
coast.  Far  from  be  in-  a  saintly  person  ouffeirlng  for  his 
b'^lle^'o,  '^e  is  of  q  i3ct5onable  aonesty,  but  above  all  he 
is  ad ol<^ scent. 


*Its  first  edition  is  quoted  under  this  title  in 
German  Publications  on  U.S.  1933-194$. 


ncimsi'^ 


73 

In  A3-.;  ioc-.  ae  aduiiree  Brooklyn  '    "      o  aud  rrom 

It  hs  Tlews  t-.e  tirsat    'cLropollE.    Jut  wiicn  .8  Triand 

■hows  him  anon^  t.ia    'sl^lits*  t.ic   ot-ock  exciinnz-e  .'lO  bur^ta 

out: 

V/olch  elix  iiexan.  i.'      .    .    .    t.lvilit.alloaJ   i,ae  1st 

■      ■  -•,    dlo   \r  ....  -  ^^^ 

.....    I    -  ,      _ . .  -- 

x^c^inete  ■  x*  Krlsen,  .or  und  llend  rt 

•nd  hQp-3  8   tiu-'.t  t.ijpouftii  Ms  pat  ld«a  of  "Iva"  currency 

refoiin  evorything  v;!!!  be  rc-nilated,    '.z  li'.^E  "irocdv/ay * s 

H^itsi   uut  diailkea  ii:^  iiuai^  cx-o./ci.,    --,jeuXi^-j.y  it  a   .>JO..!.n 

.    .    .    jat  Oder  schlecat  angeatrica.n,  sletloQ, 

Iftc.iolnd,    jicharad,   j^lotzand  -    (Ibid. . 


i'  •      ^.'  » 


Soon  ao   Isavss  tae  hated  city. 

Fort  von  dir,   du  rastlos  fleberadee  Un^^ohouor,   du 
tot^ewolhtes  Gescliftpf  einsr  hoiilen  x'laliordlrulturl 
(Ibid.,  p. 40) 

In    d«.'a.ls.   ae  We  oalls  It,    ic  tolls  of  a  vlolt  to 

Niagara  Falls  '-^n*-^  re^ounta  hov:  -  once  bcln  ■  ciaatcd  by 
a  driver  in  Kew  lork  -  -xs  cnaats  anot-ur  orivor  >.aora. 
He  arrives  without  accldants  at  taa  farm  in  t-ie  .J.ddl« 
Vest  W'ure  .ia  works  for  BOir.3  time.  :le  finds  horses  and 
oovrs  oruaily  mistreated  a^ia  aaiidlaa  i.-ija  b-soosjr  u-i-on  u  -air 
Mister  does.  Ho  simply  has  more  sympathy  Tor  a  fellow 
creature • 

As  a  strict  v^c^etarian  -le  .laa  e   sotiw  .  .-t     Iffioult 
tlae  during  the  liarvost  but  la  distjUsted  with  a  fellow 
Swiss  harvester  syio  not  only  eats  meat  but  also  anolces 


7* 


and,   worst  or  ell,  Oriaka  a  lot  o£  alttouollo  - 

OQ  -ivmdays  In  a   escrat   a^jetln,-  place.   liie  Trload  wcatc:. 

,drl  .Ibltlve  prices. 

.'- om  t..i  pi'airle   at    ♦biiIpb*   towarda   t  qf 

of  miles  Aurt-isr  weat  aad  IsavoB  ^  &oon  ae 

he  can,   uoually  before  a^  worked  at  all,   ./iU.ca,   a.p  ue   ecye. 
Is  customar/  -sjaon^  ml.sratino  aeasoric^x   ..jr/.ers,  .:..  juoe 

Denv9x*  and   aarchea  on,   cllaba  nls  oolovad  inouutaixiA  and 
daoerlbec  t':-   beauty  of  t   e  landscejQ.     iouii  aLri-jarlng  la 

have  a  soul- 3  ear  chins  baforo  Uia  God,   ZJ.  iin  do«a  taia 

in  front  of  an  In^ccesalbla  mountain 

*hc  ju  v;    .--J. -iAt.         loll    6.    rSCaXic     uuiui^n    ..i'-uJi-     lwv-'O     Wix6 

boeuty  of  A-.-rlca,   itc.  mountains  a^id  lot-  j^owino  i^ail, 
asiiSe  fron  tho  obvious  natui'al  sijita  lil.e  Ijja  &i>aud  C&nyon, 

the      -:lj!;1i^o   Valley  c— ...   i.i-  .»    .x^  •v.i-uesB. 

king  In  a  nearby  -cine,  as  JL\  Ip  to  strani>er8 

r-'d  fin-is  hln  belon^inje   •.  .&  mucli  '.Qonoy  Btc  ,    lils 

o-.m  fellov-v/orkera.    '.^.il  .    i^».    .  cxii-io-i-.-...    '  inks. 

Aetncllj  d  only  to  blame  hiaeelf  proprlat« 

mlnsion^ry  I'-'eas:   '-le   yants   ",o  11-  '        ..tarlat* 

whio-.    -.    Idaallz©^.  '^..i^-.'  -.^     .--    -^o    -« 


'I 


75 

work  he  meets  tiae   migrating  worliara  again  and  giraa  aa 

interesting  virid  deseription  of  the  working  tramps  ia 

their  loneliness  and  disillusionment,  t.-islx>  esoape  into 

drinking,  sex,  and  dirty  Jokes,  their  love  for  ezeiteaieat 

in  gambling  and  betting  •  '^alles  BetAubungsmittel".  (Gf. 

ibid. .  pp.  194/ 5  and  l8?/3).  During  tlio  vriLnter  he  works 

a 
as/welder  in  x ittsborg  and  writes  on  his  ideologies.  Ha 

also  reflects  on  his  period  of  tramping  and  writes  on 

Ameriea  as  he  saw  it: 

Aaerika:  das  Land  der  zerrissenan  Unter:^leider  und 
Socken,  d3r  gebfigelten  Hoaen  und  gewiohstan  Soiiuhe 
...  *  wo  man  jedem  du  aagt  und  vor  keinem  den  Bat 
zleht  -  v.'o  man  keine  Scirlfton  und  ZcuGnlese  braucht, 
urn  flirbeiten  zu  k&nnen  "   wo  'man'  ;:aine  Steuern  sahlt  <- 
wo  die  Eisenbahn  einen  gratis  befBrdert,  mlt  oder  ohne 
Erlaubnis  >  wo  keine  Scalagb^tiHime  einen  cino  halbe 
;:tunde  yor  der  Durehfahrt  des  Zuges  auroalten  -  wo 
man  auf  dem  Baxmgeleise  marsohieren,  die  dreokigeo 
Schuhe  auf 8  Sammetpolcter  l3^;:.on  un.l  auf  dam  TrOutolr 
radfabren  daz*f  '  wo  der  Lump  CroldzChno  ciat,  in  Hand- 
schuaon  Ecliaufelt,  .  .  .  und  auf  die  .  inute  Irflndigan 
kaan  •  ...  wo  raan  fr&hlioh  erklAran  darf ,  man  sel 
'gebroohen*,  ohne  Geld  -  wo  es  'reine  Sciande  ist  .   .  . 
su  arbeitan  -  Amerika,  Schlax*affenland  des  'tz*amp', 
ioh  iiab*  dloii  z9^^»    tibid..  p.  108) 

In  Pittsburg  he  risite  a  steelworks  and  describes  It, 

a^ain  in  Hew  lork,  he  tails  of  confidense  men  and  other 

swindlers  who  try  to  roliove  the  naive  newcomer  of  his 

money.  Prom  there  he 'ships'  West  to  Montana  ."nfl  -ror^s 

at  a  sawmill  but  one  hears  very  little  of  his  worit  or 

surrounding  except  for  a  fascinating  .roraan,  tie  xinhappy 

Hvife'  of  his  boss  whose  manlike  he  tries  ra  ^and.  Then 

he  works  on  a  sheep  farm  in  an  Indian  territory  a^a   talks 


76 

and  dealD  ..ith  Indians.      »brRvc»  Indian  I3 

nlm  tifiu  j:iven  a  dead  shce^  in  luuuiu  for  vniich  he  sen. Is 

his  women.     ither  Indian,  In  a  lonr  speech  a^      e 

ftdvantares  and  dlsadvantares  the  vhlte  nan  had  br'>u'-ht  to 

his  people,  speaks  with  an  underlying  sadness  iu  u   uuup 

feelinr  of  inferiority,  (cf.  Ibid.,  p,156/"). 

The  author  is  on  his  way  to  Alaska,  •n'llrnlng' 

as  usual,  a  beautiful  :'irl  pa33es  by  and  hf-  j.a  i:::uz  »jsned 

at  first  but  is  dlsructcd  v/hen  he  sees  h'jr  shoes. 

Als  ich  ihr  nachschaute,  vmrde  ich  der  hohen, 

dllnnen  AbsStze  gewahr.  ..elch  schroienuer  ..idcr- 

spruch!  An.^ewidert  wandte  ich  wich  ab  .  .  .  (Ibid. ,  p. 162). 

He  does  not  approve  of  hip;h  heels,  beinr*  a  ♦Lcb^nsi-e- 

forner' .  This  is  n  tT-icsl  scnno  for  'emer     :!rnaTm 

as  well  as  Tor  many  ano'cner  '^erman  ideolorist:  A  first 

deep  imprescion  of  beaut;-  or  rxectness  in  '.nerico  is 

violently  rejected  as  soon  as  the  Aneric^r.  r  nllt"  docs 

not  conform  to  the  respective  'isc*  c^  x.h:,   vi-wcr.  i.jre 

v;e  mifrht  find  the  reason  for  the  aiabivalent  love-hatrod 

towards  'rnerica.   It  I3,  of  course,  "  psvch-^lof-lrnl  -^rob- 

lern:  To  r;ivc  up  one*s  ideolog;-  or  -van  c.  ::eei:-^c^t'jd 

•'.'.'eltanschauung*  In  the  face  of  American  reality  would 

involve  and  would  perttirb  too  rruch  th-  vie  •er's  r:  .'ntnl 

balance;  he  rather  rejects  Au  ric-n  rcolity,  i-uc  t^u^u  jj.  the 

disturbance  of  his  'peacG  of  -ind».     rcntly  hlo  rejection 


77 

Is  the  moie  violent  the  uore  America  contraciicta  certain 
*ideas* • 

Instead  of  preventing;  tne  viewer  from  sooinf; 
other  beauties  of  the  country,  this  ideology  cncour©r;e8 
him: 

V/ald,  Wald,  '..aid  -  "  n,  -  .  ,  ,  unberuhjrte 

ein^janikeit  ,    ,    ,   Di  ie  ."a,  taeine  ersehnt' 

wef.ische"  Landschaft  .  .  .  IJorden.  -  Liese  hnpfin- 

dun            llo3  .  .  ,  ;  uyikl  ...  -  ethovcn. 

v/an;nei       -  ji.iv.  (Ibid. .  p.l.j3/4) 

These  emotions  lead  i)l'.  uack  to  his  admired  American 
girl.  He  tries  to  ^^ot  her  attention,  her  smile  and  - 
proudly  rejects  her  once  he  feels  a  certain  sympathy 
coming  from  her.  His  behaviour  is  adolescent,  but  con- 
sidered alonf:  with  other  recent  German  writings  on  America, 
his  foolish  pretenses  -  however  intrinsically  worthless  - 
are  seen  to  have  a  representative  significance.  -  any 
other  writers  whose  political  ideolof^ies  are  contxoversial, 
to  put  it  dldly,  would  be  considered  Just  as  absuru,  if 
their  'ism*  were  not  political. 

As  if  to  prove  our  point  our  adoleacent  ideologist, 
Zlmmermann,  returns  to  Lurope  having  acquired  in  America 
nothing;  of  its  realism  nor  of  its  rrmch  dlsparared  roaterial- 
ism  but  a  now  ideology:  spiritualism.  (Cf.  Ibid.,  pp. 217-^44) 

..ith  one  exception,  the  following'  group  oi  persons  viho 
orked  and  travelled  in  America  is  reraarkably  lacking  in  any 


78 

Ideological  prejudloeg,  kt  the  same  time  It  muat  Im 
noted  t':iat  tiaeee  oarsonn,  exoapt  one,  came  not  froa 
Oerman/  Itself  Dut  froa  Urfitzarland  (Peter  P39),  froa 

Old  Austria  (Leo  Sleeak),  from  what  ie  now  Tugoslarla 

11) 
(Miohael  iupln),  and  from  Sweden  (Vlvl  Laiu^nt)  . 

Onlj  on-'   worcln^i  and  travelling  girl  (Senta  Dln^lrelter) 

hails  from  Germany  itself  and,  sure  anousa,  ehe  triee 

to  assert  ncreelf  ae  a  Qerman,  not  only  as  a  person 

orerooming  a  uandicep. 

At  her  first  view  of  New  York  she  asks  herself 

wi^flther  she  is  at  the  wrong  addt^ss  •  in  tae  Orient  with 

its  dirty  streets  and  strange  population.  She  sees  Mev 

York's  great  contra at a: 

in ;; 

Senta  Dinsl3:'eit©r,  ;hea  Mftdel  auf  ".  un  die  Welt 

ier  und  Anslaxi^,        ipzig,    1932) 
Vivi  Laurent:   ViviB  Keise.Ein  Janr  DlanstmAdchen  in  Amerika, 

die  Abenteuar  einer  scawediscaen  Studentin  von 

New  Yoz^  bis  YallewBtone.  Translated  by  Hora 

Feichtinger.   Leop.i^lotz  Verlag,    Jotha,   1925 1 
Peter  Pee   (pseud. )»  jg|i5§aft^,Yerlag  der  Mational  Zeitmi*, 

Basel,   1932, 
Leo  Qlezak,  Meine  simtlic  len  Verke.   Der  Kortbnieh.   Rowohlt 

Verlag,    Stuttgart- Berlin, 1925 
Miohael  irupin,  Yaa  Hirten  zuy  Erf  inder.   F.Meiner  Verlag, 

Leipzig. rranslated  into  Enslish. 
Walter  Daarosch,  Mi^  Musical  Life.   G.Allen  and  Un>rin,   Ltd., 

London,    1924, 
Bruno  Walter,  Tueme  and  V-.riatiQns.  An  Autobiography, 

translated  by  J. A.    Galaton,   Tnopf,   New  York, 

1946/7. 


.r 
o 


Vom  aoharutzlgston  aber  auci  Interesaant eaten  JXid^n* 
vlsrtel,   dem  Glietto,   dber  d&c  fte  J  :r  - 

zum  rainen  Dautrf^'.-'Ti-i -;■''* fii  ri-  -"'-•n.  '  i^^^^.^dr- 

BtrasBen  .    .    .    ;  ^,   p. 11) 

She  adjnlres  the  olevated  and  Bubwajrs: 

.    .    .    cu  -.1+1. V  der  Hoch-  rund- 

bahn,   Ic  -   _j.-a  i>3st_ :   es  j^ehttrt   "„  „_.    .iv.^en 

New  Yorka,  die  mlr  am  aelstan  laponl^rten*  Ua  tfLat 
Cent  ^<inn  man  ron  elnem  E!nd«  der  Stadt  roa  andem 
.    •    .    fahren.  Auca  die  praktiscae  Art  de«  Aiorlkanere 
Icomat  hler  wieder  zwn  VorsCieln.    (^bld, ,   p. 12) 

Sooner  than  sne  hoped  siie  finds  a  job  in  the  photographic 

^•partment  of   'Maoy's'  w*^iere  she  asserts  herself  by 

qulok  and  thorough  work  and  by  the   statement    'Jeutsch- 

land  1st  der  ers^e  Kulturstaat  * .    She  is  a^ozet'  r^t   the 

easy  coi-f^s  American  girls:    "3ie  arbeiten  scruiell  und  eicher 

wlhrend  sie  sprechon,    singen  und  laehen**.    (ibid.,   p. 13). 

In  her  work  she  finds  not  only  the  many  tirashy  amatsur- 

photos  but  also  valuable  pietiires  from  all  parts  of  the 

world.    "Ein  Beweis  fflr  die  Reiselust  und  d?e  Vohlhabenhelt 

des  euaerikaniscien  Volkes."   (Ibid.,    p.  14).  She  enjoys  the 

employees'  restaurant  and  the  rest  rooms  on  Kaey's  12th 

floor  and  especially  tie  view  from  the  rcof  rarden  over 

Hew  York's   aabour.   Vfie-n  TerTian   ships  arrlvo   she  is  px^jud, 

and  faels  badly  wiian  th^  roraer    •Vaterland',  na.f   'Leviatnan', 

is  there.    Sne  lives  with  a  Oerman-American  family,   tia 

parents  hardly  speak  English,   tia  younger  -deration 

hardly  any  Oerman. 


ttO 


■  t  ein  Jammer  -  unu      uso  eirunal      ^i-f> 
1  -  wie  v/enir  sich  -....,  "  onschon  d  .   .3m# 
des  LeutschtUEia  bewusst  eind,  wie  leicht  und  willi^^ 
sie  sich  von  anerikanischen  Schcin  blenden  lasLjen. 
(Ibid. .  p.lw) 

In  the  subways  she  finu>.  ^oople  'rlicksichtsloG'  but  very 
polite  eisewheie.  jn   her  way  to  v;ork  bhc  observes  the 
buildinp  of  a  nev.  skyscraper,  the  difficult  work  below 
the  ground  and  the  quic.  rise  of  its  steel- frame.  Jhe 
relaxes  in  Central  Park  but  the  skyscrapers  spoil  its 
rtiral  atoiosphere.  This  does  not  prevent  her  from  includ- 
ing a  photo  of  Central  Park  with  an  iCi],x>sin£;-  hi^h 
bi  ilding,  which,  of  courso,  is  the  book's  best  attrac- 
tion. On  holidays  she  takes  a  trir<  to  the  catekill 
Kountains  and  finds  then  raerely  hills.  The  Hudson  Kiver 
is  'reizvoll*  but  it  is  not  like  the  Rhine.  :3he  hikes 
a  number  of  miles  against  the  advice  of  nraerican  people, 
vho.'n  she  calls  'dicse  verw6hnten  Leute',  and  whom  she 
despises  as  too  lazy  for  spoi-ts. 

bs  ist  eine  vBllin  irripe  nnsicht,  sich  untei  einen 
Durchschnittsamerikaner  einen  Sportsmann  vorzustellen. 
Er  sieht  es  %«ohl  pern,  \jonn   swei  ..enschen  sich  i  eren- 
seiti."-  die  Nase  zu  3rei  zerschla^ien  und  sich  die 
Zflhne  in  den  i-ai7;cn  beffirdern,  er  bnillt  in  frenetischem 
Jubel,  wenn  sich  der  eine  K^npfer  halbtot  am  Doden 
wSlzt,  sonst  aber  ist  das  Volk  im  allpor;eincn  verweich- 
licht  und  sehr  oeque-.   (Ibid.,  p. 21) 

She  feels  in  contrast  to  ner  surroundinfrs.and  calls  her- 
self a  ♦r.reenhorn*  and  is  proud  of  it,  in  that  she  hikes 
in  contrast  to  the  'kinobesuchende  und  autofahrende  Herden- 
tier*  (Ibid.,  p.22)  ;  in  tuct  sae  utstii  no   lipstick  and  does 


81 

not  belong  to  the  •gummlkauend*  Herde,  die  outomatltoh 

elne  Ide«na8»02;ifttion  mlt  v.lederlciuem  .  .  ,  auBlSet." 

Lat«r  on  vaen  she  is  nerrou*  and  having  dlffleultlse  with 

another  Jo^,  aae  finds  herself  relaxed  by  chewing  gun. 

Das  e.l^'loiimilsslge  Kauen  baruhigte  seine  N^rven.  Ge* 
laosaner  astzte  Ich  molno  Arbeit  fort  uad  slehe,  es 
sine;  besser.  In  der  F  ^  -  labe  Ich  ^rihreni.   melner 

|aortiM;on]Tatlgk9lt  S.e  1  nicat  narir  sntbehran 

iSnasn.  (ibid,. .  p. 65) 

She  meets  a  friend  who  tells  a»r   of  Ellis  Island  and  how 

people  are  mistreated  thex^i 

Kine  TrAnenlnsel  .  .  .  iat  sle  wahrhafti^,  Ein  ^coand- 
fleok  fttr  die  Nation  der  Fralhelt  .  .  .  winter  Tor- 
gitterten  Fenstern  musatan  wlr  hausen,  '.'mrden  von 
sohwaraen  \>Arterlnnen,  dleeln  unerhttrt  brutales  Be- 
nehmen  zur  Soaau  truejen,  angasoarlon  und  >onraandi9rt 
glaich  Varbrachem  .  .  .  Dabel  llegt  bel  den  malsten 
Binwanderem  (^ar  nlchts  vor.  (Ibid. ,  p. 24) 

The  two  visit  a  large  movie  aousa  and  find:  "3e.s  ProsraTUB 

war  :iior  ausnahmswelse  einraal  nicat  kltsohit^".  (Ibid. ). 

V^hen  She  leaves  har  Job,  she  Is  amazed  at  ho'.-r  friendly 

are 
and  hearty  -ft*»e-  tho  fellow  glr  1- workers/ vno  say  good-by* 

with  presents  and  kisses.  She  goes  by  train  to  Chicago 

and  is  likewise  pleasantly  surprised  about  'reizvolle 

Qe^onden',  hills  and  forests,  rivers  and  lakes. 

Sae  visits  Detroit  and  its  Ford-works  and  finds 

tae  workers  there  in  spite  of  contrary  expectation  neither 

•otumpf*  nor  tired.  About  the  management  sne  says:  "Der 

Anerlkanor  weiss,  was  nottuti  Tempo  -  un-'  Picklaae".  (ibl^. . 

p.  26). 


-1 

i 


82 


In   CTlc.rto   n'^e  rents  an  ujly  dark  «n'^  5.irl«»t 

rooa  Tiita   w6naan  psopla   wnam  ur^e   later  fiaae  uiurxdoAlj, 

rutMesB  end  eaTlous  (Ibid. ,  p*  35)  b«eauB«     h«  fiads 

a  woll-payln^  Job  cooiparatlvely  quickly  in  a  toy-fawxtojry, 

Xac  work  is  naw  and  many  mi  stakes  ax»e  uiaa,   by  the  vorkez^s, 

and  a...<s  a^.nires  t^ia  self  composed    'bosses'    aUo  do  not 

shout  and  yell  as  a  Oero^an  boaa  would, 

-.indere   iczi  :   ur.-r.-*.!*  ■  ^      -    -' — r,oxit- 

..iefs»   den  i  ..bv:;..!  n,  dslosen 

Ton,   in  dem  die  Vo,    ..   t^    -  .    -it,  den  juen 

▼er'ohren,  welobe  '  t  .   ii;         ".o  auoh  Lin --*  ^"^t   Da 

c4.bl   OB  i.oin    >3.ilin^.  -x^,  ien  odor  ar  -len, 

mag  Jemand  aucn  die  y^'dbsten  ^"'enler  ::  dr  der 

unb3h.olicn.st8  Arjeitor  oein.    -a   let      .  ''•'■"., 

d&SB  er    Cn&ll  und  Fall  entlassen  «rird,  ..  wir^ 

sr  in  ^robdiE,   barsonem  Ton  an^^Cai^^^n.  v  j-ul'l* »  p*29) 

Sne  ^oes  to  nisSlit  scJiool  to  improve    .er  :  n  llah.  n 

stie  assarts  uerselT  and  .^^^       v- -•.         .  — • 

il&r  zelgte  sic.i  u  Auffr-osunga- 

tl 

anderer  Natiooea  ,  .    Uold.i  p*>li 

Oil  Heir  Year's  Day  aUc  into  onov^oorerod 

Liaeoltt  Park«   streetcars  pass  with  Happy  Mew  Year's 

greeting  sign**   "So  httriicli  sixvi  unsore  jtrassenbshnen 

nioht",   alxe  obsenres.  But  Waen  sue  aeeta  soae  apparently 

c^maa  tmeaployed  aien,  aae  bux*sts  outs 

^vieTiel  edles  deutoc-ias  Blut,   /fio:  38  7iLii..:n 

und  deutcches  I>:        " .    ^autooia     a    _ —  ai3r  v-r»- 

lox*en'.  "  leriol  tua,  best  as  wartvollotes  Deutocii- 

tUB  frisst  diesar    .oioob  AnsrikilJ    (Ibi  '...   P.32) 


84 


She  clalme  to  lievs  spoken  about      -  3  to  an 

Arasrlcan   voman  vmo  used  the  oxpra  salon   '  .ulturd^j,er' 

w">'('  J    o"  course.   Is  a   .'erman  fabrication  and  san  :iapdly 

b^  ti'snelatad.    r.i.l9  word  ^Ivea  aar  cauaa   i'or  anotaar 

outburst; 

._.     -jutscae   slnd   zelinta-"' "" ''--I.    "u       ''  ,    ''^  aua^«w 
reciinet   fflr  Amerlka  den  ben.Tn^^d*  «P.33) 

She  mocks  at  the       range   eleotloneerlns  and  Its  conneotion 

with  the  C 'lie  a  go  vmderworld. 

She  leaves  for  t-ie  West  and  vforlia  at  Danver,  or 

nearby  ?t  a  inllllonfi.lrc'G  villa  ^i±^-  u.j  in   .  .s^  aountalna, 

as  a  houee  aaid.  Now  she  has  tae  opportunity  to  see  the 

upper  clet'B  at  close  range.   3aa  even  admires  her  ladjr 

employer  for  her  appreciation  of  nature  and  of  beauty. 

'.'nat  she  cannot  understand  fts  her  hospltslity  In  bringing 

hoine  a  few  guests  -  24  in  number.  At  anot'ier  time  there 

are    uhlrty  guests  for  dinner,    ohe  finds  the  many  com- 

pll-aents  «if«   silly  which  are  paid  to  tie  hostess.  Whan 

the  cook  and  his  vlfe  leave   suddenly  and  tiie  whole  pajrty 

helps  out   sne  half  admiringly  and  half  mockingly  remarks: 

Aber  die  Araerlcaner  .    .    .   auc.i  die  :  illionSre   slnd 
T  „...  .,^   ^j_Q   sloh  nlc.it   .    .    .  untertr^  "    =•-   ""'"--^n.   3elm 

a  und  ^l3ohdec'.:cn  lialf  alles   -  ,      /.nnlein 

und  v/olbleln  olino  Untsracliijd  dsr  rarsou.    .>ii;m   .airde 
^eiaelnsam  Geac.ilrr  oospfllt  und  abs^etrooknet.  Und  wie 
fix  alles  ging,    vann  auch  ein  trsnig  auf    'o^ten  der 
Grflndliohkelt.    ( Ibli. ,  p. 39) 


85 

One   would  expect   that  siie  would  feel  aapjy  In  this  ooa- 

genial  surrounding,    sne  atakes  friends  only  with  hob* 

Swlsa-Germ&n  workare  on  t^e  staTf  ./hlle  she  hate* 

▼loldntly  tiio  new  cook,  a  i>ollali  Jeveta,   on  soeount  of 

vfhrvTi   ahe  finally  leave  a, 

3'ie  tnen  nas  oooaeloa  to  visit  YellowBtoae  Park, 

w'alch  e.ie  duly  admires*  but  aUe  cannot  '^eep  iierssXf  from 

■aking  rcmarics  about  t  le  famous  'Old  Faithful'  geyeer. 

Eln  e enter  AaerlKaner,  der  die  >  ung 

dee      Drtes  n^j  ^larae  i^as'loe  erfa. 

muas  den  Leuten  ins  Grealcht  sprln^en  von  vome  ner 
und  aua  dem  lilnterhalt,    nan  muaa  lhr>-3n  c'le  i  voll- 

brtlllen  •    •    •  AeklMio.'   Unerxtv^*-^    ,        *^:OHl::.^ o, 

bllndwdtl^e,   erbarnam^nlose  v   Old   "^althful 

nfelsB  das  und  aat   fdr  seine   :.;--..  3ii,  ai  t- 

leran  unil   j^i^osaen    'ollagen  dijc3  -vo-Timer . 

flhe  sees  also  the  Gr«nd  Canyon  and  an  Indian  Territory. 

3he  .jasses  tnrous^  ::»9at-i  ;<alley  aad  Lob  Axi6-1«30,  ^riare 

■he  talks  about  t.ie  x*eal  eaijtte  a^^ente  and  -   i  ^out  tiie 

enormous  fruit  ,jarden8,  plarv-tt  ^^lons  of  nuts,  p.-achas, 

lemons,   vad  oranges,   ner  leat  port  oi"  call  Is  ^.ii^i 

Plranoitico,  f aero  e.ie  works  in  a  li^t  inc^ua-ry.  has 

difficulties  vflth  ot-xer  eaploje^s  and  makas  friends  oal/ 

with  t.ie  supervisor  and  pax*t  o^ttnar  of   u-3   a.iOi). 

Au6  der  Amor  1  toner  in  mit  Indlanerblut  xiad  daa  bayri- 
scaen  V  (  lersolf )   Bind   Frcun51nnon  seworden. 

loh  ver v^~      I -"^  ^n  ibrea  hUbsc  .en  -.isln  und  bsvoii- 

derte  ihre  sel't  Iten  0  Ibilder,   ihre  rlastiken 

.    .    .die  sle  mode  inert  natte. 


36 


Sha  f^ets  to  kno.f  also  her  friends  and  makaa  frlendi 
them  -  one  bsln^  o.  leading  Ajaerloan  palntax^. 

Here  Is  a  see-nlnjly  modem  woman  rfliO  wants  to 
see  th-'  world  ./ith  open  eyes.  Energetic  and  intelligent, 
she  works  ler  way  through  Anerica.  She  admires  much  in 
this  country  and  is  bewildered  by  other  thi-     to 
ifhlch  she  reacts  with  mocking  or  sneers.  Above  all  it 
1b  her  oGycliologically  understandable  oelf assertion  (she 
is  crippled)  and  her  similarly  touchy  GeiToan  natlonalisa 
ifhich  lead  hsr  to  misrepresent  America  almost  coapletely. 

Vlvi  lAurent  In  her  book  VI vis  ""  .\se  d-38crlbe« 
almost  the  Identical  places  -  New  York,  Buffalo,  Chicago, 
Denver,  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  Yellowstone  lark  -  as 
MlsB  Dlnglrelter,  and  likewise  holds  similar  or  Identical 
positions  as  artist,  as  factory  vorksr.  In  vrrloue  shops, 
and  as  maid  vith  a  millionairess  in  the  mountains  near 
Denvsr.  "he  too  lo  an  lnt3lll^ant  ^irl  ./ho  wants  to  see 
the  vorld  and  who  knows  how  to  take  caro  or  herself.  Never- 
theless, Vlvis  Rals^  is  an  anticlimax  to  Miss  Dinslrelter's 
El,n  deutsches  Mfldel.  The  Americans  ara  not  considered  as 
BXich  in  contrast  to  the  European  or  to  specific  nationalities. 
The  people  wo  meet  In  har  book  are  rivatc-  individuals: 
seae  are  friendly,  others  are  strict,  some  are  lazy,  othsra 
are  shre-^,  and  a^ain  some  are  conaervatlT^  and  strictly 
h^aest  and  others  profligate.  TJuis  also  the  sreat  orists 


37 

In  her  Aiierloan  experlancei  are  aleo  vary  valval©  and 
even  Inelyaifioaiit.  '.^'lil  a.ie  in  spite  of  ell  presaure 
of  work  iiav^  a  dlnr.er  raady  for  Invited  t.u-i..a.  jr,  rflll 
sue  ba  able  to  clean  up  a  whole  uoubo  and  paci:  tiie  anoraioua 
belon^slnsa  oi*  a  inllllonalreBB  ./Ituln  anort  notice?  la 
apita  of  tliesa  all  too  o.rlvate  excitements  Vlvl  sees  her 
part  of  America  .^Itii  opon  ayee,  ixxe  sees  New  York  aa 
fascinating  aa  a  fairy-tale  but  at  tae  aama  tiae  as  the 
ugllsGt  city  of  tne  world  vfien  aho  looks  out  froa  the 
elevated  trcln  lnr.o  alum  tenements  (of,  Vlvl  a  u?lat ,  p.8). 
3ae  vialts  tne  Coanopolitan  Club  of  Columbia  Univarsity 
and  tae  Metropolitan  Museua  with  ita  :».e.abrandt,  Titian 
and  Van  Dy'c.  Tie  lattar  institution  la  not  evan  mentioned 
by  other  autl-iors.  Waen  ea  a  nuraa  ahe  dlaapprorea  of  a 
aotlier  spoiling  her  child,  she  doea  not  ra^^a  about  it 
like  V^nzma- r  (of.  below,  p«248:0,  aae  simply  treaua  tha 
ohlld  differently  and  -  j£et»  along  nicely,  ie aides  she 
snows  t-iat  not  all  American  mothers  are  aa  foolish,  uhe 
admlros  also  the  practical  work-saving  devices  EJid  ^^gett. 
Her  ahop  and  factory  experlenoes  ara  aore  nSoStlve 
In  that  she  finds  noat  jfirls  worilnj  wlui  nar  intarastad 
only  In  dresses,  aonay,  ani  -  flirting  An^Jk   lova,  Ai  an- 
other s.iop  some  ^irls  tell  eacn  other  about  t  leir  love 
•xperienoe8« 


:  J 


0 
9 


ad 

One  would  not  bs  Burprleed  if  both  ::l^aes 
Dlnglrelter  and  La^^rent  lafl  vorked  as  maidB  for  the 
sam-.  nllllonalrQes,  In  a  cottage  iiigii  up  ia  the  laountalnc 
n»ar  Denver,  ::1bs  Laurent's  account  certainly  being  the 
more  Interestln:-'  ons.  Y-.llowatons  i- ric  too  t^-kaa  on  a 
diffsr-w.io  j-i^xt  in  ..iss  i^urant'a  Uocouat  .v.-on  atie  rind* 
many  of  tie  chauffeurs,  waiters,  and  waitresses  diacuselng 
scientific  problems  with  her  and.   amon^  each  otaer,  all 
being  vU'.ents  from  Columbia  and  otasr  univorsitlee. 

The  secret  of  har  charming  thouja  not  very  thorough 
and  probably  unimportant  book  is  thst  s'te  treats  /iiaerloane 
as  people,  each  one  dlfr-arent,  walls  many  -er:aaii  writers 
buret  out  In  ^-nerallzatlons.  Only  rarely  does  Mlsa  Laurent 
generalize,  for  example  about  the  city  Omch?-  -..'hlch  she 
has  t.ie  oppoxounlty  to  see  -  between  tri.lns.'  ..*o  liapreosiona 
given  B.re   not  very  complimentary.  One  ml^ht  ask  whether 
her  IsiDrcscion  of  New  York  as  ugly  might  not  originate 
from  uijiiiar  quick  glances  from  a  train  Into  alum  teaementa 
along  the  tracks. 

Tie  auostlon  ml  ^ht  seriously  be  r-.lsed  generallj 
whetiior  raus-i  oi  our  adverae  _eraiaa  liters-curs  on  America 
Is  not  based  on  similar  quick  glances  or  on 'oxperlenoea' 
between  .tralq,s. 

The  Swiss  joura'iliEt  xcxar  Pee  cicc  ■jjsh   in  a.iaoBt 


89 

an  identical  poaltion  aa  A,S.»   Jo.ianri.  Both  ere  nj.^spaper 
man  working  liics  liiuBigranwS  aad  writing  reports  at  tr^« 
Bflime  time.  las  faot  tnat  re tor  Pe«'a  expsrienoos  wtr« 
iB  "lAatern  Canada  wJille  Jonaxin'a  ware  in  t  -   ast  do  not 
aocoont  i'or  tixe  eaormous  differenoa  oX"  tnair  writings* 
Joiiann  is  also  tne  greater  'expert*  on  living  and  woricing 
eonditions  in  Canada*  NevertaeleBSf  Jooan  .  aaa  ^ivcn  ub, 
aa  we  aave  seen,  a  coaipletsly  distorted  pictiu*e  of  i^orth^ 
Aaerica  wuicn  became  worse  and  worse  as  iiic  professed 
nationalism  Qrev,  wnlle  Peter  Pee,  with,  his  muca  smaller 
range  of  experience,  depicts  especially  ontreal  soberly, 
objectively  and  not  without  artistic  ability, 

Peter  Pee  is  the  pseudonym  of  a  feuilleton 
writer  of  the  Baseler  i^ational  Zeltu.^.  For  four  years, 
1928  to  1932,  he  wrote  feuilletons  on  Canada  collected 
under  the  title  Oh  Canada.'.  Basel,  1952,  ffith   tae  under- 
standing tnat  aa  would  work  hla  way  t-irou^i  Canada  witn- 
out  being  paid  until  his  return.  Thus  we  see  him  travelling 
and  worlcina  llice  any  ot.ier  immiiy^ant .  At  first,  faced  with 
uneaployaient,  ha  has  to  take  a  very  hard  Job  as  a  bus* boy 
in  a  big  I-.ontreal  hotel.  He  tells  of  tae  heavy  trays  he 
carries  tirou^h  hot  and  cold  draught,  tha  hurry,  the  rush: 

'<^uick|  quicki '  ..is  ica  diese  .  .  •        '1  .-3iiw. . 

Ich  laufe  doc:i  Im  cisenen  Intsresso  --  :11  'le 

aiijirlloh,  sonst  werden  dis  Trays  zu  sc.i./erJ  :.ulck, 
quick.'  ...  Da  rennt  man,  daalt  var'yB'.-mts  rabben 
wie  llttniglnnen  bedient  werden.  (Ch  Canada,  p. 24) 


90 

EYon  at  nlglit  he-  <lr«e.TiB  of  xnanlnir   and  '-i^'^hlns  a  traj. 
In  ixxii  iLOtc.l   lie  .tud   opportunity  enouf^i  \,o   obaerv3  the 
behavloTir  of  the   public,  and  of  hla  varlouB  colleaguea 
of  all  nationalities.  Ha  becomae  quite  blttar  about  it 
and  writes  a  feuillaton  ''..'cnn  lor  elne  /ilmuns  hflttet', 'If 
you  only  would  Icnow'  how  iaard  and  quickly  one  has  to  work 
in  -f^erioa,  you  ';Caffeariausgiln<iior*  in  3lo"='  .r,-')^^   JLurope 
and  you  inconaidarate  guaata  in  our  hotel,  ds   coaplalna 
•Bpaoially  about  the  ladles*  H«  works  at  various  othor 
Jobs  in  tovm  until  he  packs  up  to  work  ut  t j-^  nr.wly  built 
tovm  ox'  Arvida,  i(*here  the  Alumniuai  Company     .  a-rica  (^Icoa) 
is  Just  srectins  one  of  its  enormous  po\fer  plants  at  tue 
Saguenay  River  (of.  similar  expsrlanoea  of  '-'.n-i'-.nar   Series, 
Jakob  Strieker,  cf.  p»140  bslow).  It  is  neevy  labour,  v:ell 
paid,  and  very  dangerous  at  the  oaae  time,  '-.e  telle  about 
his  literally  thrilling  experiences  ae  accidents  r-n6   n^ar 

aooidenta  are  ocouring  daily,  lourly.  do   rsporta  on 
t-ie  life  in  ta&   workers*  barracks  at  ni^ht  and  says  he 
oan  stand  the  work  and  the  barrack- life  only  b 3 cause  ha 
lias  soiae  h^wiss  friends  in  tna  town  proper  v^^om  ^e   can 
visit  on  wssk^ends.  He  is  transferred  to  an  inside  Job 
where  he  works  even  loxiger  than  his  sixty  nomnl  hours 
a  wsek.  Inetead  of  a  islilleton  he  sends  in  documentary 
■aterial  to  explain  why  he  is  unable  to  •.•rrite:  "Infolse 
strenger  BesohAftigung  in  meinem  N'^benberuf  ... 


91 

(It>id. ,   p.    116)   This  t.ie   Nat.! on?  1   ,: ltun.gr   -romptly  prints 

in  11 --g  of  tiie  usual  fauilleton.   He   leavae  for  tae  city 

but  if?   soon  forced  to  find  ot'ner  --rort:,   t.hl-   t\me  at   a 

etr-^.! ^^rrj  farm   or  ?.  .:cu- Jaiia'iiian.    .ae  ulrt  and  th.9 

primitive   life  of  this  farm  family  la  incredible.   Ha 

stays  bee^\ise  h?  vrnnta  to  find  oijt 

o)   let   ■-•3  uo9r;iaupt   m?   "  '  j   zu  1  b)   ist   es 

mlr  mScllch,   aier  zu  x  ad  dio     _..    :>rt   auf  belde 

Fragent    "Oh  JaJ  Aber  ^-rleJ"    (Ibl^. ,  p.U9) 

Re  describes  th-?  disorder  and  dirt   of  this  ■'jn^-llavably 

low  stend^rd  of  living  and  ends  wl'>.h  t  lO   raaisrl:: 

Koc)i  aln  Wort:    loh  habe  den  Leser  .^esoaont.    Ich 
:i2.b3  :■-  "  1  <lb'3r   "       -   .    'f--    :  ga^ 

bel  a!:_.-_.:      .  ..    _.         ...    .... 

druokt  man  nioht   •    •    •    *inan*   arlebt  ele  nur.    (Ibid,  .p. 153) 

Trotz  alledaa  11  af  Icii  nlciit  davon  .    .    .    (as  othep 
Sflss  did  bgfore  him).   Denn  Ich  sah  etvas,   -^as  melnt 

3a.i9n:    l'  ille  Jollooeur  let  wlrklloh 

:i   lieb.    •:. . ,    3.196) 

When  he  finally  falls  sick,  his  jood-nr.tursd  'patron* 

drives  him  baok  to  the  city  vrnere  he  finds  a  room  and 

Bleeps,  srets  up  when  hunrxy,  end  sleeps  ?~aln.  Soon  hi 

re;jov'?re  ^.n  looks  a.^ain  lor  a  job.  Ju::t  s.iort  of  starvation 

h«  la  hired  In  a  ?x^nch  restaurant  and  advances  quickly. 

His  exo^rlenoes  there  are  refreshing  as  his  remains  about 

varlQU;3  nationalities: 

'''•n  soil  nlcht  flber  >Ji£;eh5rlre  anderer  Natlonen  eehlmpfen 
und  esBsn  tun  die  Franzoaan  reoat  ^xit  .  .  .  (Ibid. , p.  173) 

Or  ic  .(fritsB  on  American  tourists  who  are  not  llkt  tourists 


In  TMcope: 


anz,   die  eb^n  nur  3ir\  .ar,   dine 


A.r.ierl'K.an<5rin  fcufwelaen  kwm   .    .    .    vjuj^, ,  p,ir7) 

and 

.    .    .      le  Amsrlkansrln    lat  mil   iluvar  iiatdrllohen  Gnisi* 
.-;lnen  So  iinuok  nStlg.    ( Ibl  1 . .  p.lTi^ 

"?^r.   r.,-\--.--.    •  '■•<■.■,     .-,   '  p^;3.-;  Xnd  amployn^-^ "      1  3 

bl^  uapartacrii.  stores  in     ontreal  and  tallt.  ..orf  dirricult 
It  1b,  especlslly  for  tiie  foreign  bom,  cwin?  «o  the  vicious 
application  fonas  •*  auf  f!"^-"  "^ragen  wic?    '     ..-r^oTi'-,  Art*     Atter' 
etc.   von  httchater  Wlchtitikait  waren"    (1  j14»  .  ii..^54J«    «'aver- 
tiielsss,  he  bluffs  his  vfay  in  ae  an  art i at  r.nd  beoomes  a 
vfin'r^w  ''eoorfttor.   '.ith  h^      Invontivo  idee-  -.-    .,,/;.    as  to 
hold  tal8  position  for  a  loxig  time  and  writes  a  nujilior  of 
sad  or  omuain^   fauilletons  about    'ontr       .  "oribas 

its  city  life  in  c.iarraing  little  vignettes  or  nlnl'-,tur«s, 
80.Tistimes  using  James  Joyce's  '5evicc  of  t:\c  etriaai  of 
consciousness.  He  knows  ula  part  of  tiie  city  aa  well  as 
an  outi^ider  can  ever  know  it.   '"'r^  ri-^rjcrl-tlons  of  3-. 
Catiierlna  Gtrcet,    ">t.    Lawronca,   ot,   ^eor^e,   ills    'Foru'ti* 
\d.tii  its  ioa  aookey  matches,  his    'Arena*  with  a  wrestlins 
.natch,   aia  street   car  rides  are  very  'm?.h  rllvr?.   And 
nevorthalosa,  although  he  has  a  variety  o^   coniacLS  and 
apoalts  Sn^liah  and   '-^enoh,   somothlng  is  tBicjslnj,   Is  it 
tho  lack  of  closer  associatloowith     ny  on-     roup?  Or  it 
it  a  laok  of  oultural  interests.   It  seeas  a^ost  tae 
opposite:  he  does  not  •••■  to  find  his  equals  on  his 


93 

•'-                             -'  *       •   -  hlR  •     I 

imst  1'""      "npeui-U    -o  him  c.s  qultr       --    u.j    c  ;-.  O^     ;.« 

pMt«*a»lrig  only  a  thin             co  of  cultiira,  r  ha 

Is  Invited  Jttt  coclally  he  cannot  or  at  1.  A. 
r?ri.T  y  ,v  '■;  .jrrtiBon     raund#      .<  '^ondai*  t''io  fl'^-'^'.' -.^  <•>•'-   -<*  •». 

-"i!>oaoii  or    .f  au  ^^lish  C:;-L^°.filRn  .-o-no  iis  ■.  lot 

cospara  In  v.ultural  warmth  ^n^l  at  j  house 

w.  "ior  tns  striiclnii  motto.3  .'         -un  lot  In  der 

kltjlnoten    I'itt«',   II    'O©  ;ni;  tlbus  nan  c 
ani^    irr    '    •    ■•    '  It   seln    .    .    .  .    ..  ... 

aln  we   j-u-^ountar  t.ia 
laol  an  int  illoctuol  In. 

{  ■     ,.?0Q 

} 

-ir  financial  reasons  tho  Itr 

jlaSB,    t  l3   I'-.Tisodla 

£..  n  uvcrj'o  2-.j    i 

•wi.  in  line  to    '. 

a  ADur  tr-r^is,  rr.ffl?    ' 


a ' , 

* 

p. 

t 

.  cultural 

ica 

t 
^r 
;3  rmi:!-! 

94 

t  ie  oold,  taa  blizsardt,  the  intervening  rain  and  last 

but  not  least  the  ensuing  slippery  condition  of  all  streets 

ar«  all  well,  alas  too  well,  described. 

In  ono  of  his  last  chapters,  in  'Van  Hsinwsh*, 

Peter  Fee  comes  to  speak  of  the  longing  of  many  a  Gennan 

and  Swiss  for  his  natire  coxmtry.  One  Swiss  girl,  badly 

homa-siok,  expressss  herself  violently: 

•ich  halts  diesss  Land  ohne  Kultur  nicht  mehr  aus, 
dissss  Land,  wo  sie  so  Italt  und  ntiohtez^Q  sind,  dass 
sis  sogar  Ehe rings  auf  Abzahlxing  Yerkaufen«  das  land, 
in  dem  sie  duroh  Sport  Gefflhl  srsstxsn  wollen,  wo  Jazz- 
ousik  jedem  klassischen  Stilck  vorgezogen  wird  und  wo 
Liebe  und  Freundsohaft  beinahe  immer  einen  sesohAftli- 
ohsn  Anstrich  haben. '  Sie  stiess  diss  heftig  und  b5se 
heraus,  es  qufllte  sie  lange  ^enug  •  .  .  * sogar  naoh 
ihrem  Zahnarzt  habe  sie  Heimweh',  lachte  sie  beinahe. 
(Ibid.,  p. 497) 

We  shall  find  tiaat  Qustav  Frenasen  (cf.  below, p. -=^41)  is 
confronted  with  a  similar  outburst  of  a  German- American. 
He  tried  to  explain  this  anti- American  feeling  as  possible 
only  with  people  who  emigrated  at  a  mature  age.  teter  Pee 
seens  to  glTS  a  more  plausible  reason  'Vom  Heimweh*. 

Another  Author'  who  travelled  and  worked  for  only 
oomparatlTely  short  times  in  Canada  and  the  United  States 
i*  the  tenor  and  opera  singer  Leo  sieaak.  In  his  Meine 
stmatlichen  Werke.  a  humorous  autobiographical  acoaunt, 
he  tells  in  a  oiiapter  'Amerika'  of  his  experiences  on  this 
continent.  Hia  travels  represent  the  exact  opposite  of 
many  a  poor  German  traveller  who  'ships'  across  the  conti- 
nent like  Zlmmermaxm  and  others.  GleziOc  travels  in  style 
and  he  finds  it  .londerrul  if  only  taere  would  not  be  the 


Xi^    iii-lji 


8f 


95 


^^at  rush  At  all  tiatst. 


Vom  Schlff  Ina  Hotel,  vom  Hotel  Ins  Theater,  vom 
T  leater  ins  Hotel  odar  zur  BaJin  -  30  sing  as  saoha 
lange  Monats  hindtireh  .  .  .  Allardinge  ifiz*d  oinan 
daa  Reiaan  In  Amerika  ao  baquQs  gamaolit«  wia  man 
aa  aieh  In  Europa  ■flberiaupt  nicht  Toratallen  !r«jin. 
(Ibid.,  p. 27) 

He  haa  hlo  drawing-room  with  all  pooelble  amanltlat.  Thus, 

he  tells,  a  trip  to  the  'vest  waloh  took  ovor  six  dajs 

(then)  was  enjoyable, 

wurda  ?.u  alnc     '.le  von  Anre2un<5en,  .-.'o  man  nlcuts 
TOO  Janar  ^fttdi^  --t  fflhlt,  die  alch  bel  uns  "berelts 
nach  zvrel-  blsdrolattbadlisar  Z^laonbaoniahrt  elnstollt. 
(IMl. ,  p. 27) 

For  the  aake  of  adyartlsereont,  'Raklamt',  he  even  had  a 

prlTate  rallv^ay  car  'jmero  he  llyed  luxuriously  vlth  Ills 

whole  family,  a  'Bchlaraffenland*  ha  hated  to  glw  up 

becauaa  in  the  long  run  it  was  too  expenslYs  even  for 

a  highly  paid  tenor. 

So  oft  aln©  iiolaa  vorbai  war,  tat  mlr  daa  Herz  weh  - 
BO   Bc^5n  let  ale  gewoaen,  namantllch  im  S5dan.  Atlanta  - 
Florida  -  Texas  -  -  -  lautar  unvcroeosllcao  ULndrdoke. 
(Ibid.,  p. 29) 

Ha  la  impresBod  also  by  the  snow  and  ice  in  the  North, 

in  Q^ebeo,  whera  he  saw  the  Saint  Lawrence  river. 

.  .  .  der  ungeheure  Sankt-Lorenz  Stroa  -  .  .  .  tjQfroran, 
©Ine  Btarre,  bowagonjaloso  El amass© . 

iBpresBlons  of  a  different  kind  ape  those  of  tiie 

proas,  to  whioh  he  darotea  a  whole  chapter.  He  has,  of 

course,  a  preaa-agent  sad  la  amusad  about  stunts,  ollly 

trlcke  and  what  not  for  attracting  «tt.tention.  Thus  he 


9€ 

arrlrei  at  th«  first  pr««»»intorTlev  with  a  soaX   wnloh 

h«  declares  is  hia  mascot  and  prstsnds  to  bs  xmable  to 

sing  without  i\ar  prssenoe.  Hssultt  big  txallo,  laugtitar, 

the  correspondents  write  'Slesak  Is  crazy'  but  taey  write 

about  hia*  He  reoognlses  the  necessity  of  big  adTej>tlsement 

in  thl3  gigantic  country  if  one  wants  to  be  beard  at  all. 

Thus  a  new  born  oaael  in  a  eireus  Is  carlstened  by  hla 

and  naaed  after  hia  in  Chicago  and  Slesak  and  the  oaael 

are  photographed  tOt^etaer  koth  with  a  laurel  wx^eath  around 

their  necks.  And  all  this  for  the  benefit  of  the  press. 

NO  wonder  '^lesak  eonsiders  tae  Aaerioan  public  nalre. 

Das  amorlkanlsche  Publilnui  1st  ungeheuer  naiv  und 
kindlloh  in  pxinkto  Zeltungsnotizen  und  frlsst  die      • 
vnglaubliohsten  Trottslhaftl^lceiten  mit  rflhrender 
nipfangsfreudlglcelt.  (Ibl^. .  p.3A) 

Ha  talks  about  tie   local  press-interrlews  all  of 

i^lch  are  of  txie  same  pattern.  He  is  always  asked  first 

how  he  liked  the  city: 

Die  Verslchsrung  -  srossajrtig  -  enflgt.  LDann]  ersAhlt 
man  etwas  Drolliges  -  das  wlrkt.  (Ibid. ,' p. 35) 

He  describes  hilariously  how  before  each  aria  In  the 
theatez*-prograaa  at  Houston,  Texas,  is  printed  an  ad- 
rertlseaent  for  coolring  fat.  At,  another  tims  >i1b  partner 
in  t.ie  role  of  Oesdeaoaa  has  to  beqpepated  on  a  ruptured 
appendix.  The  press  agent  beams  with  pleasure  when  head- 
lines appear  like! 

"  iloher  russlsoher  Tenor  brloht  den  Appendix  von  Kadame 
Alda." 


97 

AaA  rrwn  weelcs  lat«r:  *Th«  Qiaat  CMoh  Appendix  ^reaiccr 

Vint  Audl«no«*  is  tae  headline  of  tie  orltlquo,  (lbid..p.»l) 

H«  oonolvdaa  his  ooapter  on  ta*  press  and  adYertlseiDent! 

Di«  Hauptsaeaa  lati  aa  oraas  Tial  von  jiaea  peapfthan 
wardan  -  cut  odor  aohleoht  -  janz  ec;al  -  .  •  •  Es  itt 
aahr  unbaquaa  •  abar  alntraraicia.  (Il^d. ,  p. 41) 

Anotnar  oaaptar  is  'Spriagtour',  vfnera  aa  d«aaribaa 

ttxB   anoraoas  labour,  tne  dlffioultiaQ,and  abore  all  th« 

aOBtinaDUO  ruening  to  and  Trcn   tna  trains  of  tno  Htm   Xork 

Katropolitan  Cpara  on  its  tpriits  tours,    t-^ie  inadaqurciaa 

wliioh  SLTiaa  whan  trains  are  lata,  and  aow  a  hippodxxaie  is 

usad  whioh  still  aaalls  fros  a  pz<aTious  circus  taera  aio« 

Or  ona  may  iaagina  the  delioata  situation  in  Atlanta, 

Oaorgia,  when  no,  t  \b    *blaok',  has  to  '<ill  il^  ^^sdeaona, 

and  na  aeare  too  lata  that  trxere  has  raoantly  been  lynch^ 

lag  for  exactly  the  aake  reason.  Nevertxielese  he  oannot 

eomplain  about  t  la  Southern  aospitality  wit^>  ..^^.  .  all 

artists  wars  greeted • 

In  dieaen  sfldliohen  Gtaaten  ist  so  ein  Qpeimabend  ein 
aanr  eroaaas  Eraignia.  Die  reie  xen  if  lancer  ico -inen  aus 
der  Umgebung  •  •  •  A.lle  Hotels  o3Sjt2t  •  •  •  '  ir  :  flnst- 
lar  batten  ea  in  diaaaa  harrlio.-.an  tropisa  ;en  Kliaa 
basonders  gut,  in  alien  Klubs  vnurden  wir  herzlioh  be- 
viUkooaitt  OBd  aaa  tiberbot  Mf/**^,  una  das  Aufanthalt 
so  angonetia  wie  m6   lioa  zu      a.  (Ibl^. ,  p,^) 

Jut  tie  rus  1  goes  on  .  .  .  "^lile  he  still  ie  sin£^n3  his 

last  aria  the  props  ax*e  bein.  takon  away  and  being  packed, 

\then  he  still  bows  in  front  of  the  curtain,  tae  wings, 


98 


the  props  are  on  txelr  »fay  to  tiae  station. 


Rascii  umzlehen  -  ".oatflne  vorpaoljen  -  rasch  •  rasch, 
die  Leute*  war  ten  echon  auf  die  Kof  fer  -  In  d«u  Wa^n- 

In  den  2ug  •  vrolter  -  '.filter  - 

An  amualii;^  cuapter  Is  *  ./ax'uc  ica  nic:it  -rundbe- 

sltssr  In  Kaxuida  vnu*de'  where  a  av/lndllng  real-estate 

a^^S^nt  pretends  to  use  his  name  as  a  famous  opera* star, 

sells  iilm  a  large  pleoe  of  land  near  or  in  Montreal  Just 

f«r  tiie  privilege  of  using  hla  name  -  for  wloloii  the  singer 

is  later  aakad  to  pay.  He  lo  finally  advised: 

*i'Ir.  Slezak,  larm   Ilinea  in  'Caiieda  ji^^aaud  uiwas  30hen<en 
will  -  rufen  31e  die  Pollzel.'!* 

More  serious  is  nis  chapter  *?lelte'  on  unfortunate,  half 

bankrupt  tlieatrioal  companies  both  in  Canada  and  in  the 

United  States, often  miemanaged  by  swindlers  whJb  cheat  the 

stars  of  part  of  taeir  renun}ez*ation  and  tie  poor  t:ioatrioal 

cast  of  most  of  their  wages.  Finally  aoniewhere  in  Colorado 

the  S'/Tlndle  explodes  and  the  police  seize  all  theatrical 

props,  including  Slezak *s  private  suitcases.  He,  howerer, 

being  a  strong  man,  pushes  his  way  through  a  line  of  six 

pollc:?m3n  Into  the  office  and  after  some  palaver  has  his 

property  returned.  T.ie  police  themselves  help  aim  to  load 

his  trunks  into  a  car  and  one  of  tnem  tells  him  admiringly , 

'You  would  be  a  very  good  policeman."  (^bid..  ?.57)  while 

he  reflects  sadly  about  w.iat  would  have  happened  to  iiia 

in  Europe  under  similar  clroumstanoei. 


:-.r 


99 

-i  i^i  Irde  nilr  <Uo8g  t.' 

^i'  '"i  i  li&ben.    (Ibid..   ...f/r. 

Tho  no:ct  .-.-irriir^  u.-^8,.^.pers  brine  *  ^***u-,.a^  .  -.;in/tn^- 

.ii*xit  czocii  lenor  ».lilps  ^Ix  ^ollcoaon,*'    CiSjia,,p,E,7> 

— .'.   'o  .iuuoroua  account       f  ii,ji 

In  .  ^-rioc   o^.jn  a  wxole  vleUi  of  artlat  iitorature  of 
-^--   ---  _rapiila8  or  German  or  i-bom 

ax^i^ti:     concernirip-       •  jrlca,      o-^r  \r<}d 

^^*./  Oi'^  inatanco     aitij:  u^cal 

i(^  (i^ondon,   i92A),    .Tuj;  ar'c  autoi;:  hy,tr;  .  ed 

Inlo  En  llch  under  tie  tltlo   :  t3mo  and  Varle.t3,Ot.^.  (New  York,19A6) 
^_ta  -;?t.to  -a*i,..aAri'a  .  Ixi.  s    jI    ..  jw  Xa-trd.,   192^)  and 

My  M..:^v    AYB?  (tranulated,    low  iiork,  IS 
Mann's  ;;anan  a^r^^ft  '"?^B"r   ''Ow  ,   1949,   balongB  in 

uato^ory,'  ol  iVipln'::.  au.v^»>io_ra.^.gp-  ^  rant 

i^..  J£  (  Hew  York,  1922)  was  yubllsliad  In  Zi.^llah.  Ita 

C.  xUtlon  vom    lirton  zum  Srx'indey   ^   .       Iner  v«rlag, 

Ifil^zi^  :r.i_^.x,   or  misit  not  bo  t.iu  ox  "    '    .  ^  "     g  is  givwu 


100 


III 

THE   I-'^'IGHANT  VfRITER 

The  following  writers  represent  different  atages 
of  settlement  and  of  adaptation  of  the  iinmigrant.  The 
various  backgrounds  of  these  writers  have  influenced  their 
attitudes  towards  America.   Also  the  political  state  of 
their  'old  country'  is  significant  -  the  pre-war  imperial 
Germany,  the  post-war  German  republic  and  Hitler-Germany; 
this  will  be  reflected  in  the  writings  of  the  immigrants 
discussed,   in  t^ie  1^90' s  a  (German  Reichs-)  chancellor 
(Caprivi)  still  said:   "Germany  must  export  either  people 
or  merchandise",  and  little  time  of  care  were  wasted  on 
the  emigrants.  Not  until  late  in  World  War  1  did  officials 
of  the  Reich  try  to  recruit  the  sympathies  of  the  Geman- 
born  Americans.   This  change  appears  almost  abruptly  in 
Jflrn.iakob  5wehn  der  Amerikafahrer  by  Johannes  Giilhoff 
(Verlag  Tttgliche  Rundschau,  Berlin,  1917/1920). 

The  work  consists  of  a  number  of  long  letters 
written  by  an  immigrant  farmer.  After  he  had  become  old 
and  established,  every  winter  he  wrote  a  lengthy  epistle 
to  his  former  country  school  master.  It  arrived  usually 
around  Easter,  kuch  of  the  book  is  edited,  but  we  still 
enjoy  the  original  down  to  earth,  even  earthy  description, 
his  humour,  his  self-reliance,  and  especially  we  note  the 


,ifr*T-cT 


•^f.n 


»<j  u'i'  '  J.  ji.i'^J89    bn£ 


^j    .-ii.. 


101 

abtance  of  th«  ••If- pity  «noount3r«d  ao  frequently  In 
Xhm  nasatlT^  and  pdaainistltt   '.'jRarioflfkooitft*   (ef.   Roidllo^, 
Fallx  coutra  U,s.f,.  b«low,  p.i68).   Our  Intareet  In  hit 
autobiosraphy  etartt  with  th*  hardships  of  the  Imlsranta 
during  t  air  aoTen  waeke  voyage,  a»d  the  way  JfUmjakob 
vorlcQ  to  obtain  better  foM  on  the  boat.  After  hie  arriral 
in  New  York  he  is  hired  ae  faraworicer  through  unserapulons 
agents.  He  changee  his  Job  eeTeral  tiae*  and  is  ttheat^d 
out  of  :jart  of  his  hard*eamed  wages,  vfhile  t>)«  rest  of 
lULa  ■auill  savings  is  stolen,  but  at  \ne  end  of  "the  first 
loaz  month"  he  blaoea  nobody  but  himself.    ''Yoti  have  to 
learn  how  t.iay  do  it  har^  and  watoh  yourself  and  others. 
2''rQo  tnet  day  on  I  was  nerer  again  oheated  •    .    .  Wo  had 
to  work  muoh  harder  than  in  the  old  oountry,  but  I  (jOtt 
ahead  and  aa  a  free  nan  on  my  own  fam  .   .   •    fhile  orer 
there  I  would  have  bean  never  more  tiian  a  labox<er."  Be 
boasts  ti.  little,  tells  at  len^i  about  his  fara  end  his 
aoooapliafaBents,   but  z*emaina  unpretentious.  His  son  goes 
to  college,    'nixes  with  a  rio  i  orofwd*.   It  is  touohing  how 
ha  does  not  try  to  r'aason  with  the  yoimg  man  but  siaply 
pictures,  not  witiiout  auraour,  th«  extreme  poverty  of  the 
nisarable  atraif-oevsrcd  hut  of  hie  own  childhood.  Be  lived 
the  iiard  life  of  tne  typioaJL  Ameriean  pioneer  on  his  Iowa 
farm,  wuer«  he<   tad  gone,  stayed  and  worked  most  of  his 


102 


tiiB«.  HlB  Amerloaa  axporlenoot  wlt'i  ila  nal^jiboure,  the 
Lutheran  coimmmlty,  the  churciaes  t.iay  built,  the  paatora, 
the  teachers,  the  school  and  9r9T  a;:;aln  the  fam,  all 
depleted  Jocularly,  are  possibly  Juct  ug  Intorestlng 
from  a  soclologloal  as  fran  a  purely  huraan  point  of  view. 

Suddenly,  strange  things  happen  in  tho   narrative. 
War  has  broken  out  and  we  sense  the  editor  aoreoid  aore. 
The  whole  style  is  altered.  He  becomes  sarcastic  and  hates 
the  British,   e  hear  of  big  rallies  in  this  fam  district 
where  the  young  men,  all  American  bom,  supposedly  hare 
becoae  radical  nationalistic  Germans,  while  the  older  men 
hare  to  calm  them  down.  The  whole  story  now  sounds  improbable 
and  one  feels  disappointed.  Kevertheless,  J^m Jakob  3^«fehn 
la  an  interesting  document,  if  not  exactly  s  work  of  art. 

A  different  background  is  represented  by  Justus 
Soiomidel's  Die  harte  Schulg.  'SrlebniBse  in  Amerika  (3. 
Fischer  Verlas,  Berlin,  1922).  With  his  aristocratic  and 
■ensitivo  background,  a  good  but  interrupted  education, 
the  young  immigrant  first  atru^alas  to  ovein?o^-»  ^in  T-m 
personal  difficulties.  Due  to  his  nerrous  state  he  leans 
strangely  towards  occult  and  soanabulistic  phenomena.  At 
the  saune  time,  like  J^mjakob  Swehn,  K?  passes  t  irou^  a 
critical  early  stage,  not  as  a  farm  hand,  to  bs  sure,  but 
his  experiences  as  exploited  greenhorn  in  'loboken  and  ::ew 


5dT 


103 

York  are  harder.  The  misery  In  city  slume  la  worse  than 
the  dllfloult  life  of  the  pioneer.  Whllo  Jtlmjakob  Swehn 
learus  quickly  to  adapt  hliaself,  Schmldel  remains  Boft, 
though  he  Is  warned  time  and  again  to  throw  away  hie 
Qerman  sentlraentallty.  His  adventures  In  Cl^ilna-town  in 
New  York  sound  unlikely,  and  of  all  things,  he  le  present 
at  the  great  fire  and  earthquake  of  San  Franolseo*  H9 
passee  througii  the  Idylllo  little  garrison  town  of  Monterey^ 
where  he  attends  a  baseball  game  and  descrlbos  it  quite 
acouratBly but  he  pretends  not  to  understand  It.  He  walks 
out  and  meets  many  countrymen  of  his  in  the  pleasant 
barracks  of  taa  garrison.  These  aeraans  aro  e.^capists  In 
playing  soldier  but  are  spoiled  for  actual  real  life.  3ut 
he  meets  also  American  socialites  attending  en  evening 
pajrty  with  beautiful  glrlsj  on  the  other  han^l,  not  far 
away  he  discovers  cheap  and  ugly  dlstrlots,  the  Salvation 
Army  wltnln  sordid  surroundings.  The  style  becomes  abrupt, 
and  expresslonlstlc  but  not  repulsive.  It  reflects  his 
Inner  emotions,  worst  of  all,  his  self-pltyj  as  a  fozroer 
aristocrat  (of.  Oraf  Plnckensteln,  balow,  p.153),  he  feels 
declasse.  Most  revealing,  aowever,  is  a  beer  drinking  party 
of  the  soldiers,  all  German  bom.  One  of   them  tells  the 
story  ^w*  be  ended  up  In  the  American  army,  apparently 
out  of  a  feeling  of  Inadequacy,  inferiority,  or  simply 
cowardice  at  being,  confronted  with  American  life.  It  Is 


104 

on  j^ci-in^  atory  of  train  Jumping  aiid  hobo  Ufa,   of 
cynical  axploltotlon  -  by  a  Gorman   aanufactui^er,   Inci- 
dentally -   'T.it   --Iso  Of  how  fl2soiriv  erlcan  fellow 
wor.cur   ur-a^a  ..im  aad  taicoe  i.la  lato  .ile  home,    riasro  tae 
Immijirant  admires  t:ae  hltrli  standard  of  living;,  the  clean 
and   friendly  A'n3rlcan  hausa,   and    .  --    ^    -        jod  and  *    "  "^ 
hic^i'i  zzc-zui,  oi   t,a8  i'-i^rlcan  woaian.   ils  coiup^-reo  this  nilh 
conditions  In  Germany  and  his   "thought s  becoao   confused" 
(cf.    Use   '-^Carsiber,    belcTrT,  ti.  133) . 

.0  .aset  nere  one   of  tae  aajor  problens  of  liluropean, 
eapeoially  of  Germeui  writers,   on  Kcirtlii- America.  Kany  of 
thora  grant    l':\e  advan>aj-ea   of  the  Amerlar^n    •b'-th.  tnb 
civilization*   and  adinlt  triat   outwardly  ;^.^c>ro  oxia^s  a 
higher  standard  of  living,   but  never,    or  only  3rudgin5ly 
and  with  vory  few  exoeptionfl,   -..rill  ".iiTons  conisde  an 
equality,   not  to   speak  oi"  superiority,    Ji     .  crican 
civilization  ,   In  comparison  to  GerTian  Flultur.  The  very 
fact  tio.t  the  average  worl:cr  can  afford  ^ja  l^aal  hons, 
t.aat  his  v/lfe  can  bo  a  lady,   sesias  to  oo  proposteroua.   No 
wondsr  his    *t.iou£;hts  beco;ne  conxXised*. 

.'jiot.  \-2T  reason  \f.ij  an  Im-il grant    foals  lost   in  tae 
rou^i'i  suid  toug^i  American  life  n.o  is   con-ronT.cd   ..ita,   is 
the  apparent  lack  of    'soul*,   of  Ideals  and  santimentB. 
But   :^cunld3l*s  in-nl:;  ant  discovers   there  are  others  too, 


105 

■•naitive  eduoatoA  Amerloftnp  fro^  th«f      Tuth,  wMo  only 

wlt^   ■-''^-"flculty  :t'^Ji'   +    ^  ^,u^   .  buolneao-llJct 

'Yanr.iie*   way  of  Ufa.    Hb  becomes  :xarciar   '  .  working 

In  a   lumber  oamp  In  t.io  ^^rand  foreBts  of  th«  '^•nerloan 

N  "^^nfi         .t^aalng  up  -^'^   .  riod,   H« 

aoscilbss  a  boom  town,  tie  lumber  Jccke,  oncl  t  lelr  ©»- 

plo!v?t3.on  by  an  unacrupulouB  iir:  r-  a  .  by  th« 

way-  ■    iM-^bi-r  camp.  Its  o-^-  -ratl^^v-  •?*-u:iderdo  In  t ^e 

nldst   of  t"ia  vlldemesa,     i.  xe  v/ork  of  tae  .^roat   iiac^ilnes 

uood  In  cutting  t^li-antlc  trees,   but  also   t,  .r  enormous 

waste  -^ii'   ^    'f'-iv'-et   fir",    'TT    ■  lase  sora^*'-^-''"  '^"''"Hlng  In- 

eldonts  Itiodes  are   /aiuabla  bot.i  from  e  literary 

anA  a  eoclologioal  point  of  view  and  linrror  for  a  long 

tlir^      '  i.M-.vV.    ..Im.-i.    -f  rain  or,    ~..    -..^    ..    .aydho- 

logical,    ini^areet  are  lon^s  passajiOB  relating  a  alow  ooans® 

frota  an  un;aa.jpy,  unauoceasful  Introvart  to  a  passable  aobsr 

an5  fairly  happy  ''•^ '^n^ndent  o-mer  of  a  f^-i*  . 

''  ^^,0  l3  rafroshin,  ly  Trao  of  German 

out 
pro  la;   and  it  a  self-orltiolsnipjints/t  i«  faults  of 

also 
many  !'■  ■'?    ■•'•    ■    '^f>r>-'ei,iR,    '^n  t.'ift  n  'iI'IgT/'vib 

a  fsw  prtJjudicQB,    for   labuartca  £»c^alatit   t.i«?   lix'ioian,    Jy 

baen  Intamod  durin*5  tae  First  Yorld    var  and 

hau  ...  ">-^   f,r-^r>f.  ^fT  :.._  -.il^  V    .      ..:)t.-ier 

inexplic&bl.    bljid  of  ula  is  atAinat   >^c  ,...*:;3cc»  iie 

aaoribes  to  tiriem  every  vice,   frtn  gambling  and  dope  peddling 


A 


to  cll    :in<^B  Of  B9X  orlffloo.   In  eomp&risoa  clllioff 'a 

.5flmjftyob  S-^s;in  1b   f^jll   of  mlnconnc-tlTnc   "b-mt   »»11 
follTf  Irwil-ranto  frOTJ  oticr  parts  or    -ur         -  '7 

the  roloa  -,   ribout   tnm  Tnril3h  (he   lAd  been  clxefttofl 
Bhortly  Bft<?i»  hip  ftrrlml,   e.B  »nent.lon©d  bnt'orf,   "by  an 
ajrlirjh  f-^lio'T    rorror   r.io  ?iad  praysa  osrore  '  alea 

nonay  aftar),  an<5  about  A^erioana  who  ax»e   *too  lasy  to 
yor^-*  =ind  ^art.lcularly  Amorloan  woiaon  .;ho  ';rRnt   to  be 
ladies. 

Tie  preaenee  of  ouch  vmrped  Jurl^^^ent  aaong  German 
Imnici^nt  writers  ia  ^nnlomblc,       esrecially       . ;.  It 
appears  among  people  'A'ao  oi..~^ar  r^  caut-xxi'jtly  favorable 

t^  ;?5rrls  A-^orloa  and  wtio  have  found  t^iclr  i-iapplneoa   '..  era, 
""-->  r9r?-jn  nl-'Vit  be  f-i^   first   bad   emooriance  -rlth  nard 

aboat  tTorth-Araerloa. 

->  bn^'c-roun.^   of  tio  l"nt  -jr^'.n'.-.        ,   a   of  tlie 
19'::3*c  Ic  very  'liffsr^at  and  r.o  iu  .._a  r.ttltiKiw  \,v>/ard8 
ot  i3r  Tninorltiea  and  to  "-nnrica  as  a  -j/iol-s,  Tiavlng  ox- 
psrlenoed  tho  nrfl^'^leen  of  European  or  Corman  peraeeutlon 
r.o  aaoB  In  rr^r^rioa  not  only  a  aavan  but  evsn  aore  bo  an 
l<!»3al  rlJioe  vrtiei^  hie  dreaa  of  freed aa  and   ^  ^y  has 

b<rffom^  trao.  He  lo,  however,  aore  111c cjly  to  vwlte  about 


'.  Trf  f  - 


107 


nla  aa<3  axparl^ncaa  In  S. 

.'jf    fieri]. 

of  al»  out-       ioaJ.  .i«s&.u^B, 

ao9''t»  Aft4ir  1933  «»«  wrlws  co  .iii 

an  'AffllAvlt.'  fr-vn  ij-n,       "»  ^-loen  ... 
>»'  or  i-i&     ±jri  :jiocii.  ex. 


' 

int 

.      But 

^  1 

1    OlM 

-  r>  f  '-» p 

ol» 

».h-! 

-y   In 

lI.,     1 

! 

^"•m,  1959). 


j3 


-I'irV'  , 


ct.rur;:l3  ^Ith  bux'^auQ ratio  V^d  taoc  * 

llvini:  li:;s  '       ^  \ 

x  v.:'  ina   Belt  -     '  -rr^.^-csn. 
ve.     lt««  ua  .  .  . 
.   *  f  oauaian 
In,  wir 
r,  und  aa  llaaa  al 

die  1 


a  long 


LC5  ri3  nonar  cm 


^^.ch  l"? 


-«r 


.9 


-.ftXiy  if  ii-   U- 
.tiiifi-    bo!,ter  t  JLi  to 


1^1 


wV^-'-'L  (.c.i( 


y 


i"_  . 


te  and  to 


l« 


lo 


10*^ 


■  '■^    -'T     .    ■         s-lf-lrany  'o  no'- 


\m   If.   M-^ 


laa  to  lino  \i,  ?rlaB  .*:  reiaap'<c8J 

T5lc  ««ree  d-^r  Til:        r-      ,>  mu83t,c  cl' 
vov  In.    (IM4..  y.^fi) 

HIr  feelln^  during  hi  a  first,  'vg^'cs  ?.n  r^;5  ♦.-^.s 

etithuelaetio  ddBoriptlon  of  tiils  cit/  ..lu  xa.Cw  a  ai„.:gr-TUiiD 

on  tne  United  States*   '^ot  rdnco  tie    rrltlnea  of  t  .u  l8Ad«rs 

•las  auoh    eathusiasm   oson  '3x:  rsss^d  abou  i']*eedaD  and 


Ic  1  b-3trat 
rrsnr.onl — 


dor 


<1'3r* 


n    .     .     . 


It 


ii^  lui'j-^ii  oi   t  :u  dlfflcultlos  a'^/al'^lng  .J..:i.    Jut   looking 
baok  at  t.ie    *Nloclertracht ' ,  t.s    'Unfrcl.iilL*,    '      -l;.„'jr>- 
:i3lt*   -..'i "    •f.o.JL.'rano'    ^r  Eur»Of>©  he  f-aols  for-  .  to  live 


icaut  In  a  tr: 
people 
in   s  lort.  -    :;lvlliz9<ly»     '-^o  0.0;   j 

.rat  tia'j   10  xinua  aera    'iat 

.iavo  been: 


1  manner* 

ion  an:'  pat  1  once 

on  eould 


:2) 


Ho  nev«r  encountere 


1/  lu    e!-ji'i%^t 


i-Of  anc©  of  t  iG  Insider  tofwards 


.i.1 


las  a' 


"3; 


of  bo  In. 


j-fcjn  aountry.  *   la 

ii-y     ^<i    L  iile   ooil-C-^      .  3  how 


110 

I  •  m 

vor  t  un  .  .  .  un3  buc 

Bloh.  stola  80:A«'i9rlt;.«  '.orte  vor.  (loi::, .  p.ii.  .  , 

Vaen  a  ^ro'.m-up  Aaerloan  tall:s  to  hla  he  I'eela  jlatod, 

like  a  cixlld  who  Is  token  seriously  by  a  -rovm-up  poraon; 

at  tae  came  tlaa  iae  feels  depressed  at,  oQint  unable  to 

say  more  toan  the  simplest  piiraaes  In  an  articulate  maimer 

(of.  lbl-%,  p. 277) 

All   Oiie  more  he  ad-iires  tine  patience  r.nd  t  la 

toucalns  lndulc,enoe  of  t.ae  Araerioaua  wno  listen  to  his 

Btammerlns  and  vflt.'iout  blla'clng  com_'llmGn«-    -i'^i  on  ho^  .^^ell 

h3  6pea>3. 

iicu'ln  la::^   soiriel  Tarct  und  Gutarbio.:-3it,   daos  es  alleln 
3chon  te,   dleee  "enao  en  zu  ac'iten  und  zu  lleben. 

(Ibii. . 

He  msjrrele  about  tac   fact  t  lat  in  t.ilz  city  .lundredi 
of  different  groups  can  live  peacefully-  t.ier,  vhile  aost 

Cerman  vrrltere  tace  occasion  to  dlzrjarci-z   onr   or  ot^sr 
o£  the  national  c^roupa  in  ijaw  iori;,  U    t-xcy  go  nox,  c^na-^on 
xjiia  ^bel*  aitogetiier.   Cuiaport  considers  it  as  a  •*! 
reicae  und  flberzeusende   ..iderleguDg  das  europfilsoiian  V/ahn- 
Ginns".    (Ibid.,  p. 278) 

In  spite  of  all  approval  c:^d  lova  for  thia  ^^enerau» 
end  friendly  America  he  cannot  ovareoaa  t  .3  -^^'riorlea  of  his 
past,    lis   •achweres  f^del  von    xinnsrun  en'    (ibid.,  p. 279). 


in 

Ht  I'aala  hlssolf  standing  at  t.ia  gato  of  this  n<jv  vforld   JUt  in 

tn«  iioaws  of  refugees  who  aave  brou^^it  tnair  baautiful 

aed«m  furaituro  along  as  faola  uneasy* 

Qeopanetdr  hooicton  la  dea  Eol^-.an  diaaer  .  itenvfoimuo- 

^en,  Inc  nio  wieder'ze'irendo   ^eit  l^i^L^   in  iimen 

Altx-:'yj:.':i  it  is  oard  fox^  ^la  to  ovaraouie  sad  acmorlae  iia 
starts  out  in  nie  old  profession  as  a  pny^ician* 

it  mlgat   be  f-dded  that   ne   is  a   sues    se  ul  anJ    :cll- 
known  Bcdical  ^an  in  ^.iew  ^ork  and  tnat  ae    at1^3  3  ..ic  oooice 
now  -  ill  tnsllah.. 

Many  Ifiunigrant  writers  find  a  -ncv-^lim  -"^r  tie  ex- 

preaaioii  of  txieir  feslin^s  ana  t,..ou^it^  in  '^..j  niatorlcal 

12)  a 

noralff        but  only /few  immigrants  aave  ua-d  th3  historical 

aovol  aa  cji  oxpreasion  for  their  experienoes  In  America. 

Problo.ua  aacountared  by  many  a  aodem  G3mlaJa-A:a^rican  are 

taken  up  osriously  in  t.i.e  aiatorical  novel  liTftrff'H  ^taalera 

welter  "^qk,   "in  Texas- Deutsoaer  rtoaian  (usutacie  Verla^s 

Anatalt,  .jtuttgaart/Barlin,   1933)   by  :-'•:..    ijuut&n-  layer. 

This  ie  a  F&«udoriy«  for  Heinrich  ii«  Mayer  >:  .0  vraa  a  meaber 

of  tnu   Gcrxan  Deofirtmant   of  taa  Kice   Institute  in  rJouston, 

Texas,   lor  jfwara*  uie.  norel  deals  witn  a  period  of  Gorman 

laml.jration  into  the  United  states,  and  eap^clslly  into 

Texas,  o round  IBAO,  ^fAic  i  1b  very  well  ra^rocontod  in  Qdi^an 

lltttratui'S   L»y   t..     >.>-      .3   _    juntaraporary  novels  of  Charlaa 

"-" :j  —-_  ir?.::s  1  g '  a  Amenao .     ■  ■■  -■^z''^T, 

,^...o.-^.,.  no^rel  dsallng  with  u-i'tlin 


g-  ai  v/rote  his  Jo&e.oh  tetrala^y  on 

Aaerioan  soli.. 


•3:;  B  c 


112 

Sealsflsld  (  ,  y  fifty 

and  Dy  LUi  worku  or  rrl^drloii  Gax- ,  y^r's 

deecrlptiona  of  old  new  York,  of  life  In  '     planter's 

society,  of  :>1^.  cialveeton  louaton  «no  ■.•>l'-<"''''''>hBbur£  In 
Toxas  raoilnd  tao  r-vu^c  o£  one  or  t;ie  ot.iov  aovel.  (Cf, 
3tri.        .     '  c   -Ti  ..'■■■rl  ■■  -.  Im  -.ttiaoe  'i;ox&e.   2  vole ,   1867 ) 

'^ms  chaotor  'leadings    Vleln:i      ;-      rautfahrt '    ..        onra^ 
^cL    1  r  -      :    "   r  yeg  are  paralleled  tiy  -dalafiwld'e    '  " 

Ho\mrd'a  iiraut.f ahrt '  and    'Ralph  DoUijkiby'B  fahrt',   ooth 

i-      -  .  jnsbllder  aua  bolden  Hegtisp.^erefl   ( lP.'"'-^.7 ) •    rsthor 
parallel  pcrts  are    'il'ianzerleben'  aiic    '   -.-  .\^'ui^9iu' ,    .tie 
Sn,:lloh  reader  will  cejrtalnly  be  reminded  of  yJLtchell'B 
Cqpe    >|fltj:^  ths  V.Jnd  for  olci  man  3^.1  ley   ol        ycr'a  ncrrel  oan 
aa^^lly  us   eubatltuted  loz'  oi^.  ra<  .i  -  '.lara:   t.icy  aru  tuQ  ifsaJc 
fatiisrs  of  beautiful  and  surcnt^lllc>d  horoiuea*  ^iany  mar* 
parallGlc:  rxid  siniilaritieB  to  ota*r  former  vforke  iii^xt  be 

f  CI  w.bU.  • 

In  spite  of    all  thi^  sr  presents  new 

points  of  vl3W  and  Droblsrr.s.  ..ic  ..ro  "onre.d  Pflluml-^r,  a 
well  oCiUCUoSd  tfeaXwXiy  wGnian  oiuio^   .  -'       u  tsLuuied  aniontj 

otlior  tilings  matlisnatlcB  and  survsylns,   falls  In  love  and 
marries  a  strong  -dllod  Carman  fsirm    :lr..  on  tiie 

•::.      .,,   :.at  J  indent  man  is  able  to  uuis,)^  -j-f  while 


U3 

the  vraacn,    repr«9ontli\j  xns  alow  Bovlng  mind  oi*  mwij 
un«duc;at«id  0«rmanB,    fln<?8  tiny  new  step  a  roason 
aate^oniam*   Thla  fact  was  r«oos^^l^efl  flurlruf  t  .a  d^prtsslon 
also  by  A»2.Johenn  In  Mb  Aiairl.ca,   Jntep^aag  an  Jl^fcWMflnni 

1932     (Ci  »  ,VQ,  p.  54    ). 

Dtlaar  views  of  '  oucton-Moyer  balon^  rr.taar  to  t.-ui 

1930 'b  t  .an  to  t.irj  ij.,ii:io<5.   he  Aescrlbea.  Initially  ho  lota 

hie  .-or-   1  ratQ  from  Gormany  to  :     rcater  fraedom 

(of,   Jurud  .'j&umlar.  ?»B),   has  him  meet  tiu  flnanoiel 

macsnatGo   "  3w  York  and  adailre  the  "imniltt  "• ,  ------ii- 

C'-ie  :^eu.i-iioh:celt"  (ibl^.,  p.AO)  of  men  '-*ho  ■       ^r- 

waiMs  wouL^i  out  eaoh  ot:T»r*8  tiiroate   (IMd. )  and  ba  aelf- 

rl;^.-   'juo     o   I,  10  aa/ud  tine. 

.    •    .   iiiar  'far  das  rechnanda,  plansnde,  icaltbltltlse 
~ '•**""",   der  sttdtlsohe  Kopf  rtlr  all  daa  .    .    •   Land 

n.    (Ibil. ,    i.A?) 
Ie8«  ^  '3   ,    ,    ,      •  n  vax^en 

v..^^.,  .^   ^   ,,,  trleben 

I***  vo:', 

d'jisa  n    .-er  i,    dasB 

LlKe  tr.G   -sro  of  Johann'c  Im  ntrqa  ^ftualer  hs.r  '>'^^    •'•^tod 
from  Gcrriany  beoauae  he  ;iatea  ncarciiant  lire  (cf,   ibid. , 
p«A7),    '  (it^id..  P.48)   ic  anct -or  alojaun  vory 

fanill-'-r  Ir  <        1930*3   (of,   "r^us,    Preibouter.   8>t^'«,*>.  31  ), 
an'  'r-,;ay  Trom  tiie  contree  of  olvlllzatloul     liuo  t.is  aaro 
50-35  to  Texas  v^oh  wae  tiien  t.ie  fx»ontier«  To  t  ..•  Gennaa^ 
of  tlie  1930 'a  It  iB  not   atirnn^e  that  the   laro  should  nate 


12A 

th.e  active    naro. .ant,- life  but   nhouW  oe    iaaolnatad     by  a 

young  arlfitoeamt,   Pcobart   a-^Hey,  /-boy  rn^r 

he  maets  in   lis  notal  and  fl.iakea  hands  wita* 

•-.nn-u,^    'dalte  fU«  Sflhnls'celt  iind    "^lichkalt  dlasar 
_  Hand  mlt  Lnst.    (Ibid*.    .. 

AtmI  vrinr.  T;^,,mioi»  refuftos  to  InvsBt  in  "-"  "v  .w.-  rsal-astat* 

as  the  bankers  adflsc  :iim*  ha  orfera  to  ;>ay  thi  pXay-ooy's 

gambling  dabts  of  three  thousand  (dollars*   Invited   uO  the 

Soutriemar'a  hone  In  Georgia «  the  author  r:^flhea  orer  the 

arlatocratio  aooiety: 

Alia  ihra  Glioder  war^^n  bla  auf  UrBrossv^terzoitan  be- 

•    .    .   '.'eiin   s.lc.   Ir:  !■  •    .    •   nsue   liSuta 

/esallt  haiten,   80  T/mt-c ....    -^-  '-     ftTi»u,  wer  aia 

W-;    a   .    .    .   iLe  gab  tlbemaupt  Xeina  .      er  nioht 

e,  ward               ^eKiihlt   •  •    .            jx  e)>aA  ein 

.--    -t,   lie  a;--         -olnac  af  ??              *   war#    (Ibid>. 

p.70/71) 

RlB  beautliXil   alater,   t^^   "sftr-olna,    of  c-cnirn:j.   ..r.s  c  .sjn 

r.'    VASoe'»   Later  B^ie  will  ^ru-uu  -r  alter  wis 

flrat     ©raan  peasant  wife  haa  died,   since  the  old  Bailey 

plantation  '•>■  b   *-^o   -^p-ny   r,  lavs  a.    »3r.'^   It   a  Triply  lan't  dona 

+  '1  one's  olavaU)    l  .-  ^oui.  .lara 

BGt  out   by  boat  for  Texas  with  a  lar^e  nuiiuar  of  alavoa. 

'■^*fnml3r*Q  first   •.>rlfG  sti:  35  t-^  'rm-.,    r>lnoe 

-lantatlonr.  ?rs  aboolutoxy   si.i7&n-ja   x.o  nor*  rd^x-esenta 

^.  .:  attitudes  of  OMnj  Garoaaa  in  lexas  including  those  of 

"rledrlch  ':trubborx.   TrAt  author  at   oone  tls9  worked  for 

t-.c  iii-ictoa   '   axnzcr    .-^ievcreln'    (cT,  ux^     rjedriohstaurg 


115 

\;a      ■■■■•■'-      '--3_)whll0       ju!jl'\        -    -^  '"  :rcsiy    -ittaciE    itc 
lncrv\ibiy  Inopt  loaderehlp   (c  .,   p.328)  ae  well  as 

the  ell   too  tnintlnp;  ob-^fllence   o  lers, 

'-'-  '    '.Ui-siL  'en'    (Ibid.  . 

r  Bieh  (in  '^.e.s  vreit-.e  rolcho,    Tt.  J  , 

fjne  Heinat  und  •!  a- 

'njsn,   -■■  ■^  '-'^r   ■  ■'.n  l.  ......  .i...j...i.    .   ..  ^    .    •    . 

•         / 

Ilk«  Heuser  and  Colin  Roes,  houaton  Meyer  advanees  tmm   idta 

that  tae  pioneer  haa  t«  be  rutnleaa  and-  not  voiy   caooaj 

in  n^lectln^  hlB  meanc: 

^r  die  " '^  ■'/'plxVceit  halt?,   --'^     r^e^"^--        <    <"■    n  ♦»»  ar^'-i^roxi 

'.»n»  dttr  a   .    •   • 

..un"  '-  -^■'  .^--»lne« 

.    .        .'L.zeri  .  .   . 

iU'l ;..  ,    p.il2; 

.  :  confroiit.ed  a-^ain  vritii  praise  or  -d  and  ruthlsas 

nan  aot.lng  in  the  wlldemaBB    *inlle  f    n  -r^on  vlth  eoftor 
:  .3tlon3  ie  ridloiiled  aa  a  aentliaont  *-.  *..Ji.. 

Tatu    .ommd  i3iaalor  otxould  admire  t  ilty  of 

GGn^rei    lounton,    tlie  oreator  nf*  t.  .e   Jti -.a  c:'   loxae,   will 
',   be   surpriaing,   espoclr-liy  ix    uu   aan  ua  aauxuoea  jJ.-«. 
,    '      .rer ' : 


,    .    .   ea  stiag  in  liim  ein  neisaas    /  —Inn  '^n  su^j  ^'^ 

i-lann  nanezukoottsn*  dcr  iidnitton  von  -t 

unc  ungloubll  '      -^nd  Jn  'U 

^^^  r     io  it.    UJfld      -      -  -  to    •     •     • 

rn.    (Ibid.,   p.l^) 


■ov  er' 


1    Hdumler  1'      l'^  lT.i:-3oaj  ./orkins  of 


116 

deraocr&cj  and  Ita  practical  politics,  wiii oh,   .lowevar, 

always   aefim   strange   to    .im   (cx.   ^.127;.      Je.nocrscy  Is 

only  fictitious;  "'lo  was  sasohieht,   uiacat   es   Ja  doc.i  ain 

elnzelner  '    (loid. .   p,l49},     le   is   told  oy  nona  otnar  tbac 

^-.»ui«-^  .lOuaton  almself*    j3ut    ..i^u   same  xaii  a^^w    ^alla  him: 

•    .    .   meliT    jc-iaden  let  in  der  jcc.-ic  oamen 

(ale)   Qurcii  un/eitir^e   t-e j,e\.etej.-^U(^  und  -'Xa.^v.i.-.\^i.lioh«8 
Vf'aetan   •    .    .    (ibia. .   p,l49) 

Thle  criticism  of  war-ontnuBlasia  iB  roojar  -   expressed 

In  Gericany  in  1953«    Houston-lieyer  criuiciaes  his  r^llow 

Carraans  also  in  other  respects.   He  deplores  the  fact  that 

many    "ermans  in  Texas  neglect  t  le  education  of  trielr 

children  even  tuoug.i  tuey  taajBBelvss  are   fairly  erudite. 

In  contrast  to  them  ii«  draws  attention  to  \;he  Aaerlcans 

•.MO  try    00  improve  their  cnlldren's  standard: 

'    ist   bstrtiblich,    \rle  ■'yil:z  dio  .x^ 

^^jeu.    Ganz  andars  als  dl^  im5ebi--._-~A-  „  -.- , 

dla  alia   straben,   dass  Ihre    binder  ^   vraa  Isrnen  sollon. 
Abar  die  l>eutsclien   .    .    .    stilrztan  sicri  z:       ^*  auf 

file   texanlschen  Dingo,   das:,    sie  Ihr-  ^      -    .-  .^item 

und  ..nscatan  und  Kallnera  arzogen.    .       _.. »  p.437) 

On   tae  otner  hand  the  (Jentan  settler  is  praised  in  contratt 

to  t--"    Aiierlcan  in  exactly  the   style   of  riauser  aad  Colin 

Ross. 

~    ,    polcie  Leute  braucien  wir   .    .    .;    nicht   len  Typ,   dep 

aft  und  tauscht  und  owlg  mitervBge  let,   elgentlioh 
ein  Oeschflrtsniann;   keln  oollder  r.l^dl?r.    (Ibid. .  ?.150) 

With  this  vford  'C-eschfiftsTnann',   businessman,   Houston-X«yer 


117 

•xpr«88«t  tna  utmost  oontoopt.  His  antipathy  tovards  tta« 

basineSBaen  ■••ms  to  ^row,   •apooially  towirds  txo   finaaoial 

pow«r  of  t\€   'Yankaea*. 

f  •  •  p^  gslang  ^ag«n  ^9n  Yillen  dar  .  .  •  Oaaohifta- 
lauto  iiQ  Oaten  dan  nauan  riosisdn  Sklov^nstaat  (Taxas) 
in  daa  Rafan  dar  Union  zu  Tarenkom*  Nun  aohrian  swar 
dia  AntisIclaTaraiapostal  dea  aklaTonJagandan  und  -han* 
dalndon  QOtteeligan  Neuamclaad«  dat  dan  Sabbat  sotaalzt- 
hailigte,  •  •  •  und  mit  holzamon  falaohan  MaolrratnAasan 
und  Uhren  ohna  v/ork  ilbar  daa  ^ansa  Land  hausisrtai  deon 
der  naua  croBB9   S'tla-ranetaat  sohion  daa  inda  allar 
lolitik  doa  ^osohlftlioiian,  puritaniaohan  Ostana  lu  be* 
dautan  .  .  .  atldlloha  Aristekraten  und  •  •  .  waatlioha 
Illitaraten  varan  diaaaal  gagan  dia  Oatlicoan  Qaldlauta 
zuaaanahsagwigan.  (Ibi^. .  p«327} 

T.ia  author  has  etnar  antipatiiea.  Ho  dosoribaa  a 

Tazan  mercanary  figiitar  aGainat  tia  Indiana  and  >^axio«na, 

an  An^lo>3&xon  with  a  atupid  faea* 

•  .  .  oh.  3  o^yur  von  Caiat  •  •  •  ein  rohat  Landaknaoht- 

-nloht  •  .  •  Iha  gahSrta  dia  Wait*  wail  ar  ain  voll- 
ij.'.d  '   "  Angeloaohaa  war  •  •  .  aln  rioati;za8  an^cl- 
zfi.     ^  ...   bznitalaa  Soldatangaaicht  •  .  •  Vl^*t  P«217) 

Thia  man  apaaka  lika  m  rabid  nationaliat  and  raoiat  (UJ^.* 

pp. 213*224)  wiio  talka  of  aictanainating  all  lowar  racas, 

in  thia  oaaa  taa  Indiana  aixd  tia  .loxlcana  '*@ia]  oculaohta 

i^lachrasaa*  nlo  it  anaUbdigaa  weieaaa  31ttt*  (i^^«»  p. 220} 

amd 

Daa  waiaa  Ja  Jadaa  klaina  Kind,  daaa  vrlr  hollblfltic^en 
AnsolsachBan  die  t[b«rlec«n«  ««■»•  aind.  (Ilyld«.  p. 219) 

It  reaeina  doubtful  trtiathar  tua  author  la  oenauring  all 

faaling  of  raoial  auporlority  and  deriding  t'la  rarnan 

atomtroopar  in  the  ima^*  of  tiia  Taxan  aeroenary  or  -.ihathar 

ha  aimply  wants  to  ahow  t.xa  low  typa  An ^lo- Saxon  with  hia 

hypocrisy  similar  and  parellal  to  that  of  tne  lijnocritioal 


MB 


New  Qaj?,l«n«1  puritan  tuaixMsc^ 

On  tii9  otaer    vnui  ob  adj«lr«B  taid  political  alaility 
of  tlM  Aaerioans« 


Statt  ilb«rl«^9n  icritieoii  auT  dla  An>iri!ran«r  ni 
aehon,  oflsete  man  sich  in  liire  olltlk  tStlg 

hinelnat     °      ,  urn  mitsuiidxicaB  uiid  daa  j>jutaoa«n  Ba* 

dflrfnin  '    7m   •:-r(lQ».    (Ibid.,   p. 508) 

i-rinoa  i^oxa  or  tiis    ':^i&lazQP  AdolaTerein'   xor  OannsLn  a«ttl9* 

ment  in  roxae  juri^od  tns  Aissriaaaa  aa  lasy*  inapt,  Ciiaatin^ 

and  always  hr.^.   or  Inferior. 

OGr  t  -      '       :  ;r  ir.t  foul.  ."'Icht  mcl  ©in  OoiTflBagftrtc/isn 
mag  ar  t^ii '  v^ni  Dap  anarlkaniaoiia  Arst  vorataht  nialita. 
Dar  Amorl        )r  betrfl^^t.   Dar  Amerlcaner  usw«  U6W#  •  1' -nor 
adilaoht;   (Ibi^..  p. 333) 

But  Houat OM^Nayar  ia  not  of  tlita  opinion.  It  waa  nora  im- 
portant, ha  tajTBt  to  be   *la:qr'  and  to  arrange  tiie  whole 
future  gOfterttMnt  In  Texas, 

wann  man  duroh  ein  blesetaan  geafttliciie  Beapraobane 
und  ainige  bahaslioxxe  Faulenserei  die  Hegierung  Ton 
Texas  festlegt*  Oaa  taten  die  Amerilcaner  nialich  in 
ihrer  ?aulheit.   (Ibicl..  p. 333) 

While  tie  Seraana  established  a  *Heiaat',  Aaerlcana  took 
%n£  "  ..  ,-^,^g  ijjy  book  or  crook*. 

(j;blu. .  p. 334)  Ai  .^ontraats  anvioualy  tiia  unpolitical 

Qevaan  settlaman^L    ^  looe  of  tie  Amerioana: 

Sa  i£t  eine  Tra^Sdie,  dieae  unpolitiaohe  deutaoua  Aue- 
wanderung.  Auch  die  Ir3n  und  Schotten  und  H^linABV  und 
Anerikaaer  wandartan  aus^  aber  ala  wandertan  politiaoh 
aua  •    •    .  ^/eiaa  dar  laufal,  >faruB  man  eu.lisohee  ueoht 
und  angliaahe  Spvaohe  auoh  da  hat,  wo  zuseitaa  mehr 
Dautacie  war  en  ale  Britan*   (1&;L&*,  P*329) 


U9 


At  a  ouxtter  Of  fact,  t  /    -'hni  ^  if  f*..*.  -oaif  of 
njyflirrn  waitar  ..Qi?.     d«^&JLii  wJLUi  uOwuitt6  tout  tii«  probians 
and  t.xo  asslmil&tlon  ^X  tiu)  c.er>-uiaA»Afflorio«n  in  X«xa*«  for 
«xaapl0  p    'oiaowh&t  stiapid  Ger.aaa  psaaent  who  haa  tnarriod 

an  A^norlcuu  .v^oman  la  cjulte  c  1}   uo  ia 

nlcht  rad;jr  dor  felto  rocbao.  iXs,  .ti  eia 

h«iAorer  sonnrorbrannter  oahi.  jia(Teu^aaaar«  sAh 

tmd  BOhlank  un<^  *-no7Ms*  I^^  ^  Teiiaaaonna  aus 

elnea  Mann  •    •  ^tto  ^^  vf  quo  ihin  gemaaht* 

NdvortiioIeaa«  \  ^ioan  Tools  hiaaalf  aa  hanging 

batw@en  twa  nr+.lotuill'MQn.   3&itilor  t.^ilnlca  of  :i1b  ohildrant 

Ob  rUo  aucn  ja 

fflftsat-on?  -ioa       _  .  -*     - 

kelnom  ar.~uM(bsciion«   (Ibid..  p»359/3GO) 

Whan  !io  ssaa  ths  Ooman  Inmlgpants  in  t^o  iiarbour  of 

dilvcston  -io  trios  to  ao3^  them  In  aplto  of  thair  pr«J«idi6aa 

asainsjt  hia,  and  he  foela  that  t  ley  ar3  clooer  to  hln  tliaa 

any  •'•'^sricrji. 

lAxi.  „.  ■ :» l^rnl ivol '  sr  "--'". or:   "-"--■• '"-osa  aia  alio  .   .   . 
eln-..    --^. '. --y?    xi»6jun_   :.l..  ;  doa  ulutoo* 

or: 

aainasc^^^^^'^^  ^^  soin.  ^hj  x'ast  aIli^c»I.J..:Jv  .«     *-w_/Ang 
war  das  •   *   .    (D2iL^*»  P«3G) 

jut  iiuiaii  as  xinaily  parsuadea  a  faw  Gemaus  to  movo  into 

hi&  noighbourhood,  riuda  taoy  ara  uneducatod  and  ha 

has  not'iin,:  in  common  vrJth  tiism.  V;ion  a  iParty  la  arran^^u 

in  iiie  aouid,  £>lhialer  *  j^^a  much  olooor  to  a     outhem  ladjr 


and  L.0  a  i-'roncia  aristocrat  la  taolr  lore  for     '^erlattd 

and  ^  to  M.S  vlfe  >rtio  revels  with  t  i©  other 

Immlgrcn':?;  In  csntl-r-ntnl  llftlc  folksongs.   On  tio  other 

tknad:  hB  iz  i:  :  r  nlii  d«antifiil  MrMJaj  while  he 

thinlta  of  Texas  as  r  Ing  useful  but  lmi)erBonAl. 

r  hatte  or  am  Leben  des  staates  volr^^  ''jiteil,  K*» 
mil.   so^^relt  or  es  nutzvoll  f;      .  was  lag 

ii:ja  Gi£;entllch  an  Tanas'*    (Ibifl « ,  p,42y> 

Hovrev«r,  H®  overooaes  this  feelizigt  he  knoirB  that  Oennaiiir 

as  woll  ?.a  A~"rlca  in  now  In  hint 

r.!.^  '  i..i,-„    '  oarlka  uad  jteutaahliinrt 

In  £11.  ,    :  ,..  ./., .    .    ..     =.,.,  aclila/v"i   lot  In  mlr, 

Hlcr  trage  icn*B  insrus  In  mlr.  Unrl  v«mn  Ich  hinflbevgin^^ t 
wflz*o  auch  iijnerlka  In  mir,    (Ibid.,  p. 429) 
of 
It  l^hls  own  free  will  that  he  Is  both  Qeman  and  ^Tiorlcan. 

Zn  thlB  free  :^rill  he  finds  mcanln'^  In  iils  life.  Thus  hejban 

flnallj  appreoiato  aluo  i.  xs  ^ooa  sides  qx  iuiorioani&m  • 

its  Generosity  and  lack  of  enry: 

Die  aro8B2(lcls''9it  ^^"^d  naidloae  Anerlcanming  anderor^die 
'  CUB  6l.33ner  Glcherneit  kasMt,  lot  Tf*il  die  Blflte  amari- 
kaniaohen  Menso  lentuma.    (^b^(^. .  p.32d) 

And  w2ien  Bftumler  says  to  his  Amerioan  bom  samt   "Duroh  dioh 
lat  mir  ArEcrr-a  sur  '■'ol-mn.t     st/orden"   (ibid.,  p. 546),  he 
probably  eii^rssBeB  tua  luexixi^  of  mamy  a  German-American. 
And  "::onrad  riaualers  weltor  is  very  likely  an  exaaple 

of  t'lc  long  road  nany  a  CJarman  hae  to  pass,  througri  errors 
ana  ^^z'oJudlcQBi    ^o  jjujiiy  uj.8  ow^  balanced  aelf  as  a  German- 
American. 


121 

Whll«  HouBt on-Key er  transferred  hla  ovm  probl«a» 
into  a  historical  novel,  Lothar  Matthael  and  Use  5car«ib«r 
talk  of  their  reoent  9xp<ari«noea,  waloh  parallel  thOM  of 
many  Geman  Immie^rante  in  the  1930*  a, 

iliere  wort  millions  oi  unemployed  in  th»  United 
States  and  hundreds  of  thousajids  of  them  in  Canada  during 
the  depression  and  Viobody  knows  how  they  live*  was  tHe 
•ajlng.  Invesbif^ators  were  sent  out  to  find  out  about  them 
and  also  what  taey  thought.  A.  E.  Johann  was  one  of  these 
r.sportors  and  wrote  his  Aaerika.  gnterF.anr.  fm  Ueberfluas. 
a  study  which  made  him  despair  about  and  hate  anything 
Amerioan  or  Canadian,  and  John  Steinbeck  wrote  his  Grapes 
of  Wrath,  but  an  unknown  migratory  worker,  Lotiar  Matthael, 
described  hia  own  experiences  in  a  book  Ir.  .gnjwo  in  Canada. 
Sin  abenteuerllcher  Erlebniabericht,  (Villmy  Verlag,  Nflm- 
berg,  1942).  Johann  and  otaers  pointed  ou^  ^i  desperate 
situation  of  recent  iznmigrants  who  were  not  yet  settled 
whsn  the  great  depression  set  in  after  1929.  Matthael  had 
to  live  t-iroujh  this  very  situation  with  his  friend  and 
buddy  Gustav. 

Thus  we  ses  them  trudging  along  a  nighwsj  nsar 
Calsary,  hungry  and  looking  for  work.  And   vien  t^e  book 
•nds  we  leave  them  tz*udglng  alon^^  another  ro&d  aoaewoere 
in  Alaska  without  money  and  looking  for  work.  What  do  they 


122 
think.  -  '•331? 


wlr 


r  9xp  -  -y. 

'  "^  "Jir^re^i   "m  utv?   Bin  »ri   •rlanc* 

.    .    •   .It   loa 

v'lr.    db?-:', ,   .  . 

and  flaii  at  ^   croak,  lie    '    :^lly  In  t  hso,   . 

bread,  loo>:  nllerr.My  et  t^^  11.  (wm  n©rj:*y,    '"r- 

suTrtLodon  und  r,iU-    -a.v-..  •    v4.L>i^t« .  .-•^; 

Ono  car  drlvor  '^er-nnds  ?<»«  'noney  for  a  long  *rl<fl«'; 
t  Ir  iRBt  '^^  eonte  ftr  an«^  broke 

fit  anothar  t.own  late  at  night  vihll*  -'''-'?   ■^t'". 

in  buc!:ats.  -rcofnll;^  '    '^     for  a  eh«Rp  night's 

?  -tw*  Into  an  e-ripty  *nil:  find  straw 

ftr-'        .  .^,    ..^5«..    .  ^f ortably  anf^  a®*  «>^  «arlj  '^•f^-^  the 
re  eo«  thorn*  Th^^y  >:ave  brov.en  Into  tho  bnrac :^•9  of  tho 
feared  en«?   •latigh  t  "0  off  ->t 

•my  '.rith  It. 

■J  Join  other   'trti/npa* 
havo  r  flrej   t^jy  pool  tnolr  mea-ox 

evopybMj-   .  ■^ll  '^>'>  ^  '^^  ^^^  br^^f'  .      :c- 

p^-'lencea  :re  exf  atoriQO  loid. 

t.fo  frlernltt  paoe  oo?n*  .'  Ite  and  aoaa  MoroMXi 


123 


8«tt lenient 8  wnere  tioy  find  work  for  r  few  Aayc^  e  and 

theroi  and  :mve  ^ood  osd  Ix^cl  oxporlonoee  4ita  vorlous 

f8l«er8«  T'ae  frleada  soparato.  "^tthaei  soes  into  t2ie 

RooKj  raountains,   again  U6GB  ua.  004, ty  ..v jr  iu-  i.>     a.  i.,3 

but   rinrla  lilaaalf  arreatod  t  .^3  a<^xt  avonln?;  .er  wlUi 

many  othars*   The  next  momir.i^  tiioy  ara  all  told     tiaay 

abould  noo   u«ix.-j  off&iiiin  uuu  k«^u^   i.:^r«  aw^aod  ^j  fight  a 

fore 9t-f Ire • 

Jdtzt  eohen  [die  ^  olizletei^    cr  niclit  m.ehr  \>6a»  aus» 
Eb  sc'ieinon  in  Qegenteil  natte  Kerle  zu  aain. 

^^'i-   '  rn  elca  docii  in  den  .--nL.w  on  t£u£oaon  kaan. 
(Ibjr . .   p. 29) 

He  does  not  orerwo^  hiffleell  .i:i.^u  no  sees  that  on  hie  part 

of  the  mcjontain  the  fire  Is  not  dnji:  aroua  and  Ae   'tavea  It 

ea8j*k   The  fire  la  indeed  soon  under  control. 

As  <.fe  see,   t  le  author  doaa  not  lose  hie  aanoe  of 

hUBOur  in  spit©  of  advcrGitlaa.  "c   siovm  iiorf  to  rolax  when 

without  'rorlr  and  has  ajquirod  easy-^oing  .Vasricaa  or  Canadian 

habitc.     hen  neoeasarya  noweTer^  aa  harvoatar  he  luiowa  hew 

to  wort  aerloualy  and  -»  how  to    'et  along  vrith  his  fellow 

workers  In  hlo  tou^  throflhlne  taaTi. 

Wlr  sln-^.  iin-orer  Z9' '        .  .     '*  "    ^aben  v--   -'^-  -^  nlo- 
T".?la  ^Toaaau  und  si  -ler  -.  ioija- 

-•ft  ^ewordan  ...  ^ 

.-Gunan  uns  l:aua  .    .    •  --*  •'-  ^-..-:.      ^ .  .:u*3 

tmd  wart^.frn  €.'*rai  fleder  inand  i  .   •   •  Und  trotz- 

den  si  amoraden  -  4aa«  53  aind 

harte  u«B«xj.»n  .   •  •  Hart  und  wv>*'o  x»*^       •»'>f»den  la  tlg- 

liohen  Kaqpf  ubis  Daaein  •  •    •   Fllr  aine.  ichllng  baben 

Bie  niohta  «brlg.    (;bid..  p.AO/AD 


12A 

He  tails  of  tue  hard  -.^'ork  and  t.xe  lon^i  hoiirg,   the  enoraous 

quantities  of  Qood,  no,  ©xoollQat  food;   how  Intsjmational 

th«ir  tean  Is:   a  Caz^adian,  a  Dana,  a  Cocknej,  the  author 

oallad    'iJufchnan*,   an  Irishman,   and  oliier-s;   uori  t-iey  sottle 

their  ^lavanoes  amoxi^  t.iemselveg  In  form  of  a  mock  tri&lf 

how  tiiey  play   *poker*  and  how  they  curso.    It  Is  iillarious 

when  he  tclla  of  a  country  danoe^whicxi  rooilnds  the  reader 

of  similar  de scrip  clone  of  Johann  (above,  p.  48  )  and  of 

Mehrhardt- How   (cf.  abore,  p.l2       )  but  /.'It-iout  tUelr 

*Aborthumor',and  how  finally  tvaiTybody  ^ets  drnxolc. 

After  tho  harvest  the  worlzera  flock  Into  the'cltie*' 

for 
to  enjoy  city  civilization  and  to  looiv  ?/oric.   ho  tven 

contracts  some  work  and  is  cheated  but  knows  how  to  outwit 

his  contract  partners   (   cf.  J*   Strieker  p.l43f  bs low),  who 

had  hoped  to  exploit  hiia. 

'    "     r.   Tooth  nun  e.uch  ain  aussslioclitsr  Ceccliftftsmann, 

r  9r  aber  auch  wiedorum  sin  "cport"   .    .    ,  ievj  srlzl&rtB 

mlr  laciiend,  dass  er  ja  nun  mit   seiu:a  -lex.  ixereln^e- 

-r.,1-,,^^  w&re  •    .    .   Ich  hAtte  kostenlos  fflr  drel  Konate 
-ten  mflsaen,  iind  er  hfitte  darm  das  liaus  von  selnen 

alr33nen  Leuten  ferti^atellen  lassen  .    .    .   Abar  Cresohftft 

wflre  GosoxiUft.    (Ibid.,  p. 74) 

There  is  no  ranting  about  unreliabls  businssBmsn  or  about 
sharp  practices*  ^^thaei  knows  hov;  to  ^et  out  of  his 
contract  witu  e.  profit  and  feels:    "loli  war  .;!  .der  alaaal 
restlos  zufrieden  ,    .    .    ".    (ibiJ. .  p.?^) 

In  anotaer  Ci.iapter  he  tries  hi  a  luck  as  trappor  in 


the  Sortht  the  dr«aa  of  9frj   German  boy.  Slmllyjr  oxpe* 
rienooB  aro  related  by  Lelehnar,   e.riardt-Ilow  n.n^   others 
(of.  ohaptQP  I,  pJlfanil9>  ou'^  now  differentiy.  (hey  report 
6/   one  adyanture  after  the  otner.  Sober  Mflhthael  tellu  of 
the  colfi,  his  neap  etairv?=>tlon  before  he  ehot  his  flrat  elk 
and  oi  trie  T^eager  gains  from  trapping.  But  v-a  _   ^  -not 
keep  from  'Ji-^erlateln*  when  he  telle  of  haring  unwittlnrly 
oau3ht,  fried  and  eaten  -  ;■  skunk. 

Ar:aln  we  see  him  *on  the  rocd'  end  'nopping  freights', 
always  trying  to  avoid  the  rallwa3r-polioe,  '  .e  'bull*'.  Yet 
when  he  is  caught  by  one  of  them  he  flndi  hlii  decent.  lie 
•Ten  gete  advice  froB  hin  to  travel  a  llttlo  further  to 
find  work. 

Msny  other  people  also  help  the  traap  good-naturedly. 
Th?  trr;in-..!9n  just  laujh  when  they  deteet  him.  A  Olilneae 
cook  feeds  half  starving  mon   with  enormaus  meals  in  •r^change 
for  30^*?  york.  In  Frinoo  Rupert,  at  the  waterfront,  he  ean 
alv/Rys  i,3t   some  fish  Trom  the  flehing  boats,  although  IM 
soon  finds  compatitlon  when  he  sella  those  fish  to  looal 
rectrurrjitr:  other  unemployeA  aen  get  the  ssaie  Idea.'  Rooolns* 
he-.  .  c   :^:  r.:,  hotels,  groeerlee  give  eredit  on  which  be 
liv^s  for  a  Ions  ^^S-"®  until  he  finds  a  Job  re   kitchen  h-lp 
In  a  lording  camp  and  pays  all  hie  debts  without  shirking. 
He  finds  hie  beet  paying  Job  on  a  flahlng  boat  while  h« 


126 

llvee  on  credit  In  t  hotel.  To  work  off  oome  of  his  diebte 
he  paints  tae  hotel  buildln£.  After  llvl:.     re  for  a 
long  tii;-e,  off  and  on,  he  la  almost  arreiid  oi*  aokin  for 
the  hotel  bill.  '\it  to  hi  a  Burprlee  he  reealves  money  bact. 
The  hot^l  nan  very  decently  flrursd  union- ,rai;oB  for  t..e 
paint  job.  Vhen  iils  flsaln^  travlsr  returns  fraa  his 
trips  he  Csels  setlafaction  when  ^e  can  han*^  out  seTcral 
hug:;  fish  to  hun^y  tjraiaps  vraitlng  ot  the  vratarfront. 

After  e.  vfhile  we  find  him  Rjid  hlc  ^^al  Brjaln   on  the 
road*  Uneaployjient  has  Increased  and  as  far  as  trains  50 
there  aro  swannc  of  aen  looking  for  work.  ^0  'las  t  lO 
brilliant  idea  of  golns  beyond  tiie  reach  '  *'  ■-  tralnB, 
By  some  amusing,  'machinations*,  not  without,  tlio  aid  of 
ft  good-natured  sailor,  the  two  troaps  trevel  on  01.&  ticket 
to  Alaska.  And  when   we  leave  t^em  trudging  along  their 
road  '.TO   arc  sure  these  men  who  provad  their  settle  before, 
have  adapted  theaaelves  'to  the  ©xl^encleB  of  a  turbulent 
Btru35l3  for  survlTal '  (cf.   .  loeschenstiin.  The  :;rmqn 
Noval.  p. 91). 

1'  ere  Is  no  nationalistic  ranting.  Tia  author  neror 
feels  sorry  for  hlratielf  smd  does  not  blamo  oUiors  for  his 
lalefortunes  but  only  himself,  and  -  does  not  txilni  of 
ing  back  to  Germany. 

Ilao  Scnrelbar  dj scribes  her  experlenees  in  a 


.      '      ,     " .  :     ,  jfl 

px^-  •,  .. .,,,  _:a,    (Han- 

Beat  1  ochc  " '   "       tu . :  >  ^. .  .    " '  -  •)/ 1 J  ^h     ,  ' 

I    lif  O    1  :9 

Nnr      ~r::  3  In  Ca.iada. 

and  duiit   &tura£  have  rr  n  of    '  tle»d 

Columbia  ootms  r,  vjr.lta'ul--  ^.  .ic.dio-j  -  ..^.,^'..    iiJur  .j, 

t^o  bdO!'-  -    _  J  itviy  poor  fermora  froos  the  prairlva  flook 

to  *■ '%  fntV;   f.Mrao  r»f  "vttigh  Col  ,  jpallel 


.  \  ^  ^  V  4    1  ^-.  -.  V  I  4.    .*.  .  A.  W  i 


.tly   settle  .;  ar«  a., 

aavant.^-, 

ir-:  'Vint  li-  -  .  V 


nlcht  alia  Ida, 


«  ^  of 


las 

■-"fi^   sr  ht.    Jl.-    Lau'.e   d.or'^   oiad  «u«- 

npJ-LTisi — -    ^, ,  ..  .,   ■  .^iin  Vfund«r,  nein  slbt  JUi —  lar 

CAq   Qc;anut7.l£  .  i1    aohv/erato   ^^valt,   wl«  deu            ig^n 

in  U.ii.A,    (Iblu..  p,a83) 

This  happans  to  be  at  t/ie   'paradlaicea'     eat  ooaat  vdMre 

t.>^  '•'<»polno  Is  told  about  looal  condltlOiio  v>^   liefiaan*.    ^aa 
too  naa  Aona  tiex«o  from  a  G«nMu  farm  Ixi  t,xi«  Koi*t/i*jm 
prairloa. 

Hov/dV9r»  t.xd  usual  lon^ng  ox  sxilad  C-jnoaaa  living 
far  awaj  from  thalr  former  hoaw  Is  no./  abtaohsA  not  to  tnoir 
place  of  orl^Jji  in  Germany  but  to  thoir  honostaad  in  ths 
prairie 0* 

.    .    .    Ich  sehne  mich  dahln  Inst  hi«r 

anring  .    .    .    I  h  habe  dae  ,        ,  ,    .    .-^-w.*   .  -a  vielen  50- 
hSrt,  Alia  mttchtsa  dahin  zurdck^wo  sle  lars  bostan 
Krflfte  vartatan,    (Ibid..  p,290) 

A  woman  axproaaos  the   same  idea  similarly: 

■  '.-:■  iifltten  In  der  -ralrle   olsib^n  ooll^ii.      .i      ^vtaouen 


1 


.ton  08  Mar  nloht  axia.  Vii-  gahbren  in&  duochland  Oder 

li:  die   offone   wclte  Lt  ^■-t,     .icL   li.  cliese  dunvP-'^r, 

i^ier  odar  Bviri-c>'^^  "'  - -n"..--.v,   -  io;,fn  .r^io   ''i^nteuz^r 

In  '^cn  Hafons'  .  einiaal 

vw  vorrr  \,,  .,-..  in  dar  nilonlB*   ut^b  uiLt.\>  winer  ain 

.'...•jitos  o./v   ^ius.    (Ibld« ,    j.Jly; 

T   r  re  ere  varlofus  hints  about  Uio  moiiit  Aot  climata  trhlon 

is   too  difficult  for  Northerners  in  tha  fruit-prowing  yalla/s 

of  ''rTi'-.o,rvr   -ritlah  Columbia,    3tlll  woraa  Is   t.h&  tmtasoniSB 

of  txxe  iii^liaii. 

Sio  verlor  beide  St alien  von  sinea  zum  aadern  Tag,  well 
die    Meohon  i  ina  or  -  ^iana6«r  ai'^    '  1  uoar  ^aitjlAndar 
^'^  .^   In  Ihron  Dscrloban  r^r•'  t  a..-       .   :!n  wolltan. 
.,  13.316) 


2191  n 


129 

The  fselins  is  mutual.   In  a  morle  t!ieatF«  tha  bohaTioui 
of  tn-  audience  ahowe  a  dlslikr;  towardr  ^.i  news- 

reel.   It  seems  a.:  if  the  author  aharod  i-arltlaii 

feeling.   Dut  on  closer  analysis  tl\o  disgust    -'ith  Wiilch 
the   '^^  'oaorlbes    ^  i^    ..vvi^  cw.i,u.   u-i^-  -       -      U-lg 

in  '.dlanoe   v.'lth  their   slacks,    ./It-h.  t  ^aobed 

lialr,    .:  .okiug  and  chewing-  ^lun   (cf.   lold. ,   ■.;,28>/6),  1b 
obviously  -V  v.*  :r.rcel  u^ral  inc  in  Germany 

oondecRi-tn^  cnc'  abhorring  Western  civilization  as  such 
and  returning  to  t..e   'values *   derived  rroo   *Blut  und 
Boden*.    ^'^  "  "ay  Use  '^'"-r  Iber'.^     i.    /lv;^cht  ins  fara4l38 
oan  be  ;O0neidared  as   'Kiainiatdic  itim^'   of   tii-    *AuslanddeutBche' 
Oermans  in  Ves*:9m  Canada.   Ac  a   'HclBaetro-  9R*  Use  Sohr^iber'e 
novel  is  quite  decent,    Euov/iag  imagination;   its  people 
come  alive,  the  Geraan  settlors  aa  well  ae  th^ir  nei^>» 
boure  ?Jid  faim^j^aris  of  other  nationalltiea.  Also  v.\e  harsh 
conditions  of  the  1930'8,  sconomic   -'- "   '«■'-' "^Irlly  the 

cli:.'J':ic   crtastrophies,  are  '.v:ll  dascrib^id,    :-long   with  th« 
feolins  o?  rarponsibllity  of  tie  settlers  to  hslp  each 
other  in  .li stress. 

■  Only  when  a  s°^^  mine  is  bein^^  started  in  the 
vicinity, -..'lalch  'corrupts*  the  faxTaera'  .alnds,  doas  tiie 
paraJDe"'    -^^    *'lit  und  Bod-"  *-  -r'itln^?  v.:.,»n,^:    .i.ir3   obvlTiis: 

<-r>    -  ^.'      _       ._. 

cunftst-r  ^on  '.eioe,   Freiriait  und 

irfUmem,  ...   Alle,  denen  die  Bflroa 

der  ouro^^a-uow -^^   .^^^^^ H5lle  aul  ^rden  sohlenen, 

bejahen  restloe   .    .    .    (the  new  city  development)    .    .    . 
(Ibid.,  p. 143) 


gfixciujsi 


'jii 


130 

That   Llie  author  is  dieguated  with  a  new  oaf  a  WAlon  la 
•Btabllaiiad   .^or  ta«   oenaflt  of  t  le  miners  In  this  fam- 
ine coaiiunlty  will  not   surorlea   th3  raadar, nnd  aha  da- 
ploraa  It  w^an  tio  faroiors  ure   ouly  too  ee    ^r  too  supply 
this  cafe  with  taolr  farm  products   (of.   Ibid.,   >3.21^'I7), 
TJae  author  ".no^s  hor  opinion  still  more  el-p.rly  v//;an  aha 
lets  even  L.n  iin;sll8li  settler  -   a  form4»r  officjr-  -  raflect 

Von  Zclt  zu  Zelt  beslnnt  man  alcn  wloder  einaal 

^ -.     ,,.     ...    ftlr  •.  -      '    ^^--   --    -■-      •  ■  .'      -     -.-a, 

.4._  J-     .«  man  '  , 

dec  ate  uriand,   urzustand  -  und  was  fand  manv  i-e 

T.lvlilsntlon.    Statt  dass  man  alcsh  allea  aslbsi     :^clit 
aus  dam,   waa  die  Netur  elneai  bletatf   lllui't  mai:   2:u^ 
Storakesper   .    .    .    (lol^,,   p.2A5,   cf.     'os^o-'illn,    below 

p. 313    ) 
Thla  storeicaapar  haa,  ha  say  a,   the  aargd  function  a  a  tha 
wtilto  trodap  in  darkest  Africa  whera  tia  Ne'ro  beoomea 
a  Imir  olvlilzad  liXmjar  who  aolla  hlE  frtodocr,  for  aooe 
•alvillzGd*  traah. 

Deiin  urn  den     and  au  ar-^ferc^n,  tauaa  er  slch  halbtot 
achuften.  lich  n    ;lr  alle    ilsr  vl   1  Ton 

den  altfran-cjBiiiChen      ^        jm  *^     --—-(ale)   lemen, 
di3   auD  dem,   was  f5l3   "-:.;-    i  'vlllsatlon 

aohufen,   auo  der  elna  bodonat  ,'jrden 

1st.    (Iblc,.,  p. 245/6) 

How  muoh  Ilae  Schralber  dlsllkaa  wantam  civili- 
sation In  favour  of  the    'poor  but  hoaaat'   life  on  a 
aalf- sufficient  fajns  oan  be  aaan  froa  otiiar  aniall  Inol- 
dents  and  obaarvatlona.     isn  the   elaply  drs^ead  countiry 
girl  leavoa  her  farm  and  geta  a    *rldo '    lo  to'vn  with  a 
more  citified  lady  tha  author  ramaplca: 


131 

Wle  di«  belden  Prauen  da  eo  n«benelnander  eltzen,  iBt 

Mrs.  3.  (?le  I -^-.- -..V  -  ,.  ,^,3j^  *^      -    ij  .        ,-  liip^j. 

unbewuBsten       .  i  ;alt  k  In 

haben  -vlrd,  Uuid«  .  p.24) 

This  does  not  ,revent  tae  autaor  from  telling  later  how 

+  -»  o«-,=  -rir.-!  -ith  t  e  aid  of  city  contritions  snd  of 

fSLBnlonabls  clothas  davalops  lil^e  a  Cin-lerella  into  a 

great  bsauty, 

-yr.^r^   ..rvar,  g^   auccsssful  prosp9ctor  T^tumB  to  the 

city  after  months  of  vrashins  j^old  in  the  vlldsmess  he  la 

censured  for  buying  unnaceasary  articles. 

Allerhand  unn^tzen  Kram  '^auft  er  eln.  .or   allem  8e:ir 
viale  und  sa'.ir  teure  'ijaretten.  (ibi^. .  p. 263) 

It  cem  loardly  be  assumed  tliat  all  of  these  remarks 

are  sl/aply  Inserted  to  suit  the  nationalistic  trend  in 

Germany.  It  may  remain  doubtful  whether  certain  malicious 

English  characters  are  inserted  ourely  for  +  ■-'  reasons 

of  antl-Brltish  propaganda  after  the  beglnnin^^  of  th« 

Second  World  War.  There  is  Mr.  Welle,  the  In<?lan  a^ent  and 

medical  officer,  v^ho  does  not  treat  a  c--^^^-  ^^'  l^ndian  family 

because,  as  tae  Indian  quotes  him,  'vdr  selen  dort  nicht 

zustfindie'  and  t:ie  Indian  'Chief'  sends  taem  to  a  Dr.  Lind- 

berg  in  t   3-3rman  farm  settlement. 

'Du  v/ilrest  rein  L'        '        der  C-iiof,  :r.  Llad- 
-'   berg  zog  auf  dieso  ..;.  ,.^.  ^  ^-^^   ^..dianere  iiin  nur  seine 
Au^  enbrauen  loch.  (ibi^^. ,  p.l04) 

Anot-i^^  government  official,  of  all  peopl-      ell  .-^f-aan 

In  cl\arg3  of  aid  to  suffering  farmers,  behcvde  shocKln^y: 


152 


twenty-eight  people  have  oowe  from  t.ielr  far-off  farms 

to  wait  for  hiffl. 

Do.:.      -V  '  ■   "     'lieson  nao'i  fl«-ilner  ^?1.  Tti. /e,  "!t^ht 
alio  0.  i.r  ^l*t. -seller  ein^'^ln  'nit  '-"Iten 

BlicK:  an  und  ea^t:  'Sorry,  heut  hab  Ich  k«lne  Zeit 
fi"    ^h,  Fellovfe,  Good  bye!  ^nallend  eehlict  er  die 
lu     iter  sich  zu. 

Eine  ..oile  ist  es  totonstlll.  Die  Frau  Z'fiso'ien  rien 
?ar!Bem  alnlrt  ohnaiftc"  '  *   "u  Bodon,  Der  '  '•  ■ ''«  an  Ihre 
wart  end  3n  frierender;     jr  und  ihr  hur:^    9  8  VI  eh 
auf  dar  einsamen  Farm  raubt  ihr  rteo  T^evmsetseln.  Sie 
ist  Wit  1-76.  jlbid* ,  p.  190) 

Only  '-  9  local  'reeve*  or  'Gemeindevorstaher'  is  described 

as  a  very  decent  Enr/lishman. 

Anotaar  grievance  oi  x.aQ  'aeriian  3ai.-Lisr3  iu  t-3 

policy  of  t:ie  Canadian  government  not  to  BoMvle  them 

to-cthsr  but  to  intsrmlx  taom  vith  otier  natlonalitieB, 

Uius  maxin^  tuem  ail  very  lonely: 

TausendJial  lieber  ^anz  in  der  i.'ildnis  .leben  als  unter 
*''  Premden  .  .  .  SeohehunderttRuser  '    ----.--  --a ben  ver- 
•tr?ut  in  diesem  ungeheuer  wei*       .     Iceiner 
ist  el^elclich..  weil  es  ihm  ni©  heimatlien  wird.  Etc. 
(Ibiq.,  p. 307) 

Evan  when  a  certain  sympathy  exists  in  an  .^n.jlish  lady  for 

the  old  mother  of  a  settler,  not  more  t,mn  a  very  cool  and 

borln,^  conversation  is  t  .e  result  (cf.  ^bid»  i  p. 3^1/2). 

On  cultural  life  In  Canada  rohrelber  is  sarcastic 

and  critinni,  a  sectsrlgn  church  ?ttra.etft  -^eny  settlers, 

espeoiai-^y  wnon  tae  worst.  aruiLisx-u  in  ovm  is  I'eformed 

by  its  preacher.  The  service, or  better  the  preacher,  is 

deacribad  as  ^  o^iarlatan  (cf,  ibig,. ,  p. 3^6-48) J 


133 


^•1 


;r  jitn  ' 

ni-   ...,   als   o^,,.v,,  .  ,    „^.,    .,,,...  ., 
(Jetuas,   dea   Jeda  Va  irhaf  tltrkelt 
*A8.n        -       ,    v;lf>   oft,  d- 
hP.+  ..!•  Icalt  er  x      ..  -x. 

Sf  ^nd  verlojon.    \ j^r  une 

G:  ^h,   in  welc  xer  7onn. 

Br  -  .:Jc;a  eln  Sc-igrlatan  oj 

^^id,,   p. 347/8) 


r 

Blah 

.  ..  dl 

s  mid 

• 

'1 

a;«wtoht 

frt«j>  1  d. 

'->  i. 

:nia 

'     i\. 

.  Ka'ien. 

I    1.1 3h 

peoplo. 

Y«+   +>io   «iithor  doscrlbas  alao  very  oult,ur»6v^     ji^ilah  peoplo. 

A  former  iilii'llsh  offloer  who   me  great  rssieot   for  a 

tyrannical  Gertaan  settler,   a  fom«r   'JunKar*,  plays  a 

certain  role.   An  evening  at  a  cultured  iin^ilah  iiojie  is 

d9BCrlb3d  but  not  without   the  remark  that  the  host  writes 

ertlcles  against  tae  denooretio   aystex   (Ibld» ,  p.l55) 

The  author  Is,   as  we  have  seen,   rather  oplaionatsd. 

Yet,   as  a  woman  she  appreciates  at  least  one  phsnoiMBOA 

of  Cenadlan  social  life  in  a  farm  community,  namely     the 

Importance  of  an  educated  woman  for  a  farmer.  Xhlle  most 

Cerman  iTtnil ^rant s  workin-  on  farms  are  at  lef.  st  surprised 

at,  if  not   aissusted  with, the  farmer's  wife  v;ho  aots  like 

a  lady    (cf.    Johann,    3c-imidel,   above,  p.  49anf3.  p.i04r«ip.), 

llae  Sehrslber  knows  better: 

Mls3  Cawson  (the  teacher)  kann  sioh  rfliin-ion,  oiiadMtMIs 
zehn  Sor'.'/erber  unter  den  Fariem  un'-'  "        i  der 

U^..,  ,„,^„  -"'  'icrizeitig  eu  haben  ......  _._-_  ■'^'' 

m:  elne  ;  eblldete  ?rau,  well  sle  wlsson,  wis 

Iclcht  der  Menseh  in  der  linsAmkelt  dem  Vlah  Annlleh 
v^lrd.  (Ibid..  .3. 43) 

One  educated  ^1x1  says  to  a.er   girl  friend; 


13A 

.  .  .  (dl«  MAnner  hleraulandi]  Jaaltan  una  fttr  T«r^nfl-xLag»» 
suchtig  tind  seldlfletem,  wAhrend  v;lr  nur  a&nnllc  lor  alnd 
ala  aia  .  .  ,  wir  alnd  Tie!  amatar  ala  dla  Mtnnar  hlap, 
fahlan  rial  mahr  Varantwortung  .  ,  .  Die  lllnnap  oflsaen 
a  a  aioii  aohon  s^f^H^n  laaaan»  daaa  wlr  aia  auaproblaran, 
bis  wlr  dan  raohtan  flnden.'  Wle  aeltan  merkt  elnar,  dasa 
dla  Frau,  wenn  ar  ala  alt  Auto,  Kino  und  raasaa  vapwfthnt, 
auf  etwas  ganz  andaraa  wartat  .  .  .  Abar  daa  begralfen 
dla  I^^rmar  ziioht  .  .  .  31a  dankan,  daaa  aaflutOfKlno  und 
Nachtklubjuna  abanaolohen  opasa  ^acht  wie  iVinan  .  .  . 
31e  beurtellan  una   nach  alch  aalbat.  (Ibid. ,  150/51) 

Aaong  all  tas   wrltara  treating  tha  subjaot  or  t.ia  Ajiarioan 

woman  thera  la  only  one  otaer,  Alfone  taquat,  who  appraolataa 

tha  cultural  role  of  the  wooian  In  Ansrloa  and  thla  only 

on  tiae  aighast  eduoatlonal  levao,  whlla  Ilea  Scnraloar 

daaorlbaa  avaraga  girla,  one  of  tlian  a  oounter  girl  at  a 

r^ataurant,  tha  othar  her  eupervlaor  and  oo-vrorkar*  In  spita 

of  many  othar  oplnlonatad  deaorlptlons  Ilsa  ^u^u^eibar'a 

book  I^le  yiucat  Ina  raradlaa  la  worthwhile  raadln^;  If  only 

for  her  discovery  of  tha  Importance  and  sarlouanasa  of  tha 

American  v;oman.  dar  book  also  points  out  tae  Intarrelation 

batwaen  the  dapresalon,  the  diaproportlonally  ^reat  suffarlnga 

of  tie  Qarman  minority  and  Ita  reaction  iA   a  tendenoy  towarda 

a  growing  German  self-consolouaneaa. 

All  this  resentment  waa  exploited  and  stirred  up 

by  paid  agents  of  t  la  Hitler-regime  in  Germany.  In  this 

14) 
connection  at  least  one  oi'  cue  varioua  writings  of  Karl  Gdte 


r2n 

Karl  Gdtz:   Deutsche  Leistumz;  in  Amerika.   Fr.Eher  Verlag,   Berlin, 

iW,    (Schrlftanroilie   der  NSDAf ,    111,8) 
Karl  Gfttz;    Die   ..rosse  i-ielmkahr.    Stuttgart,    "ncSlhom,    1941 
Karl   jfttz:    Zwisohan  Wollcankratzem  und  ■.rairien.   Holland  und 
Josetihaua,    Stuttgart,   193A.    (Deutachea  Volkatum  in 
allar  vveit.   Lase  und  .krositshefta  6,  p. 51) 


135 

BiHlder  liber  deta  Ileer.  Schickaale  und  bege/'inunfen,  (Ln^el- 
horn,  Stuttgart,  193^)  is  to  be  mentioned.   It  was  written 
at  approximately  the  same  time  as  Use  Schreiber's,  under 
the  same  political  influence,  and  whines  about  the  fate  of 
the  'Auslanddeutsche',  the  sentiments  of  whom  Karl  08tz  v/aa 
trying  to  recruit  for  Hitler  Germany.   Use  Schreibor 
describes  a  disgusting  preacher  who  professionally  mans  the 
gamut  of  the  emotions  to  arouse  the  feelin^^s  of  his  con- 
gregation. This  is  the  basic  i.iotif  all  through  the  book 
of  r.arl  oStz,   Although  iiuch  interesting  material  is  used, 
his  false  emotionalism  (he  was  a  paid  agent  of  the  'Dritte 
Reich')  is  revolting.   If  Use  Schreiber  is  mildly 
infected,  Karl  Gbtz   certainly  is  suffering  severely  from 
the  disease  of  ultra-nationalism. 


136 

IV 

THE  R  ING  >^airANT 

1 

Among  the  Immigrant  writers,  optlmiatlo  ijnpre«»loii» 
of  Amsrloa  might  be  •xpaoted,  vrhile  moz*o  postialstlo  accounts 
oould  be  anticipated  from  the  pen  of  returning  emigrants.  Hovf- 
•▼er,  this  simple  division  does  not  coliv^lde  with  tne  facts. 
While  most  Immigrant  writers  stress  tae  aard  life  of  the 
Immigrant  -  Sohmldel  even  calls  his  book  Die  harte  3ohule  - 
we  find  on  the  other  hand  a  small  group  of  authors  among 
returning  emigrants  who  carefully  weigh  tuelr  opinions 
towards  America. 

Arthur  Grlx,  the  author  first  discussed,  Is  all  the 
wore  remarkable  In  his  reasonable  approach  as  his  book 
Umwe;-^  flber  FrlscQ  (Vsrlag  Die  Helmbflcherei,  John  Jaar,  Berlin, 
19^3)  with  Its  second  title  '  Die  Geschiohte  elner  Wanderung 
und  Vandlung'  appeared  In  the  midst  of  tae  Second  World  War 
when  national  e notions   ran  high*  His  detacaed  attitude  could, 
at  that  time,  not  be  expressed  In  a  novel  about  his  own 
experiences.  Grlx  uses  therefore  the  medium  of  a  historical 
novel,  and  under  this  cover  brings  home  some  truths  about 
the  outside  world  which  otherwise  could  not  be  expressed. 
He  even  uses  the  formula  of  the  extreme  nationallBt^  of  the 
spoiled  and  soft  young  German  who  becomes  a  man  and  Is  harden- 
ed in  America  (of.  above^  p.  31  R.  Kraus'  Freloeuter  unter  dem 


,i.. 


ve 


-ji. 


9T 


on 


j-.-iC-iQ 


137 

Nordlloht).  Uawg  flber  rriaco  Is  the  story  of  a  young  dandy, 

Frana  Brermert,  whose  mlddle-olaes  father  sands  him  off  to 

Aaerioa  for  aome  minor  nisdeads.  It  might  bb  the  secret 

wish  ox  t,h8  author  to  transplant  his  hero  from  Berlin  to 

frea  America  Just  at  the  time  of  the  abortive  liberal  rev;y- 

lutlon  of  1848.  Indeed,  one  of  the  first  lessons  the  young 

Franz  has  to  learn  Is:  to  bo  on  his  own  and  not  to  run  to 

the  police  over  evairy  little  Inconvenience. 

Wlr  laufan  nlcht  »ur  Polizei;  ua  une  lassen  die  rx*flnen 
trooknen  ,  .  .  .  "Ir  macaen  unsare  Hflndel  unter  uns  ab, 
wle  es  rlchtlga  Mftnner  tun  .  .  .  (Umweg  ^hor   Frlsoo.  p. 154) 

True,  this  Is  the  talk  of  a  tough  man  from  tae  Balkans,  yet 

Franz  feels  how  right  he  Is.  The  first  weeks  and  monthg  are 

a  testing  tlais  for  the  somewhat  effeminate  young  man.  The 

roon  which  the  business  *frlend'  of  his  father  has  to  offer 

hiffl  Is  anything  but  comfortable  and  tie  work  he  Is  forced 

to  do  is  far  below  his  imagined  dimity. 

Er,  der  fflr  die  Arbeit  Im  Gesciftft  seines  Vatera  keine 
lelgung  versptb^t  hatte,  sollte  hi ar  gezwungen  sein^  zu- 
sammen  mit  zwei  Bursoli^n,  die  welt  unter  Ian  standen  .  .  . 
kfliTperllche  Arbeit  zu  verrichten?  ...  3s  war  undenkbeir. 
(Ibid.,  p. 145) 

The  'Wandlung',  the  change  In  his  opinions  and 

prejudices  comes  about  because  Franz  like  many  an  otner 

immigrant  has  no  alternative.  He  has  to  wors,  to  defend  and 

to  assert  himself.  When  his  muscles  are  strengthened  by 

manual  labour  and  he  wins  his  first  fight  he  la  on  hia  way 


:-lS  tV 


138 


-;i corning  r  dlffarent  r?ian« 


I^s  woj:'  dca  oral      In  oelnan  'e;en|  flaon  «•  slch  rub 
«1^3iior  part  dur      %zt  oALte.  ^aid..  Pfl6A) 

U«  disooYdrs  to  .i.a  aarprlat  t.iat  ba  lo  now  oore  roD»>8otad 

«aang  hio  fallow vorkera,  t  iat,  ixis  vlotia  doaa  not  Uxink  of 

rovani^a  end  aooa  oaooaas  laia  rriandt  Aleo  ot  ior  peopla  r  port 

alailar  incidanta  invoXvlae  ^'^   b^^^  aonaa  for  fair  pla^ 

aaong  t  lalr  first  Amarioan  aoqucdntanoas.  ,     upiut  Voa 

HlrtitnlBMlVgB  "int  ^flndor.  one.) tar  *Der  rota  i-as',  mantljnad 

abora,  p*  99; 

iraaz  Bx^annert  haa  to  go  tarougb  t  .c  rooillar  ax- 
perianoao  or  Jiard  vork^  diffloultlaa  in  iala  Job^  diaappoin^dnt 
vit^  oia  offiplOjror«  unasoployii^ant  and  avan  1  t  Ha  attaina 

mMerate  uuooaaa  vfhon  ho  aota  in  hie  o\m  aru^  ■i^oa  not  atlck 
to  a  job  offerad  him  by  eooiddnt  or  fato*  i.ix  1 

group  of   'ISAGers'f  Curman  ani^ranto  v:ao  loft  tho  fat-xai 
eftar  all  t  lalr  llbapal  hopaa  ha/i  ^  ^an  n-asheA.     o  roao  to 
wolSk  on   :.iQ  ianc  in  t.io    Uddlo-  .©i>^  x-^  w:jraau 

fannorBt  v/orita  -iis  way  furtiier  arid  iurthcp  waat  and  laams 
ho*  to  ppotoot  hiiaaalf  from  choata  vrho  Ilka  to  ro Hava  tha 
Qswooaaro  or  t.iolr  ri-aro  aamoa  :aariwy« 

Xt  ia  t»ie  tlna  of  t^i.  -ruah  in  oalifomia.  And 

Prana  Jolna  a  oGr&rpjo.  of   'orftlrle- ^c  loonora '  Along  tba 

£Bm9\iii  pionaar  rouod,   uio  -..-^ta     e-ci-al   .  '  -r  gra*t  baxM- 

abipa  or  aoat  r-^  irat,   auddan  attacko  by  Ixxdiana,  and 

robbara,a  doclnatad    roup  vflta  Franz  raachaa  .d-minl    . 

diatriot  in  Caiiromia* 


139 

This  rtlnlng  to^fli  ie  described  with  nruoh  imagination 
for  tiie  author  aaa  Qoan  It  only  mejiy  yaare  later  -  as  a 
ghost  town.  Aft3r  exoltlng  encountere  wlth^  gangater  ?1*anz 
reaohes  Los  Aagelos  and  finally  San  Fraaoldteo  w'lex^  h« 
aoquirea  wealth  as  a  buslnesMMa  in  tobaooo  -  hla  fat  ler'a 
bualneaa  that  he   had  dlallked  so  much.  An  earthquake  and 
fire  flestroy  all  his  wealth  out  he  Is  ImoTn  as  a  reliable 
citizen  and  the  banks  advance  him  the  monoy  to  start  anew. 
There  are  more  set-cacks  to  weather  in  the  boom  and  bust 
economy  of  tae  various  gold  and  silver  booms  in  California. 
Oermany  lies  so  far  behind  ho  hardly  thlnlcs  of  it  any  more. 
By  a  coincidance  he  meets  a  Gorroan  group  and  attends  their 
*Slngorfest*  which  impresses  hla.  Overwhelmed  by  a  rush 
of  asntiraents  he  goes  on  a  *trlp'  to  Europe;  one  of  his 
reasons  is  to  see  his  old  father  again. 

Hla  return  to  t.ie  paternal  :iaa9  and  buoinesa  is  li'ce 

a  breath  of  frosh  air,  with  his  resolute  activity  and  hie 

Anerlcan  lack  of  respect  for  duaty  conventions.  Evan  the 

girl  he  marries  has  emigrated  with  him,  has  lived  her  foraative 

years  in  America  and  is  Tery  unlike  the  matronly  German 

women  he  meets: 

•Zwei  We  It  en !  •  flfinterte  Franz  .  .  .  *ElnG  solche  Pi*au, 
80  voll  behftbi  er  Ruiie  und  InnerliciViCsit,  gibt  ea  in  ganz 

Frisco  nlcht."  Cljpwep  \!iber  Frisco,  p.  3o9) 

Although  Frans  remains  in  Germany  he  .-laa  attained 
tha  aaoret  ideal  of  many  a  German  boy:  sucoesa  In  America , 


<-«.;,0;:^ 


-L  A   W^  \^J~- 


140 

the  acooopan/lzig  laok  of  respeot  xor  old  oaQventions.  Yet 
hfl  rsmains  a  Oorman  in  :id* 

L  1©  eooond  author  iiiBOuaBed  In  this  .,roup  of 
r9tumizi($  droltronta  is  Jakob  iitrloker  with  his  book 
^IgbaisaQ  glnes  Sc  ivqi^ars  In  ^    '  .  1 ,   ztlrloh- 

.I«elpzi(S,   19;^5}«  As  a  Swiss  he  does  not  uid^  tila  opinion  after 
hi a  return  home  nor  does  he  cover  It  in  the  form  of  a 
hlotorioal  nor-jl  as  t^e  fo'-"^*'  «uthor  apparently  waa  forced 
-to  do.    'sitrlclioir  tello  fPDJikly  and  aoberly  no**  he  found  both 
euocesB  and  ml b fortune  in  Canada  durln^;  the  yccj^a  1923  to 
I93A.   He  is  not  afraid  ^^  ^'orlcing  imrd  n^-  .>  .ila  eyea 

open  Tor  opportunitieB*  Alt aoug^  he  roturns  to  xxla  homo  in 
Switzerland  he  likea  to  adviae  his  fellovr  emlcrantfl  and  to 
warn  tham  of  pitfalls  in  America  or  Canada;   but     ■■-■  <^oe%  not 
dlscauz*a£^e  tixaia. 

".rrlvinc  in  Canada  he  qulokly  observes  t  le  oonpetitioii 
between  t  .0  tv;o   aaln  rail^my  11"' «o   '"'  Canadlen     -Monal  and 
the  Canadian  Jfacific  Railway.  Although  he  has  tr^v<.iied 
widely  he  finds  tie  Canadian  trains  very  comfortable:    "Zs 
flel  una  auf,   wle  bequem  dlese  fflr  lan^^   ^'?hrt.-n   t-ln-erlehtat 
Bind"    (Stric  isBOi      .19).      But  wusn  ae  riacis  a 

twenty  dollar  bill  in  the  washroon  and  reports  It  to  toe 
conductor  ajid  la  told  to  -eep  it,  ao  o  norvoa,  "dass  man 
ea  in  Araerika  ait  verlorenen  Gachen  n:  . 

(Ibid.,  p. 20) 


■A 


141 

Since  he  Is  not  afraid  of  hard  work  ho   finds  a  good 
Job  immediately  in  a  paper  mill  In  t  le  far  Hortii  of  Qutbec. 
B«t  a  bwlea  friend  lur«8  him  away  to  the  o4ty  of  :'-)ntroal 
wiier«  aa   finds  out  tiaat  none  of  th«  promises  &tq   true.  Hs 
hae  similar  experienaeg  else\^er«  with  soma  of  his  country- 
men i 

Jedeniaxla  mus8t«  auoh  ich  oft  die  i, 

daaa  T#lr  rem  vauawrm   aigsnen  Lands:.  ..         j,:n 

beschLLiiaielt  weiMen,  (ibid, .  p.6A) 

Undaunt3d/a;j,aln  telcaB  tougli  Jobs  In  the  North,   his  time 
£.3  a  lumbarjacx  in  t^o   rorests  of  Nort  i-rn  ^uQi:>eo  and 
Ontario, -^hlch  he  doacrlbee  in  detail  in  tae  chapters 
'Als  IJusohmann  im  Urwald  Ontarios*,  'Das  Leben  und  Trelben 
Im  Suaeu',  'Die  .j.roeit  des  ijuacnaanna  la  .  incar ' ,  and  'Das 
Lebon  im  Gamp*.  He  ll'ces  this  hard  and  healthy  life  with 
excellent  food  and  high  pay.  His  only  sad  •xporlencee  ar« 
in  a  Catliollc  hospital  In  Sudbury  rfhere  bigoted  nuns  treat 
hiffl  badly  as  a  Protestant  -  and  the  oomlo  situation  when 
ha  leavss  the  lumber  cajap  in  t.ie  spring  -..'ith  a  cae-  que  for 
&  large  amount  in  nls  pocicet  but  cannot  oash  it  in  ths 
wildemesa  and  has  to  go  hungry  until  he  reaches  Sudbury, 
the  next  large  centre;  even  there  ha  has  to  sleep  in  a  Jail 
cell  for  tae  banks  are  closed  xor  e.   aollday. 

His  next  Job,  he  reports,  is  on  a  ^uebec  farm  during 
the  maple  syrup  mm.  Althougii  he  can  vrork  haird  he  is  so 
ovexn^orked  by  a  stingy  scotch  farmer  that  he  quits  after 


ffil 


50 


142 

tvfo  weeks  end  makea  th3  man  the  lauGhlng  atock  of  the  whole 

township.  Back  In  Montreal  a^ain  he  meeta  allly  countrymen 

who  expect  an  easy  life  In  Canada. 

Me""  =r  Ist  n&ch  '"--■■-  "v.Bgswandert  i-  ---.,^--.-^  j^gj^ 
rar     ler  nlclit  ^       :lteni  m?Ji  ... 

den  ganzan  Tag  auf  der  farm  hemmsurQlten  vjad  dsn  Covfboy 
splelen.  ^s  '  •'  - -er  ao,  dass  :-"■   '  r  una  ir    '   — 'IVit 
viol  monr  ai^     n  aiues  ala  in      o,  wenn      j  sttf 
einen  grflnen  Zwjlg  brlngen  will.  (Ibl^..  0.50) 

He  :'.a8  better  luo'r  on  p  larpe  vegetable  farm.  Another 

Swiss  t:i8re  5IV8S  him  sone  advice,  Vlth  hie  practical  aenae 

Strieker  io  soon  foreman  on  thia  farm.  In  spite  of  mistaJcee 

and  sreat  damage  done  to  hla  ^laas  housea  tiie  farner  remaine 

quite  friendly  to  hia  S'jd.a8  worTcerBjWixoah*  finds  able  and 

conscientious.  When  natire  Canadian  workers  atart  a  fl^t 

with  them  and  are  beaten,  tae  farmer  esems  to  enjoy  the  bout. 

,  .  .  hett?  (der  Farmer]  sel'^   ■'■'."'.?  Freude  ■-—-«,  derm 
die  ircnadier  aeuen  so  einc     ,  .  j1  alcat      m. 
(Ibid.,  p. 55) 

The  farmer  even  talres  his  workers  to  the  city  and  pays  for 

high-pi"iced  tickets  to  the  Montreal  Arena  when  they  want 

to  attend  a  certain  sports  event.  To  bs  sure,  the  faner 

made  a  good  profit  this  year  and  only  reluctantly  lets  hla 

beet  wotker  ^o,  with  the  invitation  to  come  back  at  any  time. 

Stricksr  then  worked  alternatively  as  a  harvester  in  the 

prairies  and  in  aaw  milla  in  British  Columbia.  He  is  always 

pleasantly  surprised  at  the  excellent  food  givsn  to  the 

workers, who  are  treated  with  generooity,  this  time  by  an- 


u-j, 


other  ..>GOL,c.i  ituTner. 

»  •    •   also  eir*  .floli  wle  ea  eln  Arbeltor  nlr^ands 

In  Kuropa  erhftlt.    ^.'^.s  muss  msjn  don  Amsr'         m  laseen: 
ale  varlanj^n  Btrens©  unrf  lan~'j  Arbeit,  i  abor  auch 

•ntsprec-iand*  Verpflegumv,    (ibid.,   p. 71) 

And 

Man  eleht  daraue,  dass  audi  Jonsol'  <  _  ;  -.  .1  ;  : 
r;utc  Aroelter  i~,aBClnAtzt  worden,  un.  j  -:  ,  . .  ■:.  .i  ..„  i 
mehr  alo  In  Suropa.  (Ibid.,  0.72) 

Hever  dons  Strieker  complain  about  31rty  Jxnd  r;rimltlT9  fam 

conditions  as  Johann,  Merirhax^t-Iiow,  ana.  ox..i_ra  do.  On  the 

contrary t  >fhen  tramp  workers  bring  In  vermin,  all  old  clothes 

arm   burnt  and  new  clothes  supplied  by  the  faraor. 

In  British  Columbia  Striker  works  at  all  kinds  of 

Jobs  in  the  lumber  Industry  'i/rhloh  he  leax^a  to  Imow  very 

veil.  ';TiL8n  ha  cannot  find  arnploynsnt  during  r.  c  ortain  winter 

period  lie   undartaiies  x,o   ^joi'i-:  at  uiu  Q\m  i^iaii  as  luabsr 

contractor.  He  does  so  well  that  he  goes  deeper  and  deeper 

Into  this  type  of  business;  working  hard  iiiaself,  he  employs 

a  number  of  aen,  emd  la  aale  to  deliver  the  telepnone-poles 

or  other  timber  to  tie  satiefaotlcm  of  his  customers.  Only 

once  an3  his  wood  products  roJ3C*.3r',  by  a  firm  In  far  away 

Duluta  (..icni^an).  Strieker  qulciii^  ^ets  on  th3  train  aad 

airrivss  unexpectedly  at  the  lumber  company  to  the  embaz^assemeat 

of  the  manager,  and  demands  to  see  tne  rejected  material.  It 

vraa,  oi  courco,  a  awindia  in  order  to  ^^ay  le&s  t.iaa  tae 


^o 


iJ^bUJu-  .J 


1A4 

agreed  price.  No.;  t.ie   company  hae  to  pay  the  l^lll  prloe  and 

a  good  deal  more  for  his  fare  and  time  lost. 

Ich  niusste  vor  mlcii  hlnlachen  fiber  den  versuchten 
Sciiwindal  und  dachtet  war  alclx  aloht  irehrtt  "ionmt  su 
nlchts.  (Ibid.,  p. 117) 

During  the  winter  he  cloBes  his  little  lumber  camp  and  does 

torn-    0'       V   'A'orV.;  once  he  c-osb  as  partner  with  n   fitr  treoper 

Into  T.ae  ..ortiiam  forests  v;lth  tae  famlilsr  uuntlng  adventures. 

H#  tdlls  of  other  adventuraue  ocourranceB  in  hie  district 

and  comp^.rea  t:iQ  RCTT  favorably  with  the  Swiss  jjolloe.  In 

a  similar  connoctlon  he  points  out    ztte   efficiency  of  the 

U*S*  police  and  liamlgration  off i dale: 

Dor  Leear  stag  .  .  .  Grsehen,  weloh  noharfe  i^ontrolla 
In  den  Staaten  herrsclit.  Obechon  man  slch  nir^dnds 
pollzylllsh  anmeldon  rrtuas,  flndan  ale  In  kur-er  Zelt 
fact  JGden.  (Ibl4. .  p. 146; 

Lif3  Is  not  all  rosy  for  Stricter,  hj  oulids  a  brldga 

over  a  creek  but  the  next  big  flood  tears  hi a  work  away  and 

he  loses  several  hundred  dollars.  3ut  he  1e  inventive  as 

well  as  practical.  3e  fella  a  Icorte  traa  coroas   t.aa  creek 

and  u&QS  tills  aa  a  primitive  bridge, 

Man  muss  slch  in  Kaaada  oft  ait  primitives  Mittela 

behalf  en,  und  da  'lomrat  es  elnem  zu  gut.  vrenn  nan 
praktiach  veranlagt  1st.  (3;blci«,  p.  123) 

Slowly  Strlclcer  becomes  a  reapectad  man  In  hie  district. 

But  lia  thinks  of  rati.irnlng  to  iJLs  family  end  his  fiano«e 

la  Sv/itzerlaad.  In  order  to  finiah  up  iii  j  cwutreotad  work 

he  overworks  himself  and  iiaa  a  terrible  accident,  A  treo 

falls  on  his  foot.  'le  is  far  away  froo  any  hospital  and 


145 

when  he  Is  finally  taken  to  a  Vancouver  horioltal,    -?n.-j:^n3 

has  set  in.   He  needs  several  oparatioiiii  c^^u  dQ-s  aj.   .-.       . 

tiie  hospital  until  seven  months  latar.  All  hlc  eavl:. 

acoumulated  In  nine  lon«^  yoara  of  ivork  In  Canada  &ra  spont 

on  hospital  ci:iarge»  and  dxiring  a  Ions  period  of  convaleacenee. 

He  returns  to  Swlczerland  as  poor  as  he  left  it.  He  is  glad 

that  he  is  alive  and  able   to  v.'or>  a$aln. 

[l:h|hoffa,    os  durch  ?lelse   xtiu    .^ic'rolt   do.;,    .-.....■jr 
elnmal  auf  elnen  ^rflnen  Z^/eig  zu  brln^^.en,   v7enn  elnem 
das  auch  In  _uropa  oehr  viol  schwerer  £;eniacht  wlrd  als 
damals  In  Kanada.    (Ibid. .  ?.138) 

Whan  ha     leaves  A.Tiarlca  and  hio  boat  passes  tha  Statue  of 

Liberty  he  has   tears  in  hie  eyes. 

.    .    .    ralr  liamen  Tr&nan  in  die    ":'   -n,   denr    '    -^rika  war 
cilr  in  dieaen  neun  Jaiiren  ane  ;i,ewac  .    Ich  '/ruaste 

sehr  3ut,   dass  ich  mlr  In  3uropa  nle  mehr  das  wflrde 
lei  Stan  kftnnan,   was  ich  nalr  in  i-anada  orlau^on  durfte. 

(Xblo.. ,  p. 146) 

He  is  not  ensblttered  against  Canada  vrhlch  ;~.&'^b   hia  good  luck 

at  first  but  must  have  disappointed  him  deeply  in  tie  end. 

Trotz  inelnem  Unfall  habe  ich  die  neun  Jahre  In  Kanada 
nle  bereut,  denn  ioh  durfte  doch  vlsles  cehe  .,  lemen 
und  orfsLhren,  was  manchem  .  .  .  nioht  vsr^Snnt  ist. 
(ibid,,  p. 150) 

StriCiier  closes  his  book  not  with  a  wanaing  against  Anierlca 

at  ait^t  be  expected  but  with  taa  hopa  that  his  book  may  be 

aB  optlmistio  guide  into  the  teatpting  lands  of  Ar^arica. 

';iuita  la  contrast  to  the  objective  istrlcker  bis 

fellow  countryman  Oskar  .Lollbrunner  dieplays  subjective 

attitudes  towaj?d8  America.  Unlike  sober  and  prosaic  Gtricker  , 


140 


K^Ubrunnsr  !•  a  pot*!   ^uo  cufr^rad  aavir-i^  <iurlji^  ols 


rirat  yaare  in  Aiaciica*    .o  'rfonrigr  iia  o©.. 
OB  Aiuoricp-:    :rvl>jholz.    Irrg|bg«  dioaa  ..     . 
•af«ld  ..^     .  .Ipzlg,   1927).  Ida&l  Ic 

poet  and  \  .  i'  lUlla,   -.i^o  -l^r.t 

tbc  early,  aot  yot  succasoful,   £\u*l  iv-b   '  . 
bftlla-da'    faasu^.     .xs  autxi^'t    '-^fcuiic;«a  tL 

«D  low«r  •    -  -u  a-id  tiio  fantastic 

4s  :.dv  :£ork  %'no  cainps  in  .  ji  ol^i  boilar*   -n 

worL  and  iixolaiae  under  paui^o  of  nun^ 

Uxlc  olty  'ild  not  want  to  ^Iro  ai«  oree. 

BO  rlohy    -0  j.i-^aix.<yu2.1y  ricia",   s-nd  ho  oxpre^^ 

in  a  P0331  about  ilov  Yori&«  liirau^i  iiia  v r 


irst  book 

..   '.a 

.  „  ^  c-  i  1 

'   in  a  Bii^iOK 
he  aetts 
:    80«ka 

,  - .  vrae 
.-  ..1  a  f eelli\^ 
-d  frlond  iM 


finds   ..:,.l;:;y  .cifit  aa  a  dlaliwaauor  and  f&ctotua  in  a  lov 
tjpe  ix'ifiii  -averUt   but  w.ian  Ma   friend  laavec  -nnot 

boar  it  SMjf  lon^or  eltliar*  After  a  number  of  iiun^^y  dajrs 
iw  is  «}n,^a^ad  by  a  dirty  Jewiah  r^staux*ant  ownsr  on  tiia 
last  iJ.d8  a&   'aandvich  man'  carrying  placards  around 
for  t.X99  day&«   but  w.ian  .uo  ie  caaated  ouo  -rt  of 

his  w&odS»    -3  loataaa  t  .::  Et&n«  and  oonsequdatl/  all  Jaws, 
•ad  raakes  hard  allusions  to  tho«»   conversely,  cj  a  air.!;wr  rvji©r 
for  a  Cjxlnasa  restaurant  in   '--ninja  to>ra',    ^^  ';.     treated 
doqparat.Toly  fol'^o  s  tp  ^now  hie  ^  on,  c.  ^  JLneao 


147 

cook,  and  roallzes  "this  muinmy  was  hurnrn  aft,9r  all".  Later 
on  a-^  a  newspaper  vendor  he  ff  11b  In  love  v/lth  a  lady 
customer.  Sue  gets  him  a  better  job,  but  v.'han  she  marries 
ht  loavcB  ''^Ith  a  bro'ren  heart.  Hia  next  exprlence  occtirs 
vlth  a  S.f  ,C.A,  truck  drlrer  whose  animal  i.     f-linentally 
releaiiea.  Anotuer  very  sentimental  scene  talces  place  on 
Christ'"?.?.  ~ve  In  a  miserable  sordid  saloon  necr  the  harbour 
In  ontreal.  Of  his  labour  for  a  German  balcer  In  Chicago 
he  tells  very  little  except  of  t  .e  excitement  '-rhen  t.ie  horsa 
6f  his  bread  wagon  runs  away,  and  of  his  eonr.enuent  dlemlssal. 
With  some  comijaniona  he  tries  to  establish  ?  •rlnddw-v.'ashlng 
business  xfhich  flourls-Lea  as  lon^^  as  everybody  does  his  duty. 
However,  neltier  his  friends  nor  he  have  tae  ability  to  set 
their  .';hould?3rs  to  the  wheel.  One  of  the  partners  falls  Into 
•playing  pool*  Instead  of  exerting  hlmBelf;  another  does  not 
ihow  up  at  all  unless  for  a  beer,  Althoush  h9  Is  -^ulte  sucees* 
ftti  'rlth  hired  help,  he  sells  the  bunlnoss  "^o  pursue  higher 
Idtals"  end   lives  lazily  in  a  summsr  resort  on  Lake  Michigan. 
When  his  money  runs  out,  he  eoes  begging  and  does  rathtr 
well,  d-     "  as  ho   Is  Ilka  a  :'ont.le'nan  .   .•:ji-.:hlle,  oti  tlie 
outbrealc  of  war,  he  changee  his  habitat  and  even  world  for 
■one  time,  but  th?;  authorities  C3tch  up  with  him.  Thus  he 
makes  the  aoqualntenoe  /Ith  several  American  prisons,  some 
of  which  he  finds  outraseously  corrupt.  71n'lly  released  as 
unf  1"  ,    ides  being  a  neutral  Swiss  citizen,  lis  beo(»es  of 


in 


146 

all  things  a  basinats  man  llk:e  thousaodB  oi  ot,adr  Am«rl«ans, 

i.oH'orunner  Is  undoubtedly  a  poeti  a  writer  of  quit* 

a  dlffox^nt  talont  froa  the  foitnarly  dluousMd  autiioro; 

but  ha  la  ©xtremelj  »ubJeotivb  -  xlatent  conditions,  poopli, 

AlTcx^  national  ^oupe,  the  Brooklyn  brlcKe/oolng  only  tho 

baoJr ground  for  very  personal  •motions.  He  diollkes  New 

York,  as  many  other  peopla  do,  Eyen  the  beauty  or  tbe  Kew 

laislwivl  countryaide  Is  not  shovm  except  fov   the  aajesty 

•f  a  terrific  storm.  This  for  hlm  Is  only  the  sta^e,  ti^e 

••ttlns  for  this  stoi^  of  tae  islsfortune  of  a  poor  old 

fisherman  who  has  lost  everything  ha  posse ased  and  Joins 

th*  ▼a3aba(ad8  when  his  motorboat  is  destroyed  by  the 

•lenents.  It  sounds  ipprobable,  yet  the  stoi'j  is  told  In 

beautiful  language*  Oertainly  a  poet  does  not  have  to 

report  objeotlvalyj  still  lis  fantastic  invsntiona  should 

be  true  in  a  higher  sense,  and  we  aiss  this  hi^er  roality, 

for  America  18  not  reoogTiisable  in  Kollbrunner's  iraibholz* 

with  the  shifting  ' drift- wood- like'  personality  of  the 

it 
poet/is  inooaprehenslble  that  he  ends  as  a  solid  citizen 

and  buaineesmaa*  Sobaidel'a  harte  ochule  showe  txxis  psycho- 

logleal  and  soclolo&ical  cbaage  ncueh  better. 

Kollbrunner's  poetio  iBaginatlon,  on  tlia  other  hand, 

presents  the  jJElBfi.  "^^  ^^^<*  aentality  yoars  oufore  the  apaoe^ 

er  li^ratb  and  ether  books  did«  Ho  probably  did  not  intend 

to  charaoterlae  a  social  or   asoriial  type;  he  Just  set  forth 


.1 


jiJiw. 


149 

hlo  o.in  subjective  and  poetic   feelln,,B,   The  flnel  chapter 
appsaro,   tiierel'ore,    oo  muo  i  more  for>ced  and  surprising. 
Actually  l^ollbrunner  did  not  bccons  a  hualnp.Txn'-.'n   p>.   all 
but   vias  iinLily  employ ed  oy    ,ae  ^v.-las  coiisaLate  in  iiaw  ioi-'k 
out  of  a  laudable  aia  to  keep   the  ooet'a  h.ad  above  water. 
Oskar  Kollbnmacfr's  Ojo  3c  tenke  dee  yister  Bucalo 
(Frauamald  und  Leipzig,   1927)    is  rjulte  different  from  his 
previous  worK  Trelbholz.    I^"  Tr^ibhola  was    rritten  out  of 
ft  bitter  digappointmsnt  and  even  ■■■litYi  ron-    'ip'-rsd  J??id 
projudica.   Die  3oiiea::e  dea  MiEtv:;r  i^j.c9.1o  3ho-.;a  zae  author 
lA  a  mora  mellowed  frame  of  mind.  True,  the   nubject  ma'cter 
it  tha   zsTOB,    :l3   still  Tjrefera  to  describe  th?  underdo^, 
the  trmp,  taa  failures,   tiis  people  ■•rao  n3.vG  lost  out  In 
the  race  for  fortunes  and  riches  in    --aerlca.  Althoa^  h» 
Itno-^a  of  the  gpreatneea  of  America,   the    *~<^T^f   ^"^  r^on-s  of 
worX  and  labour  breathing  through  the  vaiioy  ar.a  pulsating 
Ib  the  cities,   sweepln^j  demoalcglly  throujh  the  stock 
•xcaanges  and  re-echoed  in  the  canyons   of  t:^3  "'ztz^ts.'PBTs 
..."  he  Intends,  however,   ^o  descend  to  tli      ^  :  jpi^  wno  ar^ 
the  loaera    '    .    ^   .    those  enl^rants  who  11^3  alcheu".! 3t 9 
loolred  I  or  gold  and  found  lead  instead  and  \^•ho  could  not 
get  along  and  lotit  taeir  ^ey   .    .    .     '    (cf.   i  ja:i,. .  p. 13/12). 
Bat  this  is   the  author's  prlvllO£«  and  he  writes  '.flth 
aostalsio  love  about  the  dirty,  dusty  secret  baclcroom  of 


:T:;. 


150 

•tiliP«aiE«eQy  on  kLlHAuet.x  street,   ona  oi'  t.4«  poorest  sIub 
diatriotn  ox"  hue  lower  i^st-eide  of  iJaw  Xarlc  (cC.   Joo.Roth, 
b«low,pi350f).   X- later  ^uc&lo  it   tr.     lidL^-.ey^r  trho  elwaye 
P^poattj   "i-'p   :>oor  tf:;ija"   'uut  at  ^xit,      .on-ii  i..ti.v-i»  <■>  o.nt  ui 
fortuiid  bnd  it.  uuriad  »rltri  c>i:»6JidioBa  pc»np.   It  ie  not,   how- 
ever,   so  mucii  of  i-ilater  3ucfc.lo  as  of  iila  frlenda  and  '.he 
atoriee  tliey  tell-of  t  leir  mit-'orcUneB  aad  ta^e*   Df  their 
frlt:^ad6-t.iat  L.ollbrurui©r*8  ix>oli:  tr^ate. 

jL^-ero  la  tii«    'Laaarus  oi'  tae  road'  who  is  too  proud 
to  bo;^  r  ^-"   i-lv/aye  dose  lAa  wor/.  for  wtieteve"  i      ^Iven  to 
him*  uut  iite  lovciB  tne  opexA  i''oad  and  i  .  .  he 

fin^.lly  comes  Into   some  money   orovas  to  be  hi*?  •misfortune, 

even .3dy,   ivjver  used  to  comfort,  .x>   on 

the  road  much  t^o  early  In  spring  to  buy  himself  the  dream 
cabin  he  always  longed  for.  Ona  morning  ha  la  found  frozen 
to  death  on  tlie  v;ay  to  his  dream  .iouse,  I.obody  ".cnows  where 
he  lost  all  his  money,  except  perhaps  the  f armor  v;ho  found 
his  frozen  body. 

Several   otaer  short   stories  tell  about  vagabonds. 
Their   failures  to  settle   dovm  are  not   for  lack  of  oppoi^- 
tunltyi    one  of  tnem  tells  aow  he  ml^t  iiavo  married  a  rich 
woman,    rmt  again  and  a^aln  It  is  the   lure  of  t  is  Indeoend- 
enoe  of  the  road  and,   of  course,  a  dlslncllnetion  for  steady 
work  wiilcn  led  him  finally  to  Mister  3uo&lo'e  back  room. 


151 

Otiier  sad  atorlea  deal  \-iith   human  tragedies  due  to  drink 

or  an  unfaithful  wife;  one  tells  of  a  man  loved  and  driven 

to  death  by  two  women,  anotier  of  a  yo\ing  woman  dying  of 

tuberculosis  waose  proud  and  rich  fataer  In  Qermany  had 

out  her  off  because  she  had  married  a  mere  worker. 

Tramps  have  been  described  many  times,  but  it  is 

the  American  woman  encountered  who  gives  his  book  a  new 

interest.  When  an  artist- tramp  draws  a  sketch  of  the  rich 

self-possessed  woman,  she  is  flattered  but  says: 

...  [Sie^  aollten  eln  wenlg  me.ar  mit  dem  Kopf  als  mit 
dem  Herzen  zsichnen  .  .  .  ich  bin  doch  eine  so  kflhla, 
ohampagnerk^lhle  Frau  und  so  berechnend,  nlcht  wahr  .  .  . 
80  berecimend.  (Ibid. ,  p. 93) 

She  is  a  motherly  and  also  a  loving  woman  but  she  would 
never  let  her  romantic  impulses  overwhelm  her  work  and 
her  position  as  owner  and  manager  of  her  factory.  (Cf. 
Stranger's  Jane,  belov;,p.334.>  iihe  plans  for  tne  next  toree 
jeara   a  life  of  steady  x^ork  and  recreation  even  with  good 
classical  music  on  Sundays  for  her  admirer  and  herself, 
a  very  reasonable  and  cultured  life.  (Cf.  ibid. .  p. 98/99) 
AlaSf  he  is  much  too  Impulsive  to  fit  into  this  steady 
life  and  drifts  away. 

At  the  other  end  of  tae  social  scale  a  voman- tramp 
is  met  but  she  is  anything  but  /hat  a  lewd  fancy   would 
imagine;  she  has  seen  better  days,  has  lost  rur  husband 
and  through  him  also  her  family.  Thus  she  drifts  along. 


.u'Ct'l'-'JlSi 


152 

Btlll  beautiful  but  sick,  fatally  elok,  and  desperately 
poor.  She  Is  more  the  passive  heroine.  New  In  Kollbrunner's 
description  Is  tie  readiness  to  help,  even  amongst  very 
poor  and  despised  Italians  especially  In  the  slums  of 
Chicago,  whlca,  In  German  literature  are  always  described 
as  a  seat  of  vice  and  crime  (cf.  Hauser,  below,  p. 209).  This 
warmheartedness  In  Chicago  stands  in  strict  oonti^st  to  the 
cruel  harshness  of  a  German  fataer  in  Hamburg. 

In  another  story,  mentioned  above,  of  the  man  be- 
tween t.vo  woman,  It  Is  shown  that  passionate  love  exists 
In  America  Just  as  much  as  elsewaere,  or  even  more  so.  The 
only  difference  of  this  story  la  that  after  t-ie  death  of 
their  beloved  man  the  two  women  become  friends  taking  care 
of  hi  a  baby  to-^ether. 

Sie  schobon  belde  zSrtllch  an  elnem  Kinderwagen.  In  belder 
Augen  lag  so  etwas  wle  Mutterglflck  .  .  •  Ihr  Wesen  rer^ 
kflrperte  den  Wlllen  und  die  Kraft  der  armen  Frauen  von 
der  Ostselte  New  Yorks,  die  nlcht  unterzulcrlegen  sind, 
die  fiber  das  Schlcksal  sines  Mannes  hlnauswachaen. 
(Ibid.,  p. 200/201) 

Kollbrunner  is  probably  at  his  best,  however,  when 
he  gives  free  reign  to  his  poetic  imagination,  when  describ- 
ing the  dead  man  In  tae  subway  and  his  lust  for  money,  or 
when  the  author  dreams  of  the  3t.  Lawrence  landscape  while 
a  Freaca- Canadian  is  playing  his  flute  in  Mr.  Bucalo's  tavern. 
It  is  a  work  of  love,  of  sympathy  with  the  poor  victims  of 
a  thriving  America  and  this  reconciles  tae  reader  with  the 
author's  obviously  one-sided  prepossession  euid  preoccupation. 


'-  rrrc 


xO 


-■.y.     ?s  F: 


153 


The  follovfing  g,x*oup  of  returning  emigrants 
shows  increasing  resentment  with  American  life.  Ernst 
Olaoser,  a  refugee  whose  homesickness  for  Germany  oyer- 
whelmed  his  distaste  for  its  militaristic  nationalism, 
writes  on  America  In  such  stereotypes  that  one  may  doubt 
whether  he  ever  lived  there*  Nevertaeless,  as  a  returning 
emigrant  writing  on  America  he  Is  to  be  discussed  here* 

Ernst  Glaeser'e  Per  latzte  Zivllist  (Roman; 
Europttlacaer  I4erlcur,  ."lercure  de  1 'Europe,  ?aris,  1935) 
desoribes  the  fate  of  the  family  of  a  aex*man  iSAder  who 
was  killed  by  tne  Prussians*  His  son  hates  the  Prussians. 
"Ihr  Mann  spflrt  das  Gift  Im  Land.  Er  soil  we^ehen."  (Per 
letzte  Zivllist.  p. 23)  is  tae  advice  of  a  pastor  to  the 
wife  of  the  embittered  man*  With  a  small  son  t  ley  leave 
for  the  United  States  where  a  relative  receives  thom*  Soon 
both  parents  die  in  misery  and  tae  youn^  son  Johanri  Caspar 
BAuerle  has  a  hard  childhood,  youtn,  an^  manhood  in  America, 

As  a  poor  worker  he  studies  books  instead  of 
partioipating  in  the  crude  recreations  of  his  fellow  workers 
in  a  stael  mill  In  Irlnceton.  As  a  result  he  Is  disliked 
by  them*  Througii  his  feared  foreman^  who  is  a  crude  man 
hlasslf «  Bfluerle  la  introduced  to  a  manager  of  tiie  plant 
and  suteiits  tie  idea  for  a  great  improvoiient.  His  invention 
is  found  valuable  and  the  young  man  receives  a  small  amount 


■a 


iUJ.<!.v      i.iiiwi^ 


154 

of  money,  which  he  uaas  to  study  in  a  teohnloal  school 

under  great  deprivations.  "Alleln  In  dar  harten  ^Insamkolt 

der  amarl^^anisc  len  stfldts"  (ibid. .  p. 36)  he  works  out  a 

new  idea  and  persxiades  a  businesB  nian  to  build  and  install 

•one  new  maohines*  3ut  when  they  work  satisfactorily  young 

Biuerle  Is  wltaout  a  Job  and  with  yery  little  money • 

Naoh  elnem  lalben  Jair  war  Bftuerle  entlaeaen.  [Seine' 
Elamasohinen  gingen  von  aelbst.  'Dar   Mann  iat  Jotst 
tfberflflssig' .  dachte  Herr  Thomson  (t:i9  business  man). 
(Ibid.,  p. 37) 

BAuerle  .xas  to  start  anew.  He  works  his  way  from  tie  South 

to  New  York  repairing  machines  for  tae  farmers,  living  like 

a  tramp,  walking  and  taking  rides  in  railway  oars.  "£r  war 

entsohlosBon  nach  Kaw  York  zu  ^ehen. "  (Ibla. .  p. 48)  Usually 

a  poor  German  tramp  starts  in  New  York  and  tries  to  leare 

the  city  for  the  West.  But  flluerle  la  different;  he  Is  out 

to  make  money. 

Er  war  entsohloasen,  Jades  Mlttel  zu  uenutzen,  urn  zu 
Qald  zu  kommen*  Zweimal  hatte  man  ihn  (IbertSlpalt, 
zwelmal  hette  man  ihn  um  den  Wert  soiner  /irooit  go- 
braoht  -  ar  war  entschloasen  zurflc>zuechlagen.  (Ibid. , 
p. 38) 

With  hlQ  last  money  he  works  out  an  invention  vastly 

improving  tie  one  he  had  made  for  his  foirmer  employer  and 

finds  a  hypocritical  money-lender  and  U8ux*er  for  his  px^Jeot. 

This  time-  it  is  the  year  1900-  ha   is  a  full  partner,  ioon 

they  succeed;  saving  every  cent  ha  can,  3iiu9rla  buys  out 

his  pajrtner  after  a  few  years.  By  1905  he  does  the  Mac  to 


155 

hlB  former  employer  Thoneoo  and  by  1908  he  hae  bi-«ken  all 

oompetltion  in  the  field.  Up  to  thle  poiat  Slaeser'a  Dr 

letate  olvlil^t  allows  nany  p&rallela  to  Hermann  3trenger*« 

^tr^  aua  der  Erda.  Stren<5er'8  nero  narriea  a  Qerman  girl 

who  however  decent  she  may  be  Is  not  able  to  aid  hia  to 

adapt  himself  to  America.  BAuerle  marrisa  an  cduoatod 

Kexican  voman  who  la  able  to  introduce  her  husband  into 

t.xe  world  of  books  and  ideas  beyond  those  of  pure  science, 

•specially  sine 3  hia  physician  absolutdly  ddsands  relaxation 

or  a  hobby. 

,aiQn     his  t^ife  dies  in  caildbirth,  his  good  Irish 

friend  Baxter  helps  him  in  lia  mental  collapse.  liia  life  now 

canters  around  his  little  girl-child  wnom  he  tells  stories 

of  his  own  childhood  in  Germeuiy  end  the  beautiful  German 

fairy-tales. 

...  und  es  achien  ...  [deao]  wac.xon  binn  [idea  Kindesl 
daea  der  Menseh  nirr^enda  so  gut,  aber  auch  ■rods  so 

bSae   aaln  konnte   yIc  in  dissem  Land,  das  i ;uland 

hiaaa.    ( Ibid . .  p. 50) 

During  the  nrst  World  War  the  father  la  in  a  similar 

dilaana*  On  the  one  hand  ho  knowa  that  his  fatoar  waa  right 

when  he  sensed  that  Prussian  militartsm  would  lead  the 

world  Into  calamity.  On  tne  other  hand  his  feolings  are 

for  hie  •Hoimat*,  the  beautiful  (district  around  tha  Maekar 

in  Wfirttsaberg  dominated  by  the  Prussians. 


154 


Ala  di«  St«at»n  in  d«n  iCrlas  •intratexif   fei«rto  Bftuerl* 
dlesen  Tas  alB  '^en  Bo^ilnn  der  Vemlohtiing  des  preussl- 
80  lon  Gelatet  und  der  Bai'x'aiimg  l^^utsolilands  •   •    .    (and^ 
alB  die  i-or«oht«    .ilhne  fflr  18A8  und  dl«   rot«n  voa  i'^atatt. 
(ikia.,  p,24) 

On  Armlstloa  Day  he  aabracan  al  :   rriend  3a'<c9r  and 
says:    "^uidiiua  uin  loa  wladar  ain  wjutaca^ar."   (Ibid..  p»25) 
Now  ho  organixas  QoioBittoaa  to  aond  rood  and  aono/  to 
tmnmajft  arranges  parties  and  picnics  for  raliaf  but  iali 
•ppoala  rind  only  a  hair*heartad  ecno*  ..q  avan  ci^atea  a 
pro- German  leag^ua  and  buy  ft  a  newspaper  txu'ou^  uhiolx  lam 
M^fssts  mild  treatment  for  oonqpinred  Qarmany.  But  his 
efforts  fail* 

Hi a  dausbtar  mGanwaile  bas  &rown  to  be  a  beautiful 
§llrX«  At  an  outing  wit^  tae  aons  and  daugUters  of  sooM  newly 
rioh  Ajnarioema  ebe  ean  barely  defend  herself  fz*om  being 
seducod  by    'flaning  youth '•   Bota  turn  taelr  boclca  now  on 
America  and  hope  to  find  the  land  oC  t.ioir  drosuns  in  Germany. 
At  firat  both  are  indf^ed  fascinated  by  the  boautlful  country- 
side along  tae  Raino,   t.ia  Moselle  and  tho  Necl:ar.  Bfluarle 
is  feasted  in  a  similar  way  as  nermann  Stranger's  hex*o  is 
in  Gtrom  auo  der  lirdf  with  t  le  diffox»enoe  txiat  Qluerle  invaots 
■oney  in  nie  hjme  town,    helps  It  lo  reoeiTO  c^a  American  loan 
ai^  buys  for  liimeolf  an  old  run-down  estate  o-med  by  a  half- 
orased  woman  who  had  lived  abroad*   Sho  does  not  truBt  Qermans 
any  more,  after  the  ereat  inflation  In  Germany  l.'d     eprlred 


no 


il   aolsxl 


.a 

0 


157 


h«r  of  h«r  w«alth  and  wajms  hla  of  the  Germans. 


"•  •  .  loh  glaube  den  Dautachsn  nlo'at.  31a  werden  \#©lt9r 
betrdgen.  Slo  '.^fordan  welt-or  den  Frleden  liaaaea.  Cla  Wwrdon 
Jaden  varraten,  der  gut  zu  Ihnen  let."  Da  erhob  aloh 
B&uerle.  "Das  w4re  das  End*  der  Walt",  aoiirle  er,  "  .  .  . 
das  wfirde  fflrchterlloh  endeni"  -  "Ss  wlrd  flrehterlloh 
eaden",  antv;ortete  daa  Frfluleln,  "(^eiien  :i-  wlader  in 
dl«  Staaten  zurflolc  .  .  .  "  (Ibid.,  p. 199) 

3fluorl9,  however,  oettlas  thore,  makei  throat 

lmprovea«nta  on  hla  estate,  introducos  new  ciiltui^s  and 

methodB  and  becomes  a  yell-knorm  man  In  hlc  'Hslmat*.  Ths 

newspapers  wriLe  about  hln  and  Invent  Gtorlos/how  he  had 

suffered  dxirlng  the  World  War  In  Rn  Aaerican  concentration 

camp*  Hlu  fataer^  who  had  always  hated  Pxn;issian  natlonallsa 

and  had  died  in  misery  In  the  United  States^ lo  now  praised 

by  nationalistic  papers  as  an  'urwUchalgsr  Sc-iv/abe'  v^ho  had 

gone  to  the  states  to  spread  the  gospel  of  darman  efficiency, 

of  German  principles,  and  of  Gorman  diligence. 

.  .  .  Ja,  daas  er  als  geachteter  und  vermfleender  !!ann, 
Btolz  auf  die  Erfflllung  seiner  doutso.cn  i^flicuL  in  New 
York  gestorben  eel,  (Ibid.,  p. 220/21) 

The  further  experiences  of  our  haro  and  his  daughter, 

and  taeir  deep  disappointments  among  ta«  gro.rlng  militaristic 

nationalism  of  Germany  are  beyond  the  subject  of  this  thesis* 

It  may  suffice  to  say  that  Biuerle  Id  so  repolled  that  he 

writes  to  his  old  friend: 

"...  und  so  frage  Ich  mlch  denn,  lieber  Baker,  gshftrs 
ioh  noch  zu  dlesem  Volk  Oder  bin  Icn  wlader  helmatlos 
goworden?"  (Ibid.,  p. 3*1) 

When  ae  returns  to  the  United  States,  Bfiuerla's  daughter 


•xs/l 


15B 

isaes  tii,a  daep  B«at3d   'Haijnrsh'   for  Scrmany  by  carrying 
alon^  a  llttla  ba^  oi    sbjcxm.  -roa  tue  'heioAtl 

It   say  bd  addad  toat  in  1936  Glaoter  wrota  in  D^s 
ynverit&a  lica^  t>ro  ^ovailon'    about  lov?  and  loosing  for 
his    *iieiaat '  and  toat  he  hlaaalf  r,t.ura^d  to  uij   a-alored 
•H«lmat'   In  1939. 

As  W9  iaava   asan,   Glaesar's  preocoupation  is  aic 

*Heimvfan'.    Indead  the   soutncrn  C-arman  landeoapa  e«.paars 

■uctx  3ior9  plastio  toan  the  American  soenea.    H-ls  Ajaericaa 

all 
psQpla, /except  one,   are  elt.ier  ruthleas,   caeating,   hypo- 

oritical  or  cinide.   In  other  words,   Glaeaer  usae  star^otypaa. 

The  Tact   toat  even  santioiantal  and  hooiseick  Bfluorla  acts 

60  ruthlasaly  in  Aaerioa  and  quite  differently  cfter  hie 

return  to  Gejraany  la  explained  as  self- da  fence.    It  night 

also  show  sOuia  deeper  insight  into  why  people  ^ao  haT« 

been  uprooted  thdmsalvas  act  often  without  conEideratiozi 

for  others. 

Ottfrled  Graf  "incjcenatain  Is  a  vrritor  ■.f'n.o   rapraaanta 
A' certain  class  In  Garmany  and  whose  baok^roun^  auad  education 
givo  hin  a  comparative  'Vfeltoffenhait '.  He  spent  a  nunber 
of  years  In  the  United  Statea  after  the  First  World  War. 
The  action  of  his  novel  DJcmerunp;  (Eugen  Diederlohs  Varlae» 
Jena,  19A2)  takes  place  partly  in  tne  United  Statea  and 
probably  parallels  some  of  his  own  exporiencas. 

Tha  aex^o,  Eduar^  von  Ralhersborg,  a  typical  'Junker* 
and  former  officer,  is  disillusioned  in  post-war  Germany, 
falls  in  love  with  and  marries  an  American  girl.  Ha  goaa 
with  her  to  the  United  stataa  and  Uvea  thara  for  a  fav 


TC     II- 


139 

years.  To  make  money  he  apecuiatas  on  t.io  stock  exchang* 

with  Initial  BUGce38  but  loses  everything  In  the  big  crash 

(apparently  in  1929).  His  wife  leaves  him  for  uis  banker; 

In  a  rase  he  attacks  this  man  and  nas  to  leave  the  United 

States,  ills  experiences  back  in  Germany^  especially  those 

with  the  rising  tide  of  National  Socialism  have  been  dealt 

with  by  H.  Boeschensteln  in  The  Gevt^an   j-oa;-.!  1939-1944.(p.68/9) . 

\/hat  does  this  German  with  his  considerable  experience 

of  the  world  think  of  America?  He  writes  of  his  Initial 

prejudices  a^inst  America  because  so  many  i^ruo  ^ere   failures 

had  gone  there.  But  since  the  war  America  is  accepted  in 

good 'society '  and  it  is  taerefore  not  below  his  dignity  to 

go  taere. 

Ich  hatte  nie  daran  gedacht  nach  Amoriiia  zu  gehen.  Mag 
sein,  dass  fflr  mlch  daa  Odium  an  diesam  Lande  hing,  das 
die  vision  gescheiterten  sdhne  unserer  Fajcillen  darfiber 
gebrachjc  ha^tten,  denen  es  ein  letzter  Ausweg  sewesen 
war.  .  .  Der  Krleg  und  der  Frledenasehluss  hatten  die 
Vsreinlgten  Staaten  sozusa^en  .  .  .  salonfflhig  geuiacht, 
mehr  als  das,  sie  splalten  sine  angesehene  Rolle. 
(pflmraerunfi;.  p.  171) 

New  York  is  for  him  'die  olnzlge  wlrkliche  Grosstadt  der 

Welt'  (ibid.,  p. 196)  because  of  its  Imaenaity,  its  noise 

and  dirt,  its  luxury  and  its  mobility.  Kan  as  an  individual 

disappears  there  and  only  t'.ie  •masses'  count. 

Der  Mensch  verschwindet  in  dlesem  Rlesenicrater  vollkommen, 
so  vollkomnien,  dass  er  nur  noch  eine  Fuaktlon  der  Gross- 
stadt  wlrd.  (ibid.,  p. 177) 


) 

r 


10 


ii 


160 


Repeatedly  he  sAys  how  little  the  Irvliyldual  hanan  belxis 
1b  valued  In  Ajncrlca, 

.    .    .   sxj  '-•1 -aner  achtenl  die  Elnrlcntun  en  hfthor 

.    .    .    ^3         \  nacnen,   die   Ihnen  ytdhl  neiir*   odor  '.v«riiti;er 

nur  Mittdl  zuffl  Zweek  slnd.    (Ibid.,  p. 200) 

Thus  ho  thlnlca  of  the  dantrere  of    'thin  modem  3p.b«l'  In 

Bplte  oi   axi  professed  huinanltarlan  Ideals* 

loh  miBste,   wia  ^erlng  eln  Menso.enleben  drdban  geaohtet 
MiUrfiet  trots  »ller  humanltAren  Ouselel  us  3ftugllnge  und 
NB(3«rdirnen.    (ibid..  p*lSK)) 

He  concidcrs  the  relatlTBB  of  nia  irlfe    '.;uri.^uuj'oten',   on 

tiie  other  hand  triey  are   "angeBehanB  Bftrger»  hanalOBe  MenBOhAn" 

like 'Babbit',   only  Interested  In  their  cocu'ort. 

Daa  w.c.   and  die  automatisoiie  OeltielBUng  boBtlmmen  Ihre 
WeltcuffaesuaSt   bo  Scdnn^e  man  sle  kurz  sdszieren* 
(Ibl^.,  p. 176) 

It  might  be  Intoreetlng  for  a  p8yoholo£4.Bt  to  no*« 

hie  Btlff  miomotlonal  attitude  towardB  his  ovm  father  and 

his  eomparison  vfith  the  friendly  spirit  in  Amorloan  faally 

Uf  e : 

^   war  fdr  mi  oh  der  Vater^  der  LetBte  in  dar  Heihe  der 
Ahnenbllder  In  der  Blbliothek,  damlt  war  der  Fall  ar- 
ledlst.  Und  loh  bin  auoh  heute  nooh  der     mgi  diese 
Beziohung  let  wiohtiger  als  die  der  ameix.cwiiaohen 
Stthna,  die  mlt  Ihron  VAtem  .  f ordotaen  apielen.  (ib^^.  ,p.j6) 

HBlATlch  HauB«r  (  of.  below,  pp.2  )Oand2lO)  reports  a  Tery 

Bimllor  attitude  towards  his  Pruasian  lather  in  ylae  ^aa 

and  Death  of  a  Junker,  while  ne  la  anasod  at  'ro  vlel  Llebe 

Ewiaohon  liiltem  uiid  "Indem*  he  saw  in  -'-in!-,  {CT,   Hausor, 

Feldwoi^e  naoh  ChioaRO.P*  262) 


161 


Plnc'twiBtein  or  his  Jnero  Sduard  von  .laiiiarbdrc^  It, 

however,   faeclnated  by  two  phenomsna  In  /uucrlca:   the  Araerloan 
vfonian     end  An^rloan  laoney.     There  are  a  muiber  of  BtcementB 

on  tne   oeauty  of  Anerloan  women. 

£8  {dbt  elne  ^anse  Menge  sehttner  FrKuen  auf  dleser  Welt  - 

in  /  \mCi.i.3yn   aio   ^orade.   •.   .;1j  w.    ( .ifcaaei^iag«P»75) 

Iffl  fit.  _.  -.1  hat  Barbara  die  herrliche     __,_z   dor  meisten 
Amerikanerinnon,   von  denan  l^?in  :;<3uaca  varsteht,   wle   ale 
ee  fertlgbrlnc^en,   Imner  so  c:;9waohBen  zu  aein,  wie  das 
Auje  des  >.annas  es  Jewslle  artrduiat,    liurin  war  ale  ao- 
zusagen  uniform  mit  den  Sohwoetsm  ihrar  Helnat.    (Ibid. . 
P. 117) 

He  knovfs  that   they  behave  diffarently  cut  aide  the  eoontry 

thatt  t  ley  v^iauld  ever  dare  to  do  in  the  Jnlted  State  a* 

Amorllcanerinnen  Jriaben  Ja  ^ar  l-cl-ion   -^Ina  fttr  geaelleciiaft- 
llche  Dnterechlede ,   sowalt  ae  nlcii'    l/i  Ihrara  oigenen 
Land     let.    (Ibid.,  p. 124} 

And  wloea  the  American  girl  comes  home   cho   conresces  -irlth 

taaro  in  har  ayes: 

"...    Jetzt  Bind  wir  zu  Hause  und  Ich  auss  wieder  gana 
artlg  seln."   (Ibid.,  p. 173) 

H«  generaliEes  about  the  aentimentality  of  his  American 

girl-friend.   He  supposes  that  thle  American  sentimentality 

is  either  a  compenaatlon  for  toug^  Amarloan  life  or  aiaply 

a  true  feeling  watered  down  for  popular  oonauiBption: 

.    .    .   Eat-bawt  •    .    .    ,  dla  sentimental  war,  wie  alia 

Amerikaner.  Woran  das  wo  il  liegt?  Vislleicht  ist  es 
dcr  AuEi:leioh  fflr  ein  rauhaa  Leban,  riellelohtjlat         ^twJi 
as  elnfach   ;lne  Verrfiisaarung  einas  echten  Gefflhls,  wie 
Bie  J  a  dort  drflben  alloB  auf  die  fiuaaere  lip&oheinung 
drfti^en.    (Ibid.,  p. 50/51) 

He  ridiculaa  the  American   '"rauenrachtlerin'  who  wants  to 


162 

defend  ev«n  oovra  -  ii5_.ain8u  taa  'rapa  '  oi   ux-z^x-icial 

InB^ffllnatlon.  (ci,  1  bid . .  p. 57)  But  when  he  afelci  an 

latelllQent  Oomwm  vonian  about  'Aaerlkaii/ierlnnen'  the 

Tordlot  let  Aaerloaa  women  az*e  not  what  thijj   pretend  to 

be«  Beliind  an  acquired  facade  thoy  are  Just  liaraleBS  chll(!ren 

vlth  vary  bad  i&annera  and  unoultivatad  voloaa: 

**  .  .  •  loh  donkQ,  dass  aia   ganz  anderc  sin:!  aia  sie 
▼or^eben  •  .  •  alo  aplelen  die  Welteroberer,  weil  sie 
sich  YOn  alien  Vttlkazm  vitwas  gekauTt  xisusn.  7an  Faria 
die  Tollettsn,  von  England  die  Sprache  \md  von  una 
dia  Arbeit er,  die  ihnen  das  viele  Geld  Terdienen.  la 
Grunde  ^snommun  sind  ea  h&rnilose  GeachSpfe  mit  wirklioh 
BOhleohten  Manleren  und  einer  inneren  Unaic  .erueit, 
die  sie  selbst  mit  ihrem  grAsalichen  Organ  nicht  flbsz*- 
tKnen  kflnnan."  (Ibid..  p.l46| 

"Nein,  ioh  n-^ ;  "Inder  nicht,  dio  noch  nicht  dbei*  daa 
Stadiua  dea  r^Igelkauens  hinaua  alnd."  (ibid*,  p.l47) 

The  little  American  wifa  whoa  ha  finda  ao  ailly  and  ohildiah 

ia  mora  realistio  than  her  nobleman  huaband  who  ia  too  proud 

to  work.  She  aaka  him  how  ha  haa  money  without  doing  any 

worlc.  She  offera  to  find  him  a  position  among  her  frienda 

but  he  ia  eTasiTe.  He  thinks  he  haa  married  a  'Oollarprin- 

zesain'  and  although  he  does  not  consider  hiaaalf  a  'Hitgift- 

j£lger*  he  ia  quite  paayad  whan  her  pax^nta  arrange  a 

b«aatifal  wadding  but  gira  no  dowry  at  all.  (Gf.  ibid. . 

p.  133)  He  is  auxrrieed  at  her  danand  that  ne  ahould  earn 

money  when  aha  had  always  complained  about  the  neglect 

Aoerioan  women  have  to  suffer  because  their  men  az*e  absorbed 

in  business. 

Wie  oft  hatte  sis  rair  erklUrt,  dasa  die  amarikanisohen 
Ninner  zu  wenig  Zeit  fAr  ihra  Prauan  hflttan,  wail  aia 


■  i. 


Immer  nur  an  das  GeschAft  dflchten.   Und  Jetzt  warf  sle 

mir  das  3G^,Ciit,8il  vor.  (Ibl :-. .  p. 133; 

Instead  of  trying  to  make  money  he  acts  like  a  Billy  -voman 

told  to  economize.  He  buys  an  exponclve  account  book  and 

a  puree  and  notes  every  little  expense,  h^  finally  throws 

the  book  into  the  river  from  the  middle  of  a  Hudoon  Bridge 

and  pays  a  stiff  fine  for  holding  up  the  trefflc. 

Through  his  wife  he  is  introduced  to  s.   ..'all  '.treat 

broker  who  explains  to  him  his  financial  tnsoriea  in 

figuring  the  value  of  certain  stocks.  Ha  simply  divides 

the  proven  value  of  a  ^ivsn  firm  by  the  nxrsber  of  ctirrent 

stocks  or  'Aktlen'.  Eduax^l  is  fascinated.  He  works  out 

similar  figures  and  buys  aoae  stocks  on  'call'  and  wins. 

More  and  more  he  is  drawn  iiito  the  atmosphere  of  speculators 

which  ha  describee  qxUta  sympathetically  (of.  ibid.,  j.192  ff). 

There  is  much  youthful  strength  and  boyish  hlg^  spirits 

among  t^he  speculators. 

Sb  ist  hiar  trotz  allem  eln  gutes  Tell  ^^'sun'^er  Ju:^'^nd- 
kraft  In  dlesem  Volk,  die  mit  den  Auewttchsen  Ihrer  Trji- 
heitlicnen  Ideala  verstthnt  .  .  .  Ich  aah,  wle  ain  alter 
dicker  Mann  vor  ?'reude  fiber  das  Ansteigen  eainer  iapiaz»a 
aaine  ganze  Brieftasche  den  Jxmgens  zuwarf ,  die  die 
Kurse  anschrieben.  Dann  schleuderta  er  noch  seinon  .lut 
hlnterdrein,  vrie  man  es  bel  Stiarkdmpfen  scwohnt  ist.  .  . 
andare  ilberbrttllten  slch  getsanaaitig  und  .  .  .  triumphler- 
ten  .  .  .  'Das  bin  ich,  daa  let  mein  Geld,  Jtingens.  * 
(Ibid.,  p. 192) 

He  reports,  of  course,  also  On  poor  losers.  But  to  my  know- 
ledge it  is  the  only  case  in  recent  Genaan  litaratuj?«  on 
Aaerica  where  the  Wall  Street  atmosphere  of  the  small 
speculators  is  at  all  positively  or  sympathetically  daacribed. 


j-'Atid  ■ 


yd 


164 

HIb  broker,   though,   la  depicted  as  a  slliay  Jew 

towards  '■•rhon  h©  f  39la  antlpathj-       "rom  tha  beginning.  Thla 

lMuiii.<3r  oifera  rdm  a   job   selling  atocxca,   rie  aeui  tliought  of 

X%  before  from  a  different  point  of  yldv,   to  be  sure, 

Geirm-m  money   should  participate  In  this  big  boom.    ..hy 

leavj   it   rll  to  the    'yankees'v   wnj-  c^oula  tioe  German  always 

work  BO  hard  only  to  Increase  the  luxury  of  this  country? 

.    .    .   Es  mflaste  mflgllch  seln,   auch  In  Europa  daftLr 
Preunde  zu  flnden,  van.  so  wenlgstens  elnen  Teil.des 
c^ldfDc,   das  una  abgenommen  wurde,  wloder  zurtlckzu- 
fflhren.    Die  Yaniteea  hatten  Geld  cjenug,   es  -i^ar  elna 
sclirelende  Ungerechtlgi^kelt,  wenn  man  an  den  Unter- 
schied  dachte,  wlo   eoh/er  In  !:eutschland  ^earbeltet 
vairde,   dr.^ilt  der  Ueberfluss  dieses  Landes  noch  rer- 
mehrt  wlirde.    (Ibid.,  p.  190) 

Joe  MannhGlmar,   tn.e  banker,  £.<^ceB  In  letting  Carman  money 

participate  and  simply  suggests  t.iEt  Zduard  with  his 

sincerity  and  his  good  name  would     be  a  ^oofl   salesman 

for  stoG^/rs. 

Wij"  11  :h  ^Jo-'rzeu  ;3nd  baraten  liann  nur  ?in  "'a:in,  der 
selbot  iib"r:!eu^  iut  und  elnen  jiten  rrjnan  7U  ver- 
troten  hat.  (Ibl^. .  p. 196) 

Eduard  von  Rslher/berg,  of  course.  Is  too  dlgjilfled  to 

wsuat  his  naae  uaed  In  flnanclc.1  dealings:  "Ss  glbt  Greazen 

auch  In  Amerlka".  The  banker  regrets  the  Geman  'Junlcer's' 

inhibitions  ./hlch  sound  silly  to  him.  Hare,  cs   In  Weldlioh's 

ir'sllx  oo...ra  U.3.;  .  (p.  100,  cf.  belo>.il71  ),  u-i3  hero  la 

warned  to  drop  his  C-srman  prejudices  If  he  ever  wants  to 

gat  ahead  In  America.  Dince  both  'heroes'  re-'.aln  unheedful 

they  are  bound  to  fail  In  America  even  If  they  blame  any- 


.  l.n£,wo&. 


i 


165 


thln^  but  this  for  their  laok  of  sucoeBs, 


"Sch&Ae",  melnt«  Mannhalmar  .  .  .  "ab«r  Icli  hoffe,  Tnr 
Mann  vjlrd  auch  elnes  ra£,e8  umleraon,  wla  alle,  'lie 
hlar  vorwartBkonunen  wollen."  (Ibid. .  p. 19(5) 

Nevertheless,  Eduard  tlirowB  hlmoelf  into  the  spoculatlve 

spirit  of  M3V7  York,  "dleeer  Kapltale  des  r>.)lol3  im  s^^BBen, 

dleaer  Vemelnung  der  BeatMndlgkclt".  {TA.\, .  p,201)  H0 

•uccoeds  at  .first,  even  borrows  money  from  his  banker 

ajfaln^it  hir.  stocks  in  ordsr  -^.o  saaaulats  -nors,  Thtnthe 

crash  occurs  and  the  author  teiia  qulLC  objectively  and 

Intelligently  vrhat  happened  during  this  period  -rlthout 

blaming  any  particular  s^^^P  ^^  other  fsr^an  vrrlters  did 

(Roc^e,  Hauser,  Johann). 

So  platzte  die  Slntflut  .  .  .  ?l5t zilch  wusBte  eln  Jeder, 
daas  es  kttlne  Erholung  a«iir  ^eben  kozmtc.      emze  Land 
scVlo'i  •  rsgehBhlt  von  Arrnut,  ciies  reic'r:^  '     "es  Ueber- 
flusses.  Alle  Einkonnnen  waren  an  Abzahlunsc^^sBOhiirte  ver- 
p-^"  "ran  v^andorten  von  der.  '  "  '    ^n  7urflck  xind 

Vu- ,-io-..-  -.-n  Markt,  mlt  den  Autos  Wo.    lasselbe,  neu« 

Ware  konnte  die  Industrie  nlcht  absetzen,  die  Fabrlken 
standen  still,  wleder  andere  "..'erenmeneien  wurden  pfandrelf, 
das  riesi^a  Gl^cksrad  hatte  begonntn  rflck-.fSrts  zu  laufen 
tind  zermalmte  alle  WlderstAnda,  (luid. «  p. 207) 

Sinco  tie  aristocratic  Sduard  von  Reiharbarg  has  bought  hlB 

fumltui^e  on  tarrae  as  txie  Americans  ^onerallj  ic ,  he  finds 

the  bedroom  pieces  of  his  .-/Ife  carried  away   one  day  and, 

worse  of  all,  his  '.-rifa  leaves  him.  In  his  rara  he  makes  his 

banker  responsible  because  h3  iias  flirted  ,;l-.:i  -*ar  and  iresorts 

to  tha  old  'Faustrecht*  which  iduard  himself  oiijacts  to  as 

brutality  in  later  dlBcussions  with  Natlons.1  Cociallsts  In 

Gsrmany  (IblyL. .  p.  256). 


166 

Eduard  ha.s  *o  leevo  tho  Statea,  'fe  Ir^  helped  by 

an  Irish  nationalist  v/hom  he  has  befrl^ndad  and  whose 

causa  he  haa  aided  nubntantlFlly  frorp  his  early  -vlnnlnss. 

Sadly  he  compares  the  closely  ^mlt  organization  of  t  i8 

Irish  '.'Tlth  tho  attitude  of  tae  German -Ausrloans  who  turn 

their  backs  on  Germany  and  bocoae  Americnlzed  so  quickly 

that  they  often  belong  to  t  e  best  Auarlcrin  f  .-r.llios. 

Ach,  die  iielsten  Dout"-^  ^- ■    '"■*  -    ^.ch  tr:.f,  h.^.'ten  dor 
Helmat  verbittert  den  ahrt,  anoefangen  von 

den  Trftumzm  dea  grossdeutscnen  RelcUee  von  1848,  die 
heute  Araerikas  bestes  Blut  darstellen,  bi"  i  ab  zu  den 
5n*:-'-.Sun'3hten  des  Ncvomber  1913.  Und  wlc      ..  :.le  slch 
In  elner  Generation  verftndsrti  (Ibid, .  p. 214) 

Back  in  Germany  he  reflects  on  his  lack  of  succesB. 

As  long  as  he  thought  he  should  act  recording  to  reason 

success  eluded  him.  Other  people,  he  thinks,  are  bom  to 

make  money  but  ti^^y  are  hard  and  have  no  fcellnt  whatsoever, 

they  are  Ilka  'soulless*  aotorsj 

SI  3  haban  eine  ruhif-e  hart  a  Hand  und  ^ar  kg  In  Hsrs. 
Ihre  Seele  ist  tot,  und  in  ihnsn  Ist  nur  das  badlngte 
Lsoen  elnes  Motors.  Das  Kino  ist  ihr  3j^bol.  -  Wlr 
anderen  slnd  zur  Zelt  die  Unterle^enen.  (Ibid. .  p. 222) 

vrhlle  the  *?:otorenklnder*  take  t'lc  cream  of  the  milk  they 

knov  nothing  of  the  organic  life,  of  plants,  ox  animals  , 

and  of  breedinr.  In  our  apparent  inferiority  we  are  still 

the  stronger  peopla  since  our  foolish  heart  is  aore  orgaoio 

than  their  cold  reason. 

Deshalb  slnd  wlr  Im  Gninde  genommon  die  3t5r::eren, 
denn  ohne  una  kann  die  Welt  nicht  leben,  vmser  warmes 
und  tftrichtes  Herz  ist  fibcrhaupt  das  Cr^an  dea  Lcbena 
schlechthin.  (Ibid.,  p. 222) 


157 

He  even  defends  Araerloa  although  he  has  good  reasons  to 

bo  bitter  about  It.  vhlla  his  Oermaa  frienda  ax^  excited 

about  an  American  (?lTorce  scandal  he  takes  It  with  anuaed 

dlapaaslon  and  tries  to  explain  It  to  his  frlonds:  "In 

Anerllca  1st  vlelee  ni5glloh.  Man  nlnmt  dort  dlaae  Dlnge 

wenlger  emst."  But  when  someone  on  this  account  calls 

the  land  "verkomman  von  vom  und  hlnten"  he  fgels  like  a 

sober  Amsrlo&n  In  his  opposition  to  this  amotlonal  Gennan. 

He  reducoB  tlie  v/hole  affair  to  a  question  of  money: 

3o  lat  das  auch  nlcht,  .Ian  l3t  drflben  nur  nflchtcrner. 
Wahrsohelnllch  dreht  slcn  die  ganze  C—^-'-ichte  (the 
divorce  case)  um  f'.en  Anspruch  auf  n      '■  .  .  . 
Frauen  brauchen  vlel  Geld,  drtlben  beaondera.  (Ibid., 
p.  293/9) 

In  71nc'<:en8teln*s  Pflx^erunq,  this  htiman  trait  is 
depicted  quite  correctly.  The  immigrant  is  the  European 
for  tu=!  ytaerlcan  but  he  defends  A-nerlca  against  the 
Eutopaajis.  What  is  extraordinary  In  Flnc'.tenstein's  book 
is  the  fact  that  America  la  seen  by  an  aristocrat,  with 
prejudices,  to  be  sure,  but  they  are  not  so 'patty  bourgeois' 
as  those  of  most  otaer  Geznnan  writers.  This  becomes  apparent 
for  example  In  the  sympathetic  description  of  the  hero's 
active  participation  in  'playing'  the  stock  srr'tet. 

Strangely  enough  in  his  ensuing  discussions  with 
National  SoolalistB  he  defends  reason  against  the  brute 
Instinct  of  'heart  and  blood'  (cf.  the  'Faustrecht ' ,  p. 256) 
and  he  appreciates  America  more  than  before.  Its  activity 


168 

without  a  cumbersome  phlloacphioal  or  • wo Ltanacnaulioh« ' 
foundation  so  dear  to  tae  Genaaxi  miaa  3-' ems  to  ram  pref- 
erable. 

Das  haben  si 3  uns  In  A-TieriVca  voraua,  daaa  daa  Handoln 
gilt,  ohne  erst  duroh  Grdnde  goreclitfertl  t  ?.ti  ./erden. 
Und  :;eht  cs  auf  elnmal  cchlef,  gut,  dann  lat  maja  aica 
eben  geirrt,  warum  nioht?  (Ibid. ,  p. ''51) 

While  Flnckenetein  raprasonts  tae  arlatocrnt  who 

moves  v.'lth  ease  though  sometimes  */it)i  distaste  In  elrolea 

foreign  to  him,  H«  VJeidlich  la  dra\m  ?:  Imost  from  the  opposite 

end  of  tny  social  scale,  the  lower  Diiddle  claae.  Although 

he  is  proud  of  hla  eduoatlon  and  looks  down  on  Americana 

who  seem  to  lacK  it,  he  certainly  aiisses  the  er>8e  of  the 

aristocrat  in  dealing  with  people.  His  rop-ctiono,  ^.oparentlj 

typical  for  the  eemi- educated,  are  violently  ^jalnst  anything 

new  and  strange  to  him.  Thus  Hansjfirgen  Weldllch's  book 

on  t.ie  experiences  of  a  small  clerk  In  the  United  States 

during  the  depreaalon  is  entitled  .'elix  contra  U.S.A.,  *Sln 

Deutacher  haut  sich  mlt  Amerlka',  Ronr.n  des  '^^uota-Inimigrantren 

No.  10  363  (Buch-  xind  Tiefdruckgeaellschr.ft ,  Berlin,  193^). 

Manfred  hausmann  wrote  the  introduction  to  it,  emphasizing 

t'ls  need  for  a  description  of  America  from  th^  eoint  of 

view  01  tue  ordinary  employee.  But  '^^eldllch  t^oes  this  only 

to  a  limited  extent  because  the  depression  overshadows 

everything.  ".'Gldllch's  unfortunate  hero,  Pellx,  emigrates 


169 


to   t-isi   uili'-'dd   Jta-ua   xix  ait.,    jx-  Xy«.i»    au   -xii.zs  work    i-:inu.j;A 
flDao  Inilreot    'ooniivJct Ions'  tuxd  otarta  at  thf?  bofttom  of  the 
lAddar     aa  a  stock  boy  In  t:  ■^.apc.rt  lont   'lore  In  rlttb-Jtreh, 
""'-:-  Indignities  iio  ha.Q   ww  au^xjar   ^ro'a  ux;.   r.-u.-^^rxore  reniizul 
one  of   ?allada'8  _  ,,wagi  niui?  yrhicix  tal:e«  piae« 

in  p   slmllnr  social  atmonphare  durln^  re  porlod  of 

Lll:e  iMuiy  other  1  ito  he  Is  oorrlijiy  lonaly 

at  first.   But  in  hie  lottere  home  he  onlta  pII  mention  of 

hl3  dlDeppolnomenLo  at  wor  ..all  u.;   v,,^.  u^xj   Burroimdlnga 

he  la   iorced  to  live  in*   olowly  an  anta£;onl am  r.^^**  in  ^^1* 

towards    hia  onvironment.  He  hatot  the  Amorloan  nowcpapera 

boeau-w  o.    0  iolr  lurid  ctorie*  an<I  deacrlptlons  and  booausc 

he  finds  tho    'ruxmlas'   silly  an^l  oliildlah*  Ho  cones  to 

conuidar  moDt  /c-iarlcans  cllly  and  stupid,   Ll':e  other'sr^ea- 

homu  ■      -.  oncountera  hlo  first  swizidle  In  tl  c  forr.  <j.   a  real 

•  Stat©  firm  v/xiero  he  Invests  fcom©  of  hlo  nard  eamod  money* 

Ev9n  the  fallow    -to  anllr  .tana  ixlm   'borrov/s*   five  dollars 

froa  -^1    ^«.-.,peora»   He  has  to  work  «uoh  rxarder  and 

faster     tnafl/ever  did  in  Goi*niany,  especially  during  the 

prs- Chris tTT-.aa  rush, 

•  -  hint    '^'Ux.  Und  sch-'-'i    - •  *       •"'•hston. 

-,  .     .1,   wciuiell,   Iaia«r  :  .        ias  loh 

dooh,    ritsrma  dooh,   .letze  dooh,    .    .    { .  ^  -!:>  ^, » 

P«49) 

Ha  aiavoa  lone  hours  for  llttlo  oxtra  x^coavponsa,  while 


•itJi-i;! 


170 


othar  unlonljod  vrorkors  r-ooolvo   their  ovortlne  pay.    Hia 


J.>4t.:       tUi.:         iJViiOVJ 


,  ,..o^'^^  la  deopi^    jjuxidad.    "...  Jei^ 


kormnt  ii'oov  die  Unjsreoh  L  nlc  a    go  acaiull  lalnweg  " 

(|.^^4*  *  P«55)«    " -^anv/hlle  tie  depreeslon  b-lb  in  and   al» 
bui*don  of  "Ti  ■••"ill        r=>ati.i-  .jvcj.i  ^  t,;.  .j-j.   out 

the  stock  boye  jet   even*   By  eteailivi,,  they  Improve  thalr 
lot.    But  everybody  Is  afraid  of  raisainj^  a  day's  work  eren 
v;hon  -  »'^—i   p-*   Sjldsmlo   3trl'<eo  the  city.    TnuG  Felix  too 
gocfl  to  vforli  xmtll  he  oollapaes,   lies  sick  P.t  hone  without 
care  except    for  occaalomjl  help  rrom  a  Icllo'/f  roomer,  a 
Swlasi    ..  -xo.       .^o    -m-- lc>>.i  j.-.idlady  onterc   ■  :^    -^oora   only 
to  aak  when  he  Is  lesvln^  for  tae  hoapltal.   bhe  has  her 
principles:    SI  k  people  belong  In  a  hospital.   Venfred 
i*c.u.oiiiaiin  reports  on  a  similar     ItuaLlon  involving;  an 
entirely  different   iLtltude.    I\.3  a  ai-loan  l:-ndlady  ntiraoa 
her  roomer  and  even  mBSB&oee  him  xmtll  he  Is  able  to  go 
to  v;oi    .    .'.ausraann  la  surprised  out  ^ountry^sji  assure  a 

him  "In  solchen  ?^ll'?n  alnd  sie   Ja  u;  iillf  sb&x  dit, 

die  ^'Uarr:aner"    (of.   'Clolna  Llebe   -:u  .■J3ri::a.  p. 235).   It 
la  the  chap*'?r  vrhlch  ot    ^'-''co  cori!^  "  -^   '^r'>'-^  ■■  illch'a 

Fcllr.  contrc  j.  .:3.A.  with  tha  great  dlif-jrenc.  tiiao  Kausm  nn'a 
clerk  1b  touchenod  and  determined  (of.   below,  p. 275)  whlla 
"'5. illch'a   Ptllx  1  hlnlna   'sad  sac.'  -      lo  unliappy 

in  any  situation,    riirou^h  ills    'coiuiectlonL  '  ';      •  de  th« 

office  aanagor  of  a  snail  depart  ent  which  ho  la  able  to 


171 

ke«p  In  ^-iOf    roniiina  oxvi«r. 

Now  ha  ::ioatc  otliar  pooplo   b«it  he  ie  BtlU  univippy 

and  donsldora  'ill  Amorioann  as    'xiivi0bil<''  t  * .     .     n«iye  or 

fil-ULy  r^u.  la  ai.'rald  t;o  IMCOWI  oimlbvrly  (.oulvc  aad  shallo-^. 

Er  kiat  /In^st,  daac     or  alt  dor  oni^  r  onem  fx)  wlrd  *fl9 
di      •      rlraner.    (ibid.,   o.92), 

and 

r. 

JawQiil.  1-^'agr  In  '3iin..   n=i^n.          .    -,                               .      n-? 

w&ii  dcool  h«z«U8V   .    .  .    er  wflr-                        on  .    *    . 

3;  warden  ...  .  iiooar 

zu  iutaohland.    (I  _,  ^. , 

At  coi  aiiHiv- -^u&r^    .;j_.;Lr-j  .ion  c-l   ux-   Oo..^r  •-.T.i.loyeos 

•xcept  1  olix  at*«  enioylofr.  tlieiiuulvvs  et    ntclCt   ojuico  and 

free  rofrjsnnents.    ,:e  cAijiot  forgot  t  c&ine  rocxaa 

iiQ  *xa..  aui-orea  oo  mucJi  not.   -aixy  raontiiU        ->.      ..ju  iiw  t--    :i 

to  ex^l&ln  tills  to  another  C-cnran  employed  ths  r^m  advlsoB 

him  to  'tr  .•  it  easy'  ae  t.-c  A-.3ricans  -'.o. 

..^.r    -'    :.,  o  :.  ... '  -   -■    .  "io 
wis   ;'::?   .  ■  .  -i  itnor.      •--    ^':  .       -  ■                                      r 
d2.           .            a  ole  dooh  Inro  deuta                         .  ab« 
I'le  »io  1  Ja  dias^a  Landa  r.             --^ -, 
..   . -      J) 

iiut  .olIx  rafueoB  ^o   oqcj  .      '  '  i.--\nr., 

'  'r  oroclaoliien  die  iViorltcanar  i.iunar    .'lo  eln  Voxl:  o2iae 
In        '  .    "ane  Amarllca  let  wie  eln  iand  oine  Soelo. 

{, ..      .       J 

On  a  trip  laO  ^2-rolt  iV3  vlalte   t.^y   :  ord 

horrified  by  the  aaaembly  linos 

Ic         ,d3  verrBloiit  -  Auanutzunc,  dor  -*aft«  ■:5chBt- 

lelotung  doB  Einrelnon,  -  Und  wo  blelbt   d«r  z.onaoh?   .    .    . 


172 


Ich  aaehe  ni«ht  «ehr  Tilt.  «  3l^e''B^^>^&  ^ex* 


^  • 


-ij  J . 


Neln,    Ich  nlchl,    .::o  nlcati    (ibid. .   p. 108) 
Thus  he  resigns  rrom    lis  vrell-paid  position  and  t^es  for 

a  trip  through  the  United  States,  vcconi;, raying  r    clase-oiate 

ne  mot  in  i>'eur->it.   ..^1  nia   ooyaooa  c;r        3    ^jara   zo  come 

true:   lie  will  live  in  a   tent,   will   sea   Indiana,    fcae  Wild 

V/est  £?jnd  -   he   is  deeply  disappointed:    thr;   co^rbovg  drive 

care   c'jTia   so  ao   t,us    xna^tns   .mo   cip   soxi,   cu'in_:-   s-ria   or-arge 

■oney  for  being  photo^apiied.    In  a  beautiful   ctretch  of 

country  tacra   iz  usually  &   park  oaoii)-3ltej  '.vhic-i  is  practical. 

cut  ii^    -13.06  8   t-icm  c-nyv.'ay : 

Ach  diese  Camps.'  Wle  Felix  sie  hasst.'  .-x-in  sis  auch 
bequem  oind.  Abdr  deswaj7,en  :;eradQ.  (ibll. ,  p.  115) 

Many  villages  look  ell  aliko,  'souiless'.  iaxlowstona  Park 

is  like  a  side  show  and  St  a  Tranolsco  ;:itia  all  its  oiiarm 

a  'RiLonialplatz'.  He  feels  as  If  his  waola  joui-ney  i;:  aothing 

but  a  trip  through  a  fair  from  one  side  ahov.  to  the  next, 

fn  Trip  Angeles  poor  oeople  live  per^.-anontly  in  roadside 

«eaip3.  3ut  It  is  D9tte»  here  in  the  mild  :intc--  tuan  In 

the  cities  in  t  le  East,  Except  for  tae  desert  and  Grand 

Canyon  ^  i«?re  1:^  nothing  felix  whole-h;  art«dly  likes  and 

would  not  cast  aspersions  at. 

Wsidlioh  is  probably  the  best  example  of  blinding 

prejudice.  His  •hero'  Felix  drives  tnrouga  e   './hole  continent 

and  sees  notnlng  out  a  reflection  of  hi  a  on   -usty  cflnolusions. 


173 

He  finally  50*8  back  to  l Ittaburga  on  a  bue  with  a  colored 
actrcea  aa  travaillntr;  companion.  He  Ic  fasolnatad  at  firet 
tout  deteats  ner  aaall  rinelly  -  ^^beij  dsr  ekll^^e  Nagerso- 
ruch  liat  Ipl'^  d/iR  ^'ifallen  an  Ihr  vardorben".  ( IbjJ,, ,  p. 156) 
Juci  la  t.o>n3  with  hla  frlenda  he  hears  of  the  ban^- 
craeh  .;alch  sweepa  avray  all  his  8avln58,  and  hla  fLm  only 
offers  him  his  old  Job  aa  a  atorV.   boy  rt    ~^r3n   Icr.rar  nay. 
From  than  on  noarly  tae  vholc  booK  conclcto  c»:'  .Mining 
about  the  difflcultlea  of  finding  Jobs,  The  one  gleam  of 
brlgjitnsnc  la  that  hla  fl-ncea  arrlvas  vin  CTir':^.n_,    He  ?!!aj?i*lea 
h«r  quickly  and  gets  her  tnus  Into  tne  onl^cd  .t,a:ea«  ~>hQ 
flnc'e  work  almoat  Immediately  In  New  York.  Strangely  enough 
ho   doe£  not  ub3  his  former  'connection';  r^tranrsr  ;-*lll  \o 
d03  2  not  look  for  work  In  tne  field  In  w-iicn  rio  Iw  an 
•xport  but  looiio  for  lesa  euid  leaa  akllled  work  and  ends 
up  as  0  stoclrboy  ar^ln.  '-Tien  hlR  ••'Ife's  ,1ob  l-..  threatened 
too,  r  .:  v;.i3ii,  by  colnciuencQ,  txiey  ars  't^mz-ju.'^   at  somo 
Shooting  between  police  and  bank  robbers,  they  decide  to 
leav3  Anorlcc  -  blaming  It  all  on  the  gen '^et era  and  on  the 
Iftck  of  health  Insurance  and  the  lack  or  tjjial  aeourlty 
in  AaerlcB.  The  wife  leaves  first  for  aaraany  and  he  stays 
«md  tries  to  keep  his  Job  aa  long  aa  posslbla  but  a  despicable 
perverted  auperrlaor  makes  his  life  mlserabl-^.  '23  glbt 
erBCi.rso.-dnd  vial  perverae  Amerlkaner",  he  la  told.;  not 
only  youns  people  are  like  that  but  married  nien  too,  "die 


174 

waren  ^enau  so",  (ihld. .  p,261)  He  hltH  tAc   boas  in  the 

face  and  leaves  for  C-armany.  His  laot  exporloncQ  In  Araarlca 

is  hearing  hie  taxi  driver,  an  Itallp.n,  complain  about  the 

gerngsters: 

',  .  .  kann  froh  coin,  -.^snn  einen  dlo  Gan^jntero  nlcht 
ermorden,  nur  um  die  paar  TageBalnnahmen  zu  rauben. 
Scare oV  11  ch.'  Ich  werde  mlch  nle  j^ev.'Shnen  an  dieses 
Land.  Na,  gute  Relse."  (Ibid.,  p. 321) 

The  failure  to  adapt  to  America  is  reflected  in  this  last 

fare'^ell  and  again  it  is  blamed  on  somebody  else  -  tne 

gangsters  -  instead  of  his  o\'m   Incapability. 

Ris  description  of  life  as  a  worker  in  a  department 

store  is  probably  the  mo!^-t  valuable  part  of  the  book.  The 

Job  hunt  in  New  York  during  the  depression  (ibid. ,  pp. 187- 

266)  follows  in  importance  but  it  reminds  one  of  many  other 

stories,  e.g.  A.E.  Johann'a  chapter  'Das  Drittel  ohne 

Standard'  in  his  book  Das  Land  ohne  Herz  (cf.  above,  p.  61)  , 

of 
and/Hauser's  section  on  Chicago.  -  With  its  negative 

attitude  tovards  America  Weidlich's  book  fits  well  into 

the  anti-Western  propaganda  of  Hitler  Germany  in  193-4 

(cf.  Karl  G5tz:  Die  ^.rosse  Heimkehr.  mentioned  above,  p. 13  +  ) . 

Among  other  returning  emigrants  writing  on  German- 

15) 
Canadian  life  vrith  a  pronounced  Anglophobia    -larl  Ktiller- 


^  - 

'^.3.rl   I'arrer:  14  Jaare  unter  Sn;-lflnd8m.  iin  Aus- 
wandererschickeal  in  Kanada,  Breslau,  192^.  I'lax  Otto:  ^ 
Kanadas  Jrvraidern  und  ^ralrien.  Srlebnlsse  und  fitreifzage 
eines  Wrappers  und  Farmers,  xarey-Verlag,  Berlin*  1924. 
Damagln^j  reviews  are  given  on  ?:ar^er's  book  in  the  Can. Hist. 
Review.  XIV,  1933, p.  197  by  L.Hamilton  and  on  :iax  Otto  in 
Can. Hist. Review  V, 1924, pp. 77-79  by  the  same  reviewer  of 
German  literature  on  Canada. 


•  Ml  «v; :  '  '. «.'     _ii'.      <?■-• 


175 

Grot.e*3  Orakel  Karl.  Deutsch-Kanadische  Lebonsbilder 

(Angelsachsen  Verlag,  Jremen,  l'}Zk)   is,  thoufih  bad  enoTit'h, 

the  least  malevolent  one.  He  tells  of  his  own  llTe,  how 

he  carae  to  Canada  as  a  youth  in  1^7^  and  except  for  sooe 

trips  to  Germany  stayed  in  Canada  xrntil  1910,  One  would 

expect  an  easy  adaptation  of  the  young  xaan  to  this  new 

world.  This  is,  however,  not  the  case.  Is  it  his  lack  o£ 

education  -  a  German  •Dorfschule*  and  only  a  few  months' 

school  in  Kitchener  -  then  Berlin  -,  Ontario?  Or  is  it 

the  German  newspaper  which  he  read  avidly  in  his  extensive 

free  time  as  a  telegraph  operator  in  Gait,  Tavistock  and 

Bright,  all  in  Southern  Ontario?  in  his  only  self-criticism 

in  the  whole  book  he  almost  regrets  his  own  one-sided  views: 

Auf  den  politischen  Glaubensbekenntnis  6es   Lhochkonser- 
vativerO  Keichsboten  baute  sich  mein  oigenes  auf  xind  so 
durchaus  wClnschenswert  es  geweaei;  ,,-are,  wenn  ic;.  niich 
zunlchst  einmal  bemdht  hfitte,  die  VorhAltnlsse  dea  Landes 
kennen  zu  lernen,  in  dem  ich  voraussichtlich  mein  Leben 
zubringen  wtlrde  ...  {this  reading  and  later  visits  to 
Gennanjo  hatten  nur  die  .Virkunt ,  daso  ich  an  alleys,  was 
in  Kanada  geschah,  von  der  Bierbereitung  bis  zu  den 
kirchlichen  Verhttltnissen,  den  deutschen  Masstab  anlegte. 
(Onkel  Karl.  o.35) 

This  •German  standard*  is  an  excuse  for  KtUler-Grote  to 
sneer  at  everything  which  is  not  ultra-* conservative*  and 
nationalistically  German,  and  at  other  religious  <le nominations 
as  lon.fT  as  they  are  mostly  non-German.  He  even  casts  asper- 
sions on  the  German  Lutheran  minister  of  another  3yuod. 
Other  allusions  in  very  poor  taste  are  made  to  Queen  Victoria 


ij 


176 

and  to  the  En  llnh  In  ^jnere.1.    ..^   refu^^ep       aciate 

with  Tnglish  Canadians  except  for  one  remlly  Wiiicn  ha 

•xcusee  because  the  lady  of  tho  house  is  Iriah. 

Me  becomes  quite  auocasBful  as  a  houaepslnter  In 

Toronto,  Hamilton,  and  various  small  towns  in  joutlism 

Ontario,  and  establlshee  his  o.^n  flourishing  firm  In 

Kitchener,  t-^en  Berlin.  His  recreation  with  compatriots 

seems  to  connlst  of  'drinking  and  making  a  noise'  (cf,  L. 

Hamilton's  review  of  this  book  in  the  Canaolan  ::istoric&l 

Rjyievf,  VI,  1925,  p.  164),  T'.irough  his  activity  among  his 

oonpatrlots  he  becomes  Influential:  city  councallor,  reevs, 

and  almost  mayor  of  Kitchener,  though  he  feels  he  must 

resign  ss  candidate  because  of  his  Anglo- phobia.  -  His 

^jhirther  exploits  when  Influential  make  him  appear  an  In- 

oamatlon  of  Helnrich  Mann's  Untertan;  the  highlleslita  of 

his  career  are  the  establishment  of  a  monursent  to  '''n*  ^-r 

Wllh3lm  I,  the  erection  of  an  enormous  flag  pole  flying 

the  German  flag, of  all  things,  the  visit  of  Prince  Helnrich, 

brother  of  the  Kaiser,  to  Niagara  Falls  where  Ktiller-Grote 

ill  at  tae  head  of  the  German  delegation.  Ihe  involuntarily 

tae 
comic  situation  when  they  race  to/centre  oi'  the  Bridge  with 

their  top  hats  endaoigered  by  a  sharp  breeze  is  '■orthy  of 

this  'Untertan'.  Another  princely  visitor,  Bcttcnberg,  whom 

Mller-Grote  invites  to  Kitchener  on  als  o.m   initiative  for 


177 

a  'penrfitllch' German  lunchaon  accepto  the  Invitation  and 
conBaauantly  has  a  bad  nrsBS  for  assoclgtln."  with  thla 
'Sauer^craut ' . 

\Tlhen  the  author  remarries  -  this  time  a  well  educated 
girl  from  Braunschweig  he  Is  only  too  pleased  -.rhQn   his 
•Qernan  Laay '  la  aocepLed  in  tna  boat  iLnjllen  rajnlxlee 
of  tho  town  and  even  sunong  tne  'GelBteaerlatokratla '  of 
the  provlncls.1  capital  -  noma  profess :>rs  at  the  University 
of  Toronto. 

To  txie  historians  of  German- Canadian  life  OiikQl 

Karl.   'D^utsch-Kanadlsche  Lebensbilder ' ,  is  r  source  not 

.vriting 
to  bci  nci^iactad,  or  as  L.  hamilton  eacpresass  it/on  a  slaillar 

book  (l-??rl  ^-'argeri  14  tTa'ore  unter  -ji;.:.lflndarn,  Eln  Aucwanderer- 

•ohlclcsal  in  ■•'"anada,  Brealau,  1926)  'it  conteins  some  valuable 

information  on  this  subject  t-nd  no  siouroe  anould  be  considered 

too  muddy'.  (Can.  Hist,  r.eview.  XIV,  1933,  p.197) 

Th'  saving  prraoG  of  tnie  book  is  tiie  description  of 

hunting  Lrips  into  the  beautiful  country-side  of  tie  Mu8"'ioka- 

district  in  Ontario.  The  author  wrote  a  book  on  his  huntln^ 

experiences  in  Canada  which  has  been  dealt  with  in  another 

chapter  (above,  p.  Iff). 


J* 

:it 

.•t 

Jti 


111 


178 


THE  JOURNALISfS 

Journs lists  dlffar  from  the  former  croups  of 
wor'--^r=  ^--'^    i-nmij/rants  In  that  '   -^  '-■  '  ■       ruiln 
^oupa  oi  i-eaders  in  Garraany  whlcn  t  isy,  iiore  or  leis, 
represent.  Thus  one  can  easily  detect  jTumallsta  of  na- 
tionalistic rl^it  vlng  IdGolowias  such  as  Col^'^  ~'>'3S, 
Helnrloh  Hauaer,  and  Michael,  those  of  tie  soelallat  left 
wln^  such  aa  E.K.  Klsoh  and  Holitesher  and  those  vfho 
probably  baloa^  ■>    -^"^   ^ — --r^tlc  middle  p-irtl-'s  -/jch  aa 
Alfred  Karr,  idciiard  Katz  and  fioda  Roda. 

In  aplte  of  his  English  name  the  'Writer  an.i  Jour- 
nal! s'.  Colin  Ross,  like  his  countrymp-^  i-,,,  .+  rj^  "tuart 
Chamberlain,  is  a  German  natlonelist  aac  sn  extremist  as 
euch.  He  v;rote  several  America-books  in  rapif'  succession, 
Mit  Kind  und  T-eprel  in  iie  Ar>.ti8.  Leipzi  ,  "i"'"^,  '  ischen 
USA  unc  "^em  I-ol  with  tne  sub-title   'iXirch  Aanada,  Keu- 
fundland  und  die  Ar'ctla',  Leipzig,  193^,  the  bpti^  year, 
and  Aaerilcaa  -">ohlclC3al3atunde  with  a  subtitle  *Die  Vereinlg- 
ten  "^taaten  iwischen  Deraokratie  und  Diktatur*,  Leipzig,  1935. 
A  fourth  one,   Unaer  Aa^ri-ca.  appeared  In  1936.  These  books 
were  avidly  read  in  Germany,  for  tie  thir-^   -•^  ^t-   ixth 
edition  in  1956  (quoted  hsr^)',    tae   second  bjolc,  on  Canada, 
is  quoted  in  its  second  edition  in  the  same  year,  193*. 


179 

while  taa   first  o^' •,    on   oht   avcx.1c  ,    aad  lt,a   ^  if  ta  odlt,ion 

In  1935   (quo  ad    lare).    Hoes   Uiua  played  an  Important  rol^s 

In  moulding  t.iir    public   opinion  in  Sennaji/  in  -ih^ir  vl&ws 

on   i-aiiada  ana   cxio  tiilued  Utates,    Colin  Roae   .vas  indaed 

contiJared  as  :in  exper't   on  Toraign  lands,    u.teir   ^oo^rapiiy 

and    'C-cOpollti::'.   H'.b  opinion.^  li^d   ^hprefore  -.n^h  weight 

in  uornany. 

To   t;tert  with  his  book   on  the  Canadian  Aj?ctlc,    tae 

l«r,st   Importan!,   one   of  the   thi^ca.    one  Tiay   chiT-otirizo  it 

as  a  ooccv.'-nat   superilciSii  trix\^±o^  uesorijia^;^  a   trip  on 

the   Canadian  Icebreaker   *Na8Copie'   from  Chxirchill  on  the 

Hudson  T'^y      orth   to  "llen^ere   Lr^nv'l  and  bad:.    The   book   Ir. 

padded    ."Ith  t,ae  nistorj  or  t.io  au/c^on'^   _ay   wOai.:<any  and 

the  oxploratidn  of  the  rLastem  Aj?ctlc  and  tie  probable 

history   of  tl.e  E&klmoe.    These  natlvss   enlist   his   fullest 

ajopatny : 

Die  EsVIjbos    sind  frei    .    .    .    vlelleicht  das  freleate 

Volk  del    ErctS.    ' "  '        -    '         "  •  .'^"') 

In  der  Ar'Ktlis   ■• ._    .  .  _  ., 

la  Winter  aus  Schnee,   Im  jommer  aus  ^sllen,   ^'ahrurg, 
^"'    *"   "^If   >"flrme,   Llcht,  kurzua  alios,    rr.s  3i  ilie 

b. ^"t,    tnus8   ai?    sic::  aus   dsn  dilrftl^en  ".l  toln 

einer  kargen  Natur  selber  beschaffen.  (lold» ,  p,200) 

But  nevert  eless  It  1b  surprising  how  the  EnV'ln?o  in  spite 

Of  his  preat  difficult  lee  not  ouiy  chains  alL   oare  xi£/6cea- 

Bltiea,  "sondem  es  f ertlgbrlngt*  eln  heiteree,  frledllches 

und  reitihas  L*»ben  zu  leben.**  (ibid. )  There  Ir  only  one 

groat  Qn3:ny,  rf-.iich  Is  nei'::.8r  cold  nor  starvation  nor  dlseaso, 


160 

but  ol.lllzaHon;      -"rjilluh  Ibt  uucn  j l.ijlt  durci"- 

dla  ZlvlllaaLlon  oadiolit",    (Ibi  ■. .  ^;.20A;(cf.  Leichner  p. 21  abovei 

liila  Is  not   axactiy  a    'i-Oicantir; '    noMon  ot  tne 

gava^d   as    ^.^.j   xu.aal  uiuix,   oa   i^;   ...jixau    w    j^v,ii   4Uotod  p06ni 

"iln  .  ier,   d-r  ^urop'sas  tloertdnc  .alt  nlciit 

Icannte,    .    ,    .        but  it  Is  uol  far  i'rom  1': 

-  in  der        '"'  -^ 

'  .llchas,  3n 

nab^ilcii  Ist,  die  tausendrual  scniacntJr  sind  als  die, 
die  wir  als  unartrfl^lich  anaehen,    (Ibid. ,   Introduction  p. 6) 

The  book  Is  thus  wrlttan  from  a  oomewhat    'p'^aaj-O'l'inl* 

point   o7  view.   liov/over,   the  fiuthor  known  vary  vfell  that 

uvtfu  ^.w^iuijB,    ones   tii^j^  iittvu    ..i3ted  tu'^   -  i-uit  of  civilization, 

oan  naver  ^o  back  to  t.iGlr  x" oncer  happj  life. 

Sokimoa   slnd  frfthllche  ?^ensch<5n.    .Tf?n9  abor   .    .    .   haban 
▼otn  Saume  dea  Lebens  ge'.costet,   vom  Baucis  elnes  besseren 
Labens.   I.'un  erffilhlcn   sis  r-"-  -  —nst   y-~      ''"      "* '   "1"" 
drohendes  Qof^gnls,  die  1  .    *    . 

als  die  beste  arec-slnt,    zoi?.nj,-;  se   .    .    .    ^ 
Y^^lroBsan  und  Seeiiundan  manselt.    (^bl    . »  ^,<iiv,  i-i/ 

These  statameats     about  modem  civilization  are  not  co- 

incldan'al,  'Vhan  hs  arranges  a  barter,  :i3  thinlcs  It  le 

BUperlor  to  any  purchas'5  vitii  money: 

Das  ist  aber  wohl  der  Sinn  und  die  tlefo  '  una  jed«« 

wahreu   "ausciiliand^'' -   *~   :le_9nsat2   — ■*  -^Idgeachlft, 

dass  b-side  Talle  ,  .  -      ^Ich  unr"   zu:  :  und  denken, 

einen  bchatz  -ogen  oln  wertloBoe  Objei-t  eingehandelt 
zu  iiaben.    (Ibi". .  p. 79) 

Evan  hlE  enthuslestic  descriptions  o.'.  Doauty  of  t^« 

Arctic  and  Ita  Nirthem  lightB  are  tdnted  by  a  Bl(?o-r8martc 

on  modern  civilization: 


SVOCfjE    L^.C    T9r, 


181 


Der  Hlmmol,  der  loucatsndo  laron  Gottaa  a^Jlbct,  at-t 
alch  &uf   die  Erde  harabgaeenkt ,  auf  das  l3ere  und  elslge 

Land  uw  -r   doii  :.  .a^ri  -;ox:i,.ns,  "i  s  iar  i  j.oscii  noch 

nlcht  '    iilt';t  hat.  (ibid. .  p.  103) 

I   is  no  wonder  that  ho   dlapara^jee  ijunont  anything 

the  white  -nan  doeo  and  Is  in  ta.i  /.rctic.  In  ths  famous 

Royal  Canadian  Mounted  .ir'olloe  he  la  disappointed  because 

Of  til  ir  Informal  wear  of  •  H^uborzlvil*  -^ina  b^onte  Mlschung 

Ton  Uniform  und  Zlvll",  officers  and  man  alike,  tie  fe«l8 

obliged  to  ftdd: 

Dae      •    "  ":;it,   dasa  ale  gruadanatilndige  Karl*  slnd    . 

•        •  -   ~_       ^       »    3       .     •    jI  j 

This  Imo.Miality   and  lack   of  discipline   arouces  ..:.  : 

£s  let  bezelciinend  ftlr  .canadiscne  Vtirh^ltnlsss,   dass 

auch    Jlle   Pollzisten  ohne   P.ang   •:-n   '^ord    '      ' 

sellaohaf tllch  glolchwoirtlg  mlt  lloren   v  -   _  a  arid 

den  Mltglledem  der  Heglerunt:akO!iunl3slon  ver  :ehren.  (Ibid. ) 

T/e   only  diBclolino  ho   finds  on  bosrc*   i  -   among 

the   employees   of  tae   ;:iuasou'i:  naj   CO:.peny,    iv.to  cio  not  even 

dare   to  ask   to  which  post   they  are  being  transferred. 

Ele   wilrden  nle  wagen,    danach  zu  fre&en.    A^nn  wir  an- 
kominen,    sehen  sis   es   Ja.    (ibid. ) 

The   fact  thot  a  certain  high  official  is  conmoxily  icnown 

as    'tae  major'   invites  hlc  reitark  aooux,  Anglo-Daxon  love 

for  military   titles  a.id  German  militarism. 

Die  Angelsachaen,  die  sich  go  ^sme  tlbor  unsern  e>n- 
gebllchen  Mllitarlaraus  erregen,  haben  Ja  sine  merle* 
W  ■'  Vorllebe  ftlr  milltarlsche  Titel.  '.:^rji  alner 
K-  ,  11  Oder  Major  t,sworden  iLit,  wird  ^r  sain  Leben 
lang  so  angeredet,  wie  hoch  seine  bilivarllche  Stellung 
auch  oeln  "   ^       ?!   oder  jener':il  gar,    geht  noch 

flbar  den  .  . u.    (Ibid.,   p. 58) 


BA 


18f 

It  iB  fl«lf-evl'5«nt  ixo\i  unfair  the  oomparloon  Is  If  on« 

oonBiders  the  laolc  of  otiior  titlv^s  in  deaooratio  oountries 

vita  their  .  biindaiM*  in  Q«nuuBj.  Xho  'aiXc^obliohd '  militariaa 

in  Gex*menj  should  be  not,«d  too* 

Another  small  itaa  arouses  his  angsri  during  « 

ounday  serrioe  on  board  a  coapier  from  the  Old   rsstaaent 

is  read.  This  leads  the  author  to  a  lenjthjr  diatribe  sn 

relit^ien*. 

Ab«r  muss  [die  arigs  Wanrheitl  une  jorade  in  der  Form 
augafflhrt  v/erden,  die  ain  noraa'lfllerendes  '.^otonvolk 
vor  etliohen  tausend  J&hran  els  ihm  gsnAes  auabildets? 
(Ibid.,  p. 108) 

and  he  propagates  a  national  and  Nordic  religious  fom* 

But  Ross  himBolf  uses  an*?  paraphz*a8es  the  same  Old 

Testajnent  on  page  217^  as  quoted  on  page  BO  abovo.  But  all 

these  are  minor  matters.  The  reasons  for  hio  travels  to 

Canada  and  itc  Arctic  are  oponly  stated. 

Die  vroisse  liasse  [liat]  •  •  •  ihren  Laoensraum  •  •  •  '.fait 
ttber  dit  ihr  bestimmte  \xnd   genAssigte  i^one  naoh  Sfldt^n 
irio  nach  Norden  ausgedehnt*  Im  3flden  stScat  oia  freilioh 
auf  don  waohsenden  '.'iderstand  der  brsiunon,  gelben  und 
eehimrzea  Nmsotisn  •  •  •  T)er  iforden  abe£  ist  leer*  •  . 
(Ibid*.  p*5) 

He  wants  to  Imve  it  repeated  not  three  tiaeo,  but  thirty 

and  t.ireaiaindx*ed  times; 

Wis  l«er  iat  dieses  Kanada*  wia  grenzenloo  loer.'  Und 

wio  voller  MSglichTOiten.'  (3wioc  .on  U  A  uikI  dom  .ol..p*148) 

And  there  is  no  'but'  and  *aber*,  no  diffloultlas  of  climate, 

of  too  little  moisture  or  too  much  z*ain,  of  being  too  hot 


183 


or  having  a  'native '  problem. 


Kanada  Ist  dagegen  nlcht  nur  eln  europftlsohea,  8ond«m 
eln  nordlsches  Land  .  .  .  nordlsohas  Land  mlt  all  d«m 
Zauber,  den  das  fflr  una  hat.  (Ibid. ) 

He  la  delisted  by  the  many  lakes  and  the  endless  forests 

but  notes  how  little  of  It  Is  cleared.  The  Impression  Is 

glren  of  a  cotintry  left  empty  for  no  good  reasons.  liot 

until  he  speGLks  of  the  prairies,  their  advantages  and 

difficulties,  fifty  pages  later,  does  he  mention  the 

"Oodzone  des  kanadlsohen  Schildes"  (Ibid. .  p. 198).  Then 

he  shows  that  he  knows  very  well  that  the  frultland  of  the 

St.  Lawrence  Is  separated  from  the  prairies  by  this  waste 

land  of  the  Canadian  Shield. 

Similar  'Inconsistencies',  not  to  use  a  stronger 

woird,  are  found  when  Ross  praises  tae  'discovery  of  the 

prairies  by  the  Germans'. 

Die  Grenzen  der  Kultur  iftnnen  Immer  nur  allaShllch  vor- 
geschoben  werden.  Immer  war  Ihr  Vorschleben  nur  mS^lich 
durch  rflckslchtslosen  und  unbeden^cllciien  Slzisatz  aller 
Krflfte  der  PlonlerbavSlkerunK.  Clbld. .  p.2Qci/7) 

But  when  the  same  Is  done  In  similar  areas  In  the  United 

States  he  condemns  It  even  vrlth  the  identical  woz\l3: 

Es  let  elne  Unstimme  von  Zrfahrung  \xad   3ondez*wl8sen  nfitlg, 
um  elnon  fremden  neuen  Boden  erfolgrelch  und  sic  ler  all- 
^emelner  Bebauung  zuzufflhren.  (Zv/lachon  USA  und  dem  rol. 
p. 207) 

When  non-Germans  make  similar  mistakes,  it  Is  ruthless 

capitalism.  Ho\ireTer,  let  us  look  over  the  book  according 

to  its  own  order. 


,4  ^^.K^'V^ 


.     '  Q 


■/a 


ISA 

RoBB  travelled  on  a  German  boat  where  eyen  the 

first  engineer  and  the  first  officer  do  not  dare  to  be 

of  a  different  opinion  from  tho  captain  or  to  contradict 

him: 

Dem  Kapit&n  segenftber  kann  man  das  nloht  tun,  das 
verbletet  das  Geftlhl  fdr  seine  Autorlt&t.  Also  blelbt 
.  .  .  nichts  anderea  tibrlg  als  es  s^i^eneeltlQ   tun.  Das 
besorgen  sle  denn  .  .  .  auoh  relohlloh.  (Ibid. .  p.3A) 

It  is  interesting  to  coi^pare  this  with  Kisoh,  who  repoz*ted 
WOtly  the  opposite  on  an  American  boat,(cf.  below.p.  ^20), 
which  migat  acoounu  for  much  of  the  easygoing  American 
eharaoter  and  the  corresponding  tension  of  the  Qerman  one. 

DisouBSing  Newfoundland,  Rosa  displays  a  surpris- 
ingly good  eye  for  its  strategical  and  'verkahrspolitische ' 
Importance,  for  naval  considerations,  for  cable  lines,  and 
especially  for  aircraft. 

Neufundland  ist  eine  Seefestung,  die  den  gesamten  Nord- 
amerlkaverkehr  flanciert.  (Z-.fisehen  USA  und  dem  fol.p.6l) 

He  loiows  all  about  the  one-sided  business  of  Its  coal, 

fishing,  of  its  monopolistic  papermills  etc.  and  advocates 

of  all  things  'Autarlcie '  (a  system  striven  for  but  never 

achieved  even  in  Germany).  Then  in  spite  of  expertly  good 

geographical,  economic,  and  strategical  'knowledge  he 

blunders  In  his  estimate  of  the  political  situation  of 

Newfoundland:  Britain,  aocordino  to  Ross,  vzants  to  use  it 

as  a  strategic  position,  a  Junction  with  the  Dominion  of 

Canada  is  unlikely,  a  growing  Newfoundland  nationalism  is 


*C    OJ 


-O 


185 

likely  to  and  In  Independence,  and  a  military  antagonltm 
between  Canada  and  the  United  statee  is  to  arise.  (Ibid.. 
•f.  pp.  62-65) 

The  Maritime  Provlnooa  are  cleverly  analyzed  and 
their  difficulties  are  emphasized.  One  finishes  t.ie  chapter 
with  the  impression  that  these  provinces  would  do  bettor 
if  they  were  independent  or  would  Join  the  United  States. 

Roes  lavishes  all  his  love  upon  ^uebeo  and  Pz*enoh- 

Canada  -  for  exactly  the  reasons  for  which  this  part  of  tixa 

co^lntry  is  disliked  by  the  other  pax^s.  Phex^  Is  Its  back* 

ward  agriculturey  with  its  peasants  who  remind  the  author 

of  the  Seman  'Bauem', while  he  scorns  the  American  fanner 

with  his  modem  methods.  There  is  its  nationalism;  he 

speal:s  of  "die  Fiahne  des  franzSsisohen  Kanada**: 

.  .  .  sie  weht  einstweilsn  noch  nirgends,  .  .  .  wie 
auch  das  franzOsisohs  Eanada  nach  aussen  noch  keinen 
Namen  hat  \md  keine  Sprache  .  .  .  Aber  eines  Tages 
wird  mit  einem  Hale  alios  da  sein:  die  Pahne,  der 
Name  und  die  Sprache. (ibid. ,  p. 90) 

M«r  is  this  all:  its  fertility,  its  "-^indarreiohtum",  is 

higJily  praised;  not  without  including  a  nasty  reaarfc  on 

Geraany'e  Europeeui  neighbour,  i^ranoe,  ha  writes  of  the 

Fi»onch  Canadians: 

SprosB  und  Naohkaame  eines  Volkes  der  cr^s^^^n  sterilitflt, 
sind  die  Frankokanadier  das  lebenskrfftigste  Volk  der 
Erde.  (Ibid.,  pp. 176/7) 

Through  its  devout  Catholicism  this  population  is  separated 

froB  tl-ie  rest  of  the  country  and  ±e   a  state  v/ithin  a  state 

sin  Staat  la  Staate,  mag  sie  auch  zxim  Dominium  Kanada 
gehSren  und  mag  tlber  ihr  auch  der  Union  Jack  wehen* 
(Ibid. .  p. 120) 


■',0 


w 


186 

Quabeo  Is  practically  der  'kanadlsoho  Klroaenstaat ',  to 

vrtiloh  he  devotes  a  whola  chanter,  ^h^  reatest  px^alee  he 

oan  give  Is  expressed  in  t,  isae  aontonces: 

Die  Steliung  dea  katholleohen  Klerus  in  der  Verwaltung 
imd  la  6ffentliorien  Leben  von  Quebeo  lat  die  gleiehe 
wle  dlo  dar  natlonalaozlalistlsohen  t artel  in  Deutsch- 
land  (in  193^) •  I^er  icathollaoiie  Klerus  hler  let  Im 
Grunde  eina  inrtel,   dig  offlzloll  neben  dem  3taat  ataht, 
Inolflzlell  aber  ihn  durch03tzt  tind  beherracht.  jrenau 
vrle  die  nationalsozialistiacao  lartei  beruht  der  Rlerus 
axxf   dem  Ftthrerprlnzlp ,  auf  AutorltAt  und  Diazlplin. 
(Ibid.,  p. 124) 

Similarly  he  admires  the  spirit  of  'VolkSoemainachaft ' 

in  this  natioaallstlc  theocraoy  and  its  reeictanoe  againat 

'volkafrcaden*  British  and  American  influence.  lie  talks 

Glibly  of  t-io  next  /or Id  war,  "der  nftc-iaic  ..  ji«::onflifrt" 

(in  1934),  when  the  British  Empire,  aa  he  says,  will  fall 

apart.  'Aa   la  only  surprised  how  well  the  tv:o  rnces,  the 

British  and  tae  Fx*enoh,  ^st  along  wltA  eacr*  otaor  in  apite 

of  everything  (cf.  p,  110). 

Dramatically  he  contrarts  the  full  .^raln  elevators 

lA  tiie  harbour  of  .Montreal  wita  tne  'autarl:'  subsiotanoe 

farraing  of  backward  settlei*s  of  tne  French  Canadian 

'Mlsaionaires  Coloniaateurs'.  He  knows  t^iat  even  iirtien  the 

colony  ha  visited  la  fully  built  up  it  -rill  coraprlse  150 

faalllea  who  will  produce  juat  as  much  aa  one  prairie 

faroor  with  lala  machines. 

"Zc   lat,  volkswlrtaohaftlich  gesehen,  vjllsndeter  Wahn- 
slnn  was  hler  geschieht,  aber  es  iat  in  volksathlsohar 
und  volksbiolosischer  iinsicht  vlelleicht  tiefste  Wels- 
heit.  (Ibid..  p.lAO) 


■♦  1 


187 

His  pet  hatred  is  'Weltwirtschaft* ,  the  world 

economy  which  during  the  depression,  especially  in  193^*, 

was  at  one  of  its  lovrest  points.   He  blames  everything  on 

it;  since  much  of  American  and  Canadian  agriculture  and 

industry  is  highly  specialized,  this  so-called  monoculture 

is  exposed  to  extremes  of  wealth  in  good  times  and  poverty 

in  bad  ones.   But  since  the  author  was  travelling  on  the 

North-American  continent  just  during  a  depression,  it  was 

easy  for  him  to  harp  on  this  theme.   In  Canada  he  blames  the 

fisheries  in  Newfoundland,  the  forest  industries  in  the 

Northern  parts  of  Quebec  as  well  as  in  other  provinces  and, 

of  course,  the  wheat  failing  in  the  prairies.   In  the  South 

of  the  United  States  he  speaks  of  the  *  grotesque  of  the  cotton* ; 

in  Texas  he  mocks  at  *the  greatest  oil  field  of  the  world  and  - 

no  business*.   But  it  is  not  the  'world  economy*,  it  is  the 

civilization  behind  it  he  dislikes  so  much, 

Denn  im  Grunde  war  es  ja  eine  papierene  Zj vilisation, 
die  dort  Q.n   dem  Wunderlande  des  Sternenbanners^  aufge- 
schossen  war,   (Ibid, .  p,142  and  elsewhere,  p,144) 

When  Ross  moves  on  to  another  area,  to  Ontario 
this  time,  he  goes  by  train,  in  a  most  comfortable  one, 
with  a  name,  \ilth   elegant  Pullman  compartments  and  a  rea- 
sonable fare,  but  he  ostentatiously  frets  and  mocks  about 
it  (cf.  ibid,,  p, 184/5)*  ^s  about  the  hotels,  although 
he  has  to  ,^rant  that  they  are  better  and  superior  to  Euro- 
pean ones.  Thus  he  condescendingly  uses  both: 


o  »d 


3 


:  .-*r. 


y/o 


■+r 


188 

Im  allg^melnen  maohe  Ich  mlr  aus  elegant en  Hotels 
ebenaowenlg  wle  aus  eXe^aaten  Zilgen.  Aber  da  belde 
fflr  Xanada  charakterlatlsoh  alnd,  muaste  Ich  ale  dooh 
•Inraal  kannen  lemen.  (ibl^. ,  p. 183) 

Tiien  tie   frets  that  railways  as  well  as  hotels  are  far  too 
large  for  the  small  population  of  Canada  because  they  ai?e 
built  for  5ro\fth,  "auf  Zuwachs".  Now  he  blames  the  crisis, 
now  the  Canadians  for  this  enormous  extension  of  the  rail- 
ways. Not  until  he  describes  another  region,  the  praii*ies. 
Is  he  honest  enough  to  grant  geographical  disadvantages 
for  the  over-extension: 

2200  Kilometer  vollatAndig  leerea,  unfruohtbai?e8  Land 
hflngen  sich  auch  an  moderaen  Bahnveriehr  wle  ein  Blei- 
gewicht .  (Ibid. ,  p . 200 ) 

Maanvrhile  he  frets  in  Ottawa  in  the  best  hotel,  the  Ch&teau 

laurier,  v/here  everybody  can  live  like  'a  governor  for  five 

dollars  a  day'.  He  sneers  at  the  hundred  year  old  Rideau- 

oanal, 

.  .  .  der  .  .  •  gerade  zwisciien  dem  Chateau  Laurier 
xand  dem  Parlajnent  wirkt  genau  so  anbiquiert  wle  das 
Par lament  selbst.  (ibid. ,  p._90) 

But  he  n.nalyzes  surprisingly  wall  Canada's  resrlona-l,  racial 

and  religious  difficulties  in  becoming  a  nation  (ibid. , p. 191). 

Thus  he   complains  that  in  the  government  buildings  is  probably 

not  the  heart  of  the  country  but  only  an  administration 

working  like  a  reliable  clockwork. 

Of  the  rest  of  Ontario  he  visits  only  Toz^nto  and 

obsez^es  eapocially  the  canons  euid  guns  In  and  around  the 

university.  He  sees  Ontario  as  separated  from  the  rest  of 


JO 


189 


Canada  but  also  in  contrast  to  its  neighbour  to  the 

South  and  that  for  a  strange  reason: 

Viele  Kanadier  sehen  in  den  Staaten  bereits  eine 
europSisch-af rikanische  Mischrasse  heranwachsen  und 
gegen  diese  nttchte  man  sich  abschliessen,   (ibid. . 
p. 194/5) 

The  Prairie  Provinces  are  treated  v;ith  an 
ambivalent  attitude:   he  hates,  but  also  admires,  the  magni- 
ficent organization  of  the  transport  of  wheat,  the  ease  of 
its  production  with  the  great  combine  machines,  and  its  fur- 
ther and  further  development.  There  is  another  reason  for 
his  sympathy — the  number  of  Germans,  Kennonites,  Hutterites 
and  others  who  did  so  much  towards  the  development  of  the 
region  as  well  as  of  the  wheat  itself.  The  'wheatkiiii^/ 
was  just  then  a  second-generation  German, 

His  last  chapter  is  'der  Weg  nach  Norden* ,  where 
he  points  out,  as  he  does  in  his  book  on  the  Arctic,  that 
the  new  'Migration  of  the  People*  of  the  twentieth  century 
is  going  towards  the  North;  but  he  warns,  or  r.ither  threatens, 
QOHiparing  it  with  the  end  of  the  Roman  Empire,  that  in  spite 
of  closing  the  frontiers  the  migration  will  still  take  place 
(alluding  to  the  'closed  immigration*  policy  during  the 
depression  in  Canada.)  The  rest  is  .aerely  a  geographical 
survey  of  the  potential  agricultural  land  still  untouched 
in  the  North,  although  he  knows  the  enormous  difficulties: 


aid 


o'T 


190 

Es  ist  ein  Lebenskampf  von  unvergleiohlich  /grosser 
HSrte  und  Risiko,  die  duf   sich  airamt,  wer  an  die 
Grenze  der  Zivilisation  geht  Oder  darUber  hinaus, 
aber  freilich  auch  eine  unvergleiohlich  grosse 
Chance.  Wildweat  gibt  es  nicht  mehr  in  Amerika,  wohl 
aber  ein  '"Vildnord".   (Ibid..  ;  .2?l/j) 

This  last  chapter  is  to  a  large  extent  icentical  with 
his  book  on  the  Arctic.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  he  repeats 
himself.  But  quite  as  often  he  condemns  in  one  country  what 
he  excuses  in  another,  as  we  saw  in  connection  with  tne 
prairies.   It  might  be  added  here  that  Colin  Ross*  des- 
criptions appear  superficial  if  compared  with  those 
in  his  fellow  nationalist  Henrich  Hauser^s  Kanada  or 
still  more  with  Georg  Leichner*s  Abenteuerliches  Kanada 
(Leipzig  1933),  both  of  which  are  being  treated  here.   (cf. 
p. 13  above,  p. 197  below) 

The  third  book  by  the  same  author  to  be  dis- 
cussed here  is  still  more  controversial  than  the  other 
two;  it  is  called  Amerikas  Schicksalsstunde.  with  its 
subtitle  'Die  Vereinigten  Staaten  zwischen  Deraokratie  und 
Diktatur*  (Leipzig,  1935).   In  its  introduction  Ross  admits 
being  torn  between  contrairy  emotions: 

.  ,  .  von  leidenschaftlicher  Ablehnu'  i  bis  su  ebenso 

warmer  Bejahung,  von  Abscheu  bis  zu  tsewunderunf:,  von 

Hass  bis  zu  Liebe  .  .  .  wenn  ich  nicht  Deutscher  w9re, 

mBchte  ich  Amerikaner  sein.  (Ibid. f    p. 4) 

In  addition  he  does  not  want  to  describe  the  country  as 

much  as  to  show  its  character.   To  do  this  he  outlines  his 

views  on  America.  He  starts  with  America's  geopolitical 


-10 


\-t-p. 


iiiO 


iox'xsi.rt  no   ewoxv 


191 

position;  as  he  sees  it,  America  is  on  the  defensive  and 
changing  in  three  important  aspects,  economically,  politi- 
cally, and  in  foreign  policy.   (1)   The  economic  change,  he 
thinks,  is  the  most  advanced;  the  New  Deal  means  a  change- 
over from  capitalism  to  a  kind  of  collective  economy.   Poli- 
tically, he  considers  America  to  be  changing  from  a  capitalistic 
democracy  to  a  popular  dictatorship.  Lastly,  the  international 
ideals  of  humanitarianism,  pacifism,  and  so  on,  are  breaking 
dovm,  and  will  be  replaced  either  by  an  American  nationalism, 
throxigh  which,  he  hopes,  America  will  soon  be  at  war  with  Japan 
without  allies  (cf.  Ibid. «  p.7),  or  by  an  American  supra- 
national state  comprising  many  nationalities,  Mexicans  as  well 
as  French-Canadians,  whereby  the  German  element  in  the  Middle 
West  would  also  come  into  its  own.   The  United  States  of 
/unerica  would  then  become  the  United  Nations  of  America 
which  would  reach  from  the  Pole  to  Panama.   The  individual 
states  would  be  bilingual  as  New  Mexico  is  now.  For  an 
example,  he  tells  about  a  farmers*  meeting  in  the  backwoods 
of  Minnesota  and  comes  to  the  conclusion: 

•  •  .  wenn  es  nicht  einmal  mOglich  war,  diese  starames- 
verwandten  Skandinavier  .  .  .  zu  assimilieren,  wie  Loff- 
nimgslos  ist  die  Aiifgabe  dann  gegentlber  Polen,  Tschechen, 
etc.   (Ibid.,  p. 10) 

(2)   It  is  interesting  to  compare  the  account  of  a  similar 

fanners*  *Fair*  in  Toronto,  in  the  Kanada  of  a  fellow-nationalist, 

H .  Hauser .  He 


/  r 


:) 


192 

too  notes  how  tho  p«»o^le  theaaelYea  roproocnt  "«iiM 

wahPe  vSrcoreohftu"   (cf,  Ze.r.ojefi.,  p#15i3)  but  h«  la  aur- 

prlMdt 

Immcr  *rt.cder  «uf8  IIKI9  4be]*x«a«ht  •«  ml  oh,  warm  loli 

be.'          IffweiBO.  vfie  €ban,  -t^SOS 

Mft:...  ....  vsm  reinoton  -''^••'  oh 

ait  Ihr^n  Fretiadlnnen  .^^^ _. ,      . 

Both  ilauBor  and  Roas  eT9  sla^ply  ?'-«-- 'jonple'^  with  their 

thlnliio^  in  x*&ei&l  typea*  nevQrthdlafiB»  .-.oaa  finds  manj 

fk^mirsble  oidoe  In  tiae  Aoerloan.   Flrat  of  all  lie  la  la* 

preaaed  bj  t.ie  great  Tision  of  t  o  tliirtoen  £ssall  colonlea 

at  tho  A..lc:ntic  aea  board  \;..on  t..jy  oallod  tlionaelTas  tha 

United  otatea  of  A::jrioa*  He  points  out,   too: 

.    .    .   v/ie  faleoh  ea  vor  allam  ist»  die  /jserilcanor  nur 

rIb  nfllohtome  Dollerjfl.n*  tv.  bewerten.    (Awierlksa  >^ohic!> 

fllchor  lat  flc.        ;rl!^«ner  anch  Roaliat,  abar  danobsn 
sait^t  or  ein^n  fast  iiindlichen     •    .    •   Idealiasaa*  Br 
'  "'as  Bod<irfnl8  nach  Roosntik,  nach  ATrantotiam,  naoh 

jnvsrehrung  luvi  vor  alXem  nach  I  loalc  ..    '  -r 

Aaari  tnnor  lat  dTirchaun  nleht  rtar  ''.er  '  _:« 

Geschilft8giann»  dsr  den  Koidcurrentcn  orbarnmcalfwi 
abwfli'gt,   sondem  danaben  oln  prrr«-  rvi^lgr,  waimhrirsi- 
^er,  ncitttrilcia-frbiillohor  unc"  h' 
Tib  1-1. .   p.26/7) 

,Pa  tiifl  othar  hand  he  feelt  ■•   v.a  If  1  3  not 

In  God 'a  o-'"  '"^-".mtry  but  In  the  dsvll*:  -""1-  -rloder 

Aaori  :c.'    .    .    •   .^U3,  our  raua!"(IblA« .  p.  _S)-^vj:iu-.a   o£ 

certain  acpeots:   laxity  in  aex--  "a  of  ochool  Qlrlo, 

oruolty  of  police  rn*  nrinlnplE  -.f^oh  aro  -^u -lorr.bla  in 

all  oountrlao  inclutiirv.  '    .  -crat 

tiia  ballyaoo. 


193 

Die  Bildung  elnes  Massenwlllens  .  .  .  hler  .  .  .  Ist 

t9u   ^ugriff  Jedee  seellsohen  Frelbeutera  auQgesetat. 
iMd. ,  p. 46) 

Thla  la  written  by  an  admirer  of  Hitler  In  1935. 

T'le  author's  travels  lead  hlra  directly  from  Canada 
to  Chicago  where  the  great  fair  called  t  >  '--^ntury  of 
Progx^BB*  Is  Just  being  closed.  There  were  ro-'dy  aoenaa 
at  the  closing  evening;  which,  he  feels,  were  eynbollc  of 
the  whole  country:  AmerloB  -./reclcs  Its  o'/m  century  of  pro3r«Ba, 
because  tae  faith  In  progress  Is  dead.  Thus  he  8««8  Chioago. 

Taen  lie  analyzes  American  industry,  especially 

In  the  industrial  belt  and  cornea  to  extremely  favorable 

conclusions.  It  Is  a  mixed  industry  v/itii  a  lot  of  Intensive 

agriculture  set  between.  Only  Alisons  Faquet  h3d  noticed 

anything  similar.  Ross  becomes  so  objactlvo  as  to  say: 

.  .  .  salt  dem  Xrach  des  Jalires  1932  •vurden  die  bat- 
lichen  Banlclers  der  Stlndenbock  fflr  alles.  (Ibid. ,  p. 69) 

In  Detroit  he  prelBes  Henry  Ford  as  c  gonlus  who  lacice 

only  social  responalullity.  But  he  lets  it  bo  snorrn   tljat 

Detroit  became  a  big  city  only  because  of  Ford's  jreat 

personality.  He  goes  on  to  New  York  and  finds  It  surprisingly 

urban,  beautiful  and  elegant,  buildings  as  v:ell  as  people. 

But  (here  his  prejudices  influence  his  obsejrvTtlonB)  it 

la  a  "Babel",  It  has  a  "deatructive"  spirit,  its  "zer- 

setzender  :slat"  dominates  thla  great  publislilnj  centre. 

Suddenly  the  financial  centre  is  blamed  for  exactly  the 


194 


same  thing  he  haa  excused  ten  pages  before: 


Aber  dlase  Geldkfinlge  haben  mlt  all  don  UgberflusB 
das  Landes,  .  .  .  nlohts  anderes  anzuf&ngen  sewusst, 
als  llin  in  slnnlos    -  '--    -■'-   --,_-.  "-->^f  ^m   ver- 
leliien  una  oine  vtx  )n  zu  bagiB<- 

nen,   dio  dieses  reichate  Land  der  iirde  Im  Tr'lhllng 
1932  an  den  i%aad  des  AbgrundeB  braohte.  ( IM^. ,  p. 79) 

Azid  so  ha  rants  on,  denounoins  New  York,  this  'Bftbel*, 

this  'international*  cifllizatlon  v/hich  throu^  a  re- 

awalcenlng  of  nationalism  might  be  either  aestroyed  like 

all  Amarlca  or 

.  .  .  die  unameri^anischata  Stadt  AraerikasCwlrdl  ein- 
mal  zur  amerikanlsohsten  (by  Its  multiple  nationallem). 
(Ibid.,  p. 80) 

iMovlng  on  to  Washington  he  finds  a  30T-mm9ntal 

revolution  in  full  force  with  -yhlch  he  symorthlzes  hoajrtlly. 

Ths  city  Itself  he  finds  to  have  grovm  frcsn  a  quiet  rosi- 

dancG  to  a  v;orld  capital  and  compares  it  to  Peking  vrlth 

Its  Imperial  section,  here  an  executive  ono,  its  Manchu 

section,  -lere  the  Capitol,  and  the  people's  section.  He 

la  interested  in  the  Planned  Economy  of  the  Tennessee  Valley 

Administration,  rs'here  he  fin'' a  real  poor  peassjits  -  not 

farmers.  Driving  *hrou3h  Georgia,  l:e  conanents  on  the 

grotesque  cotton  situation,  especially  on  account  of  the 

depression.  Florida  Is  to  him  nothing  but  a  [preat  svfanp 

whicu  onj-jT  by  speculation  was  partly  cnanged.  Ho-jever, 

he  grants  -  in  one  sentence  only  -  tiat  quite   --«  a 

beautiful,  even  a  fairy,  lejidaoa  e  was  created.  The  pest 

Is  disparaging.  Of  New  Orleans  he  describes  and  admires 


195 

the  old  French  town;  the  rest  of  the  town  is  again 
mentioned  in  one  sentence  only,  i.   lonp  chapter  is  devo- 
ted to  the  Negro,  whom  he  calls  one  of  the  fev/  truly  new 
American  races  -  a  brov-n  race  -  and  he  discusses  intelli- 
gently the  system  of  teaant  fanning,  share  croppin^^  and  its 
problems.   Tiien  ae>^in  m  Texas,  which  he  traverses  during 
the  hottest  time  of  the  year  in  a  period  of  drought  and 
depression,  he  lets  his  emotions  run  freely.  The  lack  of  oil 
businetis,  the  drought,  the  depression:   it  can  all  be  blamed 

(ft 

on  the  rutiiless  capitalism.  In  New  Mexico  he  appreciates  the 
bilingual  state  of  culture  which,  he  hopes,  would  be  extended 
to  all  nationalities  in  the  United  ::>tates  including  the  Ger- 
mans.  A  long  chapter  is  devoted  to  the  Indians  of  the  South 
West,  which  compares  well  with  descriptions  of  other  writers, 
e,£,   Alfred  Kerr*s  ciiapter  *Der  Grand  Canyon'  in  Ycuikeulaad. 
(cf.  p. 237  below).  Similarly  Ross  does  justice  to  the  Mormons 
and  their  achievements.   As  long  as  lie  finds  a  belief,  a  faith, 
moving  mountains  or,  better,  influencing  economy,  he  expresses 
all  his  sympathy  for  it.   This  has  been  discussed  in  connec- 
tion with  the  Catholic  i"' reach-Canadians,  the  Mennonites  and 
Kutterites  in  the  Canadian  prairies.   In  the  United  States  it 
is  the  Negro  with  his  spirituals,  the  Indians,  the  i-.ormons 
and  then  again  the  Catholics  along  the  Pacific  coast.   He  speaks 
of  a  "Rom  am  Paaifik"  (cf.  ibid.,  p. 21/  f.)  and  last  not 


QiU 


Off    ©r{."t 


.  ■•  .  s 


196 

Itaet  of  Fatacr  Cou2^^11n  and  hie    'League  lor  :.oclal    • 

JuBtloe*   which  1b  dlscuaaed  at  length.   In  Sstttla  he   ecca 

tha    3tr?' 3~lc-poliMcal  :)robl:Ti   af  t'-r    '?clflc    -nd    of 

Japan,    jn  -lio  tri^^  ..irouc^*  tii«3   ^assade  Mountain*  ha 

pftBses  ti:  baautlful   *Garden  of  tie  Gods',  which  ha  flnda 

symbolic   of     ""^i^   .ihola  UnlLod   "t.atas,   ".<»  fl^j'^lo-^^aa  how 

llttlo  Ito  paoplo  fiLTQ  consolcuB  of  tz  out  ne  rsara,  or 

throatenfl : 

nia'ucl  vlellelcht,   vrenn  oa  •    .    .   zu  sp&^t  lat,  warden 
ale   slch  daa  i-talohtuma  und  der  SohBnhalt  erlnnem,  dio 
In  ihre  !^£nde  gegeben  <jfaren  und  mlt  denen  ele  so  wsnig 
anzufan-jan  vmsatsn.    (Ibid.,  p. 237) 

Is  It  a  colnoiddnca  t  i^t  ri.   Hauser  llkawiaj   i.. 

area  acroaa  the  border  In  or  near  Vauioouver  lets  a 

Japanese  oxclalm: 

'-••.--.■  -     ■»  jTQ^  vereuC       ,      '  '     --!38 

dleaar  :;anadler  hler  .  •  .  31q  haben  so  viol  und  var- 
Bchvfenden  das  melate  .  .  *  (Canada.  p.2Ad) 

In  North  Da'rota  Hosa  fllcusses  the  crisis  In  a  whe^t  farm 

state,  and  compares  atte-Jipt-  at  dlctatorsiilp  there  and  in 

Louisiana  Baf^   comes  to  tie   coxioxa^ion  tiiat  America* a 

future  lo  polltloclly  '  popular  dlotatoranlp;  ho  dreams 

of  an  .'unrrlca  •vo'a  Tol  bis  Panama*  (A^iijrlv.aa  -cl^loksals- 

Btundo .  .p. 293  -•}  and  of  a  United  Nationa  of  ;-uerloa 

(Iblt^.  .  n.298  f.). 

It  la  r3£r9t,tabla  how  the  German  re.  raa  mii- 

Infomed  by  onj  of  Oertsany's  outstanding  travsllers  and 


lo 


197 

^B  on  fui*aiiai  cntm^-'lan, 

:.   inrlc  .  ':  r  ■  j^ot  u  natlonr.ilct  ertrvmist 

Ute  Colin  PwOac,  to  r^,   but  h©  too  rapraaants  a 

oertrln  ^loarly      ir!9ntl:^le<1  nntlonr.llnMn-"illlt.ariutlc 
^juij,    t.iat   of  tjio  "Tat-ureia'  .    <;q  tv;o  Dooks  on 

North- Aaortca  between  1913  and  19A5,     i_  o  nach 

Chic  agio  In  1931,  f-^.d  Kanada.  i  unftsl&rui  la  Jordan  in 
1938  (wal'j_  ..aa  jciited  and  publlehad  in  .ioriin  in  19A1 
While  tho  author  was  in  th«  U.S.A.)-     '  la  cttltudoa, 

not  only  towarda  *:orth-A--,:rlcr.   nrc  Du:!zlln,3.  but  aro  more 
easily'   jXt^xaiiiiod.   v/:i0n   cozipai'^-i.  jOii8(   ths 

autobiographical    'lae   .va^  (New  ,   19^2;   wita  its  sub- 

title   'Pofth  of  n.  Junlcer'   and  tie  still  moro  re'/salins 
i.-i.-'   ,^>':.a.>   ..al--!^  ^ii.\i/.   u»uw  i-/.  :,   li^'^v;.  cattw  was 

conaiderod  so  controTeraial  that  t  ^It  Coapanj 

had  a   'Motlce  to  tho  Raadar'   printed  In  front  of  the  booic 
in  addition  to  an.  introduction  Wiivtiii  ^j  .      .'. 

Kor^enthau  of  tie  Univeraity  of  Chicago, who  was  ooomissionad 
to  vrrito   footnotae  to  tho  more  obvious  ar.d  blatant  miataiaa 
and  aiea^j^i-s.iensions  of  Hauaer. 

Hauaer'a  attitude  towarda  A,:erlca  is  not  aa  pra- 
judioeA  &8  mi&iit  be  axpooted  at   flrat  glanoo.     n  the 

1ST  ^     T 

After  this  period  ha  publi:  .ed      jr '  .meri^a- 
Buch',  Die  Fann  an  ^asBifcBi;3Pi. 


^IL 


198 


contrary*  ha  oxpresaes  It  himself: 


Ich  bin  Imraer  wleder  ontBotzt  floor  die  iJuntiBri gche 
und  Infa^ie  Art,    .vie  *3uropfll3ohe  Literaten  dleeea 
Land  abtim.  Sle  sehen  es  durch  Ihre  algane  Enge. 
(Feldwe.  .e  nach  GhlcaKO.  p. 60) 

Up  wante  to  eee  America  differently.  Inetead  of  starting 

In  New  ^ox'k,  tae  flrat  harbour,  he  beglne  ala  trtivel  through 

t  .9  United  States  In  Galveston,  iaxaa,  buys  an  old  Ford  oar 

and  travels  first  2aat  to  I^Iew  Orleans,  tien  on  various 

river  boats  on  tae  Mlaalsalppl  which  he  travels  up  to  Its 

source,  ^joes  from  thera  to  Chicago  where  ae  stays  for  four 

weeks*  He  goes  on  to  Detroit  and  is  Impressed  by  Henry  Ford 

and  his  Ideas  almost  as  much  as  by  his  worics.  Tired  and 

exhausted  after  10,000  miles  of  travelling,  he  arrives  In 

New  York  during  a  heat  wave  and,  quite  understandably,  has 

a  very  poor  Impression  of  this  city  -  because  It  Is  ao 

EurOi^ean.  "New  York,  das  1st  schon  Europa."  (Ibid.,  p. 256) 

However,  If  we  follow  Hauser  in  his  llkea  and  dislikes 

about  this  continent.  It  Is  not  the  typical  .Aaarlcan  things 

taat  ho  llces  or  dislikes  most,  nor  yet  the  European  ones, 

but  certain  ot.ier  aspects.  In  an  article  about  him  (Die 

Lltoratur  ,  33.Jahrg. ,  1931,  P.253)  Werner  TtLrk  wrltea: 

In  fast  all  r.  auaerscnen  Aerken  .s  Jlelt  die  I'^iaschlne 

9lne  'lervo      de  ?.olle. 

This  is  tru^  -nuch  of  Ajierlca  is  admired  by  him  '.-fhlch  would 
be  neglected  by  other  writers  £.ii.  the  big  road  or  dlke- 
bulldlng  machines  or  busses  he  encounters,  ie  eren  fin^a 
a  new  'Roniantlk'  there: 


:i  .  •    ai  al£iT 


199 

Die  Buslinlen  haben  der  Landstrasse  elne  no\xe   Komantlk 
gebracht.  31^  aliu:  d  .  nfther  ala  die   Elsenbahn. 

Sle  warden  getraten  ioe  dee  Volkee.  Ihr« 

Paataelere  alnd  etolz;  das  rsjoze   Dorf  alsht  zu,  wann 
ale  ankom-nen  und  abrahren.  tFeldwepie,  p. 86) 


«   • 


or: 

Alle  paar  Melien  trifft  man  am  Ufer  ^es  MlBBissippl] 
Irgendelne  grosse  raschlne,  die  Delche  baut,  eo  eln 
gro8B«8  Btahlmaul,  das  alch  In  den  Boden        . 

Das  3cniff  vind  die  Xaschins  pfelfen  slch  _. --  zu. 

Dao  ipt  selir  schftn.  (Ibid. .  p. 61) 

or : 

Die  sich  bege^enden  Greyhounds  (bussee)  ri^ssen  slch 
oilt  Jlrenen.  (IbXd.  .  p. 34} 

Of  course,  this  'i\Oaiant,ik'  is  In  tne  eye  of  tho  viewer. 
But  in  contrast  to  many  'literary'  wrltors  hauser  repre- 
sents t:i9  large  group  of  modern  Germans  .<?ao  see  t.ielr  Ideal 
in  some  new  kind  oi,  teciinolo^,  wiille  suon  a  writer  as 
Gerhart  Hauptmann  was  sclll  horrified  by  the  various 
noises  oi  maculnes  he  encountered  in  tiils  country.  Similarly 
he  HTltes  more  objectively  on  the  big  slaughter  houses 
of  Chicago: 

Die  SciilacnuhHusar  gahttren  zu  den  ^rttssten  Sehonswtlrdlg- 
keiten  Chlcagos  seit  Upton  Sinclair.  Fast  alle  eiiropMlschen 
Llt3ratc;n  uaj-^n  oioh  zur  ^  flic^.t  _s;aacl..t,  tiLcr  sle  zu 
Bchrelben  und  entsetzt  zu  sein.  (Ibid. ,  p. 165) 

When  he  appi'oaches  Detroit  he  writes  enthuBlastioally  : 

Die  Elnfahrt  naoh  Detroit  von  T.  her  1st  herrlich. 
Hochs  jannungaleitunt,en  umsplnnen  die  ganze  Landschaft. 
(Ibid.,  p. 22*) 

But  he  r«ach9B  the  peak  of  his  admiration  for  American 


200 

technology  when  he  deacrlboo  a  visit  to  th«  Ford  plant 
there : 

Das  i^er  iat  der  verlftncjerto  Schatten  dea  i'lannea  .  .  . 
In  der  ^^aori''  "  -^.r-  -•  n  iihere.lL    '  ^n  Mann  ueiiry  Ford. 
Ea  let  die  G  nes  ^.  .    .  und  frelen  C^^latea. 

In  d«n  un£,eheuidn  Auemasfien  des  \VorkoB  llegt  etv/aa 
6el'ostY^i-E,u^.i-llichQB,    :Cat<lrllche8.  Ls  io:  ai  -  ■  '  ;:it3 
gewaltaaju;  seiir  oft  verweohaelt  man  bel  ima  < 
waltaaraa  einer  Indi^strle  mlt  dem  C'Gwaltlc.en  .  .  . 
Hier  apdrt  man  die  Herrscliaft  alner  Idee^  ( Ibid « ,  p. 225) 

It  la  tnis  domination  oi"  an  Idea  or   of  an  ideology, 
•  •peciaily  ona  connscted  with  teohaology,  thP-t   improaaea 
Hauaer  most.  l<ot  long  after  his  /unerican  trip  ddacribed 
In  Feldv/ej^e  nach   Chlcar.Oi  liauaer  Joined  a  certain  right-v/ing 
magazine.  Die  Iat.  which  was  read  by  many  leading  industri- 
alist b,  army  officera  and  the  'intelligentsia*  \.h,e   meEins  by  tni: 
•ngineera  and  administrators). 

We  had  40,000  readers  -  not  a  very  lar^Q  circulation. 

But  the  mav^azins  was  expensive;  it  was  read  uy  in- 
dustrialists and  the  iBtelligentsla.  Thsro  w«re  Ta\ 
clubs  that  held  mejtin^s  to  discuss  Tat  ea'-ticles  in 
all  the  larger  German  cities.  Like  the  Koichs'.fehr  w* 
•'ere  anDlc&pitalistlc  or,  nioi-e  accurately,  lancapitc.l- 

ietio*  We  fought  for  the  authority  of  the  presidency, 

and  the  autarchy  of  Jerasmy.  It  v/as  a  modest  and 
sensible  pro^xram  •  .  .  Our  best  ideas  were  resettlement, 
reclarnetion  oi'  waste  land,  tie  ouiltlin-^,  or  dyices  .  .  ,, 
electrification  of  agriculture  .  .  .  (Time  Was,  p. 228) 

This  was  a  progj?am  which  Hauser  advocated  as  late  as  19^5 

in  hie  The  Grerman  Talks  Pack  (of.  pp.  205-210,  chapter 

•Death  and  Rea^ureotlon*), where  he  again  advocated  more 

application  of  science  to  Crerman  agriculture. 

In  all  my  travels  over  Germany  I  cannot  reiiexber  having 
ewer  come  across  a  bana,  hoist  or  an  '  r  O;  tic  aeyloader. 


ZLSit 


i 

3 

9 


1 


201 

Slloa,  hothouaes,   f-ranarlea,   fMBsers;  ami  doa«n3  of 

-'Icloncy  raachlnas  uormnon  on  American  farms  are  as 
....   „--,.  ,..-,        ,^  ^^  (  armariy.    One  llj  j^ux. 

_.J8  to  v/ork  on  fa  ,       i©ra  it 

no  doubrt  In  the  minds  of  txxo  man  b?3t  quelJl'id  to 
judt^e   th' t   -VG   can  feed  our  people.    (Ibid,,   p,?08) 

No  wondT    --^.user  Is  so  highly  Intarestad  In  a;-rlcult\iral 

machines  th?t  he  writes  a  '.fiole  c'lapi.or  on  his  visits  to 

t.      liiu-Ji-Liu  .ioii&l     arvesivcrs  '    lacLory,  nlgjtiy   ;:raislns  ths 

KcCormlck  Deerlng  works  In  Chicago  and  thslr  exporlniental 

farra! 

iter  rtl?Crten.    (.•  -.idwe.-.'3# 
paYb) 

Hausor's  Intorest  in  the  modem  type  of  A-^.r'ior.n  agricultur* 
iG  3till  I"urtner  expressed  in  his  ot.iar  uoo  .,    " anada «   Zukunft »- 
larid  im  Kord^n   (1941),   One  whole  chapter  Is  devoted  to 
"Obstkult\iren  ala  Industrie",  tae  intensive   '^clTitifio  apple- 
production  Oi    -..  .'J  liiinapolib  valley  in  Nova    ^jj-Ik   u    iiadft* 
p,147>,   another  chapter  to  the    'itoyal  Winter  Fair*  with  a 
detailed  ce  crip t ion  of  tue  Toronto  agricultural  exhibition. 
It  i£  i;ux  i-rising  how  objective  these  two  chapters  are  In 
comparison   vitn  otner  parts  of  tms  boo'.c,  especially  with 
the  chapter    'Kultux'sn,   Vtilicer  und  ttaiiaea  in  Kanada*  vriUi 
its  raaaj  derisive  remarks  on  other  nationalities  and  its 
enphaaia  on  the  CJarman  contribution.   Hauser'e  admiration 
for  Canedian  agricult\ire  is  all  the  more  notable  eino©  this 
book  was  publiBhad  after  eight  years  oi   i-litlar's  domination 


202 

In  Germany  and  durlnp;  V/orld  '.var  II.  Disturbing  Is  hla 
recurrent  smpJnElB  on  tiio  lao^:  or  i^>2  "bfluarllcae''  oieoient. 
an  expreBsion  for  which  'subBiBtence  fajnmlng*  Is  the  near- 
est Amarlcan  equivalent.  It  exists  In  Canada  only,  as 
Hauser  reports,  In  f reach  Cai-aaa  ana  v/iiere  v^ormans  have 
settled  In  the  prairies  and  elsewhei^e.  3ut  v/iien  he  visits 
the  "Bfiuerliches  T'Tanada  des  Sddosten",  ha  finds  run-down 
farms,  orr^^n  uoandoncd  or  closed  up  for  the  winter  and 
the  Qattle  and  horses  left  free  to  roan  in  the  forests. 
This  he  attributes,  incon^ruouaiy,  to  the  American  type 
of  agriculture: 

Diese  Haltune  ist  gltlckllcherweise  nicht,  a.llgemein, 
Ble  silt  z.B.  nlcht  r(lr  den  Pranzosen  (flc.');  aber  die 
ameriicanlsc.ie  .'^uffassung  von  der  Landv;irt sche.f t ,  als 
Industrie  nftmllch,  als  rflclcsichtslose  Ausbeutung  dee 
Bodans  1st  laidor,  vor  aLlem  in  dar  :]&he   der  Grenze  zu 
U.  .^.,  auch  nach  Kanada  gekomraen.  I'lt  den  gleicien 
verderbllchen  Folgen  filr  das  Land  .  .  .  (liauser,  ^gnada, 
p.lM/5) 

Strangely  snough,  only  a  few  pages  later  he  describes  in 

glo.fing  terms  the  transfonnation  of  Canadian  agriculture 

Into  an  industry.  (Pages  147-151  and  152-161)  If  it  uex^ 

worthvrhlle  one  could  run  a  commentary  to  his  boo]t  Kanada 

similar  to  thnt  o'    Frof,  J-iorKentliau  on  Hauser's  The  German 

Back.  Another  strange  fact  is  tiiat  Hauser 'a  book  on 

Oanada  is  "Nach  ^iseberichten  und  literarisohen  Unterlasen 

bearbeitet  von  Reinl'iaM  Jaspers".  In  other  'vords,  one  never 

icnows  w.oat  the  author's  own  opinions  are  (  lauaer  was  &t 


At 


203 

that  time  living  in  neutral  U.S.A.  while  Germany  waa  at 
war  with  Canada),  and  what  eire  the  editor's  in  wartime 
Germany  with  his  many  derisive,  even  nasty,  remarks.  The 
book  cannot  be  dismissed  as  piorely  propagandist,  for  it 
draws  on  a  good  many  valuable  sources  such  as  the  Canada 
Year  Book,  the  information  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company, 
The  Canadian  Pacific,  the  Forestry  Service,  Hans  Lehmann: 
Das  Deutschtum  in  VJestkanada  and  many  others ,  On  the  other 
hand,  the  book  is  highly  political,  anti-British  and  also 
anti-American,  but  apparently  pro-Canadian  or  rather  pro- 
French-Canadian,  because  the  authors  find  many  affinities 
with  the  Nationalistic  attitudes  of  Quebec  with  its  old-fashioned 
way  of  living  which  reminds  him  of  Europe.   In  other  words;  the 
familiar  seems  to  attract,  the  different,  the  new  and 
strange  is  apparently  resented.  This  same  attitude  appears 
quite  openly  in  Hauser's  treatment  of  the  Mississippi 
river  districts.  V/hen  he  describes  the  sleepy  little  towns 
of  the  lower  Mississippi  he  feels  quite  in  sympathy.   'This 
is  Mark  Twain  country'  he  explains  and  feels  badly  when 
he  leaves  it* 

Ich  spttrte  Sehnsucht  nach  dem  Stlden;  mir  ahnte  Schlimmes: 
der  Mittelwesten,  die  enorme  Binnenplatte  voll  i^rosser 
Provinzstttdte  ...  Am  Fluss  immer  hftuf iger  Fabriken. 
Auf  den  Htlgeln  Villen  -  Dixie  Land  liegt  hinter  mir. 
Es  ist  ein  Jammer.   (Feldweee.  p.9S) 

He  thus  dislikes  the  'Middle-West'  before  he  has  seen  it. 

This  does  not  mean  that  he  likes  everything  in  the  South, 


■i 

3l    BtiS    lO 


.(■■TV-^ 


1 

aii 

(l9l 

0 

I 

•> 

i 

9H 

■^, '.>rsh     sf.'iT 


204 

Very   often,   If  ha  notices  BOraethlng  unpleaeant,  he  burats 
out   into  a  long  tlrada. 

lea  faiire  wlader  auf  der  rechten  Mlasls8lpplr,eite  auf 
glflnzanden  otj^assen   .    .    .    Visl  g;ute«  Lend   llojrt  brach. 

And   tlian  he   a  tart  a: 

Die  Welt   let  uns  heute   zu  jross  und  wlader  z\i  kleln 
gdWord«n*   \ilr  pltindem  sle  auB  wle  I.aubi'lt,ter.   v/?^  • 

f         nshnien   iiire    ^ilit.?r,    v;o    ,fl;'   r,i:-   an  bllll>-3 to*-    -   -' 9n, 

und  laBBon  unsere  ualmat    vtio  o  llek-en.    In  -  hat 

das  AuRb9utun£say3tem  den  Bauem  z\im   _      irulanx-en    _e- 
tnaoht:    er  baut  nur  alne  Frucht  und    lauft  die  Milch 
rtir   seine    'inder   In  Blechdosan.    Lr   11   bt.  das  Geld,   daa 
aelne   ?Hnn  aintx^pt,  und  nlcht  dan  5od^n.    .0  steht 
33ln  riaus  nac  :t   eui"  d<=ji  ac'r.warzon  Aclrer,    ohno   derten, 
ohna   elne  Bluaa,    obne  elnen  Obstbaxun.   Vaa  der  Mensda 
hler  ^3BC:.affQn  hat,    1st  nlcht  Kultur,    sondem  Kultiir- 
wflste.    (Ibid.,   p. 95) 

On  a  rainy  day  he   frets  in  hlc  oabln  on  the  boat  and  out 
of  boredom  h:  reads  an  old  newepaper  up   to   Ihy  last 
advertisement  .    One  of  t  .eaa  Irritates  him:    "Gltlci  kann 

man  kaufen".   This   starts  him  on  a  long  o;enersllzatlon: 

1.   .^^ii  a..jlt   in  der  Re -lame  ii.u    .  t.  - 1 .  r   tatcSchllch 

aelna  Riohtlgkait:    Gltlc'c  kann  man  :<:aufen.     Icn  nehae  ein 
Autoraobll,    elnen  Staubeauger,   elne  El^maschino  und  clnen 
neuairtlgen  Radloapparat  rait  alnem    ^^^."'un  von  acht  Rflhren, 
unu  man  hat   daa  Gltick,-./lo  man  as  h  ande  erfaast. 

(Ibid.,    p. 93) 

Nor  is  this  all,   because  this  is  only  the  introduction, aa 

It  were,    to  start  e  lo.^g  moral  tarmon: 

Eretaunlich  niii.  vz-jloxier  Gioheraelt   sic  ;  das  Voile  auf 
selnen  iCeichtiim  und   scln  '-'ohler^e  lan  varlS   st.   lis  er- 
sciiaint  mir  ale  ScixwAcha,   elne   frflhzol'l-e   «ltersor- 
schelnung,    |^.iese  Mensc  .en  slnri   wle  rflanzan,    die  auf 
aiiiem  (Ippi^en  3oden  in  einem  gflnstl  -en    llima  emporge- 
schoBsen   slnd.    '.'is   vverden  oie  dl>J    rdrra   artra^un,   wenn 
ale  koLimt.    i^er  rioniergeiat.  soueint  im  So  iwinden,  der 
daa  aoieri'^canl sCiie  Volk  In  alten   Zolten  so  sehr  ausga- 


•9VfcB 


205 


W  t,  hat.    naa  Volk  TtrlUrtdle  ^^    '     ^It  aioh 

La    ...     azupaBS9n»    verllart  df^    i"  ^'  ,    ai«  L«b«ii»* 

kj«rt  bodout«t*   Etvas  Uu.-n«Qac     .  ,  aattlisolM 

'.naut   llcr;t  flber  dleonn  Kieneoii»:j«      Ir  nau  a  daau  ^siat 
.  arallele.   a»  sdi  dean^  unaar  wouliia' "''^^p   ^^r     rtttn 
In  dem  Platejaiir  vor  dam  Krieg.    *lr  i  an 

arst  iiach  vlalaa  "^  a,   vfle  gui,   w^s  uns  ale  Volk 

re.-^n  I'lGt,    "!  ^    5  1 "  itiim  virioren  .iibon. 

(ibid, ,  p. . . 

And  all   tnls   oeoauaa  of  an  a  vertie  T'ent   Tor  a  llaolaua 

floor  ifith  oriental  o&r^et  ^^ealt^nJ    v;ac£   startad  huS  tz*£iiBlatea 

eose  of  ttie   ^^oret    'iaatui'aa'   o£  Aicorlcari  acivdrtlson^sii'^i 

tae  firat  ona  for  the  Magazine   .rue  '-torleg.   ^r-t.  ..,<  qtm 

for  a  8oap  to  prevent    'B»0.  '  anc   ot\erc  wI-iloL  ai^e  certaJ-aljr 

not  In  gool  taata  anid  ara  let  loose  on  t.lic  ;:ufforlng 

Aaerican  public,   .^it  he  ooneiderB  t'-.«"i  "s  typically    Jierlcan. 

ie  then  deacrifctas  bt.   Louie  ue  tav  Asicric^n  big 

city  at  Its  worst.   lie  arrives  Iti  t  .e  city  at  night  and  eaas 

the  lights,   the   seven  brldgoa,    '        11.  -    --     -^  care, 

tae  flraa  of  t ^e  jjaa-worka  and  of   ateol-pl£jits,and  la 

dellgntad  at  first: 

TTiUiinter  '•'^'    "5^   '<+>'^^t,   ela  hoher  Berg  von  Llchtam 
In  i^oai;,  I'ilt,   eln  Ti^um  so  schfin,   dasi 

san  den  .  u^^an    .c-u^a  zu  trauan  wagt.    (Ibid. .    ;..106) 

However,   when  ha  gets  Into  the  dovm-tovm  ♦raffle  H9  haa 

ereat    "^i '^^icululea  In  finding  a  .-)p-!--in     -l?cn.   This  starts 

hi  In  ac,ain  on  a  lon<5  ^jnerallzation  on  ir.o-or  c   /         .  -  .3 

human  beings  In  them.   But  whan  .le   sees  a  si^rajt-oor 

t:i9 
advsrtlaofaent  -  a  man  with  a  talaacopa  an^   .rlth^lnacrlptlan. 

•Hov;  T(:.t  from  ytmr  offloa  do  you  hava   to  *«u*:    :>o-uuy?*.  It 

really  starts  hla: 


206 

iTimer  ''laror  wlrd  mlr  Aas  Unr^ -  n 

In  den  ^^roaean  Stfldtan,  dl3  '  ^   *i ',:* 

In  die  drttanendon  Spaltcn,  die  die  Autos  Ihnon  luuaoii, 
50.000  werden  Jfthrlich  tot^ofahren.   '   -  Zahl  *  ;• 
grSsser  al3  dla  "onsc  lenvorluate         Im  ^.i.  ,.:. 

eto.  (Ibid.,  _J.107) 

But  then  ae  confesBQs  tnat  he  has  a  cold  and  his  car  needs 

repairs  badly,  .1«3  hates  the  eaoini^  In  a  ct;.- Jtei-ia  Oi  In  an 

,  'automat'.  It  Is  no  wonder  ae  writes: 

Eb  fflllt  mlr  3chw«r,  3t.  Louis  (^ute  Sel.en  abzutiewlnnen. 
(Ibi'  .  .  p. 109).  .  .  '71r  haben  3onntag,  und  das  r-.nze 
Sonn*"-"  rauen  flal  mlch  an.  (Ibic!. .  p.  109).  .  .  ^lese 
moil     _3n  Strassen  der  Vorstfldte,  bsa^tzt  alt  laa;^en 
RelhenhSusern,  abstossender  als  alias,  was  wlr  la  £uropa 
kennan.  .  .  Die  larks,  dlo  typl'-  "i  ^iuten  Stuban*  der 
Stadt,  angolegt  nach  rOEt'<:art3r.     ^n  .  .  .  Ic.'.  fuhr 
durch  die  r'riedhttfe,  ganze  S^Sdte  mlt  gewundenen  Atrto- 
strassen  .  .  .  "'lac--i-  --  -v/^bjr-e  als   -  -^sr  von  Soldften 
,  .  .  ''anonen  als        or,  der  Krlc     alat  nur  darua 
jreftlhrt  zu  seln,  die  6Lmerlkanlsohe  irovinz  mlt  xlrle^is- 
trophSen  auazust,atten.  (Ibid. .  p. 110) 

Hauser  himself  feels  how  unjust  it  is  to  generalize  from 

the  U/liness  of  certain  features: 

I        u.ar  (ioerrascht  ralch  die  Sch"    -  '~"~  :!inder, 
dc-    .13  der  7rauen,  die  gut^eschni         .a  deser 
I^finner,  be  senders  im  Alter.  Die  Uraaicnt.  und  die  Solbst- 
Terstflndll -  M  Im  Benehmen  des  Slnzelnen,  leltharzlg- 
Icelt  und  :     xllchc  '..•^Orda.  (ibid.,  p. Ill) 

But  r^enerally  a-  natea  cities,  oi^  c_tlaa,  Americaja 

cities  aspeolally.  As  a  -natter  of  fact,  ha  considers  It   j 

be  his  main  object  to  siiow  this.  Tae  last  linoa  of  his 

boo^i  point,  tuiu  out: 

Ich  melne,  as  iiandelt  slch  darua,  das  Un.ijn3C.ilicho 

unserer  Zivllis-^ ' -- ,  ---  ""i -'."' i  -   unserec   ^--•ns 

In  den  jroosen  ...    i33t  zu     .a. 

loh  hoffe,  daas  ich  etwas  dazu  getan  habe.  (Ibid.,  p. 
268) 


207 

For  this  r-nfon  h-s  vlrltc  th?   -arbara  'llrnoGal  fl-slds  of 
:     .      .^uiB, cnc  .13   living,  Liiei-    .         '     .2  aico 

descrlbaB  the   typloel  <:irut/Btoro,   v/hcra  practically  eyery- 
thlns  is   to  b?  hswS,   th«   f>'^  --.hlr.e   rr.rlour    'Ith  i*s  various 

but  "^hy  1e  only  in  t  lo  fl«3ori  Jtlon  o:"  Ufa  on  a 

houo'j-bD'^t.  on  t'>«  yiaslBslopl  or  tho  ^v-'m^iont  Boeaw^r 
on  vfhlwii  z:j  can  tr©vel  as  a  roeult  of  xu  x^iv'-i'view  with 
an  Ajprrlcan     onaral,    "dem  zlvilston  General,    "sr  air  Jo 

..:?t  Ist",  anc!  thsit  from  '  -•  inioolan 

"ho  autaor  drivos  t  u-ough  low.  .:i-)3ota     and 

■•■  •s«*. 

notices  t'.v  boredom  of  a  3un<lay  In  Dubu-naa,   It   \b   forth- 
whiitr    .J  ;^u'joe  Ills  rofleotionsi  pdat«*d  and 

•xpanded  jven  f If toon  years  later  in  _  13  BaoK 

..I.   :     .  .J  .I--::  In    "  .  x    .  .  -^.zlnon 

1?^9,    '^i.ir:  3   mlr   5«nz  Lici  V    .  .  -flig 

.   ja  wohl  nlcht   3^1:..      ..  ;r  ..t;  lot    ao, 
wy  jL:ii.    .<*u  <^'  SO.    Dttnn  und   staril  und  -^^    -^itlloh 

;_ar  nlcht  l~=t  diaooB  Lobou.         oi  a   Jun^-en 

Lout 9  Oil  ,  n  man  trauri(T,  ^ferdsn.  i 

leben  la     :rx  'It  dor  "ll-n...   .jI    ;...  ..--...  ^pflrt 

man  oins  Art    -  isohon  "Vr^ium,    stitt  doasan  aind 

ale  von     oxualitftt  b^seasen  Mle  .r« 

loh  iial^e  aida  oft   ---«"« i^rt  ii\^^*   v^--  rotosko 

Art,  mit  der  rl^le  aor  sicii  la  A  allon 

mttllo.ien  Auc.  Lfuoeaa  hlngsbon*  Die.  ^a  Volk 

lor'-"    *  ■'      •"'  •  ^-^  '•=■-•■   wle  In  elagia    ...-. —J-S*    iJia 

'.  3g  en  LeNjns  slue,  die  otrengBtsn 

und  *.  .txxr 


.4    .^3 


-u  i  .!.■   '    «  *-iA       ai.  W»        o^ALt^Jil        ■     "^'W  *.*^->  J.**  -   ^*    ^  -  .^fc  w  #  ^       ,— ^— ^'     ■  gftB^t 


^) 


« 


Sffi.' 


He  drives  on  and  on  and  appro&ohea  two  other  big  eltl*«, 

this   "Ime   3t.   Paul  und  IHnnoapclla.    He  describe 8  them 

glov/lngly : 

Tiof  unt,   n,    '  3~    Lllb  c^.es    :'i-sisBlppl    f^ 

zogen  cicii  Sohlenenati'^i.^t^ .   zu'jom,,r,v,    ,    ,    ,    ,i^]-.       .   .__ 
heuerBte   Baanhof ,    den  Ich   je  n    .    .  '    ?•      -"    oh 

dor  Ix>xoraotlven  stlag  auf  wle  irulv  '    er 

^rosson   -ci.lacut.    '..la   elne   "./olkGnbi..i  al   tu^xte 

sich  die  Stadt.   Kiliine  Brtic'ren  .    .    ,   die  ndchs-e  lief 
...    I  aurvfflrts   su   ion   Jenseltl^en   ^er^en,   Ea  weu? 

daa   .-.aei.^„^.l3Cxiate   Stadtblld,   das  Icli  Jo   arbllckte. 
(Ik^^-.P- 135/6) 

Of  course,    once   Inaide  the   city  he   la  dlsaopolnted,   eaoe- 

Oirnlly  when  he  attends   several  lecturea  at  the  University 

Of  Minnesota. 

T^as   1st   eine   3tadt   im  Grtlnen,   mit  pi&cntvollcn  i3auten 
Tind  harrlicLen  Einrichtungen.   Vor  eln  paar  Jp-hren 
nocn  hS^t3   mich  daa   sehr  bafrledigt,    Ich  n*ltte  dlese 
UniversltAt  mlt  Neid  betrachtet  \ind  Fol££run;;;;'?n  auf 
elne   achdno    Zulrunft  daran  gontipft.    lieute   sohe   ich,    dass 
auch  die   grdssten  '^ieldmlttel  nlcht  weltarhelfen,   wenn 
^->-  '-   \nt   lahlt.    (Ibid.,   p. 137) 

He  raiibd   on   that   the  Aaierloaii  conception  oT   rrclence  and 

BCholrrshlp   lo  quite  different   from  the  Iluropean  one; 

It   iG   simply    'har.dwerk'.    Also  tne   students   seen;  old  to 

hl,Ti  -    "total  btirperllch"-  a  phrase  v;hich  had  a  nesty 

connotction  in  post-war  Germany.    Even  physically  thay 

eeem  to  him   "etwas   achwach  auf  dcr  Bruat". 

In  spite  Oi.    his   first   enthusiasm  he  finds  the 

city  borinj^: 

Sle  hat  eine  Unrasnge  -  arks;    In  der  Um^ebuns  Seen  und 
zahllose    Zlnfamllifjmiti.uoGr  la  Grilnen,   und  daa   rfild* 
Qrauen  pac'tt  una  an,    so  bar  1st  daa  alles  von  Jeder 


209 


Indlvi  "u^.lltflt,    so  re'    '       .      '  ^1- 

VianlLC  — B     .  .iriv/lch:    .         .    „,.  -   -, ,.,    ^a- 

legt  mlt  olnsm  3a  atblatt  xm(\   lelcht  parfdaiertea, 
rOiil^      Inlren.  (Ibid.  .  p. 139) 

He  does  not  H'co  tha  usHnese  of  St.  Louis  nor  the  cool 

Qomfort  of  Minneapolis  but  h-^  apprecletes  GhicaEO  with 

all  lv8  viceo,  crimeBi  and  tae  misery  oi     'naapioyid; 

for  to  him  thin  city  hss   cnarno'er.  Ha  even  lives  in  a 

gan£8tcr  ho^9lT 

Ich  h  1  :h  \-rr-  "       t    in    '" '  '         ,     ■         "-'■■''    •:"''^ 

atmet-    1  --  9uf,    ■  ---      ---  es  ve-'_ .  ^.-'.^l-.. 

Spannunj  im  ganzen     Hpub  und  die  Hysterie  fler  Frauen, 
die  der  gr-      i    -^  Beruf  ersauest.   waren  oft  mehr  als  ich 
ertr?.;en    :c ..    (Ibi_^. ,   p.l-r5) 

But   it  migit   be   that   in  Chicago  ue  is  not  o.   rotal   stranger: 

h9  knov.'s  or  £:-3t8   to  loiow  interesting  paople   vrho  tell  iilm 

about  tl'is   Ir-i'r     ,--t.-np   of  certain  r;r-un':   In   roolety.    Throu-ii 

a  doctor  he    i-   Introduced        to  ^jrob-ams   o-    ur.eraployn'.en^, 

dznmkemess,   -^d^lictlon  to  various  drugs,  and  t'lelr  inter* 

connection     o  vicdB  ^'^''^   crimes, 

.    ,    .  [ioiij  oln  jut    -   ■   ".  i"    , -.-    o    ^  '       '    ■:.  .    .i  . 

hier;    eie    oind  nicnt    fro   r.:_Lr'  -i  von  -t-n 

y.enocnen,    sle   slnd  nlcht   sohleciit,   Irostltution  vmd 
ZU'  "        "turn  »:  •     ^n  mlr  wle  KranWielten,   ''eran 

'"r  v.'ir  ''^'    '9nnen.    ( I  jI'.'.  . ,     j  .  ^- .  -  , 

Hauser  seems  ao  fascinated  vrith  Chicago  lihat  -le  devotes  a 
good  quarter  of  his  book  to  that  city  alone,  for  he  con- 
siders  it  to  be  t  v3   very  heart  of  America  -  a  sentiment 
with  which  every  ChlcacOan  will  agree,  ^u  .JLe  return  East 


0  0 


ct 


r-iCi 


,c  B'r  r. 


210 

Hauser  dovoteB  much  spaoo   to  "^ord  arid  ;  i:     ..orkE,   ae 

montlouad  above,   but  ha  dlalikas  Detroit:    "Ala  Jtadt 

Biaolit  iflir  D^trolt  gar  kelnen   iladruck.   N^oiitem  und  ohae 

Atmoaphflra;    oizi^  Mondstadt."    (Ibl(j« .   p. 225)   About  lien  York 

ha  writes; 

la  groBsen  und  ^anzen  t,efllllt  mlr  Nev;  York  nlciht  iialb 
80  vrle   Chicago   .    .    ,    (ibid.  .   p. 259).   Ea   1st  nlcht  die 
Skyiiiio,    dio   clcr  3tedt  rm  diiiutllchtr!-'"*^    -^„ <....+    giijt;    ,,    . 
"^r  -nich  Ist   dar,   Bestimrnende  das  A].    .  -      ua    .    .    . 

^elben  K^Bten,  Joder  rtlnfzehn,  z  ..^n^.lg  btock  und 
li'J.^i-j."  .  .  .  Unabaeiibar,  elr  ^t--"  von  hundert  Strassen 
...   lias  Ganze  ixat  etwas   ..  .  ^.   Es  ?el^t  elnen 

V'andsl   im  sienschlicLen  CliaraJcter  an.    GrosstSdter  werden 
Teraiten,   Koliektlw>'©Beu  •    •    .   Dae  drftngt   slch  zuseuBcMn 
In    "lenon  I'^onirortzellen,    1st  auf  Tod  und   Loben  auf  seine 
Apparate  angevrlesen.    'Reiner  kcnnt  den  ancorn.    Und  brrucht 
Ihii  nlclat    zu   ;:enn.er!,    denn   sle    alnd   sic-'-'      "'.:^ich.    "ennja 
Blch  Ameleen?    (Ibid.,  p. 259/260) 

Coney  Island  is   slaaply  hell.   He   finds  it 

.    .    •    tTi^ausig  und  -imndersch^n.    wle   solche  Hd.S3llchkelt, 
ni3    solCiie    jch'Jnhelt.    Harden  von   Jun5en  .  drinem  von 
herrllchom  Xtirperbau.    So  vlel  ll6be,^Lleb«   ^.-./Isonen 
Zltem  und  Klndem   .    .    .    Llebe   such  z./lachen  '/ftrxiem 
tuttd  Frauen,   J- r  ~     .raare  Inelnande^-'-^   c"^ 'ilegt  mlt  elnea 
Ausdruclc  in    '  rlchtern  -  unv  2h.  ,    ,    .   and 

again:    .    .    .    btwas  ^anz  Erachiltterudea.    (ibid. ,   pp. 26:^3) 

One.  of  Haueer's  last   Impressions  1b  of  a  fanatic  yoimg 

epeaiter  In  Harlem  who  advocates  a  return  ol    w  u  negroee 

to  Africa,   he   reels  with  him  as  &   "natloualer  rie volution^", 

something  Hauser  coasldsrs  himself  to  b9|   both  in  hie 

autobiography  Time  Was     (cf.    ibid, .  p. 8}  .nd  in  The  German 

TalJcB  Jack      (cf.    IbiJ.,    p. 220). 

Immer  deutlicher  wlrd  mlr  klar,  dass  di?  VeretAndlguns 

zwischsn  den  Vttlkaru  nlcht  wSchst,  dc.cr    cie  1 

tell  auBslnandertrelben  mlt  relasender  -c:ineli^^  -it  .  . 


o^ 


211 

Die   Spazlallslerun^en  xmEeres  Lebens      ntfemen  vuad 
entfrsmden  liiis  sinancisr.    (Fa  Id  we  re.  p,265) 

It   Ie   to  be  regretted  that  a   Journalist  whose 
speciality   it    ou.-^it   to   bo   to  bridge   tho  nlnundarctrmain- b 
OJLv/een  nt-tioria  not   only  conus   to  taeoa  iJ-jtial miotic   con- 
clusions but   la   so  op-lnlonated  that  h3  actively  helps  in 
puttln,3  up   prcatar  barriers,    as  a  ;  reat   oirt   of  his  various 
Dooiij   Qoviouaxy  havvi  done,   riauser  ulmscir   Is  ^atAn^  more 
and  more   opinionated  about  Amyrlca.    In  his    Peldwese  naoh 
Chicago  in  1931  he   sees  good  and   bad   aides  of  this   aoiantry. 
In  his  r.anaaa  in  1958/^1     ^ioi  iJeeps  at   Ic^-^.at   a  few  cnapters 
free  of  distortion.    But  in  1945  after  a  six  years  stay  in 
hospitable  America  he   Is  more  a  narrow  nationalist  than 
ever.   A  running,  commentary  is  necessary,   not  to  exonerate 
America  -  tiaeae  tLCCusations  are  left  unanswered  -   but   to 
rhovr  thj   vrarped  mind  even  of  an    'open  minded*   C^man 

natioaallet  In  his  The  Gfer^an  Talks  jaaoK. 

tne 
Kauser  Is   Indeed  a  good  example   of/attitudes  of 

German  '.-rrlters  on  Ajierica.   One  notices  a  grovdLng  pr*e* 
ocMip'itlon  '■rlth  German,   not    AraerlcE^,   probleizis  and  coa- 
aequently  an  incraasing  irritation  and  even  hostility. 

In  a  very  slmiler  vein  but   still  noire  prejudiced, 
Rudolf  f  ichael  reports  on  a  tour  around  i^iiJ   v/orld  in  1939 
which  v.'as  arranged   for  German  journalists  by  thoir  govern- 
ment, in  hlF.  Romen  elner  Weltrelae   (Vorlag   -roschek,   Kaaburg, 
1940).   As  can  be  expected  he  repeats  the  officiaJ.  propaganda 


31 
I 


212 

of  -Hitler  GerTiany.    The   chapters  on  Ainerlce    ""Sdshen  in 

Oolaeueri    .«i.-L.i>ri'  L.:xd  "?i-^xii..xL  zwlac.en  .x  j.-fc.^.iiora" 

are  Tuli  of  nialloc,   dist,orx.ion,   Geraaan  seli'-assertlon  and 

Anerioan  decadunca.    The   bool:  lias  been  dealt  with  by  K. 

Boesciienst-oin,   Ta<:    .  .u-ur.n  .Coycl  1939-19AA    (,.33/89)   wJao 

concludes: 

.  .  .  The  Americans  sfcov  zany  Irrefutable  Indications 
of  dooadenco,  such  as  mass  miGtings  for  fraedom,  tolerance, 
and  peace,  with  only  tho  occasional  r?.lly  ?^alnat  the 
Jews  to  rgilress  th2  balance.  It  is  a  sad  spectacle  to 
see  a  man  Aaose  calling  It  Is  to  aould  public  opinion 
stuck  in  such  a  mor£.ss  of  prejudices  and  snap  Judijnents. 

If  m.tlonalistlo  Geman  Journalists  soem  to  find 

practically  everything  '.-rrons  in  Ancrica,  Journalists  of 

ot:i2r  p-jrsuasionc  are  not  lass  critical  but  are  apparently 

more  open-minded.  In  spite  of  majay  snap  judg^nents;  of  these 

Rlc'i?.rd  Katz  gives  niuoh  evidence.  Richard  ''atz  is  a  vrell- 

•iiuu.in  ^erman  globe-trottsr  who  v;rote  a  natiber  of  books  on 

his  exotic  experiences  in  Asia  and  jouth- America.  His 

writlni^s  on  America  are  consequently  comparatively  smaXl. 

There  is  one  chapter  on  the  United  States  in  his  ^in  Buamel 

urn  die  volt.  Zwei  Jahre  ueitreise  auf  Kaniel  und  :;0hlene, 

Sohiff  imd  Auto  (Sap.en  Kentsch  Verla^^,  ZL^rich,  90.-96, 

Tauaeud,  1935;.  i-y-f^  is  another  similar  c.iap   r  ^   "liB 

Irnte.  Des  Bummels  um  die  V/elt  zweite  Fol^e  (Ullstein, 

Berlin,  1932,  21.-23.  Tausend).  Ll>e  mcjiy   other  writers, 

for  exajBpls  x-aquet  and  rlolitscher,  ..o  Is  much  more  critical 


B:'-sr. 


213 

on  his   flT'st    Joum-ry  t.hrou-h    '/r.Qrlca  than  nr,   "i^i^r   tnipe. 

In  iiXB       .    \^  "_.    ..Li  die    ..eit   ao  Ij   aarcnntlc  ...L/Out    oii^    .veil 

adTQnlaed    'service'    of  mony  companlos,a8  If  tliey  did  all 

their  bu'iness  -rl  +  hout   thouf^t,  of  nro^lt..  T"    spite  of  ell 
advert  ice  isni-s  he   finds  tha   aervlce  yooc, 

Eln  Volk,    so  frel,   dasB  es  schleohte   Llonrtboten  abgibt» 

schl3C;j.te      '  "s,        -  -   -  ^    ^^^  ^^^  ^^^  i-'enler? 

Neln.*   En  '.  ,  ^    Eolltn  daa  Wort 

•Ssi^ice,''   vermeiden   .    .    .    l_  _,   p. 259) 

On  th3   othar  hand  he  finds  hie   fallovr  ':.ravallera  friendly 

ana  holpiul. 

Fr3\mdliche  Hilfabereitschaft  der  Mltreisandan  erwelst, 
drsE   si  ■     jaer  In  seiner  Heiaiat   betiuer  benimmt 

r.lF   Im    ■  .    '_        .  ,   p. 258) 

Y^-t^   he  has    co  slip   In  a   anrcasm  aoout   ^uj^i'lc^na  abroad. 

Another  chapter  is  called   *Dl3  Insel  das  Xaugnnnnl- 

rSnl.js  • ,    bis  island,  of   Santa  Oatallna  about,  -fhlch  E.S.Elach, 

a   coimtryraan  of  Kacz,    also  makes   ^arcactlc   re-aar:s   (cf, 

Klfich,   laradles  Anori-va,    ^»\21),    This   l.land  has  been  aade 

a  tourist  attraction  bv  Mr.   Vrlfflev.   K^atz   entuaorates  the 

ingenious   vj-aya   in  wiiicu  th?   tonrl°   s  -Te   Invalgi-id  into 

spending  their  money  t'-nre,   while  in  only  taroe   lines  he 

tells   of   t  .:    boaiitlful  thlnja  hp   saw  on  the   Island  and  ndds   that 

all  prices,    includln;^  meals,   are   quite  rsaconrblo.      aa- 

he  adioiras  is  not  tha  comraercifllizatlon  of  this  t  JXirlat 

cantre   but   ths' hrillirin':   l:^3a  to  TnpVR  it    •    tourlfi't  attraction. 

Ze   1...,     .-in    '    lu.;i' xn  '.  I'lsam    'ie         '  r 

ausserordentllchen  .^Jrgieblgkelt.      ~  ji-  1 

darin*    Die   Scaachzdfce   eines  genialen  ::aufnianns,   der 


214 

gMAiist«8  a«ld  findet,  wo  3olMf«  siolx  init  H«lda:jraut 
begntljon  und  DuroABOhnittohAnclIer  mlt  sehn  Pr^zant  .  .  . 
(Buimol  xm   di«  Wolt.  p.263} 

Zn  «  oiiaptar  daalinfi  with  Chloa^  h»   pajrs  th«  vsoaI  visit 

to  Ui«  faaous  atockjards  and  raparts  about  t/ia  statistioa 

on  oriaa  and  aooidants  in  this  oitj* 

•  •  •  dla  ixinnaruag  lAaat  mi oh  nioht  loa»  auoh  hiar 
nlohti  in  aaohlioh  baquaaan  [-.otaiQ  Ziamar  ait  dan  tiof<- 
,:,apol  a  tartan  l^lubaasMln,  den  Tialan  alaktrisahan 
Laa^pan  .  .  •  loh  \)rarda  d^^s  Bild  das  '?:illar8'  nioht 
XoSf  das  •  •  •  SchlAohters  •  •  •  v/ie  lan^;a  cor  Mann 
das  Tempo  aushllt?  .  .  .  'ti^r   frat^t  danaoh?  Dia  Vor» 
atfldta  ataokan  Toll  Arbaltarialii  Elnwandarani  und 
Nasam  •  •  •  Nicht  iingeatraft  iat  man  Automat.  Oar 
Golom  raat»  wann  ihn  dia  Arbait  antlisat  •  •  •  (Ibid. . 
pp.256  and  267) 

Xatz  ia  one  of  the  faw  Qerman  writers  v/ho  points  to  one 

Of  tho  basic  reasons  for  tha  raanj  orimaa. 

A  final  chapter  la  ontltled  'Sonntag  in  New  York*. 

Ho  cannot  stand  tha  hustle  and  buotle  of  Nav  York  and  haa 

flad  to  Long  3aaoh  which  ia  deserted  after  Labor  Day  during 

weak  dajB.  On  Sundays  he  tries  to  aroid  ths  mob  -  in  do.m- 

town  New  York.  Stefaua  Zweig  is  enthueiastio  about  tha 

♦Rhythmus  von  ?7ew  York'  and  thihJce  t^-"  city  ugly  without 

its  poople.  rCatz  points  out  its  beauty  Just  whan  tha  oity 

is  empty.  !!e  even  refuaas  a  boat  ride  to  tha  statue  of 

Liberty  fron  tha  Battery. 

Von  hlor  eiaht  os  aus,  als  ob  das  Monument  dor  amarl- 
'canlsohon  ?reihait  einan  ^trahlankrans  una  Haupt  trA&e. 
Doohf  ich  weiss,  aus  der  Nliie  beseaen  ^^lelcht  er  einer 
Domenkrone.  (^bi^« .  p. 272) 


215 

ThlB  l8  alBO  the  author's  Idea  about  many  things  In  America. 
We  have  seen  that  he  hates  big  orowde.  In  his  seoond  book 
Ernte  he  visits  the  beaches  at  Los  Angeles  and  elsswhere 
and  finds  them  all  noisy  with  'Xlamauk'  and  generally 
•Rumaelpldtze'.  He  feels  quite  similarly  about  the  Yosemlte- 
Valley.  Its  ^reat  fault  Is  that  It  Is  so  easily  accessible. 
Even  tae  bears  tiere  he  finds  -  nervous.  "Die  Bflren  In 
Yosemlte  slnd  mlr  zu  nervtts."  (Ernte.  p. 250}  He  remarks 
about  the  many  cars  In  the  States  and  that  nobody  walks. 
And  when  he  observes  a  residential  district  of  small  houses 
he  Is  not  so  much  repelled  by  the  likeness  of  all  houses 

but  by  the  fact  that  the  garage  In  the  basement  takes  up  more 
room  than  the  whole  living  space  of  the  bungalows  above: 
"als  wohnten  die  Menschen  In  Untermlete  bel  Ihrem  Auto". 
(Ibid.,  p. 242) 

Although  he  is  profiting  by  It  he  points  out  the 

•  tariff  -  differentials  of  the  railways,  which  lower  their 
rates  In  competition  with  the  highway  traffic  of  cars  and 
busses.  He  finds  fault  with  the  slowing  dovm  of  trains  so 
that  all  transcontinental  railways  take  approximately  the 
same  time.  "Unsere  Amorlka-Sohwflrmar  sollten  auch  solche 
Wlrtsohaftsfehler  zur  Kenntnls  nemnen."  (Ibid. ,  p. 252) 
He  Is  Impressed  by  the  great  emptiness  and  the 
vast  spaces  he  passss  through  the  Mo J ave- desert,  the  empty 
steppes  of  Arizona  and  of  New  Mexico  and  reflects:  If  only 


ixxlT 


crfcT 


.,•1 


jUCf 


216 


Germany  had  more  apace  too.' 


Dem  Auge  das  Relsenden  Ist  t/rniz   geblleben  und  aeinem 

Gehlm  nur  der  beherraohende  Gedanke:  wlerlel  Plat* 

die  Loute  hler  haben.'  Wle  welte  MflgllcblrGlten  der 

Kntwioklung.' 

Femea  Deutsohland,  wenn  du  die  hottest.' 

Nur  dlJ  IlSlfte  davon  .  .  .  (Ibid. .  p. 255) 

Roda-Roda'e  good-natxired  criticism  of  Amerloa  is 

moire  charming  than  tae  pirevloua  onea  but  It  Is  serious  none 

the  leas.  'Leban  und  Sltten  der  Irokeaen'  In  Roda  Roda  und 

die  vlarzl^  Schurken  (Zsolnay-Verlag,  Berlin- Vflen- Leipzig, 

193^»  pp. 06-69)  la  only  one  of  many  articles  of  this 

Viennese  humorlat.  The  'Irokeaen'  are,  of  covirae,  not  the 

ancient  Red  Indian  tribe  but  the  modem  .'UnerlcanB  v^hose 

tribal  customa  Roda  Roda  mocka  at.  He  starts  with  a  remark 

on  Prohibition.  But  he  llkea  his  'Irokeaen': 

Sle  Bind  achSne,  auf recite,  hochgewachsene  r'.enschen 
von  elnheltllchar  Zucht.  Man  sleht  der  Rasae  nlcht 
an,  dasa  slch  vlelerlel  Blutquellen  In  Ihr  rulachen. 
(Ibid.,  p. 66) 

He  apealzs  about  taelr  extreme  nationalism  and  national 

pride;  they  despise  other  people: 

Den  Nec,er  verachten  sle  kalten  Kerzena.  Dem  Bleich- 
gealcat  gegentlber  alnd  sle  bei  aller  Aufgeblaaenhelt 
innorllch  unalcher  und  fragen  aich  inasehelm:  ob  denn 
daa  Blelciigeaicht  (the  EuropeanI  die  Uebarlasenhait 
dea  Iro  eaiaohan  '^Teaana  auch  v/lrkllch  xmd  richtig  an- 
erkenne .  (Ibid. ) 

He  talka  about  the  groat  reservation  h.  which  they  live, 

which  nobody  may  approach  even  from  far.  They  have  a 

religious  dogma  about  it,  called  the  'Monroe  Doctrine'. 


^ 
I 


217 

The  'irokeBon*  live  only  for  the  hunt  (bualneea):  this 

Is  their  passion  and  their  only  occupation  by  day,  their 

tallc  In  tna  evening  and  their  dream  at  night.  Even  their 

chiefs  h\int  although  they  have  more  than  enough  of  booty. 

A  medicine  man  (a  scientist)  only  counts  If  his  chairms 

aid  the  hunt. 

Sometimes  they  talk  of  bad  tiiBSB  and  mlp.ery,  but 

"die  sogenannte  Not  der  Irokesen  tr^en  wlr  Immer  noch  mlt 

Innigem  Behagen"  (Ibid. .  p. 67).  Tills  s  ema  to  be  a  good 

answer  to  many  a  3erman  writer's  dark  forebodings.  Roda 

goes  on  about  their  pioneer  times  when  women  wer«  few: 

Heute  noch,  wlewohl  die  Ursache  Iflngst  d-^r'iolt  l3t, 
gefallen  slch  die  Irokesen  Ihren  Preuen  Regentlbar  In 
elner  Art  rohem  Mlnnedienst.  (ibid. , p. 68) 

Their  religion  Is  a  strict  atavistic  funds mentali am  mixed 

with  ancestor  worship.  Their  morals  are  very  strict,  but 

they  have  more  crimes  than  olsewhai^.  They  used  to  scalp 

their  enemies  (thay  still  do.').  Fraud  Is  a  crime  only  if 

It  failed.  The  ancestor  worship  centimes  on  a  nebulous  hero 

Washington  to  whom  all  and  every  good  deed  ie  ascribed. 

To  him  tiiey  trace  their  gospel  which  they  call  the 

Constitution  and  consider  as  a  divine  revelation. 

The  'Irokesen'  are  not  actually  militaristic  or 

bellicose,  for  they  hare  lots  of  space,  but  they  do  not 

avoid  military  conflict.  Once  they  have  started  a  \-raT, 

they  invade  the  enemy's  country.  But  soon  they  tiv   of 


218 

battles  and  r«tlx^«  within  their  ovm  vast  reservation 
leaving  the  smoklne  ruln^e  elrfeawher*  and  return  to  tiaeir 
one  and  only  paaalon:  the  hunt. 

There  are  other  'rtlolea  of  Roda  Roda  on  Aaerloa 
but  thle  may  suffice  aa  «  aaaple  of  hlB  work  colleoted 
In  thirty  chort  and  lively  ci^aptera  Sin  Frflhllii^.  In 
Aaarjka  (ifOnohon,  1924). 

£•  E.  Kiach,  the  next  rrlter  dlaouassd,  la  a 
leftist  and  as  auoh  ha  la  eaDecially  Intaroatod  In  work- 
ing condltlana  and  In  prisons,  aa  la  InlaiLl^^iUt,   kc1^:*s 
the  px*08  and  ootis  and  even  froa  a  purely  literary  point 
of  view  ho  Is  to  be  taken  seriously.  ::is  farad  lea  Amarika 
(Berlin,  1929/1930)  la  a  ao-called  ''Rei>ortate"  of  a  trip 
to  and  through  Aaeriea.  Many  snail  scenea,  like  so  many 
otrokea  of  a  painter,  buil^l  up  a  piotux*e  of  Amerioa  (^9UDd 
1929*  The  great  depression  has  not  yot  started,  but  th« 
artist  nuapeota  that  Aaierloa  is  qo\   the  paradise  it  la 
claimed  to  be  by  its  noisy  advooatea.  Ginoe  the  author  has 
definite  Isftlst  leanings,  he  looks  inore  closely  at  the 
working  conditions  in  ^i^eat  capltallotio  industriea,  £•&• 
at  Ford  and  .  0voz*mick,  highly  praised  by  nauaor  (  cf*  above, 
ppi200  and2Jl),  and  finds  thea  wanting: 

...  as  zei(^t  clcli  aber,  dasa  d&a  Fliesaoand  daa  laiapo 
d«r  Arb«it  beatlmnt,  r' -^*  aber  die  Arbeit  daa  Tempo 
dea  S&ndea.  (i^az*adlet: lk{^«  P»306) 


219 

AfHl  thlB    'Tempo*   Id  quiok  and  spao*  la  mlBBlng  too  at  thit 

assembl;/  lino. 

Waruffl  aber  1st  koln  Flats?  Saiien  wlr  nloht  \m^9hmir9 
Flftchen  Innsrhalb  dar  Anlaga  ,    .    .    ?  Ohi  Entfenumg 
let  ZeltverlUBt,  Und  Zelt  let  Arbeltolohn*   Dlaa  iBt 
dar  Grund  fflr  daa  Qa^lrAnse,  der  Grun''  dafflr,  dasa  kelxxa 
Binke  fflra  Kitta£;aB8en  da  slnd,  keina  KanuBanif  wo  nan 
3r  ..'schseln  icttmite,  wanls  Aborta  xmd  ^asehrAuffla, 
v.».:  ..rund  fflra  RauoliTerbot* 

Nlcht  elne  Sekunde  vom  Aj^boltolohn  ^eht  varloren. 
Tag  und  Nacht  rollt  -laa  Band,  an  daa  KenBC?aon  geflochtan 
slnd.    (Ibid.,   p. 305/6) 

But  It  Is  not  tliat  the  wor^-ora  complain: 

Daa  SchllnmBto  eel  das  lay  off  •    .    .    =^  elnon  Fahlor 
bal  der  Arbeit,   fflr  aln  gerlnsfflglgaa  Verj.ehen  (ifira 
aa  nlcht  gierln^fflglgi   wtLrda  Ja  der  Arbslter  ohne  wel- 
teraa  antlasBan),   vrlrd  man  "abgelegt"   •    •    •   Bal  der  \vle- 
derelnEtellun?  wlrd  seln  .    .    .   Lohn  2«^^Arst.    (Ibid,  .p, 303/3) 

Acoordlng  to  ?:l30h,  Henry  Ford  icaa  an  unintelligent,   etubbora 

old  man. 

Inswischen  hat  die  Konkurrens  Ihn  •  .  .  Aberfltlselt.  Nun 
apart  er  an  Lflhnen.  (Ib|.<3..  p.303) 

In  Chlcae^o  too,  he  finds  toat  although  many  bad 

featxires  described  »6*/  by  the  norel  The  Junp.le  hara  dla- 

appeax'ed,  poor  /orkln^  conditions  ireaialned. 

beeeltlst  wurdon  die  ArbeltsverhAltnlBsa  .  .  . 
w^„^..  Sinclair  hatte  auf  das  Herz  /»raerlkaB  c9«i«l* 
und  den  Magen  getroffen.  (ibid.,  P.2A3/A) 

Again  he  notlcea  the  axtrane  apead  at  which  women  are  forced 

to  work  due  to  the  aBBanbly  lines.  (Ibid.)  The  worat  and 

dlrtleat  Jobc  are  done  by  Poles,  Negroes  and  nowadays 

by  MezioanSf  He  flnfls  olmllsr  condition"  at  the  waterfront* 

whara  mostly  Negroaa  and  forelgnera  hov^.. 

On  the  other  hand,  whan  he  worka  his  way  on  a  boat 


220 

to  California  in  spit*  6f  bains  tho  moat  unslttllM  nsa 
aboard,  as  notloaa  tha  dlffex*enca  batwaon  a  Oaz*man  worJcar 
and  ona  In  i^norlca  (  of.  Colin  Rosa,  fbovo,  p.l8A)t 

wft2ix*ond  loh  auftz*aga  ....  warda  toh  tob  KapitAn 

Oder  von  dan  Offizleren  Ine  CeoprUch  ^ezoo^n,  bafragti 
und  man  disputlart  mlt  air.  Auaaarlioba  Batonung  ainaa 
StandasuntdrDctiladaa,  und  daa  Katzenbuolialn  •  .  . 
axiotlszt  in  A.!narilra  nioht*  Kan  aprioht  mit  daa  Fa'urilc- 
baaitser,  dom  i  rfleidanosn  •  •  .  dam   ""     esnau  ao  wia 
ait  dea  Lrufburaonen  •  •  •  sia  aind  c    .  .ua  nioht 
alle  glelch,  .  .  .  aogar  viel  xmglaictiar  ala  in  £ux*op*« 
abar  da  3ian  .  .  •  Jadermann  nur  naeh  dam  Dollar  bamiaat, 
.  •  .  und  da  Jedar  i^ollar  plus  eln  Flua  dar  Labanaform 
badautet,  das  duroh  keinarlai  Elganaohaft  auagasliuhan 
warden  kann,  ao  let  die  Harvorkahnmg  das  Untez^aohiadea 
flberriflsalg.  (Ibld».  p.  109/100) 

However,  this  agalitarianisa  has  ito  dr«iwbaolt:~«  '  Isch  faola 

tliAt  everybody  thinks  axaotly  the  aaaa ,  fdll^ovrs  exactly  tha 

aama  "nivaauloae"  newapapara,  the  aaoa  idlotio  aagazinaa, 

tha  saaa  trashy  "Kltaohfilaa",  radioprosraa  etc.  (jj|2ld. , 

p. 110).  aa  raporta  the  silly  opinions  everybody  on  board 

haa  about  the  Germans,  the  Kaiser  etc. 

Dl3  Main  Street  dar  ualbatbewuaatan  Engstimigkait 
rflhrt  nlcht  nur,  wlo  Unclalr  Lowis  meinL,  von  Jeder 
Eleinstadt  dea  Ostena  zu  Jeder  r.leinotadt  dea  Waatena, 
sie  vorliluft  auch  durch  den  Broadway  New  Yorka  bis  an 
die  LandungaplAtza  und  darflber  hinauo  auf  baide  Oaeana. 

(ikUi.) 

Tha  autaor  iiad,  of  oourse,  the  experience  of  workino  rfith 
and  under  people  to  whom  he  naa  far  auperior*  Alien,  however, 
he  aeeta  hia  equala,  aa  his  interview  with  Jpton  Sinclair 
ahewa,  or  iu  introduoed  to  and  works  with  Jharlie  Caaplin, 
he  adairea  taea  t^eadily.  But  otiierwiae  he  expreseea  all 
hia  acorn  about,  the  silly  trash  ol  riolly*<ood  culture,  about 
Aaerioan  advertisement,  the  Secure  and  Koobuok  type  of 


221 

civilization  whloh  he  calls  "Indlvldualltftt,  erzeugt  aa 
laufenden  Band"  (pp.l?l-134)  and  deroLUB   a  whole  chapter 
to  it. 

Though  he  is  not  blind  to  great  achievements  of 
America  especially  in  *,echnology,  they  are  always  con- 
trasted with  the  misery  existing  side  by  side  with  it. 

Ausser  den  Fordschen  VerkstStten  in  Detroit  und  dem 
3elouchtune>8werk  der  General  Electric  Co.  in  Schenectady, 
N.Y.,  gibt  es  wohl  auf  dem  iirdball  kelne  titanischeren 
Industrie-.^oilagen  ala  in  Ghloago.  ,  .  (Ibid.  ■  p. 246) 

He  enumerates  some  of  Chicago's  most  salient  Teatvires  but 

continues: 

Und  dennoch  let  Chicago,  wo  die  grttasten  Induotrien  .  .  . 
ihre  Zentren  haben,  eine  arme  Stadt.  (Ibid. ) 

The  billionaires  live  in  New  York,  Florida  and  elsewhere. 

In  Chicago  leben  nur  wenige  GrosBkapitallsten,  denn 
trotz  Mlchigansee,  trotz  Bade  strand  .  .  ,  Ist  das  eine 
wtlste  Sledlung  voller  Hauch,  voller  Kot,  voller  iffltzen, 
voller  nass'rcalter  '■?inde,  vollar  Verbreohen,  voller 
Armut.  (Ibid. ) 

He  i£  thus  surprised  how  much  has  been  dona  about  sanitation 
In  spite  of  all  corruption. 

Wunder  der  V/under,  solohe  Tlef-und  Viasserbauten  er- 
standen,  trdzdem  eln  unbare chenbarer  Groastell  der 
Steuer^^elder  in  die  Hfinde  der  Kormption  fliesst  .  .  . 
(Ibid.,  p. 249) 

As  a  socialist  he  points  out  the  great  real  estate  speculations, 
often  fraudulent,  especially  in  California: 

Welch  eine  Lektlon.'  Die  i-reistrelberei  der  Sptkulaatan 
fordert  als  Opfer  den  Fabrikarbeitar,  der  hierher  ver- 
legt  .%'ird.  Von  seiner  Miete  wlrd  das  C-rundsttlok  dar 
Fabrik  bezahlt,  mlt  seinem  Lohn  bauen  RealltStengesell- 
schaften  und  Makler,  auf  seine  Lohntdte  hin  etablleren 


222 

aloh  OoBoJaA/tBhAuser  und  OastvriLrtscliaft.an  .  .  .  Wlrd 
auoh  dlaa«a  uag«heure  Orundatflc'cagaBOhAft  ala  boom 
enden,  als  ooekulatloaamandvar  mlt  nacnfol^andaa  Ria* 
sankraoh?  (Ibid.,  p. 139) 

Ha  la,  of  couraa,  much  mox*e  peaalalatio  about  bad  oondltlons  and 

la  llkalj  to  oae  mora  ths  aaamy  alda  th*n  tna  aYex*aga  observer.  Fbr 

azample.  In  the  iiat  oentre  of  Danbury  he   find  a  ax&ctly  tha 

aame  conditions  as  in  Europa  and 

.  .  •  ist  oehr  enttAuscht.  3o  gut  icann  das  iiuz*opa  auch. 
Er  hatte  •  •  •  ^adacht,  9t   gftba  hiar  eine  Xaaehine,  dia 
.  .  *  ohne  Gaf^thrdung  das  raensohllcnan  or^anionus  dia 
HUta  daa  otandai*ds  arzaurt.  Eine  tradltionalls  Industrie 
in  einer  «  .  .  opezlaliaierton  ^tadt  i.'ordajiGriliaB  .  .  . 
hatte  [ez^  sich  als  •  .  .  oin  Paradiea  dar  laohnlk  und 
dea  Arbeiters  vorgestellt  .  .  .  ( Ibid . ,  p. 335) 

Also  the  needle  tirade  centre  in  New  York  is  seen  in  ita 

darkest  aspects  and  doecribed  as  "Enklaven  Alt-rtusslanda 

in  Neu-Ameidka".  Surpriaine  to  the  reader  ia  the  fact  that 

the  author  admits  being  asked  by  workers  not  only  about 

vforkinc  conditions  in  Barlin  but  also 

.  .  ,  wleviel  Kapltal  n8tig  wflre,  urn  sich  in  Deutschland 
«u  etablleren,  und  wievlal  Geld  man  ala  Untemabaer  In 

Doutschland  verdienen  icann  .  .  •  (Ibid. ,   p.  191), 

until  the  contractor  appears  angry  about  the  interruption 
of  xfork  by  the  visitor.  Apparently,  not  all  tho  workara  lived 
in  misery  but  ware  savin^r  up  to  become  entrepreneurs  tha»- 
aelves.  araat  attention  is  paid  by  the  authoi'  to  various 
pricons  and  to  police-methods.  The  latter  are  without  ex- 
ception cruyl,  tough,  and  rough  on  the  poor  victim.  The 
prisons,  however,  ha  finds  partly  abomlnf.ble,  partly  adairable. 


id^     lev 


223 

Zolt  Tnoinaa  Lebena  hab«  l«ix  oo  etwaa  nooh  iilciit  ^a«h«a, 
eln  TvirlcailattiB,   In    ^  'i  -   zwolmal   t"  ,   um  10 

Uhr  7iorg«ft«  ttnd  xm  _„„  ...  j1  nao'^'^^ '< -^  •:  j  otAhlex*- 

nan  •    •   •  1P82*en  •    •    •   vor  alnen  i  '^ffnan, 

dar  (liG         "    •      ntlanc  lAuft  unC  ^tt«r  und  VB^fif 

Blna  vol jt.   nas  V*'      '^  ,  ■ -t  auoh,  daas 

hlor,  wl«  in  Jodem  amarl  j  .   •   .   Jadex^ 

mana  .    .    .  rauohon  darf  .    .    .    (IMJ,. ,  p.31) 

Instltutlona  which  aaea  lispooslble     In  Oernian  prlsonai  H« 

also  aopr-^alataa  that  a  prlacjnsr  can  buy  nuuiy  f'^^n  -u  in  a 

prison  .3.ion,   t  lat  ha  oan  got  evan  bettor  raeala  ^'rom  a 

restaurant .  What  ha  diaa.pprovea  of  la  that  prleonora  are 

not  paid  for  tliQ  worlr  thay  f?o  during  their  terta  and  ara 

oft  an  without  meeaa  when  loavla^  It,  iJut  ti*Q  author  vlalta 

also  ot.ior  prlsono  with  very  bad  conUilloau. 

riQBQ  arc  only  tie  aialn  fsatux^a;   dlepopeod  througn- 

out  the  boon  ara  also  Il^^iler  Itama  aa  a  football  ^^aae  about 

which  ao  an  out  older  the  author  makes  Talrly  Intellltsant 

remarks,  oomparln-  It  vflth  !2uropoan  s::<oi*ta,   but  ha  flnda  it 

•rtremely  d.ru_.:i-ouL-- taat  is  lor   :^^*e   a^aou^itox'-an  nis  way 

to  and  from  t.io  stadium.' 

Ein  ^of&ljrliches  3plal,  dlesea  ameriVranloche  TuaaballJ 
An  der  Untor^ruiidbp.hn,  an  dar  Gtraosanbahn  und  an  don 
AutobuQBon  -  ee   ifor  .^otmaband  punkt.  fflnf  Uixr  nachmlttaga- 
•meuerten  olch  labencp-efihrllche  "flaipfe.    (Itpld.,   p. 317) 

3uaiaMU*l£lnc:  one  oan  say  about  Kleoh^hc  la  a  sharp 
oIlEerrar- whether  or  not  ona  lllcea  hlc  often  very  pesslmlatlc 
vlevxs  on  A^orlca, 

.■noL..9r  no^-ed  IcftiuL   jjvu-iiallat   Is  -Urthur    iollltaohor. 


IP'tf 


lo 


d^uoclr 


21  ,11 


an 

lilg  Wledersehon  ml^  jfclt''^'''^  (Berlin,  193; A)  wee  publlched 

first  In  Pitt  Ngge  Rundschau .  1930,  vol.1  (quoted  hrre). 

Lll-re  Alfred  Kerr,  Alfone  i-anuet,  Colin  Rose,  and  Holnrloh 

HeuBttr  ho  has  visited  America  bcfoz^  and  oen  comp«j:*e  It 

with  forrrar  days,  Ll!^e  E,E,Kl8ch  anr"  severel  of  the 

•olleaoues  mentioned,  he  has  seen  utany  other  coimtries. 

Zb  winter  1928  he  published  nls  rtels^n  (^otsdoa,  1928) 

vflth  his  last  big  trip  to  ^laal  n.  ./hleh  ho  deaerlbed 

enthusiast Ically.  ;lolltQcnor  can  Infieod      ooaiparlsons. 

He  finds  New  York's  skyline  changed: 

Es  Bind  nlcht  inehr  elnzelne  rilnne  .  .  .  ^s  schclnt 
keine  mittlersn  Bauten  mahr  zu  geben  .  .  •  Ala  w^^e 
der  Fela^;rund  der  otadt  sclbcr  in  ""is  :^.-ie  seachossen, 
ragea  die  HMuaer.  (Neue  aundachau.  1930,  I,  p. 72) 

He  l8  raminded  of  a  similar  nodemlatic  style  of  buildings 
In-  Soviet  xiusaia.  But  he  finds  New  York  v^ry  mxoh 
different.  Whole  districtB  have  ohaaged,  slums  have  dis- 
appeared and  have  becaiae  fashionable  aparttnent  bulldlnbs. 
The  German  quarter  too  has  moved,  de   looks  for  a  slcysoraper 
wnere  friends  had  lived  on  the  lAth  floor,  another  buildln^j 
■tmiln  in  its  place,  twenty  stories  higher,*  .i£  practically 
sees  the  city  prowingt 

.  .  .  zur  Zelt  melnes  Eintreffens  In  New  York  Anfang 
Juni,  fwurde^eben  eln  Haus  niadereerlssen  •  .  •  Ala 
leh  !■"  September  nach  New  York  zurfloVike   -  waron 
die  adxtslg  otockv/erke  [der  yianhatton  ru     npanyj 
unter  L»sch  und  7ach,  (Ue  unteren  fflnxzig  bereits 
rest  ausgebaut.  (Ibid.,  p. 76) 


225 

He  notices  the  general  oroaperlty  but  finds   that  poverty 

Dtlll  exists  p-n-\   hp.n  not  I'ept  pace  with  progreBS. 

On  Sunday  a  In  New  York  vihen  ho  turns  on  the  radio 

In  Ilia  hotel  room  and  hears  ohuroh  mualo  on  one  station 

and  Jazz  on  another,  ha  feela  It  lo  symbolic  {o:,   ibid. . 

p«7'5).  He  drives  out  to  Coney  Island  and  observes  the 

fellow  paasensora  in  the  aubway  arid  Ir,  aurorlaed. 

Slnd  das  BewolmGr  deraelben  3tadt?  ,  .  .  ::ione  da 
se  lelnen  off'^nbar  nooh  nloht  duroh  di9  Frozedxir  dea 
ic  zu   c^ln.  «  «  3lnd  das  nooh 

Air.  ...  -i.^j*'.  Ic  .  .  .  .Inds  nur  "re-ri'^e.  (Ibld« .  p. 7?) 

the 
With  this  he  begins  a  discussion  of/problstne  of  Amerioan- 

those 
ization,  especially /of  moat  nouthem  and  Eaetom  Europeans 

who  because  of  their  Roman  Catholie  reli-ion  resist  tba 

^aSlting  pot*.  Strangely  enough  he  finds  the  new  nationalism 

of  the  Jaws,  Zlonirin,  not  so  rmieh  renentod  by  t  lo  100^ 

AuiGricann,  He  traces  thlc  phonomonon  back  to  the  old 

rell~loua  l<^.eall3ra  of  many  first  famllleB,  ^-fho  find  mora 

parallels  with  Zionist  Idealism  than  with  the  gross 

materialiam  of  many  newcomers,  nouv3au-rlc>Bas  well  as 

conaunista.  Parallel  to  both  mi^ht  be  the  very  practical 

Idealian  preached  in  mont  Protestant  ehurchesr  'service* 

he  tronnlptes  as  'MenscAendlenst '.  ^e  finds: 

Dia  "^Irche  aplelt  In  / -"^rlfca  elne  weeer.tlleh  grdssara 
Roiio  ala  inEuropa.  (Ibid.,  p. 190) 

Ha  gives  a  nuaber  of  reasons  for  it.  LiVzs  Stefan  Zweig  in 

liis  biography  on  Mary  3a-ter  iddy,  the  founder  of  ' Christian 


226 

Science ' ,  ha  points  out  the  extz*«m8  monotony  of  much  of 

Amerlcem  life,  which  Is  elevated  and  relieved  by  of tea 

very  exciting  rollgioue  revivals.  Other  churches  try  to 

attract  members  with  lively  antertelnaaant  or  vflth  good 

muf?lc,  others  are  like  social  olubs.  Of  a  well-kno\ai 

preacher  he  says : 

Das  eltllche  war  Ihm  ebenaowenlg  fi^emd  wle  d&s  h'alten 
Gottes  flbor  der  Nation.  (Ibid.,  p.l9A) 

This  same  monotony,  this  mechanization  and 

standardization, has  aiade  tha  v/hole  country  alike  but  also 

comfortable: 

Die  bflrgerllohe  Aera  dea  heutlgen  Amerll^as  vflrd  duroh 
die  Elemente  iiast  und  Komfort  gekennze* -""•^-t,  .  .  . 
Senaatlonobeddrfnls  und  Zeretreuung.  (^    .,p.l93) 

But  as  a  price  for  It,  rnsja  has  more  and  more  to  speclalizs ; 

to  permit  this  tne  psycholo^:lcal  'test*  was  ievlsad  and 

greatly  developed,  ile  calls  the  Ford  factories  in  Datrolt 

the  breeding  ^round  of  this  mechanization  '^"'  'or'c.  Like 

E.E.Klsoh,  he  finds  working  conditions  'at  -""ord'a*  poor 

but  he  praises  other  factories.  He  notices  hor.-i   many  vorkers 

have  bought  stocks  In  the  business  In  which  they  ./ork,  so 

that  there  Is  little  Interest  In  class  conscloueneae  and 

class  war.  Although  unemployment  Is  rising,  be  finds  little 

Interest  In  social  legislation,  before  Ie.->resalon 

we  have  to  remember;  "die  Massen  slnd  konservatlv**  he  says 

(ibid. .  p. 205) J  and  European  and  American  aoclellste  who 

wanted  to  organize  a  poor  white  working  district  In  the 


227 

South,  were  driven  out  by  both  police  ajid  the  worker* 

themsalveB.  '\e   telle  at   length  about  'the  tlilrd  i><arty'. 

La  Jollette  aen  and  Liberals,  but  a^aln  he  states: 

daaa  ea  In  Ain3rlka  nlchta  glbt,  was  elnem  .TlasBen- 
>8mof  ^  '  "■  3  Oder  Klaaaenk&apfe  herbeifflhren  Oder 
stfltzer:  ite.  (ibid.,  p. 214) 

Also  when  he  considers  the  American  Kejroes  he 

notices  Imnedlately  that  tliey  are  muoti  bettor  off  tiian 

people  In  Europe  thlnlc.  They  are  not  anymore 

.  .  ,  geduldct,  baflngstlgt,  dann  verfolgt  und 
vsrtrlebsn  (ibid.) 

but: 

Eb  waran  offenloindlg  vomehme  Vlartel  fllteren  Datuma, 
In  denen  die  Ile^er  jatzt  fjar  n'  '  ,  sondem 

In  voller  Slchernelt  und  off  emeu.. —  _„.  ,  —^-^   lebten. 
tlbid«.  p. 215) 

de   i^oes  iriL.o  3orae  aspects  of  the  sociological  '^p.okground 
and  ox*  tae  recent  history  of  the  Ney^oes,  -le  tolls  of  the 
wealth  of  some  of  them  within  tnelr  own  'enclaves'  within 
the  white  cities,  and  states  several  reasons  for  t.ielr 
rejection  by  white  v^or'scers:  In  strikes  there  are  many 
coloured  strlke-breakera :  their  Inborn  passivity  makes 
them  "als  revolutionSrea  Element  .  .  .  .^■^i-u'  unnicher.  -Ir 
1st  aln  durcixaus  unzuverlAsslger  CJenoase  uiiu  '.flmpfer  ..." 
(Ibid.,  p. 217)   He  tells  of  social  discrimination  a  alnst 
the  Coloured  >Ian  but  also  of  a  slmllsLr  distinction  within 
the  coloured  ^oup  between  lighter  and  darker  coloured 
people.  In  the  South,  In  apite  of  '  Jla  Crow  '  laws  he 
finds  the  Negro  happier,  more  'harmonic',  and  more  handsome 
and  beautiful  than  in  the  North.  As  symptomatlo  ha  photographs 


22^ 


in  Savannah  the  gate  to  the  old  slave-market,  next  to  it 

a  little  chapel  with  an  inscription  'Repent'  beside  a 

large  sign  of  a  Negro-club  inviting  one  in  for  a  Dance,  and 

a  coloured  woman  dressed  fashionably  and 

,  ,  .  geht,  in  modischem  Seidenkleid,  mit  Ohrringen, 
Seidenstrflmpfen  und  Lackschuhen,  zierlich  die  FOsse 
setzend,  an  Plakat,  Sklavenmarkt  und  Kapelle  vorbei. 
All  das  hftlt  die  Kaniera  fest.   (Ibid. .  p. 222) 

He  then  describes  Chicago,  where  he  stayed  for 

four  weeks  during  a  hot  sunimer.  He  seems  to  dislike  it  but 

not  without  somewhat  jocular  respect: 

Jawohl,  er  ist  xingebflrdig,  tobt  sich  aus,  der  junge 
Racker  .  .  .  (Ibid,,  p. 352) 

Of  course,  he  tells  at  length  about  the  'rackets',  the 
crime-organizations  and  how  well  they  are  organized  in 
all  branches  of  business.  He  describes  the  marvellous 
funeral  one  of  these  racketeers  had  after  he  was  shot 
by  a  competitor-gangster. 

In  another  chapter  Holitscher  speaks  about  the 
great  influence  of  women  in  the  United  States;  a  matri- 
archy, as  he  calls  it.  He  knows  how  well  educated  many  of  the 
women  are  who  have  such  a  gireat  influence  in  the  intel- 
lectual and  social  life  of  America.  But  he  deplores  the 
strict  -  all  too  strict  -  moral  code  between  the  sexes,  and 
like  many  other  German  writers  explains  many  sex  aber- 
rations as  an  over-compensation,  "VerdrSngvuig,  Ein- 
schntlrung  und  Umbiegung  des  Instinkts  ti^ibt  kuriose 
Blttten."   (Ibid..  p,362) 


./    TUJOl 


xu 
-smlio 

0  £  yd 


1^8 


229 

The  press,   he  thlnlza,   cannot  be  dlffereiit   In  a 

caplt.all3^.1o   syatera.     'mlio  unc  .wi  ixiiian 

der  -i^rcxiiLction,   des  Konauma."    (Ibi^.  .   p»353)      Mao  th« 

rilm  Is  seen  as  nothing  but  a   "Vsrrohung  des  Genc:naG?^eB 

dor  breltan  Itoaaan  dvircli  die  .:olpoi  .-.^u    .    <,1^:  _.  .   y.jSb) 

An     notiiing  can  help  against  this    'Nlac^,ara  von  Unlcultur' 

(J^bid. .  p. 366).    His  great  fear  la   that  tiila 'A'^i^rl'-ianlsmus ' 

vjlll  one  day  ovenrrhelm  i^Xirops  to-^.  ds 

opinion  Is  too  one-sided,    t.iat   ;:.urope's  defeat  nakea  the 

EiATOpean  look  more  at  tae  material  and  njatgrlf'listlc  side 

of  America,   Again  lie  finds  strange  para -a.  n-uarlca  In 

Hoeoow.   doth  dany  tae  metaphysical  In  life,   both  want  to 

Bolvi  human  problems  In  physical  terms,   and  he   concludes: 

In  Cem        ':of  um  die     u'cunft  des  Mensj  .-..    ::r.chlec>its   ist 
es  not  ,  "Irelnen  fler  belden  role  aus  den  Au.^^en  zu 

verlleren   .    .    .    ..oslieu  und  Amerlka.    (Ibi,'.  .P. 370) 

It   Is  straneje  that  a  man  who  la  so  well  InTormed 

about   the  physical  develop/^ment    ^^      asrlcr  --^^^ 

look  30  entirely  Its  Intellectual  or  artistic- cultural 

process;    ./hile   other  writers,    like  Vfeltor  31oem,   note  the 

cultural   Improvement   of  the  mai^ses,        -  ^.  ,      "^ss  media 

in  music  and  film   (cf.   Bloem  ■.'elt;-^colc;it .    yp. 230,505;    cf. 

below  p.258j.    The  paradox  Is:    Bloem,    whoso   ideal  is  the 

'Pflhrar*   principle,    thlnJ^s  of  t  leftist 

HolitGohor, wno  ought   to  tiink  of  the  masBet^  Is  concerned 

witii  the  endangered  position  of  t  le  Intelleotual    'hlgxx- 

brow'   In  America,   e^.^.        .L. Mencken  (cf.   rlolitccher's 

*Wlederaehen'.    ileue  .-oindschau.    1930,   vol.1,   p.3S5)   and 

is  consequently  quite  peasimistlc  about  Araorlcanlsm  as  a 


230 

danser  to  European  culture. 

A  democrat  who  adnirca  Amerloa  greatly  apparently 
aaw  many  of  his  Ideals  realized  there.  Alfred  Kerr,  the 
well-known  German  dramatic  critic  and  writer,  visited 
the  United  States  seyeral  times.  He  wrote  enthusiastic 
essays  on  his  first  trip  from  May  to  July,  19lA,  which 
were  re- published  in  his  collected  works  In  the  second 
Tolume  of  the  second  series:  Die  Welt  im  Licht;  Du  bist 
BO  sch6n  xmder  the  title  "Araerika"  and  ''Die  Exdeutschan". 
About  his  second  trip,  to  New  York  only.  In  1922  he 
publlsaed  New  York  und  London.  Stfltten  des  G-eschicks 
'Zwamzig  Kapltel  nach  dem  Weltkrleg'  (S.  Fischer  Verlag, 
Berlin,  1923).  About  his  third  trip  in  1924  he  wrote 
Y— kee-Land.  'Eine  Heise'  (Rudolf  Mosse  Verlag,  Berlin, 
1925)  which  had  its  eight n  edition  in  1928. 

It  is  remarkable  how  this  severe  critic  of  many 

facets  of  German  cultxiral  life  becomes  an   admirer  of  almost 

anything  American.  But  this  is  not  as  surprising  as  it 

seems.  Instead  of  the  vague  half  emotional  thinliing  he  had 

been  fighting  at  home,  he  finds  in  America  'helle  Einfach- 

heit  des  v:irkens'  (of.  Yan:-:ee-Land,  p.  173).  Instead  of 

the  pomp  and  splendour  in  a  European  l\ixury  hotel  he 

tells  of  all  the  wonders  of  inventiveness  which  aake  an 

ABericem  first  rate  hotel  so  comfortable,  and  concludes: 

Das  Ganze  ist  Jedoch  nlcht  Clppig  -  sondem  handfest, 
abgestuft;  gesvmdheitsfttrdemd;  bequem  .  .  .  Alles 
fern  von  Verweichlichung.  Nicht  nur  das  Gerissenste 


3.-^ 


231 


vom  Gerissenen.  Sondem  auch  dais  Gediegenste  von 
Gediegenen  .  •  • 

Si«g  der  Gerfttekraft;  der  taghcllen  iiinbildung  •  .  . 
d«8  praktischen  Tratjma  .  .  ,  with  »3ofort'  and  »IJie 
stOren*  as  principles,   (New  York  and  Londpn.  ?.74/5) 

That  the  restaurants  and  cafeterias  with  tlieir 

enormous  choice  of  food  and  delicacies  appear  to  a 

German  like  a  ♦ Schlaraf f enland ♦  (ibid.,  p. 27)  has  been 

noted  also  by  several  other  writers  (Hausmann,  for  example, 

of.  below,  p.270).  Out  that  everybody  can  go  to  evening 

schools  free  of  charge  (in  Hew  York)  and  this  without  any 

questions  asked,  that  "der  Lump,  der  Bettler,  der  Paria 

mit  dem  FurJcen  im  Him"  in  America  can  become  a  lawyer, 

physician,  architect  -  or  even  President,  this  is  but  barely 

mentioned,  by  only  one  other  German  writer  (Alfons  Paquct). 

In  Kerr*s  article  "Die  c^xdeutschen"  (Ges.  ^ferks  II,  vol.2, 

p. 255)  he  writes  on  Germans  v^o  become  Americans  as  quickly 

as  possible.  On  questioning  he  finds  out  that  in  almost 

every  case  the  conceit  and  the  arrogance  of  German  class 

distinctions  prevented  able  men  from  rising  in  (lermany, 

while  in  America  they  not  only  made  their  fortune  but 

becane  valued  and  respected  citizens  (cf.  Johann,  above, 

p.  U6) ,     For  sentimental  reasons  they  visit  the  *old  countiry* 

•gain,  even  work  for  it  and  enthusiastically  sing  its 

songs  but  they  would  not  think  of  living  in  Germany 

again. 

...  aber  In  Deutschland  leben,  untor  gar  keinen 
Umstlnden.   (Ges.  Werke.  II,  2,  p. 256) 


reO 


••■^'^  v--i 


«:<;;*  *<i 


E*anoE 


232 

ICerr  llkai  the  oubways  of  Hew  lork  and  thinks 
they  should  be   wonderful  material  for  an  artist  "  eln 
PresBen  fttr  den  Kflnatler".  {r:ev  York  un<T  London,  p.30/31) 
There  Is  a  ifhole  city  below  the  city.  New  York's  architec- 
ture also  wins  hla  admiration. 

Genuas  PelHste  welken  vor  /all  Streets  verwesenen 
Stolnhflusom.  V'er  New  York  nlcht  sah  kommt  um  die 
letzten  archltektonlscaen  Wonnon.  (IblJ.. .  p. 32) 

Other B  have  written  about  being  Imprs^sed  end 

OTerwhelmed  by  the  New  York  skyBcraperfl,  but  fow  had 

like  Kerr  the  opportunity  to  talk  to  aoaie  of  the  'Jr.ll 

Street  magnateB  themselves.  He  meetB  Ct.to  :u  Kohn,  the 

banker,  Harriman,  the  railway  king,  and  his  ll^utonanta 

Lederer  and  Slckelj  Adolf  Ochs  of  the  New  York  Tlmos  and 

ether  leading  Industrialists.  Bajnker  Kahn  speaks  a 

cultured  German  with  him  and  shows  a  dlBcrlnlnotln'?  t/'-ste 

for  tie  theatre  and  abore  all  for  nuele.  T-.e   rooms  of  his 

personal  office  are: 

Holstafeleemftcher.  Rings  in  der  I^ft  sorusSgan  il^gtad* 
was  i^flnstlerlBCiiee.  Oute  stlohe  ...  Nebenan  .  .  .  eln 
felner  tedahnter  '^um.  wio  eln  sehr  lances,  erlesenes 
Cchrelbzl-nmor  fflr  Daraen.  (Ibid.,  p. 34) 

\\9   finds  the  banlcor  not  stiff  and  cold  but  marited  by 

"•msta  Gutwlllig':Qlt''.  The  hatred  against  Germany  Is 

calming  down,  it  actually  never  existed  against  the  Gorman 

people,  the  banker  says,  only  a^^ainst  "Jtinlcsr  und  :^rlega- 

ffllirer".  (Ibid. )   This  man  had  givon  loanB  of  seversil 


233 

bllllone  to  Germany.  (Ibid.)  Of  Kr.  Harrlman,  another 

leading  men  In  Wall  Street,  Kerr  says: 

Wlederum  sah  Ich  in  elnem  '<'lrt8oiaaf tsiiorrsoher  icelnen 
Fachmensohen.  Das  bartlose  .  .  •  Gesloht  .  .  .  mit 
elnem  alnnendsn,  fast  echflchtemen  Zug,  j^ehflrte  nlcht 
elnem  Berufafanatlker.  (Ibid. .  p. 44) 

H«  1b  emazed  that  in  this  country  where  overythlng  Is 

rushed  the   leading  people  always  have  time  "zu  seschflfts- 

femem,  ruhlgem,  iinnervttsen  Plaudem".  (Ibid. )  Another 

leading  Industrialist  of  Cleveland  he  met  is  Robert  Wuest. 

Eln  .  .  .  zurflckgezogener,  ideallBtlBcaer  Mann;  aber- 
mals  vom  Gelelirtentyp  .  .  .  Auch  er  T-fldersprlcht  in 
Jedea  Zug  dem  blddslnnigen  Bild,  das  vlele  sich  vom 
"Dollar jli^er"  maohen.  (Ibid. .  p. 45) 

These  and  other  people  feel  disrated  vrlth  the  profiteers 
and  money  hyenas  who,  of  course,  exist.  lie  meets  and  de- 
scribee Adolf  Ochs,  the  ra-croator  of  the  New  York  Times'. 
The  'boas'  himself  leads  him  tiirough  all  departments  of 
the  gigantic  Times  Building.  He  desci^ibes  also  an  edition 
of  the  famous  paper. 

Sonntags  prachtvolle  Bailagen.  KtlnstlerlBCh  -  ernsthaft 
llterarisoh,  mit  Bildem  kostbar  ausgestattet.  Pfund- 
sch,;er.  Teclinisch  grandloe.  (Ibid. .  p.6]5) 

He  only  re^^rets  that  this  man  and  his  paper  are  anti-German. 

But  on  a  purely  human  level  he  admires  him  and  even  his 

relationship  to  his  employees. 

Zuwellen  schflttelt  eln  schwarzfilrusslger  Kerl  Ihm  die 
Hand;  sie  kennen  sich  seit  Jalirzehnten  (Das  ist  Amerika: 
vertrauliche  "vucht,  (sic)  feni  von  Anbiederung. ) .  (Ibid. . 
p. 63) 


234 

H«  paternally  smiles  at  one  ptlrl,  a  young  bride,  who  it 
being  congratulated.  Otaera  recoo^ze  ^  'boea'  and  smile 
at  him.  In  the  hospital  or  tae  Prist  Aid  Dejjairtnient  !<!r. 
Ochs  is  not  the  'boss'  but  a  good  friend  and  tlie  nurses 
are  glad  to  see  him.  The  v/orcfe  of  a  Prussian  king/Lieben 
BOllt  ihr  mlch,  Ihr  Ludar.'",  it  seems  can  becom'3  true  in 
America.  (Ibid. .  p. 64) 

On  his  visit  to  Columbia  University,  he  notices 
how  its  Geznoan  Department  has  been  reduced  cevorely  on 
account  of  the  war.  He  speaks  of  the  sufferings  of  many 
a  highly  educated  German  in  America  during  the  war,  espe- 
cially of  jfrof.  Ludwig  Lewiaoh:i(ibid..  p. 55  f . )  -^ho  stood 
up  against  the  smear  propaganda.  But  he  also  blames  much 
of  t.e  official  Germany  for  being  either  asleep  or  tact- 
lesB-'iarolo:  zu  lau  -  Oder  zu  laut ' .  (Ibid. ,  p. 50)  Siai- 
larly  he  castigates  certain  post-war  German  rttitudes: 

Die  Amerikadeutschen  selbst  wehren  sich  langsam  gegon 
die  wtlrdelos  ^ev/ordene,  von  Deutsohland  aus  betrlebene 
Bettelei.  (Ibid.,  p. 53) 

In  this  connection  he  mentions  also  Gustav  FrGnasen's 

appsa^ently  not  too  successful  visit  to  the  U,^.'.    (Ibid., 

p. 53)  This  lack  of  success  would  also  explain  inich  of 

Prensaen's  sharply  critical  views  on  America. 

As  an  expert  on  drama  it  is  natural  that  Karr 

should  kRT«  v/rlte  about  the  stage.  He  sees  New  York  as  an 

up  and  coming  tueatro  city.  He  speaks  of  O'Neill's  dramas. 


235 

The  Metropolitan  Ooera,  The  T>,eater  Guild,  and  the 

Province  town- f^ layers  -  an  experimental  theatrical 

company  wfhlch  he  would  like  to  see  Imitated  In  the 

working  class  district  of  North  Berlin  'Statt  vor 

Protzen  zu  Protzenprela  Protzonatflclce  zu  aplelen*. 

(Ibid. ,  p. 30)  But  moat  of  all  he  Is  Impressed  and 

touched  by  Negro  players  and  singers.  (Of.  Ibid. .  pp. 

85-85)  Vtoat  Is  remarkable  In  iCerr's  description  of 

New  York's  tneatrical  life  Is  uls  complete  lack  of  a 

condescending  or  a  sneering  attitude,  which  many  other 

German  v/rlters  employ  when  they  feel  that  things  are 

better  In  Germany, although  Kerr  Is  quite  conscious  of 

the  qualities  of  the  Berlin  stage  In  the  1920 's; 

'Ylr  In  Deutschland  slnd  Ja  welter.  Berlin  Ist  Iraaer 
nocn  die  erate  T  leaterstadt  der  V/elt.  Aber  In  dem  nouen 
Land  beglnnt  etwas  zu  sprossen.  (Ibid. .  p. 75) 

This  great  admirer  of  America  took  almost  the 

same  southern  route  of  tro,vel  tlirough  the  United  States 

as  did  one  of  Its  severest  censors,  Colin  Ross,  Like 

him  he  visits  Washington  and  sees  the  president.  Coolldge, 

he  finds,  Is  not  as  silent  as  the  anecdotes  make  him  to 

be.  The  president  suggests  to  him  v;hat  he  should  see  In 

America: 

Er  n&lt   mlr  (oder  slch)  elnen  Vortrag  tiber  Geographle 
unfl  "Irtsc  laf tskunde  von  Amerlka  .  .  ,  Er  sprlcht  imd 
oprlcht,  unxmterbrechllch  .  .  .  Tonlos  -  emsb;  .  .  . 
Der  President  redet,  als  ob  er  die  Fanrt  maohen  sollte; 
slch  alias  nochmals  aufsagte.  (Yankae-Land.  p.2A) 


'^O 


236 

What  he  admires  Is  the  Informality   *ohne  r"iolinatenton* , 

dignified  and  simple.   At  nlpjiht  ha   se-js  th?  flome  of  t:i« 

Capitol  Illuminated  and  reraarJcs: 

Sle  machen  die  Vaterlandsllebe  nlcht   zum  ntrengen  Kuas  - 
aeln,    zur  iittx^ktion.    ( Ibia. ,  p. 27) 

V/hlle  KlBch  in  ials  ■j.-aradloB  .;-a-orlka   (p.3^f»)   mocks  at 

WaBhlngton'c  .^..iny  arcialtectural  ctyl-^     *i4  elvraye  In  the 

wrong  pxa^a    '.:rr,   an  osUvjtlc  critic  by  profession,    ;rltea: 

Grosae  Menschllchi-elt  atmet  hier.    Frelnitltlg;   machtvoll. 
Fraget  nlcht  nach  Kln^ierlitzchan:    ob  alios  dem  Aesthe- 
t-n"iar3  ^eu^^^t.    (i'an'iee-Land.   p. 28) 

Kerr*G  vlElt  to  Ilount  Vernon,   Washington's  country  horce, 

has  been  mentioned  below  "in  connection  with  'falter  Bloem's 

♦l^^rer'   Ideal  and  his  V/ashlngton  blOi^raphy,    (cf.   below, 

p. 259).    But    .err  Is  hopeful  for  America  In  dplte  of  Its 

military  Isader,  a   "!ailtflrhelll£er". 

.    .    .    aelbst  wenn  America  mllltarlstlsch  vrlrd,    so 
wlrd  es  eln  Mllitarlsmus  fflr  alle   seln   .    .    .    -um 
Beeten  der  Erdordnting,   richt   cln  stumpfer,  nlcht  eln 
Ichblfider,  nlcht  eln  vfllklacher.    (Ibid. , p. 29) 

Again  Kerr  expresses  the   Idea  that  much  x'or  '^rtilch  he  Is 
striving  In  Surope   Is  alreaoy  beln^,  accompllehed  In 
America. 

In  New  Orleans,  he  is  disappointed,   not  by  the 
city  itself,  vvhlch  he  finds   "eine  herrliche  :itadt   .    .    . 
es  Iflsst   sloh  dort  hausen".    (Ibid.,   p. 3^)      But,        finds 
its  palm-trees  frozen,   an    'old  city'  nox.  v-x-y  old,   and 
Its  French  anglicized.    Tuc  Americans  admire  any  kind  of 
old   "Trttdelrest"  -    "statt  dass  der  Trttdel  vor  Ihnen  staunt« 
..."    (ibid.,  p.33).    3oth  Colin  Ross  and  Alfred  Kerr 


9'^Si,q 


237 

travelled  from  New  Orleema  on  West  through  T«xas  and 

Arizona.  Hoas  dv/ells  on  the  exivancing  deeert.  I'err 

oarvels  at  the  ability  of  American  engineering  to  build 

a  railway  tixrough  the  deserts  and  mountains  In  spite  of 

enormous  dlfficultleB, 

Dor  wagnleernsteste  (sic)  Mensch  1st  heute  der 
Yankee.  Belsplelloe  als  riSnefasser,  belspiellos 
ala  Durohfflhrer.  Held  ohne  Pathos.  (Dabei  sanft  .  .  . 
la  Verglelch  mlt  uns)  .  .  .  rein]  llchter  Junge,  der 
keln  Hlndemla  zulSaat,  kelns  merken  will  -  und  eln 
Oenle  1st.  (Ibid..  p.4l/*2) 

They  are  very  decent  people  (their  army  of  occupation 
proved  It).  They  are  chivalrous  without  "Zommang"  or 
"Pattkatum".  An  old  gentleman  who  had  done  everything 
for  the  author  and  more,  "alch  fflr  uns  die  Belne  sozu- 
sagen  ausrlsB",  smiles  askance  *^Vouldrx*t  any  European 
have  done  the  same?'  And  Kerr  shakes  his  head  thinking: 
"Meln  lleber  Hurone  -  der  soil  erst  nooh  zvir  V.'olt  kommen. " 
(Ibid. .  p. 55  and  168)  He  thinks  of  Europeans  and  finds 
them  wanting,  by  comparison  (l^bld. .  p.6l>. 

That  the  Grand  Canyon,  the  Yosemlte  Valley  and 
Yellowstone  Park  are  described  In  superlatlvsB  by  Kerr 
will  not  surprise  the  reader.  California  is  an  earthly 
paradise,  very  real,  friendly,  rich,  beautiful,  and  harm- 
less. A  children's  festival  la  described  as  Ilk'?  a  dream, 
a  fairy-tale.  At  the  same  time  It  Is  glgautic  and  buainesa- 
like.  "Nle  haben  Palmen  slch  so  gewundert  -  wio  in 
Calif  oml  en.  "*  (Ibid.,  p.?^)  Even  a  -Jatholic  monk  he 


"3: 

■a 
3d 


238 

meets  is  more  vxorldly  th&n  one  would  expeot.  He  la 

dellgixted  Hlth  3nn  i^Ycncisco: 

In  ailer  C-u^^anwort  voller  Abentouor.  In  nl  .cr 
Teohnlk  voll  Diohtun^.  In  aller  Heutlglcalt  voll 
Rausoa.  (ibid,,  p.lOQ) 

He  visits  tho  rior^h-Vsst; ,  Portland  and  3eattle,  like 
Colin  ..o:.Q«  ae  i,30  t&::6c  aotloe  of  its  etrategio  position 
for  the  7av   East  but  he  ie  more  iapz*eBa9d  by  tho  indus- 
trious sobriety  of  these  cities  and  their  many  parks. 
In  Salt  jjaice  City  ho  admireB  the  cultural  ability  of 
the  ilormons  in  agriculture,  as  well  as  in  mueic  -  as 
shown  by  the  wonderful  organ  in  their  tabernacle. 

Fiir   morgon  stehn  auf  dem  Spielzettel:  Bach,  V-'agner, 
Schumann  -'  Waokre  Moraonen.  And:  I  oh  bin  .-lormone, 
so  lans  die  Orgel  spielt.  (Ibid..  p.l60) 

Korr  meets  one  of  the  leading  Mormons  and  finds  him 

bonevolant  and  i*oaQ<»able,  far  from  the  jXirope&n 

17) 

oaricatui^e. 

Also  nichts  Verstlegones;  niohts  Finateres.  Nur 
Hilfreiohes  und  Bejahandes  clang  aus  dam  Mann  •  •  • 
Verlacht,  wenn  ihr  liSont,  eine  Sekte,  derer.  Priester 
frei  von  Bezahlung  sind  .  .  •  Kein  iLntgeltf.  Die 
Yankees  (wie?)  sind  aua^eaachte  Dollar Jftg^'^'?  - 
Die  ausr:eraachten  tharisler  sltzen  woanders.  ( Yankee- 
Land,  p. 163) 

w^ilcago  iiapr^G3,::  .:  Jiuthor  difforently.  It 

^  — 

Cf.   EjrriBt   ileohart's  obscene  descripti'^n  of  a 
Mormon  minister  in  his  Die  Ma^d  dee  Jflrp:en  Doal-oc-!  1. 


239 

e<mden8ad  work,  nolsj,  a  oagiilflcent   '"iii  iiiiimtl 

denhelt',   objectivity.   An  almost  sini8t«r  ooao«ntratlon  of 

Industriouensaa.    :Jowh.«r«  1b  aian  so  au"  ;      :8pla«d  If  h« 

does  not  wo:         (Gf.   Ibid.,   p.  18?)   At  I'^^rahall  Flald's 

he  finds  again  thl.    sober  clxaraotor  of  the  city, 

Boston  saema  to  'uorr  not   so   ty.^lot-  ^^.j  ^^l^siantlo 

but  moire  European,   like  an  Induatrious  olLy  in  liortasm 

Franco. 

Ja  hi  3  return  to  Europe  the  author  ooqpares  GeziMn 

political  emotionallam  with  Anjrica'a  oonaUn^clive, 

fortllo  and  creative  passiont  ito  passion  x'or  work| 

Gormany  has  the  latter  too  but  Its  history  is  deplorable i 

**^eine}  Gcschichte  helssts  Spaltun^;  Scheelsuoht;  HeoHmis; 

HasB."  (Ibl.:...  p. 201) 

•  .  .  das  alte  Europe  .  .  .  [ist]  verbissen,  verbockt« 
verbohirtf  zerfletsoht  und  serflelsoht,  vergiftat  UAd 

zerklflftot  .  .  .  ( Ibid . .  p. 206) 

In  ccmparison  to  old  Eiirope  he  sees  in  America  the  hopo^ 
the  helping,  };tallng  hand  of  a  younger  laughing  brother, 
a  tireless  and  healthier  brother. 

Tills  is  the  most  optioiiatlc  view  given  on  America 
by  any  Journalist  and  possibly  by  eny  recent  r"rr^aa  -.frlter 
on  Amorioa. 


240 
VI 

WRITERS   GIVING  JOURNALISTIC  ACCOaNTS 

Many  Joumallatlc  accounts  of  America  v;ere  given 
by  writers  who  are  woll-knovm  for  tliolr  literary  or  oth«r 
exploits.  Thus  noted,  literary  figures  are  beln^;,  placed 
here  into   aomovrhat  unfamiliar  Burrouniain^s.  Our  first 
example  is  Gustev  Frenesen,  the  well-knovrn  German  'Hoiraat- 
dlchter'  and  writer.  In  1922  he  had  been  invited  by  the 
Central  Relief  Committee  for  German  Children  In  New  York 
to  tour  the  country  and  to  give  speeches.  Alfons  Faquet, 
who  made  a  alrallar  lecture  tour  about  fifteen  y^ars  later, 
wrote  a  book  about  his  Impressions  (Amerlka  un^-er  dem 
Rer.enbogen) .  Frenssen,  however,  published  the  letters  he 
wrote  home  in  1922  simply  under  the  title  Bricfa  aua 
Amerll-ca  (  Grotesche  Verlagsbuchhandlung,  Berlin,  1923). 

Because  of  the  informality  of  these  lettere 

repetitions  are  frequent.  However,  Just  this  reiteration 

shows  the  author's  views  all  the  more  openly:  there  Is 

first  trat  feeling  -  the  wish  not  to  be  overwhelmed  by 

mere  size-  which  we  find  in  otaer  German  >rrltsrs  '.oo 

(cf.  Eberle:  Reiae  r^oh  /uacrika.  p. 32,  "FXilda  blaibt 

Fulda"  in  front  of  the  Empire  State  Buildlnts)  •  I^Venssen 

feels  himself  like  St.  Jraul  on  his  mission  viewing  Rome. 

Die  Stadt  (New  York)  hat  etwas  Ff leches,  V.'ildea, 
Leuchtendes,  lelcht  Italienlschss,  Heldnisohea  .  .  . 


"file  p""3~l"belo. 


volsd   1' 


241 

I-      '■'-'^ht*,     •'  -      .    .    .  ■■.^-■^v^•    ■       1-^.8 

wi      .   -'•bftt  '  ..I  li-     .:.      .   .  tw    .'lid,  ._.    -jar, 

zu.oiian  aaohtvollj   abor  ;  <  n  tBid  nli  'onde  eo'ifln. 

(arlelQ  Qua  Aaari]^^  9»22/^;>j 

Sladior  is  iil»  rirst  iniyrooelon  of  Chlcfti,o«  Ho  uotlooa 

that  lie  is  9xp«oted  to  aarvel.    "Aber  vaa  soil  mlr  ^!;ro8B«n 

Elndruok  maohea?"  hm   aaks  (ibid..  p,AO)« 

In  hia  v/ork  for  ta«  Genaan-Giiildron-Rallef  h« 

motto  aiany  Oerman-Aaurioans*  He  svee  thorn   'not  h&ppy  and 

not  unhc.ppy*  but  what  is  ','foreo  for  a   'Heimatflloiater*,  he 

finds  it  is  "ein  Jaiamar,  dies  hoimatloas  deutscli-'aaerdka- 

niaciio  Volk  zu  osJaen".    (Ibid..   p«52j  Ta©y  fodl  tao  great 

px*oasnt  and  believe  In  the  great  future  of  t'ue  United 

States  Luad  its  poople,    "aber  lor    xerz  noigt  naoh  Douosobr 

^J>>o&"   (it^a^d..  p«33)'   ^0010  of  theiBi  however,   foel  a  bittor 

hatred; 

Ec  wdra  niclits  Outes  an  dem  Lands   die  Vft^cl  o&i^on 
nicht,    'ic  31umon  vBchon  nloht,  die  f'^^'-^^-en  lachten 
nicht.    Hcnn  man  in  >li6  Nattu*,   in  die         .     r  _lnge, 
werdtt  man  angeskelt  von  3chnuta,  unt»^r  •'  ^      -ncion 
von  dar  Gler  na'"*-^  -^  ^-^   -o^lar.    .    .   Ic.i  tr..r  ^ii..oa 
moiiTTiiala  auf  eol  .     n  Hrbs,    (Ibl^. «   P«50) 

He  found   thlG  feeling  espoclally  among  peopla  vrtio  had 
not  coTie   t,o  tlia  United  "States  until   tney  were  ^lature  and 
cet  in  taelr  ways  -  but  not  only  amon(5  Germans:   &a  Irish- 
man who  iiad  become  rich  here  and  a  Noirwe^len  vrho  had  stayed 
poor  expreaaed  tliemsolres  r.lrail'^rly.   He  visits  hie  old 
childhood  £;lrl- friend,   but  she  hardly  r3i?.3ab.:r9  him,   "aus 
dem  nisdersAchsJAhen  Arbeiterkind  iitt  elno  en.llsol'ua  Daiss 
geworden"   (IblT. .  p. 52).   3he  had  forgottan  svorythlnet  not 


out  of  heu^tlnesB  biit  beceuee  Germany  had  given  her  p 

mlaex^ble  childhood  and  had  been  hard   Lo  her.    Only    fhan 

he  told  or  her  old  motaer  did  she  start  to  cry.     /nother 

person  vfhom  he  talked  to,   a  man  who  had  been  happy  as  a 

child  in  thj  \3ld  country',   could  nob  hoar  iaou^h  of  th« 

old  village,   tnough  nov;  a  respectwd  physician  in  Ilil^aukee. 

Others  had  not  done   so  well.   One  of  his  former  nclgnbourB 

had  shifted  from  place   to  place  and    iv    curao   up  af  a.a 

.    .    .    als   >leinar  ^''iPmer  und  Holzfflller  .    ,    .    ainaaa 
im  Urvrald  hier   «    .    .    (near  Seattle).   Welter  icann  er 
nun  nlalit,    :.  3ii.a  einlg-    V  ilen  westwftrtB   sc^lc*'~t,  der 
Stllle  Ozean  an  den  Strand.   Er  "oat   sloh  geweiti,ert, 
c      ■"  ^   oh  zu  lemen,  unt3rh&lt  aicia  nur  flilt   aelnen 
L   -  und    ;ineni  alten  deutscaen  i-astor.    .    .    (ibid., 

p.iaoj 

Anotner  school-mate  had  died  poor  and  lonslj,  without 

friends  or  family,  working  on  a  road.  (lb" a. ,  p. 133) 

He  d9iicribG3  how  most  of  the  Geimans  who  had  cone  aa 

farm  labourers  had  worlfd  all  their  lives  enslaved  to 

their  farms.  Even  tie  second  generation  had  aostlj  ^rown 

up  witaou :  education  sava  for  the  country  school  taught 

by  e.n   :n  llsh  girl  teacher.  Not  many  apparently  could 

provide  _or  a  German  private  school,  as  J^mJ^^'ob  Swehn 

reports. 

Auch  dieses  zwelte  Gesohlecht  llefert  der  n'juen 
Helmat  noch  kelne  fastoren,  Redakteure,  Advokaten 
.  .  .  Zrrt  voir  drlttfn  Ceschlecht  guckt  cieeer  ©e'er 
Jener  ...  in  die  arneri^anische  Welt  hlnein.  (Ibli.  i 
p. 91) 

Thus  he  views  the  majority  of  the  Northern  European 

immisrants  as  "Geduckte  TagelBhner  und  ihre  Kinder"  (ibid. . 

p. 91).  In  Germany  people  were  surprised  at  how  little 

Influence  the  German- Americana  had  in  their  country  and 


iJt' 


.:^orI."t    , 


243 

the  latter  oompleln  about  this  laok  of  Influence.  But 
FrenoBon  finds  It  quliy  naturel.  If  the««  lanl^exitB   had 
come  from  a  fx*ee  and  democratic  Germany,  they  mlgat  have 
had  a  brlgiitar  -nd  broader  outlook.  (Ibid. .  p. 91)  His  hope 
Ib  In  tua  foliowla<5  oeneratione,  but  tioae  aro  lully 
Aaerioan,  and  German  only  by  race.  In  all  othor  reapeots, 
he  bollsvoB  the  Gexnnan- Americans  are  becomlns  aboorbed  as 
fully  inco  tao  Aaorican  paople  ao  the   former  French  In- 
habitants fxava  been.  And  he  predicts  the  same  for  the  Anglo- 
Saxon-. 

owever,  as  soon  aa  this  close  obsarver  of  nature 
and  people  Jumps  to  conclusions  and  predictions,  as  soon 
as  ha  compares  Germans  with  othor  natlonr.li-til'ss  and  talks 
about  the  race  of  Germany  and  that  or  otxer  countries,  ha 
becoiBes  a  rabid  nationalist.  America,  for  him,  1b  guilty 
of  all  the  misery  in  Eur  one  after  the  First  '«.'orld  War 

.  .  .   -,11  /caurika  ;;ri  ■.  .iri'-jhrtan,  den  ;j'-'}nutzit:on, 
2un  -i  3  verholfen  hat,  dadurch  Ist  Europe  co  zer- 
schlasen  und  j^esciiAndet,  so  voll  von  huncemden  Kln- 
dem,  zerbroehenen  "" "  "  und  gesohflnde     "Are  .  .  • 
Amerika  lat  ochul       i  ^-anzen  "^lonc"     -)?as.  (Ibid., 
p. 121) 

Ropoatedly  he  speaks  of  the  Seman  'war  guilt'  only  to 
deny  it.  He  admits  inooapstent  leadership,  but  charges  that 
ths  Amorioan  govomment  has  betrayed  the  Germans  rith  VilEon's 
'fourteen  points', 

^ut  interspersed  there  are  Dc&ux.iiul  de scrip  tloias 


..a 
1 


csi 


.3 


244 

of  Amorloa  and  ite  people,  lie  admlrsB  Asierioan  woaenj  their 
beauty,  ho,/  they  walk  and  '^raea. 


•  • 


so      Icli  tUc-ilch  vl'-ile,  viols  Bchttne,  schlaxilc*, 
frlBche  .  ^  .V.  .3n  tind  Kinder.  Sin  wundervollee  Land,  dlea 
Anerlka,  tind  LtLontige,  frlsohe  -MensoaBn.  lino  ich.  veretehe 
und  liebe  Land  und  VoUc.  (Ibid.,  p. 151) 

But  only  a  few  page a  further  on  he  compare a  himself  to  an 

ancient  Grosk,  hungry  end  trampled  on  "  Im  :oldenen,  unge- 

rechton,  VBlker  und  vSlkerehre  freeeenden  Ron".  (Ibid. .  p. 

155)  Demagogically  he  contraeta  the  many  peaches  rotting 

on  th€  ground  under  trees  in  California  with  the  cold  and 

empty  hands  of  German  ohilci_ren,  cold  and  empty  because 

An^lo- Saxons  ixave  not  kept  their  promise  to  the  German 

peopl-.  (Ibid.) 

rie  notices  the  Spanish  influence  in  California  and 

elsev/hore  and  concludaa  that  the  future  American  type  will 

be  in  character  and  in  appearance  similar  to  the  somewhat 

stiff,  chivalrous,  catholic  Spanish  nature  -'Tie  sun  is 

Spanish  ...   It  will  be  far  from  Anglo-Saxon' (cf.  ibid., 

p. 165).  Thus  he  mixes  up  observation  v.dth  obvious  conjectures, 

But  vr  isn  he  visits  some  residential  districts  or  oollegea 

he  is  delighted: 

Lii-  ./ohnstraBsen  sl^^ "  -"  ist  hflbcch  oft  ^nlr.dorsc.afln. 
Ja,  ala  h&tte  die       leit  sckon  alle  Ihra  Iri^- 
tfLaer  hlnter  slch  xmd  die  Er*de  wflrc  ein      n  Got  tea. 
Keine  Elnfriedlgun— ^r  .  ^ohttne  Rasen,  rei:...  .^.iBt?ige, 
feirie  aelBt  fchlic..     user  untsr  .  .  .  .islhen  ..ohar 
Bfiume.  (Ibid.,  p. 84) 

Thio  is  not  an  isolated  observation.  He  finds  even  rioh 

houses  not  at  all  'protzigl  sondem  achllcht  und  wunder- 


'a 


.ri 


245 

80Ja5n  Im  •nglieohon  GeBchaaok,  auawendlg  und  In-.-'sadlg". 

(ibid.,  p. 55)  But  rfaen  ne  sp^ajcs  auou^  a-a^vloo.!^   unlvaraltltB 

he  writes  irom  Gliajupaign ,  111.,  -  iiia  exprasalonB  oT 

dellgiit  aro  at  a  climax.  It  la  true,  he  says,  that,  there 

are  probabl/  maay  nuuian  aaiialsnciea  and  ncads  «-i3r9.  But 

if  one  looks  at  the  noble  eu?oaltecturs,  bulldinss  xinder 

trees  In  a  nandsome  "uadrangle  around  th-B  ca'Bpua,  the 

handsome  lightly  dressed  lively  youths  of  bota  sexes  who 

study,  play,  and  flirt  to^rether  from  mojr'n  to  nlglit  .  .  .; 

the  vl-orous  teach'^rs  '-fith  thalr  farilll3s  In  beautiful 

hca  s  .,:iiC!a  are  always  In  ^ooa  iasta: 

.  .  .  das  Ist  wie  ein  Gefllde  der  Seligen.  So,  denke 
Ich,  './Ird  ©Inaal  die  ganze  Meuschiieit  mltolnander 
leoen   .    .    .  (ibid. .  p. 54) 

Of  American  scnoolc  ?s  such  as   rcco^izes  '-aa  friendllnsss 

and  the  motherly  love  of  the  young  wonen  teachers  for 

their  charges.  Ho  also  admires  t  ^e  aim  to  9dtic?ta  citizens, 

thousn  d9plorin6  the  lack  of  obj activity  or  lov3  lor  truth 

in  schoolc.  He  finds  the  same  deficiency  in  the  many 

religions  and  sects,  i-ie  notes  the  greater  r?ll';ious 

feeling  in  America,  and  even  thinks  that  thl£  country  is 

still  at  the  religious  stage  of  the  CrusadeE;  tiais  is 

extremely  dangerous  if  this  crusading  spirit  is  directed 

or  mir.led  -  asainst  jermany,  for  exEiinple.  Tallying  on 

women  and  sex  he  is  very  much  against  An;lc^3axon  morality 


•■■  ''     3  '' 


246 

and  Itc  hypocrisy  and  1g  ful2y  in  favour  of  tiat  uien 

developing  'flapper  girl';  he  is  In  favour  of  young 

love,  young  maxTiat^e  and  posBibly  quick;  divorces. 

But  on  capitalism  he  is  bitter: 

.  .  .  die  sc'areiende  Re  r  lame  .  .  .die  Licl.tbilder, 
die  h^Laslichen  lifluser  .  .  .  die  3chlot«  und  die 
Offenen  Fcuer  (in  steelmills)  .  .  .  c'ro  "?.r   sclion 
80  etvraa  wie  cln  Veitetans  dea  Goldes.  (Ibid. .  p. 30) 

On  the  otr^er  aend  ho  speaks  of  Chiaago  and  how  it  has 
thrived  thx-Ou.c^   capitalism.  Tae  dollar  jrules  not  In 
business  only:  administration,  law  courts,  the  caurches, 
the  sciences  are  all  driven  ahead  by  it.  ilothing  atagna't^s 
here.  V.e   imaginas  an  American  poet  cinglng  a  song  of 
praise  to  inonoy  and  gold.  But  then  he  talks  of  the  dis- 
crimination against  the  Indians,  the  Negroes  and  the 
poor  immigrants  and  t-iair  exploitation  and  again  said  again 
about  the  injustioe  dona  to  Germany  by  America.  The 
tirades  bocoms  painfully  repetitious,  especially  towaxvi 
the  end.  aa  aven  hopes  for  Germany -fop  a  Hitler-  "einen 
grossen,  grossen  Btisen  ..."  (Ibid. .  p.l3l).  Indeed, 
vken  a  fair  winded  An^lo- Saxon  professor  asks  him  to  tell 
freely  wuat  a  jsrmaa  thinJcs  of  America,  he  gives  a  speech 
which  liitler  himself  could  not  have  bettered  (of.  ibid. . 
pp.  115- 12 2),  ranging  from  'Lebensraiua*  to  *Sncirolement ' , 
•American  money',  natred  a^jalnst  Anglo-Saxons,  the  betrayal 
of  Germany  by  Vi'ilaoai,  England's  greed  and  revenge,  dirty 


n 
.1 


A' 
0 


2A7 

Franca,  t  i.  lanocaace  of  Germany,  and  finally  thruaten- 

Ing      X   future  re-enjie  "oy  a  hardened,  coll  and  changed 

Germany,  ae  imijlores  God's  justice  and  ends: 

WelCiies  vol  -  in  dleeeni  Krioge  geslc^^t  he.t,  .'Ird  man 
ernt  in  fttnfalg  Jahren  orzi^ilen  kSnnan.  (Ibl'.,  p.  122) 

7ren39«n*s  booli  .jrlnga  out  some  intoiaatliig 
facts  ''bout  the  Germaja-Amerlcana  neglected  by  moat  other 
writers.  In  his  praise  and  scorn  of  talnge  Amorlcan  he 
Jumps  from  one  emotion  to  the  otner  and  coatr&diets  olm- 
Bolf  on  one  and  the  same  subject.  Many  of  his  ideas  and 
px^'^dctionB  on  America  are  preposcei^ous,  still  worse  are 
the  confused  political  opinions  of  tuis  man  who  calls 
himself  a  'Uemokret*!  fiis  Brlefe  aus  Ancri^ra  probably 
did  littlj  to  improve  international  understanding, 

Geriaard  Venzmor,  a  v;rlter  of  manifold  ^ifts,  also 

is  a  globe-trotter,  e  doctor  of  medicine  and  of  philosophy, 

a  ship's  physician,  and  later  sdltor  of  t:ie  scientific 

periodical  "Kosmos".  On  America  he  has  published  throe 

works,  A'ew  Yorker  :>pazl^rf!AnF.s   walch  he  revised  to  New 

Yon  ohne  Sclirainy.e.  and  Heuta  urn  die  "v  elt .  th'3  last  of 

which  we  may  take  as  symptomatic  of  Venzmer's  attitude 

towards  Aaerlca.  Like  Bloem  he  came  from  Japai^  for  which 

both  felt  more  eyrapathy  than  fOi-  Britisii  e.ad   American 

imperie.liam,  for 

,    .    .  e.lle  angelsAchtiloohen  Lflnder  hroon  slch 
[bezcichnenderweisa]  durch  sc-iarfe  Elnwanderunsa~ 
cosctze  repen  die  '^elbe  Gefahr'  gesiohert.  Tioute 
um  die  V/elt.  p. 89) 


248 

He  lands  In  San  Frejacloco,  finds  It  a  mont  beautiful  city. 

but  hates  its  customs  and  luioigration  officlc^lc.  On  the 

train  ^aet  he  feels  as  If  ho  -./ere  living'  In  a  hotel  on 

wheels.  Yellowstone  ierk  Is  visited  and  highly  admired. 

but  tr-vclllni-^  on  a  'sleeper'  this  Globe-trottar  does  not 

know  now   to  beaave  and  is  considered  as  'ehocl-lne  and 

dlQ£uatlno'.  In  Chicago  where  he  visits ,  of  course,  the 

slaugiiter  houa«»  ha  has  a  vary  bad  Impression  of  the 

.  .  .  lichtlose  Enge  des  GeGch^ftsviertelB,  bedrflckt 
von  dleaen  Stelnschluchten,  In  dsnen  nur   eln  Begrlff 
Geltung  hat,  der  Dollar;  man  sleht  dlcht  7T  .  neben 
protzlgen  Wollrenkratzem  elende  Massan^uartlere,  und 
plO'.zllch  .^eisB  man  es:  Cnlcago  1st  vlrfcUch  die 
amerl'.-anischste  3tadt  der  '.felt  .  .  .  Aber  es  ist  keln 
erireullchQi^  hclterer  iilndruck.  aoncem  eln  bedrttci^en- 
des  2mpfln^.en.  .  .  (Ibid.,  p. 99) 

He  vlsitn  Niagara  ?aliB  and  admires  them  duly.  Prom 

Albany  he  takes  tiie  boat  trip  on  tne  Hudson  to  New  York; 

but  h3   f^oes  not  like  it,  the  scenery  Is  not  to  be  compared 

with  tne  Rhine,  and  the  people  on  board  behave  In  a 

typically  American  fashion.  Under  tne  rltle  'father  Is 

always  wron^'  he  tells  how  a  spoiled  brat  ntkes  her 

father's  life  miserable  ./hlla  xihe  mother  reads  her  novel; 

only  when  he  finally  loses  his  patience  and  thr?atenB  to 

slap  her.  the  mother  Interferes: 

"Ich  verstehe  delne  Rohnelt  gegen  die  "Inder  ganz  xmd 
gar  nlcht;   es  1st  ja  unerhftjrt,    .fie  du  c-'r-     '-ohter 
bohan<5  3lst.'"  Dann  trflstete   slo  das   "r.r  _  ndelte** 

iclelne  IlAdcnon,   das  nun  in  den  Armen  der  ..utter  fflrch- 
terllch  2u  br^lllsn  anflng,   ais   sel   Ihrn  eln  entsetzliches 


ri 


,*. 


.ro 


249 

Uni-echt  geachehen.- 

Ala  Ich  dies  «e89Qon  hatto,   fasste  Ich  .    .    .   d«n  Ent- 

Bchlusa  mlch  fiber  nlahtc  mehr  zu  -.rundem.    (Ibid.,   p. 102) 

He  finds  th.e  youns  people  on  board,   especially  the  slrls, 

without  the  rpfnoufl   "ZurflcKhEltunr,  Tftlte  uni  irdcierie"; 

ttl  the   contrary,    In  the   lovrrs'    comers  tnslr  drasBes 

slipped,    "dasa  ea  naheru  nlchta   zu  verhtlllen  sab",    (ibid. . 

p. 102) 

Taen   he  marvels  about  a  Sunday- Service  on  the 

same  sl-oamar:  A  young  lady  In  perrect  evening  dress  plays 

on  a  big  trombone,  a  recital  varied     by  preaching  In  a 

loud  Btontorllke  voice  and  jy  tue  distrlbuLion  of  religious 

paaophletB  and  finally  she  accomapniss  the  general  singing 

of  o  hymn  nraln  vrlth  her  trombone  sounding  full  blast. 

Das  war  aer  -onnt?.r^s-Go  "   'lenst  auf  dem  ♦iuTson- 
dampfer.  ■'./er  es  nlcht  -^  a  liat,  glaubt  ea  nloht  .  .  . 

(IM^T.  ,  p. 102) 

The  bort  approaches  Mow  York  where  the  shyscraper  district 

Of  ttaunattan  suddenly  appears  througji  the  3T!0.~e  and  fog, 

tmwlrkllch  und  schemenhaft,  ftbergewaltlg  und  drftuend, 
wle  die  spukhafte  Burg  elnea  (Jeschleclits  von  Slganten 
.  .  .  (Ibid.,  p. 103). 

New  York  by  day,  however,  is  to  hlai  not'ilng  but 

statistics.  "Zahlon,  Zahlen,  Zahlen  .  .  .  ".  looking  up 

to  the  skyscrapers,  those  endless  rows  of  v;indo-Ys,  he 

finally  views  the  sky  and  feels  dizzy  as  if  these  waves 

of  stones  would  break  do'vn  upon  the  observer.  But  slowly 

he  beglna  to  understand  the  language  of  these  dollar-palacaa 


250 


a«|  what  Uiey  speak  and  whisper  into  the  ear  of  the 

Amorlcr.n.  *How  much  '-"vs  you  ©P.mad  today,  -o-.v  many 

dollars  did  you  mako  today v',ork  harder,  then  perhaps 

you  mi^iit  be  able  oO  erects  a  building  as  x^lr.  .oolworth 

did,  MO  opened  a  f^w  dim;  ntores  some  tino  ago  .  .  . 

■en  he  is  confronted  .icn  a  uvi-V'  reet: 

"dia  .-^enhafte  Wallatreet..  Es  let  gar  nicat  tlbertrleben, 

was  man  Ihr-  -•  ohsagt:  Ihre  dynamlsche  ./irkuns  umspannt  die 

Welt."  (Iblu..,  p.  104).  He  only  wants  to  extend  the  name 

WallBtreet  to  the  whole  financial  district  of  Manhattan: 

:..  haben  Hlrn  und  Herz  dee  ..  o  It-K^ol  tall  anus  Ihran 
sitz,  hier  wlrd  das  flnanzlelle  G€:     n  der  ^ij, 
■  bestimmt  .  .  .  wo  .  .  .  nur  :in   ^ -^  ^         ''^'''Lm^ 
Business  .  .  .  Cwo]  Nachrlchtei.     ^  un  •        daftlr 
Gor-'n,  daas  Jede  diesor  Dollarscnmle  it-n  mlo  de 
Welt"v9rbunden  werde,  Ihr    '  le  vemiot^clnd,  ._.^ 
allgewaltlso  v;ailat.reet  -v  ^-.  .  .  .  ^iu^.  ,x- J-^*t/ 

!a  eats  there  In  a  restaurant  balovj  'u\t>   atreet- 
13V01.  "Schnell  wlrd  .segesaen"  -  tliae  la  4ioa.y,  although 
ta^re  dine  only  those  who  have  'lota  of  tlaw ',  vihllo  out- 
side others  eat  sitting  t  a  counter  o.-  .vcr,  ^t.ndlng. 
HS  thinks  of  the  bulldln,;:  above  are  forty  etarias  or 
Offices  m  which  15,000  pe«)le  wfwkj  further  dow.  bauksj 
and  below  these  runs  the  subvfay  expresB  witli  "rv-Zug-Ge- 
sch-lndislcelf.  The  next  guests  are  walt.ino,  ^o   on  he  goes. 
He  finds  himself  suddenly  on  the  liast-oide  ..Ith  its  type 
of  •buslneast 

Gedrfinse  aerrscht  in  den  schmalen  .-     J'  J^J",^ 
kaum  hindurchzukommen  vennag.  Geac.nox,  .ezeter  una 


'en 

,ie 


251 


ttble  Gertlche  erfttllen  die  Luft.  Schlampige  Menschen 
hflnfien  aus  Balkonon  und  Fenstern.   TrOdler  Ziehen 
umher,  Kinder  balgen  sich  mit  speckigen  Kfltern  und 
Katzen,  Hier  nur  hebraische  Inachriften  und  Laden- 
schilder  .  .  ,  (Ibid*,  p. 105) 

A  few  blocks  away  he  sees  only  Italian,  and  still  further 

Turkish,  inscriptions.  Not  far  away  is  the  life  of  the 

Metropolis,  but  this  district  remains  untouched;  this 

is  "Galizien,  Syrien,  Levante",  If  one  walks  through 

these  districts  with 

.  .  .  ihrer  kaninchenhaften  Fruchtbarkeit,  so  gewinnt 
man  wohl  Verstflndnis  fllr  die  sich  besonders  gegen 
den  Zuzug  von  Osteuropflern  wendenden  Sinwanderungs- 
gesetze  der  Vereinigten  Staaten.   (Ibid. .  p. 105) 

In  the  evening  he  visits  Broadway  and  mocks 

at  the  luxury  of  a  large  movie-palace  which  "ein 

wenlg  nach  »neureich»  schmeckt"  (ibid. .  p. 106),  at 

the  orchestra  in  white  tuxedos  playing  under  changing  red, 

green,  and  purple  lights,  as  "Amerikanlscher  Geschmack  .  . 

In  a  restaurant  he  is  angry  when  six  nice  old  gentlemen 

JTirap  up  "wie  von  der  Tarantel  gestochen"  because  a  young 

girl  returns  to  their  table,  and  they  do  not  sit  down 

until  the  girl  has  taken  her  seat.  He  finds  it  symptomatic 

of  the  "enorme  Verhfltschelung"  of  the  American  woman.  She 

is  privileged  and  dominates  all  religious,  moral,  artistic 

and  intellectual  work.  The  result,  he  thinks,  is  a 

cultural  feminism,  the  cause  for  the  "ausgesprochen 


ft 


iijijjtj-j.  Vt-; 


w«l  A 


jU      I  <.X  XOq  Ul  J  Wi  1 


e^o 


r.r    orf^  iB 


ax  ba£ 


252 

dlli;iGtc.n;;.lBc.ie  Goprd.  d  der  arQerlicanisoa.  n  -olateBycultur". 

Still  more  he  resents  tiae  fact  the  the  An^-rlcan 

husband  helps  his  v/lfe  Iti  ths  household,  thrt  he  -^ooko, 

waa^ies  aisles  and  taicee  oars  ox  hue   o^iiid.  _.voii  ■■-o^^-'.: 

he  reports  that  a  nanber  of  oonoole  teaoh  boys,  too,  in 

house-  lold-GubJeotB  and  to  top  it  all,  r  G-^rmen  fomcin- 

lawyar  xias  3U3S>3Sted  nue  saiae  Lnin^  for  :^'sr:i-'n   :^chcol3i 

He  speaks  of  the  'proverbial  domiixatlon  of  t,ho  voman  in 

America*,  quotes  tho  increase  o£   women  murderlnc  their 

husbands,  who  are  acquit-ted  in  ninety  nine  cases  out  of 

a  hundred  and  cites  the  statistics  of  tii3  j^realest  number 

of  crimes  in  the  country  ./here  women  toachars  ?re  In  the 

majority.  He  does  not  say  tioat  this  ie  tne  reecon  for  It; 

he  only  Inolnuates  it.  oimilarly  h-^  dlDguicee  his  dls- 

th£ 
approval  of/Tmerican  drugstore,  quoting  the  combination 

or  articles  jold,  in  ona  sentence:  everything  is  to  be  had 

there  from  a  medical  preeoription  :o  a  ^a  ydophono  record, 

fnd  -ondsr  cupbocLrda 

.  .  .  die  volljastopft  Bind  .nit  ::odi:-.in."lasc'n-.n, 
Irrl3atoren  vxkI   Klintiers.jritzen,  wird  ftlr  wenlge 
Cents  wsLrmor  I'affee  auseeschenkt,  werden  El  scream 
\md  3andwlche8  sarviert.  (Ibid.,  p. 108) 

From  New  Yor'c  he  takes  leave  of  America,  not  without 
moc'tlnc  5it  t^.g  "^tatue  of  Liberty,  "natflrlich  das  ^rftsste 
Standblld  dar  rtolt!" 

Venzmar's  other  writings  on  Arasrica  have  not  been 


253 

18) 

available    but  tiie  chapter  on  Amei-loa  in  hlB  Heute 

um  aie  '.'elt  shows  a  cHegulBed  dlelllce  If  not  envy  or 
hatred  or  thin  country.  If  oo.r   Imac^neo  how  his 
American  scene  vdll  appear  lo   a  German,  it  ^111  be 
approximately  as  follo.'^a:  re  11. .Ion  -  a  lady  in  evening 
^r-'^'?  niowlng  a  trumpet  and  preaching  a  sermon;  farnlly  - 
the  /ijiierlcan  husband  henpecked  and  effeminate,  the 
children  badly  brought  up  nasty  brats,  the  vrlfe  lazy 
and  overbearing;  the  Amerloan  vfoman  -  as  such  a  danger 
to  civilization;  love  and  roinance  -  shockingly  sensual 
and  quite  brazenly  in  the  open;  the_cltl93  -  hoctlc  and 
full  or  crylns  injustice,  enormous  riches  side  by  side 
with  still  ^eater  misery;  business  -  nothlns  but  greed 
for  the  dollar;  Wall  Street  -  all  it  is  said  to  be, 
po-rorrul  IVmb   a  spider  enveloping  the  world;  fie 
East-3lcle  -  disgusting  Sastern  Europeans;  the  famous 
drup^-stores  with  unsavory  food  -  imagine  .laving 
Ice  cream  or  coffee  under  a  '-aistiersprltze' .  Only 
mother  natui^e  lii  "appreciated  -  as  long  as  it  ic  not 
spoiled  by  man.  The  American  has  brought  mo<?.em  civili- 
zation, luxury  and  comfort  to  the  Idyllic  _ai\aii=5..1§im'i& 


r.Huebener  considers  Vonznor's  :o'.r   York  ohna 
.ills     •  3  The  German   ^-  -_^- ^.-   •  irlfi| 
T..   ,  .,^-)  as  ^—  --  the  moat  i  ^  "."„  Xf. 

America.  I  come  to  a  slmllex  conclusion  on  :'a«.xydls  of 
Venzmer's  loute  nm  die  v.'el.t. 


•f     VI-.:      ?r 


254 

y«B,  taut  only  for  the  extremely  rich  at  105  markB  »  tey 
for  tae  cheapest,  room,  a  month* b  salary  f^r  many  a  poor 
German.  Tr.e  Am»rice.a  T^rain.  are  appareaLiy  uot   as  com- 

«j  *^  -^^   :  ,  Is  asautlful- 

fortable  as  they  ara  aald  to  oe.  ^^^ -  * 

Sranted  -  but  partly  owln^  to  its  Guli.ato.n.;  bosldaB  It 
18  built  on  originally  opaniah  territory  ^..»  '^x,  ./ill 
happen  to  other  undeveloped  i^tin-A^erica  countries  ■^.v6nn 
Nord.>..erilca  slch  erst  einmal  inteneiv  odt  ihnen  baraas.n 
,..lrd?MHent£jAm_Me_Jieit,  p. 92)  lais  it.  ...parently  true, 
for  Vcnzmer  relates  about  Cuba  -  in  an  aside,  of  course  - 
horf  this  ieland  .xa»  been  "den  Vereinl.^.en  ..o^ten  cuf  anade 
^ne   Un.:^ade  ausgelleferf  evor  since  ta.  .p.nish-A.ericsn 

wer.  (Ibid.,  p.  115). 

one  wonders  why"  thlB  r^ighly  educated  nan  disparages 

America  bo  much,  telling  half-truOxs  by  'clever'  associa- 
tions of  ideas  or  by  representing  the  worst  or  exceptional 

feetursB  as  typl's^- 

«alt.r  Bloem  Is,  lU^e  Venzmer.  a  jlobe-trottar. 
but  ha  la  also  a  uoted  writer,  a  n^tlonallat  of  tM  moderate 
rlsht  .vine.  Lli.  Arthur  HolUtocher  and  E.  s.  Klsoh  M 
oomoares  the  Soviet  Union  -.rttb  America  In  Ms  hook 
•.,.Tt.-eslcht.  Eln  Buoh  yon  neutiser  und  .ommendsr  Wnsoh- 
helt  (Orethleln*  CO..  Lelp^^-^arloh.  19a8).  Like  the 
two  last  .,«-lter.  mentioned  he  vl.lt.d  tl..  United  state. 


255 

b^tfera  tha  :iront  donrosnlon.   ^t  If    '^.rt  Ir.  nattnra  .10 

•••n  by  a   ?  irtain  t       •  ')it ' ,   a  book   d^    3.    nDv-aiT.  >ar:aan 

lntel3.eotuel  vie  I'loa  In  large  measturo   from  th« 

writer's  ov.na  political  point  of  tIow  depending  on  tne 

tr-npoi-jiry  political  Blt\iation.    Comlns  I'rora  Anla,   Bloom 

has   seen    ''dsn  ra,rfgl©rlgon  MoChtlmporlcllaTrma  Brltaniil«ii«" 

(j^bld , ,   P.2T6),    "Idan]  notgeborenen  Impcrlcllamue  Japans" 

waioi.    Jij  conaidera  ae  a  tv/ln   Lo  the  German  " A,u8dahattnga- 

drt:.  jfore  taa   FlrBt  World  iar.   He   la  eonvlncsd  tliat 

natlonallam  is  evarywliero  t^i3  groatast  driving  pov/er,  along 

wlUi  bolniievlam,   ¥iiat  does  iu  make  o     tli3   "oi^entilciia 

ttidt  slnziga  aieger  lia  Welticrlege:   der  loloas  United  States"? 

(Iblu..  p. 277) 

Tie  first  evening  la  a  surprise  for  txlm.  He  hears 

Beethoven 'a  Ninth  Sjiuynoiny  performed,   the  chorus  singing 

In  "9r.:''n. 

>;ir  vr  '  -  -    '■••--:- -   -■  \ tt  savif f i' -  —  •   " -■'"'"' at  - 

un<"   c: .  i   .    .    . 

vlr  Inr  ausoer  ...   In  ber lin  unc  Wlon   (and  tv/o  other 

orr  — -^      -   "■ "    li  nocix  e-l/.raa  m   -' ■  ■      ?lto   zu 

Otv  .      ..__.  ,       .       i) 

Ug  la  delighted  and  bev/lldorcd.   This  lo  the  Gsman 

Idoalicm  he  la  so  proiid  of,  but  It  conao  fxNjm  a  nation 

which  only  recently  jolnod  a  crusade   "segen  das  Land 

Schlllera  und  BeethOTeus"    (Ibid..  p,280}. 

On  the  other  hand,   when  he  sees   oaa  cJcyaoz^pere 

they  oeem  to  express  the  idea:    "Make  money J   If  joa  can. 


J?56 

honestly    .    .    .      ut.  ^p^e  monoy"    (of.    Ibi ' .  .    p. 382). 

*Ha'ce  money*  he   ii-i'  ^   btaraped   on  the  lirrd   races.  In  the 

cold  aJacirp   bjgb  of  tne  men  rormliag  one  Ajnerlcsn  type   In 

which   "en  llsche   olegeseloherheit .   deutpohe  Arbeltsemslg- 

Jceit,    Jtldiociie  Gewltztheit,   roaanlaoivea  Abenteuertun  oloh 

mlechen"    (Ibid. «   p,283).    But  ho   finds    *.ma>  .  "jone^*   also 

in  tlie  faces  and  figures  of  the  './omen: 

.    «    .   e'-      "■  ^last  und  loc:rt  auf  den   ^rell   ^'T^'^ltcn 
ITlnderw.^  lien   (sic),   dflustet  and   buiil';.   aus  den 

^,^'ofxd.Qtea,    soi^Til'irtan,   ptirfflnlortan,   ^berputrten 
?l^rchan  dar  te.uaend  und  tausend        ■''-*.-    ,    .    . 
die 99    •    .    ,   betrlobsaaien,    zlelbe  vu  ■^^lenerinnen 

who    lev v.i  nothing  but   the  ono  longing  to  find  t'^.*^  one  man, 

her  vrorl:  slave,   her  money  laaker,  who  will  deliver  her 

from  her  dally  work  drudgo   (Ibid.,   p. 283/^).    ^ri  ^ill  this 

he   sees   "Frelhelt,    31elchhelt,    Demokratle"   but   It  means 

"Herda,  -laasa"    (Ibid.  .   p. 284).  Although  the  Beir<7P.nts  are 

not  as   "krlecherlBCh,   au£ondl^^ne^lBCh"  as  t.helr  eculvalenta 

in  Europe,    Bloem  thihcs  everybody    =rants  to  work  himself 

up  in  order  to  get  out  of  the  democracy,  "Heraus  pus  der 

Demoltratle  -  heraus  aus  der  Kaese",  to  become   one  of  the 

blllionalT?ea  who  sure  the   "modemen  Feudalen   .    .    .    3ehenv 

Bcher  dleaer  Paeudoderao]:ratle"      (Ibid. ,   p. 284/5)- 

Like  li.   E.   Klsch  he  dwells  extensively  on 

HOlly-^ood  and  the   fill.   He  re^^ards  rauch  of  the  variety 

show  ^rlven    :1th  the  fllma  as  trashy  but   oonaldera   some 

films  outstanding  -    'The  Last  Command'  with  Emil  Jannlnga 


a^ 


257 

and  anothGr  wex  film   ''.'liat  Prlo^  Glory'   -or  example  - 

and  coiaes   to  the   concluolon.: 

.    .    .    v.lr  vfollen  Krlegs-filrae  laachen,   c!le   DeutBch- 
landa  Heldontiwi  ins  aollsts   lAoht    ::tolloii   •    •    • 

der  deutGc.iO  KrJ-    r'-'\-'   -^ -..^^.n-ine     ropep^andfi- 

mlttol   ^'Ir  di.B     .  ^and. 

Travelling  tiirou&i  America,  ha   rinds  tho  country  bare  of 

natviral  u.autiaB  with  only  a  faw  ..'Oiiderrul  exceptions  - 

Yosamite  Valley,   the  Grand  Caoyou  and  Niagara  Falls; 

otiiarwlse    "^tiLdte  -    ot^dte  -   Litildte".    (Ibi,u. ,   p.295; 

Of  St.   Loula  Ixe  observes  the  inner  city  as 

mu'  meiir  >euciiandes,  raaselndea  business- i.ont rum. 
Aber  die  unernasallohan  Yorortse^brelta    vnic.)   rait 
liiren  xarks   .    .    .   Freimaurertampeln,  umbusobten 
Vlllen,   dem  li^afriedetan  C-npus  dar  bcnGl.dflnsvrert 
welteni-rtlckten  Waa-iington-univeraity.  •  (ifeia. ,   t>.29o) 

reminc'''  him  of  t.io  v^lde  open  .<est. 

Of  Chicago  be   writes  only  a  siior-t  paragraph. 
But  Detroit  -  i.e.   tie  x^ord  factory  -   iu  deucribod  at 
len,3th  for  ha  finds  thera  the   solution  for   tiio   social 
problem:  -h-c>^  wages,   no  lazinoss,   but   qulcl:  work  and 
paychological  study  for  tae  best  adaptation  of  the  wor.cer. 
His  conclusiona  are: 

Hijr  lie^t  dar  Ge^enpol  des  Bolsohwisaus.   Fords  AuT- 
atieg  -   der  Aufatleg  des  Tflc  itLjstan   .    .    .    Die  Lmenaoh- 
lic^ienl  Untarschiede  nlvallieran  .caiin  ma^i  ^  Z*^ 

nac/i  mitan.     "'--a  dabel   .iarauE^:oiaint,    lehrt  -._ -   aie 

allseniGina  Verelendxing, 

and 

Amerlka  will  Jeden  rrolatarier  zum  Bourgeois QnaoxierJ 
(1014..  P.302/P) 


258 

In  anot'ier  factory  In  Readln,:,  Pa* »  he  comparas  t>ie  vrell- 
dressed  workers*  who  look  like  ladies  and  gentleman  end 

fho  dance  dufln^^,  „  -.j.,  liinoa  hour,  i  ♦.■''  ^'"^   nr'^'^mpt  oncl 

embittered  v/orkor.i  he  used  to  ^cnow  in  hib  hosne   town, 

working  In  factorlee  producln  sl.nllar  goo 

.iier  sah  loh  alnen  mlr  vfllllr:  nouon  Typ  da^sen^'ms 
!narxl3tlsehe  Vsrzerrung  iranar  nooh  elnen  i-roiatarler 
nennen  rattchte:  die  Jtmge  Dame,  den  Jion;  on  Gentleman 
an  d<jr  "'ascl-iinQ.  (Ibid.  .  p.30M 

He  optiniatlop.lly  sees  here  an  emergenoe  of  rafin  above  the 

Moloch-machine  to  which  hn  was  formerly  onained  and  which 

he  olovrly  starts  to  dominate. 

'A3   talks  of  tiie  film,  whion  playa  so  bis  ^  role 

In  th' education  of  the  mnssas  towards  rex^ined  mannera  of 

living,  of  Prohlbltidn  and,  last  but  not  laas:,  of  inatall- 

raent buying,  vhioh  In  5arope  was  abhorred 

.  .  .  al3  infamo  Teufelei  dea  Klelniiandej.s  ,  .  .  Ab- 
zahlunj;s  -auf ,  leme  ich  hlei  ,  badeutet  Sparzwang. 
(Ibid.,  p.307) 

Finally  he  reaches  New  Yor'c  and  is  surprised  a£,ain. 

Vlr  hatten  olne  flnstere,  Bohreclcaafte  Stadt  er^./artet 
und  rand en  eine  strrhlende  .  .  .,  eine  tobcnde  .  .  . 
unc!  fandcn  ■^Ino  relativ  t'er^uschlose  •  .  .  Im  g^J^^en 
wlctelt  cich  der  Verkehr  tlberraachend  friedllch  ab, 
Vor  rllen  fehlt  unoerm  Ohr  das  abscaeuliche  Tuten  der 
Hupon.  (Ibid. .  p. 308) 

But,  of  courae,  the  rush  hours  are  different.  Even  the 

Bkycorrpers  seem  to  apeak  differently  here.  First  they 

were  usly,  then  they  imitated  all  kinds  of  styles,  but  seem 

now  to  have  found  t.ieir  own  fora  whloa  he  desorlbea 

poetically,  almost  like  Stefan  Zwelg  In  alo  'l.iytiim  of 


Uli 


259 

9  3pwjJ:s  nijout  w-oa  ausatlonfi*   t^io  nat>io  problem, 
and  presents  all  tue  a^-^UMontHi  Ic  ravour  of  t  lo  oolourod 
«,^n  and  of  f^o   a,olrlt.Uftl  wad  Inteliaotuai  o^uciib/  of  tlna 
raoeOf   iiut  ti^en  lid  says: 

.     ....^-c,  w..  .^^  -    :;     Irn.--   -  — .     •  -  -,. ' « •  P»315) 

.'  t  n  ha  apeet's  ifluii  eeeinln.:,  'jntiluolft  jui  on  «»-.». *i.otia  domocvtt^ 

en<l  poiitlcB  ne   ;.o«b  apparently  ills  o^tx  i>L 

r„ ^r,^ii..«,    -<i<'-iri8t,   IndlTlAu&ilut  -  fcw  it  d«r 

airi  und  aolna  Icicolo  io  vor  i 

Thon  A«  spoakB  of  co;uocru.cy  end  oTlctocrr  cy  -    J.>i  own 

lA«£l  -    ■  ^r-e  of  "Pttioromatur^n,   :tL:iron.::rf:i5;.li-liV:  :lt«n, 

thu^©rtai©n^.e",    (lbld> .  p.523}  ^.iid  Uiua  ^  iii*,trvi-fetB 

Acierlcan  dotnooratlo  g-Tenanent  as  Colin  lX>&z  was  lo  do  * 

few  yep-rii  Icoor  in  his  ^M...eri^t^s  Sph^clcaalB&tundfl.  aa  »oa«-> 

thing  akin  to  tue  Cerrc an '•^tthr or'  principle,    -ii  la  ijot 

surpi'lt-inG  ^'^^»t  r  Blwai    .TOto  also  «.  ->ii/  oi 

Gaorge   •■.r.a.dJrU'Tbon       ..eriltiae   3io   of  lilndenbur,:;.    it  mls-it 

be  Intoi'eatlri     to  noto  U.  .t  i.i.i.rva  i.cx'i'  U    .   iA.Jvjv^,  iJ^36  ) 

on  a  vlBlt   to  Kount  Vtirnotx,  Vjfta.ilnjiton '  ,  notlcos: 

En  t^aasB  olncn  r>mjl«r8wlQl*  fUis  vWjrt-jrs  ../eiaen.     A»  «1. 
^o  lit   -In  zartorer  Co  lot,  nicra  ai  '^o' 

•    ■        uiiUJi  .,S3ton 


"191 

On  ..'aaiiinstaa'e  youtlil  :  '.2£^2&t   1928 

On  )il8  iMkdorcliJLp   t  _'  -^  »-  ^■i.^'^^  ..^^i^aii.  1929 


260 

Bloem,  however,  la  delighted  to  dlscovtjr  that  Araorloa  has 
a  aliltajcy  iiaio,  too,  and  a  'FtLirer'  pereoriallty. 

otoran  S.felg  has  dealt  ./Ith  America  in  cwo  of  hla 
*t>felve  alatorloel  nlniaturoa '  jternotundan  der  Mensclihelt 
(1927,  JL^ipzlfe  and  1940,  Now  Yox-kj,  In  a  biojiyaphy  of  Kary 
Baker  Eddy,  ilellxAn':;  durch  den  Gelst.  and  laat  but  not  leact 
In  'Der  iu^thaiue  von  "--v  vork',  rirst  wri  .ten  in  1912  but 
with  additions  re-publia:i8d  in  1937  in  oe,eyTi\in^,3n   mlt 
Meuac  lon,    3tlc  lern.  Itfldten  (Wlen  1937).  He  also  refers  to 
America  in  some  of  his  essays,  £.^.  '     onotiBierunp;  der 
Welt*  (1925). 

In  'Die  Entdeckung  Sldorados',  his  first  'iilBtorlcal 

miniature'  on  America,  he  describes  the  discovery  of  sold 

in  California  and  how  the  lust  for  ^old  destroyed  tne  life, 

family,  and  poasessions  of  tl-e  rigl-itful  owner  of  the  whole 

20) 
gold  district,  Johann  August  Sutter.    ^weig's  'Eldorado' 

gives  a  good  description  of  the  mania  for  (/old  ^-rhich  broke 

out  in  California  and  el3e\rhere  in  13^^S.  But  it  showB  hardly 

any  oloror  j..ai*ac\.erir'ation  of  the  J?^lirorniaia  land  or 

people.  Tic  author  probably  lid  not  icnow  tiie  country,  but 

he  considered  the  grfat  gold- discoveries  in  Ce  ifomla  in 

1848  as  a  momentous  historical  event  bo  be  includsd  in  Die 


Tais  American  L  leme  hae  been  variously  used  in 
Germrn  llv.i'iiture  e..i^.by  CAaar   von  Arx  in  iIb  drama  C>  icrai 

Sutter  (1929),  by  E.W.i5ller,  Z-.  '  '   i'"'-^    irep;6dle  (1935). 

by  r-.'^.^'lsch,  'Die  Ballade  von  .  t  ^  in  'iis  .  ara  -los 

Amerlka,  (1930)  and  by  P,  Zollinger's  ^ex"  i.5nir,  von  Neu  Hel- 
vetien  (3rd  3d.  1938}. 


Lm 


is 


9q 

9X1 


31 


261 

Stematiinden  der  Wenoetihelt. 

The  next  'hlstorloal  mlnlaturo'  Is  also  about 

an  American,  about  'Cyrus  Field's  Cabl**  and  hie  'First 

Word  across  tae  A olantlc '  on  August  5f  1858.  The  electric 

telegraph  had  been  inrented  ejid 

This  araasing  disooirerj  changed  hunen  notions  of  space 
and  time  as  they  had  never  been  changed  sinoe  the 
creation  of  man.  (Tides  of  Forttine.  p.  199,  available 
only  in  translation) 

But  it  seemed  impossible  'to  cross  the  tlantio  until 

a  cable  engineer  contacted  Field.  He  was  neither  electrician 

Aor  teciinician  .  .  .  But  he  was  full  of  faith  and  enter* 

prise, of  Ajnerican  pep  end  vin;  '  (Ibid. .  p. 202).  It  is 

interesting  to  note  the  pep  and  vim  in  connection  with 

faith  and  enterprise.  Feuchtwanger ' s  Pep  describes  the 

Afflerioaa  business  man  as  absolutely  materiallBtio  and 

without  any  idealism  or  vision.  Zweig  reports  ho-.f  his  hero 

needod  both  to  weather  several  mi eadvent tires  and  mis-iaps 

^  his  great  enterprise.  "But  Cyms  Field,  a  tough-ninded 

idealist,  would  not  hsar  of  defeat".  (Ibid.,  p. 212)  ..'hen 

he  succeeded  at  the  third  attempt,  Zweig  reports  Field 

was  enthusiastically  acclaimed  all  over  the  'Statea'  but 

Just  as  quickly  accused  as  a  cheat  when  his  cable  did  not 

work  after  all. 

Cyrus  Field,  who  hsd  Just  been  acclaimed  as  a  national 
hero  .  .  .  was  now  stigmatised  as  the  meanest  of 
criminals.  One  day  sufficed  to  work  t:io  change.  Over- 
whelming was  the  defeat,  vanished  had  public  confidence 
.  .  ,  (ibid.,  p. 218). 


01 


262 


Years  passed  by,   new  Invent lona  were  raade. 


Ta  >   only  tain^  v/antlng  was  tn«  nan  who  would  ojfiljnate 
tho   old   scar.ma  v:lth  fresh  energy   .    .    .  y.t  was]  tie 
aaae  man,   animated  by  the  aaas  Invincible  fclth  euid 
aelf-oonfidenoe:    Cyrus  Field,   resririTQOted  from  oblivion, 
.    ostraoiui,' and  univoreal  contempt.    (Ibid. , p. 220) 

Ttxls  tliiie  it  was  a  ooaplete  succeBs  -  tue   sucoeis  of  an 

American  busineas  maa  so  often  decried  In  Cer'.cn  literature 

on  America. 

Although  it  does  not  take  plaos  in  America,  the 

last  of  Zweig's  'twelve  historical  miniatur^B*  may  be 

■•ntionad  here,  because  it  involves  a  famous  American.  It 

is  'WilGon's  Fallxire',  March  15,  1919.  A^ain  In  contrast 

to  most  German  'Amerika-Lltaratxir',  it  is  hope  the  American 

who  is  the  idealist: 

For  aim,  tio  democrat,  tne  man  of  learning,  the 
concepts  'humanity*,  'mankind',  'liberty',  'freedom', 
'human  rigats',  were  no  empty  words,  but  artlclQB  of 
faith  v:hlch  aa  v;ould  defend  .  .  .  ^.s  als  forefathers 
had  defended  tae  Gospel.  (Ibid.,  p.268| 

And  it  is  not  because  of  America  but  Europe  wltn  Its 

diplomatic  wiles  and  its  t^ealpolltik '  that  this  idealistic 

dreamer,  as  Zweig  describes  him,  was  bound  to  fail.  Zweig's 

description,  if  not  fully  correct,  is  at  least  a  healthy 

counterpart  to  the  abusire  tireatment  Wilson  received  by 

others,  e.^.  by  Tilly  3eidel  in  his  Per  neue  .Daniel  (of  .p.  312 

below). 

Besides  historical  events  in  which  Amerioa  plays 

an  important  role,  Stefan  Zweig  •.n?ote  a  biojrapi^y  of  Mary 

Baker  Eddy,  the  founder  of  the  new  American  religion. 


:sJ 


265 

21) 
Christian  'iolenoe.        T.ie  biography  as  euoh   (first  publish- 
ed In  N^ue  Ri|ndeoia.u,   1950)   lo  beyond  the  limita  oi   thla 
Inquiry.    Hovrorer,   oortaln  paasages  give  a  good  aooount  of 
what  the  author  thlnka  of  A-nerloa.   Ha  lo  attracted  by  the 
atraa^e  fact  that  this  business- like  .nsrlca  ahould  be 
the  birthplace  of  a  new  x^llolon. 

.    .    .   der  amerlkanleche  Boden*   soaeinbar  nflohtera  und 
dtlrr,   vrlrd   ,    •    .  felnj  ausgezelohnetos  Saatfeld  fttr   .    .    . 
psyCilsohe  Vereuohe.    (Neue  Rtindsohatt.   1950,   p«623) 

He  dlecusses  the  background  of  otaer  new  religious  sects 

and  fln^a: 

.  .  .  ^_ex*de  das  ;     "^3ar  reallBtiacie  amerlkanl ache 
VoUc  1st  releh  an  „__.  .on  rell^lfleen  Zellen,  denn  in 
unabl&sslger  EmeueiMiis  sotzt  dort  der  protestantlache 
aarte  Glaube  noue  bKlhonde  Scnflaslinee  von  ^  * 
Tauaende  und  Hunr^erttauaenda  wolman  dort  In         n- 
BtAdten  und  veratreut  fiber  die  ^ndloaen  Gevlerte,  denen 
die  Blb^l  noch  Immer  das  wlchtlga-e  und  einzlgo  Buoh 
und  IhiTe  Deutung  \md  'leudoutung  die  elgsntllche  Slnn- 
eebonf  dea  Lebenc  let.  (lbld».  p. 635/6) 

ThUB  the  lumeji  material  is  t  ^re  and  also  a  certain 

fxmdamentallst  faith.  But  how  can  it  happ^jn  in  modem 

times  and  In  realistic  America?  lie  finds  tha  answer  In 

American  optlmiamj 

.    ,    ,    dor  nc  Iv  optltnlEtlache,  der  durch  ^aubena- 

willlge   3inn  der  Amerlkanert   denen  von   .  veg  niohts 

als  unmft^llch  eraciielnt.    .    .    (Ibid. ,  p. 623)* 


^rr 

The  same  subject  has  fascinated  other  minds  In 
Germany  too.  Eraat  Toller  and  Hormann  ^lesten  vnroto  a  drama 
about  It  V/under  in  A  '.erlka  (premiere  iaxmlisim,  Oct.  17,1951) 
in  whioh  Mary  Baker  Eddy  la  an  unscrupulous  mixture  of 
bunineaa  and  fake- re 11^ Ion. 

Ilea  Laneer'a  Die  :Iolll.;e  aus  'J.  .A.  (premiere  Berlin, 
Nov. 5,  1931)  is  a  biographical  sequence  of  scenes  around 
the  founder  of  C  irlatlan  Science  In  a  very  elmllar  vein. 
To  mix  buainesB  ability  and  religion  is  ^er  se  a  fraud 
according  to  these  dramatists. 


264 


More  snaoifioally  ha  «xpr«S8««  Iti 


.  •  .  inlt  geradem  herzir^ffandem  stoaa  lirx^lch^  die 
Christian  Soleno*  noch  die  unterate  und  elgentllche 
Sedlenschlciat  des  afflerikanlsoiien  Volkea*  s«lxien  hell- 
glAublgen,  oalven,  sainen  herrlich  lelcht  zu  entflam- 
manden  Optlmlsmus.  Dleser  Sutlon,  die  .  •  .  technisoh 
die  ^anze  V/elt,  flberflflgelt  hat  .  .  •  [mlt]  «ln«ffl  so 
Bis'^iaft  krSftlgen  Realisoius  kaon  ietn   Optlmisnms 
SU  kilhn,  keln  .  •  .  Qlaube  zu  abatrus  erso  islnen. 
(IMd.,  p.798) 

N9V«rt  lelasB,  he  finds  In  Mary  Baker  Eddy  e.  '/fomon  oapabla 

Of  founding  a  stremge  and  new  rell;.rlon  because  of  her 

metaphysical  attitude  6n  the  one  hand  and  her  business 

aceumen  and  even  money  grabbing  on  the  ot'ier: 

.  .  .  vlellelcht  hat  .  .  .  Amerlka  .  .  .  lelnen 
gelstl&en  Typus  produzlert,  der  die  Doppelgelelaigkeit 
des  amsrlkanlschen  Ideallamus  und  der  ameriV.anlsohen 
Welttflohtig;keit  so  vollkonmen  zum  Ausdruck  brlngt  ale 
Mary  Baker  Eddy.  (Ibid.,  p. 614) 

He  substantiates  this  statement  In  several  examples:  for 

Instance  he  describes  the  50:50  contract  of  the  founder 

with  hsr  first  disciple,  Richard  Kennedy: 

Eln  Stsmpelpapler  mlt  50  zu.   50  Prozent  Ist  also  das 
erste  historlsohe  Dokument  der  Christian  Solaaoe.  Und 
von  dlcsem  Augenbllck  an  blelbt  das  metaphyslsche  und 
das  materlelle  Prlnzlp,  blelbsn  Chrlatus  und  dep  Dollar 
In  der  Geschlchte  dieser  amerlkanlschen  Hallslehx^  unr 
ISsbar  verbunden.  (Ibid. .  p. 640) 

He  oootpares  other  religions  and  their  otaeirrorldlineas 

with  thlB  new  Amarioan  religion  and  concludes: 

Hler,  aber,  in  diser  neuen  amerlkanlscien  Religion  .  .  . 
erachelnt  zum  erstenmal  eln  rapid  anschvellendos 
Bankkonto  dam  Prophetan  kaln  Aerjiemls  und  die  Barufung 
aitf  C-irlGtus  kaln  Hemmnls,  krflftls  den  Dollar  zu  raff  en. 
(  Iblc..  p. 34) 


265 

He  quotes  Max4c  Twain,  wxio  r-ialculed  juct  this  aspect  of 

the  new  rellixlon: 

Unerblttllch  zergHedert  Mark  Twain  die  sonderbare 
Doppelliebe  Mary  Baker  Eddye  aowohl  Eum  Heillcoaschein 
wle  zum  Dollareop.oin,  und  nennt  schllasollch  oine 
Religion  Blasphemie,  die  imaer  nur  Geld  fflr  slch  selbat 
x^fft,  nie  aber  dae  Gebot  der  .Vohltlltigicelt  lehrt  oder 
auB^lbt.  (Ibid,,  p. 55) 

This  doea  not  aean  that  Zwelg  conelders  all  reli^oua 

Anerioana  to  be  lixe  this.  On  the  contrary,  he  goes  on  to 

•aj  that  even  in  a  country  "wo  Geachftftstflohtigielt  die 

Bflracer  nioht  hindert,  gleichaeltig  gute  Christen  zu  aein  " 

(ibid. )    Hark  Twaln/ao  nmoh  against  this  new  seet.  It 

is  strange  that  Zweig,  except  for  some  conciliatory  words 

after  the  daath  of  the  founder,  does  not  notice  that  the 

remarkable  Christian  Science  Monitor  is  one  of  the  best 

edited  papers  of  the  World,  and  this  partly  ov;ln^  to  Its 

■trance  dogma.  A  man  of  intellect  like  Zweig  ought  to  have 

noticed  thl^.  But  he  seens  to  have  too  good  a  head  line  In 

"Christus  uiid  der  Dollar",  his  chapter  on  tae  Boston  period 

of  Mary  Ba^er  Eddy,  and  the  newspaper  appears  as  nothing 

but  a  "publicity  (Reklaae)  sheet". (Cf.  ibid.,  pp.32  and36) 

In  1925  Zweig  wrote  'Die  Monotisierung  der  '.'elt'. 

Here  he  considers  America  as  a  danger: 

.  .  ,  woher  ktamnt  dieso  furchtbare  Velle,  die  una  Eillee 
Parbige,  allee  Eigenfttrmige  aua  dem  Leben  wagzuschwenaien 
drobt?  Jeder,  der  Irflben  gewesen  let,  welsa  es:  von 
Aaerilia.  (BeReisnun.  ,3n.  p.  164^) 

tie,  wno  in  tae  same  voiuiae  speaks  for  the  "Koralisohe  Ent- 

giftung  Suropas",  cries  about  "the  conquest  of  Europe  by 


a  aJt 


jyiJiJ  wii 


266 

Aaerioa"  llico  any  n&tiooalist  of  hio  porlod.     e  <iU.:.:araots 
tiiB  dollax^oroditf  aaC  the  puilantluroplc  alas  of  Amozdoa* 
H«  tiiin:.i   Lii«  oouutriea  of  FXirop©  '  ?-v,  iv^An   r  <^uoed  to 
ooIonioB  of  tas  Aaax^icau  .vay  of  lir*,   oiiu  atoned  by 

Its  graatoat  dan£;9r»  tho  Aacrioan  typa  of  borodcn.  Other 
tjpao  of  laaflnr:  ho  oonrlflora  f>a  Inoffanolvo  -  not     o  tha 
Aaarliii^  0:10,  axoi^od  1:*^  sports  ajad  ocnoatlono,   by  taoriea 
And  radio.     t>o,i  /jnerioa  t^ore  oomea  a  vraiTo  of  moaotony 
whisii  offcira  thG   same   ts  overybody,    tna  aame  book,   tha 
eaaj   ov^^^rlis,  v,....    .,        pon,   Uio  sa-TiG  car  but  aiuo  i,..g  aaaa 
conv-rjc-lon,    io  notloas,  howaver,  that  a  citallar  nsonotany 
thraaLcnc  !i>iim3pc   from  ^asla   (cf,   \h%d , ,  p,165). 

.>,*'';,   *\;W    .eacorn  ^urop  so  canscloue  of 

tl-3ir  0..T1  nmall  opatlal  conoapts  ^men  thoy  are  confronted 
wlt.h  ths  larTQ    ''.fide  open  LoaooB*   of  othor  continents.   In 
tuis  caBc  o.   /uiiQrlca*    <:.'.fsis  ^^  Inoonslstont,    too*   w.i9n 
ba  speaks  of  "olner  der  auropAlBChsn  la  tlafston  fremden 
Idea,  dsr  maschlacllan".    (Ib^d. i   p»16A)   For  In  '  ie  aaaa 
voxua.   .--   -."Q-^uuilBiies,     :' \  \  additions  and  oac,     ;■,    lIb 
ovm  paoui*  on   ':.er  Isthmus  von  *lew  York*    (Ibll..   .jp«273-28A), 
a  mont  rootle  d-racrlr^Mon  of  this  great  metropolis.   On  too 
i^iQi-u  c.  visit     J   :.  I  y  to  know  much  about  It  xia, 

noTarthclooB,   fools  Its  rhythn.  European  to  ma,  like 
''lor^nco  or  a  Gor-nan  •sr^.'^ll-tOiTii^  are  noot  beautiful,  he 
roc.  Lx:^,    ...jn  seen  ai^i^op  and  uitiijut  poople  as  part  and 
parool  of  their  landaoapo*  American  cities  are  ugly  vlth- 


26T 

out  people,  £.^.  New  Yori  downto.vn  on  a  Sundaj.  But  on 

workdays  tnej   sound  ./ith  tiie  wild  rhythme  or  a  grand 

barbaric  music.  And  In  Naw  York  more  than  dlBawlaer«  he 

feels  th^  high  strung  will  po>rer  o£   this  ifamenee  covmtry. 

He  feels  this  rajthm  first  on  3rooklyn  3rldge  .^ith  Its 

_1  ontlo  archsa  and  its  enornious  aeasureaen ta  coniiectln^ 

t'.'0  ^eat  metropoleis  with  over  a  million  Inhabitants  each. 

The  river  he  eeva  crossed  and  re-crossed  by  m^iiy  boats  larga 

and  small;  railways  cross  the  bridge,  a  flood  of  oars  and 

an  unending  stream  of  people.  Jizzy,  he  grasps  the  railing 

of  the  bridge  and  feels  its  vibrations  -  "  ller  Irnbe  ich 

ZTM  erstenmal  den  Khythmus  von  New  York  saspdrt".  (Ibid.. 

p. 230}  He  then  enters  the  subway  wita  a  t^eat  mass  of 

people  stroaalng  into  a  gorge.  Moz>e  passive  than  active  hs 

goes  along  with  the  human  current  and  eaergas  oaa  Jroadway, 

this  remarkable  street  which  starts  far  up  betwesn  lasaAows 

and  fields  and  descends  like  a  broad  flood  down  to  the  s«a. 

But  not  tar   from  its  and  it  beccMies  a  sorga.  Buildings 

tower  lll::e  moxintains  higher  and  hitijar,  -ijcty  and  eighty 

stories  high  and  th;:;  huaan  crowd  rushes  quicker  and  quicker. 

The  traffic  :aoves  on  in  waves: 

Hier  wlrd  dio  aenschlichs  Maase  ^'aturgewalt  .  .  . 
Und  das  1st  das  uehelmnis  dieser  barb  •  '   isn  zuerst 
"    :-  -    :rl:ani screen  Stftdte,  dc  _b  oie  sioh  nioht 
lichen  rlajie  untcrordn^^n  sondem  selbst 
elementar  wirxen  wollea.  (ibll. .  p. 281} 

New  Yor^  is  thus  like  a  mountain  olxain,  li'ce  this  sea,  and 


Hive  river*.   Seen  i"rom  afar  Its  nkyllnc  looks  1X^9  % 

IMatserrat  with  i.t^  atsep  peaks  and  Inollnaa;    Its  peopla 

are  Ilka  the  sea  with  It  a  regular  ".ides.   In  ta^  aor^nia^  thla 

tidal  wave  rolls  dov.n,   and  la  tae  arenlug  it  rotuma, 

/iov   .^oat  e.'id  unroot  are  felt  everywhere,  in      te  atre^ta  below 

4ft  high  up  in  tae  Tibr«tlng  t^s  of   toe  to^ere  •>  the 

puleatin^i  .ieartl)3at  ot   New  ^Cofk:*       "' 

lopoeoibl'S   to  eaoa^>e  this  ru/toa*'   One  eojimot  stand 

atlll  without  being  pushed  ejftd  earried  av/ay  toy  tn^  traTflc. 

Ikiftre  Is  no  roon  for  loafin^  eg  in  iarls.    ....   city  la  not 

for  z*eBt«  Sven  aoor'viwkins  people,   Lndiaa  of  tirie  upper 

elassat  >are  biey  in  sports  and  itSOt.  .'aaiUoae  and  ehaaa  around 

in  their  oarc.   hruaeuas  too  are  busy  spots  where  leetuz^es 

aro  ^ven,  and  quiet  conteisplation  seaas  unknovm; 

:ian  onaaa  aa  Sehiff  oder  in  dan  Bahnen  ^^fit^  'StrL  hA-v^n, 
wie  die  !:flnner  'ilcr  unter  ein  oaar  :itun  r 

Ur:   '■'        -eit  leiden,   wle  hilflob, 

in  .:stun,  fla  si.-?  in  jodar  .   .  ..        ..■ 

rennen,  spielen  und  rauoben«  alles  aua  Jensr     ii*- 
dl^on  Un.T-T       .3,  die  schon  in  ihr  31ut  ^ii:\i£»^cm 
coin  miBS.  K^^..^« .  p. 283) 


the  stranger*  iuxe   vibitor,  jucoumba  to  t.UB  riiyt:im. 
He  ruahes  iroi  plaae  to  pla^ia  to  aaa  nore  and  aore  of 
this  renarUahle  city.  Th'i  s  foroelUl  rhythm  is  unforgettable; 
it  JLvea  sn  idea  of  the  anaror  of  a  country  vriiich  triaa 
to  pass  vrithin  a  century  \/hat  Europe  tms  covtjrod  in  two 
thonaand  years,  tvirope  la  like  a  ./ell  tamod  rlvsr  w.\ile 
here:  "v/er  UrkrAfta  liaht«  kann  ale  ai^v  Mlx^^'^^\x^■   uua 
barbariooh  aich  cntfaltan  sehon"   (Ibia. ). 


jltj: 


?69 

Than  folio  re  o  ^  i,   p.n  tlw  atithor 

':3  later,    •*^f:    ■^r\t'\;'\  ""l-  "^^v  Yortc  noc'-;  rJ^ht   ''le 
aauborlscheBt.  .L.-.e.u;.     -.y  .u-c.-   ■.^•:u'''.    (Ibi  :.  .   p.  234) 

still  late  at  ni^t  e..  '3  of  p-oplc  sv  f?,nd 

awtors  ire  rimiiln  ;  11  svako 

Wlilo^  >icAln  i;rlll  ^.iOi^a   uij  alty  la  It. 

It  ia  .i&rd   to  rcooncllo  tils  poMc  vialon  of 
.ark  wlv.^  ».j^^^';j  uU-kor  3^01*8    iJ;.Mlx^^  G.^rc8slozi8  on 

Ivanfrcici  -a^in's  .Il^-lnj  Lio'jc  y^  ;.  :c:i-l  -4  (Derllii, 

1930)  iias  x,ii     L>uwti>.xj    Mln  juiissr  Hann  scixlGndert  diuHXii 
ditt  Staatan",   It  le  an  Inter^atlrig  an^l  ar-^slns  tr^val 
book,   similar  .     ■.      Iscli'  ri'ra  ir.it    ''Ithout 

ita  bitter  sarcaaa*    -i   -n^:'  same   Mrao  It  r3:3ln''s  V.ie  raadar 
of  tiic  ontiiuslasa  of  Zwalg'c  "Der  'liyth-mig  von  New  Yor'k*. 
Ha  tz^sats  above  all  tl»»a  features  of  Am^rior  '»hiph  aaao 
atrtia^d  aiid  BLuv*l8iJl6  l^  u.  ^oi'iuc^.i.,   ovOx;.  i.-  .^i.  ^j. .    trilagB. 
H«  notloea  tiiat  all  men  waar  thoir  liaLa  In  2  cortaln  s^xape 
Hill-^  he  appears  ottt,lan<^lBh  with  '.lio  little  flat  'lat,  but 
riu  ^.tf^pa  it  an^  my.    i-  ic  faeolnaiod  by  a  youn^  colored 
boy  -rfho  aiilnca  ula  ahoee  hwnln^  and  novln     ":o  the  tuno 
of  '  but  mytiTiilc  little  aoas.  '  rocounting  many 

attractions  o.:   :,.,.   :    ^^  /  ;flttdowa  ^x.,  "^terla. 

He  l8  dellshted  by  t:v3  buffet,  .<'\1:5^  iia  calls   "das  roino 


270 

boniar&ffenland".  rut  v.b   uomplalnn  uuw  4ulo<ly  one  nas 

to  Mtta  for  people  ai^  waiting,  looking  fo.-  «jr\  empty  tabla; 

anrt  he  eom«R  to  tlie  quiok  ana  rail  aal' on. 

:  a  i-t.  "3u3.andi9   -  ' '       1  .       .       r- 

v/jli  •■»'  ^r  flusa,  .  -    , 

ale  i  it,   Je  e.  i-or  die  s.  ro' -I'.ij..  u        tg 

':■'--     i.;ssa«jr     •    9   •     .j-i.o  In  allt-i'i  •. .    Ill  "t 

Mar  r.oo'ip     'ln>l^5n     e'ru.-rt. 
autuiikaajLSoao  Be  riife.*  tKlaina  Hebe  r^  Aaorika.  p*69j 

ha  titiln.£a*      at  Jao  does  not  ioaa  aia  himour  about  It  aad 

raaarks  as  .'viaan  would: 

ijonn  wie  oaquam  oa  ainem  o.uoh  in  ainer  Ca:^at«ria  ^:9~ 

..id    sic.  .J8    RV.  -iltf    £>-  :*- 

■.ad  iind  prr                            QQ  nun  -T.^oa  nic:  i,   -^u,    dc-.L". 
'-    "    ^--rr  -^^    Sonluac  alt   uo'T'^- 


notio'B  now  tired  t  ui  pcopla  look  /aen  ji^lnw;  in  but  now 
en^rrotlc  and  enterpr^lelng  tu&y  r^-app-3£r  Tec  exit. 

"In  i.uj.'Jipa»   u9u-.. t  [wij  •    •    •   *i«.iiii  ^  ii*wi  so  oiu^i-  ^i*c. 

oin^n  June^'^on«»"      Cibij..  p»70)  la*»  tt«acrioea 

not   o  "•=»e8  but  *1bo  hrr  h«  r«?notfl  to  lt«   Klsoh 

borln^  aiil   ui-':^  iilns  tjtatiatlcs.   .iauemann  xxiacta  ui.farently: 

JungG,    Jun^   ,   daa   lot  aber  ein  T^  (len  dr..  ^e  Rutaohan, 

diaea  laufanden  Binder  ...  ,  laf- 

.,    „  .,]      »  ^  ^-che 

•    •    •     •     •  t 

p.???). 

la   t.ie  ''^""y,    flr*»t  tha  Buropaan  type  wharo 
c    i^oidlar  nets  on  on^^   wi^i.i.  *♦«    -i-c.^  ,  >  follo-.f 

pict\ir«a  of   I  oriaan  aavy.   h1'  ae  a  •*  1^9  is 


271 


not  inttroBtad  In  It  and  neit'isr  tha  nllltery  nor  t»ie 

patriotic  aspect  movoB  him, 

tro  zdon  klatscht  er  In  die  IT&ndQ,    ar  auch.   Der  An- 
bllck  1st  BO  wild  und  ixerrlloh:   der  Ozoaa,  der  t>tuni, 

,      Ci6  .3X1 

-_^-_-,    — ■  -L__-.-u _'j.,^_- at  un-:  -_- 

laiatt'^mden  .x.*  ::i;ln  Hurra  fUr  das  Leben  aul*  dleaer 

V.elt!    (Iblcl..  ^.Ytj) 

Jmoitaer  scene:    a  Norwegian  boxer  la  Introduced  as  a  Swede. 

He  protista,   but  the  A^erlean  BiiileB:    tar.t  Is  the  same 

tiilJBS  ror  UD  a,Qre  in  Anerloa.  Wh&t  Is  t^i&  dlff  arance? 

"Eaxm  Iceln  Mensoh  beJialten.' "  He  enviee  tae  Aaiericane  for 

tei]^;  lilze  the  Good  Lord  to  vAiom  it  ;n&keB  no  riifference. 

But  they  don't  roally  bra^;  about  It.    ">.Ette  Jv\n  ,?n  Im 

Grunde",    and  feels  eynpathy  for  them.    (lc>^.a. .  .^.7^) 

The  next  ia  an  aatomoblle  z*ace.  This  la  modem: 

Jlenschanskind,   sohon           '        "        "ar  !:iotor  la 

jt,art   jr^tLLlt  i^ui    ai .     _  ...                  .'    .    .    .  __  -w 
unsar  Crado  und  Amen.  Nic  it  nacl            .i,   einfach  die 

-xuuag,  ,   .   ,  d8. .  Ge- 

_w-...i.-  -^  -!._   ..Iraishnen  xmd   ::ltL ._-  ^   eeln  . 

.    .   Aiu  liobston  schl^a   ar  Beinsn  ^lacubcm  auft    'nie 
Tor  Aufx^^ung  .    .        (Ibl<3(.. .   ?.76/7) 

Finally  a  football  cramo  Is  shown.   SvexTr  time  the  tvro  teams 

oraeh  at  raoh  ot/iei?  th3    iiol^r  aucTlanoe  In  the   stadium 

roars  with  3xci!:.0aent  and  so  dosB  tiio  pubila  in  ti:s 

movies  and  he  with  them*  At  the  famous  end  run  of  one 

of  the  players  everybody  la  excited,   th     entiiuclasm  be* 

almoEt  danjerous. 

.    .    .     as  1b     die  Vclt,  da»  1st  dla  Jugend,  daa 

i       i  :a' .   "  ^   ■   a,  L'        "     "j- 

i;sx_-.^-,  expi^-^. .._.-  -.„ja«8«n -^  .  - 

::oc,orsn,  Noca  alnmal  ain  Hurra  alv   daa  Lsben;  Und  sin 


272 


■A.'    -    .    .  .-    -J..'  Tiloh.'   -    ( I .      .  .   ,-.,..  .j) 

he  laavcB  t-tia  movloa  ent  vuslastlc,    energotlc,   and  enter- 
prleln   .    ,    ,   exoctly     as  he  oau  othors  before,     ere  Is 
thd   cfrml-nnnt.   i,o   7wsi  r»r.   "■' ythraus  of  "    ■'  v^.v-"^    tne 
•xplfv-iatlon  of  imioh  of  tli=  iiustle  and  buBtia  waich  dis- 
gusted riauptnu?.nn  so  much. 

■.."  -r   TTrTi— norm,    '  o-'ever,   vlcltn  n  ^fl  y©  church  end 
a  quit's   Glailir.r  ocs*atlc  ozclteuent,    tiiout.  i  on  a  rell^ous 
basis,    ostchee  the  crowd,  h©  only  senaea  a  morbid  and 
bnrb'^:-^*G  hyaterla  "^rousing  the  cro-.7d,  sine-?  ^^   c?mnot 
Idsn'c/lry  himself  ./lUi  the  feeling  of  tlio  .iiaatieo  as  ho  did 
b:.f6re   in  ■':h?  r/jovles. 

3ut    ".'nerlce   1g  not  all  oxcltoment  for  Mauenann.   In 

hla  hotol  room  '^It'i  its  nmenltles  ho  reflects: 

.    .    .   er  kann  dsnen  nlc'it  bolpfllchtan,   dl-s  bohaupton, 

aerliCaiiiachan  Hotelsluucer  vf^en  unbeliagllch. 
.^ . ,  p.  123) 

H«  wor>s  out  a  travel  plan  with  the  aid  of  some  travel 

folders: 

■^t5'--     -     die  Pa'irpl?"^    il.ch  in  Beutschland,   dein  Lands 
dar  i).-chtsr  und  in-  -en,    eo  aacalich  iila  ji!J,  iich 

:llnn,   ..roben   i-l:    Ir-  '       ■  "*      '"'  "it 

•^<^   ssin  80II,   das  .._  .    ,  ^.Ich 

•     •         UQ-  '..    p.12'^) 

Hfl^r-tvos  Example e  of  their  aLaost   lyric    "inlitl-B.    T-orea* 

Bloiie.bl9  B3  he   Ib,   }ie   oiMra  ^  tlolcet    t,  .rou^it"*  rac   ocdcius 

telephone  and  Ib  on  hlD  way  to  the   South  the  next  day. 

TaldUag  his  wide  bejrth  v/lth  Its  low  ceiling  In  t'le  Pullman 


273 

as  what  It  is,  "alne  InprovlBatlon"t  1^®  TmelB   ae  If 
Muaping  and  doea  not  o«apIaiu  as  do  mar^jr  of  his  con- 
tamporaxT'  Garman  writers.  But  liicd  Zwelg  ho  Benssa  his 
oontz^ast  to  iils  fellow  passan^^srs  In  not  buying  a  news- 
paper at  Q-V9VJ   station  when  ha  aits 

•  •  •  and  z\m   Fens  tar  h-    '.rAuart.  'Jo   atvrc.s  tut  man 

In  'inori^ra  eban  nlcht.  .-cht  Dollero,  oier  aian 

trelbt  --port  •  •  •  ^onntass  flndat  atwas  RallolOBi 
atai-t,  .'11-3S  aadera  let  vom  Ueb-il  .  .  «         let 
gadaniconloSf  Amarika  isti  tu  ea  balTs  ri  —  -..  --  Tamsn 
zu  nennsn,  dumm,  aber  es  let  bcrauscht  von  Kraft  und 
Jugond  und  Titigkait.  (Xbid«.  pp,139/AO) 

But  during  the  long  train  rids  h«  falle  a^^ain  Into 

contemplation.  A  good  Suropean,  he  foela  navart.helasa 

a  lontjing  for  this  unoonoerued  oarefrae  attltu  5, 

,  .  •  dies  Tsretohlane  .Tasatjan  «u  allea  Ui«)roble!?»a- 

tlsc  arx,  'arichlen,  blindlin  g  ''    "'  an,  dlese 
^ilelne  Lleba  zu  Anerlka  •  (ibid* ,   .    ; 

in  the  ainer  he  has  his  first  lo&son  In  deaocraoy:  a 

shabby  fallow  trayallar  is  treated  wlta  exactly  the  same 

politeness  eund  sarvios  as  anybody  elsa.  In  a  hotel  ha 

aeatB  a  woman  reporter,  a  beautiful  Amiriofiua  girl,  wuo 

Intarriews  hi«  and  then  drives  him  around  in  har  hands oos 

oar  (Paquat  desaribas  euoh  a  car  built  for  s   lody  in  his 

chapter  *''ary*8  wagan').  Hs  docs  not  "a--  :.o  .liirt  openly 

with  her»  but  huas  or  vfiilatles  a  hit  tune  as  'You  aada 

aa  love  you*  and  she  anawars  with  another  tnn^    'I  lova 

to  hear  you  singing*  and  so  it  ti0«8  oa.  Ix       Ji  las 

•rer  read  Zwalg's  'Die  Monotlsiarang  der  Velt',.*nere  he 


27A 

blttorly  oonipielna:    "lieute   tanzon  I'llHonea  von  Kapstadt 
bla  3tock.iolm   .    .    .   (?ons3lbon  Tanz  nach  d«]iaelb«tt  fflaf 
otor  accns  .Airz^atal^lQn  uopsradnlicaou  'tdlodian   ..." 
(AMBttSyBiS&f  P*162}  "if  HauB  oann  had  tills  in  odnd,   It 
w«uld  b9  a  arood  oerody  and  answer  to  It. 

Jus  o.    ^11^  ^^tsauest  aurprlaea  .  ^ubill::.'!  finds  is 
a  friendly  polloaraan  who  Is  efficient  at  the   same  time, 
H«  devotes  a  vrhole  chaptar  to  hlra.   Asked    *how  he  doae  it', 
the  orfioer  simply  says: 

Bin   3ln  bloschen  natt   zu  flan  Lfiuten.    Is",  ^jraktisoher 

so.    ?flr  ^ie   L::vt9  una   ftl        ■"  ■:h,    I-t   '.atsacullch  pralc- 
tischer,    (.llalne  Ljgbei  ^  .    . :) 

olmilarly  tuere   la  a  ohagter  on  inlliterlaai, 

ttllin^  of  a  parade  which  nobody  seema  to  taPre   seriously. 

Fir  anyone  reared  la  tae   rrusalan  tradition  it  is  hilfiuriou:^. 

Mtre  serious  la  .lis  chapter  on    'Colored  --aopla'    in  tae 

Couth.    .:otalni.  political  by  £aiy  means:   not   iar  from  the 

mansion,   t.pparently  a  hotel,  he  o.servaa  p   rickety  bungalow. 

It  is  night  and  a  quiet   old  nociro     is      on  t.  :6  varanda 

z^adinti;  ft  paper;    a  young  colored  man  alts  on  the   staps 

Btruniralns  hla  banjo  and  ainglng  a   sad  tvinej   the  old  man 

falls  in  with  his  bass  and  soon  he  accomparilss  him  with 

his  accordion;   a  aleepy  little   boy  appears,   danoes  a  little, 

then  ta^'es   ooine  dirty   spoons  and  plates  from  the   table  and 

playc  oLnc  acta  ac  a  druEmer  boy;     lors   ---■  T  ■  •■rt.Tze  up   In 

the  house,   a  girl,   aad  an  older  wonian,..  o  cdnoe   to  the 


275 


nuBlc.  Faster  and  faster  roes  the  rnythm  a..proachlng  a 

oreecendo.  Than  suddenly  a  whistle  la  h^^jard  from  the 

mansion  and  a  curse;  and  all  the  playera  and  danoers 

disappear  like  ghoste:  not  a  sound  Is  iieard  except  for 

a  BWlng  crea'tlng  on  tlie  poroh:  "Hm,  .  .  .  die  "chnukel 

kfbnmert  slch  um  kelnen  Pfiff  und  -cein  ' Sast   y-»u'  daan 

mout'j  die  Sc.ia\:ikel  nicht".  (Ibid. .  p.2A2) 

Another  scene  Is  In  3t.  Louis;  as  in  M^'ser's 

book,  only  it  a  worst  aspects  come  to  light,  llausmann  has 

met  a  fallow  countrymen  and  goes  for  a  walk  with  hln 

to  a  Mississippi  bridge  through  the  ugly  strsets  near 

the  waterfront.  The  man  tells  him  of  his  stru,_,^lQ  in 

America,  each  sad  little  episode  punctuated  by  some 

ugly  feature  of  misery  in  tie  streets.  It  is,  in  short, 

one 
a  story  Ilka /in  the  book  by  n,  .veidlich,  FeLLx   oonx.rE 

22) 
U.3.A.  .  But  the  man  ends  quite  differently,  he  is 

hardened  and  says: 

Aber  ich  kann  Iiin3n  versicaern,  er  L     ulcht  unt-er 
die  i\5dar.  Jetat  nlcht  mehr.  (Ibid.,  .  ,  0) 

The  author  reflects  ho-w  little  he  had  seen  of  t  ig  real 

Aaierlca  and  says: 

yan  krlegt  doch  eln  verdammt  aiiderea  Blld  von  elnem 
Lands,  wenn  man  es  einmal  Yon  Ihrer  farspektive  be- 
trachtet.  (Ibid.) 


22l 

Hausmann  Indeed  '.-rrote  an  introduction  to 
Weldlich's  Jelix  contz-a  U.S.A.  .(of.  p.  1^8  above). 


i  Ci 


tet  \-f.\3r).  t  \'    -mn  hosrs  V .'■=.'■.    ?v9n  In  '^gmany  th^  r«thor 
has  n^v^-r  naa    i^o  loo::  rar   .^ar^:  113   slnroly  rapll  .'::      Jann 
k«nn«n  Sle  auc.i  DoutBChlan'l  nlcht".    (Tbi^. ) 

"  ^    ■    t 

Amsrl'-tas,    l^bi^. ,   p,30l) 

H«  aarvols  at  th^  reverse  ricrv  of  the  Chlcar-o  T'.lver. 
At    ':.u^.al.r^   .i;;ld',    .  ....-....„  .    ^  city, 

he  attends  a  foot.ba.ll  t>arae  vrlth  cheer  loaders 
r«ooi*d3  tiovcjral  accl^^snte.  A  burlesque  revu©  Is  dascribdd 
ill  dAiiL-xl  uii  ti  LiUJii'./.iex.   uji'iju^^  j.u..oxlcatlon»   /.  yticLliVj 
hoii&e  Ib  vifiited.   Jut  a@  loves  Allerton    iou&e»  the 

Btudant  centre,   a  skyacraper: 

.  ..__   ,  ...    ...,„    _.  -.,    ..  „3_^ 

opleien  di  .  .lar,    lier  .  Jin 

_  -  _         « 

Aus  seinom  Laut  i.'lt  oino  zari  ik 

hsrauQ.  sine  (31i.iit,a.i.c.  oxa^  cllbrige  Sona.  -.  w^.i  .w-v^l 

...      \,  1  ■^■.  ^  .  ,     p.^JLOJ 

i^ierica,   after  all,    seems  to  offer  ..  :-i  oi^c/x  its  loudapealiers 
.-core  t.  an  J??2-inuclc.  ?rot  nony  aiithore  '^11  cT!?Jit  tiile, 
•cp-clc.lly  aoL  In  C.iicaso.  '.lalle  liutonlnt:  to  his  auisic 
lic  xjc4_s      uia-JUt,^  ^iij  Gldoorv-i3ible  in  >.>.■■. t-  i.ooa  aad  tella 
In  detail  tbout  tiiiii  (:o;it;iercial-ralii^-lou  ip«  lie  finds 

til©  in'o:t  vory  practical    md  reeds  it,    ;llt-:htly  nocking 

A  lest  ciapter,  about  a  UJLncaa  ra  in 


"^Tf 


\r  M.  ..*- 


~   '    ^      '     ■  v?rlca  1        ■  .-  exotlo 

pi  y  ^  Gomrn,  !lhls  nIr.o  o  o  iJLm  how 

nany  cxiltiij^eB  ?.  lor.'?.ltl-a   can  be    f^ti.,^    In  ;    .-rl^r , 

tlvi  poet,   ';9V3rt:iel9Br>,  j  aad 

conclu'  ■!.  o.i: 

9.35V  2> 

A»v  rlcn  playe  a  final  Jo^-"-   or   •■    o   •  .  ::, 

which  liftG  bravely  »c©pt  Ite  f.  iroy-j  n  ^x  w-'jiit^a  .Jls 

triiVQL,  finally  h<ia   to  b»  cl«aji©d  and  \ms  r^  d  In  t:iit 

Amorloeui  eiiapd,  eo  thet  itc  ovner  was  te'-^n  ^ 

ABerieaxi.    It  84»mi«  synbollc.    rfhethfci-  ix   .  y  i  ..js,, 

Aasrloa  shapes  :7tany  on  author  3ven  if  he  violontly  tries 
to  JTeep  iilo  perrjon::llty  ^loof  from  lt» 

1  .lan,   f  writer  c.;*d  p*ot  *»ith  a  quits  dirfaront 
a  jproao-'i  1©  AlTona  .8  vrltn  .ilo  book     ■...fl'-a  unter 


^3l ^  ^ 

If.ms  lamiet  hea  trav«ll«d  ■'!''  "•"■  •  ".^  hcs 
wrltt«?n      3UB  rov'cs  In  varied  forms  a        a  an 

'.::a.  in 
1>    >-f'<r.i  r,  -,,      rs«<  .1  ar,^  "  I  fare  Institution     the 


1900 

1923 

Kou  a  i^^r lot  In  (>.U.e^o  in  j.ov>0,  ..al  . 

1923  ar,  Oarlln,  0\a&'rt.er»        16  p. 

I92A  9,   ;.-  ,    ..ai.o-     ill-,   75  P.t 

I92A  an  Afflerlka"  in  -  -  _■  '  ■  -  H'..'/.o  zur 

J- ,   ri«aa^:furt  a/M» 

1926  .- ujlvc>-i3n,  oraaa,  first 

.,  13,  1927 


273 

JBKenbo  en.  'Fcrbon  /  "onturen  /  Perspaktlven*, 
(Soolatate-Verlag,  FrankiXirt  a/::.  ,1938).  U-'-^e  .lauaor, 
Poquot  r;v,art0  lils  Lmarican  Journey  not  In  Aev   York  but 
In  a  sniall  cowalrj  to'/m»    iiowovar,  unlike  uxxaer   vio 
travailed  alone,  Paquet  used  his  oonnections  ■,^f^ta  ^ne 
jociaty  of  Friends,  tiae  so-called  <uai:8rr»«  A.pparoatly 
ho   iB  Invited  by  them  to  spaak  at  several  collegeB.  Tarn 
lAiole  trend  of  hia   jook  snowe  also  a  different  attitude. 
He  is  nol   so  niuch  out  to  see  trie  differences,  the  contrastB 
to  European  experiazMea  but  on  the  contrary  to  see  how 
■ach  both  iJurope  and  America  have  in  cordon. 

However,  Paquet  is  an  attentive  observer,  and  in 
flttey  detailed  descriptions  ho  no  tee  a  trQ&t   variety  of 
American  attitudes,  actions  and  foiblee  liivj  ao  many 
colours  of  'the  rainbow* 4 

Already  on  the  boat- Journey  he  notices  the  many 
students  -  and  :  eac-iars  -  returning. 

In  Amerike  gehen  die  T^rien  zu  Ende,  in  der  zwelten 

'glfte  September  kelirt  allee  in  die  Sohulen,  Colleges 
und  Universit&ten  zurdc:.  (Amerika.  p. 17) 

3ut  a  dark  faature,  racial  tjegregatlon,  1  no.  overloekedi 

Drei  l>lulatten  In  sunerlkanischen  .  .  .  Uniforman,  Junge 
sport smUn si ge  "Gestalten.  atehen  an  der  Rallns,  wie 

Immcr  ;ai :    slch  all-in.    (Ibid. ) 

At  a  dance   on  b-ard  us  reoiarka:    "Jia   .ja'sx- leaner  tanzen 
trflumerischar  als  wlr"    (ibll..  p. 25).    ^ --,    /.len  he  lai:id8 
in  New  York  he  has  the  good  luck   to  be  wlilsked  away  by  a 


i,*t  %.'.>>■>•' 


2T9 

FVlend  and    to  ^i..  yu  ni:.   Ilrst  night 'l   raii^  in  an  old- 

fast J.on^>d  iiuns  oi*  country  lioci'^»   ;!•  sleeps  and  AW«k«B 

in    'tut3   boy'y  room'   wbioh  ho  'leoo.'lboG  do  ti.-'t   3t  voiilfl 

b©   f" ^IXj.  .!•    V.O  .-.j.iijt>o   •- iKJV^    V  -i-itoii  boy:    iLouin^oii  L(ru:;De, 

Iv&iiiio   ,  viiilltirea'D  Bible,  vaoation  photoa  etc.  Tiiar© 

are  Ola  truoi^  on  Uid  stx^eet^  j^rdoiB  with  borb?rry  bua'wast 

"Wle  frlodlich  korait.  mir  AmeriJca  vor.'      (Ibij..,    .,»,3l)  he 

•xolaima  but  io   t>old  "da»s  Aaiarl  lne8we:rB  mir  aus 

Q^uAkcm  oQstone"    (ibid* ) . 

wtj   .i...w  ii  buay   ^.^i-iT'.iu.i.-^  e-^-iu^iv.    Oi      jL.xi    oPton  by  bus, 

nootly  by  train  out  also  by  airplime  he  tnivcla  about  in 

til©  oountry:    fir  at  around  ^iiilcdelpitln,   then  to  I^gv 

Staitsland,    co  Uie  ..Iddlo    .est  aaid  South,   i....    Is  top  oy  plant 

to  Los  /iji  eiaa,    i^^u  latter  city  roceivea  a  re!ac•^rkabl9 

doucrlpuiou.  At  rirat  ho  travala  oy  bus.  >i9  stays  at 

•aailgr,  quio ..   duu  aomewliat  oldfaGhloned  liOtilo  in  the 

suburbs  oi    the  bi^  cities  or  in  dormitorios  of  colljo^e, 

at  houses  oi  professors  or  Uioir  widows,      oatirads  he  is 

ixr\ritad  to  aom@  boautiful  old  estate  a* 

Alt  3   xruiisn  im  V  or oaal,   ruhic©  -'  und  dar 

'"— ^"--".    ■- '   lafzliamer  Ir;     ■^t  ■•••*  q 

t   .    .    .   Au  ^r 

aul  dae  .^©r   .    *    .    (  1"j1/1»  .  P»35). 

Tie  German  reader  must    o-j.^'/al  that  such  things  oxist  in 

America  at  all.   /3uu       .^  author  continue b  ••■^ntly;   h© 

ia  iaiprt3239d  by  the  si»eat  railvray  works  oa    uie  ^ ennaylvaaia 


rallroed : 

_      _  it  alB  ?8  -3    -,loh  hler  daa  ElBenbeiin',;<5qi-r.  elnes  o^x*" 
zen  i^ades   z  .n  in  olnam  vju.endll  :9n,   i:8.i'iem, 

ur  -  •  -  :  -^,j  ronetrulerta   .    .    .    elnem 

/  ,  ,     , 

Also  c.;iiai-..or    -.c;ciuu.ca.j.  Itoiab  j.i..&ciii£..  •-   iil.Ti:    tlio  lO^i 
lockers  at  the  raily/ay   btatione  £jad  how  oaty  t  ley  are  to 
•urj,    ::g    1oo:-2    Int^rttirtaclly    In^.i   v;  r   the 

store  vrlxii  many  peculiar  speolalltlas, 

.    .    .    janz  fdr  ilonderlln  fi    -^sschaffon,    looh  vlalleicht 
let   das   elnfeah  ffir  Al?  ^nsohen  mlt  Mliaa©  und 

atlllon  Lltibiiaberelen.    Uaiv>. «  p«38/ 

N««t   t.o  It  ha  notices  a  ^rooery  store  \flth  many  tins, 

coffee  p.lra&dy    ,z»ound,    bread  out  and  -.sa  in  ll^tl^!:  ba-s, 

everythlnj  i»eady  for  a  quick  liinch  or  jup.-ar.  ;i>t  z-xo   -  i" 

t-^imlnal  ae  notes   tne  qulok  and  orderly  traffic  wlt^iaot 

any  unnecesaary  nols©  aa<3.  alioutlag,    :v2n  the   laudspealcer 

"rer'-^det  halblaut  sine  Abf6L.irt   ...        ^kti^- »  P»^l)« 

Horrlloh  slnd  die  HochhAuser  von  * hiladelpnia,  van 
d!  'i...~        ^..Ada 

di-^.....  .^^--  .^_^.^  ait   i izsen, 

ttuppeln'und  .    -a  let  eln  Apaurt  >ua« 

«lt   seiner  ■  -i  zv:,!  Oder 

drei   Doll-o.r        ^- ...     ^.    , ,._„_,  ^ , ,   .-,..    _    -3) 

Thus  he  combines  poetical  admiration  with  eobor  ooservs-tlon. 

The  landscape  around  rhll^.aelp^J.a  r^s   lo  him 

111»:e   the   intenslye  reijetabls  sai-ronr.  n  :r.r  Zrfiirt ,   then 

the   fields  look  like    soraewhers   in  aiddl;    .  . -..ce   ^-id  tne 

pa  attire  a  lika  Old  Snjland  but: 


281 

Wlldei  Walfigsstrflpp  maoht  auf  elnaal  d«m  Reiasndan 
f-*  '•  --r,  daas  er   sich  In  elnom  ^un^aa.   Lend  beflndat. 
^    •  .  P. 44) 

Always  n.3    sees  many  ainiilarltleB  with  Europe  without 

forgetting  to  point  out  the  differenowe.  iiear  .Newark  the 

"Industrielandsohaft"  dominates,  v/hile  ills  t,r!:iln  oaaseB 

tiirou4yi  It  cool,  all— condltioasd,  duct-lreo.  riian  a^^aln, 

on  the  shores  of  New  Enslsnd,  he  almost  feels  as  If  In 

Sweden. 

Rhode  Inland  1st  eln  seehaftes,  absnt  ra  ;••"  '    s,  auf 
.  •Inan  andaren  Kontinant  geworfsneB  Ltillck     .a  .  .  . 
Die  Hauptstadt  .  .  .  Providence,  halb  Gz'osstadt,  halb 
Provinzatadt,  lat  elne  der  lurtl^  '     "    dor 
V.'alt  ,  ,  .  hat  jaber  auch]  Aroaltei         _ '.  Traazflslsch- 
Kanadiern,  Italienera,  iOrtu^^sBen,  Juden,  :iegem.  Es 
war  slnmal  ein  wildea  Stflck  Amarlka,  und  es  1st  auf  elne 
•  zftijarnde  .^else  btir^erlich  oS'-^^^den.  (ibid,  .  p. 57) 

He  briefly  describes  Boston  and  Its  suburbs  but  hla 

heart  Is  with  the  famous  'glass  flowers'  ^^ardon,  part  of 

trie  Botany  Institute  where  over  oixty  thousand  different 

plants  ax's  rsprocuced  in  glass. 

Oleaer  sl&earne  Garten  lat  doch  eln  unerwartetes  Zuaen- 
r^    •  3l  ,  .  .  das  Zusainmentref f an  elner  Im  Grunde  mu- 
l;  .   .aftan,  lehrhafton  Idea  ait  der  vl  illelcht  ^^ans 
weltfernen  Arbeit  elnea  grossen  X&istlera  .  .  .  Und 
noch  dazu  die  ?roit:',eblgkelt  der  Dtiftun^^,  die  diese 
Ciamj.iiung  mflgllch  macl^.ta  .  .  .  (Ibid.,  p. 64) 

Paquet  sees  In  this  .ilaca  where  American  generosity  and 

science  and  German  art let Ic  ability  have  co-operated  to 

achieve  a  i^^roat  cultural  product: 

'..'..Sir  i.;i£l.sGrnQ  G'.rtcn  Ist  cinvr         -■■-"-',  In 
denen  die  Neue  Welt  unmitt^luitr  i^    .■■i  verbunden 

1st.  (Ibid.,  p. 70) 


aSi 


A.  V  ol»  cI\apt^?^  la  dovotad  to  collage*,  H« 
points   out,  .x^<^   importsuit  thoBO  are  In  ilia  or 

Am^rlof.nfi. 

:iton  A'^-riTaner  .'is ben  r"en  ?'^'u::.,elz,      .r^ 

.77) 

^aiz   dcx'   til  :':'t    SS 

But    *'?ildtmp, '  here  Is  not  lll:e  much  of  tiie  Kiu'opean 

•academic'  knowledin*.  It    Is  actlYe  pGjrtlclpatlJn  in  laany 

I'lnds  oi"  cultuirel  groups,    such  as  djrouaatloc: 

.  den  -!al  lehhafton  und 

ur:  I     --  J  .    .    . 

tauaende   voa  CoiiegeB  In  dan  .  L&ai&n.    Clbl.c'-. ,  iJ»3iy 

But  the  difference  of  attitudes  touarda  educutlonal 

i.-vitutlono  in  "  '   '.\-^'?  '^^'"    '-^rlot  ^  =  .:,ed  out: 

;1  ni>  '.iLndl- 

dl  a  vor7v.«rol8en  •    .    •    '  en 

Geburts-  und  f^terbehAuaer  .    .    .   .  i  •    •    •  ■isoer 

.    .    .    rr.lorl'^'-    .         •   :  arkB   ...  "  '  Lcht 

mlt,   Rter  In  ar,    sonet  unbadt 

A'lrd  ''ort  In 

\'-«  '  ,.  .*>:.*  ^n,  vms  c.i-    ..      ...--. .■'■.♦- 

:i   .    ,    .    (Ibid.,   p. 8:5) 

Tlius : 

In  ^-ner:  --ilen  "titndo  arrw^tllchar 

''■orse,   '  ^^...,..        .'iz9B.    VT ....... ) 

A  c.ianalnc;  ch^i^tor  la  writ  r  of  a 

youn,7  rlrl- student  at  the  «nd  or  her  vacat       ,    .  ftar  ehe 

had  been  '^^^  «   '♦•Jioe  trip  for  weeks,  llvtn-    ;ith  ^thsr 

co-eds  In  ««nts  and  slaeplne  ba^a,  s^Imic  -  --lii  un«aaed 


263 


Aaarloan  river: 

•    •    .   und  wlr  ^ban  \ina  nao.inor  kamaz*adac.iaftlloh 

?.11g     iDie,   *v'    oesonderB  hflbeoa  aii^uzot,en  zu  coin, 
(ibiO.. ,  p.s;  ; 

Thus    '       ■'     "-lt33  rrom  a  New  'iork  departmant   ct-ore   an- 

Joylng  ali  tna  axtravaoanoo  or  a  tiiorout^ly  urbanized 

civlli/atlon  Juat  "ojoauae  siaa  knows  of  the  primitive  life 

*rmignlnt;  it'   in  tiia  wlldemeas. 

This  is  a  new  aapaot  of  Amtrloa,  aapaclally  for 

Gcrnuuns*  Xariy  autnors  have  noticed  the  many  good- looking 

'  -.  *o-  '- 

waaan  in  Amarloa.    -utv  tji3  same  xiax^i  v/orkin^  sirl  or  ona 
taughe-aed  at  sports  can  looc  at  otner  times  11]:^.  a  queen 
18  rai»ely  noticed,  iaquat,  ho/aver,   oolargea  on  it,  In- 
cluding a  chapter  on  tiae  afflciant  :3atroaly  vor.an  who 
runs  a  lartca  xiouaanold,  has  a  profession,   is  raotiar  of 
B«Toral  children  a^id  finds   tlma   i  or  cultural  and  social 
eotlvilleB  in  her  comnunlty: 


"rs,    B,  hat  bez*eit8  etwas  von  der  harttn,    urtronea- 

■  ''■' —     ^ .    -'-ch  r.ie   ist   zutjlslch  nooa     ••       "^-^'^  und 

.  iat  von  einana  slcher^n  Loiien 

Aohlstajad,   aber  sle  (rehfljrt   zugleioh  zu  Jener  ochicht, 
flla  z' '  -   -'-"-. 'axrt.   c->la  verdaualtt  nioht  nur  rt^m  :!anno 
ihre    -  llun^    .    .    .    (Ibid.,   p. 192) 

»  ,;   i-uUi^r  io   sho'.vn  ?    local  art   exhlbl*.ion  >J.a^   is   surprised 

by  the  comparatively  high  standard  of  tae  paintings  to 

Which  trie   ladlaa,  inoludin-j  his  hostess,  aave  contributad: 

Dcr   "    ot ,    oGlebt  von  de^i  -auro   ■'^ '    '    -  i^^scnan 

Luftzuj  diaaar  Ausstellun,^,,   u-  ;9ina 

Frauds  tlber  das   :<?ultlvierte  elnea   uol'-uen  rllubo,    (Ibid. » 
p. 185) 


284 

He   feela  ^enertaiy  thtt    "Anorlka  let   :3uropdl.:c-ier   _:-.:ordon" 
(IbJr!.  .   p,122)  not  only  concomlng  cortaln  aepeeta  of  art, 
but  In  Its  aconoralc  problons  too. 

In  dor.       -"    ■■    1 -'---'-^-•^---   ^--  '  -^-  ------.  --,^ 

doch  \.-  _     -_  ilo 

:'.ed.e  als  frtlner  .  .  .  (ibl  •!. .  p.lb9) 

Still  more   rwaallng  la  a  long  etreetcar  ride  through 
Clnjlnna.ti.  -very  detail  la  given,  coor!  anr"   bed,  olean 
n  Igjibourhoods  and  U£ly  (Kies,  the  actions  or  tho  ntreetcar 
con^untorg  t'nd  of  tlio  paeaeni-grs.  It  could  b"  the  descrip- 
tion     L;i  illar  ride  tl^irou^^i  any  Induatrle.l  Gorman 
city  and  Its   suburbs;  not  even  the  san^wlchee  "raooed 
In  paper  are  'alsBing,  a  faalllar  el^ht  In  any  Gorman 
streetcar  \.:.,    i.^i^_, ,   .-,162).  Tl\e  llfo  of  ....  ilttle  nian 
Is  not  30  different  In  America,  after  all;  tiiat  seems 
to  be  tho  Tieanlng  of  this  whole  chapter  or  even  of  the 

This  dosa  not  T>ean  that  everything  i       -ne, 
qptatis  n^utandla;  there  ara  many  Intsrestln:,  avon 
amuslni-,  differences  5,.£.  hovr  serlousl/  -^  .•., ->^K.-n  -^j^q 
la  tslron.  Whon  his  friends  insist  that  he  l-eeps  his 
promise  for  a  scheduled  lecture,  ho  ans--fers: 

Spi^l  -..    -       .  sic   ;. 

He  'srdln^o,   das  ilndert  die   ^c.ie.    (ibi  ^:,«  i    P.127J 

Another  example  is 


•    t 


— '^    aeltr-         '.^-niscii  von  norvftoor     aot  \ind 
unorsc  -llche.  ue,   die  das  a:iari':anlaohe  Leb«n 

auszv-lcanet   •    .    .    vXui  ^« .  p. 25^) 


All  thi3  mlsiit   sound   ctran.^e   to  a  German, not 

because  ho   is   so  very   dlffsraut   uut  becauss   It  mo..<es  tae 

Am.ricans  more  iiu'iian  to  him.    Similarly   t^e   position  of 

rellclon  In  Amarlca   1g   :)uzzllng   to  Zuropeana: 

liiii'asr  elnmsl  ^o  .     ^.ii     /jx  ,    _.     .  39P 

reli.rldJser  Zu^  ...         .    .  ' 

and 

Ob  dia  Aieri  ansr  rrllglfJaer  aind  els   '   ""    "  -?  Ich 
weics  as  nlc..:,  Ich  wslzs   Iflnget  kalne  v.    ^     .ai.ir 
zwlschan  dar  Alten  elt  tind  der  Neuan.  >3i  EuropAer 
ersoaelnt      "58,  v^aa  "     .riXa  .vill:^losltflt  t^Q^^^^J^mt 
wlrd,  unex     ioi,  Iflc    uh,  eln  t  teolo^lacher 
Greuel.  Dann  aber  brechen  unvemrutet  die  nalven  ar- 
greirenden  Zii^^e   auf,  und  man  Ist  tlef  beachAnt,  (ibid. . 
P. 245)  " 

He  ^Ives  as  exaapias  t'le  famous  r'orest  L&vm  '.^eaetry  near 

Loe  Angeles.  He  points  out  tiie  great  indirect  influences  of 

t-ie  "uacors,  many  of  thsm  of  German  orl  in,  the  importance 

of  tae  ;ie_ro- Spirituals,  .la  descibas  aspaoi.j.ixy  ^ne 

famous  Mey:'0-c;ioir 

...   it  einer  Fz-au  als  Diri^_,entin  .  .  .  Ic.-i  sah 
sie  spAter  aus  dar  Nfthe,  .  .  .  sie  ist  elne  der 
hSsBlichsten,  klainan,  alten  Me^erfrauen,  <^le  Ich 
Jamais  sah.  Aber  .:enr].   man  .xlt  ihr  spricht,  lat  sie 
elne  Lady,  unglaublich  anmutig  und  beinahe  bedeutend, 
dabo:     ■.aunlich  gut  &:      -    .  '^'*   -  '   ^r-  '  -  Pen 
das       te  iianlsslmo,  ,   :-.3e  wle 

Fatriarchen,  es  ist  unbescirelblich.  Am  maisten  rfthrte 
mich  ihr'  Lied:  'liacs  mlch  nlcht  si     ,  Herr  .  ,  .  *. 
Das  ganze  So.iicksal  der  Neger  ist    ...  Ja,  Sigentlloli 
daa  ochiokaal  von  una  alien.  (Ibid. .  ,->»3ld) 

America  is  thus  not  as  •ungeisti' *  ind  materlallstio 
is 
as  it/ famed  '^o   o:;.  It  l^aa  its  o.-ro.   posi,ry  .do,    .'^^xau.   raquet 

tries  to  bring  nearer  to  his  reader  by  translating  a 

nimber  of  poems  by  E.  Merrll  Root  from  his  3ov  of  Burning 

Gold. 


1'.- 


266 

"Inally  he  sttaida  at  the  ^te  to  n  ix-il;  in.  ©w 
York,  3nt  ho  deocrlbaa  It  an  seen  Trom  th'>  tower  of  tli« 
Rockfoll-5r  Cantr©  «n'i   reflects   from   this  lofty  v.l<?w  point 

on    '  wlio  ...  ,..,    ..:rd  experlsncst'-   '    .     *fuser 

had  (lon>   3irBll?3i*ly  at  Ms  departure, but   from  t-i?  boat 
vhll  nevrere  with  all  t'l?   fll"  city. 

..-5^v,  r.    r,'"  view  r'bout  Arn'Ticr    ■^'^■'^   ^'^    .  ?  ^  <  •  ,r.   -.r»e 
corresjonoing^ly  quite   "^part. 

■■:-Kt  to  Alfred  rorr*s  enthusiastic  l-jtlon, 

Alfor;  ■      ■-.arllca  unter  dem  Re.-enbo;  ...        "   '^nnfred 

rir  I's  IZleine  T.isbe   7-.^x  A-^.orlv.a   (!5erlln,19TO)   eve 

letlc  expressions  of  ?rer  1.^'?r8  (yn 


287 

VII 

CREATIVE       .3 

The  followlnr  section  deals  with  tiiose  '(frlters 
vho   use  America  or  imaginative  purposen.  '"    r-.re  to  be 
dlEOuaoed  accordin  to  tnelr  relative  eklil  or  artistry 
r«Bp3ctlvel7,  Tie  first  group  poirtrays  the  American  soozie 
In  stereotypee.  The  second  uses  cliches  too, but  the 
quality  of  their  isrork  is  much  higher.  The  ^iilrd  y?oup 
uses  the  stereotypes  for  artistic  and  oolitlcal  purposes. 
They  achieve  n^i^vertiaelesa  a  hlgier  level  o?   artistry,  al- 
thou^  the  characters  in  their  ■.■rrltinss  never  develop 
beyond  voices  to  expiress  the  dominrjat  political  theme. 
In  the  fourth  and  final  group,  however,  ti.e  c'lrractere 
become  human  beings  movin>;  vitally  aj^ainst  the  American 
scene. 

1 
A.  number  of  German  writers  vtho   may  or  may  not 
have  been  In  America  portray  their  .^jnerlcan  scanea  in 
stereotypes.  Strstnge  as  it  seems,  this  Is  especially 
tru»  of  the  so-called  objective  novel  in  which  tae  de- 
velopment of  a  science  or  of  an  Industry  is  related, In 
OTlch  .7orks  as  Bagier's  Das  tSncnde  Llcht  (1943)   on  the 
invention  and  growth  of  the  sound-film,  or  Ruc^olf  Brunn- 
^raber'e  .tadlxin  (1936),  or  ?:arl  Alois  "^c  ionzinger's 


ar: 


jf 


283 

Radiuy  (1936)  or  Karl  Alois  Schenzln^er'c      l  (1939). 
All  tlieea  are  at  closer  laapeotlon  not  so  objectlv*  aft 
thay   pretend  to  be, 

Jaglar's  novel  has  even  an  Index  Ox  aearly  six 
printed  pages  of  source  material,  divided  into  ?ronch  and 
Ger^ian  soiiroaB  and  those  from  England  aru.  .>jrth- America. 
Wliat  could  be  more  sclsntlfic  and  objective.'  In  the  form 
Of  a  fictitious  diary  and  of  letters  a  young  German 
technician  tells  the  story  about  hia  wor':  in  ^'-'.ison's 
laboratories  in  Orange,  New  Jersey,  in  the  1830 'a.  He 
bepjlns  with  admiring  deference  to  Edison,  in  whose  labo- 
ratory tha  young  man  feels  privileged  to  v/orV:.  3ut  when 
the  ^yr^eat  man  retires  to  his  study  or  his  personal  labo- 
ratory In  order  to  invent,  the  reader  finds  out  that 
Edison  simply  broods  over  somebody  else's  v/ork  whicii  hft 
then  exploits  in  order  to  be  acclaimed  as  a  man  of  genius. 
An  older  assistant,  also  a  non-American,  r3pr'oacheB 
'the  boss'  (Edison)  for  doing  only  aalf  the  Job  in  de- 
veloping the  film  first  without  sound,  with  the  impli- 
cation that  it  was  due  to  E/idi son's  stubborness  that  the 
sound  film  vms  not  developed  earlier. 

Bagier  feels  especially  angered  wnen  the  Gennan 
work  In  tais  field  is  not  recognized  by  native  Amerlcanft 
because  of  t  ^eir  prejudices  against  f orei^iers.  This  do«ft 
not  prevent  3agler  from  failing  into  t'as   same  mistake 


•Yf' 


239 

towards  other  minority  groups,  malclxig  disparaging 
remarks  about  people  like  Zukor,  Fox,  Goldwyn,  and 
U.,arale,  not  because  of  their  contribution  to  the  'movlee' 
In  America  but  on  account  of  their  Implied  Jewish  an* 
cestry  in  Hungary  or  Gallcla.  Thus  a  narrative  about  an 
In'^'ustry  of  truly  International  character,  which  should 
appreciate  the  contribution  of  memy  people,  depreciates 
any  but  the  German  one. 

It  Is  no  vroncer  also  that  the  Americen  scene  or 
Anjerlcan  people  are  either  Ignored  or  harshly  criticized 
In  favour  of  the  Germans .  Although  Eagler  Introduces  us 
Into  tie  Interestlnc  work  of  the  Edison- laboratories  and 
Into  -nueh  of  the  Inner  workings  of  a  modem  Induetry 
from  experimentation  to  production  on  to  financial  dealings 
and  Dales;  and  although  many  people  are  met  vrho  sooner 
or  later  become  famous,  on  closer  inap action  very  often 
only  t  lelr  names  are  mentioned  and  much  of  the  American 
scene  is  indistinct.  The  seune  can  be  said  about  much  of 
the  great  Columbus  World  Sxhlbition  In  Chlca£o  la  1cj92, 
where  ths  yoving  tachnlclan  represents  the  Edison  works 
and  vftiere  he  describes  only  his  work  and  -  the  Geman 
pavilion.  In  Gcheneotady  he  works  v/lth  the  famous  Germaa 
scientist  ^telnmetz  and  the  Swiss  Kruesl,  both  of  whoa 
are  described  with  adjniration;  but  of  the  General  Elec- 
tric Company  as  such  he  only  notices 


Tl 


tB 


290 


.  .  .  hovf  vei?y  Important  Inver.Mone  are  calloualy 
'put  on  Ice*  If  t  lay  run  covmtar  lo  a  txisineas  point 
of  view  ,  (Bagler,  T^a  tdnendg  Lloht.  p. 126) 

One  of  the  few  scenes  of  Vmman  IntvjreBt*  in 

America  In  his  love  for  the  daughter  o:"  '^n  older  col- 

loa;-ua.   or  experimental  puiTpoaea  aha  la  uhotOf:raph«d 

In  one  of  tne  first  fllme  evsr  mede.  But  ae   breaks  with 

her  whon  ene  accepts  a  caroer  as  'film  "ctr^aa', 

.  .  .  wann  Ich  an  Dorothee  "=  r-  'I3  die 

typlaohe  t^x^au  dieses  Landes  -    v.n  ich 
ar  noch  tlber  die  k#kie  SeibBtvar  it  und 

■■  ,  iult  dar  d    ".io.;3n  nelns  .t  j..ii-em 

1:1  opfert, .,  p.  127) 

La-osr  .'.a  finds  out  tnat  this  actroBS  calls  aeraoif 
'orothee  Lamour  on  th3  stage  (Ibid. ,  p. 181)  under  the 
diary  date  of  "l^.Jull  1895".  Thlu  13  probably  libel 
ti;aint:t  a  llvln-^  person. 

Tag  American  uoraan  Is  quite  alrallerly  depleted 
in  F.uiolf  Brunngraber ' a  nadlum  (Berlin,  1936^  as  extrem- 
es' ceautlful,  bewitching  and  at  the  sane  time  very 
InteilliiQnt,  but  ruthless  and  without  any  qualms  of 
conscience,  Qspeclally  If  she  is  tie  dau^^iter  of  a  rich 
■.an. 

...  in  der  vlolettgeschmlnktan  Schwar^hr^arlgen 

.._    _-,    --   --nte  [:er]  "iWred  Y. ,    .    .    .    ''-- 

,      :.e  M*dohen  liebtc    (sic),  isch 

!cs  und  elnl.  e  Manse  len  totgefa:iren  aatte,    (uadium, 

ar  cfl-ri  friend  Rahol  Geddes,  a  leadln     1^   uie  In  this 
booK,   la  her  like  In  e^otlwa  with  no  concern  for  the  fate 
o-    jt.iura;    l  le  la  beautiful  and  knows  It.    -'^ib   la  being 


291 

spoiled  by  her  doting  gi^andfather  wrio  wants  to  ur.«  her 
to  make  a  business  deal  with  a  powerful  Bel^^ian  banker, 
since  trie  latter  controls  the  great  Congo  radium  mine  a. 
When  she  finds  out  that  her  grendfather's  case  is  lost 
and  taat  he  has  killed  himself,  she  calmly  g,oes  over  to 
the  more  powerful  competitor. 

However,  there  is  a  difference  between  the  two 
books.  In  Bagier*s,  famous  men  are  mentioned  by  name  but 
herdly  described.  In  a  way  tae  author  f^raws  upon  the 
reader's  knowledge;  this  ie  felt  sorely  if  some  cliaraoter 
or  ot.iar  is  not  Iznovni  to  him,  i' or  taen  the  nerrative 
becomes  all  flat  and  meaningless.  Bminngraber,  hovfever, 
makes  his  people  alive  and   plastic,  especially  the 
■agnificsnt  'yankee '  character  Jerobeam  (sic)  Cormick, 
In  spite  ol  some  obvious  mistakes*  This  tr.ll  lean  man 
with  a  hawk  nose  like  Uncle  8ara*s  has  an  enormously 
large  family, which  is  poverty  stricken  ?nd  lazy  b&oaus« 
dreaming  of  riches  he  spends  all  his  money  on  claimB  in 
old  mines,  'tfaen   he  hears  that  his  claims  contain  a 
valuable  radium  ore,  ae  does  not  change  his  \-ra.y   of  life. 
He  only  \/ork8  laore  than  ever,  organizes  neighbouring 
cl'^las,  I'sts  his  family  v;ork  in  the  mines  -end  finally 
by  v::.r"ioui5  macninations  becomes  the  a^v".'        -1- 
American  uranium  trust  'absorbing'  ell  l.sser  competitors 
and  even  partners.  It  is  poetlo  Justice  /hen  he  finally 


am 

falls  victim  to  a  still  stronger  competitor  v;ho  in  turn 
is  tareatened  by  another  devolopaent. 

American  life  on  tae  capitalistic  laval  1b  tixua 
described  as  a  dog-eat-dog  affair  while  the  'c.-^racterB' 
of  the  iar:  e  but  lazy  farm  family  are  aiit,t.xvsriiy  placed 
In  prosperous  Utah  instead  of  more  plausibly  in  the  back- 
woods of  the  Ozark  Mountains,  Taey  are  most  credible  as 
Cannery  .^o  :  cnaracters  like  John  SbeinbGCii '  ^  or  like 
cartoons  of  tae  backwoods  characters  of  'Dofc^oatch*. 

Jr.  seems  that  much  of  tie  German  literature  which 

is  uncoraplimantary  to  Ajuerlca  is  secona-.iaaa,  -±:,Xi.cr  oora- 

piled  froir  the  worst  features  of  sensational  Journalism 

or  from  the  self  criticism  of  more  serious  Ajnerican  writers. 

Tiia   result  is  a  somewaat  stereotyped  picture  of  American 

life.  Tliere  is  the  mithlesa  but  uneducated  businessnian, 

usually  .1th  some  weak  spot  for  a  certain  laoiii  "r  of  his 

family.  This  Jarobea.-n  Corral ck  la  Radium  (above,  p. 291) 

is  one  example.  In  Untar  anderem  Hl:atLel  (see  belovr)  w© 

see  an 

,  ,  .  i      rly  ri  \\        reet  ::  "".  in  his  offioe 

an  awe  1   ,  ^  In^  d  ■.-  :■   ^:  a  o:  ,  ,     ^.  pnd  a  trembling 

leaf  at  homo,  (Cf«  Boesc.ienstein,  The  C-i".-aan  .;ovel  1959- 
194».  p. 95) 

Even  Eberle  in  his  rtslse  nach  America,  who  otaar-'lse  is 

quite  friendly  towards  America,  thinlco  In  r;  ereotypes  e,^. 

...  d^-r  '■jUi;in3:;!iMan* ,  len  au  -ik-  .i      a.^^  elne 
Rec'aenmaschlne  auf  z-rei  Belnen  jehal      st  ,  .  . 
(Iblr:..  p. 97) 


293 


< 


t'Ti-n^.'-'-'r*    -ilch©   1^   t.  1^^   rl.!"!  I   rnRt.r*o"r'   ■  r'  ri   ^-yii  p    •  -,   1 '-i')1jj   Ilka 
a  jCrOii^  ol-^"l    (<i^»    •■ri->.    Tillaii  in  'Jp.t  -r  a:  J^ 

and   ""le  brj.c''.fl3Ch)iaft  aufgeaiachtG  '^'^.Tono''  In  'letae 

ngs  -  ■    .    ■  - ^  .'^7).)  '^"■'"-  "■"Mm'''"'"     '-^.nrn.* * ori  '"-f-- 

wlsc    I   nsrlbod  as  et;oc,latlc  aiid   3oxi"-cen'>;rcu^    ll:u   t'l© 
WQll'"  "jitlous  young  man  './Ino  cl  tply   'formate' 

T^i^  ";-l -nrt   HT*  -r1  .stress  If  ht^  >^?'.n    '  anco 

to  climb   (or.   E'^or-iuayer,    Ji;t.cr  -  .i  ::ia:'.,  I  j .   or  the 

conniving,    Intolllssnt,   vary  beautirul  but  co-^u^-^ttlah 
glV    '  ""?*'.-    -5ur*   In  Das  t-ftnonde  Llcht  pn''  ^n  P^adlum 

Jt.  a^iu  iior  ^irl  .^I'loiid  .'.lidror      .    , 
"yrl  Alois  .icaenzln^sr 's  l-lataXl    (1939)   1b,  Ilka 
r^s  tflnery^Q  ^d.cht  by  ^^er,  somsthln?  '!-  - -Mi-ng  c>f 

e  nr..'rCvtlvo   on  tii.:   c^evelopment  of  mofiorii    .-c  -jolo^y  in 
will  -al  scenes  talfec  place  In  Canada  9  United 

^  .    ^.     .  .     f'^Ti  •  "?«  ^lor  recoijtnts  at  "'■^  "'>i  +.v  th  h  in  a 

blpnod  inamicr  such  developnonts  In  A-narlca  Oiici  3i30^iei»©i 
5c  iCnzlnser  slraply  omltB  t5  nontlon  most  of  the  American 
OontrlbU':lona   to  technology.   Acoor'^ln  -*\Tn  '^■^nV:  orrly 

0«man  I'^r.i^^ire.ntB  f^led  by  the  hundreds,  during  oassaga  aiid 
the  early  yenra  of  thslr  settlement.   T:i«   survivors  become 
flnhormen  lnr.t8ad  of  faraers,   rri  t.-.ay  hJiri     aor:-^,   on  the 
maritime  coast  of  Cejiada.   '•.'hen  finally    -oli   i'   round  even 
the  best  of  friends  kill  each  other. 


294 

A  ^  j_s  -    1.d-o\o'j  per-radeB  th« 

whole  booi<",    "'^    'ondar  t  v"^    \^^    ■        /^.ov-'^o-i* -■•^'    ■^^   Mie 

river  sLeauuboat,   In  wlalcU  the  Aisrlcan  oontrlbu-^-ion  has 

to  bj   .Tiontionad,    taa  nirabar  of  exploi^lons  and   fHoaaters 

and  Oi.    ^jaoplo  killed   '■"'       T '^'=»  ■■  Ingly  ♦■^ir'.  ->>'-r   ot'-^r 

Anorloaa  soen«    aliowtj  tii^    .rl^it  brothers   iij   Delton,   Ohio. 

.  -  m;.ln£er  dr/alls  on  ttxelr  ori.^lns  In  a  strict  and 

rjBorvod  ministor'p  family  but  their   -■^■r^-^r-.n  -^^t'^^-p  i-  more 

Inpoi'tanti 

.    .    .    /on  der  Mutter  flatten  sle]  fllr  'Jnrui^e,   '^.on  i^rosswn 
Trieb  aua  der  Ence  nach  der  frelen  "/elte.    (  ^»P»A27) 

After  hlE   first  sucoess  Oi'vllle  'url^ait   says  in  an  interview: 

es,  flae  "i-^icr-.^^nr.'^  i^        r*  n*..  it.  ariXinden  .    .    . 
1. ,   die  ein  y.^rm  naaGne 

.'Ji 
_    ^.-....  -  .-.  ^..   ^.^.  .:. .    .r 

t0« 
ailer  (objects   t  i-;    r  r.orter)   Afts 

-voh.  nlv^  .      w...  v.^^jn» 
;  es  aber  iniiaer  saren,    (Ibi ' « ,   p.^35) 

^--linllar  s"-^^'"! ■■}•=«  o^     -if -^  •■■•   r^- fir•np^->«^;  appear  in 

t  .:    tec.^nolo^cal  piia.itt-oioB  or  .la^is  Domlnik,   only  two  of 

which     will  bs   troated  ..are:   h^_  rrnft    (1937)   and 

Tas  Btftiilerne  Ge  .oimnls    (1934).    On:  -   «i+    "he 

autiior'e  decline,    for  ne  l^ad  .frltten  oefore  a  vquite  valuable, 

pooitlva  book  on  life  in  the  United  States   ,    .Tohn    ■<^T''.<'T|gjn'7 

d3ir  Z-itun.-Qboy   (in  varloua  installments  1909,    1921  and 

1925 )•  As  an  engineer  vrho  turned  to   'rrlt?.-^    ,  "'-ee 

:  jiical  details  interesting  and  ths  nt  of  rutur« 


295 

.    /  tlirllllng  for  both  men  and  boyo  Interested  In 

'  nrp  ?.*lc"l    f'.clnncG'.    "ov^vsr,    1"     re    pv.n\'7.a   ^iln   hn^V-o    from 
viGW  i^ole    ,rul  ^^lac  .^iaya  La  tiiom, 

we  find  the   folio  dng:   in  most  of  hlr,  bookB,  with  few 

L    '^-t+iirQ   -^.oc'Tnlr!  "1   -r-;  tr'.i-nti  fled 

;i  lutluatry,    but   uie   jrala:.    o:.'    :.  .     Ir^voni.iona 
:.    In  Daa  stflhlcrna  C^e'.ielmnia  an  Ideal  Amorlcan, 
;     TUlM-ij  ITlor.-^ro 'n   heir,    v-lr-rr,  bl-    ■-'-■n''.-    ^ortim"    nf  006 

roa  niillou  ■■io.^l'.\rz  on   t,  . .    Q:<..>ior:;tlon  c.i;cL  t.ic    ^'avolop- 
mant  of  a  ponslbl:   Rourcs  of  energy.  ly  succesB- 

ful,    thl:!   l^g''!    -^r-'-on  tui^s   I*-,   -11   ov^r   '•.n  the?   ".n, 

it-iout   t-a.dn^;  .?aiy  ,:-ro2"l-  '  .       ■.    ic  diatlnct- 

ly  ths  type  of  the   '•viinardftrsoohn",   a  stoc^r  cimraoter  In 

0  :'  A^  -.^-^r.r^    1^  *,qr^tnre    (r;-^.     ".-^rr  -       '^-ciT,     Sas } .     In 

■..raft   It  la    i.ia    'Dl^-Qktor '    orooker   .-.no  baclis  hla 
chief  cnclneer  -.^Ith  many  millions  of  dollars  In  spite  of 

m  i30ti:i  books    Miare   la    ^..o   typo   o^   the   smart 
lean   -snglneer  and   sleuth  •.;ho  ondcavourc  to  find  out 
- 1  ^u  vior   r  crTirni    ^.anhnl -in    .  .  bull^ora 

o  Ivian  CQjipatioOrs   ./ao   try   Dy  ell  .acaiiC    t,o  ©ct  liOld 

of  C  industrial  seoreta,  unGuccessfullj  of  course. 

■i    naisn*! -tn    an   t'\r.    othor  h-^nr*   rrc    *■,^_3  morlem 
-js  o,:  JOiuini^i: '  3  rantciica,    -"Oi'  e:c:.a^iJ,   in  i:as  st&Iilemq 
..le  ::uiiG.   a  Di  .  :;nar  rolls   aln^l  '   ^    'Pearl 


296 

Harbour'  -  like  Japanese  air  attack  on  an  important 
American  base  in  the  Pacific  by  means  of  his  enormous 
fuel  supply  and  secures  the  ore-dominance  of  the  United 
States  in  that  part  of  the  world.   But,  strangely  enough, 
the  German  scientist  is  either  in  the  employ  of  a  great 
American  firm  (cf .  Das  st&hlerne  Geheimnis)  or  he  had  been 
working  in  American  industry  like  'old  Zack*  in  HimiTielskraft 
who  is  temporarily  -in  stiff  competition  with  Americans  but 
finally  comes  to  terms  with  them  on  honorable  conditions. 

Quite  according  to  the  cliche  again  is  the  ruth- 
lessness  of  the  American  antagonists.  But  in  describing 
minor  technicians,  Dominik  inadvertently  shows  Americans 
as  friendly,  unsuspecting  human  beings  who  consider  others 
to  be  similarly  hannless.   Another  American  attitude  is 
shown  inadvertently  in  the  feeling  of  equality  in  some 
minor  episodes,  as  when  the  feared  *big  boss*,  Headstcne, 
works  among  the  lesser  engineers  and  technicians.   Equality 
is  still  better  shown  between  the  tycoon  and  a  subaltern 
marine  officer  when  they  meet  and  find  out  they  had  been 
classmates  at  college,  or  between  the  *big  boss'.  Headstone, 
mentioned  above,  and  his  great  German  competitor  who,  he 
discovers,  had  been  'old  Zack',  his  old  teacher  in  practical 
engineering  way  back  during  his  apprenticeship  in  Detroit; 
they  talk  of  old  times  and  all  present  differences  are 
forgotten. 


•llj 


i.C:      OC 


^8  el 


I  rr  ^  f  P  T 


297 

Ot'i.ir".'/'*  BE .    'nv.'-ivnr,    V.^'    .iton^-    t.ynnr;    rt"    oupar*10P 

Garraano  anci  t.io  ini'oi'lor  Oiid  aci^-oeuLrdd  A.7iarlsan  s^^^^^''^ 

ment   officials  and  loi;byiGtB  are   soraew.'iat  p;;lnral,   But 

aoo-n  071C    -^Incovcjrn   t'\.c.t  ro;nlnl':'n   ,';  ■ '.■Itui'e   In  not   so  muoh 

jasGd  on  a   ijir^c  a^i^iaat   ^^ux'ioa  us   aucu  Lui.   Oii  a  blaa 

against  bualnass  (cf,  '.ilrgni  .^loJ^-ratt,  t  0,2$) 

"oln  Intsresse  an  den  vfiaoonaohrf tlir-    ^n  "v^r  -xi  unsaipee 
onzems  Ist  so  lebliaft  wle   je,    '^'ur  dsohen 

'i:!.  or  ,    .    .   nlchts  rae.ir  au   Lun  ii;j.LwU,  '<   cr.   Hermann 
jr,    balo^./^  P-333) 

anci   wiiin    'old  ^acK  '   i.i  asked  why  iic  rias  ratirod  ;^G  acad   of 

tli€  ftna,   he  answers 

"Wall  loll  senug  ^iearbeitat  und  verdlent  li-abo,       •.     isadotono. 

Abar  dao  vorsteht  llir  Amorlxcaner  aattlx'liL::.  rloiit",    sagte 
Zaak,  und  dar  rJll  '  "tones  a,   daaa  ^r 

':;n  :rlr':llc!..   n*  :^  il  ,1.    -    I  _.^_    ,.  .    _.._..., 

DO:;)lni;:  oeerns  t,o  .lavo   u»jan  cioso   to  idoas  ox    toe  inocracy,an 
authoritarian,   fascist-like  Idoolo^y  quits  rampant  among 
englnogrs  in  •"  ^^  lO'^n'n  ?  nri   1930 'a,   in  r.or'.n-ny  .i-n'   GlBe'-rtiGre. 

It   iG  lnt;roiSLln{^.  lo  confront   t.iooo  lector  worlcs  of 
Domlnlk  v/lth  one  oi"  his  earliest   on  Amcrlcr..   :   John  ..orkmanji^ 
dsr  Isitunj-^aboy  with  th-r.   aubtlfo    '~"!m-?  " r r'.A'^l'mg  aus  der 
a-crl'.vanlschsn  GrosBlndustrie   IB^j.  iln  turiu  -.ipr.13,   1909, 
19r»l  and  1925).    "his  is  a    'taoimoloeiCG.!'  novol  too,   but 
aiff-^rsnt   In  Trlnd   p.nd   In  r-^tltudo   to-vards    '.erica.    It  lins 
Dicn  rt'ritton  in  severs:!  aLajsea.   because  oi'  its  jo^t  war 
•Editions  and  because  it  was  repeatadly  rjp.  inted  and  wiilely 
raa^.   ir.  >     -  .rar  oariod,    Jolon    '  '••kmann   In  ".o  be  treated 


298   .^ 

In"  thlB  -ilacuBsion.  o  'bo  sure,  It  ir.  o  stereotype:  tlie 
boy  h-^ro  Ic  too  pcrract,  too  fj^ood,  ♦•.oo  '•hr.rnlnr  ?nd  too 
cuccGJSiulj  j..aojC  a 'Little  Lord  :'jv.ii,l^ru^' '  orixitj^ossd 
ln':o  a  lean  success   atory  and,    of  couroe,   the  boy  Is 

a    Cor-nan   or  of   Ger-'^an   orl   In. 

autiioi  ,    it    y_ioui'-l    o-     v.ol,    .■•  , 

^raduato  oni^lneer  and  gives  m  ich  teciinlcal  Informntlon 
on    I- 10   mor.t   TTOder*n  ■nGchlnoa  of  the    ^ime  ^rA  on  technlquea 
oi     insinierin^;;..    ;:iux,   tnis   oook  axuo  in'^x-oduu--H    uiiw   reader 
to  ?.  j,r3at  niiiaber  of  facets   of  A^nerice.n  lifd;    It    saows 
hov.'  m?.ny   fi.mi=rican  businesses  aro   run,    ter^^onicelly.    Tiae 
Inner   .lor^'An^s  of  a.   ^reat  3ew  York  n'3\-rsj&^>er  ere  described 
step  by   step   following  the  advances   of  tae  boy-hero,  with 
InterGstin-   nldG-vlews   on  the  dangerous  construction  of 
tAo   -iuJson-*.unnel,    on   Gomo   ^cat  fires,    explosions,    and 
disasters, 

Vfhon  tho  boy-;ero  moves   on  ?nr!    tr'^vels,   he   encoimterB 
boy   Lcout    liie    in  a   typical   oojs^    ziarap.    i.xxa   is  one   of  the 
rare   r.ccounts   in  German  literature   on  North-Amei'lca  of  the 
her.lthy  life    in  a   cummar  camp,   a   form  of  recroation  much 
a:;.in   co  German  aiklng  and   life   in  youth-hoBtelE  etc.,   an 
American  activity  which  is  otherwise   ignored  by  German 
v.'rit-jrs. 

.jiotaer  phase   of  Jo/ai    .'orkraa>in's  cs^vu-LQuiUtfiiu   ia  v/oi* 
on  an  Immontsly  large  western  farm  where  he  learns  q^'lckly, 
of  cour33,    to  hsjidle  the  bi5  machines.   The  ^rsat  lonellneas 


299 

of  the  vfestom  prairies  anrJ   th>^lr   r.nr^ll  tovmn  1"   oleturod, 
together    vlLh  a  prali"le-rire  and  a  threat   cattu-a-iierd  on  tha 
rixn.    In  Gxiicago,    or  courae,   hs  meets  a   swindler  trat   loses 
only  a   corapnrailv'jly   small   amoxmt.    '^  nf.er  'n^   ■:-) --l-rr.   ^-i    r>nQ 
of  the   great   slaughter-houBes  and   saves   tiousand;^   of  collars 
worth  Ox    meat  wiien  he  notices   Just    in  time  thrt  trie 
refrl:f'=ra-lon  liad  been  sabotaged.    Kflp. -Ivln^;  n^r-il  .qr.1  an 
from  :ir.   Armour  himself  to   study  his  waolc    ouoinssb,  xio 
does  it   so  t.ioroughly  that  when  he   returns   to  'Jew  York  and 
.Upton  ainolair's   fauious  book  appears  '^?>Tvinln£  th=   ri'virr-a 
slaughter  houses,   he   is  able   to  -.irrite  a   sober  r-.ooi-t   oa 
the   subject. 

Another   section  deals  ■■''i''\   John  ^'or-'-'^^-tr, 'r   =-"oerleTi««i 
at  the   Ford  factory   In  Detroit^  wliere  he  worlcs  at   the  well 
'-mown  or  notorious   .ay lor- system  of  ^^ork- study  and  is  even 
instrumental   in  introoucing  the   chain   sys^  •'"n  .-<.■'     ^'  -y 
assembly   lin;   or  tiie    'laufende  Band'. 

It   is  due   to  Jolin  Worlcnann  and  his  reasonable   offer 
t    --.       yrd    nuilds  a  lar^e   factory   l^-    Cp-r^r   — ^    ■  •  (»   author 
dssorihes   It.    T.ae   fact   that  the    'Imperial  iBrirr'    induced 
many  American   Industries   to  establir.h  branches  In  Canada 
n  , -,   -.-.oy-,-^  i-^r   ..r-.j  unioio".'!!   'o   fi^   Buthor   or'    '  '    ^  •' "     ''^  'iItti. 

.-i-l.-o  in  his   later  vrorka  Dominik  y>ia 

Ignorance  and  very  va^^ue   ideas  about   Canada.   All  his 
remarks  ars    u  ^    .  <.  -   a  1 1" e c t : 


iOO 


Eln  ao.iSyaes  Land  muss  ^i&n  }^nnft'''a   sein,    cln  i^rov-r.oBf 
oln  rolcjaea  Land,    (_  _,   p,2Tl) 

and   t  _?>t   some  criminals  from     aria  hoo^  ^o  be    cafe   in 

.Tor.      -  a: 

-Canada,  die  Zuflucht  f(ir  alle,  die  in  o  ."  .-      .f 
<3r-  'r:'  -""  -  "ttan  .  .  .  tin  r^----  -"i;'  !«i_.  inar 
....  (lb:. .. , 

i:it,  ua  retui-n  to  .i-  ^n  v^i-uOj  i 

tJirou(;h  his  very  honest  land  deal  wita  Ueary  "ord  hlra-i'elf , 

V.'or'rT  nn  corals  ln:-o  tio  possession  of  a  n-??J.  _uno»  H« 

is  no  .  ii:      .iicraft  division  o-   jxa  •.  io   xm 

plane  -  ri'  dream  of  any  boy,'   iomeetsc  Victor  waoo 

ho  t.'^r.tc!  '  1  "■  finds  to  be  honest,  .^e  invests  "  I     .j.?.rt 

01  :iis  -ji-rune  in  4^old  lalnini:  in  ^'u.c\,u^^-^^^±jr- 

prospector.  After  som9  dangers  and  excl     ':,  he  . 

a  man 
fabulously  rich  and  e  partner  of  no/lens  -.^  n  rierpont 

-  • 

It   is  notewort.ay  tiiat  although  th  rts 

'-rare   cortr-inly  ••n?itton  after  1918,   A-^-- vice.* p.  v^r  ^f?-th 
warai-Uiy    xl:    ho  _,    .n^n^xon-^a   una   u  .jxiu,'^4u..  ci  ^x^ 
ai^ainot  An^jrlca   is  uttered.   However,   ai  , 

Domlnik'o  '-^titudfja  ta.fards  ''■'Tiorica  '■.i-' 
■,«'-orce   in  -rks,   y-'t   rioc    a-^ii-iy  '  "'. 

many  conL-TiOorary  aenaan  writers,  ..iosa  bookc  rto 

almo,  11  o.part  do-cribln?;  ore-v.-ar  ?-n'.^   yo; '-•'•.'ar  A-r-erloa 

o."    ■■"  cuivcxjT    1.        ,         ..  Tfj, . ..^.   .^u    -■■■■/- i.jju 

der  A-icri  r.    1917,    1920    (cf.   above,  ?.  102)   and 

Karl  J5dller-aroto,   Pascal  Karl.   Deutsch-  :anadicc:ag  Lo^anar 


301 

bilder,  1924,  ol.  above, p. 174   )• 

lii—tM|i  up  tiM  teoiinologioal  novel,  .ie   ooae  to 
the  obvious  oonoluelon  that  tho  objeotiva  eubjoot  did 
not  Insuro  an  objeotire  tjreatment  of  Amorloa  or  of 
Amerieana.  The  worat  faults  are:  rirat  the  prevalent 
attitude  of  German  superiority  and  seeondly  the  hae>:^- 
neyed  type  of  desoriptiona  of  tiie  persona  discussed. 

Tne  redeeaing  factor  of  this  type  of  German 
fiction  is  its  very  subject*  oinoe  soieace  and  technology 
are  supemational,  the  Ooraan  writers  and  raadezehave  to 
take  oogniaanos  of  aohiaveaents  aooompiisaed  elsewhere  - 
1b  our  case  in  America*  The  aeeaiagly  harah  reaction 
towards  Aaerica  mi^t  be  explained  by  the  inner  wish 
of  the  Oerman  not  to  be  overwhelfflod*  Erich  Eberle  in  hi a 
reoent  book  Rslaa  naoh  Aaerika  1949,  (p*32)  tells  an 
amusing  story  about  this  faeling*  F&ted  with  the  Tiev 
of  the  Jaapire  state  Building,  all  Oerman  reporters  were 
lost  in  ajnazeoent,  but  one  reporter  from  Pulda,  a  aaall 
town  (26,000)  even  in  Oeniany,   spoke  the  illualnatlng 
wordat  "^F^ada  bleibt  Foldm.*'*  Vhen,  however,  these  un- 
intentional expresaiens  beooae  intentional,  when  the  cliches 
are  used  purposely  to  deride  America  and  in  order  to 
enhMMt  a  feeling  of  German  superiority,  viien  in  addition 
the  saving  graoe  of  objective  material  is  missing,  German 
writing  on  Amerioa  arrivea  at  a  new  low,  aa  ezemplifiod 


302 

by  Erich  boraayar'o  Onter  andgraa  Hi— nol  (19A2).  (Cf, 
H,  Boeucu-jaateln,  rha  Q^raffl  h^Y?^  19'59-19Afi.  ?«9A/5). 

Tb«  story  Is  qxilte  slople.  An  ambitious  minor 
b«ak  oitrk  ^ins  tixo  favour  of  the  hoad  of  hi  a  firm  in 
Now  York,  i-ie  la  odvanoad  rapidly*  is  lavitod  to  tae 
of  ills  amployer  whero  he  gains  tha  frlondahip  and  loro 
of  the  dauc]!^ter  of  tha  house.  3ut  her  powerful  mother 
ruthieasly  separatee  them*  On  a  trumpad  up  charse  he  ia 
sent  to  pri-on  and  the  ^rl  is  sent  off  to  a  finiehing 
school  in  Germany.  Here  everything  is  different,  aa 
'under  a  different  aky*.  Here  she  finds  friandahip, 
sympathy,  culture,  all  things  apparently  missing  in  rich 
American  hooea.  Here  aihe  is  ta'ten  oaro  of  until  hor  lover 
can  Join  her  after  being  liberated  from  prison  by  some 
frienda^  by  means  of  still  more  unucrupulous  methods  than 
had  been  applied  against  the  horo.  It  is  a  clear-cut  blaok 
and  white  picture  w  ere  everything  Afflez*iean  is  morally 
sordid,  oomipt,  pov/ez^hunsry  and  money  grabbing,  whort 
Jui^tice  does  not  oziBt  In  the  face  of  bi^;  money  and  the 
small  man  has  to  fall  baek  on  blackmail  in  order  to  re- 
drosa  an  in  Just  ice  done  to  him. 

A  'problem*  exists  for  \  .e  author  only  beoause 
the  young  heroine  is  an  American  ^.oo.  But  tLxio  blomioh  is 
eacily  removed  hj  mailing  her  the  illegit.imate  child  of  some 
travellings  German  tenor.  The  'question'  is  actually  aaked 


303 

by  no  less  a  person  than  *a  highly  educated  GezTnan  teacher  of 

art  and  philosophy'  in  Heidelberg.  He  wonders: 

Unfassbar  war  ihm  nur,  dass  Sylvia  Allan,  die  so 
vOllig  frei  war  von  jeder  Koketterie  und  Gefallsucht  . 
,  .  ,  die  Tochter  reicher,  also  wahrscheinlich  unge- 
blldeter  Leute  aus  New  York  war,  ausgerechnet  also 
aus  der  Gesellschaft,  der  Stadt,  dera  firdteil  kam,  den 
der  Schiller  Holderlins  iind  Novalis»  ,  Platens^^i  und 
Georges  hasste  wie  das  Bflse  an  sich  .  •  .  Oder  war 
Sylvias  Herkunft  .  •  •  von  Geheinmissen  umwoben? 
(Unter  anderem  Himmel.  p. 280) 

Here  we  have  in  a  nutshell  the  two  main  motives  of  the 
book,  (1)  hatred  against  a  society,  a  city,  a  continent, 
and  (2)  a  gigantic  arrogance  and  intolerance,  a  disbelief 
that  anything  but  German  could  be  good,  so  much  so,  that 
even  the  illegitimate  daughter  of  an  itinerant  German 
good-for-nothing  (he  is  described  as  such,  cf.  ibid., 
p. 357)  is  ennobled  by  her  German  origin.  The  book  is  ob- 
viously in  poor  taste.  But  this  is  not  the  only  book  of 
Eberraayer  on  America.  At  the  time  of  the  greatest  German 
interest,  in  America  he  published  Anton  in  Amerika  (Berlin, 
Spaeth,  1928),  a  modern  adaptation  of  an  earlier  novel 
by  Reinhold  Solger  about  1860  who  in  turn  had  been 
imitating  the  popular  Soil  und  Haben  by  Gustav  Freytag, 
Itself  not  a  first-rate  novel.  As  might  be  expected  of  an 
adaptation  of  an  imitation  not  based  on  personal  observation, 
there  are  the  typical  cliches  about  'American*  business 
practices  and  corruption,  about  millionaires  and  chorus 


^'This  disciple  of  Platen's  does  not  know  that 
Platen  praised  America  as  "das  Land  der  Pracht/  Wo  der 
Freiheit  stolzes  Leben  zwischen  Palraen  auferwacht"  and  that 
he  planned  to  emigrate  to  America  ('.Verke  II,  p. 62/3). 


tr  rxi 


[iu 


.-xov 


od 

(S)    bns 

79 

2v 


•Kffi 


f 


bfi 


304 

rirls  and  finally  a  thrillin"-  murder  trial  which  make  the 
book  entertainment  for  not  too  demandin/j  readers  (cf, 
rchone  Literatur.  192S,  p.  339). 

In  comparison  with  ^be^mayer*s  other  writinj^s 
his  *  American"  books  are  poor.   He  cannot  be  excused  as  a 
simple  fascist  following  a  party  line.  His  background,  ns 
son  of  a  famous  ♦Oberreichsanwalt  *  at  the  German  ."Supreme 
Court,  his  excellent  education  in  private  institutions  - 
not  in  the  oppressive  official  *G3rmnasium»  -  and  his 
position  as  a  lawyer,  dramatist  and  theatre  director  in 
Leipzig,  make  him  a  considerable  intellectual  pe  sonality 
in  post-war  Germany,  For  these  reasons  his  comments  on 
America  are  all  the  more  puzzling  as  well  as  deplorable. 
But,  it  must  be  said,  similar  attitudes  -  though  not  as 
erross  or  crass  as  Sbermayer*s  -  are  found  in  many  other 
more  serious  writers.   It  is  a  resentiaent  aa;ainst  America 
coupled  with  a  German  self-assertion  (  cf,  "Fulda  bleibt 
Fulda,"  as  mentioned  above,  p,301),  Unter  anderem  Hlmmel 
was  selected  because  it  shows  clearly  how  the  imare  of 
America  could  be  and  was  distorted  b.  the  writer's  inner 
attitudes, 

2 

The  following  second  group  of  writers  are  to  be 
taken  more  seriously  although  they  too  employ  cliches. 
This  is  especially  noticeable  in  Lion  Feuchtwanger's  strange 


504  a 
90^  of  prosd  piMMv  foPt  «f.I^«   etohelta  (1.9.  tranalatloa 

I927/:^d),    It  la  dediaat«d  to  Sinclair  L*v1b,    'the  .-^ood 
Aatrlean',   wUllo  tiic  booic  Itsaif  oaamct3rlz<3S  and  aarl- 
oature ":  tae  worst  el<!«8  of  th«  Aavrloan  buclaosBaan«  his 
ti.^wiuote  auxtarlall&a  and  rationa^lan*   It  ir»   9a*  ootu*se« 
vary  oac*  elded  but  it  nirM  b^  lat^rvatins  to  eoDBpare 
tm.a  with  fladinge  or  obBaznratlone  of  other  vrlt«r8* 
"Pap"  Is     r^ouahtwangev's  first  po«a  in  tne   aeries  on  the 
iSrioOi'^^izLs  attitude  of  the  Anerlcaa;    this    *pep'  is 
described  with  enthusiata  by  Manfred  Hauamann  in  his  rialt 
to  a  n^vareel  theatre  (of.  Kleine  Liebe  %xl  Mierika,  cf. 
abore,  pp.   269*277)  and  by  ^vfeig  at  a  part  of  AaMrioaa 
optimtna*  The  preooovpation  of  Aaerlcans  vith  atatistios, 
ridioialed  repeatedly  in  Pep,  has  been  negleoted  tagr  noat 
Seraan  writers  exaept  by  E.s.Kiseh,  idso  describee  the 
^Murean  of  S^aodarda  in  Washington  as  most  important  because 

it       ...  dient  dar  x'Xanwirtaohaft,  der  l^aterialprdftme 

un-5  vor  allem  Janer  Standardislarung  dar  xrodiikt©, 
cl       .    •   •  die  Prosperity  Amerikas  xu  daaken  ist. 

(-ura^llea  Arrorika.  p. 40; 

Aooording  to  lep.  even  Heavan  and  lisll  are  sometiains  liko 
bu&inaBB  trajriGaotionB.  F^any  authors,  eopecially  Alfona 
xaquetf  in  a  separate  chapter  on  ^..ix^caenamerika*,  note 
the  lack  of  a  metaphysieal  faith  but  praise  the  praotioal 
Christian  relii:ion  in  Am-rioa.  That  love  too  is  atatistio- 


305 

ally  probed  by  buoln©  smen  1g,  of  coutbo,  ridiculous. 
Most  writers,  on  the  oontrary,  nota  fln  ovo2«»«aph&alB  on 
love.  ?tit  many  authore  corapl??!!!  like  Fauohtrfangsr  About 
the  str«.ltlac9d  puritan  Rttltv>/?e  towards  the  8«x  xirge  (of. 
Hanaer,  "nli^voge,  p.l3l»  cf,  above,p.  2o7) ,  :  0p  is  only 
mrons  to  tracs  It  to  the  A-nerlcan  raatgrlallam.  That  aaoy 
nouv0PU-rlchebu8ln9B»m«a  iinve  a  deplorobla  attitude  tomurds 
art,  mu3lc,  an^  theatre  Is  only  too  true;  but  Je£  forgets 
the  great  Importance  of  the  Aaerlcea  wonian  In  thee* 
8ubj90ta,  veil  described  by  Alfons  ~s.-iuet.  ( '  ^erll-ca  untcr 
dem  R9,?:€mbOTen.  pp. 179-198).  Pep  also  clildes  t!vo  wanness 
of  t--ie  businessman  vho,  once  cheated,  -fill  nerer  forget  itj 
but  It  omits,  of  course,  the  opposite,  his  35neroelty  and 
warm-hoATted  friendliness  which  even  a  severe  critic  lilts 
Colin  Ross  recognizes  (cf.  above,  p. 84).  That  AnMx^caas 
give  much  money  for  scientific  research  for  some  ultsrior  aad 
even  ejotlstloal  reasons  Is  probably  not  so  ridiculous 
aB  Peueht ranger  8S«ma  to  find  It  In  the  poem  "A.uarsndlagnose", 
In  a  oorlec  of  pooas  he  contrasts  this  ultimate  rationalism 
v.'lth  European  sentimentality  with  comic  effect,  but 
strangely  the  irrational  European  seems  worse  than  his 
rational  counterpart.  ?^cetlou8ly  the  author  lets  hi«  woo 
a  lady  with  business  talk,  vhilo  many  other  i/r^ters 
eraphasizt  the  American  urge  for  'Ronantik',  9*L»   «▼•» 
at  a  dance  on  board  Faquet  notes,  "Dl^  Aaerivaner  tanton 
trftumerlsoher  alo  wlr"  (Faquet,  Amorlka .  p. 25  cf. p. 278  above) 


J;jc} 


Dl  . 


(evodB   ;■ 


3^ 

Anothsr  powa   satlriess  the  oomraoroial  oxplolt,atlon 
of  religion.  But  thlo  la  not  Just,  an  American  iiablt.  On 
the  oontraz*7»  niost  other  wit  ere  note  a  muoh  stronger 
Influanoe  of  religion  In  the  Nevr  World  than  in  Europe  though 
It  la  ol*  a  dirferent  kind  (cT.  Frenaaen,  Jrlefo  e"|°  ^IMTlfttti 
pp.  83  f«  and  108  ff,  of,  above,  p.  245,  and  lolltaoher, 
Itftlflflf llhf*^  ""^  ^-   Amerlka.  Neue  Rundsoaau,  p«lCX)  f.,  of* 
above, p.  22^  ). 

However*  If  Teuchtwanger ' e  leo   la  read  for  Ita  avm 
■arlta.  It  seems  full  of  hate  and  arroganoe  and  one  of 
tlw  aost  spiteful  works  written  on  Amsrloa. 

The  next  In  this  second  group  of  writers,  willy 
Seldelf  le  the  brother  of  tho  famous  woman  author  Ina  Seldol* 
He  did  not  boeome  well*lcnovm  until  tae  1930 '•  when  his 
SHptesla  on  raolal  problens  was  highly  appreciated*  His 
America-book  Per  Neua  ^ftnlll  (Berlin,  1921)  with  its  sub- 
titla  'Ausso^mltt  aus  dea  Oaseln  elnes  Pautac^en'  describes 
the  life  of  a  Oarman  writer  la  Aoerioa  duria^  the  First 
World  War.  The  hero,  a  German  writer,  lives  with  his 
British  brlds  in  neutral  America,  In  Sew  Xork.*   But  ha  dis- 
likes the  city  and  moves  to  t.ie  countrj,  a  place  he  finds 
disaal)  hs  ftoas  to  a  suaTisr  resort  aad  loathes  It  and  the 
guests,  thou^i  this  dislike  seams  autual.  Or  a  trip  on 
the  Hudson  xie  d«4 tests  the  youns  people  on  board  and  retxims 
hooa^whsre  he  falls  aiok,  haa  forebodings,  llafliaasquo  fears 
and  fever  dreams  of  dsQtruotion  and  extirpation.  The  soena 


307 

move a  to  a  pleasant  country  home  near  Cinolnnatl,  Ghlo, 

where  his  laolatlon  la  bro'-rsn  by  an  active  but  noisy 

German;  three  months  after  tae  united  i^tateo  ..aa  entersci 

ttB  war  with  Germany  they  still  live  undisturbed;  they 

drive  to  the  city,  tha  buslnesa  section  of  which  la  described 

witii  dripping  hate;  govemment  of  floes  ars  visited  wn-ao 

officials  ere  described  as  Incompetent,  cruel  but  shrewd 

politicians,  ain  noisy  'friend'  Is  finally  Erreated,  and 

his  ov/n  movaments  restricted.  During  tae  -.'hoi',  v/ar  he  1b 

not  harmed  at  eJ-l  as  an  eneniy  allsn  except  by  little  boys 

who  annoy  him  in  the  street. 

There  are  bitter  compialnts  about  the  'Four  Minutes 

Cpeakers'  during  the  war  and  their  hate  moneeringa.  But 

there  rarely  has  been  a  writer  who  shows  so  'nuch  loathing, 

aversion  or  detestation  as  Seidel,  who  turns  up  als  nose 

at  any  and  everything  American,  so  that  even  th^  disgusting 

'noisy •  German  appears  as  something  like  a  martyr  (ibid, « 

p. 292  f«).  Seidel  la  not  the  first  German  wj'iter  to  look 

dawn  on  any  commercial  activity  as  such  and  on  /jnerican 

business  eepaoiall^  during  the  war  boom,  on  'V;1g  nach  Geld 

fiebemden  Mensohen'** 

.    .    .   dieaer  Moloch,  ^derl  Kontralcta ,  ephemore  Sonwindel- 
untemehnmncen,   OrundsttlckBpslculatlonen,   Kriegsbestellun- 
gen  in   sloh  hineinsog  tind  ale  ala  einen  Strom  von  Geld, 
eine  trtlbe  Fontflne  fraswflrdig  arraffter  Dollarscheina 
wleder  hervorspie.   Nir^nda  war  man  aichor  vor  Geld.   .    . 
(Ibid.,   p. 10) 

Dae  warsn  keine  Unterhaltunocn,   die  menBchenwtb:*dig  ia 
europfliaehen  Sinne  gewaaen  wAx*en*   .    .    .    (Ibia. .  p. 224) 


au 


•  q 


308 

Thus  h3  rants  on  for  nover^.!  -n..3:aa  whlcj.ltls  Impoaalole 

to  quote  In  full  ara.   But  tiii-  ia  not  Uio  oialn  reason 

for  his  dislike  of  Araorlca.  Long  before  the  war  started 

and  on  subjects  not,  a*  all  oonnooted  with  '.•/elt  and  buslneaa 

he  found  an  Imman.?    ^ptiness  (Iblcl. .  p.i*}  in  tu.  city 

and  felt  similarly  In  the  country.  HIb  z^al  3 state  man  is 

"der  Mann  rait  'en  toten  Aurcn"  (ibid, .  p. 13  -". ) .  Their 

coxmtry  place  is  dlonial  and  boring,  nothixig  but  sand  and 

recently  planted  endless  spruce  forests.  A  n-arby  chicken 

farm  cjinoys  him  because,  Irstead  of  three  or  four  dozen 

colorilil,  slowly  moving  hens  as  in  Europe,  .^3  iin^s 

thOTinanda  of  white  and  skinny  'Le^orns*: 

•*51e  sln^  Im  Trieinen",  he  thinks,  "  wle  ain  Slid  oer 
B«Yttl>.erung  hier.  i>ie  waten  in  den  BodenschAtzdn  «  •  . 
wenn  eines  elna  !''eder  von  abstechender  I^arbo  besAsae 
.  .  ,,  9M   wllx*e  seines  Lebsns  nioht  siohor.  Nur  dadtireh, 
dass  ole  alls  welss  sind  und  in  Masse  xiandeln  und 
fresaen,  exiatieren  sie.  Ihre  Eier  mflaaea  unsagbar  fad 
achoiec'tan  .  .  .  (Ibid. .  p.3A) 

When  it  Is  su^'s^ioc-ed  that  they  move  into  nicer  aurroundings, 

tae  hero 'a  prim  British  \^fe  answers:  "Ea  iat  Ja  ganx  gleieh, 

wo  nan  in  diesom  vei^daiamtan  Lande  lebt  .  .  .  ".  (Ibid. .  p«3A) 

Indeed,  -rfhen  they  take  a  trip  on  a  Hudson  stsarcer  among 

petty  young  clerks  they  find  these  "phantaoislosa  Leutohen" 

with  a  "stoisohe  Temperamentlosigkeit",  t.ieir  "gegsaaeltlgeB 

AnSden"  and  the  "^mundfaule  Gewilsch  dieaer  au-is^lssrten  .  •  • 

Ksnscnen  rann  wle  eln  schlelial^ar  Strom  Uber  das  gazxze 

Schlff",  (Ibid.,  p. 88/89)  He  observes  taeae  well-built. 


309 

vell-di^ased,  young  people,  apparently  well  educated  In 
Bportly  games  and  with  high  American  Idec.ls;  but  everything 
is  deflated  by  the  motto:  'Make  money*  (p,91).   31mllarly, 
the  guests  of  tia  summer  hotel  are  depicted  as  'farblose 

rjaturen*  and  'Grau  In  Grau'  (Ibid.,  p. 102).   Ha  feela  an 
Imaanae  abys*  between  hlmcelf  and  others. 

It  is,  of  oourse,  tic  loneliness  of  tae  educated 
lamigrant  who  misses  Intellectual  contacts  ^rith  his  like 
but  \&iO,    owing  mainly  to  financial  olrcumetsnces,  has  to 
associate  with  people  not  his  equals.  Seldel  himself  ex- 
presses It:  "Zusammenhang  mlt  anderen  Gehimen  .  .  .  das 
fahlte  Ihm  hler. "  (Ibid. .  p. 196)  Thus  he  is  -^.11  repressed, 
feeling  his  own  value  and  correspondingly  the  lower  qualities 
01  others.  But  since  it  is  axpreseed  In  racial  terms  It  Is 
11>-  a  monomania,  ^•g^* 

De  er  eln  zu  elnladendes  Aeusseres  besass  (ibid. .  p. 3) 
or 

Dass  er  aber  so  ^bor  die  Classen  typlach  dautsch.  urger- 
■anisch  und  teutonlseh  war,  gsflel  Ihr  an  Ihm.  (Ibid. , p. 69) 

and 

.  .  .  seine  Instlnkts  waren  die  rlchtlgen  .  .  .  (Ibid. ) 

He  practically  excuses  himself  for  aaring  married  a  non- 

Oerman: 

Sswar  damals  noch  die  Zolt      .    .    .   der  z.-anglosen  Mischxmg 
der  Natlonen  In  den  Salons  der  Alten  ^^elt,   vBlklBche 
G^genafltze  \mrd9n  d\iroh  menschlloha  Gemeinsaakelten  ver- 
schlelert    .    .    .    (Ibid.,   p. 129) 


3/ 


-yd 


^U4J^;c-  A 


ii 


7-0 


510 

But  When  he  thinka  of  others,  of  Americans,  he  speaks 
differently.  A  mongrel  dog  la  symbolic  of,  no,  a  little 
better  than^  "das  rohe  Volk  hler"  (ibid. .  p. 31).  He  com- 
pares his  An^lo-Saxon  bride  with  the  raolal  character  of 
Americans: 

•  •  •  der  verderbta,  verwflssarte  uno.  dure:;  vl9le 
darauf  gepfropfte  Rassan  ha^bentstallte  item  im 
Weaen  der  anderen  .  .  .  (iblc. .  p.l03) 

and  comes  to  the  conclusion  that  their  dislike  is  the 

hatred  of  "Bastardgeoohwlstem  gegen  den  Erben"  (Ibid. ,  p. 

226). 

Negroes  are  described  as  a  different  race,  more 

animal- like  than  human.  The  coloured  maid  lies  an  "Aus- 

otellung  von  Naturlnstlnkten"  and  the  mistress  has  to  get 

used  to  her  animal-like  nature: 

...  an  den  typlsohen  Dunst  In  den  das  -;c;f;9rwelb 
gehflllt  war.  Dlaser  Dunst  .^^lloh  der  Erlnnerung  an 
elnen  Stall,  In  dem  reinrasslge  Tlere  ^az^chtet  wearden 
.  .  .  (ibid. .  p.2A). 

He  finds  out  that  hia  first  country  place  Is  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  a  'Ne^erkolonie'  which  hs  had  not  noticed 
before:  "Unter  kelnen  Umstflnden  hiltte  er  alch  In  dlesea 
Falle  hler  nledercalassen"  (Ibid.,  p. 46).  The  first 
coloured  maid  Is  depicted  as  believing,  in  all  kinds  of 
heathenish  superstitions.  The  second  Is  deocrlbed  veiT" 
sensually: 

.  .  .  mlt  straffen  Br^lsten,  Htlften  von  deren  geschmel- 
dlgem  I'Tuskelsplel  das  dflnne  Rftckchen  nlcht  vlel  verbarg. 
(Ibid.,  p.  145).  .  .  31o  war  ^jtwas  hcllfarblgor  .  .  . 

und  konnte  wohl  Anspruoh  auf  besaeres  Blut  machen  .  .  . 

Sle  erfilllte  die  TXinlctlonen  elnes  gutdresslarten  Haue- 

tlera,  .  .  .  and  hat  die  Anhflnglleh::elt  elnes  zuge- 

laufenen  Hundes. (Ibid. „   pp. 146/7) 


ilt.   J 


-d: 


»^1«  he  ia  „o,„  ^„,,  co„o.™ed  with  n„, 

°°  Aaerloan  people  not  onl-  -,.    . 
»P-U,  ..t  ror  axx  .^3  o.  ,^,,„  '^'  -  -cl.x 

^^  tslsphone  Is  oonneot,,^ 

"■•'■■' "  - — ... « ....  =„j:.  '■ "  '•■•'"•■ 

Th«   "faule  oruppe"  ai,appaar«,  aftar  h  ^ 

H-ev»..   ,o«^  ^^  ^^^  ^_^  ^^^  ^_^^_ 

abusive;  '^-^ne--   ^ccsaes  mora 

^•r  corner  «e.^        '.^If^^^clnd,  y     ^  _    _    _ 

Still  v,r„  1,  ...  •    'I^-.P.29«i/7J 

and/top8  It   with  o   -L. 

Irleh-Dutoh-l?l;.„^r  Ametto-uas.     •  That 

8ood  German  natlon^n  ♦  ^^* '  ^•-^^^-  ^«  * 

nationalist  he  h«t«a     «„h  ok. 

^"®»  howTer,  he  doubts  hi-  ^ 

aouota  his  own  attitude  and 


7 


12 


aad  thinks  WllBozx  could  possibly  be  ri.       j  la  mx- 
pz*erso(3  as  follows: 


> 


.   der  '■                                      -.  ml'u  rich 

-   i,i'  j..jil.e,    ■.            'J  i;5c:n 

:                                                          ,  .das  T-^or  zu  einer  neu-^n  uaer- 
hOrten  clpocne  aufzureissen?    (-L&id.   d-265) 

Xlil.c   C*&ct;    outbmet  inlght  rov-sal  the  rsa?.  jh  _  >r  us 

c  '.ty  pQrvadlng  ths  whole  book.   It  waa  *frlt.t«n  Tm<5er 

tlij  prooaxufs  of  tiia  sftsr  effects  of  the  -aav  in  hXmich  In 

t..   fF-ll  of  1920,  wiien  wgrmeut.     ^it  bitterly  diaappolntod 

in  t  :i3lr  h7p9  on  Wllaoa'e  paaca.   Wev9rtU9lar:8,  a  man  vho 

haa  -.-rlf^^jly  travelled  Ilka  Willy  S«ldel  on.  ^  novf  bsttar* 

Anyho..,       man  who  llvaa  In  a  hoatlla  country  during  a  war 

Enfl  la  barely  bot/ior«d  as  an  euday  alian  0!:.n  liai^dly  be 

cr.llod  ^    *:.cw  Daniel',  espscisLlly  vfh«n  noat  of  his  sufferings 

.  vji;;    ^ii..  OTi:  jjulr.ottQd  nlnr';. 

Tho  lact  'vrltor  oT  tW-B  ^^oup.   Tell:  jciilln, 

VLZzz   ■    -rloa  as  t2ao  baclc^i'ouad  for  c  ^.l  Is  evil 

Ir.  ^  *.r    **■'  jjiaatronaa  *  Per  .•jneri'ca-  Jo.  lAnn .   -l.i  Jauesmroo&n  aua 

'    ontana  Yerl     ,       .  i,   ;-,u>;jrii,   1:^3' •.      t  i^olla 

of  the  influonos  of  taa  z>9tumed  ^n^.^raiit,  t  io    *.-33rll:»r-Ja>iann, 

1        -  .  ;iOae-tOi'?n«    ..^  c(3nln(T  of  t  ac  iVaox*iiXC.-Joiicrm  tssons 

for  t.;o  ▼lllass  the  Introduction  of  nodom  3  -  iiruioard 

of  In  this  backward  vlllasQ  of  /jpolvlic  -  v#itii  dlsastraus 

results.   The  rural   rollc  \rio  ^jad  boon  celf-uufflcleat  oad 

csnt^nt  feel  their  poverty  ^loa  t^iej'  hoaj?  of  tic  wondsre  of 


-  ISD. 


1>13 

Ajnerloa  where  story  Tlsldc  ssuch  aa  t^ielrs  are  left  un- 
cultivated, where  srasa  r^rov/a  aa  high  as  9.  ^an   anfl  com 
as  iilj^ii  aa  a  hut  and  v/h9re  thalr  good  corn- soup  la  fit 
only  for  pigs* 

As  In  Ilae  Scliroiber'a  novel  Dla  Fluc:it  Ine  Ir.rac^leg 
the  morchant  with  his  fashion&bla  but  often  ^ii:>cldy  wares 
becomes  more  and  mora  dominant  (  cf,  above,  p. 130), 
Arnerloa  becomes  Identified  -.rlth  all  that  Is  iiodem,  esp«*» 
daily  v/ith  commercial  Ideas  and  methods  Ir.  contrsat  to 
the  former  self-sufficient  *poor  but  honest*  farmer  or 
peasant  life,  ".vliatever  the  Amerl'ca-Johann  does  tume  out 
to  be  bad  for  the  village.  Ho  buys  tne  bl^;  forest  from  the 
vllligers  with  cash,  but  the  peasants  don't  latiow  hov;  to 
handle  their  money.  All  human  relations  ere  corrupted  by 
money,  even  love.  I^vcr  since  the  Amerlka-Johann  ^ives  money 
*as  his  thanks'  vhen  he  loaves  his  elrl  In  the  morning, all 
the  otaer  girls  In  the  village  want  money  or  presents  too. 
When  his  girl  asks  him  vrhy  he  aver  v/ent  to  America  and  vrtiy 
he  returned  he  tails  a  very  stereotyped  story  of  miserable 
Immigrant  life  In  America  and  how  he  vrorked  an*^  finally 
bou^-ht  land  for  ^old- mining,  how  he  did  not  find  £0ld, 
but  sold  lumber  from  his  forest  to  a  railroad  company; 
how  times  were  bad  in  the  United  States  Just  th3ni  how  ha 
thouglit :  at  homo  it  could  not  b;;  worse  t.um  in  America. 
And  when  ho  saw  the  many  immigrants  from  homo  he  figured  that 
It  was  not  taa  most  stupid  who  emigrated,  and  so  an  Intel- 


LU- 


31A 

llgant  raarx  should  bo  PblQ  to  laake  iils  fortune  among  the 

people  who  remained  at  home.  '1th  hi 3  small  fortxme  he 

thus  returns  to  hln  home  In  '^vreden,  for  ha  finds  here  is 

'Amarloa' ; 

.  ,  .  al3  Ich  nach  Schwedon  !cam,  da  entdeoi^tg  Ich 
ml*;  i^reuden,  dasa  mein  oisenea  Vatc--:--'  das  beate 
Aa.rl''o  lot,  dr_s  m?n  slch  ;<flnsc'.iGn 

A.  deacrlptlon  of  tae  detallr  -'^  *he  'Americanization' 

of  the  backward  Swedish  village  and  the  reaction  against 

It  crG  beyond  the  limits  of  this  theals.  It  may  auffics 

to  mention  -^hat  Moeschlln  has  tyo  of  hi  a  3\redlah  chax^oters 

coy  about  the  America- Johann;  that  he  lived  restlessly, 

never  satisfied,  never  fully  happy,  always  vrlth  a  i^reat 

drive  -/Ithln  him, 

.  .  .  dans  er  i^elebt  hat  wlo  bosessen  von  elner  v/llden 
Sucht,  nl'^  zufrladen,  nle  glflckl? -"-  .  -*   --^-,j»  ^jj^ 
sloh  vsrv^ellind  .  .  •  wle  eln  Vc        .     ^/I. »  j»332) 

But  the  reply  Is  a  defense  of  tho  Amerlka-Johann  that  he 

and  hi a  kind  have  pushed  the  world  ahead;  although  they 

were  thinking  only  of  their  money,  they  have  made  the 

world  larger  and  richer. 

^r  und  die  vielen  anderen  seiner  Art  haben  nur  an  ihr 
C!eld  (r.edacht.  Abor  ohne  dasa  si3  93  3iir:tjn,  ohji3  dass 
Ble  as  wolltsn,  haben  sio  daduzssh  die  i^ize   Yelt  weiter- 
^'-biMcht.  ale  irrttsser  und   relcher  -emacnt,  iinter  dor 
Hand  gowissersassoB.  (Tbld. «  p.332]i 

3 

A  third  group  of  writers  does  not  use  obvious 

cliches  so  nuoh  as  the  two  Corner  groupa.  Nevertheless, 

they  follow  certain  patterns  according  to  tholr  political 


3i5 

persuaaloii.    Lort.lat   aoolaiiata  for  oxamplo    fill  seek  out 

and  9AAQQ9rat,e   oartain  aocial  oondlt,lona. 

It*   ikiOuUl  not   l3Q   TorijOuten  tliat   c.:kne  of  th««« 

wor^s  ware   .frlliton  i'or  Oennao  audlencaa  ^or  propa^andUBt 

rm&Bonr.  -^-n'.   ;r..->re  oTtan  tiian  not,   bhay  ploture    "•  -^len 

ooaM~.LoiiL    4.1rst  aad  ti^an  /unerlcan  ones*    In  t^.  ylta   of  t>i«te 

ante  v/e  eura  dealing  wlUi   treatment  a  c  :laa   ./hich 

aru  artlsticelly  often  quite  {>owerful  or  efreotlve, 

_i ,    drama  by  Bert  Bracht   L/la  lielll.  .ti   Jc.^ajn^  ^9p 

.^,.;-  .  _  .  _;l  (19;?lj   axenpliries  this  type  of  -vrltlng,   ro- 

tile 
praoer.tins  Ideaa  in/foni  of  la&^lnatlvo  litrsreture.   How«Ter, 

eTen  tUougii  f-ae  prouanaa  of  reallatlo  detail  Is  dropped, 

a  very  pov/erfui  pictura  of  t.i©  American  buainoas  Jungle 

appears.    Ihere  are   tie  cunning  and  conniving  aeat-packlng- 

houoe   oiMmors  of  Chicago  who  exploit  tiielr  wor'.csrs  and  cut 

each  other's  tiu^oats;    tnora  are   uie  exploited  -foriiers  and 

their  families  driven  to  extremes  o  '    -^^-iis  ruthlessness  tavards 

•ach  otner  because  or  tiieir  .^reat  misery. 

Int   Tore  Scnlac itlgkelt  ohne  Mass,    bo  let's 
ihre  Arout  au     .      loht  d«r  Amen  bonlaohtla  lait 

iiaot  du  mir  ^-.^ :, ,    sonclom 

d«r  Amen  Arnut.    (lold. .  p«234) 

J<kianna,   one  of  the    'blaok-aats' *    i»o«   a  aaauar  of  tha 

Salvation  Arqy,   tries  to  help  and  to  aadiate  aspecJBlly 

in  favour  of  tae  locked  out    Ofsat  paciUjag  wo^'/.^ra,   ^a 

p«rauad«a  the  greatest  ouMt  packer  to  buy  tno  months' 

produce  of  oanoed  neat,  aniu  alao  rrteat  on  the  hoof*  :ie 


316 

does  as  he  promlaaB  but  uses  hi a  contract 3  to  oornor  the 
whole  Chicago  maat  market  and  to  ruin  it.  jlaanwj^lo 
Johanna  recognizes  that  the  workers  have  to    lalp  them- 
selves. She  feoes  over  to  Vie   communl :lea,  Is  jntrusted 
with  an  important  message  but  falls  to  deliver  It  owing 
to  hun^iQr,  cold,  and  exhaustion.  The  planned  ^aasral 
strike  oonsoquently  collapses.  TIis  workers  aro  worse  off 
than  before,  the  meat  packer  kins  controls  now  the  whole 
market,  the  Salvation  Array,  formerly  axtreraoly  poor.  Is 
xioif   -vfell  off,  aided  by  the  rich,  and  Johanna  contrary  to 
her  Intentions  Is  made  a  saint*  Some  parts,  especially 
the  end,  aro  parodies  of  Schiller's  Jun;-.fr;.u  von  Orlaax^s. 
when  all  flags  are  slov/ly  lowered  over  Jc.ia.rmo*  a   dead 
body  (lbi(j,. .  p. 333),  and  of  Goethe's  Faust;  i,.^. 

Mensoh,  es  wohnen  dlr  zwei  Seelen 

in  dsr  3rust.' 

3uch  nlcht  sine  auazuwflhlen 

da  du  belde  haben  nmsst   .    .    .    (ibid. , p. 333) 

In  It:::   oynlcisD,  its  emphaGls  on  class  struggle  and  Its 

strong  ideology  this  powerful  dirctma  represents  probably 

fflor©  the   spiritual  cllnjalB  of  Germany  after  1931*  at  the 

nadir  of  har  complete  economic  collapse,   with  its  bitter 

party   stru£gle  and  pervasive  pessimism,  than  anything  in 

America. 

Althougli  the  action  is  set  In  Chicago  there  is 

revj   little  local  colouring,  except  for  taking  this  aity 

symbolically  as  the  main  seat  of  capitalism.  Other 


317 

Imaginative  German  writers  have  also  dwellad  on  the  shAdj 
8lc!e  of  America  but  •^ll  of  th-s--!,  i^von  "''pf^-n,    .r-are  Bomahow 
captured  by  its  strong- wiilad  optlnism,  .or   //iilch  espaolally 
Chicago  Is  notorious.  Mot  only  are  all  the  characters  of 
Brecht's  dra-na  stereotyped,  v;hloh  might  bo  acceptable  as 
an  artl::tlc  ra3thod,  but  its  too  predorainrnt  i-'eology  Liak9B 

It  too  much  like  a  piece  of  propag^anda, 

25) 

Breoht*3  ftrama  Is  by  no  means  a  single  phenomsnon. 

There  are  several  other  ideological  v;rltera  of  his  persuasion, 

Of  whom  Ernst  Toller  and  Erich  Miihsam,  as  tie  foremost,  may 

b«  mentioned.  Their  drama  Sacao  \md.   Vanzetti  pillories 

26) 
American  Injuotlco.   Toller's  ^:uer  durch  depreciates  Ajuerloa 

In  comparison  with  the  Soviet  Union.  It  may  be  added  that 

after  the  Second  World  War  a  whole  lltsreture  of  this  kind 

is  gro'iflng  up  in  Eastern  Germany  v/hich  might  deserve  an  in- 

Tsstlsatlon  of  Its  own. 

nteff^'  Pa;^rTi».Q  'rritlngs  are  a  pax*t  of  th,  .  .-■:,1- fascist 


251 

He  wrote  a  similar  play  Im  Dicklcl't  der  ^tadte  of 
the  Jungle  of  Chicago  (fropyl&en,  Berlin,  1927).  Another  draaa 
of  his  Im  DicTJcht  Uremiere  .\asidens  lA-::atcr,  ::i!inchen,  LA&j   9» 
1923)  on  the  .■^^erl  can  proletariat  and  China- 1 o-v-n  in  New  York. 

26) 

To  be  mentioned  are  also  other  plays  on  the  same 
subject,  v.lliielm  Reupkc's  Sacco  un^  Vanzetti.     ■'ie  In  3 
Akten  which  had  Its  premiere  in  the  Landestlieatc,-,  .otha,  on 
March  30,  1928. 

A  drama  Im  Hamen  des  Volkee  by    /    •  ■   " lae 

(Premiere  in  Leipzig,  x^eb.l,  1930)  hus  a  c* ...-^t: 

The  'bourssois*  lawyer  :}evlln  tries  to  save  Sacco  and 
Vsjizettl  while  a  Bolshevist  rlvotta  rr.thar  has  them  sacrificed 
for  the  sales  of  communist  propaganda. 


318 

fial.-.r^.  nt.t3ii^.Atrar«±.ur  In  tha  Ualtad  ;>tat,oa.  Hie  ijnaa,  Dl« 
,iinrlo.-.  vuiPi  had  Its  pr^mlero  in  Chlca<50  in  1535*  A  pom 
"nrn    lan^n  von  O-rfsnaboro"    (J^aa  ..ort  1957.   --   P.39-A2) 
deals  'flth  uis  pu^^xiu  axdoutlon  ox  a  ^^e^o  u;^-C3ror  In  a 
aoall  tovm  oX  xLontuc.cjr  wiilc*  UiO  wii,olo  population  oa^^erlj' 

VI  A3an  AUe^en  bo.u^on 

3l  "nen  "Srpgr  cr'n 

Vlorziotauaand  Oi.ruo  Jarcn 
IsusCiOn  Ruf  aln  '/riinraem,    rclireln. 


The  faaclBt-llko  attitude  of  tna  authorities  c.n-^  t  .o  people 

l3     auo'jdTzi  in  anotuer  paaaa^e  iia  a  aiixtux^  o.   ;.9£iaan  and 

Ettfellau  words 

Uo«  kein  Inching 
All  SB  'orrovt 

vill  ;jinric:iuuna 
-."llch 
Vc  i'eciiti6:«itBi:,«rtlhl 

Sf:    ..  iloh 

Tr:    1  ,ion,  r^izto'irctiathB 
Von  Sontuc'-y 
ri        *    3or 
.;^         ;  :n 

After  tU3  execution  tac  v;hol9  crov/a  i^ur^gB  :i-^-5ad  uo  ^^^  ^ 

oka  from  the  body  or  tha  clotheB  of  the  arorderer.  And 

a  bftT  aald  In  town  hopes  to  surprise  hor  boy  friends,    ifiien 

they  era   lntln:ato    dta  u^z-f   itlla  nox-uln^  j.js3  than  a.   yuuton 

from  t'.iv   coat  of  the  executed  man: 


319 

"Icii  wuBsi',   dt.ss  Icli  dich  daalt  tiberraBOhti  •    " 
Sis  bllokte  liin^e   eben  In  die  welseHchblaue 
golds oeradurchfunrQlLo  .'l8utucky->albe    •    .    • 

(Ibid.,  p. 42) 

In  the  same  magazine  Heym  published  "Gestem  ■»  leute 

::or;:9n"  (Dae  "./ort,  1957.  Ill,  pp. 35-45),  a  draraa  with  tbs 

BUbticle  "Deutschamerl'canlEChes  Pestsolol".  An  author  and 

a  tiieater  director  (RaglsBeur)  come  on  sLa^-s  and  dlocu88 

what  kind  of  play  they  can  offer  to  quell  snd  confound 

fasclstlc  propaganda  among  German- A^nericsna.  They  declda 

to  tajis  the  bull  by  tae  horns  and  picture  the  rreat  German- 

Amerlcans  Steuben  and  Carl  Schurz,  not  aa  Taselat  propaganda 

will  have  them,  but  as  they  appear  In  cioouTi^ntapy  mj^terlal 

of  letters  and  speeoiiea  of  the  two  men.  a  scene  between 

Washington  and  Steuben  follows,  In  vrhich  the  latter  ahowB 

his  eagerness  to  flgiit  x'or  the  sake  of  a  nation  defending 

her  rights  and  her  i^reedom  and  the  scene  ends  v.'ith  Steuben 

oxol&iming} 

Von  Jetzt  an  .    .    .   bin  Ich  Aicerlkaner  .    ..  .   fflr  den 

ganzon  Rest  melnes  Lebena   .    .    .    Ihr  Volk  £istl  ralr  so 
tauer  e^evord«n»   wia  die  Saohe  der  ^Velhelt  ea  mlr 

achon  iSngst  war.    (ibid.,   p. 39) 

After  t.i.is   scene  the  aut^ior  and  t.ie   theater  director  appear 

&£fi.Ln  on  the   stage  and  discuss  the  modern  Implications;    a 

wor':er  goiugs  on  the   stage  and  asks  why  the    '"•<^z1e  durcha.us 

die   ..a.jTiiQlt  (Iber  Steuben  und  so  vlele  c.ndcre  umffiisc:  sn 

wollen?"    (Ibid.,   p. 59)   He   Is   told: 

Dass  das  Voll^:  nlcht  auf  die   Idee  koouBt,,    freixielt  und 
Demokratie   sslen  Din^e,   die  das  Leben  erat  lebenswert 

rsachen. 


320 

Also  they  want  the  Germans  to  think  that  throup;hout  their 

history  they  hwe  always  been  on  the  oide  of  the  oppressors. 

The  follo//ing  scene  shows  Carl  churz  and  Lincoln,   hile 

Steuben  h-is  fou;  it  for  national  frejdom,  ":  churz  kazcpfte 

fur  die  /reiheit  einer  unterdruckten  lasse,  die  von  den 

Nazis  als  "Unterioenschan"  bezeichnet  werden  •  .  .  ".  (Ibia., 

p,40).   \s  the  luthor  will  have  it,  it  is  warl  churz  who 

persuades  Lincoln  to  give  complete  freedom  to  the  slaves, 

/p;ain  documentary  material  is  used:  the  manuscript  of  a  speoch 

riven  by  churz  on  March  6,  1662  in  the  Cooper  Union  in 

New  York  in  which  he  anticipates  and  parallels  Lincoln's 

3im"ncipation  ?rocla;3iation,     Lincoln  is  porsuaied  and  answers: 

Halten  lie  cliese    .-^e  am  6,  ^i"rz!      ^u^^   .iv,j.j.eicht  v.orden 
tie  am  selben  Taore  von  mlr  horen!      .    .    ,    (IbiJ.,   p,43)1f- 

The  followinr  ;-cone  takes  place  at  the  present  tine: 

a  practical  farrrer,  a  house  wife,  a  worker  come  on  stare  and 

tell  of  to-iay's  apparently  quite  different  problems,   iho 

worker  is  intimlviated  oy  the  threat  of  depertation  during  a 

strike,  he  tells;  the  housewife,  when  coiaplaininr,  is  told 

by  '100/>  '..aoricans' : 

'■-eht  doch  zuruck,  wo^er  ihr   "tkowtien  seid,  wenn's  euch 
in  /merika  nicht  ref^illt   .    .    .    (Ibid.,   p,UU) 

And  the   farmer  complains  about  the  dependence  of  all  farmers 
on  the  Pt)od  rracea  of  a  bank  '.:hich  hoi  is  all  the  mort^-ares 

In  the    listrict.      It  all  comes  out  to  one  proolem: 

.teuoen  h  .t  it,   ee  ibt  eine  /raF;e  der  N'ation  - 

Lcriurz  ;ut      .  v  ,    es  ist   eine   .'rn~e   -ler  'acse  - 

^  ^f^j^rl   '  churJ,    '  orainl   ccjrices,    II  p,322;    Taroell   .,.-.,    i^ire 
of  Ab.  Lincoln  III  pp,  99/100. 


A' 


i  ^ 


321 

Bitt   the   woricei'  says: 

lea  deiikG,    gs  let   eine   Fra^e  dar  illGcoe.' 

Zn  Bpite   of  dii'forences  all  three  present  day   j_^oupa 

Buffer  by  trij   same   oppreGsion  In  thla  rlohert   Isnd  of 

the   earth. 

Wir  slnd  g^r  nlcht  oo  veracnleden.  In  dlesem  relchoten 
Lands  der  Welt  lelden  wlr  alle  dlaeelben  IT8te. 

They  at;ree  that  they  all  have  to  work  together,  Geraiane 

and  A.-nerlcsjis. 

V. ir  :a<iss9n  an  der  Soite  dor  Araerl-:anor  steheni  '.'ie 
oteuben,  wie  Schurz  miiasen  .vir  mit  Ihnan  Ir^p-su  -  fiir 
nationale,  Mr   sozlale  r'efrelxing.'  (Ibid. ,  p. 45) 

This  is  the  Yestorday  and  Today;  the  Tomorrow  Is  shown  In 

a  final  tableav  waere  /^.merlcan  and  Lod  flags  are  waved  In 

the  backgroiind  and  the  author  speaks  the  words: 

All©  zusammen  tnflssan  wir  stehen,  flber  Natlonen  und 
Raasen  hinweg  -  Deutecae  und  Aaerlkaner:  5^  die  neue 
Welt,  filr  eine  bessere  neue  Velt! 

^iHiat  German  leftist  writers  saw  In  Amerioa  wer« 
thus  mostly  social  conditions  and  th-b   Injustice  done  to 
the  little  man.  Consequently,  and  also  due  to  their  ideol- 
ogy, capitalistic  America  is  shovm  at  its  worst,  for 
•xampls 

Lange  sohon  ist  dlese  Arbeit  uns  ekeliiaft 

die  Fabrlk  uns  die  -fllle  unci  nur 

alle  die  SOiirecken  dee  kalten  Chicagos  konnten 

uns  haltan  hler.  .-ber  jetzt 

kann  nan  fttr  zwttlf  Stunden  Arbeit  nloht  melir 

das  trockene  Brot  verdienen  und 

die  bllltgate  lose.  Jetzt 

kann  maji  ^ad  so  ^\xt   v/sggehn  und 

schon  ^lelch  verrecken.   (Brecat,  Johanna,  p. 229) 


quit  -a,  nsjioly 

sacn 
AaeT*lc£;/ac.  1    , 

sucn 

Zn  t 

eher.  wi 

th?  cur  I  •   "Tuch  Id  oai.ted, 

^x  oet-ic   freodora',  so  t:*£.t    t::     re 

t43M»  colour*  Ox   a  \9ry  ^  oi  Xoii- 

ft&i-»t.   rot  ftJi  AoMTiiMUi     .'-_,  .-  -r  J.QC  a  ii_   -  .  -  ...die 

rl  ten  @Jid  puoli^i^ked  iu  1^2^,  it  I      . 
tb»    ^irer-    :n.?Jity  itartliis  TroiB  Uutre   iix  .,e: 

7 

•iv  .;- 

:t  act»  "da*  arat^  ^ild",  ae  It  Is      ,  .      -a« 
or,  all  blatorlccl      s  of  t.  e 


5«> 

AflMrloan  xvevolutlon,  aad  Thoaaa  Paine,  last  out  not  l«&at. 

H«  inpMaeos  the  generals  by  his  ax*tlcle  on  tae  "Sonier- 

soldaten  und  Ooaduwetterpatrloten'*  ^  sad  persuades  Adsas 

to  sign  the  Deolaration  of  Independenoa,  ^Thereupon 

Vashlngton  says  at  the  end  of  the  first  act: 

"War  hat  gesagt.  der  .laan  wdre  eine  HandToll  soldaten 

vrert? 
ThonMUs  Paine Ihr  seid  elna  Armeei" 

and  Fainei 

'*nnter  dem  Komaaado  dee  ersten  amerikanisehen 
F^ldmarsehallst  Q«M*ge  Uashington' ** 

EYsn  the  stage  note,  'Lioht  erldsoht  j&i*  Joehaiii,  '  ladieates 
emotion.  Tbe  seoond  aet  shows  Paine  persuadias  ^^ftshixigton  to 
■ore  with  his  defeated  anay  into  the  'white  spots*,  the  un- 
mapped Western  paz*ts  of  Amerio&  .?  -qvo   to  rltlah  nary  oould 
not  follow  them,  and  when  the  general  doutots  whether  his 
own  troops  vrould  follow  hia  Paine  answers  in  true  style  of 
a  *«yth  of  the  twentieth  century '. 

"Die  Nensohen,  .  .  •  ob  sie  tapfer  sind  Oder  feig,  wenn 
■an  ihnen  eine  Saehe  feierlioh  maoht  und  nit  dea  Hersen 
▼or  ihre  Hersen  trAgt*  was  ^m  auch  soi  .  •  •  es  wijpd 
gross,  rein,  gewaltig  .  •  •  Und  wenn  loh  ihnen  sage  •  •  • 
aus  meineiD  tiefsten  Harzen  sage,  dass  ixier  (in  the  West) 
die  Heiiaat  ihrer  Kinder  und  rindeskindor,  ihr  Gisg  und 
ihre  Zukunft  liegen  •  •  •  sie  glaubon  ea  .  •  •  und  Glaube 
.  .  .  versetst  Gefahr,  '. 'Aider,  Wildnis  •  •  •  3erge*"' 

Then  he  beats  the  drum,  calls  his  oomrades  in  ams  and  sings 

a  song  of  the  greatness  of  Amerioa.  Its  various  verses  end 

In  "die  Flflsse  Aaerikas,  die  Sterne  Amerikas,  die  Ju^ond 

Amerikas**  and  its  final  verse  t 


"ao  r» 


NioJita  wire  Aaerika 

wAren  wir  Amerikaner  nlcht 

Wlr,  Kaa«raden,  wir.'i 

and  •vsrybody  Intones  enthuBlatticallj 

Wlr,  Kaa«raden,  wir.'i 

Wharmipon  tfasialxkg-ton  ooamandsi 

(seaelBaelt)}  Kamersd«n'  .  .  • 
Aufbruoh  .'.'...  Naoh  dem  Wsaten.'.'.' 

And  again  the  stage  note: 

(Licht  erlischt  jAh.  Vorxiang. } 

The  third  act  lets  Britain  recognize  Amerioa  and  even 

offer  a  loan  which  Paine  tries  to  have  rejected;  his  idea 

of  Aaerica  is  not  that  of  a  *Kramladen*  (little  comer 

store).  His  antagonists  accuse  him  ironically  of  being  an 

irresponsible  idealist: 

Nein!  America  ist  ein  Journal.'  .  .  .  21n  Gedicht.'.'  iin 
AufruT?.'  .  .  .  Sine  tlberspannte  pathetiaohe  Illusion.'.'.' 

Faine  answers: 

^ir  danken  Jedenfalla  dieeer  pathetiaohen  .  .  .  flberspann* 
ten  IlluBion  den  Sieg.'" 

In  order  to  Qet   the  loan  he  travels  fran  Prance  to  return 

*with  a  ship  full  of  gold  and  full  of  sympathies'  vmioh 

in  the  fourth  act  are  quickly  received.  He  is  made  an 

honorary  citizen  of  France  and  even  a  member  of  the  'Convent', 

the  Fx*enoh  parliament  of  the  Revolution.  But  when  he  speaJci 

in  favour  of  the  Tting  he  is  put  to  prison  ns  a  royalist. 

In  America  he  is  believed  to  be  one  of  the  uncounted  victims 

of  the  guillotine.  Meanwhile  he  suffers  in  prison  for  17 


n 


3» 

years.  When  he  Is  finally  pardoned  by  tne  'ConTent'  - 
although  Napoleon  le  In  power  -  he  rotume  to  Amerloa  a 
bro.cen  old  man,  toilcaown  to  the  new  generation,  and  kills 
himself  when  he  hears  tliat  all  his  old  friends  are  dead. 
Too  late  somebody  recognises  him  and  reminds  the  people 
that  he  is  the  author  of  the  song  they  all  sing  of  America's 
greatness,  v.'ith  its  "Wir,  Kameraden,  wirJ."^  ends  the  drama. 
The  author  adds  'historioal'  dates  which  partly 

are  incorrect  euid  partly  omit  the  moat  Important  data. 

27) 
Ho'fever,  thsre  exists  a  German  biography  by  Rlciiard  Bluncl:, 

Thomas  Taina.  Ein  Leben  fftr  Amerika  (1956)  Uttnchen  1947. 

28) 
But  Hanns  Johst  was  rery  influential  in  liitler  Germany. 

It  is  probably  due  to  Johst *s  Influenoe  that  Blunck'a  book 

was  suppressed  in  1936.  Blxinek  shows  Thomas  faine  ae  a 

rationalist,  a  democrat  and  a  fighter  of  tyranny  in  his 

essays  Common  Sense. 

~n  1st  Tyrannei,   die  bekftmpft  werdea  mass,   otowQiil  ab* 

Lioiute  Regierungen  (wenn  audi  oine  Schande  der  mensch- 
liclion  Natur)  den  Vorteil  haben,  dass  sie  einfach  sind. 
(fllunclc,    r^qmas  Pali^e.  p. 29) 


27l 

Ric-mrd  Blunok  is  not  to  be  oistalfei^  fcr     the 
nationalist  ^•witer  Hans  Ficiedrich  Blxmck  '^riio  vn^ote    'Auslands- 
roaaane',  noyels  mostly  on  South-Ameriaa  except  for  his  writings 
about  ths  fate  of  a  Gei*man- American,   Jacob  lolslar,   in  various 
forms:   Jacob  Leiolor  Aus^fr-nderersohicksal  in  Amarika.   1938, 
gy,fttty  Wf.iIfi^P&  }i^l?}.9£*  Berlin,   Stolnigor,   1941,  Kampf  ^n 
Hew  York   CJa^cob  Leieler)  Ein  dreraatisohes  Spiol,  Berlin^ 
Theaterverlag  Langon/WUlar,   1938. 

28) 

Freussischer  staatsrat.  President  der  deutdohen 
Akademie  der  Dichtung,  Ir&sident  dar  .-teicasschrifttumskaiiuner, 
SS  Brigadefflhrer,  etc,  cf.  waldemar  Oehlke:  Deutsche  Literatur 
d^r  ve-.anwart.  1942,  p. 248), 


9t6 

But  ba  d9B4rlbeB  hia  aloo  positlTraly  om  a  fatiier  of  the 
oeoatitutian,  all  t.'i«80  faota  havins  t>«oa  omitted  by  Johet, 
wlxo  Oinl^  meat  loos  t-ie    'oucmor-aoldl  )<:*a',  a  reocirlc  in  ona 
of  Ui0  artiolea  in  ^SHMBLSfilift*   ^^x*  -^^^^  a  million  oopiaa 
oi  .alni^'ii  j^gyrirvr^  Sonaf  vorc  aold  viUiin  aix  aontha  in 
Aaerioa^vfhicii  is  a  good  proof     of  its  Ui^  litoraoy*  But 
Ijhlt  tkkovt  Oanaml  Cireana  ac  vnabla  to  rood  and  Waahia^an 
and  Qroena  are  mora  like  certain  old  Prussian  aoldiara  and 
ganarola  of  the   'Ft»edarioua '-tradition  t:ian  Amorlcanst  aren 
Af¥ft  to  tmiqportant  dataila  tHian  'fatuer*  Greeaa  falla 
aaleop  dixring  a  oonferanoo  lilce  tba  Pnisoiaa  general   'old 
Ziethan'*  iXu*inc  tuo  difficult  war  yaara  faine  wrote 
paffphlota  undar  the  title  the   'criaia',  not  the   'Kritilc' 
ae  Johat  reporta  in  hio  'liistoriaciiie  Dataa  zu  rhooae  4?aine'. 
Johst  adds:   "Diese  Sohrift  vurde  in  Sa  land  van  lienlcer  ver* 
tHraant."  He  a^parentl^  mistakea  it  for  a  later  bool:  of  ^aine. 
Blunck  reporta  how  Washington  had  copies  of  Paine  *a  ^c^BlS. 
road  to  his  aoldiora  on  Uiq  evo  of  a  battle*  and  tac  words: 

"Theae  are  the  timaa  that  try  aoa'a  soula**  ';mrden  hiar 
und  hoi  dQr  gonaan  Anaeo  Schlaehtrnif.    (Ibid..  p«A5) 

It  waa  indeod  x'aine  who  e^B^ye  eourag*  ^"^  Waoainoton'o  aRQy» 

but  not  by  beating  a  drum  and  by  Bineing  a  eons  on  t  \o  srost- 

nasa  of  America*  aa  Jc^ct  vrould  have  it*  Omitted  by  Johst 

io  Paina's  fouzidatlon  of  tuo   'Banl:  for  the  ArB^y*,  later 

•Bar.-    --"^  ^orth  Aaorica',   tiu'ough  which  tlio  army  was  euppllad, 

as  Dlonck  reports,  to  a  sre&t  extent  by  voluntary  euMraription. 

(Ibid..  p,76  f.).ro  jet  more  financial  oupport  Paine  wont 


327 

to  PrsjncQ   In  178I  and  tJarough  him  AaiGrlca  roealTod  a  ^srant 
of  Bsreral  mllllcmc  fi?om  i''lng  Louis  '/•?/!  (cf.  Blunck,  pp. 79/80), 
That  Jotist  telescopes  Palnc'o  first  Bfid   second  royage  to 
Franco  may  be  considered  as  'poetic  fraedom*;  It  makes 
his  drama  mor«  ooncentirBted  and  better  ao  such. 

JohBt  mentions  lalne's'Menschenreohte*  In  the 
•historical  data*,  but  there  la  nothing  In  his  drama  about 
Its  Immonse  Importance  as  containing  the  ideas  for  which 
Paine  was  outlawed  in  Ehgland  and  which  later  formed  in 
part  the  preamble  of  tae  French  and  other  constitutions 
(BlTanok,  r'P.115-1^^).  The  only  historic  action  of  Paine 's 
in  Which  Slunck  and  Johst  larscly  agree  Is  Palne's  vote 
In  favour  of  King  Louis  XVI,  an  action  v&ich  according 
to  Johst  brought  about  Paine 's  layprisonaent,  vrhlle  the 
biographer  reports  his  arrest  almost  a  year  after  ths 
king's  execution,  Noverthelesa  the  scene  of  the  king  con- 
fronting Paine  in  prison  is  Interoeting  for  Johst 's  state 
of  mind,  because  suddenly  the  king  and  his  followers  become 
the  heroes  -.Thlle  Paine  rsraalno  a  dreamer. 

Es  29ht  un  Innefsten  Be  site.  Dlo  Coslimung,  Thomas 
Paine,  wlrd  in  mir  zu  Rscht  guillotlniert  scT-^'-o  es 
Kenschen  glbt,  .  .  .  dla  un^/andolbsr  an  Kfin:     aubt." 

and 

1     mtlssen  ''  ;  (says  Paine)   dsjnit  die  d  von  den 

v.diilgen  stliuo.'.'    .    .    .    Sle  sprechen  als  Li-*ii  .alnd.' 
(answers  tlie  Iilng) . 

But  when  the  Icing  is  talcen  awaj,  Paine,   the  republican,   says: 

(steht   steif)    "...   Ich  .    .    .  knie.   Sire   .    .    .   mlt 
meinea  ganzen  ilerzen  .    .    .    ** 


■^  o.t 


t 


323 

And  tlien  Johst  lata  PRlna  suffer  In  prison  for  17  years,  ^^ille , 

«B  31unck  z*€port8t  he  vrae  ro;lea69fl  e  sick  man  after  about 

a  year  in  tiie    'Luxembourg*,   Omitted  by  Johst  therefor« 

Is  one  of  tiae  most  famoue  or  notorious  -n'ltliigs  of  -alne's, 

T'f^e  P^.z  of   ?^ea3on   .   ^rlth  Its  y?eat  attack  on  organized 

rell£,lon,   on  Its  clerles  and  Guperstltlona,    on  the  Wew 

as  well  as  the  Old  Testament,  and  consequent  upon  this 

attack  the  hatr«d  a,^lnst  hla  In  Sngland  and  Ajuerloa. 

But  Blunck  reproaohea  xalne  nOt  for  this  but  for 

belleYlng  in  Napoleon: 

Er  glaubt  dlase  selno  SrundsAtze   (the  graat  Ide?^-   '^^  the 
JVench  .^avolubion)  noch  labendlg,    oogar  noch  In         ^leon. 
Es  rficht  slch  Jetzt,  dass  ar  In  ijlnem  freraden  Lande  let, 
desaeu  Spraclia  er  nur  schleoht  versteht  und  zu  dessen 
liblk  er  kelne  blutm^sslge  Beziehung  hat.   Der  Idealist 
wird  meiu*  und  me.ir  zxua  Ideologen.    C Il<i - .  t  p.  134/5) 

lie  is   *eatvurzelt'  and  wlien   'z\ix"dokvex*pflanzt '  naoh  Aaerlka' 

oan  not  acoliiaatize  aimself  either. 

djc  lat  Jixida  x4ia.atom  nacligelaufen:   d«r  Bofreiung  der 
gaazen  "ensohhelt. 

At  another  place  Blunck  exprosses  himself  similarly: 

In  den  Js^.ren  1789  ble  1790  1st  er  beatfindlg  von  Helawah 

n-  '-It.    u-3in  Gerfllil  warnt  Ihn  vor  dsm 

Uii.iu>^  ""^ -^an  Boden  Suropafl.  Wftre  er 

diecem  -_                    to  ov  solne  '^raft  nur 

Am6ri>c  1,    sein  .'                             jkhafter  varlaufen 

ur       ■  -L^arem     ""                               ,   beschlosaen  worden. 

b  jllte  SB                .                   ion  und  aeln  Glaube 

...    an  die  Ilaneclih oit,    (I  Jic» .  p. 108  f . ) 

Bluaok  blames  averytiilng  pOBsible  on   *CA9  vaaeohiieit  * 

(it»3,(^» .  p.  109)  aa  if  iPaind  would  not  liave  antagonized 

the  reliciouB  feelii^^s  of  America  at  tixat  time  had  he 


529 

published       3  of  Heap 01;^  there.  Blunclc  has  obviously 
forgotten  to  eliminate  sereral  pages  of  Nazi  Ideology. 
As  It  Is,  Harms  Johst's  Paine  1b  a  simpleton  of  an 
Idealist)  who  suffers  for  his  Ideas  and  dies,  but  llree 
on  In  his  great  song.  According  to  Blunok,  Paine  has  a 
g^at  intelleot;  as  long  as  he  labors  for  his  ovm  people 
he  Is  truly  a  hero,  but  as  soon  as  he  works  for  mankind, 
for  'hunian  rights*,  for  'reason',  he  Is  'ent^mrzelt'  and 
deserves  his  Ignominious  end.  (C  .  also  Blunck's  last 
pagesi  pp.26>-265)  It  Is  surprising;  ths.t  Blunck's  Thomas 
fUlfHe  should  have  been  stJkpprossed  In  Nazi  Germany  unless 
It  Is  explained  by  tie  fact  tioat  It  revoals  the  mlataivoa 
of  JohSo'a  drajna. 

It  has  been  mentioned  how  tendentious  Bart  Breoht's 
drama  Die  heillge  Johp.nnp  der  Schleohthflfe  Is.  It  Is,  how- 
ever, also  an  artistic  work  of  merit,  as  Is  the  powerful 
poen  by  Stefan  Heym,  "Daa  Hftngen  von  Ch^ensboro",  '.<rialle 
the  'Fe  St  spiel*  Oe  s  t  ei'ni-Heute~Mor,'7.en  by  the  same  author 
is  a  weak  piece  of  art;  its  purposely  Improvised  style 
remains  an  improvisation  and  its  tendency  become 8  all  the 
more  obvious  and  painful. 

In  Hanna  Johst's  Thomas  raine  in  spite  of  all 
historical  errors  and  pxirposeful  misinterpretations  we 
saw  again  a  po.irerful  emotional  drama.  Even  if  t is  rise 
and  the  tragedy  of  its  folk  hero  coincides  rarely  \/ith 
the  historical  reality  of  the  American  v/hom  the  drama 


330 

intends  or  protonds  ro  depict,  the   name  Ihanas  iaina  ^111 
b9  am  Indellbls  !n3inory  as  on<.  oi'  on.,  ^i-^sat  Ui*n  of  tuc 
Aaerican  ?waYolut,lon  for  anyone  who  r^ad  or  sav  Hcoma 
Jobut's  dram£.. 

4 

The  last  group  oi   writers  on  /jnerloa  ftjciow  quite 
similarly  ^J^eat  artistic  ability*  ivone  or  t  lesa  writers, 
oonsequently,    shows  a  vfoi-k  which  Is  wholly  deficient  and 
their  criticism  deserves  raspect  ii    i'or  no  other  reason 
than  that   oi"  its  artistic  level, 

Hermann  Gtren^er'a  ^troa  aus  cLer  *a*^§   (]>eutBOh« 
VerlaGs-Ans talt ,   Stuttsart  19^2,   iltn  to  15ti.i  thousand) 
is  a   'truly  outst-^idine  novel*    (iioesouenetoln,   The  Geiroan 
M^vel.  p. 98)   not  only  for  its  biographical  coutent  but 
for  many  othar  features,   IL  may  "o©  conaidsrod  as  a 
•tachnological'  novel  desoribing  jauch  of  tae  development 
of  iiiio   oil  and  the   sulphur  industries  in   .^lilch  the  hero 
plays  a  prominent  part.   The  novel  ia  hi^jhly  iaaj^iaative 
In  its  private   scenes.    In  soae  parts  one  v/ould  rather 
oonaidar   -ae  author  an  ti.    '/ifc;jLuuiijUj.»jixi<er  *   -   v/lthout  the 
more  ominous  connotation  of  tha  word.   Of  moct  interest 
to  us,    tae  noval  tellr  of  thd  f&te  of  an  in  li^jL-'ant  who 
finda  saoco33   In    v.arioa. 

Liice  Kafka* 3  young  hep«  Xarl  Rossiaann  in  his 
novel  Amerlj^a^  3 trenp;er * ::  young  Hermann  is  sent  over  to 
AQorica  ^or  deeds  ne  has  done  or  a5.y  have  done  and  finds 


331 

a  place  In  rn  Tinclo'j  house  v'lcre  h.3  can  'lavalop  ■f'or  no»Ti9 
-Ims.  uzixiio  i^cix^o-'s  nero,  hGrii.:.im  lu  quli.a  uctlvo  ac 
laboratory  asBistant  of  bis  scientist  undo.  Like  r  ufca's 
hero  ii8  meets  pi  asant  ac  woll  as  iinplaasant  pGOplc  In  the 
3oi:Lou.  ouciety  lo  ./uicu  ho  ^Ine  cntranoe  by  ills  ovm 
valour  and  by  his  uncle's  position.  A.,  li     a*a  novel 
a  co'^lety  girl  plays  a  role  in  lIc  Hi"G  -.'it.h  t.:i2  difference 
-iiat  ->- :  r.ca  let  a  z.\b   baa::dr'u  dai^j^-^t^r  only  x:>i^y  or  rilrt 
with  hia  .«'hll3  Str3n^;6r  has  the  ^1^1  fall  in  love  with  hin 
and  bacoms  engaged  to  him.  'ler^narji  Is  almort  ^oo  aucoeea- 
I'ui.  L.1^Q  i^afka's  uoro  tae  youn^i  mail  ia  Ci.iro,m  out  of  hie 
havan  Intc  the  rough  and  tou^a  life  of  A'^erloa  by  an  un- 
foireseen  Incident,  In  this  case  oy  j  fining  aooldant  .vhich 
burios  all  hlv,   hopes;  and  young  fiarciann  lias  to  start  anew 
at  the  bottom  of  t.ie  laddor,  like  many  btiiar  Immigrants. 
The  following  section  is  true  to  life  and  probably  the 
beat  part  of  the  book. 

In  an  oil- torn  he  works  as  a  simple  v^orker  for 
years  among  squalor  and  ^^rime  and  he  drinks  to  forget 
his  misfortune,  dls  ideas  for  Improvements  are  only 
grudgingly  recognized  by  unfriendly  superiors,  and  hla 
patent-applications  are  stolan  by  'friends*.  Some  women 
help  him  against  his  expectation,  vrhile  otiisrs  gain  his 
confidence  only  to  betray  him.  Je&lousios  lead  to/'dangerous 
fight.  Also,  other  people  come  to  hate  him  out  of  fear  of 


332 

losing  tlieir  livelihood  by  hie  new  invention  of  the  oil 
plpo»lin«.  Slowly  the  irranlgrant  riaes.  It  lo,  hoi/ever, 
not  sho'^m  by  Stranger  how  he  fltB  or  adapts  lilraself  to 
the  various  stacea  of  hi a  career  achieved  by  several 
other  inventions.  His  greatest  ooup  in  tie  oil  field 
comoo  -.'^len  he  finds  a  new  method  of  refining  and  separa- 
ting sulphuric  oils.  Mr.  Sobson,  a  Canadian  oil-magnate, 
tries  to  treat  hia  as  a  greenhorn  who  does  not  knAv  the 
vast  consequences  of  his  invention,  dut  Hemann  forces 
hia  to  p&y  in  cheap  stocks  which  arc  bound  to  rise  on 
account  of  his  now  method.  He  even  succeeds  In  pressing 
for  a  directorship  in  Mr.  ;iobson*8  largo  and  gvovrln^   trust. 

Now  Henaami  is  in  a  leading  position  as  chief 
ohemist  and  as  director.  He  travels  around  the  country 
tirelessly  re-organizing  and  improving  tae  methods  of  3any 
a  small  oil  company  taken  over  by  the  big  trust.  He  Is  liated  by 
the  former  Independent  owners, who  see  him  as  the  em- 
bodiment of  the  nev/  brutal  pcfer,  and  he  is  thoroughly 
disliked  by  hia  associates,  the  leadln;^  aaployees,  for 
his  sudden  rise  lo\*era  taeir  chances  for  advenoament. 
In  aplta  of  all  open  or  covert  iio^tility  he  likes  to 
holp  people,  especially  the  dovm-troddon  workers  and  his 
fellow  countrymen  who,  lll:e  Kerraann  in  rds  romer  stage, 
ore  bujirudijed  and  kept  do^m: 

Si©  iiajon  scueint's  gasehen,  ds.ss  Ic.i  mehr  "iiann.  Wenn 
"der  olne  In;  "  -"^'j*  .  .  .  er  hat  mich  nloht  lelden 
kflnnon,  vlel   .  -l  well  loh  ein  Doutscier  bin  -  wenn 


333 

der  nloht  i^awesen  wftre,  iifltte  ica  vlellelclit  schon 
alnon  i^e.nz   schtJnen  i  osten.  (Strom  rue  der  .Jrde,  p. 351) 

On  tho  higher  level  too  Henaann  Beae  the  Iniquities 

when  associate  compsLnies  deliver  shoddy  material,  eauslBg 

many  fatal  accidents,  while  a  'good'  publicity  always 

hushes  up  and  prevents  the  finding  of  the  real  culprit, 

a  multimillionaire,  .0?.  Heron. 

.  .  ,  er  Icannte  doch  die  CTrimdafltze  and  G«pflO(;enh9it«n 
dieses  .  .  .  Herrn  der  aeine  ::illionencewinne  aus  billl^ 
sehlechtem  Zeug  herausholte  .  .  .  Im  .lotfall,  wenn 
das  felnliche  zu  vertusciien  vrar  un''  die  OeffGntlich'teit 
durch  falGcha  Beriohte  irregefflhrt  vjerden  aiUBBte, 
wurden  eban  ein  paar  tausend  Dollar  daran£,eriiolrt. 
(Ibid.,  p. 376) 

He  trios  to  persuade  Kr.  Robson  and  others  to  pay  better 

wat;8S  not  from  a  philanthropic  point  of  view  -  thpt  is 

for  them  only  election  propaganda  -  but  on  the  plain 

materialistic  business  argument  that  strikes,  riots,  and 

unrest  cost  more  in  the  long  run  than  improvements.  He 

finds  that  Freedom  meant  for  these  people  only; 

,  .  .  die  Frelheit  der  Rs.ubritter  unc'  SearSuber  .  .  . 
die  uHi^^ehindarte  ka3i.—''\'^  ;  dossen,  '.vcig  ihnen  passte, 
die  xmjehenimte  Ausben     deror,  die  sich  als  die 
SchwScheren  erwiesen.  (i^id. ,  p. 358) 

In  contrast  to  these  exploiters,  -le,  :iermann,  \iantB  to 

use  the  vast  profits  aade  by  hio  inventions  to  aid  those 

v/ho  naed  it  most.  Xl"old« )  He  feels  at  the  same  time 

respect  for  the  tec>\nolo6ical  progiresB  of  his  time  and 

ic  dls^stsd  '.vith  commercial  and  financial  machinations. 

(Cf.  Domlnlk,  above, p.  297) 

Ekel  an  dem  e^^mzen  dblen  Ouroheinander  der  Macht" 


Vc 


334 

kftmpfs,  der  G^schSftemacherel,  der  T:.rlfe  und  ilo.batt«, 
der  Voriitillungon  und  Beatochunoon,  dar   au8i^e:.:l<i^elten 
und  plvimpen  SchvrlndGlelen.  (ibicj,, ,  p. 359} 

rTeverthelass,  he  Is  fascinated  by  t.ia  adventure 

of  business,  ecpsclclly  during  the  rollow-ln^;  period  waan 

ao  ialls  for  a  rich  unscrupulous  widov;,  Jane,  rfho  OBt«nta- 

tlouoly  tells  how  she  burnt  the  oil  paintings  of  her 

Puritan  ancestors,  Ke  wonders  how  thlr:  wonan  can  change 

so  quickly  firom  emotions  of  love-malzin^  lo  cool  uusineaa 

considerations  and  fall  back  a^ain  in-O  sensual  foellixgs, 

iintll  he  racognlzaa  tiaat  he  does  exactly  the  same  (cf . 

ITollbrurmer,  above, p.  151).  ath  Jamie's  liaanolal  support 

he  establishes  a  new  Industry  of  extracting  sulphur  fr«B 

the  earth.  3y  meanc  of  a  new  Invention  of  his  the  material 

is  pamped  out  as  hot  pure  liquid  Ilka  a  warm  "btrom  aus 

der  Erde".  The  wealth  which  comes  to  him  as  a  warm  stream 

from  below  re-oresents  for  Mermann  also  all  the  wamt-hearted 

^ood  fcellii£3,  taa  aeitiiaboui''liness,  tae  warm  feelings  for 

his  'Heima:  '  and  its  people  and  the  ^^enerosity  to  his 

v;ork0rB,for  whom  he  has  built  a  whole  garden  city.  Jane, 

tae  cool  t;,^oL.iSLic  businesswoman,  aas  no  ioelin^  lor  ail 

this.  She  Just  exploits  his.  abilities  and  tries  to  take 

possession  of  his  senses.  He  feels  sne  Ic  for  him  'der 

kalte  otrom'  (ibil. .  p. 375)  repre  sen  tine,  all  evil  In  the 

world.  He  finally  breaks  with  her,  especially  when  he 

meets  a  G-erman  £lrl,  'Eva,  from  his  own  'Helmat*.  With 


£\ra  all  tho  good  snotions  oolic  bocK  i>o  aim  and  ha  no 
longer  foolc  all  rlono  In  o.  ror^l  r»  I'^tt''  r.c  joforo; 

•  .    .      '  ...  -ar  .Amaelf 
unft..  •  i              j  .  . ,    .  er  vruaot*, 
wo  or  J9t  ',  v/elt  von  nliar  ';                               ...   nun 
1&  dor  HIlus  uines  unorblttlicivMi  .^  i  .■-  . .  p«38*) 

ha  -uxovrs  t:..it  'lown  in  Ixniislsni  us  la  toa  iaakaa 

for  tae   Soutacrxuira  cjaA  in  tlia  Nftrih  oonsidsrad  aa  a 

^ox-'iiaa  ^^  Uie  Xonlcaaa*  Axui  only  by  suoaa&s  oaxi  lia  orox^ 

ooiia  tho  varlc4i3  praJudiceB  a^inat  aim. 

ioh  ao^.9  aber  nuca   .    .    .   -^la  sich  dJa   Casichtor  aufnallen, 
wann  das  >nda  GolJ  strfet,    vie  die  Voxui^t.aila  var» 

.Bin::on,   vh  ui     ia  Vortelle  inu  riaua  otrynon,    (itoi^. ,  p«580) 

More  and  mora  Otrenssr  has  his  hero  find  poaea  of 

mind  In  sontiraontal  a*tac.hn0nt  to  his  ovm  people  -^t  a 

':>jutflOiLer  xat/   in  ^.JLoaqo  (cr,   i^bia . .  P«'^rOc},   in  nis  0U& 

Gonaan  Toaily,  in  hi&  ^artaan  adBOoiataa  and  flnallj  In  hlo 

C-eraan  hom4h-(,0'/n«   In  oQzit4paat(  :iGrii«.nn»  ni-    wlfa«  his 

ohilcLran  ara  aodangez'ad  repeatedly  )iji   x^ji-jI^x  people, 

rapreaantad  by  orisiixml  Italiaoa  and  sotidmin^  i3jlgiaaa,  aad 

kgr  /jnericane^reproBantad  by  tliC  avil  &i-id  uov  von^aftil  Mrs. 

j£4iu  and  a  preJu^Uood  and  envious  />re»  i-iiller  wUo  triea 

to  oast  cuapicion  into  i^a'a  mind.  £yan  a  youn^  Yankee » 

Ik  yler,  whom  ii»  had  taken  ini^o  hlB  home  Tor  sentiaantal 

x^eaaana, proves  to  bo  a  villain  true>to  ^u.^  .^.^ritat^*  That 

the  Cimadian  ollf::i/b4^fui.t9  ^x,  i^dbson, 

.    .    .   dar  4jroaajnAchtl|5e  Horr  dor  ■  -ifjesellseiie.f tan  •    .    • 
der  fiicr4.  ill>cr&.ll  aindr&i^e  ■-..  <3]cu  LI  nohob 

•  .        ''eBsan  i^^'nAchx&ii^ ,  '  1-.  .    .    -'       .  .fdjtor- 
L-               ^    •    t   dasstan  '..d'.                           ■  -  nloht 


356 

fflg-i^  wollte,   auch  dem  oaetan  Freunde,   nao.-i  de.-n  Hale 
g.rli'f   .    .    .    (Ibia.  .   p. 315/6), 

that  tills  loan  1b  not  ©xaotly  aympatiietlcally  deaorlbad 

le  obvious.    Hut  '^ormn. -in's  and   strengor's  antipatlilei  xo 

Dtlil  iLU'tiisr  uaci;.   tJuring  ale  oil-to;.Ta  experierxoea  ha 

is  told  k^hy  Amorioa  le  so  ourprlsijosiy  sxt,r6in«  and  cruel  - 

because  It   1b  aucii  a  mixture  of  raoss. 


<     '  ""  '.  ,00  vl'alei  die 

li_ _  : t    ._. ^":lnd,  00  vi3lerl3l 

i^ationen  und  Ressen.  Well  es  so  vlsl  Meuland  gibt  und  well 
dae  Land  ao  gross  uad  00  welt  iat.  (Ibid* ,   p. 269) 

Durlns  i^is  first  months  In  /^uerica,  In  Boston,  he  already 

had  Instictively  felt  about  its  society  iioc;  It  upholds 

Its  own  people  but  coldly  rojacto  any  outsider. 

Dlese  Famlllen,  die  zueinander  ,  enttrt-en,  v.-le  Diolcicht 
verflochten  und  verschl^     .   '       -isel",ig   "   id, 

und  die  3^emden,  die  Mit,..w ,,;_.. :,-x,^.-.i,  die  Le...  ..it 

anderen  Ein'-cflnften,  Looeneformen,  Ans-^  a^.u^m^en  von 
n.Q  .  .  .  atola  auf  Ihre  Million  und  ihre 
..or.—  .,  ..;ne  Wflrme,  herzlos  ,  ,  .  (ibid, .  r=.17?/3) 

Only  one  neglected,  silly  old  aaiden-aunt  Ileianie  .;orrie« 

In  tills  society  how  all  their  wealth  came  about-  by  meking 

rum  to  be  sold  to  Africa, to  buy  slaves  to  >^^  >  old  in  the 

Vest- Indies  from  which  the  sugar  cane  for  t.^e  rum  inanuf aoture . 

And  vlth  all  this  sullt  one  looks  do.m  self-ri^teously 

-v.,=i  -rlth  contempt  on  tie  Southern  States  •.•hi?''  have  just 

baen  defeated.  (Cf,  Ibiq. .  p. 209/10)   Coul'?  he,  as  a  yoimg 

man,  accept  their  morals  and  principles? 

Nein,  bel  diesen  aelbstgerechten,  elle  7welfel  und 
Satansltlste  wegsohlebendon,  anecaelnend  so  gradlinlg 
C     .len  HcrrsChaften  war  doch  vielea  recht  liruram. 
(l^...c. ,  p. 209) 


337 

'Hie  only  vfarm-heart-sd  p"o:;lo   In  th^   -'hole  book 

are   vl^a^r  GermanE  or  people   o.    -dr.'.i.n  origin,    ixiut;.  rsal 

reco  iil*ion  I2   found  by  Hermann  only  t^-aong  fellov;  GevmanA 

and  In  hlr,  ol<?    ''[simat'. 

...    n  'C3-    fehl3   leir.ar  ^lanohc-  '    ) 

nttline  dor  rechte  Platz,   noch  e:..  t 

andera  Tulturen  dtln^end,    jensslts  des  -.olcho  und  solner 
Grer-— .    -^--    '^  -  .;.--^----^     --5-?*   ^---u—  ii^ltae  euch 
In   .  ;  :11g,i  clem 

deutsehan  Volk  und  vreroLe  noctx  in  bpAtoeren  Jaap«n,  Immsr 
v;led0r   .    .    .    "'rdahte  tra^.en.    ( l£i6 . ,  p. 35^  J 

To  live  an  active  and  successful  life   In  /. '-rioa  like 

H^rnirJin  does, not  being  hamoared  by  nrrro--,'  limitations 

aiiu  at   x.iie    aaaa    ..ia3   ^'•-uiB.xxixa^  proud  o:.    on?* a  cu.-Ltux'al 

herltaje,  must   seem  the   fulfllL-asnt  of  the  fondest  draaias 

of  many  a  Ganttan.    It   i?  surprising  that  tiiia  book  should 

ii£rV3   03  en  printed  and  reprinted  in  Germany  during  the 

Second  '.o.^ld  'ar  vrhen  national   emotions    .ont  high. 

Garhart  MauDtTricnn,  J?  :ob  'vassornionn,  Joseph  Roth, 
and  i^anz  Kafke  are  tiio  only  major  Genaan  vrriters  and  poets 
who  deal  with  America  in  some  or  tiieir  worlds.  Jauptmann*s 
Gxpcrlancea  B.nd  reflsotlona  about  thl-  countr"  were  first 
expro^sed  m  liio  novel  ^Licntis  (191w  I'^J  ^i-  .•.'■are  3onoed 
In  his  drama  ::oroth-3a  An'^-ermann  (1926)  and  ra-eohood  in 
his  vei''-"5d  auto-blo-r-iohy  Buch  der  Leiden schaft  (?ischor, 
Berlin,    1930). 

Unlike   Stpenger  who  saw  in  Anierioa  t:ae  great 
opportunities  offered   to  mran  of   Intellect,   Hauptaeum  saw 


a 


338 

Amerloa  first  as  an  object  of  emotions,  secondly  a  land 
to  vfhich  a  poraon  might  fleo  or  be  forcafl  to  escape*  3ut, 
thirdly,  it  is  never  a  haven  for  the  escapist,  rather  a 
noisy  hell,  or  fourthly,  a  land  of  roiBary.  All  these 
four  statemento  are  to  be  substantiate?^.  To  start  with 
th---  inpt  one: 

In  the  Buch  der  L. id^nso  iqft  (p, 114/5)  the  quart ere 
of  a  family  of  five  In  a  small  New- England  to'^n  ia  de- 
scribed and  reflected  upon; 

Es  muss  hier  allea  aufs  elnfachste  lorjerlchtet  -/ferSen, 
dann  •■rir,   in  Suropa  lauaeriiin  wohlhabsnd,  slnd  im  Dollar- 
lande  belnaha  ann.  Hier  arhfilt  m.^n  ftlr  elnen  ^^ollar 
das,  was  drdbsn  hdchetens  eine  Mark  costet. 

A  quite  sl'nilar  scene  ie  found  In  Doro-i;,aoa  Anwtrmenn 

(^Isoher,  Berlin  1926,  acana  3)  v/hen  a  farnily  of  five 

camp  in  one  room  on  four  cots.  These  are  not  recent 

arrivals,  but  people  who  havo  8truf;^i9d  in  Aaerioa  for 

nine  years. 

Ich  haba  ^eschwitzt.'    Ich  tiabe  geachwitzt.'    Ich  hab« 

main  i^anzea 
Talent  veracnwltzt,   G«ld,   aeaiindhelt,   alles  vez»- 

sohwitzt.' 
Und  immer  noch  so'.iwltze   ich  auf  ^eufal  .co.tui'   rausi 
und  bin  in  den  letztan  drel  '.ocnon,   eh3  du  kamst, 

'IB   dam 
Angstsohweiss  nicht  harausgekommen   .    .    .    ^lbid.,p.31) 

A   wealthy  br:)th«r  has  to  come   from  Gemany   to  sav:-   the 

poor  man  and  to  take  him  bac'c"  to  Germany,    similarly, 

-orothea   Angem&nn,  ■'/ho  was  to  start  a  naw  life  in  Areerioa, 

dasoi-'ibea    (    cf.    jbi  '.  .   p. 75)   how  in  /.narlca   she   sank   to 


359 

lower  and  lower  Indicjtiitles,  to  hello  and.  abyoaes  of 

orime  and  Immorp-llty, 

At   BOtse  Tatnt.a   v^f  H' iKit.njann't^    ;rt*TriTn   Amprloa 

8««aa   to  bg  a  h&von  rrora  tna  atorm  or  .v^li.  opaan  onotlone. 

Frl«drlGla,  the  hero  of  h.l'S  Atlantic,  hopas  to  fln^l  It  In 

a  ft  fir  t.  53 -a  n^P.r  a  small  "ew  Snglana   ^o.m,   "^it.  It  tumg 

out  i>o  .t>a  ixitile* 

X»  DffutEchland  1st  eine  Stftdt  von  J 0,009  Klnwohnora 
tot,      '  *        '  U  von  2L-,    ■  ■  -'iinam 

rann_-;,  -,  ^w^ ,   ra88elt3,      :. ±-3  yrnhn- 

einnl^.  nech  hatte  Zoit,   allea  .::  otete  anein- 

and»r  voruusr,   Wonn  man  hler  lebta,   so  lobto  man  hicr 

\ua  zu  r        '    Ja,    ...  -  ^  -  '■"    n  .    .    .   Li© 

raoictei:  siioni    be.  and  polnleohan 

j!^beit<)r  und  Scac^iflftalauts,   aaiien  in  dsa  Lebon,  daa 
B^  r  Mhrcn  nruaoten,  nur  otwac  "/orl&ifi^o, 

C,    -.    --ia.  p.-r?'^) 

3omatinids    ^upfaann's  ...uropson  in;,axxocLual  ia 

attraot^id  to  ot^rtain  aspects  oi    Amorloa,   i'or  example   to 

tha  noble;   nioc'Gaty   of   t.  ve   olty   of  '•i'a3-iln.;-:ton. 

-o-rr    .  ,  ,  .   .    iisse     , 

-ails  reeldlert  in  ihm.  -iesar  ..- 

'.3  Uaigebune:    sohllohLe  p.raronj.  ^rliau- 

^j  weaenhaftQ  T^lnf-  •;■  i-?!  -    .    .    .     . ^^y 

L-    ..     .    -^k.  p. 1^7) 
3ut  ha   fsals  thct   h^   only   tries   *o  run  avray   from  iilmaair 

in  axL-^iirin,^  ^^...rica: 

loii  i  dan  :Topf  in  den  3and  atecicon  wle  oin  VO{i«l 

•         '       raaoh  ...     inam 

ll««n.  alagen 

und  ViUan  dleaer     tadt  llabfluo*:!    -  .  .1^7) 

The  more  Haupt-na.-ai  obeervea  .'.'ncrlca  tho  more  he 


340 


feels  himself  in  opixjsition  to   it. 


k.enn  i  ie  wissen  wollen,   was   i:iUropa  ist,   muscen  Lie 

nach   Aruerika  cehen,      (  Vusblicke,    'Politisches' ,    Fischer, 

Berlin  1924,  p.  76)   

The  fact  th^t  people  go  at  all  to  the  New  korld 
is  in  Hauptmann's  writing  due  to  some  personal  fault  or 
to  escape  punish.uent  for  some  misaeiiieanour  perpetrated 
in  Europe,   ?or  example  there  are  women  with  child  from 
illicite  love  affairs  who  lose  their  child  at  sea  (cf, 
Atlantis,  p,  46,  Dorothea  Angermann ,  p,  9^) ,  Or  a 
woman  takes  her  three  chilaren  lor  a  new  life  to  the 
new  world  to  escape  an  unfaithful  husband  (mich  der 
Leidenschaft ,  p,74.^  In  a  similar  but  reversed  situation 
is  an  unfaithful  husband  who  travels  to  Anierica  to  be 
near  the  object  of  his  infatuation  (Atlantis,  pp,  1? 
and  23),   The  latter  is  also  a  medical  man  who^e  scienti- 
fic career  has  been  wrecked  by  some  serious  mistakes. 
It  is  no  v/onder  that  Hauptmann  lets  some  of  his 
characters  consider  ,'merica  the  country  of  run-aways 
and  swindlers, 

Araerika  ist  bekanntlich  von  -aunern  rercacht  .  .  , 
Der  Gauner  ,  •  .  ist  dort  die  sieghafte  Lebensfona 
.  ,  .  Passen  Sie  auf,  vvie  aer  grouse  a:;ierikunische 
Cauner  eines  Tac^es  die  Velt  unterkriegt  .  .  « 
(Ibid.,  p,  g4) 

And  if  Europe  would  keep  all  its  swindlers,  defraudars, 

cheats  and  card-sharpers,  i^iUrope  would  soon  surpass 

America: 


ni   si 


©vol  8.'?i-.irXl 


34X 


Peeeen  31a  eur,  wie  bald  dei  '.nropa  Uncle 
fltl-elt.    (Ibicl..   p. 85) 

Th^se  violent  autburute  are  not  tr.}:en  too  seriouelyf   but 

many  otiior  hi   ,.ly   2T.o".lonr.l     nassapes  -         ">  be   founfl 

in  nie  ;<ritin^s,    .or  axuiapio  w  ..an  tna  c  Ija  o-      :  .' 

York  City  by  Xamaanjr-h&ll  is  dltouss^d: 

Tast  alio   -nit,?n  und  Qlnfluaeraichen  otcllan  im  Lr^nda 
waren  von  -Leuten  b««et«t»   J«<?er  von  dleeen 

-^lunen  '        '    -he 

■-^     -..    eeaugt.  •-    .       -  n 

Steilon  war  r.c  ft.   :-tlr  dla   Tlotte  a  ".illi08a«n 

fee   ''"igt*  vuttd   W9im  a»l  endlloh  a  in    "c;  x.  *    f  r.u- 

•  C  iiia»0   CO  s«i  dao  vlelt   dl«nn  dat        •  /ei*- 

QioVcerd  vrelt  vom  3ge  ort   In  dia  sn  frledli- 

c"  '       i3r,   dersii  ^       "'  ina  dat 

d.  .  ixrBtc  sei*    ^      -    -  -  J.  .-■ . 

^ni^   j,e   auix.-  '  <3  mo,  ■3   /ooderato    juiwd  :is«ui.d,   imtxa 

it  lb  made  (»>  board  a  G«mati  oeaanlln^r  1^:^  >up  of 

fir»t  cl&cs  pa«tt«n -.ers.   I^ter  In  the  book  th«  reader  la 

%r       -      J    o.^e   i.uw  xoi'ft   city  iiail  -  >.«    *a.^j4i.-':y  muyoT) 

an  Irish  Catholic,   '/franglas  with  e.  hypoci'itloal  puritan 

'fall-'3tro9t  r-tfm  •-rho  in   'PreGl-'J^nt  of  the   "oclcty  for  tha 

p«rcilecion   :  or  a  minor  Ccrajen  djuxoer  to  parf  OAin   (cf  ■   ibld« , 
29Q-,  ii  are  deacrlbed  ?,s  deaplc  ried- 

It  an: 

rry's  £rBOhoinuni'  hatt«  Ihm  die    "estflt    soines 
Vaters  ins  GedAchtnl  afszx:  ixM  /jar* 

8*        ■'  -'--.-■•--      '^  -     -■-  .  ,.     391;.*;, 

dfls  YankM 
3  war  vieiss 

.1  ^..j.^,tivui5  gsprianzt 


Ui. 

■    '       ■    » 

docui  v<- 

iu  ^-riedrichc    :. 

unsetl?i 

~,   was  Geburt  uii- 

nawt@. 

.,      .        } 

342 

Thio  Is  the  only  occasion  -.fhere  Haupt.-nann  feels  anything 

in  common  with  on-  ^^   tie  despised  Americans  unless  he  Is 

a  lellow  German  or  a  fellow  artist.  Otherwise  America  Is 

resented,  especially  Its  comTnerne, 

FluslnesB  and  dollar.'  Dollar  and  buolnesa.'  An  dlesen 
zwel  Worten  1st  In  Anierllca  die  "ultur  kreplort  .  .  . 
(Ibid,.  p.T^) 

Thus  the  materialism  of  America  Is  cssti£;?-tod  and  Ironically 

toasted  by  two  of  the  more  serious  passengers: 

Ea  lebe  das  s;9sunds  ehrllch-zynische  Aushs-uterideal 
von  Aruerlka  rait  seiner  Verflachtm:.  und  Toleranz. 
(Ibid.,  p. Ill) 

If  this  Is  a  cynically  doubtful  compllraent,  Hauptmann  hides 

his  antipathy  somewhat  when  contrasting  busy  New  York  with 

sedate  ''ashlngton  in  his  Such  der  Leidenscaaft  (p,l43). 

Ole  Verkneulung  der  Zlvlllsation  von  Mew  York,  wo  slch 
unter  den  nleben  einsr  unsic'atbaren  Peitsche,  unter  der 
Lookung  des  Dollrr- --uc'ior'ji-ots  der  Aensch  um  den  >'6nschen 
dreht,  1st  mlr  schrecken- erregend. 

But  in  his  earlier  book  Atlantis  he  Is  much  more  outapdkwi: 

Und  pliJtzlioh  schlen  die  .  .  .  Welt  verrflckt  geworden. 
Dor  engere  Hafen,  von  babylonischen  ''ol'^en^cratzem  um- 
geben  ...  In  diesem  Kratsr  das  Leoena  bellt,  heult, 
kroischt,  brummt,  donnert,  rauscht  aummt  und  wlamelt 
die  Zivlllsation  .  .  •  Dabel  flbte  der  dithyramblsche 
LSrm  der  ffificiiti^en  Stadt  .  .  .   ine  "Irliung  aus,  die 
emeute  und  umblldete  ,  .  ,  eln  Strudel  des  Lebens  .  .  . 
Er  duldate  kelne  Gi^flbslel  und  ;aln  Vertlefen  in  Ver- 
gangenes,  (Atlantis,  p. 203) 

and 

Der  arme  Maler  .  .  .  war  angeslchts  dieser  tobsilchtlgen 
Stadt  .  .  .  :leinlaut  geworden.  (Ibic . .  ?.207) 

A  little  further: 

"Dlese  otadt",  daohts  Friedrich,  "lot  von  alnem  Wahnwlts 
der  EzverbBglar  gepackt".  Wo  ar  hinbllckte,  drohtsn  ifan 


343 

Rleserxplalcate  .  .  .  Es  war  eln  sclirelendor  glerlger 
I-on-'-urronzkarapf ,.    •  ■"   --11  .  .  .  alch  au"'  "  '  . 
elne  wllde  und  atzbal^arel  6.BB  , 

und  .  .  ,  (von)  ainer  -/Qwlssen  Grflsse  .  .  .  iiler  war 
kelne  Heuc  lelel,  dlee  war  echauBBllche  aedllchkoit. 
(Ibid.,  p. 210) 

In  a  sirailar  way,  toi'n   between  contenpt  a.id  admiration, 

Hauptmaan  exprer.BeB  hlmr.elf  about  the  teo.Anolo^  of  New 

York's  commmoioatlona. '"Tollhelt,  Irrsinn,  WahnainnJ", 

Bagte  criedrich',  but  ills  friend  corrects  him: 

"...  hlnber  alledem  steckt  ^erade  -^ine  ^anz 
rflc^'-^-^^-l-ne  und  ha-— "-"'---  "■»»-----'-  it  unfl 
iiv;  jit."  -  '  .ich,  wenn 

es  nicnt  ao  groasartlg  wslrei "  rlef  i-rledrlch.  (Ibid., 
.-^.245) 

This  is  hovf  a  leadin>!  German  wrltar  and  poet  saw 
a  amall  city  and  a  metropolis  In  Aroerloa,  Only  on  lee-rlng 
New  Xorlc,wnen  his  train  reaches  tae  open  fields,  docs  .le 
feel  the  true  breath  of  the  country,  "das  wirkliche  Ant lit z 
Ameri.caa"  and  "den  vrahran  Erdnauch  des  nsuen  lar.des"  (ibid. , 
p.jilo).  olnoe  Hauptiaann  shunned  tho  city  also  in  (lermany, 
living  In  hi  3  moTintain  retreat  in  Kgnetendorf,  hi  a  attitude 
1b  not  aurpriaing. 

More  serious  is  a  kind  of  cultural  snobbery.  A 

G«riiian-Am3rlcan  artist  is  admired  and  Frledrlch,  Hauptraann's 

alter  e.g.o.  ;^lves  him  the  greatest  orslse  he  cpn  elve: 

ci-iedrlch  fragte  sich  mltunter,  oo   er     "  ?h  3000 
Seemeilen  von  dsm  alt-3n  Zuropa  an'^x^i.i  ar  hisr 

nicnt  Helmat?  (Ibid. ,  p. 215)* 

But  whon  the  reason  for  the  success  of  thir  artist  Is 

discussed,  it  Ic  explained  by  hia  ":.  ff  5ns.rti,,er  ieschv/ln- 


344 

dlg'-elt"  and  "d«shrilb  passt  er  in  die  United  3tatOB  of 

.   rlca"    (lbl(..« ,    pp.?4o/4l).   i  robably  tha  worst  oulturnl 

nnobl)«ry  is  expressad  in  a  longer  harangue. 

uooer  dem  In  Dollam  AuB^rechneten  f^loht  er  (the 
.  ,  ,    „j   nlcnts.    L-no   dann      -  '  Ten 

xmd  '  onsorten  un-'''  la  dea 

■ol^en  Iniialts   Ih-  ophl© 

jLi.  i.aunen  setzen.   M©lrtr?a     j  j  uou  -,  ?lt   sel 

efttrdert,   v;enn  sle  ihr  lixre  Dollar  a^  an?  -   Oder 

•  ^'in   ale  Ihr  ei^ian  Tell  -ler  o"  -^ pft^n  Dollar,  nit 

voG;i5Ti   irara,   v/loder  zurxic:  -■         Inan    -ie, 

.-.1   r;l3  die  Gnade  haben,  \i  >    ^o  werden 

.}.■:■  daitlr  unaere  nozart  uxi  l  ..^leatiioven,   unyore  Kant 
r.  '    :chop9nhau©r,  unoere  T-c^*  "■  ■■ —  -mc'  Go-stie,   uneepc 
orandt.,    Leonardos  una     :.-  Ion,     mtz  vmseren 

'tlgen  europ^-lsohen  .^1  v^itz  ^ber    lor6. 

:o.^i»u;  '■'     '-'.a  davjj^on    .'v  :— -«'-i(5 

von  oiner  i3caen  i'ill'  v^tln? 

Er  ms^  una  -mo  iniide  Gabon  ansprecnenj    (Ibl-;'.. .   p.7V5) 

It   la  regi'ettabla  that  ono   of   the  g-r-'^ategt  German  writers 
of  thla  period  aliould  let  alaaeir   o  jarried  away   by 

liio  emotions.    In  comparison  to  Y.afka.,  who  Ic  probably  In- 
corrsct  In  most  details  but  not  far  from  reality  In  a 
deeper  pootlo   sonae,   .-v.i.i4>tniann  caoti^^ates  tiaiiy  American 
faults  quite  rl^^tly,   but  his  total  vli;ion  la  highly 
distorted. 

' -    can  be   seen  from  the  above  description, 
:lauptjaann  had   a  limited  knowledge  of  A:norlca  v.'hlch  ex- 
tended only  to  a  few  cities  In  tiie  East,    ^Gpeolally  New 
York  and  v/aahlngton,  and  to  a  single   a::  xx     ;>  /  Trii^land 
towni   and  thla  only   to  a  limited  dagroa.   Moverthelesa, 
in  his  ima^natlon  Araorioa  played  a  larje  role  though 
a   sinister  one.    7oj.-  example.   In  his    :'ill   -uljnnpler.el 


-^5 

(i^u-l  wiLia:  ;os  ;•  llo;  ara.  -3^ 

-  uno      re  Till  ..   i-r^lcht. 

C-e^t^:.  -    .      .,     i98icnte  und     rftuaa  vc.  .rant,  , 

i.    flacnor  Vsrlag*   aerlln  1923)   Uij  Ufcva  uaa  vi-loiia  or 
i^;z*eat  injustico  done  In  the  world,  out   uitf  Wo  f oronoat 
onsn  cro  aat  on  Auerlcan  ooli.    (Ibid,.    ..1  '1*-  '^0)  The 

i'ix'at   o.\.    ;:  : 'J.:.!    ::>    •_  .  .  Puritana,    cafe  .^r^  ..  i.danta, 

tlM   iJBGrloAn  typa   to  vfiiich  at  aaot.ior  plf.no    (o;,  above, 
p»Vi\)    H   uofnriin   faela  a  close  ralat  iaris.ilj. 

^^x^x^^i..'.zc  .,Ju-Eii^l&ndQ,     -liviniiic.io   Um^letarx,   v;aa 

au-   did   ?!pa5e  dua  owl;  ea  Aichtars  nn3h  Abel  dea  Cruder? 

Dc,nn   warden    :.;:.ar3n    '.0.7. ::3n  \in;'.  rx  unf    :o':\-,Ton 

9d«r  aber  yerkohlc^  la  b^l..  r-  "^as 

*  ^  -^ ' 

:!S,   euf  dem  .3uor  orun  auB  G.-iporrr.^ ; 

v.^.       -■     .-.a.ieaal.  p.  139) 

w/nlj  In  ions  of  a  dream  does  t.  :«  ruta^r  a^reaa  his 

deejgst   fsellngs  towards  Amarlor,   an;   l..-   r>co^:nlzed  aoral 

aH'i,  ut;cii0.3ic  laaders.    s^i   oaur^.;,    ....xii    .j.  i'ju  ♦^^^cii.iia  aut  so 

auch  V^e  oriaea  c^amitted  bj'  v^urltSAc  1.  1  <20untrl«8 

ae  Uxoae  committed  by  M.-  o-m  pa-^ls    Turin-  t:;e  autiior'a 

lii^iiae  Isea   ti^aja   ^va  u^^u  ^w»  it*    ^ois 

af^eara  a  till  core  obvloua  in  Uls  '    ^f  .3aa*a 

cruelty  to  taan,    sot  in  Lrsrica: 

.wt;    Li.t.   ■  aai   *iil  jrulickt   ^i  uclise  uod 

.l-.-mrsfi, 
Jung  \in<S  brelt,   blnuen  Bllc'-.ss  wie  ,    In  ns:  3a 

die     i.^"j^. 


346 

Dieser  h^-t  einen  Baumstumpf  ersprunrren^und  sto'^'st 

^  ein  Gekrah  aus, 

wle  zehn  Hahne  zumal.  In  dem  Kampf  um  eln  ..elb  und 

ein  ..igvwain 
hat  er  eben  den  Bruder  besiert,  den  getreuen  Kani*raden, 
Grenzer,  ^'iUchrist ;  er  hit  ihm  die  Aupenfr.equetscnt  aue 

dem  Kopfe, 
und,  o  Greul  aller  Greueln,  er  hat  ihm  aie  Gurgel 

durchbissen. 
Till  will  schreien,  er  will  sich  befreien,  p:elahiut,  ar 

verii,r^''s  nicht, 
(Ibiu.. p. 159/160) 

The  only  other  crimes  in  this  context  of  'visions'  are 

those  which  the  L^paniards  committed  a  ainst  i-lontezuina  and 

his  people,   (Hauptmann  wrote  on  this  theme  jer  weisse 

Helland.  rierlin  1920.) 

In  this  case  the  existence  of  a  demoniac 
element  is  to  be  pointed  out  which  is  so  revolting  as  to 
be  rather  a  problem  of  a  psycho-analyst. 

Jakob  tiassermann  is  another  well  knov.Ti  German 
v.-riter  who  trave  a  picture  of  J^iaerica,  in  his  x^er  rail 
Mauritius  (S,  Fischer,  Berlin,  1929).   He  had  been  in 
America  in  192^  and  lets  one  of  the  main  characters  of 
this  book,  ..aremme-».arschauer,  report  on  his  experiences 
in  the  New  World  (Der  Fall  i4auritius,  pp.  355-374).  Like 
Hauptmann  he  starts  with  all  the  arxop;ance  of  the  European 
intellectual:  ^urope's  great  past,  its  landscapes,  its 
cities  and  architecture  are  mythically  in  his  blood  (ibid. . 
p«  355/6).  tte  feels  like  a  second  Columbus  corainp;  to 
propaeate  the  ijuropean  spirit  in  the  New  World,   out  he 


347 


knows,  at  least  latar,  iio\-r   wrong  he  v/as. 


Eln  helllger  Pe.ulus  der  Blldunt;  und  I'ultur,  nloiit  waiar? 
Mlt  solchen  Roslnen  Ira  T.opfe  konnte  lea  aioh  dooh  elnl- 
germaaaon  installleren.  (iblu, .  po5o) 

Though  he  does  not  aucceed  as  a  college  teacher,  he  atlll 

maices  a  .-node at  living  as  a  private  teacher  thaxiica  to  th« 

general  philanthropy,  democracy  and  proaperlty.  But  he  is 

Halted  to  people  of  the  lower  Income  ti^oups  who  still,  ae 

says,  have  something,  ZXiropean  within  them  (ibid. .  p.338}. 

However,  ne  is  suspected  because  of  ait:  ideas,  his  'Juropean 

spirit,  until  he  finds  out  why  it  is  not  liked.  A  smile  Is 

much  aore  Important,  and  he  learns  that  Anaerice.  is  a  young 

and  child-llice  coxintry,  "  ein  Klnderland".  lie  does  not  otay 

like  Ilauptmaiin  In  iJew  xork  and  Its  environs, 

lea  bllsb  nlcht  lange  in  wew  York,  Da  h&nst   man  noch 
quasi  em  Rand  von  Suropa,  die  Versuchuno  iat  zu  stark. 

The  tsmptation  (of  Europe)  is  too  strong  there,  as  Indeed 

it  is  Tor  all  of  Hauptmann's  characters,  faseermann's  hero 

keeps  moving,  for  if  one  does  not  climb  in  America  one  sinlis. 

In  Chicago,  where  he  stays  for  ton  years,  he  has  ffegro  friends 

and  therefore  is  cut  off  from  white  circles.  Consequently 

he  sinics  lower  and  lower,  as  he  reports,  iie  meets  Chinese 

but  does  not  pretend  to  understand  them,  least  of  all  their 

powerful  secret  oreanlzations, 

.  .  .  von  einer  Macht  und  Strenge,  mlt  dar  v     c^hen 
dar  Jesuitenorden  die  rIarmlooi£;ceit  eiiiar  .ib -^.  ^u 
TSchterschuls  hat.  (ibid. ,  p.Io?) 

In  Chicago  ho  experiences  the  noiso,  t-u  u^:liness  of  a  big 


iieiij  Hi:,  .10  d-r. 


'in 


iuki 


348 

Aoerloan  r  oil  a,  tUa  painful  aoMll  of  ta»   jr  at 

Blnu^IitorhouiMSf   the  ralDory*  thn  orliaoy  and  t:io  Ijmohiiig 
of  Uio  aogro  l^lsnd*  :ia  ml^r&too  forthor  to  the  wost*  Mora 
too  iM  aoea  nuoh  mlaory  anti  orioM  out  he  also  palnta  tho 

i]■f^^   of   &   n.-?t*   typo    Of  hlUlttin  boln^,    (•.  nn  \Ii3ir.rn-ifCTir"', 

tha  iooasst.  piaxtnthropiet  viho  peraonalljr   -  of 

JxjYonllo  dellnquonto  and  racos  to  poUoo  etstiono  aiv^ 

prli^ona  \-ft\are'srQr  h.o  onn. 

.;unilo.*  ,    ,    .   ..ari      x^ -"■.■.?  :  '.  ;  "irOii    :u  .  '■•JMcv-in. 

■  '•<  Ihn  lernte  loh  v-'iv^  ouor ,    larL'  <iiiD  .jlx  ie  aOi...;  -'-In 
ui  3nor  relg  lot,   Oh,  wir  .  .    I  Ja  so  Juzit,,   sa^ta 

«r  lB83or  Klodtr  ait  aiUmi  aaliraB  anttai  '  '  r 

Qlnd  Ja  30  ac  iT»3c':lleh  so  wundtrlMLP  jtoi   .  let 

G3»  Aas  let  .    .    •  was  ha  .to  1  ?.\x  auobmii 

';lt  dor  elneo-ij.1  >;wor*  ^-  i  .t.1  '.aalon.     .    ,    .     -a  viar 

"'toff,    liftC,   3toff«  von  QCle        ^Ao  erat  In    i\m4crt 
Jairon  dlo  iioda  sain*    (Iblcl..  p«372) 

/'ji''.  no  -3  pattima  to  "^^uronc  .?.  -.^n-r  nan,  not  *:1  'ring 

iatit«  tiv     „  .  .     piii-i.an;«.krapi3t,   aoia^  .-o  o.^ti 

poople  •  Russian  Jawa^  thoaa   'wonderful  pooplo'  In  thoir 

nrldo,   ^.Qvotlon  rjKf.    -rr-tltxido  -  cuirt  liAVlnr-  ntucllad  •.-•1th 

ocoiorc  J-    Uio    •wiio-^to-jcxt'.  ^.'      -  .  uia 

vorld  In  a  dlffaront  peri^aatlv  and   .ect* 

"   feet  that  ■^aronsne-  ■  nor  lo  ln\*olv3d  In  tha 

'urltluo-ja.  .: '   io  or  no  iuru^asr  ii5^oa"tciiCj   in  tuiu  -itald 

of  Inquiry,    .assormana  has  usod  the  naoesslty  of  ex4.>lalnlng 

the  lor.s  aJ50Qnoo  of  one  of  the  r.-^ln  ciiarcujtoro,  to  let  hlo 

x,Q±l,  o~  -ds  ox;pcrianocs  aoroaa,  i^orioa  is  seen  In  soaa  of 

Its  worst  aspeota.  Nevartheloaa,    .aaserrsuian  ou^t  to  bo 

od  first     or  deflating  the  usual  oiatural  snobbery 


349 

arrogpnoe  ox  the  European  or  more  speoifloally  of  the 
Oeman  Intellectual,  eeconc^ly  for  pointing  cmt  how  auoh 
•material',  human  and  otnerwlae,  In  so  youn,^  a  country 
would  havo  uO  bo  organized  or  assliallated  before  tae 
'spirit'  In  a  Suropean  sense  could  be  expected  to  5row, 
and  thirdly  for  showing  the  'Menschhaltsnovan',  the  Amarloan 
philanthropist  with  his  BelflesBnesB  and  generosity. 

The  theme  of  the  Jewish  Immigrant,  only  touched 
by  Yassermann,  was  ta^con  up  as  the  main  topic  in  Hlob, 
Roman  elnes  elnfachen  Hannea  (Berlin  1930),  by  Joseph 
Roth.  HI  Ob  lias  all  the  ingredlGnts  for  a  novel  of  greatest 
Interest  in  lmmly?ont  literature.  It  is  the  stoi^  of  a 
poverty-stricken  Russiaui  Jewish  Immigrant,  ..endel  Sin-sr, 
whose  pi  sty  gave  him  happiness.  Kle  fortune  a  v;lthln  his 
family  induce  him  to  emigrate  to  Anerlca.  A,-? In  tho  fv.mllf 
lires  in  poverty  In  a  dirty  infected  flat  of  the  i<ew  iork 
Ghetto  district.  3y  work  and  some  lucky  speculation  the 
family  soon  becomes  wealthy,  but  the  old  man  feels  his 
children  estranged  froa  hia  and  hs  prefers  to  stay  in  the 
old  Ghetto.  One  would  like  to  hear  more  about  the  course 
of  assimilation  his  successful  son  talres,  or  that  of  his 
beautiful  daughter  who  is  interested  in  nothing  but  dressss, 
dance  music  and  -  men*  Deep  inside,  Singer  feels  a  gnawizig 
pain  for  his  two  sons  left  behind  in  Europe  of  whom  no 
news  arrives  at  all.  Up  to  this  point,  the  Sin^Grs '  fate 
might  be  that  of  many  thousand  other  Jewish  immigrants, 
mutatis  mutandis.  After  some  outwardly  happy  years  ons 


350 

mi&fortuaM  follcn^o  tho  othor.     norlean  ?»on  1::  Mlltd 
in  tha  war*  hie  wiiu  cliua  and  hlo  daughter  □aoanea  Ixtsaat* 
Kis  faith  wtiioh  had  oarriod  him  thraueh  rll  adv»z*siti«s  is 
broken  now.  Here  again  thc3  loso  of  religion  du«  to  Incredibly 
harah  luok  is  paralloled  in  aany  of  hX»  oostpatriota,  viho 
ihtn  gatharsd  in  radlcwit  80ciali&t»  or  atopian-idMillstio 
groupa  (of.  Harr  ?attwttn«t.  chaptert  "tig  Union",  pp.82  f • ), 
and  the  reader  would  be  eaci^er  to  hear  more  about  it.  o  ?- 
e-vcr,   t:ie  author  haa  conooived  thia  noiTel  aoo<n*Aiiig  to  tha 
logand  and  all  the  aotion  io  rather  presaed  to  oanfogrn  to 
tha  biblical  example  of  Job.  Dlscussionc  of  Singer  \yith  hie 
noighboura  about  hlo  loat  belief  in  Qod  parallel  too  cloaaly 
Job* a  diaouaaionu  with  his  throe  frionda  in  the  Bible. 
Although  hi  a  family  ic  rich,  3ingar  take  a  upon  hinnalf 
poverty  and  all  '.-Jjoda  of  indi^^iitiea.  He  beeoooa  a  aaint- 
lika  fisure  in  spite  of  hie  disbelief  in  9od«  To  bring  this 
unreal  atory  to  a  fairy- tale> like  h&ppy  and,  the  long  loat 
retarded  aon  vho  Iiad  been  deliberately  left  behind  (no 
pious  Jev  or  other  parent  vould  ever  do  anything  like  that) 
appeara  no;ir  as  a  feunouB  nniaieien.  Thora  ia  area  hopo  that 
tho  inoane  dauciter  will  be  healed  too. 

:.oth  undoubtodly  doaa  nob  idealise  the  lcr>mv  .^^ot 
aide  of  Sev  lR>x4c,  but  he  seea  it  with  a  kind  of  love  for 
its  unfortunate  people  Qimilar  to  the  afleotion  of  loll* 
brunner*8  Die  Sohanka  daa  'liatey  Buoalo.  which  daala  with 
a  aiailar  area  in  New  York  only  a  few  blocks  away  (of. 


351 

►»  p.]50f.  ).The  main  hero,  ?:endel  Slnc-^er,  the  Hehtrnt 
teacher,  Is  drawn  as  much  too  tolerant  In  rell(_4.ou8  mattera 
as  well  as  towaz*ds  racial  Intermarriage  to  be  believable 
or  even  recognizable  In  the  other ^ae  well  described 
figure  of  an  old  Jew. 

In  Herr  Fettwanst  (p. 26-29)  the  figure  of  thm 
Hebrew  teacher  with  his  religiosity,  his  fenatlclam,  and 
hie  severity  to  children  Is  much  more  realistically 
depicted  as  he  appears  to  ^generations  of  Jewish  immigrant 
children  In  America.  It  is  regrettable  that  a  fine  novelist 
has  wasted  an  Interesting  subject  m3rely  to  conform  to  a 
fairy-tale  like  Idea. 

Last,  but  not  least,  we  deal  with  Franz  Kafka,  an 
iaaginative  v/riter  who  never  set  foot  on  American  soil. 
He,  too,  contlnuss  the  line  of  writers  who  want  to  express 
an  idea.  Kafka's  novels  generally  are  grotesque;  most  of 
them  express  the  thought  that  man  Is  a  lost  soul  facing 
t.'ie  uiiMiovrn  Torcoo  of  supernatural  Justice. 

SymboiXllcally  he  finds  the  Immigrant  in  a  foreign 
country  in  a  similar  position,  facing  an  unknoim  environmant, 
strange  laxfs,  unexpected  enemies  and  surprisingly,  also, 
helpful  people.  As  an  imaginative  artist  Kafka  has  tba 
ability  to  fsal  himself  into  an  uniniovni  situation.  Even 
in  a  ^rotesque  distortion  a  certain  aniount  of  deeper  poetic 
tx*uth  can  be  found.  The  bast  example  ie  Franz  Kafka*! 


552 
29) 

» 

la  tliO  former  group  .Vaerioe  vms  desoriiMd  in 
oontrost  to  a  ooxhs  or  leeo  l^leal  Geraanj*   "^or    afka 
bustling  A-n«rloft  re  rosonts  ^-' >  >  »w^*»t^  i^n  n*  «-.  aim*  tfm 
Tmtm  of  ttao  IwmgllaG  and  ftinMlna  y«uB#  Unltiivvasi  ^Arl 
iB  ayabolio  of  t  .9  fate  of  nan  In  tho  tforld 
tkBOwti  foreoa  ondi  poo^^»  But  tte  nof^l  is  «oro 
pvraly  ayttbolio.  LUm  Maair  ot.ver  iMoieivnta  ba  is 

at  hlo  arrivnl  bgr  an  unlsHMn  benl^p  rolatlro  «ho 
hlB  for  aone  tlae»  but  li'«o  aai^  Oftuex>  co»aaffarers 
IM  iaoom  tba  diajlaaaora  o.^  uXc  patron  f  :>r  aons  reasans 
UBimaiai  to  hia  and  Is  r^KicUatad  surtrtstily.  Lltaz^aUy  <» 
the  streets  inB  lo  ezploitod  as  a  'greenhorn*  by  sons 
fslloir  treaps  bitt  rinds    woz%  and  syaipathj  quito  tmsa^- 
paatadl^  tlwaa^  a  ooimtxT-iaan  ia  a  hotol«  ;lic  hard  wtMrti 
«lA  tiM  poor  liviaB  Mnditions  of  a  pac*  toy  In  a  laigs 
ilMal  ara  apparantly  truar  to  li^a  ti^aa  Uia  r8a4sr  woiUd 
aacpaat*  {Mn  AasH.aan  atudaiil  Hiian  aakad  ift^t  iio  rsunA  aoat 
i«aliBtio  in  Kafka's  imtlMA  rapliaA:   'liefiaitelor  v  e  nn&,ml 
>'»  navias  v«pkad  tmdar  siailar  cooditiona  ouriAb  ^^o 
ktlons* ) 

larl  RMMsnn  Is  firad  far  a  aiadaoMaaor 


29) 

rbm  firat  otaa9t«r,''Dsr  Ualeer  » 'tha  eto^er'* 
was  wi  in  191%    ::.;  ^tea^  1  wa:  .ahod 

9MMaitawM^-jr  ia  IMTt  s^*^        ^d  by  liiM.      -^  *  vlih 

additional  rragnants.  Lation  b;,  paarad 

ia  1946  with  a  pvsfaoa  bj  lOaaa  Mamu  'in«  qpsotatlaaa  below 
ara  taken  from  this  edition: Kar'aa   Am'frltiT  ^rlin,  3titook«n 
Varlas.  1935. 


353 

perpetrated  mostly  by  ot.'iors  ha  cannot  find  any  Juotloe, 

for  \4hatever  he  eaye  Is  Intorprated  t,o  lilc  disfavor.  Tiriia 

too  1b  more  often  ths  fate  of  an  lTnraly:«ant  tlian  Is  oonaaon- 

ly  suppoeed. 

The  cz^nd  and  appaUlxis  chapter,  deocrlbln.-  Karl's 
htwlilation  &8  a  servant  of  two  ^  and 

their  prodigious  ralstrass  .    .    .    \    ..-.-.   ._. '-  preface, 
AmerDta.  p. IX) 

iB  the  cll»ax  of  the  novel.  Even  If  it  were  Inacciirate 
In  every  detail,  the  chapter  might  allesorlcally  re- 
present the  IndlsnitieB  poor  people  and  e specie lly 
limdLgrants  have  to  undergo  in  order  to  find  ei»\ployment 
«r  to  keep  only  a  foothold,  "sin  Asyl",  for  example: 

"So  schwer  lot  ee,  dort  elnen  looten  zu  bekoamen" 
saste  Karl  mshr  far  sich  (ibid.,  p, 2.62/3) 

and 

'^ ""      ""atan  mlr  also,  bel  Delainarc  iS  zu  bleiben?" 
:  Karl.  "Unbedlngt",  sagte  der  Student. 

Other  scenaa  ara  definitely  «?^otesque  -  for  example  the 
aleotlon  oafupaigi  in  the  street  belaw.  However,  it  slriall 
be  left  undaoldad  whether  this  preposterous  farce  is 
purely  an  inven^Aon  of  Kafka* a  pen  or  could  bo  considered 
as  a  more  or  loss  true  reflection  of  a  certain  type  of 
Aaerioaa  'electioneering'. 

The  final  chapter,  'Daa  Natiirthaater  von  Oklahoma' 
is  probably  mora  a  piece  of  Kafkaaaqua  symbolisa  than  an 
inaf^e  of  en  Aaerioan  scene.  But  even  the  expected  'happy 
mokAlBs'  o^  ^^^-i"^  iragmantary  chapter  and  novel  shows  tbe 
optiaietie  influence  of  Amerloa  on  Kafka,  an  otherwisa 


354 


always  gloomy  writer. 

Summing  up  this  section  on  well-known  Imaginative 
German  writers  we  hope  that  a  fair  cross  section  has  been 
given.  Whether  or  not  they  have  actually  seen  America, 
their  main  source  of  writing  is  not  as  much  observation 
as  their  own  imagination.  Thus  Kafka,  preoccupied  with  the 
strugj-le  of  the  lonely  and  decent  human  being  in  a  strange 
world,  nevertheless  recognizes  the  optimism  of  the  Nev/ 
V/orld.  Hauptmann  is  repelled  by  the  coarseness,  the  hustle 
and  bustle,  the  business  spirit  and  the  corruption  of  a 
few  cities  like  New  York  which  he  identifies  with  /tmerica, 
but  even  he  finds  its  energy  somehow  fascinating,   Joseph 
Roth  writes  a  legend  of  a  saintly  person  who  although 
transferred  to  Anerica  does  not  find  nev;  roots  there,  while 
Strenger  emphasizes  the  great  opportunities  in  America. 
Brecht*s  absorption  in  problems  of  class-struggle  causes 
him  to  see  only  the  great  contrasts  and  inequalities 
existing  in  America  and  in  addition  he  seems  to  transfer 
much  of  German  or  European  hatreds.   Hanns  Johst,  standing 
for  the  nationalist  writers,  similar Ij'-  'implifies  and 
changes  his  heroes  so  much  that  they  appear  more  German 
than  American.  Only  V/assermann  does  not  chan'-e  the 
American  scene  but  feels  himself  humbled  in  his  European 
intellectual  arrogance  and  thus  recognizes  both  the  in- 
completeness of  America  and  the  emergence  there  of  a  new 
man:   the  practical  philanthropist  /^ith  his  simplicity  and 
his  optimism. 


'Lb 


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by   .■■   J  oi   coac-Li^xoa  on','  z.x^:ux  i.u^'    i..   z  xi..  _t    .'jr:. 
;riters  oi  Arorica  during  t 

J.onG    liitticc;  t^  the  ^r^-t  d1'r'»''--'.ty   -''  A:  .1'; 

ot.isr     jra^  uel  .gr   Lott--3S   ^r,  not   t::.'   ^c^i 
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ing this  d.      Thl^    1-   n.ot.   true  o''  '. ^or'-t'Tr^s:   vrIu- 

abie   :iccoa:Lw,    i^ucu   -s   :• :  jc .    .-r:.!.   GrjVi:':^  ^-  c  .  .r.:..      ..r 
Aiii^rica   (Ottaijra  1949),   or  Georges  DiL.a;       '  ,  .       ..  -  '  .. 

f utur'3    (■'uiis    193J),    .;rc   I*ju.-ici   In  t;.'    •''I'^tl-n  o"^  ot::'!'-!*  '^'r-mt- 
rios.      i^o   -  ucii  >-e90iy  prooi.ig    ju-gvc^ntc  r   :.;i     ay  n 

oook  c£  oui-  period,   except    '^^'i-  scnolurLy  :s 

of  e.-';rt3.      7:1-.  It    tr-^rj   "if  Gerr    n   '"it^ti  ^n  r.s   :  •:-, 

I  or   sii'^uciy    -"ir^ier  ts  ;in.^   "cae  fzcoixi  ^   r        ; .    ,  . ,         ,    ..  jj 
in  ;.:cL-i'-u   (Stuttgart   L90<0    ^7  Err.-in  P. 
C03S    -iv  u:.t2  descriotioa  o^    .i^e   in  Ar  erica  in  the 

Oaj  ..igJat  be  tempted  to  acccmt  fo  1 

rTO\:ncxSf      irt    tnen  tin?   rrfar-2:c   _l:;Vo-   not   fi  -  :r. 

Ua-y  very  I'e.v  Gens-nE,      nc:   r-iosc  n:t   -r,oi   i  .j.-  or, 

ras>0  even  ta*t  attxaapt  to  ^rive  "  view  oi"  Americ    . 


356 


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iiktuktii.^  _  ^-s^;^.jb«jik 


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Leipzig:  nwS.i.^. 


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iSolger,  iieriin:   M.   Soaotu, 

Feuci.'  ..i",  'Li-n.   P^d.' Ii_„i„_2t£JyiIk_4Ui£J;:i-s;Qi^il-.^i_ui___.I- 

buc*i.^  ^ott»<li-a:  Ki  -//3. 

Fl:ic:.;iii6tai.i,   Ottfrlad  Graf,   uliiiiii  i i    . 

Fr  I,   Gus  .     .__ uk-ii,Sii2i:i_i.  -in:   C 

Gagern,  Von  (i3c}i-i    >7).   ^^i.Lurt^i— .-• 

Lei^  -.uC^-a   U.iiV  .r  '"  lel:  No.  , 

.   ti^r_ToLe_Jl_riii.   ii2eiiia_y;gE_£c  _.  richer 

iiu.    2J.  j>orlin:    "^^rey,    j.v27. 

•       .  -_ii-     iSa— _- ;        -  -  -       -    -:i 

;,_  _.      .nin:    "^  ^saj  t   -«-.--. 

Giilhoff.   JoliajiQS.   j"^:  ii^  op  ^.^31^4  4-r  iaaay-i  .__.       -rlin: 

Tagllcue  RiiiUoCii-^u,    I'/l'??      '    . 

Glaeser,  ilrrist.   i!:S£_^^LiLiL-iIiYiii^ .   -^^itj^.    -Vi:a....-?   :    .  : 
auroptti..cher  Mer  :ur,  Mircure  de  I'E'jrops,    I93ij. 

-.  t  uttgart :    iiric;  -  -.a  j  rn,    i  v  j  -^ . 

.   ,  f  ut5qi4-g  -■yj.j.t^^.LZ.  i:i  Aqeri.;4.  livsrlin:     ■  .  .    :<.i..'  V  j      .?. 

-l;43    (bchriftenr-<ji^he  der    iCDA?,    111,3)  . 

.   ^i^e  £;o£se        „      __-^-      tut-gart.  ,  1. 


iloilAau   U-od  Jo  1'34  r^' 

.Veit.   Leii    iind  ^iueiosaefte  6,    J.J2.)  . 

Gil?.,Ai  . ':  .:.i_Ei:i3Cci.  Sie_Gesc.:ic:ate_alrier  i^. 

Grftnau,  .  jp  von.     iii^  _->£'^'' rQ.ia&iiAa.   iitij;^_jit_.];,3C_Gnl  _r 

la  J  .^.  LoiT^lg:   Paul  List,      :.37. 

Gumpert,  Martia.  a![lii_ija_2e£^4i-i«  a-iikalii^IJitillym-^i:!^^ 
A£ztes.   StOwkhoLm:   flerniHan-Fischer,      -'3^, 


,1^91   ^\iBnIoaS   inxIisQ 


flauptminn,   Gerii.,rt.     4il4iJtj,ii.  Berlin:   b.  Fl 

.    Liorotii-2M_Aa£e^2._iia.   ^2^^! .^_^_  B'ir  ■  in:    ...   Fischer,    1 

.  iiJiCi^_^gr_i4i2ivteni.quart.  lienin:   fe.   Piscn3r,    1930. 

Hauser,    Moi  irich.      EeUj.ij^ra_3,^ch_Caic_^o.    '^   ■'"'-in:      .   Fircher,    1      i 

.    Timi2_^;i3,    'Jew  York:    Reynald  &  Hit^:hoooV, 

.   Xli^_GerTT!rin_Talk^_D^c:i.      Nevr  Yor^:    Henry  Holt,    1'  ',5. 

Hausmanii,  Manf r      .    _^^ij__iiiiiii_iij-_i^k.^ii_^«     Berlin: 

Heyrc,  Stefan.   "Das  FISngen  von  O.vensboro",   Li;is_^2£t,    i,j7,    I. 

- .  __=.i^i:a_-_iLiit;i_r_k2^^^=i-  _- iils_ J— _;:i::^nic _aea_F:c  c  t - 

^2i:^i«   iiii^_^2£t,    1937,    III. 

.   £ii_^i-_irlcntmf^.  L^re,   Cuir.'.ijjo,    \   '}'■. 

aoiitsijlier,  Arta\ir.       ^^gderc                 -  ii-n-rr. 

i^JO.    (fir^t    'Vji.-Lishxl    .      .    vol. I;. 

.   Siia^ii.   roL:j'-.im:   Kici .'oniiwuer,    i','2o. 

.  iia£i.iiiia.  U£iii§_uaii_Mai:iisaj.  Berlin:  Fi  ,        -  /14/.2. 

.   4£crika^_Leb9n„Arbelt,.  ,Dic:ituri£.  Berlin:    ^ir-        ,  3. 

HouiiLo.i-lii  y  ;r,    :.   K.    (psiuii.     \.;i-  .i,..a7'ich  W- 

uitei    ...dK.      ^  tuttr.  I't /'ii-:::' -i  1:    ::    utnche 

ut-  .•  &  iScnrCcer,    1931. 

.    lLOri_j [ ,_  ^2LiiL-.j^L-£.Q,^L-l----Jt-S=^ 

.-■tut  :-,£:..rt:    .  r,    L"3'  . 

J0.1...UX,   A.    1^.    (0.-    uc .    i-or  _..  j.t.l'    -ir).  Jtic ;^ 

i22li_r_ia_^^J__:.i_.ii^J ,•  riln:    '■^'IcTeiri, 

•  aL^^^.j^A^j.L^i:A>i.j ;-E_S2-.*.=. — . —  • 

l^bal2s^_^ii_c.^ei_iieii_York_un^_Al.j.t'<a,   bar -in:    Ullst -in,    '  ' "— 

,_.  Ua.s  Lang  o:.iae  Her^.   SiJi-'^ii^s^inc.u  ^  Ulg_4'_ 

Berlia:   D  jutsjaer  Vei'lag,    1942. 


JohSt,      ;  a-i;i_i^r._i_'      fciiitiiii-' 


Kai'i'k*,  i''i         .      fi),a^i  ^  -.-.   j>Qr. J.U .      Mtotol^-'a:   Kurt   «oi:'I', 


.   1\  x:.3j-La-i'.-.     fiti.lg-|i^-i--^fe'      b-oviin:   iiu^vit  L 

,   v:i.a  ..',  .;^.?.^4-'a..M^,At:.  4-,u  jlst   jo   sciiCn.   Oesaimnelte 

tea  II. 2.  B-irlin:  .I-'iscner,   1-:21 

Ki£c:i,    Sron  Er^/in.      Paraill  .s  Am9rr:a,   Berlin:    E.  R?iss,    1930, 

Kraus,   Robert.      E£eifeaJUig£_JJQiSI_^SBl_5QId.li£!3S'   ^r-r?"^:    !^enry 
jSurmester,    a.c.    \:'oro..    19' 7. 

Koiibruaner,  Os'     r.     ;|;yf Ibhol'^f  TfrgRnge  elnos  Ais^^l'-af-  -.rers 

Zi'iiu'  .  -  -  Lei:;  .1    :     iu:jor   ?c  Co.,     ■-   '  7. 


Lrip     ig,      X^2" 

-^x.yi  _.^.:)  ''gr  •  .._.:ii.tii._  - ^  - 

L  eo  ^ . 

LeiCA.'ior,  .      i-„  j i.^, . i c  :; up i; ,1, i. c r^ ;3, s,  K ui>a d -^ .      S:ii_ai_i^ 

Lei'-   i    •.    -  ^yn.e^^i933 . 

.      ^„  .in:Q^     iiia_L^:  :'2±!_ia_<ier_Aj:_tiii. 

L.i'i;.ig: 

Mvittii.i,   Lotu-xr.      ii.£iaii^-iiiJi^ai^ki^     NternDcrF:    vi:uny,    l.4' 


JK> 


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-3 
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Miciiuel,   Ruioir.     Rain.xa   ,-lner  .•.  ..^tr  .x^a.   .1  Kourg:  b 
1940. 

Moeccaiia,  Fell..  Gai;_4L.§51i-.aziQti:iaa-   iIorn/i.iL:ern:   Montana 

Mftiier-Grote,   Karl,     J^u-u    u  ;cl  K^^iijT  :4f  tb.i  j.:^  ^..i,,c;ci.  Brotnen: 
Angeisachsen  V         j;,   19*.'^-. 


.      gg  .:  ,1  ••:afi.   ^^iK. 

Pa-.uet,  Aifons.     .^: 


.i£ai_^£i 


■o>    -^;"  ^.. 


I   c^/U:    k, o  ' j. wi. '-! I-   - V -' J.  J- .Jig J    ivJo. 


Pae,   Peter  {pbr.o...),     Q,4i_C^jti-^a.  Ba   .;i:   Verlag  uer  National 
Zaitung,    '.yjZ. 

Poll;ek,  G.  W.     y^..^^o^^  ^^,lJJMi^^l^.A2LJLL=^S.L2a^]^uL2L 

Ri^el,   Curt.     U^'~  -i-^Ii^iiaiS •     fc 

^:SUS3_i!Ii:gr&j,  G'ii.-     i^j..:   G.  Bcj'telsm.-.a  i,   .-•.    ju.,    -.i^^. 

Roar,   r   tli,     Q^^ola,._aij_22i:i^_ii^_i£o_i';_._ja,   ''oio   no,   n.d. 


Roda  R.^..    (  .; 


,j.     I ro  - -:jp,e  !'•    In  Ro,^     fiodci   und  all-   v'.jr- 
..in/'7iea/L  .i;^::i';:         .^i-u.y,    -'■34- 


.      ^ia_£^£«iiai:_ia-AUiaxilS  -     M&icnen:    G.  L  nces,    '-0?4. 


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361 


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362 


Vaaziner,  Geraard.     H.   ut^    -^  y^,g,  ,/^it.     c-tuttgurt: 

Fra.'i'ch' SJi'ie  Bucxiaaau  iiLig,    19^9. 


.      ^-j.-LAL1^2j^^^ijiL^aLa.  TdwUed  to)    il£Z_l2E'j 

Vr'ai.senna'n,  Ja':ob.      G:iI_ZiliJll:Ai3i:ii*iJJii  •   Saaiill-  B-^i    in: 

xju-jii    ui-  Ti'i"   rue-     vseilscaaft,    1V34. 
^Vittek,   firaird,    iee  bteuo-n,  Fritz. 

Zixnmermaim,    .veraer.     iii^it.y-.    i]^.     ^rl,„,,^..ij...,-g    ai^ -  ,y,,,i . 

Lauf  bei  N^hraberg/Berri:    ^ie  Neue  Zeit  Veri..g,    vi^l . 

Leipzig,    1922. 

»Viea:    ujxcaaer,    1937. 

ai^^actj^aca_a.er^saciCuiiiiii-     Lelpslg,    I9r7. 

.     ly^g e 3  .0 f  F o ,1; t ui^ie, .    (trit:isl.itioa  of  ^.aa   idditicnal 

a.i.t3rial   to  -t^ri^^tiijai^j)      New  Yor>:    Vl':ing,    1940. 

.      ii:ailaiS_.d>i3£Sti-.^ea_£2i5i«    (^';-^ry  Bu'cer  Bddy)      Die 

:i  ^  us  _  i\  ui^u  ~  c-  .g  \if   x930.   Tin  book-form)   Leip-ig:    Ii. -1,    1931. 

General  Refer^iiices 

Anoaymous.  Hgrr_Fett^!£.;:nst .  Engl .  version  by  S.B.  Oraitz  Hauncij, 
Paunch  and  Jowl;  an  ano jxsoua-^iJisikiQSSa^ilZ •  German  version 
_;*^  _       -  MUmchen,    1924 

Boec.   nenstein,    li.      l^ a^Ha^Il«Iiov-lj._1212zl244.      Icroitc: 

uuivoisity  of  Toroato  ?rji.j,    1S49- 


ilT*r> 


Duxi^el,   Georges.    iiik3iiS_de_la_Vl^_£i?turg.      Pari 5  jior 

de  Fr.tfice,    19307 

aberle,Jos3f.Die  R_lse_riach_Amei:ri:.i,    Stuttgart,    1949. 

iii^ais-  ui.£_*Li-- I'l^ -"^--  "' 

190J-i2t-_»   Joiuio  .iwpviiio,    -1.933.    (theili    u.iy>^_i~";i:jd) 


.sex    t^SflontfM 


9^91    ^i-i>^3jo0jc  ef.9  "■  'Ol. 


363 
Grove,    Frederidt  ?.iil,      4_&ea£cii_i;2i:_4'_§£i£a'0ttai7c.,    1949. 

Buxietin  of  tue  New  Yori-  Public  Li:>rivy,    1^J,3,   No.;. ',,13. 

HciKiLton,   Louis.      £aaaclia.G_Liist2i:ical,_B2YiSJl»   vol.   V,    1"24, 
ri.    77-79.   vol.     .1,    i';3J,     -.    77   r.,    v    I.    ':iV,    -.    139  - 
1^6,   ana  other  articles  and  Dook  revie.vb  oa  G  nn-in 
books   oa  Caaada. 

HiaeacriiT,   T:i-oaor,?.      Xi^ :.   (\e.i%  A  fiptLT^-.^t  -^   of  -Sd_ai_B:£z 

£igctea_in_GerEa2_'^ritin£s_oa_Lil2_yalto.._^^_^3S4._2^^ 
ulariy   g.iace.. .  -v  QQ .     Yale,    i93<,    (^t.id.  isj    ua- ubii-.a^d. 

Imhoof ,   '.Vr.lter  .      II£sr_iy££2aCiMgIl_ia_4er_dSijtschen_EE^Rh^un££- 

iii3Eatij£.      iLs.L.Q.-.^^L-^LiLt=l^^>   Bd.   3.      H   rge  )-Z?iric.^:    Ver- 
lag  der  Mftuster  ?re->se,    1930. 

Keyseriing,   Ilerm.  Alexander  Graf.     i\B.'jr.A.£fl..,t-„Qt., ..^X^Q. •   Ne     York/ 
London:   Harper,   1929. 

.      4fi^£iiiax-.4££-iiJ^^^a£-.^ia§i:„ii^iJSa_uili.     Stutt?-irt/ 

Berlin:    D juts jhe  Verl-gs-Anstalt,    1931. 

Lenina:in,   Hein; .      ^yr  GesG->l^ate  des  peut~o,Atums   in  Kaa;^da... 
Vol.   I,   lias_-ii^utcChtun_in„Ost"vinada.     Stuttgart:    Au^l  nd 
una  Hjim-t  Verl.^g,"l931.     Vol.   II,~Sas_Sgyt_cntiffl_ln 
■./es tkiinada .     Berlin:    Junker  &  Dteio.: -unt,    1939. 

La/vrence,  Elwood   ^  .      Tac_XmDi£r_nt_ln_.AEeric_Q_Fiotion^_li'20r 
1910.    (tae^is)    Ciavaland:    Vestefn  Rese  ve,   1943,   not 
publisued. 

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_    .    "Das  Ausland   im  deutccnen  Bucli".   12-5  D2ut_che_Bucii, 
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■;eber,    Paul  C.      /ar^er.  ca   ia_Iei^iaiitiV3_Gera4-.n_I.it2ruture_lri 
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Woodger,   Ele..nor  1!.      S,^aiida_iaJlec,ijl_fiereari_Litgratur£' 
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German  literature,  1918-194.5 


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